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U. S. DEPARTMENT OF LABOR JAMES J. DAVIS, Secretary BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS ETHELBERT STEWART, Commissioner MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW VOLUME XII https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis NUMBER 5 MAY, 1921 WASHINGTON GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 1921 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis A D D IT IO N A L C O PIE S OF THIS PU B LIC A TIO N M AY B E PR O C U R E D FROM T H E S U P E R IN T E N D E N T O F D OCUM EN TS G O V E R N M E N T F E IN T IN G OFFICE W A SH IN G T O N , D . C. AT 15 C EN TS P E R C O PY S u b s c r ip t io n P r ic e , §1.50 P e r Y e a r Contents. Special articles: p ag0. Legal aspects of the housing problem............................................................. ]_9 Prices and cost of living: Retail prices of food in the United States..................................................... 10-32 Retail prices of coal in the United States...................................................... 32-35 Wholesale prices in March.............................................................................. 36-38 Changes in wholesale prices in the United States......................................... 39-43 Retail distribution and marketing of foods................................................... 44, 45 Cost of living in Cincinnati...... ...................................................................... 45 Cost of family budget in Denmark in specified months, July, 1914, to January, 1921................................................................................................ 46 Retail prices in Denmark in January, 1921, compared with October, 1920.. 46, 47 Cost of living in France................................................................................... 48, 49 Wages and hours of labor: Wages and hours of labor in the petroleum industry.................................... 50-52 Wage changes of railroad employees in recent years.................................... 53-57 Union wage rates per hour of street railway motormen and conductors on December 31, 1920................. 58-64 Changes in rates of. wages July 1, 1920, to March 31,1921............................. 65-71 Renewal of wage agreements between United States Shipping Board and longshoremen.................................................................................................... 72,73 Union wage rates and hours of labor in building trades in Massachusetts... 73 Index numbers of physical volume of production........................................ 73, 74 Wages and earnings of women in food and confectionery manufacture in Massachusetts.................................................................................................... 75,76 Wages and hours of labor in Canada............................................................... 77-79 Wages of woman workers in Mexico........................................................ ....... 79, 80 Wages on Government railroad in Ecuador.................................................... 80 Wages and cost of living in Austria................................................................ 81-83 Trend of wages in Denmark, 1914 to 1920...................................................... 83, 84 Wages in France................................................................................................... 84,85 Agricultural wage scales in France based on price of wheat......................... 85, 86 Wages in various industries in Germany in 1920........................................... 86-91 Payment-in-kind scheme jrroposed by German economist........................... 92, 93 Sliding -wage scales in Great Britain based on cost of living........................ 93 Wages in the dye industry in England.......................................................... 94, 95 Wages for repairing and dry-docking ships in Belgium and England......... 95 Minimum wage: Injunction restraining North Dakota Minimum Wage Department................. 96,97 Minimum rates of wages for agricultural labor in England and Wales........ 97, 98 New minimum wage rates fixed in certain industries in South Australia... 98, 99 Employment and unemployment: Employment in selected industries in March, 1921.................................. 100-103 Conditions of employment in Arkansas............................................ 103-105 Employment and earnings in New York State in March......................... 106,107 Records of employment of bricklayers and slate and tile roofers in Phila delphia.......................................................................... Wisconsin labor market in February.......................................................... 110, 111 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis in 107-1 IV C O N T E N T S. Employment and unemployment—Concluded. Page. Work of British employment exchanges in 1920........................................ Ill, 112 Employment in industrial and commercial establishments in France— 112-114 Extent of unemployment in foreign countries— Algiers........................................................................................................ 114 Denmark.................................................................................................... 115 Finland..................................................................................................... 115 France (Paris)........................................................................................... 115 Great Britain and Ireland....................................... 115-117 Italy (Turin)............................................................................................. 117 Netherlands........................................................................................... 117,118 Norway...................................................................................................... 118 Switzerland............................................................................................ 118-120 Women in industry, and child labor: 121 Employment of women as street car conductors and ticket agents.............. Colored women in industry in Philadelphia.............................................. 122-124 Child labor in Wisconsin outside of Milwaukee......................................... 124,125 Industrial accidents and hygiene: Industrial establishment disability records as a source of morbidity statis tics............................................................................................................. 123,127 Quarry accidentsin the United States in 1919.......................................... 127,128 The conquest of tuberculosis....................................................................... 128,129 Accident experience of the Ohio State Industrial Commission................ 129,130 Fatal industrial accidents in Canada in 1920................................................. 130 German decree for the protection of workers in compressed air............... 130,131 Workmen’s compensation and social insurance: Proposed death benefit schedule of California........................................... 132,133 Recent workmen’s compensation reports— Nebraska................................................................................................ 133,134 Oregon.................................................................................................... 184,135 Pennsylvania......................................................................................... 135-138 Texas......................................................................................................... 189 Washington............................................................................................ 139,140 New Brunswick........................................................................................ 141 Great Britain......................................................................................... 141,142 Increase in weekly payments and benefits under British unemployment insurance act................................................................................................ 142 Sickness insurance law of Poland................................................................... 143 Labor laws and decisions: Relation of compensation and liability statutes................. ...................... 144,145 Rights of unions and employers to contract............................................... 145-147 Reorganization of labor offices of New York and Minnesota..................... 147,148 Court decision upholding individual rights of members of unions in Switzer land............................................................................................................... 148 New labor legislation in New South Wales................................................ 148-150 Roumanian law on obligatory conciliation of labor disputes.................... 150,151 Industrial relations and labor conditions: Abrogation of railroad working agreements ordered by United States Rail road Labor Board...................................................................................... 152,153 Labor conditions in Japan............................................................................... 153 Labor unrest in Spain.................................................................................. 154—165 Housing: Housing notes from Canada and England.......................................- ............ 166 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis C O N T E N T S. V Labor organizations: Page_ Growth of trade-unionism, 1910 to 1919...................................................... 167-169 Institution of a disablement branch in the International Labor Office....... 169 Amalgamation of transport and general workers’ unions in Great Britain. 169,170 Strikes and lockouts: Strikes and lockouts in Netherlands............................................................... 171 What State labor bureaus are doing: Florida.............................................................................................................. 172 Massachusetts............................................................................................... 172; 173 North Carolina................................................................................................. 173 Philippine Islands, .......................................................................................... 174 Texas................................................................................................................ 175 Current notes of interest to labor: Order admitting Chinese industrial students cancelled by Department of L abor............................................................................................................ 176 Personnel Research Federation................................................................... 176,177 Conference on coordination of social work..................................................... 177 Vocational education projects in Massachusetts............................................. 178 Instruction in agriculture in the schools of the Philippine Islands.......... 178 Labor recommendations of Governor General of Philippine Islands...................... 179 Emigration from Germany in 1919 and 1920.................................................. 179 Industrial training of ex-service men in Great Britain................................. 180 Publications relating to labor: Official—United States................................................................................ 181-183 Official—foreign countries........................................................................... 183-187 Unofficial...................................................................................................... 187-192 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW xn—n o . vol. WASHINGTON 5 MAY, 1921 Legal Aspects of the Housing Problem. HORTAGE of houses seems likely to play an important part in extending the list of matters which the Government is called upon to regulate. In several States legislation has been passed restricting the landlord’s right to charge what rent he pleases, and in some cases his right to evict a tenant is expressly limited. New York affords perhaps the most conspicuous example of such legislation. In New York City the building of houses and apart ments to be let at moderate rents has by no means kept up with the demand, and since the war matters have gone from bad to worse. As the shortage grew more acute, rents were advanced, in some cases beyond all reason. In the spring of 1920 the legislature passed a series of laws which, it was hoped, would remedy the worst features of the situation. These, however, proved to be unsatisfactory to all concerned, and the legislature, meeting in special session, during the week of September 20, 1920, passed a new set of landlord and tenant laws. (Chapters 130-139; 942-945; 947-953.) These fall into four classes. The first class permits exemption from local taxes for the purpose of encouraging the building of new dwellings. The second makes certain changes in minor details of court procedure in rent cases, designed to facilitate the handling of such cases. The third aims to prevent landlords from getting rid of tenants indirectly by failing to furnish heat, light, elevator service, or the like. The fourth class deals with the right of eviction for nonpayment of the rent demanded, sanctions the defense that the rent is unreasonable and oppressive, and puts upon the landlord the burden of disproving this charge; this measure is to remain in force for two years. S . Legal Regulation of Rent. State regulation of private property. The right of a landlord to fix what rent he chose for his property was formerly held to be a normal and indisputable consequence of his ownership of that property, and the same was true of his right to dispossess a tenant who failed or refused to pay the rent he fixed. That the State has a right to limit his prerogative in both particulars is a new doctrine, and one that is now before the courts for decision as to its constitutionality. So far, the verdicts are not unanimous. In the District of Columbia legisla tion of a similar nature was passed in 1919, the power to decide upon the fairness of a rent being vested in a commission, instead of in the https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [925] l 2 M O N T H L Y LABOR R E V IE W . courts. Here, the decision of the lower court was in favor of the con stitutionality of the act, but was reversed by the Court of Appeals of the District. In New York the constitutionality of the main features of the rent laws has been upheld. The first decision was given in October, 1920, less than a month after the passage of the new laws, in the case of Guttag v. Shatzkin, the question at issue being the right of the plaintiff to evict the defendant, a tenant whose lease had expired but who refused to vacate the plaintiff’s apartment. The lease under which the tenant occupied the apartment had expired October 1, and the landlord was unwilling to renew it. The only question argued was the constitutionality of the new laws for bidding, under these circumstances, the eviction of the tenant, who was ready and willing to pay a “ fair and reasonable” rent. The decision, given by Mr. Justice Finch, was against the landlord, the judge basing his opinion squarely upon the police power of the State.1 Protection of homes and housing is certainly within the police powers of the State, providing a public emergency exists which threatens the same. In enacting the statute in question the legislature has declared in express terms that such a public emergency exists, and it is within its province to so determine. (Matter of applica tion of Jacobs, 98 N. Y. 98; McLean v. Arkansas, 211 U. S. 539, at p. 547; Matter of Viemeister, 179 N. Y. 235, p. 241.) It remains for the court to consider whether the means adopted bv the legislature are reasonably adapted to the end sought. (Matter of Jacobs, supra;'Lawton v. Steele, 152 U. S. 133, pp. 136, 137.) Until the expira tion of a two-year period the legislature has prohibited the ousting of a tenant from his dwelling except in certain prescribed instances, provided the tenant is not obj ectionable and pays the reasonable rental value of the premises, which reasonable rental value may be determined by the court. It would appear that the means which the legislature lias adopted are appropriate to the end sought. This case was carried up to the court of appeals, where, on March 8, 1921, the decision of the lower court was sustained. At the same time a number of other rent cases, all hinging upon the constitu tionality of the 1920 rent laws, were decided, the laws being upheld in every case. A decision handed down by Mr. Justice Pound dis cusses at considerable length the points at issue. The rent laws involve, he holds, three separate questions on which the issue of constitutionality may be raised. Of these, the question of whether “ the landlords who rent dwellings are denied the protection of the law” is disposed of summarily in the negative, but the other two, involving the right of the State to regulate rents and to prevent the eviction of tenants except for specified causes, and to set aside con tracts of lease in which an unfair and unreasonable rent is agreed upon, are dealt with quite fully. A portion of the discussion on the first point is as follows: May the legislative power, in a season of exigency, consistently with the due process clauses of the State and Federal Constitutions designed to protect property rights, so invade the domain of private contract as to interfere with and regulate the right of a landlord to exact what he will for his own in the way of rent for private property? The landlord is the purveyor of a commodity; the vendor of space in which to shelter one’s self and family. He has heretofore been permitted to make his own terms with his tenants, but that consideration is not conclusive. Unquestionably some taking of private property for the benefit of a class of individuals is the result of the housing laws. The free choice of tenants; the unlimited right to bargain; these are property rights which may not be affected unless a public advantage over and beyond such rights justifies legislative interference, but “ an ulterior public advantage may justify a comparatively insignificant taking of private property for what, in its i New Y ork S upplem ent, vol. 185, p. 71. 136, 1920. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis The p a rticu lar a ct involved is Chap. 910, am ending Chap. [926] LEGAL ASPECTS OF T H E H O U S IN G PR O B LE M . 3 immediate purpose, is a private use.” (Noble State Bank v. Haskell, 219 U. S. 104, 110, 580.) While in theory it may be said that the building of houses is not a monop olistic privilege; that houses are not public utilities like railroads and that if the landlord turns one off another may take him in; that rents are fixed by economic rules and the market value is the reasonable value; that people often move from one city to another to secure better advantages; that no one is compelled to have a home in New York; that no crisis exists; that to call the legislation an exercise of the police power when it is plainly a taking of private property for private use and without compensation is a mere transfer of labels which does not affect the nature of the legis lation, yet the legislature has found that in practice the state of demand and supply is at present abnormal; that no one builds because it is unprofitable to build; that those who own seek the uttermost farthing from those who choose to live in New York and pay for the privilege rather than go elsewhere; and that profiteering and oppression have become general. It is with this condition and not with economic theory that the State has to deal in the existing emergency. The distinction between the power of eminent domain and the police power is often fine. In the main it depends on whether the thing is destroyed or is taken over for the public use. If property rights are here invaded, in a degree, compensation therefor has been provided and possession is to be regained when such compensation remains unpaid. What is taken is the right to use one’s property oppressively and it is the destruction of that right that is contem plated and not the transfer thereof to the public use. The taking is, therefore, analo gous to the abatement of a nuisance or to the establishment of building restrictions, and it is within the police power. Taking up the matter of regulating prices, the decision points out that while this power is not often used, except in the case of public utilities, there seem no definite limits upon its field of operation. “ It may embrace al] cases of public interest and the question is whether the subject has become important enough for the public to justify public action.” A number of cases are cited, and the con clusion is reached that in temporarily fixing reasonableness as the standard of rent in order to prevent oppression, the law can not be held to deprive landlords of property without due course of law. The legality of the rent laws as affecting contracts already made is then taken up. The next question is whether such laws impair the obligation of contracts, as applied to existing leases and tenancies which contain an express or implied obligation to sur render possession at the end of the term or as applied to a case where it is claimed that the parties had contracted or stipulated between themselves in dispossess proceedings that the warrant should be issued on October 1. The provision of the Federal Consti tution that no State shall pass any law impairing the obligation of contracts puts no limit on any lawful exercise of legitimate governmental power. (Legal Tender Cases, 12 Wall. 457, 551.) * * * Laws directly nullifying some essential part of private contracts are rare and are not lightly to be upheld by hasty and sweeping generalizations on the common good (Barnitz v. Beverly, 163 U. S. 118, 125; Bradley v. Lightcap, 195 U. S. 1), but no decision upholds the extreme view that the obligation of private contracts may never be directly impaired in the exercise of legislative power. No vital distinction may be drawn between the exercise in times of emergency of the police power upon the property right and upon the contract obligations for the promotion of the public weal. * * * The conclusion is, in the light of present theories of the police power, that the State may regulate a business, however honest in itself, if it is or may become an instrument of wide-spread oppression (People v. Beakes Dairy Co., supra, and cases cited; Payne v. Kansas, 248 U. S. 112); that the business of renting homes in the city of New York is now such an instrument and has, therefore, become subject to control by the public for the common good; that the regulation of rents and the suspension of possessory remedies so far tend to accomplish the purpose as to supervene the constitutional inhibitions relied upon to defeat the laws before us. This decision settled the question of the constitutionality of the laws under consideration, so far as the laws of the State are concerned. On April 18, 1921, the Supreme Court of the United States passed upon the validity of the laws of New York and District of Columbia https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [927] 4 M O N T H L Y LABOE EE V IE W . on appeals from the jurisdictional courts of last resort. In both cases the laws under consideration were declared constitutional. The New York case (Marcus Brown Holding Co. v. Feldman et al.) involved the right of the manager of an apartment house to evict tenants holding over after their lease had expired, claiming the right to do so under chapters 942 and 947 of the laws of New York of 1920. Included also was the constitutionality of chapters 131 and 951 of the same year, which penalize the failure of lessors or their agents to furnish water, heat, light, elevator, telephone, or other service as provided in the lease and necessary to the proper and customary use of the building. The first two chapters named seek to prevent the dispossession of a tenant occupying a dwelling, with certain exceptions. These were emergency laws, to he in effect only until November 1, 1922. The Supreme Court disposed of this matter briefly, referring for its views to its opinion in a case of the District of Columbia (Block v. Hirsh) decided the same day. The points involved in the rendering of service as heat, light, etc., did not appear in the Block case. The objection was made that the compulsory rendition of such service was in violation of the thirteenth amendment to the Constitution of the United States. As to this the court said: It is true that the traditions of our law are opposed to compelling a man to perform strictly personal services against his will even when he has contracted to render them. But the services in question although involving some activities are so far from personal that they constitute the universal and necessary incidents of modern apartment houses. They are analogous to the services that in they Id law might issue out of or be attached to land. We perceive no additional difficulties in this statute, if applicable as assumed. The whole case was well discussed below and we are of opinion that the decree should be affirmed. As indicated, the decision of the statute of the District of Columbia was more extended, there being also a strong dissenting opinion presented by four of the nine justices. The act here in question is known as the Ball Kent Act, approved October 22, 1919 (41 Slat. 297). This act was of general application not confined to residences, being based on the emergencies growing out of the war which were said to be productive of conditions dangerous to health and burden some to public officers and employees, thereby embarrassing the Federal Government in the transaction of the public business. The property actually in question was purely commercial, in nowise connected with The governmental activities, but falls within the broad inclusiveness of the law. The Supreme Court of the District had upheld the claim of the occupant, Block, to hold the premises after the expiration of his lease under the provisions of the law. On appeal, however, the Court of Appeals of the District reversed this decision, declaring the act unconstitutional and void on the ground that there 'was an interference with private property without regard to public use; nor was the legislative fiat able to make the renting of property in the District of Columbia other than a private business. “A public interest can not be thus created or property rights divested by an arbitrary exercise of the police power.” (48 Washington Law Rep., pp. 378, 380.) A lengthy dissent was filed by the chief justice of this court, in which he argued for the validity of the act. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [928] LEG AL A SPECTS OF T H E H O U S IN G PR O B LE M . As stated, the Supreme Court of the United States upheld the law in its decision of April 18, 1921, saying that— The general proposition to be maintained is that circumstances have clothed the letting of buildings in the District of Columbia with a public interest so great as to justify regulation by law. Plainly circumstances may so change in time or so differ in space as to clothe with such an interest what at other times or in other places would be a matter of purely private concern. Various interferences with the use of private property were then noted, as the limitations on the height of buildings in cities, the leaving of pillars in coal mines, the regulation of billboards, etc. Continuing, the court said: But if to answer one need the legislature may limit height to answer another, it may limit rent. We do not perceive any reason for denying the justification held good in the foregoing cases to a law limiting the property rights now in question if the public exigency requires that. The reasons are of a different nature, hut they cer tainly are not less pressing. Congress has stated the unquestionable embarrassment of Government and danger to the public health in tire existing condition of tilings. The space in Washington is necessarily monopolized in comparatively few hands, and letting portions of it is as much a business as any other. Housing is a necessary of life. All the elements of a public interest justifying some degree of public control are present. The only matter that seems to us open to debate is whether the statute goes too far. For just as there comes a point at which the police power ceases and leaves only that of eminent domain, it may be conceded .that regulations of the present sort pressed to a certain height might amount to a taking without due process of law. Like the New York law this was emergency legislation to end in two years unless sooner repealed. It was recognized that the mere declaration of an emergency was not conclusive upon the courts, but—• is entitled at least to great respect. In this instance Congress stated a publicly noto rious and almost world-wide fact. That the emergency declared by the statute did exist must be assumed, and the question is whether Congress was incompetent to meet it in the way in which it has been met by most of the civilized countries of the world. After discussing briefly the provisions for administration and enforcement, and announcing that “ we have no concern, of course, with the question whether those means were the wisest, whether they may not cost more than they com© to, or will effect the result desired,” the act was declared valid and the judgment of the court of appeals reversed. As stated above, four of the nine justices dissented from this de cision. The dissent was based on the provisions of the fifth and four teenth amendments to the Constitution forbidding the National and State Governments to deprive any person of life, liberty, or property without due process of law; also on the prohibition upon States against passing laws impairing the obligations of contracts—provisions that were regarded as so explicit and the specifications furnishing such irresistible deductions as not to “ require any expression but for the opposition of those whose judgments challenge attention.” The same four justices dissented in the case relating to the New York laws, which they regarded as still more unjustifiably offending the constitutional provisions. However, the decisions validate the laws of both jurisdictions, and will go far to aid in the enforcement of existing laws of the same type, perhaps also encouraging additional legislation. I t is of interest to note that prior to these decisions discussions had appeared in two of the legal journals of the country, hi which the validity of this type of legislation was argued on the exact basis of the reasoning of the Supreme Court. Both referred to the decision https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [929] 6 M O N T H L Y LABOR R E V IE W . in the case, Munn v. Illinois (94 U. S. 113), in which the business of grain warehousing was held to be impressed with a public interest on account of the practical monopoly held in the situation. Judge Wigmore 2 found that every house owner offering a house for lease is in the business of rendering housing service, the present conditions being such that there is a practical monopoly, so that the service is, even more than that of grain warehousing, subject to be impressed with a public interest. In the second article 3 it was held that a public interest is created and that the police power may properly be invoked whenever cir cumstances give one portion of the community undue power over another, so that— it is idle to talk about freedom of contract and the right of a man to use his property as he pleases. There is no freedom of contract, and the use of the property is not being made by the owner of it. It is the others who must use it. And the permanent needs of society as a whole require that they use it. Though the validity of this type of legislation has thus been sustained, this fact has no bearing upon the economic soundness of such laws, and on this latter ground they are vigorously attacked by many upholders of the old order. Supply and demand, we are told, must regulate the price of housing, as of all other services and commodities, and any at tempt to interfere with the working of this law is bound to result in harm. The natural effect of the New York rent laws of 1920, it is said, will be to put a stop to house building in that State and to intensify the crisis they were intended to relieve. Perhaps this prospect would be more alarming if the building of houses or apartments within the reach of eople of moderate means had not practically come to a standstill efore these laws were passed, so that the people had some reason to doubt the danger of interfering with the law of supply and demand in a situation where demand was intense, but supply remained unaf fected. At least, they have elected to risk such interference for a period of two years, a time which is probably long enough to demon strate whether or not the legal regulation of rents is a socially desirable measure. E Other Housing Legislation. ANWHILE, a number of measures have been proposed or adopted with a view to increasing the supply of housing through governmental action. New York and New Jersey have authorized the remission of local taxes to a limited extent upon capital put into housing. The measures providing for this were passed in the fall of 1920. No reports are available as to what effect, if any, followed this action in New Jersey. In New York the act was permissive, not mandatory, and it was not until February, 1921, that the New York City authorities availed themselves of the permission. Then they passed an ordinance of which the essential provisions are that until January, 1932, new buildings in the city of New York, planned for dwelling purposes exclusively, shall be exempt from taxation for local purposes, excepting assessments for local improvements during con struction. To secure this exemption a building must have been com2 Illinois Law Review , Vol. X V , No. 6, Jan u ary , 1921, p . 364: A constitutional w ay to reach the housing profiteer, b y John H . W igmore. 3 V irginia Law Review , U n iv ersity , October, 1920, p. 30: T he regulation of rents, b y H enry H . Glassie. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [930] LEGAL A SPECTS OE T H E H O U S IN G PR O B L E M . 7 pleted since April 1, 1920, or shall be started before April 1, 1922. The land upon which the building stands is not exempt, and the limits of exemption are $5,000 for single houses and $10,000 for two-family houses. It is said that even in the short time which has elapsed since this ordinance went into effect there has been a marked increase of house building in New York, particularly in the sections where land is relatively less expensive, but it is yet too soon to estimate how far this is due to the tax exemption and how far it is simply the revival which might be expected as the building season opens, especially in view of the fall in the prices of building materials. A more pronounced form of State aid is provided for in a bill recently introduced at Albany by Senator Cotillo, which provides for the crea tion of a bureau of loans in the State banking department, and authorizes loans aggregating $100,000,000 to be applied to housing. The land loan bureau would be empowered to lend to persons or corporations, loans to run between $500 and $100,000, secured by bond and mortgage on real property and not exceeding 75 per cent of the appraised valuation of the "property. The in terest would be 4 per cent payable semiannually and the mortgage would not be for more than 25 years. The bureau would have the power to issue 4 per cent certificates up to $100,000,000 in the same manner as bonds issued for highway improvement, exempt from State and local taxes, and to be invested by the bureau in such securities as savings banks must invest in.4 Another bill recently introduced would give municipalities the right to acquire land and houses by purchase or condemnation, and to build houses and rent them to the public at cost, and it also pro vides that the State should finance municipal housing projects. In this, it follows the recommendations of the State housing commit tee, which advised, among other things, the passage of a constitu tional amendment permitting extension of State credit on a large scale and at low rates to aid in the construction of moderate-priced homes, and the passage of an enabling act permitting cities to ac quire and hold or let adjoining vacant lands, and if necessary to carry on housing.5 A precedent for such legislation is found in North Dakota, where in 1919 the legislature passed laws authorizing the State to undertake building, to buy real estate, and to carry on such activities as might be necessary to execute the purpose of helping its citizens to secure homes.6 The would-be home owner must provide 20 per cent of the cost of the house, whereupon, under proper securities, the State would advance the remainder of the cost and build the house with lumber and other materials bought by the State in wholesale lots. This legislation was pronounced constitutional in 1920, but owing to the stormy political situation in North Dakota the State has as yet done but little under the terms of this law. Within a few weeks past, South Dakota has adopted a plan of very similar character. The text of the law is not yet available, but ac cording to newspaper summaries, it gives the use of State credit to would-be home owners almost as freely as does the North Dakota legislation. The law, which is to become effective in June, 1921, 4 Sum m arized in C hristian Science M onitor, B oston, M ar. 28, 1921. 6 R eport of th e housing com m ittee of th e reconstruction commission of th e S ta te of New Y ork, p. 5. A lbany. 6 A cts of N orth D akota, 1919, chapter 150. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [931] M O N T H L Y LABOR R E V IE W . creates a home building department, and provides for the sale of State bonds for the purpose of furnishing capital to owners of lots who may wish to build comparatively modest houses. Each loan is to be secured by a first mortgage on the entire property it covers, and the applicant must furnish at least 20 per cent of the cost of the projected home. The Legislature of California is considering a somewhat similar plan. Senate bill 101, known as the “ Dwelling-house construction a c t/’ is intended to provide assistance in home building through the commission of immigration and housing, to which specific authori zation is given: To loan to any and all persons out of the revolving fund provided for in section 10 of the act, for the purpose of constructing dwelling houses as provided for herein, amounts not to exceed in any case one-third of the total value of any construction project. For the purpose of carrying out the provisions of the act the sum of $2,000,000 is appropriated out of any moneys in the State treasury, which shall constitute a re volving fund to be known as the dwelling-house construction fund, and which is calculated to be returned to the State with interest at the rate of 4 per cent per annum within a period of 50 years from the date of the passage of the act.' This State has liad since 1917 (eb. 755) a system of land improve ment and sale, addressed particularly to the encouragement of the ownership of homes for farmers and farm laborers. Also, town sites may be established and lots therein sold or leased. Annual reports of the board in charge describe the system as successful and of large promise of usefulness. The most important proposals for legislation now before the public are found in the recommendations of the Senate Committee on Reconstruction and Production, which seek to standardize building operations, to attract capital to building, and to make credit easier for housing projects. The establishment of a Federal housing bureau is recommended, the idea being that it shall be used to collect and disseminate information upon building methods, costs, city planning, building codes, and the like. Remission of taxes in aid of housing is recommended, the taxes in this case being, of course, Federal. For five years, it is advised, all profits from the sale of dwelling houses should be exempt from income and excess profits taxes, provided that such profits, plus an equal amount, are rein vested in dwelling-house construction. Interest on loans up to $40,000 on improved real estate should also be exempt from taxation when such loans are held by individuals. Another recommendation deals with providing for the use of savings and time deposits of national banks for long-time loans, thus giving such deposits greater security and supplying a source of long-term money for building. Still another provides for the establishment of district home loan banks, which should raise money for building loans by selling under Federal supervision bonds based upon the securities for loans already made deposited by the member banks. I t is believed that the recom mendation for the establishment of the Federal housing bureau will meet with little opposition, but the fate of the other measures is wholly doubtful. 7 From su m m ary given in Tri-City L abor Review , O ak lan d , Calif., Mar. 18,1921. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [932] LEGAL ASPECTS OF T H E H O U S IN G PR O B LE M . Present 1 rend of Housing Legislation. { V SURVEYING the legal developments thus hastily sketched, it is impossible not to be impressed by the increasing tendency to .invoke Governmental aid in respect to housing. Before the war, housing and the Government had little to do with each other. Those wishing to build must conform to certain regulations as to sanitation and safety, and if, having built and let their houses, they wished to dispossess a given tenant, there were certain recognized forms in accordance with which they must act. Beyond this, their right to do as they would with their own was unquestioned. As for direct Gov ernment assistance in providing houses, it was scarcely so much as thought of. Such help, it was admitted, might be proper and neces sary enough abroad, but in this country wo could depend upon private initiative. But under the pressure of the housing shortage our attitude has changed so rapidly that there is now hardly a feature of governmental activities connected with housing abroad which is not reproduced here in one or more States. Take, for instance, the housing program of Czechoslovakia, described in the M o n t h l y L a b o r R e v i e w for April (pp. 130-133). It would be generally admitted that this program represents rather extreme views of the right and duty of the Government to regulate private business, and yet it contains few measures which are not already either in force here or under serious consideration. Czechoslovakia regulates rents; so do New York, Maine, Wisconsin, and the District of Columbia. Czechoslovakia forbids the eviction of tenants, except under specified conditions; so do New York and the District of Columbia. Czecho slovakia remits taxes upon dwellings constructed under certain con ditions and within specified periods; so do New York and New Jersey. Czechoslovakia makes loans to those willing to build; so do North and South Dakota, while New York and California are considering adopt ing this measure. It is true that nowhere in this country does either State or National Government claim the right, as yet, to comman deer unoccupied dwellings or rooms for the use of those who can not find homes, except in time of actual war, nor has any attempt yet been made to fix the prices of building material by law.8' s Such regulation has however, been seriously proposed b y a t least one w ell-known housing authority. Vei!lerChlteCtUral Reeor^ D ecember, 1920, p . 531: The housing situation a nd the w ay out, b y Law rence https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis PRICES AND COST OF LIVING. Retail Prices of Food in the United States. HE following tables are based on figures which have been re ceived by the Bureau of Labor Statistics from retail dealers through monthly reports of actual selling prices.1 Table 1 shows for the United States retail prices of food on March 15, 1920, and on February 15 and March 15, 1921, as well as the per centage changes in the month and in the year. For example, the price of pork chops on March 15, 1920, was 39.1 cents; on February 15, 1921, 32.7 cents; and on March 15, 1921, 35.3 cents. These figures show a decrease in the retail price of pork chops of 10 per cent in the year, but an increase of 8 per cent in the month. The cost of the various articles of food,2 combined, showed a de crease of 22 per cent in March, 1921, as compared with March, 1920, and a decrease of 1 per cent in March, 1921, as compared with Febru ary, 1921. T T able 1 .— a v e r a g e r e t a il p r ic e s oe s p e c if ie d fo o d a r t ic l e s and per C E N T O F IN C R E A S E O R D E C R E A S E M AR. 15, 1921, C O M PA R E D W IT H F E B . 15, 1921, A N D M AR. 15, 1920. [Percentage changes of fiv e-ten th s of 1 p er cen t a n d over are given in w hole num bers.] A v erag e r e t a il p ric e on— A rtic le. U n it. P o u n d ............... ........ d o ................ ........ d o ................ ........ d o ................ ........ d o ................ ........ d o ................ ........ d o ................ .........d o ................ ........ d o ................ ........ d o ................ ........ d o ................ Q u a r t................ 15-16 oz. c a n . . P o u n d ............... ........ d o ................ ........ d o ................ ........ d o ................ ........ d o ................ C risco............................................................. ........ d o ................ S irloin s te a k ................................................ R o u n d s t e a k .............................................. R ib roast,...................................................... C h u c k r o a s t................................................ P la te b ee f.................................................... P o rk ch o p s .................................................. B a c o n ............................................................ TTam ........................................................ Tifimh ............................................ H ens T .......................................... S alm on c a n n e d ........................................ M ilk, f r e s h ................................................... M ilk , e v a p o ra te d ...................................... B u tte r ............................................ O leo m arg arin e .................................... U[yi t m arg ari n e .......................... Cheese .......................................... M ar. 15, 1920. F e b . 15, 1921. M ar. 15, 1921. Cents. 40.8 37.5 31.9 25.1 18.2 39.1 50.2 51.2 39.8 45.7 37.6 16.6 15.1 75.2 43.1 36.1 42.8 30.4 37.5 Cents. 38.3 34.2 29.3 22.0 15.6 32.7 44.7 48.2 34.2 42.9 37.7 15. 4 14.7 56.5 35.4 32.3 38.4 20.7 25.9 Cents. 39.1 34.9 30.0 22.5 15.7 35.3 41.9 48.8 34. 4 43.2 37.3 15.2 14.6 57. 6 34.0 31.0 39.0 19.6 24.6 P e r c e n t of in c rease ( + ) o r decrease ( - ) M ar. 15,1921, c o m p ared w ith — M ar. 15, 1920. - 4 - 7 - 6 -1 0 -1 4 -1 0 -1 7 - 5 -1 4 —5 - 1 - 8 - 3 -2 3 -2 1 -1 4 - 9 -3 6 -3 4 F e b . 15, 1921. + + + + + + + + + + + - 2 2 2 2 1 8 6 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 4 4 2 5 5 1I n a d d itio n to m o n th ly re ta il prices of food an d coal, th e b u reau secures prices of gas a n d d ry goods from each of 51 cities a n d publishes th e se p rices as follows: Gas in th e June issue an d d ry goods in th e A pril, Ju ly , O ctober, a n d D ecem ber issues of th e M o n th ly L a b o r R e v ie w . 2 T h e following 22 articles, w eighted according to th e consum ption of th e average fam ily, h av e been used from Jan u a ry , 1913, to D ecem ber, 1920: Sirloin stea k , ro u n d stea k , rib roast, chuck roast, plate beef, pork chops, bacon, h am , lard, hens, flour, corn m eal, eggs, b u tte r,m ilk , b read ,p o tato es,su g ar, cheese,rice,coffee, tea. T he rem ainder of th e 43 articles show n in Tables 1 an d 2, have been included in th e w eighted aggre gates for each m o n th , beginning w ith Jan u ary , 1921. 10 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [034] 11 R E TA IL PR IC E S OF FOOD I N T H E U N IT E D STATES. T a b l e 1.—A V E R A G E R E T A IL P R IC E S O F S P E C IF IE D FO O D A R T IC L E S A N D P E R C E N T O F IN C R E A S E OR D E C R E A S E M AR. 15, 1921, C O M PA R E D W IT H F E B . 15 1921 A N D M A R . 15, 1920—Concluded. ’ ’ Average retail price on— A rticle. U nit. Eggs, strictly fresh ___ B read............................... F lo u r............................... Corn m eal....................... Rolled oats..................... Corn flakes.................... Cream of 'W heat........... M acaroni........................ R ic e ................................. Beans, n a v y .................. P o ta to e s......................... O nions............................. C abbage.......................... Beans, b a k e d ................ Com, cann ed................. Peas, cann ed ................. Tom atoes, canned........ Sugar, g ra n u la te d ........ T e a .................................. Coffee.............................. P ru n es............................. R aisins............................ B an a n a s......................... O ranges........................... P e r cent of increase (. + ) or decrease ( —) Mar. 15,1921, com pared w ith— Mar. 15, 1920. Feb. 15, 1921. Mar. 15, 1921. Mar. 15, 1920. Cents. 55.6 11.2 8.0 6. 5 10.3 14.1 29. 7 20.2 18.4 11.9 6.8 9.4 8.7 16.8 18.5 19.0 15.1 18.7 73.2 49.1 28.7 26.4 41.4 62.0 Cents. 47.9 10.6 6.5 5.0 10.4 14.0 30.0 21.3 10.5 8.6 2.6 3.9 3.6 15.3 17.1 18.2 12.2 8.9 71.5 37.5 22.5 31.9 41.0 45.3 Cents. 41.7 10.5 6.4 4.8 10.2 13.2 29.9 21.0 9.8 8.4 2.5 3.8 4.2 15.1 16. 7 18.0 11.8 9.7 71.1 37.1 20.9 31. 7 41.6 43.7 -2 5 - 6 -2 0 -2 6 - 1 - 6 + 1 + 4 -4 7 -2 9 -6 3 -6 0 -5 2 -1 0 -1 0 - 5 -2 2 -4 8 - 3 -2 4 -2 7 +20 + 0.4 -3 0 - 6 - 0.3 - 1 - 7 - 2 - 4 - 3 +17 - 1 - 2 - 1 - 3 + 9 - 1 - 1 - 7 - 1 + 1 - 4 -2 2 - 1 Dozen............... P o u n d ___• . . . ........do............... ........do............... ........do............... 8-oz. pack ag e.. 28-oz. package. P o u n d .............. ....... do............... ....... do............... ....... do............... ........do............... ........do............... No. 2 can ......... ....... do............... ....... do............... ....... do............... P o u n d .............. ....... do............... ....... do............... ....... do............... ....... do............... Dozen............... ___ do............... All articles com bined 1 Feb. 15, 1921. -1 3 - 1 - 2 - 4 - 2 !See note 2, page 10. Table 2 shows for the United States average retail prices of speci fied food articles on March 15 of each year; 1913 and 1914, and for each year from 1917 to 1921, together with the percentage changes in March of each of these specified years compared with March, 1913. For example, the price of lard in March, 1913, and in March, 1914, was 15.6 cents; in March, 1917, 23.9 cents; in March, 1918, 33.2 cents; in March, 1919, 33.4 cents; in March, 1920, 30.4 cents, and in March, 1921, 19.6 cents. As compared with the average price in March, 1913, these figures show that the price was the same in March, 1914, but for the other periods the following percentage increases are shown: Fifty-three per cent in 1917, 113 per cent in 1918, 114 per cent in 1919, 95 per cent in 1920, and 26 per cent in 1921. The cost of the various articles of food, combined, showed an increase of 61 per cent in March, 1921, as compared with March, 1913. 44130°—21- -2 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [935] 12 M O N T H L Y LABOR REVIEW , T aBLF 2 __ A V E R A G E R E T A IL P R IC E S O F S P E C IF IE D FO O D A R T IC L E S AND P E R C EN T O F IN C R E A SE OR D E C R E A S E M AR. 15 O F C E R T A IN S P E C IF IE D Y E A R S CO M PA R ED W IT H M AR, 15, 1913. [Percentage changes of five-tenths of 1 per cent a n d over are given in whole num bers.] P e r c e n t of in c re a s e ( + ) or d e crea se ( —) M ar. 15 of each sp ecified year co m p ared w ith M ar. 15,1913. A verage re ta il p ric e s M ar. 15— U n it. A rtic le . 1913 1914 1917 1918 1919 1920 1921 1914 1917 1918 1919 1920 1921 C'ts. Cts. S irlo in s t e a k ............. P o u n d .......... R o u n d s t e a k ............ ........ d o ........... R i b r o a s t.................... ........ d o ........... C h u ck r o a s t .............. ........ d o ........... P la te b e e f.................. ........ d o ........... P o rk rib o p s................ ........ d o ........... B a c o n .......................... . . . . d o .......... H a m ......................... ........ d o ........... L a m b ........................ ........ d o ........... . . .d o .......... TTp/ns . ................... do S alm o n (oam iP ii) Mi l k ; f r e s h ................ Q u a r t ........... M ilk ev a p o ra te d 1 5 -lfi oz.can. (u n s w e e te n e d ). B u t t e r ......................... P o u n d .......... O le o m a rg a rin e . . . d o .......... . d o .......... N n t m a r g a r in e ........ . . .d o .......... C heese .................... L a r d ............................. ___ d o ........... C risoo ........ .d o .......... E g g s, s tr ic tly f r e s h . D o z e n .......... B re a d ........................ P o u n d .......... F l o u r ............. ............ ____ d o ........... C o rn m e a l.................. ........d o ......... . R o lle d o ats ___ .d o .......... C oro flakes _ 8-oz. p k g ___ C ream of W h e a t___ 28-oz. p k g . . M a c a ro n i.................... P o u n d .......... R ic e ............................. ___d o ........... . . . d o .......... B e a n s, n a v y ............. . . .d o .......... P o ta t o e s ..................... On io n s ........................ ........ d o ........... C a b b a g e ...................... ........ d o ........... B e a n s , b a k e d ........... No. 2 c a n . . . C o rn , c a n n e d ............ ........ d o ........... P e a s , c a n n e d ............ ........ d o ........... T o m a to e s, c a n n e d .. ........ d o ........... S u g a r, g r a n u l a te d . P o u n d ......... T e a ............................... ........ d o ; ......... C o iiee........................... .........d o ........... P r u n e s ........................ ........ d o ........... R a i s i n s ....................... ........ d o ........... B a n a n a s ..................... D ozen........... Oranges....................... ........ d o ........... A ll a rtic le s 24.7 21.3 19. 4 15.6 11.8 20.3 26. 1 26.0 19.1 21.4 8.9 41.4 22.1 15.6 26.4 5.6 3.3 2.9 8.6 1.5 5.4 54.3 29.8 Cts. Cts. Cts. Cts. 40.8 37.5 31.9 25.1 18.2 39.1 50.2 51. 2 39.8 45.7 37.6 16.6 15.1 39.1 34.9 30.0 22.5 15.7 35.3 41.9 48.8 34.4 43.2 37.3 15.2 14.6 + 4+ + + + 46.2 55.2 66.5 39.0 35.5 23.1 32.3 35. i 40.5 23.9 33.2 33.4 33.2 30.9 34.7 44.3 48.3 6.2 8.1 9.6 9 .8 3.3 5.8 6.6 6 .8 3.1 4.1 7.2 5.9 8.3 14.1 25.1 19.3 8.7 9.1 12.0 13.4 18.1 12.5 1.8 5.0 2 .5 2.9 12.5 4.0 6.0 5.3 18.1 19.3 19.0 16.4 5.1 8.8 9 .2 10.6 54.5 54.7 61.5 70.4 29.7 30.0 30.4 37.6 14.1 16.5 20.9 14. 1 15.1 16.4 36.6 | 53.2 75.2 43.1 36.1 42.8 30.4 37.5 55.6 11.2 8.0 6.5 10. 3 14.1 29.7 20.2 18.4 11.9 6.8 9.4 8.7 16.8 18.5 19.0 15.1 18.7 73.2 49.1 28.7 26.4 41.4 62.0 57.6 34.0 31.0 39.0 19.6 24.6 41.7 10.5 6 .4 4.8 10.2 13.2 29.9 21.0 9 .8 8.4 2 .5 3.8 4.2 15.1 16.7 18.0 11.8 9 .7 71. ] 37.1 20.9 31.7 41. t 43.7 33.8 31.8 26. 8 23.2 18.2 33.9 48.8 44.1 31.7 (!) 29.5 13.4 i com- b in e d .2 Cts. 41.8 39.4 33.4 28. 4 22.1 38.6 54.9 51.4 38.0 41.1 32.1 15.3 15.3 29. 5 26.6 23.3 20. 4 14.6 28.0 33.3 33.6 26.2 27.5 22.2 9.0 10.0 25.3 22. y 20. 0 16.3 12.4 20.9 26.6 26.5 18.9 22.4 | 1 | 2 8 3 4 5 3 19 + 25 + 20 + 31 + 24 + 38 + 28 + 29 + 37 + 29 37 + 49 + 38 + 49 + 54 + 67 + 87 + 70 + 66 + + 69 + 65 + 85 + 76 + 72 + 64 + 82 + 61 + 87 + 54 + 90 + 93 + 110 + 92 + 98 + 97 + 99 +108 + 92 + 114 + 58 64 55 44 33 74 61 88 80 102 + + + + + + + + + 2+ 1+ 5+ + 1 + 12 + 51 + 72 + 87 + 71 - 15 + 12 + 33 + 61 + 82 + 39 + 5 + 46 + 59 + 83 + 94 + 76 0 + 53 + 113 + 114 + 95 + 26 + 17 + + H + 0+ + 7+ + 1+ 31 45 76 41 + 68 + 71 +100 +148 + + + + 83 75 105 103 + 111 + + 100 + + 1 12 + + 124 + 6 + 40 + 56 + U4 58 88 94 60 + U + 20 +233 + 67 + 93 -{-353 + 07 !' - 6 + 63 + 70 + 96 +246 + 80 + 0 .4 - 0 .3 !+ J + + 1+ 1+ I? + 9+ 2 + 37 + 59 + 3C -f 35 + 31 26 + 65 + 24 81 + 108 + 61 1 No hens sold in M arch, 1918, by order o itk e U . S. Food A dm inistration. 2 See note 2, p . 10. Table 3 shows the changes in the retail prices of each of 22 articles of food 3 as well as the changes in the amounts of these articles that could he purchased for $1, each year, 1913 to 1920, and in March, 1921. 3 A lthough m o n th ly prices have been secured on 43 food articles since Jan u a ry , 1919, prices on only 22 of these articles have been secured each m onth since 1913. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [93G] R E TA IL PR IC E S OF FOOD IK T H E U N ITE D STATES. 13 T able 3 .—A V E R A G E R E T A IL P R IC E S O P S P E C IF IE D A R T IC L E S O F FO O D A N D A M O U N T P U R C H A S A B L E FO R $1, B Y Y E A R S , 1913 TO 1920, A N D F O R M ARCH , 1921. Sirloin steak. R ound steak. Year. R ib roast. Chuck roast. P la te beef. P ork chops. A ver A ver A ver A ver A ver A ver age A m t. age A m t. A m t. age age A m t. age A m t. A m t. age retail for $1. retail for $1. re ta il for $1. retail for $1. retail for $1. re ta il for $1. price. price. price. price. price. price. Per lb. 1913..................... •SO. 254 1914..................... .259 1915..................... . 257 1916..................... .273 1917..................... . 315 1918..................... .389 1919..................... .417 1920..................... .437 1921: M a rc h .... .391 Lbs. Per lb. 3.9 $0,223 3.9 .236 3.9 .230 3.7 .245 3.2 .290 2.6 .369 2.4 .389 2.3 .395 2.6 .349 Bacon. Per lb. $0.270 1913. ..... 1914 . 2/5 .26,9 1915 ..... 1916 ..... .237 .410 1917 ..... 19]8................... .529 1919 ..... .554 .523 1920 ..... .419 1921: M arch ... H am . Lbs. Per lb. 3.7 $0,269 3.6 .273 3.7 .261 3.5 .294 2.4 .382 1.9 .479 1.8 .534 1.9 . 555 2.4 .488 Cheese. Per lb. 1913 . $0,017 1914 ...................... .018 1915 .... .015 1916 .... .027 1917 .... . 043 1918 ... .032 1919 ..... . 038 1920 .... .063 1921: M arch__ .025 Lbs. Per lb. 58.8 $0.055 55.6 .059 66.7 .066 37.0 .080 23.3 .093 31.3 .097 20.3 .113 15.9 .194 40.0 .097 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis H ens. i Lbs. Per dz. 4.7 $0.345 4.6 .353 4.8 .341 4.2 .375 3.5 .481 2.7 .569 2.4 .628 2.2 .681 2.3 .417 Flour. Tea. Lbs. Per lb. 3.4 $0,544 3.4 .546 3.3 .545 3.3 .546 .582 3.3 .648 3.3 2.3 .701 2.1 .733 2.7 .711 Lbs. l.S 1.8 1.8 l.S 1.7 1.5 1.4 1.4 1.4 Lbs. Per lb. 8.3 $0.210 7.9 .220 8.3 .203 7.8 .227 6.4 .319 4.9 .390 5.0 .423 5.5 .423 6.4 .353 Eggs. Lbs. 4.8 4.5 4.9 4.4 3.1 2.6 2.4 2.4 2.8 B u tte r. Doz. 2.9 $0,383 2.8 .362 2.9 .358 2.7 .394 2.1 .487 1.8 .577 1.6 .678 1.5 .701 2.4 .576 Corn meal. Lbs. Per lb. Lbs. Per lb. 17.9 $0.033 30.3 $0.030 15.9 .034 29.4 . .032 .042 23.8 14.3 .033 .044 13.7 22,. 7 .034 .070 10.9 14.3 .058 .067 10.2 14.9 .068 10.0 .072 13.9 .064 .081 8.7 12.3 .065 9.5 .064 15.6 .048 Coffee. Lbs. Per lb. IS. 2 $0.298 16.9 .297 15.2 .300 12.5 .299 10.8 .302 10.3 .305 8.8 .433 5.2 .470 10.3 .37, Lbs. Per lb. 6.3 $0.121 6.0 .126 6.2 .121 5.8 .128 4.8 .157 3.8 .206 3.7 .202 3.8 .183 4.4 .157 Lbs. Per lb. 6.3 $0,213 6.4 .218 6.8 .208 5.7 .236 3.6 .286 3.0 .377 2.7 .111 3.4 .447 5.1 .432 B read. Qts. Per lb. 11.2 $0.056 11.2 .063 11.4 .070 11.0 .073 .092 9.0 7.2 .098 6.5 .100 6.0 .115 6.6 .105 Sugar. Lbs. Per lb. 5.1 $0,160 4.9 .167 5.0 .161 4.7 .171 4.0 .209 3.3 .266 3. 1 .270 3.0 .262 3.3 .225 L ard. Lbs. Per lb. 3.7 $0.158 3.7 .156 3.8 . 148 3.4 .175 2.6 .276 2.1 .333 .369 1.9 1.8 .295 2.0 .196 Milk. Per lb. Lbs. Perqt. 4.5 «0. 089 1913 .... $0. 221 .229 4.4 .089 1914 .... .232 4.3 1915 .... .088 3.9 1916 ..... .258 .091 3.0 1917 .... .332 .112 1918 ... .359 2.8 .139 1919 ...................... .426 2.3 • 155 1920 ..... .416 2.4 .167 1921 : M arch. . . .390 . 152 2.6 Potatoes. Lbs. Per lb. 4.5 $0.198 4.2 .204 4.3 .201 4.1 .212 3.4 .249 2.7 .307 2.6 .325 2.5 .332 2.9 .300 2.6 2.8 2.8 2.5 2.1 1.7 L5 1.4 1.7 Rice. Lbs. Per lb. 33.3 $0,087 .088 31.3 30.3 .091 29.4 .091 17.2 .104 .129 14.7 .151 15.6 .174 15.4 20.8 .098 Lbs. 11.5 11.4 11.0 11.0 9.6 7.8 6.6 5.7 10.2 M O N T H L Y LABOR R E V IE W . 14 Index Numbers of Retail Prices of Food in the United States. Table 4 index numbers are given which show the changes in the F retail prices of each of 22 food articles,4 by years from 1907 to 1920, and by months for 1920 and 1921.5 These index numbers, or relative prices, are based on the year 1913 as 100, and are computed by dividing the average price of each commodity for each month and each year by the average price of that commodity for 1913. These figures must be used with caution. For example, the relative price of rib roast for the year 1920 was 168, which means that the average money price for the year 1920 was 68 per cent higher than the average money price for the year 1913. The relative price of bacon for the year 1919 was 205 and for the year 1920, 194, which figures show a drop of 11 points but a decrease of only 5 per cent in the year. In the last column of Table 4 are given index numbers showing the changes in the retail cost of all articles of food, combined. From January, 1913, to December, 1920, 22 articles have been included in the index, and beginning with January, 1921, 43 articles will be used.5 For an explanation of the method used in making the link between the cost of the market basket of 22 articles, weighted accord ing to the average family consumption in 1901, and the cost of the market basket based on 43 articles and weighted according to the consumption in 1918, see M o n t h l y L a b o r R e v ie w for March, 1921 (p. 25). The curve shown in the chart on page 16 pictures more readily to the eye the changes in the cost of the family market basket and the trend in the cost of the food budget than do the index numbers given in the table. The retail cost of the food articles included in the index has decreased since July, 1920, until the curve is brought down in March, 1921, to approximately where it was in April, 1918. The chart has been drawn on the logarithmic scale,e because the percentages of increase or decrease are more accurately shown than on the arithmetic scale. &For in d ex n u m b ers of each m o n th , Jan u ary , 1913, to D ecem ber, 1920, see Monthly L abor R eview for F eb ru ary , 1921, p p . 19-21. . „ „ s For a discussion of th e logarithm ic c h art, see artic le on “ C om parison of arith m e tic an d ra tio charts, bv L ucian W . Chaney, Monthly L abor R eview for M arch, 1919, pp. 20-34. Also, ‘ T he ra tio chart, h y Prof. Irv in g F is h e r, rep rin ted from Q uarterly P u b lica tio n s of th e A m erican S tatistical A ssociation, Ju n e, 1917,24 pp. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [938] T able 4 .—IN D E X N U M B ER S SH O W IN G C H A N G E S IN T H E R E T A IL P R IC E S O F T H E P R IN C IP A L A R T IC L E S O F FO O D IN T H E U N IT E D S T A T F S r y Y E A R S , 1907 TO 1920, AND B Y M ON TH S F O R 1920 A N D 1921. ’ [Average for year 1913=100.] [939] 1907............................ 1908..................... 1909............................ 1910............................ 1911............................ 1912............................ 1913............................ 1914............................ 1915............................ 1916............................ 1917............................ 1918............................ 1919............................ 1920: Av. fo r y e a r . J a n u a ry ............. F e b ru a ry .......... M arch................ A p ril.................. M ay.................... J u n e ................... J u ly .................... A u g u st.............. Septem ber........ O ctober............. N ovem ber........ D ecem ber......... 1921: J a n u a ry ............. F e b ru a ry .......... M arch................ https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Sirloin Round R ib C h u ck P la te Pork Ba B u t Corn steak. steak. roast. roast. beef. chops. con. H am . L a rd . H ens. Eggs. ter. Cheese. Milk. B read. F lour. meai. Rice. P o ta Su toes. gar. 71 73 77 80 81 91 100 102 101 108 124 153 164 172 159 160 161 170 171 182 192 186 185 177 171 156 68 71 74 78 79 89 100 106 103 110 130 165 174 177 166 167 168 179 179 191 202 196 193 188 178 160 76 78 81 85 85 94 100 103 101 107 126 155 164 168 159 159 161 169 169 176 181 176 175 168 165 152 100 104 101 107 131 166 169 164 158 157 157 166 166 174 179 172 170 162 158 145 159 151 154 163 153 157 157 148 152 148 138 141 100 104 100 106 130 170 167 151 152 152 150 157 155 157 158 154 152 147 146 136 74 76 83 92 85 Q1 100 105 96 108 152 186 201 201 178 180 186 206 202 194 208 219 238 238 210 157 74 77 83 95 91 91 100 102 100 106 152 196 205 194 186 186 186 191 195 200 203 203 202 202 196 176 91 100 102 97 109 142 178 209 206 187 188 190 199 206 215 222 223 225 222 212 186 140 129 130 171 156 168 171 166 155 180 179 181 76 211 134 137 215 204 192 191 189 185 184 177 177 185 183 162 81 83 89 94 91 93 100 102 97 111 134 177 193 210 197 210 215 224 221 216 211 212 214 207 201 189 84 86 93 98 93 99 100 102 99 109 139 165 182 197 240 199 161 153 153 155 166 184 206 234 250 268 85 86 90 94 88 98 100 94 93 103 127 151 177 183 194 190 196 199 187 175 177 175 179 ISO 181 162 141 131 124 200 201 203 229 139 121 159 148 150 91 100 99 93 111 100 104 105 117 150 162 193 188 196 196 194 194 194 189 186 183 184 184 180 176 87 90 .91 95 96 97 100 100 99 102 125 156 174 188 187 188 187 183 182 182 188 191 193 194 194 189 175 174 176 183 173 171 100 112 124 130 164 175 179 2C5 195 198 200 200 205 211 213 213 213 211 207 193 95 102 109 108 103 115 100 104 126 135 211 203 218 245 245 245 242 245 264 267 ■264 255 252 236 221 200 88 92 94 95 94 102 100 205 198 113 192 227 213 217 220 217 217 217 223 230 233 230 227 213 197 183 193 189 188 203 197 194 173 167 160 208 210 211 214 215 215 214 210 202 185 163 152 Ill 112 101 130 132 100 108 89 159 253 188 224 371 318 353 400 535 565 606 524 294 229 200 194 188 105 108 107 109 111 115 100 108 120 146 169 176 205 353 324 342 340 367 462 485 482 416 333 253 235 191 137 121 113 176 153 147 176 162 176 100 101 104 105 119 148 174 200 Cof fe e. Tea. A ll articles com bined. 93 09 100 100 101 100 101 102 145 158 165 165 165 165 165 165 162 153 146 139 133 100 100 100 100 107 110 129 135 132 131 135 135 136 136 137 137 137 133 135 133 100 102 101 114 146 167 186 203 201 200 200 211 215 219 219 207 203 198 193 178 129 126 125 133 131 131 172 158 156 R E TA IL PR IC E S OF FOOD I FT T H E U N IT E D STATES. Y ear an d m onth. Cn T R E N D OF R E T A IL COST OF 22 FO O D A R T IC L E S , C O M B IN ED , F O R T H E U N IT E D S T A T E S , B Y M O N T H S, JA N U A R Y , 1913, TO M ARCH , 1921. 16 M O N T H L Y LABOR R E V IE W . https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [940] R E T A IL PR IC E S OF FOOD I N T H E U N IT E D STATES, 17 Retail Prices of Food in 51 Cities on Specified Dates. A VE.RAGE retail food prices are shown, in Table 5 for 39 cities for March 15, 1913, for March 15, 1920, and for Februaiy 15 and March 15, 1921. For 12 other cities prices are shown for the same dates with the exception of March, 1913, as these cities were not scheduled by the bureau until after 1913. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [9413 18 M O N T H L Y LABOE REVIEW . T able 5 .—A V E R A G E R E T A IL P R IC E S O F T H E P R IN C IP A L A R T I [T he prices shown in th is tab le are com puted from reports sent m o nthly to th e bureau b y retail deal A tlan ta, Ga. B altim ore, Md. B irm ingham , Ala. A rticle. U n it. Sirloin s te a k ...................... R ound s te a k ..................... R ib ro a st............................ Chuck ro a st....................... Plato boot........................... P o u n d .......... ........do............ ........do............ ........do ............ ___do............ Cts. 22.6 20.5 18. 4 13.0 11.1 Cts. 38.9 36. 0 30. 7 24.6 19.5 Cts. 36.0 33.1 26.4 21.0 15.0 Cts. 36.2 33.5 28.6 21.9 15.2 Cts. 22.0 20.7 18.0 15.3 12.4 Cts. 39.2 37.1 31.2 24.6 17.6 Cts. 37.3 34.5 30.2 22.9 16.2 Cts. 38.2 35.5 30. 7 23.1 16.4 Cts. 24.9 21.3 19.3 16.1 10.5 Cts. 40.8 37.8 31.1 26.5 18.0 Cts. 40.3 36.2 29.9 24.3 15. 7 Cts. 40.4 36.7 30.2 24.8 15.3 Pork c h o p s ....................... B a c o n ................................ H a m .................................... L a m b .................................. H ens.................................... ___do............ ........do............ ........do............ ........do............ ........do............ 21.5 31.0 29.0 20.6 19.3 39.4 54.4 52.7 41.2 44.3 33.5 46.2 48.6 34.4 34.4 33.6 46.4 47.8 32. 9 34.8 19.3 22.0 30.0 18.3 21.8 36.8 42.8 53.8 41.4 48.0 30.7 37.7 50.8 33.1 45.6 33.6 38.5 52.5 33.1 45. 4 20.0 31.3 30.0 21.3 18.7 38.0 55.7 51.7 41.4 41.6 32.2 49.8 50.2 40.8 38.8 34.4 50.2 49.6 39.0 37.7 Sal m on (can nod')............. Milk, fresh ......................... Milk, ev ap o rated ............. B u tte r................................ O leom argarine.................. ........do............ 33.3 26.0 25.7 Q u a rt............ 10.0 25.0 21.3 20.0 8.8 16.7 15.4 15.4 15-16 oz. can. P o u n d .......... 42.4 78.8 63.1 65. 8 42. i 45.4 40.5 39.4 ___d o ........... 35.3 16.0 14.2 77.8 42.9 34.0 15.0 14.5 62.3 34.7 34.2 37.6 39.4 39.6 14.0 10.3 25.0 25.0 22.5 14.3 15.9 15.7 15.8 63.0 45. Ó 78.6 63.3 65.1 35.1 44.8 40.9 39.9 N ut m argarino................. Cheese................................. L a rd .................................... Crisco.................................. Fggs, stric tly fresh ........ __do............ 39.6 35.8 ........do............ 25.0 42.1 37.9 ........do............ 14.8 30.4 21.6 ........do............ 35.6 23. 8 D ozen........... 20.9 52.9 42.8 B read.................................. F lo u r................................... Corn m eal.......................... Rolled oats___ Corn flakes......................... P o u n d .......... ........do............ ........do............ . .d o ........... 8-oz. p k g ___ 6.0 12.2 12.2 11.9 3. 6 7.9 7.0 7.0 2.4 5.6 3.9 3. 7 11.6 11.7 11.6 14.2 14.5 14.3 5.4 10.2 10.8 10.4 3.2 8.2 6.4 6.3 2.5 5.4 4.2 3.9 9.3 9. 7 9. 7 13.1 13.4 12.3 5.0 10.7 11.1 10.7 3.8 7.9 7.5 7.5 2.1 5.2 3.6 3.7 11.4 11.9 11.8 14.5 14.8 14.6 Cream of W h eat............... M acaroni............................ R ic e ..................................... Beans, n a v y . . . P o ta to e s............................. 28-oz. p k g ... P o u n d .......... ........do ........... .d o ........... ........do............ 29.7 31.2 31.8 21. 7 22.3 22. (. 8.6 17.5 8.6 8.3 14.5 10. 4 10. 5 2.0 7. 7 3.4 3.4 28.5 28.7 28.5 19.3 21.5 21.2 9.0 18.1 11.4 10.2 11.2 8. 4 8.2 1.5 6.0 2.6 2. 4 30.6 20.2 8.2 18.3 13.8 1.9 7.5 O nions................................ ........do............ Cabbage.............................. . ..d o ........... Beans, b a k e d .................. No. 2 can__ Corn, canned........ . .d o ........... Peas, can n ed..................... ___do........... 10.1 5.0 4.9 8. 4 4.9 5.0 16.8 14.9 14.5 19. 6 17.0 16. 6 20.8 19.0 18.1 9.0 3.8 3. 4 9.5 3.1 5.6 15.2 14.2 13.7 18.2 16.8 16.3 18.8 17.0 Mar. 15— Mar. 15— Feb. Mar. Feb. Mar. Feb. Mar. 15, 15, 15, 15, 15, 15, 1921. 1921. 1921. 1921. 1921. 1921. 1913 j 1920 1913 1920 1913 j 1920 Mar. 15— 39.0 37.8 36.9 34.4 35.6 32.0 30.6 38. 7 23.3 43.1 39.3 39.7 21.8 42.2 38.9 39.3 20.9 14.0 29.0 18.8 17.8 15.4 29.8 20.2 19.6 36. 7 28.8 28.0 24.2 35.1 23.0 22.4 38.0 21.7 56.8 47.5 40.7 25.5 48.1 45.3 40.1 Tom atoes, can n ed........... Sugar, g ra n u la te d ............ Tea .................................... Coifee.................................. ........do............ 14. 6 10.8 11.6 P o u n d .......... 19.5 9.2 9. 8 ........do............ 60.0 90.2 90.0 90.0 56.0 ........do............ 32.0 51. 7 35.5 35.0 25.2 P runes.............. R aisins................................ B an a n a s............................. Oranges.............................. ........do............ ........do............ Dozen........... ........do........... 26.9 23.6 21.9 23.8 32.9 32.5 31. 4 29.3 31.3 38.1 37.8 32.0 32.4 24.6 23.6 10.0 9.8 10.3 10.0 3.5 3.5 9.8 5.1 5.2 8.4 5.3 5.3 18.1 16.7 17.0 18.3 17.9 17.5 20.7 21.3 21.5 14.1 17.7 71. C 45.0 10.2 10.1 14.3 10.5 10.6 8.3 9.1 5.2 20.2 9.3 10.5 68.0 68.0 61.3 87.1 90.7 88.9 33.8 32.9 28.8 49.0 40.2 40.0 27.5 26.3 32.5 60.0 21.2 30.4 35.0 43.8 20.0 29.6 33. 2 42.8 29.0 23.5 42.4 58.6 28.5 32.1 43.0 40.0 25.9 33.9 43.5 41.0 1 The steak for w hich prices are here quoted is know n as “ porterhouse’’in m ost of th e cities included in th is report, b u t in th is city it is called “ sirlo in ” steak. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [942] R E TA IL PR IC E S OF FOOD I N T H E U N IT E D STATES. 19 C L E S O F FO O D F O R 51 C IT IE S ON C E R T A IN S P E C IF IE D D A T E S. ers. As some dealers occasionally fail to report, th e num ber of quotations varies from m onth to m onth.] Bridgeport, Conn. B oston, Mass. Buffalo, N. Y . B u tte, Mont. Charleston, S. C. Mar. 15^1913 Mar. 15— Feb. Mar. Mar. Feb. Mar. Mar. 15- Feb. . Mar. Feb. Mar. Feb. Mar. 15, 15, 15, 15, 15, 15, 15, 15, 15, 15, 15, 15, 1921. 1921. 1920. 1921. 1921. 1920 1913 1920 1921. 1921.. 1920. 1921. 1921. 1913 1920 1921. 1921. Cts. Cts. Cts. Cts. Cts. Cts. Cts. Cts. 1 34.6 1 58.8 1 56. < 1 58. ( 49.0 42.8 43.4 22.0 33.1 55.3 49.6 51.5 46.3 38.9 40.4 19.0 23.4 39.8 34.8 37.1 36.8 32.6 33.6 17.3 17.7 30.1 23.9 26.1 28.4 25.0 24.9 15.3 16.9 17.6 14.5 11.8 11.6 11.5 22.2 25.4 28.8 21.8 24.2 8.9 41.4 22.4 15.7 32.8 5.9 3.7 3.5 9.2 1.6 5.3 58.6 33.0 41.6 47.2 55.8 42.2 47.8 35.3 41.7 52.4 36.0 47.6 38.6 41.0 53.8 36.4 47.3 36.5 17.0 16.2 73.3 45.2 37.9 16.5 15.4 56.6 38.9 37.9 16.0 15.2 57.0 38.7 17.0 15.7 69.5 42.8 40.5 16.0 14.8 55.0 35.3 40.5 15.0 8.0! 14.7 . . . . 55.6 40.61 33.6 . . . . ! 36.4 43.4 30.7 36.7 73.5 33.5 39.0 20.3 25. 6 67.3 32.7 38.8 19.8 24.2 56.2 35.4 43.1 29.1 35.6 71.9 32.2 38.2 19.2 25.3 64.4 31.0 39.2 17. 23.6 54.6 11.2 8.8 7.4 9.3 14.0 10.5 7.0 6.2 9.6 13.9 10.5 12.1 11.0 6.8 8.4 6.4 6.0 8.5 8.7 9.5 9.9 10.3 13.5 14.0 13.8 29.7 23.7 19.0 11.3 6.9 29.7 25.2 12.4 8.4 2.4 29.5 24.7 11.6 8.1 2.2 9.8 9.9 17.9 21.1 21.9 4.0 4.2 16.6 19.9 21.1 16.4 17.6 69.7 53.4 28.3 26.1 53.5 72.6 39.5 56.6 60.3 39. 6 4 7 .4 32.1 48.2 54.9 32.6 46.1 Cts. 36.3 33.0 30.3 24.4 16.9 Cts. Cts. Cts. Cts. Cts. Cts. 34.3 9 37.0 31.4 31.6 21.0 30.6 1 31.3 28.2 27.8 20.0 27.3 8 29.8 24.4 25.4 19. 3 21.4 5 23.0 18.7 19. C 15.0 13.5 9 16.7 13.0 13.1 11.4 19.3 39.5 32.6 21.0 41.9 35.7 25.0 49.9 46.5 17.3 33.3 27.1 21.7 44.4 42.6 Cts. 39.1 39.1 32.8 26.5 20.2 Cts. 40.0 38.9 32.3 25.7 19.7 Cts. 39.1 38.1 33.1 25.9 19.2 9 3 6 8 38.0 59.2 58.9 33.1 45.9 35.3 53.0 53.9 30.6 42.3 36.4 54.0 53.3 31.3 41.8 23.0 24. 3 26.7 21. c 21.8 39.4 50.7 50.8 46.5 46.8 40.3 44. 5 47.5 45.9 44.8 39.3 44.3 47.6 41.3 44.3 ) 43.4 15. 6 15.5 73. 3 45.0 43.3 15.8 15.0 54.2 40.0 43.1 15.8 Ü .7 15.2 58.0 40.4 37.5 36.6 23.7 15.0 75.1 46.0 35.5 23.3 14.8 56.9 37.4 34.3 23.3 13.6 56.7 32.3 34.7 46.0 35. 6 31.6 40.6 21.0 42.8 37.0 36.9 26.5 15.0 32.5 22.6 20.7 32.1 38.5 25.7 22.7 44.6 26.3 61.8 47.1 38.6 35.2 16.0 14.0 73.3 42. 36.0 15.0 14.1 54.2 35.2 . .. .! 34.8 2 1 . 5 : 41.4 14.1 28.0 . . . . 35.5 24.7! 59.0 31.6 37.2 18.5 23.9 49.1 43. 8 43.2 37.2 44.1 59.6 37.9 40.2 27.7 33.1 48.6 11.1 10.9 7.6 5.5 6.1 4.2 8.4 8.0 13.0 12.6 11.9 8.6 7.7 9.5 14.3 9.9 6.8 6.0 9.2 14.7 14.5 28.5 28.8 24.6 24.3 18.0 11.4 11.8 9.5 6.7 2.5 32.4 22.6 18.6 12.6 6.3 33.6 22.5 11.2 9.3 1.5 33.6 22.5 10.2 9.4 1.4 3.8 5.7 16.6 19.6 20.8 9.7 3.9 10.5 3.4 15.9 13.7 19.8 20.2 19.9 20.4 8.2 8.6 21.4 18.4 18.4 4.1 5.2 21.2 18.0 18.9 3.8 5.5 21.0 17.8 18.7 13.7 8.6 66.8 41.7 13.6 9.5 65.8 41.4 15.9 12.2 19.2 8.4 63.7 58.0 47.4 35.6 16.4 17.0 77.5 59.2 13.4 10.6 77.7 51.7 13.4 15.0 10.5 10.6 11.6 5.0 18.8 8.1 9.1 77.0 50.0 79.9 77.3 74.6 50.7 26.0 48.2 35.2 33.3 20.9 32.2 52.5 47.6 20.1 32.2 50.7 45.7 28.2 26.0 45. 0 64.3 3 7 .4 5.6 2.9! 2.5 .... .... 20.4 31.4 41.9 47.9 9.7 6.7 5.7 9 .0 27.7 23.4 22.1 27.2 32.5 32.1 215. 3 2 17.6 2 18.0 58.5 42.3 39.1 ! Per pound. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis i [943] 6.2 11.5 3.7 8,4 2.3 5.1 11.3 14.9 ........ 29.7 22.3 5.6 16.5 14.5 2.Ò 8.2 .... 11.6 11.6 7.5 7.4 3.4 3.2 11.7 11.3 14.8 13.9 30.4 30.4 23.2 22.6 7.3 6.7 11.2 10.4 2.8 2.7 11.1 4. 8 4.7 9.6 4 . 1 3.8 14.9 13.2 12.7 19.7 16.9 16.4 21.8 19.6 19.1 28.6 23.8 44.4 55.0 23.5 33.8 45.7 39.0 22.0 32.9 45.0 36.3 20 M O N T H L Y LABOR RE V IE W T able 5 .—A V E R A G E R E T A IL P R IC E S O F T H E P R IN C IP A L A R T IC L E S C incinnati, Ohio. Chicago, 111. A rticle. U n it. Mar. 15— Feb. Mar. 15, 15, 1921. 1921. 1913 1920 Cleveland, Ohio. Mar. 15— Feb. Mar. Feb. Mar. -15, 15, 15, 15. 1921. 1921. 1921. 1921. 1913 1920 1913 1920 Mar. 15— Cts. 39.0 33.3 34.1 24.5 11. 2 17.3 Cts. 36.2 29.3 29.3 20.6 14.5 Cts. 38.6 30.7 31.5 21.9 14.7 Cts. 22.4 19.9 19.0 14.9 12. 1 Cts. 34.1 32.4 28.6 20.7 18.9 Cts. 32.8 30.7 29.0 20.0 16.9 Cts. 33. 4 31. 3 29,7 20.3 17.2 Cts. 23.7 21.0 19.2 16.2 11.8 Cts. 40.3 36.1 30.9 25.8 IS. 1 Cts. 36.4 31.6 27.3 22.7 15.6 Cts. 36.9 31.9 27.6 22.6 15.6 38.1 54. 4 52. 0 40.0 44.1 28.2 50.4 51.0 32.2 39.7 35.2 51.6 51.8 33.7 40.8 20.6 25.0 26.8 17.4 23.3 37.7 42.2 50.0 37.1 47.9 30.7 38.4 48.6 34.1 46.9 34.4 38.4 49.9 33. 4 47.4 19.8 25.6 33.5 20.3 22.7 41.6 50.3 56.5 39.5 48.9 30.8 45.3 52. 8 32.7 43.9 35.5 48.1 54.7 32.6 44.4 Salmon (can n ed )............. M ilk, fresh ......................... Milk, evaporated B u t t e r . . ........................... Ol eom argari n e 37.3 ........d o ........... Q u a rt............ 8. 0 14.0 14.3 15-16 oz. can. P o u n d .......... 40.4 73.7 40.3 .d o .......... 37.8 14.0 13.9 52.3 29.5 35.9 37.7 14.0 8.0 15.0 14.2 14.0 53.8 42.9 76.9 40.1 28.7 35.8 14.0 14.3 56.8 33.1 36.0 37.3 14.0 8.8 16.0 14.3 15.0 57.3 43.4 78.5 32.1 44. 5 38.4 14.0 14.5 57.5 34.4 37.7 14.0 14.9 58.0 32.9 N u t m arg a rin e ................. Cheese L ard .......... Crisco.................................. Eggs, stric tly fresh .. 35.2 31.8 34.8 31.4 29.3 33.9 27.8 26. 5 ........d o ........... .d o .......... 25.0 44.3 39.7 39.2 21.6 43. £ 39. 7 40.0 23.0 42.7 37.7 . . . . d o .......... 14.6 29.2 19.8 18.8 14.0 25.7 16.9 16.4 16.1 30.7 21.5 37.5 26. 8 35.6 25.9 24.7 35. 3 24.7 23. 4 ........d o ........... 45. C 40.2 20.5 51.7 41. 8 39.1 27.2 57.1 48.6 D ozen........... 23.4 29.4 37.3 20.3 25.7 40.9 B read ............. F lo u r. . . .......... Corn m eal .. Rolled o a ts ........................ Corn flakes......................... P o u n d .......... ........d o ........... . .d o .......... ........d o ........... 8-oz. p k g ---- 6. 1 11.6 11.3 11.3 2.7 7.7 5.5 5. 6 2.9 6.9 6.1 6.0 9.1 9.6 9.8 13.2 13.0 12.5 4.8 10.1 3.4 7. E 2.5 5. 4 9.5 13.8 Cream of W h e a t.............. 28-oz. p k g ... P o u n d .......... M acaroni............. . . . .d o .......... Rice . ........d o ........... B eans, n a v y __ _ ___d o ........... P o ta to e s........ 28.8 28.6 28.3 18.8 19.3 19.5 9.0 18.4 9.8 9.0 11.7 8.1 7.5 1.3 6.6 2. 1 2.1 29.8 29.7 29.6 17.5 19.5 19. 3 8.8 17.9 10.3 10.1 10.2 7.0 6.8 1.4 6. 5 3.0 2.8 28.5 19. E 8.5 18.6 11.1 i . i 6.5 30.3 29.8 22.5 21.9 11.5 9.6 7.1 7.2 2.1 2.3 .d o .......... O n io n s.. C abbage............................. ........d o ........... No. 2 c an __ B eans, b a k e d .............. . .d o .......... Corn, canned Peas, canned .d o .......... 8.7 3.3 3.2 8.9 3.5 5.0 16.2 14.8 15.1 17.4 15.7 15.4 17.8 15.8 15.2 8.9 3.0 3.5 9.1 3.4 4.5 15.3 14.1 13.7 17.8 15.3 16.0 17.1 17.2 17.0 9.3 9.7 16.2 19. E 20.3 3.3 3.2 3.3 3.1 14. S 14.1 18.6 18.0 19.5 18.6 15.3 11.5 10.8 18. 5 8.8 9.7 5. 5 74. 8 72.4 71.4 50.0 43.5 32.6 31.9 26.5 15.8 13.3 12.9 18.5 8. £ 10.1 76.1 73.2 71.0 51.8 40.2 39.6 Sirloin s te a k ...................... R ou n d s te a k ..................... R ib ro a s t........................... Chuck ro a s t............. ........ P la te beef.......................... P o u n d .......... ........d o ........... . . .d o .......... ........d o ........... ........d o ........... P ork c h o p s........................ "Bacon................................. H a m .................................... L a m b .................................. H ens ........d o ........... ........ d o ........... ........d o ........... ........d o ........... .d o .......... Cts. 22.0 18.9 19.4 17.9 29. 8 31.3 19.7 19.9 15.0 11.9 11.8 Tom atoes, can n ed ........... ........d o ........... Sugar, g ra n u la te d ........... P o u n d .......... 4.9 18.7 8.4 9. i 5. 1 ........d o ........... 53.3 68.5 65.0 64.8 60.0 T ea... ........d o ........... 30. 0 45.9 33.6! 33. 8 25.6 Coffee. Prunes Raisins Ran an as Oranges d o ___ .d o .......... .......... D ozen...........1 .d o ........ ■........... 1 29.2 28.2 40.2 62.1 23.0 31.6! 40.0 45.2! 21.6 31.5 40.9 41.5 29.5 27.9 41.1 53.7 10.0 10.0 6.4 6.3 3.8 3.8 10.7 10.5 13,6 12.2 26.4 32.4 44.4 40.4 24.3 32.3 42.9 42.5 5. 5 10.8 10.4 8.8 3.2 8.0 6.6 6.5 2.7 6.8 5.0 5.0 10.7 10.3 10.3 14.4 15.0 14.0 29.5 27.9 49.9 67.8 21.8 30.2 53. 3 47.6 18.8 30.3 53.0 45.3 i T h e ste ak for w hich prices are here q uoted is kn o w n as “ p o rterh o u se” in m ost of th e cities included in this rep o rt, b u t in th is c ity i t is called “ r u m p ” steak . https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [944] 21 R E T A IL PR IC E S OF FOOD I N T H E U N IT E D STATES. O F F O O D F O R 51 C IT IE S O N C E R T A IN S P E C IF IE D D A T E S —C ontinued. Columbus, O hio. Mar Feb Mar. 15, 15, 15, 1920. 1921. 1921. D allas, Tex. M ar. 15- D enver, Colo. Mar. 15, 192Î. 1913 1920 D etro it, Mich. F a ll R iver, Mass. Mar. 15— Mar. 15— M ar 15— Feb Mar. Feb Mar Feb. Mar. 15, 15, 15, 15, 15, 15, 1913 1920 1921. 1921. 1913 1920 1921. 1921. 1913 1920 1921. 1921. Cts. 37.1 34.1 29.8 25.7 17.7 Cts. 35.2 31.5 28.6 23.0 15.8 Cts. 35.8 31.7 28.5 23.2 15.6 Cts. Cts. Cts. Cts. Cts. Cts. Cts. Cts. Cts. Cts. Cts. Cis. Cts. Cts. 35.1 46.0 50.9 43. C 42.7 27.4 41.2 47.5 36.2 41.5 31.0 41.1 47.2 38.0 41.6 21.2 39.5 33. 37.0 54.3 51.6 3 1 3 57.0 51.7 22 .0 42.5 43.0 19.6 42.2 35.7! 34.8 14.0 14.7 75.9 42.6 37.1 14.1 14.9 56. 6 32.0 35.2 41.8 26. 5 36.5 50.8 29.1 36.6 17.2 35. 7 40.4 21.8 39. 5 37.1 37.9 22. 20.3 18. 8 15.6 12.5 38.2 32.5 27. 9 23.6 35.3 31. ( 35. 2 35. 7 19.6 31.3 27.1 31.2 31.1 16.8 27. s 23.6 25. 8 ‘¿rl. 7 14. ( 21. 1 18.3 20. 20.3 9.4 14.6 12.0 31. 26.8 23.9 18.2 11.6 24.1 19. < 19. 8 1Ô.4 11.0 38. 9 34. 1 31. 0 23. 7 17. 4 36.0 30. 3 28. 1 20. 3 13.5 36. 0 *32.0 30.2 25.0 28.3 22.1 21.2 17.0 14.1 Cts. ‘59.2 *53.3 47.5 41.3 34.9 27.9 27.2 20.9 15.0 17.6 27.0 28.3 16.9 20.7 36.3 52.2 53.8 35.8 41.5 30.5 46.3 52.0 30.3 39.3 32.6 49.1 53.2 30.3 37. 9 18.6 23.0 25.5 17.2 21.6 39.6 49.4 57. 6 41.8 47.0 31.7 43.0 52.8 31.8 41.6 34.4 42.7 52.9 32.3 43. 4 38.3 47.4 52.3 37.1 47.8 30.7 43.0 51. S 35.3 48.9 37.1 39.9 34. 9: 14.0 21.0 15. 7 14.9 17.1 15.4 57.0 39.0 74.0 57.5: 31.2 37.5 32.0 34.8 ....... 15.5 8.4 i5 ,5 ..... 57.4 39.0 29.0 38.6 13. 0 13. 7 (ò» 2 43.6 40.2 12.8 13.4 49.5 38.4 39.9 12.8 8.0 13.3 52. 3 40. 6 38.7 38.2 16.0 15.2 76.3 43.3 38.5 13. 0 14.5 54.4 36.1 38.1 38.4 13,0 9.0 16.8 16.5 14.6 58.0 39.9 70.7 33.7 41.2 38.8 15.0 16.0 54.9 36.2 28.1 38.1 20 .0 16.6 17.0 24.4 33.5 33.8 38.5 à>. i 22.9 16.3 23.6 33.5 26. Ì 36.5 44. 8 33.4 39.0 50.9 32.8 41. 1 22. V 25.8 44.7 30.9 35. 0 30. S 30.1 37.2 40.6 21.3 43.4 36. 7 37.0 24.0 42.6 22.0 16.2 30.6 20.0 18.5 15.0 28.9 24.9 37.1 23.9 22.9 35.9 37.7 25.2 60.3 47'. 9 40.0 32.9 85.8 39.6 IS. 8 27.7, 74.6 37.3 44.3 34.3 3-7.9 44.0 34.6 38.5 23.6 24.4! 35.8 35.0 50. 7 52.1 41.7 35.0 10.3 10.7 10.5 7.5 6.6 6.5 6.1 4.1 4.1 10.4 11.4 10.9 14.3 13.8 12.0 5.6 12.1 10.2 10.2 3.3 7.9 6. 6.6 2.6 6.5 4 .8 4.4 11.9 12.1 11.7 13.9 14.3 14.1 29.9 30.1 30.1 19.9 21.0 20.5 18. 7 11.2 10.3 10.3 7.0 7.1 6.8 2.1 2.3 31.3 31.1 31. i' 29.5 29.9 29.6 19.6 22.2 21. 8: 19.2 20.4 21.0; _ 9.3 18.1 11.0 9,7 8.6 18.7 9.9 9.21 8.4 12.5 9.4 9.2 13.1 9.8 9.4 7.8 3.8 3.7; LÓ 7.1 2.1 2.2: Ì.2 9.9 4.3 4,1 9.9 3.8 3.9 16.3 15.1 14.6 15.3 13. 7 13.5 16.0 15.3 15.4 14.8 11.5 11.2 18.7 8.8 10.0 85.0 85.9 85.6 49.1 37.1 36.9 29.3 26.9 41.3 60.0 24.6 32.0 42.7 47. 2 20.2 32.0 43.1 . 44. 2!. 1 5.3 11.8 10. S 10.8 2.6 6.8 5.1 5.0 2.4 5.9 4.0 3.8 9.9 9.9 10.0 14.7 14.4 14.0 5.4 5 .2 ! 7.8 5.1 4,9, .... . 19.3 18.0 17.6 19.6 20.3 19.6 ..... 22.8 22.0 21.7! j 15.0 12.9 12.5! 5.7 20. 7 9.5: 10. ll 5.4 66.7 88. 8 89.5 89.2 52.8 36.7 55.1 42.6 42. 1 29.4 29.0 24.6 41.7 59.3 26.3 24.1 33.7 3 3 . o; 38.6 38.6 50.5 49. 9; https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis .... .... 5.6 11.2 11.0 11.0 3.1 7.9 6.1 6.1 2.7 6.9 5.3 5.2 10.0 10.8 10.6 13.9 13.6 12.4 19.5 25.0 29. 7 19.3 24.5 6.2 12.0 3.2 8.5 3.4 9.0 10.7 14.6 10.9 6.5 8.2 11.1 14.8 29.7 29.8 29.8 28.4 20. 4 20.0 19.7 25.7 18.6 10.5 9.6 10.0 18.4 11.1 6.9 6.7 11.7 6.2 1.6 1.7 1.7 7.3 29.9 25.3 12.3 8.5, 2.4 9.6 3.0 3.0 10.4 3.2 3.8 15.9 13.6 13.5 19 2 17.6 17.5 18.4 18.5 18.2 9.9 10.4 36.6 18.9 19.8 4.2 3.6 15.3 18.0, 19.5 15.2 13.4 12.9 15.3! 15.0 9.3 io. o: 5.0 17.0) 71.7 71.6 71.6! 43.3 68.0! 49.7 37.3 37. 7 29.3 50.6 12.0 11.4 15.2 8.2 9.5 5.2 19.5 65. 2 6-5. 2 44.2 59.2 36.4 36.2 33.0 51.1 12.3 8.9: 56.5 41.8 30.1 25.5 46.9 58.8 23.0 30.0 35. S 48.6 20.4 31.6 40.0 44.8 8.5 3.6 3.2! 8.3 2.7 2.5; __ 17.9 17.0 16.51 ... . 18.1 16.9 16.2 19.1 17.9 17.8 23.5 32.2 48.1 44.6 1 [945] 21.5 32. 3! 47. 9: 41.9! ] 29.9 26.8 36. 2 63.0! 21.4 30.0 35.9 48.2 26.6 27.6 38.3 64.9 22 M O N T H L Y LABOE REVIEW , . T a b l e 5 .—A V E R A G E R E T A IL P R IC E S O F T H E P R IN C IP A L A R T IC L E S H ouston, Tex. Indianapolis, In d . Jacksonville, Fla. M ar. 15— M ar. 15— ! Feb. Mar. Mar. Feb. Mar. Feb. Mar. 15, 15, 15, 15, 15, 15, 15, 1920. 1921. 1921. 1913 1920 1921. 1921. 1913 1920 1921. 1921. A rticle. U n it. Sirloin ste a k ................................ R ound s te a k ............................... R ib ro a s t...................................... Chuck ro a s t................................. P la te beef.................................... Pound... .. . ........d o ........... ........d o ........... ........d o ........... ........ d o ........... Cts. 38.8 38. 4 31. 8 28.4 23.7 Cts. 34.6 34.3 29.6 25.4 20.0 Cts. 34.6 33.9 29.2 25.2 19.8 Cts. 24.8 23. 2 17.2 P o rk c h o p s................................. B aco n ........................................... H a m .............. L a m b ............................................ H e n s ............................................. ........d o ........... ........d o ........... . . . .d o .......... ........d o ........... ........d o ........... 38.9 61.0 53.1 40.0 44.3 34.3 54.4 51. 1 37.0 37.3 33.9 54.4 53.2 36.8 36.4 20.0 28.0 29.5 18.7 21.8 Salmon (c a n n e d )....................... ........d o . ......... M ilk, fresh......... ......................... Q u a rt........... Milk, ev ap o ra te d ....................... 15-16 oz. can B u tte r........................................... P o u n d .......... O leo m arg arin e.......................... ........ d o ........... 37.5 20.0 14. 8 74.9 43.8 N u t m a rg a rin e ........................... Cheese........................................... L a rd .............................................. Crisco............................................ Eggs, stric tly fresh ................... ........d o ........... ........d o ........... ........d o ........... . . . .d o .......... Dozen........... 37.4 41.2 30.7 36.3 45.9 B re a d .......... F lo u r............................................. Corn m e a l.................................... R olled o a ts .................................. Corn flakes.................................. P o u n d .......... 10.2 9.1 9.0 ........d o ........... 8.1 7.1 7.0 ........d o ........... 5.9 4.4 4.1 ........d o ........... 11.4 11.5 11.4 8-oz. p k g ___ 14.3 14. 5 13.6 5.1 10.7 10.1 9.8 3. 3 7.8 6.4 6.4 2.6 5.6 3.5 3.5 10.9 11.0 10.3 14.4 14.4 13.0 6.5 11.0 11.5 11.3 3.8 8.8 7.3 7.2 2.6 5.4 3.6 3.4 11.7 12.0 11.7 14.9 14.8 14.7 C ream of W h e a t........................ M acaroni...................................... R ice. . Beans, n a v y ................................ P o tato es....................................... 28-oz. p k g ... P o u n d .......... .. . d o . .. ........d o ........... ........d o ........... 29.6 29.9 30.0 19.7 21.6 21.2 16.7 8. 2 7.5 11.8 9.3 8.8 7.6 3.9 3.9 30.7 32.4 31.7 20.3 20.9 20.9 9. 2 19. 4 10.6 9.9 10.7 7.2 7.1 1.3 1.9 2.1 30.0 30. 1 21.5 22.3 6.6 17.0 8.4 13.3 9.7 2.3 7.5 3.5 O nions.......................................... C abbage........... Beans, b a k ed .............................. Corn, can n ed .............................. Peas' c a n n e d .............................. ........d o ........... 9.2 4.6 4.5 ........ d o ........... 7.1 4.3 3.8 N o. 2 c a n . . . 16.3 15.4 14.5 ........d o ........... 17.0 14. 5 14.1 ........d o ........... 18.7 19.2 18.7 9.4 3.5 3.4 8.6 3.6 3.8 16. 8 15.0 14.6 17.1 14.0 13.7 16.9 14.9 14.6 Tom atoes, c a n n e d ..................... Sugar, g ra n u la te d ..................... T ea................................................ Coffee............................................ ........d o ........... P o u n d .......... ........d o ........... ........d o ........... P r u n e s .. . . . d o .......... . .do .. Raisins B an an as....................................... D ozen........... O ranges........................................ ........d o ........... Cts. 35. 8 35.5 27.8 24.5 12.3 18.4 Cts. 34.9 33.4 26.7 22.4 16.8 Cts. 35.7 33.5 27.6 23.2 16.7 Cts. 25.8 20.3 25.0 15.8 10.3 Cts. 38.8 36.4 29.2 23.1 16.9 Cts. 36.1 32.7 28.5 22.5 13.8 Cts. 36.1 33.2 28.8 21.8 13.5 36.8 47. 2 53.4 46.1 43.3 29.7 43.6 51. 2 32.5 40.7 31.6 43.3 52. 2 35.0 42.5 23.0 26.0 26.8 20.8 22.0 38.6 49.1 49.7 36.7 43.7 35.0 42.1 48.1 35.0 42.0 3G. 1 41.8 48.5 31.0 41.3 36.2 20.0 15.0 53.1 36. 5 31.5 35. 2 IS. 2 8.0 14.0 14.9 15.1 53.7 42.3 75.7 36.5 43.5 30.2 14.0 14. 8 55.5 33.8 29.4 34.6 30.1 30.3 13.0 12.5 20.7 22.7 22.7 14,5 15.0 14.8 14.8 57.5 43.8 79.1 61.4 63.8 32.2 44.2 36.6 35.4 32.8 36.3 23.0 25.2 31.9 35.2 31.2 30.3 32.3 37.2 20.5 44.5 40.0 39.6 22.5 21.7 15.2 27.8 17.9 16.8 15.3 36.9 24.7 2 2 . 8 1 ____ 24.6 31.6 20.0 46.8 41.2 34.4 30.0 15. 5 12.3 14.6 11.5 11.3 19.1 8.2 9.6 5.8 19.5 9.2 68.4 70. 1 70. 1 60. C 87.2 80.9 46.4 31. £ 31.7 si. a 50.7 39.8 27.4 25. 3 36.3 55.6 21. C 33. 7 36.0 46.6 19.3 32.4 35.3 44.9 30.5 29. 0 31.4 58.2 25.4 34. 8 31.3 39.6 39.7 42.6 31.9 39.0 58.7 33.9 36.9 22.4 26.1 48.2 32.6 38.1 21.0 24.7 40.3 30.0 21.8 8.1 9.6 3.4 10.3 5.1 5.6 4.3 4.0 17.4 13.9 14.0 19.9 17.7 17.5 22.2 20.8 20.9 12.1 10.0 5.9 81.8 60. C 39.7 34.5 15.0 10.4 10.6 19.5 9.3 9.8 90.0 89.5 89.1 55.2 39.5 38.8 22.1 34.8 32.0 43. 1 27.4 27.9 37.0 48.8 20.8 33. 1 33. ( 31. 8 20.9 33.9 28.8 29.6 1 T he steak for w hich prices a re here quoted is know n as “ p o rterhouse” in m ost of th e cities included in th is rep o rt, b u t in th is city i t is called “ sirlo in ” steak. 2 No. 2J can. 3 N o. 3 can. * P er pound. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [946] 23 R E TA IL PR IC E S OE FOOD I N T H E U N IT E D STATES. O F FO O D F O R 51 C IT IE S ON C E R T A IN S P E C IF IE D D A T E S—C ontinued. K ansas City, Mo. L ittle Rock, A rk. Los Angeles, Calif. Louisville, K y. M anchester, N. II. Mar. 15- Ma.r.15— Mar. 15Mar. 15— Mar . 15— Feb. Mar, Feb Mar Feb Feb Mar Feb. Mar. 15, 15, 15, 15, 15, 15, 15, 15, 15, 15, 1913 1920 1921. 1921. 1913 1920 1921. 1921 1913 1920 1921. 1921 1913 1920 1921 1921 1913 1920 1921. 1921. Cts Cts. Cts Cts Cts. Cts. Cts. Cts. Cts. Cts Cts Cts. 17. 7 27. 14. 7 21. 11. 4 16. 25.8 27.2 18.4 32.3 28.5 28.8 19.0 30.4 30. 19.2 19.9 15.3 25.2 22.4 22.5 16.0 22.9 22.3 13.2 14.2 12.0 19.9 17.0 16.9 12.7 18.3 18.4 Cts. 21.8 18.9 17.9 15.3 11.9 19. 2 35. 28. 4 51. 27. 9 53. 17. 3 33. 17. 4 41. 9 25. 49. 49.6 31.3 38.5 33. 4 20. 38.8 50. 6 34. 55. 0 50.0 28. 8 52.2 45.0 31. 38. 41.5 19.6 27.8 27.9 IS. 1 23.1 .. 36.3 . 7 16. 0 .. 15. 6 40. 6 75. 3 . 41. 34.1 14.7 14.9 53.0 32.7 34. 14. 3 10. 15.00 .. 57. 1 43. 32.0 . 35.2 21..5 43. 16.2Ì 31.1 40.1 23.1 51. 2 30.5 29.9 37.7 39.0 40.4 21. 7 43.1 20.8 20. .0 31.5 IQ 7 27.4 26.8 42.0 36.3 20. 5 50.' 3 Cts. 33.8 32.0 27.7 23.6 20. 4 Cts. 31. ‘ 29.9 24.9 20. 17.7 Cts. 31.1 30.1 25. 5 20.7 17.2 Cts. Cts. <35. <55. 2 28. ( 47. g 19. C 32.0 16.8 26.9 Cts. <51.4 44.1 26.0 22.0 18.1 36.0 47.2 49.0 40.0 42.7 26.0 37.6 46.2 35.0 39. 2 33.5 38.4 46.2 35.0 40.4 19.2 22.6 27.8 18.6 23.2 30.9 29.0 43.8 32.8 48.8 41.1 44.7 48.8 31.6 15.0 10.0 16.0 16.0 8. 8 16.0 15.9 13.4 12. 15.6 60.2 43.'5 68. 1 56.7 49.2 43.6 75.2 33.3 45.7 37.7 35.4 42.6 28.8 11.0 14.7 55.3 34. 5 28.6 39.3 11.0 8.0 15.0 14.9 17.1 59. 1 42.2 78.2 31.7 41.0 22. 8 38.; . e 35.3 36.4 24.4 38.0 35.6 36.0 22.8 36.8 35.8 20.2 34.1 29.4 32.1 19.4 35.9 33.4 33.4 20.4 32.6 31.8 33.1 51.3 51.3 37.2 35.7 36.8 41.2 20.0 16.0 16.0 16.0 75.3 59.9 44.3 33.7 5.9 12.1 11.4 11.4 6.0 10. 5 3.0 7.4 6.2 6.1 8.0 2.5 7.2 5. 5 5.3 5.6 34.1 50.9 52.3 38.1 36.6 24.4 33.8 34.2 19.2 26 45.3 60.9 61.6 36.8 52.2 43.2 55.2 61.6 36.5 51.1 31.9 31.7 36.9 32. 38.3 38.7 19.5 44.4 43.0 33.4 24.7 25. 7 23.1 36.9 22.6 36.6 36.0 45.0 44.7 22 .6 20. 1 17. 9.5 7.2 3.2 6.2 3.6 3.1 30.8 35.4 33.8 30.6 43.1 21. 7 41.6 36.2 37.2 21. 5 15.3 28.0 16.8 16.2 16.2 34.0 27. 1 25.0 38.6 20. 4 46.5 37.2 35.4 29.6 21. 22.2 9.6 9.7 9.7 7.7 6.7 6.6 7.1 5.9 5. 6 9.7 10.6 10. 5 13.1 13.5 13.2 11.8 11.2 10.8 14.7 14.7 13.9 7.2 3.1 11.8 12.1 11.9 14.7 14. 14.0 30.1 30.2 30.4 19.5 23.5 22.6 8.7 18. 10.0 9.1 1 2.2 8.7 8.8 i. 5 7.0 2 . 6 , 2.7 1.7 28.2 30.9 31.1 18.5 22.6 23.3 18.1 7. 7.7 12.4 9.1 9.3 6.6 2. 2.9 29.1 29.1 29.0 17. 18.4 18.2 7.7 18.2 11.1 9.7 10.4 8.2 7. 7.5 2.9 2. 9.9 4. 4. 7.8 3.8 4.4 17.1 15.3 15.0 16.0 14.1 14.1 16.3 15.4 14.7 9.9 5.1 5.0 7.9 5.0 5.0 16.4 15.5 15.6 17.7 16. 2 16.1 18.7 18.6 18.5 8.7 3.2 3.1 5.1 2. 2.3 18.0 17.4 17.3 18.1 18. 18.6 19.9 18.9 18.2 39.0 47.1 49. 1 40.4 47.6 34.5 42.5 30.5 37.9 74.3 39.4 15.0 16.6 62.5 37.8 32.7 37.6 20.1 26.6 63.3 5.7 10.1 10. 1 10.1 3.7 7.7 6.8 6.8 2.2 5.0 2.9 2.8 10.6 10.9 10.8 14.1 14. 2 12.8 5.9 10.5 9.2 3.4 8.5 6.8 3.6 7.4 6.3 10. 6 10.1 14.9 14.9 28.4 30.1 29.9 20.3 20.4 20. 2 19.1 9.9 9.6 11.3 6.6 6.6 1.4 5.9 1.7 l.S 28.6 30.0 25.2 26.2 8.5 18. 4 10. 0 12.0 8.2 1.4 • 6.0 2.1 9.8 3.2 3.3 8.1 5.2 5.0 15.6 13.5 13.3 17.6 16.3 16.3 17.1 17.6 17.5 9.8 3.6 8.4 2.9 17.2 17.1 21.4 19.8 21. 5 21.1 8. i 15.3 11.6 10.9 14. 12.2 12.4 215.1 2 14. 7 213,6 13 14.1 11.4 11.1 323.8 3 20.1 3 5. 19.6 9. 1 9.8 5.7 19.8 9.9 10.4 5.2 16.3 9.5 5.1 19.5 8.6 9.6 5.6 19.4 8.9 9.8 54.0 81.9 83.2 82.8 50.0 89.8 93.0 93.0 54.5 72. 71.7 71.2 62.5 84.5 83.4 83.4 45.0 62.2 60.2 60.2 27. 6 38.1 37. 8 30. 53.9 38. 7 38.3 36.3 47.3 39.5 39.2 27.5 48.9 37.0 37.0 32.0 51.4 39. 6 39.6 29.8 21.6 20.9 27.0 27.1 25.9 27.8 20.1 18.4 27.8 25.8 24.2 28.4 20.9 20.5 29.5 34.2 33.8 25. 2 33.2 33.1 24.4 30.8 30.6 25. 1 32.0 31.4 28.4 32.5 32.7 50.5 49.5 51.3 37.4 43.3 45.0 < 1 2.2 <13.3 <13. 4 40.5 36.0 38.6 12. 4 <11.9< 66.7 49.4 48.4 50.7 49.6 45.7 31.7 27.4 . ..] 54.0 37.7 37.81 _ 74.7 45.7 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 8.6 [947] MONTHLY LABOE REVIEW 24 T able 5 .—A V E R A G E R E T A IL P R IC E S O F T H E P R IN C IP A L A R T IC L E S Milwaukee, Wis. Memphis , T enn. U nit. Article. M inneapolis, Minn. Mar. 15— Mar. 15— Feb.! Mar. Feb. Mar. Feb. Mar. 15, 15, 15, 15, 15, 15, — .921. 1913 1920 1921. L921. 1921. L921. 1921. 1913 1920 1913 1920 | Mar. 15— Cts. 38.0 35.6 31.7 24.5 19.3 Cts. 31.5 28.9 25.5 18.2 14.9 Cts. 33.6 30.6 26.4 19.6 15.4 Cts. 21.5 20.0 17.8 15.5 11.3 Cts. 36.6 34.3 30.5 26.0 17.6 Cts. 36.4 32.9 28.4 23.9 15.0 Cts. 37.0 33.1 29.3 24. 5 15. 5 1 Cts. Cts. 20.0 34.3 18.5 31.0 18.2 29.2 15. 0 22.7 9.7 14.7 36.0 54.0 55.0 42. O' 42.8 27.7 44.6 45.3 35.0 35.8 32.1 44.9 47.4 34.0 35.3 18.8 27.3 26.8 20.0 21. 8 36.5 51.7 50.9 40.4 44. 1 28. 2 46.6 47. 1 35.8 40.1 35.1 47.2 47.9 35. 5 40.9 17. 8 25.0 27.5 15. 7 19.5 35. 4 Milk, fresh ......................... Q u a rt............ 10.0 19.0 15. 4 15 10 oz. can. \Iilk PvapOTatpd B u tte r ................................ P o u n d .......... 42.1 77.8 41.4 ........d o ........... O leom argarine................. 38.5 17.5 15.9 54.4 34.6 39.3 37. 8 17.3 7. 0 12.0 16.2 15. 8 58.0 39.6 74.0 40.9 31.3 40. 7 10.0 15. 0 51.9 31.2 44.4 39.9 10.0 7.0 13.0 15. 5 15. 2 53. 9 39.0 70.1 41.5 29.5 44.1 12.3 15. I 49.1 35.6 43.1 12.0 15. 0 53. 0 33.5 33.5 34.2 29.5 28. G 38.9 32.2 31.6 N llt m argarine .d o .......... ('yhpp.^p, ................. . . . d o .......... 21.3 42.9 36.6 38.1 22.0 39.5 34.7 34.9 20.3 41.0 15.3 29. 7 20.0 15. 3 30.3 21.3 29.4 15.4 18.8 18.3 ........d o ........... L ard ................................ 37.3 37.2 24.7 23.2 36.7 26.3 25. 1 f!ri son . .d o .......... 22.4 49.0 36.6 40. 8 23.2 49.8 48.3 38.1 37.6 21.9 D ozen........... Eggs, strictly fresh .......... 28.5 36.1 19.4 27.0 40.2 27.8 36.8 17.9 25.3 38.2 10.3 5.7 4.8 8.0! 14.3 10.3 5.7 4.8 7. 8 13. 4 £irl nj n stea k ............... R oun d s te a k ..................... p ih roast Chuck r o a s t....................... P lato hop,f P o u n d .......... ........d o ........... . .d o .......... ........d o ........... ........d o ........... Cts. 22.1 18.4 18.7 14.4 11.4 Porlr oh ops ................... Bacon ............... Rn.rn ............... r>amb Rons ......................... ........d o ........... ........d o ........... ........d o ........... ........d o ........... ........d o ........... 20.7 29.3 26.4 20.4 19.6 36.0 5o. 'à 52.2 35.3 40.1 Cts. Cts. 30.41 32.1 26. 7 28.0 23.6 25.3 19. 0i 19. 4 11. 8! 12. 2 j 28. 4 32.1 46.4 47.1 47.8 48.8 28.9 30.6 35.9 37.6 Bread ..................... P o u n d .......... PI onr .d o .......... ___d o ........... Porn in pal .d o .......... Rolled oats flopi flakes 8-oz. p k g ___ 6. 0 12.1 11.3 11.3 3.6 8.2 7.3 7.2 2.0 5.2 3.0 3.0 11.2 11.5 11.5 14. 3 14.1 13.4 5. 6 10.4 10.1 10.0 3.1 8.0 6.1 5.2 3.3 7.0 5.1 5.3 8.6 7.7 7.9 14. 1 13.7 13.0 5.6 10.4 2.2 8. C 2.4 6. 5 8.7 14.7 Ofoam of W hpat 28-oz. p k g __ ATaoaroni P o u n d .......... ........d o ........... Rice ....................... Roans nav y .d o .......... . . .d o .......... Potatoes * 29.8 29.3 29.3 19.2 18. 8 18.5 17.7 8. 6.8 12.7 8. 0 8.1 1.6 7. ! 2.8 2.8 29.4 29.8 29.8 18.6 20.4 20.7 9.0 18.9 11. i 11.0 11.0 7.8 7.7 1.2 6.2 2.1 2.0 31. 1 30.8 30.8 18. 1 17.7 17.8 9. 1 19.5 10. 1 9.7 11.7 9. C 8.7 1.0 6.2 1.9 1.9 8.7 3.6 3.4 3.6 9.5 3. 9.7 2.7 4.4 6.8 3. 3.7 15. 8 13.9 14.1 17.1 16.5 15.9 17.1 15.6 15.3 18.4 16.5 16. 4 15.4 19. 8 18. 18. 5 ........ 17.0 9.9 4.5 4.3 8.6 4. 1 3.9 18.8 16.9 16.7 17. 15.6 15.1 17.3 15.9 15.3 . .d o .......... .d o .......... ........ No. 2 c a n . . . .d o . . . . .d o .......... On ions Cabbage Beans, baked Porn panned Peas panned 15. 13. 8 12.7 .d o .......... 14.9 11. : 11. 5. C 9.8 5.4 20.1 8.4 9. P o u n d .......... 5.5 19.7 9. 71. 71.7 45. 92.1 93. 50.0 70.8 63. 93.1 ........d o ........... 36.5 36.5 27.5 47.2 34.: 33.8 30.8 ........d o ........... 27. Tom atoes, canned Sugar, g ra n u la te d . T ea... Coffee P runes Raisins B an a n a s. . . Oranges .d o . __ . . . d o .......... D ozen........... .. .d o .......... i Whole, https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 31.3 24.4 4L* 60. ( 23. 33. 38. 40. : 2No. 3 can. [948] 22.; 32.9'........ 38. 4!........ 40. 9Î........ 1 ' 29.: 29.2 3 12. 62. 23.2 31. 3 13.2 45.2 99. 30.2 3 13. 45. 3 P er pound. 16.5 14.7 14.5 20. 9. 1 9.9 65.; 66.8 68.0 51.8 40. 3 39.8 31 26.2 3 13.1 65. 22.7 20.1 31. 3 31.1 * 14.8 •i 14.6 52.7 47.6 RETAIL PRICES OF FOOD I FT THE UFTITED STATES, 25 O F FO O D F O R 51 C IT IE S ON C E R T A IN S P E C IF IE D D A T E S —C ontinued. Mobile, Ala. N ew ark, N . J. New H aven, Conn. New Orleans, La. New Y ork, N Y. Mar. Feb. Mar. M ar. 15— Feb. Mar. Mai . 15— Feb Mar. M ar. 15— Feb. Mar. Mar. 15— Feb. Mar. 15, ; 15, 15, 15, 15 15, 15, 1920. ¡1921. 1921. 1921. 1921. 1921. 1921. 1921 192Ì. 1921. 1913 1920 1921. 1913 1920 1913 1920 1913 1920 1 Cts. Cts. 35. : 33. 6 »5. uj 33. 3 ay. b| 28. 6 25. 2 23.6 20. 18. ( Cts. 33.5 32. 8 28.1 23.2 17.4 Cts. 43.0 42.2 34. 23.4 13.9 Cts. 30.4 26.0 23.0 18.0 Cts. 51. S 46.3 37.9 30.7 Cts. 47. ] 40.8 34.2 25.3 15.7 Cts. 48.9 42.4 35.2 26. 7 15.7 Cts. 20. ( 17.5 19.6 13.0 11.1 Cts. 35.6 32.3 31.8 23.8 20.4 Cts. 32.8 30.1 29.0 21. ( 18.1 Cts. 33.6 30.6 28.8 21.8 18.1 Cts. 25.4 23.8 21.7 15.8 14.5 42.4 43.1 38.0 27.4 23.8 40. 3 41. 7 39. £ 40. 7 36.4 23. f 24.5 20. 20.5 43.7 36.6 ù’S. & 48. 6 52. 4 48. 8 39. 8 36. 5 45.5 43.1 38.0 21.2 40.2 33.6 35.9 48. 8 23. 4 45.4 38.1 38.4 48. 8 119.8 '37.3 1 30.9 1 32.5 36.1 21. 2 41.6 34.6 36.2 44.0 23.2 45. 7 45.5 45.8 21.2 26. 7 30.0 19.0 23.0 40.5 52.6 57. 1 42.5 47.3 29.0 47.3 53.2 33.8 47.4 34.5 47.3 52.7 34.5 47.7 21.1 29.3 26.0 20.5 23.2 43.5 51. 7 48.4 41.9 47. 8 41.0 48.0 48.8 38.8 44.3 41. ( 48.3 49.9 37. 4 43.7 21.3 23.6 28.5 17.3 21.1 41.2 48.0 57.5 34.0 43.5 35.4 42. 7 52.4 30.5 44.2 36.6 42.6 52.8 32.5 44.4 37.9 23.5 16.1 75.5 43. 9 35.8 21.0 15.4 61.6 36.6 35.9 38.9 20.0 9.Ò 17.3 15.4 13.5 64.8 43.8 77.3 33.5 42.3 38.3 17.0 14.0 56.1 34.9 37.4 16.0 9.0 14.0 58.2 39. Ò 33.6 40.3 16.0 16.0 70.7 44.1 40.0 16.0 14.4 54.5 35.1 39.3 16.0 10. Ò 14.1 54.6 4Ì.9 32.8 37.4 18.5 15.1 75.6 45.2 42.2 17.5 14.8 59.0 35.2 42.0 42.2 16.8 9.0 16.7 14.7 13.7 60.7 41.2 75.1 44.1 33.7 41.5 16.0 14.0 54.7 35.6 41.3 15.0 13.8 56.8 33.9 41.5 43. / 30. 9 38. 7 51.2 34.8 37.7 20.4 26.9 45. 0 33.7 39.1 24. 5 20.0 15.7 25.5 40.0 35. Ö 31.1 40.7 20.2 24.3 58.1 29.1 40.1 22. Ò 19.8 15.3 22.7 53.0 32. Ò 35.8 42.9 30.2 35.4 76.9 32.4 37.5 19.4 25.4 69.4 30.5 36.5 32.8 31.4 35.5 37.3 2Ü.4 41. 8 38.1 39.8 19.8 42.9 18.9 14.6 28.3 19.6 18.8 16.0 31. 2 24.4 37.3 24.8 24.6 36.2 57.3 23.4 50.1 40.3 36.3 31.8 64.0 30.8 38.9 20. 9 25.5 58.8 29.6 38.2 19.9 23. 3 49.9 Cts. 26.2 25.6 20. C 16. 8 12. C Cts. 44.6 44. 8 36.3 26.4 15.3 35.5 43.1 30.5 35.7 66.1 Cts. 40.9 40.5 32.4 22.8 14.3 10.2 10.1 9.9 8.4 7.0 7.0 5. 9 3.6 3.5 11. 6 11. 0 11.5 14.5 14.6 13.8 5.6 10.7 10.4 10.4 3.6 .x 6.4 6.3 3.6 7.8 6.9 6.8 9.2 9.2 9.2 12.6 12.7 12.0 6.0 12.0 11.1 10.7 3.1 8.2 6.3 6.3 3.2 8.0 6.7 6.6 10.2 10.4 10.2 14.3 13.4 12.6 5.1 10.1 9.7 9.5 3.8 8.3 7.6 7.5 2.6 5.2 3.6 3.3 10.0 10. 7 10.4 13.8 13.5 12.5 6.0 11.1 3.2 8.6 3.4 7.6 8. 9 12.2 10. 7 10.8 6.4 6.0 7.0 6.7 8.9 8.7 12.5 11.7 30.1 30.8 29.9 20. 8 21.0 20.0 17. 7 8.5 .4 13.3 9. 8 9.3 7.1 3.1 3.2 27.7 27. 7 27.7 23.0 22.5 22.6 9.Ó 18.2 9.9 9.1 11.6 8.5 8.1 2.4 6.9 3.1 3.0 29.0 28.9 28.8 30.0 29.8 29.8 21.8 22.5 22.3! J1.6 10.2 9.9 9.3 18.5 11.6 10.91 7.4 16.2 7.9 7.6 12.0 8.5 8.5 10.7 7.6 7.3 i. 6 7.2 2.5 2.4 i. 9 7.6 3.4 3.3 28.4 22.8 8.0 17.8 12.3 2.3 7.6 28.6 28.6 22.4 22.3 10.3 9.5 9.4 &9 3.4 3.1 9.7 3.9 3.9 7. 2 3.5 3.4 16.1 14. 9 15.1 19.3 17. 0 17.0 18. 9 18.1 18.3 9.0 4.7 5.1 8.7 3.8 3.8 14.2 12.4 12.3 18.8 17.3 16.6 18.5 17.7 17.6 9.9 15.2 18.2 17.9 4.1 3.9 3.3 2.9 13.5 13.5 16.6 16.0 17.0 17.0 15.5 11.2 10.6 19. 9 9.4 10. 7 5.2 81. 7 79. 9 79. 8 53. 8 46.3 35.6 35.6 29.3 14.3 10.6 10.1 17.5 S. 4 9.2 5. i 55.5 49.1 49.4 55. 0 45.8 31.9 31.2 33.8 222.9 2 21.9 22.1 19.1 8.6 9.3 5.2 63.4 56. 5 57.7 62.1 52.1 40.1 39.2 26.3 15.0 12.8 12.2 17.6 8.6 9.1 4. 8 17.3 73.5 72.0 71.8 43.3 57.7 41.5 31.0 30.5 27.5 46.4 10.5 10.5 8. 2 9.0 54.0 53.6 32.6 32.7 27.6 26. 5 31. 1 58. 9 20.6 25.6 45. 4 61.3 29.3 27. 5 38.9 59.3 28.0 22.7 20.9 27.0 32.7 32.1 23.3 22.9 02.0 46.5 40.5 21.0 31.0 44. 3 55.1 8 24.1 32. 7 29.1 42. 7 23.3 32.3 25.5 39.6 8 19.6 30.5 47.7 49.0 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 18.5 30.2 48.1 47.7 9.9 3.9 3.8 10.1 4.0 3.7 17.3 15.7 15. 4 21.4 20. 7 20.4 22.4 22.0 22.3 18.6 31.3 38.8 44.6 [Md] 18.3 30.6 38.7 44.21 9.2 3.5 3.5 5.7 3.9 3.2 16.5 15. 8 15.3 17.0 15.3 14.9 17.4 17.4 17.5 10.1 28.0 27.1 43.2 63.8 19.3 30.7 42.8 49.0 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, 26 T able 5 .—A V E R A G E R E T A IL P R IC E S OF T H E P R IN C IP A L A R T IC L E S | A rticle. U nit. Mar. Feb. Mar. 15, 15, 15, 1920. 1921. 1921. Mar. 15— 1913 1920 Feb. Mar. Mar. Feb. Mar. 15, 15, 15, 15, 15, 1921. 1921. 1920. 1921. 1921. Cts. Cts. Cts. Cts. Cts. Cts. Cts. Cts. Cts. Cts. 42.9 42.3 43.1 24.5 38.5 35.0 36.1 33.9 32.4 34.3 37.9 37.4 36.4 20.8 35.0 29.8 31.9 32.8 31.1 33.2 35.2 35.4 34.8 17.9 28.2 24.8 26.4 25.3 25.2 26.1 26.3 26.5 24.8 15. 5 22.3 18.4 19.5 22.4 21.3 22.7 17.8 17.1 17.3 10.3 15.6 11.9 12.3 16.6 14.8 15.3 Sirloin s te a k ........ R ound s te a k . R ib roast Oh nek roast Plate beef P o u n d .......... ........d o ........... . .d o ........... . .d o ........... ........d o ........... P ork eh o p s.......................... Bacon _ H am ................... Ra/mb. H en s..................................... ........d o ........... ........d o ........... ........d o ........... ........d o ........... ........d o ........... 37.3 49.9 49.8 40.6 48.2 33. 5 44. 5 43.3 37.1 45.5 33.6 44.0 43.3 36.3 45.5 Salmon (Vanned) Afilk, fresh .._ Milk, evaporated. B u tte r .................................. Ol pom arga.ri n e, d o ........... Q u a rt........... 15-16 oz. c a n . P o u n d .......... .d o ........... 36.2 21.3 14.6 75.9 48.4 30.6 19.3 14.8 61.9 42.6 30.0 19.3 15.0 62.5 39.8 N u t m a rg a rin e ................. . Oh eese . B ard ..................... Priseo Rggs strietly fresh ........d o ........... ........d o ........... ........d o ........... ........d o ........... D ozen........... 37.3 40.9 32.6 37.5 52.0 33.5 37.8 21.3 24.9 46.7 32.5 38.1 19.2 23.5 38.4 B read. ......................... P o u n d .......... Flour ................. ........d o ........... ........d o ........... Oorn meal ___d o ........... Rolled oats Oorn flakes 8-oz. p k g ---- 11.3 8.0 5.9 11.0 14.4 9.8 6.7 4.5 10.2 13.9 10.0 6.7 4.4 10.1 13.3 Orea.m of W heat Aiaea.roni . Rice . . B eans n av y P ot a,to e s............................... 28-oz. p k g . .. P o u n d .......... ........d o ........... ___d o ........... ........d o ........... 28.2 21.1 20.0 13.0 6.2 28.4 20.2 13.1 8.8 3.4 28.5 20.2 11.6 8.8 3.1 Onions Oa.bha.pfi . . Beans, baked Oorn canned Peas canned ........d o ........... ........d o ........... No. 2 c a n . . . ........d o ........... ........d o ........... 9.3 9.2 14.3 20.6 21.4 5.2 4.3 11.8 18.0 21.2 4.7 4.8 11.6 17.1 21.2 Tom atoes, can n ed ........... Rnsrar, g ra n u la te d ........... Tea Ooffee ........d o ........... P o u n d .......... ........d o ......... ........d o ......... 15.2 19.3 89.6 53.3 12.1 8.0 85.8 41. 12.7 9.0 84.3 40.8 Prunes R aisins . B ananas ........d o ......... ........d o ......... D ozen......... . . .d o ......... 29. 25.1 41. 60. 23.1 32. 41. 45. 21. ( ........ 32. ...... 41. 46. O ra n g e s Peoria, 111. O m aha, N ebr Norfolk, V a. 18.2 27.0 29.0 18.0 18.5 8.1 39.6 22.9 17.3 20.5 5.2 2.9 2.3 8.5 1.3 0. 56.1 30. 35.7 53.9 55.3 38.6 43.1 26.9 47.9 50.6 31.2 36.9 34.0 49.4 51.2 31.4 36.2 35.5 49.6 52.7 36.2 42.0 29.5 46.7 49.0 33.8 37.6 34.7 47.5 50.0 34.6 38.3 39.4 15.9 15.1 75.0 44.2 38.9 14.1 15.1 52.1 37.3 38.7 13.4 15.1 53.9 37.3 34.9 14.3 15.4 73.8 43.2 37.8 13.5 14.6 50.5 34.3 37.4 13.3 14.7 54.0 33.7 35.8 42.4 32.0 37.4 48.5 33.3 37.7 22.6 27.2 39.5 31.9 37.8 21.9 26.3 35.0 35.7 43.8 30.3 39.3 49.3 31.6 37.6 20.5 26.1 39.1 31.3 37.9 19.9 25.8 34.8 12.1 7.4 6.1 11.1 15.0 11.5 11.8 5.0 5.7 5. C 4.6 11.5 11.1 14. £ 14.7 11.9 8.4 6.4 11.9 14.9 10.8 6.3 4.6 11.8 14.8 10.8 6.2 4.5 11.6 14.3 30.6 20.7 18.8 12.3 6.7 31.6 21.1 n .4 8. ( 2.5 31.6 20.9 10.4 8.0 2.4 31.4 19.0 19.1 11.8 6.4 31.5 19.6 10.7 7.8 2.0 31.1 19.6 10.1 7.9 2.1 10. 1 8.3 20.1 17.9 18.5 3.7 3.7 4.1 3.7 17. S 17.0 15. C 14.9 15.7 15. ( 10.1 8.8 17.8 16. £ 18.2 4.1 3.8 15.7 15.5 16.9 4.2 4.7 15.7 15.7 17.3 15.7 19.0 78.0 52.7 13.2 9.0 76.¿ 39.2 12.5 9.8 74.; 38.6 15.0 18. £ 73.1 48.1 12.5 9.3 68.9 35.1 12.9 9.7 68.4 34.8 22.0 32.1 28.1 26.6 29.7 24. 32. 32.4 26.8 34.8 33. Í 27. 312.8 3 14.: 3 14. ( 3 11. 3 12. 312.2 44.4 47. 42. 39.8 57. 65. 1 1 The steak for w hich prices are here quoted is kn o w n as “ porterhouse!’ in m ost of th e cities included in th is report, b u t in th is city it is called “ sirloin’/ steak. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [950] RETAIL PRICES OF FOOD IN THE UNITED STATES, 27 O F FO O D F O R 51 C IT IE S ON C E R T A IN S P E C IF IE D D A T E S —C ontinued. P hiladelphia, Pa. P ittsb u rg h , P a. Po rtlan d , Me. P o rtlan d , Oreg. Providence, R . I. Mar. 15— Mar. 15— Mar. 15— Mar. 15— Feb. Mar. Feb. Mar. Mar. Feb. Mar. Feb. Mar. Feb. Mar. 15, 15, 15, 15, 15, 15, 15, 15, 15, 15, 15, 1921. 1921. 1913 1920 1913 1920 1921. 1921. 1920. 1921. 1921. 1913 1920 1921. 1921. 1913 1920 1921. 1921. Cts. Cts. Cts. Cts. i 28.6 1 49.4 I 45.8 1 47.7 23. 44. 4: 38. 9 40.3 21. 4 38.1 34.1 35.0 16.«■ 27. 4 22. 0 22.4 11. 4 16. 3 12. 9 13.4 20.3 23. 8 29. 7 18.6 21. 8 Cts. 26. C 22.0 21.8 16.2 11.6 Cts. 43.7 38.7 32.9 26.5 17. 1 Cts. 42.5 36.3 33. 1 24. 1 13.8 Cts. Cts. Cts. Cts. 43.9 i 55.1 152.1 1 56.] 37.3 46.7 42. 44.5 38.6 31. 2 29. i 30. 7 24.7 23.9 19. 8 20.5 14. C 13.8 15. 6 Cts. Cts. 22. i 32.4 20. 30.8 18.7 29.9 15. 22.4 13. C 17.2 Cts. 30.4 28.9 27.1 19.9 15.6 Cts. 30.5 139.2 28.3 29.8 27.0 24.4 20. 1 18.4 15.1 21.3 28.1 28.8 22.5 26.4 38.7 52.6 57.2 42.2 50.7 20.2 28.1 29.7 17.6 21.5 1 66.5 51.9 41.0 32.9 1 63.6 *65.5 49. 50.7 35. 8 3 7 4 28.3 29.1 Of) 9 39.9 46. 0 56. 0 43.9 46. 7 33.6 41.3 53.4 37. 0 46.0 36.6 40.8 53.3 37.3 47.1 32.7 47.6 55.2 37.1 48.3 35.1 47.8 55.7 37.9 49.1 38.4 48. 4 50.8 40. 5 48.0 31.5 42. 1 47.7 31.2 49.3 35.7 44.2 49.2 33.8 49.3 40.3 53.4 52.9 40.2 45.0 36.2 49.0 49.2 33.9 40.7 35.3 48.6 47.7 32.5 40.6 35.3 ' '¿.'6 14.0 14. 7 47."5 81.7 45. 7 34.9 13. 0 14. 8 61.7 35. 7 33.8 39.0 37.7 13.0 8.8 16.0 15.0 14. 7 14.5 14.7 64.6 43.4 77.7 56.0 33.7 40.6 33.0 37.0 14. 0 14.7 59.2 31.1 37.8 15. 0 16.5 77.3 43.8 37.5 16.1 14. S 60.7 39.5 37.2 42.5 15.5 9.2 15.9 15.1 14.6 62.5 44.5 74.6 38.7 41.3 44.4 14.8 14.0 56.9 37.6 44.4 41.6 14. 8 9.0 17.0 14.0 15.6 54.0 42.2 73.2 36.0 42.0 41.1 16. 5 15. 5 55. 0 36.8 40.6 15. 5 15. 5 55. 5 36.4 30.8 34. 9 30. 9 30.1 41.4 24.5 43.9 39.0 39.1 17.7 15.1 28.6 18.8 17.8 22.4 36.1 25.5 24. 3 44.4 25.4 58.4 49.1 40.7 35. 6 44.3 29.2 37.0 70.8 33. 3 39.1 19.5 26.2 63.1 31 5 38.4 20.5 44.2 41.4 43.2 22.3 42.1 18.5 17.9 36.9 26.6 25.5 15.2 29.5 25.3 42.0 27.3 26.5 36.5 53.3 24.5 43.5 37.4 35.1 31.8 73.8 39. 5 19.8 26.6 67.8 39.1 19.1 25.3 56.9 37.5 31.4 25.0 45.6 41.0 15.0 29.4 19.2 35.1 23. 8 25. 4 60.6 52.1 4.8 3.2 2.8 9.8 9.6 9.6 8.0 6.3 6.2 6.1 4.7 4.5 9.0 9.4 9.2 12.4 12.6 12.3 5.4 11.1 10.4 10.4 12.0 11.0 11.0 3.1 7.8 6.4 6.3 8.3 6.5 6.5 2.7 7.4 o. 7 5.2 6.8 5.1 4.8 10.5 11.2 11.1 8.3 8.2 7.9 13.7 13.8 13.3 14.3 14.4 13.6 28.5 28.1 28.4 21.1 22.1 21.8 ........ 9.8 19.1 12.3 10.7 9.2 11.6 9.0 8.8 " z i 7.0 2.7 2.6 1. 5 27.5 24.9 39.3 61.5 20. 9 29.2 38.8 44. 2 19.5 30.1 23.7 28.8 28. 8 32. 3 39.0 47.4 46.0 41.4 . . . . 66.0 46.0 ........ 11.6 10. 0 77. 3 38.6! 17. o| IS. 9 63.2! 50.6 11.5 11.5 6. 8 6. 8 5.2 4.9 11.0 10.9 14.2 13.7 34.2 32.1 32.5 18.2 17.2 16.6 8.6 19.6 11.8 10.6 10.8 7.6 7.6 .7 5.9 1.9 1.8 29.4 22.6 9.3 18.4 11. 4 1.0 6.8 30.4 30.2 23.9 23.9 11. 4 10.9 8.6 8. 4 2.2 2.3 7.6 2.9 2.8 7.6 2.9 3.4 21.4 19.8 19.5 21.8 19.9 19.7 22.3 19.1 19.2 9.7 10.6 16.6 19.9 21.2 3.9 3.7 3.4 5.3 15.1 15.0 19.6 19.1 20.5 20.6 13.0 13.6 2 17.3 14.7 13.6 16.2 8.6 9.7 6.3 17.1 9.4 10. 1 5.0 20. 4 57.1 57.1 55.0 63.1 65.3 65.3 48.3 61.4 40.1 40. 2 35.0 51.9 39.1 38.8 30.0 53.1 13.6 13.5 9.2 9.6 59.6 59.4 39.9 40.0 21.3 27.0 18.8 18.3 32. 5, 27.4, 31.4 31.0; 47.8: 11.813 l l.OP 13.8! 47.5 70. 5| 45.1 43.4 1 1 2 No. 2-J can. 44130°—21 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 34. 8 3 9 . 5 41. 6 41.3 55.3 55.8 36.5 88.9 50.6 4 9 . 6 6.0 11.8 3.4 8.8 2.9 6.3 10.6 14.1 3.7 3.9 9.6 3.3 3.1 3.7 5.0 7.3 2.1 2.0 14.8 14.6 19.1 18.5 18.1 16.0 15.5 19.4 17.7 17.8 17.0 16.3; 20.6 19.7 19.5 11.2 9.21 77.1 38. 8 43.7 49.2 58.6 44.8 50.1 5.6 10.5 9.7 9.5 2.9 7.2 5.9 5.9 3.4 7.4 5.4 5.2 11.2 10.3 9.8 15.0 14.2 13.8 29.6 29.9 30.0 29.2 29.3 29.2 19.1 22.2 21.6 22.9 23.9 24.0 19.2 12.2 11.2 18.1 12.0 11.0 11.4 8.0 7.9 11.9 8.4 8.2 6.8 2.3 2.3 6.6 2.0 2.0 9.2 3.2 3.2 9.5 10.0 3.0 2.8 ........ 9.4 14.9 13.6 13.2 16.3 17.6 16. 2 16.1 17.9 17.9 ........ 18.3 16. 9] 16.5 15.2 1 1 . o' 11.0 14.6 4.9 17.5 a i l 8.8 5.6 19.4 54.0 63.8 62.0 61.7 58.0 79.1 25.0 44.7 31.4 31.7 30.0 48.9 20.0 21.8 28.5 19.3 23.0 26.1 27.5 15.0 65. 4 12.0 31.1 16.9 45.6 11.4 30.9 15.2 46.7 3 P er pound. [951] 27.8 27.1 40.0 67.6 23.3 30.7 43.1 52.5 22.1 30.1 43.1 51.3 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, 28 T able 5 .—A V E R A G E R E T A IL P R IC E S O F T H E P R IN C IP A L A R T IC L E S Rochester, N. Y. R ichm ond, Va. U nit. A rticle. St Louis, Mo. Mar. 15— Feb. Mar. Mar. Feb. Mar. Mar. 15— Feb. Mar. 15, 15, 15, 15, 15, 15, 15, 1921. 1921. 1920. 1921. 1921. 1913 j 1920 1921. 1921. 1913 1920 | Cts. 41.1 36.4 32.3 25.2 19.0 Cts. 38.4 35. 3 30.9 26.7 18.2 Cts.\ 37. 21 33.3 28.0 23.5 14.8 Cts. 37.3 32.8 28.4 23. 7 15.0 Cts. 22.8 20.2 18.4 15. 4 10.7 Cts. 38, 5 37.0 30. 8 23.3 18.9 Cts. 34.7 32.9 29.7 20.0 15.2 Cts. 35.0 33.4 29.1 20.2 15.4 34.4 3S.5 43.9 41.3 43.3 38.5 42.2 50.5 39. 1 47.4 32.7 36.2 46.7 32.8 46.5 33.5 35.8 47.6 35.0 46. 8 18.0 23.8 26.7 17.1 18.6 35.2 46.3 51.8 39.2 44.4 27. 2 38.3 47.0 32.4 38.7 31.3 38.9 47.8 32.7 39.5 __do.......... Salmon (oannod) 27.5 23.4 23. 5 Milk, fresh ....................... Q u a rt............ 10.0 16.0 16.0 14.0 17.0 14.9 15.1 Milk evaporated .................... 15-16 oz. can. B u tte r ....................... P o u n d _____ 44.2 80.2 63.9 64.8 Ole.om argari n e ........do ........... 44.5 37.9 36.3 39.0 15.0 15.8 72.6 44.0 37.5 13.5 15.1 55. 5 36.6 35.2 .37. I 12.5 8.0 16.0 14. 1 14.9 56.8 41.2 78.7 41.2 34.8 36.3 15.0 13. 9 55.9 33.7 36.1 14.0 13.9 57.9 31.6 33.2 39.1 19.8 24.0 35.5 35.2 41.2 29.8 35.4 65.2 31.8 37.5 19.9 24.7 55. 9 30.3 34.7 30.1 28.9 37.4 20.3 40. 8 35.7 36.8 18.8 13.6 24.6 14.3 13.8 35.9 25.7 23.4 24.0 43.7 22. 0 49.8 39.7 36.8 Cts. Cts. Cts. Sirloin steak ............................ P o u n d .......... 22.2 42. 7 40.5 ........do............ 19.6 39.4 36.3 R oun d ste a k ................................; ........d o ........... 18. 9 33.2 31.3 R ib roost 15.3 28. 1 25.2 Plato beef ............. ........d o ........... 11.4 22.5 19.7 Poflr eh ops ................. Bacon ............. TTam ..................... L a m b ............................................ TTon s ................. ........d o ........... ........d o ........... ........do ........... ____ do............ ........do........... 19.4 23.6 24.0 19.3 22.0 37.8 43.6 47.0 43.0 47.5 33.9 39.8 44.3 40.5 43.6 N u t m argarine C h e e se .......................................... 1ja.rd Criseo Fggs, strictly fresh.................... 37.4 ........do ............ ........d o ........... 22.3 44.1 ........d o ........... 15.0 32. 1 ........d o ........... 38.7 Dozen........... 21. 8 52.4 B re ad ............................................ Flour . ..................... Corn meal Rolled oats ................. ............ Corn flakes................................... P o u n d .......... ........d o ........... ........do ........... ........d o ........... 8-oz. p k g ___ 5.3 12.7 11.1 11.1 11.2 10.8 10.0 3.3 8.6 6.7 6.6 8.4 6. 21 6. 2 2.0 6.1 4. 4 4.2 7.0 5.7 5.7 11.5 11.7 11.4 7.7 8.0 7.9 14.7 14.2 13.7 13.8 14. 1 13. 5 11.7 11.2 11.2 3.0 7.3 5.8 5.7 2. 1 5.2 3.6 3.4 9.1 9.8 9.6 13.2 12.4 11.5 Cream of W h e a t......................... M acaroni...................................... Rice ............................................ Bean s n a'vy Potatoes........................................ 28-oz. p k g __ P o u n d .......... ........do........... . . . .d o ........... ........d o ........... 28.9 19.5 9.8 19. C 13.5 1.7 6.6; 31.2 30.5 29.3 29. 1 29.0 22.0 21.7 21.0 20.6 20.5 12.3 12.0 18.6 10.6 9.9 9.2 9.0 12.0 a s 8.5 3. 4 2.9 5.9 1.6 1.4 30.5 30.6 30.5 16.8 21.1 21.0 8.6 17.4 9.3 8.5 11. 1 7.7 7.4 1.3 6.7 2.4 2.5 Onions .... ...................... ......... Cabbage ...................................... Beans, baked ......................... Corn, eann ed Peas, c an n ed ............................... ........do............ ........do ........... No. 2 c an __ ........do ........... ........do ............ 8.8 3.3 3.2 9. 9 4. 7 4.7 9.4 2.0 2.6 6.9 3.5 3.6 9.7 4.1 4.2 8.4 2.1 1 2.2 15.8 12.7 12.3 14.5 12.2 12. 14.5 13.01 12.5 19.0 16.9 16.5 19.6 17.2 ! 16. S ...... 15.8 15.8 15.2 21.4 20.8 20.7 18.8 18.7 19. C ........ 15.9 16.5 16.5 Tom atoes, c a n n e d ..................... Sugar, g ra n u lated...................... T ea................................................. Coffee........................................... ........do ........... P o u n d .......... 5. : ........ do........... 56. ........do........... 27.4 14.5 11.5 11.2 15.0 11.9 12.1 15.6 12. l! 12.1 19. 8. i 9.7 19.5 : 9.: 5.1 20.7 8.2 9.3 55.0 85.0 88.8 86.8 64.4 62.6 61. 73.7 70.6 69.0 49. 37.8 37. 47.5 35. 35.5 24.3 45. ( 34.; 34.0 P ru n e s......................................... ........do ........... R aisin s......................................- ........do ........... B an an as...................................... Dozen........... O ranees________ ___ ____ ____do _____ https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 29. > 25 45 53., 34.2 38.9 21.1 25.5 46.6 25.7 32.5 46.2 41.6 24.2 31. 44.; 40. 29. 28. 43. 63.1 22.1 29.2 26.1 30. 46. ........ 36. C 46.1 ...... 62.1 21.4 30.5 46, 46.5 1 1 No. 2J can. P er pound. 22.7 32. C 37.2 44. 21.3 31.2 37.9 43.9 R E TA IL PR IC E S OF FOOD EST T H E U N IT E D STATES DATES-Coatinued, O F F O O D F O R 51 C IT IE S ON C E R T A IN S P E C IF IE D S alt Lake C ity, U tah. S t. P au l, Minn. Mar. Feb. Mar. 15, 15, 15, 1920. 1921. 1921. Mar. 15— 1913 1920 29 San Francisco, Calif. Savannah, Ga. Scranton, Pa. Feb. Mar. Mar. 15—• Feb. Mar, Mar. Feb. Mar. Alar, lo— Feb. Mar. 15, 15, 15, 15, 15, 15, 15, 15, 1921. 1921. 1913 1920 1921. 1921. 1920. 1921. 1921. 1913 1920 1921. 1921. 1 Cts. 36.8 31.9 30.7 24.0 16.4 Cts. Cts. Cts. Cts. 34.7 35.9 22.1 33.9 29.2 29.6 19.3 31.0 28.9 30.5 18.5 26.7 21.7 22.9 15.0 22.8 13:3 13.9 11.4 16.1 Cts. Cts. 31.0 30.6 28.3 27.9 25.2 24.4 20.6 20.1 14.3 13.8 Cts. 20.3 19.0 20.7 14.6 12.9 Cts. 32.6 31.5 31.2 22.0 19.1 Cts. 32.4 30. 30.5 21.0 18.0 Cts. 31.5 23.3 30.2 20.6 17.1 Cts. 37.1 34.9 29.5 23.2 20.5 Cts. 33.2 29.5 26. 5 20.2 16.3 Cts. 33.6 28. 7 26. 2 19.5 16.0 Cts. 22.3 18.5 18.8 14.9 10.5 Cts. 44.9 39.4 34.6 27.7 17.7 Cts. 44.8 35.7 33.9 24.9 13.6 Cts. 46.6 38.8 35.2 26.9 14.4 34.9 50.0 50.5 34.6 39.4 27.1 44.4 48.0 29.3 36.2 32.6 45.0 48.3 31.3 37.6 21.7 31.7 29.3 18.2 24. 7 38. ( 50.4 51.5 34.1 40.1 35.2 46.2 45. 4 31.7 40.0 34.1 46.2 46.5 28.7 40.6 24.0 32.8 30.0 17.3 23.8 44.0 61.2 55.6 35.9 52.9 41.6 58.7 56.8 35.9 50.7 40.3 57.5 55.4 34.5 50.1 38.6 50. 7 48.5 41.7 44.2 32.5 40.2 43.0 41.3 36.9 32.2 40.7 43.0 41.0 36.1 19.5 24.2 27.0 20.7 22.5 41.0 52.6 53.6 44.8 49.1 35.6 45.1 54.1 41.6 49.6 37.5 44.2 52.9 43.1 50.9 39.9 13.0 15.9 72.7 42.4 40.8 12.0 14.5 47.4 35.2 40.0 12.0 " ¿ 7 14.5 51.1 40.6 33.8 37.9 12.5 14.2 72.6 41.9 40.4 12.5 14.5 52.5 37.5 39.2 35.1 33.5 33.6 12.5 "ió.’ó 15.8 15.4 14.8 14.5 12.9 13.1 13.1 54.0 liTö 69.6 57.0 49.6 39.0 40.2 33.3 31.0 43.1 24.3 14.9 78.5 4c. 2 36.4 22.0 14.5 60.7 36.1 21.3 “ 8."8 14.3 61.8 '4Ó."è 39.5 41.2 15.0 15.3 71.4 44.7 42.9 13.7 14.6 57.0 35.6 43.1 13.0 14.5 56.0 33.7 35.1 41.8 30.3 40.8 49.8 30.0 35.7 20.1 29.5 40.1 29.1 36.8 ' 24."2 19.5 18.7 29.0 38.1 ’ 23. i 38.2 37.9 35.0 43.2 43.4 35.2 34.8 24.3 31.5 41.0 34.0 35.5 32.8 37.5 2 0 . ó 42.0 39.2 23.0 16.9 35.6 25.5 31.0 39.1 25.7 38.7 23.5 47.4 41.4 40.5 44. 2 30.5 38.6 50.8 34.0 37.5 21.5 25.7 39.0 32.2 36.8 31. 0 37.9 "Ì8.8 41.6 36.5 19.3 15.8 31.5 20.9 24.3 37.9 26. 6 38.1 28."3 66.1 57.0 32.0 36.7 20.1 25.5 45.3 10.4 8.2 6.9 9.5 14.7 10.4 5.8 4.9 9.8 14.8 10.4 5.9 4.7 9.6 14.6 12.2 6.6 7.3 9.9 14.6 11.8 4.6 5.0 9.7 15.2 11.8 4.4 4.9 9.4 15.2 30.9 19.6 19.2 11.8 5.7 30.0, 20.0 10.2 9. 2 2.0| 30.0 19.6 9.8 9.1 1.9 33.4 20.2 18.3 12.5 6.1 33.4 23.1 9.8 9.8 1.9 33.4 21.8 9.3 9.7 1.6 9.2 9.2 19.1 18.9 17.9 3.4 3.8 18.2 17.6 16.5 3.3 4.0 18.0 17.1 17.3 8.0 9.3 20.0 18.1 17.5 3.1 3.2 18.5 18.5 17.3 3.1 ........ 7.3 2.5 2.3 10.4 4.7 4.5 3.2 8.9 4.9 4.8 17.5 "Is.’Ó"1 7 . 8 ”Ì8.*4 17.8 15.4 14.5 17.8 18.5 18.7 18.6 18.9 16.7 15.6j 16.5 18.3 19.3 19.1 18.9 15.4 21.3 70.6 51.5, 13.5 9.2 72.7 42.5 13.6 10.0 72.5 41.6 16.8 15.9 80.6 58.7 14.4 10.0 82.5 50.0 13.2 10.3 ’ "i.’é 83.3 50.0 49.6 32.0 30.8 23. & 22.1 27.1 32.5 32.3 2 13.0 2 14.5 2 14.2 70. 9 52.3 53.9 1 5.9 2.5 3.4 "&2 .9 ’¿."3 65.7 35.8 27.5 23.1 19.8 25.5 30.2 30.0 2 15. 2 2 18. 6 2 17.8 61.1 43.5 39.2 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 30.8 37.6 24.0 24.8 39.4 5.7 10.9 9.6 9.6 11.5 11.2 11.2 5.6 3.3 7.8 6.8 6.8 8.4 7.1 6.9 3.4 3.4 6.7 5.9 5. 7 5.2 3.3 3.0 10.3 10.6 11.0 11.9 11.9 11.3 ..... 14.1 14.4 14.0 14.7 13.8 13.5 28.1 29.1 28.9 30.4 29.8 29.8 14.9 13.3 13.7 22.1 22.2 " 8."5 18.1 10.5 10.0 17.2 23.2 9.0 8.3 " ’é."5 9.5 7.4 7.4 14.8 10.5 10.1 1.2 6.9 3.0 2.9 7.0 3.2 3.1 1.5 113.6 112.3 11.6 15.4 16. li 9.2 9.9 18.3 58.7 59.6 59.8 76.8 45.8 38.2 37.2 46.5 22.6 23.4 43. 7 56.3 [953] 19.4 29.3 44.3 44. 7 17.9 29.0 44.3 43.9 29.1 24.2 43.3 56.1 12.9 12.3 12.3 8.7 7.2 7.0 8.6 7.8 7.8 11.0 11.5 11.6 14.2 13.9 13.3 29.1 23.7 19.5 14.0 5.9 29.1 24.9 11.0 10. 8 2. 5 29.1 24.6 10.4 10.5 2.1 9.8 4.4 3.9 9.6 2.7 6.1 15.9 14.4: 13.7 19.2 16.9 17.0 18.3 17.1! 17A i 1 1 . 7 11.1 15.6 12.8 1 2 . 5 9 .0 9.3 19.8 9. l| 9 . 7 7 4 . 2 74.2 52.5 68.8 64.» 64.3 33.8 32.8 31.3 51.5 40. S| 40.4 24.9 31. S 43.9 37. Si t 21.6 31.6 45.0 38.7 28.3 2 O.5 ! 18.8 27.4 31, 2f 31.4 38.1 37.5f 36.3 61. 2 49. Si 47.2 M O N T H L Y LABOR R E V IE W . 30 T able 5 .— A V ER A G E R E T A TL P R IC E S OF T H E P R IN C IP A L A R T IC L E S OF FO O D F O R 51 C IT IE S ON C E R T A IN S P E C IF IE D D A T E S —C oncluded. | Seattle, W ash. Springfielc , 111. W ashington, D. C. Mar. 15— Mar. 15— j Feb. Mar. Feb. Mar. Mar. Feb. Mar. — 15, 15, 15, 15, 15, 15, — 15, — 1921. 1921. 1920. 1921. 1921. 1913 1920 1921. 1921. 1920 1913 j A rticle. U nit. Sirloin s te a k ................................. R ound steak . R ib ro a st....................................... Chunk roast ..................... Plato hoof P o u n d .......... ........do........... ........do............ ........do............ ........do............ Cts. 21.8 20.0 18.2 15.0 11.2 Cts. 36.4 34.0 30.0 23.3 18.9 Cts. 33.6 30.0 26.9 19.6 16.1 Cts. 32.9 29.6 27.2 19.8 16.1 Cts. 36.9 35.5 26.7 22.7 17.9 Cts. 35.0 33.1 24.6 19.7 14.2 Cts. 36.8 35.2 24. 8 20.3 15.0 Cts. 26.4 23.1 21.0 16.6 11.7 Cts. 48.4 43.3 37.3 28.3 17.2 Cts. 44.5 38.2 35.4 25.1 15.0 Cts. 46.0 40.0 35.9 26.6 15.0 P o rk chops.................................... Ran on............................................. H a m ............................................... Tiftmb ......................... H ons............................................... ........do............ ........do ........... ........do ........... ........do............ ........do............ 23.4 30.0 30.0 18.2 24.0 43.2 58.8 57.3 37.6 49.0 38.4 55.0 53.5 33.3 41.0 38.4 54.0 52.6 32.5 41.9 36.5 45.3 49.3 42.6 45.5 30.2 42.7 46.8 35.0 35.5 33.8 42.7 48.9 35.0 36.0 21.9 25.4 28.6 21.4 22.1 42.8 47.4 57.1 45. 5 49.7 36.0 42.6 54.7 38.1 47.5 38.6 41.5 55.8 40.2 47.8 Salmon (canned)......................... Milk, fresh .................................... Milk, evaporated......................... B u tte r ............................................ Ole.om ar earin e ........do ............ Q u a rt............ 8.6 15-16 oz. can. P o u n d .......... 44. 0 ___do ............ 36.3 12.8 13.7 71.6 44.6 37.2 12.0 12.7 57.0 37.2 36.7 12.8 12.4 53.4 36.0 37.9 16.7 16.9 77.5 43.9 39.9 13.4 15.7 56. 5 34.5 30.8 39.8 13.4 9.0 17.7 15.9 15.7 58.9 44.1 78.4 44.3 32.8 36.7 16.0 14.6 60.3 37.2 37.1 16.0 14.9 62.5 35.8 37.6 N u t m argarine . ___do........... Cheese ........................................ ........do............ 21.6 41.0 L a r d .............................................. ........do............ 17.3 33.0 41. 4 Criseo ........do........... Fgms, strictly fresh ..................... D ozen........... 23.5 46.5 33.9 40. 1 25.9 26.5 41.3 33.0 40. 5 23.7 26.1 38.2 35.8 44.8 30.4 39.2 50.5 32.1 40.4 20.6 28. 0 43.9 30.4 35.7 33.6 32.3 40.8 23.5 43.4 39.5 40.2 19.4 14.6 30.7 19.5 IS. 5 24.9 37.9 25.9 24.5 36.8 22.6 55.2 49.9 40.0 B read............................................. F lo u r............................................. Corn m eal..................................... R olled oats__ Corn flakes.................................... P o u n d .......... ........do ........... ........do........... ........do............ 8-oz. p k g __ _ 3.0 3.0 11.6 10.0 10.0 11.6 11. 7 11.7 7.3 5.8 5.7 8.6 6.4 6.3 7.3 5.2 5.2 6.5 5.1 5.1 10.3 8. 8 8. 8 11.3 11. 9 11.4 14.7 14.2 14.0 15.0 15.2 14.8 5. 5 10.6 10.5 10.6 3.6 8.4 6.8 6.8 2.5 5.4 4.2 4.2 11.4 11.6 11.3 14.3 13.7 12.5 Cream of W h ea t......... M acaroni....................................... R ic e ................................................ Beans, n a v y ................................. P o ta to e s........................................ 28-oz. p k g . . . P ound. A ... ........do........... ........do............ ........do ........... 31.5 30.9 30.6 30.9 30.3 30.3 18.0 18.0 18.4 19.2 23.2 22.7 7.7 19.5 11.9 11.4 19.9 10. 5 10.2 10. 8 7.3 7.4 12.3 8. 5 8.0 .9 6.7 2.3 2.0 7.1 2.6 2.8 29.8 28.9 29.2 23.4 22.8 22.9 9.4 19.0 10.9 10.8 12. 5 8.6 8.1 6.2 2,5 2.3 O nions............................................ Cabbage.................. Beans, b a k e d ............................. Corn, can n ed ................................ Peas, can n ed ................................ ........do............ ___do ........... No. 2 can __ ........do........... ........do ........... 9.1 3.3 3. 1 9.7 4.5 4.3 7. 8 3. 1 4.7 8.1 3. 8 3.8 21. 2 18.5 18. 5 17.7 16.7 16.3 19.6 19. 1 18. ( 17.2 16. 7 15.7 20.3 18.9 17.8 18. 8 17.8 17.8 9.2 4.3 4.1 9.3 3.7 5.6 15.2 13.0 12.7 18.4 15.2 14.6 18.7 16.7 15.9 Tom atoes, can n ed ...................... Sugar, g ra n u la te d ....................... T e a ................................................. Coflee............................................. ........do ........... 116.6 U 3.6 i]4. 8 P o u n d .......... 6.1 17. 8 9. 7 10. 0 ........do............ 50.0 66. 4 66. 5 66. 4 ........do........... 28. 0 49.0 39.9 39.3 P ru n es........................................... R aisins........................................... B an an as........................................ Oranges.......................................... ........do............ ___do........... D ozen........... ........do............ https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 27.9 25.4 214.9 63.5 i No. 2 | can. 16.5 13. 5 21.4 9.7 86.3 84.7 50.8 37.5 20.4 18.0 30.5 25. 4 24,2 30.4 .30. 6 35. 9 35. 8 217.4 217.3 211.5 M2. ( 212, ( 42. 9 73.3 48. 39. 7 46.5 2 P e r pound. [954] 13. 1 10.5 10. 1 5.0 18.9 8. 8 82. 8 57. 5 77.5 75.8 38.0 28.8 48.0 35. 1 . 29.7 25.4 46. 1 59.6 22.7 31.6 45.6 43.1 11.0 9.6 75.6 34.2 21.8 31.4 45.3 43.7 R E TA IL PR IC E S OF FOOD I F T H E U N IT E D STATES. 31 Comparison of Retail Food Costs in 51 Cities. T A B L E 6 shows for 39 ciiies the percentage of increase or decrease m the retail cost of food 7 in March, 1921, compared with the average cost in the year 1913, in March, 1920, and in February, 1921. For 12 other cities comparisons are given for the one-year and onemonth periods. These cities have been scheduled by the bureau at different dates since 1913. These percentage changes are based on actual retail prices secured each month from retail dealers and on the average family consumption of these articles in each city.8 Effort has been made by the bureau each month to have perfect reporting cities. For the month of March, 99 per cent of all the firms reporting in the 51 cities sent in a report promptly. The following were perfect reporting cities; that is, every merchant in the following-named 37 cities who is cooperating with the bureau sent m his report in time for his prices to be included in the city averages: Boston, Bridgeport, Buffalo, Butte, Charleston, S. C., Chicago, Cincinnati, Dallas, Denver, Detroit, Fall River, Houston Indianapolis, Kansas City, Los Angeles, Louisville, Manchester, Mil waukee, Minneapolis, Newark, New Haven, New York, Norfolk, Omaha, Peoria, Philadelphia, Portland, Me., Portland, Oreg., Provi dence, Richmond, Rochester, St. Louis, Salt Lake City, Savannah Scranton, Seattle, and Washington, D. C. The following summary shows the promptness with which the merchants responded in March: R E T A IL P R IC E R E P O R T S R E C E IV E D D U R IN G MARCH. Geographical division. Item . Percentage of reports received.......... N um ber of cities in each section from which every report was received....... States. N orth South A tlantic. A tlantic. N orth • South Central. Central. W estern. 99 99 9S 99 97 99 37 13 5 10 3 6 7 For list of articles, see note 2, p.10. « The consum ption figure used from Jan u ary , 1913, to December, 1920, for each article in each citv is f T P , T th e M o n t h l y L a b o r R ev iew for N ovem ber, 1918, p p . 94 a nd 9o. The consum ption fib r e s R e v ie w for March m i 0p 626h m o n th begm n m S w ith Jan u ary , 1921, are given in th e Monthly L abor https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [9551 M O N T H L Y LABOR R E V IE W . 32 [Percentage charges of five-tenths of 1 per cent an d over are given in whole num bers.] City. Percent P e r c e n t a g e d e . c re a s e , M a rc h , age 1921, compared increase, w ith— March, 1921, compared F eb ru w ith year March, ary, 1921. 1920. 1913. A tla n ta .................... B altim o re .___ . . . . . 56 61 Boston B tirjpeport, Ryiffqlo B u tte Oliar! o^ten Chicago Ciucino fi ti q ]pvpI rn Uol n Tritili s D allas D enver D etroit Hi rTa'allii a v iver vci . . . . . . . . . H on stori 57 57 58 57 51 54 44 58 56 50 Taejrqon ville K ansas C ity, M o. . . L ittle Rock T yos Ari gel es Tyon i *svi 11e. M anchester M em phis................... M ilw aukee............... 58 50 43 46 51 56 22 20 18 20 22 23 25 21 23 2Í 26 23 22 26 25 23 22 24 20 23 22 21 23 21 25 25 1 1 2 2 2 1 .1 3 11 0 3 1 ] .4 1.2 2 1 1 2 11 1 4 12 1 11 11 City. M inneapolis............. M obile....................... N ew ark ..................... New H a v e n ............. New O rleans........... New Y o rk ................ N orfolk..................... O m aha...................... Peoria........................ P h ilad e lp h ia ........... P ittsb u rg h ............... P o rtlan d , Me........... P o rtlan d , Oreg........ Providence............... R ic h m o n d ................ R ochester................. St. L ouis................... St. P a u l.................... Salt Lake C ity ........ San Francisco.......... S a v a n n ah ................. S cran to n ................... S e a ttle ....................... Springfield, 111____ W ashington, D. C .. de P ercent P e r c e n ta g e c re a s e , M arch , age 1921, compared increase, w ith— March, 1921, compared F eb ru w ith year March, ary, 1921. 1920. 1913. 54 50 55 58 56 56 55 56 42 62 65 56 41 48 62 44 63 23 21 21 22 20 21 20 25 24 21 21 20 24 20 2t 25 26 24 23 21 22 20 24 24 19 il 1 1 2 2 2 2 1.3 i1 1 1 1 2 1 3 4 .4 i1 1 O 2 2 1 hi .3 1 Increase. Retail Prices of Coal in the United States.1 following table shows the average retail prices of coal on T HEJanuary 15, 1920, and on February 15 and March 15, 1921, for the United States and for each of the cities included in the total for the United States. Prices for coal are secured from the cities from which monthly retail prices of food are received. In addition to the prices for Pennsylvania anthracite, prices are shown for Colorado, Arkansas, and New Mexico anthracite in those cities where these coals form any considerable portion of the sales for household use. The prices shown for bituminous coal are averages of prices of the several kinds used. The coal dealers in each city are asked to quote prices on the kinds of bituminous coal usually sold for household use. The prices quoted are for coal delivered to consumers, but do not include charges for storing the coal in cellar or coal bin where an extra handling is necessary. 1 Prices of coal were formerly secured sem iannually a n d published in th e March a n d Septem ber issues of th e Monthly L abor R e v ie w . Since June, 1920, these prices have been secured a n d published m onthly. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [95G] RETAIL PRICES OF COAL IK THE UNITED STATES. 33 A V E R A G E R E T A IL P R IC E S O F COAL, P E R TO N O F 2,000 PO U N D S, F O R H O U S E H O L D U SE , ON JA N . 15, 1920, A N D F E B . 15 A N D M A R . 15, 1921. C ity, a n d kind of coal. U n ite d S ta te s : Pennsylvania anthracite— Stove............................................................................. C h estn u t............................................................ . B itu m in o u s, ....................... ..................................... A tlanta, G a .: B itum in o u s............................................................... B altim ore, M d .: Pennsylvania an thracite— Stove........................................................................... C h estn u t..................................................... B itu m in o u s....................................................... ................. Birm ingham , Ala.: B itu m in o u s........................................................... Boston, M ass.: Pennsylvania an thracite— Stove................................................................. . C h estn u t......................................................... Bridgeport, C onn.: Pennsylvania anthracite— Stove....................................................................... C h estn u t.............................................. Buffalo, N . Y .: ................... Pennsylvania an thracite— Stove........................................................................... C h estn u t................................................................ ' ’ " B utte, M ont.: B itum in o u s............................................................. Charleston, S. C.: Pennsylvania anthracite— Stove.......................... ................................................. C h estn u t.......................................................... B itu m in o u s........................................................... Chicago, 111.: Pennsylvania anthracite— Stove.............................................................................. C h estn u t.............................................................’. B itum in o u s.................................................... C incinnati, Ohio: Pennsylvania anthracite— Stove.............................................................................. C h estn u t.................................................................... B itum in o u s............................................................. Cleveland, Ohio: Pennsylvania anthracite— Stove......................................... .................................... C h estn u t.................................................................... ” B itu m in o u s........................................................... Columbus, Ohio: Pennsylvania an thracite— C h estn u t........................................................................ B itum in o u s.................................................................. Dallas, T e x .: A rkansas an thracite— E g g ................................................................................. B itum in o u s.......................................................................... Denver, Colo.: Colorado an thracite— Stove, 3 and 5 m ix e d ................................................. Furnace, 1 and 2 m ix ed ............................................. B itum in o u s.................................................................. ’ . ’ ’ D etroit, Mich.: Pennsylvania anthracite— Stove ............................................................................. C h estn u t.................................................................. . B itum in o u s.......................................................................... F all R iver, Mass.: Pennsylvania anth racite— Stove............................................................................... C h estn u t........................................................................ B itum in o u s.......................................................................... H ouston, Tex.: B itu m in o u s...................................................................... . Indianapolis, Ind.: Pennsylvania anthracite— Stove............................................................................... C h estn u t........................................................................ B itum in o u s.......................................................................... 1 Per ton of 2,240 pounds. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [957] J a n . 15, 1920. 1921 Feb. 15. Mar. 15. $12. 588 IS. 788 8. 808 $15.795 15. 884 11. 409 $15,631 15.661 11.147 9.050 8.958 8.917 i 12. 500 i 12.600 i 7.500 i 15. 500 i 15.500 >■9.972 i 15.500 i 15.500 i 9.583 7.496 10.381 9.920 12. 750 12.750 16.000 16.000 16.000 16.000 12.500 12.500 16.000 16.000 16.000 16.000 10.890 10.990 13.250 13.250 13.120 13.120 10.381 12.512 12.492 i 13.400 i 13.500 8.500 i 17.875 i 17.725 13.250 i 17.875 i 17.725 13.250 12.590 12.690 8.020 15.280 15.520 9.107 15. 280 15.520 8.988 12.500 12.667 6.739 15.980 16.125 8.143 15.980 16.125 7.714 12.300 12.233 7.911 14.663 14.813 8.619 14.463 14.525 8.404 12.000 6.513 15.750 9.000 15.000 8.429 18.500 14.583 20.000 15.500 20.334 15.500 14.000 13.500 8.908 17.600 17.600 11.676 17.167 17.167 11.456 12.650 12. 750 8. 781 15.550 15.550 10.972 15.550 15.550 10.444 13.000 12.750 10.000 16.000 16.000 13.250 16.000 16.000 13.000 12.000 15.286 15.000 13.000 13.1G7 8.188 15.875 15.875 9.461 15. 875 15.875 9.213 MONTHLY LABOE REVIEW. 34 A V ER A G E R E T A IL P R IC E S O F COAL, P E R TO N O F 2,000 PO U N D S, F O R H O U SEH O L D U SE , ON JA N . 15, 1920, AN D F E B . 15 AN D M AR. 15, 1921—C ontinued. 1921 Jan . 15, 1920. City, a n d k in d of coal. Jacksonville, F la .: Pennsylvania a n th racite— Stove.................................. C h estn u t........................... B itu m in o u s ............................ K ansas City, Mo.: A rkansas an th racite— F u rn ac e ............................ Stove, or No. 4 ................ B itum inous............................. L ittle Rock, A rk .: A rkansas an th racite— E g g .................................... B itum inous............................. Los Angeles, Calif.: B itu m in o u s............................. Louisville, K y .: Pennsylvania a n th racite— Stove................................ C h estn u t......................... B itu m in o u s...... .................... . M anchester, N. II.: Pennsylvania an th racite— Stove................................ C h estn u t......................... B itu m in o u s........................... M emphis, T e n n .: Pennsylvania an th racite— Stove........... ................... C h estn u t. . . ■.................. B itum inous............................ Milwaukee, Wis.: Pennsylvania an th racite— Sto v e................................ C h estn u t......................... B itum inous............................ M inneapolis, M in n .: Pennsylvania an th racite— Stove................................ C h estn u t......................... B itu m in o u s........................... Mobile, A la.: B itu m in o u s........................... N ew ark, N. J.: Pennsylvania an th racite— Stove................................ C h estn u t......................... New H aven, Conn.: Pennsylvania an th racite— Stove........... ................... C h estn u t......................... New Orleans, La.: Pennsylvania anth racite— Stove................................ C h estn u t......................... B itu m in o u s........................... New Y ork, N . Y .: Pennsylvania an th racite— Stove................................ C h estn u t......................... Norfolk, V a .: Pennsylvania an th racite— Stove................................ C h estn u t......................... B itu m in o u s........................... Om aha, N e b r.: Pennsylvania an th racite— Stove................................ C h estn u t.......... ............. B itu m in o u s............ ............. Peoria, 111.: Pennsylvania an th racite— Stove................................ C h estn u t......................... B itum inous................................... https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Mar. 15. $17. 000 17. 000 11.000 $24. 000 23.000 15. 500 $21.500 15.950 16.583 8. 625 18. 250 18.500 9.950 18.083 18. 750 10.017 10. 375 17.000 14.176 16.000 13.412 16.000 19.333 19.333 13.750 13.750 6. 836 16.000 17. 500 8.538 16.000 17.000 8.404 13. 417 13.417 18.000 18.000 13.333 17.500 17.500 12.667 8.000 18.000 18.000 9.500 18.000 18.000 9.500 12.600 12.700 8.960 16. 200 10.260 11.469 16.200 16.260 10.827 14.000 14.100 10. 425 18.250 18. 330 13.222 18.210 18.310 12.456 10.333 12.688 12.375 10.483 10.483 13.000 13.000 13.000 13.000 12.250 12.250 15. 833 15. 833 15.250 15.250 17.500 17. 500 9.269 22. 500 22.500 12.545 22.500 22.500 12.236 11.536 11.600 14.225 14. 225 13.883 13.900 13.000 13.000 9. 750 16.000 16.000 13.143 16.000 16.000 13.143 17. 275 17. 450 10.108 22.000 22.000 22.000 22.000 13.094 13.094 13.000 13.0C0 16.000 16.000 7.063 16.000 16.000 7.188 10.000 16.000 16.000 6.000 1^58] Feb. 15. 21.000 13. 667 RETAIL PRICES OF COAL IN THE UNITED STATES. 35 A V E R A G E R E T A IL P R IC E S O F COAL, P E R TO N O F 2,000 PO U N D S FO R TTOTTqETrnT n U SE , ON JA N . 15, 1920, A N D F E B . 15 A N D M AR l l l9 2 1 -C o n c lu d e L 1921 City, a n d k in d of coal. Jan . 15, 1920. Feb. 15. M ar. 15. P hiladelphia, Pa.: Penn sy lv an ia a n th racite— Stove.......... 1 $<R11 11. ool OQ1 I1 $14. ©1 a ru7ft y / 0 1 $14. 469 C hestnut............. ..................... 111 QOA 1 14.975 u . yuo 1 14.481 P ittsb u rg h , P a.: ............................. Penn sy lv an ia an th racite— Stove............... l 1 q 7 nn lxilo. e U xnn UU 1 16.000 C h estn u t............. ................ l 1-Lax. nor* io 0 0 / uuu lx lo. 1 16. 500 B itu m in o u s........... ......................... 6 179 8 .0 0 0 8.031 P o rtlan d , Me.: .................................... Penn sy lv an ia a n th racite— Stove............... 1ID.olU a oin 13 440 16.320 .......... C h estn u t............ 1 a olU om 13 440 lo. 16. 320 B itu m in o u s......... ................. 11 nr* 9 370 11. 7/OU 10.860 P o rtlan d , Oreg.: ......................... B itum inous............. i q nm j 1 018 iu. yyi 13. 871 Providence, R . I.: ........................... P ennsylvania an th racite— Stove............. 2 Q5Q 2 io 500 2 16. 0 0 0 C h estn u t............ .............. 213 ooo 2 i a ouu xnn 2 16. 0 0 0 ................... 2 in nnn 2* 1IO. B itu m in o u s........... 0 O Knn ±z. U U 2 11.333 R ichm ond, Va.: ' .............................. P ennsylvania an th racite— Stove................. 110. “O xnn 1? 125 UU 14. 500 C h estn u t............ ................... 12 125 15. 500 14. 500 B itu m in o u s........... ........................... 19 nQ O 8 931 uoy 11.645 Rochester, N . Y .: ........................................... Penn sy lv an ia a n th racite— Stove........... 1IO.OOU Q XXn 1 0 800 13.550 ................... C h estn u t............ 1Q O XXn 10 9 0 0 lo. OU 13. 550 S t. Louis, Mo.: ........................... Pennsylvania a n th racite— Stove................. Q 13 100 117/. 1A lOo 17.125 C h estn u t.................. 13 P‘45 17 163 17.125 B itum inous........... ........................... 7 7xn n Q70 7. 566 St. P aul, M inn.: ............. Pennsylvania a n th racite— Stove................... 1lo. q oxn 14 onn 18 250 Zou C h estn u t............ 1Q ouU QUA 14 1 0 0 18 300 lo. B itum inous............. 1Q 7CA 11 531 14 383 lo ./cy S alt Lake City, U tah : ............ Colorado an th racite— Furnace, 1 a n d 2 m ix ed ........ 17 enn 16.313 17. 700 1 /. ouu Stove, 3 a n d 5 m ix e d ... 18 Q nr* 18 40Q 16.583 ±o. yuu B itum in o u s............... s 286 9 964 9. 857 San Francisco, Calif.: ................. New Mexico a n th racite— Cerillos egg............ O QA cn 98 fin 9q 0 0 0 ^o. A UO U Zo, t)O U Colorado a n th racite— Egg................................................................... 91 75Q OK A). 7rcn 26 750 Z /OU B itum inous........... If* A X X IQ AXX 15 100 iy. iy. 4oo S avannah , Ga.: ....................... P ennsylvania an th racite— Stove______ 3° 1iy. 0 iiuu nn 3 15 100 3 io ioo C h estn u t.............. «° iy. i n iiuu nn 315 100 3 io ioo B itum in o u s........... 3 ii inn 3 i*i ioo 3 J-T i at. 7nn ° /UU Scranton, Pa.: Penn sy lv an ia a n th racite— Stove........... 9 §33 8 9.^3 C h estn u t.............. 8 qnr) 9 833 9 ' CG" Seattle, W ash.: B itum inous........... . 4 j i 595 -1 Q 5 8 « Springfield, III.: B itum inous........... . A oO ortn 3 950 4 950 ^t. U W ashington, D. C.: Pennsy lv an ia an th racite— Stove........................ 1 io. 1<i oooA 1 15 19 4 4 7 C hestnut................ 11,7 l Id. ix O nnn 1 12 538 UU x 1 0 . 11 01 Z1 B itum in o u s.................... l § 207 1 1 1 5 5 5 Tin x iu. r*oo yoz _____________ 1 Per to n of 2,240 pounds. 2 F ifty cents p er to n ad d itio n al is charged for “ bin n in g .” Most custom ers require binning or basketing th e coal in to th e cellar. j A j ? S avannak is weighed b y th e city . A charge of 10 cents per to n or half to n is m ade, additio n al charge has been included m th e above prices. 4r ricei in zon.e 4:,' cartage charge in zone A is SI. 85, w hich has been included in th e average. The cartage charges m Seattle range from SI.85 to $3.15, according to distance. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [950] MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, 36 Wholesale Prices in March. SLOWING down of the general decline in wholesale prices which began in the spring of 1920 is evident from information gathered in representative markets of the country by the United States Department of Labor through the Bureau of Labor Statistics. Of 32G commodities, or series of quotations, for which comparable data for February and March were obtained, decreases were found to have occurred for 173 commodities and increases for 64 commodities. In 89 cases no change in price was reported. Comparing January and February, of 327 price quotations 207 showed a decrease, 33 showed an increase, and 87 showed no change in price. The weighted index number of wholesale prices compiled by the department through the Bureau of Labor Statistics, and in computing which due allowance is made for the relative importance of the different commodities, stands at 162 for March, compared with 167 for February and 177 for January of the present year. The March figure is 36 per cent below that of March, 1920, and over 40 per cent below the high peak of last May. Fuel and lighting materials declined on an average about o per cent in March, as compared with the previous month, followed by metals and metal products with a decline of 4f per cent and building materials with a decline of 44 per cent. In the groups of farm products, cloths and clothing, and chemicals and drugs, the decrease was over 3 per cent. Articles in the group of miscellaneous com modities, including, among others, such important products as bran, cottonseed meal and oil, lubricating oil, jute, rubber, newsprint and wrapping paper, soap, tobacco, and wood pulp, decreased on an average over 7 per cent in price. Food showed practically no change in the general price level, while a very slight decrease was registered for the group of house-furnishing goods. Some of the more important price changes occurring between February and March, as measured by average prices in each month, are as follows: A IM P O R T A N T A R T IC L E S IN C R E A SIN G OR D E C R E A S IN G IN A V E R A G E P R IC E IN M ARCH, AS C O M PA R ED W IT H F E B R U A R Y , 1921, B Y G R O U P S O F CO M M O D ITIES. Increases. Commodity. Per cent. Commodity. 3.7 Apples, B aldw in, Chicago.. B ananas, Jam aica 9s, New Y ork..................................... Meat: Bacon, short clear sides, Chicago.......................... Beef, fresh, good n ativ e steers, Chicago............... H am s, sm oked, Chicago.. Lam b, dressed, Chicago.. P o u ltry , dressed, Chicago Sugar, New York: R a w ...................................... G ran u lated ......................... Potatoes, w hite, C h icag o ... 1.2 4.6 2.7 6.3 5.7 Food, etc. B u tte r, cream ery, extra, New Y o rk ...... ................ Cheese, New Y o rk ................ https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 1 Food, etc.—Concluded. Farm -products. B arley, m alting, C hicago... H ay: Alfalfa, No. 1, K ansas C ity ................................... T im othy, No. 1, Chicago. L ive stock, Chicago: Steers, good to c h o ic e.. . . Hogs, lig h t.......................... Sheep, lam b s...................... P oultry , live, Chicago.......... Per ; cent. j. 4.0 7.6 [960] 16.9 11.3 j 7.1 1.6 ; 4. 8 1 12,7 11.6 ' 15.2 i 10.6 7.3 j C om m odity. Cloths and clothing. Silk, Jap an , New York: K ansai, No. 1 .................... W orsted y a rn , Boston: Crossbred stock, 2/32s___ L eather, sole, oak, B oston. Building materials. Ivath, eastern spruce, New Y orle..................................... P u tty , New Y ork ................. Chemicals and drugs. Sulphuric acid, New Y ork. Miscellaneous. R ubber. New Y o rk .............. Sisal, Mexican, New Y ork . Per cent. 2.6 4.3 4.5 6.1 2.3 2.0 7.1 4.4 WHOLESALE PRICES IK MARCH. 37 IM P O R T A N T A R T IC L E S IN C R E A S IN G OR D E C R E A S IN G IN A V E R A G E P R IC E IN M ARCH AS C O M P A R E D W IT H F E B R U A R Y , 1921, B Y G R O U P S O F C O M M O D ITIES—C oncluded. Decreases. C om m odity. j P er C om m odity. Per : cent. Farm products. Cloths and clothing—Con. Metal and metal products— Concluded. Cotton, m iddling, New Or Ticking, Amoskeag, A. C. lean s.................................... 16.4 A ,, New Y ork............. 10.0 Steel, structural, Chicago. . Corn, No. 2, m ixed, Chicago 2.4 C otton y a rn , B o sto n : Tin, pig, New Y ork............. 11.9 R ye, No. 2, Chicago........... 2. S Carded, 10/1-................. 11.8 Zinc, pig, New Y o rk ............ 3.7 W h eat: Carded, 22/1................... 12.0 No. 2 hard w inter, K an i T w isted, 20/2.............. 15. 4 i Building materials. sas C ity ........................... 4.6 T w isted, 40/2................... 11.5 1 No. 1 n o rth e rn spring, L eather: B rick, building, C incinnati. 9.2 M inneapolis.................... 3.5 1 H arn ess, Oak, N o .l, ChiHemlock, Chicago........... 1.4 No. 1 h a rd w hite, P o rt cago................................... 3. 1 Maple, New Y ork........... 22.9 land, O reg..................... . 7.3 Side, black, B o sto n........ 10.7 Oak, w hite: H ides, Chicago: Sole, hemlock, B o sto n .. 2.6 P lain, C incinnati......... 9.6 Calfskins, No. 1 ............... . 6.6 Suitings: Clay w orsted. 16 Q uartered, St. L o u is____ 3.4 Packers, h eav y n ativ e ounces, m ill............... 9.9 P in e, yellow , siding, N orfolk 9.2 stee rs................................ Wool, Ohio, scoured fleece: Poplar', C in c in n ati................ 9.6 H ops, prim e to choice, F in e clothing, B o sto n___ 3.1 T u rpentine, New Y ork....... 4.2 P o rtland, Oreg................... 20.5 F in e delaine, B o sto n___ 4. 5 Shingles, cypress, New Or P eanuts, No. 1, N orfolk___ 4.0 H alf blood, B osto n........... 11.9 leans.................................... 3.4 i a n d J grades, B o s to n ... 3.3 Food, etc. W orsted yarn, Philadelphia: Chemicals and drugs. H alf blood, 2/40s................ 2.8 B u tte r, cream ery, extra: F in e dom estic, 2/50s......... 6.8 Acetic acid, New Y o rk ........ 6.9 Chicago.............................. . 3.3 M uriatic acid, New Y o rk ... 3.5 San Francisco.................... 18.4 F uel and lighting. Alcohol, wood, New Y ork . 29.7 Coffee, Bio, New Y o rk ....... 4.9 A m m onia, anhydrous, New Eggs, fresh: Alcohol, denatured, New Y ork............. ....................... 5.8 F irsts, Chicago................... 23.0 Y ork................. 10.5 ! Borax, N ew Y o rk ............... 10.7 F irsts, N ew 'Y o rk ............. 26.3 Coal, bitum inous: Copper sulphate, New Y ork 7.7 Flour: Mine ru n , Chicago___ 2.8 Glycerin, New Y o rk . . . . . . . 7.6 Rye, w hite, M inneapolis. 7.3 Prepared sizes, C hicago.. 5.4 O pium , natural, New Y ork. 13.6 W heat— R u n of m ine, C in c in n ati.. 4.9 Caustic soda, New Y ork__ 5.7 P a te n t, K ansas C ity . _. Prepared sizes,Pittsburgh 3.5 N itra te of soda, New Y o rk .. 4.4 Standard p a te n t, M in Coal, sem ibitum inous: Sulphur, crude, New Y ork. 5.9 neapolis........................ New R iyer, C in c in n ati... 8.1 F ruit: Pocahontas, N orfolk........ 7.7 ! II(mse-furnishing goods. Lem ons, Chicago............... 10.3 ; Coke, Connellsville,furnace. 3.6 Oranges, Chicago............... 8.5 Gasoline, m otor, New Y ork. 7.8 : K itchen tables, Chicago___ S. 3 P ru n es, New Y o rk........... 18.6 Petroleum , crude, a t wells: Pails, galvanized iron, fac L ard, prim e, con tract, New K ansas-Q klahom a............ 9.7 to ry ................................. . . . S.0 Y ork ..................................... 2.4 P eim syl v a n ia ..................... 28.4 T ubs, galvanized iron, fac Corn m eal, w hite, D ecatur. 3.5 Petroleum , refined, New t o r y . . . . . .............................. 6.5 P o rk , salt m ess, New Y ork. 4.4 York; w ater w hite, 150°.. 4.5 Milk, fresh. N ew Y o rk ........ 16.2 Miscellaneous. Rice, H onduras, head, New | Metals and metal products. O rleans................................ 5.1 Cottonseed oil, New Y ork. 11. 9 Onions, fresh, Chicago......... 21.9 B ar iron, P ittsb u rg h ........... 14.2 Ju te, raw , New Y o rk _____ | 8.7 Copper, in g o t, New Y o r k .. 5.0 L ubricating oil, paraffin, | Cloths and clothing. Lead, pig, New Y o rk .......... 13.5 New Y o rk ............................1 16.1 N ails, wire, P ittsb u rg h ___ 5. 8 Paper: B lankets, cotton, New Y ork 12.8 P ig iron: N ew sprint, rolls, contract,; D rilling, New York: i Basic, valley fu rn ace........ 12.0 f. o. b. m ills.....................! 3.3 B row n, P e p p e re ll........... 6.7 Bessemer, P ittsb u rg h ___ 10.5 W ra p p in g ,m a n ila ,N o .l, I C otton flannel, colored, F o undry No. 2 n o rth ern , ju te , New Y ork...............) 9.2 New Y o rk ......................... 19.7 P ittsb u rg h ....................... 7.7 P hosphate roek, f. o. b. mine! 12.5 H osiery, New Y ork: F o u n d ry No. 2 southern, Tobacco, plug, New Y ork. .1 18.4 M en’s com bed y a r n ........ 9.6 C in cin n ati....................... 8.7 W ood pulp, sulphite, un - | W om en’s silk m ercerized. - 16.7 ...... Silver, b a r , fine, New Y o rk . 6.3 bleached. New Y o rk ........ j 12.5 Prin t cloths, 27-inch, B estoni 14. 8 Steel billets, Bessemer, Sheeting, brow n, New P ittsb u rg h .......................... 10.1 York: Steel p lates, tan k , P ittsCoconut, Pacific co ast.. 4.7 W are Shoals, L. L. 4 /4 ... \ 5.9 b u rg h .............................. 12.4 Soya bean, New Y ork.. 4.7 Comparing prices in March with those of a year ago, as measured by changes in the index numbers, it is seen that food has declined 39 per cent, cloths and clothing 46 per cent, and farm products nearly 48 per cent. In the remaining groups, except fuel and lighting, smaller decreases have taken place, ranging from 164 per cent in the case of house furnishings and chemicals to 27-J per cent in the case of metals and 34| per cent in the case of building materials. Fuel and lighting materials, on the contrary, were about 7f per cent higher than https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [ 961] M O N T H L Y LABOR REV IEW 38 a year ago. All commodities, taken in the aggregate, were nearly 36 per cent cheaper than in the corresponding month of last year. TNT',FT N U M B E R S O F W H O L E S A L E P R IC E S IN S P E C IF IE D Y E A R S AN D M O N TH S, 1913 TO IN D E X N U M JJL M ARCH ; 1921) b y G R O U P S O F C O M M O D ITIES. [1913=100.] Food, etc. Y ear and m o n th . 1913 .............. J a n u a ry ----A p ril........... J u ly ............. O cto b er___ 1914 ............. Ja n u a ry ---A p ril........... J u ly ............. O cto b er---1915 ............. J a n u a ry ---A p ril........... J u ly ............. O cto b er___ 1916 ............. Ja n u a ry ---A p ril........... J u ly ............. O cto b er___ 1917 ............. Ja n u a ry ---A p ril........... J u ly ............. O cto b er___ 1818................. J a n u a ry — F e b r u a r y .. M arch......... A p ril........... M ay......... J u n e ............ J u ly ............. A u g u st....... S eptem ber. O cto b er__ N ovem ber. D ecem b er.. 1919 ............. J a n u a ry — F e b r u a r y .. M arch......... A p ril......... . M ay............ J u n e ........... J u ly ............ A u g u st___ Septem ber. O ctober__ N ovem ber. D ecem ber.. 1920 ............ J a n u a ry __ F e b r u a r y .. M arch....... A p ril......... M ay. J u n e .......... J u ly ........... A u g u s t.. . Septem ber O c to b er... N ovem ber. Decem ber. 1921: J a n u a r y ... F e b ru a ry . M arch 1. . . 100 97 97 101 103 103 101 103 104 103 105 102 107 108 105 122 108 114 118 136 189 148 181 199 208 220 207 208 212 217 214 217 224 230 237 224 221 222 234 222 218 228 231 246 243 244 Cloths and cloth ing. Fuel and lig h t ing. : M etals B uild Chemi H ouse All and fu r Miscel com cals ing m etal m ate m odi nishing lane and ous. pro d ties. rials. drugs. goods. ucts. 100 99 96 102 102 103 102 95 104 107 104 106 105 104 103 126 113 117 121 140 176 150 182 181 183 189 187 186 177 178 177 179 184 191 199 201 206 210 210 207 196 203 211 214 204 216 227 211 211 219 234 236 253 244 246 270 287 279 268 235 223 204 195 172 100 100 100 100 100 98 98 99 99 97 100 96 99 99 103 128 110 119 126 138 181 161 169 187 193 239 211 216 223 232 237 245 249 252 255 257 256 250 261 234 223 216 217 228 258 282 304 306 313 325 335 302 350 356 356 353 347 335 317 299 278 257 234 220 100 103 98 99 100 96 99 98 95 93 93 93 89 90 96 119 105 108 108 133 175 176 184 192 146 163 157 157 158 157 160 159 166 166 167 187 171 171 173 170 169 168 167 167 170 171 175 181 181 179 181 238 184 187 192 213 235 246 252 268 284 282 258 236 100 107 102 98 99 87 92 91 85 83 97 83 91 102 100 148 126 147 145 151 208 183 208 257 182 181 174 176 176 177 178 178 184 185 184 187 188 184 161 172 168 162 152 152 154 158 165 160 161 164 169 186 177 189 192 195 193 190 191 193 192 184 170 157 100 100 101 101 98 97 98 99 97 96 94 94 94 93 93 101 99 101 99 101 124 106 114 132 134 151 136 138 144 146 148 150 154 157 159 158 164 164 192 161 163 165 162 164 175 1S6 208 227 231 236 253 308 268 300 325 341 341 337 333 328 318 313 274 266 100 101 101 99 100 101 100 100 99 105 114 103 102 108 124 159 150 172 156 150 198 159 170 198 252 221 232 232 232 229 223 219 216 222 220 218 215 195 179 191 185 183 178 179 174 171 172 173 174 176 179 210 189 197 205 212 215 218 217 216 222 216 207 188 100 100 too 100 100 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 115 105 108 121 124 144 132 139 152 152 196 161 161 165 172 173 198 199 221 226 226 226 227 236 218 218 218 217 217 233 245 259 262 264 299 303 337 324 329 329 331 339 362 362 363 371 371 369 346 100 100 98 101 100 99 99 101 97 96 99 100 99 98 99 120 107 no 120 132 155 . 188 149 153 163 193 178 181 184 191 194 196 190 191 194 196 203 204 217 212 208 217 216 213 212 221 225 217 220 220 220 236 227 227 230 238 246 247 243 240 239 229 220 205 100 100 98 100 101 100 100 98 100 99 101 99 100 101 101 124 110 117 119 134 176 151 172 186 181 196 185 186 187 190 190 193 198 202 207 204 206 206 212 203 197 201 203 207 207 218 226 220 223 230 238 243 248 249 253 265 272 269 262 250 242 225 207 189 162 150 150 208 198 192 228 218 207 152 146 139 239 221 208 182 178 171 283 277 275 190 180 167 177 107 162 i P relim inary. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [ 062 ] C H A N G ES IN W H O L ESA L E PR IC E S. 39 Changes in Wholesale Prices in the United States. the first three months of 1921 wholesale prices of com D URING modities continued to move downward, in strong contrast with the upward movement in the same months of 1920. Among the articles showing decided price decreases during the quarter were wheat, rye, flour, eggs, milk, lard, hides, cotton and cotton goods, coke, pig iron, steel billets, tin, lead, spelter, crude and refined petroleum, gasoline, Douglas fir and oak lumber, linseed oil, and turpentine. Smaller but very perceptible declines in price were recorded for cattle,_beef, butter, corn, oats, barley, potatoes, wool, woolen goods, bituminous coal, copper, nails, and structural steel. In the case of hogs, mutton, granulated sugar, and oak sole leather, prices de clined m the second month of the quarter, but advanced again in March. Slight increases occurred in the prices of sheep, bacon, hams, mess pork, and corn meal, while practically no change took place for upper leather, shoes, anthracite coal, tin plate, brick, lime, cement, plate and window glass, and cast-iron pipe. Comparing prices in March with those of a year ago, the bureau’s records show that gasoline, cast-iron pipe, hams, rye, and rye flour, hemlock lumber, white lead, fresh beef, women’s shoes, struc tural steel and nails decreased less than 25 per cent. Decreases ranging from 25 to 50 per cent are shown for cattle, hogs, bacon, lard, salt pork, mutton, butter, eggs, milk, wheat and wheat flour, sugar, worsted yarns, storm serge dress goods, sole leather, men’s shoes, cone, electrolytic copper, copper wire, pig iron, steel billets, spelter, 1Cansas-Oklahorna crude petroleum, common building brick, and lath. In the 12-month period barley and clay worsted suitings decreased 53 per cent, pig tin 54 per cent, pig lead 55 per cent, wool 57 per cent and corn and chrome calf leather 59 per cent. A decrease of 60 per cent is shown for corn meal; 61 per cent for Pennsylvania crude petioleum and plain oak lumber; 62 per cent for oats; 64 per cent for rice bleached muslin, and linseed oil; 67 per cent for Douglas fir lumber; and 68 per cent for cotton yarns and hides, respectively. Sheep decreased 70 per cent, cotton and print cloths 71 per cent, turpentine 74 per cent, and potatoes 78 per cent. In the case of yellow pine flooring, for which no average price for 1913 was obtainable, no relative prices have been computed for in clusion in the second part of the table which follows. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [963] W H O L E S A L E P R IC E S IN JU L Y , 1917 TO 1919, AN D IN C E R T A IN M O N TH S O F 1920 AND 1921, AS C O M PA R ED W IT H A V E R A G E P R IC E S IN 1913.1 O Average money prices. Article. U nit. 1921 1920 July— 1913 Mar. Jan , Feb. $14. 575 $12.094 100 l b s . . $8,507 812. 560 $17.625 $16. 869 «15,938 $14.969 «14.400 $15.381 $15.350 $15.250 $14.68$ . 240 .222 .252 . 260 255 .255 .205 .213 .208 .232 .240 . 164 .130 L b .......... 19.500 18. 250 B b l........ 18.923 30. 500 34. 875 34.3Q0 IS. 625 17.000 17.000 18.125 18. 500 19. 250 19.500 12.120 9. 538 14. 775 16. 544 15.130 17. 720 22. 225 15.094 14.513 14. 435 14.856 100l b s . . 8,365 . 164 .191 .217 .202 . 200 .207 .220 .221 .211 ,337 .276 .248 .127 L b .......... .258 .307 .358 ,363 . 373 .316 .377 .306 .294 . 303 .384 .240 .166 L b .......... .143 .191 .206 .201 . 189 . 191 .210 .210 .241 .264 .351 .201 .110 L b .......... 30.800 29. 750 B b l........ 22.471 42.250 48. 500 58.900 44.875 43. 438 42. 300 36.250 32.900 31. 000 30. 500 5.150 3.563 5. 219 5. 544 6. 575 6. 594 13.525 13.063 10. 875 8.125 8,600 10.975 4,687 100l b s . . .108 . 124 .114 .118 . 139 .170 .196 .206 . 158 .159 .206 . 145 .103 L b .......... ,590 .§08 .568 , 568 . 540 .622 .553 .663 .512 ,432 .631 .376 .310 L b .......... .710 .675 .570 .527 .471 .423 .450 . 515 . 052 .416 .374 .318 .226 D oz........ ,084 .075 .084 ! 084 .078 .070 .081 .079 .085 .054 .071 .050 .035 Q t.......... $9.840 . 174 17.000 9.305 . 143 .249 .136 29.750 3. 450 . 113 .483 .598 .075 $9,313 .100 17.000 9.156 , 144 .260 . 125 31,500 3.688 ,094 .476 .352 .062 $9. 563 . 163 17. 000 9. 463 . 154 .273 . 122 30.100 4. 031 . 116 . 460 .271 .052 1917 1918 1919 Jan , Feb, Mar. July. Aug. Sept. Oet. Nov. Dec, (o) A nim al. C attle, good to choice steers......... Beef, fresh, good n a tiv e steers— Beef, s a lt, ex tra m ess.................... Hogs, h e a v y ..................................... B acon, sh o rt, clear sides............... H am s, sm oked, loose..................... L ard , p rim e, co n tract.................... P o rk , sa lt, m ess............................... Sheep, ew es...................................... M utton, d ressed.............................. B u tte r, cream ery, e x tra ................ Eggs, fresh, firsts............................ M ilk................................... ............... (b) Vegetable. W heat, N o. 1, n o rth ern ................... W heat flour, stan d ard , p a te n t.... Corn, N o. 2, m ix e d ........................... Corn m e a l......................................... Oats, stan d ard , in sto re.................. R ye, N o. 2 ........................................ R y e flour........................................... B arley, fair to good, m a ltin g ........ Rice, H onduras, h e a d ..................... Potatoes, w h ite............................... Sugar, g ra n u la te d ........................... B u ... B b l.. B u ... 100 lbs B u ... B u ... B b l.. B u ... L b ... B u ... L b ... .874 4,584 ,625 1.601 .376 .636 3.123 .625 .051 .614 .043 2, 582 2.170 12, 750 HO, 702 2.044 1.665 4. 880 4.825 .765 .764 2.226 1.705 11.620 10.440 1.125 1.391 .004 .071 1.035 2,375 .074 .075 1.945 9.988 1,006 .095 1.395 ,143 2.106 11.206 .888 2.150 .530 1.696 9. 813 .923 .079 1.069 .108 1.753 9. 295 .807 1. 738 ,516 1,577 8.940 .867 .068 1.197 .096 1.681 8.944 .755 1.538 .494 1.598 9. 269 .779 .066 .911 .081 1.788 9, 625 .682 1.350 .454 1,648 9.756 .750 .046 .780 .076 1.671 9.181 . 665 1.425 . 431 1.488 8. 794 .689 .048 .683 .071 1.614 8. 730 .649 1.375 .432 1. 447 8.150 .714 . 045 .732 . 0 <S ,301 .543 .100 .238 .304 . 836 1.600 4. 499 1.267 .226 .082 .201 .239 .727 1.500 4.163 1.150 .190 .370 .065 .163 .186 .691 1.300 4.163 1.150 . 155 .311 .059 .143 .186 . 546 1.100 4.163 1.150 . 167 .288 .058 . 121 . 154 .546 1,150 3. 363 1.047 .139 .278 .053 .118 . 152 .546 1.150 2.858 .885 .118 .245 . 045 .113 .152 .527 1.200 2. 575 . 885 2.680 12.155 1.920 4. 488 .764 1.555 8. 050 1.268 .117 1.683 .088 2. 931 14, 444 1.503 3. 080 ,836 1. 766 9.538 1.494 .127 2.621 .154 2, 688 13. 538 1.450 3. 01S .833 1,568 8. 513 1.390 .128 2,678 .150 2. 755 13.165 1. 579 3.450 .901 1.744 9.510 1.518 .125 3. 291 .137 2.831 13. 669 1.549 3. 590 ,935 2.232 11.650 1.214 . 125 3. 570 3. 191 2. 550 12.235 1.541 3.400 .669 1.963 10.250 1. 085 . 102 2.097 .167 2,490 12, 594 1,315 2. S63 ,351 .591 .116 .219 . 274 1.236 1. 600 (4) 1.223 .393 ,727 .149 .285 .323 1. 236 2. 250 (*) 1.421 .388 .747 .154 (4) .333 1. 236 2. 250 5. 423 1,421 .414 .755 .153 (4) .333 1.236 2. 200 5. 423 1.421 . 110 .701 . 142 (4) .333 .009 1.75Ü 5. 423 1, 421 .360 .631 .117 .277 .305 . 873 1.750 5. 423 1.421 T E X T IL E S AND LEA TH ER GOODS. C otton, up lan d , m iddling............. C otton yarn, carded, 10/1............... P r in t cloth, 27-inch............. .......... Sheeting, brow n, P ep p ereli.......... Bleached m uslin, Eonsdale.......... Wool, \ a n d § grades, scoured___ W orsted y arn, 2-32s....................... Clay w orsted suitings, 16-ounce.. j Storm serge, all-wool, 50-inch---- 1 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis L b .......... L b .......... Y d ......... Y d ......... Y d ......... L b ......... L b .......... Y d ......... Y d ......... .128 .221 .035 .073 .081 .471 .777 1.382 . 563 .261 .450 .073 .140 1.200 1.600 3.250 1.176 .312 . 641 .113 (*) , 245 1.437 2. 150 4, 450 1.470 M O N T H L Y LABOR R E V IE W , L*9G'J FOODSTUFFS. H ides, packers’ heavy native steers............................................... L eather, chrome calf...................... Leather, sole, o ak ............................. Shoes, m en’s, Goodyear welt, vici calf, blucher.......................... Shoes, w om en’s, Goodyear welt, kid, 9-inch la c e 5........ ................. L b ........ Sq. f t... L b ........ .184 .270 .449 P a ir__ 3.113 P a ir....... 2.175 .330 .540 .815 .324 .640 .830 . 486 1.100 .950 .400 1.275 .915 .403 1.275 .915 .364 1.275 .915 .294 .875 .900 .285 .875 .875 284 .800 .875 .255 .750 .800 .233 .625 .725 .190 .575 .625 .168 . 525 .600 .136 .525 .550 4.750 5.645 7. 476 9.282 9.500 9.600 9.100 9.100 9.100 7.94-4 7. 750 7.750 7.250 7.250 7 250 3.500 5.000 7.250 8.000 8.250 8.250 7. 750 7.218 7.000 7.000 7.000 7.000 7. 000 7.000 6.871 2,240 lbs. 5.313 5.933 6.693 2,0001bs. 2.200 5. 000 4.100 2,000 lbs. 2.538 15.000 6.000 L b ......... .157 .318 . 255 L b .......... .167 .338 __ .285 2,240ibs. 17.133 57. 450 36. 600 2,240 lbs. 25.789 100. 000 47. 500 100 l b s . . 3.558 12.000 7. 750 L b .......... .620 .932 .449 L b .......... .044 .114 .080 L b .......... .093 .058 .087 B b l........ 2.450 3.100 4.000 8.304 4.000 4.172 .215 .244 29. 350 38. 500 7.000 .702 .056 .079 4.000 8. 518 4.100 8.513 4.100 8. 514 4.100 6 . 000 .193 .228 40. 400 48.000 7.000 .637 .087 .097 5.063 6. 000 j 6.000 . 191 .230 42. 900 55. 250 7. 000 .603 .088 .092 5. 513 . 186 .230 j 43.400 | 60. 000 7.000 .621 i .092 I . 089 9.711 6. 000 17.600 . 190 .230 49.112 61. 000 9. 000 .472 .090 .083 6.100 10. 541 7.100 16.625 . 187 .229 50. 460 58. 750 9. 000 .444 .082 .078 6.100 10. 536 7.100 15.125 . 168 .209 49. 210 55. 000 8. 625 .406 .073 .075 6.100 10. 543 7. 100 8.100 .146 .183 41. 260 49. 700 7. 500 .368 .063 .068 6.100 10. 548 7.100 5. 875 . 137 .170 36. 960 43. 500 7.000 .339 .048 .060 6.100 10.637 5. 600 5. 063 .129 .159 33, 960 43. 500 7. 000 . 355 .050 .059 5. 775 10, 637 5.100 4. 500 . 129 . 157 31. 460 42. 250 7.000 .326 .047 .054 4.188 10.642 4. 850 4.350 6.100 9.551 6.000 17. 250 . 190 .230 47.150 62. 500 7. 500 .491 .086 .082 G. 100 . 151 28. 160 38, 400 7. 000 .288 .041 .052 3. 000 3.000 .240 .265 3.500 .250 .280 3.500 .260 .300 3.500 .260 .300 3.500 .275 .310 3. 500 .290 .310 3.500 .290 .310 3.500 .290 .310 3.400 .290 .310 1.938 .275 .290 1. 750 .263 .268 25. 000 | 25.000 1.650 1. 650 3.800 3. 875 25. 000 1.800 4.600 22.484 1.887 4.600 15. 767 1.950 4.600 16.500 1.950 4.800 16, 500 1.950 4,800 17. 000 1.950 4.800 16.500 1.931 4.800 16. 500 1.718 4.800 16. 250 1.700 4.800 .400 .460 .580 .750 .780 . 800 .820 .820 .820 3. 420 5. 700 6 . 200 6 555 6. 555 6.555 0. 555 6.555 6. 555 5. 625 5.125 5. 750 17. 000 17. 000 17. 000 16.000 10. 000 10. 500 18. 500 19. 500 28. 500 37. 500 37. 500 37.500 29. 500 29.500 25. 500 «28. 000 334. 500 39.150 50.150 54.833 58. 000 51. 750 51. 750 51.063 89.000 75.500 70.000 127. 500 148. 125 155. 000 142. 500 127. 500 119. 500 33. 420 34.030 61. 630 94.410 104. 880 104.730 65.320 06.200 60.220 3. 000 3. 080 4. 820 6. 570 6. 820 5. 570 6. 080 4. 960 3. 880 4.100 3. 600 3. 350 4. 600 4. 600 4. 100 4.100 4.350 4.350 65. 525 61. 750 50. 920 67. 300 70. 300 71.500 76. 300 76. 484 77. 220 .062 .033 .027 .027 .029 .032 .033 .031 .032 . 128 . 136 .146 .130 . 151 . 155 .155 .155 .1551.120 1.770 1.770 2.115 1.770 1.520 1.803 1.413 1.215 .420 .700 1.176 1.885 1.985 2. 238 1.599 1.624 1.473 . 820 0. 555 10. 500 24. 500 40.900 108. 750 52.990 3. 220 4. 350 77. 220 .032 . 155 1. 076 1.230 .820 6. 555 9.125 16. 500 43.500 82. 500 46. 600 3. 090 4. 150 77. 220 .031 . 149 .893 1.098 .820 6.555 9.125 16. 500 42. 300 77. 500 42.210 2.590 3. 350 66. 780 .028 . 141 ,820 .790 .820 6.555 8. 750 15. 500 40. 750 75. 000 36.890 2. 490 3. 350 63. 300 .028 . 132 .782 .724 . 820 8. 250 12. 500 36. 000 67. 500 33.990 2, 560 3.313 63. 300 .028 . 130 . 655 .609 .820 0. 555 S. 750 12. 500 35. 5G0 61. 000 31.920 2.400 3.120 63. 300 . 020 . 130 .658 . 584 .115 .525 . 575 M IN E R A L AND M ETAL PRODUCTS. B b l........ G al........ G al......... .934 .123 .168 1.700 .120 .240 2.250 .171 .241 2.250 .205 .245 2.900 .224 .257 B rick, red, domestic, bu ild in g ___j 1 ,0 0 0 .... 6.563 Cem ent, Portland, dom estic.......... B b l........ .971 L im e, com m on, lu m p .................... B b l........ 1.078 Glass, p la te , polished, 5 to 10 square feet..................................... S q . f t . . . .318 Glass, window, single, B ................. 50sq. ft.. 2.221 L ath , lj-m ch slab............................ 1 ,0 0 0 .... 4. 284 D ouglas fir, No. 1............................ 1,000 f t . . 9.208 H em lock........................................... 1,000ft.. 824.227 Oak, w hite, p la in ............................ 1,000ft.. 760.591 P in e, yellow , flooring..................... 1,000 f t . . Shingles, red cedar......................... 1 ,0 0 0 .... i. 987 Nails, wire, 8-penny....................... 100 l b s . . 1. 819 P ip e, cast-iro n , 6-inch.................... 2,0001bs. 23. 371 Steel, s tru c tu ra l.............................. L b .......... .016 Lead, carb o n ate of (w h ite)........... L b .......... .068 Linseed oil, r a w ............... ............. G al......... .462 T u rp en tin e, spirits of..................... G al........ .428 8.875 1. 650 1.900 12. 750 1. 700 2.500 15.000 1.650 2.700 24. 000 1.650 3. 525 .122 BUILD IN G M ATERIALS. 1 This ta b le is published quarterly, in th e February, May, August, a nd November issues of th e Monthly L abor R e v ie w . 2 S ta n d a rd w ar flour. 3 E stim ated price. No m arket quotation. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 4 N o quotation. 5 P rio r to Jan u a ry , 1918, prices are for gun m etal, b u tto n . e P rice a t N ew Y ork; prices in su b sequent m onths are a t Chicago. 7 Price a t New Y ork; prices in subsequent m onths are a t C incinnati. Q K * o Cfi I1ST WHOLESALE PRICES. [965] Coal, anthracite, c h e stn u t............. Coal, bitum inous, ru n of m in e ___ Coke, furnace, p ro m p t shipm ent. Copper, electrolytic........................ Copper wire, bare, No. 8............... Pig iron, B essem e r......................... Steel billets....................................... T in p late, domestic, coke............. Pig t i n ................................................ P ig le a d ............................................ S p e lte r............................................... Petroleum , crude, Pennsylvania . Petroleum , crude, K ansas - Okla hom a. ............................................. Petroleum , refined, w a ter-w h ite.. Gasoline, m o to r................................ W H O L E S A L E P R IC E S IN JU L Y , 1917 TO 1919, A N D IN C E R T A IN M O N TH S O F 1920 AN D 1921, AS C O M PA R ED W IT H A V E R A G E P R IC E S IN 1913-C o n c lu d e d . g Relative prices. 1921 1920 Ju ly Article. Mar. Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Jan. Feb. 180.8 196.2 95. 8 177.6 163. 0 227. 1 173.6 161.3 140.7 165.0 178. 4 187.2 200.0 180.4 196.2 97.8 180.9 157. 5 224. 7 171. 8 146. 4 140. 3 135. 0 174. 2 208. 4 222.9 179. 3 200.0 101. 7 197. 8 159. 1 218. 7 182.7 138. 0 118.3 114. 6 183. 2 233. 2 240.0 172.7 193. 8 103.0 176.6 170.9 215.7 187.3 135. 7 111. 4 110. 7 183.2 252. 2 240.0 171.3 184. 6 103. 0 144. 9 150. 4 184. 9 173. 6 137. 1 109. 9 120. 4 190. 3 298. 7 240. 0 142.2 170. 8 96. 4 114. 0 129. 1 155. 4 130. 0 132. 4 76. 0 104. 6 163. 9 314. 2 214. 3 115.7 133. 8 89. 8 111. 2 112. 6 150. 0 123. 6 132. 4 73. 6 109. 7 155. 8 264. 6 214. 3 109.5 123. 1 89. 8 109. 5 113. 4 156. 6 113. 6 140. 2 78. 7 91. 3 153. 5 155. 8 177.1 112.4 125.4 89.8 113.1 121.3 164.5 110.9 134.0 307. 6 295. 3 232.0 188. 2 221.5 246. 5 272. 6 222. 4 251. 0 436. 2 348.8 323.9 315.2 298.2 287.2 252.6 247. 8 224.2 215.5 248. 7 239.6 274. 2 350. 9 373. 0 304.5 194. 2 242.9 245. 1 245.1 536.0 581. 4 318.6 3 444. 2 291. 8 266.9 246. 6 212. 4 185.9 308. 6 328. 2 173.6 200. 0 341.5 388.4 284.9 274.7 210. 4 178.8 155. 6 305.8 319. 8 161. 0 186. 3 227. 2 332. 6 241. 0 244.5 142. 1 134. 3 141. 0 266.7 314. 2 147. 7 154. 9 174. 1 251. 2 200.6 202. 8 129. 1 108. 6 137. 2 248. 0 286.3 138. 7 133. 3 195. 0 223. 3 192.3 195.1 120. 8 96. 1 131. 4 251. 3 296. 8 124. 6 129. 4 148. 4 188. 4 204.6 210. 0 109.1 84. 3 120. 7 259. 1 312. 4 120. 0 90. 2 127. 0 176. 7 191.2 200. 3 106. 4 89. 0 114. 6 234. 0 281. 6 110. 2 94.1 111. 2 165.1 184.7 190. 4 103.8 85.9 114.9 227.5 261. 0 114.2 303. 1 338. 0 440. 0 (4) 411. 1 262.4 323.4 341.6 437. 1 (4) 411. 1 262.4 281.3 285.5 334.3 379.5 376.6 185.3 235.2 245.7 285. 7 326. 0 375.3 177.5 170.0 196. 4 234. 3 275. 3 295. 1 154.3 148.4 167.4 185. 7 223. 3 229.6 146.7 121. 1 146. 7 168. 6 195. 9 229. 6 115. 9 130. 5 130. 3 165. 7 165. 8 190. 1 115. 9 108.6 125. 8 151. 4 161. 6 187.7 115. 9 92.2 110.9 128.6 154.8 187.7 111.9 1918 1919 Jan. Feb. Mar. 207. 2 184. 6 184. 8 211. 8 217. 3 182. 5 240. 0 215. 8 234. 2 200. 0 130 4 165. 6 154.3 198. 3 160. 0 181. 3 265. 7 265. 4 231. 3 319. 1 262. 1 173. 4 154. 4 165. 2 184.1 202.9 187. 4 178. 5 98. 4 180. 4 174. 0 177.1 219. 1 199. 7 232. 0 153. 4 203. 5 288. 5 242.9 176.0 163. 8 89. 8 173. 5 173. 2 184. 3 190. 9 193. 3 278. 7 200. 0 200. 6 227.9 231.4 169.3 157.7 89.8 172.6 166. 1 190. 4 190. 9 188. 2 288.6 190.3 213.9 199.1 225.7 248 3 295.4 278.1 2 233. 5 327. 0 266. 4 304. .8 301 4 203. 5 203.2 268. 1 350.0 372. 1 334. 3 180. 0 222.6 184. 3 139.2 168 6 386. 8 172.1 174.4 308. 6 265. 2 307. 2 280. 3 203. 2 244. 5 257. 8 202. 9 229. 4 274.1 204.7 335. 4 315.1 240. 5 192. 4 222. 3 277. 7 305. 4 239. 0 249. 0 426. 9 358.1 243 8 280. 6 322 0 0) 302 5 305.1 274. 2 267. 4 331. 4 300. 0 338 3 262.4 307. 0 329. 0 425. 7 390. 4 398. 8 262.4 July. FOODSTUFFS. (a) Anim al. 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 147.6 126.2 161. 2 184.8 195.3 144.6 182. 7 188.0 183. 5 140. 8 121.3 140.7 142.9 1 86.0 112.6 148.4 119.9 148.6 (6) Vegetable. W heat, No. 1, n o rth ern ........................ W heat flour, stan d a rd , p a te n t........... Corn, N o. 2, m ix ed................................ Corn m eal................................................ O ats, s tan d a rd , in sto re ....................... R ye, N o 2................................................ R ye flour................................................. B arley, fair to good, m a ltin g ............. Rice, H onduras, h e a d .......................... Potatoes, w h ite ...................................... Sugar, g ra n u la te d ................................. 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 88.2 119.2 181.4 TEX TILES AND L E A TH ER GOODS. Cotton, u p land, m id d lin g........ C otton yarn, carded, 10/1.......... P rin t cloth, 27-inch.................... Sheeting, brow n, Pepperell— Bleached m uslin, Lonsdale— Wool, i a n d f grades, scoured. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 100 100 100 100 100 100 203. 9 203.6 208. 6 191. 8 193. 254. 320.3 317.2 405.7 (4) 411.1 193.0 I M O N T H L Y LABOR R E V IE W . [ 066] C attle, good to choice s te e rs ... 'Beef, fresh, good n a tiv e steers. Beef, salt, e x tra m ess................ Hogs, h eav y ................................. Bacon, short, clear sides........... H am s, sm oked, loose................. L ard , prim e, c o n tra c t............... P ork, salt, m ess.......................... Sheep, ew es................................. M utton, dressed........................ B u tte r, cream ery, e x tra .......... Eggs, fresh, firsts...................... M ilk............................................. 44130°—21----- 1 W orsted y arn , 2-32s............................................... Clay w orsted suitings, 16-ounce........................... Storm serge, all wool, 50-inch.............................. H ides, packers’ heavy n a tiv e steers.................. Leather, chrome calf.............................................. L eath er, sole, o a k ................................................... Shoes, m en’s, Goodyear w elt, vici calf, blucher. Shoes, wom en’s, Goodyear w elt, kid, 8-inch lace5....................................................................... 205.9 235.2 208.9 179.3 200.0 181. 5 152.6 276.7 322.0 261.1 176.1 237. 0 184. 9 181. 3 205.9 (4) 217.2 264.1 407.4 211.6 240.2 289.6 (') 252.4 217.4 472.2 203.8 298.2 289.6 392.4 252.4 219.0 472.2 203.8 305.2 283.1 392.4 252.4 197. 8 472.2 203.8 308.4 225. 2 392.4 252.4 159.8 324.1 200.4 292.3 225.2 392.4 252.4 154.9 324.1 194.9 292.3 205.9 325. 5 225.0 154.3 296.3 194.9 292.3 193.1 301.2 204.3 138.6 277.8 178.2 255.2 167.3 301.2 204.3 126.6 231.5 161.5 249.0 141.6 301.2 204.3 103.3 213.0 139.2 249.0 148.0 243.3 186.0 91.3 194.4 133.6 232.9 148.0 206.8 157.2 73.9 194.4 122. 5 232.9 154.4 186.3 157.2 62. 5 194. 4 128.1 232.9 100 160.9 189.2 274.5 302.8 312.3 312.3 293.3 273.2 265.0 265.0 265.0 265.0 265.0 265.0 260.2 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 111.7 227. 3 591. 0 282. 5 202. 4 335. 3 387. 8 337.3 138.1 259.1 160.3 126.5 182. 0 97.6 142.9 126.0 186. 4 236.4 162. 4 170.7 213.6 184. 2 217. 8 207.6 181.8 150.0 163. 3 240. 9 139.0 143. 5 156.3 181. 8 164.4 136.9 146.1 171.3 149.3 196.7 156.3 124.7 136.2 163.3 240.9 166.7 145.8 160.3 186.4 236.4 122.9 136.5 235.8 186.1 196.7 141.9 197.7 167.2 206.7 310.5 182.1 153.0 160.2 186.4 236.4 121. 7 137.7 250.4 214.2 196.7 134.3 200.0 158.6 225.0 321.2 195.1 157.7 160.3 186.4 236.4 118. 5 137.7 253.3 232.7 196. 7 138.3 209. 1 153.4 249. 0 374.7 203.3 166.7 179.8 272.7 679.7 121.0 137.7 275.2 242.4 210.8 109.4 195.5 141.4 249.0 374.7 211.4 178.6 182.8 272.7 693.5 121. 0 137.7 286.7 236. 5 253.0 105.1 204. 5 143.1 249. 0 374.7 211.4 178.6 198.4 322.7 655.0 119. 1 137. 1 294. 5 227. 8 253.0 98.9 186.4 134.5 249.0 374.7 223.6 184.5 198.3 322.7 595.9 107.0 123.4 287.2 213.3 242.4 90.4 165.9 129.3 249. 0 374.7 235. 8 184.5 198.4 322.7 319.1 93.0 109.6 240.8 192.7 210.8 82.0 143. 2 117.2 249.0 374.7 235. 8 184.5 198.5 322. 7 231.5 87.3 101.8 215.7 168.7 196.7 75.5 109.1 103.4 249. 0 374.7 235.8 184.5 200.2 254. 5 199. 5 82. 2 95. 2 198. 2 168.7 196.7 79.1 113.6 101.7 235.7 364.0 235. 8 184.5 200.2 231. 8 177. 3 82.2 94.0 183.6 163. 8 196.7 72. 6 106. 8 93.1 170.9 207.5 223.6 172.6 200.3 220. 5 171.4 77. 7 90.4 164.4 148. 9 196.7 64.1 93. 2 89. 7 122. 4 187. 4 213. 8 159.5 100 135.2 194.3 228.6 100 169.9 175.0 169.9 100 165. 8 218.1 235.6 100 125. 8 144.7 182.4 100 154.0 256. 6 279.2 100 131.3 119.6 134.2 100 211. 8 309.5 200.9 100 6115.6 8 142. 4 e 169. 2 100 7 113. 9 7124.6 7 160. 9 100 100 152.5 156.6 245.0 100 225.4 197.9 184. 2 100 280.4 264.2 217.9 100 387.5 206.3 168.8 100 188.2 200.0 191.2 100 242.4 383.1 457.8 100 98.1 163.5 274.8 365.7 169.9 307.6 235.9 295.1 396.8 407. 3 319.5 221.5 380.9 169. 9 331. 6 245.3 295. 1 396.8 407.3 371.2 242.2 380.9 169.9 338.1 251.6 295.1 396.8 407.3 388.4 256.2 380.9 185.3 401.4 257. 9 295.1 373.5 320.4 357.1 278.6 342.6 194.3 401.4 257.9 295.1 373.5 320.4 319. 5 228.6 240.2 200.8 401.4 257.9 295.1 245.1 276.9 299.4 225.5 251.4 200.8 418. 8 257.9 295. 1 245.1 266.1 272.5 207.1 251.4 200.8 418.8 257.9 295.1 213.0 179.2 206. 7 192.2 259.0 200.8 418.8 257.9 295.1 213.0 179.2 194.3 186.9 251.4 198.8 418. 8 257.9 295.1 204.3 168. 3 187.9 180.0 251.4 176.9 418. 8 257.9 295.1 192.6 135.8 169.2 159.0 247.6 175.0 418. 8 257. 9 295 1 204. 3 135. 8 152 8 156.7 334.0 252.9 288.0 168.8 214. 7 383.1 440.4 346.7 252.9 300.8 181.3 222.1 383.1 ■463. 8 309.1 225.4 305.9 206.3 227.9 390.3 522.9 232. 3 225.4 326.5 200. 0 227.9 329. 0 373.6 252.2 239.1 327.3 193. 8 227. 9 305. 8 379.4 197.3 239.1 330. 4 200.0 227. 9 263. 0 344.2 163.7 239.1 330.4 200.0 227.9 232.9 287.4 157.1 228.1 330.4 193.8 219.1 193.3 256.5 131.7 184.2 285. 7 175.0 207.4 177.5 184.6 126.6 184.2 270.8 175.0 194.1 169. 3 169.2 130.1 182.1 270. 8 175.0 191.2 141.8 142.3 122.0 171. 5 270. 8 162. 5 191. 2 142. 4 136.4 M IN E RA L AND M ETAL PRODUCTS. j BUILD ING M ATERIALS. B rick, red, domestic, b u ild in g........................ Cem ent, P o rtlan d , dom estic................................ Lim e, com m on, lu m p ........................................... Glass, p late, polished, 5 to 10 square feet........ Glass, w indow ,’single, B .................................... L a th , lj-in c h s la b .................................................. D ouglas fir, No. 1 ................................................... H em lock............................................. ...................... Oak, w hite, p la in ................................................... Pine, yellow, flooring............................................ Shingles, red c ed a r................................................. Nails, wire, 8-penny............................................... Pipe, cast-iron, 6-inch........................................... Steel, stru c tu ra l...................................................... Lead, carbonate of (w h ite ).................................. Linseed oil, ra w ...................................................... T u rp en tin e, spirits of............................................ https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 2 Stan d ard w ar flour. 3 E stim ated prices. No m arket quotation. 4 No quotation. WHOLESALE PBICES, Coal, anthracite, c h e s tn u t.................................... Coal, bitum inous, ru n of m in e............................ Coke, furnace, p ro m p t s h ip m e n t....................... Copper, electrolytic................................................ Copper wire, bare, No. 8....................................... Pig iron, B essem er............................................. Steel b ille ts .............................................................. T in p la te , domestic, coke..................................... Pig t i n ........................................................................ Pig le a d ..................................................................... S pelter.......................................................... ; ........... Petroleum , crude, P en n sy lv an ia ....................... Petroleum , crude, K ansas-O klahom a............... Petroleum , refined, w ater-w hite........................ Gasoline, m o to r...................................................... m [967] 100 100 100 100 100 lOU 100 5 Prior to Jan u a ry , 1918, prices are for gun m etal, b u tto n , s Price a t N ew Y ork; prices in su b seq u en t m o n th s are a t Chicago. 7 Price a t N ew Y ork; prices in su b se q u e n t m onths are a t C incinnati. 05 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW. 44 Retail Distribution and Marketing of Foods.1 HE report of the American Public Health Association committee on retail distribution and marketing of foods, presented at the association’s annual meeting in San Francisco, in September, 1920, touches at various points on the cost of living. The following excerpt is discouragingly significant: T Investigation has shown that the scarcity and high price of certain staple foods have resulted in many instances in changes in the diet which are not conducive to maintaining the body at its normal efficiency. This tendency is very marked in the industrial centers, while the statistics from school authorities show that malnutrition in children of the medium and well-to-do classes is greatly on the increase, this being due not to insufficient food, but improper diet. The Brookline (Massachusetts) plan for meeting this situation is commended by the committee, which states that the office of munici pal dietitian has been created in the town and a food center estab lished which is well equipped for demonstration. Instructions are given in the selection and purchase of foods and in school children s diets. Assistance is also given in prescribing dietary correctives in disease and malnutrition. The committee is of the opinion that in the case of some food com modities there has been too great a centralization of manufactories and too high a specialization of products. The report declares that it is time for constructive action when there are large dairying dis tricts where nearly all the producers buy their butter at local groceries and when farmers are found shipping their hogs 400 to 600 miles to market and buying their dressed pork from local dealers. Federal control"of speculation is suggested as a more effectual way of coping with the profiteer than Federal control of food supply. Attention is called to the nonutilization of nutritious by-products, the practice in some dairying territories of daily consigning thousands of quarts of skimmed milk to the sewers being cited as a striking illustration. “ Rigid medical examination of food handlers under supervision of health officials should be insisted upon.” More attention should be given to the inspection of the smaller manufactories, the sanitary conditions of which are not generally looked into so thoroughly as those of large establishments. The committee feels that valuable work could be done in this connection by women’s organizations in aiding overburdened health departments or in making food inspec tions in towns where boards of health are dormant or where no food inspection system has been established. Existing insanitary conditions in railway transportation of milk and cream are scored by the committee. I t is announced that: This matter was brought to the attention of the American Public Health Associa tion last year. The International Association of Dairy and Milk Inspectors has done some constructive work, and has a representative at Washington whose business it is to present specific cases of insanitary conditions and spoilage to the Interstate Com merce Commission. We should go further than this and demand regulations that will adequately protect the product, with provisions for indorsement, though it be necessary for us to carry our case to the President, Congress, to the American people. According to the findings of the committee, the chain store systems are “ based upon sound business principles.” The methods of manu1 American. Jo u rn al of P u b lic H ealth , Chicago, 111., A p ril, 1921, p p . 375-3,8. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis RETA IL D IS T R IB U T IO N AISTD M A RK ETIN 'G OF FOODS. 45 factoring, buying, and reducing overhead expenses through such systems enable these stores to undersell their competitors. The committee thinks, however, that the “ charge and deliver stores’’ are necessary for a large number of consumers who are willing to pay for the service such stores render. Reference is made in the report to a recent comprehensive investi gation conducted by the North Dakota Agricultural Experiment Station into 50 large stores in Fargo, which study showed “ a range in operating expenses from 9 to 52 per cent and implied that 20 wellmanaged stores were ample to handle the business of 50 and could operate with an expense of not more than 7.66 per cent for the charge and deliver, and 5 per cent for the cash and carry stores.” These investigators make the following statement: V\ e are firmly convinced that one of the main factors in the present widespread difference between prices received by the producer and what the consumer is forced to pay is lack of proper supervision by the Government of the middlemen and the retailers. The American Public Health Association committee concludes its report by urging that association “ to take concerted action toward remedying the conditions” therein outlined. -- --- ----------- Cost of Living in Cincinnati. HE industrial expansion department of the Cincinnati Chamber of Commerce recently made a study of the cost of living, showing the decrease from June 15, 1920, to March 1, 1921. The information which was secured in Cincinnati and surrounding territory shows a general decrease of 20.1 per cent for this period. Food prices were secured from seven retail stores, three of them belonging to chain store systems; the sources of other items of the budget are not given. All items in the budget show a decrease except rent, which increased 5 per cent, due to the housing shortage, although it is claimed that the general level of rentals in Cincinnati is below that of other cities. The following table shows the percentage distribution of family expenditures, decrease in cost of different budget items since June 15, 1920, and decrease as related to total budget: T D IS T R IB U T IO N O F FA M IL Y E X P E N D IT U R E S A N D P E R C E N T A G E D E C R E A S E IN COST O F L IV IN G . D istribu Decrease tion of in cost fam ily ex since June penditures. 15, 1920. Article. F o o d ................................................... Clothing.............................................. R e n t.......... ........................................ Fuel..................................................... F u rn itu re a n d furn ish in g s___ . . . Miscellaneous.................................... https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 40.6 15. 2 15.4 4.1 5.2 20.3 32. 6 35. 0 15.0 2.7 25. 0 5.0 Percentage decrease as related to to ta l budget. 13.2 5.3 i .8 .1 1.3 1.0 20.1 1 Increase. I'DRiVi M O N T H L Y LABOR R E V IE W . 46 Cost of Family Budget in Denmark in Specified Months, July, 1914, to January, 1921 TATISTICAL Report No. 19, August 17, 1920, issued by the Danish Statistical Department, contains figures on the cost of living in that country in July, 1914 to 1920, and in January, 1919 to 1921, which show that whereas the normal annual household budget of the average family of five persons was 2,000 kronen ($536, par) in 1914, it had in January, 1921, risen to 5,289 kronen ($1,417.45, par) or an increase of 164.5 per cent.' The following table shows the changes in the budget of a laborer’s family of five persons in July of each year, 1914 to 1920, and in January, 1921: S C H A N G E S IN COST O F LIV IN G O F A L A B O R E R ’S FA M IL Y O F F IV E P E R S O N S , 1914 TO 1921. [1 krone a t par=26.8 cents.] In d e x num ber (based on Index Cost July, 1914=100) in num in J u ly -i ber in Jan u Jan u ary, ary, 1921. 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 1920 192U 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 1920 Cost in Ju ly — Item . Kr. K r. K r. K r. K r. K r. K r. K r. 758 140 179 158 206 243 292 234 328 420 370 483 569 684 2 358 2 437 364 130 146 171 172 211 120 349 612 496 499 424 377 290 M argarine, bu tter, fat, e tc . . 56 100 126 140 140 200 167 50 42 42 60 38 30 30 Fish (fresh a n d s a lt) ........... 384 130 127 186 173 176 207 153 199 194 284 264 269 317 126 170 179 242 248 258 352 82 85 116 80 59 33 Flour, m eal, etc.................... 147 120 120 152 222 265 339 82 120 143 183 65 54 65 Potatoes, vegetables, fru its . 353 105 119 145 184 178 225 Sugar, spices, beer, etc........ 156 164 186 226 287 277 351 T otal, foodstuffs........ 950 1,219 1,386 1,580 1,777 2,015 2,408 2,625 128 146 " 168 187 212 253 Pork, beef, e tc ....................... 324 126 187 251 382 272 226 276 355 130 563 227 247 292 130 578 244 224 T o ta l............................. 1,050 1,107 1,332 1, 514 1,858 2,206 2, 826 2,664 105 127 144 177 210 269 254 G rand to ta l................. 2,000 2,326 2,718 3, 094 3,635 4, 221 5,234 5,289 116 136 155 182 211 262 264 Clothes, shoes, la u n d ry ___ R e n t........................................ Ouel a n d lig h t....................... Taxes, subscriptions, e t c ... O ther expenses........ ............ 270 285 100 210 185 297 285 130 210 185 432 292 175 210 223 513 300 220 21C 271 702 307 275 210 364 837 322 292 340 415 959 371 563 476 457 789 371 578 512 414 110 100 130 100 100 160 102 175 100 121 190 105 220 100 146 260 108 275 100 197 310 113 292 162 224 1 In d ex num bers for food were com puted, as th ey do no t appear in the report as forwarded by the Amer ican m inister a t Copenhagen. 2 These item s are com bined w ith m argarine, b u tte r, fat, etc., 1914 to 1919, inclusive. Retail Prices in Denmark in January, 1921, Compared with October, 1920. VERAGE retail prices of certain commodities in Denmark in January, 1921, compared with October, 1920, have been published by the Danish Statistical Department in the form of the following table which was forwarded to this bureau by the Department of State, having been received from the American minister at Copenhagen under date of March 7, 1921: A 1 D ata furnished b y th e A m erican m inister a t Copenhagen, through th e D e p artm e n t of State, under date of Mar. 5, 1921. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [97Q] RETAIL PRICES 11ST DENMARK. 47 A V E R A G E R E T A IL P R IC E S IN D E N M A R K IN JA N U A R Y , 1921, C O M PA R E D W IT H P R IC E S IN O C T O B E R , 1920. [100 o r e = l krone=26.8 cents, a t par.] Capital. Article. Unit.1 C ountry towns.' 100 country districts. Average, entire country. Oct., Jan ., Oct., Jan., Oct., Jan., Oct., Jan., 1920. 1921. 1920. 1921. 1920. 1921. 1920. 1921. Rye b re a d .................................... Sifted rye b re a d ......................... W heat b re a d ............................... E ine flo u r..................................... B arley (D a n ish )......................... O ats (D a n is h )............................. Sem olina...................................... P o ta to flo u r................................. R ice................................................ Sago............................................... Yellow shelled p eas................... Loaf sugar, No. 1....................... B row n sugar, N o . l ............. Coffee............................................ Tea (com m on Congo)............... A m erican dried apples............. D ried ap ric o ts............................. P ru n es w ith sto n es................... R aisins (V alencia)..................... F ish balls (F aroe Is la n d s)___ C anned peas (coarse). . ........ N onalcoholic b eer...................... R egular beer................................ B u tte r........................................... M argarine (a n im a l)............... P la n t fa ts................................ Vegetable m arg arin e................. Skim m ed m ilk cheese............... Eggs (new -laid D an ish )........... Eggs (sto rag e)............................. Sweet m ilk .................................. Slam m ed m ilk ............................ B u tte rm ilk .................................. Beef (fore q u a rte r)..................... Beef (boneless)........................... V eal (fore q u a rte r)..................... F resh pork b u tts ......................... P o rk b a c k s .................................. T enderloin .................................... Salt p o rk ...................................... M utton (fore q u arter, Iceland). Smoked boneless h a m .............. . Seasoned pork f a t...................... . Sum m er sausage........................ . F resh herring.............................. . Codfish........................................... F lo u n d e rs.................................... . Split c o d ........................................ C abbage......................................... C arrots............................................ Potatoes (large q u a n titie s)....... Potatoes (sm all q u a n titie s)___ K itchen s a lt.................................. A m erican w ashing soda............. B row n soap, b e s t................. Petroleum (w ater w h ite).......... Scotch n u t co al............................ C rushed coke................................ E lec tric ity ..................................... Gas................................................... W ood sh av in g s. - ......................... Men’s shoes (box calf, sew e d ),. Half-soling of above.................... Ore. 4 kilogram s__ 109 1 k ilo g ram ___ 62 ........do................ 153 ........do............... 95 ........do............... 86 ........do............... 156 ........do ............... 100 ........do............... 128 ........do ............... 235 ........do ............... 151 ........do............... 126 ........do............... 74 ........do ............... 63 ........do............... 599 ........do ............... 960 ........do............... 367 ........do ............... 463 ........do ............... 369 ........do............... 370 J- k ilogram ___ 120 ........do............... 112 1 b o ttle ............ 27 J b o ttle ............ 31 1 k ilogram ___ 795 ........do ............... 382 ........do............... 352 ........do............... 321 ........do............... Score................. 920 ........do ............... 689 1 lite r................ 71 ........do ............... 31 ........do............%. 42 1 kilo g ram ...*. 363 ........do ............... 552 ........do ............... 386 ........do ............... 433 ........do ............... ........do ............... 806 ........do ............... 573 ........do ............... ........do............... 690 ........do ............... 307 ........do............... 927 ........do ............... 123 ........do ............... 127 ....... do............... 299 ....... d o ............... 263 ....... do............... 17 ....... do............... 33 50 kilogram s .. 1,240 1 kilo g ram . . . 29 ___ d o ............. 27 ___ do .............. 38 ....... do.............. 235 1 lite r .............. 72 1 h e cto lite r... 1, 897 ___ do .............. 1,502 1 k ilo w a tt___ 71 1 cubic m e te r. 59 1 k ilo g ram . . . 18 P a ir................. 4,300 ___do .............. 1, 200 Ore. 109 62 153 95 86 152 101 121 212 139 119 74 63 570 928 340 455 353 408 124 111 27 31 669 390 341 318 288 1,054 694 59 28 38 325 518 342 404 130 704 531 300 686 482 912 131 117 267 257 21 31 1,102 26 27 24 196 82 1,242 813 71 59 20 3,950 1,186 Ore. Ore. Ore. Ore. Ore. 98 101 102 98 102 57 58 59 59 59 140 141 139 140 144 96 95 94 95 95 50 63 79 62 82 145 141 139 137 147 102 108 100 108 101 120 110 116 106 121 207 182 201 130 214 145 124 139 124 145 119 112 119 115 121 77 76 75 75 75 66 65 64 64 64 551 518 540 497 563 898 858 870 878 912 353 321 344 322 351 461 452 446 444 457 334 308 316 387 340 351 373 333 365 351 124 120 124 122 123 113 112 120 115 115 27 28 26 28 27 33 33 33 33 32 781 658 736 645 771 348 344 356 338 362 365 362 350 353 360 328 317 326 317 325 276 878 872 863 796 887 689 677 711 677 696 55 49 50 45 59 21 16 18 16 23 23 20 20 18 26 333 305 334 305 343 461 462 433 430 492 345 315 324 301 352 475 426 468 423 459 110 118 114 108 117 745 707 608 593 753 521 511 479 475 535 841 337 307 344 305 778 705 746 723 738 452 454 427 436 471 756 699 702 732 805 119 111 127 105 123 97 104 95 101 109 219 227 200 207 239 251 243 245 237 253 21 23 19 19 19 27 28 21 23 28 846 853 749 775 945 23 20 23 20 24 25 24 25 24 26 38 28 38 30 38 ' 228 199 226 198 230 72 79 74 78 73 1,959 1,229 !. 866 1,132 L, 914 1,456 845 1,516 824 1,592 94 99 | 95 101 87 67 65 68 1 67 64 16 16 : 14 14 16 4, 407 4,092 14,453 4.046 4, 397 1,159 1,137 .1, 111 1, 105 1,157 Óre. 104 60 145 95 84 143 106 112 191 129 115 75 64 526 556 328 450 316 382 122 113 28 32 657 357 348 317 907 683 51 21 25 312 460 319 416 635 495 304 705 448 771 116 104 240 246 21 27 910 23 25 27 198 80 1,201 627 90 64 17 4,029 1,143 R kilogram =2.2 pounds; 1 liter=1.06 q u arts; 1 hectoliter= 2.8 bushels; 1 cubic m eter=35.3 cubic feet. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [9711 M O N T H L Y LABOR R E V IE W . 48 Cost of Living in France.1 HE General Statistical Bureau of France makes a study every three months of prices of certain articles of food in cities of more than 10,000 inhabitants. Index numbers are calculated on 13 articles—bread, meat, lard, butter, eggs, milk, cheese, potatoes, beans, sugar, oil, petroleum, and alcohol for burning—and the quan tities which are consumed annually by a worker’s family of four persons living in Paris are taken as the basis for the calculation of the index numbers. The index number for France as a whole for the last quarter of 1920 is 4519 as against 1004 for the third quarter of 1914, an increase of 350 per cent in the cost of these basic food items. The following table shows the variations in the prices of these 13 articles in Paris at different periods from July, 1914, to December, 1920: T V A R IA T IO N S IN IN D E X N U M B E R S O F 13 A R T IC L E S , S P E C IF IE D M ON TH S C O M PA R ED W IT H JU L Y , 1914. Per eent In d e x . of n um ber. increase. D ate. 1914: J u ly .......... 1915: J u ly .......... 1916: J u ly -........ 1917: J u l y . . . . . . 1918: J u ly .......... 1919: J a n u a ry — J u ly ............ A u g u s t---Septem ber. O ctober — N ovem ber. D ecem ber.. 1075 1288 1387 1971 2210 0 20 29 S3 106 2665 2811 2558 2781 3042 3015 3065 148 161 138 158 183 180 185 P e r eent In d e x of num ber. increase D ate. 1920: J a n u a ry .................................. F e b ru a ry ............................... M arch..................................... A p ril....................................... M ay......................................... J u n e ........................................ J u ly ................................----A u g u st.................................... S ep tem b er............................ O cto b er.................................. N o v em b er............................. D ecem ber.............................. 3119 3195 3646 3852 4069 3967 4006 4014 4373 4517 4577 4557 190 197 239 258 278 269 273 273 307 320 326 324 In February, 1920, a central commission under the direction of the minister of labor was appointed to make a general study of the cost of living, and regional committees were appointed to collect and transmit information from various centers. The budget for a worker’s family of four persons showing the average percentage distribution of expenditures for food, heat and light, rent, clothing, and miscellaneous expenses for 1914 and 1919 is as follows: P E R C EN T O F F A M IL Y B U D G E T E X P E N D E D F O R S P E C IF IE D IT E M S IN 1914 A N D 1919. Per cent of to ta l in — Ite m of ex p enditure. 1914 1919 F o o d ................................................ ......... H e at a n d lig h t........................................ C lo th in g ................................................- - R e n t............................................................ M iscellaneous............................................ 60 5 15 12 8 60 5 20 5 10 T o ta l................................................ 100 100 1 France. M inistère d u T rav a il. B u lletin , N ov.-D ee., 1920: Les commissions d ’étude d u coût de la vie, p p . 525-536. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [1*72] • 49 COST OF L IV IN G IN FR A N C E . There is a noticeable difference between the expenditures for dif ferent items in the Paris budget and in that of the United States Bureau of Labor Statistics 2 as determined b}T the 1910 and 1918 cost of living surveys. The greatest differences are in food and rent, which occupy for food 43 (1910) and 38 (1918) per cent, respectively, of the American budget and 60 per cent of the French, and rent, 18 and 13 per cent in the United States and only 5 per cent in the French budget. The proportional expenditures varied greatly from the 1914 dis tribution following the war, especially in the first few months of 1919. The wages had about tripled while rents had remained prac tically the same and clothing, on the contrary, had greatly increased so that while the relative expenditure remained the same for food and heat and light there was considerable variation in the other items. These two tables were used, therefore, according as com parison was made with one or the other of the two periods. The regional commission for the city of Paris has published a statement of the variations of the cost of living in that city in 1919 and 1920 in comparison with each other and with the first half of 1914. The cost of living was found to have increased 218.2 per cent in the first half of 1920 over the same period in 1914, and 35.1 per cent in the first half of 1920 over the first half of 1919. There was an increase of 16.4 per cent in the second quarter of 1920 as compared with the first quarter of the same year, 8.1 per cent increase between the second and third quarters, and 2.3 per cent increase between the third and fourth quarters of the year. The following table gives the index numbers for 1919 and 1920 for the five budget items with 1914 and 1919, respectively, taken as the base: IN D E X N U M B E R S O F E X P E N D IT U R E S .IN C E R T A IN P E R IO D S F O R V A R IO U S IT E M S OF FA M IL Y B U D G E T , B A SED ON 1914 AN D ON 1919. Ite m of expen ditu re. F o o d ....................... H e at an d lig h t___ R e n t..................... Clothing................. M iscellaneous........ T o tal a ....... 1920 Per cent of to ta l 1914, 1919, of 1st 1st 2d 3d 4th ex half. half. 1st q u a r q u a r qu ar qu ar pertter. ter. ter, ter. ditu re. 1920 Per cent of to ta l 1914, 1919, of 1st 1st 1st 4th 2d 3d ex- half. half. quar quar q u a r q u a r penter. ter. ter. ter. diture. 60 5 12 15 8 100 100 100 100 100 260 164 100 296 228 306 200 100 405 356 344 296 100 405 444 360 349 100 563 516 391 349 100 483 545 60 5 5 20 10 100 100 238 295 341 376 385 100 38 61 100 34 44 100 100 100 100 100 118 122 100 137 156 132 180 100 164 195 138 213 100 190 226 150 213 100 163 226 42 : 100 125 146 159 163 a The ind ex for th e com bined ite m is calculated according to th e proportional division of expenses be tw een th e live item s of ex p enditure, as shown in th e first column. 2 See Monthly L abor R e v ie w , Ju ly , 1920, p . 2. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [973] W AGES A N D H O U R S O F LA BO R. Wages and Hours oí Labor in the Petroleum Industry. N NOVEMBER, 1920, the Bureau of Labor Statistics undertook a study of wages and hours of labor of employees in the petroleum industry along the same lines it has heretofore pursued in regard to other large industries. The study was confined to three general subdivisions of the industry, namely, drilling and operation of wells, construction and operation of pipe lines, and operation of refineries. The marketing and marine operations and original construction work at refineries have been omitted. This study was not intended to be a census of the petroleum industry, but every possible effort was made so to apportion the work as to obtain'a fair representation of the industry in each sec tion of the country in which it has been developed to any consider able extent. Representative establishments were selected, atten tion being given to both large and small plants as well as to general location, that is, whether in industrial centers or in isolated sections, because all these conditions influence to some degree the wages paid and the hours worked. Schedules were obtained from crude oil producing companies in 16 States covering 35,250 males, from pipe line companies in 17 States covering 19,643 males, and from refineries in 15 States cover ing 42,699 males and 306 females. In each instance the pay roll period covered was for a date prior to any general reduction in rates of wages or increase in hours per day or week, a period in November, 1920, having been selected in very nearly all cases. Data were obtained by special agents of the bureau, hours and earnings being copied directly from the pay rolls. All bonuses were included, with exception of a special case involving two com panies in California, each of which furnished data covering wells, pipe lines, and refineries. These two companies, among others which were not scheduled, entered into an agreement with their employees, (said agreement to run for a period of 14 months ending August 31 1921) providing that each regular employee, excepting certain classes of common labor, shall receive an additional compensation of 25 cents a day, payable on August 31, 1921, conditioned upon the faithful fulfillment of the agreement. This preliminary summary is limited to the presentation of the average earnings per hour and the average full time hours per week made in certain selected occupations, with the number of employees in each and the number of establishments represented, the remaining employees being thrown into one or more groups and the averages for those groups being shown. The averages are_ for the United States as a whole. In the refineries the occupations have been grouped under the principal departments. In many instances it was not possible to segregate employees in the paraffin department,but so far as can be observed from data at hand, the wages paid do not differ materially from those in other departments of the refineries. It should be stated, also, that all laborers in the re- I 50 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 1974] 51 WAGES AND H O U E S OF LABOR. fineries have been classed under the department designated as “ Miscellaneous labor, maintenance, and repair.” In classifying by occupation the employees at the wells the follow ing were grouped under “ Other employees” : Line walkers, road men, oilers, tool dressers’ helpers, truck drivers’ helpers, warehouse men, watchmen, casers, tractor drivers, clean-out men, and various other miscellaneous occupations, one or two employees in each being found here and there. On the pipe lines under “ Laborers” are included roustabouts, yardmen, boiler cleaners and tongsmen, while “ Other mechanics” include auto mechanics, blacksmiths, boilermakers (including tank builders), calkers, tank riveters, and tank repairers, bricklayers, cement finishers, cement workers, connection men, electricians, painters, pipe fitters, pipe machinists, pipe machine operators, plasterers, plumbers, stabbers, and welders. “ Mechanics’ helpers” include all helpers of each of the above mechanics, and “ Other employees ” include the following: Chauffeurs, construction men, ditching machine operators, drivers, field scouts, firemen’s assist ants, gaugers’ assistants, pipe laying machine operators, strappers, tank car loaders, telephone operators, tractor drivers, tractor drivers’ helpers, truck drivers’ helpers, and watchmen. The bureau expects at a later date to issue a bulletin setting forth in detail the information collected. These figures are presented in advance of completion of the final tables, and are therefore subject to minor corrections. I he following table shows the average full-time hours per week and the average earnings per hour, by industry subdivision and occupation. All employees are males, except where noted by (F.). A V E R A G E F U L L -T IM E H O U R S P E R W E E K A N D A V E R A G E E A R N IN G S P E R H O U R IN T H E PE T R O L E U M : IN D U S T R Y IN T H E U N IT E D ST A TES, B Y O C CU PA TIO N S, 1920. Wells. Occupation. N um ber of estab lish m ents. D rillers.............................. G augers............................. Laborers, roustabouts, a nd connection m e n .. D rillers’ helpers, and clean-out helpers........ Tool dressers.................... Pum pers a n d engineers. F irem en............................. R ig b u ild e rs..................... A v e r N u m age ber of full em- tim e P a y h o u rs ees. per week. 2,600 123 A ver age earn ings. per hour. 73.5 SI. 137 61.3 .657 11,913 2,598 2,038 7,203 1,128 132 60.0 76. 7 62.5 57.7 55. 2 .911 .576 .612 .907 O ccupation. D errick m en ...................... T eam sters......................... T ruck drivers................... Repairers (mechanics): C arpenters..................... M achinists..................... O ther rep airers............ R epairers’ h elp ers.......... O ther em ployees............. N um ber of estab lish m ents. 12 30 38 A ver N um age A ver ber of full age em tim e earn ploy- h o u rs ings per ees. per week. hour. 891 498 793 38 987 25 274 36 1,198 28 541 18 2,030 56. 6 $0.752 59.8 .571 59.6 .627 57.4 55.6 56.4 55. 9 61.6 .820 .865 .772 .675 .659 Pipe lines. Engineers a n d pum pers. F irem en............................. Gaugers, delivery m en, a nd oil receivers___ Laborers............................ L in em e n ....................... Line w alk ers.................... Oilers.................................. Telegraph o p erato rs___ 10 1,734 32 1,074 57.2 $0. 748 55. 7 .597 39 1,303 41 11,174 22 237 39 555 12 296 642 26 58.9 54. 7 59. 5 62.5 51.1 56.0 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis .774 .531 .652 .582 .711 .676 T eam sters......................... T ruck d riv ers.................. Repairers (mechanics): C arpenters..................... M achinists..................... O ther m echanics......... R ep airers’ helpers.......... O ther em ployees............. L975] 14 24 132 263 60.1 10.541 57.0 .635 29 24 .30 18 29 427 173 930 236 467 56. 4 54.9 53.5 57. 7 .852 .838 .726 .711 .684 M ONTHLY 52 LABOR R E V IE W . * Ar11? t?ttt t TTTVTV TTOURS P E E W E E K A N D A V E R A G E E A R N IN G S P E R B O U R IN A T H E APEETR 0LEU M ^ m D U S T R Y I N T H E U N IT E D S T A T E S , B Y O C C U PA T IO N S, 1920Concluded. Refineries. O ocupation. N u m '■Jum b e r of Îper of e s ta b em lis h ploym ents. ees. iv e rage fu ll tim e lours per week. I Aver age earn ings p er hour. O ccupation. 26 11 145 C61 55.6 50.671 54. 7 .617 43 18 432 84 57.7 56.1 .806 .784 80 3,532 234 53 150 14 8 2 55 9 384 31 70 1,087 19 4 447 30 36 11 53.5 55.2 52.8 52.5 51.9 53.1 53.5 56.0 54.0 48.9 .753 .692 .728 .606 .744 .790 .782 .689 .742 .774 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis A ver age earn ings per hour. 85 14 25 6 80 1,205 54.9 .819 55.8 1.007 54.2 . S99 60 1,331 123 25 13« 29 5 1 35 9 74 234 191 36 293 28 24 6 53.7 53.5 52. 9 49.0 53.0 55.3 52.2 52.7 53.9 .793 .799 .621 . 560 .573 .824 .756 .864 .688 14 96 48.4 .677 3-' 238 5S 68 1 49.0 49.2 44. C 49. 50.3 44. ( 48. 47.4 52. 48. 50. . 528 .660 .383 .780 .673 .502 .662 .419 .627 . 613 .705 2 1 63 2 1 11( 17 26 1 5 47.9 $0. 911 50.8 .698 59.4 1. 055 54.0 1.012 60.2 .833 51.1 .629 52.0 .590 Engineers, ra ilro a d . . . . F irem en ........................... Team sters a n d d riv e rs. T rac k m e n ......................... Miscellaneous labor, maintenance, and repair. Filling, packing, and shipping. ( F .) ............................. F illers............................. Fillers ( F .) ................... .. In sp ecto rs..................... N ailers........................... .. Nailers ( F .) ................... Packers.......................... Packers ( F .) ................. Tank-car loaders......... T esters..................... W eighers....................... A ver age full tim e hours per week. Transportation, railroad, motor, and team. Refining. Clay roasters....... Coal passers a n d a Engineers an d chillerm e n ................... E iiterers............... Firem en a n d assistant engineers............... G augers..................... H olders...................... Molders ( F .) ............. Oilers.......................... Pressm en................... P u m p m e n ............... Press ru n n ers........... P u m p m en ’s helpers R ep a irm en ................ R eto rt, a c id ,a n d kei m e n . - ..................... S till inspectors......... Stillm en..................... A ssistant s t i l l m e n , chargers, a n d hea ' u p ......................... Sw eaterm en........... T esters..................... Testers ( F .) ............ T esters’ a ssistan ts. T rea te rs................... T reaters’ h elp ers... W ater te n d e rs----W ater purifiers— N u m N um b e r of ber of estab em lish p loy m ents. ees. B lacksm iths..................... B oilerm akers................... B oilerm akers’ h elpers... B ricklayers a nd m asons. C arpenters............... ......... Coopers.............................. Crane operators a nd conductors.................... Crane riggers.................. . D riving-m achine oper a to rs.............................. E lectricians.................... H elpers............................. L aborers.......................... Laborers (E .)................. Lead b u rn e rs................. M achinists........... .......... P a in te rs...... .................... P ip e-fitters..................... Pipe fitters’ helpers— Pro p erty keepers.......... P ro p erty keepers ( F .) . T in sm ith s ....................... W e ld e rs '......................... O ther m echanics........... 179 1,154 2,536 59& 997 239 87 204 251 2,272 11,243 29 50 813 409 1,025 3,220 87 47.9 .866 48.1 .996 47.6 .741 47.9 1.119 47.8 .897 49.0 .791 53.6 48.4 49.6 .652 .917 .665 .577 .500 1.028 .906 .713 .857 .689 .694 .519 .874 .897 . 770 54.6 46. 5 48.0 57.6 52. 0 44.4 . 624 .408 .880 .628 .704 .431 45.7 48.7 48.2 49.0 48.5 48.0 49.4 48.8 50. 7 49.0 47.2 47.3 60 .866 .761 Guarding, etc. J a n ito rs ....................... Jan ito rs ( F .) ................... R o u n d sm e n ................... W atch m e n ..................... O ther em ployees........... O ther employees (F .).. [976] WAGES AND H O U R S OF LABOR, 53 Wage Changes of Railroad Employees in Recent Years. WO tables are here presented. The figures of Table 1 are all drawn from reports issued by the Interstate Commerce Com mission and apply to Class I railroads. The wage compilation made by the commission for years prior to 1915 were on a daily basis with no accompanying figures as to hours worked. It will be noted that some of the classes are reported on an hourly basis in 1915 and on a daily basis thereafter. This should be borne in mind in any use of the averages at the bottom of the table. The figures presented in Table 2 apply to railroads of Class I and were obtained from the following sources: Columns 1, 2, 3, 4, 8, and 9 were copied from figures furnished by the Bureau of Railway Economics. All of the other col umns were taken from reports of the Interstate Commerce Commission, columns 10, 11, 12, 13, 15, 16, 17, and 18 beinocopies oi figures as published by the commission. Columns 5, 6, and 7 were computed by dividing the average number of employees reported by the commission into the total compensation for the year as reported by the com mission, thus obtaining the average compensation per employee. Column 14 was computed by dividing one-twelfth of the aggregate hours or days worked during the year by the average number of employees, thus obtaining the monthly average of days or hours worked per employee. It will be noted that this fast computation discloses some excessive average days which Posslbly may be accounted for by overtime credited, lh e average annual compensation is shown for 1915, 1916, 1917, 1918, 1919, the first quarter of 1920 before the wTage increase awarded m July, and for the last quarter of 1920, which includes the abovementioned increase. b or the year 1915, 20 large carriers did not report data for em ployees, lienee the number of employees for that year is not shown J bf table shows employees in 1916, 1918, and for the four quarters of 1920. JNo data are available for average number of days or hours worked per month for years prior to 1918. Column 6 shows what the average annual compensation would be under the wage rates of the first quarter. It is obtained by multiplying the average quarterly eornpeiisatioii by 4. Tlie same explanation applies to column 7. T https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis tW T ] Cu 14^ T a b l e 1 . —A V E R A G E H O U R L Y C O M PE N SA TIO N O F R A IL R O A D E M PL O Y E E S , 1915-1920. r f. Occupation. Y ear I ending June 30, I 1915. C alendar year 1920.2 Calendar year— 1917 1916 1918 1919 F irst quarter. Second quarter. T hird quarter. F ourth quarter. $2,517 .691 1.197 .523 .416 1 $20.841 1 5.679 H I. 190 1 5.023 .428 1 $20.452 I 5. 618 1 11.074 1 5.138 .428 ! $18,017 I 6. 203 1 11. 315 1 6.296 .505 1 $16.093 1 6. 652 1 10. 765 1 7.026 .536 1 $17. 263 1 6. 767 1 10. 656 1 7.033 .567 1 $18. 987 1 6.734 1 10. 771 1 7.005 .573 1 $19.113 1 7. 088 1 11. 502 1 7. 683 .697 1 $18. 577 1 6. 725 1 11. 343 1 7. 612 .701 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. Clerks, below $900 per annum (except No. 37)............ Messengers and a tte n d a n ts............................................. A ssistant engineers an d d raftsm en ................................. M. W . & S. foremen (excluding Nos. 10 an d 28)......... Section forem en.................................................................... .224 .140 .404 .329 .233 .235 1 1.381 1 3. 487 . 335 .237 .241 1 1.502 1 3. 698 i 3. 552 1 2.592 .284 1 2.213 1 4. 593 1 4. 782 1 3.569 .303 1 2.595 1 5. 500 i 5.680 1 3. 935 .322 1 2.718 1 5.991 1 6.028 1 4. 258 .325 1 2.750 1 5.980 1 6.130 1 4.537 .358 1 3.332 I 6. 958 1 7. 385 1 5. 837 . 355 1 3. 357 1 7. 148 I 7. 206 1 5. 444 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. General foremen, M. E. d ep artm en t............................... Gang a n d other foremen, M. E. d ep artm e n t................ M achinists................................................................- ........... B o ilerm ak ers........................................................................ B lack sm ith s.......................................................................... .429 .347 . 387 .386 .372 1 4.480 .358 .410 .409 .393 1 4.274 1 3. 661 .462 .462 .4-16 1 7.313 1 6. 471 .728 .724 .712 1 8. 634 1 7.083 .745 .752 .737 1 8. 645 1 7. 278 .783 .792 .769 1 8. 556 i 7.167 .764 .776 .761 1 9. 941 1 8. 429 .895 .910 .882 1 9.965 1 8. 474 .898 .910 .883 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. Masons an d b ricklay ers..................................................... Structural-iron w orkers..................................................... C arpenters............................................................................ P ainters and upholsterers................................................. Electricians........................................................................... .279 . 322 .276 .297 .285 .315 .327 .290 .309 .288 .327 .357 .322 .347 1 3.073 .486 .511 .509 .558 1 5.109 .610 .722 .618 .667 1 5.945 .624 .719 .642 .693 1 6.211 .627 . 711 .643 .682 1 6.068 .756 .861 .775 .802 1 7.094 .762 .846 .775 .812 1 7.150 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. A ir-brake m e n ........................................................'............. Car inspectors....................................................................... Car repairers.......................................................................... O ther skilled laborers......................................................... M echanics’ helpers and apprentices............................... .266 .232 .265 .283 .227 .286 .247 .284 .305 .238 .327 .289 .338 .345 .276 .580 .572 . 555 .561 .453 .698 .695 .682 .698 .490 .749 .732 .719 .724 .515 .724 .722 .704 .712 .511 .852 .854 .839 .838 .635 .858 .864 .835 .843 .640 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. Section m e n ........ ................................................ : ............... O ther unskilled laborers...............................- ................... Forem en of construction gangs a n d w ork train s — . O ther m en in construction gangs an d w ork tr a in s . . . Traveling agents and solicitors........................................ .150 . 182 .275 . 168 .567 .164 . 194 .283 .181 1 4. 974 . 192 .224 .309 .206 1 5.188 .288 .336 .451 .310 1 5. 871 .383 .426 .576 .405 1 6. 800 .382 .445 .621 .421 1 6. 952 .401 .450 .622 .430 1 7. 224 .485 .537 .770 .518 1 8.096 .472 .541 .763 .506 1 8.117 31. Em ployees in outside agencies........................................ 32. O ther traffic em ployees.................................................... 33. T rain dispatchers a n d directors...................................... 34. Telegraphers, telephoners, and block operators.......... FRASER 35. Telegraphers and telephoners operating interlockers. .387 .423 .528 .264 .287 .398 .480 .556 .282 .302 1 3. 490 1 4.391 .594 .310 .323 1 4.744 1 4.960 .791 .430 .444 1 5.556 1 6.645 .960 .578 .597 1 5. 722 1 7.178 1.019 .583 .609 1 6.047 1 7. 235 1.031 .579 .585 1 7.193 1 7. 811 1.162 .673 .683 1 7.468 1 7.968 1.161 .677 .684 Digitized for https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis M O N T H L Y LABOR R E V IE W . General officers, $3,000 per annum a n d u p w ard .......... General officers, below $3,000 per a n n u m ..................... Division officers, $3,000 per annum a n d u p w a rd ........ Division officers, below $3,000 per a n n u m .................... Clerks, $900 per an n u m a n d upw ard (except No. 37). [978] 1. 2. 3. 45. Leverm en (nontelegraphers)........ Telegrapher-clerks. . . A gent-telegraphers.......... Statio n agents (nontelegraphers). Statio n m asters a n d assistan ts. . . 41. 42. 43. 44. 45. Statio n service employees (except Nos. 5, 6 , 37, 38, Y ardm asters___ Y ardm asters' assistants (not y ard clerks). Y ard engineers and m o to rm e n ... Y ard firem en an d h elp ers.. 46. 47. 48. 49. 50. Y ard conductors (o rforem en).. Y ard brakem en (sw itchm en or helpers) . Y ard sw itch te n d e rs........ O ther y ard employees__ H o stlers. . . . 51. 52. 53. 54. 55. Engine-house m e n . . . . . R oad freight engineers and m o to rm en .. R oad freight firem en and helpers. R oad freight conductors......... R oad freight brakem en and flagmen . 56. 57. 58. 59. 60. R oad R oad R oad R oad R oad 61. 62. 63. 64. 65. 213 . nr. zo4A ooo . zoo 1 Z. 9 O AK OO Z IO Q. óìtó QQ9 . Z44 . 276 • 260 1 2. 799 1 3. 486 .203 4. 440 267 AQA • 404 979 . Z/Z A 400 Ada 11 4. . 535 . 338 gSfi .349 1§8 lfi7 • OOt) 353 . 197 . lOi 9KG . zoy 176 .598 2K9 4Q8 '.336 294. 9^3 Sflfi 39, 40, and 66) .187 .357 .398 . 383 1 3. 629 1 4. 636 .226 .328 1 4 .7 9 4 1 6 . 578 1 6 . 074 .542 . 569 . 607 1 5. 052 1 5. 524 .543 .577 .594 ■ 5.229 1 5. 713 .543 .564 .586 1 5. 198 i 5.783 . 634 .664 .689 ‘ 5. 978 1 6 . 791 .641 .670 .691 1 6.034 1 6 . 829 .464 i 8. 317 7. 400 .777 .575 .570 1 9. 625 i 8. 745 .939 .734 1 1 .670 . 462 .427 8.161 7.199 . 744 . 547 . 474 . 433 . 223 . 176 . 311 .628 .584 . 324 .286 . 484 . 681 .637 . 509 .389 .571 .690 . 651 .513 .437 .576 .706 .666 .530 .445 .581 .901 .845 .653 .552 .731 .903 .838 .642 .557 .742 CQ . 1loo 610 qqi . OaI . «JUU 335 . 218 . Am oyi 147 . 44/ . o64 qqi . ooi .328 . 812 . 595 . 694 . 530 . 434 .922 .677 .763 .584 .443 1.029 .752 .844 . 649 .452 1.017 .743 .830 .641 .551 1.173 .895 .968 .780 .556 1.181 .906 .989 .796 .824 .506 fifiQ .364 .381 .899 560 710 409 .401 . Oli c7±4 KAO . coy . 7Q7 tot 419 . 41Z 4.91 . ttZl . 992 . 705 . 848 . 549 . 564 1.164 .855 . 966 .672 .671 1.184 .898 . 975 .688 . 675 1.193 .881 .975 .689 .672 1.330 1.036 1.122 .840 .829 O ther road tra in em ployees.. Crossing flagmen a n d g atem en . . . D raw bridge operators.. F loating equipm ent em ployees... Express service em ployees. . . 1.349 1.047 1.132 .855 .836 .291 .115 ms ! 214 .176 286 120 173 931 .096 1 | ^93 1 1. 738 9K9 . zoz . 145 . 400 1 2. 299 1 2. 801 . 346 .197 1 1 .533 2. 655 3. 303 .499 . 560 1 2.654 1 3. 328 . 487 .674 1 1 .562 2. 683 3.424 .548 1 1 66. Policem en and watchm en 67. O th er transportation em ployees.. 68. A ll other employees.. A ll classes for which h o urly p a y is shown A ll classes for which d aily p ay is shown .191 .203 ma .270 2 140 .207 188 .275 1 4. 411 * 2. 377 11K x19Z. HO 1 1. 960 .318 1* Q QQ/1 O.OOT 1 1 3.155 1 3. 342 2. 489 1 1 1 4. 097 3. 748 3. 000 .553 ! 5.124 1 4.049 1 3. 971 1 3.133 (3) (3) i 4. 361 1 4.179 i 3.332 (3) (3) 1 passenger engineers and m otorm en passenger firem en and helpers__ passenger conductors....... passenger baggagem en. passenger brakem en a n d flagmen . 1 .368 42a 261 i 1 4 1 1 1 1 .452 8. 261 7.158 .770 .570 1 .669 3. 203 4.046 .609 1 5.087 i 4.943 3. 675 (3) (3) 1 1 .560 9. 573 8.665 .948 .743 .659 3.256 4.167 .610 t 5. 023 4. 983 3. 805 (3) (s) 1 1 WAGES AND H O U R S OF LABOR. [9791 36. 37. 38. 39. 40. i Average compensation per day for employees renorted on d aily basis. a 5 “ 1eom nutedWarded Ju ly 1 retroaetive 't o Ma^ 1 is no t included in the figures for the second quarter. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis cn O ’! T able 2 .—A V E R A G E A N N U A L C O M PE N SA T IO N O F R A IL R O A D E M P L O Y E E S , A V E R A G E N U M B ER E M P L O Y E D , AND A V E R A G E N U M B ER O F D A Y S OR H O U R S W O R K E D P E R M ONTH. Average an n u a l compensation. Class of employees. C alendar year- Y ear end- lu n e 30, 1915.2 1916 Í 066 J General officers,® ,000 per an num aftd upw ard. G eneral officers, below $3,000 per a n n u m ....... Division officers, $3,000 p er a n n u m an d upw a rd ..................................................................... D ivision officers, below $3,000 p e t a n n u m __ ^ Clerks, 8900 p e r a n n u m an d u p w a rd ............... § Clerks, below $900 per a n n u m ........................... " Messengers a n d a tte n d a n ts ................................. A ssistant engineers and. d raftsm en .................. M. W . & S. forem en.............................. .............. Section forem en.......................................... ......... G eneral forem en, M. E . d e p a rtm e n t............... Gang a n d otherforem en, M, E . d e p a rtm e n t.. M achinists.............................................................. B o ilerm ak ers........................................................ B lacksm iths........................................................... Masons an d b rièk iav ëfs...................................... S tructural-iron w orkers...................................... C a rp e n te rs............................................................. P ain ters an d U pholsterers.................................. E lectricians...................... ................................... A ir-brakem eii,___, .............................................. Car in sp ecto rs....................................................... Car re p a ire rs......................................................... O ther skilled lab o rers.......................................... M echanics’ helpers a n d ap p ren tices................. Section m e n ............................................. .■........... O ther Unskilled laborers..................................... Forem en of construction gangs a n d 'work FRASER tra in s .................................................................. Digitized for https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 2 1918 3 4 6 1,016 Calen dar vear, 1918. 1st quar ter. 2d q u a r ter. 3d q u a r ter. 4th q u a r ter. 10 11 13 13 8 9 3,988 3,366 4,895 3,359 6,045 2,256 6,774 2,022 7,237 1,809 3,994 2,654 1,758 830 1,096 2, 295 2, 335 1,767 3,515 2,883 2,297 2,369 2,166 1,773 1,966 1,885 1,911 2,310 2,218 2,442 2,070 2,173 1,629 1,182 1,371 1,144 8,926 65,700 100,800 8,304 10,432 7,549 40,242 1,476 16,651 37,947 12,201 7,833 1,261 759 50,670 10,940 8,677 5,699 18,298 65,624 48,504 79,948 253,577 102,636 1,903 9,777 147,404 58,734 9,200 10,776 8,417 41,018 1,556 19,347 46,365 14,302 8,891 1,541 797 54,725 11,166 10,980 6,385 21,735 72,777 56,86C 98,132 261,701 116,887 6,050 7,449 231,244 3,654 11,052 10,217 8,148 41,522 1,859 25,488 64,861 20,504 10,807 1,040 586 51,998 12,223 14,460 8,064 26,349 89,239 59,733 129,757 255,526 120,460 6,499 7,113 234,768 3,716 11,219 10,335 8,436 42,189 1,876 25,573 63,944 20,396 10,951 1,133 636 52,009 13,632 14,706 7,977 26,769 87,944 60,279 129,290 292,343 117,733 7,935 5,892 244,854 2,703 11,735 11,008 8,784 42,776 1,930 25,909 65,364 20,888 11,241 1,253 791 55,727 15,572 15,469 8,160 27,041 93,478 61,850 138,153 341,560 129,093 930 1,032 1,442 1,539 1,807 2,137 2,501 2,521 1,497 1,761 1,927 7 $6,481 $6,775 $6,754 $6,363 $5,359 $5,702 $6,403 1,730 1,823 1,797 1,920 2,058 2,117 2,242 3,788 1,767 1,136 650 434 1,121 1,107 772 1,533 1,167 1,030 1,076 927 789 89S 768 758 941 812 887 751 855 607 454 560 Calendar year, 1920 Calen dar vear, 1st 4th 1916. 1919 quar quar ter. ter. 5 3,765 1,772 1,190 682 471 1,125 1,132 816 1,574 1,232 1,205 1,230 1,083 930 1,031 858 857 957 942 973 826 936 676 509 609 3,842 1,858 1,227 681 514 1,145 1,197 885 1,061 1,352 1,394 1,425 1,258 933 1,014 939 950 1,030 1,086 1,141 993 1,065 822 601 695 4,059 2,220 1,445 689 759 1,473 1,676 1,255 2,659 2,308 2,358 2,395 2,100 1,300 1,424 1,492 1,573 1,728 1,837 2,204 1,718 1,737 1,406 864 1,040 3,897 2,399 1,379 693 861 1,719 1,859 1,320 3,016 2,415 1,878 1,950 1,759 1,384 1.720 1,482 1,551 1,922 1,821 1,959 1,699 1,764 1,240 944 1,085 3,695 2,357 1,427 749 886 1,882 1,960 1,409 3,039 2,453 2,077 2,148 1,941 1,463 1,744 1,558 1,672 2,004 2,007 2,088 1,809 1,908 1,345 954 1,135 A verage num ber of hours worked per m onth. Average num ber of employees— A Calendar year, 1920. Cal end ar 4th year, 1st 2d 3d 1918. quar q u a r q u a r q u a r ter. ter. ter. ter. 14 15 16 17 18 7,674 127.8 i 27.5 i 27.9 128.0 i 28.7 1,482 126.4 i 26.1 127.5 i 27. 4 i 27. 8 9,250 4,834 243,965 1,879 11,533 10,804 8,449 42,164 1,914 26,091 66,127 20,887 10,997 1,210 715 52,459 13,201 15,247 8,194 26,923 90,127 60,526 159,298 276,829 121,197 130.2 i 29. 4 239.0 202.0 128.7 i 26.7 129.2 129.3 130.3 i 29.7 270.0 276.0 246.0 223.0 232.0 244.0 235.0 i 28.2 264.0 321.0 258.0 258.0 258.0 250.0 258.0 128.9 127.9 210.0 194. 0 127.2 126.2 127.1 127.6 129.3 128.1 221.0 226.0 210.0 196.0 202.0 2Ü2.0 201.0 i 26.9 223.0 238.0 210.0 220.0 218.0 208.0 212.0 129.0 i 29.0 210.0 188.0 i 27.7 126.5 127.7 128.1 i 29.5 i 28.7 218.0 223.0 210.0 206.0 210.0 213.0 205.0 i 26.8 219.0 235.0 211.0 218.0 217.0 224.0 215'. 0 129.2 i 29. 2 210.0 192.0 127.3 126.6 127.8 i 28. 8 129.1 i 28. 6 218.0 222.0 211.0 214.0 203.0 218.0 208.0 i 26.9 224.0 238.0 219.0 221.0 219.0 232.0 220.0 i 29. 3 129.1 209.0 195. 0 i 27. 2 i 26.8 i 27.0 i 27.0 i 29.4 i 28.4 213.0 217.0 204.0 194.0 194.0 203.0 196.0 i 26.9 215.0 235.0 206.0 215.0 212.0 209.0 211.0 1,701 267.0 243.0 247.0 255.0 233.0 ■ MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW. 1 1917 E q u iv a len t average a n n u al com pensa tion, 1920, based on— Policem en and W atchmen................................. O ther tran sp o rtatio n em ployees...................... A ll oth er employees............................................. Averages and to ta ls .................................. i D ays. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 2 516 1,495 980 960 1,606 556 1,567 1,042 1,195 1,721 800 859 822 731 797 828 937 1,095 605 1,584 1,428 1,528 916 1,358 1,169 720 622 976 684 1,846 1,136 1,589 1,036 2,141 1,287 1,850 1.049 1,026 840 476 666 775 870 777 831 860 952 1,184 657 1,624 1,551 1,613 988 1,423 1,198 756 561 1,055 722 1,852 1,126 1,617 1,052 2,124 1,297 1,877 1,098 1,031 789 491 703 892 713 634 610 830 625 1,640 1,065 1,330 1,801 1,367 2,714 2,331 2,533 3,134 37,604 5,914 1,846 628 4,807 33,264 3,083 1,293 667 5,406 20,598 1,811 1,020 405 5,944 24,191 3,556 1,185 402 6,041 32,184 3,865 1,272 440 6,256 25,623 4,304 1,360 396 6,144 917 1,223 1,594 1,619 1,879 19,499 21,896 21,917 22,005 22,380 22,206 237.0 232.0 230.0 231.0 231.0 956 851 892 948 1,039 1,292 710 1,802 1,705 1,791 1,094 1,585 1,327 846 667 1,244 835 2,108 1,275 1,855 1,202 2,233 1,354 i;966 1,175 1,094 817 535 761 928 915 1,562 1,487 1, 555 2,389 1,314 1,214 1,238 1,319 1,334 1,619 996 2,451 2,307 2,050 1,368 1,911 1,673 1,151 985 1,837 1,258 2 ,49'4 1,686 2,269 1,646 2,527 1,737 2,273 1,577 1,512 1,083 893 1,116 1,268 969 2,134 1,695 2^ 143 2,745 1,659 1,538 1,591 1,754 1,752 1,253 1,138 2,922 2,497 2,108 1,510 1,902 1,686 1,488 1,120 1,685 1,314 2,658 1,840 2,314 1,727 2,999 2,154 2,648 1,881 1,789 1,437 966 1,204 1,607 1,132 2.212 1,782 2,226 2,777 1,711 1,557 1,611 1,693 1,803 1,992 1,180 2,936 2,582 2,329 1,694 2,056 1,853 1,457 1,243 1,724 1,317 3,161 2,183 2, 696 2,027 3,043 2,222 2,669 1,92S 1,790 1,570 948 1,194 1,612 1,947 1,856 1,893 1.978 2,073 2,471 1,438 3,436 3,078 2,750 2,107 2,604 2,319 1,824 1,567 2,172 1,624 3,564 2 ,56C 3,156 2,458 3,427 2 ,60C 3,098 2,359 2,212 1,854 1,173 1,521 1,825 807 896 1,134 1,496 1,441 1,822 676 846 1,-130 1,240 1,312 1,649 622 870 1,006 1,053 1,276 663 892 1,004 1,419 1,482 1,596 1,908 7,743 7,607 8,264 8,149 8,246 8,339 3,542 3,367 3,916 3,995 3,665 3,901 10,712 11.411 12,314 12,686 12,628 12,193 19,493 19,512 19,634 19,866 19,730 19,591 14,367 14,722 13,882 13,923 13,844 13,806 577 645 635 618 636 631 108,851 113,549 125,566 121,282 126,963 116,968 3,502 4,036 4,481 4,464 4,279 4,258 2,164 3,217 3,606 3.466 3,867 3,847 15,878 21,310 21,684 23,226 23,242 23,545 21,979 16,190 23,821 21,758 23,608 23,577 22,535 15,362 20,823 22,831 19,247 23,146 40,175 46,862 56,523 53,790 57,380 56,767 4,872 6,804 5,119 6,401 5,597 6,661 4,060 5,051 4,277 4,952 4,982 5,071 7,213 9,229 12,299 12,282 12,295 12,050 63,652 72,904 75,640 76,972 50,313 77,402 34,542 31, 675 34,990 35,280 32,131 33,625 36,914 38,102 37,962 33,637 33,845 35,953 27,679 28,165 28,411 25,430 26,180 27,603 63,285 69,048 64,229 69,491 71,093 67,757 12,750 12,942 13,439 13,219 13,429 12,801 12,973 12,41S 13,131 12,396 12,578 12,816 10,484 10,633 10,654 11,169 11,073 10,747 5,371 5,618 5,574 5,919 5,883 5,598 14,423 16,547 14,800 15,382 15,665 16,300 3,637 3,512 3,611 3,710 3,329 3,656 23,635 16,936 23,531 15,956 23,156 23,123 1,424 1,742 1,313 1,652 1,587 1,691 10,385 11,407 10,318 11,513 9,430 11,729 12 1 13,145 8,372 13,506 12,565 12,164 13,809 6,057 5,562 6,243 5,147 5,504 5,489 26,282 18,297 19,131 19,881 21,782 21,601 1,647,097 1,841,575 1,993,524 2,004,760 2,157,989 2,060,368 D ata for 1915 excludes 20 large carriers not reporting d a ta in regard to employees. 246.0 122.2 i 26.1 i 26.1 252.0 224.0 126.5 126.0 125.8 227.0 235.0 127.6 126.1 i 26.1 226.0 246.0 283.0 259.0 287.0 130.6 129,1 258.0 131.0 i 31.7 255.0 247.0 254.0 239.0 298.0 287.0 316.0 320.0 256.0 236.0 272.0 259. 0 213.0 205.0 224.0 239.0 223.0 225.0 i 32. 4 i 33.2 306.0 136.0 i 30.0 i 28.2 129.2 234.0 239.0 233.0 238.0 128.7 129.0 217.0 129.6 130.0 252.0 248.0 248.0 237. 0 237.0 237.0 250.0 248.0 256.0 242.0 266.0 260.0 214.0 211.0 228.0 234.0 221.0 233.0 i 29.8 i 30.0 275.0 224.0 129.6 i 27.5 12S.0 234.0 238. 0 233.0 238,0 128.5 129.1 21S.0 129.8 i 29.5 244.0 239.0 245.0 239.0 242.0 232.0 244.0 247.0 243.0 232,0 257.0 250.0 210.0 206.0 227.0 233.0 220.0 234.0 i 29. 7 i 31.2 270.0 (3) (3) (3) 3 N ot com puted. 239.0 127.2 125.5 126.7 229.0 237.0 241.0 235.0 239.0 128.8 130.1 223.0 130.3 129.5 253.0 217.0 254.0 243.0 241.0 236.0 249.0 250.0 259.0 245.0 275.0 269. 0 217.0 211.0 233.0 235.0 225.0 239.0 1 30.3 i 30.2 262.0 225.0 127.9 126.0 128.5 225.0 237.0 241.0 236.0 239.0 128.6 130.2 214.0 1 29.9 1 29.6 242.0 236.0 240.0 230.0 237.0 234.0 244. 0 243.0 252.0 235.0 266.0 258.0 212.0 207.0 228.0 230.0 221.0 234.0 130.0 1 30.4 249.0 i 30.3 1 30.3 1 30.2 i 27.8 1 2 8 .6 127.6 >28.2 128.1 1 2 8 . 0 (3) C3) WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR. [981] O ther m en in construction gangs and work tra m s ................................................................... Traveling agents and solicitors......................... Em ployées in outside agencies......................... O ther traffic em ployees...................................... T rain dispatchers a n d directors....................... Telegraphers, te le p h o n es, a n d block operato rs ....................................................................... Telegraphers an d te le p h o n e s operating interloekers............................................................ Leverm en (nontelegraphers)..................... . Telegrapher-clerks................................................ Agent-telegraphers.............................................. Station agents (nontelegraphers)..................... S tatio n m asters and a ssistan ts.......................... S tatio n service em ployees.................................. y a rd m a sters......................................................... Y ard m aster’s assistants...................................... Y ard engineers an d m otorm en......................... Y ard firem en an d h elp ers.................................. Y a rd conductors (or forem en).......................... Y ard b rak em en (sw itchm en or h elp ers)........ Y a rd sw itch ten d ers............................................ O ther y a rd em ployees........................................ H ostlers.................................................................. E n g in e house m e n ............................................... R oad freight engineers a n d m otorm en........... R oad freight firem en a n d helpers..................... R oad freig h t conductors..................................... R oad freight brakem en an d flagm en............... R oad passenger engineers and m otorm en___ R oad passenger firem en a n d helpers............... R oad passenger conductors.___t ..................... R oad passenger baggagem en............................. R oad passenger brakem en and flagm en......... O ther road tra in em ployees............................... Crossing flagmen and g àtem en.......................... D raw bridge o perators......................................... Floating equipm ent employees........................ MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW. 58 Union Wage Rates per Hour of Street Railway Motormen and Con ductors on December 31,1920. HE following table shows the union rates of wages per hour as of December 31, 1920, for motormen and conductors on street and interurban railways in the United States having agreements with the union. . The information is taken from the wage survey of 1920, published in The Motorman and Conductor, the official journal of the Amal gamated Association of Street and Electric Railway Employees of America. The rates given are for both motormen and conductors unless otherwise specified and apply during the full periods stated except as noted. The highest rate reported is continued during all succeeding years of service. T U N IO N W A G E R A T E S P E R H O U R O F S T R E E T R A IL W A Y M O T O R M EN A N D CONDUC T O R S, D EC. 31, 1920. R ate a t beginning of- C ity a n d State. Second year. F irst year. F irst Second T hird Fo u rth 3 nr os. 3 mos. 3 mos. 3 mos. Cts. Cts. 50 48 A berdeen, W ash.1....................... A kron, Ohio: 59 59 C ity lines................................ 60 60 K en t-R av en n a division__ 58 56 A lbany, N . Y ............................... 65 65 Albion, M ich................................ Alliance, Ohio: 52 52 City lin e s ............................... 55 55 In te ru r b a n ............................. Alton, 111.: 5S City lin e s ............................... 60 In te ru rb a n ............................. 57.5 55 A ltoona, P a.2................................ 50 50 A m esbury, Mass....... •................. 71 68 A nn A rbor, M ich......................... <45 45 A shtabula, Ohio.......................... 46 44 A tlan ta, G a ................................... A tlan tic C ity, N . J.: 50 50 C ity lines................................ 52 52 Ocean C ity d iv isio n............ 48 A sheville, N . C.2.......................... 48 A uburn, Me.5................................ A uburn, N . Y.: 56 C ity lines................................ 62 In te ru rb an lin e s................... 65 Freight a n d express service A u b u rn a n d P o rt B yron 58 56 division............................. 50.5 48 A ugusta, Me.6............................. B artonville, 111.: 85 68 M otormen, passenger........ 87.5 68 Conductors, passenger----88 68 M otormen, freig h t.............. 60 60 B attle Creek, M ich.................... 50 50 B ay C ity, Mich.2........................ 67 63 B eaver Falls, P a ........................ 70 Belleville, 111.6............................. 52 52 B ellingham , W ash.1.................. 45.25 45.25 B ennington, V t ................ ........ 48 48 Bloomington, 111......................... 40 40 Boise, Id a h o ................................ 1 4 cents per hour added for one-m an cars. 2 5 cents per hour added for one-m an cars. 3 60 cents for six th year. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Cts. 50 Cts. 50 59 60 58 70 59 60 58 52 55 52 57.5 52 71 47 46 57.5 52 71 47 46 53 55 49 50.5 53 55 49 50. 5 58 58 58 50.5 58 50.5 F irst : Second half. I half. Cts. 52 Cts. 52 T hird year. Cts. 54 F ourth Fifth year. year. Cts. 54 69 56 45.25 48 42 [982] 60 56 56 56 50.87 47.32 47.32 45.25 54 50 50 48 47 44 44 42 <47 cents after fourth m onth. 6 7 cents per hour added for one-man car. 6 7J cents per hour added for one-m an car. Cts. 3 58 59 WAGES AiSTD HOURS OF LABOR. U N IO N W A G E R A T E S P E R H O U R O F S T R E E T R A IL W A Y M O T O R M EN AN D CONDUC T O R S, D EC . 31, 1920—C ontinued. R ate a t beginning of— C ity an d State. F irst year. F irst Second T h ird F o u rth 3 mos. 3 mos. 3 mos. 3 mos. Second year. F irst half. Second half. T hird year. F ourth Fifth year. year. Boston, Mass.: Cts. Cts. Cts. Cts. Cts. Cts. Cts. Cts. Cts. Surface lines 7........................ 58 64 64 64 70 R apid -tran sit lines, m otorm e n ...................................... 66 66 66 72 R apid -tran sit lines, gu ard s. 62 63 63 63 65 Bowling Green, O h io................. 47 49.5 49.5 49.5 53 Bridgeport, Conn......................... 54 54 54 54 57 57 60 B rockton, Mass............................ 56 59 59 59 62 Buffalo, N . Y .: In tern atio n al R y . Co.2........ 55 58 58 58 60 Buffal o S outhern R y . C o .. 40 N iagara Gorge R . R . C o .. . 52 (8) (8) (8) (8) D ivision No. 624................... 50 55 55 55 60 B utler, P a .1................................... 62 64 64 64 66 B u tte, M ont.................................. 65 65 68 68 73 Canton, 111................................... 40 C anton, Ohio: Division No. 696................... 64 64 64 64 67 67 70 D ivision No. 702................... 59 59 62 59 59 62 Cedar R ap id s, Io w a .................... 46 45 48 48 50 C entralia, III.................................. 62.5 Cham paign, 111.2.......................... 46 48 48 48 50 Charleroi, P a ................................. 64 67 67 67 69 1 Charleston, S. C.2......................... 51 53 53 53 C harlotte, N . C.2.......................... 43 44 45 46.5 C hattanooga, T e n n ..................... 9 38 42 42 42 46 Chelsea, Mass................................ 56 59 62 59 59 Chicago, 111.: D ivision No. 24110............ 75 78 78 78 80 Division No. 308— R egular m o to rm en___ 82 ! E x tra m o to rm en.......... 76 78 78 78 82 1 R egular conductors___ 77 1 E x tra conductors.......... 75 C incinnati, Ohio: Division No. 627................... 54 57 57 57 59 Division No. 634................... 1 51 54 54 54 56 C larksburg, W . Va.: C ity lines 2............................. 51 51 52 52 53 11 58 62 54 In te ru rb an lin e s ................... 51 52 52 51 03 53 12 57 C leveland, Ohio: Cleveland R y . Co................. 70 73 73 73 75 C. P . & E .a n d C . P . & A. b ra n c h es............................. 57 57 57 60 A kron, B edford, an d Clevela n d b ra n c h ....................... 64 64 64 64 67 67 70 C linton, Io w a................................ 60 60 61 61 63 64 63 Colorado Springs, Colo.5............ 48 51 51 51 53 C olum bia, S. C ..................... ....... 44 52 ...... 48 Columbus, Ohio: Division No. 543, cond u c to rs............................... 53 Division N o .543,m otorm en 58 D ivision N o. 817................... 1 45 48 48 48 50 1 Concord, N . H .2........................... 50 55 55 60 Covington, K y ............................. 54 56.6 56.6 56.6 60 C um berland, "Md......................... 52 1 D alton, P a ..................................... 58 58 58 60 i D anbury, C onn.2......................... 50 50 55 D anville,”111.: Division No. 722................... 45 49 49 49 D ivision N o. 905................... V erm illion H eights lin e___ 60 D avenport, Io w a ......................... 60 60 65 65 70 D ayton, O h io............................... 58 60 60 62 60 1 3 41 14 43 43 43 44 D ecatur, A la ................................. 44 44 44 45 1 4 cents per hour added for one-man cars. 10 2 cents per hour added for n ight cars. 2 5 cents per hour added for one-man cars. 11 62 cents after 30 m onths. 5 7 cents per hour ad d ed for one-m an cars. 12 63 cents after 30 m onths. 13 42 cents for second m o n th ; 43 cents for th ird 715 cents per hour added for one-man cars, m o n th . s $100 per m onth, s 42 cents after second m onth. 14 44 cents for tw e lfth m onth. 44130°—21---- 5 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [0S3] 60 MOlsTTHLY LABOR REVIEW. U N IO N W A G E R A T E S P E R H O U R O F S T R E E T R A IL W A Y M O T O R M EN AN D CONDUC T O R S, D EC . 31, 1920—C ontinued. R ate a t beginning of— Second year. F irst year. C ity a n d State. F irst Second T h ird Fo u rth 3 mos. 3 mos. 3 mos. 3 mos. D ecatur, 111.: T)ivision No T)ivision No. 90fi_ Dor by Oon n D over, 1ST. H .._ ............................ D<i pfAva.t,p.r2 N . .T Fili^abeth, N . J . "Filyria, Ohio E rie, P a .: B uffalo & L ak e E rie T ransport,at,ion Co Olpvpla/nd Ar Drip I t y .. E van sv ille, In d .: D ivision N o. 840................... D ivision No. 8781................ F v e ro tt, W ash J F a irm o n t, W . V a.: C ity linos 2 In te ru rb an lin e s................... Dali R iver, M ass......... Fitohbnrg, M ass.. F lin t, Mieh F o rt Dodge, Io w a ........ F o rt S m ith, Ark.i«...................... F o rt W ayne, I n d __ F ram ingham , Mass.: C ity lin e s .. Concord, M aynard & H udson S t. R v __ F ranld in a n d Oil City, P a .2___ F red on ia, N . Y ............................ F rost burg, M d.: Passenger service................. Freight service.................... G alesburg, 111......... ..................... G alveston, Tex.: C ity lines................................ G alveston & H ouston In teru rb an 2........................... G ary, In d .2................................... G ates, N . Y ................................... G irard ville, P a ............................ Glens F alls, N . Y ........................ G loucester, M ass.......................... G rand Forks, N . D a k ................ G rand H av en , M ich................... G rand Ju n ctio n , Colo.: C ity service............................ In te ru r b a n ............................. G rand R apids, Mich.2................ G reat Falls, M o n t........................ Green B ay , W is........................... Greenville, S . C ........................... G ulfport. Miss.2. .......................... H am ilton, O h io .......................... H a n n ib al j M o............................... H artfo rd , C onn............................. F irst half. Second half. Cts. 50 Cts. Cts. 48 Cts. 48 Cts. 48 54 67 73 44 52. 5 38 53 51 49 54 67 73 44 52. 5 44 53 51 49 54 67 73 44 52.5 44 53 51 49 57 70 75 45 54. 5 50 55 54 53 53 53 54.4 53 53 54.4 53 53 54.4 55 55 55.2 50 46 55 48 55 48 55 48 60 50 47 45 55 47 45 55 48 46 57 48 46 57 51 51 56 55 70 50 39 46 ' 51 51 59 55 73 50 39 46 52 52 59 60 73 52 40 48 Cts. 65 5-1 64 70 44 50 5 38 50 51 49 60 50 50 54. 4 56 60 55. 2 60 49 47 57 49 47 57 50 48 59 51 49 52 52 59 60 73 52 40 48 53 53 62 54 55 ii 56 12 57 62 63 41 51 42 53 43 46 50 48 46. 5 50 52 52 52 55 43 53 55 43 53 55 46 55 60 52 54. 5 46 48 48 48 50 46 48 48 48 50 68 56 50 56 59 42 60 68 59 53 58 59 43 60 68 59 53 58 59 44 60 71 62 35 37.5 58 65 45 43 40 48 35 54 35 37. 5 58 65 46 44 43 48 40 54 35 37. 5 58 46 44 43 48 40 54 60 62 45 65 37. 5 40 60 68 48 45 45 50 45 57 60 57 1 4 cents p e r h o u r added for one-m an cars. 2 5 cents p e r h o u r ad d ed for one-m an cars. 1162 cents after 30 m o n th s. 12 63 cents after 30 m o n th s. 15 Six th year, 49 cents; sev en th y ear, 60 cents; eighth year, 51 cents; n in th year, 52 cents, is 2 cents p er h o u r ad d ed for one-m an cars. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 47 46 75 55 41 51 Cts. 60 60 43 51 55 [984] Cts. 50 50 35 37.5 56 62 45 43 40 46 35 54 Cts. 45 43 51 50 54 65 50 50 56 56 40 57 T hird Fourth Fifth year. year. year. 1548 52 50 45 WAGES AND HOUES OF LABOR. 61 U N IO N W A G E R A T E S P E R H O U R O F S T R E E T R A IL W A Y M O T O R M E N A N D CONDUC T O R S, D EC . 31, 1920—C ontinued. R ate a t beginning of— F irst year. C ity a n d State. F irst Second 3 mos. 3 mos. 1 Tart wick, N . Y .......... H averhill, M ass......... H elena, M ont............... H oboken, N . J ............. H olland, M ich............. H olyoke, M ass............. H o t Springs, A rk ........ H u b b a rd , O hio........ H udson, N . Y .: C ity se n d e e ..................... In te ru rb a n , passenger serv ice............................ In te ru rb a n , freight service. H utchinson, I-Cans..................... H yde P a rk , Mass.......... Ith a c a , N . Y . ........ Jackson, Mich.: C ity lines....................... In te ru r b a n ....................... Jersey City, N . J ........... Joliet, 111 .: C ity lines............... Dellwood P a rk , Lockport, a nd L yons b ra n c h ............ Chicago b ra n c h ............ K alam azoo, Mich............ K ankakee. Ill............... K eyport, N . J ........ L a Crosse, W is .2 .......... L a F a y e tte , I n d ................. Lansford, P a .18............ Lansing, M ich.......... Law rence, M ass......... L eetonia, Ohio: F reight service................ Passenger service............ Lew iston, Me .5 .............. Lexington, K y.: C ity lines........................... In te ru r b a n .................... L im a, Ohio: C ity lines................................ In te ru rb a n ......................... Division No. 852............. L ittle Lock, A rk . 18___ Lowell, M ass................ L y n n , M ass.......................... Macon, G a......... ................... M adison, W is . 1 ................ Manchester, N. 11__ Mansfield, Ohio: City lin e s 6 .......................... Shelby l i n e ....................... Marengo, 111............................ M arietta, Ohio: C ity lines............................ In te ru rb a n .................... M arinette, W is................. M ars, Pa.: Passenger service.............. Freight service............ M arshalltow n, Io w a .............. McAlester, O kla..................... M eadville, P a ....................... Memphis, ’T erm .................. Cts. 38 56 52 50 65 53 45 59. 5 Cts. 38 59 52 53 65 58 45 62.5 T h ird Fo u rth 3 mos 3 mos. Cts. 40 59 52 53 70 58 45 62.5 F irst half. Second half. Cts. 40 59 52 53 Cts. 42 62 Cts. 58 45 62.5 63 47 67.5 55 T hird year. Cts. 45 54 57 47 50 55 54.5 42 56 43 45 59 43 46 59 44 46 59 44 60 65 50 60 65 53 60 70 53 60 62 53 55 62 65 60 35 46 51 34 48 60 56 60 35 48 51 34 48 60 59 60 37 48 52 36 48 60 59 60 37 48 52 36 48 60 59 62 40 50 54 37 50 60 48 48 4S 50.5 48 50.5 48 50. 5 50 53 52 55 44 43 44 43 45 44 45 44 46 45 4n 45 47 48 44 46 46 47 58 56 40 50 50 49 52 52 47 59 59 18 40 50 55 49 52 52 47 59 59 49 52 52 57 60 60 48 62 62 53 54 60 48 55 45 50 55 45 52 57 46 52 57 45 46 40 45 40 40 47 47 42 47 47 42 48 49 45 45 42 47 45 42 47 47 46 52 17 F o u rth Fifth year. year. Cts. ■ 43.5 48 62 45 50 45 46 60 71 73 45 47 43 43 42 42 47 47 1 4 cents per hour added for one-m an cars. 2 5 cents per ho u r added for ono-m an cars. 6 7 cents p e r ho u r ad d ed for one-m an cars 16 2 cents per hour added for one-m an cars. 17 45 cents after first m o n th . https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Second year. 59 59 48 52 20 4 4 52 55 18 6J cents 18 44 cents 20 48 cents 21 55 cents [985] 39 02 62 49 51 50 oZ 45 47.5 54 55 56 62 48 per per per p er hour hour horn ho u r 50 55 57 added for one-m an cars. after fourth m onth. after eig h th m onth. after 30 m onths. 52 Cts. 62 M O N T H L Y LABOE E E V IE W . U N IO N W A G E R A T E S P E R H O U R O F S T R E E T R A IL W A Y M O T O R M E N A N D CO N D U C T O R S , D EC . 31, 1920—C ontinued. R ate a t beginning of— C ity a n d State. Second year. F irst year. F o u rth 3 mos. First half. Second half. Cts. 42 54 39 54 32 56 43 73 37 43 Cts. 42 54 39 54 33 56 43 73 37 43 Cts. 45 57 40 57 35 58 45 75 40 45 Cts. 45 57 41 71 73 55 49 53 71 73 55 49 53 58.5 58.5 62 49 52 53 49 52 53 57 60 55 63 51 54 52 53.2 63 50 53 46 54 63 51 54 52 63 50 53 46 54 51 58 47 57 55 57 55 57 59 61 40 48 40 48 42.5 50 55 46 46 57 46 46 48 57.5 47 48 53 47 48 53 53 53 56 45 53 68 51 47 44 54 45 53 68 51 47 44 54 47.25 55 70 54.5 50 46 57 71 73 52 71 73 52 73 75 55 F irst Second T h ird 3 mos. 3 mos. 3 mos. Cts. Cts. 40 40 M enominee, M ich................... 54 54 M eriden, C o n n........................ 38 38 M eridian, M iss........................ 54 54 M iddletow n, C o n n ................. 31 30 M iddletow n, N . Y ................. 54 56 Missoula, M o n t....................... 43 43 Mobile, A la.1........................... 73 70 Monroe, M ich.......................... 36 36 M ontpelier, V t ........................ 43 40 M orristow n, N. J.2 ................. ¿1 M t. C arm el, P a ....................... M t. Clemens, Mich : 68 71 C ity lin e s .......................... 70 73 In te ru r b a n ....................... 55 55 M uskegon, M ich..................... 48 48 N ashua, N . H .2....................... 53 50 N ew ark, N . J ........................... N ew ark, N . Y .: 56.5 56.5 Passenger service............ 66 F reig h t service................ N ew ark, Ohio: 44 49 C ity lin e s........................... 52 46 In te ru r b a n ....................... 50 53 N ew B runsw ick, N . J ........... 48 N ew burgh, N. Y .2. ................ 63 60 N ew Castle, P a.2.................... 51 51 Newell, W . V a ........................ 54 54 N ew H av en , C onn................. 49 49 N ew O rleans, L a.2................. 50. 8 N ew port, R . I ......................... 60 63 Niles; O hio............................. 49 49 N orristow n, P a ...................... 48 53 N o rth am p to n , M ass.............. 45 45 N orton, M ass.......................... 54 54 N orw alk, C o n n ....................... O akland, Calif.: 55 52 C ity lin es 2........................ 54 57 In te ru r b a n ....................... Ogden, U tah: 40 40 C ity lin e s 2........................ 48 48 In te ru rb a n , passenger lines Olean, N . Y .: 43 M in im u m ....................... M axim um ....................... . 55 53 O m aha, N e b r....... ............... . 46 44 Oswego, N. Y ........................ 46 46 O ttaw a, 111............................. Parkersburg, W . Va.: 45 45 C ity lin e s......................... 46 46 In te ru r b a n ..................... 53 50 Paterson, N . J ....................... Peoria, 111.: 53 53 D ivision N o. 416.......... D ivision No. 908........... 45 43 P etersburg, V a ..................... 53 51 P ittsb u rg , K a n s ................... 68 64 P ittsb u rg h , P a ...................... 51 51 P ittsfield, Mass.23................. 45 47 Plainfield., I'll......................... 44 41 Pom eroy, O hio..................... 54 54 P o rt C hester, N . Y ............... P o rt H u ro n , Mich.: 71 68 r C ity lin e s ......................... 73 70 In te ru r b a n ..................... 52 50 P o rtla n d , Me.2...................... P o rtsm o u th , Ohio: 48 48 C ity lin e s......................... 51 51 In te ru rb a n service........ 1 4 cents p er h o u r ad d ed for one-m an cars. 2 5 cents per h o u r added for one-m an cars. 3 60 cents"for six th year. 6 7 cents per h o u r added for one-m an cars. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 49 52 68 T hird year. Cts. 47.5 60 42 60 F o u rth Fifth year. year. Cts. 21 53 ” ’48’ 60 42.5 50 50 51 60 i 22 52 I 21 53 54.5 j 58 57 I 6Ò 50 49 53 52 21 55 cents per ho u r after 30 m onths. 22 54 cents per h o u r a fte r 30 m onths. 2310 cents per ho u r added for one-m an cars. [986] Cts. WAGES AND H O U R S OF LABOR. 63 U N IO N W A G E R A T E S P E R H O U R O F S T R E E T R A IL W A Y M O T O R M EN A N D CONDUC T O R S, D EC . 31, 1920—C ontinued. R a te a t beginning of— F irst year. C ity a n d State. Second year. F irst Second T hird F o u rth 3 mos. 3 mos. 3 mos. 3 mos. P ottsville, P a.18............................ P u n x su ta w n ey , P a.2.................. Q uincy , III.................................... Q uincy, M ass................................ R eading, M ass.............................. R eno, N e v ..................................... R ichm ond, V a ............................. Rochester, N . Y .: C ity lin e s................................ In te ru rb a n ............................. W est Shore R . R ................. R ock Isla n d , III......................... . Sacram ento, Calif.2...................... Saginaw , M ich.18.......................... Salem, M ass.................................. Salem, N . H .................................. Salt Lake C ity, U ta h ................. San A ntonio, T e x ....................... Sand Springs, O kla..................... San Jose, Calif.: C ity lin e s 1............................. In te ru rb an lin es................... Saratoga, N. Y .............................. Schenectady, N . Y .: Division No. 553................... Division No. 576................... In te ru rb an service............... Scranton, P a ................................. Sedalia, M o.................................... Sham okin, Pa.: R egular m e n ......................... E x tra m e n ............................. Sharon, P a .................................... Shreveport, L a ............................. Sioux C ity,- Io w a 5....................... Springfield, 111.............................. Springfield] M ass......................... Springfield, Mo.1.......................... Springfield-, Ohio: D ivision No. 845................... D iv isio n No. 851 (city lines) Stam ford, Conn............................ S ta te n Is la n d , N. Y .................... S teubenville, Ohio...................... St. Joseph, Mo.1........................... St. Louis, Mo.: D ivision "No. 788................... D ivision No. 909................... Stockton, C alif............................. Syracuse] N . Y .: C ity l i n e s .............................. E m p ire S tate R y ................. T aro m a; W ash.25......................... T aunton M ass............................. Thom psonvi lie, Conn................. Topp.lca, TCa ns-2G........................... Trov, N . Y .: Cts. 48 46 40 56 56 50 43 Cts. 48 46 44 59 59 50 45 Cts. 48 46 44 59 59 55 45 Cts. 48 46 44 59 59 55 45 Cts. * 50 48 48 62 62 60 47. 25 56 62 65.5 60 47 50 56 50 57 49 45 58 58 58 GO 60 49 50 59 50 57 49 47 65 49 53 59 52 57 49 49 65 49 53 59 52 57 49 51 70 51 62 54 64 51 21 53 51 52 56 51 52 56 51 52 58 51 52 58 60 77 56 61.5 58 58 58 60 43 44 55 45 47 42 59.5 50 50 65 55 42 62. 5 52.5 50 62.5 55 50 46 53 54 50 51 49 60 42 52 55 54 51 51 55 Cts. 48 T hird year. Cts. F ourth Fifth year. year. Cts. Cts. 50 51 56 56 58 58 59 59 49 56 45 54 55 52 53 53 54 GO 46 46 47 48 67.5 60 52.5 52.5 55 57.5 44 45 45 52 62. 5 57.5 50 42 42 44 52 55 54 55 51 53 52 55 54 55 60 57 . 60 50 57 60 ............. 56 00 53 55 60 60 65 51 52 52 53 58 58 59 59 49 56 46 58 58 59 59 49 56 46 60 62 63 62 52 60 47 52 55 48 52 58 58 60 55 51 56 49 54 45 Second half. .......... 56 58 56 48 46 T ulsa, O k la ................................... 1 4 cents per hour added for one-m an cars. 2 5 cents p er ho u r ad d ed for one-m an cars. 3 60 cen ts for s ix th y ear. 8 7 cents per hour ad d ed for one-mancars. 16 2 cents per hour added for one-m an cars. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis F irst half. 52 55 ..............| .............. | .............. 50 is 6J cents p er h o u r a dded for one-m an cars 24 55 cents per h o ur after 15 m onths. 251 cen t per h o u r added for one-m an cars. 26 3 cents per hour added for one-m an cars. [987] .......... 358 00 64 M O N T H L Y LABOR R E V IE W . U N IO N W A G E R A T E S P E R H O U R O F S T R E E T R A IL W A Y M O T O R M E N A N D CONDUC T O R S , D EC . 31, 1920—Concluded. R ate of b eginning of— F irst Second 3 mos. 3 mos. U tica, N . Y .: C ity lin es................................ In te ru r b a n ............................. W est Shore R . R ................. V icksburg, M iss........................... W alth am , M ass............................ W apokaneta, O hio..................... W ashington, D . C ....................... W ashington, P a ........................... W aterb u ry , C onn......... .............. W aterloo, N. Y ............................ W est H oboken, N . J ................... W heaton, 111.: A urora a n d E lg in city linesF ox R iver d iv is io n ............. A urora a n d E lg in In te r u rb a n ................................... A urora, E lg in & Chicago (th ird ra il).......................... W heeling, W . V a......................... W hite P la in s, N . Y ..................... W ichita, K ans.: D ivision No. 794 26............... D ivision No. 829 10............... W ilkes-Barre, P a ......................... W illiam sport, P a ......................... W illiam s tow n. P a ....................... W ilm ington, D e l......................... W ilm ington, N . Ç.2..................... W inston-Salem , N . C.2............... W oburn, Mass.............................. W orcester, M ass........................... Y oungstow n, O h io ...................... Y p silan ti, M ich............................ Zanesville, Ohio: D ivision No. 781, passenger service... D ivision No. 781, freight service.................................. D ivision No. 809................... Second year. F irst year. C ity a n d State. Cts. T hird F o u rth 3 mos. 3 mos. Cts. 58 Cts. 58 Cts58 Cts. 60 34 50 45 51 63 54 40 50 34 55 45 54 67 54 40 53 35 55 45 54 67 54 40 53 35 55 45 54 67 54 40 53 38 60 50 56 69 57 43 55 52 58 52 52 52 60 48 54 60 53 54 60 53 54 45 44 41 42 37 56 42 43 56 55 60 70 45 44 41 42 37 58 42 43 59 60 63 73 46 46 41 42 37 58 46 44 59 60 63 73 46 46 49 46 49 52 Second half. T hird year. Cts. Cts. 0.2 50 55 57 43 60 45 54 54 56 60 53 54 64 58 57 64 67 57 60 46 40 41 44 37 58 46 44 59 60 63 73 47 48 43 44 39 60 47 45 62 65 68 75 49 43 46 39 50 45 48 48 50 51 52 51 52 53 60 60 2 5 cents p er h o u r a d d ed for one-m an cars. 16 2 cents p er h o u r a d d ed for one-m an cars. 26 3 cents p e r hour a d d ed for one-m an cars. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis F irst half. [988] 53 52 40 47. 5 F o u rth F ifth year. year. Cts. Cts. W AGES AND H O U R S OF LABOR. 65 Changes in Rates of Wages, July 1, 1920, to March 31, 1921. HE following three tables show the number of changes in rates of wages during the nine-month period from July 1, 1920, to March 31, 1921. in so far as information has come to the bureau. These tables are based on data from reports made to the bureau direct, supplemented by statements made m the daily press and in official journals published by labor unions. A complete enumeration of wage changes is of course practically unobtainable as many changes may not be reported anywhere. The wage trend, however, is well shown by these figures. The number of changes recorded is 2,714, of which 1,689, nearly two-thirds, are increases, and 1,025, or over one-third, decreases. The largest number of increases is in the printing and publishing industry, which includes two-thirds of the increases in Jthe three months of 1921. The largest number of decreases is in the textile industry. By divisions of the country, as might be expected, the largest number of changes occurred in the industrial belt, especially in the North Atlantic States. In 19 States, or a little over one-third, the number of changes was less than 25 each. In 17 States, or about one-third, the number was over 50 each. The 12 States in which the largest number of changes occurred, with the number of changes in each, were as follows: Pennsylvania, 252; New York, 216; Massa chusetts, 206; Ohio, 192; Illinois, 172; California, 122; New Jersey, 115; Texas, 104; Michigan, 99; Missouri, 79; Indiana, 77; and Rhode Island, 68. No changes were recorded from Hawaii or Porto Rico. Each wage rate change as recorded is a single notice by an employer, or by a group of employers, independent of the number or location of plants involved. Changes in wage rates that applied only to individual persons were not counted. Minimum wage orders are omitted. The statement by establishments at the bottom of the tables counts different firms or companies, irrespective of the num ber of plants each operates. T https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [989] N U M B E R O F R E P O R T S O F C H A N G E S IN R A T E S O F W A G E S , JU L Y 1, 1920, TO MAR. 31, 1921, B Y M ONTHS O F C H A N G E . N um ber of changes—Decreases. N u m b er of changes—Increases. July. Aug. Sept. Automobile, carriage, and wagon w orkers F ak ers P a r h ers ■ R re w e ry a r i d s o f t - d r i n k w o r k e r s ___ P rie k a n d t i le w o rk e rs P ro e m a n d b ru s h w o rk e rs P r i e k ] a .y e r s P a rp e n te rs C e m e n t w o rk e rs Tn s i d e w i r e m p,n L aborers and hod oarriers [090 J O a r building O h a n f f e n r s and' t e a m s t e r s _ O h p,m i ea,l a n d oi 1 w o rk ers. O J e rk s a n d sa le s m e n Ooopers C lothing in d u s trie s : P o n t a n d sh o e w o rk e rs F u r w orkers an d h a t a n d cap m akers A Ten’s e 1o t h i n p m akers. _ S h irt m a k e rs__ Tailors _. W om en\s e l oth in g m aker s P l e e t r i e a l and gas su p p ly w o rk e rs .. Farm, la b o re rs . Fjre.fi eh te rs and polieemen F ish e rm e n . . . Food w orkers (n o t m eat) Freight han d lers and longshoremen F u rn itu re w orkers. 0-1 asswor ker s JJntej and re stau ran t employees Tron and steel workers Jew elry workers L au n d ry w orkers......................................... FRASER A 6 27 2 9 41 6 4 6 5 13 4 1 7 32 5 7 _ P a in te rs a n d p a p e r h an g e rs P la s te re rs Pli i rn h e r s a n d s t e a r n fi t t e r s . S h e e t r n e ta l w o rk e rs f ttm e tn r a l j ro n w o rk e rs O th e r a n d n o ts p e e if ie d Digitized for https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 5 i 10 6 4 11 13 5 4 11 8 1 2 2 1 i 1 i i 6 i 5 23 1 2 i Oct. 3 2 1 i 6 15 3 2 9 6 12 2 2 4 3 4 2 3 1 i 2 1 i i 1 1 i 3 5 4 2 2 3 3 Nov. Dec. 2 1 Jan . Feb. Mar. Total. July. Aug. Sept. Oct. 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 3 2 3 3 2 2 1 i 9 1 2 1 6 4 3 3 1 2 i 2 2 2 Ï 3 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 4 7 1 1 1 1 4 1 2 1 41 1 1 1 1 1 1 ............ i 1 1 1 1 2 1 i 1 2 1 i 2 17 3 1 1 8 11 2 1 1 1 22 7 2 8 12 2 9 1 4 8 3 2 7 1 1 8 A 1 Nov. Dec. Jan. 4 8 Feb. Mar. Total. 3 2 22 2 2 3 2 1 1 9 60 11 31 19 30 32 54 14 8 27 3 9 2 7 28 58 2 i 1 1 3 2 1 2 17 6 5 4 4 G rand total. 1921 1 1 3 7 4 1 3 3 1 2 2 1 1 7 2 1 3 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 .......... 1 1 1 1 1 .......... 1 ____ 1........... 2 4 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 1 7 2 4 1 4 4 4 2 5 10 1 5 3 13 1 1 S 2 2 2 6 1 2 1 3 1 1 1 1 1 2 17 1 2 3 19 1 2 32 7 3 1 2 2 3 5 1 12 2 1 5 2 4 20 21 1 1 6 12 8 6 3 34 6 4 18 5 6 1 1 5 1 1 5 19 8 7 4 12 8 8 15 i 2 i i 2 1 2 5 8 121 1 52 39 6 7 6 7 29 87 12 32 25 42 32 62 20 11 61 51 26 25 7 14 31 10 16 5 16 16 11 17 7 2 3 10 4 12 179 3 8 M O N T H L Y LABOR REVIEW , B uilding tra d e s: 2 i 3 1 2 1920 1921 1920 In d u stry . O <C> 9 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 1 1 8 16 5 5 13 29 16 28 3 9 1 1 100 1 1 3 14 i 5 8 h 4 2 1 i 2 6 1 1 47 1 8 1 43 295 69 185 1 2 13 9 Ï 3 15 1 2 4 i 7 3 4 1 2 2 2 1 6 32 9 6 7 7 1 1 1 1 5 31 3 105 32 47 36 6 11 10 28 2 2 1 5 1 1 5 7 13 7 13 4 1 1 2 6 2 1 A 3 3 13 1 2 3 1 7 18 13 1,689 7 7 9 93 522 1,025 5 601 3,151 955,583 4 2 6 4 1 1 9 3 4 3 3 5 17 3 60 2 1 4 1 6 19 (H 25 34 ID 16 1 2 8 8 111 1 39 21 34 3 21 300 69 185 21 3 3 2 2 1 21 10 1 1 1,618 21 5 29 21 1 2 1 1 4 2 14 2 1 1 8 4 3 1 1 6 6 2 11 25 7 6 i 1 i 2 6 4 11 1 1 2 19 18 8 6 9 4 20 4 6 6 13 19 129 2 6 153 49 43 59 162 52 47 62 9 1 6 1 1 7 17 19 4 12 8 6 22 1 36 4 8 40 77 152 309 218 218 1,025 2,714 6 31 34 46 127 270 280 481 168 187 121 779 1,288 1,301 2,313 28 1 59 2 57 12 10 IB 7 16 86 202 WAGES AND H O U R S OF LABOR. [991] 1 1 3 2 L eather w o rk ers........................................... L ig h t, h e a t a n d pow er (gas a n d electric). 6 4 1 2 1 2 L um ber a n d tim b e r w orkers.................... 2 1 2 M etal tra d e s: B lack sm ith s........................................... 4 1 B oiler m a k e rs........................................ 8 M ach in ists.............................................. 13 1 1 5 6 3 1 M etal p o lis h e rs..................................... 7 4 4 10 8 1 1 5 3 M olders................................................... 2 1 Stove m o u n te rs.................................... O ther an d n o t specified...................... 7 I 1 Miners : 1 29 1 1 1 12 C oal.......................................................... 1 O re............................................................ M usical in s tru m e n t w o rk ers..................... 10 M usicians a n d th e a tric al em ployees....... 6 18 5 4 3 2 3 2 i P ap er a n d p a p er goods m a k e rs................ P rin tin g a n d publishing: 3 3 10 3 1 B indery w o rk ers................................... 44 26 34 27 C om positors........................................... 36 26 58 12 7 1 36 6 2 5 P ress fe e d ers.......................................... 5 89 10 P ressm en ................................................ 26 15 13 8 3 1 1 2 5 S te re o ty p e rs.......................................... 2 3 2 2 O ther o ccu p atio n s................................ 2 R ailroad em p lo y ees.................................... R u b b er w o rk e rs............. ............................ 1 1 1 S h ip b u ild ers.................................................. 1 2 2 2 Slaughtering an d m e a t c u ttin g ................ 1 2 S tatio n ary engineers an d firem en ........... 3 1 S team boat m e n ............................................ 2 1 7 3 2 S tonew orkers................................................ 1 1 4 Street a n d sew er em ployees...................... 14 18 2 2 24 31 19 Street a n d railw ay em ployees.................. 1 1 2 Telegraph a n d telephone em plo 3rees....... T ex tile in d u s try : 1 1 1 4 2 C otton w o rk ers..................................... 1 1 H osiery a n d k n it goods w orkers___ 1 1 1 2 Silk w orkers........................................... 1 1 W ool w o rk ers........................................ 1 2 O ther an d no t specified...................... 1 3 Tobacco w o rk ers.......................................... 1 6 2 3 2 2 O ther occu p atio n s....................................... 1 2 Occupations n o t rep o rted .......................... All in d u stries com bined : 85 381 193 131 107 324 N u m b er of rep o rts received............... 395 N u m b er of reports showing estab 12 94 50 16 168 53 lishm ents ........................................... 113 28 22 179 107 138 N u m b er of establishm ents rep o rted . 152 296 N um ber of reports showing em 30 15 12 118 43 200 176 ployees................................................ N um ber of employees rep o rted ........ 111,590 259,286 425,566 117,058 14,585 13,155 9,574 1 4 15 47 88 201 93 84 533 1,134 3,913 12,327 30,255 152,633 554,092 188,462 300,760 1,242,492 2,198,075 a 31, 1921, B Y G E O G R A PH IC A L D IV ISIO N S, F O R T H E 9 M O N T H S N U M B E R O F R E P O R T S O F C H A N G ES IN R A T E S O F W A G E S, JU L Y 1, 1920, TO MAR. CO M B IN ED . [992J A utom obile, carriage an d wagon workers— B akers..................................................................... B arbers................................................................... B rew ery a n d soft-drink w orkers..................... B rick a n d tile w orkers........................................ B room a n d b ru s h w orkers............................... B u ild in g tra d e s: B rick lay ers.......................... C arpenters.................................................... C em ent w orkers...................................*----In s id e w irem en ............................................. Laborers a n d h o d e a rn e rs.......................... P a in te rs a n d p a p e r hangers....................... P la s te re rs...................................................... P lu m b ers a n d stea m fitters....................... Sheet m e ta l w orkers.................................... S tru c tu ra liro n w orkers.............................. O th er a n d n o t specified.............................. Car b u ild in g .......................................................... Chauffeurs a n d te a m ste rs .................................. C hem ical a n d o il w orkers.................................. Clerks a n d salesm en............................................ Coopers................................................................... C lothingindustri.es: B oot a n d shoe workers. H a t a n d c ap m a k e rs.................................... M en’s clothing m ak ers................................ S h irt m ak ers.................................................. Tailors............................................................ W om en's clothing m akers......................... E lectrical a n d gas su p p ly w orkers.................. F a rm lab o r............................................................ F ire fighters a n d policem en............................. Fish erm en .............................................................. Foodw orkers (n o t m e a t).................................... F reig h t h an d lers a n d longshorem en............... F u rn itu re w orkers........................................... Glass w orkers........................................................ H o tel a n d re s ta u ra n t em ployees..................... Iro n a n d steel w orkers....................................... FRASER Jew elry w orkers................................................... Digitized for https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis N orth Centrai. South A tlantic. N orth Atlantic. r 1 1 2 1 1 4 19 8 6 2 5 9 3 5 6 5 1 2 7 1 3 2 2 6 3 1 4 2 1 t 4 U 1 3 1 3 5 1 3 11 2 2 1 3 5 16 4 12 5 7 14 19 6 4 12 27 9 1 1 1 1 6 1 1 3 14 6 8 4 4 7 6 1 2 W est- i 2 2 10 8 1 5 4 5 4 4 î i 6 2 6 2 2 1 1 1 4 1 5 1 2 6 20 i 1 4 1 4 5 34 i 1 1 1 17 3 18 1 1 2 1 6 5 4 4 7 9 66 11 31 19 30 32 54 14 8 27 45 22 7 2 8 8 3 2 6 2 1 1 3 4 2 2 5 6 5 i 7 2 1 1 2 1 1 3 2 5 7 4 1 3 3 2 J ] 3 1 5 1 3 5 4 4 i 1 14 2 2 6 1 2 17 7 4 ' 3 1 2 South Cen tral. o 9 7 28 58 2 1 2 3 2 53 1 10 2 5 44 G rand total. W est ern. T otal. 22 i 2 3 2 5 7 1 1 3 3 3 2 20 21 1 1 6 12 1 1 1 3 4 8 6 3 34 6 4 18 5 6 19 8 7 4 12 8 8 15 2 2 2 5 3 1 6 1 2 7 2 1 10 N orth Cen tral. Total. 9 1 4 2 South A t lantic. N orth A t lantic. 12 2 1 i i 2 South Central. 00 N um ber of changes—Decreases. N um ber of changes—Increases. In d u stry . 03 10 1 4 1 2 5 8 121 1 39 6 7 7 6 7 29 87 12 32 25 42 32 62 20 11 61 51 26 25 7 14 31 10 16 5 16 16 11 17 7 2 3 10 4 12 36 179 3 o % a F Ki F > F O F F F <! S 3 1 Including 2 Including 3 Including 4 Including 8 reports covering 2 or more divisions. 5 reports covering 2 or more divisions. 5 establishm ents covering 2 or more divisons. 2 reports covering 2 or more divisions. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 1 7 3 1 9 7 1 2 4 1 4 1 18 7 2 7 89 25 57 11 2 2 2 2 3 4 30 2 6 3 4 3 3 2 5 1 497 170 311 165 198,116 1 9 2 1 1 24 7 16 1 2 1 12 6 2 2 3 11 8 11 1 3 31 1 1 1 7 3 4 6 6 23 2 2 1 2 1 19 16 12 10 9 97 IS 2 39 2 46 12 27 2 3 6 3 29 2 2 3 2 3 2 2 6 2 40 2 2 1 19 3 1 1 10 3 1 3 4 1 3 134 37 52 48 16,592 576 199 246 247 306,409 249 66 221 86 33,790 4 1 8 8 16 5 5 13 29 16 28 3 9 100 1 47 8 21 295 69 185 21 10 3 3 8 8 3 13 7 111 4 9 3 4 3 3 5 17 3 225 1 1,689 2 522 45 190 3 1,025 63 4 601 36,763 5955,533 9 Including 366,000 employees in 2 or m ore divisions. 6 Including 6 reports covering 2 or m ore divisions. i Including 5 reports covering 2 or m ore divisions. 23 i i i 4 22 2 4 4 2 3 2 16 3 4 3 1 2 2 i i 1 1 9 9 4 3 3 5 1 2 i 3 13 7 13 4 4 2 3 2 2 i 12 18 2 153 49 43 59 0 17 19 1 S2 6 1,025 44 U 79 53 8 1,288 9 533 19 53,248 i»l,242,492 2,714 1,301 2,313 1,134 2,198,075 1 1 21 1 1 1 1 3 1 19 31 5 29 1 6 32 9 6 7 7 5 31 3 2 9 1 28 1 2 2 5 2 1 2 1 3 5 2 1 2 3 1 87 29 43 56 6 7 11 3 10 1 501 4C8 664 297 637,225 1 8 39 21 34 6 19 61 25 34 10 16 105 32 3 47 36 21 300 69 185 21 10 16 7 16 12 8 6 13 19 129 6 162 52 47 62 9 22 36 4 3 2 1 1 63 10 3 1 2 2 3 8 4 1 131 110 290 87 71,623 225 164 201 102 238,150 1 80 48 60 24 17,246 W AGES AND H O U R S O E LABOR. [993] L a u n d ry w orkers............... ........................................................ L eath er w orkers........................................................................... Light, h e a t, a n d pow er (gas an d electric)............................. L u m b er a n d tim b e r w orkers.................................................... M etal trad es: B lacksm iths........................................................ B o ile rm a k ers........................................................................ M achinists....... ..................................................................... M etal polishers...................................................................... M olders................................................................................... Stove m o u n ters.................................................................... O th er a n d n o t sp e c ifie d ..................................................... M iners: C oal........... ' .................................................................... O re...................................................... ............. M u sic a lin stru m e n t w orkers..................................................... M usicians a n d th eatricalem p lo y ees....................................... P a p e r a n d p a p e r goods m ak ers.................. P rin tin g a n d publishing: B in d ery w orkers......................... C om positors...................................... P ress feeders....................................... P ressm en ................................................................................ S tereo ty p ers.......................................................................... O th e r o c cu p atio n s.......................... ......................... R ailro a d em ployees.............. R u b b e r w o rk ers........................... S h ip b u ild ers....................... Slaughtering a n d m e a t c u ttin g .............................................. S ta tio n a ry engineers an d firem en . . S team b o at m e n ............... Stone w o rk ers....................... Street a n d sew er em ployees........... S treet ra ilw a y em ployees.......................................................... T elegraph a n d teleo h o n e employees T ex tile in d u s try ! C otton workers . H osiery and" k n it w orkers. . Silk w orkers................. W ool w o rk ers............ O th e r a n d n o t specified... Tobacco w orkers......................... O ther occupations..................................... O ccupation n o t re p o rte d .. . A ll in d u strie s com bined: N u m b e r of re p o rts received............................................... N u m b e r of rep o rts showing estab lish m en ts.................. N u m b e r of estab lish m en ts rep o rted................................ N u m b e r o frep o rts showing em ployees.......................... N u m b e r of employees re p o rte d ........................................ 8 Including 20 establishm ents covering 2 or more divisions. 9 Including 4 reports covering 2 or m ore divisions. 10 Including 165,000 employees in 2 or m ore divisions. Ci N U M B E R O F C H A N G ES IN R A T E S O F W A G E S, JU L Y 1, 1920, TO M AR. 31, 1921, B Y C L A S S IF IE D P E R C E N T O F G R A N G E F O R T H E 9 M O N TH S CO M B IN ED . N u m b e r of changes b y classified per cent of increases. In d u stry . Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 1 1 i 2 4 U nder 10. 10 and 20 and 30 and 40 a nd N c t re under under under over. ported. 30. 40. 20. 11 17 6 5 4 4 6 3 46 2 12 9 9 14 21 1 2 4 3 15 3 1 5 9 66 11 31 19 30 32 54 14 8 27 45 22 7 2 8 3 1 11 11 1 2 6 2 2 1 3 2 5 2 1 4 12 2 1 9 4 8 3 2 7 1 3 1 3 2 Q 1 3 22 3 9 2 7 28 58 2 1 1 1 S 2 3 1 6 2 6 2 4 G 21 3 1 1 1 4 1 1 1 1 2 6 1 2 1 1 1 2 1 ] 1 1 1 ............. 3 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 2 2 7 1 1 13 1 3 10 2 2 2 5 2 3 1 5 6 1 1 3 2 6 3 18 3 1 2 2 1 13 2 2 i 2 3 2 i 3 20 21 1 1 6 12 1 3 1 1 1 1 8 1 2 1 2 7 7 2 2 1 1 4 3 4 2 1 3 1 1 2 1 66 1 2^ i 1 2 2 5 37 1 1 G rand total. Total. 5 8 6 3 34 6 4 IS 5 6 19 8 4 7 12 8 8 15 1 2 1 i 2 1 1 4 8 121 1 39 0 7 7 6 7 29 87 12 32 25 42 32 62 20 11 61 51 26 25 7 14 31 10 5 16 16 16 11 17 7 2 3 10 4 12 36 179 3 M O N T H L Y LABOR R E V IE W . [994] Autom obile, carriage, a n d wagon workers. B ak e rs................................................................. B arbers............................................................... B rew ery a n d soft-drink w orkers.................. B rick a n d tile w orkers.................................... Broom an d bru sh w orkers...... ..................... B uilding trades: B ricklayers................................................. C arp en ters.................................................. C em ent w orkers........................................ In sid e w irem en......................................... Laborers an d hod carriers...................... . P ain ters a n d paper hangers................... Plasterers..................................................... Plu m b ers a n d steam fitters.................... Sheet m etal w orkers................................. S tru ctu ra l iron w orkers.......................... . O ther an d n o t specified............................ Car building...................................................... . Chauffeurs an d team sters.............................. . Chemical an d oil w orkers............................... Clerks a n d salesm en......................................... Coopers............................................................... . Clothing industries: Boot a n d shoe workers............................. H a t an d cap m akers................................. Shirt m a k e rs............................................... Men’s clothing m akers............................ . T ailors.......................................................... W om en’s clothing m ak ers....................... Electrical a n d gas supply w orkers................ F arm laborers.................................................... Fire fighters an d policem en............................ Fisherm en........................................................... Foodw orkers (not m e a t)................................. Freight handlers an d longshoremen............. F u rn itu re workers............................................ Glass w orkers..................................................... H otel an d re stau ran t em ployees................... Iro n a n d steel w orkers..................................... Jewelry w orkers................................................ https://fraser.stlouisfed.org and 20 and 30 and U nder 10 and N ot re un d er under under 40 10. over. ported. Total. 20. 30. 40. N um ber of changes b y classified p er c en t of decreases. All industries combined: N u m b er of reports received............................ N u m b er of reports showing establishm ents. N u m b er of establishm ents reported............. N u m b er of reports showing employees........ N u m b er of employees rep o rted ..................... https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 39 16 5 21 5 13 29 16 28 3 9 6 19 61 25 34 100 105 32 3 47 36 34 10 16 1 9 10 2 8 139 19 75 3 3 2 47 8 21 21 295 69 185 300 69 185 21 21 10 10 3 16 7 16 12 233 89 80 137 313,215 390 112 144 173 111,181 262 107 200 138 102 , 799 65 0 5 15 7,626 52 11 12 12 5,086 687 197 578 125 415,676 3 13 7 12 111 18 8 6 13 19 129 4 2 6 9 3 4 3 3 5 17 3 153 49 43 59 162 52 47 62 9 17 19 1 22 1,025 779 1, 288 533 1, 242,492 2,714 1, 301 2,313 1, 134 2 , 198,075 1,689 522 1, 025 601 955,583 6 60 49 62 40 29,151 436 345 510 228 503,435 350 268 407 189 479,405 10 146 104 295 9 12,063 121,434 22 9 66 36 4 WAGES AND HOURS OE LABOR. [995] L a u n d ry w orkers............................................ L eather w orkers............................................. . Light, h e at, a n d power (gas an d electric). L um ber a n d tim b er w orkers...................... . M etal trades: B lacksm iths............................................. Boiler m a k e rs.......................................... M achinists................................................ M etal polishers........................................ M olders...................................................... Stove m o u n ters....................................... O ther a n d no t specified......................... Miners: C oal............................................................ Ore.............................................................. Musical in stru m e n t w orkers. . - ................. M usicians a n d theatrical employees.......... P ap er a n d p ap er goods m ak ers.................. P rin tin g an d publishing: B in d ery w orkers..................................... C om positors............................................. Press feeders............................................. Pressm en.................................................. Stereotypers............................................. O ther occupations.................................. R ailroad employees....................................... R u b b er w o rk ers............................................. Shipbuilders.................................................... Slaughtering an d m eat cu ttin g ................... S tatio n ary engineers a n d firem en.............. S team boat m e n .............................................. Stonew orkers.................................................. Street a n d sewer employees........................ Street railw ay em ployees............................ Telegraph an d telephone em ployees.. — Textile in d u stry : C otton w orkers....................................... H osiery a n d k n it goods workers......... Silk w orkers............................................. W ool w orkers.......................................... O ther a n d n o t specified........................ Tobacco w orkers............................................ O ther occupations......................................... O ccupation no t specified.............................. 72 M O N T H L Y LABOR R E V IE W . Renewal of Wage Agreements Between United States Shipping Board and Longshoremen. working agreements have been recently signed by the United N EWStates Shipping Board and the deep-water steamship lines and contracting stevedores on the one hand and the International Longshoremen’s Association and its affiliated locals on the other, extending to September 30, 1921, the wage rates and working condi tions which have prevailed for the past year. These agreements affect general cargo workers at Baltimore, Boston, Hampton Loads, and New York, cargo repairmen at New York, checkers and tallymen at Baltimore and Boston, checkers at Hampton Roads and New York, grain handlers at Baltimore, and weighers at Hampton Roads. An account of the strikes of the longshoremen during the year 1920, including that beginning in October as a result of which certain wage increases were awarded, was published in the December, 1920, issue of the M o n t h l y L a b o r R e v i e w , pages 95 to 115. Under the new agreements, all of which provide for a work day of 8 hours, general cargo workers in each port are to receive 80 cents an hour with $1.20 for overtime work. Men employed on bulk cargo, ballast, or coal cargo, including loading and trimming of coal for the steamer’s own bunker purposes, are to receive 85 cents an hour with $1.25 for overtime work. At Baltimore, however, winchmen, deckmen, and leaders shall receive 85 cents an hour with $1.25 for over time, and when employed on bulk cargo they shall receive 95 cents an hour instead of 85 cents as at other ports and $1.30 for overtime. Men handling wet hides shall be paid 95 cents an hour and $1.35 an hour for overtime work at all ports. Those handling sugar, molasses, fruits, etc., at Boston shall be paid 90 cents an hour and $1.30 for overtime work. Special rates apply for the handling of specified cargoes at the port of New York. Cargo repairmen at New York are awarded a wage rate of 80 cents an hour and $1.20 for overtime. Foremen shall receive 90 cents an hour and $1.50 for overtime work. The wage scales for checkers and tallymen at Baltimore and Boston and for checkers at New York and Hampton Roads is $6 a day with an overtime rate of $1.20 an hour. At Hampton Roads weighers shall receive $8 a day and $1.50 for overtime work, including Sundays and holidays. Grain handlers at Baltimore are to be paid, if foremen, $1.05 an hour and if deckmen $1 an hour. Those who carry and stow bagged grain are to receive 80 cents an hour. Provision is made in each agreement, with the exception of those affecting the cargo repairmen at New York and general cargo workers at Boston, for the settlement of disputes that may arise during the life of the agreement. This provision, substantially the same in each case, as embodied in the New York cargo workers’ agreement, is as follows: In the event of any dispute or controversy arising during the life of this agreement as to the interpretation of same, the men will continue to work pending an adjustment of the trouble as follows: Matter in dispute to be submitted to a committee of four, two of whom would be representatives of the employers (one of these being a managing agent of Shipping Board vessels) and two being representatives of the employees; a decision of tire majority of this committee to be final and binding. In the event of https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [9961 73 WAGES AFTD H O U R S OF LABOR. failure on the part of this committee of four to reach a satisfactory decision, then the committee of four shall proceed to select the fifth man as chairman, which man must be satisfactory to both sides and to the Shipping Board, and the decision of a majority of the committee so augmented shall be final and binding upon the parties signatory to this agreement. Union Wage Rates and Hours of Labor in Building Trades in Massachusetts. HE Massachusetts Industrial Review for October, 1920, just issued, devotes one section to union rates of wages and hours of labor in the building trades of that State in the years 1914 and 1920, from which the following table is taken: T A V E R A G E U N IO N R A T E S O F W A G ES AND H O U R S O F L A B O R IN T H E B U IL D IN G T R A D E S IN M ASSA C H U SETTS, JU L Y 1, 1914, A N D 1920. N u m b er of— O ccupation. R ates of wages H ours of labor per week. P er cent of increase in rates, 1914 to 1920. 45.1 44.4 44.6 44.5 45.2 44.3 44.0 42.2 43.2 42.9 44.0 45.0 68.5 109.4 104.6 97.0 101.4 107.2 64.4 98.9 98.1 90.1 96.0 110.7 P er hour. P e r week. R e Munieipaliports. ties. Ju ly 1, Ju ly 1, Ju ly 1, J u ly 1, Ju ly 1, Ju ly 1, H our W eek 1914. 1920. 1914. 1920. 1914. 1920. ly. ly. B ricklayers................................... C arpenters (forem en)................. C arpenters (house)..................... D ecorators.................................... Gas fitte rs ..................................... H od carriers a n d lab o rers........ L a th e rs (wood, wire, an d m e ta l) .......... ............................. P a in te rs ......................................... P a p e r h a n g e rs ............................. P la ste re rs...................................... P lu m b e rs ...................................... Sheet m etal w orkers.................. S team fitte rs................................ Stonem asons................................ W irem en (in sid e )....................... 29 9 64 15 10 14 29 10.619 81.043 827.92 845.90 8 .540 1.131 24. 01 47. 76 62 .474 .970 21.15 41.90 .462 15 .910 20. 56 39. 07 10 .493 .993 22.29 43.67 .802 17.13 36.08 11 .387 9 40 14 27 24 11 19 20 11 7 40 14 27 24 11 19 20 11 .538 .424 .439 .608 .515 .464 .491 .589 .454 1.009 .883 .874 1.031 .978 .970 .988 1.035 .959 23.69 19. 01 19. 81 27. 29 23.01 21.27 21. 94 26.64 20. 31 43. 03 38.06 38. 44 44.61 43.04 42.70 43. 48 45. .54 42.20 44.0 44.8 45.1 44.9 44.7 45.8 44.6 45.2 44.7 42.7 43.1 44.0 43.3 44.0 44.0 44.0 44.0 44.0 87.5 108. 2 99.1 69.6 89.9 108.9 101. 2 75.7 111.2 81.6 100.2 94.1 63.4 87.0 100.8 98.2 70.9 107.8 All occupations rep resen ted . 316 i 72 .501 .968 22.46 42.17 44.8 43.6 93.2 87.8 1In a large n u m b er of m unicipalities rates a n d hours were reported for more th a n one of th e occupations, specified. Index Numbers of Physical Volume of Production. N A paper read at the eighty-second annual meeting of the American Statistical Association held at Atlantic City in December, 1920,1 Mr. Edmund E. Day describes an attempt to employ index numbers in the “ measurement of variations in the national real income.” He suggests that these variations may be determined “ by the process of direct summation of goods and services.” Since goods and services can not, of course, be combined in physical terms, “ relative variations in the national real income may be ascertained by combining relatives indicative of the volume of consumption of different goods and serv ices that constitute real income,” and these variations may be ex pressed by index numbers. Such index numbers have been devel oped (the process of this development not being given) and are set forth in the following table, which shows variations in the physical I 1 P rin te d in th e q u arterly p u b licatio n of th e A m erican S tatistical A ssociation, Concord, N . H ., M arch, 1921, under th e title “ The m easurem ent of v ariatio n s in th e n a tio n a l real in com e.” https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [997] 74 M O N T H L Y LABOR R E V IE W . volume of production for manufacture, agriculture, and mining and for 10 specified branches of manufacture. IN D E X N U M B E R S O F T H E G R O W T H O F P O P U L A T IO N A N D T H E PH Y S IC A L VOLU M E O F PR O D U C T IO N O F M A N U F A C T U R E D PR O D U C T S AN D O F M IN IN G A N D A G R I C U L T U R E , 1899 TO 1919. [1899=100.] M anufactured products. Year. 1899........... 1900........... 1901........... 1902........... 1903........... 1904........... 1905........... 1906........... 1907........... 1908........... 1909........... 1910........... 1911........... 1912........... 1913........... 1914........... 1915........... 1916 1917........... 1918........... 1919........... Growth of Stone, popu um Food. Tex To Liq- clay, Iron lation. Lber. and tiles. bacco. uors. and glass. steel. 100.0 101.8 103. 8 106.0 108.1 110.3 112.4 114.5 116.7 118.9 121.0 123.1 125. 3 127.4 129.6 131.6 133.2 134. 8 136.5 138.1 139.7 100.0 98.1 96.2 94.3 92.4 90.7 97.4 109.1 115. 8 112.4 126.2 123.2 116.1 118.7 113.4 101.8 95.6 100. 6 90.5 80.4 85.5 100.0 100.7 123.1 117.3 124.5 125. 0 141.3 142.1 132. 2 136.2 144.3 134.3 140. 4 149.5 151.0 152.7 169.7 150. 8 159. 5 194.2 191.1 100.0 100. 6 101.5 116.0 116.1 115. 8 129.2 130.4 131.9 121. 5 149.2 141.2 130. 3 148. 4 155. 8 157. 3 167. 8 207. 6 201.4 202.7 190.7 100.0 106.5 112.9 118.1 126. 0 124.8 128.4 138.2 141. 8 136.3 143.6 153.7 153. 7 158. 6 169.1 165. 0 158.8 173. 4 188.8 183.0 176. 0 100.0 105.7 112.9 120.9 125. 6 129.4 137.6 149.4 153. 6 149.3 151.5 161.6 165.6 168.5 173.4 164.5 158.3 163. 8 151.2 105. 0 100.0 105.4 125. 2 142.0 143. 1 146.8 165. 3 178.4 177.4 1.55. 3 192. 6 200. 7 193. 2 204.0 211.2 193.8 208.6 238.1 227.5 209. 5 178.8 100.0 95. 5 117.5 133.3 130. 2 120. 4 164.2 178.7 179.7 107. 7 171. 8 1S3. 2 159. 6 201.0 211. 2 161.3 205. 3 268. 9 262. 7 267. 9 212.7 Chem icals an d allied prod ucts. 100.0 102. 6 115. 5 130.2 138. 6 146. 6 165. 5 180.4 184.4 182. 0 199.2 189.6 208. 3 233. 4 240. 6 238.8 247. 8 294. 8 299.0 353. 8 282.2 Metal prod M in Agri ucts cul other V ehi A ll ing. ture. th a n cles. prod ucts. iron and steel. 100 0 100. 0 102. 3 117.4 113.1 147.2 145. 8 183. 3 142.4 210. 3 141.4 186.5 163. 9 284.4 184.7 356.7 161. 8 430.5 148. 5 285. 8 192. 6 354. 5 198. 4 522.2 199. 0 377. 6 216.3 650. 6 223. 9 769. 8 200. 3 657. 8 248.1 747.4 319. 0 1304.6 305.0 1483.3 343.5 1019.5 296.1 1373. 8 100.0 101.0 112.4 123.5 125.5 123.2 144. 4 155.0 156. 3 132.7 163.4 168.0 181.4 187.1 171.4 187.2 218. 6 215.2 214.0 195.3 100.0 105. 7 114.6 122.7 135.0 136. 3 161.6 169.9 185.9 154.2 189.4 201. 6 194.4 216.7 227.2 202.6 227. 6 267 0 277.2 279.6 228.4 100.0 100.6 89.3 113.7 105.0 116.0 117.5 125.0 112.4 118.8 118.1 123.2 117.0 138.1 122.1 135.0 141.0 124 9 135.0 133. 2 137.6 Careful examination of the various group indices for the full period 1899 to 1919 yields a number of interesting tentative conclusions. In the first place, the produc tion of producers’ goods has increased at a much more rapid rate than the production of consumers’ goods. Presumably those portions of the national real income which consist of sendees derived from large-scale plants, such as railroads and telephone systems, share in the very rapid increase of volume which distinguishes the indices of this class. In the second place, it may be concluded that the rapidly increasing output of producers’ goods, used partly to maintain, partly to enlarge, existing industrial plant and equipment, has the indirect consequence of increasing the domestic manu facture of consumers’ goods. I t is not surprising, therefore, to find the production of consumers’ goods apparently increasing more rapidly than the population. In the third place, the group indices confirm the conclusion, previously drawn, that the manufacture of goods made from mineral raw materials has increased more rapidly than the manufacture of goods made from agricultural raw materials. In the fourth place, the fluctuations of manufacturing output which mark the business cycle, though conspicuously greater in the industries producing capital goods than in those producing consumption goods, appear to he so considerable even in the latter industries as inevitably to involve year-to-year variations in the volume of goods passing to the consumer. These conclusions, general and tentative as they are, make a beginning in the analysis of changes in the national real income during the past 21 years. Taken as a whole, the results of the study of the physical volume of manufacture are intended to suggest a practical mode of analysis rather than definitive conclusions. For the reliable measurement of the national real income, investigation must be extended to include: (a) Fluctuations in the stocks held by manufacturers, jobbers, and retailers; (6) changes in the physical volume of exports and imports; (c) variations in real income in the form of personal services. Reasonable approximations, if not full measurements, of these elements are becoming more and more feasible. With these elements included, the analysis should produce highly significant results. Direct measurement of the variations of the national real income is one of the lines to be most carefully cultivated by current statistical investigation. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [998] WAGES AND HOUES OF LABOE. 75 Wages and Earnings of Women in Food and Confectionery Manufacture in Massachusetts.1 Massachusetts Legislature decided upon a reorganization IN of1919thetheState Department of Labor and Industries, under which the Minimum Wage Commission, among other bodies, went out of existence, and its place was taken by three associate commissioners who constituted the Board of Conciliation and Arbitration and the Division of Minimum Wage. This latter body has recently issued a report upon the wages of women employed in the minor confectionery and food products industries. ffhe minor confectionery 'industries studied include the preparation of blanched and salted nuts, nut brittle, stuffed fruits, pop-corn balls, chewing gum, and similar products. ^ff he classification food products includes the manufacture of such miscellaneous products as flavoring extracts, soda-fountain supplies, macaroni, potato chips, peanut butter, maple sirup, prepared flour, gelatine, and confectioners’ supplies. I he time covered by the investigation was the four months from June through September, 1919, in the case of the minor confectionery industries, and irom July through October in the case of the food products industries. Pay-roll records were obtained from 35 firms, from which individual wage records were secured for 601 women and girls. The data obtained included weekly wage payments, rates of wages for those on a time basis, occupations, ana, where records of hours were available, the actual number of hours worked each week. It was found that practically all the occupations were unskilled, and that the women shifted from one to another so freely that it was useless to attempt to connect wages and occupations. The rates and the weekly earnings, however, were secured in full detail. In the summer and fall of 1919, it will be remembered, business was good, there was a shortage of labor, and it was generally believed that wages were high—disproportionately high, it was believed by some. I he earnings of these women are, therefore, of special interest. Dis regarding the girls, and dealing only with adult women, their distri bution by weekly earnings was as follows: IN ™ W eekly earnings. U nder $5..................................... $5 b u t under $8....................... $6 b u t under $7.................... $7 b u t under $8...................... $8 b u t under $9...................... $9 b u t u nder $10.................... $10 b u t under $11................ Minor confec tionery in d u s tries. Food products in d u s tries. 2.8 7.8 5.7 10.9 20.1 11.0 13.8 2 5 1. 7 4.2 6.4 11.4 8. 4 10.5 * a n u fa c t DKe V W eekly earnings. $11 Lilt $12 b u t $13 b u t $14 b u t $15 and Minor confec tionery in d u s tries. Food products indus tries. 8.5 8.4 5.7 1.1 4.2 12.3 10.5 4.2 13.1 100.0 100.0 rjnrlpp $12 nridftr $ 1 3 u nder $14 yjndftr $1.5 over 1 Massachusetts. D epartm ent of Labor and Industries. Division of M inimum Waf wages of women employed in th e m anufacture of food preparations and m inor lines < M assachusetts. Boston, 1920. 41 pp. 44130°—21-----0 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [999] Ä Report on the confectionery in 76 MONTHLY LABOE REVIEW. In considering these figures it must be remembered that they cover a period of four months, so that they are probably not affected by any merely temporary fluctuations. Moreover, they are taken from the records of 11 establishments engaged in the manufacture of minor confectionery products, and 23 manufacturing food products, so that they cover a fairly wide field and may reasonably be looked upon as representative. The low level of earnings shown is impressive in view of these things. In 1919 the Massachusetts Minimum Wage Board either issued or revised awards in four industries—canning and preserving, candy making, men’s clothing and raincoats, and corset making—the minimums set ranging from Sll to $15 weekly. The above table shows that nearly three-fourths (72.1 per cent) of the women studied in the minor confectionery trades, and not far from one-half (45.1 per cent) of those in the manufacture of food products were earning less than the $11 weekly, which was the lowest of these minimums. Only onetwenty-fifth of those in minor confectionery and a little over oneeighth of those in the manufacture of food products reached or passed the $15 which was set as the minimum for women in the men’s cloth ing and raincoats industry. It is very evident that “ war wages” had not made much headway in the industries included in this report. Weekly rates of wages were a little better than weekly earnings, but were not obtained in such numbers as the earnings. Weekly rates were secured for 78 adult women engaged in making confec tionery products and for 187 in food products. In the confectionery group, 60.3 per cent had weekly rates under $11, 66.7 per cent under $12, and 7.7 per cent $15 or over. In the food products group, onethird had rates of less than $11 a week, 40.1 per cent less than $12, and nearly one-third (28.9 per cent) $15 a week or over. There was the usual lack of uniformity in earnings in different es tablishments. In 4 of the 11 confectionery establishments no adult woman earned under $9 a week, while in the others from 15.4 per cent up to 100 per cent of such workers fell below that weekly sum. In 2 none of the women earned less than $11 a week, while in 3 none of them earned as much as that. In 6 establishments none earned as much as $15 a week, while in another none earned less. In 8 of the food products factories a proportion of the women vary ing from 5.3 up to 100 per cent earned less than $7 weekly; in i5 none failed to earn more than this. In 11 of the establishments no woman earned as much as $13 a week, but in 4 others 21.4 per cent, 26.1 per cent, 69.2 per cent, and 100 per cent, respectively, earned $15 or over weekly. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [1 0 0 0 1 WAGES AND HOUliS OF LABOR, 77 Wages and Hours of Labor in Canada. following figures are taken from “ Wages and hours of labor Canada, 1901-1920,” issued as a supplement to the Labour T HEinGazette, March, 1921. IN D E X N U M B E R S OF R A T E S O F W A G E S IN CANADA. [1913 = 100.] Building trades, 7 classes. Year. 1901.............. 1902.............. 1903.............. 1904.............. 1905.............. 1906.............. 1907.............. 1908.............. 1909.............. 1910.............. 1911.............. 1912.............. 1913.............. 1914.............. 1915............. 1916.............. 1917.............. 1918.............. 1919.............. 1920.............. M etal trades, 5 classes. Printing trades, Street railw ays, Average for 21 Steam 2 classes. 1 class. classes. railw ay rates,' 6 W eekly H ourly Weekly H ourly W eekly H ourly W eeldy H ourly Weekly H ourly rates. rates. rates. rates. rates.' rates. rates. rates. classes.1 rates. rates.2 69.3 73.2 74.6 76.3 78.6 81.7 84.8 85.9 87.3 90.0 92.6 97.4 100.0 100.3 100.5 101.5 108.8 123.8 142.9 171.9 60.3 64.2 67.4 69.7 73.0 76.9 80.2 81.5 83.1 86.9 90.2 96.0 100.0 100.8 101.5 102.4 109.9 125.9 148.2 180.9 Common labor in factories. 72.8 74.2 76.2 78.9 81.3 82.4 85.0 87.3 88.6 89.5 92.2 95.9 100.0 100.4 101.2 110.4 124.0 146.7 165.3 1S9.3 68.6 70.2 73.3 75.9 78.6 79.8 82.4 84.7 86.2 88.8 91.0 95.3 100.0 100.5 101.5 106.9 128.0 155.2 180.1 209.4 Miscellaneous factory trades. 66.6 68.3 69.0 72.3 74.2 75.8 79.3 81.5 83.8 88.2 91.8 96.0 100.0 102.4 103.6 105.8 111.3 123.7 145.5 181.7 60.0 61.6 62.6 66.1 68.5 72.2 78.4 80.5 83.4 87.8 91.6 96.0 100.0 102.4 103.6 105.8 111.3 123.7 145.9 184.0 65.7 70.0 72.1 74.0 74.4 76.7 82.2 82.5 81.5 86.5 88.1 92.3 100.0 100.6 97.4 102.5 115.1 130.3 150.5 179.1 Lum bering. Year. H ourly ¥7eekly H our y W eekly H ourly W eekly rates. rates. ra te s. rates. rates. rates. 1911.............. 1912.............. 1913.............. 1914.............. 1915.............. 1916.............. 1917.............. 1918.............. 1919.............. 1920.............. 94.9 98.1 100.0 101.0 101.0 110.4 129.2 152.3 180.2 215.3 99.8 98.9 100.0 100.3 100.0 108.3 126.6 145.6 167.9 198.3 95.4 97.1 100.0 103.2 106.2 115.1 128.0 146.8 ISO. 2 216.8 94.9 99.3 100.0 102.9 105.8 114.3 126.7 142.6 164.5 192.9 96.3 98.8 100.0 94.7 89.1 109.5 130.2 150.5 169.8 202.7 96.3 98.8 100.0 94.7 89.0 109.5 130.3 149.6 165.3 191.4 1 Per mile, day, etc. * Includes index num bers of mileage rates, etc., on steam railw ays. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [1001] 64.0 68.0 71.1 73.1 73.5 75.7 81.4 81.8 81.1 85.7 88.1 92.3 100.0 101.0 97.8 102.2 114.6 142.9 163.3 194.2 70.8 73.6 76.7 78.6 78.9 80.2 85.5 86.7 86.7 91.2 96.4 98.3 100.0 101.7 101.7 104.9 110.1 133.2 154. 2 186.6 69.8 72.7 74.2 76.4 78.6 80.8 83.9 85.5 86.9 89.4 92.1 96.4 100.0 100.6 101.0 110.3 114.5 131.6 151.0 179.3 64.9 67.8 70.7 73.1 75.3 77.9 81.9 83.3 84.5 88.4 91.2 96.2 100.0 101.1 101.6 105.2 114. 8 135.1 158.0 190. 3 R A T E S OF W A G ES AN D H O U R S O F L A B O R IN 1920 IN SE L E C T E D T R A D E S A N D C IT IE S IN CANADA. —I CO St. John. Trades. W ages per hour. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis $0.80 $0.60- . 65 .50 .75 . 65 . 75- . 80 .45 H ours per week. Wages per hour. 48 $0. 75 48 $0. 50- . 60 48 . 50- . 65 44 . 50- . 60 . 50- . 60 48 .65- . 70 4S .45 48-54 Hours per week. Wages per hour. 50 81. 00 54 .76 54 $0.65- . 80 . 65 54 54 . 72- . 75 48-54 . 75 54 .45 .60- . 65 48-54 . 55- . 60 .55- . 70 .60 54 50 48 .60- . 70 .60 .60- .65 .55- . 65 . 50- . 55 54 54 55-60 54 54 .55 54 . 45 60 1 30. 00 1 30. 00 48 48 125.50 121.00 48 48 . 70. 70.85. 70- Hours per week. Wages per hour. $1.00 44 .85 48 .80 54 50-54 . 75 44 .80 44 $0.87J-1. 00 .60 50 . 80 50 . 80 47-50 .87* 48 . SO 50 .65 48 . 55 i 35.00 / 1 o5.00-1 \ 44.00/ Toronto. O ttaw a. .52 - . 70 Hours per week. Wages per hour. Hours per week. Wages per hour. .60 48 45 45 i 40. 50 i 40. 50 45 48 54 .60 48 .60 48 . 671- . 72* 48 48 i 38.00 435.00 48 48 145.00 144.00 46 48 i 38.00 135.00 2 6. 44 2 5.12 2 6. 44 2 5.12 26. 44 2 5.12 2 6.44 2 5.12 2 6. 44 2 5.12 27.12-9.04 2 7.12-9.04 2 7.12-9.04 27 .12-9.04 27.12-9.04 ......... . 2 7.12-9.04 2 5.28-6.79 2 5.28-6.79 a $130. 00 48 3 $130. 00 4 3. 88 4 3. 88 48 j 118. 00 49*-54 V 20. 00/ 25.28-6.79 48 31130.00 ••3.88 48 1 21.18 118. 90 122.50 123.00 .40 .45 2 5.28-6.79 3 $130.00 4 3.88 .45 .41 .35 2 5.28-6.79 3 $130.00 4 3. 88 i 27. 75 120. 25 4 4. 50 .39 .40 2 Cents per mile. 48 44 44 44 44 44 48 48 48 48 50 50 50 s P er m onth. 48 48 50 44 55 55 50 2 5.28-6.79 3 $141.00 4 3.88 4 5. 00 i 25.00 • 24.00 i 22.50 i 45.00 i 45.00 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 .85- . 88 .85 .85 .85 .95 .55 H ours per week. . 90 .90 . 90 . 90 1. 00 50 50 50 50 44 60 Wages per hour. 44 $1.124 44 .90* 1.00 48 .87* 44-49 44 1.00 44 $0.871-1.064 44 .60 - . 65 . 70- . 80 . 65- . 82 .80 .65- .80 .90 . 65.71. 80. 75- 2 6. 44 2 5.12 1P er week. Hours per week. 48 48 44-48 44-48 44 48-50 48-50 50 50 44 49* 55 48 54 54 Wages per hour. . 80 .84 . 95 . 85 .90 .70 .60 - . 70 .75 48 48 Hours per week. $1.25 44 $1.25 44 1.00 44 1.00 44 44 $0. 85-1.00 44 $0. 85- . 95 44 .87* . 75- . 80 44 1.05 44 1.00 44 44 1.00 44 1.00 44 .60 50-60 .60 44 $1.00 .90 44 44 .87* .75 44 44 .90 1.00 44 44 $0.55- . 65 Vancouver. Calgary. W innipeg. .78 .78 .75 . 80 - 26.44 2 5.18 2 6. 44 2 5.12 2 7.12-9.04 ........... 2 7. 25-9.17 2 5.28-6.79 48 ? $141.00 4 3. 8S 4S .66 60 53 44 45 4 Per day. 48 48 52* 2 5.35-6. 86 8 $142.00 4 3.88 . 45 48 48 48 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, [ 1002] Building: B ricklayers...................... Carpenters....................... Electrical w orkers......... P ain ters........................... Plum bers......................... Stonecutters.................... B uilders’ laborers.......... Metal: B lacksm iths................... B oilermakers.................. Iro n jnolders................... M achinists....................... Sheet m etal w orkers__ Electric street railways: Conductors and motorm en (m ax im u m )___ Printing: Compositors, h a n d, new spaper................... Pressm en, cylinder, j o b . Steam railways: Conductors, freight........ B rakem en, freight......... Locomotive engineers, fre ig h t........................... Locomotive firemen, freight........................... Telegraphers................... Sectionmen..................... Common laborinfactories. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do................................. Montreal. Quebec. WAGES AND HOUES OF LABOE. 79 R A T E S O F W A GES AND H O U RS O F LA B O R IN 1920 IN SE L E C T E D TR A D E S AND PROVIN C ES IN CANADA. Quebec. New Brunswick. Ontario. B ritish Columbia. Trades. Wages per week. Cotton: Loom fixers (m ale).................... Mule spinners (m ale)................... Ring spinners (fem ale)............... W arpers (fem ale)......................... Furniture: Cabinet m akers............................. Carriage m anufacturing: Body m ak ers............................. Hour per week Wages per week. $24.69 25.35 15.52 18.86 55 55 55 55 $31. 85 50 16.20 25.05 50 50 14.20 1 3 .30 60 57J 1 4 .0 5 1 4 . SO 45 50 21.00 54 19. 50 24.75 24.00 19. 50 22.00 60 55 59] 60 55 24.00 50 22.50 50 4. 50 50 35. 00 48 30.00 L 49| 1 5 .00 50 28. 50 48 35. 00 49.] M. 50 50 24. 75 48 T rim m ers................................... Boots and shoes: C u tters..................................... % Finish p,rs 2 Packers. . . D r iv e rs . . . Pulp and paper: Grinder m e n ............................ Machi n e op orators B eater m e n __ _ Screen m e n .......... Lum bering and sawmilling: Choppers................................. F alters....................................... B and saw yers.......................... Edgers......................................... Filers........................ 1 Per day. 25. 20 2. 40 19. 50 2. 63 2.48 2. 56-, 57 Cio 1 7 .0 0 1 4 .0 0 2.47 30.00 .65-, 67 36.10 29.00 27.50 26.60 23.00 25.18 2.47 72 72 72 48 48 48 48 72 3 75.00 Hour; per week $2 2 . 7 7 Wages per week. Hours per week 50 50 50 1 5 .2 0 14.23 ✓ 2.58 50 50 47] . . . 50 50 47] 50 47] 50" .... ...... . 1 .......... 48 ... 1 ........1 ..... 3 75.00 60 60 53 Wages per week. 1 Last.ers Meat packing: Slaughterers................................. Hour per week 18.00 1 4 . 50 3 Per hour. ' 1...................... ........j....................... 3 7 5 .0 0 60 60 1........ ................. 1 1 3.5CP3.75 J 8 $145.00 i$5. 50-8.50 1 10.00-11.00 1 7.00-8.00 54 1 4. 0 0 54-60 54-60 54 * Per m onth. Wag es of Woman Workers in Mexico. N THE December, 1920, issue of “ Gaceta Mensual,” published by the Mexican Department of Labor, is an account of an investiga tion undertaken to show the need of a minimum wage for woman workers. It was found that in the clothing and allied industries the mini mum weekly wages range from 2 to 10 pesos ($1 to $4.99, par) and the maximum from 6 to 30 pesos ($2.99 to $14.96, par). The higher figures are for masters or very skilled journeywomen who work by the job and have helpers under them. The average wage is said to be between 5 and 6 pesos ($2.49 and $2.99, par). The factories mak ing army clothing pay from 3.£0 to 6 pesos ($1.74 to $2.99, par), I https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [1003] MONTHLY LABOIi REVIEW. 80 the average being 4 pesos (11.99, par). Factories making wax tapers pay the lowest wages—from 1.20 to 12 pesos (SO.60 to $5.98, par), although practically the same situation prevails in the mattress, hosiery, and confectionery industries. A daily wage of 1.38 to 2.26 pesos (10.69 to $1.13, par) prevails in the cigar industry. In home work because of the greater competition the wages are said to be lower and the fatigue greater. Recommendation is made for a minimum weekly wage of 12.56 pesos ($6.26, par) for woman workers, based on a budget including only absolute necessities, such as food, clothing, rent, medical care and medicine, light, and savings. Wages on Government Railroad in Ecuador. /C U R R E N T wage rates in force on the railroad now being conI ^ structed by the Ecuadorian Government from Quito to Esmeraldas, taken from the report of the Minister of Public Works, are presented in the following table, which has been forwarded to the bureau, through the Department of State, by the United States consul general at Guayaquil: M O N T H L Y W A G ES C U R R E N T ON G O V ER N M E N T R A IL R O A D IN E C U A D O R IN 1921. [1 sucre at p a r =48.67 cents.] O ccupation. Superintendent-auditors............................ Storekeeper-assistants to superintendent A ssistants to su perintendent (in th e n o rth ).......................................................... P o rte rs............................................................ A ssistan t au d ito rs....................................... A m anuenses................................................. Treasurer-collectors.................................... A uditor-secretaries..................................... T ax collectors............................................... Inspectors of beer t a x ................................ Subinspectors.............................................. W atchm en.................................................... A ssistants to cen tral board s e c re ta ry .. . Surgeons........................................................ T im ekeepers................................................ A ssistant tim ekeepers................................ Inspectors of m aterials.............................. Paym aster-storekeepers (northern sec tion) ........................................................... R ate of pay.Sucres. 400 100 120 30 100 60 300 150 C1) 60 40-50 40 70 170 100 70 90-100 130 Occupation. R ate of pay. Sucres. 50 Telegraph operators..................................... Chief engineers............................................... 1,300 500 Section chief engineers................................. A ssistant engineers....................................... 325-330 200 D raftsm en ...................................................... 82 Supervisors..................................................... 24 Subbosses of m asonry.................................. 2 2.50 Subsupervisors.............................................. 22 Section forem en............................................. 2 1 A ssistant section forem en........................... 2 .80-1.00 Peons............................................................... 2 1 Masons .......................................................... 2 1.90 B lacksm iths................................................... 2 1.80 C arp en ters............. ........................................ 21 Camp h elp ers................................................. 2 .8 O F lag m en .......................................................... 2.90 D rillers .......................................................... 2 .8 O Shovelers ...................................................... 2 2.00 C hain an d tra n s it m e n ................................ 2 1.00 Surveyors’ peon helpers.............................. 1 T ax collectors are paid a percentage (from 5 to 6 per cent) of th e ir collections. 2 P er day. Wages are calculated on the basis of 26 actual working days; night work and holidays are paid at the same rate. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [10041 WAGES AND HOUES OF LABOE. 81 Wag es and Cost of Living in Austria. presented by the Austrian Trade-Union Commission IN toA memorial the International Trade-Union Congress in London in Novem b e r / with the object of informing the labor world of the eco nomic distress of Austria, figures were given showing that the wage increases granted to Austrian workers since the outbreak of the war are wholly insufficient to meet the enormously increased cost of living. According to the memorial the average weekly wage rates of skilled and unskilled workers of both sexes before the outbreak of the war and in October, 1920, were the following: average w eekly w age rates of s k il l e d and u n s k il l e d w orkers at S P E C IF IE D D A TES. [1 krone a t par=20.3 cents.] K in d of worker. Males: H ighly skilled........................ Skilled............... Semiskiiled............ U nskilled........ Females: H ighly skilled........................ Skilled.......................... U nskilled..................... July, 1914. October, 1920. Kronen. 50 36 26 20 Kronen. 1,100 850 650 550 30 20 12 600 400 300 Thus wages have on an average increased 20 to 25 times since July, 1914. Measured in kronen each worker receives a large sum on pay day. The purchasing power of Austrian money has, however, fallen immensely. While in 1914 a skilled worker could purchase with his weekly wage of 36 kronen ($7.31 par) 120 liters (31.7 gallons) of milk or 18.5 kilograms (40.8 pounds) of meat, his weekly wage of 850 kronen ($172.55, par) in October, 1920, was only equivalent to^the cost of 81 liters (21.4 gallons) of milk or of 7.08 kilograms (15.6 pounds) of meat. These data demonstrate more clearly than any lengthy argument the insufficiency of present day wages in Austria._ Thu prices of rationed foodstuffs were on an average 44 times higher in Austria in October, 1920, than in October, 1913, and this in spite of the fact that the Government sells nearly all rationed foods below cost. 1 Die Gewerkschaft. V ienna, Mar. 15,1921. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [1005] 82 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW. In. the following table are shown the average retail prices in Vienna of various foodstuffs and of fuel in 1914, 1916, and 1920: R E T A IL P R IC E S O F F O O D S T U F F S AN D F U E L IN V IE N N A , A U ST R IA , JU L Y , 1914 AND 1916, AN D O C TO B ER , 1920. [O nekroneat p a r= 20.3 cents; 1 kilogram = 2.2 pounds; l lite r = 1.06 q u arts; 1 cubic m eter=1.3 cubic yards.] Article. U nit. Hoof forequarter wifh tinner ............................ Salt pork .......................................... M utton hint!quarter ........................................... IInrwp. m o a t........................................................................................... K ilogram ........ ........do............... ....... do................ ....... do............... ........do............... L iter................. K ilogram ........ E ach ................. K ilogram ........ Loaf of 1] kilogram. K ilogram ........ ....... do............... ....... do............... ....... do............... ....... do ............... ........do............... ........do............... L ite r................. K ilogram ......... ....... d o .-i.......... L iter................. Cubic m e te r... 100 kilogram s.. ........do............... Mil hr ......................................................... "Rutter eating, o r d in a r y ................................................................... pi ergq fresh ............................................................... W heat flour . ................................................................. B r e a d .................................................................................................... P otato es................................................................................................ Onions _. . ....................................................................... Dentils B. . . , __T_r ....................... ...................................... ............. Peas ..................................................... . Su ear, loaf .- „ - t................................................................. Mai 7.0. . . ,...................T............................................ Coffee ro a ste d ...................................................................................... Beer ............................................................. Cheese h a r d .... ............................................................. Sauerkraut - ............................................................. Petroleum T.... ............................................................. H ard wo id r T . .................................................................... H ard co al.............................................................................................. Lign ite ........................ . . . __ . . . . . . . . . . July, 1914. July, 1916. O ctober, 1920. Kronen. Kronen. Kronen. 120.00 9. 20 1.95 160.00 2.00 9.40 95.00 1.92 85.00 1.05 180.00 10.00 1.90 .52 10. 50 .30 8.00 240.00 3.20 .29 12.00 .07 .44 11.00 6.00 .32 .56 .24 .40 .64 .48 .84 .16 5.00 .32 2.50 .25 .26 4.16 2. 56 .18 1.32 1.02 .48 26.00 5.60 4.20 7.20 11.00 56.00 56.00 46.00 11.00 200. 00 8.40 210.00 6. 00 20.00 300.00 The metal workers claimed in November, 1920, that the minimum living wage for a married worker was 2,000 kronen ($406, par) a week. On December 9 they secured a revision of time and piece work rates, raising the former by 450 to 750 kronen ($91.35 to $152.25, par) per week, the probable aggregate earnings of skilled workers being 1,500 to 2,000 kronen ($304.50 to $406, par) per week, as com pared with 40 or 50 kronen ($8.12 or $10.15, par) in 1914.2 Miners, according to the Neue Freie Presse in a review of the year 1920, are earning 150 to 300 kronen ($30.45 to $60.90, par) a day, as against 4.32 kronen (88 cents, par) in 1914. Other rates, recently fixed, include the following: H O U R L Y AND W E E K L Y W A G E R A T E S IN S P E C IF IE D O CCU PA TIO N S IN A U STR IA . [One k ro n e a t par=20.3 cents.] Occupation. C arp en ters’ h e lp e rs.......................... Cap m akers, women, m achine sew ers............................................... C ap m ak ers, women, h a n d sew ers. F u r w o rk ers,m en .............................. F u r w orkers, w om en........................ B akers.................................................. B akery laborers................................. B read deliverers................................. Pian o m akers (for 48 h o u rs).......... W eekly wage rates. Kronen. 1,200 880 572 to 1,295 O ccupation. Electric fitters, skilled...................... Electric fitte rs ’ unskilled................. Glass c u tte rs ....................................... Sign p a in te rs ..................................... 488 to 996 290 to 765 428 to 1,224 261 to 540 1,519 to 1,602 620 to 650 760 to 890 1,600 2 Labor Overseas, London, Oetober-D ecem ber, 1920, p. 57. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [1006] H ourly wage rates. Kronen. 21.10 to 29. 40 23. 40 to 27.10 19. 00 to 29.00 15. 00 to 22.00 83 WAGES AND HOUES OF LABOR. At the beginning of December, 1920, mercantile clerks in Vienna obtained a 60 per cent increase in wages, with a minimum of 1,280 kronen ($259.84, par) a month; it was stated that 3,342 adult clerks had been receiving less than 800 kronen ($162.40, par) a month. In ladies' tailoring, after having been granted a 60 per cent wage increase in October, men were being paid 914 kronen ($185.54, par) a week, and women 245 to 694 kronen ($49.74 to $140.88, par); in men’s tailoring piece rates have risen 17 to 19^ fold since 1911; in both branches of tailoring further advances of 40 to 60 per cent were granted in December. Trend of Wages in Denmark, 1914 to 1920.1 HE following tables, prepared by the statistical division of the Danish Employers’ Association and published in Arbejdsgivern, the organ of the association, for January 14, 1921 (pp. 9, 10), shows average hourly wages in Copenhagen and the Provinces for the seven-year period 1914 to 1920, and the percentage increases over 1914 in each year, 1915 to 1920. T H O U R L Y W A GES IN D E N M A R K , 1914 TO 1920. [1 ore a t p a r= 0.268 cent.] Average h o urly wages i n Locality, a n d k in d of worker. 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 1920 Skilled workers, m ale............................................ Unskilled workers, m ale....................................... W om an workers...................................................... Ore. 67.1 47.5 32.3 Ore. 73.5 57.0 34.6 Ore. 80.7 63.3 37.9 Ore. 87.9 69.5 41.2 Ore. 115.3 92.3 56.7 Ore. 191. 3 158.2 90.8 Ore. 255.3 206.3 125.8 Average, all w orkers................................... 54.4 61.4 67.5 73.7 99.8 157.7 209.3 Skilled workers, m ale............................................ U nskilled workers, m ale....................................... W om an workers...................................................... 54.8 40.8 25.7 59.5 48.0 30.1 64.6 52.3 34.2 69.8 56.7 38.3 91.8 73.1 49.1 156.3 134.4 81.7 207.3 172.8 115.0 Average, all w orkers................................... 44.9 51.3 56.2 61.1 80.0 137.5 180.7 Skilled w ork ers,m ale............................................ U nskilled workers, m ale................................. W om an w orkers...................................................... 61.3 45.5 29.6 66.7 51.5 32.7 72.9 56.6 36.4 79.1 61.7 40.1 105.3 80.8 54.4 174.3 142.8 87.7 231.8 186.5 122.8 Average, all workers................................... 50.2 56.2 61.8 67.9 91.0 147.3 195.5 Copenhagen. Provinces. Entire country. 1 R ecent wage scales in D enm ark, by occupation, w ere published in th e Monthly L abor R eview for December, 1920 (pp. 86-89). https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [1007] 84 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW. Percentage increases over 1914 in each year, 1915 to 1920, are shown in the next table for the whole country: P E R C EN T O F IN C R E A SE IN H O U R L Y W A GES IN EA C H Y E A R . 1915 TO 1929, O V ER 1914, IN D EN M A R K . K in d of worker. 1916 1915 1917 1919 1918 1920 Skilled workers, m ale..................................... U nskilled workers, m a le ................................ W om an w o rk ers............................................... 8.8 13.2 10.5 18.9 24.4 23.0 29.0 35.6 35.5 71.8 77.6 83.8 184.3 213.8 196.3 278.1 309.9 314.9 Average, a ll workers............................. 12.0 23.1 34.7 81.3 193.4 289.4 The report states that the increase has been granted for women and unskilled laborers because of the fact that their wages in 1914 were small compared with wages for skilled workers. Wages in France.1 1 ¥ /AGES of building workers in Paris show a considerable increase \ ./ y in 1920 over the wTages prevailing in 1913, and in addition to the large increase in the hourly rate a monthly bonus of 20 francs (S3.86, par) is allowed to heads of families for each child under 14 years of age and beginning with the third child 30 francs ($5.79, par) is allowed. The following table shows the basic rates of wages of building workers in different occupations in 1913 and 1920 and the per cent of increase. The basic rates are in most cases minimum rates. BASIC H O U R L Y R A T E S OP W A GES OF B U IL D IN G W O R K E R S IN PA R IS IN 1913 AND IN 1920. [1 franc a t par=19.3 cents; 1 centim e a t par=0.193 eent.'l O ccupation. N avvies............................................. Journeym en m asons...................... Structural-iron workers................. P a in te rs............................................ B ricklayers....................................... Per cent of increase. 1913 1920 Centimes. 80 95 80 85 SO to 100 Francs. 3 3 3 275 215 275 3 215 The salaries of Government employees as exemplified in the salary scale for employees of the Ministry of Justice also show large increases over the 1914 rates, especially for the lower paid workers. In addition to salaries a uniform cost-of-living bonus of 720 francs ($138.96, par) is given, and to heads of families a rent bonus of 1,200 francs ($231.60, par) as well as a monthly bonus of 30 francs ($5.79, par) for each child under the age of 16 years and of 40 francs ($7.72, par) beginning with the fourth child. The following table shows the salaries of different grades of em ployees in 1914, 1918, and 1920, and the percentage of increase in 1920 over 1914: 1 Le Musée Social, Paris. Mémoires et docum ents, I er Janvier 1921, No. 1, pp. 33, 31. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [10081 WAGES AND HOUES OF LABOR. 85 SA L A R IE S O F E M P L O Y E E S OF T H E M IN IST R Y O F JU STIC E , 1914, 1918, AN D 1920. [1 franc a t par=19.3 cents.] Grade of employees. Directors. B ureau chiefs: Special class. F irst c la ss... Second class. Third class.. F ourth class. Subchiefs: Special class. F irst class. . . Second class. T hird class.. Principalclerks: Special class. F irst class__ Second class. Third class.. Clerks: F irst class__ Second class. T hird class... A ssistants............ 1918 July 1, 1914. Francs. 30,000 27,500 25,000 Francs. 0) G) 0) Francs. 15,000 13,500 13,500 18,000 17,000 16,000 15,000 14,000 12,000 11,000 10,000 9,000 8,000 10,000 9,000 8,000 7,000 so 88 100 114 2 75 14,000 13,000 12,000 11,000 8,000 7,000 6,500 6,000 6,500 5,000 5,500 5,000 115 116 118 120 (3) 11,000 10,000 9,000 6,000 5,500 5,000 4,500 5,000 4,500 4,000 8,000 7,000 4,000 3.500 3,000 2.500 3, .500 3,000 128 133 1,500 300 6,000 1 No change. 2 191S taken as base. Per cent of in crease in 1920 over .1914. 1920 100 10S 85 144 150 2 100 3 Special class abolished. Agricultural Wage Scales in France Based on Price of Wheat.1 A Is UN USUAL method of fixing a wage scale is that adopted by a French agricultural society at the beginning of last summer’s harvest when the proprietors were threatened by a strike among the workers, which was checked as a result of this action. The scale for farm laborers not receiving board and lodging or other compensation was fixed at 15 francs ($2.90, par) a day if the selling price of wheat was 100 francs ($19.30, par) per hundredweight, increasing or decreasing by 0.50 franc (9.7 cents, par) per day for each 5 francs (96.5 cents, par) that the price of wheat was raised or lowered, the minimum pay being 12 francs ($2.32, par) ner day. The monthly rate was fixed at 440 francs ($84.92, par) with wheat at 100 francs, increasing or diminishing by 15 francs ($2.90, par) for each 5-franc change in the price. Following is the daily and monthly scale agreed upon: D A IL Y AN D M O N T H LY R A T E S O F W A GES O F FA RM L A B O R E R S , B A SED ON PR IC E OF W HEAT. [1 fran c a t par=19.3 cents.] Price of w heat per hundredw eight. Francs. 70 to 74 75 to 79 80 to 84 85 to 89 90 to 94 95 to 99 100 to 104 le coure du bfe^11 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis D aily ra te of M onthly ra te wages. of wages. Francs. 12.00 12.50 13.00 13.50 14.00 14.50 15.00 B u lletin ’ N ov-'J)cc-> 192°- [1009] Francs. 350 365 380 395 410 425 440 F ix atio n d ’une échelle de salaires d ’après 86 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, For all kinds of woman labor the rate without board and lodging or other compensation was fixed at 0.80 franc (15.4 cents, par) per hour. Monthly laborers in addition to their wages are given a garden of 500 square meters (5,382 sq. ft.) plowed and fertilized by the employer and a bonus of 100 francs ($19.30, par) is given for a year’s continuous work to those employees not receiving board. Extra compensation is given for the harvest season and the bonuses for cutting and other harvest bonuses are continued. Wages in Various industries in Germany in 1920. Iron and Metal Industry.1 HE following table, giving average wages in the iron and metal industry in Germany in February, 1920, was prepared by the Statistische Reichsamt and covers the wages of 783,940 work men in 3,185 establishments: T A V ER A G E TIM E AND P IE C E W O R K W A GES A N I) E A R N IN G S IN T H E IR O N AND M ETA L IN D U S T R Y IN G ER M A N Y IN F E B R U A R Y , 1920, B Y CITY . [1 m ark a t par=23.8 cents.] Turners. Borers. City. Average wage per hour. Average earnings d uring 4 weeks. A verage wage per hour. Average earnings during 4 weeks. E ngine fitters. A verage wage per hour. Average earnings during 4 weeks. Time Piece Tim e Piece Tim e Piece Tim e Piece Tim e Piece Tim e Piece work. work. work. work. work. work. work. work. work. work. work. work. Mks. 3.45 3.27 3. 82 3.26 2.83 3.29 2.76 3.76 3.53 3.94 3.54 3.16 3.48 3.38 3.56 2.71 2.06 3.13 4.14 3.16 M annheim .............................. 4.53 Kiftl ....................................... 3.44 R em scheid.............................. 3.39 B erlin...................................... H am b u rg ................................ Cologne................................... M unich.................................... Leipzig..................................... D resden................................... B reslau .................................... E ssen ....................................... Frankfort on th e M ain........ Düsseldorf.............................. ‘Mnrp.mhp.rg... .................... H an o v er................................. S tu ttg art................................. C hem nitz................................ D o rtm u n d .............................. M agdeburg............................. Königsberg............................. B rem en................................... D uisburg................................. M ks. Mks. Mks. Mks. 696 3.79 3.81 627 653 3.39 3.50 589 774 3.84 4.14 718 4.05 713 3.57 568 617 3.00 3.50 492 4.02 707 3.49 564 3.24 521 611 2. 68 796 3.74 710 4.22 3.73 644 3.25 631 4.33 736 821 4.11 735 3.87 4.23 636 3.65 588 664 3.50 4,12 615 728 3.85 595 755 3.39 4.40 761 3.45 4.10 666 3.09 510 583 2.91 504 2.42 2.64 458 3.42 623 3.24 583 4.35 772 829 4.25 3.54 603 684 3.16 980 4.68 5.18 857 632 683 3.50 3.61 779 3.42 640 4.09 Mks. Mks. Mks. M ks. 697 703 3.47 3.89 4.02 746 3.48 633 4.29 717 808 3.89 4.19 612 718 3.78 3.70 527 647 3.18 4.38 611 762 3.85 3.30 503 623 2.83 4.15 783 4.04 701 596 685 3.57 4.04 767 821 4.18 4.44 675 762 4.03 4.50 644 723 3.36 3.94 752 3.82 4.26 081 582 779 3.78 4.48 775 4.16 4.14 668 551 630 3.04 3.34 466 2.37 2.57 482 606 3.29 3.38 568 802 864 4.21 4.60 585 743 3.19 3.96 5.41 877 988 3.91 700 3.51 643 3.78 809 3.64 4.34 638 Mks. Mks. M ks. 722 3.97 658 707 669 3.70 762 4.18 769 704 728 4.28 702 3.89 585 790 705 4.31 687 3.74 580 845 776 4.40 660 4.14 653 893 836 4.49 805 4.34 772 657 3.55 631 761 696 4.25 4.85 682 860 829 4.02 869 587 580 3.17 475 564 2. 79 606 606 3.32 751 853 4.23 676 3.61 607 801 1,043 5.53 652 661 3.67 851 713 4.50 1 D ata from th e A m erican econom ist consul a t B erlin, dated M ar. 3, 1921, forwarded to this bureau by th e D epartm ent of S tate. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [1010] WAGES AND HOUES OF LABOR. 87 A V E R A G E T IM E AND P IE C E W O R K W A G E S AN D E A R N IN G S IN T H E IR O N 4N D MFTAT IN D U S T R Y IN G ER M A N Y IN F E B R U A R Y , 1920, B Y C ITY —Concluded. ‘ " ‘ Locksmiths'. Average wages per hour. Average earnings during 4 weeks. Toolmakers. Average wage per hour. Average earnings during 4 weeks. Time Piece Time Piece Time Piece Time work work. work work work work. work. work. B erlin............................. H am b u rg ...................... Cologne.......................... M unich.......................... Leipsic............................ D resden............. B reslau.......................... E ssen ............................. Frankfort on th e "Main Düsseldorf..................... N urem berg.................... H anover..................... S tu ttg a rt.............. . " ” C hem nitz....................... D o rtm u n d ..................... Magdeburg.................... Königsberg..................... B rem en........................... D uisburg....................... ' S te ttin ............................. M annheim ..................... K iel.................................. Rem scheid...................... M s. 3. 61 3.37 3. 85 3.63 3.02 3.66 2. 69 3.78 3.64 4.08 3.91 3.17 3.99 3.31 3.62 2.94 2.26 3.20 4.24 3.37 4.50 3.52 3.72 M ks. 4.02 3.73 4.24 4.41 3.58 4.18 3.49 4 .14, 4.16 4.69 4.50 3.89 4.17 4.52 4.07 3.31 2.79 3.35 3.97 3.73 5.38 3.71 4.85 Mks. Mks. Mks. Mks. M ks. 675 733 3.81 3.96 694 723 652 709 3.49 3.74 654 729 731 792 4.05 4.56 766 856 634 755 3.72 4.12 665 703 531 630 2.98 3.15 520 553 648 730 4.06 4.51 696 821 519 649 2.92 3.24 582 606 717 779 3.93 4.28 738 809 648 725 3.67 4.41 592 759 766 874 4.37 4.73 815 889 666 770 3.86 4.45 695 770 588 710 3.38 3.76 618 693 704 743 4.00 4.07 712 723 580 789 3.73 4.55 643 797 698 794 3. 79 4.16 723 797 545 622 3.05 3.32 577 Oil 445 519 2.39 2.57 374 490 579 606 3.10 3.80 570 706 818 728 3.71 4.12 737 790 642 699 4.24 3.51 782 672 847 L, 007 4.94 5.55 926 1,047 651 698 3.55 3.73 665 '691 712 898 3.76 4.87 715 897 A c o m p a r is o n o f th e s e fig u r e s w it h th e c o s t o f liv in g in F e b r u a r y , 1920, m a y b e h a d b y r e fe r e n c e to a ta b le s h o w in g c h a n g e s in c o s t o f liv in g fo r a f a m ily o f fiv e p e r so n s in m o s t o f th e c it ie s n o te d h e r e , p u b lis h e d in theM oN TH LY L a b o r R e v ie w fo r A p r il, 1921 (p p . 55 to 57. The Statistische Reichsamt has summed up the comparison between these wage statistics and the figures on the cost of living in the follow ing words: The official figures on the cost of living for the month of February, exclusive of clothing, amounts in Mannheim for a family of five people to 580 marks [$138.04 pari. Lhe average earnings in Mannheim in comparison with the cost of living were more than sufficient. It must be remembered that these wage earners include male workers over 18, many of whom were unmarried or married with families of less than five. Tn addition to Mannheim the average earnings were higher than the cost of livinv in Cologne, Düsseldorf, Remscheid, Munich, Nuremberg, Stuttgart, and Berlin (with the exception m Berlin of the wages for borers for time-work). The wages in com parison with the cost of living in Königsberg were much less favorable. In that city the cost of living (558 marks [$132.80, par]) was slightly exceeded only by the engine litters m piecework. In other groups, especially in the case of the toolmakers, the average earnings both for time and piece work were considerably below the cost of average earnings were below the cost of living in Hamburg, Frankfort on the Mam, and Bremen (except for the toolmakers in piecework in Bremen) * * *t On the whole wages in the iron and metal industry appear to be sufficient, especially in bouth Germany and in the Rhenish Westphalian industrial region, while in North Germany and the Hansa towns they are less favorable. Textile industry. W A G E S in the textile industry of Germany in February, 1920, have been secured by the Statistische Reichsamt from 1,327 establishments hiring 222,820 employees, and have been communi https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [1011J MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW. cated to this bureau through the Department of State by the Ameri can economist consul at Berlin under date of March 10, 1921. Of the total number of employees only 16,144 are covered in the reports obtained, 42 per cent being males and 58 per cent females. Fiftyseven per cent of the males and 53 per cent of the females were piece workers. Detail statistics show that the wages and earnings varied greatly from place to place. The following table shows the average hourly wages and the earnings for a single month for male and female time and piece workers in specified occupations: A V ER A G E H O U R L Y W AGES AND EA R N IN G S F O R A M ON TH O F M ALE AND FEM A LE T E X T IL E W O R K E R S IN G ER M A N Y IN F E B R U A R Y , 1920. [1 m ark a t par=23.8 cents.] E arnings for a m onth. H ourly wages. Finishers....... C arders.......... Shearers......... Spinners........ W eavers........ Females. Males. Females. Males. Occupation. Time work. Piece work. Time work. Piece work. Tim e work. Piece work. Time work. Piece work. Marks. 2.08 to 4.00 1.96 to 3.61 2.00 to 3.77 2.23 to 3.91 1.98 to 3.87 Marks. 2.67 to 3.85 3.10 to 3.37 2.77 to 4.47 2.15 to 3.80 2.60 to 5.14 Marks. 1.34 to 2.42 1.50 to 2,57 2.00 to 2.70 1.36 to 2.49 1.38 to 3.00 Marks. 1.66 to 3.02 1.98 to 2.89 1.74 to 3.63 1.45 to 2.59 1.34 to 3.52 Marks. 390 to 667 347 to 661 368 to 672 429 to 706 343 to 614 Marks. 465 to 708 584 to 621 479 to 773 360 to 662 471 to 944 Marks. 256 to 416 250 to 454 345 to 492 229 to 448 241 to 544 Marks. 193 to 512 352 to 463 296 to 613 253 to 459 227 to 585 Miscellaneous Industries. on “ the industrial and economic situation in Germany A REPORT in December, 1920,” made by the commercial secretary of the British embassy in Berlin to the British Department of Overseas Trade, contains among other things data on wages in various indus tries in Germany, based on collective agreements concluded during 1920. It is stated that the following hourly wage rates 1 in machinery industries, in foundries, in locomotive and car works and allied indus tries, and in enameling works have been in force in the Dusseldorf district since April, 1920, and that they can be taken as representing the average, although, if anything, they may be slightly higher than those paid in other districts. Class 1.—Skilled workers having a certificate of proficiency, who pan prove to have had a long and varied experience and practical training, capable of working independently in their trade (doubtful cases are decided by a commission of experts): Marks. Males over 25 years of age................................................................... Males 21 to 25 years of age...................................... ............... - .......... Males up to 21 years of age who have finished their apprentice ship................................................................................................... Class 2.—Skilled workers without a certificate of proficiency : Males over 25 years of age.................................................................. Males over 21 to 25 years of age...................................................... Males over IS to 21 years of age...................................................... Males o ver 17 to 19 years of age.................................. .................. i All wage rates are quoted in m arks (1 m ark a t par=23.8 cents). https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis tl0 1 2 ] 4.30 to 4.50 3. 70 to 4.30 2. 90 to 3.20 4.10 to 4.30 3.60 to 4.10 2.80 to 3.10 2.50 to 2.80 WAGES AUD HOURS OE LABOR. Class 3 .—Semiskilled workers: Males over 25 years of age........................................................................... Males over 21 to 25 years of age................................................................. Males over 19 to 21 years of age.................................................................. Males over 17 to 19 years of age................................................................. Class 4 -—Unskilled workers (helpers): Males over 21 years of age............................................................................ Males over 18 to 21 jeara of age.................................................................. Males over 16 to 18 years of age.................................................................. Males over 14 to 16 years of age.................................................................. 89 Marks. 3. 85 to 4. 05 3. 55 to 3.85 2.70 to 3.00 2.40 to 2. 70 3. 55 to 2.70 to 2.40 to 1.90 to 3.85 3.00 2. 70 2.20 F em a le workers doing men’s work receive 20 per cent less than do male workers of the same class. S p ecia l fe m a le workers, including japanners, edgers, electro-oxyacetylene welders, assemblers, printers, machine workers, cleaners in pickling shops (plus 10 pfennigs [2.4 cents, par] per hour bonus, apron, and clogs), and sprayers: Females over 21 years of age....................................................................... 2.50 to 2. 70 Females over 18 to 21 years of age............................................................. 1.90 to 2.10 Females over 16 to 18 years of age............................................................. 1.70 to 1.90 Females over 14 to 16 years of age........................................................." 1.40 to 1 .60 F em a le u n s k ille d workers (helpers ).—To these belong cleaners, washers, packers, and other helpers: Females over 21 years of age...................................................................... 2.40 to 2.61 Females over 18 to 21 years of age............................................................. 1.80 to 2 .00 Females over 16 to 18 years of age............................................................. 1.60 to l . 80 Females over 14 to 16 years of age............................................................. 1.30 to l! 60 S p e c i a l p r o v i s i o n s .— A c h ild a llo w a n c e o f 1 m a r k p e r s h if t is p a y a b le fo r a ll c h ild r e n u p to th e a g e o f 14 y e a r s, in c lu s iv e , or to th e a g e o f 16 y e a r s , in c lu s iv e , if s t ill a t s c h o o l. F o r e m e n r e c e iv e a n h o u r ly b o n u s o f n o t le s s th a n 2 0 p fe n n ig s (4 .8 c e n ts , p ar) if w o r k in g o n p ie c e w o r k , a n d o f n o t le s s t h a n 4 0 p fe n n ig s , (9 .5 c e n ts ) if n o t w o r k in g o n p ie c e w o r k . T h e c o s t - o f - liv in g b o n u s w a s in c r e a s e d b e g in n in g w it h A p r il 16, 1 9 2 0 . T h e h o u r ly b o n u s r a te s in fo r c e are: Mark. Males over 14 to 16 years of age....................................................................... 0.20 Males over 16 to 18 years of age.............................................................................. 30 Males over 18 years of age........................................................................................ 40 Males over 19 years of age........................................................................................ 60 Males over 20 years of age........................................................................................ 80 Males over 21 years of age.................................................................................. 1.00 Females over 25 years of age....................................................................... 80 Females over 21 to 25 years of age......................................................... 50 Females over 18 to 21 years of age......................................................... 30 Females over 14 to 18 years of age......................................................... 20 A ll w o r k e r s a b o v e th e a g e o f 23 w h o are th e s o le s u p p o r te r s o f th e ir f a m ily r e c e iv e a b o n u s o f 1 m a r k p e r h o u r . W h e r e p ie c e w o r k r a te s a re r e s o r te d to , w h ic h is g e n e r a lly th e c a se , i t is s t a t e d t h a t t h e y a re s o fix e d t h a t a n a v e r a g e w o r k e r c a n e a rn a t le a s t 15 p e r c e n t a b o v e h o u r ly r a te s . G e n e r a lly i t is u n d e r s t o o d t h a t p ie c e w o r k e a r n in g s m a y b e ta k e n to b e a b o u t 4 0 p e r c e n t h ig h e r t h a n t h e b a s ic r a te s . Ceramic Industry. |N T H I S in d u s t r y a c o lle c t iv e a g r e e m e n t c o v e r in g a ll o f G e r m a n y h a s r e c e n t ly b e e n c o n c lu d e d . T h e v a r io u s lo c a lit ie s h a v e b e e n g r o u p e d in t o fo u r c la s s e s a c c o r d in g to c o s t - o f - liv in g c o n d it io n s . A s p e c ia l w a g e s c h e d u le h a s b e e n fix e d fo r e s t a b lis h m e n ts in G r e a te r B e r lin . T h e w a g e r a te s fix e d in t h e a g r e e m e n t r e p r e s e n t m in im u m https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [1013] MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, 90 rates. Good workmen receive correspondingly higher wages. The agreement is subject to abrogation after a fortnight’s notice, expir ing at the end of the month. The rates fixed are the following: H O U R L Y MINIMUM W AGE R A TES IN T H E CERAMIC IN D U S T R Y IN GERM ANY, 1920. [1 m ark a t par=23.8 cents.] Localities of— G reater Bei lin. K in d of workers and age group. Skilled workers, male: F irst year after term ination of apprenticeship — XJp t o y ears............................................................... 550fto 24 yp.ars................................................................. O v e r 24 yp.ars................................................................. Job r^t,Ps ................................- ..................... Skilled workers, female: 10 to IX yp.ars ............................................................... IK t o 20 ypars................................................................. O v p r 20 yp.ars................................................................. Job rato .................................. - ................................. Unskilled workers, male: 1 0 to 1X yp.ars ............................................................... IK to 2 0 ypars ................................................................................... 20 t o 24 yp.ars................................................................. Over 24 y p .ars............................................................... Job rato ................................................................. Unskilled workers, female: 1 0 to IK yp.ars................................................................. 18 to 20 y ears................................................................. Over 20 yp.ars . ...... ............................................................ Job r a te .......................................................................... Class I. Class II A. Class IIB . Class III. Marks. Marks. Marks. Marks. 3 .1 1 3. 72 4. 21 4 .5 1 5 .6 8 2 .5 9 3 .1 0 3 .5 1 3 .7 8 4 .7 5 2 .1 7 2 .7 0 3 .1 0 3 .3 5 4 .1 9 1 .9 6 2 .5 0 2 .9 0 3 .1 3 3 .9 1 1 .81 2 .3 0 2 .7 0 2 .9 2 3 .6 5 2 .4 5 2 .8 6 3 .2 6 4 .0 8 2 .0 1 2 .3 8 2 .7 2 3 .4 0 1 .7 0 2 .0 4 2 .3 8 2 .9 8 1 .6 2 1 .9 6 2 .3 1 2 .8 9 1 .5 3 1 .8 7 2 .1 8 2 .7 3 Marks. 2 .9 8 3 .3 4 2 .4 8 2 .7 8 2 .1 0 2 .4 0 1 .9 5 2 .2 5 1 .8 0 2 .1 0 3.70 4.03 5.04 3.08 3.36 4.20 2.70 3.00 3. 75 2.55 2.75 3.45 2.33 2.52 3.15 2.22 2.66 3. 01 3.78 1.85 2.22 2.52 3.15 1.48 1.85 2.22 2.79 1.39 1.76 2.07 2.59 1.30 1.67 1.92 2.40 Bonuses amounting to from 15 to 25 per cent of the minimum wage rates are paid according to age, number of dependent children, and kind of work. Cigar Industry. scale of pay for foremen was introduced on November 1, A NEW 1920. The scale is a national scale. The various localities are arranged in four classes according to population, with four groups in each class. The minimum monthly earnings include wages and cost-of-living bonuses. MINIMUM M ON TH LY E A R N IN G S OF FO R EM EN IN T H E GERM AN CIGAR IN D U STRY , N O V EM BER 1, 1920. [1 m ark a t par=23.8 cents.] Group. . Class of towns. Class A (over 50,000 in h a b ita n ts)........................................................ Class B (over 10,000 to 50,000 in h a b ita n ts)....................................... Class C (over 2,000 to 10,000 in h a b ita n ts).......................................... Class D (2,000 in h ab itan ts or u n d er).................................................. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [1014] I II II I Marks. 965 890 775 750 Marks. 1,140 1,050 915 885 Marks. 1,225 1,135 985 955 IV Marks. 1,400 1,295 1,125 1,090 ; WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR. 91 Chocolate and Confectionery Industry. NEW national wage agreement was concluded in this industry on September 28, 1920. It provides minimum hourly rates plus local allowances up to 25 per cent. In Berlin the rates per hour are : r A Skilled workers over 23 years of age___ Skilled workers 20 to 23 years of age___ Skilled workers under 20 years of a g e... Unskilled workers over 23 years of age.. Unskilled workers 20 to 23 years of age.. Unskilled workers 18 to 20 years of age., Unskilled workers 16 to 18 years of age.. Unskilled workers under 16 years of age Female workers over 20 years of a g e .. . . Female workers 18 to 20 years of age___ Female workers 16 to 18 years of age___ Female workers under 16 years of a g e ... Marks. 5.62 5.25 4.62 5.31 5.00 4.05 3.37 2.50 2.94 2.62 2.37 2.00 Clothing Industry, and Municipal Workers. P clothing industry the award of an arbitration board intro duced a new grouping and new wage rates. It is remarkable how wide the discrepancy m pay is, the wage differing according to the locality m which the worker lives. Thus the hourly wage in the highest wage class of men’s tailors is 6.30 marks ($1.50, par) in Berlin 6 marks ($1.43, par) in Cologne, and 3.60 marks (85.7 cents, par) in the towns in which the cost of living is considered the lowest. An official notice as to the wages of municipal workmen in Berlin which was published in the press at the beginning of November of last year, shows that the following hourly rates are being paid: Marks. Unskilled workers, unmarried.. Unskilled workers, married__ Skilled workmen, unmarried... Skilled workmen, married....... Specialist workmen, unmarried Specialist workmen, married... 4. 69 4. 93 4. 88 5.12 5.17 5. 44 The last rate on the basis of a 48-hour week equals 12,533.76 marks ($2,983.03, par) per annum. “ Heavy” workers (those performing particularly arduous duties) receive 10 pfennigs (2.4 cents, par) per hour more. For night work (i. e., any work done between 6 p. m. and 6 a. m.) the above rates are increased by 25 per-cent; for Sunday work the increase is 50 per cent. The municipal workmen enjoy certain privileges. They receive sick pay in full for the first 26 weeks, and if treated in a home they receive sick pay in full for an unlimited period. They are granted annual leave the duration of which increases with each year of em ployment and in the fourth year amounts to four weeks. They are entitled to a pension. 44130°—21------7 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [1015] M O N T H L Y LABOE EE V IE W . 92 Payment-in-Kind Scheme Proposed by German Economist.1 D URING the last two years there has been a phenomenal increase in Germany in the prices of all necessaries of life. This increase is chiefly due to the depreciation of German money, which in turn has its cause in the issuance of masses of paper currency without a corresponding increase in the production of goods. The steady upward trend of prices as a matter of course forced workers to make continuous demands for wage increases. But no sooner had the workers obtained an increase of wages than all the gain made by them was entirely wiped out by a further increase of prices, for every increase of wages was accompanied by a threefold increase of prices. Thus, the purchasing power of wages decreased with every increase of wages. This state of things has suggested to Dr. H. Potthoff of Munich a scheme which involves réintroduction of the old system of payment of wages in kind. In “ Arbeitsrecht,” a periodical published by him, he says that in Russia, where money to-day has hardly any purchasing power, payment of wages in kind is now being resorted to universally. The Russian system rests, however, upon different bases than those upon which the capitalistic economic system is built. Dr. Potthoff’s scheme differs from the system of former times, and, of course, also from the Russian system, in that it presupposes a community of interests of employers and workers which should act as an incentive for both to make energetic efforts to stabilize prices and thus insure to wages a stable purchasing power. Dr. Potthoff proposes that in the future collective agreements shall not only fix wages for a rather long period, but that at the same time they shall also fix the prices at which the more important necessaries of life shall be sold. In other words, the employer shall assure to the workers not only a fixed nominal wage, but a real wage, by guarantee ing the purchasing value of the wages and assuming the risk of future price increases. According to Dr. Potthoff’s scheme the employers would jointly buy, through their trade organizations, all the necessaries required by their workers. The various employers’ trade organizations conclude mutual agreements that they will furnish to each other their own products at fixed prices or under conditions fixed in advance. Thus the shoe manufacturers’ association would obligate itself to furnish under fixed conditions, to all other employers’ trade organizations a certain quantity of boots and shoes of specified quality for their salaried employees and manual workers. The shoe manufacturers’ associa tion would in turn be entitled to delivery by the brewers’ association of a fixed quantity of beer at fixed prices, to delivery by the white goods manufacturers’ association of a fixed quantity of bed sheets, and so on. Delivery of and settlement for the goods would be effected through a central clearing house in order to save transportation as much as possible, and to avoid cash settlement of accounts. The workers would be represented in the management of the clearing house. If this scheme were adopted the wage system would gradually undergo a change. Ultimately wage agreements would no longer i K orrespondenzBlatt. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis B erlin, Oct. 30,1920. [10161 WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR. 93 provide fixed wages and guarantee the prices of necessaries, but would stipulate direct compensation in kind. Dr. Potthoff also suggests that there is nothing to prevent employers from using the large consumers* cooperative societies as agencies for the provision and distribution of the necessaries required by the workers. Tne adoption of the scheme would also lessen circulation of inflated paper currency and thus remove one of the main causes of present excessive prices. Dr. Potthoff s scheme has many fervent advocates, but organized la bor is strongly opposed to its adoption. The Korrespondenzblatt, the organ of the German Federation of Labor, claims that the adoption of the scheme would lead to the same results which the price fixing and rationing systems of the war had, that such a system would require a very large staff, and, owing to its bureaucratic character, would not work satisfactorily. The scheme, moreover, would do away with the free choice of necessaries. Allotment of the same goods and possibly aiso m the same quantity to each individual worker is a very easy matter, but, as has been demonstrated during the war, it does not make men happy and satisfied, and can not be kept up for any length Sliding Wage Scales in Great Britain Based on Cost of Living. HE London Daily Mail for February 18, 1921, contains the fol lowing list of trades the wage scales of which are automatically affected by changes in the cost of living as determined by the Ministry of Labor and expressed as a percentage of the cost of living m July, 1914: s T Railways.■ Decrease of Is. (24.3 rente, par) a week for every fall of 5 points Rates to be revised m March. Enginemen and firemen, wod-lexlde industry.—R eelaction of 3s. 7Id. (&8.2 cents par) a week far each drop of 10 points. Bleaching, dyeing, and 'printing (.Lancashire, Derby, Cheshire, and Scotland).—Fall of 1 per cent for every 1-point fall in cost of living. Packers and makm-up, Manchester..—Fall of 3.28d. (6,7 cents, par) for men and 1.68d. (3.4 cents, par) for women for every 1-point drop. Carpet makers..—Drop of 10 per cent when figure falls 10 points. Silk manufacture.—Reduction of 2s. (48.7 cents, par) a week for men, Is. 6d. C36.5 cents, par) for women, and Is. for juniors for every 10-point drop. Silver and allied trades (Condon).—Reduction of Id. (2.03 cents, par) per hour for every fall of 10 points. Bedstead making.—-Fall of 2s. (48.7 cents, par) a week for every 10 points. . Government employees—Rates revised every four months until March 1, then every six months, the average index figure far the period being the basis of new rates. Police. Sonus to be assessed on April 1, the averagelndex figure for previous six months forming the new basis. It is stated that in many trades not affected by this sliding scale conferences have been held and some trades have already decided upon reductions. The cost of living on February 1, 1921, was 151 per cent higher than in July, 1914, being ¡a drop of 14 points from the January 1 figure. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [1017] 94 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW. Wages in the Dye industry in England. CCORDING to a report from the United States consul at Brad ford, England, transmitted through the Department of State, an award covering wages of approximately 100,000 operative dyers in Yorkshire, Lancashire, Cheshire, and Derbyshire has recently been made by an independent chairman and umpire to whom the matters in dispute between the employers and employees were referred after representatives of the parties concerned had been unable to reach a satisfactory agreement. The employees submitted the following demands: A (a) That an advance of 40 per cent be granted on the current rates for all operatives dealt with under previous agreements. (b) That a minimum rate of £5 ($24.33, par) for 48 hours per week be granted to males 21 years of age and over. (c) That a minimum rate of £3 ($14.60, par) per week be granted to females 18 years of age and over. (d) That pieceworkers be guaranteed 25 per cent higher earnings over the day workers. (e) That consideration be given to the agreement for the shorter working week, with a view to limiting the hours to 48. (/) The payment for all holidays, including a full week’s holiday. The award reads: 1. I find and award that, having regard to the protection afforded to the workmen in regard to the increased cost of living by the sliding scale, they have not made out a case for a present advance on the current rates for all operatives dealt with under the agreements laid before us under head (a), nor for a present minimum rate of £5 ($24.33, par) for 48 hours for adult males or £3 ($14.60, par) for adult females under heads (b) and (c) in the said agreement respectively specified. 2. I find and award that piece-workers are entitled to 25 per cent higher earnings over the day workers (head d). 3. I find and award that consideration can not now be given to an agreement for a shorter working week with a view to limiting the hours of work to 48 under head (e) without at th e same time entering into the larger question of unemployment and under employment, referred to in the concluding paragraph of the statement of contentions laid before us by Mr. Shaw on behalf of the workmen, and this larger question is not referred to us for decision. 4. I find and award that payment for holidays ought not now to be imposed upon the employers under head (J), since it also is an element in the same larger question. 5. In so far as it is permissible for me to make any recommendation to the employers, and as an expression of opinion rather than of decision, I urge upon them the desira bility of settling with the workmen, without delay, a scheme which will embrace the matter referred to in paragraphs 3 and 4 of this award, together with all other matters affecting unemployment and underemploy ment. Dated this 5th day of February, 1921. The representative who appeared for the workmen is quoted as saying that the base rate for dyers, finishers, scourers, and millers is 33s. 3d. ($8.09, par), or a full wage of 88s. Id. ($21.43, par) for 48 hours. lie states that the wages for dyers and finishers in Yorkshire on the day rates covered by the present award are 30s. 3d. ($7.36, par) base wage for a 48-hour week, which, together with the cost-ofliving allowance, totals 80s. 2d. ($19.51, par), or 7s. lid . ($1.93, par) less than the present total wage. In Lancashire, he stated, the base rates are 28s. ($6.81, par), with a cost-of-living wage of 49s. lid . ($12.14, par), making a total for male adults for a 48-hour week of 77s. lid . ($18.96, par), as against the 88s. Id. ($21.43, par). The question arose as to whether the 25 per cent allowed piece workers over day workers meant that the increase was to be applied https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [1018] 95 WAGES AND HOURS OE LABOR. before or after the addition of the cost-of-living wages. This question was submitted to the umpire for interpretation, and he has decided as follows: I have referred again to the several agreements in which the excess of payment to pieceworkers over day workers, which it is now asked should be made universal, had already been acceded to in the case of the Yorkshire dyers, the bleaching, dyeing, and other industries in Lancashire, Cheshire, and Derbyshire, and the British cotton and wool dyers and other associations, and I find that in all cases the 25 per cent addi tion is clearly expressed to have effect before the addition of the cost-of-living wage. I have, therefore, to report that the meaning of my finding is that the 25 per cent higher earnings to pieceworkers over day workers in the cases in which such increase has not hitherto been received is to be ascertained in the same manner. Wages for Repairing and Dry-docking Ships in Belgium and England. R ATES of wages paid certain workers employed in repairing ships in dry docks at Antwerp (Belgium) and Newcastle-on-Tyne (England) have been furnished by the American consul at the latter place under date of March 9, 1921. They are as follows: H O U R L Y W A GES PA ID F O R R E P A IR IN G SH IP S IN D R Y DO CK A T A N T W E R P AND N EW C A STL E-O N -T Y N E, B Y O CCUPATION. [1 franc a t par=19.3 cents; 1 shilling=24.3 cents; 1 pcnny=2.03 cents.] Occupation. Pimit.p.rs flqrpp/nt.prs _____ ____ Fit.tors Rra.vip.rs "Ri vo tors Wages a t A ntw erp. Francs. i 25.00 to 27. 50 2.95 2.95 2.95 Wages at New castle-onTyne. s. d. 7| 0 0 0 3 61 1 2 2 2 Occupation. Electricians.................... Riggers............................ B lacksm iths................... Coppersm iths................ F irers............................... 1 Per day. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [1019] Wages at A ntw erp. Francs. 2. 95 3.05 3.00 to 3.20 3.10 3.20 Wages at New castle-onTyne. s. d. 0 1 9| 11} 0 3 6i 2 1 2 MINIMUM WAGE. Injunction Restraining North Dakota Minimum Wage Department. HE Legislature of North Dakota at its session of 1919 enacted a minimum wage law (ch. 174) authorizing the workmen’s com pensation bureau of the State to establish minimum wages in occupations in which women and minors (under 18 years of age) are employed. A minimum wage department of the bureau was accord ingly established and rates were fixed in a number of employments. The Northwestern Telephone Exchange Co. and the Grand Forks Steam Laundry Co. and other employers associated with it in the proceedings secured an injunction on August 13, 1920, temporarily restraining the enforcement of the orders affecting them, this injunc tion being continued on change of venue on a hearing on December 2, 1920, the injunction to continue in effect until a determination of the cases upon their merits. The complaints do not challenge the validity of the workmen’s compensation act, but do raise questions as to the regularity and reasonableness of certain orders and proceedings of the minimum wage department. The charge is made that the orders, or some of them, are violative of the fourteenth amendment of the Federal Constitution, and further that certain of the orders are an unreason able restriction of and violate plaintiff’s right of contract for service. These cases were brought to the supreme court of the State on appeal from the order granting the temporary restraining orders. Each has been brought for the purpose of obtaining a permanent injunction against the department. Inasmuch as the proceedings with regard to a permanent injunction had not passed through the trial court, the only question before the supreme court was as to the propriety of the action of the courts below in granting the temporary injunction. The case was decided March 21, 1921, the court taking the view that the injunction had been properly issued and should be continued until the cases should be decided on their merits. The charges that the rates are unnecessarily high or were improperly fixed or that the action of the department unlawfully interferes with the rights of the employers are not put in issue in these proceedings and therefore could not be decided. “ All of those matters and points involved would be for consideration and decision when the case is tried upon its merits in a trial court.” When Judge Nuessle of the fourth judicial district continued the restraining order in December, he ordered that, pending final deter mination, the Northwestern Telephone Exchange Co. should file an approved bond in the sum of $20,000 to cover the payments that would accrue to its employees over and above wages currently paid, in case the minimum wage rates should be sustained. Bonds in similar amounts were to be executed from time to time as might be T 93 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [10201 MINIMUM WAGE. 97 necessary to cover such excesses as might accrue in the lapse of time intervening between the dates set for the rates to become effective and the final determination of the case. . In f^e laundry case several distinct persons, firms, and corpora tions were involved and the court ordered each of them to give prop erly secured bonds in the sum of $1,000, conditioned on the same terms as in the case of the telephone company; additional bonds may be demanded from the laundry companies also. . The court finding itself unable properly to consider the subject on its merits, that not being before it, could only approve the precautions taken in the restraining orders to protect the interested parties. The only question properly before the court was said to be “ Did the lower court abuse its discretion in continuing. in force the temporary restraining orders until the final disposition of the cases upon their merits in the trial court?” The court answered in the negative, affirming the order appealed from. The whole question of minimum wages in North Dakota therefore remains unsettled until the decisions on the merits of the cases are rendered. Minimum Rates of Wages for Agricultural Labor in England and Wales. M INIMUM rates of wages fixed by the Agricultural Wages Board for England and Wales were published in the M o n th ly L abor R e v ie w for July (p. Ill) a n d August (pp. 84 and 85 ), 1920. These rates have since been revised so far as affects male workers under 21 years of age and women and girls, the new scales being published in the Labor Gazette (London) "for February, 1921 (p. 62), from which the following table is taken: M INIM UM R A T E S O F W A GES F O R M ALE A G R IC U L T U R A L W O R K E R S ' U N D E R 21 Y EA R S O F A G E IN C E R T A IN C O U N T IE S IN EN G L A N D . [1 shilling at par=24.3 cents; 1 penny =2.03 cents.] M inim um w eekly rates in — Age. 20 a n d 19 and 18 and 17 a nd under under und er under K ent, L an N orthum cashire, berland, Middlesex, Surrey, D urham , Lincoln, Other C um ber Glamorgan, and Y ork counties! land, and and Mon shire. W estmore m outh. land. s. 46 43 41 21 years........................................ 20 y ears........................................ 19 y ears........................... 18 y ears............................... d. 6 6 0 s. 45 42 40 d. 6 6 0 s. 44 42 39 d. 6 0 0 s. 43 40 38 30 d. 0 6 6 6 1 E xcept Cheshire, where rates of 49s., 46s. -6d., 44s. 6d., and 35s. 6d. are fixed for the four age groups payable in respect of a week of 54 hours all th e year round. The hours of work per week remain the same—48 in winter and 50 in summer—and the rates include the value of board, lodging, milk, and potatoes when these are supplied by the farmer. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [1021] 98 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW. For women and girls the minimum rates payable in all districts except Yorkshire and Somerset have been increased, the new rates ranging from 3d. (6.08 cents, par) an hour for workers under 14 years of age to 8d. (16.2 cents, par) an hour for those 18 years and over. A workday of 8 and 8f> hours is required, while for overtime women 18 vears of age and over are paid lOd. (20.3 cents, par) an hour on week days and Is. (24.3 cents, par) an hour on Sundays, except in Yorkshire, where the rates for overtime are _ls. -|d. (25.3 cents, par) and Is. 3d. (30.4 cents, par) an hour, respectively. New Minimum Wage Rates Fixed in Certain Industries in South Australia. WO wage awards of South Australia have recently been received, one by the industrial court, fixing minimum wages in the cardboard box and paper bag making industry, and the other bv the stove, oven, range, and safe makers’ board, affecting certain workers in that industry. The former award provides a minimum scale of wages for a 48-hour week, as follows: T MTNTMUM w a g e s f i x e d f o r e m p l o y e e s i n t h e c a r d b o a r d b o x a n d p a p e r b a g A r l AKING T /T M /l T T .TD T 'lT fi'T 'TR? Y V . ' iM IN UTST [£1 a t p a r= $4.87; 1 shilling=24.3 cents.] O ccupation. A dult females. W eekly m ini m um rate. £ s. 2 2 2 2 W om en m aking hand-m ade envelopes........................................................................................................ W omen m aking m achine-made envelopes......................................................................... v ...........{ ----Grade A. H andm ade carton makers, handm ade packet makers, handm ade paper hag m akers. Grade B. Machine-made paper bag m ak ers............................................................................................... All others............................................................................................................................................................. A dull m ales. Guillotine cu tters..................................................................................... Cloth or paper c u tters............................................................................. Ccirton setters .......................................................................... .......... Carton cutters' and benders, whose work includes m aking ready. Feeders on carton cutting and bending m achines........................... All others....................... ........................................................................... An overtime rate of time and one-third, or of rate and a third in case of pieceworkers, shall be paid. The wages paid for piece workers “ shall be not less in any one week than 5 per cent above what the particular employee would be entitled to if engaged at time rates.” https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [1022] MINIMUM WAGE, 99 The following table gives the rates of wages fixed for employees in the stove, oven, range, and safe making industry: MINIMUM R A T E S OF PA Y F O R E M PL O Y E E S IN STO V E, O V EN , R A N G E , AND SA FE M AK IN G IN D U S T R Y . [£1 a t par= |4.87; 1 shilling=24.3 cents; 1 penny=2.03 cents.] Class oi employee. Persons (not otherwise provided for) employed m aking or repairing cooking or heating stoves, ovens, and ranges of 3 feet 6 inches or under in length, and all grates and la undry stoves, or m aking or repairing any other articles used in connection w ith heating or cooking appliances. Persons (not otherwise provided for) employed m aking or repairing cooking stoves or ranges over 3 feet 6 inches in le n g th ..............................................................1.......................... . .............. Persons engaged in m aking or repairing fire-resisting safes, strong-room doors, tabernacles, and strong-room fittin g s......................................................................................................................... Persons employed fetthng or dressing...................................................................................................... G rinders or polishers, except those employed a t fettling or dressing................................................ Persons engaged in working— (а) Drilling and other m achines........................................................................................................ (б) Safe-planing m achines............................................................................................... .............. Jobbing molders (i. e., employees working on loose p a tte rn s)....................................................— Journeym an coremakers.............................................................................................................................. P late m olders................................................................................................................................................ M achine m olders........................................................................................................................................ Furnacem en.................................................................................................................................................... Furnacem en’s assistants (assisting daubing ladles, charging, mixing, daubing, and breaking pig iron) and tapping furnace................................................................................................................. Juvenile laborers and dressers, on molding work only— 17 to 18 years of age..................................................................................... - ........................................ 18 to 19 years of ag e...................................................................................................................... 19 to 20 years of age................................................................................................................................ 20 to 21 years of age................................................................................................................................ Persons employed in filing p a tte rn s and fitting m olding b oxes........................................................ Laborers, truckers, and blackers.........................................- .................................................................... Blacksm iths engaged in m aking or altering stoves, ovens, or ranges, or p arts thereof................. Oxyacetylene w elders............................................................................. - ................................................. Persons employed painting fireproof safes— (а) O ther th a n prim ing...................................................................................................................... (б) Prim ing............................................................................................................................................. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [1023] W cekly m inim um rate. £ 4 s. d. 7 0 4 12 0 4 15 0 4 1 0 4 2 0 4 4 4 6 5 2 5 2 4 8 4 8 4 11 4 1 1 2 2 4 3 4 4 0 0 0 0 6 6 0 1 0 12 IS 8 18 9 IS 7 10 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 5 0 3 18 0 E M PLO Y M EN T A ND U N EM PLO Y M EN T. Employment in Selected Industries in March, 1921. HE Bureau of Labor Statistics received and tabulated reports concerning the volume of employment in March, 1921, from representative establishments in 13 manufacturing industries and in bituminous coal mining. Comparing the figures of March, 1921, with those of identical establishments for March, 1920, it appears that in all industries there were decreases in the number of persons employed. The largest decrease, 53.5 per cent, is shown in the automobile industry. Leather shows a decrease of 35.8 per cent and hosiery and underwear a decrease of 34.1 per cent. All of the 14 industries show decreases in the total amount of the pay roll in March, 1921, as compared with March, 1920. The most important percentage decrease, 64, appears in automobiles. Leather shows a decrease of 46.9 per cent, hosiery and underwear a decrease of 45.8 per cent, and iron and steel a decrease of 44.2 per eent. T CO M PARISON O F E M PL O Y M EN T IN ID E N T IC A L E STA B LISH M E N T S IN A N D 1921. In d u stry . Iron and steel......................... Automobile m anufacturing.. Car building an d rep airin g .. Cotton m anufacturing........... Cotton finishing...................... H osiery an d underw ear........ W oolen...................................... Silk............................................. Men’s ready-m ade clothing.. Leather m anufacturing......... Boots a n d shoes...................... P ap er m aking.......................... Cigar m an u factu rin g .............. Cohl m ining (b itu m in o u s)... N um b er on p ay roil. E stab lish m ents Per report Period cent of ing for p ayofroll. March, March, increase March, 1921. (+ ) or 1920. both decrease years. (-)• Ill 45 58 62 16 63 52 44 45 34 85 57 56 103 h m onth. 1 w eek.. J m onth. i w e e k .. 1 w eek.. 1 w e e k .. 1 w eek.. 2 weeks. 1 w eek.. 1 w e ek .. 1 w e e k .. .1 w eek.. 1 w eek.. J m onth. 188,007 133,738 152,692 70,947 57,245 48,728 60,92S 59,494 12,46S 11,401 32,71.8 21,574 52,234 38,831 15,414 12,735 31,570 23,881 15,779 10,124 74,685 55,525 32,828 27,786 17,252 14,539 28,510 25,899 MARCH, 1920 A m ount of pay roll. March, 1920. March, 1921. -2 8 .9 $14,655,671 $8,173,095 5,148,279 1,853,904 -5 3 .5 -1 4 .9 3,638,501 3,227,251 1,266,624 1,010,912 - 2.4 288,605 252,296 - 8.6 352, 883 -3 4 .1 051,079 -2 5 .7 1,312,600 871,666 -1 7 .4 727,960 548,594 792,844 -2 4 .4 1,119,382 408,208 216,729 -3 5 .8 -2 5 .7 1,841,707 1,321,274 -1 5 .4 877,021 685,349 -1 5 .7 375,573 289,200 - 9.2 1,885,86S 1,549,286 Per cent of increase (+ ) or decrease (-)• -4 4 .2 -6 4 . 0 -1 1 .3 -2 0 .2 -1 2 .6 -4 5 .8 -3 3 .6 -2 4 .6 -2 9 .2 -4 6 .9 -2 8 .3 -2 1 .9 -2 3 .0 -1 7 .8 Comparative data for March, 1921, and February, 1921, appear in the following table. The figures show that in 8 industries there was an increase in the number of persons on the pay roll in March as compared with February, and in 6 a decrease. The largest increases in the number of persons employed are 32 per cent in the automobile industry, 17 per cent in the woolen industry, and 12.8 per cent in hosiery and underwear. Decreases of 6.8 per cent, 5.4 per cent, and 4.4 per cent are shown in car building and repairing, coal min ing, and iron and steel, respectively. 100 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [1024] EMPLOYMENT AND UNEMPLOYMENT. 101 . In comparing March with February, 7 industries show an increase m the amount of money paid to employees, while 7 show a decrease. The most important increase, 44.7 per cent, appears in the automobile industry. Woolen shows an increase of 25.7 per cent, and men’s ready-made clothing an increase of 17.1 per cent. A de crease of 10.3 per cent appears in both iron and steel, and coal mining. COM PA RISO N O F EM PL O Y M E N T IN ID E N T IC A L E STA B LISH M E N T S IN F E B R U A R Y AND MARCH, 1921. N um ber on p ay roll. E stab A m ount of pay roil. lish m ents report Period Per Per ing for of cent of cent of Febru pay roll. Febru March, increase February, March, increase ary, ary 1921. (+ ) or 1921. 1921. (+ ) or 1921. and decrease decrease March. (-)• (-)• In d u stry . Iron a nd stee l................. Automobile m anufacturing.. Car building a n d re p a irin g .. Cotton m an u factu rin g ... Cotton finishing........2 . . H osiery an d u nderw ear___ W oolen........................... Silk.......................... Men’s ready-m ade clothing.. Leather m anufacturing....... Boots a n d shoes............... P aper m aking...................... Cigar m an u factu rin g ............ Coal m ining (bitu m in o u s)... 116 1 m onth. 46 I w e ek .. 55 J m onth. 60 1 w e ek .. 15 1 w eek.. 64 1 w e e k .. 52 1 w eek .. 43 2 w eek s. 48 1 w e e k .. 35 1 w e e k .. 84 1 w e e k .. 59 1 w eek.. 57 1 w eek.. 97 J m onth. 142,977 136,695 54,121 71,559 52,127 48,557 59,743 58,014 10,289 11,148 18,860 21,269 33,189 38,831 11,553 12,631 23,07S 24,026 10,175 10,653 54,610 54,990 29,893 28,801 15,150 14,645 26,439 25,006 - 4.4 + 32.2 - 6.8 - 2.9 + 8.3 + 12.8 +17.0 + 9.3 + 4.1 + 4.7 + .7 - 3.7 - 3.3 - 5.4 $9,290,388 S8,334,036 1.293.298 1, 870,828 3,456,000 3,250,838 1,012,840 981,308 224,970 245,729 303,242 345,975 693,199 871,666 486,403 544,736 681,701 798,325 226,567 225,771 1,312,187 1,309,995 ' 746,814 714,558 286,162 289,927 1.688.299 1,513,916 -1 0 .3 +44. 7 - 5.9 - 3.1 + 9.2 +14.1 +25.7 + 12.0 + 1.7.1 - .4 - .2 - 4.3 + 1.3 -1 0 .3 In addition to the data presented in these two tables as to the number of employees on the pay roll, 90 plants in the iron and steel industry reported 102,270 employees as actually working on the last full day of the pay-roll period in March, 1921, as against 151,905 for the reported payroll period in March, 1920, a decrease of 32.7 per cent. Figures given by 91 establishments in the iron and steel in dustry show that 103,553 employees were actually working on the last full day of the pay period reported for in March, 1921, as against 109,902 for the period in February, 1921, a decrease of 5.8 per cent. Changes in Wage Raies and Per Capita Earnings. rjURING the period February 15 to March 15, 1921, establish ments in 12 of the 14 industries reported changes in wage ratesOne firm in men’s ready-made clothing and another in silk reported an increase. All other wage rate changes were decreases. . iron and steel. The largest reduction reported by any plant in the non and steel industry was 35 per cent, which affected 40 per cent of the force. In nine establishments all of the employees were decreased approximately 20 per cent. Ninety-eight per cent of the force in one firm and 95 per cent of the force in another firm had a wage rate reduction of 20 per cent, while still another firm reported a 20 per cent cut, but did not state the number of employees affected. One concern reported a reduction ranging from 3 to 20 per cent, affecting all employees, while another concern reported decreases ranging from 10 per cent to IS per cent, affecting all employees. A reduction https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [1025] 102 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW. ranging from 4 per cent to 15 per cent was reported by one mill, affecting 71 per cent of the force employed. _ Thirty per cent of the men in one plant were decreased 17 per cent in wages and in another plant 25 per cent of the employees were reduced 15 per cent. _A wage rate reduction of 13 per cent was reported by Gplants, affecting all of the force in three plants, 98 per cent in a fourth, 85 per cent in a fifth, and 65 per cent in a sixth. Eighty per cent of the men in one plant were decreased 10 per cent in wages and 50 per cent of the force in another plant were reduced 7 per cent in wages. In one mill the laborers, or 90 per cent of the force, had a wage reduction of 10 cents an hour. Business depression, caused by lack of orders, and irregular operations, is reported for this industry. The per capita earnings show a decrease of 6.2 per cent, when comparing the February and March figures. Automobiles.—Comparing the per capita earnings of employees for March over February, an increase of 9.4 per cent is shown. A large majority of the plants are gradually resuming operations. Gar building and repairing.—A wage rate decrease of 2 per cent to 90 per cent of the force was reported by one shop. Many shops report a small reduction in force, but the per capita earnings show an increase of 1 per cent, wdien comparing the March with the Feb ruary pay-roll periods. Cotton manufacturing.—Reductions of 20 per cent, 17£ per cent, and 10 per cent were reported by three firms, affecting practically the entire force in two firms and about 50 per cent of the force in the third firm. The volume of employment for the period reported for in March shows little change from that reported for in February. While a large percentage of the plants were working full time, slight curtailment in production was reported, causing the per capita earn ings to be 0.2 per cent less for March than for the previous month. Cotton finishing .—The per capita earnings for March are 0.8 per cent higher than for February, due to full-time employment in this industry. Hosiery and underwear.—All the employees in one concern had a 25 per cent reduction in wages, and in another concern the entire force was reduced 12 per cent in wages. Two firms reported a 10 per cent decrease, but did not state the number of people affected. This industry reports improved business conditions after a period of depression due to wage rate decreases and part-time employment. The increase in per capita earnings in March over February is 1.2 per cent. Woolen.—One establishment reported a wage rate decrease of 22\ per cent, which affected all of the force. Many woolen mills are steadily approaching normalcy. An increase of 7.5 per cent in per capita earnings is shown for this pay-roll period over that of last month. S ilk .—An increase of 11 per cent was given to 1.5 per cent of the employees in one establishment. A reduction of 10 per cent, affect ing all the employees in one concern and 7\ per cent in another con cern, was made by two firms. An increase of 2.4 per cent in per capita earnings is shown in comparing the March with the February figures. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [1026 ] EMPLOYMENT AND UNEMPLOYMENT. 103 ?{Cy f rea<^y~made clothing.—Fifty per cent of the employees in one establishment were granted an increase of 7\ per cent. A general wage reduction of 12 per cent was made by another firm. Improved conditions are reported throughout this industry. Several establish ments have reopened after a long period of idleness. The per capita earnings are 12.5 per cent higher for the pay-roll period in March than lor the corresponding period in February. Leather.—Decreases of 10 per cent were made in the wages of 80 pei cent of the force m one tannery and of the entire force in another tannery, Ihe per capita earnings reported for this pay-roll period of 4 8mpPerrc e n r ^ p a j' ro11 period for Februar.y, show a decreas^ Loots and shoes.—-In one factory pieceworkers were paid a 10 ner cent bonus instead of a 20 per cent bonus and time-workers were pam a o per cent bonus instead of a 10 per cent bonus. This change affected all employees. Several factories reported part-time operation out employment throughout the industry as a whole remained much the same as during the last month. Comparing per capita = s of March with tnose of February, a decrease of 0.9 per cent Payer. One plant reduced all the force 15 per cent in wao-es Iwo mms niade 10 per cent reductions in the wages of their em ployees, which affected 90 per cent of the employees in the first firm and ail employees m the second firm. Another plant reduced about 87 per cent of the employees approximately 10 per cent in wages and stnl another made a general wage reduction of 6 per cent. Twentv per cent of the men in one concern were cut 5 per cent in wa«-es. A general reduction of 50 cents a day was made by one firm. ^ Slight business depression, causing part-time employment, was reported in this industry The per capita earnings are 0.7 per cent less for the pay-roll period m March than for the pay-roll period in February twars. -Three firms made a 10 per cent decrease, affecting all the employees in the first two plants and 60 per cent in the third plant. Une-naif of the force in one concern were reduced 35 per cent in wages while another firm reduced 45 per cent of their employees 15 per cent m wages. A reduction of 7f per cent was made to 80 per cent of the force in one factory, and of 84 per cent to 70 per cent of the iorce in another factory. More time was worked throughout the industry during March than during the preceding month, and the per capita earnings show an increase of 4.8 per cent. BititrmnoiLs coal. A reduction in wages to all employees was re ported by one mine. The per capita earnings for the March pav-roll period were 5.2 per cent less than for the February pay-roll period, as many mines were partially closed, due to a poor demand for coal. Conditions of Employment in Arkansas. HE Federal-State Employment Service operating under the Eureau of Statistics and Labor of Arkansas has issued its Ernie tin ho. 3. The following table drawn from the bulletin shows the total pay roll and persons employed for 293 firms each month, September 15, 1920, to March 15, 1921. T https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [1027] 204 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW. N U M B ER EM PL O Y E D A N D AM OUNT O F P A Y R O L L R E P O R T E D BY 293 FIRM S IN ti- r > E 'n T T T T T ? TN J iT ? T? T A T» S AN UiLL-U-A^AU AJAtA.4. o - i v a. N um ber on A m ount of payroll. p a y roll. M onth ending— 18,147 17,304 15,484 12,592 13,;315 11,233 October 15,1920............... — , — .......... N ovem ber 15,1920.................................. 1 December 15,1920---- -----------------—Jan u ary 15,1921..................................... Feb ru ary 15,1921.----- ------------------March 15,1921....... .................................. $1,796,099.19 1,667,469.65 1,453,620,04 1,101,295.27 093,482.85 827,761.29 The changes between February and March are shown in the next table. C H ANGES IN PA Y R O LLS AND N U M B ER O F E M PL O Y E E S O F 29c¡ESTA B LISH M ENTS B E T W E E N PA Y P E R IO D S EN D IN G F E B . 15 AND MAR. 15,1921, B Y IN D U ST R Y . N um ber oiestablish- ' m ents. TndjisfTV 13rs V fflPt TT (TIP' dd-LU. •AAvA -A.m AliC(mil Lii.Ltia.V yuw -j.U-^*¿3 o n c i L.rx Coffin vn fin nfftbtu ring ftnHrm_or>rwd T0mr3 _____ . . . . . . . ____ _____ ______ ____ ______ __ Fertilizer p la n t---------: --------- ---- - .......................: F u rn itu re m m u fb n tn r in f............... ....................... Grift0c- m-rnufaffinviny . . . . . . ___ ___ . . . . . . . . l i f u r i l o m anufdft7’5v *w y * _____ ___ . . . . . . . . . . . . . d L la l LltybiJ H I a l l U i a i U L L i i i i i t , - ----- - ............................. ^ lu l) in r ................. T o n /-»T-oam T in tfT tn P __________ __ . . . . . . . . . . «nd spoke oru] a .u u ¡Tir1, .... . M q rtV ! o rru fì TÌ i f/P, ___ M attress m anufacturing — ---------------------------------------— M ercantile. ........................................................................................................... M etal trades: Foundry Bud n r ^ ^ b i r k p . s h o p ___ _ _ _________ ____ Plum bing su d beniing............................................................ Scissors IDftfTVUlfaefn ri ng ................................. _____ _____ _ g^ove m anufacturing Pip® lines <gas)----- ------- - ------ -------- ------ - ........ Printing and p u b lish in g ..........- ..............- .............. ____ . . . . . . . Transfer com pany--------------- — .......................... Q+o-vryiO liOF) ÌJ L a v c o ao ltv i vr \i H U aH v lilllll gCT iTT» l l cHT111 u i u ifua i.fytfe iT u iT Ì n P * 'Total__________________ ______________ P a y roll far m onth ending— Feb. 15. Mar. 15. $11,048.88 -$14,065.84 6 12,000.13 , 12,29150 6 51,268.4'D : 31,253. 40 . 1 2,-652. .19 : 2,609.50 1 2,669.60 2,956.77 1 48,230.44 55,010.94 12 ^ 5,321.77 6,023.01 3 3,322.60 4,675.05 3 'è, ibb. 8y 4,183.50 1 16,283. 28 14,034.90 7 5,667.83 3 i 11,590.56 11,464,07 : 10,628.74 14 543.64 687.54 1 10,884.60 12,885.89 8 21,66.7.80 20,687. 41 31 503,302.08 425,437. 54 36 6,874.78 7,202.29 2 1,918.58 3,302.71 13 3,2S9.08 4,276.04 4 17,583.39 17,913.87 29 N um ber on p ay roil. Feb. 15. 194 16.1 488 25 32 ; 470 : 83 46 49 235 66 193 7 204 272 7,462 : 107: 26 SI 160 Mar. 15. 249 199 270 25 32 282 83 33 48 244 47 152 6 207 245 6,291 105 21 34 154 1 13,456. $2 639.35 4,-930,76 1,101.77 56,444.54 1,092.00 50,088.17 19,803.99 2,973.50 i 2,151. 43 22,95104 56,484.90 3,576.10 13,029.20 5S5.05 4,743.41 811.80 19,201.16 1,092.00 44,476.76 ■21,422.20 724.95 4,822.42 21,258.71 46,749.95 3,372.25 61 18 375 14 740 307 30 120 206 959 .41 120 6 55 13 185 14 647 307 8 120 233 758 40 2-283 995,482.83 827,761.20 13,315 11,238 8 2 1 1 2 1 19 24 1 1 4 21 126 7 1 H alf m onth; p la n t d o se d 15 d a y s m Jan u a ry . _ 2 Ten industrial plants, included in reports in previous bulletins, closed tem porarily. These te n plants norm ally employ 593 people w ith a m onthly p ay roll of $54,519.90. in clu d ed in this num ber of plains are. One wagon factory, one handle factory, .one brick m anufacturing p lant, six lum ber mills, and one zinc smelter. Notes arc given concerning each industry from which the following summary is taken: „ Baskets and box factories.—The increase is due to the approach ©i the Ferry and fruit season. One firm, however, reports that pro hibitive freight rates forced a reduction in output and two report https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [1028] EMPLOYMENT AND UNEMPLOYMENT. 105 business not satisfactory. Prices are down 10 to 15 per cent com pared with two months ago. Brick plants.—The plants report unusually dull business. One plant states it will cease operations. Reductions in price are reported. Cottonseed products— Reports indicate a gradual decline in price of production but anticipate better price levels. Coal mines— Very little coal has been mined due to lack of orders and there is little prospect of better conditions before July. Contractors {building).—One contractor states all contracts com pleted with prospects bright for new contracts. Another reports contracts for a number of small dwellings. Furniture plants.—Reports indicate a decline in price of 124 to 25 per cent. Glass plants.—The price of the product is reported reduced from 5 to 15 per cent. Handle plants.—The condition of the trade is reported very dis couraging, freight rates prohibitive, a decrease in price of 20 per cent, foreign orders canceled, and unable to sell sufficient orders to keep running. Hub and spoke plants.—Report a decrease in selling price from 10 to 25 per cent. Lumber mills.—Reports show prices dropping and little demand for lumber. Some concerns report freight rates as a bar to profitable selling. Several firms anticipate closing down until conditions are more encouraging. Many mills are operating only part time. Wage reductions are reported from 15 to 25 per cent. Mattress factories.—Business is reported slow and indications point to lower price of raw material and corresponding reductions in price of product. Mercantile.—Dealers in farm machinery report business 40 per cent below the same period in 1920. Furniture dealers report business not up to normal, with reductions in price from 15 to 25 per cent. General merchandise dealers report sweeping reductions in price, special sales and energetic advertising to keep business near normal. Some reduction in the sales force has been necessary. Metal industries.—One zinc smelter has stopped operations, due to lack of demand and high freight rates. Slight wage reductions are reported on some lines of the metal trade. Part time has been worked in most foundry and machine shops. Staves and beading manufacturing.—According to the reports this industry is suffering for lack of business to a greater extent than any other reporting. Business has practically ceased and orders are being canceled. Mills are engaged in working raw material into stock to prevent deterioration. Six mills indicate closing down in the near future, while all others quote reductions in price from 40 to 50 per cent. Few of the mills have operated on full time during the period covered by the report. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [1029] 106 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW. Employment and Earnings in New York State in March. HE New York State Industrial Commission issues each month a statement concerning employment conditions in the factories of that State. The statement for March is here summarized. The number of factory workers in March was 1 per cent greater than in February. This is the second recent month showing an increase, as in February there was an increase of 2 per cent. Compared with March of last year, the last month before the de pression in industry began, there was a decrease of 24 per cent. The present small increase is largely seasonal. The increases are mainly in the industries manufacturing building materials, wood products, wearing apparel, and food articles. In most of the metal industries and in printing and publishing employment continues to decline. A considerable number of factories resumed operations in March after a shutdown of one or more months, and some increases are due to the termination of strikes. In the textile and wearing apparel industries there was an increase from February to March of 24 per cent in knit goods, 15 per cent in woolen goods, 6.9 per cent in millinery, 12 per cent in leather, 9 per cent in women’s furnishings, 9 per cent in men’s clothing, and 7 per cent in men’s furnishings. There were minor increases in fur goods, boots and shoes, rubber goods, silk goods, and cotton goods. The March increase in the cement and plaster industry was 26 per cent. Minor gains were also reported in plants manufacturing bottles, brick, lumber and planing-mill products, furniture, and paints and dyes. Increases m the food products industries during the month were in canning, sugar, cocoa and coffee, dairy products, bakery goods, and confectionery. The main gains in the metal industries were in structural and architectural iron, sheet metal, and hardware. The most notable reductions in March below February are in the following industries: Shipbuilding, 13 per cent; paper manufacture, 6 per cent; iron and steel and railway equipment, 8 per cent; and tobacco products, 6 per cent. The reductions in these industries from the month of highest employment are: 30 per cent in railway equipment and 21 per cent in shipbuilding. Decreases also occurred in March in several other industries, the decrease from the highest month being 53 per cent in automobiles and 30 per cent in machinery and electrical goods. The average per capita weekly earnings of employees increased 20 cents from February to March, the average for 1,648 factories being $26.97. This, the first increase since October, is chiefly due to increases in working time in establishments which had been on a part-time basis. Seasonal demands were responsible in some indus tries, particularly clothing. A large number of plants, however, continued to show part-time work. The principal gains in per capita earnings from February to March appear in the following industries: Structural and architectural iron, automobiles, shipbuilding, fur goods, miscellaneous leather goods, and men’s and women’s clothing. T https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [1030] EMPLOYMENT AND UNEMPLOYMENT. 107 Each of^these gains exceeds $1 and is the result of increased working time. The March increase in men’s clothing was $2.77. Decreases of $1 to $2 from February to March appear in the brick, brass and copper, shoe, and canning industries. The largest reduc tions in average per capita weekly earnings in March, as compared with March a year ago, are in the following industries: Steel, $9.07; brass and copper, $4.06; cotton goods, $3.36; knit goods, $3.03; firearms and cutlery, $1.92. For all industries combined the reduction is 90 cents. Reductions in wage rates were reported by a number of factories, notably in the brass and copper, sheet-metal work and hardware, machinery, railway equipment, oil products, paper, and felt goods industries. Records of Employment of Bricklayers and Slate and Tile Roofers in Philadelphia. HE question of the number of days’ work which it is possible for workers in the building trades to secure during a year has always been a bone of contention in every attempt to adjust wage rates in the building trades. The offhand statement that bricklayers get 200 days’ work in a year in Chicago, made on the part of the men, is usually contradicted by the employers, who give offhand a figure somewhat higher, and add that any bricklayer who works fewer days than this is simply idle because he wants to be. Such discussions in wage conferences could be best decided by dependable statistics com piled for each city, which would give a basis for estimating the prob able earning power which could be expected from any given rate of wages per hour. It is to be hoped that between the combined efforts of the organized contractors and the organized workmen such a sta tistical basis may be made available. The United States Bureau of Labor Statistics is exceedingly anxious to secure all available records showing the actual working time in the building trades in the various cities. It is just as well to admit at the outset that nobody knows how many days’ work bricklayers, carpenters, or plasterers can secure this year or next year or have secured on the average during any year in the past. Even scrappy information has been practically unobtainable. It is therefore exceedingly interesting to know that the Structural Service Bureau of Philadelphia, as the result of a very intensive drive among the workers in the building trades of that city, has secured a number of daybooks or accounts of bricklayers which show days actually worked over a considerable period of time. The number of bricklayers found who had kept records is, of course, too small to permit of drawing any definite conclusion as to the possibili ties of the trade of bricklaying in Philadelphia or anywhere else. Nevertheless, the information, individual and scrappy as it is, is given as it was found and is here presented for what it is worth. Four men, for instance, were found who had records reaching back to 1909, in which year the number of days worked varied from 132 to 156, only one man recording the higher number. The average for T 44130°—21-----8 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [1031] \ MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW. 108 the four was 138 days. It is, of course, impossible to say whether or not 1909 was an exceptionally had year for bricklayers or whether or not the four men were exceptionally unfortunate in securing continuous work. In the next year, 1910, there is a range from 121 to 202 days of work, giving an average of 182. In the accompanying table we have arranged the information as submitted by the Structural Service Bureau for the various years, showing the number of workers found who had complete books for each year, the hourly rate, and the average days worked, as shown from their books, and the average earnings at the Philadelphia rate for the year named. A V ER A G E A DAYS W O R K E D AND A V E R A G E E A R N IN G S O F T IIE P H IL A D E L P H IA B R IC K L A Y E R S F O U N D W H O K E P T R EC O R D S, 1909 TO 1920. Year. 1909..................................... 1910..................................... 1911..................................... 1912..................................... 1913..................................... 1914..................................... 1915..................................... 1916..................................... 1917..................................... 1918..................................... 1919..................................... 1920..................................... N um ber of workers. 4 4 4 4 4 7 7 7 9 7 0 4 H ourly rate of wages (cents). Average days worked. 02.5 62.5 62.5 02.5 62.5 162.5 65.0 2 65.0 70.0 3 70.0 4 80.0 3 110.0 138 182 178 174 197 181 197 198 222 235 162 231 Average annual earnings. $789.29 908.35 889.17 869.58 997.93 941.01 1,041.02 1,109.11 1,126.14 1,480.91 1, 584.44 2, 403.52 1 To May 1; 65 cents thereafter. 2 To May 1; 70 cents thereafter, s To May 1; 80 cents thereafter. 4 To May 1; 87.5 cents to June 10; $1.10 thereafter, s To May 1; $1.30 thereafter. It is exceedingly interesting to note that the Structural Service Bureau has also secured the records of average days worked by four different men, one of these records extending over a period of 17 years, a second over a period of 12 years, and two others over periods of 5 years each, though not the same years. One of these men secured an average of 237 days per year for 5 years, another 265 days per year for 5 years, whereas the man whose record extends over 17 years shows an average of but 184 days per year for that entire time. This material is deemed of sufficient interest to reproduce here. Number of Days Worked by Each of Four Men D uring Each Specified Year and Average per Yearfor the Period Specified. Man No. 1 (5 years).—1915 (224); 1916 (236); 1917 (240); 1918 (271); 1919 (213). Average, 237 days. Man No. 2 (5 years).—1914 (227); 1915 (255); 1916 (278); 1917 (283); 1918 (281). Average, 265 days. Man Nofs (12 years).—1902 (175); 1903 (190); 1905 (192); 1906 (180); 1907 (187); 1908 (175); 1909 (132); 1910 (202); 1911 (186); 1912 (183); 1913 (224); 1914 (176). Average, Man No Y4 (17 years).—1902 (175); 1903 (191); 1905 (192); 1906 (180); 1907 (187); 1908 (175) ; 1909 (132); 1910 (202); 1911 (186); 1912 (183); 1913 (224); 1914 (176); 1915 (176) ; 1916 (176); 1917 (177); 1918 (203); 1919 (200). Average, 184 days. Another man who had kept his time by hours shows 1,9384 hours of work during the year 1917, 2,015 hours during 1918, 1,674 hours https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [1032] E M P L O Y M E N T AND U N E M P L O Y M E N T . 109 during 1919, 2,084 hours in 1920, an average of 1,928 hours for the four years (241 days of 8 hours). The greatest difficulty in determining the number of days worked by bricklayers or anyone else in the building trades arises from the fact that so few workers in these trades work continuously for the same man for an entire season. A most interesting illustration of this is furnished by the record of one man covering a period of 54 years which shows that during that time he worked for 76 different contractors and was hired 107 times. The details of this record by years are given below: Turnover Data—One Man. 191o (9 months)- Worked for 9 different contractors; hired 12 times. 1914— Worked for 11 different contractors; hired 18 times. 1915— Worked for 18 different contractors; hired 28 times. 1916— Worked for 19 different contractors; hired 22 times. 1917 (9 months)'—Worked for 11 different contractors; hired 14 times 1920—Worked for 8 different contractors; hired 13 times. 5| years—76 different contractors; hired 107 times. . Of less interest than these facts obtained from individual records is the theoretical table of possible days’ work obtainable in Phila delphia by the bricklayers, as worked out by the Structural Service Bureau. The method of arriving at this theoretical average number ol possible days’ work is given in the following table: Theoretical Average Number of Days' Work Obtainable in a Year. Total number of days in the vear.................................... • Number of Sundays............."........................................hi.'.*.'.".".'.".".".".'."."............... 59 313 7 Number of holidays (by agreement) Number of full Saturday holidays in summer (by agreement)............................... °10 Number of days represented by Saturday half holidays......................................... ^21 Average number of rainy days (average for 15-year period during working hours) Average number of cold days (average for 40-year period; below freezing)........... 275 32 243 19 Average number of possible days of outside work (unless weather protection tar Average number of days consumed in "looidng for work...... k k k k k k k k k k Average number of days of sickness and absenteeism............................................. Average number of days lost on account of waiting for material, delays in work, etc. 22 209 9 193 11 Average possible days’ work in year........................................................... It should bo noted that the ordinance of Philadelphia regardin'-? laying bncu in mortar while the temperature is at freezing or below is much more rigid than in most cities, and it is probable that the lost time would do greater. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [1033] 110 M O N T H L Y LABOE K EV IEW . Whatever may be thought of this theoretical table of possible maximum days’ work, the best answer to questions regarding it would be found in the compilation through the assistance of the building trade contractors and the workmen of the actual facts, and the Bureau of Labor Statistics would be exceedingly glad to receive copies of actual records along this line. The following table shows the average number of days worked in 1920 by 20 mechanics in the slate and tile rolling industry who kept accurate records. These workers constitute 25 per cent of the total number employed in that trade in Philadelphia. A V ER A G E D AYS W O R K E D IN 1920 B Y 20 SL A TE AND T IL E R O O F E R S IN P H IL A D E L P H IA . W orkm an— No 1 No 2 No 3 No No No. No. No. No. 5 6 7 8 9 10 ........................................... ............................................. ............................................... ........................................... .................................................. ............................................................... ............................................................. ............................................................... ............................................................. Days worked during 1920.1 125 259 208 200 152 200 142 250 100 200 W orkm an— No. No. No. No. No. No. No. No. No. No. 11............................................................... 12............................................................... 13............................................................... 14............................................................... 15............................................................... 16............................................................... 17............................................................... 18........... ................................................... 19............................................................... 20............................................................... Days worked during 1920.1 100 150 150 105 125 250 200 150 150 250 1Average days worked, 17&J. N um bers 2,8,16, a n d 20 are foremen who work nearly every possible day. Wisconsin Labor Market in February. ABOR Market Bulletin No. 6 of the Industrial Commission of Wisconsin shows an analysis of reports from 211 establishments in that State having 62,500 employees, or about one-third of the factory workers of the State. According to the bulletin the number of factory workers increased 1.6 per cent in February as compared with January. This is the first month showing an increase for manufac turing as a whole since July, 1920. It seems to indicate that the readjustment process which has been taking place is about completed. The total decline since July, 1920, in the number of employees is 29.2 per cent. The number now employed is the same as in the first quarter of 1915. The wood working industries show the greatest gain in employment. Stamped metal goods and automobiles and motor cycles are the only metal industries to show an increase in number employed. Milk products (condensarles) show a fair-sized increase and the clothing industry shows greatly increased activity. Mining continues to show a considerable reduction in working force. Pig iron and rolling-mill products and foundries show the greatest decreases of any of the metal industries. Baking and confectionery and light and power also show decreased activity. I https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [1034] EMPLOYMENT AND UNEMPLOYMENT. Ill Comparing February with July, 1920, lead and zinc mining show the greatest decrease m number of employees but is followed closely by automobiles and motor cycles and boots and shoes. The most staple industries in this period of readjustment have been pulp and paper light and power, printing and publishing, and laundering, cleaning, and dyeing. Meat packing alone shows an increase in number employed when compared with July, 1920. /P 1® weekly earnings for all industries in February was ¡$24.16, which is $0.82 less than the previous month and $5.65 less than the peak, which was reached in August, 1920. The decline in earnings m February reflects to a greater extent than in previous months wage cuts that have been made. However, a 1arge part of the decrease is a result ot shortened hours and part-time work. Average weekly earn ings are now about the same as they were in the last quarter of 1919. Work oí British Employment Exchanges in 1920. URING the year 1920 the British employment exchanges placed 784,169 individuals in positions, filling 941,708 vacan cies, both figures showing a decline from 1919, the former 31 per cent and the latter 27 per cent. The British Labor Gazette which givess in its February, 1921, issue (pp. 66 and 67) a review of the work^of the exchanges during 1920, calls attention to the fact that to their regular duties was added the work in connection with the unemployment insurance act of 1920 and the coal strike, which steadily increased the number of persons claiming benefits under the old insurance acts and under the out-of-work donation scheme for ex-service men. The number of persons on the live registers of enn at the begini)ing of the year, it is stated, was about 600,000._ t his was gradually reduced until at the beginning of August it was approximately half that figure. Early in November however, following the coal strike, the number had increased to over 500,000 and at the end of the year it was over 750,000. Of the total number of individuals registered in 1920, 1,699 924 were ntien, 767,037 (26.4 per cent) were women, and 439,337 (15.1 per cent) wore boys and girls. The following table summarizes the work of the exchanges during the war and after: D A C T IV IT IE S O F B R IT IS H E M PL O Y M E N T EX C H A N G ES D U R IN G T H E Y E A R S 1914 TO 1920. Persons placed. Year. 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918. 1919. 1920. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis N um ber of N um ber of N um ber of N um ber of individ registra uals regis vacancies vacancies. tions. notified. filled. tered. 3,442,452 3,186,137 3,658,689 3,575,380 3,739,064 6,197,653 3,984,600 2,164,023 2,323,803 2,843,784 2,837,650 3,045,263 5,003,786 2,906,298 [1035] 1,479,024 1,797,646 2,049,018 1,999,442 2,067,217 1,951,364 1,312,133 1,116,909 1,308,137 1,557,235 1,555,223 1,514,712 1,289,963 941,708 N um ber. Per cent of num ber regis tered. 814,071 1,058,336 1,351,400 1,375,198 1,324,743 1,137,875 784,169 37.6 45.5 47.5 48.5 43.5 22.7 27.0 112 MONTHLY LABOE REVIEW. By industries or trades, the highest number of registrations of men was recorded in engineering and iron founding (498,797, or 20.8 per cent), followed by general laborers (430,586, or 18 per cent), the transport trades (283,215, or 11.8 per cent), and the building trades (262,606, or 11 per cent). In the case of women, domestic occupations accounted for over one-third of the total (419,500) followed by the textile trades (122,166, or 12 per cent), the dress and boot and shoe trades (102,366, or 10.1 per cent), and commer cial and clerical occupations (61,771, or 6.1 per cent). Considering the total vacancies filled by men, 77,714 (17.1 per cent) were in the building trades, 73,808 (16.2 per cent) were for general laborers, 66,945 "(14.7 per cent) were in engineering and iron founding, 32,548 (7.2 per cent) were in transport trades, and 30,479 (6.7 per cent) were m construction of works. In the women’s department, 195,600 (68.8 per cent) of the total vacancies filled were in domestic occupa tions, while the dress and boot and shoe trades accounted for 13,247 (4.7 per cent), textile trades for 11,661 (4.1 per cent), and commercial and clerical occupations for 11,514 (4.0 per cent). Employment exchanges advanced railroad fares in 19,100 cases, the total amount so paid out being £15,600 ($75,917.40, par). — --------------— — ------------ - Employment in Industrial and Commercial Establishments in France.1 STUD Y was made by factory inspectors in October, 1920, of the employment situation in industrial and commercial estab lishments in France. A similar inquiry before the war covered 37,386 establishments employing 1,313,377 persons and sub sequent studies in August, 1914, and in January of each succeeding year showed that the number of these establishments fell to 20,861 immediately after the outbreak of the war but increased gradually each year until in October, 1920, there were 35,516 in operation. The report states that the individual plants are not in every case identical in the different investigations but that the differences are so unimportant as to have no effect in showing the magnitude of the variations during the war period. The following table gives the num ber and per cent employed in different industries at different periods from August, 1914, to October, 1920, as compared with the number of workers employed before mobilization, and shows that in October, 1920, the personnel exceeded the normal by 5 per cent. On this date 94 per cent of the prewar establishments were functioning. A 1 France. M inistère du Travail. B ulletin, N ov.-D ee., 1920. E nquête sur -’activité des établisse m ents industriels et commerciaux en Octobre 1920. p p . 477-48S. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [1036] EMPLOYMENT AND UNEMPLOYMENT. 113 N U M B E R AN D P E R C E N T O F E M P L O Y E E S IN D IF F E R E N T IN D U S T R IE S D U R IN G t t t e P E R IO D A U G U ST, 1914, TO O CTO B ER , 1920, C O M PA R ED W IT H P R E W A R P E R S O N N E L In d u stry . F o o d ..................... Chemical products......... R ubber, paper, c ard b o ard ... P rin tin g an d publishing........ T e x tile s .. ............... Clothing................... H ides an d sk in s.............. W ood w orking. . . M etallurgical (ordinary m e ta ls)................. M etallurgical (fine m etals). . . G utting precious sto n es.......... C utting a n d m arking stones for construction w ork___ Stone works, potteries, e tc ... T ransportation an d storage.. Commercial enterprises.. T o tal................... N um ber of em ployees in establish m ents in operation before mobiliza tion. N um ber of employees (men and women. A u gust, 1914. P er cent of prew ar personnel. Jan u ary, 1916. Jan u ary, 19i8. 82,828 44,464 55,192 25,070 41,909 19,107 32,520 13,637 244,526 103,984 116,360 48,836 60,167 22,361 63,089 16,772 58,259 53,535 32,822 16,796 176,382 74,763 41,557 34; 143 57,580 63,182 38,552 20,435 197,588 79,339 49,886 51,505 67,731 61,331 47,365 26,777 254,262 97,579 56,676 61,977 53 45 45 41 42 40 37 26 70 97 78 51 72 04 69 54 69 114 92 82 81 81 111 113 82 103 83 94 98 379,656 5,525 1,545 111, 806 519 292 335,062 2,015 804 500,519 3,551 989 454,983 6,055 1,231 39 9 18 36 52 86 134 64 64 119 109 79 56,636 70,603 29,189 73,232 10,779 14,248 14,449 35,677 15,342 30,744 25,157 46,000 23,150 35,071 25,488 51,035 85,924 65,994 27,623 64,865 49 48 86 27 45 62 40 49 87 69 151 93 94 S8 U, 313,377 ¡482,001 *933,384 1,197,870 1,380,373 37 71 91 105 October, A u Jan u Jan u Octo gust, ary, ary, ber, 1920. 1914. 1916. 1918. 1920. 19 20 02 80 68 1 This is th e num ber as shown in the report, b u t is not the sum of th e item s. The difficulty of converting war-time into peace-time industries and the lack of raw materials and of coal as well'as the withdrawal of many loreign and colonial workers from industry resulted in a drop in the number employed in 1919 as compared with the figures for the previous year, the number employed in January, 1918, beine- 91 per cent of the prewar personnel and in January, 1919, 89 per cent, this situation rapidly changed, however, so that in January, 1920, the total extent of employment in the establishments scheduled was 1 per cent greater than before the war. In October, 1920, in all industry groups except rubber, paper, cardboard, hides and skins, and storage and transportation there was an increase of employment over January, 1920, and in six industries it surpassed the prewar figures, the per centages being as follows: Chemical products, 111; rubber, paper, and cardboard, 113; textiles, 103; metallurgy (ordinary metals), 119; metallurgy (fine metals), 109; cutting and marking stones for con struction work, 151. Employment of Woman Labor. A T THE outbreak of the war there were 392,399 women employed 111 thes? establishments. In August, 1914, this number fell to 183,173, but increased rapidly thereafter until the maximum, 444,470, was reached in January, 1918, and in October, 1920, almost 50,000 more were employed than before the war. The following table shows the proportion of women employed in the different industries before mobilization, and from August, 1914, to October, 1920: https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [1037] M O N T H L Y LABOR REV IEW . 114 P R O P O R T IO N , B Y IN D U S T R Y G R O U PS, O P W OM EN IN R E L A T IO N TO T H E TO T A L N U M B E R O F E M P L O Y E E S , A U GUST, 1914, TO O C TO B ER , 1920. Percentage of w omen employed— In d u stry . Before Au mobi gust, liza 1914. tion. Jan u Jan u Jan u Ja n u Jan u Jan u Octo ber, ary, ary, ary, ary, ary, ary, 1915. 1916. 1917. 1918. 1919. 1920. 1920. 77.5 34.1 12.3 6.5 44.4 42.3 31.2 21.1 47.5 41.2 65. 5 80.9 36.7 16.7 8.1 40.4 71.2 34.2 19.4 48.1 38.6 66.5 85.3 38.5 11.2 14.2 51.5 76.1 35.1 19.3 46.0 40.2 67.6 86.1 39.6 20.6 18.3 47.7 71.0 42.8 20.3 46.9 42.9 69.1 88.1 41.5 17.3 21.2 50.3 68.5 34.6 22.9 50.0 43.2 66.4 86.0 43.2 20.9 22.3 39.9 71.7 34.0 22.5 49.1 43.4 65.1 83.9 42.8 17.9 J7.5 44.1 65.7 34.4 20. 0 44.6 41.0 61.3 81.7 41.0 16.1 14.2 44.6 61.4 35.3 19.0 44.6 40.2 61.2 82.1 39. 4 14.5 12.9 43.5 57.5 .3 19.3 1.4 36.5 .6 22.6 1.0 49.3 .8 23.8 .9 49.5 .9 24.5 1.3 52.7 .9 23.1 3.1 52.6 1.3 24.8 3.2 51.9 .8 24.7 4.8 51.4 .5 23.6 3.5 47.8 .4 24.8 2.9 46.7 29.8 38.0 38.2 38.0 37.2 37.1 35.5 33.1 32.0 ........................................... "Food. Chemical products................................... R ubber paper, card b o ard ..................... P rintin g and publishing........................ T extiles...................................................... Clothing ....................................... .. "Hides and sk in s.................................. . W ood w orking........................................... Metallurgical fordinary m etals)............ Metallurgical ffinc m etals)..................... C utting precious sto n es.......................... C utting an d m arking stones for eonstruct! on w ork....................................... Stone works, potteries, etc..................... T ransportation and storage................... Commercial enterprises.......................... 36.8 16.4 41.6 32.3 T o tal................................................. Before the war women constituted 29.8 per cent of the total per sonnel. In August, 1914, in spite of the fact that the total number of workers had diminished 63 per cent, the number of women em ployed formed 38 per cent of the total number employed. This pro portion was maintained at approximately this point until 1917, but from that time it declined until in October, 1920, the proportion of women employed in these establishments was 32 per cent of the total number of employees. Extent of Unemployment in Foreign Countries. Algiers.1 LGIERS is suffering from unemployment to such an extent that the mayor has made a public appeal for funds to aid the poor and finance an employment-seeking campaign, for which the city council has already appropriated 100,000 francs ($19,300, par). The number out of work is estimated at about 10,000, among a popu lation of between 230,000 and 250,000, while those in need of imme diate relief number about 3,000. Wages have decreased m some lines, notably among bakers, who are receiving 4 or 5 francs [77.2 or 96.5 cents, par] per day, as com pared with 7 francs [$1.35, par] paid subsequent to the armistice. In spite of this reduction in wages, however, the price of bread has remained the same, 1.5 francs per kilogram, or about 13 cents a pound, owing to the increased cost of wheat. A ; E x tra c t from December report on commerce a n d industries, Algiers, Algeria, Feb. 28, 1921, for w arded to th e bureau by th e D epartm ent of State. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [1038] E M PL O Y M E N T AND U N E M PL O Y M E N T , 115 Denmark. | HERE is no indication that unemployment, which generally 1 culminates in January or the beginning of February, has yet reached a peak, declares a dispatch from the American minister at Copenhagen, dated February 21, 1921. The latest figures mark a continued increase, the number of unemployed being now 28,958 in Copenhagen and 41,953 in the Provinces, or altogether 70,911. At the corresponding time last year the number of unemployed was only 35,000. The considerable increase which has occurred in the course of the past week is chiefly due to important closings in the shoe and tobacco industries, it is stated. Finland.2 ’" ¡'HERE has been very little unemployment during the last two years, accounted for, no doubt, to a great extent by the fact that work has hardly been disturbed at all by strikes and lockouts. Ac cording to reports received from the official labor exchanges of the country, work was asked for at the end of September, 1919, by 522 men and 739 women; on September 25, 1920, by 343 men and 491 women. On December 11, 1920, 623 men and 569 women had applied for work—a very low figure, indeed, for a country of 3,300,000 inhabitants. France (Paris). REPORT is given in the Bulletin du Ministère du Travail, November-December, 1920 (pp. 537-538), of the operation of the national unemployment funds in the city of Paris from October 20 to December 31. The number of unemployed receiving unem ployment insurance during the week of October 20 was 444. ° Unem ployment increased slowly during November and rapidly in Decem ber, the number receiving assistance in the last 10 days of the year being 26,079, of whom 16,003 were men and 10,076 were women. During this 10-week period more than 68,000 persons received relief at a total expense of 1,648,816 francs ($318,221.49, par), about one-fourth of which was paid by the State. The greatest amount of unemployment among men was in the building, woodworking, hides and skins, electrical and metal industries; and among women unem ployment was most severe in the textile industry, with a considerable amount in the same trades in which unemployment among men was greatest. A Great Britain3 and Ireland. number of unemployed in the London district increased greatly uuring January. Exclusive of short-time workers, there were 158,764 unemployed on the live registers of the employment exchanges in the London County Council area on January 28, 1921. Many factories and small workshops have closed or are working short hours. 2E xcerpt irom financial and business report of the Fin n ish Central Cham ber of Commerce, Helsing fors, Dec. 21, 1920. s D ata from th e Am erican consul a t London (Feb. 20, 1921), and, as respects Birm ingham , from the A merican consul a t th a t place (Feb. 17,1921), forwarded to th e bureau by th e D epartm ent of State. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [10391 116 M O N T H L Y LABOR R E V IE W . In the districts near the docks the situation is especially acute, as the movement of vessels and freight has fallen off greatly. The Lord Mayor of London aiid the mayors of the 28 metropolitan boroughs are making a joint appeal for the unemployed, especially for the ex-service men, and many boroughs are, in addition, making separate collections of money, food, and clothing. In practically all sections of the city relief work has been undertaken, particularly road repair. In some cases part of the cost of this is met by grants from the Ministry of Transport; in others the whole cost is met from local taxes. The Government has for some time been urging the building trades to absorb at least 50,000 ex-service men in the industry, but the trades have finally and definitely refused to do this. In expectation of such refusal the Government has prepared a plan for the employ ment of these men on house-building. It is stated that this plan is to build houses of concrete blocks, and that comparatively unskilled labor can be used in such building. The cooperation of the master builders must, however, be secured, and this is now being requested. A joint committee appointed by the parliamentary committee of the Trades-Union Congress and the Labor Party executive, has issued a report recommending: That persons for whom no work is available shall be entitled to maintenance, which, including benefits under the unemployment insurance act, shall be at least 40s. [$9.73, par] per week for each householder and 24s. [$5.84, par] for each single man or woman over the age of 18, with additional allowances for dependents. The slump in the price of tin has caused the closing down of the tin mines in Cornwall. The last of these to continue operations finally suspended on February 12, 1921. The decrease in coal output during January will result in the reduction of miners’ wages from February 1 by 2s. [48.7 cents, par] per shift in the case of adults, Is. [24.3 cents, par] for youths, and 9d. [18.3 cents, par] per shift for boys. The Dundee employers in the jute trade have intimated to the jute trade board that they will present a proposal to reduce wages by 25 per cent. The majority of the jute mills are working only three days in each week. Birmingham. The figures issued by the Central Labor Exchange indicate that Birmingham’s army of unemployed is still growing, and show a total of 52,379 as against 51,361 in the previous week. In addition there are 19,000 working on short time, so that the grand total is 71,379, as against 67,556 in the previous week. It is said that the registry offices for domestic servants are busy enrolling applicants for working in that capacity, many of them being girls who were formerly employed in factories. The wages asked by domestic servants are also lower than they have been for years. The total cost of the relief works which the Birmingham corpora tion is undertaking on behalf of the unemployed men is nearly £300,000 [$1,459,950, par]; of this money £120,000 [$583,980, par] is being expended on road improvements, and the city council recently voted £100,000 [$486,650, par] for other works. The total amount available for relief work is said to be £175,000 [$851,637.50, par], https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [1040] E M PL O Y M E N T AND U N E M P L O Y M E N T . 117 The work contemplates an expenditure of £20,000 [$97,330, par] on parks, £10,000 [$48,665, par] on housing, £72,000 [$350,388, par] on tramways, and £73,000 [$355,254.50, par] on public works. Ireland.4 The unemployment problem is less widespread in Ireland than in England, but according to the Irish Times of January 29, 1921, there are 50,000 unemployed in Dublin, of whom 8,000 are former British soldiers of Irish blood. The British Government has allotted £270,000 [$1,313,955, par] for the relief of unemployment in Ireland, but few Irish claims have been filed. It is necessary that Irish local relief schemes provide 40 per cent of the funds which they propose to disburse instead of the 60 per cent as was originally planned. Italy (Turin).5 ’T H E number of unemployed in Turin during the month of Decem ber, 1920, reached 32,975, while only 10,631 unemployed were recorded in December, 1919. The following arc the groups of un employed for December, 1920: U nemployed. Metallurgical workmen.......................................................................... 13 953 Construction and woodworking industries............................................ 2,304 Dressmakers and tailors......................................................................... l ' 876 Chemical industries, rubber factories, printers, and shoemakers........ 11 ’ 557 Office employees.................................................................................... 1 114 Textile industries.................................................................................. l ’ 595 Waiters, hotel employees, etc............................................................... ’ 5gi Total............................................................................................ 32,975 The city employment bureau gave the following sums to the un employed registered at the office during 1920 (1 lira at par = 19.3 cents): Lire. To workmen................................................................................ 1,065, 546.15 To 528 office employees.............................................................. 43, 264. 35 Total.................................................................................. 1,108,810.50 Netherlands.6 IN A statement made by the minister of labor in the Second Chamber 1 of The Netherlands during the past week [ending February 26, 1921] it was indicated that about 75 per cent of the workers in the diamond industry, which usually numbers something like 13,000, are at present unemployed. The tobacco working industry is one of the largest in Holland and the minister reports that 45 per cent of the tobacco workers are without employment. Among cotton spinners in the Province of Twente the hours of work have been cut down to 36 and in some of the mills to 22 per week, while in the weaving mills a very large proportion of the looms have been stopped. Workers in the men’s clothing industry, which numbered 14,200 1 E xcerp t from January, 1923, report on commerce and in d u stries, D ublin, Feb. 14,1921, forwarded to this bureau b y th e D epartm ent of State. 5 E xcerpt from report b y the A merican consul, dated Jan . 31, 1921. 6D ata from the American consul general a t R otterdam , Feb. 28, 1921. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [1041] 118 M O N T H L Y LABOR REV IEW . two years ago, at present number 10,400 and the working hours have been reduced. Thirty per cent of the brick makers are without employment, about 20 per cent of the workers in the glass industry have been discharged, 38 per cent of the workers in the leather indus try are reported as unemployed and about 40 per cent of the workers in the paper industry are also without employment. The situation in the chemical industry, which has been very favorable so far, is taking an unfavorable course, while unemployment is also on the increase in the printing trades. Competition from Germany is ascribed as the reason for a considerable portion of this unemploy ment but the situation in the diamond industry is more or less of an international character, the chief reason being the fact that Eastern Europe is no longer buying diamonds. In nearly every other line the situation has been caused chiefly by the indisposition of people to buy products at present prices. Norway.7 DEPORTS received at the central office in Christiania from the Av public employment bureaus throughout the country as of January 25, 1921, show that on that date there were in Norway 12,725 unemployed men and only 262 vacancies, a surplus therefore of 12,463 unemployed. A month ago the surplus amounted to 6,361, and on January 25, 1920, it was 3,276. From the point of view of numbers, unemployment is greatest in the building trades (2,359), unskilled labor (2,209), seamen (1,901), and metal workers (1,778). There is, however, unemployment in practically all branches. With regard to woman workers the total number of unemployed women on January 25, 1921, was 1,544 and the vacancies 877. The surplus of unemployed was therefore 667. A month ago the surplus was 72, and on January 25, 1920, there was a deficit of female help amounting to 1,021. Of the 877 vacancies, 783 represent places as servants in the country and in cities, and in this branch the requests for work are too few, amounting to only 227. By eliminating these groups, there remain 1,317 women seeking employment and only 94 vacancies; that is, a surplus of 1,223. The greatest unemployment among women is found in the food stuff, trade, business, clothing, and textile industries. An approximate estimate of the cases of unemployment which have not been reported to the employment bureaus indicates that the total unemployment in Norway as of January 25, 1921, was about 20,000 men and 2,000 women. Switzerland. A CCORDING to the labor market report of the Swiss Federal Labor Office (Eidgenössisches Arbeitsamt) for February, 1921, unem ployment greatly increased throughout Switzerland during that month and the first two weeks in March. During the week February 7 to 14 the number of totally and partially unemployed increased by about 10,000. During the second half of February there was no 7 D ata from the American consul general a t Christiania, Feb. 5, 1921, forwarded by the D epartm ent of State. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 11042] E M PL O Y M E N T AND U N E M P L O Y M E N T . 119 further increase in the number of unemployed. This fact led to the general belief that unemployment had reached its high level. Durinof llet,ruary 28 to March 7 the number of totally unemployed fell from 42,705 to 40,730, but during the same period the number of partially unemployed persons rose from 82,930 to 87,132. It should moreover, be noteci ^that the enumeration of unemployed persons rnaGe by the Schweizer Arbeitsmarkt;; does not include those unernployed persons who have been given employment at emergency public works, and their number is very large. During the "week March 7 to 14 there was a further increase in both the number of totally and partially unemployed. On March 14 the totally unem ployed numbered 43,554 and the partially unemployed 90,455. Thus the total number of persons affected by the economic crisis was 134,009 as against 106,574 on January 31. The present economic crisis is chiefly ascribed to the flooding of the Swiss markets with foreign goods. Import restrictions and an increase oi custom duties on certain articles are among the protective measures proposed by the Government and their speedy enactment is impatiently awaited by Swiss industry and labor. The following table, reproduced from the “ Schweizer Arbeitsmarkt ” s^w s. the number of totally unemployed of both sexes, of vacant situations, and of partially unemployed persons on various dates failing between December 20, 1920, and March 7, 1921: U N E M P L O Y M E N T IN S W IT Z E R L A N D , DEC. 20, 1920, TO MAR. 7, 1921. — Totally unem ployed. D ate of enum eration. Males. Females. Em ployed p a rt tim e. N um ber of N um ber of N um ber of N um ber of vacancies. applicants. vacancies. applicants. Dec. 20, 1920............ Jan. 31,1921.......... Feb. 7,1921......... Feb. 14, 1921........ Feb. 21, 1921........ Feb. 28, 1921.......... Mar. 7,1921........... 449 209 257 255 290 333 337 1 yyo 628 231 160 957 1 9Q i-L o 1/1 J-TCj 1 ¿9 il7 *)A ¿-i t y QOQ 26 30 31 31 91ly O 684 760 759 836 803 907 898 3,565 9,659 10,414 10.388 10.389 10,748 9,602 47,636 71,922 76.236 82,392 84,633 82,930 87,132 The monthly reports of the Swiss public employment offices show tlidt in -bebruary, 1921, there were 392.7 male and 270.4 female appli cants ioi every 100 vacant positions. The corresponding figures for January, 1921, were 387.1 and 270.4, and for February; 1920, thev were 109.9 and 67.9. J Transatlantic emigration from Switzerland has also increased owing to the present unfavorable industrial situation. In February \ 1921, a total of 680 emigrants left Switzerland for transatlantic countries as against 351 in February, 1920, 39 in February, 1919, and 370 m February, 1914. The American consul at Bern reports, under date of February 24 1921, that the Federal Assembly of the Swiss Confederation has resolved to open a credit of 15,000,000 francs ($2,895,000, par) with the I edoral Council, to be used to relieve the present unemployment situation. There will be three classes of subsidies, as follows: https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [1043] 120 M O N T H L Y LABOR REV IEW . 1. Those equal to 20 per cent of the maximum cost of work exe cuted for the general welfare, including in certain cases reparation and reconstruction, but excepting dwelling houses. 2. Those of a less per cent to cover the expenses of employing un skilled workmen. 3. Those equal to 10 per cent of the maximum cost of budding dwelling houses. No subsidy will be granted, it is stated, where the cost of work is not above 2,000 francs ($386, par). In the construction of dwelling houses there may be accorded, in addition to the 10 per cent subsidies, loans from the credits which are still available under the Federal Council’s decree of July 15, 1919. The Confederation grants these subsidies only in case the Canton pays an equal amount. The com munes are to be approached by the Cantons as to the amount they can pay. For works falling in the first category above, preference will be given to those employing the largest number of workmen as com pared to the cost of the work. In the construction of dwelling houses, “ preference will be given to those destined soonest to relieve the lodging crisis without prejudice to the esthetic or hygienic condi tions of the buildings.” https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis {10141 WOMEN IN INDUSTRY, AND CHILD LABOR. Employment oi Women as Street Car Conductors and Ticket Agents. NE of the vexed questions during the war was the desirability or propriety of employing women in street-car work, more especially as conductors. At the time, the matter was settled rather superficially, such employment being permitted in one place and forbidden in another, according to the attitude of the men’s unions, of the societies concerned with the welfare and protection of working women, and of public sentiment. No comprehensive attempt was made to study the matter dispassionately in order to ascertain whether undesirable conditions which might accompany their employment in a given place were inherent in the work or merely duo to local carelessness and indifference. The Women’s Bureau of the United States Department of Labor has striven to supply this lack of information by a careful study of the conditions of employment for women in four cities in which they were retained in street-car work after the war emergency had passed—De troit, Kansas City, Boston, and Chicago. The study was made in June, July, and September, 1919, and January, 1920. In Detroit and Kansas City women were employed as conductors, and in Boston and Chicago as ticket agents and collectors. The report takes up conditions of work, hours, wages, the attitude of the women toward their employ ment, their success in meeting its requirements, and the probable permanency of their tenure as industrial conditions return to normal. Of special interest are the discussions of the reasons for the popu larity of street-car work among women, and of the feasibility of adapting such work to the limitations which public sentiment imposes upon the employment of women. Throughout the study emphasis is placed upon the need of careful study of local conditions before framing any regulations to govern the work of women in transportation. The general conclusion as to the suitability of employing women as conductors (their employment as ticket agents does not seem to meet opposition) is as follows: O Although conditions were not ideal, however, no particular reason was disclosed, either through a careful study of hours and wages, or through investigation of actual working conditions, or through interviews with the women themselves, to prove that the work of a street-car conductor was unfit for women. On the contrary, it seemed to combine many advantages not always found in the traditional occupations for women. Street-car conductors do not have to stand continuously, they get plenty of fresh air and variety of employment, there is no heavy work to be done, their wages are good, and their hours are no longer than in many other occupations in which women have worked for years. Forty-six women conductors in Detroit told the investigators of the Women’s Bureau that they preferred the work of a conductor to any work they had ever done before. Only one woman, who used to drive a rural free delivery wagon, liked her previous occupation better. No evidence was found to show that the work on the street cars involved exposure to risks or dangers which women are not facing and coping with successfully in other forms of work. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [1045] 121 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW. 122 Colored Women in Industry in Philadelphia.1 HE Consumers’ League of Eastern Pennsylvania has recently published the results of a study made in the period December, 1919, to June, 1920, which was undertaken ‘‘with a view to ascertaining how far colored women in Philadelphia have entered the industrial field and with what results.” The investigators found little evidence that before the war colored women had been employed in Philadelphia to any extent outside of domestic service and of what might be called public housekeeping. The war had brought about a demand for their services, which still, more than a year after the armistice, seemed fairly strong, since they were found at work in 28 industries and 74 processes. They were employed in garment-making factories, in department stores, in glass factories, in file making, in bakeries, in the United States Arsenal, in the manufacture of paper novelties, of embroideries, of candy and jellies and preserves, and millinery trimmings and over gaiters, in laundries, restaurants, and hotels, on the railroads, and in private dressmaking establishments. Almost invariably they entered industry through the least skilled occupations and whether or not they progressed beyond these seemed to be largely a matter of the opportunity the individual employer was willing to give. In some cases advancement was made easy to them; in others, either they were not allowed to enter the more skilled occupations, or they were admitted to them with reluctance and forced out as soon as opportunity offered. Oddly enough, this kind of discrimination was apparent in laundries. T With the coming of the war and the extensive adjustments in industries, oppor tunities to do the more skilled work were given; from mangling they advanced to machine ironing, sorting, marking, and hand ironing. There they have remained to a limited extent, although some of the better laundries either discharged them or so reduced their wages that they were forced to go back to their less skilled work or to seek employment elsewhere. In the garment-making industry, however, some factories were found which employed only colored women, and others which admitted them freely to any position they were able to fill. In glass factories and file-making establishments they had proved specially satisfactory, owing partly to their ability to stand the heat without suffering. On the railroads, where they had long been employed as car cleaners, they had recently been advanced to the position of linen clerk, which involves both accuracy and responsibility, and in other places a few were found working as typists, stenographers, clerks, and bookkeepers. In general, wages were low. Reports on this subject were received from 177, who were thus distributed: Percentage in Specified Weekly Wage Group. Under $10........................................................................................... $10 and und er $12 .............................................................................. $12 and under $15.............................................................................. $15 and under $20............................................................................... $20 and over....................................................................................... 27.1 28. 2 19. 2 15. 3 10. 2 i Colored women as ind u strial workers in Philadelphia. Consumers’ League of E astern Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, 1919-20. 49 pp. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [1046] WOMEN IN INDUSTRY, AND CHILD LABOR. 123 At the time these figures were collected the District of Columbia Minimum Wage Board was setting $16.50 per week as the lowest sum on which a woman could support herself in health and decency, and the lowest minimum it had ever set was $15.50. More than half of these women received less than $12 a week, and 74.5 per cent fell below $15. Only one-tenth reached or passed $20 a week. On the whole, the best wages were found among the women work ing in the arsenal, on the railroads, and in the garment-making trades. In the arsenal, where they were salvaging cots, they had standard conditions—an eight-hour day and an initial wage of $2.50 a day, with regular increases. In the railroad work the car cleaners were paid 45 cents an hour and averaged $20 to $22 a week, while the linen clerks received about $95 a month. In the garment-making trades_ wages ranged from $7 to $39 a week, 35 per cent of those reporting receiving less than $12 a week, and 57 per cent falling below $15. The opinions of employers as to the desirability of colored workers varied widely. The most common complaint concerned their irreg ularity of attendance. The report raises the question of whether this may be connected with the fact that the industries in which they are most generally employed are largely seasonal, and that therefore their whole experience tends to irregularity. In factory work it was commonly said that colored workers needed more training than white workers, and were less habituated to the factory routine. How ever, where they had been in a line of work long enough to become wonted to it, they seemed to give satisfaction. On the railroads, where the colored have been employed for many years, very few white women are employed; the garment industry is anxious to have experienced workers or people whom it can train; in certain processes in cleaning and dyeing and in making cigars colored women are employed exclusively; and many establishments which employed them as an experiment are retaining them as a permanent force. The report discusses at some length the treatment accorded the colored women and the alleged difficulty of having white and colored workers in the same shop. In many cases the colored were un questionably discriminated against in wages and in conditions of work, but this was not universal. Where they are unfairly treated, there is apt to be trouble between the two races, partly due to the suspicion of the white workers that the colored, because they will accept the lower wages and worse treatment, ma}^ be used to supplant them. On their part, the colored workers naturally would be irri tated at seeing white women getting considerably higher wages for identical work, or receiving preferential treatment. Many diversities of attitude were found. Some firms which have had colored, or which now employ only one or two to do the least skilled work, or to do cleaning, reported that they would not employ colored again, or that they would not employ more, because it was impossible to secure the best class of white girls if they had colored. * * * “ When the colored girls first came I had to be continually on the job to settle dis putes,” said one man; “ now I have no trouble.” He said he had taken pains to prevent friction from the very first. * * * Not only are the colored and white working side by side, but in a small candy factory white girls were found working under the direction of a colored forelady. The manager said the white girls rather objected at first, until he explained that she was the only one who knew all the processes, and it was necessary to have some one who could teach the others. No trouble was experienced after that. * * * 44130°—21-----9 [10471 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW. 124 The fact that colored and white girls are working side by side is proof conclusive that thev can do it. A great deal depends upon the manner in which they are intro duced, whether they are brought in as equal workers or whether, as the girls suspect, they come as possible undercutters, and upon the attitude of the employers toward them. Discrimination on the part of the employers means antagonism on the part of the employees. Child Labor in Wisconsin Outside ol Milwaukee. THE M o n t h l y L abo r R e v ie w for March, 1921 (p. 157), it was reported that 25,507 child labor permits were issued in Milwau kee in the year 1919-20. According to recent statistical tables received from the Wisconsin Industrial Commission, there were 13,412* child labor permits issued in all the counties of that State outside of the city of Milwaukee from July 1, 1919, to July 1, 1920; 8,246 were issued to males and 5,166 to females. The United States was the birthplace of 12,825 of the children; Italy of 30, Russia of 133, Austria of 101, and Germany of 63. Two hundred and sixty of the children were born in other countries. Two thousand nine hundred and fifty-four of the children had passed the sixth grade; 636 had passed what was equivalent to the sixth grade; and 350 had attended school seven years. There were no educational requirements in 9,472 cases, no school records being necessary for children to secure permission to work in vacation, on Saturday and after school, or for regular permits when the children are 16-17 years of age. , The following figures show the number and ages of children granted different kinds of permits : N I Total regular permits............................. To children 16-17 years of age........ To children 14-16 years of age........ Total vacation permits........................... To children 16-17 years of age........ To children 14-16 years of age........ To children 12-14 years of age........ Total after school and Saturday permits To children 16-17 years of age........ To children 14—16 years of age........ 6,381 2,499 3,882 5, 836 1, 603 4, 044 189 1,195 259 936 Of the 9,956 permits issued in vocational school cities of the State, exclusive of Milwaukee, 2,871 were for children 16-17 years of age, 1,706 being regular permits, 947 for vacation, and 218 for after school and Saturday. For children from 14-16, 6,923 permits were granted, 3,232 being regular, 2,877 for vacation, and 814 for after school and Saturday. All the permits granted to the 162 children 12-14 years of age were for vacation work. The following table shows the numbers of children in the different industries of Wisconsin, except in Milwaukee. 1 In addition to this num ber of original perm its, 4,410 perm its were reissued to children to work for new employers or to work for different periods of tim e for th e same employer. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [1048] WOMEN IN INDUSTRY, AND CHILD LABOR. 125 Distribution of Child Labor in the Various Industries of the State Outside of the City of Milwaukee, July 1, 1919, to July 1, 1929. Manufacturing, including food, textiles, metal, woodwork and lumber, paper matches,2 shoes and gloves, and rubber.......................................................... 9; 586 Mercantile, including dry goods and groceries, drug stores" and bakeries......... l ’ 756 Hotels and restaurants4...... 62 Logging5............................................................................................................... 59 Messenger service...... .......................................................................................... 490 Laundry............................................................................................................... 156 Domestic service8.......... 284 Office..................... 158 Railroad............. 43 Miscellaneous................................................................... 818 Total in all industries................. ..................... ............ ........................... 13 412 2 In view of the fast th a t investigation by th e In d u strial Commission shows th a t poisonous phosphorus is not used in th e m anufacture of matches, tne em ploym ent of minors under 18 in m atch factories is perm itted a Resolution adopted by th e In d u strial Commission March 11, 1918, prohibits the granting of perm its to all minors under 14 years of age in any drug store and all minors un d er 16 years of age in any drug store which has a Governm ent perm it to fill physicians' prescriptions for the use of strong, spirituous, or m alt liquors. 1Resolution adopted by the In d u strial Commission March 11, 1918, prohibits em ploym ent of female children under 17 years of age in any hotel, restaurant, boarding house, or rooming house and prohibits male children under 16 years of age in any hotel. Boys from 16-17 m ay secure perm its to work in hotels providing no liquor is sold or served in connection w ith th e hotel. Boys over 14 years of age m ay work in restaurants if th e y have labor perm its. 6 Resolution of th e In d u strial Commission of Mareh 3,1919, prohibits the granting of p erm its to children under 16 years of age in lum bering a n d logging operations. 6 Ferm its are required for domestic service in vocational cities only. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis ri049] INDU STRIA L A CCIDENTS A ND HYGIENE. Industrial Establishment Disability Records as a Source of Morbidity Statistics. CCIDENT and mortality statistics, while far from satisfactory in completeness, are at least available as a measure of the inci dence of accident and of death in industry, but morbidity statistics are lacking. Accurate and complete statistics of disease incidence do not exist. Illness is seldom made a matter of record. In an effort to offer some suggestion as to the collection of morbidity statistics a paper by Edgar Sydenstricker and Dean K. Brundage, of the United States Public Health Service, was read at the eightysecond annual meeting of the American Statistical Association, held in Atlantic City in December, 1920, and printed in the quarterly publication of the association for March, 1921. In this paper the authors propose as a source of morbidity statistics the use of indus trial establishment disability records, that is, “ disability or sickness records for persons associated into insured groups, for persons em ployed in certain industrial establishments maintaining fairly de tailed supervision of the health of their employees, for persons living in various institutions, and in the armed forces of the United States.” The collection of such disability records is being attempted by the United States Public Health Service, and a compilation of partial results is presented by the authors in the form of two tables, one of which shows the monthly variation in the average number of cases of sickness, per 1,000 members of sick benefit associations, which caused disability of 7 days or longer in a group of plants during the first 8 months of 1920, while the other table gives the incidence of various diseases causing disability of more than one day during a 12-month period in a large industrial plant. It is believed that these tables are of sufficient interest in connection with the study of mor bidity statistics to be reproduced without further comment. A A N N U A L N U M B E R O F CASES O F SICK N ESS CAUSING D IS A B IL IT Y F O R O N E W E E K OR L O N G E R , P E R 1,000 M EM B E R S O F S IC K -B E N E F IT ASSOCIA TIO N S, IN C E R T A IN IN D U S T R IA L E S T A B L IS H M E N T S R E P O R T IN G TO T H E P U B L IC H E A L T H SE R V IC E : B Y M ON TH O F O N SET, JA N U A R Y TO A U G U ST, 1920, A N D B Y D IS E A S E CA U SIN G D IS A B IL IT Y . General grouping of diseases or conditions caus Jan Feb March. April. May. June. July. Au gust. uary. ruary. ing disability. Ail diseases a n d co n d itio n s1.................................... 275.0 General diseases........................................................... 163.7 7.5 Diseases of th e nervous sy ste m ................................ 2.5 Diseases of th e circulatory sy ste m .......................... Diseases of th e respiratory sy stem .......................... 49.9 Diseases of th e digestive sy ste m .............................. 24.1 2.5 Diseases of th e genito-urinary s y s te m ,................. 5.8 Diseases of th e skin a n d cellular tissu e .................. 4.2 Diseases of th e bones an d organs of locom otion.. 3.3 E x tern al causes........................................................... Ill-defined diseases an d conditions.......................... 11.6 326.7 218.9 8.5 5.1 40.8 22.7 3.4 7.4 1.7 10.8 7.4 126.0 54.2 8.0 4.5 21.1 24.1 .5 2.5 3.0 2.5 5.5 103.4 29.8 8.0 3.3 19.4 15.6 1.4 6.2 2.4 13.2 5.2 76.7 16.8 5.9 4.8 16.8 15.3 1. / 2.2 3.7 6.1 3.3 67.1 18.1 5.0 2.9 9.2 14.1 1.1 2.7 1.7 7.6 4.6 67.3 9.5 3.8 4.0 8.1 15. 2 1. 4 4.9 2.4 12.1 5.7 54.4 10.5 3.8 2.1 9.1 13.9 .6 2.5 2.3 6.3 3.2 1 Twelve of th e 27 associations specify definite age lim its for eligibility to m em bership, th e average lim its being from 17 to 55 years of age. In some other respects, too, in d u strial employees are a distinctly selected 126 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [1050] INDUSTRIAL ACCIDENTS AND HYGIENE. 127 P R E V A L E N C E O F D ISA B L IN G D ISE A SES AMONG E M P L O Y E E S O F A L A R G E R U B B E R CO M PANY D U R IN G T H E Y E A R E N D IN G O C TO B ER 31, 1920. [Based on reported cases which caused absence from work for one day or longer and which term inated w ithin th e year.] Cases p er 1,000. General grouping of diseases or conditions caus ing disability. Males. All diseases and conditions. ■ 1,933.0 General diseases........... . 275.1 Diseases of th e nervous system . 36.2 Diseases of th e circulatory sy stem .. .. 12.2 Diseases of th e respiratory system . 279.2 Diseases of th e digestive sy ste m .. .. 394.3 Diseases of genito-urninary sy ste m ........ 5.4 The puerperal s ta te ............... Diseases of th e s k in ___ 51.5 Diseases of th e bones an d organs of locomotion. 41.1 S enility............... E x tern al causes........ 45.6 Ill-defined............ 792.4 D ays lost per case. Females. Males. 2,565.3 297.2 40.0 9.1 314.4 422.2 190.1 16.6 25.8 22.7 48.6 1,178.6 4.81 9.79 7.67 9.05 4.59 4. 51 14.35 5.62 5.10 147.00 7.52 2.82 D ays lost per person. Females. Males. 5.38 12.16 7.06 26.47 6.17 5.68 5.71 24.93 6.38 6.24 6. 81 2.71 9.30 2.69 .28 .11 1.28 1.78 .08 .29 .21 .01 .34 2.23 Females. 13.80 3.61 .28 .24 1.94 2.40 1.09 .42 .16 .14 .33 3.19 Quarry Accidents in the United States in 1919. NITED States Bureau of Mines Technical Paper 275 is a report on quarry accidents in the United States during the calendar year 1919. The data are based on reports from 1,724 oper ators employing 75,505 workers and operating an average of 253 clays or a period of time equivalent to 19,138,308-man days for all employ ees. During the year 1919 there were 1.93 men killed and 144 2 men injured out of each 1,000 300-day workers, these figures beino somewhat lower than during 1918 when the fatality rate was 2.11 and the injury rate was 147.07. The actual numbers of killed and injured m 1919 were 123 and 9,199, respectively. The following table shows for the different kinds of quarries the number of men employed and the number killed and injured, together with the fatality and injury rates for the years 1918 and 1919. U vgroup, cv T em porary or casual laborers are seldom ad m itted to mem bership, a nd some m ay be too poor affo: the cost of insurance. NVomen have no t th e privilege of belonging to some of the reporting asso to afford ciations, and in those reporting associations which do have female members their num ber is relatively small, so th a t th e sickness rates presented could no t be affected to a n y appreciable extent b y the greater frequency of illness among women Furtherm ore, no t all diseases are included in the tabulations, as sick benefits are denied for th e venereal diseases, a n d 6 of the 27 reporting associations in this group refuse to p ay benefits for chronic diseases contracted prior to th e d ate of joining th e association. Sixteen of the assw iations do no t p ay for disabilities brought on by th e use of intoxicating liquors; 11 decline to pay for disabilitiesi resulting from th e violation of an y civil law; a n d 8 for th e results of willful or gross negligence. Ju st how rigidly these rules are enforced is not know n, b u t, considering these restrictions, the statistics or longer re^ar^ e(^ as a nuniinum statem en t of th e disabilities actually occurring and lasting seven days https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [1051] MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW. 128 M EN E M PL O Y E D A N D N U M B E R K IL L E D AN D IN JU R E D , B Y K IN D O F Q U A R R Y , D U R IN G T H E Y E A R S E N D E D D E C . 31, 1919 AN D 1918. M en employed. A ctive operators. K in d of quarry. A ctual num ber. In ju red . K illed. E q u iv a len t in P e r 1,000 P er 1,000 300-day N um ber. 300-day N um ber. 300-day workers workers. workers. (calcu lated ). 1919. r,omp.nt, roftk......... ........ . . . . . . . . . . Omni to,.................... ....................... T,im p.qtnn ft___________ ______ M arble ........................................... Santlst^n^and b b ie sto n ft.. . . . . . a t ft ............................... ..................... T rap rock........................................ 76 301 952 37 183 78 97 9,446 10,466 39,854 4,006 3,630 3,373 4,730 9,038 8,829 33,055 3,920 2,622 2,812 3,518 24 16 65 2 2 5 9 2.66 1.81 1.97 .51 .76 1.78 2.56 2,093 1,101 4,431 295 346 277 656 231.58 124.70 134.0o 75.28 131.96 98.51 186.47 T o tal..................................... 1,724 75,505 63,794 123 1.93 9,199 144.20 o m u it f t ...... ................................. J /i rp p,st onft................. ...................... Mfvrfalfi ............................. ............ Pan li st,on p, and blu esto n e............ Slate ............................................. T rap ro ck ........................................ 64 248 832 42 255 76 103 7,904 7,909 34,873 3,414 8,536 2,690 3,006 7,467 6,200 30,127 3,275 7,991 2,212 2,013 16 13 54 7 19 7 9 2.14 2.10 1.79 2.14 2.38 3.16 4.47 1,782 680 4,258 190 1,183 213 413 238.65 109.68 141.34 58. 02 148.04 96.29 2U5.1/ T o tal..................................... 1,620 68,332 59,285 125 2.11 8,719 147.07 1918. The report gives detailed tables showing the number of accidents due to each specified cause in the various kinds of quarries and by State. The Conquest of Tuberculosis. HE Metropolitan Life Insurance Co. has published in its Statis tical Bulletin, March, 1921, a statement which shows a remark able decline in the death rate from tuberculosis among wage earners insured in that company. The greatest relative decline in the death rate is in those age groups which cover the main working period of life. The death rate from pulmonary tuberculosis for white men between the ages of 25 and 40 for the years 1919 and 1920 combined was one-half the rate for 1911 and 1912, the rate in the earlier period being 4 to 6 deaths per 1,000 persons annually, while in the past two years it varied from 2 to 3 deaths per 1,000. There was a decline in different age groups between 40 and 65 of from 44 per cent to 27.5 per cent and from 65 on of about 12 per cent. Prac tically the same relative decline is shown for groups of white women and colored men and women although there was an increase of about 3 per cent in the death rate from pulmonary tuberculosis in white girls between the ages of 15 and 19. The following table gives the percentage reductions in the pulmon ary tuberculosis death rate in 1919-1920 as compared with 1911-1912: T https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [1052] 129 IN D U S T R IA L A C C ID E N T S A N D H Y G IE N E . P/ T V / T WN IN PU L M O N A R Y TU B E R C U L O SIS D E A T H R A T E S IN 1919-1920 IN SU R A N C E CO. 1911- 1912' AS D E T E R M IN E D B Y T H E M E T R O P O L IT A N L I F E P er cent Age periods. ** ......................... .................................. Id 4 ?9 5 7 4 5 4^ 0 AQ 5 4Q ^ ................... • .............................. ................. ................... .................................... ............................... ................................................ e o t o 0 4 ........................................... 65 to 69...................... 70 to 74........................ 75 and over................ reduction in death rates W hite. Males. 1 t o 4.................. 5 t o 9............................ 10 t o 14.......................... 15 t o 19.......................... 20 t o 24.................. 25 t o 29..... ................... 30 t o 34............................... 35 t o 39.......................... 40 t o 44............................. 45 t o 49...................... 50 t o 54............................ 55 t o 59.......................... of All ages....................................... Colored. Females. 22 2 in O » AU. Î o 13 1 { o X). 11. o 55. 0 28.0 11.9 9. 0 15.9 9 9 . 1A oZ 11 A 11. u 19.7 09 1 Où. 1 30.8 30.7 2 1 .3 28 0 9Q ZÔ» 0Q 22 0 42.4 4n 00 4U. 2 2 .2 30 1 32 8 117 18 4 12.0 Females. 36.7 10.2 30.0 131.9 11.0 35.0 39 1 27 5 Males. QQ O Ö. n1 33.6 o9.1 31.2 24.7 32.4 38.2 35.0 24.6 17.2 49.4 24 9 aa U :0 . n O Q 0071 . y r>0 9 4? 7 33 § fo r — 9 _l Q Zi‘± , O 94 Q *39 A 2 2 .0 27.2 29.3 25.5 1 9 .5 1 Percentage increase. Accident: Experience of the Ohio State industrial Commission. Bulletin No. 4, April 1, 1921, of the safety division of S AFETY the Industrial Commission of Ohio states that the premium re ceipts of the commission to December 30, 1920, “ totaled $60,000,000 (all of which, excepting a surplus of $2,000,000, had al ready been paid out or was being and still is being paid out for disa bilities and deaths incurred up to that tim e)/’ The amount paid out by self-insurers in medical and compensation costs raises the total to $80,000,000 or $85,000,000. To get some approximation of the total cost of accidents, however, $40,000,000 or $50,000,000 more must be added to cover part of the cost of operating the Industrial Commission, but more particularly the loss to the workers in wages over and above the amount of compensation received. Account should also be taken of the additional loss to employers arising from the greater labor turn over occasioned by accidents, spoiled material, damaged machinery, and numerous other losses. The following table is an appalling argument for the need of more intensive and extensive accident prevention work: N U M B ER O F A C CID EN TS R E P O R T E D TO T H E IN D U S T R IA L COMMISSION O F OHIO AND N U M B E R O F D E A T H S FR O M SUCH A C CIDEN TS, B Y Y E A R S , 1912 TO 1920. Calendar year. 1912............................................. 1913............................................. 1914............................................. 1915............................................. 1916............................................ 1917............................................ https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Total accidents. 1,278 15,354 65,383 86,916 169,541 180,134 D eaths. 3 60 521 578 753 855 Calendar year. T otal accidents. D eaths. 1918......... ............................. 1919........................................... 1920........................................... 175,479 159,113 194,190 956 832 881 T o ta l............................. 1,047,388 5,439 ¡[1053] MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW. 130 The augmenting totals, as shown in the table, are not quite so dis couraging when correlated with the number of employees in Ohio, which figures are available for the years 1914 to 1919, the number in 1914 being 834,825 and in 1919, 1,285,396. Tn the year 1916 there were 138 accidents per 1,000 employees; in 1917,140; in 1918, 133; and in 1919, 123. In 1915 there were 6 deaths per 1,000 employees; in 1916, 6.2; in 1917, 6.6; in 1918, 7.3; and in 1919 the number dropped to 6.5 deaths per 1,000 employees. Unfortunately the figures for the different industrial groups are not available. It is believed that if these figures were available we would have definite proof that the large amount of guarding which the manufacturers of this State have carried on in the past few years has been productive of beneficent results in reducing deaths and serious disabilities in the factories. Unfortunately these figures must wait until such a time as a sufficient appropriation is available for making the necessary tabulations. Fatal industrial Accidents in Canada in 1920. CCORDING to the Canada Labor Gazette for March, 1921 (pp. 440-444), there were 1,170 fatal industrial accidents in 1920, as compared with 1,068 in 1919, or an increase of 9.6 per cent. This record, however, is admittedly incomplete. It is based on reports received from correspondents of the Department of Labor and from various official and unofficial organizations throughout the Dominion. The lumber industry had the highest number of fatali ties, amounting to 187, or 16 per cent of the total. The following table shows the total number of fatal accidents and the percentage distribution by industry group: A N U M B ER O F F A T A L IN D U S T R IA L A C CID EN TS AN D P E R C E N T A G E D IS T R IB U T IO N , BY IN D U S T R Y G R O U P, IN CANADA IN 1920. In d u stry group. A griculture.............................................. B uilding a n d construction................... Clay, glass, an d stone............................ Clothing and laundering...................... Electric railw ay service........................ Fishing and h u n tin g ............................. Food, tobacco, a n d liq u o r.................... Leather, boots, shoes, a n d ru b b er___ Lum bering............................................... Metals, machinery, a n d conveyances. Mines, sm elters, and q u arries............. Miscellaneous........... ............................... N um ber of Per acci cent. dents. 32 2.7 9.4 110 1.2 .3 .6 3.7 2.6 14 3 7 43 31 6 187 77 100 123 .5 16.0 6.5 13.7 In d u stry group. Miscellaneous tra n s p o rt........................ N avigation............................................... P aints, oils, chemicals, a nd explosives Prin tin g a n d publishing ...................... Public an d m unicipal em ploym ent. . Public u tilities........................................ P u lp , paper, a n d fiber.......................... Steam railw ay service........................... Textiles, carpets, and cordage............ W oodworking a nd fu rn itu re ............... 10.'6 N um ber of Per acci cent. dents. 28 23 2.4 4 28 39 31 178 5 .3 2.4 3.3 2.0 1.8 21 2.6 15.3 .4 1.7 20 T o ta l............................................... 1,170 100.0 German Decree for the Protection of Workers in Compressed Air. NTIL recently protective legislation for workers in compressed air has been enacted only in a few of the Federal States of Germany. On June 28, 1920, however, a decree, effective October 1, 1920, was issued by the national minister of labor regulat ing work in compressed air uniformly for the whole of Germany.1 The decree in question is so lengthy—it is composed of 55 sections— that only a summary of its principal provisions can be given here. U * Soziale Praxis, Berlin, Sept. 15, 1920, p. 1187. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [1054] IN D U ST R IA L ACCIDENTS AND H Y G IE N E . 131 The decree applies to all work carried on in tanks, caissons, diving bells, tunnels, sewers, etc., where the air pressure is higher than that of the outside air by at least 0.1 kilogram to the square centimeter (1.4 pounds to ^the square inch). Men who undertake such work must first notify the factory inspectors or other State authorities. Employers must see to it that the working place and all persons employed there are under medical supervision. Applicants for em ployment must produce a medical certificate of health. Only healthy workers between 20 and 50 years of age are permitted to work in compressed air. Workers over 40 years of age may be employed only where the extra air pressure is less than 1.3 kilograms per square centimeter (18.5 pounds to the square inch). No person is permit ted to pass from any working place where he has been working in compressed air to atmosphere of normal pressure without passin0, through an intermediate lock or stage of decompression. Up to 1.3 kilograms extra pressure per square centimeter the time of decom pression must be one minute for each 0.1 kilogram extra pressure. In 1.3 kilograms the decree manifestly sees the critical limit of extra pressure, for in the case of higher extra pressure it increases pro gressively the time of decompression, which at 3 kilograms extra pressure (42.7 pounds to the square inch) must amount to 90 minutes. Hours of work must not exceed eight per day, inclusive of rest periods, and must be reduced in proportion to air pressure, the mini mum being two hours per day where the extra pressure exceeds 3.5 kilograms per square centimeter (49.8 pounds to the square inch). New workers may work only half the full time allowed on the first day and two-thirds on the second day. In shifts of more than four hours’ duration rest periods must be allowed amounting to half an hour when added together. The provisions of the decree are in many points similar to those of the Pennsylvania act of July 19, 1917, regulating work in compressed air.2 s For Pennsylvania law, see B ulletin 241, U. S. B ureau of Labor Statistics, pp. 281-283. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [1055] WORKMEN’S COMPENSATION AND SOCIAL INSURANCE. Proposed Death Benefit Schedule of California.1 HE Industrial Accident Commission of California lias submitted to the legislature a new death benefit schedule which it believes will meet the reasonable needs of dependents of workmen killed in industry and thus adequately and permanently solve the problem of industrial dependency in that State. This schedule is based on a careful study of 674 families, involving 1,686 dependent individuals, showing the result of seven years’ experience_in the administration of the workmen’s compensation act, and a wide and most intensive study of the problem with due reference to what is being done in other States and countries. The workmen’s compensation law now provides that where a workman killed in industry leaves dependents, the death benefit shall be equal to three times the workman’s average annual earnings, the total to be not less than $1,000 nor more than $5,000. It was found that this death benefit was just adequate in only 260 cases, or 38.6 per cent of the 674 cases, and seriously insufficient in 298 cases, or 44.2 per cent; in 49 cases it was not possible to tell whether the com pensation would last long enough to meet the requirements, and in 67 cases only was the compensation more than adequate. Among the serious consequences of this inadequacy of compensa tion, as ahown by the study, was a marked deterioration of the health of the dependents, due to worry and the lowered standard of living necessitated, the breaking up of families, the children being sent to orphanages or to live among relatives or strangers, or being adopted into families of strangers, an increase in homes where the mother works out during the daytime and the children run the streets, con ducive to juvenile delinquency and criminality, and a doubling of the number of children of school age taken out of school and put to work. Also both State and private charity had had to be given to many of the families. Under the new schedule a widow, without children and without any incurable disease, under 60 years of age is to receive 40 per cent of the wages of her deceased husband for two years and also may^be given such aid as to education and industrial training as will enable her to become self-supporting. Because of the difficulty of any woman of 60 or over to find remunerative employment and of the improbability of widows, whose average age is_ 37, while supporting themselves, being able to save enough to provide for the time after they are 60, it is proposed that all widows who upon attaining the age of 60 have not remarried shall be entitled to a life pension of 40 per cent of the wages of their deceased husbands. A widow with an incurable disease which incapacitates her from earning is to receive T i Summ arized from a m em orandum toy th e In d u stria l Accident Commission of California entitled “ A rational death benefit s c h e d u le /’ dated Feb. 14,1921. 132 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [1056] w o r k m e n ’s c o m p e n s a t io n AND SOCIAL IN S U R A N C E . 133 40 per cent of the wages of her husband as long as such incapacity continues. For widows with children the new schedule provides that the widow is to receive for herself 40 per cent of the earnings of her hus band, to be paid until two years after her youngest child has ceased to be dependent, provision being made for a life pension after reach ing the age of 60. For one child there is to be paid to her 15 per cent of the wages of her husband and for each additional child 10 per cent, with a maximum of 100 per cent. If the widow remarries the payment of one year’s compensation in a lump sum is to close her case, but the children’s compensation will continue until they severally reach the age of 16. The neces sary aid to enable the children, where possible, to develop earning capacities above the rank of unskilled labor is to be furnished, and where such children, on reaching the age limit, are attending a voca tional or high school, or are serving an apprenticeship, tlwcompensation will continue until they are 18. To meet these reasonable needs the new schedule provides that the death benefit shall equal four times the average annual earnings of the deceased employee, to be paid by the employer or insurance carrier for each employee killed, whether or not there*' are dependents. Security of the payments to widows and children is provided through the creation of a special trust fund, into which the employer or insur ance carrier shall pay the death benefit, in reasonable installments. This fund shall be administered by the State compensation insur ance fund, which shall pay therefrom the benefits awarded by the commission. The fund shall be invested and reinvested as other funds of the State compensation insurance fund are, the only cost to be the reasonable expense of administration, any lapses or interest to go into the death benefit fund. The principle applied in this “ rational” death benefit schedule is “ As much as is reasonably needed, while it is needed, and no more.” Recent Workmen’s Compensation Reports. Nebraska. HE Seventeenth Biennial Report of the Department of Labor of Nebraska, 1919-1920, contains an account of the operations of the workmen’s compensation law of the State, the secretary of labor being also compensation commissioner. The commission reports as “ the most important event of the two years’ work in this department” the supreme court decision in the case of Perry v. Huff man Automobile Co., in which the supervisory power of the com mission was completely upheld, so as to give it authority to make a different award from that agreed upon by the injured man or his attorney and an employer or his insurance adjuster. During the two years covered by this report the commissioner heard 244 contested cases, more than double the number heard during the incumbency of his predecessor. The total number of accidents re ported was 24,949, an increase of 4,590 over the preceding biennium. T https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [1057] 134 M O N T H L Y LABOE REV IEW . Following is a comparative statement showing the principal statis tics of the operation of the law from its inception: O P E R A T IO N O F N E B R A SK A W O R K M E N ’S CO M PEN SA TIO N LA W , 1915 TO 1920. Item . N um ber of accidents................. N um ber of cases closed............. 1915 4,082 2,222 Compensation p a id .................... $24,923.62 26,243.75 Medical expense........... T o tal.................................. 51,167. 37 1917 1916 1918 1920 11,273 8,791 13,676 9,729 $76,143.50 $101,204. 51 $102,540.48 $255,313.36 50,814. 84 39,231.99 90,162.88 51,827.22 $402,780.94 137,432.14 345,476.24 540,213.08 10,822 5,411 116,958.34 13,293 13,298 153,031. 73 7,066 6,463 1919 141,777. 47 This table shows a rapid increase in costs with the exception of the year 1918, when the number of accidents and the amount of medical expense fell below corresponding figures for 1917. No explanation is suggested for either the increases or the fluctuations. The number of fatal accidents during 1917-1918 was 28, this number being equaled in the year 1919 alone, while in 1920 there were 50 fatal accidents, making a total of 78 for the two years. Oregon. HTHE Fourth Report of the State Industrial Accident Commission of Oregon covers the year ending June 30, 1919. Oregon is the only State in which the employee contributes to the accident fund, the amount being 1 cent for each day or part of the day worked. The law is an elective one, but employers under the law must insure in the State fund, no other method of insurance being allowed. Dur ing the year covered the receipts from employers were $1,601,992.10 and from workmen $117,142.53. The State appropriated an amount equal to one-seventh of the sum of the contributions by employers and employees; this was $161,322.33 for the year. Total receipts were $1,915,096.31. Reserves were set aside from this amount for permanent partial disabilities amounting to $155,690.55, for per manent total disabilities $79,607.05, and for fatal injuries $460,932.10. Temporary disability cases cost $701,557.01, medical aid $331,744.80, and burial expenses $15,957.95. Administrative expenses amounted to $138,902.31, leaving a balance for the year of $30,704.54. This added to the balance on hand July 1, 1918, makes a total of $1,057,489.66. The segregated fund shows a balance of $1,820,994.56, or a total balance on June 30, 1919, of $2,878,484.22. The total receipts for the accident fund, November 5, 1913, to June 30, 1919, are $6,346,718.88, and the total disbursements $1,475,535.06. Administrative expenses amounted to $418,045.40, or 7.35 per cent of the receipts from employers and employees, which totaled $5,684,757.45. The State appropriation to the acci dent fund during the period totaled $606,867.78. During the five years of the law final settlements have been made in 39,885 cases of temporary total disability and 1,918 cases of per manent partial disability. Permanent total awards number 30 and fatal cases 266. Tables show receipts and disbursements by industries during the four-yearperiod ending June 30,1919, frequency of accidents and sever ity of injuries for the same time, compensation and medical aid by https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [1058] w o r k m e n ’s c o m p e n s a t io n an d so cia l in s u r a n c e . 135 extent of disability for the year ending June 30, 1919, and for the four-year experience, duration of total disability in permanent partialdisability cases for the year, causes of accidents by extent of disa bility for the year, and remarriage experience of widows receiving compensation. The highest number of days lost per thousand full-time workers is shown for division "C ”—''other extractive industries”—which is made up of logging and wood cutting, the number being 65,147.35 during the four years. Mining and quarrying come next, with 50,705.69 days lost per thousand full-time workers; then follows transportation and public utilities, with 36,270.45. I t is interesting to note that agriculture, so often classed as nonhazardous, shows 15,570.29 days lost per 1,000 full-time workers, or two-thirds of the amount shown from the generally recognized "hazardous” manufac turing industries, where the rate is 22,040.02. The average cost per case of the 147 death cases compensated in 1919 was $3,570.33; the average cost for four years was $3,773.18, the average medical cost per case being $45.49. Sixteen cases of permanent total disability received an average of $6,696.74, the medi cal costs averaging $833.46. The four-year experience shows an aver age compensation cost of $7,220.69 and an average medical cost of $350.49. Pennsylvania. '“TWO recent pamphlets present the experience of Pennsylvania in 1 workmen’s compensation. One, a bulletin of the department of labor and industry, No. 1 of the series of 1921, is entitled "Five Years of Compensation in Pennsylvania,” prepared by Harry A. Mackey, chairman of the workmen’s compensation board. This is a brief text account of the principles, methods, and results of the workmen’s com pensation law of the State. During the period covered, 995,863 acci dents were reported to the department of labor and industry, and compensation has been paid on account of 320,436 injured workers either killed or disabled for longer or shorter periods as the result of industrial exposure. "Without delay, cost, or quibble, and with no economic waste in misunderstandings, disputes, or delays,” the par ties concerned have "executed compensation agreements out of which have come awards in fatal cases amounting to $27,502,098.” Of this sum, $7,436,189 has been paid, the remainder standing as continuing payments. Disability payments have amounted to $17,264,161. The transition from the principle of liability to that of compensa tion is discussed, and a comparison is made between the relatively small number of recoveries under suits for damages and the almost universal system of benefits under compensation. Occasional large verdicts were indeed returned, but the average amount for loss of life in three States intensively studied was less than $1,000 for the five years covered. The social and economic benefits flowing from such general relief are pointed out as being of the utmost importance for the welfare of the community and the continuing life of the Nation. The second pamphlet is a "Statistical Analysis of the Workmen’s Compensation Insurance in Pennsylvania from January 1, 1916, to December 31, 1919,” a period of four calendar years. The tables show premiums, losses, and expenses for the four years and for 1919; pay rolls, premiums, and losses for the four years; compensation costs https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [1059] M O N T H L Y LABOR R E V IE W . 136 by severity of injury for tiro same period; pure premium expenses, bv industry, classified for 1916, 1917, and 1918; accident rates; dependency distribution; fatalities; interval between accident and death; ages of dependent children, remarriage of widows; permanent total disability, etc. . ,, , Pennsylvania is one of the States that recpnre insurance, thougn permitting approved self-insurers to carry their own risks. There is a State fund, but competition is open to all classes of approved insur ance carriers. The mining industry of the State is of such importance and of such special hazards that figures are shown for it separately, a number of the tables showing all business, all business except coal mining, and coal mining. Others make a subdivision of the latter class, showing anthracite and bituminous mining separately. Com pensation premiums, losses, and expenses for four years, 1916-1919, and for 1919 alone, are shown in the following table: C O M PEN SA TIO N PR EM IU M S, LO SSES, A N D E X P E N S E S , 1916-1919, AN D 1919 O N LY. Insurer. E arned premiums. Incurred losses. Incurred expenses. Loss Expen:e ratio. ratio. A ll business. 1916-1919. All carriers.............................. P articip atin g .......................... N o n participating................... $60, 659,207 16,682,218 43, 876,989 $26, 977,262 7,264,169 19, 713,093 $19,231, 321 3,073, 864 16,157,457 44.5 43.6 44.9 31.8 18.4 36.8 43.0 41.7 43.5 32.6 15.8 38.3 48.3 46.9 49.1 29.5 23.2 32.7 35.7 40.9 32.9 30.5 18.4 37.1 35.1 37.4 33.9 30.4 16.0 37.8 37.4 29.7 59.6 47.8 48.7 30.8 34.9 33.7 32.6 19.1 A ll business except coal mining. All carriers............ P articip atin g ....... N onparticipating 43,256,144 10, 848, 312 32,409,832 18,614, 614 4,528,295 14, 086,319 14,121,554 1,718,562 12,402,992 Coal mining. All carriers............ P articip atin g ....... N onparticipating 17,303,063 5, 835,906 11,467,157 8, 362,648 2,735, 874 5,626,774 5,109,767 1,355, 302 3,754,465 A ll business. 1919. All carriers......................... P articip atin g ..................... N onparticipating............. 19,816,134 6,991,053 12,825,081 7,079,468 2, 860,148 4,219,320 6,046,336 1,288,067 4, 758,269 A l l business except coal mining. All carriers........... P articip atin g ....... N onparticipating 14,613,396 4, 967,058 9,646, 340 5,131,320 1,857,537 3,273,783 4,443, 869 794,482 3,649,407 Coal mining. All insurers.......................................... Associated companies........................ E u rek a C asualty............................... . Pennsylvania B itum inous M utual. State fund 2......................................... 5,202,738 3,178,741 209,487 567,766 1,246,744 1,948,148 945,537 124,844 269,778 607,989 1,602,467 1,108, 862 i 70, 579 1 185,125 1237,901 1 Includes prem ium s paid for catastrophe reinsurance. j ' , 2 T he S tate F u n d wrote a t 90 per cent of m an u al. A t stock com pany rates the loss ratio of the fund for 1919 would have been 44 per cent a n d th e expense ratio 17 per cent of prem ium s. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [ 1060] W O R K M E N S CO M PEN SA TIO N AND SOCIAL IN S U R A N C E . 187 It will be noted that while the loss ratio for participating and nonparticipating carriers differs but little, the expense ratio for nonpar ticipating insurers is exactly double that of the participating in the case of “All business” during the four years. A considerably greater difference is shown in regard to “All business except coal mining,” while of course the difference is less in “ Coal mining.” The table for 1919 alone is detailed in the report, showing the items separately for each company or group. The loss ratio for the various companies in “All business except coal mining” in 1919 va ries widely with the different companies, due to different exposures and experiences, being as low as 10.5 in one company and as high as 100 in another. The expense ratio likewise showed considerable differences, but not to these extremes. With an average of 30.4 per cent for all carriers and 16 per cent for all participating carriers it is clear that nonparticipating carriers absorb a much larger proportion for expenses. The table shows 37 companies, including the1“ asso ciated companies” as one, and the State fund. Of this number, 14, inducting the State fund, are participating. The expense ratio for participating companies ranges from 41 for the laundry owners to 12.8 for the Pennsylvania manufacturers, and 12.5 per cent for the State fund, the last named showing the lowest expense ratio of any carrier, and standing third in the amount of earned premiums. The experience in coal mining as shown in the table indicates a corre spondingly low expense ratio for the State fund in that line. The distribution of expenses in 1919 shows for all major stock companies in “All business except coal mining” a total of 36.6 per cent of premiums, of which 16.7 per cent went for acquisition, 9.1 per cent for the home office, 5.8 per cent for adjustments, 4.4 per cent for investment earnings, 3.4 per cent for taxes, and 1.6 per cent for inspection. This is limited to nonparticipating stock com panies, which had at least $250,000 of compensation premiums dur ing the year. The 11 companies coming within this class had 88 per cent of the total premiums of all stock companies. In coal mining all expenses of all insurers averaged 29.5 per cent of premiums, of which the home office absorbed 11.7 per cent, acqui sition 7 per cent, adjustment 5 per cent, inspection 3.6 per cent, and taxes 2.2 per cent. For the State fund all expenses totaled 17.7 per cent, including premiums paid for catastrophe reinsurance. The bulk of this expense was for home office, 13.5 per cent, this amount including the insurance cost noted; inspection (2.2 percent) and adjustment (2 per cent) made up the balance. Benefits have been increased by recent legislation, so that in tables showing compensation cost by severity of injury the average and total costs are computed on the basis of 1916 benefits and 1920 benefits, the ratio of the latter to the earlier rate being 1.14. During the four years 122,851 accidents gave rise to an aggregate cost of $23,105,998 on the 1916 basis or $26,394,323 at the 1920 rates. Deaths, 3,831 in number, showed an average cost of benefits of $2,276 under the earlier schedule and $2,404 under the latter. Cases of permanent total disability number 439, averaging $3,736 on the 1916 basis and $4,627 on the 1920 rates. Temporary disability (over 2 weeks) occurred in 115,901 cases, the average compensation being $42 on the 1916 basis and $43 at the later rates. The average in https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [ 1061] 138 M O N T H L Y LABOR R E V IE W . coal mining for the period covered is somewhat higher than the aver age for all industries both for death and for permanent total disability, the cost in bituminous mining also exceeding that in anthracite. Pure premium in all industries during the three years 1916-1918 was 60 cents on $100, the pay roll for all industries aggregating $4,403,081,000 and total losses on the basis of 1920 benefits amount ing to $26,394,323. The distribution of the premium was 26 cents for death and permanent total disability, 15 cents for medical treatment, 11 cents for temporary disability, and 8 cents for permanent partial disability. The highest cost is in mining and quarrying, $1.60, the average for all except coal mining being 45 cents. Of 2,195 widows, 207 remarried, the average age of the total being 38 years. The rate was 4.16 per cent, which contrasts with the experience of the Dutch Royal Insurance Institute which gives a rate of 3.46. The rate in coal mining was 6.76, as against 2.70 in all industries except coal mining. The time elapsed from the death of the husband to remarriage was under 3 months in 5 cases, of which 4 were in coal mining; 3 and under 6 months in 18 cases, of which 14 were in coal mining; 6 and under 9 months in 19 cases, of which 13 were in coal mining; 9 and under 12 months in 25 cases, of which 17 were in coal mining; 12 and under 18 months in 50 cases, of which 26 were in coal mining; 18 and under 24 months in 46 cases, of which 28 were in coal mining; 24 and under 30 months in 20 cases, of which 10 were in coal mining; and 30 months and over in 24 cases, of which 9 were in coal mining, this being the only classification in which the number in other industries exceeded the number in coal mining. It may be noted in this connection that a widow’s benefits range from 40 to 60 per cent of the wages of the deceased for 300 weeks, depend ing on the number of children, and that upon remarriage one-third of the balance of compensation payable at the time becomes due immediately, but not exceeding 100 weeks’ benefits. The average weekly wage in all compensable accidents except in coal mining during the four years is given in 1916 as $15.30; 1917, $18.87; 1918, $22.16; 1919, $24.38. The original law allowed com pensation on the basis of 50 per cent of the earnings, no weekly pay ment to be greater than $10. This was amended in 1919 so as to allow 60 per cent of the wages, with a weekly maximum of $12. In practice this has worked out so that in 1916 the average compensation was 48 per cent of the weekly wage; in 1917, 44.6 per cent; in 1918, 40.9 per cent; and in 1919, 38.6 per cent. Average wages in anthracite mining were $14.80 in 1916, $15.76 in 1917, $20.94 in 1918, and $26.55 in 1919. The ratio of weekly com pensation to wages was for each year 0.482, 0.471, 0.429, and 0.377, respectively. In bituminous mining the average annual wages were $17.62, $22.38, $28.32, and $29.55, respectively, for the years covered, the compensation ratios being 0.472, 0.414, 0.347, and 0.336. It is obvious that since the increased wages have been regarded as essential to meet the increased cost of living the compensation ratio is too low to carry expenses of the family during the enforced idleness of the wage earner. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [1062 ] w o r k m e n ’s c o m p e n s a t io n AND SOCIAL IN S U R A N C E . 139> Texas. T H E report of the Industrial Accident Board of Texas for the fiscal 1 _year September 1, 1919, to August 31, 1920, is brief. The. statistics presented are estimates, failure to state with mathematical exactness the facts involved being due to “ inadequate office assist ance which has prevented the keeping for the full period of accurate statistical data.” The correct figures for three months are used as a. basis for an estimate for the year; they “ ought, therefore, to be substantially correct.” The number of subscribers to the act is estimated to average for the year 7,500 with 350,000 employees. About 66,000 accidents, were reported, of which 400 were fatal. The estimated number of claims was 20,000, on which payment in death cases amounted to> $440,000, the total amount paid in injury claims being $1,700,000... Medical service, medicines, and hospital benefits added $1,100,000,.. making a total of $3,240,000 expended under the act during the year.. Disputed claims passed upon by the board numbered 609—526 decis ions being in favor of the claimants and 83 in favor of the insurance, carrier. This volume of business is regarded as witness to the expansion of the law “ from an experimental trial into a well-defined field of usefulness and service to the industrial life of the State.” It is, recommended that the law be amended so that the waiting time shall not be in effect 8 days as at present, but for 7 days only, as was; intended. A simpler provision affecting hospital attention is alsodesired, as the present rule sometimes debars an injured man from the full measure of his rights. The two weeks’ limitation on medical attendance should be removed and the appointment of a guardian to receive benefits of orphaned minor children done away with. Thepower of the accident board to make authoritative settlements should be made clearer and insurance companies required to make complete reports. Other provisions tending to greater security of insurance* payments were also recommended. Washington. 'T H E Ninth Annual Report of the Industrial Insurance Department A of Washington covers the year ending September 20, 1920. I t opens by expressing the necessity of increased benefits, in view of the “ tremendously increasing cost of living” ; rehabilitation of in jured workmen is also dwelt upon as of primary importance. Sev eral pages of the report are taken up with an account of the hearings granted the commission of the House of Representatives of Minne sota which visited Washington for the purpose of gaining informa tion as to the operations of the compulsory insurance plan of the. State, this occupying practically one-half of the report. Receipts are shown for the entire period of the operation of the law,. June 7, 1911, to September 30, 1920, the total being $17,246,804.23,*: administration expenses were $1,190,958.61. Receipts were highest, in 1919, the amount in 1920, $2,818,635.17, falling some $280,000' below the previous year. Administrative expense for 1920 was $203,595.10, or about $30,000 in excess of the preceding year. The 44130°—21---- 10 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [1063] 140 M ONTHLY L A B O R R E V IE W . ratio of administrative expense to the total receipts for the entire period was 6.9 per cent; for 1919 the rate was somewhat higher, being 7.22 per cent, or if medical aid contributions are included in receipts, the ratio was 6.28 per cent. The accident fund balance at the close of the year was $1,159,411.12, and the reserve fund balance SI,198,786.10. The insurance system is based on 37 classes or risk groups, and the statements show pensions paid, transactions, and balances for each of these groups. From the reserve fund $472,454.06 was paid out as “ pensions” while from the accident fund payments during the year aggregated $1,618,231.57. Every class shows a balance in the reserve fund, though in the accident fund there are a few classes in which temporary overdrafts have been made. The medical aid fund paid first aid payments during the year amounting to $265,514.23, the administrative expense of medical aid and safety boards being $129,157.50, of which the greater part ($100,054.23) was for the safety board. Accident statistics are shown in detail by nature of injury (fatal, permanent total, permanent partial, and temporary), giving the num ber injured, time loss, awards, etc., for each; causes of death; nativ ity, dependents, cause and cost of injuries, mechanical and nonme chanical, wages, conjugal condition, wage loss, etc. Three hundred and eighty-seven claims on account of death gave rise to 222 monthly pensions, the average amount being $30.37. A burial award was made in each case, the total cost being $34,724.75. In 15 cases lost time was compensated before death, aggregating $2,370.75. Twenty-eight cases of permanent total disability received an average monthly pension of $34.56. Cases of temporary total disability numbered 9,830 with an average time loss of 21.6 days; the average award being $30.95. Amputations (760) caused an aver age time loss of 48.3 days, ranging from 304.5 days for loss of leg at the thigh (2 cases) and 202.8 days for loss of leg (11 cases) to 26.8 days for loss of ring finger (76 cases). Time lost on account of 2,430 fractures averaged 63 days, the highest being 254 days in the case of fracture of both legs (4 cases); fracture of the femur (63 cases) averaging 212 days. The shortest time was fracture of thumb, 24.2 days (77 cases), upper jaw, 23.5 days (4 cases), 1 toe, 23.2 days (38 cases), nose, 9.8 days (20 cases), and 2 toes, 3 days (12 cases). In fections followed amputations in 31 out of 760 cases, fractures in 46 out of 2,430 cases; dislocations, 1 out of 152 cases; cuts, 350 out of 2,533 cases; sprains, 3 out of 1,111 cases; bruises, 402 out of 3,595 cases; scalds and burns, 48 out of 345 cases; punctures, 464 out of 719 cases (more than 50 per cent); and miscellaneous, 57 out of 704 cases; in all, 1,402 infections following 12,349 injuries of all kinds. The average wage of injured employees in 1919 was $4.95, and in 1920, $5.55. The total time loss due to compensated injuries in 1920 was 405,533 days, entailing a wage loss of $2,291,261.45 for the 12,349 injuries. The total time award set off against this wage loss was $577,641.95, just above one-fourth of the wage loss. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis ri064j w o r k m e n ’s CO M PEN SA TIO N AND SOCIAL IN S U R A N C E . 141 New Brunswick. rT H E sec°nd annual report of the Workmen’s Compensation Board of New Brunswick covers the calendar year 1920. Legislative changes m 1920 largely increased the benefits payable under °the act disorganizing to a considerable extent the insurance basis. Benefits to widows were increased from $20 to $30 per month, payable during widowhood, and payments to children were raised from $5 to $7.50 per month; the limit of $3,500 in case of death was also repealed. Permanent total disability indemnities were advanced from $1,500 to $2,500, and funeral expenses increased from $75 to $100, medical ojd and Hospital maintenance being likewise added. Tlie increase in benefits to widows was made retroactive as from the inception of the act. 1 these important increases, and especially the retroactive provision, Jou to a reduction in the provisional balance of the provincial fund from $145,339.70 to $76,145.54, two classes showing deficits. Steps weie taken to wipe out these deficits, but the work was not completed at the end of the year, a large deficit remaining in class 2, which in cludes the hazardous work of lumbering and logging. It was found that the rate of 11 per cent on logging and stream driving was altogether too low, and the rate was advanced in 1920 to per cent; even this amount has not yet cleared the deficit and a slight increase is contemplated for 1921. Including balances carried over from 1919, receipts for the year totaled $556,424.75, disbursements amounting to $520,815.86, leav ing a net balance of $35,608.89—“ a, sure in d ic a tio n , we think, that tne board is endeavoring to give safe insurance at as near cost price as is practicable. I he net cost of administration was 7.77 per cent. Accidents in 1920 numbered 5,012, as against 2,746 reported during the previous year, the first of the act. Of the total in 1920, 2,263 occurred in Class 2, which includes logging, etc., industries, in which many unskilled men were employed and it would seem that not sufficient attention is being paid to the safety of the employees in these industries, so that both casualties and the assessment rate must he high until this condition is remedied. Of the total number of accidents for the year, 3,723 were finally disposed of; 3,419 were for temporary total disability; 225 permanent partial disability; and 49 deaths^ Remaining claims were either in process of disposition or were minor accidents not giving rise to claims. Cases of'tempo rary total disability caused an average time loss of 25.05 days and of permanent partial disability 67.98 days. The tables show cost in each industry, month of occurrence, time loss, average age, and wage, duration of disability, nature of injury, cause of accidents, etc. Great Britain1. ’W ORKM EN’S compensation proceedings in Great Britain for the year 1919 show 3,293 fatal accidents and 365,176 nonfatal. The average payment in case of death was £209 ($1,017.10, par) and in case of disablement £10 15s. ($52.31, par). In 19Î4 corresponding 1Great Britain, Home Office, Statistics of Compensation and proceedings under the workmen’s comCmd 1185aCt' 19°8, and the employers’ liability act, 1830, during the year 1919. London, 1920, IS pp. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [10G5] 142 M ONTHLY LA B O R R E V IE W . amounts were £161 ($783.51, par) and £6 7s. ($30.90, par). The in creases are due both to the rise in wages and to additions to weekly payments provided for by the amendment of 1917. The total number of persons employed in industries under the act was 8,359,183 and the total compensation paid was £4,616,723 ($22,467,282, par); the charge per person employed was therefore 10s. 6d. ($2,555, par). This compares with the charge of 1914 of 9s. 9d. ($2,372, par). In the coalmining industry, one of the most hazard ous, the charge works out at about 1.82d. (3.69 cents, par) per ton of coal raised. Applications for arbitration numbered 5,625, while settlements were registered in 24,556 cases. But 77 actions were brought under the employees’ liability act of 1880 and but 78 appeals were taken to higher courts under the workmen’s compensation act, thus showing a practical disappearance of litigation in this field. Increase in Weekly Payments and Benefits under British Unemploy ment Insurance Act.1 MENDMENTS to the British unemployment insurance act, 1920, have been made by which an increase in the weekly rates of benefit and in the payments by employers, em ployees, and the Government are inaugurated as of March 3, 1921. These changes, together with the old rates, which were published in the Monthly Labor Review for January, 1921 (pp. 185, 186), are in dicated in the following table: A ST A N D A R D W E E K L Y PA Y M EN TS AND B E N E F IT S U N D E R T H E B R IT IS H U N E M PL O Y M E N T IN SU R A N C E ACT. [1 shilling a t par=24.3 cents; 1 p en n y a t par=2.03 cents.] C ontributions b y Benefits paid. Item . M en.................. ' ................................. W om en............................................... Boys (over 16 and u nder IS )........ Girls (over 16 a n d under 18).......... G overnm ent. Em ployee. Em ployer. Old rate. New rate. Old rate. New rate. Old rate. New rate. d. d. d. d. d. d. 4 31 2 2 6 5 3 21 4 3 2 11 5 4 21 2 2 11 11 1 2 } 21 if 1» Old rate. s. 15 12 7 6 d. 0 0 6 0 Now rate. .9. 20 16 10 8 These increases will be inoperative from July 1, 1923. The maxi mum period for which benefits may be drawn has also been increased as follows: Up to July, 1922, a maximum of 16 weeks’ benefit may be drawn in each of two “ special periods,’’ the first of which runs from March 3 until November 2, 1921, and the second from November 3, 1921, until July 2, 1922. After July, 1922, the maxi mum will be 26 weeks in any insurance year (instead of 15 weeks). * The L abor Gazette, London, for March, 1921, p . 120. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [1066] WORKMEN S COMPENSATION AND SOCIAL INSURANCE. 143 Sickness Insurance Law of Poland.2 SICKNESS insurance law was enacted in Poland on May 19 192°. In those districts of Poland which before the termination of the war were under German rule the law came into force on October 1, 1920. In all other parts of the Polish Republic m which hitherto compulsory sickness insurance did not exist the Jaw comes into force, at the latest, three years after its promufration. In many respects the provisions of the law are similar&to those of the German sickness insurance law. They differ however m the following points: In Poland district sick funds are the carriers Of ,slckn9ss insurance. Local sick funds may be established only in cities with more than 50,000 inhabitants. The general local sick lunds in existence in ceded territories are to be converted into distnct sick funds. All other sick funds, such as establishment and guild sick funds, are considered as dissolved subsequent to October 1, 1920. New creations of such funds may not take place The existence of any kind of substitute funds is not permissible The insurance is compulsory for all workers, without regard to then“income. Only statutory Government officials are exempt from the obligation to insure. Salaried employees in managing positions (directors, managers, etc.) with an annual income in excess of 30 000 marks ($7,140, par) may, on request, be exempted. . Insured persons are entitled to the following benefits in case of sickness : Medical treatment, medicines, therapeutical appliances end a pecuniary sick benefit. These benefits must be granted for a dura tion of 26 weeeks, and in the case of funds which have been in ex istence three years or longer, for a duration of at least 39 weeks. The by-laws of a fund may extend this period up to 52 weeks. The pecuniary sick benefit must be equivalent to at least 60 per cent ot the basic wage and may be increased voluntarily to 75 per cent. All female insured members who, during the year preceding their confinement, have been compulsorily insured for four months or voluntarily insured for eight months are entitled to a maternity benefit. This consists of medical treatment before, durino- and after confinement, a pecuniary benefit in the amount of the full basic wage lor a period of eight weeks, and a nursing benefit of from 2 to 5 marks ($0.48 to $1.19) per week for at least 12 additional weeks. Une-half of the costs of the maternity benefit is borne by the State I he death benefit consists of 20 times the basic wage. "Family in surance is also provided for by the law. The contributions vary between 4 and 50 marks ($0.95 and $11.90, par) per week, according to 14 basic wage classes. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [1067] LABOR LAWS AND DECISIONS. Relation of Compensation and Liability Statutes. J—^OK the second time the Supreme Court of Oregon recently had jO before it a case involving not only the relationship of com pensation and liability statutes, but the liability of third parties, the relations of the laws of one State to those of another, and the question of land or maritime torts. Capt. C. P. Rorvik was in charge of a steamboat owned and operated by a California corporation and was working under a California contract. The boat was taking on a load of lumber at a wharf on the Willamette River at Portland, Greg. Capt. Rorvik was superin tending the loading of the ship, in the interests of his employer, receiving the lumber from the North Pacific Lumber Co. Through negligence of this company Capt. Rorvik was thrown from the wharf, suffering fatal injuries. His widow thereupon presented a claim to the Pndustrial Accident Commission of California and was given an award against the steamboat company in the amount of $5,000. The company then took the case to the supreme court, where the award was affirmed, but no payment was made pending proceedings to carry the case to the Supreme Court of the United States. In the meantime Mrs. Rorvik sued in the Circuit Court of Multnomah County, Oreg., to recover damages against the lumber company for the negligent killing of her husband, relying upon the employers’ liability act of the State. It was first decided that though Rorvik was not strictly an employee of the lumber company, the scope of the statute (Laws of 1911, p. 16) was such as to include not only employees of a particular person engaged in hazardous employments, but also “ other persons or employees of other corporations whose lawful duties require them to be or work about such hazardous machinery or expose themselves to the hazards of the machinery or appliances in use by the owner thereof.” The circuit court gave judgment in favor of the plaintiff, Mrs. Rorvik, in the amount of $12,500, whereupon the lumber com pany appealed, the judgment of the lower court being affirmed by the supreme court on June 8, 1920. (Rorvik v. North Pacific Lumber Co., 190 Pac., 331.) The contention was made that Mrs. Rorvik had no right to sue in view of the fact that the California compensation law provides that where an award is made against an employer he is subrogated to the claimant’s rights against any third party who may have been immediately responsible for the injury. The court held that the plaintiff, who was a resident of California, had no power to assign her right of action to any other party in the State so as to authorize it to sue in the courts of Oregon to recover damages under the laws of the latter State. Further, the California award was limited, not professing to make full compensation for the injury, while the Oregon statute contained no limitation; so that in any case the 144 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [10CS] LABOE LAWS AND DECISIONS. 145 plaintiff would retain an interest that would warrant her bringing action in her own name even if the subrogation could be regarded as valid. It was pointed out also that no recovery had actually been had as yet, and that in view of the decisions of the Supreme Court of the United States in the Jensen and Knickerbocker cases, there was no power in the Industrial Commission of California to make an award for the injury in this case, which was a marine tort. The lumber company moved for a rehearing, which was granted, the court sitting en banc giving its opinion on January 25, 1921 (195 Pac., 163), sustaining its conclusions arrived at on the previous hearing. However, it withdrew from the position that the injury was a maritime tort, since, from all that appeared, the fatal hurt mignt have been due to the blow received by falling lumber while Capt. Rorvik was standing on the dock, though possibly the injury (a broken back) may have been due to his striking upon the side of the vessel or on floating logs in the river into which he fell. The nature of the tort therefore did not render inoperative either the California compensation act or the Oregon employers’ liability act. Reconsidering the question of conflicting claims under the two laws, the Oregon court found nothing in the records to show that any settlement had been made under the California law, nor would such a settlement be a bar to the action of the plaintiff in seeking relief under the Oregon statute; the only abatement, if any, being the offsetting of her recovery against the lumber company in an amount equal to any payment made to her by the steamship company. The insistence was sustained that Mrs. Royvik could not assign her right to the steamship company as against the lumber company bv virtue of any California statute. However, since the Oregon com pensation law contained a provision of corresponding effect where awards are made from the State fund to a person injured by the negligence of a third party, it was conceded that the steamship company might become owner of the right of action against the lumber company to the extent of the amount of its interest, i. e., $5,000, which would leave to Mrs. Rorvik a clear interest in the balance of the judgment for $12,500. It was assumed that Mrs. Rorvik could not recover two satisfactions, one in California and one in Oregon, so that if she took the Oregon judgment in full it would be a satisfaction of the California award. It was also in evidence that she had made an agreement with the steamship com pany to that effect. The essential conclusions reached in the first hearing were therefore adhered to, and the award for $12,500 was sustained. Rights of Unions and Employers to Contract, HE Supreme Court of Massachusetts recently had before it a case involving the attempt of a local lodge of machinists to compel the acceptance of collective agreements in a factory in which individual contracts were largely in use. (United Shoe Machinery Corporation v. Fitzgerald, 130 N. E. 86.) It appeared that the company had undertaken to secure a stable corps of skilled workmen by requesting individual machinists as they were hired [1069] . T https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 146 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW. to sign a contract to continue in service for at least one year from the date of employment. The reason given was that the work was technical, requiring training at considerable expense, and the com pany wished to know what force of workmen it might be able to depend upon in undertaking to enter into and perform contracts for the manufacture and delivery of its products. In absence of notice to the contrary, at the end of the year, the agreement was understood to be renewed for the further period of one year. The court declared this system of contracting lawful, not m viola tion of any law of the land. The condition of one year’s service was a legitimate precedent to employment, nor was this fact modified in any way by the suggestion that the existence of such contracts would tend to weaken the influence of the unions and impair the power to strike, “the means being legitimate, the company could protect itself from the interruption of its business and consequent damage from the action of discontented employees hired in the mass and controlled at all times in their contractual relations by the union of which they were members.” On the other hand, the union was under no obligation to recognize the ‘individual contracts, and such members as had not thus obligated themselves were at liberty to leave the service at any time, leaving the company to take its chances in securing competent workmen in the labor market. These two rights stand over against each other as the equivalent rights and privileges of the employer and of the union. Further more, it is entirely legitimate for the union to contract with an employer or a group ol emplovers for a preference of union men and for recourse to shop committees to consider all disputes ^or claims arising between members of the union and the company. “ It would seem almost unnecessary to say that the parties could have mutually agreed to this proposed form of contract.” However, it was found that the union was not satisfied either to withdraw its own members who had not signed the individual contracts or to abide by the results of efforts to arrive at a mutual agreement for entering into a collective contract. Therefore, a strike was voted on February l, 1920, and sanctioned by the grand lodge, March 3, the strike to take effect on March 5. The employer was given no notice of the intention to strike until the last date named. The court investigator, a master in chancery, found that the purpose of the strike was declared by the union to be in defense of collective bargaining, while the employer contended that it was for the purpose of compelling the abandonment of the individual contracts. The court found the two propositions so closely correlated as not to require discussion. “ If the company surrendered to the union it must of necessity give up in the future the ‘individual contracts as applied to employees of the machine department, and the demands even in modified form were not limited to ‘collective bargaining/ but included an irrevocable abandonment of the individual contracts. It was expressly found that there was no dispute as to wages, hours, or general conditions of labor, so that the decree that had been issued was practically directed to the merits of the contention as to “ collective bargaining.” Hitchman Coal & Coke Co. v. Mitchell was cited to the efiect that whatever advantages may attach to https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [1070] LABOR LAWS AND DECISIONS. 147 collective bargaining, “ it is not bargaining at all, in any just sense, unless it is voluntary on both sides. The right of the employee to refrain from entering service in a nonunion shop and the right of an employer to refuse to employ a member of a union are equal and indisputable rights, and neither can deprive the other of this right, even by “ legislation unless through some proper exercise of the paramount public power.” A strike to compel a collective agree ment was therefore illegal, and the maintenance of pickets in fur therance of the strike, subject to injunction; while the use of epithets shown to have been applied to the workers, while not sufficient, as the master finds, to frighten or coerce other employees, was unjus tifiable. The injunction granted by the court below was, therefore, sustained. Reorganization of Labor Offices of New York and Minnesota. New York. OR a number of years past New York has been one of the small group of important States in which the administration of labor laws has been in the hands of a commission. This consisted of five persons besides deputy commissioners. The five members of the industrial commission constituted the head of the department of labor, which contained a number of bureaus. The commissioners were of equal rank except that one was designated by the governor as chairman, but there was no difference in salary. There was also an unsalaried industrial council composed of 10 members generally representative of employees and employers. Members of the com mission and of the industrial council were appointed by the governor, the former for six year periods and the latter for indefinite periods. The legislature of 1921 abolished this entire system of administra tion, continuing the department of labor, but putting at its head a single person known as the industrial commissioner, to be appointed by the governor for a term of four years. Henry D. Sawyer, formerly member of the industrial commission, is the newly appointed indus trial commissioner under this act. The commissioner may appoint a deputy to serve during his pleasure. Besides the commissioner and deputy there is an industrial board consisting of three members appointed by the governor by and with the advice and consent of the senate for terms of six years, with a provision for the retirement of one member every two years. Officers, deputies, and employees of the department of labor are continued in office subject to removal or appointment as provided in the law. Consolidations, transfers, and the abolition of positions are in the power of the commissioner. The administration of the compensation law is in the hands of the commissioner working through referees appointed by him to hear and determine claims, the decision to be final unless modified or rescinded by the board on its own motion or on application duly made. In general the duties of the industrial commission are continued under the organization, including factory inspection, the adjustment of labor disputes, establishment of rules, the maintenance of public employment offices, statistics of industries, etc. F https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [1071] MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW. 148 Minnesota. IN CONTRAST with the foregoing is the action of the Legislature * of Minnesota this year in establishing an industrial commission of three members to have charge of the administration of all labor laws, including the workmen’s compensation act, which had hereto fore been administered chiefly by the courts. The commissioners are to be appointed by the governor by and with the advice and consent of the senate for terms of six years, one retiring each two years. This commission supersedes in duty and authority the old depart ment of labor and industry which is continued under the same title but under the control and management of the industrial commission. Its functions are practically the same as those announced under the former New York law; in fact, the bill for a commission was drawn up after an investigation by a legislative committee which visited a number of the more important industrial States, including New York. Court Decision Upholding Individual Rights of Members of Unions in Switzerland.1 IN JULY, 1919, the Federation of Locomotive Engineers and Fire! men of Switzerland decided by a vote of 1,432 to 698 to A affiliate with the General Federation of Trade-Unions. One of the members objected to the decision and petitioned the Bern Can tonal Court to annul it, on the ground that the affiliation would encroach upon the liberty of individual members by forcing them to take part in any strike called by the General Federation. Their own federation, according to its by-laws, had no power to force members to strike against their will. Further, the principle of political neu trality maintained by the Locomotive Engineers’ Federation would be violated. The petition vas dismissed in May, 1920, on the ground that the General Federation of Trade-Unions was not a political party, but on appeal this decision has been reversed by the Federal Court, which decided that the obligation to participate in a strike is a restriction on individual liberty, by which members of a tradeunion can not be bound, unless it is so provided in its by-laws. New Labor Legislation in New South Wales. R EPRODUCTIONS of ‘‘New Legislation of Industrial Import,” in New South Wales, are contained in the December, 1920, ‘ issue of The Industrial Gazette (Sydney). Included are an amendment to the industrial arbitration act of 1912; a new law on workmen’s compensation for fibroid phthisis or silicosis of the lungs or similar diseases; an amendment to the work men’s compensation act; a special workmen’s compensation act for workmen in the metalliferous mines at Broken Hill suffering from pneumoconiosis or tuberculosis; an amendment to the eight-hour i Labor O verseas, London, O ctober-D ecem ber, 1S20, p. 71. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [1072] LABOR LAWS AND DECISIONS. 149 law; and an act to prevent profiteering. Tlie workmen’s compensa tion (silicosis) act authorizes the establishment by the minister of a scheme lor the compensation of workers employed in industries or processes involving exposure to silica or other dust. The amounts that may be paid are not indicated in the act, but certain qualifica tions are prescribed forclaimants, as length of residence in the State term of employment, etc. The amendment to the general compensation act of 1916 extends the coverage of the act, which formerly included no person whose remuneration exceeded £312 ($1,518.35', par), so as now to include those receiving as much as £525 ($2,554.91, par). Benefits are to oe two-thirds of the average weekly earnings instead of one-half and may be as much as £3 ($14.60, par) weekly instead of £2 ($9.73, par) as formerly. A new method is also prescribed for computing Tie average weekly earnings of casual workers, the amount to be not less than the weekly living wages established by the New South Wales Hoard of liade ior the State or for the area in which the injurv was received. J . 4 lie amendment to the 8-hour act prescribes the method of an inquiry into the desirability and consequences of establishing the 44hour week in any industry or division or group of industries. i lie profiteering act establishes a ‘' profiteering prevention court ” to be appointed by the governor and consisting of a judge of the supreme court, or the court of industrial arbitration or the district court who snall.be president; one or more judges from the same classes may be appointed as additional judges. The president may himself make an in vestigation or inquiry or may recommend to the governor a bar rister or public accountant to conduct such investigation. Experts known as assessors may also be associated in the inquiry to sit in an aovisory capacity. I he operations of trusts, etc., of every kind con nected with manufacturing, mining, commerce, trade, finance, carriage, or transportation may be inquired into to discover to what extent they tend to create monopolies or to restrain trade or use their power to control trade. The inquiry is not limited by reason of the fact that maximum prices or rates of profits or charges have been .fixed under the act. Ihe president may take steps necessary to pre sent cornering and unfair methods of trade competition and discrimi nation, and di&obedicnce of orders entails a penalty not exceeding £2°0 ($973.30, par), with a further penalty of not more than £50 ($243.33, par) for each day that the noncompliance continues, or im prisonment for a term not exceeding six months. The penalties for corporations may be as high as £500 ($2,433.25, par), and £100 ($486.65, par) for each day of continuing noncompliance. The en couragement and promotion of cooperative enterprise for distribution or banking purposes and credit unions is specifically committed to the board of trade. Power is given to the president of the court to in vestigate complaints, fix maximum prices and maximum rates of profit on commodities, and maximum charges and maximum rates of profit on necessary services. On recommendations of the president the governor may acquire commodities for sale at prices fixed by the court, may secure supplies sufficient for home consumption, and may require reports on specified forms as to the commodities or service in the possession of or under the control of any person. Details are https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [1073] 150 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW. prescribed for procedure and enforcement, with penalties and for feitures for violations of the act. Roumanian Law on Obligatory Conciliation of Labor Disputes.1 FTER animated and heated discussions a bill for settling indus trial disputes, introduced by the minister of labor, was passed by the Roumanian Chamber of Deputies on August 12,1920, by the Senate on August 21, and after having received the signature of the King was promulgated in the Official Gazette on September 5, 1920. In a memorandum submitted with the bill the minister stated that there had been during the second quarter of the j^ear 130 strikes and 18 lockouts; in most cases the disputes were caused by wage demands, wffiile in a few the question of works councils had been raised. The law, which is to be regarded as an installment of a labor code now in preparation, in chapter 1 guarantees to all persons the right to work and provides heavy penalties for using or threatening violence for the purpose of forcing anyone to work or to abstain from working during or on the occasion of a collective stoppage of work. Chapter 2 deals with conciliation and arbitration. Strikes and lockouts on account of working conditions are prohibited in all indus trial and commercial establishments emplojdng 10 or more persons, unless recourse has been previously had to conciliation. Strikes and lockouts for other reasons are absolutely prohibited. If a dispute on account of working conditions arises the workers are required by the law to appoint from two to five representatives (over 25 years of age), furnished with a written authorization to act for them. These rep resentatives of the workers, in concert with the employer or the latter’s representative, and in the presence of an official from the Ministry of Labor, are to endeavor to effect a settlement of the dispute. The subject of the dispute and the choice of representatives must be com municated by the interested parties to each other in writing and the employer must inform the district inspector of the Ministry of Labor of the occurrence of a dispute. The Ministry of Labor may also, on its own initiative, intervene in a labor dispute. If a labor dispute arises simultaneously in several establishments of the same industry the representative of the Ministry of Labor is to request the workers’ and employers’ representatives chosen by each establishment to elect delegates for a joint settlement of the dispute. In such a case the number of workers’ delegates may not exceed 10 and that of the employers’ delegates may not be in excess of 3. Should the conciliation proceedings result in an agreement, its terms become binding in all the establishments affected by the dis pute upon both the employer and the employees of those occupa tional groups which took part in the dispute. " If the parties to the agreement have not fixed a term for its duration, the agreement shall be valid for at least six months, and on the expiration of this term it shall remain in force until abrogated by the parties concerned. Arbitration may be resorted to where conciliation fails. Arbitra tion is made obligatory by the law and any collective stoppage of A iB u le tin u l M u n eiisia l O crotirilor Sociale. A ugust-N ov em ber, 1920, pp. 320-327. B ucharest. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [1074] LABOR LAWS AND DECISIONS. 151 work is prohibited in the case of all establishments and institutions of the State, districts, or communes, and in that of all public utility establishments, such as transport services by land, sea, or air, oil wells, coal mines, gas and electricity works, waterworks, flour mills, baker ies, slaughterhouses, hotels, restaurants, road maintenance, scaveng ing, and public-health services. The settlement of the dispute in such cases devolves upon an arbi tration board composed of four members and two alternates, half of whom are to be elected by the employers and the other half by the workers. The four members of the board elect a chairman. If they fail to agree on the choice of a chairman, a chairman (selected from specified categories of public officials) is to be appointed by the minis ter of labor. In case of disagreement among members of the board the chairman is to dissolve the board and request the interested parties to name delegates for a new board. An award of the board may be rendered only by a majority of the full board. If a majority vote can not be obtained, or if one or both parties refuse to appoint members to the board, an award shall be made by the chairman. The award of the arbitration board is binding for all the parties to the dispute and its provisions are valid for six months at least, and thereafter unless and until the parties decide otherwise. Sabotage is defined in comprehensive terms bj^ the law—“ passive resistance paralyzing production ” being included, and severe penalties are provided, especially if sabotage is committed in public establish ments or public utilities. The penalties provided for infringements of the law consist of fines of from 50 to 20,000 leu ($9.65 to $3,860, par) and of imprisonment for a period of from three months to two years. The law also provides that workers’ representatives on the con ciliation or arbitration board shall receive full pay from their em ployer for the time they serve on the board. A worker may not be discharged by his employer for serving as a member of such a board https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [1075] INDUSTRIAL R ELA TIO N S AND LA B O R CONDITIONS. Abrogation of Railroad Working Agreements Ordered by United States Railroad Labor Board. long awaited decision the United States Railroad Labor Board ÎN onAagreements April 14 ordered the abrogation, effective July 1, 1921, of all defining working conditions for employees on the railroads of the country. The officers of the railroads and represen tatives of the employees are directed to confer and to decide as to new conditions which shall prevail on their respective roads after that date. All disputes now in process of settlement are automatically referred to the individual lines to be adjusted with their employees. This decision is in accord with the position taken by the railroad companies, namely, that all questions arising between each company and its employees should be settled without reference to conditions on other lines. The workers had contended for a national joint con ference between representatives of all roads and all labor unions affected, by which means all questions in dispute could be settled. In its decision the board laid down 16 governing principles to be considered in the conferences that will be held to formulate new working rules. These rules as approved by the board will be pro mulgated as soon as practicable after July 1. The 16 principles out lined by the board are as follows : 1. An obligation rests upon management, upon each organization ci employees and upon each employee to render honest, efficient, and economical service to the carrier serving the public. 2. The spirit of cooperation between management and employees being essential to efficient operation, both parties will so conduct themselves as to promote this spirit. 3. Management having the responsibility for safe, efficient, and economical opera tion, the rules will not be subversive of necessary discipline. 4. The right of railway employees to organize for lawful objects shall not be denied, interfered with, or obstructed. 5. The right of such lawful organization to act toward lawful objects through repre sentatives of its own choice, whether employees of a particular carrier or otherwise, shall be agreed to by management. 6. No discrimination shall be practiced by management as between members and nonmembers of organizations or as between members of different organizations, nor shall members of organizations discriminate against nonmembers or use other methods than lawful persuasion to secure their membership. Espionage by carriers on the legitimate activities of labor organizations or by labor organizations on the legitimate activities of carriers should not be practiced. 7. The right of employees to be consulted prior to a decision of management adversely affecting their wages or working conditions shall be agreed to by manage ment. This right of participation shall be deemed adequately complied with, if and when, the representatives of a majority of the employees of each of the several classes directly affected shall have conferred with the management. 8. No employee should be disciplined without a fair hearing by a designated officer of the carrier. Suspension in proper cases pending a hearing, which shall be prompt, shall not be deemed a violation of this principle. At a reasonable time prior to the hearing he is entitled to be apprised of the precise charge against him. He shall have a reasonable opportunity to secure the presence of necessary witnesses and shall have 152 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [107G] INDUSTRIAL RELATIONS AND LABOR CONDITIONS. 153 the right to be there represented by counsel of his choosing. If the judgment shall be in his favor, he shall be compensated for the wage loss, if any, suffered by him. 9. Proper classification of employees and a reasonable definition of the Work to be done by each class for which just and reasonable wages are to be paid is necessary, but shall not unduly impose uneconomical conditions upon the carriers. 10. Regularity of hours or days during which the employee is to serve or hold him self in readiness to serve is desirable. 11. The principle of seniority, long applied to the railroad service, is sound and should be adhered to. It should be so applied as not to cause undue impairment of the service. 12. The board approves the principle of the eight-hour day, but believes it should be limited to Work requiring practically continuous application during eight hours. For eight hours’ pay, eight hours’ work should be performed by all railroad employees except engine and train service employees, regulated by the Adamson Act, who are paid generally on a mileage basis as well as an hourly basis. 13. The health and safety of employees should be reasonably protected. 14. The carriers and the several crafts and classes of railroad employees have a substantial interest in the competency of apprentices or persons under training. Opportunity to learn any craft or occupation shall not be unduly restricted. 15. The majority of any craft or class of employees shall have the right to determine what organization shall represent members of such craft or class. Such organization shall have the right to make an agreement which shall apply to all employees in such craft or class. No such agreement shall infringe, however, upon the right of employees not members of the organization representing the majority to present grievances either in person or by representatives of their own choice. i 16. Employees called or required to report for work and reporting but not used should be paid reasonable compensation therefor. ------------------ — — ------------------------------- Labor Conditions in japan. R ECENT advices from a representative of the United States De partment of Labor give the following information regarding labor conditions in Japan: Workers are organizing for the purpose of raising wages and shortening hours of labor. The Govern ment is keeping a close watch on meetings of all kinds and no meeting of more than 12 persons can be held without permission of the police department, which has the power to close any meeting if in its opinion anything occurs antagonistic to the Government. There is consider able industrial unrest. In 1919 there were about 500 strikes involvino65,000 employees and 200,000 days of lost time. In Japan there is no such thing as standardization of scales of wages and hours of work. In many places men, women, and children work from 10 to 12 hours a day, 7 days a week. The maximum working time in printing and binding establishments is 14 hours a day, 7 days a week, including meal time; the minimum is 8 hours a day excluding meal time. Two holidays a month are allowed. In 1919 a wage rate to printers of $35 a month, payable semimonthly, was established. In the building occupations such as carpenters, plasterers, tile roofers, and stone cutters, the average wages are about 40 per cent more than those of printers but the number of days of employment per year is considerably less. In the spinning and weaving districts dormitories are used largely, in one factory 3,000 girls out of a total of 5,000 employees being housed in this way. The cost of living in the dormotories differs in the various factories. Many factories furnish board free while others charge much less than ordin ary boarding houses or restaurants. The basis of nearly all the food is rice and fish, and meat is a rarity. Sanitary conditions are poor. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [1077] 154 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW. Labor Unrest in Spain.1 By A n ic e L. W h it n e y . HE comparative isolation of Spain in the World War failed to serve as a protection from the after effects of the war which have been evident everywhere in increased living costs, general industrial depression, and unsettled labor conditions. There is perhaps no other country outside of Russia where the radical ideas of the communists have taken stronger hold or where there have been more violent or more continuous demonstrations by the extremist elements of the population. This is true in spite of the fact that labor organization up to the period of the war had not progressed to a point where it was an effective part of the social and economic organization of the country nor had the Socialist Party anything like the political power which this party exerts in most of the European countries. Control in Spanish politics has been vested in a mon archical conservative party and a monarchical liberal party, alter nating according as the party in power saw fit to yield its control, but differing little in policies, being chiefly concerned in preserving party integrity. Two or three years ago Count de Romanones, leader of the Liberal Party announced his abandonment of the system, stating that it was out of date, a position in which most of the sectional leaders agreed, but Sr. Dato, the leader of the Conservative Party stoutly defended the “ partidos turnantes” (alternating parties), maintaining that they were essential to the well being of the country. The main efforts of the Dato ministry from the time of his taking office about the 1st of July, 1920, to his assassination in March, 1921, were directed toward strengthening and maintaining the party majority in the Cortes, his policy toward the more disturbing in dustrial' manifestations being apparently to let matters drift while professing the most optimistic sentiments in regard to the condition of the country generally. In spite of almost medieval conditions of land tenure and lack of modern farm machinery, Spain is essentially an agrarian country. The Province of Catalonia is the principal industrial section of Spain and it is that locality and particularly the city of Barcelona which have been the centers of the terrorist activities. From January, 1920, to March of this year it is stated there had been 197 terrorist attempts in Barcelona alone with 101 persons killed and 167 wounded and yet so well were plans made and so perfect the organization that only 48 syndicalists have been prosecuted and 34 of these have been acquitted. T Union Organization. ORGANIZED labor in Spain is ranged in three principal groups, U the General Union of Workers ( Union General de Trabaja dores), socialistic and moderate in policy, the General Con federation of Labor (Confederación General del Trabajo), revolution ary and syndicalist, and the independent, mainly Catholic, unions. 1 In preparing this article th e current num bers of th e following publications have been used: Boletín del In stitu to de Reformas Sociales, B ulletins of th e In tern atio n al Labor Office, Christian Science Monitor, The Economic Review, Journal des Economistes, Labor Overseas, L a R épublique Française, La France Libre, M onthly Labor Review, and L ’Inform ation Sociale. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [10787 INDUSTRIAL RELATIONS AND LABOR CONDITIONS. 155 Labor organization in Spain was checked in 1874 by a law pro hibiting all organization but was soon revived through the activities of Pablo Iglesias_ who is still chief of the Socialist Party. Trade unionism and socialism have developed jointly and have been practi cally identical. In 1883 the 88 unions then in existence decided to form a national labor union with both political and economic aims, which became the Union General de Trabajadores (U. G. T.) in 1888 at which time the Spanish Socialist Party was also formally constitu ted as a separate party. El Socialista, the official organ of the two parties was first published in 1886. From the time of the separation of the two parties in 1888 the congresses were held separately but the president and secretary were the same for the two organizations. In 1902 the union declared at its annual congress that it belonged to no political party, though as a matter of fact it has always been closely allied with the socialists. The policy of the U. G. T. has in the past been reformist rather than revolutionary, and the association has been willing to collaborate with the Government in securing social reforms. It is strongest in Madrid and generally among agricultural workers, but its in fluence is much less than that of the Confederación General del Trabajo (C. G. T.). At a congress last summer the U. G. T. voted by a large majority not to join the Moscow International, but to remain in the Amsterdam Trade-Union International, although at the same time the delegates voted by 5 to 1 in favor of amalga mation with the C. G. T., which luid indorsed the Third Inter national. The present membership is over 241,000 as against only 90,000 in 1918. The General Confederation of Labor, the more powerful of these two labor bodies, having headquarters at Barcelona, was founded in 1900 in opposition to the U. G. T. It represents the anarchical revolutionary element which has been strong in Spain since the beginning of the labor movement, and is under the influence of the ideas of Bakunin and more directly under those of Kropotkin, whose disciple, Anselmo Lorenzo, has been active in disseminating these ideas. The affiliated unions are completely independent, though loosely bound together in the general federation. The aim of the organization is the uncompromising class struggle and the method is through the general strike. As this is better achieved by a general union, the workers in Barcelona and other cities are grouped together in each place in a “ sindicato único” covering all trades, and trade federations generally are not favored by the union, since industrial unionism is not the purpose of the organization. The membership is over 500,000. The Catholic unions (Sindicatos Católicos) have been in the process of organization for some years. They have been formed largely for the purpose of combating socialism and have been particularly successful among the rural population. Casos sociales (community centers) with recreation rooms, cooperative stores, and theaters have been started in a few cities only, as the cities are mainly socialist. These organizations have been largely under the influence of em ployers, it is stated, though lately there have been some signs of their supporting the other unions. The exact membership is not known. 44130°—21 -11 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [1079] 156 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW. Spanish Socialist Party. "THE Socialist Party has not been strong except in Catalonia A and has had little influence politically. The party, founded on Marxist principles, at first declared itself sharply opposed to bourgeois cooperation, hut in 1899, about 11 years after its founding, decided that such cooperation was in some cases not only admis sible but desirable. The general tendency of the party has been opportunist, with the ‘‘moderates” in control, though opposition gradually developed so that at its congress in December, 1919, the party decided against any union with bourgeois parties, though condemning extreme methods, dhe general strike as a political weapon has not been used by the party. According to a state ment given out last September, the membership of the Socialist Partv had increased from 14,000 in 1917 to 52,000 in 1920. General Labor and Industrial Conditions. war created an industrial opportunity for Spain through the lowering of production in the belligerent countries, which resulted in the creation of a great number of Spanish industries, particularly in Catalonia. The textile industry, which had been manufacturing only for the home trade, has been greatly developed in Barcelona in all its branches, and about a dozen tanneries were started in the Province of Catalonia. This section had formerly been famous for its hides, but had nearly lost its market through failure to follow developments in the trade and also from lack of raw material. These new factories, however, have only attempted to fill the temporary need and have not tried to manufacture hoc leather. Various factories for food products were established and a large number of industries, such as paper boxes, artificial flowers, buttons, antiseptic products, furniture, pianos, etc., were created, though the development of many other industries was hindered by the lack of raw materials and the difficulty of importing them. Although Spain is an agricultural rather than an industrial coun try, it does not raise sufficient cereals or leguminous vegetables to supply the national needs. Spanish agriculture suffers from the ignorance of the cultivators, undercapitalization, and an uneven distribution of capital, and unequal distribution of the land, there being on one hand large numbers of holdings too extensive to allow the owners to scientifically cultivate and improve the land and on the other hand in some sections too much subdivision. Conditions for making a living have, therefore, been so difficult that emigra tion from Spain, chiefly to Mexico and South American countries, has become one of the problems with which the country has to deal. A land settlement decree was issued in 1918, the aim of which was to lessen emigration, populate the Spanish countryside, and brine into cultivation lands which are uncultivated or underf armed. In the year 1920 the total imports for the country greatly exceeded exports, although in the previous year imports and exports were about equal. The purchase of manufactured products nearly doubled in 1920 over 1919 buying, and this increase of imported goods and the reduction of exports has affected manufactures https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [1080J INDUSTRIAL RELATIONS AND LABOR CONDITIONS. 157 severely. The value of the peseta has fallen about 27 per cent. At the end of September, as a result of the failure of foreign markets for the stocks on hand, an industrial crisis was threatened, manu facturers and merchants not being able to sell even at less than cost price. This, coupled with the serious strike situation, made the general and industrial situation of the country present a very serious aspect, particularly in view of the procrastinating policy of the ministry then in power. Manifestations of Labor Unrest. of the most troublesome of the general questions affecting the country has been the railway situation, which has been the principal cause of the various cabinet crises and which has been echoed in strikes among railway employees. Part of the country was demanding Government control of the railways, which it was alleged were in a critical condition because of mismanagement, while the consei vatives under Sr. Dato, the premier, favored a Government subsidy. In the latter part of April, 1920, the railway workers threatened to strike on the 1st of May if their wage claims were not settled. The cabinet resigned the following day, leaving this question unsettled, but the ex-premier countersigned a royal decree ex ten din«' indefinitely the provisional subsidy which the Government had gianted the railroads for the month oi April. As the railroads were operating with a large deficit each month this question was one of great importance. A general railway strike was declared the first week m May. Promptly at a certain hour on the day set for the strike all railroad activities throughout the country canie to a stand still. There was no attempt by the companies to run trains, and offers of assistance from about 6,000 ex-railway employees who had been dismissed following the 1917 strike were refused, thereby strengthening the suspicion that the companies and their employees were in collusion. The “ Sol,” one of the influential papers, but not linked with the railway interests, characterized the strike as one of the most revolutionary of all that had been started in Spain during the social agitation of recent years. Mr. La Cierva, one of the Con servative leaders, introduced a resolution in the Chamber of Deputies calling upon Parliament to proceed at once to take possession of the lines and to impose the severest penalties upon the guilty persons, a resolution which was received with astonishment by the Datist Con sei vatives and with approval by tne extreme left. The railwaymen asked increased "wages and the companies a 35 per cent increase in transportation rates if wages were increased. The second day of the strike the Government issued a decree stating that the necessity of raising wages was unavoidable but that the resources of the companies did not allow it, so that the Government offered to advance a sum equal to one month s advance in wages, the problem to be examined and settled in the meantime. Considerable opposition was voiced, the companies wishing a six-months’ guaranty, but the offer was accepted and the strike ended as suddenly as it began. In November two of the principal railwaymen’s unions (the Alianza Nacional Ferroviaria and the Sindicato Católico) presented demands to the companies for various reforms in working conditions. These https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [1081] 158 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW. included for the National Alliance: Reinstatement of 6,000 men dis missed after 1917 strike, institution of 8-hour day, weekly rest with pay, retirement at 60 years of age, increase of wages, 20 days’ annual leave with pay, and three months’ pay in case of sickness. The Catholic Union asked the 8-hour day, weekly day of rest (Sunday when possible), 15 days’ annual leave with pay, and representation of the union on all committees or other bodies on which the working class is represented. May Day was generally celebrated throughout the country by a cessation of work but without serious disorder except in Valencia, where 65 arrests were made. A general strike broke out on May 3, as a protest against the imprisonment of these people. This was believed to be part of the revolutionary movement in support of the general strike in Saragossa where the headquarters of a “ red com mittee” were raided and evidence of the connection of members with the recent bombing outrages was secured. The strike in Saragossa terminated on May 5, after labor leaders not connected with the bombing affairs were liberated. The strike which started at the same time at Barcelona, however, continued with practically complete stoppage of all city activities until May 10, when 24 prisoners were released. At Valencia 27 prisoners who had been arrested for of fenses against the social order began a hunger strike and a general strike began shortly after which finally resulted in the closing of the port and the practically complete suspension of work. Bombing outrages occurred here and a quantity of powder and explosives for the manufacture of bombs was discovered by the police. This strike collapsed after about 11 days’ duration. A serious strike lasting more than two months occurred in April at the Penarroya mines, where about 15,000 miners were employed. There was much distress among the miners and many left the dis trict in search of other work. Meetings of workers were prohibited by the governor and all trade-union institutes closed. The General Union of Workers sent a deputation to report on these repressive measures to the minister of the interior, who promised to intervene. Early in June a settlement was reached by which, for the period of a year, one hour overtime could be worked when considered necessary by the management, wages were increased, bread furnished the workers by the company at the same price as before the strike, and all workers were reinstated. A general strike also took place in Sala manca in May, starting in a demand for increased wages among tan ners and bakers and spreading to all branches of industry. A very serious ’strike among bakers occurred in Madrid in April, lasting more than a month. The trouble rose in a biscuit factory over the employment of nonunion workmen. The dispute was taken up by workers in other establishments and a general strike declared among bakers, confectioners, and cooks. There were about 3,700 strikers whose places so far as possible were filled by volunteers, about half of whom were soldiers. With this help and with the baking that was done in the homes there was no real bread shortage after the first day or two, although the situation was complicated by the scarcity of flour and the poor quality of the bread. There were numerous demonstrations by women, who showed a tendency to be https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [ 1082 ] INDUSTRIAL RELATIONS AND LABOR CONDITIONS. 159 unruly and do damage to property. A citizens’ union had been formed in the fall of 1919 for the purpose of insuring the uninter rupted working of the public services. During the bakers’ strike a number of the members of this union attacked a procession of striking biscuit workers and shots were fired. It was discovered that the attacking party was well provided with pistols and ammunition and the question of suppressing the union was taken up in Parliament the next day, though no action was taken against it. The public, however, was deeply incensed against the strikers, probably account ing somewhat for the extreme actions of the citizens’ union. General unrest was reported in the summer among agricultural laborers, especially in Andalusia, which is always a center of labor trouble. Everywhere men refused to work on the farms and the burning of crops became frequent. Large tracts of ripening grain were destroyed by striking farm hands, and olive groves, orchards, and vineyards also were burned. A curious strike occurred at Cadiz, where the agricultural workers demanded the withdrawal of all agri cultural machinery. A strike of a different character from the others taking place all over Spain was the one in the Rio Tinto copper mines, affecting about 10,000 workers, which was generally conceded to be purely industrial and not allied in any way with the revolutionary movement. The Kio Tinto mines are operated by a British company which acquired them from the Spanish Government in 1872, and there seems to be no question that the fact that a foreign company was involved created much sympathy for the strikers among all classes of people. The strike was such a serious one that for a time it held possibilities of international complications, and because of this fact and also because prominent Spanish political leaders are stockholders and the Government receives a considerable sum yearly for the protection of the property, there was strong prejudice against governmental inter ference in the matter. The strike began on July 7 through the refusal of the company to grant a new wage scale involving a general increase of from 30 to 57 per cent to the clerical staff and foremen of the company, numbering about 550 employees at the mines and at Huelva, the company’s port. A 20 to 30 per cent increase for all overtime, yearly leave of absence of 21 days plus 19 days for sick leave, and institution of a pension system were also asked. The strike of the general workers was at first purely sympathetic, but subse quently an amalgamated committee of both classes of employees formulated a similar set of demands for the miners, though asking wage advances of from 50 to 76 per cent. There are seven villages in the Rio Tinto district with about 50,000 inhabitants largely de pendent on the mines for their living. Negotiations were held at intervals during the summer between the company and the workers, but later for a long period these attempts at a settlement entirely ceased. The company maintained that because of the decrease in the market price of copper and a slackening in the demand for pyrite it was unable to meet the increases asked by the workers. The workers refused to accept anything except the full amount asked for, and as the average wages in the mine were only 6 pesetas ($1.16, par) per day and some workers were earning less than 3 pesetas (58 cents, par) the demands did not seem unreasonable. The strikers corn- https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 11083] 160 MONTHLY LABOE REVIEW.. plained also of the company stores, charging that they were useo as a means of keeping down wages and also prevented other stores from coming into the district so that in case of strikes there were no means of purchasing supplies. The refusal of the management to recognize the union also embittered the men. The struggle was so long drawn out that there was a great deal of suffering as there are no other industries in the district and most of the strikers were too poor even to emigrate. Several thousand children were taken by trade-union organizations and private individuals in different parts of _the country to be cared for and a brilliant benefit performance was given in Madrid which was attended by the King and Queen. A remarkable feature of the strike was the absence of violence, there being but one instance of disorder, when a bomb was exploded in one of the com pany’s sheds, injuring two workmen. In January, after the strike had lasted about six months, negotiations were resumed and it was finally ended. The company established a wage scale varying from to 91 pesetas ($1.06 to $1.79, par) per day. The company also assisted in bringing back the strikers’ children and promised other concessions when the output and improved trade conditions war ranted it. All workmen returning to work were required to sign a document repudiating the labor union and promising to abstain from joining any similar organization in the future. At Bilbao the metal, building, and harbor workers all went on strike in July, the total number of strikers being about 40,000. The strike of the metal workers was settled in about a week, though it was necessary to call out the troops to maintain order. The dock workers remained out more than a month, causing serious congestion in the port, and building operations were at a standstill for about three and one-half months. After these strikes were settled the laborers in two of the largest shipbuilding plants began to show signs of unrest which culminated in a disastrous fire to a newly launched 14,000-ton passenger vessel, which was almost entirely destroyed. As it was proved the fire was of incendiary origin the plant was closed, throwing about 3,000 workmen out of employment. In Saragossa a strike of the metal and electrical workers for higher wages rapidly spread to include nearly all workers in public services, and the municipal council found it necessary to dismiss the city police force because most of them refused to obey the mayor. The citizens’ league attempted to perform the work of the public services, but its membership was not large enough to do all that was needed. A large public meeting called by the chamber of commerce considered the question of the legality of the “ sindicato único’’ and decided that organizations which make use not only of intimidation and threat, but of murderous crimes are illegal and asked the Govern ment to make a declaration to this effect. It was also decided that it was necessary to form associations of citizens to take over essential work. The trade-unions of the city then issued a statement denying all connection with the outrages and protested against the usurpation of power by a section of the population and against its arbitrary action against the trade-unions. The trouble continued over some months with occasional short periods of partial or complete resump tion of work varied by violent outbreaks. The latter part of Decem ber the employers’ federation declared a general lockout and 24,000 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [1084] INDUSTRIAL RELATIONS AND LABOR CONDITIONS. 161 men were thrown out of work. The lockout collapsed on the third day, although in the meantime there had been many acts of terrorism, and following the settlement the civil governor announced that syndicates of every description and the employers’ federation were to be dissolved at once and books of all societies with their lists of members were to be surrendered. The presidents of all the sectional syndicates were arrested. As a result a general strike was called, which became so disorderly that extra forces were brought into the city. This condition continued until the city was in a serious con dition, and evidently both sides were worn out with the struggle, for finally a conciliatory manifesto of the workers was met by the employers with an invitation to return to work and discuss their demands peaceably. In Barcelona there has been an almost continual condition of violent unrest, new strikes beginning as fast as the old ones were settled. In December a strike of metal workers for increased wages included over 20,000 men. During a previous strike shortly before it was claimed that 50 per cent of the metal workers received only 6 to 7 pesetas ($1.16 to $1.35, par) a day, 25 per cent, 7 to 8 pesetas ($1.35 to $1.54, par), and the rest 8 to 9 pesetas ($1.54 to $1.74, par), tinplate workers earned 3 to 4^ pesetas ($0.58 to $0.87, par) and women 2\ pesetas ($0.48, par). A general strike being threatened the civil governor secured from the minister of the interior the promise of as many millions of pesetas as were necessary for the proper defense of Barcelona. The metal workers’ strike was settled by a compromise in which the employers came off rather better than the workers, and the tramwaymen went back to work, thus settling the most acute difficulties. This settlement was followed by the resignation of the civil governor, however, because he had been criticized for his method of handling the strike. The military governor of the district was appointed as civil governor to succeed the one who resigned, which was generally taken to moan that the Government would adopt severe repressive measures. The new governor instituted immediately a censorship of the press, public meetings were forbidden, and wholesale arrests were made. Thirtysix syndicalist leaders were deported to the Balearic Islands and im prisoned in a fortress there—among them being the syndicalist chief, Salvador Segui. Angel Pestaña, the other of the two “red” leaders, had gone to Moscow in the summer and on his return through Italy was arrested and held in that country for some time. Later when he was released and returned to Barcelona he was at once arrested and imprisoned. The trouble in Barcelona was aggravated by the formation of the Sindicato libre (free union) opposed to the Sindicato único and by the assassination, November 30, of Señor Layret, socialist and ex-deputy to the Cortes, whose murder was attributed to the antisyndicalist bands which had been formed to oppose the Sindicato único. The C. G. T. attempted to organize a general strike all over Spain on December 2, as a protest against “ Government oppression” in Barcelona, Saragossa, and other places. Trouble between the General Union of Workers and the C. G. T., however, resulted in the refusal of its support by the former organization. The movement reached its height on December 6, when many outrages both to https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [1085] MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW. 162 employers and workers were reported. Lack of unity among workers and of effective leadership prevented the movement from becoming dangerous, however, and order was gradually restored by the civil guard. In January a strike of Government employees was the cause of a ministerial crisis which resulted in the resignation of the cabinet. About 100 extra inspectors were appointed by the minister of finance. This act which was considered by the staff of the department as an infringement of their rights, resulted in a “folded-arms” strike, that is they were all at their seats every day during working hours but did no work. The minister resigned and the cabinet was reconsti tuted under Sr. Dato with a new minister of finance, after which the clerks went back to work. General conditions throughout the country continued to be turbu lent and filled with the terrorist activities of the syndicalists, which were met with repressive measures by civil and military authorities and by organized opposition on the part of employers. The Govern ment was in the main inactive, several cabinet crises having resulted the first of the year in the general election for which the premier, Sr. Dato, had been striving for some months, it was charged that the governmental machinery was manipulated to return him the majority in the Cortes, which he desired, and the working people and socialists generally throughout the country abstained from voting. The elections resulted in a large conservative majority in the Senate but a much smaller majority in the Chamber of Deputies than had been expected. The Socialists, however, won only three seats where they had previously held six, and the Republican Democratic Party but 16 out of a total of about 400 in the Chamber. The Dato ministry came to an abrupt end by the assassination of Sr. Dato on the evening of March 9, 1921, when he was returning to his home from the Cortes. The Socialist Party and the Third International. rTTIE Socialist Party voted adherence to the Second International A in its 1919 congress but in June, 1920, the party voted to join the Third International, a minority voting for unconditional entry, the others agreeing to membership only on the condition that the party should retain its autonomy and the right to cooperate with the Government. A commission of four prominent members of the party was sent to Moscow to negotiate the entry of the party into the Third International. This proposal was rejected, however, by the Russian Communists, acceptance of the “21 points” and un conditional allegiance to the International being the price of admission. The Young Socialists broke away from the party in April, 1920, and formed the Spanish Communist Party. Their manifesto recog nizes the Third Communist International as the center of revolu tionary organization, declaring that the Second International be trayed the workers, who have no concern with wars waged by the nation but are only concerned with the defense of the Communist fatherland. Social revolution was stated to be the sole aim of the party and a Soviet organization was to be set up within the party and the dictatorship of the proletariat recognized. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [1086 ] INDUSTRIAL RELATIONS AND LABOR CONDITIONS. 163 The fourth congress of independent Catholic trade unions, held in September, passed among other resolutions one favoring temporary alliance with other workers’ societies when the welfare of the prole tariat demands it and another pledging themselves to work for the speedy disappearance of the present capitalist government. Fusion of Labor Organizations. THE June congress oi the U. G. T. a proposal to amalgamate with the C. G. T. was voted by a very large majority. In September the C. G. T. refused to consider the formation of one national organization on the ground that since it belonged to the fluid International and the Union to the Amsterdam Trade Union International no real fusion was possible. However, they offered to appoint a committee to arrange for a national congress of the two organizations. In September the difficulties were apparently over come and an agreement was signed after which the alliance was conTm?c tY a manifesto which gave as reasons for the amalgamation ° ^ parties the repressive policy oi Senor Dato’s government which had suspended constitutional guaranties, imprisoned or banished hundreds of workers, dissolved trade-unions, and abandoned trial by jury. Socialists and syndicalists were urged to be reconciled and to combine against the bourgeois and the employers. It was planned to form a council of action similar to the one which was attracting so much attention in England at that time. The ministerial council replied to these charges a few days after the manifesto was issued, stating that in regard to the alleged banishirieiit of workers to Fernando xo these workers were foreigners and that no obstacle would be put in the way of their return to the countries to which they belonged. It was acknowledged that juries had been suppressed in Barcelona, but it was claimed that threats and coercion had made it impossible for jurvmen to exercise their functions freely. In regard to the other twoLndictments the Government claimed to have made very sparing use of its powers. The fusion of the two labor bodies was only a temporary one. how ever, there being differences of opinion in regard to matters of policy particularly in regard to the general strike which was called in December and which the U. G. T. did not indorse. At an assembly oi delegates oi the U. G. T., held in Madrid the first week in January the action which the executive committee had taken following thé general strike in December, severing their connection with the U. G. T., was approved, and it was stated that in view of the violent and unjust hostility shown by the C. G. T. toward the union it was impossible that new negotiations for cooperative action of the two organizations should be instituted. In this way a movement which had been viewed with alarm by some elements of the population and which had been considered by the workers to promise much in the way of solidarity and unity of purpose came to an end. Economic Gains of Labor. W A G E S in Spain have not increased in the same proportion as in most other countries. In 1918 printers in Salamanca were re ceiving daily wages ranging from 80.29 to $1.06, the majority of work ers m the various trades receiving less than a dollar a day and in only https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [1087] 164 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW. a few instances did the wages exceed $2. In Vigo in i919 maximum wages ranged from $0.58 tor miners and farm laborers to $2.32 for ship carpenters, workers in the majority of the trades receiving between $1 and $1.50, while in Barcelona in August, 1920, the lowest wage per day for skilled labor was $1.3o and the average vas a little less than $2. In Bilbao in January, 1921, wages ranged from a minimum of $1.06 to $1.26 up to a maximum of $1.54 to $1.93 in different trades, farm - laborers receiving from $0.72 to $1.16. Women’s wages varied from $0.29 to $0.77 per day. In the Asturian coal mines wages were decreased 3.75 pesetas ($0.72, par) a day and the highest wages paid after the reduction were 7.20 pesetas ($1.39, par). This reduction was vigorously opposed by labor members of the coal commission composed of representatives of operators and employees but the owners claimed that owing to the low price (less than $8 a ton) at which English and American coal was selling in Asturian ports the Spanish mines would be obliged to close unless the wage reduction went into effect. The cost of living seems to have increased more rapidly than wages, the index number of 12 articles of food being 168 for September, 1920, over prices in 1914. The general cost of living index in the capitals of Spain, averaged for the period from April to September, 1920, was 202.6, the average for the 5-year period from 1909 to 1914 being taken as 100. Cost of living was higher in the towns than in the cities, for the index for the same period in the towns throughout the country was 220.3. In March, 1919, the Institute of Social Reform approved of the establishment of the 8-hour day or 48-hour week. An opportunity was given for occupational committees formed of equal numbers of representatives of employers and workers to report on industries or special branches of industries which it was thought should be excepted from the general law, all not having done so by a certain day being considered to have approved the 8-hour day. Regulations issued later provided for minimum rates for overtime. The Sunday rest law was made applicable to the printing trades so that no periodical or newspaper can be published on the afternoon or night of Sunday or on Monday morning, and none distributed between 7 a. m. and the same hour on Monday. The provisions of the law are very complete, as even the use of telegraph and telephone during those hours for notices for publication is prohibited as well as the use of transparencies or bulletin boards. A Ministry of Labor was established by royal decree May 8, 1920, which took over the functions of the Institutes of Social Reform and National Insurance, the Social Reform Department of the Ministry of the Interior, the Bureau of Labor of the General Board of Com merce, Industry, and Labor, and the Emigration Commission. In October a royal decree providing for the establishment of labor exchanges was issued. The chief objects were the registration of supply and demand in the various districts, recording unemploy ment," and coordination of the various organizations engaged in finding employment. In order to benefit by the State subsidies all organizations operating employment offices have to insure impar tiality in working and abstention from all preference or exclusion on political grounds and are obliged to appoint a governing board of https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [1088] IN D U ST R IA L RELA TIO NS AND LABOR CO N DITIONS. Î65 equal numbers of employers and workmen advised by experts on ' social questions. Obligatory old-age pensions subsidized by the State were also established by a royal decree in March, 1919, for all workers between the ages of 16 and 65 whose income did not exceed 4,000 pesetas ($772, par) yearly. Mixed committees of employers and employees were established for conciliation in labor disputes by governmental decree in Barcelona in April, 1920, for each branch of industrial activity. These mixed committees elect a mixed commission from among their members which has the power to fix minimum wages, supervise the enforce ment of social laws, and can recommend to the public authorities such reforms and measures as it considers appropriate. Some of the demands of the workers were formulated by the Socialists last summer. They included restoration of civil rights, completion of proposed labor legislation, reduction of the high cost of living, a 50 per cent reduction of the army, and recognition of the Soviet Government in Russia. Conclusion. rT'HE Spanish labor problem seems to present serious and even men acing possibilities because of the revolutionary tendencies of such a large part of the organized labor movement. There seems to be no doubt that many of the demands put forward in the various strikes were justified and that the attitude of the employers has been largely an uncompromising one calculated to foster the dis content of the working classes. But granting that there is much justification for the dissatisfaction of the workers in the intransigence of the employers and the lack of a definite and well-considered labor program bv the Government, the fact remains that the constant outbreak of large and small strikes, the professed aims of the socialist and labor_ leaders, and the terrorist tactics of strikers and sympa thizers point to a definite plan for revolutionary control. The Em ployers ’ Confederation recently addressed a protest to the premier against foreign criticism of Spanish “ reaction” which resulted from a statement by Sr. Besteiro, a professor in the Central University, at an international trade-union congress that Spain was living under a medieval régime in which the only “ terror” which existed was that of Government and police agents who encouraged strikes and crime. “ The Employers’ Confederation,” the statement says, “ desires to point out that the authors of the foreign protest took care to conceal the fact that for three years the extremists have disorganized our industrial life; that about 1,000 employers and as many workers have been assassinated by the terrorist bands of the unions; that many of the militants acknowledged their guilt, but obtained their freedom through the ‘terror;’ that at their congress, in their press, and at their meetings the unions have continually encouraged crime, sabot age, and reduction of output.” There is evidence to show that this program of terrorism was assisted and, in some measure at least, inspired by revolutionary leaders outside of Spain and that events there are but a part of the plan of these leaders for world domination under the system of the Russian Communists. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [1089] HOUSING. Housing Notes from Canada and England. Canada (St. John, N. B.).1 HILE conditions indicate a revival of activity in the building trade, yet it is conceded that unless the scale of wages is materially reduced, building activity must fall far short of what was anticipated earlier in the winter. Contractors claim, however, that there is a large increase in efficiency; some placing it at 50 per cent in production per man hour; this, if true, would mean a reduction in cost of 331 per cent, but this manner of lowering wages is not satisfactory and is too illusive to attract builders. The housing problem in this city is even more acute than ever and rents are higher than at any time during the past three years. W Vancouver.2 ’"THAT there was nearly twice as much building in Vancouver in A 1920 as in the previous 12 months is an encouraging sign of the city’s progress, though the aggregate value of the permits issued, $3,"709,673 (which includes the value of the 337 dwellings erected in the city during 1920), is relatively small when compared with such years as 1911, when the total amount was $17,653,642, or the '‘peak” year, when in 1912 it reached $19,388,322. The total assessed value of land and improvements, within the boúndaries of the city, is placed at $210,593,969, while the total for 1919, after being carefully revised, was $207,606,930, showing an increase of $2,993,039 in 1920. While considerable money has been spent in resurfacing and re grading many of the city’s roads the past year, by far the most important piece of road construction in this district has been the completion, in December, of another section of the Pacific Highway, south of New Westminster, at a cost to the Province of approxi mately $350,000. England (Nottingham).11 rT H E municipal authorities of Nottingham have acquired for the construction of working class houses approximately 231 acres, and bids have already been accepted for the building of 1,410 houses. It is estimated that the capital outlay for the erection of these houses will amount to $7,036,865, which is equivalent to $4,990 for each house. During the year 104 of these houses were completed and are now occupied, and it is anticipated that two or three hundred more will be completed in the coming year. Ihe sites acquired are all within the city limits and the streets and grounds have been laid out on garden city lines. 1 E xcerpt from R eport on commerce and industries for th e Province of New Brunsw ick for February, 1921 St. John, N. B., Mar. 10, 1921, forwarded to th e b ureau by th e U. S. D epartm ent of State. 2 Excerpt from Supplem ent to a n n u al report of commerce an d industries for 1920, Vancouver, B. O., Mar. 5, 1921, forwarded to the bureau by th e U. S. D ep artm en t of S tate. lT7Q, r, ? Excerpt from an n u al report on commerce an d industries, N ottingham , Í eb. IS, 1921, forwarded to the bureau by the U. S. D epartm ent of State. 166 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [1090] LA BO R O RGANIZATIONS. Growth of Trade-Unionism, 1910 to 1919. N A recently issued brochure the International Labor Office at Geneva has made an attempt to illustrate by statistics the growth oi trade-unionism in the different countries of the world during the decade ending in 1919.1 In nearly every case the statistics used are based on returns voluntarily made by the trade-unions to the Gov ernment of their country. They therefore vary both in complete ness and accuracy. For some countries, it is explained, especially those m which the trade-unions have central organizations, the re turns are almost complete, while for other countries, in which the ti ade-unions consist of numerous small local bodies, the returns are much less complete. The returns usually become more nearly complete from year to year, and part of the increases in trade-unions mem bership shown in the following tables is due to the greater complete ness oi the returns, and not to an increase in trade-unionism. It should be borne in mind that the definition of a trade-union differs from country to country, and associations which in one country are termed trade-unions are not so termed in another country. In the case of Germany, for instance, the Free Trade-Unions ( Freie Gewerkschaften), the Christian Trade-Unions (Christliche Gewerkvereine), the Hirsch-Duncker Unions, etc., have been included, but not the sec tarian unions ( Konfessionelle Arheitervereine). In certain cases, where data for a particular year were unobtainable, they have been roughly estimated from the figures of the preceding and following years. During the war statistics of trade-unionsim were not published for certain countries (e. g., France and Belgium) and for other countries statistics were difficult to obtain owing to the absence of members on military service. In some cases these are counted as members, m other cases not. ^I he alterations of boundaries of certain countries after the war also affected the comparability of prewar and postwar figures for these countries, but, where possible, allowance for this has been made. Bearing these qualifications in mind, the following table is given, which it is believed gives as good an estimate as possible of the growth of trade-unionism in the different countries. This table covers all the important countries of the world with the exception of Kussia, for which no figures are available, and China, Japan, and India, where trade-unionism is little developed. As far as possible the figures given relate to the end of the year though in some cases they relate to the beginning of the following year. I L,abor ° Jk e' T ie growth oi trade-unionism during the ieb. 16,1921. Studies and Reports, Series A, No. 17. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [ 1001 ] 10 years, 1910-1919. Geneva, > 1G7 M O N T H L Y LABOE R E V IE W . 168 M E M B E R S H IP O F T R A D E -U N IO N S IN V A R IO U S C O U N T R IE S, 1910-1919. [Numbers are given in thousands.] Country. 1910 302 A ustralia...................................... 200 A ustria.......................................... 139 B elgium ...................................... 120 C anada.......................................... 100 Czechoslovakia....... ....... ............ 124 D enm ark...................................... 15 F in lan d ......................................... 977 F rance........................................... 2,960 G erm any...................................... Great B rita in .............................. 2,400 86 H ung ary ....................................... 817 Ita ly .............................................. 154 N etherlands................................. 57 New Zealand............................... 47 N orw ay......................................... 8 R oum ania.................................... 7 Serbia (Jugoslavia).................... 41 S p a in ............................................. 115 S w ed en ........................................ 75 Sw itzerland................................. U nited States of America......... 2,100 1911 1912 1913 1914 523 498 433 365 147 253 257 200 203 203 231 189 166 176 160 133 55 107 107 100 156 154 139 128 31 28 24 20 1,029 1,064 1,027 1,026 3,336 3,566 3,572 2,271 2,970 3,226 4,192 4,199 107 107 102 95 962 972 861 847 227 220 189 169 74 71 61 56 64 68 61 53 10 6 0 0 14 9 8 5 121 128 80 190 141 136 111 120 50 89 86 78 2,282 2,539 2,722 2,672 1915 528 112 0143 40 173 30 (l) 1,524 4,417 43 806 251 68 78 17 12 76 151 65 2,860 1916 546 109 0 160 24 189 42 (l) 1,496 4,677 55 701 304 71 si 16 12 99 189 89 3,000 1917 564 211 « 205 43 224 161 1,500 1,937 5,547 215 740 369 0 94 16 12 90 244 149 3,451 1918 582 295 450 249 161 316 21 2,000 3,801 6,645 500 0456 0180 0 15 150 302 177 4,000 1919 628 772 750 378 657 360 41 2,500 9,000 8,024 500 1,800 625 100 144 0 20 211 339 224 5,607 1 Figures not available. In comparing the combined trade-union membership of the coun tries included in the preceding table, it is necessary for reasons mentioned to omit the years 1915, 1916, 1917, and 1918. For the remaining years what appear to be reliable estimates have been obtained for all of the countries included in the table, with the ex ception of Roumania. The total trade-union membership in these 20 countries in the years specified has been the following: T R A D E -U N IO N M E M B E R S H IP IN 20 C O U N T R IE S IN S P E C IF IE D Y E A R S. M embership in 20 countries. E n d of year. 1910............................................... 1911 ............................................ 1912............................................... 1913.............................................. 1914............................................... 1919.............................................. 10,835,000 12,249,000 13,341,000 14,728,000 13,222,000 32,680,000 From this table it will be seen that the trade-union membership in the 20 countries at the end of 1919 was three times as large as that at the end of 1910 and more than twice as large as that at the end of 1913, just before the war. A small part of the increase is due to the greater completeness of the returns and another small part (prob ably about 10 per cent) to the natural growth of population, but even allowing for these two factors there has been an enormous growth in trade-unionism among the workers. The growth is com mon to all countries. , . During the war unionism received a check, especially m tne bel ligerent countries. The decline was especially great in Germany, Austria, Hungary, Italy, and Czechoslovakia, but in all these coun tries trade-union membership began to increase in 1917. The end of the year 1919 saw a phenomenal increase, especially in the cen- https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [1092] LABOR ORGANIZATION'S. 189 tral European States. For European countries only the membership at the end of 1919 may be put at 26,000,000 at least, as compared with about 8,500,000 at the end of 1910. . °{ total membership of 32,680,000 showii above, it is interestmg to note that for 5 of the 20 countries included, namely Great Britain, Germany, the United States, France, and Italy, the total trade-union membership in 1919 amounted to nearly 27 million leaving about 51 million for the remaining 15 countries. Institution of a Disablement Branch in the International Labor Office. T aT °unced by the International Labor Office at Geneva U ep. ^8, 1921) that a branch has been formed in the social r 1n1slF’ance section for the study of all questions connected with disabled men and more especially with those who were disabled in the recent war. It seems that the International Labor Office is studying the problem of disablement because it is recognized as permanently and closely bound up with the general conditions of abor. Many disabled men, and especially ex-service men, must of necessity earn their living and to this end must recover their positions m the world of labor. Ihe International Labor Office has already begun the collection from all countries of data concerning the position ot disabled men, especially their conditions of employment, and it is now m position to supply information of this kind in response to mqumes. Cooperation with Governments and with associations of disabled men is assured in the endeavor to solve the various problems winch have arisen or may call for consideration in the future. Amalgamation of Transport and General Workers’ Unions in Great Britain. PLAN initiated m 1920 for the amalgamation of the separate trade-unions m the road and waterside industries in Great Britain was submitted to referendum vote late in the year, and according to the Manchester Guardian (London), for March 5 “ the returns at hand indicate that the big scheme * * * will })Q carried through successfully.” The new union will be known as the transport and general workers’ union and will include the complete organization of dock, waterside, clerical, waterways, road, and aerial transport workers, and such general workers as are now members of the amalgamating unions and such others as from to time may be accepted. It will consider the regulation of salaries, wages, hours of \\ ork, general conditions of employment; provision of strike, lockout, and victimization pay; legal protection and other benefits; promoi and support of parliamentary action through the labor party and labor representation m Parliament, on local authorities 'etc educational work, research, publicity, etc. The following separate https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis ri093] 170 M O N T H L Y LABOE EE V IE W . trades-unions, with membership said to be about half a million, as indicated in September, 1920/ are included in the scheme: _ , ... Nam e of organization. M embership in Septem ber, 1920. National Union of Dock, Riverside, and General Workers in Great Britain and Ireland..................................................................................................... 53; 000 Dock, Wharf, Riverside, and General Workers’ Union of Great Britain and Ireland............................................................................................................ 119,819 Scottish Union of Dock Laborers...................................................................... 9, 000 Amalgamated Society of Watermen, Lightermen, and Bargemen................... 6, 653 6,000 Amalgamated Stevedores’ Labor Protection League.. . . . ............................... Shipping Clerical Staffs’ Guild.......... .............................................................. (2) National Union of Docks, Wharves, and Shipping Staffs................................. (2) National Union of Ships’ Clerks, Grain Weighers, and Coal Meters................ (2) The Labor Protection League............................................................................ 2,500 United Vehicle Workers’ Union........................................................................ 100,000 National Union of Vehicle Workers.................................................................. 30, 000 North of Scotland Horse and Motormen’s Association..................................... 2, 000 Associated Horsemen’s Union..............- - - ........................................................ (2) National Amalgamated Coal Workers’ Union................................................. 10, 000 It is provided that the British Isles shall be divided into 11 areas, with central office in London, each area having its district office with suboffices within its jurisdiction. 1 Published in th e B ritish Trades-U nion Review , London, F eb ru ary, 1921, p. 11. 2 N ot reported. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [10941 STRIKES AND LOCKOUTS. Strikes and Lockouts in Netherlands. RECORD of strikes and lockouts in Netherlands during the past 10 years has been issued by the Government Bureau of Statistics, and forwarded to this bureau through the Depart ment of State by the consul general at Rotterdam. It is stated that during 1920 the 8-hour law went into effect, as a result of which no more than 45 hours’ work a week is allowed in any trade, with the exception of certain engineering trades in which the operation of the law is postponed for three 3rears. This new act affected the strike record materially. A S T R IK E S A N D LO CK O U TS IN N E T H E R L A N D S IN S P E C IF IE D Y EA R S, 1901 TO 1920. Strikes. Lockouts. Year. Num ber. 1901-1905..................... 1906-1910................. 1911-1915................. 1916.......................... 1917.......................... 1918............................ 1919............................ 1920.............................. Workers involved. 121 137 276 300 324 305 622 497 11,882 7,841 18,212 17,146 25,879 38,977 55, 857 49,208 N um ber. 18 21 20 20 27 18 W orkers involved. 2,325 '981 5,438 3,861 5,810 11,385 Of the 419 strikes in 1920 for which the cause was reported, 330 were begun for higher wages. The largest number (95) occurred in the building trades. Nearly 15 per cent of the strikes ended in favor of the workers; 44.42 per cent were arranged amicably, and 31.12 per cent ended to the disadvantage of the workers. In 1920 the greatest number of lockouts (5) was in the building trades. The employers won 31.25 per cent of all lockouts, while 17 per cent went against them. The balance were partially favorable or had not been settled at the end of the year. In half of the cases the workmen were locked out in order to maintain former wages. 44130°—21----- 12 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 171 [1095] WHAT STATE LABOR BUREAUS ARE DOING. Florida. Florida inspector of labor states in his sixth and seventh annual reports, January 1, 1919, to December 31, 1920, that there are much higher standards of cleanliness in cigar factories than formerly. The matter of the prevention of spitting on floors has received special attention. Employers are showing a readiness to cooperate when the question is taken up with them. A workman is reprimanded at once when he is found expectorating on the floor and if he is found doing so a second time he is dismissed. The inspector feels that the enforcement of this regulation, especially in establish ments employing many people in somewhat crowded quarters, has considerably decreased tuberculosis and other communicable diseases. The workmen themselves are manifesting a tendency to take part in the movement for cleaner floors^ toilets, and wash rooms. The managers have increased the cleaning-up force and are having the floors and cuspidors cleaned every day. The State board of health has been carrying on an educational campaign for better ventilation in cigar factories. During the last year joint inspections have been made with the board’s sanitary officers at Tampa, and managers and employers are acknowledging great improvement. The need for a bureau or department of labor statistics for Florida is set forth by the labor inspector, who reports that the State has no information as to wage earners, although manufacturing is rapidly increasing. The State-wide compulsory education law, which was passed at the last session of the legislature, is proving to be “ the best com: n measure that could have been enacted to aid the child labor Massachusetts. TpHE recent reports of the Massachusetts Industrial Accident Board show an increase in the number of cases of incapacity resulting from infected injuries, according to data received from the State department of labor and industries. Of the total tabulatable injuries for 1919, 7.7 per cent were cases of infection due to injuries. In 1920 there was one such case in every 12 tabulatable injuries. The department of labor and industries is at present making a special inquiry into these cases. In this connection the kind of firstaid treatment now given will be looked into and it will be ascertained whether or not the law requires medical chests and first-aid treatment in the establishments where the accidents are occurring. A revision of first-aid outfit requirements is under way, and a new list giving specifications will soon be published. 172 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [1096] WHAT STATE LABOR BUREAUS ARE DOING. 173 The department of labor and industries council for the preven tion of accidents to street and steam railway employees is working in two sections, considering how uniformity may be brought about in the present safety work of different railway companies; arrange ments for a safety campaign week in the State; methods by which the council can aid the department in the education of employees in safety work; and the matter of drawing up suggestions embodying safety principles for employees on hazardous railroad work. Three recommendations made by the department have been enacted into laws providing, respectively, for (1) extension of the requirements for first-aid equipment to mechanical establishments; (2) construction of hoods on grinding wheels; and (3) extension of the law regarding weekly payments of wages to include employees of transportation cbmpanies. During February, 1921, the board of conciliation and arbitration held 33 conciliation conferences and 2 conferences regarding arbi tration. Data on the value represented by applications for building permits in different cities in the Commonwealth are being collected by the department. North Carolina. Q N March 5, 1921, an act (Public Laws, session 1921) was ratified to establish and maintain a free employment service in the State of North Carolina/ ’ for which service $10,000 was appropriated. To carry out the plan a free employment bureau has been created in the department of labor and printing, which is to be in charge of the commissioner of that department, who will appoint an assistant to supervise the work of the bureau and its branch offices. The salary of such assistant is to be fixed by the commissioner, the governor, and the Director General of the United States Employment Service. Other assistants and employees will be appointed as required. It is especially stipulated in the law that the employment bureau shall cooperate with the division for rehabilitation of crippled soldiers and sailors of the Federal Board for Vocational Education. Among other activities, the bureau is expected— To aid in inducing minors over 16, who can not or do not, for various reasons, attend day school, to undertake promising skilled employment; to aid in influencing minors who do not come within the purview of compulsory education laws and who do not attend day school to avail themselves of continuation or special courses in existing night schools, vocational schools, part-time schools, trade schools, business schools, library schools, university extension courses, etc.; * * * to aid in securing voca tional employment on farms for town and city boys who are interested in agricultural work;_ * * * to cooperate with various social agencies, schools, etc., in group organization of employed minors, particularly those of foreign parentage, in order to promote the development of real, practical Americanism through a broader knowledge of the duties of citizenship; to investigate methods of vocational rehabilitation of boys and girls who are maimed or crippled, and devise wmys and means for minimizing such handicap. The bureau is also authorized “ to investigate economic develop ments and the extent and cause of unemployment and remedies therefor within and without the State/' https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [1097] MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW. 174 Philippine Islands.1 rT ,IIE collection of wage claims in the Philippine Islands is accomplished by the bureau of labor under authorization of section 2059 of law No. 2711, which gives the bureau power— To secure the settlement of the differences between employer and laborer and master and servant and to avert strikes and lockouts, acting as arbitrator between the parties interested, summoning them to appear before it, and advising and bringing about, after hearing their respective allegations and evidence, such arrangement as these may, in his judgment, show to be just and fair. In a wage-claim case the bureau of labor hears the complainant, and if, in the judgment of the director, there is adequate cause for complaint, such complaint is made in writing and sent to the defend ant with the request that he inform the office of the facts as he knows them and of his decision thereon. If the defendant does not pay proper attention to the matter, he may be subpoenaed in accordance with law. The allegations and testimony of the complainant having been pre sented, the bureau’s attorney issues a report as to the merits of the complaint. If it is found to be just, in accordance with Philippine law the director requests the employer to pay the wages claimed by the laborer. If the employer ignores the matter, the case is referred to the attorney in order that he may bring civil action if, in his judg ment, the merits of the case warrant such action. The principal cause leading up to these controversies over the col lection of wage claims is that employees quit their jobs without giving sufficient advance notice of their intention to leave and fail to provide substitute workers. There is no legal provision, however, stipulating that an advance notice shall be given or that a substitute shall be provided, although clerks or sellers in commercial houses are obliged by law to give notice one month before leaving service. The following table reproduces some of the statistical data from the records of the Philippine Islands Bureau of Labor with reference to the collection of wage claims: N U M B ER OF W A G E CLAIMS A N D AM OUNTS C O LLE C TED F O R T H E Y E A R S E N D IN G DEC. 31, 1919 A N D 1920. 1919 Item . T otal num ber of claim s............................................... Claims settled: Favorable to w orker............................................. Unfavorable to w orker......................................... Per cent favorable to w orker.............................. A m ount collected (in pesos)3...................................... Average am ount collected (in pesos)3....................... 1920 i 412 2 538 198 139 59 8,610. 22 43.49 307 145 68 36,679. 03 119.48 1 Seventy-five claims, involving th e sum of n , 357.26 ($1,678.63, par), were pending a t th e close of 1919, b u t were subsequently settled a n d included in th e rep o rt for 1920. 2 Up to Dece. 31, 1920, 86 claim s were still pending for settlem en t. 51 peso a t p a r = ’50 cents. It will be noted that there is not only a considerable increase in the percentage of claims settled in favor of employees in 1920 compared with 1919, but that the average amount collected in each of these cases in 1919 was nearly tripled in 1920. 1 Based on inform ation contained in a letter of Feb. 19 from the assistant director of the bureau of labor, which was received too late to be embodied in the article on Collection of wage claims by S tate labor offices published in th e March, 1921, R eview (pp. 72-81). https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [1098] WHAT STATE LABOR BUREAUS ARE DOIHG. 175' Texas. "THE commissioner of the Bureau of Labor Statistics of Texas reports under date of March 29, 1921, that since taking charge of that office on February 1 of this year he has kept three deputies on field inspection work, with special reference to woman and child wage earners, and that the woman’s division of the bureau is making prep arations to carry out an important program relating to women and children in industry. It is also announced that employment work will be taken up by the bureau on April 1 and that the needs of farmers for cotton chop pers and harvest hands will be given first consideration. This work will be in charge of a former employee of the United States Employ ment Service. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [1099J CURRENT NOTES OF INTEREST TO LABOR. Order Admitting Chinese Industrial Students Cancelled by Department of Labor. T T IE ruling of the United States Department of Labor under date of July 6, 1920, permitting Chinese industrial students to enter the United States under certain specified conditions was cancelled by the Assistant Secretary of Labor on April 26, 1921. The provisions of the ruling and the facts leading up to it were considered in an article on “ Attitude of the Department of Labor toward admission of Chinese industrial students’' published on pages 191 to 197 of the December, 1920, issue of the M o n t h l y L a b o r R e v i e w . • Personnel Research Federation. HTHE organization of the Personnel Research Federation in Washington, D. C., on March 15, 1921, constitutes the first coopera tive effort to bring about an exchange of research information regard ing the personal element in industry. The federation, which was formed under the auspices of the National Research Council and the Engineering Foundation, includes in its membership scientific, engi neering, labor, management, and educational bodies. The temporary officers are: Chairman: Robert M. Yerkes, representing National Research Council. Vice chairman: Samuel Gompers, representing American Federation of Labor. Treasurer: Robert W. Bruere, representing Bureau of Industrial Research. Secretary: Alfred D. Flinn, representing Engineering Foundation. Acting director: Beardsley Ruml, assistant to the president of Carnegie Cor poration of New York. The aim of the newly formed organization is the promotion of increased efficiency of all the personnel elements of industry from employers and management to unskilled labor, through a study of improved safety, health, comfort, and relationships. To this end the immediate work of the federation will be to ascer tain what organizations are studying the various problems of per sonnel and to what extent, and to determine the advisability of harmonizing these independent efforts with a view to reducing duplication, considering neglected phases of the question, and advancing work already begun. The importance of cooperation of this sort was emphasized by a report prepared in the United States Bureau of Labor Statistics showing that 250 organizations are now doing personnel research work. The federation, beginning its work on a limited scale, will extend its efforts as its membership and finances increase. That it in tends to be a clearing house for existing research agencies rather 176 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [1100] CURRENT NOTES OF INTEREST TO LABOR. 177 than an additional agency of this kind is evident from the state ment of its ultimate functions and scope of work, which follows: Functions and Scope of the Federation. 1. Collection and dissemination of information through: (a) Registration of researches contemplated, in progress, or completed. (0) Collection of research information. (c) Cataloguing and analyzing the research information. (d) Collecting and analyzing of methods of instruction and training for per sonnel work. (e) Publication. (/) Publicity. (fj) Consultation and advice, when requested. 2. Stimulation and initiation of research through individuals, organizations, and governmental agencies, by: (a) Publicity and correspondence. (h) Personal contact with research agencies. (c) Advice and encouragement in the formation of necessary new agencies. (d) Aiding governmental agencies to secure appropriations necessary for them adequately to carry on personnel and employment work. (e) Calling special conferences. (/) Definition of problems needing investigation. Conference on Coordination of Social Work. A CONFERENCE of National Social Agencies on the Coordination ^ of National Social Work was held in Washington, D. C., on April 14, 1921, which was attended by approximately 150 persons repre senting various national bodies engaged in the promotion of social welfare, including a number of Federal departments. In accordance with recommendations made by the executive com mittee of the National Information Bureau, the delegates ranged themselves into the following functional groups for the consideration of plans looking to greater efficiency, economy, and better coordi nation of national social work: Health; general child welfare; family welfare; delinquency and correction; community organiza tion; rural social life; racial advance; problems relating to the immigrant; industrial and economic problems. After the chairmen of the functional groups had reported back to the conference a general committee was organized consisting of Mr. Raymond B. Fosdick, chairman, Mr. Gustavus D. Pope, presi dent of the National Information Bureau, Miss Josephine Schain, of the Federation of Settlements, and representatives of the func tional groups. This committee was authorized to “ institute an intensive study of the work of national agencies in selected local communities to determine what opportunities for joint action exist in those communities, among themselves and with local organiza tions. ” It was agreed that this investigation should be made by the National Information Bureau. 1 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [1101 ] MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW. 178 Vocational Education Projects in Massachusetts. 'T’HE Industrial Arts Magazine (Milwaukee) for March, 1921, reports that the vocational division of the Massachusetts Department of Education has instituted a training course for foremen. Representa tives from a number of different industries are now being trained for conference leaders. Later on these men and women will return to their respective plants to take charge of conferences and classes for fore men. There are 16 men and women, representing eight industrial concerns, following the course in Boston. Employment managers, industrial relations managers, personnel managers, production man agers, training instructors, and superintendents are included in this group. Springfield has already taken up this line of training, and it is planned to establish similar classes in Pittsfield, Worcester, and other important industrial cities of the State. The same issue of the Industrial Arts Magazine also reports that the North Adams, Mass., schools have agreed upon a vocational guid ance program which includes—Vocational books for reference and reading; vocational talks to be given by outside speakers once each month; a study of vocations in connection with subfreshman work in civics; a study of three different vocations in each of the upper grades; debates in upper grades and high school as to vocations, industries, etc.; prepared vocational talks by students in assembly; vocational talks by seventh and eighth grade pupils as part of special programs; vocational talks by the teachers to pupils of the third, fourth, and fifth grades; motion-picture films of vocations and industries; prize essays on vocation in junior and senior classes as part of the English work; high-school teachers explain the vocational bearings of their high-school courses to upper grade pupils and to high-school students; a vocational bulletin board in each school build ing; vocational counseling by high-school advisers; a vocational conference between students of the sixth, seventh, and eighth grades and the teachers; assigned vocations to be reported in writing by high-school graduate; factory, office, and shop visits by pupils under the teacher’s direction; one big parent-teacher vocational meeting each year; public library references with regard to vocations; a vocational guidance com mittee from the teachers to suggest additional activities and to promote the existing program. Instruction in Agriculture in the Schools of the Philippine Islands.1 nPHERE were 16,000 boys and 7,000 girls in the 250 Philippine agricultural schools in 1920, who cultivated approximately 4,000 acres. The Bureau of Education maintains more than 5,000 school gardens, 160,000 home gardens, and 23,462 boys’ and girls’ agricul tural projects. Last year 12,000 hogs and 310,000 chickens were raised and disposed of by the schoolboys, exclusive of their home projects, which at present include 6,500 hogs and 165,000 chickens. The growing of bananas, pineapples, mangoes, chicos, and other tropical fruits is given much attention as home project work for the agricultural school pupils. As a result of these home-project activi ties some 500,000 trees have been planted in about 7,000 acres of small orchards. i Source: A rticle on “ Filipino pupils learn to farm b y farm in g " in “ The T rans-P acific" (New Y ork an d Tokyo) for M arch, 1921, pp. 70-72. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [11021 CURRENT NOTES OF INTEREST TO LABOR. 179 Labor Recommendations of Governor General of Philippine Islands. TITsage EGovernor General of the Philippine Islands, in his annual mes to the legislature of the islands last October, urged that body to consider immediately “ the enactment of an eight-hour law for laborers, an absolute prohibition of child labor, the passage of a mini mum-wage law, and the establishment of an insurance fund to afford protection against old age, illness, and accidents to the laboring classes. I he message also urged “ unqualified recognition by law ot the right of collective bargaining by the laboring people and the creation ox a court of industrial relations similar to that recently es tablished m Kansas,” the suggestion being made that the jurisdiction and powers of the public utility commission be merged with this proposed court. ° Emigration from Germany in 1919 and 1920. JN AN article discussing emigration from Germany the " Arbeitsnachweis 1 states that complete statistics on this subject are not avail able, as only emigrants to oversea countries are being enumerated, while no count is being kept of those going to European continental countries. •During the period since the termination of the war and up to October, 1920, a total of 9,154 Germans emigrated to oversea countries. During 1919 the number was only 3,144, while in the 10 months ending October, 1920, it was 6,010. The German Emigration Office (Heychswande rungs am t) estimates the total number of Germans who emigrated during 1920 at 12,000. Inclination to emigrate is on the increase m Germany. The number of inquiries received at the emi gration office from prospective emigrants was 33,465 in 1919. During the eight months, April to November, 1920, the number of such inquiries was 60,500. Owing to the prevailing high rate of unemployment in Germany the activities of Jewish charitable organizations in establishing numerous employment offices throughout the country and in placing a con siderable number of eastern Jews in positions in the mining districts in western Germany are not viewed with favor, as every placement of an eastern Jew means a diminution of the very few vacant situations open to German citizens. The Prussian minister of the interior on November 17, 1920, therefore, issued a decree prohibiting any further immigration of Jews from the east into Germany. The decree pro vides that such Jews, in so far as they are already in Germany, may be emPl°ymenb if they are specially suited for certain kinds of skilled woik, and suitable native workers are not available. Jews that come to Germany in transit for other countries are to be assigned to concentration camps and be kept there until transportation is pro vided for them by American relations or by Jewish charitable organi zations. The decree is not intended as a measure discriminating against Jews, but merely as a protective measure. 1 D er A rbeitsnachw eis in D eutschland, B erlin, Feb. 5,1921. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [1103] M ONTHLY 180 LABOR R EV IE W . Industrial Training of ex-Service Men in Great Britain. A CCORDING to a statement in the March issue of the British Labor Gazette (p. 121), there were on February 22,1921, a total of 25,144 ex-service men being industrially trained in Government in structional factories, other instructional training centers, and in em ployers’ workshops, this number being a decrease of 37 from the number in training on January 25. Of the total number of men m training 4,507, or 17.9 per cent, were credited to the building trades. These data are set forth in the following table: N U M B E R O F B R IT IS H E X -SE R V IC E M EN IN T R A IN IN G IN ¡G O V E R N M E N T AND O T H E R IN ST R U C T IO N A L IN S T IT U T IO N S IN JA N U A R Y AND F E B R L A R Y , 1921. Jan. 25, 1921. In stitu tio n . Feb. 22, 1921. 9.945 6,006 9,230 10,372 5,992 , 7S0 25,1S1 25,144 8 D IS T R IB U T IO N O F N U M B E R O F E X -SE R V IC E M EN IN T R A IN IN G IN JA N U A R Y , 1921, B Y T R AD E. Trade. D istributive trades (including hairdressing)....................................................................... https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Num ber in training, Jan . 25, 1921. 4,507 2,767 1.980 1,972 1,527 1,438 1,424 1,319 1,109 781 763 417 5,177 25,181 [1104] PUBLICATIONS RELATING TO LABOR. Official—United States. Ca lifo r n ia (L os A n g e l e s ). —Department of Health. Annual report for year ended June 30, 1920. Los Angeles [1920]. 81pp. Contains the report of the bureau of housing, in which is described the work of the housing commissioners in improving housing conditions in the city of Los Angeles. C olorado .—Bureau of Mines. Annual report, 1919. Denver, 1920. 67 pp. Plie tables giving accident data show that 38 fatal accidents occurred in the mining industry in 1919 as compared with 47 in 1918. Of the 38 fatalities, 28, or 0.1171 per 10,000 days of employment, occurred underground. There were 414 cases of serious injury—that is, those in which time lost was more than 14 days—and 549 cases of slight injury. The corresponding figures for 1918 were 628 and 709, respectively. Other tables classify the accidents in 1918 and 1919 by cause, occupation, and industry. ------------Mine safety standards. Denver, 1920. 20 pp. Bulletin No. 9. F lo r id a .—State Labor Lnspector. Sixth and seventh annual reports, January 1, 1919, to December 31, 1920. Jacksonville, 1921. 61 pp. Sections of this report are noted on pages 172 of this issue of the R e v ie w . M a ssa c h u sett s .—Department of Labor and Industries. Division of Minimum Wage. Report on the wages of women employed in the manufacture offood preparations and minor lines of confectionery in Massachusetts. Boston, November, 1920. 41 vv. Bulletin No. 23. T his re p o rt is sum m arized on pages 75 a n d 76 of th is issue of th e R e v ie w . —— Special Commission to Investigate Maternity Benefits. Report. Boston, 1920. 92 pp. House No. 1835. In past 3 ears several bills have been before the Massachusetts Legislature,.intended to secure suitable care for mothers and babies in confinement cases. These usually provided for nursing and medical care, and sometimes included cash benefits. The present report gives the methods and conclusions of an investigation into the need for such provisions. The commission made a first-hand study of all maternal deaths in Massachusetts for the first half of 1920, and “along with it a field study of the facts in relation to infant deaths in a group of cities and towns fairly representative of the various communities of the Commonwealth.” In the cases in which it was possible to gather sufficient data to justify conclusions, the commission found that approxi mately two-fifths of the deaths, both of mothers and of infants, were preventable. They also found that these unnecessary deaths “are due not to the poverty of the afflicted families nor to their social status, but rather to their ignorance of hygiene. ” Consequently the commission concludes that no sufficient relief would result from the distribution of maternity benefits in cash, no matter what the amounts or methods of distribution, but that ways must be found of securing proper care for both mothers and children. Recommendations along this line are submitted. Min n e so t a (S t . P a u l ).-—Bureau of Civil Service. Seventh annual report, 1920. Public employment. St. Paul \1921\. 59 pp. N e b r a s k a .—Department of Labor. Seventeenth biennial report, 1919-1920. Labor and compensation. Lincoln [1921]. 96 pp. Most of this pamphlet is devoted to a report on workmen’s compensation and com pensation cases heard by the commissioner, a brief summary of which appears on [1105] ► https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 181 182 M O N T H L Y LABOR REV IEW . pages 133 and 134 of this issue of the R e v ie w . The report includes details of certain strikes which occurred in 1919, gives wage scales paid in the building trades of Omaha in 1920, and includes a table showing by industry in 1918 and 1919 the number of wage earners, wages per day, hours of labor, and number of children over 14 and under 16 years employed. In 1918 there were 149 children between the ages of 14 and 16 employed; in 1919 there were 312. The total number of wage earners reported by 422 employers in 1918 was 20,465, while in 1919, 562 employers reported 25,652 workers. N e w Y ork (C ity ).—Department of Health. Bureau of Public Health Education. First aid to the industrial worker. New York [1921]. 43 pp. A study designed to show how proper application of first aid would materially reduce the losses due to industrial accidents. N orth D a k o ta .-—Commissioner of Agriculture and Labor. Biennial report for the term ending June 30, 1920. [Bismarck, 1920.] 100 pp. The average monthly wages paid to farm labor in 1919 was $59.22 for males and $32.08 for females. The corresponding figures for 1918 were $52.24 and $27.79. O h io .—Industrial Commission. Department of Investigation and Statistics. Union scale of wages and hours of labor in Ohio on May 15, 1920. Columbus, October, 1920. 38 pp. Report No. 39. The wage data included in this report are for 16 Ohio cities in those occupations in which any considerable number of employees are members of unions. The member ship of the unions represented is estimated at 115,000. O r e g o n .—Board of Inspectors of Child Labor. Ninth biennial report, 1919-1920. Salem, 1921. 18 pp. Contains discussion of work of the board, especially in regard to granting permits for children to begin work, with data as to number granted, etc. Permits are issued in accordance with the regulations established by the United States Internal Reve nue Department. Documentary proof of age is required and definite standards of physical development have been established, to which the child must measure up before a permit will be given. The attitude of the board toward the limitations placed upon their power of granting permits is worth quoting, for its contrast to the laxity found in some other States. Neither in the Federal law nor the Oregon child-labor law is there the slightest hint of discretionary power—any elasticity of action. The requirement must be met by the applicant; if not, the permit must be refused. We have no choice in the matter, and the longer we are in the work the less is discretionary power desired. We have found that when an officer is given discretion in the enforcement of the law he would be more than human did he not yield at some time during his experience, either to his prejudices or his sympathies, and a sense of justice can not be so abnormally de veloped as to cut true to line in every case. The safety of the children can not be sacrificed to any need, fancied or real, and when parent, school, or probation officer advocates setting aside the child-labor law to meet any plan which has been formu lated we invariably find that the child’s interests are secondary. —— Industrial Accident Commission. Fourth report, for the year ending June 30, 1919. Salem, 1921. 39 pp. This report is noted on pages 134 and 135 of this issue of the R eview . P e n n sy lv a n ia .—Department of labor and Industry. Five years of compensation in Pennsylvania. Harrisburg, 1921. 14 pp. Bulletin, Vol. VIII, series of 1921, No. 1. This bulletin is noted on page 135 of this issue of the R e v ie w . ----- Insurance Department. Statistical analysis of workmen's compensation insurance in Pennsylvania from January 1, 1916, to December 31, 1919. {Harrisburg, 1921.] 48 pp. Compiled jointly with the statistical department of the Pennsylvania compensation rating and inspection bureau. A brief review of this report appears on pages 135 to 138 of this issue of the R e v ie w . https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [11061 PU B LIC A TIO N S R ELA TIN G TO LABOR. 183 P hilippine I slands.—Governor General. Eighth annual message to the fifth legis lature. Manilar 1920. 16 pp. The labor recommendations in this message appear on page 179 of this issue of the R eview . T exas.—Industrial Accident Board. Report for the fiscal year September 1, 1919, to August SI, 1920. Austin, 1921. 7 pp. A summary of this report is given on page 139 of this issue of the R eview . Washington.-—Industrial Insurance Department. Ninth annual report for the 12 months ending September SO, 1920. The Industrial Insurance Act. Olympia, 1920. 75 pp. A digest of this report is given on pages 139 and 140 of this issue of the R eview . U nited States .—Department of Labor. Bureau of Labor Statistics. Housing by employers in the United States. Washington, 1920. 283 pp. Miscellaneous series. Bulletin No. 263. ---------------- Proceedings of the seventh annual convention of the Association of Govern mental Labor'Officials of the United States and Canada held at Seattle, Wash., July 12-15,1920. Washington, 1921. 168 pp. Miscellaneous series. Bulletin No. 266. The resolutions adopted and the names of the officers elected at this convention are published in the Monthly Labor R eview for September, 1920, pages 201, 202. ----------------- Retail prices, 1913, to December, 1919. Washington, 1921. 498 pp. Charts. Retail prices and cost of living series. Bulletin No. 270. ■---- -------------- Standardization of industrial accident statistics. Reports of the com mittee on statistics and compensation insurance cost of the International Association of Industrial Accident Boards and Commissions, 1915-1919. Washington, 1920. 103 pp. Industrial accidents and hygiene series. Bulletin No. 276. ----------- - -—•—- Workmen’s compensation legislation of the United States and Canada. Washington, 1921. 1,211 pp. Workmen’s insurance and compensation series. Bulletin No. 272. ------------Women’s Bureau. Women street car conductors and ticket agents. Wash ington, 1921. 90 pp. Bulletin No. 11. A summary of this bulletin is given on page 121 of this issue of the R eview . -----Department of the Interior. Bureau of Mines. Quarry accidents in the United States during the calendar year 1919. Washington, 1921. 66 -pp. Technical paper 275. A brief summary of this report appears on pages 127 and 128 of this issue of the R eview . --------— -—— Ventilation in metal mines. A preliminary report. Washington, 1921. 44 pp- Technical paper 251. This paper deals with the second of a series of related investigations in metal mines regarding primarily the health of miners. ---------— Geological Survey. Coal in 1918. Part B. Distribution and consumption. Washington, 1920. Mineral resources of the UnitedStates, 1918—Part I I {pp. 18151392). ----- War Industries Board. Report. American industry in the war. Washington, 1921. 421 pp. One chapter each is devoted to Price-fixing and Labor problems. Official— Foreign Countries. A msterdam .—Gemeente-arbeidsbeurs. Verslag, 1919. [Amsterdam] 1920. 60 pp. Plates. Verslagen van Bedrijven, diensten en Commission der gemeente Amsterdam No. 2. Report of the municipal labor exchange of Amsterdam for 1919. • https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [HOT] 184 M O N T H L Y LABOR REV IEW . Australia (N ew S outh Wales) .—Bureau of Statistics. The official yearbook, 1919. Sydney, 1920. 665 pp. —— (Queensland) .—Department of Labor. Report of the director of labor and chief inspector of factories and shops for the year ended 30th June, 1920. Brisbane, 1920. 44 ppThe report of the operations of the labor exchanges shows that during the fiscal y ear the number of registrations was 45,216, the requests for workers 15,024, and the number of placements 13,632. For Brisbane 1 fatal and 5o nonfatal factory accidents weie reported, and for the other districts 145 slight and 51 serious factory accidents. The total number of employees in factories was 32,714, and in shops 21,821. During the year, 1,896 females in Brisbane factories worked 37,858 hours of overtime, 1,582 males in Brisbane shops worked 20,305} hours overtime, and 945 females worked 12,497 hours overtime. There is also a list of the trade-unions registered under the tradeunion act of 1915,” as of June 30, 1920. Canada.— Department of Labor. Report of a conference on industrial relations held at Ottawa, February 21 and 22, 1921. Issued as a supplement to the Labor Gazette, March, 1921. Ottawa, 1921. pp. 485-545. Industrial relations series. Bulletin No. 2. This conference was attended by representatives of a number of the larger employing companies in Canada which have established joint councils with their employees. The addresses dealt principally with the experiences of the companies having such councils. ----- (N ew B runswick).—Workmen's Compensation Board. Second annual report, 1920. St. John, 1921. 40 pp. This report is summarized on page 141 of this issue of the R eview . ------ (Nova Scotia).—Department of Public Works and Mines. Annual report on the mines, 1920. Halifax, 1921. 103 pp. Illustrated. Contains a table showing the number of fatal accidents, together with accident rates, in coal mines from 1908 to 1920. In 1920 there were 26 fatalities, with a rate of 2.30 per 1,000 men employed. C z e c h o s l o v a k i a .—Assemblée Nationale. Expose sommaire des travaux législatifs dans sa première période après la révolution {28 octobre 1918-26 mai 1920). [Prague, 1920.] 128 pp. A summary of the laws passed by the Czechoslovakian assembly from the establish ment of the republic in October, 1918, to the last of May, 1920. D enmark.—ArbejdsanvisningsaireJct0ren. Indberetning til Indenrigsministeriet for Finansaaret 1919-1920. Copenhagen, 1921. 11 pp. Report of the director of the Danish employment exchanges for the fiscal year 1919-20. The number of cases of unemployment during 1919-20 was one-fifth less than in 1918-19. On an average 54.2 per cent of the applicants were given work within a month; in 1918-19, only 38.8 per cent. -----Statistiske Departement. Det Statistiske Departement, 1896-1920. Copenhagen, 1920. 200 pp. A survey of the development of Danish statistics during the past 25 years. Gives an account of the organization and changes of the different branches of statistics in the department during 1896-1920. One section is devoted to activities of the department in connection with rationing during the war period. Includes a list of publications issued by the department during the last 20 years and a summary in French. F rance.— Ministère du Travail et de la Prévoyance Sociale. Direction_du travail. Bulletin de l’inspection du travail et de Vhygiene industrielle. Vingt-sixième année {1918). Numéros 1 à 6. Paris, 1918. 259 pp. This volume contains the decrees and circulars issued in 1918 relative to factory inspection and industrial hygiene—cases which have come before the courts, docu ments and information regarding proposed laws and reports of factory inspectors on https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [110S] PU B L IC A T IO N S RE LA TIN G TO LABOR. 185 various hazards, new factory methods, and other matters of interest met with in their work. ¿ T Z f Ileft X L L 29 - LaJ ldesJ telle/ f r. Gemeinwirtschaft. Zum KommunaUsünmgsErIai£ e™ie UZ JcTltlsche Bemerkungen von Max Schippe!. DresPP' ' ero-Penthchun9en der sächs- Landestelle für Gemeinuirtschaff A critical discussion of the two bills on communalization drafted by the German Socialization Commission and by the Federal Ministry of the Interior. " G reat B ritain.—Board of Trade. Report on a scheme for maximum retail prices for ^ %n London. Ire,Pcard bV a subcommittee appointed by the standing committees on the investigation of prices and trusts. London, 1921. 12 pp. Cruel. 1161. This subcommittee was appointed to examine a scheme put forward by the London coal committee for maximum retail prices of coal in London, and, after investigating the various factors which enter into the price of coal to the consumer, formally approved t le scheme, which provides the following schedule of prices (1 shilling at par ==24 33 cents): Kind of coal. t>„. Best selected house........................................... Silkstone or seconds house.............. . .................................................. Derby bright or bright house.................................................................. Best kitchen, best cobbles or best nuts.................................................. Hard cobbles or kitchen nuts.................................. ............................... LA' LL' 58S" ' J i eA rA nie-rdr A 0versfas Trade. General report on the industrial and economic situation m Germany m December, 1920. London, 1921. 79 pp. Cmd. I l l 4 . A joint report by the commercial secretary to the British embassy at Berlin and by the British commercial secretary in the occupied territories on the German Govern ment, public finances, trade and industry, foreign trade, the labor situation, social ization, etm The section of the report dealing with wages is in part reproduced in the present issue of the R e v ie w , pages 88 to 91. Bffhequer and Audit Department. National Insurance (Health) Acts 1911 to 19W. Rational health insurance fund accounts for 1918. London, 1921. 89 pp. ----- Government Actuary National health insurance. Interim report upon the valua tion oj the assets and liabilities of approved societies as at 31st December 1918 sho w ing the summarized results of the valuations completed up to 2 4 th December 1920 London, 1921. 8 pp. Cmd. 1130. ’ Home Office. Statistics of compensation and of proceedings under the Workmen’s f m H S n mo ü fp c f l f s t LiMUty A m o ' darins th‘ ymr th is report is summarized on pages 141 and 142 of this issue of the R eview . ----- ? \ A f r A Decisions. Nos. 492 to 588, 1 st October, 1920, to 31st December, 1920. Vol. I ll, Part II. London, 1921. 202 pp. industrial Fatigue Research Board. Report No. 11. Preliminary notes on atmos pheric conditions m boot and shoe factories. London, 1921. 69 pp. Boot and shoe seines _/Vo. ~ Ministry of Labor. International labor (seamen’s) conference, 1920. Draft con ventions and recommendations. London, 1921. 23 pp. J ~ Finance Department. National Insurance ( Unemployment) Acts 1911 to 1918. Unemployment fund account, 1918-19. London, 1921. 6 pp. 32. • 7 Industrial Relations Department. Report on conciliation and arbitration including particulars of proceedings under the Conciliation Act, 1896, the Coal Mines (Minimum Wage) Act, 1912, the Wages ( Temporary Regulation) Acts, 1918 and A A ’fhe Restoration of Pre-War Practices Act, 1919, and the Industrial Courts Act, 1919. London, 1921. iv, 4 6 2 pp. ----- A Pensions. Third annual report, from 1st April, 1919, to 31st March 1920. London, 1921. 58 pp. 35. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [1109] ’ 186 M O N T H L Y LABOR R E V IE W . G rea t B r it a in .—Privy Council. Medical Research Council. T. N. T. poisoning and the fate of T. N. T. in the animal body. London, 1921. 88 pp. Special report series, No. 58. The Ministry of Munitions appointed a scientific committee, following the fairly successful measures of control which were developed after the first serious outbreak of T. N. T. poisoning among munition workers, to gather such information as woukl seem to have a permanent scientific value in establishing a knowledge of the poisonous action of trinitrotoluene. The results of many experiments are recorded, and while there are many questions concerning the poisonous action of T. N. T. left unsolved— and in fact the object for which this study was undertaken is now not of practical importance—it is believed, the report states, that the findings are of value in the study of similar conditions produced by a much wider class of poisons. ------- ( S c o t l a n d ) . —Board of Agriculture. Committee on women in agriculture in Scot land. Report. Edinburgh, 1920. 115 pp. This committee was appointed in 1919 to consider what economic part women could take in the development of agriculture, its appointment being due to a growing sense of the importance of so changing the conditions of agricultural life that children grow ing up in the country would remain there, instead of going into the towns as soon as they were old enough to shift for themselves. The committee took evidence con cerning the work actually done by women in agriculture throughout Scotland, and found much diversity in their employment. The committee feels that the important thing is not to urge city women to take up farming, but to induce the women born and bred on farms to remain in the work for which they have special qualifications. To this end, it stresses the need of education and housing. It is urged that steps should be taken to put the wages of women on a more satisfactory basis, and to encourage cottage hand industries. Also, opportu nities should be provided for social life. I n d ia .— Department of Statistics. Prices and wages in India. Calcutta, 1920. 244 pp. No. 1263. Entirely statistical. Reports wholesale prices of 50 articles from 111 separate marts. Retail prices are reported for the years 1873 and 1895 to 1919, by article and by province or district. Wages are reported by occupations, in some cases going back to 1873 and in many cases including each year from 1895 to 1919. I n tern a tio n a l L abor O e p ic e .— The eight-hour day in agriculture before the French Chamber of Deputies. Geneva, February 10, 1921. 40 pp. Studies and Reports, Series K, No. 5. Contains a bill for the regulation of hours of labor in agriculture, presented to the French Chamber of Deputies by the Socialist group, and the report on the same by one of the deputies proposing the rejection of the bill. The bill provides for a work day of 8 hours or 48 hours a week, or, calculated on an annual basis, not to exceed 2,496 hours a year, always provided that the working day shall never exceed 10 effec tive hours whatever the season. The rejection of the bill is asked on the claim that it is not justified on humanitarian but only on economic grounds and that put in this way the question does not appear urgent. The bill would not, it is believed, be a specific remedy for the rural exodus, but “would involve a diminution of production, a correlated diminution in wages and in consequence an aggravation of the crisis which always weighs more or less heavily on the agricultural economy.” ----- First special international trade-union congress. Geneva, March 15, 1921. 30 pp. Studies and Reports, Series A, No. 18. ■The congress considered the following subjects: (1) The international situation, and the relation of the international trade-union movement thereto; (2) the distribu tion of raw materials for industrial purposes; (3) the question of the rate of exchange; (4) socialization of the means of production; and (5) report of the Commission on Conditions in the Ruhr Basin. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [ 1110 ] PU B LIC A TIO N S R ELA TIN G TO LABOR. 187 I n t e r n a t io n a l L abor O f f ic e .—Institution of a disablement branch at the Interna tional Labor Office. Geneva, February 28, 1921. 3 pp. A brief notice of this is given on page 169 of this issue of the R e v ie w . ----- International Labor Conference. Draft conventions and recommendations adopted by the conference during its second meeting, 15 June-10 July, 1920. London, His Majesty's Stationery Office, 1921. 18 pp. Cmd. 1174. An account of this conference appeared in the M onthly L abor R e v ie w for October, 1920, pages 209 to 211. ----- International Labor Conference, third session. Geneva, October, 1921. Item I I I (b) of the agenda. Prohibition of the use of white lead in painting. Geneva, 1921. 33 pp. Questionnaire I I I (b). —— The organization of unemployment insurance and employment exchanges in France. Geneva, February 21, 1921. 22 pp. Studies and Reports, Series C, No. 5. This pamphlet gives an account of unemployment insurance as it has developed in France during and subsequent to the war. The details of the system are given in the report but the results are lacking, due to the fact that the Government has not as yet published a report of the actual working of the funds. The report on the organization of employment exchanges covers the same period—1914 to 1920—and includes departmental exchanges, vocational specialization in employment exchanges, interregional exchange operations, and recruiting of foreign labor. The history of labor exchanges in France was reviewed in the M onthly L abor R e v ie w , October, 1919, pages 192-206. N e t h e r l a n d s .—Centraal Bureau voor de Statistiek. Jaardjfers voor het koninkrijk der Nederlanden. Rijk in Europa 1919. ’s-Gravenhage, 1921■ 356 pp. The annual statistical yearbook of the kingdom of the Netherlands for 1919 includes statistics of occupations, labor inspection, unemployment, employment offices, wages and hours of labor, strikes and lockouts, collective agreements, labor organizations, and social insurance. ----------- Werkstakingen en uitsluitingen in Nederland gedurende 1918-1919. (Grèves et lock-outs dans les Pays-Bas pendant 1918-1919.) s’Gravenhage, 1919-1921. 49, 60 pp. Bijdragen n. volgreeks. 283, 311. Statistics on strikes and lockouts in the Netherlands during 1918 and 1919. —— Departement van Arbeid. Centraal verslag der arbeidsinspectie, 1919. [s’-Gravenhage] 1920. xxxvi, 441, xxiii pp. Report of the factory inspection service for the year 1919. N o r w a y .— Riksforsikringsanstalten. Industristatistikk for âret 1918. (Omfattende Opgaver over Ulykkesforsikringspliktige Bedrifter og Arbeidere.) Christiana, 1921. 61 pp. Norges Offisielle Statistikk. V II 5. Report of the State Insurance Office regarding establishments and workers subject to the workmen’s accident insurance law. S w e d e n .—Riksforsakringsanslalten. [Beràttelse] âr 1919. Stockholm, 1921. 39 pp. Sveriges Officiella Statistik. Report of the State Insurance Institute for 1919, showing that about 907,000 workers were insured during that year. ----- Socialstyrelsen. Yrkesinspektionens verksamhet âr 1919. Stockholm, 1920. 125 pp. Report of factory inspection in Sweden for the year 1919. Unofficial. and o t h e r s . Labor and industry. A series of lectures. London, Longmans, Green & Co., 1920. 294 pp. The subjects covered in these lectures include: Works committees and industrial councils, unemployment, industrial unrest, the human element in industry, accident 44130°—21-----13 [ 1111 ] A l d e n , P er c y , https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 188 M O N T H L Y LABOE BEY1EW . prevention and “ safety first,” the international regulation of labor under the Peace Treaty, finance and industry, and organized labor in relation to industrial develop ment. A ll e n , F r ed er ic k J. A guide to the study of occupations. A selected critical bibli ography of the common occupations with specific referencesfor their study. Cambridge, Harvard University Press, 1921. 18S pp. In this volume the author aims “ to present the latest and most authoritative material now available for educational and vocational guidance.” A m erican A ssociation fo r L abor L eg isla tio n . The American labor legislation review. New York, March, 1921. 119 pp. The two main subjects of this volume are unemployment and health legislation for wage-earners’ families. Under the former are included the following contributions: The job and Utopia; Federal employment service needed; Views of an American worker; Continuity of production in the clothing industry; Steady work; The first step in sound industrial relations; An American employer’s experience with unem ployment insurance; Preventing periods of unemployment by expanding public works; Canada’s program for meeting unemployment; Plan in use by an American ndustry for combating unemployment; and American legislation on unemployment icompensation. Under the second subject the topics discussed are: Health and maternity legislation; A national program for maternity aid; Progress toward mater nity benefits in Massachusetts; Need for protecting maternity and infancy; State legislation for maternity; How night work is menacing maternity; Fact, and opinion as to the British national health insurance act; A personal view of health insurance in England; and Representative opinion of health insurance in Great Britain. A m erican R ed Cr o s s . Southern Division. Bureau of Education and Research. Social laws and agencies of North Carolina. A handbook of information. \Atlanta] 1920. [288 pp.]' The first of a series of peace-time handbooks of information covering the social resources of the various States to be issued by the Red Cross. One chapter consists of the labor laws and regulations. Others have to do with Americanization and child welfare. B em a n , L amar T. Selected articles on the dosed shop. New York, H. W. Wilson Co., 1921. xlvii, 197 pp. The Handbook Series. This volume consists of debaters’ briefs on both sides of the closed shop question and a series of articles representing the most authoritative opinions both for and against the closed shop. A bibliography of affirmative and negative references is included. B o w ley , A rth u r L. Elements of statistics. London, P. S. King & Son, Ltd., 1920. xi, 459 pp. This book is “intended to form a general introduction to the theory and practice of Btatistics.” B ru m by , G. Mieterschutz und Hochstmieten. Berlin, 1920. xv, 340 pp. A compilation of recent German legislation for the protection of renters. The com pilation is preceded by a summary of all rent legislation now in force in Germany and by extensive commentaries on recent legislation. B u rea u of M u nicipal R esea rch of P h ila d e lph ia . The cost of a workingmen1s standard of living in Philadelphia at March, 1921, prices. Philadelphia, April 7, 1921. 11 pp. Citizens’ Business No. 463. This budget of a workingman’s family of five giving March, 1921, prices is the fourth survey of living costs made by the Bureau of Municipal Research of Philadel phia, the first being in the fall of 1918. In the present study the total annual budget is given as $1,742.68, a decrease of 12.5 per cent as compared with the last survey, that of August, 1920. The price level is, however, still 6.5 per cent above that of the first https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [1112 ] PUBLICATIONS RELATING TO LABOR. 189 survey. The classes under the specified standard that show an increase since last August are housing, fuel and light, and car fare, and those showing a decrease are food, clothing, and cleaning supplies and services. The cost of food decreased 15.7 per cent as compared with the cost at the time of the first survey. The percentages of increase over 1918 for the other items of the budget are as follows: Housing, 50; fuel and light, 38.3; clothing, 9; car fare, 25; and cleaning supplies and services, 15.6. B u r n e tt -H u r st , A. It. Suggestions for labor legislation in India. Summary of a paper read at the conference of the Indian Economic Association, Allahabad, Decem ber, 1920. Allahabad, The Leader Press, Jan. 5, 1921. 7 pp. Submits suggestions as to proposed amendments to the factories act. Ca liforn ia U n iv e r s it y . Division of Vocational Education. Research and service centerfor part-time schools. Coordination in part-time education. Berkeley, March, 1921. 44 pp- Part-time education series, No. 4- Bulletin No. S. Ch apm an , J . Cr o sb y . Trade tests. The scientific measurement of trade proficiency. New York, Henry Holt & Co., 1921. 485 pp. This is a compilation of trade tests developed by the committee on classification of personnel, associated with the army trade test division, with the cooperation of a large number of employees and tradesmen. These tests were devised to make it possible for a trained examiner, unskilled in any particular trade, to determine the ability of recruits in different trades, and are offered now to the public as an aid to more scientific selection, placement, and training of employees. Chicag o , B u rlington & Q uincy R ailroad Co . Relief Department. Thirty-second annual report, 1920. Chicago, 1921. 6 pp. Reports a total membership in 1920 of 29,236, or an increase of 1,530 over 1919, and benefits paid amounting to a total of $627,148.96, of which amount $337,101.70 were paid on account of sickness and $290,047.26 on account of accidents. The member ship in 1920 was 54.51 per cent of the total number of employees. During the year 6,157 cases of sickness and 5,318 cases of accident were reported, or, counting those of record at the beginning of the year, a total of 6,792 cases of sickness and 5,943 cases of accident. There was a total of 252 deaths. The death rate per 1,000 members was 6.5 on account of sickness and 2.7 on account of accident. Chicago Council of S ocial A g e n c ie s . The Chicago standard budget for dependent families, by Florence Nesbitt. Chicago, 17 North State Street, September, 1920. 46 pp. Bulletin No. 5 (revised edition). Clevela nd H ospital C o un cil . Industrial medical service. Women and industry. Children and industry. Cleveland, 1920. pp. 525-639. Part 7. Cleveland hos pital and health survey. The industrial division of the hospital and health survey divided this part of the report into three sections: Medical, surgical, and nursing service in industry; employ ment of women; and employment of children. As a result of the study of the hospital and medical services offered by industries to employees numerous recommendations for the betterment of these services are offered. C om m issio n e Co n fed éra le in R u s s ia . Russia Sindacole. Rapporto dell'on, Giuseppe Bianchi al Congresso confederate di Livorno. Milan, 1921. xi, 407 pp. In 1920 several Italian socialist organizations (Socialist Party, General Federation of Labor, National League of Cooperative Societies) sent a joint mission to Russia to study conditions under the soviet régime. The mission could not agree upon a joint report and merely issued a brief joint statement to the press. The present volume is a report of a subcommittee of the mission and contains the preliminary report of the committee on Russian labor unions as submitted by it to the Fifth Congress of the General Federation of Labor. The report, which is based on personal investigations and on a multitude of Russian official documents, upholds the Soviet Government, but at the same time expresses doubts whether its methods would be applicable to western European countries. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [3113] 190 M O N T H L Y LABOR REV IEW . Trade-unionism and labor problems. Second series. Boston, Ginn & Co. [1921]. 838 pp. This compilation of articles on problems connected with labor is divided into five sections as follows: Part I. Security—covering general industrial conditions, social insurance, and health programs; Part II. The labor market—discussion of conditions surrounding floating laborers, the Negro migration, and the disorganization of the labor market; Part III. Labor management—includes various articles on scientific management, profit sharing, workshop committees; Part IV. Labor unions—develop ment of trade-unionism and discussion of different trade agreements; and Part V. The law—contains articles covering different legal questions and decisions, minimum wages, and 8-hour laws. Co n s u m e r s ’ L ea g u e of E a st er n P en n sy lv a n ia . Colored women as industrial workers in Philadelphia. Philadelphia, 814 Otis Building [1920]. 49 pp. This report is summarized on pages 122 to 124 of this issue of the R e v ie w . E gglesto n , D e W itt Ca rl , and R o b in so n , F r ed er ic k B. Business costs. New York, D. Appleton <fc Co., 1921. 587 pp. Illustrated. Part IV consists of a study of labor costs, including systems of wage payment and pay rolls. F r a n ç o i s - P o n c e t , A n d r é . Une formule nouvelle: Le contrôle syndical. Paris, Société d'Études et d’Informations Économiques, 282, Boulevard Saint-Germain, 1921. 18 pp. This pamphlet discusses the question of labor control of industry in connection with the demand of the metal workers’ union for establishment of workers’ control in the factories. The author cites the stand of the leaders of the unions on the question of nationalization and states that this demand of the metal workers opens an important chapter in the history of the social movement in France, since it leads, he believes, to the same experiment in revolutionary control which has been so disastrous in Russia. G erm a n (A id ) S ociety of Ch icag o . Sixty-sixth annual report, 1920. Chicago [1921]. 12 pp. The report shows that in 1920 the society disbursed $8,318.19 in cash and otherwise in granting aid to 651 families and 344 single persons, and supplied 1,265 persons with work through its employment department. The report states that up to August the employment department had on an average three vacant situations for each applicant for work, but that at the end of the year the situation of the labor market had so changed that there were 20 applicants for work for each vacant situation. I n du stria l D em ocracy . The John Leitch Co. New York, 1920 . 42 pp. A collection of indorsements from executives, workers, and the press of the John Leitch plan of industrial democracy. I w a sa k i , U ic h i . The working forces in Japanese politics. A brief account of political conflicts, 1867-1920. New York, 1921. 141 PP- Columbia University Studies in History, Economics, and. Public Law, Vol. X C V II, No. 1. Whole No. 220. The chapter on the workers serves to show how the laboring masses of Japan are breaking the bonds of feudal tradition and are learning their power. Furthermore, it is stated, the Government is taking an increasing interest in labor matters. J a n ic k i , S. Industrial reconstruction in Poland. [London] Polish Press Bureau, 1920. 32 pp. It is stated that the reconstruction of Polish industry depends on currency stability, improved transport conditions, and a sufficiency of coal. A table shows 124,805 work men employed in nine principal industries on January 1, 1920, or 34 per cent of the prewar force of 365,051. Only mining showed an increase over the prewar figures, amounting to 30 per cent. C ommons , J ohn R . ( ed ito r ). https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [1114] PUBLICATIONS RELATING TO LABOR. LA W 6Jp ™ WICK' Why PriCeS riSC andf (dl 191 London, Oxford University The principles of exchange and money standards, the effects of increases of wages on prices and of prices on wages and profits, taxation, monopoly, public control under competitive conditions, and public ownership are all discussed briefly, the conclusion being that unnecessary expenditure by Government and by individuals must be cur tailed whether industry is carried on by free competition, under a measure of public control, or by public ownership. ^opm an,of the United States. New York, Part IV deals with the expansion of national industries from 1860 to 1914, including a c lapter on labor problems. Part V covers the war period, 1914 to 1920. ^ T o ^ T e fp ASHLEIGH- Wages and emPire- London, Longmans, Green & Co., This is largely a study of agricultural and natural resources in the British Empire and the effect which these resources have upon wages. M<" r N; VAN Li-EW' Employee training. A study of education and training f £ T xxiii ™nVpp0U* COrp0ratlons- New York’ McGraw-Hill Booh Co., Inc., is study of the training activities of various large corporations covers programs emphasizing special training and progress of primarily technical instruction. Under the latter are included training of apprentices, of technical men, and technical and general instruction for employee improvement. ^Z rc^T and™ a? d T r l \k Thl psychological factors in industry and com merce. London, University of London Press, Ltd., 1920. vi, 204 pp. I he importance of the psychological factor in determining industrial efficiency is the subject of this book. The psychological element is considered in its relation to movement study, fatigue study, selection study, incentives study, and industrial unrest. The other factors- mechanical, physiological, and social and economic-are also taken into account. v~ r i ° r shop maJdopedia Housing problems in America. Proceedings, Bridgeport, Conn., December 9-11, 1920. New York 105 East Twenty-second Street [1921]. 886 pp. N a t io n a l H o u s in g A s s o c ia t io n . . J af exemPtlons as offering an inducement to private investors to put their money into housing, and different schemes for providing credit for housing work on easier erms are discussed at length. The use of new building materials and the increased standardization of parts as methods of reducing costs are favorably considered. Various aspects of the present situation are discussed, but no fundamental remedies for its evils are put forth. N a t i o n S a f e t y C o u n c i l . Safe practices. No. 42. Industrial safety organization. Chicago, 168 North Michigan Avenue, 1921. 16 pp. ” 0 h a r it ik ! and Cobeections . mo. One session of the conference was devoted to discussion of industrial problems. P u r s e , B e n . A minimum income for all blind workers. London, The National League for the Blind, 1920. 22 pp. ‘ . A.Plea for a minimum wage of £3 5s. ($15.82, par) per week for blind workers in institutions for the blind. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [1115] 192 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW. The consumers’ place in society. Manchester, Cooperative Union, 1920. 107 pp. This book gives a general survey of the accomplishments of the cooperative move ment, the possibilities of its further development, and the author’s views as to the failure of capitalism. S u n d t , E i n a r . Imagination, labor, civilization. London, William Heinemann, 1920. xi, 4-17 pp. This is a study of the economic forces which go to make up our present-day civiliza tion and the manner in which it has evolved. It was the author s idea in the prepaiation of this book to develop clearly defined theories out of which might grow a “ com plete system of political economy.” T r a d e s -U n io n C o n g r e s s . Unemployment: A labor policy. Being the report of the joint committee on unemployment appointed by the parliamentary committee of the 'Trades-Union Congress and'The Labor Party executive, together with the resolutions unanimously adopted by the special trade-union and labor conference in the Kingsway Hall, London, W. C., on Thursday, January 27, 1921. London, January, 1921. 48 pp. Considers the responsibility for the unemployment situation in Great Britain, laying the blame primarily upon the Government; and presents a policy to meet the emergency, proposing that the unemployed be maintained by substantial increases in unemployment benefits and that the Government should assist in the provision of “ socially necessary work.” It is suggested that juvenile labor should be with drawn; that regular work hours should be reduced to 44 a week; that housing projects should be inaugurated by the Government; that railroad and waterway construction and repair work should be undertaken at once, and that the Government should encourage the building and equipment of educational institutions. The restoration of foreign commerce is also urged as a means of improving the employment situation. A copy of the Labor Farty’s prevention of unemployment bill is included in the report. U n i v e r s i t y D e b a t e r s ’ A n n u a l . Constructive and rebuttal speeches delivered in debates of American colleges and universities during the college year, 1919-20. Edited by Edith M. Phelps. New York, The H. W. Wilson Co., 1920. 372 pp. Includes briefs, speeches, and bibliographies on various labor subjects, among them being Compulsory arbitration of railway labor disputes, Compulsory arbitration of labor disputes, The closed shop, and Government ownership and operation of coal mines. R ed fern , P ercy. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis o [11115] https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis