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UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF LABOR W. N. DOAK, Secretary BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS ETHELBERT STEWART, Commissioner KALAMAZOO PUBLIC UBKAKY MONTHLY;* 2- 1932 LABOR NUMBER 3 VOLUME 34 MARCH, 1932 UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE WASHINGTON : 1932 For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, Washington, D. C. Price 15 Cents per Copy Subscription price per year: United States, Canada, Mexico, $1.50; Other Countries, $2.25 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis C E R T IFIC A T E This publication is issued pursuant to the provisions o f the sundry civil act (41 Stats. 1430) approved M arch 4, 1921. C o n te n ts Special articles: Displacement of Morse operators in commercial telegraph offices— * Fluctuation of employment in Ohio in 1930, and comparisons with previous years, by Frederick E. Croxton and Fred C. Croxton----Employment conditions; Made work for clerical workers---------------------------------------------------Unemployment in foreign countries---------------------------------------------Canada— Recreation centers for the unemployed in Montreal---------Great Britain— Studies of unemployed and of persons insured against unem ployment_______________________________________________ Movement of workers from uninsured to insured occupations— Insurance and benefit plans: Wisconsin unemployment insurance law--------------------------------------Recommendations of Interstate Commission on Unemployment Insurance-----------------------------------------------------------------------------Unemployment insurance and savings plan of J. I. Case Co-----------Great Britain— Extension of health insurance for unemployed persons-------------Expenditures on public social services-----------------------------------Spain— Unemployment insurance law put into operation---------------Productivity of labor and industry: Use of loading equipment in the bituminous-coal industry in 1930___ Industrial and labor conditions: Canada— Revival of French Canadian handicrafts in Quebec---------Mexico— Labor cost on irrigated land in Nuevo Laredo district and in Coahuila__________________________________________________ Palestine— Economic and social conditions-----------------------------------Child labor: New York—Child-labor trends---------------------------------------------------Health and industrial hygiene: Health of insured wage earners during 1931---------------------------------Industrial accidents and safety: New safety code for elevators-----------------------------------------------------Coal-mine fatalities in the United States in 1929--------------------------Metal-mine accidents in the United States, 1929---------------------------Accidents at metallurgical works in the United States in 1929--------Cooperation: Directory of consumers’ cooperative societies-------------------------------Establishment of first international cooperative factory-----------------Labor laws and court decisions: Railroad held not liable for injury caused by porter handling mail sacks_______________________________________________________ New York provision as to determination of fact by State board upheld______________________________________________________ Constitutionality of Federal longshoremen’s and harbor workers’ compensation act upheld-------------------------------------------------------Illinois prevailing-wage law declared unconstitutional-------------------- https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis it i Page 501 516 529 529 533 534 537 540 552 554 555 556 557 558 560 560 561 563 566 569 569 571 573 574 574 ^75 576 577 581 IV C O N TE N T S labor laws and court decisions—Continued. Page Member of religious order denied claim under workmen’s compensa tion law---------------------- ---------------------------------------------------------583 Colorado— Law establishing wage-claims court------------------------------584 China— Inquiry into applicability of factory act__________________ 586 Germany— Decree of December 8, 1931, reducing prices, wages, etc_ 588 Morocco— Legislation regulating hours of work in the Spanish zone__ 593 Workmen’s compensation: Recent compensation reports— Oregon____________________________________________________ 594 United States and District of Columbia______________________ 594 Workers’ education and training: Fitting jobs to mental capacity---------------------------------------------------599 Emergency unit training courses in New York City_______________ 600 Wisconsin’s itinerant vocational-instructor system_________________ 603 Industrial disputes: Strikes and lockouts in the United States in January, 1932------------605 Conciliation work of the Department of Labor in January, 1932____ 607 Labor agreements, awards, and decisions: Agreements— 612 Railroad labor agreements of February 1, 1932_______________ Awards and decisions— Recent decisions of Industrial Commission of Colorado________ 618 Rousing: Building permits in principal cities of the United States, January, 1932________________________________________________________ 620 Building permits in principal cities, 1931: General summary_______ 636 Wages and hours of labor: Hours and earnings in the furniture industry, 1931________________ 644 Farm wage and labor situation in January, 1932__________________ 649 Wage-rate changes in manufacturing industries, January, 1932_____ 650 Recent wage changes reported by trade-unions____________________ 652 Wages of seamen, 1931_________________________________________ 654 New York— Average weekly earnings in factories, 1918 to 1931____ 657 657 Alaska— Wages and labor conditions, 1930-31____________________ Germany— Actual earnings in the woodworking industry in March, 1931__ 659 Actual earnings in the confectionery, baking, and pastry trades in March, 1931__________________________________________ 660 Great Britain-—Cut in dock workers’ wage rates__________________ 662 Austria— General survey of wages_______________________________ 663 Greece— General survey of wages, 1931__________________________ 681 Switzerland— General survey of wages, 1930 and 1931_____________ 688 Trend of employment: Summary for January, 1932_____________________________________ 696 Employment in selected manufacturing industries in January, 1932__ 698 Employment in nonmanufacturing industries in January, 1932_____ 710 Trend of employment in January, 1932, by States_________________ 712 Employment and pay rolls in January, 1932, in cities of over 500,000 population___________________________________________ 718 Employees in executive civil service of the United States, January, 1932_______ 719 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis CO N TE N T S Trend of employment—Continued. Employment in building construction in January, 1932------------------Employment on Class I steam railroads in the United States---------Wholesale and retail prices: F,etail prices of food in January, 1932------------------------------------------Retail prices of coal in January, 1932------------------------------------------Index numbers of wholesale prices in January, 1932----------------------Decline in wholesale prices in various foreign countries since 1926----Cost of living: Decline in cost of living and food in various countries since 1926------Immigration and emigration: Statistics of immigration for December and year, 1931------------------Bibliography: Public old-age pensions in the United States: References, 1929 to 1931, compiled by Edna L. Stone---------------------------------------------Publications relating to labor: Official—United States--------------------------------------------------------------Official— Foreign countries----------------------------------------------Unofficial---------------------------------------------------------------------------------- https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis V Page 720 722 724 727 728 731 733 735 738 747 748 749 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis T h is I s s u e in B r ie f The 'printer telegraph has reduced the proportion of Morse telegraphers in commercial telegraph offices to 21.5 per cent of all operators, according to a study by the United States Bureau of Labor Statistics. By 1931 printer circuits accounted for nearly 90 per cent of all commercial message handlings of one large company. The proportion of male operators has been reduced from about 80 per cent to about 40 per cent of all operators. In the principal telegraph offices the pro ductivity of printer operators averages about twice that of Morse operators, with a resulting technological displacement amounting to about 50 per cent. Page 501. Fluctuations in employment in Ohio in 1930 were greater among males than among females in the wage-earning group but greater among females in the clerical and sales groups. A complete analysis of the employment fluctuations in the various industries in Ohio in 1930, with comparisons with earlier years, is given in an article beginning on page 516. The first work-insurance law adopted by any American State was enacted by the Wisconsin Legislature in January, 1932. A compulsory act will become effective on July 1, 1933, unless prior to that time the employers of the State shall have established some voluntary unem ployment-insurance plan approved by the State industrial commis sion. The act covers all employers employing 10 or more persons for 4 or more months during the preceding calendar year, with certain exceptions. The unemployment reserve fund is to be made up of contributions by the employer at the rate of 2 per cent of his annual pay roll, until a reserve amounting to $55 per employee has been built up, and thereafter the rate of contribution is reduced to 1 per cent until the reserve amounts to $75. Subject to a waiting period of two weeks, benefits are payable at the rate of $10 a week, or 50 per cent of the average weekly wage, whichever is lower, unless the wage is less than $5 when a benefit of $5 is paid. The maximum period of benefit in any one calendar year is limited to 10 weeks. The act is to be administered by the State industrial commission. Page 540. The establishment of state-wide systems of unemployment reserves, supported by employer contributions of 2 per cent of pay roll, is recommended in the report of the Interstate Commission on Unem ployment Insurance made up of representatives of the governors c>f the States of New York, New Jersey, Massachusetts, Pennsylvania, Ohio, and Connecticut. Under the plan suggested the maximum rate of benefit would not exceed $10 a week for a total of 10 weeks m any 12 months and the reserves set up in any State would be held, invested, and disbursed by the State. Page 552. The unemployment insurance and savings plan of the J. I. Case Co., Racine, Wis., put into effect in November, 1931, covers all employees on an hourly or piecework basis who have been employed by the company continuously for a period of six months. The company and the employees contribute equal amounts to the fund until a reserve equivalent to one year’s average full-time earnings has been https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis VII V III T H IS IS S U E IN B R IE F accumulated. Withdrawals from the fund are allowed only during periods of business depression when the company can not furnish sufficient employment and the employee is unable to secure employ ment elsewhere. Page 554. Earnings per hour of workers in the furniture industry in 1931 aver aged 41-1 cents and full-time earnings per week averaged $21.29, while full-time working hours per week averaged 51.8, according to a study made by the United States Bureau of Labor Statistics. Hourly earnings in 1931 were 7.9 cents lessThan in 1929 but 19.7 cents more than in 1915, the date of the last similar study for this industry prior to 1929. Full-time weekly earnings in 1931 averaged $4.14 less than in 1929 and $9.05 more than in 1915. Average full-time working hours were one-tenth of an hour less per week in 1931 than in 1929 and 5.6 hours less than in 1915. Page 644. A deduction of 10 per cent from the pay check of each employee is provided in the railroad labor agreement of January 31, 1932. The agreement was signed by representatives of 20 of the railroad labor unions and of more than 200 railroads. The wage deduction is to continue for a period of one year beginning February 1, 1932, the basic rates remaining unchanged. Page 612. The mechanization of bituminous coal mining showed a sharp increase in 1930. In that year the deep-mined bituminous coal produced by means of loading machines, pit-car loaders, and hand-loaded convey ors, increased to 46,824,000 tons, or by 23.7 per cent as compared with 1929. For the country as a whole, the total mechanically loaded product in 1930 amounted to 10.5 per cent of the tonnage produced; in the State of Montana to almost two-thirds of the total tonnage; and in Wyoming and Illinois, to approximately one-half of the total. Page 558. The United States Supreme Court on February 23,1932, handed down an opinion upholding the validity of the Federal longshoremen’’s and harbor workers’ compensation act. The majority opinion declared that the findings of the deputy commissioner as to jurisdictional facts such as whether the relation of master and servant existed or whether the injury occurred upon navigable waters of the United States, were not binding on a district court. However, as to all issues of fact relating to the details of the claim made by an injured employee or his depend ents under the act the majority opinion held that the findings of the deputy commissioner were binding upon the court if they were not arbitrary and were supported by substantial evidence. Page 577. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis MONTHLY LABOR REVI EW U. S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS VOL. 34, N O . 3 WASHINGTON MARCH, 1932 D is p la c e m e n t o f M o rse O p era to rs in C o m m e r c ia l T eleg ra p h O ffices HE Bureau of Labor Statistics is making a study of the effects of the printer telegraph (the teletypewriter or teletype) on the em ployment of operators. The most extensive but by no means the only important phase of telegraphic communication may be described as commercial message handling by the telegraph companies. Other aspects, not covered by the present article, include ticker services, especially for market quotations; handling of news by press agencies; railroad telegraphy; and private-wire circuits. A preliminary report on commercial message handling reveals widely different effects of the printer telegraph in the larger offices (classed as functional offices) as compared with branch offices and other small offices. In the larger offices Morse operators have been somewhat slowly but very largely displaced by operators of printer telegraphs, and the productivity of printer operators is so great that technological displacement approximates 50 per cent of the number of operators who would be required under Morse manual operation. In offices not classed as functional the per cent of technological displacement is lower. In all offices combined the proportion of male operators has been reduced from about 80 per cent to about 40 per cent of the total number, and the skill and training character istic of Morse operators are supplanted by ability simply to operate a typewriter keyboard adapted to telegraphic purposes. T Changing Methods T he essential feature of Morse telegraphy, as everyone knows, is the manual operation of a key for opening and closing an electrical circuit. Varying lengths of the interval, with varying sequences of short and long intervals, at first were recorded in the form of dots and dashes of the Morse code at the receiving end on a tape recorder, from which they were translated by the receiving operator into ordinary letters, numbers, and words. It was soon discovered that the operator could translate the signals by sound without troubling to use the code signs on the tape recorder. Specialized “ sounders” and “ resonators” were devised for accentuating the sound signals and making their translation easier. The tape recorder was there after used only when for any reason a code record was desired. The Morse transmitter was simplified and its operation made easier, one result being a reduced frequency of a malady experienced by oper https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 501 502 M O NTHLY LA BO R R E V IE W ators, a kind of partial paralysis known as “ glass arm.” Speed of transmission depends, of course, on the speed of reception and tran scription. The general use of the typewriter for transcribing mes sages increased the speed of reception and, indirectly, the speed of transmission. The displacement of Morse operators resulted largely from efforts to economize in the use of the wire plant. This meant increasing the amount of traffic per unit of wire. The first important economies were under Morse operation—the duplexing and quadruplexing of wires. By duplexing, a message could be sent in each direction. By combining two methods of duplexing, quadruplex operation was possible, though the sending of two messages in each direction was efficient only for limited uses. Closely connected with economy in use of the wire plant were the early efforts to supplant Morse manual operation by means of “ fast” telegraphy, especially the Wheatstone system. The Morse characters were punched by hand on a tape and this perforated tape was fed through a transmitter. Only the actual transmission was automatic in contrast with manual transmission by the Morse operator when he pressed the key. Transmission by perforated tape, on good circuits of not more than about 200 miles, was much more rapid than by Morse manual operation—as high as 400 words a minute as against about 25 words. But the Wheatstone system was limited to rela tively short distances having high-grade circuits. Much time was required for punching the tape before transmission and for trans lating and transcribing the code from the recording tape at the receiv ing end. Automatic transmission had not only a speed but a mechan ical precision and monotony and inflexibility which the variable con ditions of the circuit failed to warrant. In manual transmission the operator could modulate the speed in accordance not only with the varying conditions of the circuit but with the varying nature of the material transmitted—for example, words of similar nature, such as “ protest” and “ protect.” The final success of automatic transmission was to come not through speedier transmission of a particular message (although greater speed was possible) but through increasing the number of messages sent simultaneously over the same wire. Effective transmission by Morse manual operation, under ordinary condi tions, was limited to duplex operation, or the sending of one message in each direction at the same time. The multiplex system, while transmitting much more rapidly than is possible under Morse manual operation, also economizes the wire plant by sending as many as eight messages over one wire at the same time, and reduces operating costs by utilizing relatively unskilled operators (typists) in place of Morse manual operators. Furthermore, it economizes in the use of labor by eliminating the process of punching the tape by hand and then feeding it into the transmitter (the manual part of multiplex trans mission being confined to operating a typewriter keyboard), and also by printing the message automatically at the receiving end in ordinary characters instead of in code, thus doing away with the relatively skilled operator who, in the Wheatstone system, translated and tran scribed the message. Each key on a typewriter keyboard represents a character, and the depressing of the key sets up an electrical contact which auto https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis D IS P L A C E M E N T O F M O RSE O PE R A T O R S 503 matically operates the corresponding key on a similar keyboard at the receiving end. The contact may be established by direct key board action or by means of a perforated tape which is automatically fed through a transmitter, each set of perforations composing a code character corresponding to a character on the keyboard. At the receiving end the keyboard which automatically prints the message may be a tape-recording printer or a page printer. _ In either case the messago is typed out not in code but in ordinary printed chai actors. Several receiving machines may be operated on the same circuit b} one transmitting machine. Although it is commonly said that multiplex operation means the sending of several messages over one wire at the same time, this is literally not the case. What happens is a dividing of time on the wire, so that the printers follow each other in rapid succession, one 5-unit impulse (one character) being sent by each printer in turn. It is impossible for Morse operators thus to divide the time on the line because an absolute synchronism of sending and receiving instru ments is necessary, and this can be obtained only by mechanical means. The speed limit of the Morse operator, particularly of the receiving operator, would also make a dividing of time on the line relatively of little value. . Briefly, the device which enabled the printer telegraph to outrival the Morse operator was the synchronized distributor for dividing or distributing time on the wire, thus enabling one wire to bear a very much heavier traffic burden than is possible by duplex manual opera tion. Multiplexing includes duplexing; that is, time on the wire in both directions is divided by the synchronized distributors. The dis tributor is a motor, revolving on a segmented face plate. Ordinarily there are four segments, each representing a channel of communica tion. As the distributor revolves, its brushes send and receive one complete letter (or other character) from each of the four channels. The distributor rotates so rapidly that the result is practically to provide four circuits on one wire at the same time; and since duplex ing the wire makes possible its use in both ^directions at the same time, the synchronized distributor of the multiplex system gives in effect eight circuits or channels of communication on one wire. The successful use of the multiplex system depends on a heavy volume of traffic. Multiplex equipment is economical where the traffic is too heavy for a duplex circuit and where the mileage is so great that the cost of wire is greater than the cost of the multiplex (terminal) equipment. In a word, multiplex operation is adapted to main trunk lines but not to branch lines and trunk lines with light traffic. For this reason the Morse manual system continued in ex tensive use after the introduction of multiplex ciicuits. The final triumph of the printer telegraph over the Morse operator resulted from the development of apparatus usually known as the simplex system. . . , The term simplex is misleading, because simplex printers commonly use duplex circuits. The term is used, however, in contrast with multiplex, for the simplex printers do not divide the time on the wire. In this matter they resemble the Morse manual instruments, on the one hand, and, on the other hand, they are like the earliei unsuccessful printers in use before the adoption of the multiplex sys tem. Obviously, their use on ordinary duplex circuits means that https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 504 M O N TH LY L A B O R R E V IE W they compete with Morse manual operators in the one field in com mercial telegraphy remaining after the adoption of the multiplex system for trunk-line circuits. How may the recent successful operation of printer telegraphs on duplex circuits in competition with Morse be accounted for? (For it will be remembered that the prolonged efforts in this direction before the adoption of the multiplex system were unsuccessful.) There seems to have been no one outstanding change. Increasing control of conditions on the wire; the perfecting of the mechanism of the printer to such an extent as to make its operation and maintenance practicable in branch offices and customers’ offices with a minimum of supervision; reduced cost of printers and of their operation and maintenance—these are the more important changes contributing to the success of simplex apparatus. The perfecting of the wire plant and of the mechanism of the printer made possible the synchronizing of sending and receiving ends by means of the so-called start-stop ” method. There is a motor at each end of the wire, the two motors running at synchronized speeds. Signals or impulses for characters are made up, as in multiplex opera tion, by combinations or permutations of a 5-impulse code. But in simplex operation, in addition to the five character impulses representmg_ each letter or figure^ sent over the wire, there is a start impulse which releases the printing and transmitting mechanism and a stop impulse which arrests the motor at each end of the circuit. By this device, in contrast with the _synchronized distributor of multiplex printers, the sending and receiving parts of the apparatus are kept in synchronism. But since t impulses are required (5 character im pulses, 1 start impulse, and 1 stop impulse) for the printing of each character, simplex operation requires seven-fifths of the time on the wire that the multiplex requires, and, in addition, uses only duplex circuits. . Jf1 commercial telegraph offices multiplex printers generally use indirect transmission; that is, when a key on the keyboard is depressed it perforates a tape in code and the tape in turn is automatically fed through a transmitter. _ Simplex printers, in commercial telegraph offices, commonly use direct transmission—the depressing of the key sends the character impulse directly over the wure. With the perfecting of the printer telegraph and of the plant equipment to such an extent as to make possible the economical use of printers on duplex circuits between main offices and branch offices and between company offices and customers’ offices, the end of Morse manual operation for the handling of messages by the commercial telegraph companies was in sight. By means of speed and flexibility and low operating cost the printer telegraph has been able to prevail also m some specialized industries, such as that of the news associa tions, and to compete with varying degrees of success in all industries requiring telegraphic communication. Transition to Printer Telegraph I n f o r m a t i o n about the early stages of the transition to the printer telegraph is fragmentary. The slight extent of its use by 1907 is indicated by Table 1: https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 505 D IS P L A C E M E N T O F M O RSE O PER A TO R S T able 1.—M E T H O D S OF O PER A TIN G C O M M ERCIAL T E L E G R A PH SY STEM S, 1902 A N D 1907 » 1907 1902 Kinds of circuits Miles of circuit Machine or automatic— ------- --------------------------------Total -- ______________________ Miles of circuit Per cent of total Per cent of total 816, 593 185, 048 294, 910 10, 495 62.5 14.2 22.6 0.8 1, 047, 458 239, 278 266, 337 24,888 66.4 15. 2 16.9 1.6 1, 307, 046 100.0 1, 577, 961 100.0 i Data are from U . S. Bureau of the Census, Telegraph systems, 1907, p. 14. The table shows that in both years the wife mileage used for printer telegraphy (0.8 per cent of the total in 1902 and 1.6 in 1907) was much smaller than the per cent of traffic handled by the printers, for only the busier circuits or trunk lines could then be economically con verted to printer operation. It was not till the period of the World War that any considerable proportion of the industry was converted to printer operation. In 1914 the annual report of one of the principal companies mentioned a new development in “ what might be termed mechanical trans mission.” It was stated that “ there is now in daily use rapid trans mission apparatus which nearly, if not quite, quadruples the most effective yet devised, and is giving great results on the trunk lines where there is a concentrated business between large places.” Then followed a hazardous forecast belied by the event: “ There is nothing as yet, and not likely to be anything which will supersede the old key transmission of a settled business distributed to many places on a local line.” , , Changes made by the end of 1918, as shown by the same company s report for that year, were as follows: T able 2 .—M ET H O D S OF M ESSAGE H A N D L IN G U SE D B Y A L E A D IN G C O M PA N Y IN 1918 Per cent of business Mode of transmission jyjQj*g0 in «illual_____________________________ A »itnrnotie telPPTHTill ___________ Telephone __- -- ---------- Begin End of ning of year year 62.0 35.5 2.5 47.0 49.0 4.0 The decline in the proportion of business handled by Morse oper ators from 62 per cent at the beginning of 1918 to 47 per cent at the end of the year was not due entirely, it will be noted, to the use oi the printer or “ automatic” telegraph. The use of the telephone was increasing at a surprising rate, for before the perfecting of the simplex printer the telephone began to be used extensively for handling te egrams between branch offices and main offices, to take the place ol Morse manual transmission. . By the end of 1926, when simplex printers were being introduced, the program of one of the leading companies of converting its trunk https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 506 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW lines to multiplex operation had been virtually completed; by that time, 66 per cent of the traffic was reported as being handled by printers. Another prominent company experimented extensively with printer telegraphs, but adopted the multiplex printer somewhat later. Its annual report announced in 1923 that printer operation except on multiplex circuits, had proved to be uneconomical; that during 1922 its engineers had perfected a multiplex outfit suited to its needs; that the apparatus had been installed in the New York and Chicago offices; and that plans had been made for the rapid extension of multiplex operation. Conversion of the principal circuits to multi plex printer operation continued till 1928, when the program was merged with, and in a measure superseded by, the installing of simplex printers. The multiplex system, because of its relatively high cost in terminal equipment, is adapted only to lines between larger centers with con stant and heavy traffic, calling for a number of channels of communi cation. Until 1926 the shorter circuits and branch lines connecting with the trunk lines^ continued to be operated by the Morse manual method. I t was in its annual report for 1926 that one of the leading companies announced the successful use of the simplex printer on circuits to branch offices, intracity circuits, and drop circuits adapted to supplying more than one newspaper with the same news dispatches. In 1927 simplex printers were “ in successful operation in 25 important centers. ” In 1928 they were being installed not only in branch offices but also in customers’ offices. By this arrangement a customer was able to telegraph his message to the company’s office and have it relayed almost^ instantaneously to its destination. Bor economizing both office equipment and operating time there was introduced a socalled concentration unit. This is a selective device which chooses automatically an idle printer in the central office, for receiving a customer’s message or for sending a message to a customer. By 1931 about 90 per cent of the company’s commercial message handling was by printer (including simplex and multiplex). Beginning in 1927 another important company also carried out an extensive program of replacing Morse operators with simplex printer operators m branch offices and customers ’ offices. The traffic handled by its printers (both multiplex and simplex) increased by 1931 to more than 80 per cent of the total. Effects of Technological Changes on Number of Operators T h e effects of th e p rin te r telegraph (m ultiplex and sim plex) and of o th er changes on em ploym ent in functional offices are radically different from th eir effects m o th er offices. A functional telegraph ounce is a larger adm inistrative and operating center, w ith trunk-line circuits, ro u tin g facilities, repeaters, etc. Messages usually originate in branch offices; in other company offices which, because of size or location, are not classed as func tional; m customers’ offices equipped with telegraph or telephone circuits connected with company offices; and in railroad telegraph offices. 1 he purpose of the functional office is not to originate mes sages (though there is frequently no telegraphic handling of messages before they reach a functional office), but rather to transmit messages received from the various tributary sources. Local offices may trans https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis D IS PL A C E M E N T O F M O RSE O PER A TO R S 507 mit local messages without routing them through functional offices, but their main purpose is the securing or originating of business; they act as intermediaries between the public and the operating or transmitting personnel in functional offices. Messages originating outside of functional offices are transmitted to them in various ways: By local telegraph circuits (formerly Morse, now usually printer); by pneumatic tubes (from nearby branch offices where the traffic is heavy); by messenger; and by telephone. It is readily seen that in small offices, serving mainly as originators of business, the productivity of operators will vary indefinitely with several factors in addition to the mode of operation (Morse v. printer). Productivity, in terms of messages handled by telegraph, will depend especially on the number of messages received for transmission. Whether business is brisk or slow, someone must be on duty to serve such customers as may call for service. If an operator in a small office is expected to attend to office routine or to solicit business, his productivity as an operator, in terms of number of messages handled, will be proportionately low. In functional offices, on the other hand, there is a specialization of work which limits operators to the actual work of transmitting messages. Furthermore, there is ordinarily a sufficient volume of business to enable the management to reduce or to increase the num ber of operators in accordance with fluctuations in the volume of traffic. The productivity of operators and the effects of technolog ical changes on number of operators can therefore be measured in functional offices much more adequately than in other offices. Whenever the basic facts concerning units of output and units of labor are available, it is desirable to estimate the technological dis placement of labor by means of a comparison of changes in number of labor units on the one hand and in number of output units on the other hand. In the case of commercial message handling by the telegraph companies, this method, even in the case of functional offices, fails to give adequate results, because of lack of comparable data. The principal unit of output of the telegraph industry is the mes sage. But messages vary indefinitely in length and in the propor tionate numbers of longer and shorter kinds of messages. New kinds of messages have been introduced from time to time, as night letters, night messages, day letters, etc., and the relative numbers and aver age lengths of the various types interpose difficulties in the way of reducing them to a common denominator. Furthermore, as far as actual transmission over the wire is concerned, some messages are handled only once, while others are handled several times. A mes sage originating (for example) at the local office of the company in Alexandria, Va., and directed to someone at the Waldorf-Astoria Hotel in New York is handled six times: (1) Transmitted by the Alexandria operator; (2) received and (3) transmitted by the func tional office operators in Washington, D. C.; (4) received and (5) transmitted by the functional office operators in New York City ; and (6) received by the branch-office operator at the hotel, for delivery to the addressee. The number of handlings, as well as the average length, of messages is not continuously comparable over a period of years. This is due to the fact that the facilities afforded by circuits, by repeater stations https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 508 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW (formerly manual, now automatic), and by intermediate and terminal offices are constantly undergoing changes. These changes frequently result in economies in the routing of messages and reduction of the number of handlings. The principal telegraph companies are now “equating” their mes sages. An equated message consists of an arbitrary number of impulses sent over the wire by the operator. Two short messages of 20 words each would make approximately one and one-half equated messages. One longer message of 55 words would make approximately two equated messages. By noting changes in the number of equated message handlings, it is possible to measure the fluctuations in the volume of traffic and the efficiency of operating plant and personnel. Equated message hand lings are not a true measure of output. They are partly a measure of operating efficiency, especially in the economical routing and trans mission of the output. The ultimate unit of output is the character (letter or figure or space) sent by the operator over the wire. The word “ wire,” for instance, if included in a telegram, would require the sending of five separate characters—each of the four letters in the word and a space impulse for separating it from the word which follows. But the use of such a unit for general statistical purposes in correlation with units of labor is impossible for the obvious reason that there are no records of the number of character impulses transmitted. Turning now to the problem of units of labor, we find that for the entire industry there are no satisfactory records covering the period of transition to the printer telegraph. Even for functional offices the number of man-hours is not available in suitable form, nor indeed in any form except for certain offices. For a majority of functional offices, the total number of operators is available for the entire period of rapid transition, but inferences drawn from the use of the data would be decidedly inadequate. A complete statistical picture of the productivity of labor in terms of a comparison of changes in units of labor and units of output can not be drawn because of the incompleteness of the basic data now available. But fortunately there is an alternative mode of approach— a method based on the comparative efficiency of Morse manual, multiplex, and simplex operation. This method is applicable only to functional offices, but in these offices it reveals approximately the technological displacement of operators normally to be expected on the basis of technological improvements already is use. The efficiency of an operator as measured by the amount of traffic handled depends in part on the speed at which he sends or receives characters (letters, figures, etc.) over the wire while he is actually at work, and in part on the proportion of his time that is devoted to sending or receiving impulses over the wire. Quantity of output depends, that is to say, on either increasing the speed or reducing the idle time, or both. The printer telegraph outrivals the Morse manual method in both of these essential factors of productivity. The printer telegraph is geared at an automatically maintained speed. The gearing is adjustable; the usual speed is 60 equated words a minute, but on good multiplex circuits it is often higher. An equated word consists of an arbitrary but supposedly average number of letters or characters. The machine is geared to send impulses over https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis D IS P L A C E M E N T O F M O R SE O PER A TO R S 509 the wire at a fixed rate, and this rate, per minute, equals the number of characters, including spaces, contained in 60 words of averagelength. . * The speed of the Morse operator varies indefinitely. In commer cial telegraph offices it ranges around 25 words a minute.2 At the receiving end there must also be an operator, concentrating on the message, and transcribing it as it is ticked off by the “ sounder.” The speed, of course, is fixed by the capacity of the slower of the two operators. In the case of the printer telegraph, the operator (typist) must keep pace with the automatically geared machine, and if she is unable to do so, she merely gives place to another. But her ability to maintain such a speed is facilitated by the fact that she can alternate in the work of sending and receiving. Reception relieves the tension of rapid, monotonous pounding of a geared keyboard, because it con sists merely of taking the automatically typed message from the ma chine and preparing it for the belt conveyor or in other ways facili tating its ultimate delivery. The pasting of the printed tape to mes sage blanks may be monotonous, but at least it affords a change. There is necessarily much loss of time in both Morse and printer operation, and only during peak-load periods do the potential speeds find full expression in actual messages handled. But the loss of time from actual transmission or reception is likely to be greater by Morse than by printer operators. If either the sending or the receiving Morse operator is interrupted both will remain idle; while reception by printer is automatic. Transmission by perforated tape (the usual method on multiplex circuits) makes possible the accumulation of a reserve of typed copy (in the form of perforations on the tape), and if the operator (typist) is interrupted, the tape transmission continues automatically a t the speed fixed by the gearing. A number of other factors tend to reduce the idle time of printer operators as compared with Morse operators. The most importantof these is probably the wire-concentration unit or concentrator. This is a device not yet perfected but neverthelesss in extensive use in functional offices, for handling, by simplex operators, the business that originates or terminates in branch offices and customers offices equipped with simplex printers. By an automatic signal system, idle operators are chosen in such a sequence as to keep a minimum number of operators busy. If business falls off, some of the operators are automatically rendered idle and are transferred to a reserve force or to another wire-concentration unit where traffic is increasing. In one of these units, a 200-wire concentrator, to cite an example, 200 circuits from customers’ offices or branch offices are handled by 29 simplex printers, manned by a varying number of operators. There are several advantages—a reduction of the number of printers ; a say ing of floor space; a speeding up of service; and finally, elasticity in the number of operators. Adjustment of the number of operators to the volume of traffic means that there is relatively little idle time and therefore a relatively high productivity as measured by message hand lings. In the case of multiplex operators, this automatic adjustment is not so essential, for multiplex operators handle trunk-line traffic a For a discussion of the subject, see the article on the telegraph by Newcomb Carlton in the new edition of the Encyclopedia Britannica. 103146°—32----- 2 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 510 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW and there is usually on the trunk lines a volume of business large enough to make relatively simple the adjustment of the operating staff to traffic requirements. The effects of these various factors appear in Table 3, which is based on the comparative productivity of the three types of operation (Morse manual, multiplex, and simplex). T able 3 . —E FF E C T S OP IN T R O D U C T IO N OP P R IN T E R T E L E G R A P H ON E M P L O Y M E N T O P PO R T U N IT IE S FO R OPERATORS [Estimated on basis of comparative productivity of different types of operators in a majority of functional offices in 1931] Operators Types of operation Morse manual ___ M ultiplex_____ Simplex_______ Total__________ Number of Loss of employ ment opportuni Relative Morse Per cent produc ties for operators manual of busi tivity operators ness (Morse necessary handled m anual= to handle E sti 100) 99 per cent mated Per cent of business number Number Per cent of total 1,792 4,177 2,491 21.2 49.4 29.4 10.5 62.3 26.2 8, 460 100.0 1 99. 0 100 255 180 1,792 10,651 4,483 6, 474 1,992 60.8 44.4 16,926 8,466 50.0 1 1 per cent of the business was handled by telephone. . From Table 3 it appears that the productivity of Mnrse operators in comparison with multiplex operators is in the ratio of 100 to 255; and of Morse to simplex operators, in the ratio of 100 to 180. The number of Morse operators necessary for handling the total functionaloffice traffic would be about twice the total number of operators in service in 1931. The technological displacement (loss of employ ment opportunities) was therefore about 50 per cent. . The conclusions embodied in Table 3 are subject to certain qualifica tions. In the first place, the figures do not include the functional offices of companies which have most recently introduced simplex printers. But the functional offices included in. the table employ about 75 per cent of all functional-office operators, and handle a larger per cent of functional-office traffic^ It is probable that the working out of the new system in all functional offices means not less than 10,000 fewer employment opportunities than would be available under complete Morse operation, in the functional offices only of the commercial telegraph companies. In the second place, the per cent of technological displacement may be expected to rise as the proportion of traffic handled by printer operators increases, and as the number of simplex operators becomes more readily adaptable to changes in the volume of traffic. Increas ing elasticity of the labor force may be expected to result from the progressive solution of the problems of transition to the new system, and especially from the perfecting of the wire concentration unit previously described. A possible criticism of Table 3 is the fact that Morse operators of to-day have specialized work to do. If they handled the entire traffic to-day, would their efficiency in terms of average output per operator be comparable to what it actually is with specialized work rather than general traffic? https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis DISPLACEMENT OF MORSE OPERATORS 511 This question raises in turn another: What was the efficiency of Morse operators in terms of average output per operator before the introduction of the printer, when they handled the entire traffic? Fortunately, records are available of the number of operators on duty and the number of messages actually sent and received in 22 principal cities during April of the years 1907 and 1908. These records show that the average number of messages sent and received per day per operator in 1907 was 132.8 (16.6 per hour on an 8-hour basis); and the number in April, 1908, was 140.3 (17.5 per hour on an 8-hour b&sis) ^ These hourly rates afford a significant contrast with the record of Morse operators at the present time in similar offices. During August, 1931 (a period of depression adverse to high productivity), Morse operators in a majority of functional offices handled an average of 24 3 equated messages per hour. It is possible that the equated message of August, 1931, was shorter than the average unequated message of April, 1907 and 1908, but that there was any considerable difference is quite unlikely. , ,_ J ,, , The excellent average showirg made by Morse operators of to-day, in functional offices, in comparison with those of the era before the printer, is due largely to the fact that present-day Morse operators have high-grade circuits for use in handling specialized work requiring speed and flexibility, such as certain market quotations, ^brokerage work, and sporting news. Old Morse operators are sometimes heard to boast of the large number of messages they handled in the heyday of Morse telegraphy. The number of messages which telegraphers were inclined to regard as a fair day’s work was about 250. But under the stimulus of the bonus system, experts were able, on good circuits and under favorable conditions, to handle an average of 60 messages an hour. On the other hand, the speeding up not infrequently resulted in breakdowns, or in the partial paralysis known as glass arm.” Partly attributable to excessive speedy no doubt, were also the traditional restlessness and roving disposition of Morse telegra phers. Their output, attributed to themselves m reminiscent moods, is undoubtedly exceptional rather than characteristic. . On June 30, 1931, the total number of operators in functional tele graph offices was 11,524; and in other company offices, 5,533; total, 17 057 If all of the operators in offices not classed as functional had been Morse operators, how many operators would have been required. As has already been stated,4 the conditions prevailing m these offices which are primarily feeders for the functional offices, prevent a lul utilization of the possibilities of the printer telegraph for increasing the output of operators. When there are no messages to be handled, the greater speed of the printer is of no avail. The operating staff (often limited to a single operator) may be utilized for office routine and for soliciting business. The printer, by expediting the handling of such messages as are filed, may^ increase the productivity ot the operator by making possible more time for duties other than message handling; and in offices where the volume of traffic is relatively large, printer operation reduces the number of operators or makes unneces sary an expansion which would have been required under Morse a Based on data in S. Doc. 725 (60th Cong., 2d sess.): Investigation of the Western Union and Postal Telegraph-Cable Cos., pp. 68, 282, 283, https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 512 M O N TH LY LA B O R R E V IE W operation. ^ Statistical measurement is impossible, but in comparison with the effects in functional offices, increased productivity and tech nological displacement in the nonfunctional offices are small. Technological Displacement in Relation to Skill, Training, and Sex T h e effects of change to printer operation are by no means limited to a reduction _of the number of operators otherwise necessary. Technological displacement includes, in this case, not only a decline in number of opportunities for employment but other changes of considerable social importance: (1) The passing of a historic type or class (the Morse telegrapher); (2) the elimination of a long-established technique requiring highly specialized skill and training; and (3) the supplanting of men by women. Table 4 indicates the displacement of Morse operators since 1915 in those offices for which classified figures are available. Table 4 .—D IS P L A C E M E N T OF M ORSE O PERATORS B Y P R IN T E R O PERATORS IN A M AJORITY OP T E L E G R A PH OFFICES, 1915 TO 1931 Functional offices Morse operators Printer operators AverPer age num- cent ber Average Per num- cent ber 4,815 4, 275 4,259 3, 019 1, 793 1, 231 4,949 4, 374 6,478 6, 670 Year 1915_____________ 1921_____________ 1925_____________ 1929_____________ 1931_____________ Other company offices 79.6 46.3 49.3 31,8 21.2 Morse operators Average number Per cent 20.4 53.7 50. 7 1 2, 972 68. 2 1, 417 78.8 (2) 98.2 37.1 Printer operators Total Morse operators Printer operators Average Per num- cent ber Average number Per cent Average Per num- cent ber 153 2,402 2 3,125 1.8 62.9 100.0 7,231 4,436 1, 793 63. 1 4,227 33. 3 8, 880 15. 5 9; 795 36. 9 66. 7 84. 5 1 Average number, first quarter of 1926. 2 The number of Morse operators is now negligible and no separate classification is maintained. The transition may be said to have begun about a decade and a half ago. ^ Although 20.4 per cent of operators in the functional offices included in Table 4 were already printer operators in 1915, most of the printer telegraphs then in use had been recently installed. Until the perfecting of the simplex printer after 1925, the number of Morse operators, even in functional offices equipped with multiplex printers, remained almost 50 per cent of the total number; while up to that date printer operators were confined to functional offices. The tran sition to printer operation in functional offices was so gradual as to create no very serious problem of displacement. But after 1925, the decline of Morse telegraphy was so rapid that, in the offices included in the table, Morse telegraphers declined in number from 7,231 to 1,793 and in proportion from 63.1 to 15.5 per cent. For the offices not included in Table 4, information relating to earlier years is not available. In general, these offices adopted the printer system later, and indeed, in 1931, were still undergoing transition, in consequence of which the number of operators was abnormally large. At the end of June, 1931, in all of the commercial telegraph offices of the major companies, there were 3,678 Morse manual operators, or 21.5 per cent of the total; 5,127 multiplex printer operators, 30.1 per cent; and 8,249 simplex printer operators, 48.4 per cent. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 513 DISPLACEMENT OF MORSE OPERATORS Many of the Morse operators now in service may be retained till natural turnover (resignation, retirement, or death) removes them. But the virtual abandonment of the Morse system, not only in com mercial telegraph offices but also in most of the other fields in which it has long been used, is nearly everywhere taken for granted. While Morse telegraphers have been confronting a rapid declme m the demand for their services in commercial telegraph offices, they have also encountered a decrease of opportunities for transfer to re lated fields (as railroad telegraphy). At the same time, they have met several obstacles in the way of their becoming operators of printer telegraphs. The principal obstacle has been the rivalry of young girls expertly trained in the handling of the typewriter; for the printer telegraph, as has been explained, is a typewriter adapted to the settmg up of the electrical contacts required for the transmission of characters over the telegraphic circuit. Younger Morse operators, especially girls, found no difficulty in shifting from the Morse to the printer system. But many found the change impossible and many others were perhaps not unnaturally hindered by reluctance to exchange a higher for a lower status. . A survey by the Bureau of the Census in 1902 recorded a total of 13 093 telegraph operators connected with commercial telegraph systems. Of these, only 2,914, or 22.3 per cent, were females. The average wage of female operators was 36.3 per cent less than the average wage of male operators.5 . . The first distinctive trend toward the substitution of_ women for men seems to have been a result of the disturbed conditions of 190/ and 1908. Industrial depression, strikes, and the automatic tele graph combined to reduce the total number of operators, and to increase materially the comparative number of female operators in these offices. T able 5.—PR O PO R T IO N OP M A LE A N D F E M A L E T E L E G R A PH O PERATORS IN COMM ER O IA L T E L E G R A PH OFFICES OF 26 P R IN C IP A L CITIES, 1907 A N D 19081 Morse manual __________________ _________________ Females Males Year 1907 1Q08 Total Females Males 4,144 2,927 M a Morse chine manual 21 32 859 884 Ma chine N um ber 52 117 4,165 2,959 Per cent 82.1 74. 7 N um ber 911 1,001 Per cent 17.9 25. 3 i Based on data in S. Doc. 725 (60th Cong., 2d sess.): Investigation of Western Union and Postal Tele graph-Cable Cos., pp. 282, 283. Table 5, although based on limited data, indicates the trend toward female operators. The per cent in 1907 was only 17.9, while in 1908 it was 25.3. # For a majority of functional offices, the trend toward the substi tution of women for men is shown in Table 6. s U . S. Bureau of the Census. Telephones and telegraphs, 1902, p. 102. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 514 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW T able 6.—SH IFT FR OM M A LE TO FE M A L E T E L E G R A PH OPERATORS IN A M A JO R ITY OF F U N C T IO N A L T E L E G R A PH OFFICES, 1915 TO 1931 Morse manual operators Total Num- Per Num- Per ber cent ber cent 1915___ 1921___ 1925___ 1929___ 1931___ 4,189 3,310 3, 441 2,426 1,485 87 77 81 80 83 626 965 818 593 308 13 23 19 20 17 Male Female Male Female Male Year Total Operators of printer equipment Total Num- Per Num- Per ber cent ber cent 317 4.815 4,275 630 4, 259 756 3,019 1, 113 1,793 1, 524 26 13 17 17 23 914 4,319 3, 618 5, 365 5, 146 74 87 83 83 77 1,231 4,949 4,374 6,478 6,670 Female T otal Num- Per Num- Per ber cent ber cent 4, 506 3, 940 4, 197 3,539 3,009 75 43 49 37 36 1, 540 5, 284 4, 436 5, 958 5,454 6,046 9,224 8,633 9,497 8,463 25 57 51 63 64 I t will be seen from Table 6 that there has been a slight decline in the proportion of males, even among Morse operators. The per cent of male Morse operators in 1915 was 87; in 1931, 83. The recent increase in the proportion of male printer operators from 17 per cent of the total in 1929 to 23 per cent in 1931 is probably due to the general installation of simplex printers, combined with the feeling on the part of Morse operators that transfer to printer positions is neces sary in order to avoid unemployment. The total displacement of men by women in these offices since 1915 is shown under the last heading above as a decline from 75 per cent in 1915 to 36 per cent in 1931. In regard to those functional offices which have most recently changed to printer operation, and in regard to all offices not classed as functional, there are no available records covering the earlier years of transition to the new system. But for 1931, Table 7 exhibits the comparative numbers of male and female operators, by classes, in all offices of the principal commercial telegraph companies. T able 7.—R E LA T IV E N U M B E R S OF M A LE A N D F E M A L E T E L E G R A PH OPERATORS IN A LL O FFICES OF P R IN C IP A L C O M M ER C IA L T E L E G R A PH C O M PA N IE S, 1931 Class Morse manual operators___________________________ M ultiplex printer operators________________________ Simplex printer operators____ _____________________ Total ........................................................................... M ale operators Female opera tors Aver age num ber Aver age num ber Per cent Per cent Total Aver age num ber Per cent 3,087 841 2,756 83.9 16.4 33.4 591 4,286 5, 493 16.1 83.6 66.6 3, 678 5,127 8,249 21.5 30.1 48.4 6,684 39.2 10,370 60.8 17.054 100.0 Among Morse operators, men still predominate, numbering 3,087 in 1931, or 83.9 per cent. The proportion of Morse operators (21.5 per cent of the total in 1931) is probably destined to a further decline. In many offices, the transition to printer was still under way in 1931. Among multiplex operators (a total of 5,127, forming 30.1 per cent of all operators in the offices of the principal companies) women pre dominated in virtually the same ratio as did men among Morse operators (4,286, or 83.6 per cent). The number of simplex opera tors was 8,249, or 48.4 per cent of the total. Of these, almost exactly a third (2,756) were men. The relatively rapid change from the https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis DISPLACEMENT OF MORSE OPERATORS 515 Morse system to the simplex printer on local circuits created, for the Morse operators who had handled these circuits, a grave problem aggravated by industrial depression and the decline of Morse teleg raphy in other fields, especially on railroads. In attempting to meet the problem of the displacement of skilled Morse operators, a leading telegraph company has facilitated trans fers to printer positions by maintaining temporary training schools. The company’s policy is officially described as follows: All Morse employees having any aptitude were given an opportunity to become testing and regulating attendants, for which job a knowledge of Morse is essen tial. Other Morse operators were given an opportunity to learn the simplex method of operation. In both instances the instruction in the new duties was given on company’s time. As a rule, Morse operators do not make as good simplex operators as do younger people directly trained for that service. Never theless, such Morse operators are retained at their old ratings even though younger and better employees could be secured at the lower rating prevalent for simplex operators. At the end of July, 1931, the results of the company’s policy were indicated by the fact that in the case of simplex operators in func tional offices, more than half of the male operators (58.8 per cent) and a considerable proportion of female operators (17.3 per cent) had been Morse telegraphers. Of the total number of simplex operators in functional offices (2,491), 31.2 per cent had been Morse operators. In addition to the printer telegraphs in company offices, there are many thousands of instruments in customers’ offices, connected by their own leased-wire circuits with the offices of the telegraph com panies. There are also thousands of instruments in the offices of large organizations, using leased-wire circuits not connected directly with telegraph company offices but forming a part of the wire system of the telephone companies. A recent innovation enables those who have printer telegraphs to communicate directly with each other without having their messages transmitted for them by operators in the offices of the telegraph companies. In principle, the new meth od is similar to that of the telephone. A telephone company, in stead of transmitting a telephone message, merely furnishes facilities by which any two subscribers transmit their own messages—that is, carry on a conversation. Similarly, the new telegraph system en ables subscribers to do their own telegraphing. The new arrangements were made effective late in 1931 by the telegraph companies for customers having printer circuits connected with their offices, and by the telephone companies for their patrons with leased-wire printer circuits. There are two methods. One is an automatic tape-perforating device for transferring customers’ mes sages from one circuit to another. The other method is a switch board resembling in function the telephone switchboard. That is, its function is to establish a circuit between any two subscribers, so that they may communicate directly with each other simply by the typing of messages on the teletypes in their own offices. Remarkable and rapid as have been the recent changes in employ ment conditions in the communications industries, there seems little hazard in prophesying further important changes in the numbers and status of commercial telegraphers. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 516 M O N TH LY LA BO R R E V IE W F lu c t u a t io n o f E m p lo y m e n t in O h io in 1930, a n d C o m p a r iso n s W ith P r e v io u s Y ears By F r e d e r i c k E. C r o x t o n , C o l u m b ia U n i v e r s i t y , a n d F r e d C. C r o x t o n , C o l u m b u s , O h io LUCTUATION of employment during 1930 of wage earners, clerical employees, and salespeople (not traveling) is shown for 44,307 establishments in Ohio in this report. Comparison is also made with the previous six years. A report1 of the United States Bureau of Labor Statistics which is now in press will make available data for the period from January, 1914. The month of highest employment in 1930 as reported by the 44,307 establishments in manufactures, service, wholesale and retail trade, transportation and public utilities, construction, mining and quarry ing, agriculture, and fisheries was May, when a total of 1,225,478 per sons was reported. The month of lowest employment as reported by these establishments was December, when a total of 1,066,310 was reported. The variation from the high point of employment for both sexes combined was 159,168, or 13 per cent. The difference between employees reported for 1930 and 1929 affords some approximation of the effect of the depression. Reports for 1930 were secured from 1,126, or 2.6 per cent, more establishments than in 1929. Practically all of these additional establishments were prob ably small concerns and even with employment conditions unchanged the increase in number of persons employed would not be in propor tion to the increase in number of establishments. As a matter of fact, even with the increase from 43,181 to 44,307 in number of establish ments reporting, the maximum number of persons employed dropped from 1,356,004 to 1,225,478, the minimum number dropped from 1,230,724 to 1,066,310, and the average number from 1,306,622 to 1,161,860. This was a decrease of 130,526, or 9.6 per cent, in the maximum, a decrease of 164,414, or 13.4 per cent in the minimum and a decrease of 144,762, or 11.1 per cent, in the average number of persons reported employed. Males reported employed in 1930 by 44,307 establishments com pared with 43,181 establishments in 1929, show a decrease of 115,343, or 10.9 per cent, in the maximum number, a decrease of 132,065, or 14.3 per cent, in the minimum number, and 122,211, or 12.2 per cent in the average number. Females reported employed in 44,307 estab lishments m 1930 compared with 43,181 establishments in 1929, show a decrease of 24,938, or 8 per cent, in the maximum number, a de crease of 16,003 or 5.6 per cent, in the minimum number, and a decrease of 22,551, or 7.5 per cent, in the average number. 1 he total wage and salary payments (including superintendents and managers) reported by the 44,307 establishments in 1930 compared with the reports from 43,181 establishments in 1929 show a decrease of $320,017,175, or 15.5 per cent. F Sources and Scope of Study T h e reports for the several years have been compiled from two series of leports collected and tabulated by the Division of Labor Statistics of the Department of Industrial Relations of Ohio. One of the two 1 U. S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. Bui, No. 553: Fluctuation in Employment in Ohio, 1914 to 1929. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 517 FLUCTUATION OF EMPLOYMENT IN OHIO IN 1930 series gives statistics of mines and quarries and the other statistics of all other industries in the State except interstate transportation and governmental employment. The statistical data for these reports were furnished annually by employers of the State as required by law. The reports as compiled by the Ohio Division of Labor Statistics show the data by indus tries for the State as a whole and also for each of the more populous counties. It is believed that this detailed information affords the most com prehensive and detailed data available in this country relating to changing employment or so-called fluctuation of employment for a long series of years. In each of the years the establishments are identical throughout the year and the facilities for securing reports from all establishments, as explained in a previous report,2 are un usually favorable. The number of establishments reporting has in creased each year but the added establishments are generally those employing comparatively few persons. The industries covered and the number of establishments reporting are shown in Table 1. The number of establishments reporting in creased in 1930 over 1929 a total of 1,126. The principal increases were 906 in service and 498 in trade. In construction there was a decrease of 511. T able 1 .—N U M B E R OF OHIO E ST A B L ISH M E N T S R E PO R T IN G FL U C T U A T IO N OF E M PL O Y M E N T , 1924 TO 1930 Number of establishments reporting each year Industry group \ criml tnre _______ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Construction __ _____ - — Fisheries __ __ ______ - -- _____________________ Marm fantiires Mining and quarrying: Coal mining ______________________ Fire-clay mining __ -- - ___________ Gypsum mining ____________ ____ Tdmestone quarrying__ _ ________ Sandstone quarrying ___ __ _______ Service _ _ _ ______ ____— Tirade wholesale and retail ___________ Transportation and public utilities __ ______ Industry net otherwise classified___________ Total 1929 1930 1924 1925 1926 1927 .1928 732 7,364 25 9,125 910 8,407 23 9,502 1,052 9,145 22 9,704 1,199 9, 724 21 9,880 1,329 9, 942 20 9, 937 1,444 10,183 21 10,035 1,639 9, 672 22 10, Oil 889 1,000 108 108 3 3 119 116 43 49 4, 233 i 5, 971 7, 689 i 7, 277 1, 353 1,271 23 25 879 110 3 119 44 6, 761 7, 867 1,453 22 858 105 3 114 46 7, 598 8, 526 1, 561 21 714 112 3 122 42 8,210 8,916 1,625 20 679 108 3 121 33 9, 335 9, 524 1,674 21 674 107 3 123 30 10, 241 10, 022 1, 741 22 34,628 37,181 39, 656 40, 992 43,181 44, 307 ________________________ 31, 740 i A considerable part of the increase in number of establishments in service and of the decrease m trade, as compared with the previous year, is due to change of classification of “ offices’ from trade to service. This change of course also affects the number of employees. The returns received do not give a complete picture for the industry group “ agriculture” and for the subgroup “ domestic service” under the industry group “ service,” as comparatively few farms or domestic establishments in Ohio employ as many as three persons and reports are not sought, although a few are received, from concerns employing fewer than three workers. The lists of the division of labor statistics are carefully checked with those of the industrial commission, which administers the workmen’s compensation law. Employers of fewer 2 Labor Review, April, 1930, pp. 31-62. Also see U . S. Bureau of Labor Statistics Bui. No. 553: Fluctua tion in Employment in Ohio, 1814 to 1929, https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 518 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW than three workers may carry insurance but are not compelled to do so. Household or domestic service does not come within the requirements of the insurance law but employers of such service, regardless of the number of persons employed, may avail themselves of the provisions of that law. The Monthly Labor Keview for April, 1930 (p. 33), contains a discussion relative to the approximate completeness of the materials collected for the Ohio statistical reports. For each of the seven years, 1924 to 1930, Table 2 shows the maxi mum, minimum, and average number of employees for whom in formation was secured. T a b l e 2.—N U M B E R OF E M P L O Y EE S C O V ERED B Y R E PO R TS TO T H E D IV ISIO N OF LABOR STA TISTIC S, D E P A R T M E N T OF IN D U S T R IA L R E LA T IO NS OF OHIO, 1924 TO 1930 ’ Item 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 891,731 833,115 857,062 945, 843 847, 398 907,167 990, 383 898,011 946, 740 953, 784 869,457 921, 753 993, 705 1, 054,154 843,462 921,442 939,567 1, 004, 283 938, 811 789,377 882, 072 248,713 230,147 238,426 266,861 239, 065 250, 612 279, 275 253, 728 264, 106 284, 664 260,958 272,395 301, 222 261, 946 278, 974 288,478 271, 218 279, 788 1929 1930 M ales Maximum month _______ _ Minimum month_________ Average of 12 monthly reports.. Females M aximum month ______ . Minimum m o n th ____________ Average of 12 monthly reports.. 313,416 287, 221 302, 339 Both sexes Maximum month ___________ 1,134,424 1, 206,246 1, 259,325 1,225,049 1, 282, 584 1, 356, 004 1,225, 478 Minimum month. __ . . . _____ 1, 063, 262 1,086,463 1,151, 739 1,152,874 1,105, 408 1, 230, 724 1, 066, 310 Average of 12 monthly reports.. 1, 095, 488 1, 157, 779 1, 210, 846 1,194,148 1, 218, 541 1, 306, 622 1,161, 860 The amount reported paid in wages and salaries in 1930 by 44,307 establishments and in 1929 by 43,181 establishments is shown in Table 3. The decrease in amount paid, even with the increase in number of establishments reporting, was $320,017,175, or 15.5 per cent. The clerical group (bookkeepers, stenographers, and office clerks) shows an increase in amount paid of $9,611,892, or 3.4 per cent, which is probably due to the fact that the increase in establish ments, as noted on a previous page, occurred very largely in the two industry groups, service and trade, with percentages of increase of 9.7 and 5.2 per cent, respectively. Information concerning superin tendents and managers is not included in other tables of this report. T a b le 3 .—W AGE A N D SALARY PA Y M E N T S IN OHIO E ST A B L ISH M E N T S, 1929 A N D 1930, B Y G E N E R A L O C C UPATION GROUPS General occupation group 1929 (43,181 estab lishments) Wage earners_____________ _ Bookkeepers, stenographers, and office clerks Sales people (not traveling). ___ Superintendents and managers___________ $1,523, 848,976 282, 709, 980 119,084,364 134, 705, 187 $1,220, 699,988 292, 321,872 88, 972,655 138,336, 817 2, 060, 348, 507 1, 740, 331,332 T otal. ___________ https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 1930 (44,307 estab lishments) F L U C T U A T IO N O F E M PL O Y M E N T IN O H IO IN 1930 519 Fluctuation of Employment, by Industries T a b l e 4 shows for each industry group the number of persons re ported employed on the 15tli of each month of 1930. As before stated, the figures for agriculture do not give a complete picture of that industry. T able 4 .—N U M B E R E M P L O Y E D IN OHIO E ST A B L ISH M E N T S ON T H E 15TH OF EA CH M O N T H IN 1930, B Y S E X A N D IN D U ST R Y GR O U P ______________ _ Sex and month All indus Agri cul tries ture Trans Indus Trade, porta tries Mining not Con Fish M anu tion whole and other struc eries factures quarry Service sale and and wise tion retail public classi ing utilities fied M ales Jan u ary_______ February_______ M arch_________ April ______ M ay ______ June ____ July August _______ S e p te m b e r .-__ October ______ November____ D e ce m b er .------- 894, 063 895, 346 902, 083 932, 039 938, 811 922, 061 897, 592 879, 302 868, 427 850, 779 814, 983 789, 377 6,132 6,196 7,209 8, 337 8, 975 9, 048 9, 876 8, 613 8, 756 8, 769 7,284 6, 358 52, 953 52, 797 57, 695 69, 584 78, 723 79, 754 82, 068 79,513 75, 250 70, 411 59, 948 47, 724 281, 826 282, 857 285' 270 288| 478 286, 667 2841 848 274, 200 272, 682 277' 224 275, 259 271, 218 276| 933 814 847 954 1,147 1, 207 1,197 1, 242 1, 002 1,093 1,072 892 843 2,385 2, 377 2, 408 2,453 2, 480 2,485 2, 443 2, 424 2, 389 2, 386 2,342 2,297 1,175, 889 1,178, 203 1,187, 353 1, 220, 517 1, 225, 478 1, 206, 909 1, 171, 792 1,151, 984 1,145, 651 1,126, 038 1, 086, 201 1, 066, 310 6, 946 7,043 8,163 9, 484 10, 182 10, 245 11,118 9,615 9, 849 9, 841 8, 176 7,201 55, 338 55,174 60, 103 72, 037 81, 203 82, 239 84, 511 81,937 77, 639 72, 797 62, 290 50,021 212 214 304 318 386 352 281 287 320 329 325 212 573,651 576,043 574,979 585, 431 580, 380 561, 721 536, 915 523, 644 516, 187 505, 481 486, 934 478, 273 27,900 27, 996 27, 779 27, 615 27,115 27, 236 27,014 27, 503 28, 169 29, 208 28, 874 28, 307 84,970 85, 093 86, 588 90,178 91, 072 91, 542 89, 861 89,188 89, 355 87, 280 85, 560 83, 405 84, 775 84, 373 85,026 86, 313 86,177 86,026 84, 617 83, 660 84, 049 84, 505 84, 076 85, 697 63,454 62, 618 62, 487 64,246 65, 965 66, 364 66, 943 66, 877 66, 324 64, 778 61,963 59, 382 16 16 16 17 18 18 17 17 17 18 19 19 135, 242 136,514 136, 897 136, 507 135, 557 134,117 128, 084 128, 874 131, 696 129,160 124, 442 121, 406 121 121 121 121 121 121 121 121 121 121 121 121 66, 701 66,827 67, 373 68,086 68, 845 69, 000 67, 518 66, 8 „ 67, 290 66, 641 65, 716 65, 242 55, 586 55, 312 56, 810 59, 680 57,677 57,062 54,182 53,184 55,102 56, 560 58, 689 68, 288 20, 965 20,847 20, 695 20, 470 20, 765 20, 853 20, 597 20, 254 19, 519 19, 305 19, 003 18,725 12 12 12 14 15 13 13 13 14 14 13 11 28, 021 151, 671 28,117 151, 920 27, 900 153, 961 27, 736 158, 264 27, 236 159, 917 27, 357 160, 542 27, 135 157, 379 27, 624 155, 998 28, 290 156, 645 29, 329 153, 921 28, 995 151,276 28, 428 148, 647 140, 361 139, 685 141, 836 145, 993 143, 854 143, 088 138, 799 136,844 139,151 141,065 142, 765 153,985 84, 419 83, 465 83,182 84, 716 86, 730 87, 217 87, 540 87,131 85, 843 84, 083 80, 966 78,107 28 28 28 31 33 31 30 30 31 32 32 30 Females January February March A pril M ay June July Angust September Oetnber November D ppernher Both sexes January............. . February___ ___ M arch__ _____ A p r il___ . . . M ay ___ ___ - June _____ July _____ August September _ _ October.. November - - December______ 212 214 304 318 386 352 281 287 320 329 325 212 708, 893 712,557 711, 876 721, 938 715, 937 695, 838 664, 999 652, 518 647, 883 634, 641 611, 376 599, 679 The month of maximum and the month of minimum employment and also the variation in number employed are shown for each industry group in Table 5. . . In the industry groups numerically important, the greatest variation for both sexes combined occurred in construction with 40.8 per cent and the second greatest in manufactures with 16.9 per cent. Charts 1 to 4 show in graphic form the course of_ employment of males and of females in all industries combined and in manufactures each year from 1914 to 1930. The line is broken at the end of each year as the number of establishments3 is not the same from year to year. Within each year, however, the establishments are identical throughout the 12 months. 3 For number of establishments in earlier years of the period, see U . S. Bureau of Labor Statistics Bui. 563: Fluctuation of Employm ent in Ohio, 1914 to 1929, Table 1. Digitized forNo. FRASER https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 520 M O N T H L Y L A B O R R E V IE W Table 5 .—M A X IM U M A N D M IN IM U M E M P L O Y M E N T I N 1930 I N E A C H IN D U S T R Y GROUP I N OHIO, B Y SE X Maximum Minimum Variation from maximum Sex and industry group Number M onth Number Month N um ber Per cent M ales All industries___________________ 938,811 December.. 149, 434 15.9 Agriculture_____________________ Construction____________________ Fisheries________________________ Manufactures___________________ Mining and quarrying___________ Service_________________________ Trade, wholesale and retail_______ Transportation and public utilities. 9, 876 July--------82, 068 ------do____ 386 M ay............ 585, 431 April_____ 29, 208 October___ 91, 542 J u n e .......... 86,313 April_____ 66, 943 July______ 6,132 January . . . 3,744 47, 724 December . 34, 344 f January___ 212 174 (.December.. ] 478, 273 ____do_____ 107, 158 27, 014 July............. 2, 194 83, 405 December.. 8,137 83, 660 August___ 2,653 59,382 December.. 7,561 37.9 41.8 45.1 18.3 7. 5 8. 9 3. 1 11.3 288, 478 April_____ 271, 218 Novem ber. 17, 260 6.0 1,242 2,485 J u ly ........ . June______ 814 2,297 January___ December.. 428 188 34. 5 7.6 136,897” (>) 69, 000 68, 288 20, 965 March____ June______ December.. January___ 121, 406 (>) 65, 242 53,184 18, 725 December.. (i)________ December.. August___ December.. 15,491 (') 3, 758 15,104 2,240 11.3 (0 5.4 22.1 10.7 M ay______ 789, 377 Females All industries___________________ A griculture-............................ ....... Construction______ _____________ Fisheries_____________________ Manufactures_______________ Mining and quarrying_______ ____ Service_________________________ Trade, wholesale and retail _ " Transportation and public utilities. 0 ) _________ Both sexes All industries____________________ Agriculture_____________________ Construction__________________ ’ ’ Fisheries________________________ Manufactures___________________ Mining and quarrying___________ Service________________________’ Trade, wholesale and retail. Transportation and public utilities. 1, 225,478 M ay______ 1, 066, 310 ------ do.......... 159,168 11,118 July--------84, 511 ----- do____ 386 M ay............ 721, 938 April_____ 29, 329 October___ 160, 542 J u n e . .. .. .. 153, 985 December 87, 540 July______ 13.0 6,946 January___ 4,172 50, 021 December. 34, 490 212 ( January___ j 174 (.December 599, 679 ------do 122,259 27,135 J uly ___ 2,194 148, 647 December.. 11,895 136, 844 August 17,141 78,107 December.. 9,433 37.5 40.8 45.1 16.9 7. 5 7.4 11. 1 10.8 1 i All ‘ ‘office help” and fluctuation not reported. Chart l. F luctuation of employment of males in all industries in Ohio , 1914-1930 Manufactures includes more than three-fifths of the males and approximately one-half of the females covered in this report. The percentage of males in the manufactures group was 64.8 in 1928 65.1 m 1929, and 61.4 in 1930 and of females 50.4 in 1928, 50.5 in 1929 and 47.0 in 1930. ’ https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis F L U C T U A T IO N O F E M PL O Y M E N T IN OH IO IN Chart 2.—F luctuation of employment of females in all industries in 1930 521 Ohio, 1914-1930 Chart 3.—F luctuation of employment of males in manufacturing industries in Ohio, 1914-1930 Chart 4.—F luctuation of employment of females in manufacturing industriesin Ohio, 1914-193 0 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 522 M O N TH LY L A B O R R E V IE W Fluctuation of Employment, by General Occupation Groups I n Table 6 the employees reported in each industry group are separated into three general occupation classifications—wage earners; bookkeepers, stenographers, and office clerks; and salespeople (not traveling). Males classified as wage earners formed 87.0 per cent of all male employees in 1928, 86.5 per cent in 1929, and 85.4 per cent in 1930. Females classified as wage earners formed 60.6 per cent of all female employees in 1928, 60.4 per cent in 1929, and 58.2 per cent in 1930. In 1930, bookkeepers, stenographers, and office clerks formed 10.2 per cent of the total males and 30.2 per cent of the total females and salespeople (not traveling) formed 4.4 per cent of the males and 11.6 per cent of the females. W a g e e a rn ers Sex and month All indus tries Agri cul ture Trans Indus Trade, porta tries Con Fish Manu- Mining whole tion not and struc eries factures quarry Service sale and other tion and public wise ing retail utili classi ties fied 765,128 766, 557 772, 586 801, 631 808,416 791, 772 768, 264 751,192 741,156 723, 220 688, 481 662, 335 5,984 6,051 7,061 8,162 8, 802 8,887 9,719 8,464 8, 604 8,610 7, 132 6,204 49, 327 49,151 54, 012 65, 872 74, 913 75, 896 78, 346 75, 752 71, 505 66, 756 56, 313 44, 213 165, 434 166, 698 167, 623 168, 570 168, 495 167, 213 159, 298 158, 772 162, 384 160, 331 155, 443 152,454 474 483 564 715 768 819 911 679 752 723 568 517 92 83 98 M ales January_____ February____ March........ . A p r il............... M a y ............— June............... July_________ August______ September___ O ctober.......... November___ December___ 212 214 304 318 386 352 281 287 320 329 325 212 524, 702 527,203 526, 007 536, 328 531, 468 512, 936 488,423 475, 737 469, 029 457, 848 439, 781 431,416 27, 601 27, 697 27,480 27,316 26, 816 26, 937 26, 715 27,204 27, 870 28, 909 28, 575 28,008 55, 556 55, 525 56, 655 60,158 60,890 61,425 59, 502 59, 021 59, 653 57, 774 56, 573 54,530 47, 231 47, 048 47,629 48, 301 48, 305 48,135 47, 529 47, 012 46, 961 47,169 46,628 47,158 54, 515 53, 668 53, 438 55,176 56, 836 57, 204 57, 749 57, 715 57, 214 55, 825 53,154 50, 594 41, 015 41,105 41,415 41, 968 42, 681 42, 817 41, 269 40, 752 41, 363 41, 063 40,414 39, 998 10,239 10, 133 10, 407 10, 969 10, 876 10, 542 10, 004 9,719 9, 954 10,310 10, 619 11,266 13, 817 13, 766 13, 617 13, 460 13, 680 13, 665 13, 354 12, 961 12, 400 12, 350 12,163 11,975 96, 571 57,470 96, 630 57,181 98, 070 58,036 102,126 59, 270 103, 571 59, 181 104, 242 58,677 100, 771 57, 533 99,773 56, 731 101, 016 56, 915 98, 837 57, 479 96,987 57, 247 94,528 58,424 68, 332 67, 434 67, 055 68, 636 70, 516 70, 869 71, 103 70, 676 69, 614 68,175 65, 317 62, 569 Females January... February.. March___ April......... M ay_____ June.......... July_____ August___ September October... November. December. 99, 797 101,128 101, 522 101, 348 100, 363 99, 237 93, 627 94, 526 97, 786 95, 741 91, 545 88,578 110 127 133 133 135 129 144 134 120 Both sexes January... February.. M arch___ April____ M ay_____ June.......... July........... August___ September. October... November. December. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 930, 562 6,458 933, 255 6,534 940, 209 7, 625 970, 201 8, 877 976,911 9, 570 958, 985 9,706 927, 562 10, 630 909, 964 9, 143 903, 540 9, 356 883, 551 9, 333 843, 924 7, 700 814, 789 6,721 49, 419 49, 234 54,110 65, 982 75,040 76, 029 78, 479 75, 887 71, 634 66,900 56,447 44, 333 212 214 304 318 386 352 281 287 320 329 325 212 624, 499 628, 331 627, 529 637, 676 631, 831 612, 173 582, 050 570, 263 566, 815 553, 589 531,326 519, 994 27, 601 27, 697 27, 480 27, 316 26, 816 26, 937 26, 715 27, 204 27, 870 28, 909 28, 575 28,008 F L U C T U A T IO N O F E M PL O Y M E N T IN O H IO IN 523 1930 T able 6 .—N U M B E R E M P L O Y E D ON T H E 15TH OF E A C H M O N T H IN 1930 IN E A C H G E N E R A L O C C U PA T IO N GROUP IN OHIO, B Y SE X A N D IN D U S T R Y G R O U P Continued B o o k k e e p e rs, ste n o g ra p h e rs, a n d office clerks Sex and month All indus tries Agri cul ture Con Fish M anu Mining and struc eries factures quarry Service tion ing Trans Indus Trade, porta tries whole tion not sale and other and public wise retail utili classi ties fied M ales January............. February----- ~ M arch________ April.................. M ay_________ June_________ July............. August............... September-----October---------November____ December......... 90, 678 90, 553 90, 912 90, 948 90, 929 90,942 90, 723 90,036 88, 869 89,076 88,070 87, 593 101 102 104 107 107 107 105 104 102 105 101 100 3,045 3,051 3,065 3,092 3,179 3,235 3,094 3,126 3,087 3,006 2,986 2,901 45,388 45,259 45, 382 45, 484 45,250 45,129 44,822 44,240 43,469 43, 984 43, 528 43,223 299 299 299 299 299 299 299 299 299 299 299 299 25,542 25,549 25, 700 25,637 25, 785 25, 810 26,135 26,059 25, 747 25, 679 25,300 25,284 8,336 8,320 8, 289 8,253 8,219 8, 263 8,133 8,113 8,119 8,099 8,089 8,041 7,951 7, 957 8,057 8,059 8,072 8,081 8,118 8, 078 8,029 7,886 7, 749 7,727 16 16 16 17 18 18 17 17 17 18 18 18 86,206 85,836 86,158 86,009 86,000 85, 625 84, 787 84,356 83, 673 82, 590 81,743 81,922 302 326 353 385 391 343 304 297 315 323 295 293 2,258 2,259 2, 272 2,304 2,314 2,316 2,277 2,257 2, 228 2, 209 2,177 2,143 34,151 34,083 34,043 33, 824 33, 842 33, 524 33,100 32, 992 32, 565 32,086 31,591 31,470 121 121 121 121 121 121 121 121 121 121 121 121 25,444 25,466 25,709 25, 832 25, 875 25, 865 25, 718 25,553 25,458 25,128 24,868 24,805 16,831 16, 546 16, 644 16, 600 16, 437 16, 342 16,095 15,912 15, 937 15,833 15, 916 16,412 7,087 7,023 7,004 6,929 7,005 7,101 7,159 7,211 7,035 6,876 6,762 6,667 12 12 12 14 15 13 13 13 14 14 13 11 176,884 176,389 177,070 176, 957 176, 929 176, 567 175, 510 174,392 172, 542 171, 666 169,813 169, 515 403 428 457 492 498 450 409 401 417 428 396 393 5,303 5,310 5,337 5,396 5,493 5, 551 5,371 5,383 5,315 5,215 5,163 5,044 79,539 79,342 79,425 79,308 79,092 78, 653 77,922 77,232 76,034 76,070 75,119 74,693 420 420 420 420 420 420 420 420 420 420 420 420 50,986 25,167 51,015 24, 866 51,409 24, 933 51,469 24, 853 51, 660 24, 656 51,675 24, 605 51,853 24,228 51,612 24, 025 51,205 24, 056 50, 807 23, 932 50,168 24, 005 50,089 24, 453 15,038 14, 980 15,061 14, 988 15,077 15,182 15, 277 15,289 15,064 14, 762 14,511 14,394 28 28 28 31 33 31 30 30 31 32 31 29 Females January.............. February-------M arch________ April—................ M ay-------------June_________ July__________ August—............ September-----October______ November____ December.......... Both sexes January---------February.......... M arch.............. April_________ M a y ........ .......... June............ ...... July_________ August----------September-----October___ . . . . November____ December____ https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 524 M O N TH LY LA B O R R E V IE W T able 6 .—N U M B E R E M P L O Y E D ON T H E 15TH OF EA CH M O N T H IN 1930 IN EACH GENERAL Continued O C C U PA TIO N GRO U P IN OHIO, B Y SE X A N D IN D U S T R Y GROUP— S a le s p e o p le (n ot travelin g ) Sex and month Mining Con M anu and struc Fish eries factures quarry Service tion ing All indus tries Agri cul ture 38,257 38, 236 38, 585 39,460 39, 466 39,347 38, 605 38,074 38, 402 38,483 38,432 39,449 47 43 44 68 66 54 52 45 50 54 51 54 581 595 618 620 631 623 628 635 658 649 649 610 3, 561 3, 581 3,590 3, 619 3' 662 3, 656 3, 670 3, 667 3,689 3,649 3,625 3,634 30,186 30,323 31, 489 33, 899 32,172 32,010 30,115 29, 554 31,167 32,338 34,032 42,557 38 38 37 47 48 35 27 26 26 26 29 33 35 35 38 39 39 36 33 32 32 33 31 34 1,294 1,303 1,332 1, 335 1,352 1,356 1,357 L 356 1,345 1,333 L 306 1,358 68,443 68, 559 70, 074 73, 359 71, 638 71,357 68, 720 67, 628 69, 569 70,821 72,464 82,006 85 81 81 115 114 89 79 71 76 80 80 87 616 630 656 659 670 659 661 667 690 682 680 644 4, 855 4, 884 4,922 4' 954 5,014 5,012 5,027 5 ,023 5,034 4, 982 4, 931 4,992 Trans Indus Trade, porta tries whole tion not sale and other and public wise retail utili classi ties fied M ales January______ February_____ M arch_______ April_________ M ay_________ June...... ............ July_________ August_______ Septem ber.-... October______ November____ December____ 3,872 4,019 4,233 4.383 4,397 4,307 4,224 4,108 3,955 3,827 3,687 3, 591 29, 208 29, 005 29,108 29, 759 29, 653 29, 628 28, 955 28, 535 28, 969 29, 237 29,359 30, 498 988 993 992 1,011 1,057 1,079 1,076 1,084 1,081 1,067 1,060 1,061 242 28,516 256 28, 633 249 29, 759 286 32,111 289 30, 364 318 30,178 531 28,083 505 27, 553 469 29,211 450 30,417 434 32,154 439 40, 610 61 58 74 81 80 87 84 82 84 79 78 83 1 1 Females January______ February_____ M arch_______ April_________ M ay_________ June_________ July--------------August............... September____ October______ November____ December____ Both sexes January______ February_____ M arch_______ April_________ M a y ......... ......... June_________ July--------------August_______ September____ October______ November____ December_____ https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 4,114 4,275 4,482 4,669 4, 686 4, 625 4,755 4,613 4,424 4,277 4,121 4,030 57, 724 57,638 58, 867 61,870 60, 017 59, 806 57, 038 56, 088 58,180 59, 654 61,513 71,108 1,049 1,051 1,066 1,092 1,137 1,166 1,160 1,166 1,165 1,146 1,138 1,144 1 1 FL U C T U A T IO N O F E M PL O Y M E N T IN O H IO IN 525 1930 Table 7 shows for 1930 the month of maximum and month of mini mum employment and also the variation in number employed in each of the three general occupation groups. The data for each occu pation group are given by industry groups. T a b le 7.— M A X IM U M A N D M IN IM U M E M P L O Y M E N T IN E A CH G E N E R A L O C C U PA TION GROUP IN OHIO, 1930, B Y SE X A N D IN D U S T R Y GROUP W a g e e a rn ers Maximum Minimum Variation from maximum Sex and industry group Number Month Number Month Number December.. Per cent M ales All industriesAgriculture— Construction. Fisheries-----Manufactures----------------------------Mining and quarrying----------------Service________________ _________ Trade, wholesale and r eta il...-----Transportation and public utilities. 808, 41 o M a y .......... 662, 335 146,081 18.1 9, 719 78, 346 386 J u ly ............ ___do____ M ay______ 61,425 48 305 57, 749 J u n e . . ----M ay______ July............. 3, 735 5,984 January___ 34,133 44,213 December.. /January___ } 174 212 \ December— 431, 416 ___ _do____ J 104,912 2,194 ___ 26, 715 July 6", 895 54, 530 December.. 1,677 46,628 November7,155 50,594 December.. 38.4 43.6 45.1 19.6 7.6 11.2 ’¿. 5 168, 570 April_____ 152,454 ____do.......... 911 144 July ____ October___ 474 83 January___ February.. 437 61 48.0 42.4 101, 522 March____ 88, 578 December.. 12, 944 12.7 39, 998 9,719 11,975 December A u g u st___ December.. 2, 819 1, 547 1,842 6.6 13.7 13.3 1 2 .4 Females All industries. Agriculture_____________________ Construction------------------------------Fisheries________________________ Manufactures----------------------------Mining and quarrying.------ --------Service________________ r-----------Trade, wholesale and retail—------Transportation and public utilities. 42,817 11, 266 13,817 June . December.. January___ All industries. 976, 911 M ay______ 814, 789 ____do____ Agriculture... Construction. Fisheries________________________ Manufactures----------------------------M ining and quarrying----------------Service_______________ __________ Trade wholesale and retail— -----Transportation and public utilities. 10, 630 78,479 386 ß37 676 J u ly _____ _ __do____ M ay____ ■April 104, 242 59,270 71,103 Ju n e.. _ -April_____ July______ 6,458 44,333 212 519, 994 26, 715 94Ì 528 56, 731 62, 569 16,116 9 .6 Both sexes 103146°—-32- https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 3 162,122 16.6 4,172 January---34,146 December.. /January---- } 174 \ December— _ __ do _ _ 1 117,682 2,194 JulV—_ --9, 714 December. 2, 539 August___ 8,534 December.. 39.2 43.5 45.1 18.5 7.6 9.3 4.3 12.0 526 M O N T H L Y LA B O R R E V IE W T a ble 7.— M A X IM U M A N D M IN IM U M E M P L O Y M E N T IN EA CH G E N E R A L OCCUPA T IO N GROUP IN OHIO, 1930, B Y SE X A N D IN D U S T R Y GROUP—Continued B o o k k e e p e rs, ste n o g ra p h e rs, a n d office clerks Maximum Minimum Variation from maximum Sex and industry group Number Month Number Month Number Per cent M ales All industries___________ _____ ______ Agriculture___________ _ ................ _ . . . ___ Construction__________ Fisheries________________ _______ _ Manufactures- _______ _____ . . . _ Mining and quarrying.. _ _ . . . ______ Service______ ____ _____ . Trade, wholesale and r e ta il___________ Transportation and public utilities_____ 90, 948 April_____ M ay 107 \fApril, j June. 3,235 Ju n e.. . . 87, 593 December.. 100 2,901 3, 355 3.7 7 334 6.5 10.3 45, 484 « 26,135 8,336 8,118 A pril.......... (9 .Tulv J anuary___ July........... . 43, 223 December.. (9 (9 25, 284 December.. 8,041 ------ do_____ 7,727 -- --do____ 2,261 (9 851 295 391 5.0 (9 3.3 3.5 4.8 86, 206 391 2,316 January___ M ay______ June. 81, 743 293 2,143 November . December __ do 4,463 98 173 5.2 25.1 7.5 34, 151 (9 25, 875 16, 831 7, 211 January___ (9 Alay January___ August___ 31, 470 (9 24,805 15, 833 6,667 December.. (9 December.. October___ December.. 2,681 0) 1,070 998 544 7.9 (9 4.1 5.9 7.5 177, 070 498 5, 551 March____ 169, 515 393 5, 044 December.. 7, 555 105 507 4.3 2 i.l 9.1 79, 539 (9 51, 853 25, 167 15, 289 January___ (9 July January___ August___ 74, 693 (9 50, 089 23, 932 14, 394 December.. (9 December.. October___ December.. 4, 846 <9 1, 764 1,235 895 6.1 (9 3.4 4.9 5.9 1, 392 25 77 (2) 11.7 Females All industries____ __________ ___ Agriculture- . ____ ______ . ___ Construction . -------Fisheries __ . . ___ Manufactures______________ M ining and.quarrying.. . ________ Service___ _________ Trade, wholesale and retail ______ Transportation and public utilities-- . Both sexes All industries__ _____ _______ Agriculture______ ______ Construction.-- ______ . . Fisheries..- __________ . . . Manufactures. Alining and quarrying. _________ . . . Service________ ... ___ _ Trade, wholesale and retail. . . Transportation and public utilities_____ S a le s p e o p l e (n o t tr a v e lin g ) M ales All industries______________________ A griculture_______ ... _ C onstruction_______ _____ Fisheries______________ __ __ Manufactures_____________ Mining and quarrying.. _ ______ Service___ ______ ______ Trade, wholesale and retail.. Transportation and public u tilitie s ____ 39, 466 68 658 M ay______ A pril.. _ _ September- 38, 074 43 581 August___ February. . January___ 3, 689 3.5 September. 3, 561 January___ 128 3.5 4, 397 30, 498 1,084 December. . August....... 3, 591 28,535 988 D ecem berAugust ___ January___ 806 1,963 96 18.3 6.4 8.9 42, 557 December.. August____ 13,003 [August, 26 <September, j22 [October. 31 N ovem ber. 8 30.6 Females All industries_____ _ Agriculture___ ____________ 48 Construction______ Fisheries____________ M anufactures.. ____ ___ ... Mining and quarrying________ Service. ___________ Trade, wholesale and retail._. ............ Transportation and public utilities_____ 39 April, M ay. 29,554 (2) (2) 1, 358 December.. 1, 294 January___ 64 4.7 531 40, 610 87 July______ December— June______ 242 27,553 58 January___ A u g u s t___ February.. 289 13, 057 29 54.4 32.2 (9 82, 006 115 690 December.. April_____ September- 67, 628 August — 71 ------ do_____ 616 January___ 14, 378 44 74 17.5 38.3 10.7 5,034 September. Both sexes All industries______________ Agriculture________ . . . _ Construction . . . . . . Fisheries______________ Manufactures_____________ M ining and quarrying_____ _____ Service ______ . . . . . . Trade, wholesale and retail............. . Transportation and public utilities January___ 179 3.6 725 15, 020 117 15.2 21.1 10.0 i All “ office help ” and fluctuation not reported. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 4,855 4,755 July--------4, 030 December.. 71, 108 December.. 56, 088 August___ Au 1,166 'June, I 1,049 January___ gust. 2N ot computed on account of small number involved, F L U C T U A T IO N O F E M PL O Y M E N T IN O H IO IN 1930 527 The maximum, minimum, and average number of males and females reported in each of the three general occupation groups are shown in Table 8 for each of the years, 1924 to 1930. T able 8.—M A X IM U M , M IN IM U M , A N D A V ER A G E N U M B E R OF M ALES A N D FEM A LE S R E P O R T E D IN EACH G E N E R A L O C C U PA TIO N GROUP IN OHIO, 1924 TO 1930 W a g e ea rn ers 1924 (31,740 estab lish ments) 1925 (34,628 estab lish ments) 1926 (37,181 estab lish ments) 1927 (39,656 estab lish ments) 1928 (40,992 estab lish ments) 1929 (43,181 estab lish ments) Maximum m onth_______ ___________ 789,457 Minimum month___________ _______ 730,615 Average of 12 monthly reports........ ....... 755,062 837, 381 744, 327 800,471 875,444 787, 792 833, 030 836,494 749, 785 805, 001 869,270 725,946 817,288 916, 978 782, 529 868,834 80S, 416 662, 335 753, 395 160, 576 144. 391 152,297 168,944 154, 712 161,136 172, 279 156, 733 164,440 178, 214 157, 861 169,068 191,212 174,078 182, 555 168, 570 152,454 162, 726 Item 1930 (44,307 estab lish ments) M ales Females Maximum m onth_____ _____________ 148,403 Minimum month _______ _______ 137, 779 Average of 12 monthly reports.-........ . 144, 477 B o o k k e e p e rs, ste n o g ra p h e rs, a n d office clerks M ales Maximum m onth__ __ __________ Minimum m onth--. .......... ...... Average of 12 monthly r e p o r t s ...____ 68, 218 67,497 67,864 71,374 68, 572 70,248 74, 574 71, 862 73,613 76, 309 73,876 75,405 79,460 75, 288 77,640 85, 400 80, 662 83, 529 90, 948 87, 593 89, 944 66,627 65, 374 65, 979 71,104 67, 465 69,104 75, 017 71,169 73,173 77,173 74,745 76,006 79, 591 74,694 77,072 86, 644 82, 076 85, 003 86, 206 81,743 84,575 Females Maximum m onth___________________ Minimum month ______ _ ______ Average of 12 monthly reports_______ S a le s p e o p le (n o t tra v e lin g ) M ales Maximum m o n t h .__ . . . _ ________ Minimum m on th... ________________ Average of 12 monthly reports_______ 36, 005 32,628 34,136 38, 397 34, 499 36,448 42,273 38, 357 40, 097 43, 549 39, 951 41, 347 47, 734 42,228 44,639 54, 724 48,489 51, 920 39,466 38, 074 38, 733 36, 363 25, 750 27, 970 39, 267 27, 002 29,211 40, 416 27, 264 29, 797 43, 315 29,023 31,949 46,822 29,135 32,834 47,137 30, 923 34, 781 42, 557 29, 554 32,487 Females Maximum m onth_____ _________ ___ M inimum month _ ____ _______ Average of 12 monthly reports_______ Table 9 presents a comparison of employment fluctuation in 1930 for males and females in all industries combined and in each of four industry groups which employ large numbers both of males and of females. The comparisons are for each of the three general occupa tion groups. In the wage earners group, males show the wider fluctuation except in trade and in transportation and public utilities. In the clerical group and in the sales group females show a wider fluctuation than do males in each of the industry groups. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 528 M O N TH LY LA BO R R E V IE W T able 9.—PE R C E N T OF V A R IA T IO N FR OM M A X IM U M E M P L O Y M E N T OF M ALES A N D FEM A LE S IN G E N E R A L OCCU PA TIO N GROUPS IN OHIO, 1930, B Y S P E C IF IE D IN D U S T R Y GROUPS Wage earners Industry group Males All industries___ - ___________ _______ Manufactures______ _ . . _________ _ Service ................. _ ________ Trade, wholesale and retail. Transportation and public utilities. . . . . 18.1 19.6 11. 2 3. 5 12. 4 1N ot computed owing to small number involved. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Females 9.6 12.7 6.6 13.7 13.3 Bookkeepers, ste nographers, and office clerks Males 3.7 5.0 3.3 3.5 4.8 Females 5.2 7.9 4.1 5.9 7.5 Sales people (not traveling) Males 3.5 3.5 18.3 6.4 8.9 Females 30.6 4.7 54.4 32.2 (*) EMPLOYMENT CONDITIONS M a d e W ork fo r C lerica l W ork ers ELIEVING that a need existed for the dissemination of informa tion with regard to made-work programs in force for white-collar workers, the President’s Organization on Unemployment Relief asked the Women’s Bureau of the United States Department of Labor to undertake such a study. The preliminary report of the Women’s Bureau is now available. _ In commenting on the findings set forth in the report, Fred C. Croxton, assistant director of the President’s Organization on Unem ployment Relief, in a press release of February 4, 1932, calls attention to the fact that white-collar workers, under normal conditions, enjoy greater stability of employment than do other wage earners and are often less able to adjust themselves quickly to new lines of employ ment. The result is that special problems arise in the placement of these workers in periods of depression and special machinery is required for their placement and relief. The specific fields of work recommended on the basis of this study include: (1) Special projects for white-collar workers; (2) super visory work on projects for unskilled manual workers; (3) additions to the force in relief and welfare offices; and (4) additions to the force in nonprofit-making institutions. Among the special projects sug gested are traffic counts, study of accidents, topographical surveys, and checking school attendance. It is further brought out that special registration of white-collar workers is desirable and that in some instances it has been found advantageous to use volunteer investigators in interviewing unem ployed white-collar workers. B U n e m p lo y m e n t in F o r e ig n C o u n tr ie s HE following table gives detailed monthly statistics of unem ployment in foreign countries, as shown in official reports, from T January, 1930, to the latest available date. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 530 M O N TH LY LA B O R R E V IE W ST A T E M E N T OF U N E M P L O Y M E N T IN F O R E IG N C O U N TR IE S i Australia Austria Belgium Trade-unionists unemployed Compulsory insurance, number unemployed in receipt of benefit Unemployment insurance societies Number Per cent Number Per cent 273,197 284, 543 239, 094 192,477 162,678 150, 075 153, 188 156,145 163, 894 192, 778 237, 745 294, 845 22,542 16, 085 14,030 13, 715 12,119 12,226 15, 302 17, 747 23,693 27, 322 38,973 63,585 3.5 2.6 2. 2 2.2 1.9 1.9 2.4 2.8 3.8 4.3 6. 1 9.3 25, 782 31, 222 28, 469 36, 065 38, 761 41,336 48, 580 51, 649 61,623 54, 804 76, 043 117,167 4.0 4.9 4. 5 5.8 6.1 6. 5 7.7 8.2 9. 9 8.5 12.0 17.0 10. 8 11.5 10. 8 9. 0 10. 3 10.6 9. 2 9. 3 9.4 10.8 13. 8 17.0 331, 239 334,041 304, 084 246, 845 208, 852 191, 150 194, 364 196, 321 202, 130 228, 101 273, 658 329, 595 77,181 81,750 81, 305 70, 377 56, 250 62, 642 64, 644 70, 893 74,175 82, 811 93,487 128, 000 11. 1 11.7 11.3 10.0 7.9 8.9 9. 1 9. 9 10.3 11.3 13.3 17.0 112, 734 121, 906 125, 972 110, 139 97, 755 101,616 116, 747 120, 669 119, 433 122,773 134, 799 16. 2 19. 4 17. 7 15.6 13. 8 14.4 16. 3 16.8 16.6 16.8 19.2 16. 0 15.6 15.5 14.9 16.2 16.3 16. 2 15.8 18.1 18.3 18.6 21.1 Date (end of month) Number 1930 January__ February March___ April____ M ay_____ June_____ July-------August___ September. October. _. November. December. 1931 January____ February___ March______ April_______ M ay_______ June________ July-----------August_____ September__ October_____ November__ December___ 1932 January_____ Per cent ( 2) ( 2) 63,144 14.6 ( 2) ( 2) 80, 595 18.5 ( 2) ( 2) 90, 279 20.5 (2) ( 2) 104, 951 23.4 ( 2) ( 2) 113, 614 ( 2) (2) 118,424 25.8 27.6 (2) ( 2) 120, 694 28.3 (2) ( 2) 118, 732 28.0 Wholly unemployed Number of unem ployed on live register 1930 January - _____________ February— _____ _______ M a rc h ____ ______ ____ A pril.. _______ . . . . . . M a y .. ______ _____ . . . June . _ ______________ July------------------------------August_________________ September _____ _____ October . . . ___ November . _____ December. ___________ _ 1931 January . . . ___________ February________ ______ March ______________ . . A pril-. ----- -- - . M ay. . . . . ___ _ . June . July------------------------------A ugust______ _______ _ September. . . . ___ _ . . October ... . . . . .... November. . ... December. . _______ 1932 January_________________ https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis See footnotes at end of table. Partially unemployed Per cent of tradeunionists unemployed 358,104 (2) Danzig (Free City of) Czechoslovakia Date (end of month) Canada Trade-union insur ance funds—un employed in re ceipt of benefit Number of unem ployed registered Denmark Estonia Number unem ployed remaining on live Per cent register Trade-union unem ployment funds— unemployed Number Per cent 73, 891 86,156 88, 005 79, 721 77, 069 73,464 77, 309 88, 005 104, 534 122, 379 155, 203 239, 564 39,199 40, 550 45,567 42, 664 41,098 37,853 46, 800 52,694 57, 542 61,213 65,904 93,476 3.6 3.6 4.0 3.7 3.8 3.4 4. 1 4.7 5.3 5.5 5.9 8.3 19,282 21,153 20, 376 18,371 16, 232 14,975 15,330 15,687 16, 073 17, 307 20, 272 24,429 55,876 59, 363 47,109 33,471 27, 966 24, 807 26,200 26, 232 27, 700 32, 880 44, 200 71,100 20.3 21. 0 15.6 11. 8 9.4 8. 7 9.3 9. 0 9. 0 11.4 15. 3 24. 6 5, 608 4, 580 3, 575 2, 227 2, 065 910 762 1, 039 1, 414 3, 282 5, 675 6, 163 313, 511 343, 972 339, 505 296, 756 249, 686 220, 038 209, 233 214, 520 228, 383 253, 518 336, 874 480, 775 104, 580 117,450 119, 350 107, 238 93,941 82, 534 82, 759 86, 261 84, 660 88, 600 3 105, 846 9.5 10.0 10.0 8.9 7.6 6.6 6.6 6.9 6.7 6.9 8.3 27, 081 28, 192 27, 070 24,186 20, 686 19, 855 20,420 21, 509 22, 922 24,932 28, 966 32, 956 70, 961 73,427 67, 725 45,698 37,856 34, 030 36, 369 35, 060 35, 871 47,196 66, 526 91, 216 24. 2 26 0 22. 1 15.3 12. 3 11. 3 11. 8 11. 8 12. 1 16. 0 22. 3 30.4 5, 364 4, 070 2, 765 2, 424 b 368 931 634 933 2, 096 5, 425 7, 554 105, 600 35.1 581, 465 Number 531 E M PL O Y M E N T C O N D IT IO N S ST A T E M E N T OF U N E M P L O Y M E N T IN F O R E IG N C O U N T R IE S—Continued Finland Germany France Trade-unionists Number Number unem of unem ofployed ployed registered in receipt of benefit Date (end of month) 1930 January.._______ _____________ February.. . . ---------- . . . . . March ----------- -----_ _ _ April________________________ M ay___ . . . _________ _______ June_________________________ July_________________________ A u g u st_________ September____________ . . . October .. . . . _______ November___ . . . _______ December_____ . _________ 1931 January___ _____. . . . February___ ____ . . . . ... March______________ ______ April__ _ ______ _ . . _____ M a y .. . . . ___ ___ _ . . _____ J u n e.. - - - - _______ July_________________________ ----------August___ September - _____ October.- _ . November, December________________ 1932 Number of unem ployed registered 12, 696 11, 545 10, 062 7, 274 4, 666 3,553 4,026 5,288 7,157 10, 279 10, 740 9, 336 1,484 1,683 1,630 1,203 859 1,019 856 964 988 1,663 4,893 11,952 3, 217, 608 3, 365,811 3, 040, 797 2, 786, 912 2, 634, 718 2, 640, 681 2, 765, 258 2, 883, 000 3, 004, 000 3, 252, 000 3,683, 000 4,384, 000 22. 0 23,5 21.7 20.3 19.5 19.6 20. 5 21.7 22. 5 23.6 26.0 31.7 11.0 13.0 12. 6 12. 1 12.0 12.6 13. 9 14.8 15.1 15.4 16.1 16.9 2, 482, 648 2,655, 723 2,347,102 2, 081, 068 1,889, 240 1,834, 662 1,900, 961 1,947,811 1,965, 348 2,071, 730 2,353, 980 2,822, 598 11,706 11,557 11,491 12, 663 7, 342 6, 320 6, 790 9,160 12,176 14,824 18, 095 28, 536 40, 766 50,815 49,958 41,339 36, 237 35, 916 37, 673 38, 524 51,654 92,157 147, 009 4, 887, 000 4, 972, 000 4, 756, 000 4,358, 000 4, 053, 000 3, 954, 000 3,976, 000 4, 215, 000 4, 355, 000 4, 623, 480 5,059, 773 5, 668,187 34.2 34.5 33. 6 31.2 29.9 29. 7 31.0 33.6 35.1 36.6 38.9 42. 2 19.2 19.5 18.9 18.0 17.4 17. 7 19. 1 21.4 22. 2 22.0 21.8 22.3 3,364, 770 3, 496, 979 3, 240, 523 2, 789, 627 2, 507, 732 2, 353, 657 2, 231, 513 2, 376, 589 2,483, 364 2, 534, 952 2, 771, 985 3, 147, 867 241, 487 6, 041, 000 Great Britain and Northern Ireland Compulsory insurance Date (end of month) Wholly unem ployed Temporary stop pages Number Percent Number Per cent 1930 January___ _ ------ -----February--------_ ___ M arch.- _____ _______ _ April______________ _ _ M ay___________________ June____ _ _ _ ______ July____________________ August____ ___________ September________ _____ O ctober-___ November - December______________ 1931 Janu ary---- ------------------F eb ru a ry ------- . _ _ .. March--------------------------April___ _ _ _ _ _ M ay__________ - - - - - June----------------------------July____________________ August_________________ September-October_____ _ ____ _ November__ __________ December____________ . . 1932 January-- _____________ Number unem Per cent Per cent wholly un partially un ployed employed employed in receipt of benefit Great Britain Number of persons registered with em ployment exchanges Hungary Trade-unionists un employed Social-Demo Chris cratic tian (Buda pest) N um ber Percent 1,183, 974 1, 211, 262 1, 284, 231 1, 309, 014 1, 339, 595 1, 341, 818 1,405, 981 1,500,990 1, 579, 708 1, 725, 731 1, 836, 280 1,853, 575 9.8 10.0 10.6 10.8 11. 1 11. 1 11. 6 12.4 13. 1 13.9 14.8 14.9 336,474 371,840 409, 785 451, 506 516, 303 569, 931 664, 107 618, 658 608, 692 593,223 532, 518 646,205 2.8 3.1 3.4 3.8 4.2 4.7 5.5 5. 1 5.0 4.8 4.3 5.3 1,491,519 1, 539, 265 1, 677,473 1, 698, 386 1, 770, 051 1,890, 575 2, 011, 467 2, 039, 702 1,114, 955 2, 200, 413 2, 274,338 2,392, 738 1, 161 1,120 983 906 875 829 920 847 874 999 975 935 21, 533 21, 309 21,016 20,139 19, 875 18, 960 19, 081 21,013 22, 252 22, 914 23, 333 24, 648 14.5 14.8 14.6 13.7 13.6 13.0 13.2 14.5 16.0 16.7 17.0 17.9 2, 044, 209 2, 073, 578 2, 052,826 2, 027, 896 2, 019, 533 2, 037,480 2, 073, 892 2, 142, 821 2, 217, 080 2, 305', 388 2, 294' 902 2, 262; 700 16.5 16. 7 16. 5 16. 3 16.3 16.4 16. 7 17.3 17.9 18. 1 18. 0 17. 7 618, 633 623,844 612,821 564,884 558, 383 669, 315 732, 583 670, 342 663, 466 487, 591 439; 952 408; 117 5.0 5.0 5.0 4.6 4.5 5.4 5.9 5.4 5.3 3.8 3.4 3. 2 2,613,749 2, 627, 559 2, 581, 030 2, 531, 674 2, 596, 431 2, 629, 215 2, 662, 765 2, 732,434 2,879, 466 2, 755, 559 2', 656, 088 2 ; 569; 949 953 965 996 1,042 843 751 876 941 932 1,020 h 169 1,240 26,191 27, 089 27, 092 27,129 26,131 23, 660 26, 329 28, 471 28, 716 28, 998 29, 907 31, 906 19.1 19.8 (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) 2, 354, 044 18. 4 500, 746 4. 0 2, 728, 411 footnotes at end of table. Digitized forSeeFRASER https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 532 M O N TH LY LA BO R R E V IE W ST A T E M E N T OF U N E M P L O Y M E N T IN F O R E IG N C O U N T R IE S—Continued Date (end of month) 1930 January. . ______________ February.- . March _ _ _ _ April. ___________________ M a y ... ................. ............ June ............... . . July______________________ August September. _____ ___ October_________ _______ N ovem ber... December _________ 1931 Ja n u a ry .._ . . . ______ . . . _ February... ____ _____ . . March____ _ ____ . _____ April_____________________ M ay__ _. ______________ June__ _________________ July______________________ August _. ________ _ ... September ____ _____ O cto b er__ _ . . . . _. N ovem ber.. . . ___ December. ___ _____ . . . 1932 _____ January__ Irish Free State Italy Latvia Netherlands Compulsory insur ance—une mployed Number of unem ployed registered U n e m p lo y m e n t insurance s o c i e ties—unemployed Number Wholly unem ployed Partially unem ployed Number unem ployed remain ing on live register 466, 231 456, 628 385| 432 372, 236 367,183 322, 291 342; 061 375, 548 394; 630 446,496 534, 356 642,169 23,185 26, 674 28; 026 24; 305 22, 825 2L 887 24; 209 24, 056 22; 734 19; 081 22, 125 21, 788 722, 612 765, 325 707,486 670, 353 635,183 573, 593 637, 531 693, 273 747, 764 799, 744 878, 267 982, 321 27, 924 27,110 27, 545 28, 780 26, 059 24, 206 25,821 30, 636 29, 822 32, 828 30, 967 32, 949 Per cent 31, 592 (2) (2 26, 027 (2) (2) 23, 393 (2) (2) 20, 775 22, 990 25, 622 (2) (2) (2) 26,167 28, 681 26,825 25,413 23, 970 23,016 21,427 21, 647 21, 897 23, 427 (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) 26, 353 30, 865 11.1 9.2 8.2 (2) (2) Trad e-unionists unemployed Number January__ February.. March____ April_____ M ay______ June______ July______ August___ September. October___ November.. December.. Per cent ( 2) 4, 348 ( 2) ( 2) 5,884 ( 2) ( 2) 7,197 (2) (2) 8,119 (2) January__ February... March____ April_____ M ay______ June______ July______ A ugust___ September. October___ November. December. Per cent 9, 263 8, 825 6; 494 3,683 1,421 ' 779 607 573 1,470 6,058 8, 608 10, 022 56, 535 50, 957 34; 996 28,421 26, 211 23, 678 29; 075 32, 755 35; 532 41, 088 46, 807 81, 204 13.9 12. 5 8.6 6.9 6. 3 5. 5 6.7 7. 6 8.2 9.6 11.8 18.2 9, 207 8, 303 8, 450 6,390 1,871 1,584 2,169 4, 827 7,470 13, 605 18, 377 21, 682 100, 340 109, 235 102, 743 68, 860 60,189 59, 573 69, 026 70,479 72, 738 s 84, 548 3 105, 671 3 157, 933 23.2 23.5 21.8 14.3 12.2 11.7 13.3 15.3 15. 7 18.0 22.5 29.7 145,124 27.0 1, 051, 321 New Zealand D ate (end of month) Number ( 2) ( 2) i 29,434 I37, 598 ‘ 36, 921 142, 523 146, 359 148, 396 I51, 018 151,408 >49, 935 ■47, 096 10. 9 13. 5 l5~5 Poland Rumania Number unem ployed remain ing on live register Number unem ployed registered with em ployment offices Number unem ployed remain ing on live register 22, 549 22, 974 22, 533 19, 829 16, 376 13, 939 11, 997 12, 923 17, 053 20, 363 24, 544 27,157 241, 974 274, 708 289, 469 271, 225 224, 914 204, 982 193, 687 173, 627 170,467 165,154 209, 912 299, 797 12, 622 15, 588 13, 045 13,412 25, 096 22, 960 23,236 24, 209 39,110 36,147 42,689 36,212 28, 596 29,107 29, 095 28,477 25, 206 22, 736 20, 869 22, 431 27, 012 29, 340 32, 078 34, 789 340, 718 358, 925 372, 536 351, 679 313,104 274, 942 255,179 246, 380 246,426 255, 622 266, 027 289,100 38,804 43, 270 48, 226 41,519 33,484 28, 093 29,250 22, 708 22, 969 28,800 43, 917 49, 393 Norway T r a d e -u n io n ists (10 unions) un employed Number 7,786 7,851 7,503 6. 701 5, 239 4,700 4,723 5, 897 7,010 8,031 9,396 11, 265 11,692 ( 2) 11,213 Per cent 19.0 18.9 17.8 15.8 12.2 10.8 10.8 13.4 15.7 18.0 21.4 25.5 26.3 24.9 (2) « 9, 048 10, 577 « 19. 6 22.8 1932 January. See footnotes at end of table. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 325, 782 533 E M PL O Y M E N T C O N D IT IO N S S T A T E M E N T OF U N E M P L O Y M E N T IN FO R E IG N C O U N TR IE S—Continued Saar Ter ritory Yugo slavia Switzerland Sweden Unemployment funds Date (end of month) Number unem ployed Trade-unionists unemployed Number 1930 January___ February.March........ April_____ M ay_____ June______ July______ August----September . October___ November . December.. January___ February. . March____ April_____ M ay______ June______ July______ August___ September . October___ November. December.. Per cent W holly unem ployed Number Per cent Partially unem ployed Number Number of unem ployed registered Per cent 11,307 llj 949 8, 882 7,522 7,362 6, 330 7,095 7, 099 7,527 9, 013 12,110 15, 245 45,636 45, 460 42, 278 38, 347 28,112 28,956 27,170 28, 539 34,963 43,927 57, 070 86, 042 14.2 13.2 12.5 11.1 8.3 8.1 7.8 8.1 9.8 12.2 15.3 22.9 10, 523 9, 971 7,882 5, 203 5, 356 5, 368 4, 751 5, 703 7,792 7, 399 11, 666 21,400 4.4 4.1 2.6 2.1 2.2 1.7 1.9 2.3 2.5 3.0 4.7 6.6 10, 710 11,445 12,642 12,755 13,129 17, 688 15,112 19,441 26, 111 23,309 25,793 33,483 4.4 4.7 4. 2 5.3 5.4 5.7 6.2 7.9 8.3 9.4 10.5 10.4 8,508 9,437 9,739 12, 052 8, 704 6,991 7,236 6, 111 5, 973 6, 609 7,219 9,989 18, 921 69, 437 66,923 72,944 64, 534 49, 807 45,839 40,180 48, 580 54, 405 65, 469 79, 484 19.8 18.4 19.3 17.5 13.2 12.1 12.4 12. 7 13.7 16.4 19.9 27.2 20,551 20, 081 18,991 10,389 9,174 12, 577 12, 200 9,754 15,188 18, 000 25, 200 41, 611 8.3 7.9 5.4 4.0 3.5 3.6 3.3 3.6 4.0 4.8 6.6 10.1 30,977 30,879 41,880 27, 726 26, 058 34,266 39, 000 33, 346 42, 998 47, 200 51, 900 12.5 12.2 12.4 10.6 9.9 9.7 11.3 12.4 11.2 13.2 14.4 11,903 14,424 12, 029 11,391 6,929 4,431 6, 672 7,466 7,753 10, 070 10,349 29, 139 18| 292 18,102 14,886 15| 413 17, 685 20, 205 21, 741 24', 685 28', 659 1 1 Sources: League of Nations—M onthly Bulletin of Statistics; International Labor Office International Labor Review; Canada—Labor Gazette; Great Britain—M inistry of Labor Gazette; Austria Statistische Nachrichten; Australia—Quarterly Summary of Australian Statistics; Germany—Reichsarbeitsblatt, Reichs Arbeitsmarkt Anzeiger; Switzerland—Wirt. u. Social. Mitteilungen, La Vie^^Economique, Poland—Wiedemosci Statystyczne; Norway—Statistiske Meddelelser; Is etherlands—MaaiMschrift, Sweden—SocialaMeddelenden; Denmark-StatistiskeEfterretninger; F m lan d -B an k of Fmland Monthly Bulletin; F ra n c^ B u lletin du Marché du Travail; Hungary—Magyar Statisztikai Szemle, Belgium— Revue du Travail; New Zealand—M onthly Abstract of Statistics; U . S. Department of C om m erceCommerce Reports; and U . S. Consular Reports. 2 N ot reported. 4 New^series ofstatistics showing unemployed registered by the employment exchanges. Includes not only workers wholly unemployed but also those intermittently employed. 5 Strike ended. Provisional figure. R e c r e a tio n C e n te r s fo r t h e U n e m p lo y e d in M o n tr e a l \HE Montreal Council of Social Agencies lias completed plans for the establishment of' recreation centers for unemployed workers in that city. Among the activities available will be checker playing, volley ball, basketball, hockey, boxing, and swimming.1 Some of the cen ters will be open in the evening and others in the morning or a Iternoon Instead of remaining indoors at home all day or walking the streets the jobless men, it is hoped, will be able to forget their troubles to some extent while they are playing and taking physical exercise. T 1 Canadian Congress Journal, Ottawa, January, 1932, p. 20. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 534 M O N TH LY L A B O R R E V IE W E n g lis h S t u d ie s o f U n e m p lo y e d a n d o f P e r so n s In su r e d A g a in st U n e m p lo y m e n t HE English Government has recently published the results of two studies made by the sample method, one dealing with persons insured against unemployment at the beginning of July, 1930, and the other with persons registered as unemployed on February 2, 1931. The Ministry of Labor Gazette for January, 1932, contains a sum mary of these studies, from which the following data are taken. T Persons Insured, July, 1930 T h e study included 1 2 0 ,0 0 0 persons insured under the unemploy ment insurance acts, of whom 86,740 were males and 33,260 were females. The number of insured workers at that date was 1 2 ,0 0 0 ,0 0 0 , so that the sample represents 1 per cent of the total. The facts on record made possible analyses as to age, industry, contributions made, and benefits drawn, but not as to marital state, dependents, or personal qualifications and disabilities. For the group as a whole, 55.9 per cent of the males and 80.5 per cent of the females were under 35 years, but the age distribution varied with different industries. In general, the heavy industries included a larger proportion of middle-aged men than the light trades, while the industries which tend to employ large numbers of the un skilled show heavier proportions of the older men. The records showed for each person the industry in which he was employed when he entered insurance, as well as that in which he was when the sample was taken, and from these facts it was possible to draw some conclu sions as to the mobility of labor. For all industries combined 64.2 per cent of the males were in the same in dustry classification in July, 1930, as at their entry into insurance, and 35.8 per cent had had a change of classification. A small part— not exceeding 2.5 per cent— of this change may have been due to a change in the basis of industrial classification which took place in July, 1923; allowing for this, it would appear that about one-third of the men and youths insured in July, 1930, had moved at least once from one industry to another since their entry into insurance. The average period covered by the record was seven years for men and 5.4 years for women. In some industries the transference is much more frequent than in others. Speaking generally, there is less transference among females than among males. Contributions and Benefits Over one-third (35.4 per cent) of the males and nearly one-half (48.4 per cent) of the females had never drawn unemployment bene fit between November, 1920, and December, 1930. This is partly a matter of age, as the risk of unemployment increases with years. “ Among men aged 60 to 64 the rate of unemployment is 50 per cent higher than at ages 40 to 44.” Unemployment, while frequent, seemed to be in the majority of cases either intermittent or of short duration. More or less continuous unemployment is confined to a very small section of the insured population, which can not include more than about 100,000 men and 3,000 women. This group represents the maximum size of the “ standing army” of the unemployed. The number of those who have had no unemployment is at least 30 times as large. Between these two extremes there is a group) about one and a half times as numerous as the other two combined, and including about 5,500,000 rnen and 1,700,000 women, among whom employment and unemploy ment are intermittent. In this group the degree of unemployment is not uniform. Among at least half the group unemployment is almost negligible, and it becomes serious among only about 10 per cent. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis EMPLOYMENT CONDITIONS 535 The proportion of those among whom unemployment had been severe varied widely in the different industries. This is indicated in the following table, which shows, for the leading industries, the aver age number of days’ benefit drawn for each 100 contributions paid by those of the sample who were in the various industry classifications in July, 1930: T a ble 1 . - R ELA T IO N B E T W E E N C O N T R IB U TIO N S PA ID A N D B E N E F IT S D R A W N U N D E R U N E M P L O Y M E N T IN S U R A N C E IN GREA T B R IT A IN Principal industries and sex D ays’ benefit per 100 contri butions D ays’ benefit per 100 contri butions Females M ales Ship building and repairing- __________ Public works contracting Iron and steel. ___ __ _ _ . Dock, harbor, etc., service Coalinining.l__ ............__ Engineering ___Cotton Building ______ - . ___ Motor vehicles, etc _ _________ Woolen and worsted_____________ _____ Clothing__________ ______ _ ____ --Food, drink, and tobacco.___ _________ Distributive trades______________ ___ Paper_______ ______ _ _____ _ _ Printing, publishing, etc_______________ All industries Principal industries and sex ____________ 194 144 126 100 70 69 68 59 50 50 37 31 31 29 20 Cotton _____________________________ Woolen and w o r ste d -.______________ Other textiles____ _____ _____M etal trades_______________ ________ Food, drink, and tobacco_____________ Clothing. __________________ Paper ____________________ . . . Printing, publishing, etc______________ Distributive trades....................................... 85 50 52 43 31 25 21 20 18 59 All industries.. ________________ 35 The act of 1920 had laid down the rule, afterward abrogated, that not more than one week’s benefit would be allowed for each six con tributions paid. Applying this rule to an industry, each 100 contri butions paid in might be said to represent a liability for benefit for 16% weeks, or, roughly, 116 days. (B.L. S. Bull. No. 544, p. 277.) The industries included in this table are those in which unemployment is heaviest, and it will be noticed that for men in three cases the average period through which benefits were paid per 100 contributions exceeded that established by the above-mentioned rule, while for women the full period was not reached in any case. Taking this group of industries as a whole, neither for men nor for women were benefits paid throughout the full Deriod which the 100 contributions would have justified. Transitional and Standard Benefit Of the workers included in the sample, 32,384 males and 11,238 females claimed unemployment benefit in 1930, and of these 3,754 males (12 per cent) and 1,182 females (10.5 per cent) were qualified for the transitional benefit only on the basis of their contribution record as it stood in the last quarter of the year. Age had a considerable influence on the relative proportions entitled to standard and transitional benefit, respectively, and on the rate of change in personnel. Thus, in the age group 18 to 20, only 8.7 per cent of the males and 6.6 per cent of the females with claims current at December 17, 1930, were qualified for transitional benefit only, while in the age group 55 to 64, the proportions had risen to 28.9 and 14.5 per cent, respectively. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 536 M O N TH LY LA B O R R E V IE W The proportion of transitional to standard benefit claimants in some of the more important industries is shown in the following table: T a b le 2.- -PER C E N T OF C L AIM A N TS ON T R A N SIT IO N A L B E N E F IT U N D E R U N E M PL O Y M E N T IN S U R A N C E IN GREA T B R IT A IN Principal industries Per cent on tran sitional benefit Principal industries M ales Public works contracting______ C oalmining_____ Distributive____ ___ _ Shipbuilding and ship repairing_____ Clothing, ______________ Iron and ste e l,. ________ Motor v e h ic le s___ B u ild in g .,. . . . . Engineering,, . ._ __ ____ Cotton______________ _ Dock and harbor s e r v ic e ____ Woolen and worsted___ _ Paper_______________ All industries____ Per cent on tran sitional benefit Females 33. 9 26. 6 21.7 19.0 14. 9 14. 0 13.1 12. 9 12.4 11.2 9. 7 8. 3 8.1 Distributive Cotton Printing, publishing, and bookbinding,. Food, drink, and tobacco Pottery Woolen and worsted Clothing Engineering 17. 4 All industries 13 7 1Z. 12.2 11 6 c c 7 ft 73 4. 1 12.7 Persons on Unemployment Register, February, 1931 T h e second study was based on a sample aggregating one-lialf of 1 per cent of all persons aged 18 and over, employed or unemployed, on the registers of the employment exchanges of Great Britain on February 2, 1931. In regard to age, and to the connection between age and unemployment, the study showed little that was new. Among men the increase in unemployment had affected all age groups in much the same degree; among women it was less apparent among those Under 25 than in the older age groups. Employability Over 70 per cent of those interviewed were reported to be of good physique, while over 80 per cent were in good health, and a similar per cent had no physical defects. The definitions of the various categories of employability were different from those used in the previous investigations; each person interviewed was judged in relation to his suitability for submission to a local vacancy without exceptional features in his own occupation. Judged by the new standards, 75 per cent of the men and 80 per cent of the women were considered to be suitable on all grounds for submission to such a vacancy; 16.5 per cent of the men and 13.3 per cent of the women came short of the standard in personal qualifications (age, physical condition, etc.); 5 per cent of the men and 4 per cent of the women were considered to have adequate personal qualifications, but their industrial experience was such as to make their engagement doubtful; and 3.4 per cent of the men and 2.8 per cent of the women were considered to be unsuitable on both grounds (industrial experience and personal qualifications). Those on transitional benefit had distinctly lower employment qualifications than those on standard benefit. For example, among men, 82 per cent of those on standard benefit were placed in category A (those suitable on all grounds), but only 52 per cent of those on transitional benefit. This was in part due to the higher average age of those on transitional benefit. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 537 EMPLOYMENT CONDITIONS Education, Marital Condition, and Dependents The great majority had attended elementary schools only, and had left them early. “ Nearly 90 per cent of the men and 80 per cent of the women under 30 years of age started work before reaching 15. Slightly over one-fourth (26 per cent) of the men and 7 per cent of the women claimed to have been apprenticed to a trade; the propor tions were higher among those on standard than among those on transitional benefit. The proportion of married men was higher than at anv previous investigation, and the proportion of married women claimants to benefit was nearly double that found in the investiga tion of April, 1927. Of every 100 men whose claims to benefit had been approved, 54 had dependents, consisting of 50 adults and 82 children. Among those with dependent children the average number of children was 2.2. Only 3 per cent of the women with authorized claims had dependents. Employment and Unemployment Record As to employment record, the following was found : In the year ended January, 1931, a year of industrial depression, oyer 6 per cent of the men on standard benefit at February 2, 1931, had paid 50 or more weekly contributions, and about 56 per cent had paid 30 or more; only 4 per cent had paid no contributions. Among the men on transitional benefit, about 46 per cent had paid no contributions in the year. The figures for women showed a slightly less favorable record. * * * , . 10 , , For the nine years, July, 1921, to June, 1930, taken as a whole, 18 per cent o the men on standard benefit at February 2, 1931, had paid the maximum number of contributions throughout the whole period, and over 55 per cent had paid nearly 80 per cent of the maximum. The record for those on transitional benefit fell much below this standard. For women on standard benefit the record was similar to that of the men, but women on transitional benefit had a better record than the men in the same class. * * * _ , , ,, Among men 30 per cent of those on standard benefit and 5.5 per cent of those on transitional benefit had been unemployed for not more than 12 weeks m the year ended January, 1931; 30 per cent of the men on standard benefit and 6 pei cent of those on transitional benefit had been unemployed for 12 to 24 weeks; while less than 2 per cent of those on standard benefit and 20 per cent of those on transitional benefit were unemployed the whole year. . , On the average the men on standard benefit had been continuously unemployed for 63 days as compared with 173 days for those on transitional benefit. The last spell of continuous unemployment extended to not more than 4 weeks among 41 7 per cent of the men on standard benefit and 11.2 per cent of those on tran sitional benefit; and it was not more than 12 weeks m the case of 69 per cent of those on standard benefit and 28 per cent of those on transitional benefit, i he figures for women were similar. . 0£, , If the 7-year period ended January, 1931, is taken as a whole, nearly 36 per cent of the men and 43 per cent of the women on standard benefit, and 6 per cent ot the men and 16 per cent of the women on transitional benefit at February 2d had drawn benefit for less than 10 per cent of the total period. M o v e m e n t o f E n g lis h W ork ers fr o m O c c u p a tio n s U n in su r e d to In su red HE question has often been raised as to the extent to which workers in Great Britain were passing from the uninsured to the insured occupations, and to throw some light on the movement the Ministry of Labor recently made a special analysis ol the new entrants into unemployment insurance during the 12 months ending m April, 1931. Some particulars of this study are given m the Ministry ot T https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 538 M O N T H L Y L A B O R R E V IE W Labor Gazette for December, 1931 (p. 456). During the period covered the total number of new entrants was 755,130, of whom 178,819 were adults and 576,311 were juveniles. The following description is given of the data on which the analysis was based: As soon as a worker aged 16 to 64 has obtained employment in an insured trade, or reaches the age of 16 while in such employment, he is required to make applica tion for an unemployment book, and at the same time, under the normal procedure a special inquiry form is completed at a local office of the Ministry of Labor in respect of every applicant for a book, with the exception of juveniles who applv within two months of reaching 16 years of age. Particulars are entered on the form respecting the applicant’s previous employment record, his age, and the insurable employment in respect of which an unemployment book is being issued. An unemployment book is not issued unless insured work has been obtained! The following analysis has been derived from an examination of those inquiry forms which indicated previous employment in uninsured occupations. These figures, it should be observed, relate solely to persons entering trades, and make no allowance for the movement from insured to uninsured occupations, e. g from hotel or restaurant work to private domestic service. The inquiry dealt with 97,185 persons entering insured trades during the period covered who had had employment in uninsured occupations previous to entering insurance. This was 12.9 per cent of the total number of new entrants during the year. The following table shows, by number and per cent, the previous occupational distribution of the entrants: PREVIO US O C C U PA TIO N A L D IS T R IB U T IO N OF N E W E N T R A N T S IN T O IN S U R E D T R A D E S IN GR EA T B R IT IA N Previous record Agriculture--. ___ _____ Domestic service_____ W ork on own account _. _ From abroad . ____ Salary over £250 a year Work unspecified___ Exempt or excepted___ Irish immigrants_____ Total. _______________ Number 25 041 33 040 20 251 5 787 4, 635 4 3 J1 2 830 1 281 97 185 Per cent of those with Per cent of former un total new insured em entrants ployment OK 2 0 . oQ qa n u 20. 8 6. 0 4t. o ft T 4 4 9 Q Z. if 11. 6 9 i1U r\r\ n U. U 3.3 4. 4 2.7 .8 .6 .6 .4 .1 12. 9 Nearly 50 per cent of the adult new entrants had had previous uninsured employment, but among juveniles the percentage was only 1.8. Over 22 000 or 26 per cent of the adults who had had uninsured employment, had been engaged m agriculture. Over 26,000, or 31 per cent, had been in domestic service, and nearly 20,000 or 23 per cent, had been working on their own account. Among the juveniles with previous uninsured employment, 62 per cent had been engaged m domestic service, and 26.9 per cent in agriculture. The analysis did not dis tinguish males from females, but no doubt most of those from domestic service were females and most of those from agriculture were males. Incidentally it is mentioned that some examination was made of the group, numbering about 92,000, who had entered insurance for the hist time after reaching 18 years of age and who had had no previous uninsured employment. Of these, about 80 per cent were women, of whom about 75 per cent had been engaged in home duties, a few had been receiving education, and the rest had been unoccupied. Among the men in this class about 25 per cent had been receiving education, about 10 per cent had been working for parents, and the others had been unoccupied. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis E M PL O Y M E N T C O N D IT IO N S 539 A study of the occupations which the new entrants who had pre viously worked entered during the year showed that nearly 40 per cent found employment in the distributive trades, and over 15 per cent in building and public works contracting. The distributive trades have suffered relatively less than many other industries from the depression, and an increasing proportion of the insured population is found in them. Many of those entering them came from domestic service, or from working on their own account. It is well known that there is a considerable movement into this industry of girls from domestic service; while the number of persons entering from work on their own account is probably influenced by the difficulty of maintaining small independent businesses in the face of trade depression and the increasing competi tion of large stores. As might be expected a large proportion of the entrants from domestic service found employment in hotel, etc., service. Over 30 per cent (8,067) of the men from agriculture entered the building and public works contracting industries. * * * Nearly 50 per cent of the entrants from uninsured occupations were under 25 years of age, and the average number at each year of age in the 16-24 age group was over three times the corresponding number in later age groups. Of those who had been employed in domestic service and agriculture the per centages under 25 years of age were 69.7 and 54.8, respectively. The number of adult entrants from these two occupations decreased steadily with advancing age, whereas the numbers who had been working on their own account were fairly evenly distributed between ages 18 and 54. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis INSURANCE AND BENEFIT PLANS W is c o n s in U n e m p lo y m e n t I n s u r a n c e Law N JANUARY 28, 1932, the first unemployment insurance law adopted by any State in the Union was approved by the Governor of Wisconsin, and constitutes chapter 20, Wisconsin Special Session Laws of 1931. The Wisconsin Legislature, by the enactment of the law, intended to make certain that by July 1, 1933, a majority of the employees working for industrial companies in the State would have some adequate system of unemployment compensation. Before June 1, 1933, therefore, it is incumbent upon the employers of at least 175,000 employees to establish voluntarily some unemployment insurance plan which meets the standards prescribed by the act; otherwise the act will automatically become compulsory on July 1, 1933. Pro posed voluntary plans may be submitted to the Wisconsin Industrial Commission for its written approval. ByJune 15, 1933, the industrial commission must ascertain whether a S:i®cient number employers have undertaken voluntary plans, and file its findings with the secretary of state. Public notice of the results must be given in the official State paper by the secretary of state. In the event the compulsory plan does not become operative, the industrial commission continues a supervision over the voluntary plans, and must keep itself informed of the operations of all such plans of unemployment insurance established in the State and publish pertinent statistics regarding the plans. In order to assist in carrying out the purposes of the act, it provides that any county or municipality may, subject to the approval by the industrial commission, establish and maintain local free-employment offices, and the industrial commission may also establish such offices on its own responsibility. An appropriation of $25,000 is made available until June 30, 1933. Briefly the act provides the following: 1. It recognizes the economic loss resulting from unemployment and endeavors to provide a constructive solution of the problem. 2. I t covers all employers employing 10 or more persons for four or more months during the preceding calendar year. The following aie specifically excluded: Farm laborers, domestic servants, public officers, school teachers, interstate railroad employees, or persons engaged in governmental unemployment relief projects, or anyone who is unable or unwilling to work normal full time. 3. Contributions to the unemployment reserve fund are made by the employer at the rate, for the first two years of contribution, of 2 per cent of his annual pay roll (not including salaries of employees receiv ing more than $ 1,500 per year or $300 or more per month). Thereafter, whenever a reserve has been built up amounting to $55 per employee, the late of contribution is reduced to 1 per cent, and when and during the period that the reserve per employee amounts to $75 contributions 540 O https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis INSURANCE AND BENEFIT PLANS 541 cease. Whenever the reserve falls below $75 contributions begin again. In addition, the employer is obliged to contribute to the administration fund at the rate of two-tenths of 1 per cent of his annual pay roll. Any agreement between employer and employee by which the latter agrees to pay any part of the regular contribution is void. However, employees may contribute voluntarily to the fund in order to obtain higher benefits than those established by the act. 4. Benefits for total unemployment become payable after a waiting period of two weeks and are at the rate of $10 a week, or 50 per cent of the average weekly wage, whichever is lower, unless the wage is less than $5, when a benefit of $5 is paid. For partial unemployment the benefit is the difference between the employee’s actual wages and the weekly benefit to which he would be entitled if totally unemployed. An additional $1 per week is provided in the event the employee attends a vocational or other school during the period of his unemploy ment. The maximum period of benefit in any one calendar year is limited to 10 weeks. No benefits are to be paid if the employee has lost his employment because of misconduct or has quit voluntarily or because of a trade dispute, if the place of business is destroyed, if he earned $1,500 or more during the preceding 12 months, or for several other reasons. Benefits cease in case of refusal to accept suitable employment. 5. The act is administered by the State industrial commission. 6. For violations of the act—making false statements, deducting contributions from an employee’s wages, refusing to pay contribu tions, failing to testify or produce books, etc.—a penalty of $25 to $100, or imprisonment for a maximum of 30 days, or both, is provided. Because this act is the first which any State in the Union has enacted dealing with the problem of unemployment insurance, and because of its widespread interest it has been deemed advisable to reproduce the act in full. C h a pter 20 S e c t io n 1. L e g is la tiv e in te n t.— (1) The legislature intends through this act to make it certain that by July 1,1933, at least a majority of the employees of this State will enjoy the protection of fair and adequate systems of unemployment compensation. The largest organization of employers in the State having de clared it to be the intention of its members voluntarily to establish unemploy ment fund systems, it is the intent of the legislature to give employers a fair opportunity to bring about the purposes of this act without legal compulsion. If by June 1, 1933, the employers of not less than 175,000 employees have vol untarily established plans which comply with the standards prescribed in section 108 15 of this act, then the compulsory system provided for in section 2 shall not take effect; otherwise, it shall take effect July 1, 1933. Should this provision for any reason be held invalid it is the intent of the legislature that the compulsory plan shall take effect July 1, 1933. , , , + j Sec. 2. A new chapter and a new section are added to the statutes to read. C h a pter 108.— U n e m p lo y m e n t reserves a n d c o m p e n s a tio n S e c t io n 108.01. D e c la r a tio n o f p u b lic p o lic y . — As a guide to the interpretation and application of this chapter the public policy of this State is declared as tol- T n Unemployment in Wisconsin has become an urgent public problem, gravely affecting the health, morals, and welfare of the people of this State. The burden of irregular employment now falls directly and with crushing force on the unemployed worker and his family, and results also in an excessive dram on agencies for private charity and for public relief. The decreased and irregular purchasing power of wage earners in turn vitally affects the livelihood of farmers, 103146°— 32----- 4 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 542 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW merchants, and manufacturers, results in a decreased demand for their products, and thus tends partially to paralyze the economic life of the entire State. In good times and in bad times unemployment is a heavy social cost, now paid mainly by wage earners. Industrial and business units in Wisconsin should pay at least a part of this social cost caused by their own irregular operations. To assure somewhat steadier work and wages to its own employees, a company can reason ably be required to build up a limited reserve for unemployment, and out of this to pay unemployment benefits to its workers, based on their wages and lengths of service. (2) The economic burdens resulting from unemployment should not only be shared more fairly, but should also be decreased and prevented as far as possible. A sound system of unemployment reserves, contributions, and benefits should induce and reward steady operations by each employer, since he is in a better position than any other agency to share in and to reduce the social costs of his own irregular employment. Employers and employees throughout the State should cooperate, in advisory committees under Government supervision, to promote and encourage the steadiest possible emplovment. A more adequate system of free public employment offices should be provided, at the expense of employers, to place workers more efficiently and to shorten the periods between jobs. Education and retraining of workers during their unemployment should be encouraged. Governmental construction providing emergency relief through work and wages should be stimulated. (3) A gradual and constructive solution of the unemployment problem along these lines has become an imperative public need. S e c . 108.02.^D e fin itio n s .— As used in th is c h a p te r: (a) “ Commission” shall mean the industrial commission. (b) “ Workmen’s compensation a c t” shall mean sections 102.01 to 102.35. (c) “ Employee,” except where the context clearly shows otherwise, shall mean any person who is employed by an employer and in an employment subject to this chapter, or who has been so employed within the last six months: P ro v id e d , chat an independent contractor shall be deemed an “ employer,” and that all persons employed by subcontractors under him shall be deemed his “ employees” for the purposes of this chapter. (d) Employer,” except where the context clearly shows otherwise, shall mean any person, partnership, association, corporation (or legal representative of a deceased person, or a receiver or trustee of a person, partnership, association, or corporation), including this State and a n y municipal corporation or other political subdivision thereof, who or whose predecessor in interest has for four months or more within the preceding calendar year employed 10 or more persons in employ ments subject to this chapter. There shall be included in such calculation all persons thus employed by the employer throughout the entire State, and all of ?vera^ P^aces of employment maintained within Wisconsin by the employer shall be treated as a single “ employer ” for the purposes of this chapter: P ro v id e d , m o reover, 1 hat where any employer, either directly or through a holding company or otherwise, has a majority control or ownership of otherwise separate business enterprises employing persons in Wisconsin, all such enterprises shall be treated as a single employer ’’ for the purposes of this chapter. (e) An employment,” except where the context shows otherwise, shall mean any employment, during any week, in which all or the greater part of the person’s work is performed within Wisconsin, under any contract of hire, express or implied, oral or written, including all contracts entered into by helpers and assistants of employees, whether paid by employer or employee, if employed with the knowl edge actual or constructive of the employer; except that for the purposes of this chapter an employment” shall not include: 1. Employment as a farm laborer; 2. Employment in the personal or domestic service of an employer at his home; 3. Employment on a governmental unemployment relief project, approved as such by the commission; 4. Employment as an elected or appointed public officer; 5. Employment by a governmental unit on an annual salary basis; 6 Employment as a teacher in a private or public school, college, or university lor the regular term for which such school, college, or university is in session; 7. Employment of a person who is unable or unwilling to work normal full time and who, before accepting a part-time job, has registered at his district public employment office as a “ part-time worker,” in such written form as the com mission may prescribe: P ro v id e d , how ever, That for the purposes of this chapter https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis INSURANCE AND BENEFIT PLANS 543 no person shall be treated as a “ part-time worker” who customarily works half or more than half the full-time hours per week which prevail in such establishment for full-time employees. , . . , , , , , ,. , . 8. Employment by railroads engaged m interstate transportation and employ ment in logging operations. (/) An employee’s “ weeks of employment” by an employer shall mean all those weeks during each of which the employee has performed any services at all for the employer. . , (g) “ Benefits” shall mean the money allowance payable to an employee as compensation for his wage losses due to unemployment as provided in this chapter.^ages„ ghall mean what is customarily meant by the term, except that it shall include bonuses and the reasonable value of board, rent, housing, lodging, or similar advantage received from the employer. . O') An employer’s “ full-time hours per week” shall be determined for each general class of his employees (classifying together all those usually employed on substantially the same schedule of weekly hours). _ The commission shall calculate an employer’s full-time hours per week, applicable to all his employees of the given class, by averaging the weekly hours worked by the majority of such employees for each week during the preceding calendar year in which such pre vailing hours were 40 or more: P ro v id e d , That, in cases where it finds that the above method can not reasonably and fairly be applied, the commission may adopt such other comparable method or methods of determining an employer s full-time hours per week as it deems reasonable and suitable under this_ chapter. ( 7) An emplovee’s “ average weekly wage” shall mean the weekly earnings such employee would average from the particular employer if employed that number of full-time hours per week of such employer which is applicable to such employee. Accordingly—each employee’s “ average weekly wage shall be calculated by mul tiplying such applicable full-time hours per week by the employee s average earnings per hour from such employer. Each employee s earnings per hour (averaged for 100 or more hours of employment, so far as possible) shall for this purpose be calculated at such times and in such manner and in accordance with such suitable rules as the commission may prescribe with a view to determining benefits under this chapter. (Jc) “ Fund” shall mean the unemployment reserve fund established m section (1) “ Employer’s account” shall mean the separate unemployment reserve account of an employer with the above fund. (v i) “ Reserve per employee” shall refer to the status of an employer s account at the; beginning of a calendar month. It shall be calculated by dividing the net amount such employer’s account then has (or would have if all contributions due under this chapter had peen paid) by the maximum number of employees sub ject to this chapter employed by such employer in any week during the preceding siX( ^ “ Administration fund” shall mean the fund established in section 108.20. S e c . 108.03. P a y m e n t o f ben efits. — (1) Benefits shall be paid by the commission to each unemployed employee from his employer s account in the fund under the conditions and in the amounts stated in this chapter 5 except that employers exempted under subsection ( 2 ) of section 108.15 shall pay benefits directly to their unemployed employees under the conditions and in the amounts stated in the plan approved by the commission as the basis for the exemption. (2) No benefits shall become payable from any employer s account, nor shall any employer’s benefit liability begin to accrue under section 108.06, until one year after he has begun to make the regular and^ continuing contributions re quired of him under this chapter, except as otherwise provided m subsection (5) of section 108.15 and subsection ( 8 ) of section 108.16: P r o v id e d , That at the end of such year period each employer’s benefit liability shall begin to accrue and benefits shall accordingly become payable from his account. (3) The commission shall determine or approve the time and metnod ot pay ment of benefits. „ , , ,, , , S e c . 108.04. E li g i b il i ty f o r benefits.-— (1) No employees shall be deemed eligible for benefits for partial or total unemployment unless he gives the notification ot such unemployment required under subsection^ ( 1 ) of section 108.08, or unless such notification is waived by the commission in accordance with such section. (2) No employee shall be deemed eligible for benefits on account ot eitfier partial or total unemployment during any calendar week unless such employee was physically able to work and available for work whenever with due notice called on by his employer to report for work. Nor shall any employee be deemed https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 544 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW eligible for benefits for total unemployment for any calendar week in which he has suitable employment, as defined in subsection (6) of this section; P r o v id e d , That nothing in this section shall render an employee ineligible for total unem ployment benefits for any calendar week on the ground that such employee is employed on a governmental unemployment relief project under section 108.25. (3) An employee shall be deemed partially unemployed in any calendar week, and shall at once be eligible for benefits for such partial unemployment, whenever his week’s wages are less than the amount of weekly benefit to which he would be entitled under this chapter if totally unemployed. (4) An employee shall be deemed totally unemployed in any calendar week when he performs no services whatsoever for his current employer during such week. An employee thus unemployed shall be eligible for benefits for total unem ployment for each week of total unemployment occurring subsequent to a waiting period of two such weeks. No benefit shall be or become payable for this required waiting period, but not more than two such weeks of waiting period per employer shall be required of any employee in any 12 months in order to establish his eligibil ity for total unemployment benefits under this section. The commission may approve in an approved voluntary unemployment benefit plan, such longer or shorter waiting period as will comply with the requirements of subsection (2) of section 108.15. (5) An employee shall not be deemed eligible for any benefits for total unem ployment based on his past weeks of employment, and no such benefits shall be payable to the employee under any of the following conditions: (a) If he has lost his employment through misconduct; (6) If he has left his employment voluntarily without good cause attributable to the employer; (c) During any period for which he has left and is out of employment because of a trade dispute still in active progress in the establishment in which he was employed; (d) For any period during which he is out of employment because of an act of God affecting his place of employment; (e) If he has received in wages $1,500 or more during the 12 months preceding the date on which he became totally unemployed; (/) If he is ordinarily self-employed, but has been temporarily (for not more than five months) employed in an employment subject to this chapter and can, at the termination of such temporary employment, reasonably return to his selfemployment; (gr) If he attended a school, college, or university in the last preceding school term, and has been employed by his employer only during the customary summer vacation of schools, colleges, and universities. (6) . A_claimant shall no longer be eligible for total unemployment benefits and the liability of his past employers to pay him such benefits based on his past employment shall cease for any period after he has without good cause refused to accept suitable employment when offered to him, or has failed to apply for suitable employment when notified by the district public employment office. Suitable employment shall mean either employment in his usual employment or other employment for which he is reasonably fitted, regardless of whether it is subject to this chapter: P ro v id e d , Such employment is in the vicinity of his residence or last employment, and gives him wages at least equal to his weekly benefit for total unemployment or provides him work for at least half the number of hours normally worked as full time in such occupation or establishment: A n d p ro v id ed , f u r t h e r , That whenever in any specific case the commission finds that it is impracticable to apply any of the foregoing standards, the commission may apply any standard reasonably calculated to determine what is suitable em ployment. (7) Nothing in this section shall^require an employee to accept employment; nor shall any employee forfeit his right to benefits by refusing to accept employ ment under either or both of the following conditions: . (a) In a situation vacant in consequence of a stoppage of work due to a trade dispute; (b) If the wages, hours and conditions offered be not those prevailing for simi lar work in .the locality or are such as tend to depress wages and working con ditions. (8) No employee shall be deemed eligible to receive benefits under this chapter on account of any period of partial or total unemployment unless such employee has been a resident of Wisconsin for the 2 years preceding the beginning of such period of unemployment or has been gainfully employed in the State for 40 weeks within such 2-year period: P ro v id e d , That an employee’s ineligibility under https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis INSURANCE AND BENEFIT PLANS 545 this subsection shall modify his employer’s benefit liability only as specifically provided in subsection (5) of section 108.06. S e c . 108.05. A m o u n t o f ben efits.— (1) Each eligible employee shall be paid benefits for total unemployment at a rate of $10 a week or 50 per cent of his average weekly wage, whichever is lower; except that when 50 per cent of such wage is less than $5 a benefit of $5 a week shall be paid. (2) The benefit payable for partial unemployment in any week shall be the difference between the eligible employee’s actual wages for the week and the weekly benefit to which he would be entitled if totally unemployed. _ (3) Benefits shall be paid to each employee for the calendar weeks during which he is totally or partially unemployed and eligible for benefits; but no em ployee shall ever receive in any calendar year more than 10 weeks of benefit for total unemployment, nor more than an equivalent total amount of benefits either for partial unemployment or for partial and total unemployment combined. (4) The amount of benefits payable to any eligible employee shall be limited also by the benefit liability of his employer’s account, as provided m sections 108.06 and 108.07. S e c . 108.06. B e n e fit lia b ility o f the e m p lo y e r ’s a c co u n t. — (1) An employer s account shall be liable to pay benefits to an employee in the ratio of one week of total unemployment benefit (or an equivalent amount of partial unemploy ment benefit) to each four weeks of employment of such employee by such em ployer within the 52 weeks preceding the date on which such employee last performed services for such employer. But no liability for the payment of benefits to an employee shall accrue unless the employee has been employed more than two weeks by the particular employer within such preceding year, or, in the case of an employee employed on a fixed monthly salaryun less the em ployee has been employed more than one month by the particular employer within such preceding year. _ . (2) In no case shall an employer’s account remain or be liable to pay benefits to an employee for any unemployment occurring more than six months after the date on which such employee last performed services for such employer. (3) No employer’s account shall at any time be liable to pay benefits beyond the current resources his account has, or would have if all contributions due under this chapter had been paid. (4) The liability of any employer’s account to pay benefits, for weeks or partial or total unemployment occurring within or mainly within any calendar month, may be reduced, depending on the adequacy of such account at the beginning of such month. Such adequacy shall be determined at the beginning of each month, on the basis of the net “ reserve per employee’’ which the em ployer’s account then has, or would have if all contributions due for payment under this chapter had been paid. (Whenever during any month the maximum benefit payable from an employer’s account for any week of total unemploy ment is reduced hereunder, this reduced maximum shall also be observed in cal culating the benefits payable from that account for partial unemployment during that month.) In each calendar month an employer’s account shall be liable to pay the benefits otherwise due his eligible employees for their weeks of unemploy ment occurring within such month only in accordance with the following schedul 0 * (а) When its reserve at the beginning of the month amounts to $50 or more per employee, the account shall be liable for and shall pay in full all valid benefit claims for unemployment during the month; (б) When such reserve amounts to over $45 but less than $50, all such valid benefit claims shall be paid, except that no eligible claimant shall receive for total unemployment a benefit of more than $9 per week; (c) When such reserve amounts to over $40 but less than $45, no claimant shall receive a benefit of more than $8 per week; (d) For each further periodic drop of $5 in the reserve per employee, there shall be a corresponding further drop of $1 in the maximum benefit per week payable to any claimant for total unemployment. . , (5) Any employee who has neither been a resident of Wisconsin for the past 2 years nor been gainfully employed in the State for 40 week s_ within such 2year period, and who is, therefore, under subsection (8) of section 108.04 inel igible to receive benefits under this chapter, shall be known as “ a nonqualified employee.” Whenever such a nonqualified employee_loses his employment, under conditions other than those enumerated in subsection (5) of section 108.04, his employer’s account shall be at once liable to pay in lieu of benefits to such person a lump sum amount to the commission. This payment shall be made at the rate of $5 for each 4 weeks of employment of such person by such employer https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 546 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW during the period of employment just ended; but not more than $5 shall be so payable for each $5 reserve per employee in the employer’s account at the be ginning of the current calendar month. The employer’s liability under this subsection shall be reported by him and shall be determined in amount in accord ance with suitable rules to be prescribed by the commission. The amount found to be due shall in each such case be paid over from the employer’s account into the administration fund established by section 108.20. S e c . 108.07. S u c c e s s iv e e m p lo y e r ’s l ia b ility . — (1) When an employee is em ployed by more than one employer within any 12-month period, the payment of benefits due such employee for total unemployment shall be made from the successive employer’s accounts in inverse order to such successive employments. Until the last employer liable shall have met or been unable further to meet his benefit liability to an eligible employee no previous employer shall be due to pay benefits to such employee. (2) When an eligible employee becomes employed in an employment or by an employer not subject to this chapter, such employment, except as provided in section 108.25, shall postpone but not terminate the liability of any former employer to pay benefits to such employee: P ro v id e d , how ever, That if the em ployee fails to return to regular work offered him in his former employment by the written request o f his former employer, made in good faith and not incon sistent with subsection (7) of section 108.04, such employee’s right to benefits from such former employer shall be extinguished. S e c . 108.08. N o tic e o f u n e m p lo y m e n t. — (1) Any claimant of benefits must give notice of his unemployment at the public employment office for the district in which he is or was last employed, within such time and in accordance with such rules as the commission may prescribe. Thereafter he shall give notice of the continuance of his unemployment as frequently and in such manner as the conimission may prescribe. But the notification prescribed under this sub section may, as to any case or class of cases, be waived by the commission for good cause (including administrative feasibility), provided“the commission finds that no party in interest will be prejudiced by such waiver. (2) The commission may require from any or each emplover notification of the partial or total unemployment of his employees, within such time, in such form, and in accordance with such rules as the commission may prescribe. S e c . 108.09._ E s ta b lis h m e n t o f c la im s . — (1) Claims for benefits shall be filed with the superintendent of the public employment office for the district in which the claimant is or was last employed, or with a deputy of the commission designated for the purpose. Claims shall be filed within such time and in such manner as the rules of the commission may prescribe. (2) If a claim appears to the superintendent or deputy invalid he shall reject the claim; if it appears valid he shall state the amount of benefits apparently payable to the claimant while eligible. In either case he shall notify the claimant m writing, giving his reasons. If the claimant is dissatisfied he may, within a time limit after notification to be set by the commission, have recourse to the method set up in section 108.10 for settling disputed claims. (3) If a claim appears to the superintendent or deputy valid he shall notify the liable employer in writing of the amount of benefits apparently payable thereUIT-!r‘ .. the emPloyer does not contest the claim, within a time limit after notification to be set by the commission, the amount of benefits stated by the superintendent or deputy shall, subject to the limitations set up in this chapter, become payable to the claimant from such employer’s account and shall be so paid by the commission. If the employer wishes to contest the claim, he may, within a time limit to be set by the commission, have recourse to the method set up m section 108.10 for settling disputed claims. S e c . 108.10. M e th o d o f s e ttlin g d is p u te d c la im s . — (1) The manner in which disputed claims shall be presented, the reports thereon required from employers, and the conduct of hearings shall be governed by rules and regulations to be adopted by the industrial commission. 1nP ] Disputed claims, whether involving employers exempted under section 108.15 or those contributing to the fund, shall be decided in the first instance by tne superintendent of the district public employment office or by a deputy of the commission designated for the purpose. (3) Within a time limit after notification to be set by the commission either the employer or employee may take an appeal from any decision of the superintendent or deputy, to an appeal board to be appointed in each employment office district by the industrial commission. Such district appeal board shall consist of one https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis INSURANCE AND BENEFIT PLANS 547 employer or representative of employers, one employee or representative of employees, and one person who is not an employer, employee or representative of either. . (4) Decisions of a district appeal board shall be re viewable by the commission or its representative upon appeal of either party within a time limit and in accord ance with other rules and regulations to be laid down by the commission. The commission may authorize a commissioner or an examiner to hear such cases and to make decisions under rules to be adopted by the commission. (5) Either party, if dissatisfied with the decision of_ such commissioner or examiner, may petition the industrial commission to review it as a commission. Such petition shall be in writing specifying in detail the particular errors alleged. If no such petition is filed within 10 days from the date when a copy of the decision of the commissioner or examiner was mailed to the last known address of each party in interest such decision shall be considered the decision of the industrial commission, unless set aside, reversed, or modified by such commissioner ^or examiner within such time. Within 10 days after the filing of any such petition the commission shall, on the basis of the evidence previouslysubmitted in such case, affirm, reverse, set aside, or modify such decision,_or direct the taking of additional testimony. Any decision made by the commission shall, if not modi fied or changed by it within 20 days, become the final decision of the commission and shall then be subject to judicial review on the same grounds and in the same manner as decisions of the industrial commission under the workmen’s compen sation act may be reviewed. (6) The commission shall have the power to remove or transfer the proceedings pending before a commissioner or examiner; and may on its own motion set aside, modify, or change any decision, whether made by a superintendent or deputy, by a district appeal board, by a commissioner or examiner, or by the commission a,s a body, at any time within 20 days of the date thereof if it shall discover any mis take therein or upon the grounds of newly discovered evidence. (7) In the discharge of their duties under this section, the superintendent of any district public employment office, any member of a district appeal board, and any member, examiner, or duly authorized employee of the industrial com mission shall have power to administer oaths to persons appearing before them, and by subpoenas (served in the manner in which circuit court subpoenas are served) to compel attendance of witnesses and the production of books, papers, documents, and records necessary or convenient to be used by them in connection with any disputed claim. (8) A full and complete record shall be kept of all proceedings in connection with a disputed claim and all testimony shall be taken down by a stenographer appointed by the commission. Sec. 108.Î01. M o d ifie d p ro c e d u re. —The commission may modify the procedure prescribed in sections 108.08, 108.09, and 108.10, with a view to such establish ment and determination of claims against employers exempted^ under section 108.15, as will be suitable to such cases and fair to the parties in interest. Sec. 108.11. A g r e e m e n t to c o n tr ib u te b y e m p lo y e e s . —-(1) No agreement by an employee or by employees to pay any portion of the contributions required under this chapter from employers shall be valid. No employer shall make a deduction for such purpose from wages. Any employee claiming a violation of this provi sion may, to recover wage deductions wrongfully made, have recourse to the method set up in section 108.10 for settling disputed claims. (2) But nothing in this chapter shall affect the validity of voluntary arrange ments whereby employees freely agree to make contributions to a fund for the purpose of securing unemployment compensation additional to the benefits provided in this chapter. . Sec. 108.12. W a iv e r o f b en efit. — No agreement by an employee to waive his right to benefits or any other rights under this chapter shall be valid. Sec. 108.13. A s s ig n m e n t. — No claim for benefit under this chapter or under any approved voluntary unemployment benefit plan shall be assignable before payment, but this provision shall not affect the survival thereof; nor shall any claim for benefit awarded, adjudged, or paid, be subject to be taken for the debts of the party entitled thereto. . . , ,, Sec. 108.14. A d m i n is tr a ti o n . — (1) This chapter shall be administered by the industrial commission. . , , , ,, (2) The commission shall have power and authority to adopt and enforce all rules and regulations which it finds necessary or suitable to carry out the pro visions of this chapter. All such rules and regulations shall be published m the State’s official newspaper and shall take effect 10 days after such publication. A copy of such rules and regulations shall be delivered to every person making https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 548 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW application therefor. The commission may require from employers, whether subject to this chapter or not, any reports on employment, wages, hours and related matters which it deems necessary to carry out the provisions of this chapter. (3) The commission may appoint, employ, and pay as many persons as it deems necessary to administer and to carry out the purposes of this chapter, and may make all other expenditures of any kind which it deems necessary or suitable to this end. But it shall not pay to any member of a district appeal board more than $5 of compensation per day of services. (4) The commission may create as many employment districts and district appeal boards and may establish and maintain as many free public employment offices as it deems necessary to carry out the provisions of this chapter. The com mission shall have power to finance either partly or completely such public em ployment offices as it deems necessary under this chapter, from the funds appro priated to the commission for its expenses under this chapter, whether or not the political subdivision in which such office is located agrees to pay or does pay any part of the expenses of such office. (5) The commission shall appoint advisory employment committees, by local districts or by industries or for the whole State, consisting in each case of one or more representatives each of employers, employees and the public, who shall assist the commission, without compensation but with reimbursement of neces sary expenses, in administering and carrying out the purposes and provisions of this chapter. (6) It shall be one of the purposes of this chapter to promote the regularization of. employment in enterprises, localities, industries, and the State. The com mission, with the advice and aid of its advisory employment committees, shall take all appropriate steps within its means to reduce and prevent unemployment. To this end the commission may employ experts, and may carry on and publish the results of any investigations and research which it deems relevant, whether or not directly related to the other purposes and specific provisions of this chapter. At least once a year the commission shall compile and publish a summary report stating the operations and status of each employer’s account or other unemploy ment reserve and covering such other material as it deems significant in connec tion with the operations and purposes of this chapter. . Sec. 108.15. E x e m p tio n . —-(1) The commission shall exempt, from the provi sions of this chapter, except sections 108.12, 108.14, 108.15, 108.19, 108.21, 108.22, and 108.24, any employer who guarantees, under a plan approved by the com mission, to all his eligible employees (and to each new eligible employee who is continued in employment after a probationary period of one month), in advance for a stated 1-year period, at least 42 weeks of work or wages, for at least 36 hours in each such week, if satisfied that the employer can and will make good such promise under all circumstances. The words “ eligible employee” in this sub section shall mean an employee who if unemployed would not be barred from eligibility for benefits by any of paragraphs (e), (f), and (g) of subsection (5) of section 108.04 or by subsection (8) of section 108.04. But such employer shall not be required to make good such guaranty in the case of any individual employee who loses his employment under any of the conditions enumerated in subsection (5) of section 108.04. (2) The commission shall exempt from the provisions of this chapter, except sections 108.03, 108.04, 108.07, 108.101, 108.12, 108.13, 108.14, 108.15, 108.19 108.21, 108.22, 108.23, 108.24, 108.25, and 108.26, any employer or group of employers submitting a plan for unemployment benefits which the commission finds: (a) Makes eligible for benefits at least the employees who would be eligible for benefits under the compulsory features of this act; (b) provides that the pro portion of the benefits to be financed by the employer or employers will on the whole be equal to or greater than the benefits ■which would be provided under the compulsory features of this act; and (c) is on the whole as beneficial in all other respects to such employees as the compulsory plan provided in this act. If under such a plan any contributions are made by employees, the accounts of the plan shall be so kept as to make clear what proportion of the benefits is financed by the employer or employers and what proportion by the employees. If under such a plan any contributions are made by employees, the commission may require that such employees be represented, by representatives of their own choosing, in the direct administration of such plan, and the commission may take any steps necessary and appropriate to assure such representation to contributing employees. w No employer or group of employers exempted under this section shall be permitted to insure the liability to pay benefits or wages in any insurance com https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis INSURANCE AND BENEFIT PLANS 549 pany; and if such employer or employers enters or enter into an agreement for any form of insurance coverage such action shall automatically operate as a revocation of such exemption. (4) As a condition of granting exemption, the commission may require the employer or group to furnish such security as the commission may deem sufficient to assure payment of all promised benefits or wages, including the setting up of proper reserves. Such reserves and other security and also the manner in which an exempted employer carries out his promises of benefits or employment shall be subject to inspection and investigation by the commission at any reasonable time. If the commission shall deem it necessary it may require an exempted employer to furnish additional security to assure fulfillment of his promises to his employees. (5) If an exempted employer or group of employers fails to furnish security satisfactory to the commission, or fails to fulfill the promises made to employees, or willfully fails to furnish any reports that the commission may require under this chapter, or otherwise to comply with the applicable portions of this chapter and the rules, regulations, and orders of the commission pertaining to the admin istration thereof, the commission may, upon 10 days’ notice and the opportunity to be heard, revoke the exemption of such employer or group. In such case or in case any exempted employer or group voluntarily terminates exemption, such employer or each of such group of employers shall at once pay into the fund an amount equal to the balance which would have been standing-to his account had he been making the contributions to the fund and paying out the benefits pro vided in this chapter: P r o v id e d , That, in any case where such balance can not reasonably and definitely be determined, and specifically in the case of an em ployer exempted under subsection 1 of this section, the commission may require such employer to meet his liability under the present subsection by paying into the fund a lump-sum amount equal to the contributions he would, if not exempted, have paid into the fund under section 108.18 during the 12 months preceding termination of his exemption. The account of any employer whose exemption has been terminated shall thenceforth be liable to pay to his employees the benefits which may remain or thereafter become due them, as if such employer had not been exempted under this section; and such employer shall thenceforth pay all contributions regularly required under this chapter from nonexempted employers. (6) Each employer exempted under this section shall be liable to make all contributions, to pay directly to employees all benefits, to pay all penalties, and otherwise to comply with all the provisions of this chapter, except as specifically provided in this section and in suitable rules to be formulated by the commission consistent with the purposes and provisions of this chapter. (7) Such plan shall provide that upon the going out of business in this State by any employer, or the legal abandonment of the plan, the funds which shall have been contributed under such plan shall be retained for a sufficient period to meet all liability for benefits which may thereafter accrue, and that at the end of such period the proportion then remaining of employer contributions shall be released to the employer or his assigns, and the proportion then remaining of employee contributions shall be distributed in such equitable manner as the commission may approve. (8) The rules and regulations for the government of such plan must be sub mitted to and approved by the commission. A plan, so approved, shall, when put into effect, constitute a contract between each employer and every other employer participating in that plan, and between the employer or employers on the one hand and on the other hand all employees who come under it; and shall not thereafter be abandoned or modified without the approval of the commission: P ro v id e d , That at any time after five years from and after the passage of this act the commission may, on the petition of any interested party, or on its own motion, and after public hearing, modify any such plan to conform to the standards then provided by the law for approved voluntary unemployment benefit plans. S e c . 108.16. U n e m p lo y m e n t reserve f u n d s . — (1) For the purpose of carrying out the provisions of this chapter there is established a fund to be known as the unemployment reserve fund, to be administered by the State without liability on the part of the State beyond the amount of the fund. This fund shall consist of all contributions and moneys paid into and received by the fund pursuant to this chapter and of properties and securities acquired by and through the use of moneys belonging to the fund. (2) A separate account shall be kept by the industrial commission with each employer contributing to said fund, and this separate employer’s account shall never be merged with any other account except as provided in subsection (3) of this section. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 550 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW (3) Whenever two or more employers in the same industry or locality desire to pool their several accounts with the fund, with a view to regularizing their employment by cooperative activity, they may file with the commission a written application to merge their several accounts in a new joint account with the fund. _ If m its judgment the plan has merit, the commission shall establish ',01ilt acc?u n t:. P ro v id e d , That the several employers each accept such suitable rules and regulations not inconsistent with the provisions of this chanter as may be drawn up by the commission with reference to the conduct and dis solution of such joint accounts. . 4 11,co]lt.rl1b utlons. Payable to the unemployment reserve fund shall be paid Stnal comm1lsslon? and shall daily be paid over by the commission to th eb ta te treasurer and credited to the unemployment reserve fund. Payments trom said fund shall be made upon vouchers of the industrial commission The ¡state treasurer shall be ex officio the treasurer and custodian of the unemplo'yment reserve fund. He shall give a separate and additional bond conditioned upon his faithful performance of these duties, in such amount as may be recommended by the industrial commission and fixed by the governor. All premiums upon the bond required pursuant to this section when furnished by an authorized surety company or by a duly constituted governmental bonding fund shall be paid from the interest earnings of the unemployment reserve fund. 1 • a Pe, unemployment reserve fund shall be invested by the annuity and nvestment board in the readily marketable obligations of the United States of America, of any of its 48 State governments including this State, and of any city county, or other governmental subdivision of this State, all having a maturity of not over five years from the date of purchase. The investments of the fund shall so made that all the assets of the fund shall always be readily convertible into cash when needed. When so directed by the industrial commission the +lsP<?se ^ securities belonging to the fund to secure cash needed for thp iE T r ! ° / *e+aefits- A1.1 expenses of the annuity and investment board in the investment of the unemployment reserve fund shall be paid from the interest earnings of said fund, as provided in subsection (1) of section 20.725. cUoii n 1 u ef+1ulng? ° n m.01ieys belonging to the unemployment reserve fund ™ thereto and shall, at the close of each fiscal year, be apportioned bUH^^^^uussion equitably to the several employers’ accounts. 7 + uny employer shall become exempted under section 108.15, or shall cease to be subject to this chapter, or shall permanently go out of business in this State (except as provided m subsection (8) of this section), such employer i S t S T t ie ^ a t i o n o f s i x months (or prior thereto if he shall furnish Surety t i t F F thG CPiIimisslon f ° r the Payment of benefits becoming due u n d e r 6-m 0nth l56™ « - recei™ th e (8) If any employer shall transfer his business in whole or in part or shall l ° ! i f r iSe reorganize such business, the successor in interest is hereby required to < ve over (m proportion to the extent of such transfer, as determined for the thlS ch,aPter,by the commission) the resources and liabilities of such employer s account, and to continue without interruption the payment of all contributions and benefits which would have been due for payment under this ot reOTgaffizTtlon11011 employer had continued in business without such transfer T,/l ECiq ^ i 8^ 7V o f c o n tr ib u tio n s — ( l ) On and after the first day of July, 1933, contributions shall accrue and shall become payable by each employer then subject to this chapter m accordance with its provisions. ^Thereafter con tributions shall accrue and become payable by any employer on and after the date be be?om?s newly subject to this chapter. , ^b ccnUibutions required under this chapter from employers shall be paid to the industrial commission, at such times and in such manner as the commisu nd e?S tion S?08.ei 5 XCePt “ pr° Vlded otherwise in the case of employers exempted C o n tr ib u tio n s to reserve f u n d . — The contribution regularly payable 2 m to blf . account with the fund shall be an amount equal to 2 per cent per annum of his pay roll. (In order that reserves shall be built up for all employees potentially eligible to benefits, "pay roll” shall include all wage? R paid to employees subject to this chapter; except that it shall not include the amount paid to an employee or officer employed on a contractual basis for a fixed period at a fixed monthly salary, which will aggregate at least $1,500 if said period is less than 12 months, or amount to at least§$ lS500 per annum if such period is 12 months or more, provided such contract is duly reported to the commission by the employer; nor shall it include any salary or wage https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis INSURANCE AND BENEFIT PLANS 551 of $300 or more per month.) During an employer’s first two years of contribution payments, and whenever thereafter his account amounts to less than $55 reserve per employee, the employer shall make contributions to the fund at the rate of 2 per cent per annum on his pay roll. If the employer has been continuously subject to this chapter during the two preceding years, the rate of contributions may be reduced or suspended under the following conditions: (1) Whenever the employer’s account amounts to $55 but less than $75 reserve per employee, such employer shall pay contributions to the fund at the rate of 1 per cent per annum on his pay roll. (2) Whenever and while the employer’s account has a reserve per employee of $75 or more, no contributions to the unemployment reserve fund shall be required of such employer. S e c . 108.19. C o n tr ib u tio n s to th e a d m in is tr a tio n f u n d .— Each employer subject to this chapter, including every employer exempted under section 108.15, shall regularly contribute to the unemployment administration fund created in sec tion 108.20 at the rate of two-tenths of 1 per cent per annum on his pay roll as defined in section 108.18. But the commission may prescribe at the close of any fiscal year such lower rates of contribution under this section, to apply to classes of employers throughout the ensuing fiscal year, as will in the commission’s judgment adequately finance the administration of this chapter, and as will in the commission’s judgment fairly represent the relative cost of the services rendered by the commission to each such class. S e c : 108.20: U n e m p lo y m e n t a d m in is tr a tio n f u n d ; a p p r o p r ia tio n . — (1) To finance the administration of this chapter and to carry out its provisions and purposes there is established the Unemployment Administration Fund. This fund shall consist of all contributions and moneys paid to the industrial commission for the administration fund as provided in subsection (5) of section 108.06, and in sec tions 108.19 and 108.22. , „ , (2) All amounts received by the commission for such fund shall daily be paid over to the State treasurer and credited to the unemployment administration fund, and, as provided in section 20.573 of the statutes, are appropriated to the commission for the administration of this chapter. S e c . 108.21. R e c o rd a n d a u d i t o f p a y ro lls. — Every employer, whether exempted or not, shall keep a true and accurate employment record of all his employees, whether qualified and eligible to unemployment benefits or not, and of the hours worked for him by each and of the wages paid by him to each employee, and shall furnish to the commission upon demand a sworn statement of the same. Such record shall be open to inspection by the commission or its authorized repre sentatives at any reasonable time. S e c . 108.22. D e fa u lt o f e m p lo y e r . — If any employer whether exempted or not shall default in any payment required of him under this chapter he shall become additionally liable for interest on such payment at 12 per cent per annum from the date such payment became due, such interest to be paid to the administration fund. If after due notice this payment plus interest at 12 per cent per annum is not made, it shall be collected by a civil action in the name of the State, the defaulting employer to pay the costs of such action. The payment originally due shall be paid to the commission, and credited, as may be proper in each case, either to the fund and to the defaulting employer’s account or to the adminis tration fund. The interest thus collected shall be paid to the administration fund. S e c . 108.23. B a n k r u p tc y o f e m p lo y e r . — In the event of bankruptcy or insol vency of any employer, unpaid claims for benefits and unpaid amounts due the fund' under this chapter or to a fund or reserve under any approved voluntary unemployment benefit plan shall have the same preference as is accorded m subsection (1) of section 102.28 to unpaid claims for compensation or compensa tion insurance. „ . . . , , S e c . 108.24. V io la tio n s . — (1) Any person who willfully makes a false_state ment or representation to obtain any benefit or payment under the provisions of this chapter, either for himself or for any other person, or to lower any contri bution required of him, and any employer who makes a deduction from the wages of any employe© in order to pay any portion of the contribution required of such employer under this chapter, shall upon conviction be deemed guilty of a misdemeanor and be punished by a fine of not less than $25 nor more than $100, or by imprisonment in the county jail not longer than 30 days, or by both such fine and imprisonment; and each such false statement and each such deduction from wages shall constitute a separate and distinct offense. (2) Any employer who willfully refuses or fails to pay any contribution re quired of him under this chapter, and any person who willfully and unlawfully fails or neglects to appear or to testify or to produce books, papers, and records https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 552 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW as required at any hearing under this chapter, shall upon conviction be deemed guilty of a misdemeanor and be fined not less than $25 nor more than $100, or be imprisoned in the county jail not longer than 30 days, or be punished by both such fine and imprisonment; and every day of such refusal, failure, or neglect shall con stitute a separate and distinct offense. (3) On complaint of the commission the fines specified in this section may be collected by the State in an action for debt. S e c . 108.25. U se o f u n e m p lo y m e n t reserve f o r p u b lic w o r k s . — (1) If the State or any of its political subdivisions during a period of unemployment either di rectly or through a contractor provides work which in the opinion of the com mission is an unemployment relief measure and which conforms to standards of wages and conditions prescribed by the commission, such work shall be deemed suitable employment within the meaning and subject to the limitations of sub section (6) of section 108.04: P r o v id e d , That an employee who accepts such work for any calendar week in which he would otherwise be totally unemployed and eligible for benefits shall be entitled to receive such benefits in the form of wages paid him for such govermental work. To this end the State or subdivision giving such work and wages to such employee in any calendar week shall receive his bene fits for such week, for the purpose of partially financing such employee’s work and wages on such governmental unemployment relief project. (2) Benefits payable under this section to an employee in the form of wages from this State or a political subdivision for work on a relief project shall cease as provided in subsection (6) of section 108.04, for any period after such employee has without good cause failed to apply for suitable employment other than such governmental work when notified, or has refused to accept suitable employment other than such governmental work when offered him. S e c . 108.26. V o c a tio n a l e d u c a tio n . — When any employee is unemployed and eligible for benefits under this chapter, he may be recommended by the superin tendent of the district employment office to attend vocational or other school during his unemployment. If he attends school under conditions approved by such superintendent and does satisfactory work in his classes he shall be eligible lor an additional benefit of $1 per week, to be paid from the administration fund. The education shall be furnished at public expense and any fee which may custom arily be charged for attendance at such classes must be paid by the town village, or city in which such employee resides. S e c . 108.27. S e p a r a b ility o f p r o v isio n s. If any provision of this chapter, or the application thereof to any person or circumstance, is held invalid, the re mainder of the chapter and the application of such provision to other persons or circumstances shall not be affected thereby. R e c o m m e n d a t io n s o f I n t e r s t a t e C o m m is s io n o n U n e m p lo y m e n t In s u r a n c e HE report of the Interstate Commission on Unemployment Insurance that was published in February, 1932, is summarized briefly below. The commission, made Up of representatives of the governors of New York, Ohio, Massachusetts, Pennsylvania, New Jersey, and Connecticut, makes its recommendations on the basis of inquiries carried on by its various subcommittees as to the problems arising in connection with the operation of unemployment insurance systems. Leo Yolman of New York acted as chairman of the com mittee. The other committee members were: Charles R. Blunt, New Jersey; A. Lincoln Filene, Massachusetts; C. A. Kulp, Pennsylvania; W. M. Leiserson, Ohio; and W. J. Couper, Connecticut. Viewing the problem of unemployment as many-sided, the com mittee believes it is unlikely that any single measure now adopted will successfully meet the needs of unemployed persons for the duration of unemployment or that such a measure will take care of all unem ployed persons. However, it is stated that the most substantial progress may be expected from a system whereby provision is made to avoid the persistent unemployment and irregularity of operation which T https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis INSURANCE AND BENEFIT PLANS 553 are so characteristic of American industry. It is further stressed that any measures proposed should combine the greatest possible simplicity in principle and practice and look forward to progressive stabilization of conditions of employment. Recommendations T h e recommendations of the committee are as follows: “ 1. The compulsory establishment of state-wide systems of unemployment reserves. “ 2. The payment by each employer of a contribution amounting to 2 per cent of his pay roll. “ 3. The payments made by each employer shall constitute the unemployment reserve of his firm and shall be so treated in the accounts. “ 4. The maximum rate of benefit shall be 50 per cent of an emplovee’s wage, or $10 a week, whichever is lower; and the maximum period of benefit shall be 10 weeks within any 12 months. Employees who suffer unemployment by reason of short-time employment shall be eligible for benefits whenever their week’s wages are less than 60 per cent of their average weekly wage,_ but the benefit for partial unemployment shall not exceed the difference between the wage actually received and 60 per cent of the employee’s average weekly wage. In no case, however, shall the benefit of a part-time employee exceed $10 a week. “5. The financial responsibility of an employer shall be strictly limited by the amount of his unemployment reserve. “ 6. When the accumulated reserve per employee shall exceed $50 the employer’s contribution shall be reduced to 1 per cent of his pay roll; and, when the reserve has reached $75, he shall make no further contributions to the fund until the reserve again falls below $75 per employee. . . “7, The State shall act as the custodian, investor, and disbursing agent of the reserve funds. “ 8. The State shall take prompt steps to extend its public employ ment service. < . “ 9. The unemployment authority shall create stabilization agencies. • . “ The most effective measures for achieving greater stabilization of employment can not obviously be accomplished by a single firm. Every effort should, therefore, be made by the unemployment admin istration to encourage cooperative action between firms and industries. To this end the unemployment administration should set up advisory committees of employers and employees and should have experts instructed to formulate plans to promote the regularization of employment in individual plants, localities, industries, and the State.” Discussion • T h ese principles, the committee believes, combine the features on which a sound State unemployment compensation act should rest. Application of such an act is advocated for the largest possible number of employees, exclusive of agricultural workers and persons earning $200 a month or over. Inclusion of all employees who work in estab lishments where six or more persons are employed is recommended. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 554 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW It is recognized, by the committee that the proposals are extremely modest. They are intentionally so, as it is not considered sound judgment to impose an onerous burden on American industry. With respect to the rate of contributions to unemployment funds the 2 per cent rate was recommended as a safe limit because of the strictly defined and circumscribed limitations placed upon compen sable unemployment. Adoption of a system of separate plant unemployment funds was recommended by all State representatives except Mr. Leiserson of Ohio. ^ Mr. Leiserson was of the opinion that a system whereby con tributions would be pooled might be desirable. Mr. Leiserson also recommended experiments with State unemployment insurance funds that provide for contributions from employees as well as employers. U n e m p lo y m e n t I n s u r a n c e a n d S a v in g s P la n o f J . I. C ase C o. for the creation of an individual reserve fund to be drawn . upon by employees participatingin the plan during periods of un APLAN employment due to general business depression was put into effect in the plantof the J. I. Case Co. at Racine, Wis., in November, 1931. The company in outlining the purpose of the plan stated that since an industry, in order to live, must provide reserves for the usual and natural hazards of business, the employees of the industry should, likewise, make provision for the hazard of unemployment. The plan was set up by the company, therefore, to assist the employees in establishing such a reserve to protect them in case of prolonged unemployment. The plan is applicable to all_ employees of the Racine factory work ing on an hourly or piece basis who have been in the employ of the company continuously for a period of six months and whose service has been satisfactory. Employees who, through promotion, are placed on a monthly basis may continue their contributions to the fund, although the company contributions in such cases will auto matically cease. Until a reserve equal to the average full-time earnings of each employee for six months has been created, the company and the employee will each contribute 5 per cent of the semimonthly pay, and after that the contributions in each case will amount to 2 per cent of the earnings of the employee until a reserve equal to one year’s average full-time earnings has been accumulated. These contributions cease temporarily, however, whenever the employee has had less than 70 hours’ work in any semimonthly pay-roll period. When the amount to the employee’s credit in the fund is equivalent to one year’s earnings all contributions by the employer and the employee cease until the reserve is reduced through ^withdrawals below this amount, after which contributions will again be made until the reserve reaches the original amount. Although it is stated in the plan that any obligation on the part of the company for the protection of employees during business depres sions is fully discharged by the company’s contribution and assistance m building up the individual reserves under this plan, the company agrees to lend every reasonable assistance to conserve each employee’s reserve by helping him avoid the necessity for withdrawals f r o m the fund. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis INSURANCE AND BENEFIT PLANS 555 Withdrawals from the fund are permitted only during periods of business depression when the company can not furnish sufficient employment and the employee is unable to secure employment else where. The withdrawals are authorized only when application is made in writing, when drafts upon the reserve are actually necessary, and after 90 days of unemployment. Payments from the fund, which are made at the regular semimonthly pay-roll dates, may not exceed 40 per cent of the average semimonthly earnings of the employee during the preceding 12 months and the amount withdrawn for any semimonthly pay period may not exceed $40. No withdrawals are allowed if an employee is receiving benefits from the employees’ benefit association or under the workmen’s compensation law, unless the benefits are less than 40 per cent of the average earnings, in which case the difference between the benefits and that amount may be paid. In case of permanent disability an employee may draw upon the fund up to 40 per cent of his average earnings, less any disability benefits he may receive, until his reserve is exhausted; employees who have retired on account of age, either with or without a company pension, may likewise withdraw the same amount from the fund until the reserve is exhausted. In case of death the total amount in the fund to the employee’s credit is paid in semimonthly installments to the widow or dependent minor children, but in the case of payments to other beneficiaries or legal heirs the part contributed by the company and the net earnings thereon are repaid to the company. If an employee leaves the service of the company voluntarily and remains in the State of Wisconsin, all further contributions to the fund cease but his deposits will remain in the fund until the next period of general unemployment, when he may withdraw from his reserve under the same terms as though he were still an employee. If he leaves the State, however, the amount of his deposits plus the net earnings there from will be returned to him after giving the company due notice of his intention to leave. In case of dismissal, the employee will receive his contribution plus the net earnings, either in semimonthly install ments, if he remains in the State, or in a lump sum if he permanently gives up his residence in the State. E x te n s io n o f H e a lth I n s u r a n c e fo r E n g lis h U n e m p lo y e d P e r so n s HE Labor Review for March, 1931, contained a summary of the English national health insurance (prolongation of insurance) act, 1930, by virtue of which persons who, on account of prolonged un employment, had been unable to keep up their contributions to the insurance funds, and who normally would have lost their rights to benefits under the health insurance and the contributory pensions plans, would, subject to certain conditions, retain their rights to these benefits until the end of 1931. The Ministry of Labor Gazette for December, 1931 (p. 457), states that new legislation has given a further extension of this period. T The national health insurance (prolongation of insurance) act, 1931, which received the royal assent on December 11, continues insurance until December 31, 1932, both for the persons affected by the 1930 act and also for other persons who, by reason of prolonged unemployment, would, in the absence of fresh legis lation, have ceased to be insured at the end of the present year or during the course of the year 1932. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 556 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW The new act further provides, as did the act of 1930, that, in order to enable approved societies to bear the additional cost of giving health insurance benefits to these persons, they are to receive a credit from the Exchequer at the rate of 36 contributions for each member who is maintained in benefit as a result of the act. E n g lis h E x p e n d itu r e s o n P u b lic S o c ia l S erv ices HE Ministry of Labor Gazette for December, 1931, gives some data from a paper recently issued by the Government showing the total expenditures (other than out of loans for capital purposes) in England and Wales and in Scotland for certain social services during the fiscal year 1929-30, and, in some cases, the estimated expenditures for 1930-31, also. T The term “ expenditure” as used in the return is restricted to expenditure from (1) local rates, (2) parliamentary votes and grants, and (3) other receipts (not being receipts from loans for capital purposes) accounted for by, or to, Govern ment departments and local authorities. The “ other receipts” include, for example, in the case of education, revenue from endowments, voluntary contribu tions, teachers’ superannuation contributions, etc. ; in the case of health insurance, unemployment insurance, and widows’, orphans’, and old-age contributory pensions, the contributions of employers and employed; in the case of housing, rents; etc. The following table gives the total expenditure, as thus defined: E X P E N D IT U R E ON PU B L IC SOCIAL SERV IC ES, IN G R EA T B R IT A IN , Y E A R S E N D IN G M A R C H 31, 1930 A N D 1931 England and Wales Scotland Expenditure under— 1929-30 1930-31 Unemployment insurance acts, _ ________________ £46, 682,000 £88, 244, 000 National insurance (health) acts _________ 34.710.000 35,000, 000 Widows’, orphans’, and old-age contributory pensions acts________________ _________ 23, 585, 000 30,819,000 Old-age pension acts __________ ____ __________ 31, 749, 000 33, 376, 000 War pensions acts and M inistry of Pensions acts__. 46, 202, 000 44, 291, 000 Edueation acts____________________ _______ _ . 86.955.000 90,355, 000 Reformatory and industrial schools a c ts .--........ ....... 539,000 537,000 Public health acts relating to: Hospitals and treatment of disease. ________ 7, 376, 000 M aternity and child welfare work____________ 2,370, 000 Housing of the working classes acts____ ____ ___ . 30,879, 000 Acts relating to the relief of the poor________ _ 40,699, 000 Unemployed workmen act _______________ . 40,000 Lunacy acts______ _______ . _ 2,421, 000 Mental deficiency acts______________________ . 1,440, 000 ..................... Total ___________________________ . 355,647, 000 1929-30 1930-31 £6, 614, 000 3.860.000 £13, 281, 000 3.850.000 2.860.000 4, 031, 000 5,173, 000 13,555, 000 151.000 3.788.000 4,176, 000 4,929, 000 13,943,000 143.000 1,381,000 291.000 4,719, 000 4,254, 000 4,000 1,410, 000 1.353.000 317.000 4,936, 000 3,978, 000 1,327,000 48,303,000 The most striking feature of the table is the increase shown for 1930-31 in the amounts devoted to unemployment insurance. These figures represent the situation before the changes made in the unem ployment insurance scheme in the fall of 1931, and throw no light on the present position. In England and Wales, as far as data for the two years are presented, only two items, the expenditures under the war pensions and Ministry of Pensions acts and under acts relating to reformatory and industrial schools, showed a decrease in 1930-31 as compared with 1929—30. In Scotland, however, expenditures under these two heads decreased, as did also those under the national health insurance acts, acts relating to hospitals and the treatment of disease, acts relating to the relief of the poor, and the lunacy and mental deficiency acts, https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis INSURANCE AND BENEFIT PLANS 557 S p a n is h U n e m p lo y m e n t I n s u r a n c e L aw P u t in t o O p e r a tio n SPANISH decree issued September 30, 1931, provides for the enforcement of the unemployment insurance law of May 25, 1931, according to the report from Curtis C. Jordan, American consul a t Barcelona, Spain, dated October 19, 1931. _ The decree provides for the creation of a National Fund for Involun tary Unemployment (Caja, National Contra el Paro Forzoso). The Spanish word “ caja” is said to be difficult to translate as it means both a fund and an office and in its present use appears to combine both meanings; that is, it is an office administering a fund. The Caja is not a completely independent organization but forms a part of the National Insurance Institute. The decree provides that the unemployment insurance office shall stud}^ the causes of unemployment and the means of reducing it and alleviating its effects, and that it shall administer the unemploy ment insurance fund. The board of directors includes representatives of certain Government departments, the National Insurance Institute, employers and employees, and other persons concerned with matters of public welfare and insurance. _ The funds of the C ajaare to be secured through State appropriations, gifts, contributions from assisted insurance associations, and the income from funds or property under its own management.^ The Caja is authorized to assist only recognized associations for insurance against involuntary unemployment which are legally organized and which are not run for profit. The Caj a works only through insurance societies and does not grant direct subsidies to unemployed workers. All workers between the ages of 16 and 65 whose annual earnings do not exceed 6,000 pesetas 1 ($1,158) are eligible for unemployment benefits, provided they have been registered in one of the recognized associations for six months preceding the beginning of unemployment. The insurance provisions, however, do not cover State, provincial, or municipal employees, or domestic servants. _Foreign workers whose countries grant reciprocal rights are eligible for unemployment benefits. , » ,, The unemployment benefits may not exceed 60 per cent ol tne wages normally paid in the district for the class of work customarily performed. The benefits are paid for a maximum of 60 days m any 12 consecutive months. . January 1, 1932, is set as the date of full effectiveness of the law. A i Conversions into United States currency on basis of peseta=19.3 cents. 103146°— 32------ 5 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis PRODUCTIVITY OF LABOR AND INDUSTRY U se o f L o a d in g E q u ip m e n t in t h e B itu m in o u s -C o a l I n d u s tr y in 1930 HE Bureau of Mines, United States Department of Commerce, reports for 1930 a further gain in the percentage of total deepmined coal produced by means of loading machines, pit-car loaders, and hand-loaded conveyors.1 In comparison with 1929 it is stated that the total mechanized tonnage increased by 23.7 per cent. I t is also notable that there has been an increase in tonnage loaded by all types of machines. T Increase by States T a b l e 1 shows by States the total tonnage mechanically loaded in 1929 and 1930, and the actual and percentage increase or decrease in tonnage so loaded as between the two years. T a b l e 1 . — IN C R E A SE OR D E C R E A SE IN TOTAL T O N N A G E M E C H A N IC A LL Y L O A D E D 1929 TO 1930 Amount (net tons) mechanically loaded Increase or decrease from 1929 to 1930 State 1929 1930 N et tons I llin o is_________ Indiana. . ____ Pennsylvania _ . . . W y o m in g____ Utah___________ Montana_____ _ Kentucky. _ . . . . . West V irginia______ _ V ir g in ia ...______ Alabama. __________ Other States 1____ 18, 252, 000 3, 274, 000 4, 234, 000 3, 002, 000 T otal________ . . . 37, 862, 000 708, 000 812, 000 2, 698, 000 984, 000 } 934, 000 2, 044, 000 Per cent 22, 803, 000 +4, 551, 000 7 035 000 2, 865, 000 sn9 nnn 1 IE nnn 989, 000 3, 079, 000 9 £13 000 +2,801,000 -137, 000 -58, 000 +407, 000 +177, 000 -603, 000 +1,126, 000 +469, 000 +24.9 +7.0 +66.2 -4 .6 -6 .3 +57.5 +21.8 -16.4 +120.6 +22.9 46, 824, 000 +8, 962, 000 +23.7 9 nnn nnn , T‘ OMo. Washington, Arkansas, Colorado, Missouri, Oklahoma, Tennessee, Maryland, N ew Mexico North Carolina, and Iowa. ’ ’ As is seen, the greatest increase in mechanically loaded tonnage took place in Alabama, i. e., 120 per cent. This gain was made pos sible by a number of new installations, especially pit-car loaders. In calling attention to the decreases that took place, it is pointed out that the decline was largely due to a falling off in total production and that actually in many districts the per cent of output attained by mechanized mining was higher than ever before. 1 BltK u™ us Coal Tables> 1930, by E, G. Tryon and L. M aim, Supplement to Weekly Coal Report, 6C« lo, lUoI. 558 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 559 PRODUCTIVITY OF LABOR AND INDUSTRY Percentage of Deep-Mined Output Produced by Mechanized Loading T he positions of the various States as regards the percentage^ of total bituminous deep-mined o utput produced by mechanized loading in 1930 appear in Table 2. T a b l e 2.—R A N K OF STA TES IN P E R C E N T A G E OF TO TAL B IT U M IN O U S D E E P -M IN E D O U T PU T PR O D U C E D BY M EC H A N IZE D L O A D IN G IN 1930 Percentage loaded by machine State M ontana_________ ___ _______ ______ ______ W yoming. _ --------------------------------------------------------Illinois. __________________ -- ---------------------------Indiana----- ------------- ---------------- ------------------------U tah___________________________________ __________ Alabama ------------------ ------------- ---------Pennsylvania... . . . . . --------- -------------------West Virginia and Virginia.. . -------------- ---------------Kentucky__________________________ ____________ -Total, United States... ....— ---------------- Percentage handled on pit-car loaders and handloaded con veyors Total percent age 52.0 41. 5 21.2 16.5 19.7 1.4 2.3 1.7 .9 10.6 7.1 27.1 17.3 .5 12.3 3.4 .6 1.1 62.6 48.6 48.3 33.8 20.2 13.7 5.7 2.3 2.0 5.2 5.3 10.5 According to the authors of the report under review this table serves to show that the high-wage-rate fields of the Rocky Mountains and the Middle West lead in the proportion of output produced by mechanized mining. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis INDUSTRIAL AND LABOR CONDITIONS R ev iv a l o f F r e n c h C a n a d ia n H a n d ic r a fts in Q u eb ec HE Provincial Government of Quebec has recently inaugurated a provincial school of weaving in the city of Quebec. The direc tor of the institution has already been designated. The traditional French-Canadian handicrafts of Quebec, which for some time past have been almost abandoned, although they were regarded long ago as very successful, are at present being revived.1 The old patterns and dyeing systems will again be used. Weaving, rug making, the making of dyes, and the fashioning by hand of artistic articles which may be easily sold to tourists are again to be taught. The plan to restore these old industrial activities has met with great encourage ment, and it has become necessary to make provision for permanent headquarters for the school, which is to be located on the principal avenue in the city of Quebec. The hope is expressed that these interesting crafts which readily appeal to the country people will be taken up by degrees in a serious manner by at least some of the 23,000 persons who, it is stated, have been sent from large cities and villages during 9 months in 1931 to the more rural districts or “ land areas” of the Province. Attention is called to the fact that in the past year the government of Quebec has given a good deal of consideration to the problem of the recolonization of deserted sections. I t is felt by that government that if 50 per cent of these 23,000 repatriated persons, constituting approximately 4,000 families, stay on the land, the efforts of the provincial authorities will have been worth while. T L ab or C o st o n Ir r ig a te d L a n d in N u e v o L ared o D is tr ic t a n d in C o a h u ila , M ex ico REPORT from the American consul, Romeyn Wormuth, at Nuevo L,aredo, Mexico, dated September 26,1931, contained the following estimates of cost of labor for the raising of crops on irrigated land (the Don Martin irrigation project) in that consular district and m Coahuila. A 1 Report from Horatio Mooers, American consul at Quebec, Dec. 4,1931. 560 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 561 INDUSTRIAL AND LABOR CONDITIONS E ST IM A T E D LABOR COST P E R ACRE OF R A ISIN G CROPS ON IR R IG A T E D L A N D [Conversions into United States currency on basis of peso=35 cents] Item Mexican currency United States cur rency Pesos First plowing of land_________________ ’_____________________________ ______ Harrowing, raking, and dragging.. ___________ ____________________ _______ Restoration and cleansing of irrigation ditches and banks_____________________ First irrigation cost of labor. . _____ _ _ . _ __ ___________________ Harrowin g and raking after irrigation_____________________________ ________ Seeding b y machine . __________________ ____________________ Second irrigation __ ___ __________________________________ ___ _______ Picking by hand . . . . . ________________ _____________ ___ _ _ __ Collection and sorting ___ __ _____ ________ . _ ________________________ Transport to warehouse and from warehouse to sta tio n __________ __ . . _____ 4.00 2. CO 1.60 . 30 2. 00 1.00 1.10 2.00 1.00 4.00 T otal______________________________________________ _______ _____ ___ 19. 00 $1.40 .70 .56 .10 h .70 .35 .3 8 ^ .70 .35 1.40 6.65 E c o n o m ic a n d S o c ia l C o n d itio n s in P a le s tin e HE 30,000 Jewish workers in Palestine are distributed as follows: 7,000 in agriculture; 4,500 in building and public works; 4,000 in factories and larger workshops; 3,000 in small workshops employing less than 7 persons; 1,500 in transport; and 10,000 in domestic service, clerical and technical employment, hospital service, etc. The above statistics are published in a report of the British Department of Over seas Trade on economic conditions in Palestine, July, 1931. The General Federation of Jewish Labor in Palestine has a mem bership of 29,000, which includes the members of the cooperative agricultural settlement and their wives. It is estimated that approxi mately three-fourths of the Jewish workers in Palestine are tradeunionists. The percentage of Arab workers in the federation is small. Several unions of Arab workers have been organized from time to time, some of which are still in existence, but they have not been able to attract many workers and their influence has as yet been negligible in the labor market. There are no dependable figures as to the total number of Arab wage earners. Unemployment.—The estimates of the average number of unem ployed Jewish wage earners, 1926 to 1930, show that the fluctuations in the Palestine labor market were considerable in this period, the number unemployed being 6,000 in 1926, 7,400 in 1927, 2,280 in 1928, 1,000 in 1929, and 1,030 in 1930. The greater unemployment in 1926 and 1927 was chiefly the result of the financial and economic crisis. After 1927 conditions appreci ably improved, but there was another setback in the latter half of 1930. Wages and working hours.—In general the more important industrial establishments employing Jewish and mixed labor have an 8-hour working-day. Similar hours, also, as a rule, prevail in Jewish building and agriculture. In small Jewish and Arab workshops, however, the working hours range from 8 to 10 a day, and in some cases to 11 and 12. While time rates are ordinarily paid, there are many trades in which piecework is customary. Working in permanent or temporary cooperative groups is a widespread practice among Jewish laborers, particularly in the building trades. The work is done under contract and the earnings are divided equally or in accordance with family T https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 562 MONTHLY LABOE EE VIEW conditions or the individual qualifications of members. Wages paid to different classes of workers, European and Asiatic, vary substan tially, notwithstanding the adoption of a scale by Jewish labor unions in various trades. .The present union wage rates per day in the more important indus trial undertakings are: Skilled workers, 400 to 600 mils x( $1.96 to $2.94); semiskilled workers, 250 to 350 mils ($1.23 to $1.72); unskilled workers, 200 to 300 mils ($0.98 to $1.47). Union workers employed m agriculture are paid from 175 to 250 mils ($0.86 to $1.23) per day. The wages of European laborers average approximately 100 mils (49 cents) more a day than Oriental laborers. The greater the skill and experience required, the less the difference in the wages of workers from various countries. Female workers are ordinarily employed in the textile and clothing industries and in the making of cigarettes, cardboard boxes, and artificial teeth. The earnings of these women are less than those of male workers in the same trades. Protection of labor. Protective and regulatory labor legislation in Palestine includes— (®) Regulatkms concerning minimum age of employment, duration of work of. children, nightwork, employment of women and children in dangerous indus tries, etc. (6) Workmen’s compensation ordinance. (c) Fencing of dangerous machinery ordinance. (d) Ordinance to provide for the safety and inspection of steam boilers and prime movers. (e) Prevention of intimidation ordinance, with special relation to labor dis putes. (/) White phosphorus prohibition ordinance. Palestine is an adherent to the international convention concerning tne equality of treatment for national and foreign workers with ref erence to accident compensation. Of the 33,590 immigrants to Palestine in the 5-year period 19261930, 28,165 were Jews. Of the 25,395 immigrants from that country m the same period, 18,029 were Jews. i Conversions into United States currency made on basis of m il=about 49 cents. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis CHILD LABOR C h ild -L a b o r T r e n d s in N ew Y ork effect lias an industrial depression upon the employ ment of children? Does the increasing need of_ their W HAT families make it necessary for them to become wage earners in the place of their unemployed, elders, or does the prevailing slackness cut down opportunities for them also, and diminish the number of young workers? The division of women in industry of the New York Department of Labor, which has for some years been watching the trend of child labor in the State, publishes in the Industrial Bulletin of the department for January, 1932, some data bearing upon the question. ' . . Three different sets of statistics may be looked upon as giving some indication of the extent of child labor—the number of employment certificates issued to children, the number of children attending school, and the number of child-labor violations found. Of these, the number of work certificates is first considered. Under the New York law, children aged 14 and under 16 must have an employment certificate testifying to the completion of certain grades of school work before they may be legally employed. Since 1925, children aged 16 and under 17 must also have a certificate testifying to physical fitness and giving proof of age. Up to March, 1928, this requirement applied only in cities with a population of 5,000 or more, but since then it hcs been in force throughout the State. Employment Certificates Issued T he number of regular work certificates issued to children under 16 is given for each year from 1910 to 1930, inclusive, and the number to children aged 16 and under 18, from 1925 onward. The following table gives these data, both for New York City and for the rest of the State, from 1918 to 1930, inclusive: E M P L O Y M E N T C E R T IFIC A T E S ISSU E D Y E A R L Y IN N E W YORK, 1918 TO 1930 Outside N ew York City New York City Year To children aged 14 and under 16 1918. 19191920. 1921192219231924. 50, 710 49, 294 50, 675 38,889 32,492 36, 518 32,162 1925. 1926. 1927. 1928. 1929. 1930. 32, 814 35, 538 35, 717 34, 313 35,934 27, 319 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis To children aged 16 and under 17 To children aged 14 and under 16 To children aged 16 and under 17 16, 039 16,587 20,126 13,123 11,159 18,467 16,062 7,376 12,609 12, 226 12, 820 18,841 15, 014 16,132 18, 289 17,787 17, 298 18,957 16, 259 11, 984 11, 096 8,155 10, 751 8,845 563 564 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW The continuation-school law which went into effect in 1920 undoubtedly had much to do with the decided drop in the number of regular employment certifi cates which followed. The decrease, which continued through 1922, is also to be attributed in part to the law (effective 1921) requiring a pledge of employment before a child could secure a regular employment certificate. Before this specific offer of employment was required, it is probable that many children applied for certificates who were afterward unable to find jobs, or who wished to leave school and had no intention of working regularly. Since 1922 the number of regular employment certificates issued to children from 14 to 16 years in New York City has fluctuated between 32,000 and more than 36,000 until 1930, when the number dropped to 27,319, a decrease of 24 per cent from the previous year. Thus in the depression year there was a sharp drop in the number of work certificates issued, seeming to indicate a decline in child labor since it can not be accounted for by any change in law or enforcement. There was also a marked decrease in the number of certificates issued to 16-year-olds in New York City in 1930. Certificates have been issued to children of this age since 1925 and in New York City showed an increase from 12,609 issued in 1926, the first full year, to 18,841 in 1929. In 1930, however, only 15,014 such certificates were issued, a decrease of 20 per cent from 1929. Outside of New York City the number of certificates issued also showed a decrease in 1930 although it was not as marked. Employment certificates issued to children between 14 and 16 years of age dropped from 18,957 to 16,259, or 14 per cent; those issued to 16-year-old children from 10,751 to 8,845, or 18 per cent. The number of vacation permits issued in 1930 showed an even greater decline. In New York City, for children of 14 and 15, these dropped from 13,698 in 1929 to 9,981 in 1930, a decrease of 27 per cent; for those aged 16 the fall was from 2,844 to 2,194, a decline of approximately 23 per cent. Outside of New York City the falling off in the total number of vacation permits issued amounted to 26 per cent. School Attendance A t t e n d a n c e at the regular school sessions in New York is compul sory on all children under 14 and on all between 14 and 16 who are not employed. Changes in elementary-school attendance, therefore, represent, in the main, changes in the population of elementary-school age. There appears, however, to be a tendency to remain in school to a higher age than was formerly the custom. According to a report by the New York Child Labor Committee, “ What the new York child labor law has accomplished,” there was a definite trend toward a later school leaving in New York State in the five years from 1922 to 1926. In 1922, 73 per cent of the regular employment certificates issued to children under 16 were to 15-year-olds; by 1926 the proportion had increased to 80 per cent. That only one-fifth of the children under 16 who began work in 1926 did so while they were 14 years old is attributed to the law requiring that 14-year-old children must be elementary-school graduates before they can go to work. In effect the law is operating more and more to make 15 years the practical minimum for leaving school. Attendance in high school is not compulsory, so that any increase in the number registered indicates a voluntary extension of the period devoted to education and, broadly speaking, a decline in the volume of child labor. The following table shows the changes in high-school attendance, both for the State as a whole and for New York City, from 1918 to 1930, inclusive: https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 565 CHILD LABOR C H A N G ES IN HIGH-SCHOOL A T T E N D A N C E IN N E W Y O R K , 1918 TO 1930 N ew York State Year Number attending Increase over previous year P er cent N ew York City Number attending Increase over previous year P er cent 1918_______________________________________________ 1919___________ _____ ______________________________ 1920_______________________________________________ 1921______________ ____ ____________________________ 1922_______________________________________________ 1923______________________________________________ 1924_______________________________________________ 171, 523 172, 516 184, 753 200, 364 242, 072 271, 299 290,511 1.1 .6 7.1 8 .4 ‘ 20.8 12. 1 7.1 85,136 83, 692 87,167 86, 881 105,193 118,314 103,108 1.7 11.7 4.2 1. 3 21.1 12.0 i 12.9 1925_______________________________________ ____ — 1926_______________________________________________ 1927_______________________________________________ 1928_______________________________________________ 1929_______________________________________________ 1930________ ______________________________________ 302,211 321,916 349, 709 354, 326 379, 912 420, 310 4.0 6.5 8.6 1.3 7.2 10.6 113, 538 125, 201 131, 038 138,977 149,366 159,832 10.1 10.3 4.7 6.1 7.5 7.0 1 Decrease. The marked increases in attendance in 1922 and 1923 are ascribed to changes in the education law, but no such explanation's available for the increases in the following years, nor for the position in 1930. For the State as a whole the increase in that year was greater than for any year since the changes in the law went into effect, while in New York City, though the increase over the previous year was not so marked the number enrolled was greater by over 41,000 than it had been in 1923 and more than 10,000 greater than in 1929. “ With fewer jobs available it is apparent that larger numbers of children are going on to high school.” Child-Labor Violations C h a n g e s in tne number of children found illegally employed form a less satisfactory index of the extent of child labor than either of the other two, since they may be due mainly to changes in the labor law or in the method of enforcing it. The total number of children found illegally employed reached 6,896 in 1920, fell to 5,533 in 1921, and thereafter remained below 5,000 until 1929, when it reached 5,076. In 1930 it fell to 3,804, a decrease of 25 per cent. The decrease appeared in every type of violation, except in the illegal employment of children under 17 on tenement home work, which rose from 151 to 193. It is suggested that this increase, which had appeared even more markedly in the preceding year, was due to the fact that the time of inspection had been changed to a later hour, when the children were at home from school. Conclusion , E ach of th e th re e indexes of th e tre n d of child labor, em ploym ent certificate, school atte n d a n c e , a n d inspection records, h as in d icated a decrease in child lab o r d u rin g th e depression years. Sim ilar sta tistic s fo r th e n e x t few y ears w ill be of especial in te re st in show ing w h eth er th is rep resen ts a p e rm a n e n t decline in child lab o r o r m erely a tem p o rary flu ctu atio n d ue to scarcity of jobs. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis HEALTH AND INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE H e a lth o f I n s u r e d W a g e E a rn ers D u r in g 1931 HE report of the Metropolitan Life Insurance Co. concerning the health record in 1931 of the millions of insured wage earners in the United States and Canada1 shows that the record for the year was the most remarkable of all time. While the death rate was not at the absolute minimum, it exceeded the previous minimum by only 1 per cent and this in spite of the most severe industrial depression of a generation lasting throughout the year and an epidemic of influenza during the first quarter of the year. For certain sections of the country the rate was much lower, as among approximately 1,100,000 insured persons in the Pacific Coast and Mountain States the mor tality was 4.1 per cent below the previous low point and in Canada 7.3 per cent below. For the locality east of the Rockies, where the great majority of the policyholders live, the mortality was 1.2 per cent higher. From these figures it is apparent that the economic conditions have not yet had any appreciable ill effect upon the public health. The health outlook at the beginning of 1931 was far from favorable, as the depression of 1930 was becoming progressively worse, with the number of unemployed workers increasing in practically every industry. No part of the country was exempt from the unfavorable business conditions, and thousands of families who had never before felt actual want had to face that condition. Such conditions were not conducive to good health and a low death rate. The epidemic of influenza and pneumonia which began in January and caused a pronounced rise in sickness and mortality covered the entire country, with especially large increases in mortality from this cause along the Atlantic seaboard. In February there was a sharp rise in the influenza death rate and an accompanying rise in the mortality from the principal “ degenerative” diseases, so that the indications for the first quarter of the year were that 1931 would be a year showing mortality rates above the average. Conditions in April, however, improved so markedly that the death rate was one of the lowest for that month ever recorded for the policyholders of the company, and this trend continued for the remainder of the year. In spite of the favorable showing for the year, however, it is ques tionable how long the depression can continue without causing an appreciable rise in the death rate. As the depression was preceded by a long period of good employment at high wages, many persons had been able to save money which carried them over the first of the depression. But as savings accounts become exhausted the full effect of the depression may be expected to appear. These effects have been retarded, also, by the unusual amount of help given by relief organizations and health agencies, and another factor has been the restriction of the diet to less and plainer food, which probably T i Metropolitan Life Insurance Co. Statistical Bulletin, January, 1932. 566 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis HEALTH AND INDUSTKIAL HYGIENE 567 in many cases has made for better health. However, the report states, there is no justification for the belief that hard times and good health go together, and it is important, therefore, that every vital public health activity should be continued so that the public may be protected against the ill effects usually following long periods of unemployment. In 1931 the death rate of insured persons was 8.46 per 1,000 as compared with a rate of 12.53 per 1,000 in 1911. The actual number of deaths among the policyholders aged 1 year and over was 148,297. If the 1911 death rate had prevailed last year there would have been 219,596 deaths, so that the decline in mortality during the last 20 years resulted in the saving of 71,299 lives in the year 1931 alone. Since 1911-12 the reduction in the death rate has resulted in extending the life expectancy of insured wage earners 10.73 years. In compari son with the mortality rates for the general population a much greater improvement is shown for the industrial group. The latest available mortality figures for the general population are for 1930. In that year the mortality rate had declined only 12.1 per cent as compared with 1911, while the drop among the insured group was 33.2 per cent. In 1911 the death rate among the wage earners exceeded that of the general population by 24.3 per cent, while in 1930 the crude mortality rate of the insured wage earners was 3.3 per cent lower than that of the general population of comparable ages. This saving in lives has amounted to more than 400,000 in the period since 1911, when the welfare work of the Metropolitan began. Twenty years ago the expectation of life was about 6% years more favorable in the general population than among the insured group, but by 1929 it had been reduced to a little less than three years. Lower rates than ever before were recorded for six diseases, all of great public-health importance, namely, tuberculosis, diphtheria, whooping cough, pneumonia, diar rheal complaints, and puerperal conditions, and for two types of accidental death—railroad accidents _and accidental burns. The figfires for typhoid fever and for machinery accidents were identical with minimum rates previously established. The greatest single achievement during the year was a further reduction of 5.7 per cent in the mortality from tuberculosis. This is the more remarkable as it is the very last disease from which, under the prevailing economic conditions, we should expect a reduction in the death rate. The actual death rate was 76.7 per 100,000, which is 65.9 per cent below that for 1911 and 44.4 per cent below that for 1920. While tuberculosis has declined during these years among every ele ment of the population, the greatest gain has been among the wage earners, although in spite of this fact it is still third among the causes of death. The death rates for all four of the principal communicable diseases were low in 1931, a new minimum being established for diphtheria and whooping cough. A drop of 24.6 per cent for diphtheria was recorded in one year and of 50 per cent in two years. _The death rate of 4 per 100,000 is regarded as inexcusable, however, since by immuni zation it is possible to stamp it out altogether^ The new record m the mortality rate from whooping cough was 1.7 per 100,000. ^ The establishment of a new minimum rate for pneumonia was unexpected in a year in which there was a widespread epidemic of https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 568 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW influenza, but even during the epidemic it was noted that the mortality from pneumonia did not rise as sharply as in former influenza out breaks. Improvement in community sanitation, partly due to the company’s program of health education among the insured and partly the result of the efforts of other agencies in protecting food and milk supplies, has resulted in the pronounced downward tendency in the mortality rate from diarrhea and enteritis. The death rate for diseases of pregnancy and childbirth established a new minimum of 11.9 per 100,000 in 193i—a reduction of 3.3 per cent from the previous low rate recorded in 1930. The downward trend of mortality from these diseases among insured women has been steady for the past decade. Accidental burns and injuries sustained in railroad accidents were, respectively, 16 and 7 per cent below the previous minimum rates. Lower mortality rates than in 1930 were shown for alcoholism and chronic nephritis. New high death rates, on the other hand, were shown for cancer, diseases of the heart, diabetes, and automobile accidents. The rate for cancer increased 7.4 per cent over the 1930 rate and was nearly 26 per cent higher than the rate for 1911. This increase takes first place among the unfavorable developments for the year. Organic heart disease was responsible for 18 out of every 100 deaths among the policyholders in 1931. Although, since 1922, heart disease has been the leading cause of death among policyholders, the rate is increasing at the older ages only, and there is a pronounced downward tendency among children and young adults. The mortality from diabetes rose 14.4 per cent in 1931, which established a new maximum. This increase has taken place particularly among women, and at ages beyond 45, the mortality having been markedly decreased at all aves under 45. Automobile fatalities increased more than 5 per cent in 1931 among wage earners, and it is estimated that not less than 34,000 people lost their lives in mo tor-vehicle accidents in 1931. The death rate from alcoholism declined to 2.9 per 100,000, a reduction of 9.4 per cent from the 1930 rate, but mortality from cirrhosis of the liver, which is largely of alcoholic origin, increased 7.3 per cent in the same period. Poliomyelitis (infantile paralysis) was responsible for a death rate of 2.6 per 100,000. This was the most extensive epidemic since 1916, but the case fatality rate was much lower than in the former epidemic and there was a lower incidence of cripplings in 1931. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis INDUSTRIAL ACCIDENTS AND SAFETY N ew S a fe ty C o d e fo r E lev a to rs REVISED safety code for elevators, dumb-waiters, and escalators has been completed after four years of research at the United States Bureau of Standards and an extensive investigation by a tech nical committee, representative of building, manufacturing, insurance, and governmental organizations, followed by approval of the Amer ican Standards Association. , ,, , The form and arrangements of the 1925 code have been followed closely, but a considerable amount of new material has been added, to cover the new developments in elevator construction as a result ol the constant demand for increased speed. The difficulty of stopping rapidly moving elevators at floor levels necessitated automatic up®1“ ation with automatic floor leveling devices where the speed exceeded 700 feet per minute. This required new types of control and addi tional measures to provide reasonable safety lor life and limb. The research work developed a redesign of practically all elevator buffers, and resulted in the inclusion in the code of test specifications for these devices, for terminal stops, interlocks, and safeties. The difficulties created by the excessive space required lor eleva tors in modern skyscrapers has been recognized, and the code permits, for the first time, the use of two-story elevators under certain, speci fied conditions, to serve two floors at the same time. One operator is required for each cage, and it must not be possible to move the ele vator unless both doors are closed. It also points out that it may soon be necessary to consider the use of two single elevators m the same elevator shaft, and the necessary provisions to make such pro cedure reasonably safe. , . , , It is strongly recommended that all elevator-shaft inclosures be of fire-resistant construction, especially in the modern tall buildings, where they are the principal, and often the only, practical means ol exit in case of fire. , , . ,, ^ A Provisions are also included for the safe operation of freight and other types of elevators, passenger-operated elevators, dumb-waiters, A anTheCcode°is intended as a guide to State and municipal authorities in drafting regulations, as a standard reference to safety requirements for the use of elevator manufacturers, architects, and consulting engi neers, and as a standard of operating practice for users ?f elevators. According to advice from the American Standards Association it has been adopted practically in verbatim form by the city of New York. C o a l-M in e F a t a lit ie s in t h e U n ite d S t a t e s in 1929 *HE death rate per thousand 300-day workers in coal mines during 1929 was 4.54, or 2 per cent less than in 1928, according to the report of the United States Bureau of Mines on coal-mine fatahties m the UnitedStates in 1929, published as its Bulletin 341. The number jl https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 569 570 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW of deaths per million tons of coal produced declined even more, from 3.78 in 1928 to 3.59 in 1929, a decrease of 5 per cent. The actual number of deaths during 1929 was 2,187, or 11 more than reported for 1928, but as the mines were in operation for 221 days, or 15 days more than in the preceding year, the number of man-days worked increased from 140,604,141 in 1928 to 144,463,453 in 1929, with a consequent reduction in fatality rate. An all-time record in the average daily productivity of coal miners was established in 1929. The average output of coal per man per day rose to 4.21 tons, as compared with 4.10 tons per day for 1928, the previous maximum production. The total production in 1929 was 608,816,788 short tons. The average number of days worked per man during the year was 221 as compared with 206 in 1928. The Bureau of Mines does not collect statistics for nonfatal injuries in coal mines, but an estimate is published for 1929 of 85,000 nonfatal lost-time injuries at bituminous coal mines, and 35,000 nonfatal lost time injuries at anthracite mines, a total of 120,000 nonfatal injuries for the industry. Table 1 shows the number of workers employed, days worked, number of fatalities, and production per man, by 5-year periods from 1906 to 1925, and by years, 1926 to 1929. T able 1 .— N U M B E R OF W O RKERS, N U M B E R OF FA T A L IT IE S, A N D PR O D U C T IO N IN COAL M IN E S, 1906 TO 1929 Men employed Period or year Actual number 1906-1910 (average) 1_____ 1911-1915 (average)_______ _ 1916-1920 (average)_____ . . . 1921-1925 (average)___ 1926______________________ 1927______________________ 1928______________________ 1929______________________ 675,067 739,169 760, 381 811, 803 759, 033 759,177 682, 831 654,494 Average production per man Men killed Aver Produc Deaths age tion per per days death mil Rate Equiva ac (short lion per Tons Tons lent in tive N um tons) tons per per 300-day ber 300-day year day workers workers 1,000 484,454 541,489 599, 781 484, 071 559,426 503. 065 468, 680 481, 545 215 220 237 179 221 199 206 221 2,658 2,517 2,419 2, 215 2,518 2,231 2,176 2,187 5. 49 4. 65 4. 03 4. 58 4.50 4.43 4.64 4. 54 169, 719 210, 253 258, 944 252, 346 261, 241 267, 978 264, 749 278,380 1 Figures for 1906 to 1909, inclusive, are only for States under inspection service. average days active were estimated by the Bureau of Mines. 668 716 824 689 867 788 844 930 3.10 3. 26 3. 48 3. 85 3. 92 3. 96 4.10 4. 21 5. 89 4. 76 3.86 3. 96 3. 83 3. 73 3.78 3. 59 Figures for 1909 as to There were 2,047 underground fatalities and 111 surface accidents in 1929. Falls of roof or face accounted for 1,182 of the underground deaths. The next largest number of fatalities underground was due to mine cars and locomotives (413 deaths), followed by major explo sions of gas or coal dust (145 deaths). The difference in fatality rates for bituminous mines and anthracite mines is shown in Table 2, which contains rates for each type and for both types combined, by 5-year periods from 1891 to 1925, and by years, 1926 to 1929. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 571 IN D U S T R IA L A C C ID E N T S AND SA FE T Y T a b l e 3 .—FA T A L IT Y R A T E S FOR COAL M IN E S, 1891 TO 1929 i [Includes underground and surface accidents] Fatality rates in— Bituminous mines Anthracite mines All mines Period or year Per 1,000 Per 1,000 Per mil Per 1,000 Per 1,000 Per mil Per 1,000 Per 1,000 Per mil em em 300-day lion tons em 300-day lion tons 300-day lion tons ployed workers mined ployed workers mined ployed workers mined 1891-1895 (average). 1896-1900 (average) _ 1901-1905 (average). 1906-1910 (average) _ 1911-1915 (average) _ 1916-1920 (average). 1921-1925 (average) _ 1926______________ 1927______________ 1928........................... . 1929______________ 2.69 2. 90 3. 49 4.01 3. 27 3. 05 2. 70 3. 48 2. 93 3.31 3. 39 4. 02 4. 06 4.81 5. 57 4. 75 4. 03 4.87 4.86 4. 60 4. 90 4. 63 4. 84 4. 46 5.17 5. 50 4.31 3. 48 3. 67 3. 60 3. 36 3.45 3.19 3. 27 3. 03 3. 36 3. 70 3. 52 3. 70 2. 83 2.74 2. 96 2. 78 3.18 4.99 5. 58 5.38 5. 25 4. 37 4.06 3. 71 3. 37 3. 94 3.85 4. 24 8.12 7. 94 7.69 7. 67 6. 95 6. 07 5.80 5. 36 6.11 5. 93 6. 53 2.91 2. 95 3. 45 3.94 3. 40 3.18 2. 73 3. 32 2. 94 3.19 3. 34 4.38 4. 50 4.95 5.48 4. 65 4.03 4.58 4. 50 4.43 4. 64 4. 54 5.87 5. 34 5. 67 5. 89 4. 76 3. 86 3. 96 3.83 3. 73 3.78 3.59 1 Prior to 1910 certain States did not maintain records of accidents. The above rates are based exclusively on tonnage and men employed in States for which accident records are available. Reports furnished to the Bureau of Mines showed that 75 per cent of the bituminous-coal mines that produced coal in 1929 were oper ated on the basis of 8 hours per day, and that these 8-hour mines employed 90 per cent of all persons who worked at bituminous-coal mines during the year. Four per cent of the mines, employing about 7 per cent of the total workers, were on a 9-hour basis, and less than 1 per cent of the mines, employing less than 1 per cent of the workers, were on a 10-hour basis. All workers in the anthracite mines of Pennsylvania were employed at 8-hour mines. M e ta l-M in e A c c id e n ts in t h e U n ite d S ta te s , 1929 death rate from accidents in metal and nonmetallic mineral mines, except coal mines, for 1929 was 3.03 per thousand 300T HE day workers, according to the report of the United States Bureau of Mines on metal-mine accidents in the United States for 1929, pub lished as its Bulletin 342. This was 21 per cent higher than the unusu ally low rate for 1928 (2.50), but lower than for all other years except 1923 and 1925. The nonfatal lost-time injury rate was 200.11 for 1929, 3 per cent less than for 1928 (205.61), and lower than for any year since 1913. Published figures for 1911, 1912, and 1913, the earliest years for which annual statistics were collected, indicate lower rates, but the Bureau of Mines believes this is probably due to incom plete reports from the mine owners during those years. The total number of workers was 118,735 in 1929, as compared with 113,866 in 1928, and the average number of days worked per man was 292 in 1929, as against 288 in 1928, making the total number of days worked 34,618,120 in 1929 as compared with 32,803,610 in 1928. The actual number of workers killed in 1929 was 350, or 77 more than in 1928, while the actual number of lost-time injuries was 23,092 in 1929, or 609 more than in 1928. As compared with 1928, the death rate for 1929 per thousand 300day workers increased 20 per cent in underground mining operations https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 572 M O N TH LY LABOR R E V IE W and 78 per cent m open-cut mining operations, but declined 3 per cent lor workers m surface shops and yards. The nonfatal injury rate increased 19 per cent m open-cut mining operations, but was reduced 4 per cent m underground mining operations and 11 per cent for workers m surface shops and yards. The principal cause of fatal accidents was, as usual, fall of rock from the roof or wall, which was also the outstanding cause of nonfatal injuries. Other prominent causes of fatalities, in the order of their importance and by location of operations, were explosives, haulage and a s of persons m underground accidents; skip, cage, or bucket’ and falling down shaft in shaft accidents; falls of persons in surface accidents; and falls or slides of rock in open-pit accidents. in nonfatal injuries other principal causes underground were fall 0i at tk® working face, haulage, timber or hand tools and drilling b ailing objects and accidents connected with the skin’ cage, or bucket were the chief causes in the shaft; while hand tools’ iails of persons, machinery, and mine cars were mainly responsible for surface accidents; and handling materials, falls or slides of rock or ore, falls of persons, haulage, and hand tools predominated in open-pit accidents. The table following shows the number of workers employed, the number kdled and injured, and fatal and nonfatal injury rates in the different groups of metal mines and in nonmetallic mineral mines in 1929 compared with 1928. e mp l oy me n ^ anda ^o o i d e n t s M en employed Year, and type of mine Actual number 1928 Copper_______ Gold, silver, and miscellaneous metal Iron______ .Lead and zinc (Mississippi Vallevf Nonmetallic mineral._ Total_____ i n a M en killed n u „ Men injured Aver age Rate Rate Equiva days per lent in N um per 1,000 N um 1,000 300-day active ber 300-day ber 300-day workers workers workers 30, 561 31, 622 29,145 10, 334 12, 204 33, 002 30, 441 25, 956 8, 659 11,287 324 289 267 251 277 100 79 56 14 24 3.03 2. 60 2.16 1. 62 2.13 7,293 8,180 2,547 2,560 1,903 220. 99 268. 72 98.13 295. 65 168. 60 113,866 109,345 288 273 2. 50 22, 483 205. 61 37,147 30, 861 28, 219 11,177 11, 331 39, 946 28,995 26, 837 9,119 10, 497 323 282 285 245 278 121 106 80 19 24 3.03 3. 66 2.98 2.08 2.29 8,941 7,810 2,404 2,173 1,764 223. 83 269. 36 89.58 238.29 168. 05 118, 735 115,394 292 350 3.03 23, 092 200.11 1929 Copper______ Gold, silver, and miscellaneous metal Iron______ L ea d and zinc (Mississippi Valiev! Nonmetallic mineral T o ta l,.............. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 573 IN D U S T R IA L A C C ID E N T S AND SA FE T Y A c c id e n ts a t M e ta llu r g ic a l W ork s in t h e U n ite d S ta te s in 1929 ACCORDING to the report of the United States Bureau of Mines jlA .on accidents at metallurgical works in the United States during 1929,1 the death rates per thousand 300-day workers for 1929, as compared with 1928, were 2 per cent lower for ore-dressing plants and 41 per cent lower for auxiliary works, but 16 per cent higher for smelting plants, exclusive of blast furnaces. The nonfatal injury rates per thousand 300-day workers for 1929, as compared with 1928, were 12 per cent lower for ore-dressing plants and 4 per cent lower for smelting plants, exclusive of blast furnaces, but 3 per cent higher for auxiliary plants. Combined figures for all three classes of plants show a death rate of 0.80 and a nonfatal injury rate of 85.38 per thousand 300-day workers for 1929, as compared with a death rate of 0.84 and a non fatal injury rate of 88.36 for 1928. The table following shows the number of workers employed, the number killed and injured, and fatal and nonfatal accident rates in each of the three groups of plants for 1928 and 1929. E M P L O Y M E N T A N D A C C ID E N T S AT M ET A L LU R G IC A L PL A N T S IN T H E U N IT E D STATES, 1928 A N D 1929 Men employed Group and year Actual number Ore-dressing plants: 1928_____________________ 1929_______________ ______ Smelting plants: 1928- .......................................... 1929........................... ........... Auxiliary works: 1928. ..................... .................... 1929_____________________ Men killed age Equivalent days in 300-day active workers N um ber Men injured Rate per 1,000 300-day Number workers Rate per 1,000 300-day workers 11, 758 13, 721 12, 357 14,266 315 312 15 17 1.21 L 19 1,437 1,460 116.29 102.34 20,393 18,603 24,310 22,222 358 358 18 19 .74 .86 1,906 1,679 78.40 75.56 13,544 15,075 16,001 17,099 354 340 11 7 .69 .41 1,311 1,436 81.93 83.98 1 United States. Department of Commerce. Bureau of Mines. Technical paper 503: Accidents at metal lurgical works in the United States during the calendar year 1929, by William W. Adams. Washington, 103146°— 32----- 6 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis COOPERATION D ir e c to r y o f C o n s u m e r s ’ C o o p e r a tiv e S o c ie tie s HE Bureau of Labor Statistics has just issued, in mimeographed form, a list of 1,800 consumers’ cooperative societies in the United States. ^ It includes store societies, bakeries, consumers’ creamery organizations, coal yards, gasoline filling stations, restau rants, hotels, rooming and boarding houses, housing societies, insur ance associations, garages, laundries, burial associations, wholesale societies, etc., together with a key to show in just what line of busi ness the society engages. The list is not complete, as there are doubtless many societies of whose existence the bureau is not aware. Likewise it does not include a number of societies which requested that their names be omitted. As the bureau has had no opportunity since early in 1930 to revise the entire list, it is likely that it includes some societies which have dis continued operations since that time. The bureau will appreciate being informed of any active^ societies not given here, as well as of any that have gone out of business. Copies of the directory may be obtained on application to the bureau. T E s t a b lis h m e n t o f F ir s t in t e r n a t io n a l C o o p e r a tiv e F a c to r y HE first step in cooperative production on an international basis was taken recently when a factory was opened up for the manufacture of electric-light bidbs. Cooperative Information (Genevj)> G°* 15 (128)> 1931, contains a description of this enterprise, a i Sctc!ry,was set up in opposition to an international trust, or cai tel, ^which controlled the market in a number of countries and se price policies were considered arbitrary and oppressive. With the Swedish Cooperative Union taking the initiative, the cooperative factory, occupying an area of 43,000 square meters, was built just outside Stockholm. The demand for the product soon outran the capacity, and an addition to the plant is now being planned. Smce the erection of the factory, the trust’s price has fallen in successive stages from 1.35 kronor to 0.85 krona, the price of the cooperative lamp—a total drop of 37 per cent. Although the Swedish Cooperative Union was the prime mover in the new enterprise and furnished much of the capital, the factory is owned by an international association called Kooperativa Lumalorbundet, membership in which is open to the organized consumers’ cooperative movement of any country. The present membership includes the central cooperative unions of Sweden, Denmark, and lNorway, and both the cooperative wholesale societies of Finland T 574 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis LABOR LAWS AND COURT DECISIONS R a ilr o a d H eld N o t L ia b le fo r In ju r y C a u se d b y P o r te r H a n d lin g M ail S a c k s HE work of handling mails, done by men furnished by railroads under postal regulations, is Government work and the railroads are relieved from liability for injury caused by employees while engaged in such work, according to the decision of the United States Supreme Court in the case of Denton v. Yazoo & M. V. It. Co. et al. (52 Sup. Ct. 141). . . Jesse H. Denton, a United States railway postal clerk, sustained an injury due to the alleged negligence of one Hunter, a porter in the general service of the Yazoo & Mississippi Valley Railroad Co. and the Illinois Central Railroad Co. At the time of the injury Hunter was loading United States mail into a mail car, under the direction of a United States postal transfer clerk, and was not, while engaged in such work, under the direction or control of either of the railroad companies. The work was done as required by statute (39 Stat. 412) and the railroad companies furnished the men necessary to handle the mail. Denton brought action in a Mississippi court to recover damages against Hunter and the two railroad companies, and a judgment was entered against all three defendants. The Mississippi Supreme Court, however, reversed the judgment as to the railroad companies on the ground that “ what Hunter was doing at the time of his alleged negligent act was not for them but for the United States.’’ There upon the case was carried to the United States Supreme Court for review. Mr. Justice Sutherland, in rendering the opinion for the court, laid down the following for determining whether the railroad companies were liable: T Whether the railroad companies may be held liable for Hunter’s act depends not upon the fact that he was their servant generally, but upon whether the work which he was doing at the time was their work or that of another; a question deter mined, usually at least, by ascertaining under whose authority and command the work was being done. When one person puts his servant at the disposal and under the control of another for the performance of a particular service for the latter, the servant, in respect of his acts in that service, is to be dealt with as the servant of the latter and not of the former. This rule is elementary and finds support in a large number of decisions. The prior decision of the court in Standard Oil Co. v. Anderson (29 Sup. Ct. 252; 212 U. S. 215) was discussed and quoted in part and the case of Driscoll v. Towle (63 N. E. 922), relied on to sustain the judgment of the lower court, was also discussed. The court, however, found “ the facts of the present case require a different conclusion,” and in affirming the judgment of the Mississippi Supreme Court relieving the railroad companies from liability, said, in part, as follows. The statutory obligation imposed upon the railroad carriers is simply to trans port mail offered for transportation by the United States. They are not required to handle, load, or receive mail matter, but only to furnish the men necessary for 575 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 576 M O N TH LY LA BO R R E V IE W those purposes. The men so furnished handle the mails and load them into, and reeeive them from, the railway post-office cars, as the regulation prescribes, “ under the direction of the transfer clerk, or clerk in charge of the car.” The work they do is that of the Government. N ew Y o rk P r o v isio n a s t o D e t e r m in a t io n o f F a c t b y S ta te B oard U p h e ld HE United States Supreme Court in a memorandum decision on January 18, 1932, affirmed a judgment of the appellate division oi tli6 Supreme Court of the State of New York involving the validity of section 20 of the New York workmen’s compensation law, which provides that the determination of the State industrial board on questions of fact shall be final. (Dahlstrom Metallic Door Co et al. v. Industrial Board of the State of New York, 52 Sup. Ct. 202.) The decision in this case is of far-reaching importance because in addition to New York, the statutes of several other States, particularly California, Idaho, Oklahoma, and Utah, have similar provisions in their workmen’s compensation laws. The United States Supreme Court affirmed the New York Court of Appeals without a written opinion, basing the judgment upon two former cases decided by the United States Supreme Court, namely New York Central Railroad Co. v. White, 243 U. S. 188, and Mountain limber Co. v. Washington, 243 U. S. 219.1 Section 20 of the New York workmen’s compensation act was attacked on the ground that the failure to provide for a judicial review of the facts denied due process of law in violation of the fourteenth amendment to the Federal Constitution. It was contended that the industrial board is an administrative or executive tribunal, and that there is no rule for absolute finality of executive determination” in siipport of a claim that the employer was entitled under the Federal Constitution to a judicial review of the facts in a case brought before the industrial board. The State, on the other hand, argued that, under the New York compensation law and by construction placed upon the act. by the various New York courts, adequate protection was afforded in proceedings before the industrial board and by judicial review in the courts. <The State also contended that the United States Supreme Court in the New York Central case previously had determined the validity of the provisions of the New York law. Theattorney general of New York, in commenting upon the stand taken by the United States Supreme Court, said that if the section of the New York law had been declared unconstitutional it would have resulted m disastrous consequences. “ In the first place,” he said, that “ appeals which are now handled expeditiously would be con gested, inasmuch as in each case the appellate courts would be required to consider the weight of the evidence,” and thereby would throw open the entire record taken before the referee in any compen sation hearing. Continuing, he said: T At the present time the number of such appeals is so vast that were the court to consider the complete record in each case it would result in interminable delay in the calendar. Consequently, awards made to injured persons would be held up with the no inconceivable result that such persons or their dependents in many instances would become public charges. Again, it would be necessary to increase 1 TJ. S. Bureau of Labor Statistics Bui, N o. 224, pp. 232, and 252. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis L A B O R L A W S AND CO U RT D E C IS IO N S 577 the number of the judges to handle these appeals, with the result that the cost of administering the workmen’s compensation act would be vastly increased, throwing an increased burden on the State. . The decision is of additional interest because the workmen s compensation laws of several other States contain similar provisions.2 C o n s t it u t io n a lit y o f F e d e r a l L o n g s h o r e m e n ’s a n d H arb or W o rk ers’ C o m p e n s a tio n A c t U p h e ld HE United States Supreme Court on February 23, 1932, in the case of Crowell v. Benson, upheld the validity of the Federal longshoremen’s and harbor workers’ compensation act, and the right of Congress to enact the legislation. (284 U. S. .) In construing the law to be valid, the Supreme Court ruled that the question as to whether the relation of master and servant existed is one in which a district court of the United States may determine in a suit to set aside an award made by a deputy commissioner. This was also true, the court said, in determining whether the injury occurred on a navigable water of the United States. The original action in the case was brought in the United States District Court of the Fifth Circuit to enjoin the enforcement of an award made by a deputy commissioner of the United States Employ ees’ Compensation Commission of the seventh compensation district in favor of J. B. Knudsen against his employer, Charles Benson. The award was made under the Federal longshoremen’s and harbor workers’ compensation act (44 Stat. 1424, ch. 509), March 4, 1927. The deputy commissioner found that Knudsen was injured while in the employ of Benson, and while performing services upon the navigable waters of the United States. It was the contention of the employer that the award by the deputy commissioner was contrary to law because Knudsen was not, at the time of the injury, one of his employees, and that the claim was not under the jurisdiction of the deputy commissioner. Later it was charged that the compen sation act was unconstitutional in that it violated several provisions of the United States Constitution—i. e., those relating to due process, right of trial by jury, unreasonable search and seizure, and a provision (Article III) respecting the judicial power of the United States. The judge of the district court denied a motion to dismiss the case and granted a new hearing upon the facts and the law, and expressed in the opinion that the act would be invalid if not construed to permit such a hearing. The case was subsequently transferred to the ad miralty side of the court. The district court held that Knudsen was not in the employ of Benson and restrained the enforcement of the award. (33 Fed. (2d) 137, and 38 Fed. (2d) 306.) Upon appeal the decree was affirmed (45 Fed. (2d) 66) by the circuit court of appeals for the fifth circuit. The United States Supreme Court later consented to review the case. In the majority opinion written by Mr. Chief Justice Hughes it was stated that the question of the validity of the law; may be considered in relation to its provisions defining substantive rights and procedural requirements. The court stated that the act had two fundamental limitations, first, it deals exclusively with compensation T The United States D aily, Jan. 21, 1932, p. 7. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 578 M O N TH LY L A B O R R E V IE W in respect of disability or death resulting from an injury occurring upon the navigable waters of the United States and secondly, that it applies only when the relation of master and servant exists. The court recited several provisions of the law—defining the words “injury” and “ employer,” the exclusiveness of the liability of the employer, and the penalty for failure to provide security in the pay ment of compensation. As the act relates solely to injuries occurring upon the navigable waters of the United States, the court said, it deals with the maritime law as applicable to matters falling within the admiralty and maritime jurisdiction, and “ the general authority of the Congress to alter or revise the maritime law which shall prevail throughout the country is beyond dispute.” a In defining substantive rights the court pointed out that the act . Provides for recovery m absence of fault, classifies disabilities result ing from injuries, fixes the range of compensation in case of disability or death and designates the classes of beneficiaries.” There appears to be no room, the court said, for objections on constitutional grounds to the creation of the right of the Federal power to alter and revise ifie n^ntim e law, unless it can be found in the “ due process clause of the fifth amendment.” However, it can not be said that either the c assmcations of the statute or the extent of compensation provided are unreasonable. 1Liability without fault is not unknown to the maritime law,” the court continued and “ apart from this fact consideiations are applicable to the substantive provisions of this legis lation with respect to the relation of master and servant similar5to those which this court has found sufficient to sustain workmen’s compensation laws of the States against objections under the due process clause of the fourteenth amendment.” The court referred to the objections to the procedural requirements of the act which relate to the extent of the administrative authority conferred and reviewed the provisions relating to the administration cd the act which authorized the establishment of compensation dis tricts the appointment of deputy commissioners, and the authority to make regulations, etc. J . The objection raised by the respondent as to the right of a trial bv jury was unavailing, the court said, since the “ claims which are subject to the provisions of the act are governed by the maritime law as established by the Congress and are within the admiralty jurisdiction ” The court then took up the other objections, namely, the procedure winch invokes the due process clause and the provision as to the iudicial power of the United States. J As to questions of law, the court said, the rulings of the deputv commissioner are without finality. Under the due process clause oy the fifth amendment, the question raised was as “ to the deter mination of questions of fact.” On this point the court said that— Apart from cases involving constitutional rights to be appropriatelv enforced by proceedings in court, there can be no doubt that the a o t S t o S t e i t i S t M viewUo f t W c t f the find-ng W1f+ n eSi )eCt+to mi uries to employees within the purAud Jilhin m th fikdU lgs °/uthe deputy commissioner, supported by evidence I l f 01* ° f hlS authU ity, shall be final. To hold otherwise would be to defeat the obvious purpose of the legislation to furnish a prompt coiRinuous are^eculiarly^uited^o1 ^ ] ? / f<? ? a °laSS of cibv uestiori« ’>f fact which are peculiarly suited to ^examination and ?determination an administrative scribed h rn its iS Sof tthh ee fem m ployer n l t0 s liab ility aTh.e is in tov estig secure p re scribed lim n im°mb]ect ed iate atiowith n a nind th a esound https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis L A B O R L A W S AND CO U RT D E C ISIO N S 579 practical judgment, and the efficacy of the plan depends upon the finality of the determinations of fact with respect to the circumstances, nature, extent, and consequences of the employee’s injuries and the amount of compensation that should be awarded. And this finality may also be regarded as extending to the determination of the question of fact whether the injury “ was occasioned solely by the intoxication of the employee or by the willful intention of the employee to injure or kill himself or another.” While the exclusion of compensation in such cases is found in what are called “ coverage” provisions of the act (sec. 3), the question of fact still belongs to the contemplated routine of administration, for the case is one of employment within the scope of the act and the cause of the injury sustained by the employee as well as its character and effect must be ascertained in applying the provisions for compensation. The use of the admin istrative method for these purposes, assuming due notice, proper opportunity to be heard, and that findings are based upon evidence, falls easily within the principle of the decisions sustaining similar procedure against objections under the due process clauses of the fifth and fourteenth amendments. Mr. Chief Justice Hughes referred to the contention based upon the judicial power of the United States (Article III) and said that it presented “ a distinct question.” However, the present case, he said, “ is one of private right, that is, of the liability of one individual to another under the law as defined.” There is no requirement, it was held, that “ in order to maintain the essential attributes of the judicial power, all determinations of fact in constitutional courts shall be made by judges.” In deciding whether the Congress, in enacting the statute under review, has exceeded the limits of its authority to prescribe procedure in cases of injury upon navigable waters, regard must be had, as in other cases where constitutional limits are invoked, not to mere matters of form but to the substance of what is required. The statute has a limited application, being confined to the relation of master and servant, and the method of determining the questions of fact, which arise in the routine of making compensation awards to employees under the act, is necessary to its effective enforcement. The act itself, where it applies, estab lishes the measure of the employer’s liability, thus leaving open for determination the questions of fact as to the circumstances, nature, extent, and consequences of the injuries sustained by the employee for which compensation is to be made in accordance with the prescribed standards. Findings of fact by the deputy com missioner upon such questions are closely analogous to the findings of the amount of damages, that are made according to familiar practice by commissioners or assessors, and the reservation of full authority to the court to deal with matters of law provides for the appropriate exercise of the judicial function in this class of cases. For the purposes stated, we are unable to find any constitutional obstacle to the action of the Congress in availing itself of a method shown by experience to be essential in order to apply its standards to the thousands of cases involved, thus relieving the courts of a most serious burden while preserving their com plete authority to insure the proper application of the law. The court pointed out that, so far, only the claims of employees within the meaning of the act had been considered. A different ques tion is presented where the fact determinations are fundamental or jurisdictional, “ in the sense that their existence is a condition prece dent to the operation of the statutory scheme.” The fundamental requirements are “ that the injury occurs upon the navigable waters of the United States and that the relation of master and servant exists.” These conditions are essential because “ Congress has so provided explicitly,” and because the power of Congress to enact such legislation “ turns upon the existence of these conditions.” Regarding the question of whether Congress may substitute for constitutional courts an administrative agency, Mr. Chief Justice Hughes pointed out that— The recognition of the utility and convenience of administrative agencies for the investigation and finding of facts within their proper province, and the sup https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 580 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW port of their authorized action, does not require the conclusion that there is no limitation of their use, and that the Congress could completely oust the courts of all determinations of fact by vesting the authority to make them with finality in its own instrumentalities or in the Executive Department. That would be to sap the judicial power as it exists under the Federal Constitution, and to estab lish a government of a bureaucratic character alien to our system, wherever fundamental rights depend, as not infrequently they do depend, upon the facts, and finality as to facts becomes in effect finality in law. Whenever the validity of any act of Congress is questioned and doubt is raised as to its constitutionality, the majority opinion showed that— It is a cardinal principle that this court will first ascertain whether a construc tion of the statute is fairly possible by which the question may be avoided. We are of the opinion that such a construction is permissible and should be adopted in the instant case. The Congress has not expressly provided that the determina tions by the deputy commissioner of the fundamental or jurisdictional facts as to the locality of the injury and the existence of the relation of master and servant shall be final. The finality of such determinations of the deputy commissioner is predicated primarily upon the provision (sec. 19 (a)) that he “ shall have full power and authority to hear and determine all questions in respect of such claim.” But “ such claim” is the claim for compensation under the act and by its explicit provisions is that of an “ employee,” as defined in the act, against his “ employer.” The fact of employment is an essential condition precedent to the right to make the claim. It was pointed out that the question in the present case was not whether the deputy commissioner acted improperly, “ but whether he has acted in a case to which the statute is inapplicable.” By providing for injunction proceedings, the Congress evidently contemplated a suit as in equity, and in such a suit the complainant would have full opportunity to plead and prove either that the injury did not occur upon the navigable waters of the United States or that the relation of master and servant did not exist, and hence that the case lay outside the purview of the statute. As the question is one of the constitutional authority of the deputy commissioner as an adminis trative agency, the court is under no obligation to give weight to his proceedings pending the determination of that question. If the court finds that the facts existed which gave the deputy commissioner jurisdiction to pass upon the claim for compensation, the injunction will be denied in so far as these fundamental questions are concerned; if, on the contrary the court is satisfied that the deputy commissioner had no jurisdiction of the proceedings before him, that determina tion will deprive them of their effectiveness for any purpose. We think that the essential independence of the exercise of the judicial power of the United States in the enforcement of constitutional rights requires that the Federal court should determine such an issue upon its own record and the facts elicited before it; <The court concluded the opinion by stating that the district court did not err in permitting a new trial “ on the issue of employment.” Upon that issue the witnesses who had testified before the deputy commissioner and other witnesses were heard by the district court. The writ of certiorari was not granted to review the particular facts but to pass upon the question of principle. With respect to the facts, the two courts below are in accord, and we find no reason to disturb their decision. The decree of the lower court was therefore affirmed. Mr. Justice Brandeis delivered a dissenting opinion, in which Mr. Justices Stone and Roberts joined, holding that the decree should be reversed because Congress did not authorize a new trial. The initial question is one of construction of the longshoremen’s act. The act, the dissenting opinion stated, “ does not in terms declare whether there may be a trial de novo either as to the issue whether the rela tion of employer and employee existed at the time of the injury, or as to any other issue, tried or triable, before the deputy commissioner.” https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis LABOR LAWS AND COURT DECISIONS 581 Cases were cited showing that lower Federal courts had uniformly held that “ the review afforded must be upon the record made before the deputy commissioner; and that the deputy commissioner’s find ings of fact must be accepted as conclusive if supported by evidence, unless there was some irregularity in the proceeding before him.” The dissenting opinion pointed out that nearly all of the State courts have construed the State workmen’s compensation laws as limiting the review by the courts to questions of law only, and even in other Federal laws similar to the question involved in this case, creating administrative agencies, “ have likewise been treated as not conferring the right to a judicial trial de novo.” It was the aim of Congress clearly specified by the provisions of the act “ to expedite the relief afforded.” The dissenting opinion stated other reasons for objecting to the majority opinion and con cluded th at-To permit a contest de novo in the district court of an issue tried, or triable, before the deputy commissioner will, I fear, gravely hamper the effective adminis tration of the act. The prestige of the deputy commissioner will necessarily be lessened by the opportunity of relitigating facts in the courts. The number of controverted cases may be largely increased. Persistence in controversy will be encouraged. And since the advantage of prolonged litigation lies with the party able to bear heavy expenses the purpose of the act will be in part defeated. I llin o is P r e v a ilin g -W a g e L aw D e c la r e d U n c o n s t it u t io n a l Legislature of Illinois enacted, during the 1931 session, a law regulating the wages and hours of work of mechanics and laborers T HE employed under contracts for public works. This law was approved by the governor of the State on June 20, 1931, and became effective on July 1 of the same year. .. On September 2, 1931, one Harry A. Mayhew, filed a bill as a citizen and taxpayer against the governor of the State and several other public officers to enjoin them from entering into a contract for the improvement of a section of a State highway. Approximately two weeks later another citizen and taxpayer by the name of Pigott filed another bill in the same court requesting the director of public works to be enjoined from entering into a contract with a road contractor for the construction of a section of a State highway in Cook County. Injunctions in both cases were asked upon the ground that the law was unconstitutional. The circuit court of Sangamon County held that the act was unconstitutional and granted the relief that was sought by the tax payers. The case was immediately appealed to the Supreme Court of Illinois and this court, in an opinion written by Judge De Young, affirmed the decision of the lower court. (Mayhew v. Nelson and Pigott v. Department of Public Works and Buildings, 178 N. E. 921.) The attorney general, who represented the State officers, contended that the act was a valid exercise of the legislative power, that the law was complete and certain in its provisions and therefore was capable of enforcement. The taxpayers on the other hand contended that the law was vague, uncertain in its terms, incomplete and defective in its provisions, that it was difficult of enforcement^ and therefore invalid. They also contended that the act was a violation of the constitution in that it delegated absolute or unlimited and arbitrary https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 582 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW powers to an administrative officer; deprived the taxpayers of the State of property without due process of law; and abridged the right of contractors to enter into contracts. The supreme court in rendering its opinion declared that it would be necessary only to consider the contention that the act was void because of incompleteness and uncertainty, and that it delegated arbitrary power in violation of the constitution. The court said that when a law left the legislature it “ must be complete in all its terms and conditions so that every person may know by reading the law what his rights are and how it will operate when put into execution. ” Ihe court, quoting from a former Illinois case (People v. Kogier 326 111. 310, 157 N. E. 177), declared that a law “ which is so vague, indefinite, and uncertain that the courts are unable, by accepted rules of construction, to determine with any reasonable degree of certainty what the legislature intended, or which is so incomplete or conflicting and inconsistent in its provisions that it can not be executed, will be declared to be inoperative and void. ” After declaring the primary purpose of the act the court declared: The act not only prescribes no test or standard by which the prevailing rates of wages in a particular jurisdiction may be ascertained but when an improvement extending from one subdivision of the State or municipality into or through another or dividing them is contemplated, no guide is offered by which the applicable rate or rates of wages may be determined. The court took up the question of adjustments in cases of disputes arising under the prevailing rates of wages and reviewed the various methods of appeal in such cases. _The procedure before the various boards, the court said, was considered wholly conjectural, for the act omits “to provide when and where such boards shall meet, whether they shall conduct hearings at which parties interested in the subject matter may appear, whether the attendance of witnesses may be compelled, and whether a record of the proceedings shall be kept. ” The law in addition to the provision relative to the payment of prevailing wage rate also limits the hours of work during any one calendar day to eight hours. Numerous exceptions, as in the case of extraordinary emergency caused by fire, flood, danger to life or property, etc., are set forth in the law. The court said that these exceptmns would give rise to differences of opinion whether a contractor may avail himself of one or of many. Without considering other objections to the act, the Supreme Court of Illinois concluded it was sufficiently shown that the act was “ not only uncertain and indefinite in its prov lsions, but that it is^ also incomplete and delegates legislative powers by allowing administrative officers to supply many of its substantial features. Accepted rules of construction applied to cer tain sections will not avail to disclose the legislative intent, and courts are powerless to supply the omissions of the act. No person, by reading the^ act, will know with a reasonable degree of certainty what rights it confers and what duties or obligations it imposes. ” The act was therefore declared void. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis LABOR LAWS AND COURT DECISIONS 583 M e m b e r o f R e lig io u s O rder D e n ie d C la im U n d er W o rk m en s C o m p e n s a tio n Law HE Supreme Court of the State of Michigan, in a 6-to-2 opinion, declared that one injured while performing duties as a proba tioner, intending to qualify for admission to membership in a religious order, was not entitled to workmen’s compensation. (Blust v. Sisters of Mercy et al., 239 N. W. 401.) . It appeared that Loretta Blust was injured while cleaning the drum of a laundry mangle at Mount Mercy Academy in Grand Rapids on November 16, 1929. She presented a claim against the institution and against the Hartford Accident & Indemnity Co. for compensation. The matter came up for a hearing before a deputy commissionerof the Michigan Department of Labor and Industry, and an award was entered in favor of the petitioner. The insurance company appealed from the award of the deputy commissioner to the depart ment of labor and industry, and upon a final hearing the award of the deputy commissioner was reversed and the claim of compensation was denied. The case was thereupon appealed to the supreme court ol the State. The main question involved was whether the petitioner was an employee within the meaning of the Michigan workmen’s compensa tion law. The contention of the insurance company was that, m order to recover under the compensation law the injury must ‘ arise out of and in the course of an employment” ; that the relation ol employer and employee and & contract must be involved, and the only basis of such a contract, either expressed or implied, would be the relation of employer and employee. Mr. Justice Potter, m a written opinion in which Mr. Chief Justice Butzel concurred reversed the award of the department of labor and industry and held that the facts of the case disclosed the relationship of master and servant. In support of this conclusion several cases were reviewed, one m particular in which a question arose whether a student brakeman v as a railroad employee. (Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe Ry. Co. v. Fronk, 87 Pac. 698.) Against the opinion of Mr. Justice Potter six other judges of the supreme court took exception and, in an opinion written by Mr. Justice Wiest, affirmed the decision of the depart ment of labor and industry. . . , A Mr. Justice Wiest pointed out that the plaintiff m the case had joined the Sisters of Mercy, an established charitable organization, as a probationer intending to qualify for admission to membership m the order. The various stages of noviceship were recited and it was shown that “ her relation as a novitiate was that of free-will devotion of efforts and talents to the religious and charitable pur poses of the order.” According to the rules of the order she was to receive instruction calculated to qualify her for various services upon reaching full membership and was to be provided suitable care, food, clothing, and shelter, but was to receive no remuneration lor such services. Upon receiving injuries which rendered her totally dis abled, the order cared for her, met all expenses which according to the rules it was bound to do, and there was no interruption of hei relation to the order during the incapacitated period. Mr. Justice Wiest said as follows: T I find no analogy between instances of work without pay in industrial and professional pursuits, in order to qualify for work with pay, and an instance o https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 584 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW entering a, charitable and religious order as a novitiate with intent to qualify for membership and a life devoid of pecuniary purpose. In the one instance there is the relation of master and servant and a semblance of hiring, though without wage, but with commercial earmarks, while in the other there is no relation of master and servant, no hiring, and no commercialism, but a devotion to charitable purpose without hope of pecuniary reward. Although it was shown and determined that the Sisters of Mercy had employees for hire and had even elected to come under the Michigan workmen’s compensation law, members of the order and novitiates were not covered and the insurance company did not indemnify the society for the expense of caring for any injured members or noviti ates. The court pointed out that the workmen’s compensation law requires the relation of employer and employee under a contract of hire. In this case it was pointed out there was no hiring and “ it would be unfortunate to hold that the Sisters of Mercy hire persons to submit to training for membership in the sisterhood. The work of the Sisters of Mercy, in the care of indigent and other sick and infirm persons, and in no manner, directly or indirectly, for private profit, constitutes a public charity. The compensation law allows nothing for pain and suffering.” In the testimony brought out at the trial it was shown that, even though an award were made, such would not come to the injured probationer but would belong to the order by virtue of her relation ship to it. Regarding this the court said: Neither at common law nor under the compensation act can plaintiff have remedy against the Sisters of Mercy. It would be. a strange situation, indeed, to permit the Sisters of Mercy, one defendant herein, to reimburse itself for expenses, incurred in caring for a novitiate, in the manner here attempted. Plain tiff has no interest in any recovery of an award. She recognizes that her interest in an award is only that of the Sisters of Mercy. In concluding the court inquired, “ If a novitiate is held to be an employee and the Sisters of Mercy an employer, then what is the contract of hire?” It can not be stated, the court said, “ for there is none.” L aw E s t a b lis h in g W a g e -C la im s C o u rt in C o lorad o HE 1931 legislature of the State of Colorado enacted a law estab lishing a wage-claims court in each county of the State (ch. 170, Laws of 1931). The wage-claims courtis administered by the justice of the peace in each county and exercises jurisdiction in all cases of claims of money due for labor performed upon any contract of em ployment where the amount claimed does not exceed $100. About 13 States have small-claims courts exercising jurisdiction over the collection of small wage claims. These States are: Arizona, Cali fornia, Connecticut, Kansas (small debtors’ court), Maryland (people’s court), Massachusetts, Minnesota (conciliation courts), Nevada, New Jersey, New York (municipal courts and certain other special courts), Oregon, South Dakota, and Washington.1 The majority of the States have some form of wage-payment legisla tion^ consisting usually of a requirement that the wages must be paid within a certain number of days, and providing a penalty for failure to comply with the law. The various labor officials in the States have T 1 Report of the standing committee on legal aid work to the American Bar Association, May, 1930 see also Iowa law (ch. 478, secs. 10820-10824, Code, 1924), Labor Review, November, 1928, pp. 38-40. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis But LABOR LAWS AND COURT DECISIONS 585 used these statutes as a basis for wage adjustment and some of the laws carry a provision conferring upon the State labor department or bureau, as the case may be, the power to secure collection. However, if they fail to adjust the matter with the employer, legal action is necessary for collection and in many instances the department has no authorization to enforce collection by legal action and the employee is usually unable to bear the costs of such procedure. Several legislative attempts have been made by the States to over come this difficulty, by incorporating provisions which give the privi lege of recovering attorneys’ fees in suits for wages without regard to the establishment of claims.2 Such laws have been condemned by the courts of last resort as being unlawful discrimination in favor of certain suitors who are not distinguishable from other litigants on any proper basis, the law being, therefore, subject to condemnation as special or class legislation. (Gulf, etc., R. Co. v. Ellis, 165 U. S. 150; Coal Co. v. Rosser, 41 N. E. 263; Chicago, etc., R. Co. v. Mashore, 96 Pac. 630.) The courts are not uniform, however, in their ruling on this question, some courts holding that such fees were taxed not as a penalty but as a fair award of costs. (Title Guarantee & Trust Co. v. Wrenn, 56 Pac. 271; Singer Mfg. Co. v. Fleming, 58 N. W. 226; Vogel v. Pekoe, 42 N. E. 386.) Several of the State legislatures, realizing that the costs and delays of legal procedure are unduly burdensome, have made special provisions to cover the cost. One State 3 has established a trust fund, known as a contingent fund of the labor commissioner, to be used in paying costs in wage-claim proceedings. This fund is re plenished by the claimant’s placing in the fund a reasonable per cent of the amount recovered. Various methods are used by other States, but in many States much more might be accomplished along this line under improved legislation. The need, as pronounced several years ago by the late Chief Justice William H. Taft, is that “ something must be devised by which everyone, however lowly and however poor, however unable by his means to employ a lawyer and to pay court costs, shall be furnished the opportunity to set this fixed machinery of justice going.” 4 The text of the new Colorado wage-claims court act is given below: ACTS OF 1931 C hapter 170.— W a g e -c la im s court S ectio n 1. W a g e -c la im s c o u rt e sta b lish e d . —-There is hereby created and estab lished in each of the several counties of this State, a court of inferior jurisdiction, to be known as the “ Wage-claims court.” The justices of the peace in their several counties and precincts shall sit as judges of said courts, and exercise the jurisdiction hereby conferred, in all cases arising under the provisions of this act. S e c . 2. J u r i s d i c t i o n . — The wage-claims court shall have and exercise jurisdic tion in all cases of claims of money due for wages or salary earned, or for work and labor performed, upon any contract of employment, express or implied, where the amount claimed, exclusive of interest and costs, does not exceed the sum of $100. All actions arising under the provisions of this act shall be brought in the county where the defendant resides, or where the work or labor, or some part thereof, was performed: P ro v id e d , That no action shall be brought in said court by the assignee of any such claim, or upon an assigned claim. S e c . 3. P ro c e d u r e . — [This section covers the procedure and prescribes the forms to be used in affidavit of claim and order of appearance. A docket fee of $1 is charged, which covers all the costs in the justice of the peace court.] 2 Ohio Rev. Stat., sec. 6563a; Oklahoma, Acts of 1895, ch. 51; Texas, act of April 5, 1889. 3 Nevada, Acts of 1915, ch. 203 (as amended by Acts of 1925, ch. 95). * Bureau of Labor Statistics Bui. No. 398: Growth of legal-aid work in the United States, p. iii. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 586 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW S e c . 4. S e rv ic e . — A true copy of the affidavit and order mentioned in the pre ceding section may be served upon the defendant personally by the justice of the peace, by the plaintiff, or by any constable of the county, who shall make an affi davit of such service, stating the time and place thereof. S e c . 5. H e a r in g . — Upon the day set for the hearing of the said claim, if the defendant fail to appear at the time and place stated in said order, he having been duly served therewith, as provided in the preceding section, the judge shall enter judgment for the amount proven to be due the plaintiff, together with interest at the rate of 8 per cent per annum from the time said claim became due, and for costs. If both parties appear, the judge shall hear their testimony, and such other witnesses as they shall produce, together with such other evidence as may be offered in support of the respective claims of the parties, and shall enter such judgment as the justice of the case shall require: P r o v id e d , That interest and costs shall be allowed in all cases where the judgment is for the plaintiff. No con tinuance shall be granted or allowed in such court except for good cause shown. No formal pleading other than the affidavit and order herein provided for shall be_ necessary, and the hearings in such court shall be informal, with the sole object of dispensing speedy justice between the parties. S e c . 6. A p p e a l . — If the judgment be against the defendant he shall pay the same forthwith, and in default of such payment, execution may issue as in the justice courts. If either party be dissatisfied, he shall be allowed an appeal to the county court of the proper county: P ro v id e d , That he shall upon the entry of judgment against him, then and there give notice of appeal to the county court, and pay to the justice of the peace the sum of $1.50 to cover the cost of a trans cript of such judgment, and shall within 5 days from the entry of such judgment pay to the clerk of the county court, in cash, an amount sufficient to pay said judgment in full, together with all costs in the county court, and shall within 5 days after docketing said cause in the county court, give notice to the plaintiff that he will within 48 hours from the service of such notice, appear in the county court and ask that the said cause be set for trial. Upon the payment to the said justice of the peace of the cost of a transcript as aforesaid, the said justice shall forthwith make, certify, and transmit to the county court of the proper county a complete transcript of all the proceedings before him. S e c . 7. A p p e a l s d is p o s e d o f im m e d ia te ly . —I t shall be the duty of the county court to dispose of all such appeals with all convenient speed, and if the defendant shall fail to docket said cause in the county court and to pay in the sums as pro vided in the preceding section, within the time therein provided, the county court shall dismiss said appeal. If the judgment in the county court shall be for the plaintiff, the court shall order the clerk to pay the amount thereof to the plaintiff. If the judgment of the county court be for the defendant, he shall have judgment for his costs. S e c . 8. F e e s — After judgment the justice of the peace shall issue such process, and shall be entitled to collect such fees and charges as are allowed by law in justice courts for like services, and no others. S e c . 9. S u p p lie s .- —The board of county commissioners of each of the several counties in this State shall furnish to the justices of the peace a reasonable supply of blanks and forms, docket book, and other supplies necessary for the use of such justice when sitting as a wage-claims court. I n q u ir y in t o A p p lic a b ility o f C h in e s e F a c to r y A ct HE practicability of enforcing the Chinese factory law which was passed in 1929 and which was to have become operative from February 1, 1931,1 is the subject of a study and report made by Ta Chen, of Tsing Hua University, Peiping.2 Toward the close of January, 1931, the enforcement date of the act was postponed to August 1, i 931. Among the reasons that necessi tated the delay was the fact that the original legislation did not provide for an inspectorate. During February, 1931, however, a T 1 Labor Review, July, 1930, pp. 16-18, and M ay, 1931, pp. 73-74. 2 Chen, Ta: Study of the applicability of the factory act of the Chinese Government, a preliminary survey of the Shanghai area. Shanghai, China Institute of Scientific Management, 1931. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 587 LABOR LAWS AND COURT DECISIONS measure was enacted providing authority for the creation of such an agency. Another influence in the postponement of the operation of the act was the statement of employers to the Government that the law was very wide in its scope and that it was essential for industry to have time to adapt itself to the requirements. At the conference on the “ people’s livelihood,” held in February, 1931,_ under the auspices of the National Christian Council, representatives of em ployers of labor, of educators, social workers, and others discussed the act at considerable length. As an outcome of a resolution adopted at the conference, it was decided that an independent scientific investigation should be made as to the applicability of the law, and Ta Chen was invited to come from Peiping to undertake the study. The author of the report recognizes that the law is to be applied nationally and that any study of it should be national in scope. How ever, in the brief period (2)£ months) available before the date fixed for the law to go into effect it was not possible to devote close attention to any other locality than the Shanghai district. The findings of the survey concerning existing industrial practices, some of the principal requirements of the factory act, and the sugges tions made by the investigator on the basis of his study are presented in the following table taken from his report: P R E S E N T PR A C T IC E , R E Q U IR E M E N T S OF FA C T O R Y AC T, A N D SUG G ESTIO N S OF IN V E ST IG A TO R ON BASIS OF SU R V E Y Item Record keeping---------Hours of work per day. Hours of night work forWomen___________ Children. Present practice What the act requires Practice recommended on basis of study In vogue, but up on simple plan. 8 to 11.3 hours (average in 6 in dustries) . 15 categories; full copies twice yearly. 8 hours; 10 hours with permit. 15 items; annual sum mary reports. 10 hours, for women and children only. Between 6 p. m. and 6 a. m. None from 10 p. m. to 6 a. m. A ny 10 hours between 6 p. m. and 6 a. m., for next 3 years. Do. .do. Overtime___ N o lim it. Rest days----- Average of 2.6 per month without pay; often not taken. Average of 14.4 days per year. N ot regularly giv en. 9 to 10 years, 14 in some c o t t o n mills. Full time worked by adults. National and festival holidays.. Annual leave or vacation. Age of admission of young workers. Hours of work of young workers Workmen’s compensation bene fits for— Temporary disability-------Permanent disability. D eath........ ................ . Sickness----------- -----Medical expenses. Funeral expenses . i United States currency. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis None from 7 p. m. to 6 a. m. 2 hours per day, up to 36 per month. 4 per month, with p a y ... As in act. 2 per month, without pay; required to be taken. 8 national holidays, with pay. 7 to 15 days with pay___ As in act. 14 years. 12 years, by standard agreed upon. 8 hours per day. 10 per day or night, for 2 years; then 8 hours’ work and 2 hours’ edu cation by day, and 10 hours at night until night shift is elimi nated. Suspended indefinitely. Commonly paid, Two-thirds of wages for As in act. 6 months, then half of no standard sum, wages. Do. 1 to 3 years’ wages--------___ do__________ Do. ___ do__________ 2 years’ wage, plus $3001 Payment for specified Sometimes p a id .. As for injury................... occupational diseases only. Commonly paid—_ Required, up to $30 L — As in act. Do. ___ do...... ......................... ___ d o ................ 588 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW P R E S E N T P R A C T IC E , R E Q U IR E M E N T S OF FA C T O R Y A C T , A N D SU G G E ST IO N OF IN V E ST IG A T O R ON BASIS OF SU R V E Y —Continued. Item E d u cation ................................. Present practice W hat the act requires 55 factories have provision. 10 hours a week up to 16 years of age. Practice recommended on basis of study As in act for those 12 to 15 years of age, after 2 years. M aternity bonus. _________ . Averages $16.02 i 8 weeks’ leave, w ith pay.. 4 weeks’ leave to those per case. employed 1 year, after 1 year. B onus.------ ---------- ---------------- Common________ Bonus or share of profit.. Up t o 4 per cent of annual wage. Safety and health provisions___ Inadequate in N ot sufficiently definite. Clear, definite. many factories. Wage paym ents____________ . 1 or 2 a month, 2 a month—no deduc As in act. fines deducted in tions in advance. advance at times. Principles of wage determina Supply and de Cost of living in district. Postponed for scientific investigation. mand. tion. Contracts_____________ . . . . . Sometimes writ Double pay in lieu of 15 days’ notice, or single ten. notice; or pay and a pay in lieu of notice; suspension of other half for notice period; clauses. graduated notice; spec ified reasons for dis missal. Factory councils______________ N ot found............... W ith discussion func For discussion only. tions. Apprenticeship______. . . ------- Common, condi Contracts and fixed As in act. tions bad. terms. 'U nited States currency. G e r m a n D e c r e e o f D e c e m b e r 8, 1931, R e d u c in g P rices, W a ges, E t c .1 HE emergency decree of December 8, 1931, undoubtedly repre sents the greatest encroachment ever made by the German Government upon the fundamentals of the economic system. The Government justifies its action with the necessity of bringing the process of deflation to a sharp and definite end, in order to reduce production costs and thus enable German industry to compete on the world markets under the extraordinary difficulties placed by the majority of countries in the way of imports. It is intended that the shrinkage in the volume of production and consumption shall be overcome by a coercive reduction of costs in all phases of economic life, including prices, wages and salaries, rents, public-utility charges, and interest rates. On the other hand, it was necessary to open up new sources of income for the Government in the field of taxation in order to assure the balancing of fiscal budgets. Here the increase of the turnover tax from 0.85 to 2 per cent and a new cut in the pay of Government employees and laborers are the most important measures. A synopsis of the decree follows. T Price Reduction P r ic e s fixed by cartels, syndicates, or the wholesale trade, as is the case in the iron-producing industry, the iron and metal con suming industry, the building trades, the chemical, paper, glass, ceramic, textile and fertilizer industries, are, not later than January 1, 1932, to be reduced by at least 10 per cent, compared with the price level existing on June 30, 1931. If the Federal Minister of Economic Affairs considers a further reduction of prices for specific commodities ' Report prepared by Wm. E. Beitz, American consul, Berlin. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis LABOR LAWS AND COURT DECISIONS 589 essential, he is authorized to adopt appropriate measures within the scope which he considers advisable. If a cartel, syndicate, or whole salers’ organization fails to comply with statutory regulations or ministerial instructions, the pertinent provisions of the cartel or syndi cate agreement or contracts for deliveries become inoperative from January 1, 1932. Prices of trade-marked commodities must be reduced from the same date and by the same percentage; also prices for potash and nitrogenous products. The reduction of coal prices is regulated in a special manner, as the domestic coal market is organized by syndicates made compulsory by law. The prices of black coal and lignite are also to be lowered by 10 per cent not later than January 1, 1932. The syndicates and any wholesalers having exclusive sales rights in specific territories are no longer permitted to resort to punitive measures against retailers (such as refusal to sell or measures having similar prohibitive effects), or impose penalties upon retailers for undercutting prices fixed by agree ment; neither can they restrict purchases by retailers of domestic coal. It is estimated that about 25 per cent of Germany’s total industrial turnover covers commodities the prices of which are fixed by cartels or syndicates. The reduction of open-market prices in the retail trade is assigned to a Federal price commissioner under the supervision of the Chan cellor of the Reich. His duties consist in investigating and super vising charges for commodities and services considered of vital neces sity (including gas, water, electricity, and transportation), margins of profits, and surcharges. The commissioner is vested with almost unlimited powers in reducing prices, if necessary, and for this purpose will be given extensive assistance by the Federal and State Govern ments. Reduction of Interest Rates Long-term loans.—Interest on long-term loans is reduced by about 25 per cent. The reduction applies to all long-term loans bearing nominally more than 6 per cent interest which are either registered in public books of record, or issued in the form of bonds; or any debts which do not mature until the expiration of one year from the date on which the debt was contracted. Rates between 6 and 8 per cent, inclusive, will be lowered to 6 per cent; higher rates up to and includ ing 12 per cent will be reduced in the ratio of 8 to 6. If the rate is over 12 per cent the portion in excess thereof will be reduced in the ratio of 8 to 4. The reduction applies only to interest payable after January 1, 1932. It also affects interest on revaluated mortgages and bonds which was to be increased from 5 to 7K per cent on January 1, 1932. In order to prevent the sudden withdrawal of capital from the market, provision is made that creditors may not call loans of the above description before December 31, 1933. If a loan, according to an agreement already concluded, may not be called within a given period, this period is to be prolonged for two years but not beyond December 31, 1935. If the stipulated date of maturity falls after December 31, 1935, it is to remain in effect. Any other reservations made with regard to the calling of loans, however, shall be duly observed. _If notice of the calling of a loan had already been served it remains 103146°— 32-----7 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 590 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW effective. The debtor’s right to give notice of the termination of a loan is not affected, nor are the remaining provisions concerning revaluated mortgages or bonds. The validity of paragraph 247 of the German civil code (suspended for several years) is restored, which provides that in case the interest rate is over 6 per cent, the debtor may after a lapse of 6 months give 6 months’ notice of the termination of the debt. After December 31, 1931, the right to authorize the issuance of domestic mortgage debentures or other nonregistered bonds, which under paragraph 795 of the German civil code is subject to State authorization, will be reserved to the Federal Government which must obtain the consent of the respective State governments. In this man ner the Federal Government will be able to control the movement in interest rates for bonds of the above description. Short-term loans. The reduction of interest on short-term credits will be controlled by the Federal bank commissioner who is authorized to reduce the rates in agreement with the Reichsbank and the central associations of credit institutions (if by December 31, 1931, the latter associations have not come to* an understanding with regard to the reduction of credit and debit interest rates and commissions). Any decisions reached by the associations are subject to the commissioner’s approval and apply to all banks whether or not they are members of an association. The reduction of the Reichsbank discount rate from 8 to 7 per cent and of the collateral loan rate from 10 to 8 per cent, an action taken immediately upon the promulgation of the emergency decreee, was an important step forward in this direction. The association of Berlin banks and bankers followed suit by lowering its debit interest rate from 10 to 8 per cent and its credit interest rate for call money from 5 to 4 per cent for accounts not liable to commission and from 6 to 5 per cent for accounts liable to commission, effective December 10, 1931. Abolition of Surcharges on Arrears in Taxes E ffectiv e January 1, 1932, the surcharge (12 per cent per annum) collected on certain arrears in tax payments, which were introduced in July, 1931, will be abolished. From the same date interest charges on arrears m taxes (at present 24 per cent per annum) will be reduced to in Per cent> interest for legally postponed customs payments, from 10 to 8 per cent; and the maximum charge for legally postponed tax payments, from 12 to 8 per cent. Housing and Rents ^ HIf se?ti°n provides for the gradual abolition of the rental tax, the reduction oi rents, and the further relaxation of housing control. f rom April 1, 1935, the rental tax will be reduced by 25 per cent of the proceeds for the fiscal year 1932; from April 1 , 1937, it will be reduced by a further 25 per cent; and after April 1 , 1940, it will no |onger be levied. Until March 31, 1934, the tax may be paid by the house owner m a lump sum amounting to 3 or 3% times the total amount due for the year 1932, depending upon the date on which payment is made. Rents for dwellings in so-called old buildings, those which were completed prior to July 1 , 1918, are from January 1 , 1932, to be generally lowered by 10 per cent. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis LABOR LAWS AND COURT DECISIONS 591 Rents for dwellings in new buildings, or those completed after July 1, 1918, are to be lowered in proportion to the savings involved by the reduction of interest on mortgages or debts resting on the property. I t is believed that on this basis the rent will in many cases be reduced by more than 10 per cent. Forced Sales T h e r e are a large number of measures to safeguard real-estate owners against the sale of their property at ruinous prices. The more important features of these measures are as follows: The offer of the highest bidder at an auction shall normally not be acceptable if it amounts to less than seven-tenths of the value of the property. The debtor who, on account of the economic crisis, is unable to meet his obligations shall have the right to apply for the suspension of a forced sale for a period not exceeding six months and for the institu tion of receivership; to avoid expensive administrative machinery in this connection the debtor himself may be appointed as receiver under official control. Similar protection had previously been granted to farmers in eastern States under the eastern farm relief act. It is_ now extended to cover the whole of Germany and to apply to municipal as well as rural property. Miscellaneous Economic Measures T ax reductions, to facilitate the decentralization of large combines which find it more and more difficult to cope with the present economic difficulties, vary according to the nature of the process of decentralizaiion. They are restricted to joint-stock companies because of the severe publicity regulations to which stock companies are subjected under recent legislation. The tax reductions apply to the capital tax, the land-purchase tax, and trade-equipment tax. Communal or State surcharges to any of these taxes are forbidden. Similar concessions are made with regard to the liquidation of com panies, no matter whether they are joint-stock companies, limitedliability companies, or similar enterprises. In that case the company in liquidation shall be exempt entirely from the land-purchase tax, the increment-of-wealth tax, and income tax. The duration of these provisions is limited until December 31, 1934. Revised appraisement regulations are authorized. In view of the fact that the standard appraisement and assessment of the property tax as of January 1, 1931, under existing regulations, was to form the basis of assessment for various taxes on property for 3 or 6 years, as the case might be, the Government is authorized to revise the pertinent statutory regulations in such a manner as to adapt them to the changes n the value of property having occurred since January 1, 1931. A subsidy for industrial cooperatives is provided for. The Govern ment is authorized to appropriate up to 20,000,000 marks2 ($4,760,000) for financing the rationalization of industrial cooperatives. 3 Conversions into U nited States currency on basis of mark=23.8 cents. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 592 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW Social Insurance and Welfare T h e decree authorizes a large number of economy measures in various branches of social insurance including the restriction of the children’s allowance to a given age, the restriction or avoidance of overlapping in annuity payments, etc. The more sweeping measures are: The abolition of voluntary benefits in wage earners’ old-age and invalidity insurance, and health insurance; restriction of benefits for survivors; and the discontinuance in workmen’s compensation of annuity payments to persons who have lost less than one-fifth of their _working capacity. By this latter provision the number of annuities under workmen’s compensation will be reduced by about 400,000. Labor Regulations W a g es and salaries in private enterprise regulated by standard wage agreements are to be adapted to the wage level of January, 1927 (the date which marked the beginning of the last business rise). The Federal Government believes that at that time a certain equilibrium was established in wages and salaries after the war, inflation and currency crisis, while the standard of living was higher than it is to-day (144.6 as against 131). Because a reduction of wages will in many cases amount to more than 10 per cent, it is provided that 10 per cent shall not be exceeded except in the few cases in which wages have not been reduced since July 1, 1931. In these exceptional cases the reduction shall not go beyond 15 per cent. The wage reductions must be agreed upon by employers and workers not later than December 19, 1931; if an understanding can not be reached, a binding decision shall be made by the arbitrator, with due regard to the special con ditions of an individual industry, district, or group of enterprises. The decree provides further that all standard wage agreements in effect on December 9, 1931, the date on which these provisions went into force, shall expire on April 30,1932, unless they cover a protracted period or the parties to the agreement make a different arrangement with regard to the^ duration of the agreement after these provisions have become effective. It was proposed to make the introduction of a cut in wages depend ent upon a prior general reduction in prices, but from the foregoing it appears that prices and wages are to be lowered simultaneously. Measures to Insure the Balancing of the Budgets A n e w cut, effective until January 31, 1934, will be made as of January 1, 1932, in the pay of Government officials, salaried employ ees, and wage earners in Government service, amounting to 9 per cent of the basic pay in regard to officials and 10 per cent of the current standard wage provided by agreements relative to salaried employees and wage earners. Effective January 1, 1932, the turnover tax will be increased from 0.85 to 2 per cent, except with respect to grain, flour, bran, bread, and other bakers’ commodities. Supplementary to the Government’s previous measures against capital “ flight” abroad which, it is officially stated, proved satis factory, a so-called “ Federal flight tax” is assessed on German nationals or enterprises which have given up their residence or place https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis LABOR LAWS AND COURT DECISIONS 593 of general abode in Germany since March 31, 1931, or will do so by January 1, 1933. The rate of the tax is 25 per cent of the entire taxable property of the delinquent persons or enterprises. It is pay able in the first case one month after the going into effect of the “ Federal flight tax” and in the second case simultaneously with the relinquishment of the residence or place of general abode in Germany. If the tax is not paid, a warrant will be issued against the delinquent authorizing his arrest on his return to Germany and a term of impris onment of not less than 3 months; his property located or invested in Germany will be attached as security; and a fine will be imposed. The tax, however, is to apply only to persons or enterprises with taxable property on January 1, 1928, or January 1, 1931, of more than 200,000 marks ($47,600) and with a taxable income of more than 20,000 marks ($4,760) during the current period of assessment or the two preceding ones. Delinquent persons having already emigrated may, under certain conditions, be exempt from the tax if they resume their abode in Germany. L e g is la tio n R e g u la tin g H o u r s o f W ork in t h e S p a n is h Z o n e o f M o ro cco 1 HE legal 8-hour workday has been put into effect in the Spanish Zone of Morocco as a result of a legislative decree dated Septem ber 7, 1931.2 The legislation in question limits the hours of labor for all except certain specified classes of labor (such as domestic servants, hotel employees, etc.) to 8 per day and 48 per week. Provision is made for extension of working hours in certain emergencies and also under conditions agreed upon by employers and employees and approved by the Government authorities (Dirección de Intervención Civil). The percentages of increase of wages for overtime work are stipulated. The employment of children of either sex under 12 years of age is prohibited, and on certain specified types of work their employment under the age of 16 is also prohibited. The hours of labor of children between the ages of 12 and 16, with certain exceptions, are limited to 6 hours. Night work is prohibited for women, and for children under 16. Special provisions of the law apply to expectant and nursing mothers. Further provisions regulate the hours of midday rest and the sani tary conditions at places of employment. Vaccination certificates are to be required by employers in the case of women and minors. Workers’ wages are required to be paid not less frequently than twice a month, and salaries of office workers once a month, with pay ment in legal tender, either Spanish or Hassani pesetas. Copies of the regulations must be posted in all workshops. Vio lations of the provisions are punishable by fines ranging from 5 to 500 pesetas, or in flagrant cases by the closing of the establishment of the offending employer for a period to be determined by the authorities. T 1 Report from American Consulate General, Tangier, Morocco. 2 Published in the Boletin Oficial de la Zona de Protectorado de España en Marruecos, N o. 18, issue of Sept. 25, 1931. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis WORKMEN’S COMPENSATION R e c e n t C o m p e n s a tio n R e p o r ts O regon financial report of the State Industrial Accident Commission of Oregon for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1931, shows an T HE excess of disbursements over receipts for the year of $7,805.27. Re ceipt of premiums by the State accident fund amounted to $2,395,339.81 from the employers and $299,412.41 from the workers, a total of $2,694,752.22. Interest, penalties, and other receipts increased the amount to $3,048,597.21. #Disbursements, totaling $3,056,402.48, included payments for time loss, $998,996.34; medical aid, $759,051.68;pensions, $726,819.05; burial expense, $13,800; permanent partial disability, less than 24 months, $207,902.98; physiotherapy, rehabilitation, etc., $70,134.48; administrative expense, $279,697.95. U n ite d S t a t e s a n d D is tr ic t o f C o lu m b ia T he fifteenth annual report of the United States Employees’ Com pensation Commission, for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1931, covers the operations of the three Federal workmen’s compensation acts administered by the commission: United States employees’ compen sation act, approved September 7, 1916; longshoremen and harbor workers’ compensation act, approved March 4, 1927; and District of Columbia workmen’s compensation act, approved May 17, 1928. United States Employees C ompensation and medical care are provided under the United States employees’ compensation act for civil employees suffering personal injuries while in the performance of their official duties and for dependents of those who died as a result of such injuries. The term “ civil employees” has been defined by the commission to cover all employees of the Federal Government, including direct employees of the United States Shipping Board Merchant Fleet Corporation, the Inland Waterways Corporation, and employees engaged in work under certain cooperative agreements between the Federal Govern ment and the States. I t does not include “ officers” of the Federal Government, such as United States attorneys, assistant attorneys or marshals, or commissioned medical officers of the Public Health Service, but the original law was later extended to cover officers and enlisted men of the Naval Reserve, and employees of the District of Columbia except members of the fire and police departments. I t is stated that the report of the Civil Service Commission shows a total of 608,915 employees in the executive civil service of the Gov ernment on December 31, 1930, but as this does not include all em ployees covered by the compensation law, the actual coverage is unknown. 594 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 595 WORKMEN’S COMPENSATION Reports were received during 1930 of 26,069 new injuries, an in crease of 1.48 per cent over the number reported during 1929 (25,690). The number of claims on account of death or loss of wages was, however, reduced from 9,337 for 1929 to 9,283 for 1930, a decrease of 0.58 per cent. The number of cases closed during 1930 consisted of 320 fatal cases, 247 of which were approved while 73 were disapproved, and. 26,764 disability cases, a total of 27,084 cases. The disability cases con sisted of 280 cases involving permanent partial disability, 16,361 cases of temporary total disability causing loss of time, 8,678 cases in which the injury did not cause a loss in working time, and 1,445 cases disapproved by the commission. Table 1 shows a summary of all nonfatal-injury cases closed, and all fatal cases acted upon by the commission during the calendar year 1930, together with a statement of the cost of medical care during the fiscal year ending June 30, 1930. The tabulation does not include expenditures in permanent disability cases on the rolls of the commis sion on December 31, 1930, except the cost of medical care included in the $717,945 expended for that purpose during the past fiscal year. T able 1 .— AW A R D S A N D V A LUATIONS U N D E R F E D E R A L E M P L O Y E E S’ C O M PE N SATIO N ACT, B Y E X T E N T OF D ISA B IL IT Y , 1930 Number of cases Extent of disability Duration (days) Average duration (days) Amount of award Average award Temporary total disability: Compensated __ _ _ __ on mm pp.nsat.pd 7,456 8,905 304, 681 80,454 40.8 9.0 $741,927 $99. 51 Total___________________ ___ 16, 361 385,135 23.5 741,927 45. 35 1 149 131 86, 502 21, 029 141. 1 660.3 53, 952 230, 663 362. 09 1, 760. 79 Total_____________ __________ 280 107, 531 384.0 Deaths Burials _______ Award hofore dpath Medical cost (fiscal year 1930) 247 217 41 Permanent partial disabilities: Dismemberments Loss of fu n c tio n ___ _ _ - Grand total __________ - - - 2 16,888 284, 615 32,869,143 41,851 28,131 717, 945 492, 666 429.6 4, 683, 612 1, 016.48 11,615. 90 192. 86 686.12 277. 33 1 Includes 28 noncompensated cases with a duration of 917 days. 2 Includes 8 noncompensated cases with a duration of 214 days. 3 Estimated total cost. 4 For 16,641 nonfatal cases. On December 31, 1930, there were 731 cases on the docket in which compensation was being paid for permanent total disability, and 1,134 cases of permanent partial disability in which compensation was being paid for reduction in earning capacity. Approximately 30 per cent of the total disability cases and more than 25 per cent of the partial disability cases are being compensated for injuries of more than 10 years’ duration. Total payments made up to December 31, 1930, in these cases amounted to $3,543,880 for compensation and $624,303 for medical cost in the total cases, and $2,788,050 for compensation and $444,175 in the partial cases. The ultimate total cost is estimated to be approximately $20,000,000 for the total cases and more than $9,000,000, exclusive of future medical expense, for the partial cases. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 596 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW Falls of persons outnumbered all other causes of injury and were responsible for 36 of the deaths and 4,060 of the nonfatal cases closed during 1930, nearly one-fourth of the total number. Handling of heavy objects caused 5 of the deaths and 1,774 of the nonfatal cases, while automobiles caused 21 of the deaths and 918 of the non fatal cases. Hand tools glancing and slipping caused 2 of the deaths and 892 of the nonfatal cases, while mechanical causes accounted for 11 of the deaths and 748 of the nonfatal cases. These five causes consequently were responsible for slightly more than one-half of the injuries in cases closed during 1930. Longshoremen and Harbor Workers U n d e r the longshoremen’s and harbor workers’ compensation act compensation and medical care for injuries is provided for employees of private employers while engaged upon work which is in whole or in part in maritime jurisdiction on the navigable waters of the United States, including dry docks. Aside from the longshoremen, who con stitute the largest group of workers coming under the act, it also covers mechanics and ship repairmen, delivery men, solicitors, and inspectors, not employed by the Federal or State Government. Masters and crews of vessels are excluded, as are employees hired by masters of vessels under 18 tons net. Accurate information on the total number is not available, but a conservative estimate by the commission places the number of workers subject to the benefits of the law in excess of 300,000. Reports were received during the fiscal year ending June 30, 1931, of 156 fatal and 28,705 nonfatal injuries, a total of 28,861 cases, or 27.6 per cent less than the number reported for the previous fiscal year (39,850). Besides the new cases, a total of 1,241 former cases were reopened for consideration during the year. The number of cases closed during the year consisted of 106 fatal and 30,383 nonfatal injuries. In 25 of the fatal cases there were no dependents, and 67 other cases did not come within the scope of the law. The nonfatal cases consisted of 11,776 cases in which compensation payments were completed, 13,261 cases involving no loss of time, 4,067 cases in which the duration of disability did not exceed 7 days, and 1,279 cases disapproved by the commission. Table 2 shows the nonfatal cases involving loss of time in which final payments had been made, with amount of compensation, and the fatal cases awarded compensation during the year, with the esti mated total cost, by extent of disability and by occupation. The total nonfatal cases include 3,777 cases in which the duration of disability was seven days or less, and consequently not compensable. At the close of the fiscal year there were 291 fatal cases on the docket, in which $508,863 had been paid as compensation and the estimated future cost was $1,590,813; and 2,104 nonfatal cases, in which pay ments of $1,438,999 had been made as compensation and the estimated future cost was $1,718,421. Payments for medical care and treatments are not included. There was a general increase in the average severity of the injuries, and consequently also in the cost, for both longshoremen and repair men, the two principal groups, as compared with the previous year. While the number of nonfatal, lost-time injuries for longshoremen decreased 20.8 per cent, the total days lost rose 4.3 per cent, raising https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 597 WORKMEN’S COMPENSATION the average disability period from 48.5 days to 63.9 days per injury. For repairmen the number of lost-time injuries decreased 28.8 per cent, while the total days lost increased 1.5 per cent, raising the average disability to 57.5 days per injury, or 17. 2 days more than in the previous year. T able 2.—LOST-TIM E IN JU R IE S A N D C O M PE N SA T IO N AW A R D S U N D E R LONGSHORE M E N ’S A N D H A R BO R W O R K ER S’ ACT, BY E X T E N T OF D ISA B IL IT Y A N D B Y OCCU PA T IO N , 1930-31 Nonfatal cases, closed Fatal cases Occupation Total injuries with loss of N um time ber Longshoremen. . . 11, 509 3, 315 Repairmen________ 21 Supply men 49 Inspectors . . . ___ Miscellaneous______ 211 Total______ . 115,105 Esti mated total cost 55 $309, 764 13 95, 696 0 0 74,301 11 79 479, 761 Permanent par tial disabilities Temporary total disabilities Total N um Amount of com ber pensation N um Amount of com ber pensation N um Amount of com ber pensation 810 257 1 1 14 $791, 650 275,483 415 375 7,650 8,164 $1,016, 307 1,830 244, 659 11 522 3,408 33 24, 964 128 11,454 3,302 21 49 200 $1,807, 957 520,142 937 3, 783 32, 614 1,083 1,075, 573 1,289,860 U5,026 2,365, 433 10,166 i Includes 3,777 cases in which the duration of disability was 7 days or less. The principal cause of injuries to longshoremen was handling of material, which accounted for 28.3 per cent of all lost-time injuries. Falling objects came next, with 24.1 per cent, followed by moving objects, with 20 per cent, and falls of persons, with 13.8 per cent. For repairmen the most frequent and serious cause was falls of persons, which accounted for 21.6 per cent of the nonfatal injuries. Handling material caused 18.1 per cent, flymg objects 17 per cent, and falling objects 9.1 per cent. District of Columbia Private Employees U n d e r the District of Columbia workmen’s compensation act compensation and medical care for injuries is provided for workers in practically all private employment in the District of Columbia. The only employees excluded are masters or crews of vessels, employees of a common carrier by railroad when engaged in interstate or foreign commerce, and employees engaged in agriculture, domestic service, or casual employment not in the usual course of the trade, business, occupation, or profession of the employer. Approximately 14,000 employers are affected by the law, and it is estimated that it covers from 75,000 to 100,000 workers. Reports were received during the fiscal year ending June 30, 1931, of 71 fatal and 19,576 nonfatal injuries, a total of 19,647, or 6.2 per cent more than for the previous year (18,499). Besides the new cases reported, a total of 703 previously closed cases were reopened for consideration during the year. The number of cases closed during the year consisted of 47 fatal and 19,986 nonfatal injuries. In 10 of the fatal cases there were no de pendents, in 18 others it was held that the injury did not come within the law, and in 15 others that the death was not due to the_injury. The nonfatal cases included 3,507 cases in which compensation was https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 598 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW paid without an award, 11,431 cases involving no loss of time, and 3,982 cases in which the duration of disability did not exceed 7 days. Table 3 shows the nonfatal cases involving loss of time in which final payments had been made, with amount of compensation, and the fatal cases awarded compensation during the year, with the estimated total cost, by extent of disability and by industry. The total nonfatal cases include 3,913 cases in which the disability did not exceed seven days and for which no compensation was paid. — LOST-TIM E i n j u r i e s a n d c o m p e n s a t i o n a w a r d s u n d e r T H E DIS m è u l T R FY ? i ° 9 ™ BIA C 0 M P E N S A T I0 N ACT, BY E X T E N T OF 1D IS A B I L IT Y A N D B Y Fatal cases Industry Total Permanent Temporary inju partial disabil total disabili Total ries ities ties with Estim at loss of N um ed total ber time cost Amount Amount Amount N um of com N um of com d u m of com ber pensa ber pensa ber pensa tion tion tion Clerical and personal service___ 1,245 Construction 2,096 Manufacturing 885 Trade_______ 2,306 Transportation and public utili ties_____________ 945 T otal................................ Nonfatal cases closed 17, 477 7 15 8 7 $42, 684 79,642 41, 035 24, 720 19 36 33 31 $17, 861 45, 954 25, 375 29,102 611 918 416 1,022 8 39, 552 10 11, 259 423 45 227,633 129 129, 551 3,390 $31,896 77,184 23, 768 57,128 1,238 2,081 877 2,299 20, 344 937 31,603 210, 320 17,432 339, 871 $49, 757 123,138 49, 143 86, 230 1Includes 3,913 cases in which the duration of disability was 7 days or less. Handling objects was the principal cause of injuries, and accounted lor 24.7 per cent of the total. Falls of persons was next in numerical importance, with 19.2 per cent. Falling objects and striking against objects were each responsible for 7.3 per cent. Of the 45 fatal injuries, 40 per cent were caused by falls of persons and 22.2 per cent by auto mobiles. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis WORKERS’ EDUCATION AND TRAINING F it t in g J o b s t o M e n ta l C a p a c ity HE university of the State of New York has recently issued a study made by the vocational adjustment bureau of New York City, dealing with the kind of jobs within the capacity of women and girls of low intellectual levels, and including an analysis of the requisites for filling these jobs satisfactorily.1 The vocational adjustment bureau began its work in 1919, devoting itself to the study and placement of maladjusted girls. Early in its work it was impressed by the industi lal loss due to the idleness of large numbers of young women who were unemployed because no tasks simple enough for them to peiioim had been found, and by the effect of this enforced idleness upon the girls themselves. At the same time, the bureau discovered, many simple operations in workshops and factories calling for little mental effort were being performed by girls mentally equipped to carry on more complicated tasks. If these girls could be released for higher-grade and better-paid work, room could be found for the subnormal girls who up to that time had been considered a complete loss to society. For vears past the bureau has, through psychological tests and analysis of the requirements of a variety of occupations, gathered information as to the mental capacity required for various types of jobs, and the present study is based largely upon data thus collected. The report is based upon the results of a classification of 2,46o jobs, distributed among six large divisions of industry, as follows. T Number of cases Light factory work-----------Hand sewing--------------- Garment-machine operating Press operating----------------Office, clerical--------------- - Office, stock girl--------------Selling___________________ 1, 407 291 226 70 284 94 93 Total___________________________________________ 2’ 465 The number of cases shown above represents jobs and not indi viduals. That is, if a girl has held four jobs, they are considered as four separate cases. The worker’s mental age, chronological. age> and length of time on the job were collected for each case studied, and the type of job -was noted. When possible the mental age was deter mined by the Binet-Simon test for general intelligence, and wdien some other test had to be used the findings were later transmuted into the Binet equivalent. The time on the job has been used as the primary criterion of success on the job The period of time chosen as a measure of success varies for different t \ pes of work. Many of the tasks are simple forms of labor, yet girls of low-grade intelligence may be incapable of acquiring sufficient dexterity to learn the process in the^time set by the foreman. If a girl can not learn she will be discharged. i Unger Edna W., and Burr, E m ily T. Minimum mental age levels of accomplishment: A study of employed girls of low-grade intelligence. N ew York, 1931. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 600 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW It frequently happens that half a day is long enough for a trial at a particular process. In every case the period of time used as a measure of success represents a reasonable margin beyond the time allowed by the average foreman or employ ment manager before discharging the girl as incapable. The period of time a girl must hold a job in order to be considered capable of performing it successfully was fixed as follows: All light factory jobs, 3 days ; hand sewing, garment machine operating, press operating, and office clerical work, 2 weeks; stock girl in office, 1 week; selling, 1 month. A consistent attempt was made to discover for each occupation the lowest mental age at which the task can be performed sufficiently well for the worker to be retained. This does not mean that a girl of higher mental age may not perform the work better; it simply indicates that since persons of the mental age stated have been found working satisfactorily at a given job, that work may be regarded as within the capacity of persons of the specified degree of subnormality. Stress is laid on the importance of directing girls who are shown by the standardized tests to be of subnormal intelligence into work which does not demand more mentality than they possess. FuH details are given as to each type of work studied, but the main results of the study are thus presented: In summing up the findings of this survey it will be observed that work can P® for. g}fls measuring as low mentally as five years. This was found to be the case in the occupation of packing. To generalize that any and all appli cants of a retarded mental development of five years can be sent to a packing ob lint0 r , i e+i 1SaSter- P d+° !f furA ish an indication, however, that this occupathe worker th° Se mvestlgated>1S the one that makes less call on the intellect of Various types of light factory work are found possible for a girl of approxi mately six years’ mentality. 11 At the 7-vear mental level, the range of occupation widens. Assembling, t^ girlsofthis'grad e1111111118 &nd pastmg i°^ s offer many desirable opportunities At least four occupations were found to be open to workers with the mental age of eight years. Vin reaci1 9-year level we find four more occupations available. At the 10-year mental level clerical work is possible and at the 11-vear level selling is sometimes a successful type of work. y These conclusions are not carried further since in this survey we are interested only in a study and analysis of occupations suited to those girls whose mental equipment is below the 12-year level. ai . reallzation that persons of low-grade intelligence are capable of performng much of the industrial work of the world is not a new idea. It has long been recognized, and individual cases have been used as illustrations of this fact As large a survey as this of the industrial situation from the point of view of mental measurements has, however, so far as can be ascertained, not been made E m e r g e n c y U n it T r a in in g C o u r se s in N ew Y o rk C ity N January, 1931, at the East Side Continuation School, New York C it y , an emergency unit training course was inaugurated by the itmanuel federated Employment Service cooperating with the wel fare council coordinating committee on employment and the city’s boaid oi.education. This course gives jobless men and women an opportunity to make effective use of some of their leisure by getting additional vocational training either in their own field or in other lines ol work A second and equally important purpose of the course is to maintain the morale and mental equilibrium of those who are in I https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis WORKERS’ EDUCATION AND TRAINING 601 serious danger of mental collapse because of protracted unemploy ment. An account of this experiment in adult education by^ the secretary of the Emanuel Federated Employment Service, who is in charge of the adult unit training course, is published in the January, 1932, issue of the Journal of the American Association of University Women, from which the data here presented are taken. The school in which this emergency course was established ranks highest in equipment among the general continuation schools of the city. All those who came to the course during the first three or four months of its organization were directed there by the numerous agencies cooperating with the welfare council. After registration applicants were referred to the vocational counselor for consultation, were physically examined by a physician, and had a conference with the class teacher. The adults were placed in the regular continuationschool classes but attended 5 days a week for 4 hours per d ay instead of attending only 1 day per week. The courses open to men included printing, electrical wiring, plumbing, auto mechanics, woodworking, machine shop, trade drawing, garment designing and tailoring; those open to women, power-macliine operating, dressmaking, millinery, and cafeteria work; and those open to both inen and women, book keeping, stenography, typewriting, civil service, and commercial art. In order that some might take advantage of the courses who would otherwise not have been in a financial position to do so, a number of organizations have given financial assistance to tlie persons whom they sent to this school. Some received a tide-over wage of $6 per week, some were given $1.50 per week for car fare and lunches. Various organizations accorded scholarships to students. At the close of the first month more than 350 persons were enrolled for courses, and at the close of June, the end of the regular school term, the registrations had reached 1,000. The average daily attendance for the 5% months was 250. The students were constantly coming and going. Some finished a course in a few weeks. Approximately 250 were placed. Numbers left without announcing whether or not they had secured jobs. According to the author, the unfortunate dearth of information concerning the vocational requirements of New York City makes it exceedingly difficult to advise men who come to the school to go into any special trade with the assurance of a future job in that field. Without such assurance it is not easy to hold a man to a unit course when he thinks he might have an equally good chance to get a job by going out every day m search of At firs t, applicants for courses were directed into existing classes, and this to a large extent is still the procedure. By degrees a large enough group was enrolled to form four separate units of trainees only. The numerous young women who already have had some com mercial training and desire to continue such training have been t le cause of considerable anxiety to those engineering the short-umt courses. It has been realized that the situation called for very den nite guidance, as the commercial field for women is probably one ot the most congested and one in which age, personality, and education are highly important factors. The girl, however, whose parents have made great sacrifices to enable her to get a high-school education is not easily induced to become a factory^ worker. The continuation school has developed the cafeteria course into a tea-room course wnicli https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 602 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW includes waitress and hostess training and management training for those who have the capacity to do such work. A course in beautv culture has also been instituted. It has been found that these courses appeal to many girls and women who would otherwise wish to go into commercial lines. I or the young women who have already had both training and experience in one kind of commercial work and whose education and personality fit them for such work, the school endeavors to supply other opportunities along similar lines. Some of the men with training and experience in one of the trades have found the trade drawing class of very great assistance. While these men were good workmen, they had previously not been able to read blue prints, which is one of the requirements of modern industry. As the result of a brief inquiry and several conferences with the director of the federal Board for Vocational Education and representatives of some of tne largest real estate firms in the city, a new course has been inaugurated to tram men as handy men and porters. The men taking this course, because of previous training and experience— they are mostly European-trained engineers • A j Probably rise quickly to the post of assistant superintendent or super intendent m smaller houses, and, we hope, ultimately to superintendent of a large apartment house. The principal of the school gives the teachers great liberty. The students acquire the fundamentals and as much more as they wish to learn of the particular things in which they are interested. As a consequence, a man who goes into the woodworking class does not have to be taught how to make a mortise or a tenon joint because, according to the curriculum, he should receive such instructions in the second week of the course. The student may already be skillful m such work. Great credit is given in the article to the acting principal of the school. It is also stated that the teachers have worked hard, at top speed, with large numbers of students eager to make progress, the splendid spirit of the teaching staff the author attributes in large part to the leadership of the acting principal, who visualized the potentialities of the experiment and had the ability to surmount the numerous obstacles resulting from dearth of funds and the rules and regulations of an important civic organization. Last June the board of education decided to keep on with the instruction of unemployed adults in July and August in the East bide Continuation School and the Harlem Continuation School. Eeiore these schools were opened on July 6 all the important New l oi k City newspapers were requested to carry a news story on the subject This publicity swamped the East Side school with applicants. -By the second day nearly 600 were enrolled. At the close of the first week there were more than 300 on the waiting lists. The lcgistrations for July and August totaled 1,100, while the average daily attendance was 550. Only applicants over 17 years of age were admitted to the summer S<e these adult students came in contact only with persons of their own age who had the same earnest purpose and ambition Classes were conducted in the afternoon only, in order that the stu dents might look for jobs in the forenoon. Over 2 000 unemployed men and women have registered at the East Side Continuation School during the past eight months. They are largely American 9 nrnn a+n social grouPS, of all races—white, back, and yellow. Of over 2,000 students, more than half were born in New York State, and the greater https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis WORKERS’ EDUCATION AND TRAINING 603 number of these in New York City. Less than one-third are foreign born, and few of these have been in the country so short a time that they can not speak English. There are college and university graduates as well as those who have only graduated from elementary school and high school. There is also a group of older people who left elementary school before graduation at a time when the compulsory school age was much lower than it is to-day. The greater number of the students tell the school authorities that they are getting something from their courses which they never had before, and that “ they feel a reality about the work which they are doing and there is a definite goal toward which they are heading.” Many of these people have never had any vocational training; they left high school before they graduated and took the first job offered— one that called for no previous training and in a field where there was a large labor surplus. Basing her statement on eight months’ experimenting, the author says: We are firmly convinced that there is a need in our educational system for a school for adults, such as this one. We feel, however, that it should be separate and distinct from a compulsory school or one for young, immature people. There should be great flexibility to accommodate the time that each individual has available. The content of the courses should be adapted to the mature, serious adult. We need more vocational guiding and testing, particularly for the older adult. Sometimes what is needed is not training but advice based upon scientific knowledge. We need more information as to industrial require ments. We must keep in constant touch with all the industrial fields and follow their trends in order that we may know where people in the various age groups with different aptitudes and different experience can be placed. The writer also points out that although the present situation is not normal because of economic conditions, such conditions have possibly aggravated something that has been in existence for a considerable time. She declares that the educational system in the United States educates boys and girls in accordance with the coun try’s democratic traditions as long as their parents are able to send them to school, or as long as the law makes such attendance com pulsory. She contends, however, that most of these young people are given the same education without regard to their aptitudes and without much effort to fit them for industrial life. “ The one place where they receive excellent training,” she holds, “ is the business course in the high schools; but just as we have produced too many automobiles or radios in our factories, so have we produced too many boys and girls for white-collar jobs.” According to the article, closer cooperation between industry and the schools, more practical training in various fields, and more real guidance are required lower down in the educational system. W is c o n s in ’s I t in e r a n t V o c a t io n a l- I n s t r u c to r S y s te m ITH the purpose of providing its smaller cities with a variety of occupational instruction at a reasonable cost, Wisconsin is W operating an itinerant instructor system. Circuits are formed and a teacher is employed jointly by the local vocational boards of four or five neighboring vocational school cities. Apprentices and journey men in barbering, plumbing, painting, electrical, and other trades are being taught in this way, according to an article m the annual publication of the State federation of labor.1 1 Wisconsin Federation of Labor, Wisconsin Labor, 1931, pp. 9-19: Park Bench or School Bench, by Jennie McM ullin Turner, assistant in teacher training, Wisconsin State Board of Vocational Education. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 604 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW The State board of vocational education aids in organizing these circuits and the advisory committees representing the masters and journeymen of these respective cities and assists in finding teach el's acceptable to all the interested parties. Moreover, the board pro vides continuing teacher training and help to these itinerant instruc tors after they are placed on their jobs. The itinerant teacher re mains one day a week in each city included in his circuit. In the daytime he visits the local industry, meets with his advisory com mittee, instructs apprentices, and gives vocational counsel to other part-time school pupils. In the evening he instructs journeymen. This whole scheme of education is complicated and calls for “ constant care and thought, but it is justified by the results.” The writer of the article claims that the expansion of this system will insure variety in the vocational program as against a scheme of massing the young people into the few trades a school is able to teach. The itinerant-teacher plan averts overcrowding in these few trades and therefore prevents unemployment. Furthermore, the scheme enables a person already employed in a trade to improve himself and retain his job and thus reduces labor turnover. The progress of the system is dependent in large degree, however, upon the maintenance of the present representative separate board system. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis INDUSTRIAL DISPUTES S tr ik e s a n d L o c k o u ts in t h e U n ite d S t a t e s in J a n u a r y , 1932 ATA regarding industrial disputes in the United States for January, 1932, with comparable data for preceding months are presented below. Disputes involving fewer than six workers and lasting less than one day have been omitted. Table 1 shows the number of disputes beginning in 1927, 1928, 1929, and 1930, the number of workers involved and man-days lost for these years and for each of the months, January, 1930, to January, 1932, inclusive, as well as the number of disputes in effect at the end of each month and the number of workers involved. The number of man-days lost, as given in the last column of the table, refers to the estimated number of working days lost by workers involved in disputes which were in progress during the month or year specified. D T able 1.—IN D U S T R IA L D IS P U T E S B E G IN N IN G IN A N D IN E F F E C T AT E N D OF EA CH M O N TH , JA N U A R Y , 1930, TO JA N U A R Y , 1932, A N D T O TAL N U M B E R OF D IS P U T E S , W ORKERS, A N D M A N -D A Y S LOST IN T H E Y E A R S 1927 TO 1930 Number of workers in Number of volved in disputes man-days lost in disputes exist ing in Beginning In effect at Beginning In effect at month or in month end of in month end of year month or year month or year Number of disputes Month and year 1927* T nta^ 1928* Total 1929* Total - _____ - _____ - ______ 1QQO* ' T r i t a i ___ 1930 February JVTarch April TVfay _________________ - June ___ _____ - .Tilly _ - ________________ _______ ^URllSt - Septum hor Op.tnbpr N ovem ber T)ppp.mbpr -- -------------------------- _______________ - ---------___________ ________ _____ __ ____ _ _ __ --- ---------- --------------- - - ----------------------------------- _________________ _ _ — — - ---------- --------------- __ ________ _______________ 1931 F ebruary March April M ay June July August. _ ___ ________________________ _______ -- - ____________ — ___________ - ________________________ -______________________________ ___ ___________________ _____ ________________________ S e p te m b e r O ctob er N ovem ber T)p.ppmbpr 1 _ _________________________________ _______________________________________ _ _ __________________ ________ ______ _____________________________ . __ ___________ 1932 37,799,394 31,556,947 9,975, 213 2, 730, 368 349, 434 357,145 230, 463 158,114 734 629 903 653 45 52 49 64 66 59 78 51 72 47 44 26 21 40 38 41 29 34 30 33 44 36 29 7 9,240 37,480 15,017 6,379 9,329 14,011 14, 308 15, 902 16, 337 10, 858 4,390 4,863 5,316 6,683 5,957 5,840 4,386 8,311 4,815 7,131 13, 778 16,007 7, 759 5,144 184, 730 438,570 291,127 189,828 185, 448 144,117 141, 647 142, 738 208,184 335, 916 273,608 194,455 56 52 45 60 106 81 67 76 20 70 56 51 34 27 39 49 51 54 43 59 41 31 39 10,147 19, 984 26,121 26,442 27,588 18, 437 49, 574 10, 977 35,859 33, 548 12, 611 5,118 2,927 12,512 28,139 22, 604 15, 735 17,071 58,995 17,003 37,164 28,696 12, 910 2,509 181,031 228,329 422, 545 769, 720 402, 437 506,097 666, 309 1,213,120 491,024 1,038, 063 339, 730 147, 426 63 61 10,146 6,649 133,944 110 i Preliminary figures subject to change. 103146°—32----- 8 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 605 606 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW Occurrence of Industrial Disputes, by Industries T a b l e 2 gives by industry, the number of strikes beginning in November and December, 1931, and January, 1932, and the number of workers directly involved. T a b l e 3 .—IN D U S T R IA L D IS P U T E S B E G IN N IN G IN N O V E M B E R A N D D E C E M B E R , 1931 A N D JA N U A R Y , 1932 Number of disputes begin ning in— Number of workers involved in disputes beginning in— Industrial group Bakers______ _____________ _ _ ___ . . . Barbers_____________________________ Brewery and soft-drink workers_________ Building trades______________ ■ _____ ... . Chauffeurs and teamsters ______ Clothing. _______ . _______ ___ Food w orkers.. ____________ _ _ Furniture... __________ ... ... _ Hotel and restaurant- _____________ . . . Jewelry workers_________ _________ _ Leather___________ . . . _ _____ _____ . _______ _ Longshoremen___ . . . Lumber, timber, and mill work. _______ Metal trades. . . . ________ ____ . . . M iners.. __________________ . ___ ____ Motion-picture operators, actors, and theatrical workers________ __________ Printing and publishing___ . . . Stone _________ .. .... Municipal workers _____ . . . . . . Telegraph and telephone workers. . . . ___ Textiles . . . _. ________________ _. __ Tobacco____ . . . _________ ___ Other occupations............................................ Total______ ________________ _. Novem ber Decem ber January 2 2 1 14 1 13 2 3 1 14 5 15 2 13 5 19 1 1 1 1 N ovem ber Decem ber 18 38 6 1,567 7 692 29 626 700 475 313 1,417 910 761 3,900 L 195 1 2 5 3 5 1 1 3 1 1 1 1 1 1 4 2 48 414 67 1,694 500 70 638 15 40 7 30 1 40 341 7, 662 3 51 63 20 200 80 1,519 6 1 9 56 25 59 1 6 January 45 200 1,287 164 12,611 5,118 10,146 Size and Duration of Industrial Disputes, by Industries T a b l e 3 gives the number of industrial disputes beginning in January, 1932, classified by number of workers and by industries. T a b l e 3 —N U M B E R OF IN D U S T R IA L D IS P U T E S B E G IN N IN G IN JA N U A R Y , 1932 CLASSI F IE D B Y N U M B E R OF W ORKERS A N D B Y IN D U S T R IA L GROUPS Number of disputes beginning in January, 1932, involving— Industrial group Barbers. . . . . ___. . . ______ _____ Building trades. . . . ________ . . . . Chauffeurs and teamsters _________. . . Clothing___ ____ _ . __________ _____ Furniture------------ -- . _____ . . . _ _ . . . Jewelry workers______ _ _ . . . _ _____ Leather____________ „ ________________ Longshoremen ._ _ ____ M etal trades_________ Miners________ _ . Printing and publishing. _ __ _ ____ Municipal workers. ___ . . . . Textiles. _____ ___ _ Other occupations_____________ . T o ta l_____ ______ ______ https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis and un 100 and un 500 and un 1,000 and 6 and under 20der 100 der 500 der 1,000 under 5,000 20 workers workers workers workers workers 1 3 7 6 7 1 i 1 3 1 6 3 1 i i 3 1 2 4 3 11 29 2 1 i 2 l 16 6 1 607 INDUSTRIAL DISPUTES 111 Table 4 are shown the number of industrial disputes ending in January, 1932, by industries and classified duration. T able 4 .—N U M B E R OF IN D U S T R IA L D IS P U T E S E N D IN G IN JA N U A R Y , 1932, IN D U S T R IA L GROUPS A N D C L ASSIFIED D U R A T IO N BY Classified luration of st rikes ending in January, 19 32 Industrial group One-half month or less Bakers _____ -Hnilriing trfUleS - ____________ ChflnfTpnrs and teamsters __________ ___ _ _ _____ Clothing T eth e r ____ TVTinpps Textiles __________ ___ Othor npp.npations 9 4 7 1 3 7 --------------------------- 31 T otal------------------------------ Over onehalf and less than 1 month 1 month and less than 2 months 1 1 2 months and less than 3 months 2 1 1 1 1 1 4 1 4 2 C o n c ilia t io n W ork o f t h e D e p a r tm e n t o f L abor in J a n u a r y , 1932 By H u g h L . K e r w i n , D ir e c t o r of C o n c i l ia t io n HE Secretary of Labor, through the Conciliation Service, exercised his good offices in connection with 62 labor disputes during January, 1932. These disputes affected a known total of 50,846 employees. The table following shows the name and location of the establishment or industry in which the dispute occurred, the nature of the dispute (whether strike or lockout or controversy not having reached the strike or lockout stage), the craft or trade concerned, the cause of the dispute, its present status, the terms of settlement, the date of beginning and ending, and the number of workers directly and indirectly involved. On February 1, 1932, there were 38 strikes before the department for settlement and in addition 37 controversies which had not reached the strike stage. The total number of cases pending was 75. T https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 608 LABOR D IS P U T E S H A N D L E D B Y T H E C O N C ILIA TIO N SER V IC E D U R IN G TH E M O N TH OF JA N U A R Y , 1932 Workers involved Duration Company or industry and location Nature of controversy Craftsmen con cerned Cause of dispute Threatened strike. Annex to post-office building, Elkins, W. Va. Simon Ackerman (Inc.), New York City. Union Coal Co., Airline Coal Co., Big Four Co., Ottumwa, Iowa. Controversy B u ild in g ................. Demand for payment of prevailing wage. ’ Strike_____ Clothing w orkers.. Reduction of force_________ Post office, Atlanta, Ga_________ Post-office building, South Bend, Ind. Post-office building, Greensboro, N. C. Courthouse and Hall of Records, Elizabeth, N . J . Post-office building, New Britain, Conn. Coal merchants, New York City and Newark, N. J. Standard Sanitary Mfg. Co., Louisville, Ky. Building, Wilkes-Barre, P a......... Building, Boston, Mass_________ Bums Bros, and Stephen Fuel Co., New York City. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Lockout . . . Radio musicians__ Asked increase from 10 to 15 members, 6-day week, 30 hours, without pay cut. Coal miners______ Adjusted. Allowed 15 musicians (Class A orchestras), 6-dav week of 35 hours, minimum scale of $90 per week. paid. Adjusted. Accepted wage cut and reduction of force. Unable to ad just. Conference refused by companies. Wages cut from $1.04 to 80 cents per ton for machine operators; for others, from 82 to 60 cents. Controversy E n g in eers-_______ Rates for Saturday afternoon Adjusted. Allowed $62 per week of and Sunday. 56 hours. ------do_____ Laborers_________ Hiring laborers as helpers at Adjusted. Allowed 50 cents per hour. 40 cents per hour. __ _ Carpenters_______ Refusal to pay prevailing wage. Adjusted. Will receive prevailing scale of 75 cents per hour. Strike_____ Carpenters and Jurisdiction of setting steel Adjusted. Work awarded to carpenstr u c tu r a l-ir o n frames. ters. workers. Controversy Mason tenders........ Contractor refused to pav pre- Adjusted. Agreed to pay prevailing vailing wage. rate, 96 cents per hour instead of 40 cents. Threatened Coal trucking_____ Proposed 10 per cent cut and Adjusted. Agreed to arbitrate strike. change in working conditions. Begin ning Ending 1931 Dec. 28 1931 Dec. 31 Dec. 17 1932 Jan. 26 Dec. 21 Dec. 15 Dec. 30 Jan. 6 Dec. 22 Jan. ‘29 __do____ Jan. Wages cut ______________ . . . Adjusted. Accepted $1 per day cut; grievance committee appointed. Pending__________________________ __ do 1 4 1932 Accepted 20 per cent cut.. Jan. 1 Adjusted. Agreed on arbitration and returned to work. 100 3 Strike_____ Proposed wage cut of 20 cents per hour. Pro Dosed 10 Tier rent c u t__ _ 25 4 7 Adjusted. Coal drivers........... Jan. 23 Jan. Dec. Jan. 31 260 59 5 (0 9 1,000 1,000 Jan. 12 200 1,800 Jan. 19 80 Jan. 0 6 500 650 Dec. 20 -_ ,d o ___ Wages cut 20 per cent_______ Threatened strike. Strike_____ 200 Dec. 28 Controversy M etal polishers___ Steam fitters and plumbers. Building_________ D i Indi rectly rectly Jan. 8 125 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW Radio musicians, Chicago, HI. Present status and terms of settlement Uxbridge AVorsted Co., Uxbridge, ____d o .......... Worsted weavers.-.. Wages cut 10 per cent; condiMass. tions. Naval Air Base, Sunnyvale, Calif.. Controversy Tractor operators.. Demand for payment of pre- vailing wage. ___do_________________ ____ Electricians______ Veterans’ Hospital, Albuquerque, Strike_____ N. Mex. County A V e l f a r e House, Preakness, ____do_____ N. J. Electricians______ Alleged discrimination against Shoe workers_____ Asked increase; protest two discharges. Leather workers__ Piece rates cut______________ B uilding............ . Prevailing rates not being paid. local men. Bricklayers, ma Nonunion drivers employed.. sons, carpenters, and teamsters. Nicollet Hotel, Minneapolis, M inn. Controversy. Employees______ Wage cu t_____________ _____ Parcel Post Building, Jacksonville, ____do_____ Carpenters_______ Demand for payment of preFla. vailing wage. Kay Manufacturing Co., Brooklyn, Strike_____ Mattress m akers... Change in piecework- _____ N. Y. Penn M utual Building, Philadel ____do......... Lathers and sheet- Carpenters doing work claimed phia, Pa. by lathers and sheet-metal metal workers. tions. Controversy. Plumbers________ Wages cut____ ____________ Plumbers and steam fitters, Dayton, Ohio. Veterans’ Home, Sawtelle, Calif__ ------ d o .......... Carpenters_______ Demand for payment of preA. S. Birsh Co., New York C ity ... Strike_____ Pincus-Tobias Shoe Co., Brooklyn, ____do_____ N. Y. Krasilovsky & Bro., New York ____do_____ City. 1 9 750 1,550 6 12 7 12 60 Jan. 11 120 180 Unclassified. Workers were found to Jan. i have no jurisdiction of the work in progress. Adjusted. Satisfactory settlement___ ___do_ Jan. 14 15 Jan. 12 10 Adjusted. Union drivers em ployed... ...d o — Jan. 14 100 Jan. 13 (l) 10 Pending__ _ . _ Adjusted. Satisfactorily settled. . . Adjusted. Returned without change; 10 workers not reemploved. Pending___________________________ ___do_ Jan. 9 Jan. 5 Jan. Jan. 5 1 Jan. 11 Jan. 12 Feb. 4 1 ■Tan. 14 Jan. 16 Jan. 8 Jan. 15 Jan. 16 250 25 275 25 425 12 2,685 (>) (i) Adjusted. Compromised; part of men reemployed. Jan. 14 Feb. 7 80 20 Adjusted. Accepted $9.25 per day___ Jan. 15 Jan. 29 50 125 6 10 10 Clothing workers... Sending work to outside shops. __ _ do_ _ _ _____ ____ _____ Jan. 14 Shoe and leather Asked reinstatement of dis- ____do___ ___ _____ _______ _ __ Jan. 11 charged worker. workers. Safe movers, rig Asked 8-hour day, $9 for rig- ........ do_____ _____ ________ __________ Jan. 18 gers, and helpers. gers and $7 per day for help- 200 122 150 vailing wage. Pending _____ . ________________ Jan. Glaziers. catching various species of tuna fish. Failure to increase from $9 to $10 per day on Jan. 1, 1932. _____ __ Adjusted. Company agreed to pay $10 per day. 40 Jan. 16 Jan. 8 3,000 Jan. 18 16 2, 050 609 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Jan. Jan. Jan. Tuna fishermen, California coast—. ........ do............ F isherm en.......... . Asked $60 to $100 per ton for ____do______ ______ Pittsburgh Plate Glass Co., Phila ........ do_____ delphia, Pa. 1Not reported. 4 Jan. workers. Tavel-Constantine (Inc.), Boston, ____do............ Garment workers.. Refused to accept wage cut Adjusted. Accepted a compromise on Mass. for inferior product. prices for piecework. Post office, Rochester, P a ________ Threatened Carpenters_______ Protest against method of pay. Adjusted. Will receive cash in envestrike. lopes each week as desired. Shoe Board of Trade, Brooklyn, Strike............ Shoe workers_____ Working conditions_________ Pending__ _____________ _ _ N. Y. Artistic Wire Forming Co., New ____d o .......... Wire workers_____ Piecework scales cut, disYork City. charges, and working condi- Jan. INDUSTRIAL DISPUTES Post-office building, South Bend, ____do_____ Ind. Andrew Geller Shoe Co., Brook Strike_____ lyn, N. Y. Perfect Sport wear Co., New York ........ do_____ City. Post-office building, Evansville, Controversy. Ind. Adjusted. Accepted 10 per cent cut and returned; company granted some concessions. Adjusted. Increased from $7 to $9 per day. Adjusted. Allowed prevailing wage— $1 per hour. Adjusted. Discharged workers reinstated; some changes in conditions. Pending__ _____ ______ ___ _ . LABOR D ISPU TES HANDLED BY TH E CON CILIATION SERVICE D U R IN G T H E M O NTH OF JANUARY, 1932—Continued C5 i— i o Workers involved Duration Company or industry and location Post office, Union town, Pa. Post office, Louisville, K y_______ Y. M. C. A. Building, Harrisburg, do. Threatened strike. Strike_____ do. Post office, Greenfield, Ind do. Ladies’ garment makers, Boston, Threatened Mass. strike. Philfey Dress Co., New York City. Strike_____ Gold-Tee Knitting Mills, New ___ do.. York City. Diana Frocks (Inc.), Brooklyn, ___ do.. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Cause of dispute Present status and terms of settlement Controversy. O rnam ental-iron workers. ----- do_____ ___do___________ Threatened Carpenters_______ strike. Controversy. Operating engineers ___ do_____ Carpenters_______ Post office, Fort Wayne, Ind Finkelhor Bros. (Inc.), N ew York City. Dam No. 31, Ohio River near Ports mouth, Ohio. Self-Mechanics Flooring Co. (Inc.), N ew York City. M y Favorite Dress Co. (Inc.), New York City. Craftsmen con cerned ____do_____ Alleged violation of agreement. Adjusted. Reached understanding and work continued. ____do_______________ ______ Pending___________________________ Working conditions_________ Adjusted. Will receive pay in cash as requested. Wage scale_________________ Pending..._______________________ Failure to pay prevailing scale. Adjusted. Agreed to pay prevailing scale—50 cents per hour. Building trades___ Prevailing wage scale________ Adjusted. Prevailing wage rates for all crafts agreed upon. Ironworkers. Foreman demoted by subcon Adjusted. Foreman reinstated by tractor. contractor w ithout loss of pay. Bricklayers. Wage rates cut; will accept Pending________ ______ ______ ____ _ $1.25 per hour; contractor paid $1. do. Dispute between unions_____ Adjusted. Dispute satisfactorily set tled and work continued. do. Subcontractor failed to pay Adjusted. General contractor agreed wages due bricklayers. to pay the wages due. Garment m akers.._ Proposed wage cut__________ Pending_________ .'_________________ Dressmakers and Asked increased rates on p iece-___ do. garment makers. work. Knit-goods workers. 1 discharged for incompetency____ do. U n d erw ear and Piecework rate cut from 7 to knit-goods work 15 per cen t. ers. Garment workers. . Sending work to outside shops Controversy. Building trades___ Protest against low wages. Strike........... F l o o r m e n and woodworkers. ____do............ Operators, pressers, and finishers. Begin ning Ending 1932 Jan. 12 1932 Jan. 29 18 Jan. 1 Jan. 20 Jan. 21 20 (0 _ _do _ Jan. 15 Jan. 18 2 28 60 200 300 40 340 Jan. 21 Feb. Jan. 14 Jan. 18 Jan. 20 .do. Piecework rates cut 20 cents ___ do_________ ________ ___________ per 100 square feet. Asked increase in piecework... Adjusted. Operators allowed 5 cents increase on each dress, finishers 2 cents, and pressers 1 cent. 35 Jan. 15 ___do___ Jan. 20 __do__ _ 13 50 10 10 30,000 Jan. 18 21 Jan. 16 60 Unclassified. Plant moved away from . —do___ Brooklyn. Pending. 3 D i Indi rectly rectly Feb. 4 Jan. 20 160 32 (i) Jan. 10 Jan. 23 Jan. 22 175 4 Jan. 20 20 1 20 6 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW Anchor Post Fence Co., New York City. Atlas Fence Co., Newark, N. J___ Freedom Oil Works Building, Rochester, Pa. Do________________________ Post office, Camden, N. J________ Nature of controversy Adjusted. Compromised; w ill reem ploy discharged workers when con ditions warrant. Adjusted. Prevailing rate allowed and back wages paid. Aristón Silversmith Corp., N ew ____do____ York City. Silversmiths. Discharge of workers. It. B. M cDaniel, contractor on ____do_____ post-office building, Rochester, Pa. Post office, Brownsville, Tex______Controversy, Building. Alleged failure to pay electri cians prevailing rate. ___ d o ... Adjusted. Investigation made and rates fixed by conciliator and repre sentative of War Department. Wages cut from 7 to 20 per cent. Pending___________________________ Wages cut from 85 to 70 cents Adjusted. Cut withdrawn and exist ing agreement renewed. per hour. Protest against nonunion sub Adjusted. Nonunion contract can celed. contractor. Work awarded houseJurisdiction; alleged violation Adjusted. smiths and others called off this of agreement. work by Treasury Department. Building crafts, Norfolk, Va---------- ___ do. The Grace Steamship Lines, Brook Strike. lyn, N . Y. Post office, Cicero, HI____________ ___ do. General Post N . Y. Office, Brooklyn, i N ot reported. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Glaziers______ Controversy. Steel workers on metal lockers. Bob. 4 Jan. 8 Jan. 26 0) Jan. 1 Jan. 27 0 .Tan. 4 Jan. 27 20 6 500 200 Jan. 26 Jan. 26 Jan. 25 Feb. 3 40 8 10 38, 501 12, 345 INDUSTRIAL DISPUTES Total. ___ do_______ Longshoremen. Demand for payment of pre vailing rate. Jan. 25 a LABOR AGREEMENTS, AWARDS, AND DECISIONS A g r e e m e n ts R a ilro a d L abor A g r e e m e n ts o f F eb ru a ry 1, 1932 HE representatives of 20 of the railroad labor unions and of more than 200 railroads, including practically all of the first-class rail roads of the United States, signed two agreements, January 31, 1932, one calling for a 10 percent deduction in wages and the other dealing with employment conditions. Each of these agreements constitutes an agreement between each participating railroad and its employees represented by each participating railway organization which now has a contract with the railroad concerning rates of pay and working conditions T Agreement Regarding Wage Deduction T he first of the agreements, terminating February 1, 1933, and providing for a 10 per cent deduction in wages, reads in full (with the exception of the appendixes) as follows: "This agreement is entered into between the railroad companies, designated hereafter as ‘participating railroads’ and listed in Ap pendixes A, B, and C attached hereto and thereby made a part of this agreement, represented by the committee of railway presidents, signa tory hereto, and the employees of the said participating railroads, represented by the chief executives of the respective organizations, signatory hereto, and is to be construed as an agreement by and between each participating railroad and its employees represented by each participating organization which now has a contract with the railroad concerning rates of pay, rules, and working conditions, and is included in the ‘participating organizations’ which are listed after the name of each participating railroad in the said Appendixes A, B and C, attached hereto. ‘‘It is understood and agreed that in the application, interpretation, or carrying out of this agreement each organization of employees, signatory hereto, will represent respectively, in the usual manner, the employees of each of the participating railroads for whom said organ ization has an existing contract, as evidenced in Appendixes A, B and C. “ This agreement also is entered into by, and will apply to, the Pullman Co. and the Railway Express Agency, represented by the committee of railway presidents, and the respective employees thereof, represented, as to the Pullman Co., by the Order of Sleeping-Car Conductors, and as to the Railway Express Agency respectively, by the Brotherhood of Railway and Steamship Clerks, Freight Handlers, Express, and Station Employees; International Association of Ma chinists; and International Brotherhood of Blacksmiths, Drop Forgers and Helpers. ’ “ The signatories hereto, having been duly authorized by the said participating railroads and the participating organizations of em ployees of said railroads, as heretofore described, to ‘negotiate to a conclusion certain pending issues concerning unemployment and 612 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis LABOR AGREEMENTS, AWARDS, AND DECISIONS 613 wages/ hereby agree that 10 per cent shall be deducted from each pay check of each of the said employees covered by this agreement for a period of one year beginning February 1, 1932; that basic rates shall remain as at present; that this arrangement shall terminate auto matically January 31,1933; and further agree as follows: “ 1. That the formal notices served by the participating railroads upon the participating organizations of employees for a 15 per cent reduction in present rates of pay shall be withdrawn and further proceedings thereunder discontinued; “ 2. That the participating railroads, without attaching any limita tion upon the use of funds derived from the pay-roll deduction herein agreed to, will make an earnest and sympathetic effort to maintain and increase railroad employment. “ The foregoing agreement is signed at Chicago, this 31st day of January, 1932, in behalf of the participating railroads and their employees represented as hereinbefore set forth, and is independent of any other agreement entered into by and between the parties hereto. ” Agreement Regarding Employment Conditions T h e second agreement, effective to February 1, 1933, deals with the various proposals put forward by railroad labor for the purpose of relieving unemployment and stabilizing employment. The hist three paragraphs of this agreement are identical with the correspond ing paragraphs of the first agreement. Beginning with the fourth paragraph, the second agreement reads as follows: “ The signatories hereto, having been duly authorized by the said participating railroads and the participating organizations of em ployees of said railroads,_as heretofore described, to ‘negotiate to a conclusion certain pending issues concerning unemployment and wages,’ hereby agree upon the disposition of the proposals of the employees concerning unemployment (set forth in Exhibit 1, attached hereto), as follows: Item I “ It is agreed that whatever may be practicable should be done to remove the feeling of uncertainty as to employment which may exist at the present time in the minds of many who are now employed, either upon a whole-time or part-time basis; and that varying condi tions make it necessary to deal with this question by local negotiation on each railroad between each participating railroad and its employees, in the usual manner, through each participating organization; and that accordingly the railroads will carry on negotiations for the pur pose of stabilizing emplojunent for such periods and to such an extent as conditions may justify; it being understood that this agreement does not contemplate assurance of pay for service not performed unless covered by present agreements. “ The parties have been unable to reach any further agreement concerning the proposals of the employees as to stabilization o employment. Item 2 “ The parties have been unable to reach any agreement concerning the proposals of the employees as to applying the principle of the https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 614 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW G hour day. The position of the committee of railroad presidents on this subject is stated as follows: I or reasons which were fully explained by the chairman of our committee we find, ourselves unable to accept your conclusions that the 6-hour day is necessary and that it must be instituted in order to absorb the existing number of experi enced employees without reduction of compensation. Consequently, we would be unwilling to recommend the appointment at this time of a commission to determine ways and means of applying this principle to the different classes of employees. Item 3 “ (A) The parties have been unable to reach any agreement con cerning the proposals of the employees as to joint action to promote a Federal bond issue for grade-crossing elimination. The position of the committee of railroad presidents on this subject is stated as follows : ‘‘ We doubt the wisdom of recommending to the Federal Congress at this time the appropriation of $1,000,000,000 for the purpose set forth in your program. The requirements of the several States as to the division of thè cost of grade elimination are in our opinion in many instances inequitable. The employees can assist materially in seeking revised legislation providing for a more equitable division of expense of grade elimination between the public and the railroads, and we would be glad to have their cooperation in that connection. (B) It is agreed that there should be a fair and proper regulation of motors engaged in highway transportation and that no unfair or unjust burden should be placed upon transportation agencies of any character. It is believed that motor transportation now enjoys certain advantages which in effect are prejudicial to the railroads. The parties will be pleased to work together in developing desirable and fair Federal and State legislation covering highway transportation com petitive with the railroads, such joint effort to include fidi considera tion of the entire report of Examiner Flynn, which has been sub mitted to the Interstate Commerce Commission. The railroad presi dents ’ committee will recommend to the participating railroads that consistent with the requirements of the service preference be given to furloughed railroad employees for employment by motor companies and freight-forwarding agencies when controlled by railroads, when additional men are required. The parties have been unable to reach any further agreement concerning the proposal of the employees as to regulation of motor transportation and freight-forwarding companies and provision for employment of furloughed employees therein. “ (C) The parties have been unable to reach any agreement con cerning the proposal of the enrployees as to the protection of all interests in railroad consolidations. The position of the committee of railroad presidents on this subject is stated as follows: You will recall that this matter was very fully discussed at our conference, but owing to the conflicting viewpoints concerning certain phases of the subject as presented by you, and having in mind also that the subject is one concerning which railway executives are not in complete accord, we think it would be difficult if not impossible for us to reach any joint conclusion concerning the matter at this time. “ (D) It is agreed that the subjects of retirement insurance, elec tive workmen’s compensation, and a dismissal wage will be studied by a joint committee composed of representatives of several of the participating railroads and a committee appointed by the Railway https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis LABOR AGREEMENTS, AWARDS, AND DECISIONS 615 Labor Executives Association, representing the participating organ izations, which joint committee will report its findings promptly. “ The parties have been unable to reach any further agreement concerning the proposals of the employees as to the foregoing sub jects. It is understood that agreement upon a study by a joint com mittee does not commit either party to accept or to await the results of this study. “ (E) It is agreed that regional employment bureaus will be estab lished in connection with the Bureau of Information of the Eastern Railways, New York; Association of Western Railways, Chicago, and the Bureau of Information of the Southeastern Railways, Wash ington, each party to appoint representatives to confer as to details. “ (F) The parties have been unable to reach any agreement con cerning the proposals of the employees as to coordination of train crews and train lengths. The position of the railroad presidents on this subject is stated as follows: “ With you, we believe that train lengths and train crews should be coordinated on the basis of economical and safe operation, but unfortunately it has not been easy to agree as to what is safe and what is economical operation. The two terms are relative rather than absolute. It is our conclusion that probably we would be unable to agree concerning this matter and consequently we doubt the wisdom of recommending to the railroad executives at this time joint effort in this con nection as you suggest. The question is one which we think can best be dealt with by the employees and managers of the individual companies. “ (G) The parties have been unable to reach any agreement con cerning the proposals of the employees as to the creation and use of pay-roll reserves. The position of the committee of railroad presi dents on this subject is stated as follows: “ W e favor, in principle, the policy of creating reserves, when earnings are good, to be available during periods of business depression. The use of such reserves, in our opinion, should not be restricted to any one purpose. It is unfortunate that existing conditions, with which you are familiar, make it impossible to set up reserves at this time. Item 4 “ The parties unite in expressing unqualified approval of whole hearted cooperation between management and employees and agree to do everything they can in support of this policy. “ This agreement shall continue in effect for one year; and there after subject to modification or abrogation by any participating road or any participating organization, so far as it affects such road or such organization, without prejudice to any other road or any other organization, by the serving of a 30-day written notice by either party upon the other. “ The foregoing agreement is signed at Chicago this 31st day of January, 1932, in behalf of the participating railroads and their em ployees represented as hereinbefore set forth, and is independent of any other agreement entered into by and between the parties hereto. ” Exhibit 1.— Outline of Program of Railway Labor Executives’ Association to Relieve Unemploy ment and to Stabilize Employment, November 19, 1931 The problem which railway labor must solve: (A) Insecure employment. Less than 50 per cent of necessary workers assured of continuing employment. (B) Diminishing employment. Thirty-three per cent fewer employees used to handle same traffic as 20 years ago. (C) Inadequate wages to provide reasonable living conditions and to protect against (a) disability (temporary or permanent), (6) unemployment. Four hundred thousand earning less than $20 per week; another 600,000 earning less than $30. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 616 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW In s e c u r e E m p lo y m e n t Seasonal character of traffic has always made employment insecure— and relief for older employees through seniority rules has been sought. But tech nological changes, reducing total volume of employment, have limited seniority protection to fewer and fewer employees. The! solution of this problem lies in stabilizing employment along two lines— 1. Where work can be budgeted for the year and spread evenly, an average force should be assured employment for one year and at least part-time employ ment should be assured to the stand-by force necessary for heavy-traffic periods. The maintenance of equipment and maintenance-of-way work are examples of work which can be budgeted to a large extent. Running repairs and inspection service, dependent on volume of traffic, may require treatment similar to trans portation service. 2. Where the fluctuating and uncertain volume of traffic calls for expansion and contraction of forces somewhat irregularly, it should be possible to establish minimum forces assured of full employment for one year and the necessary stand by forces assured of a certain amount of part-time employment in one year. The workers who are normally required for the operation of a railroad must have as much assurance of a fixed compensation from their fixed investments in the enterprise as those who invest money for a fixed return. In fact the essential labor charge should be a first lien upon the revenues of any business. The insecure income of the worker-buyer is a greater menace to the good order and progress of society than the insecure income of the investor-seller. The amount of seasonal employment on the railroads is not indicated in the averages of all railroads. Heavy movements of grain from the west, of fruits and vegetables from the south and from the west, of coal from the east and from the south; and movements of cotton, lumber, oil, manufactured goods, etc., from different parts of the country, occur in different months. Therefore, the total number of employees required by the industry is greater than the annual average number reported by the Interstate Commerce Commission and the fluctuations m employment on individual roads are far greater than indicated in the monthlv averages reported. If employment could be stabilized by a common program throughout the indus try, the excessive number of men now furloughed bv each road, who earn annually far less than even a living wage, could be materially reduced. Then it might be possible to create a mobile force of extra workers, shifting from one road to another somewhat as Pullman cars and freight cars are shifted to meet traffic requirements. Nothing less than a coordinated effort of all employers and em ployees could accomplish such an assurance of practically full-time employ ment for all experienced employees. But this achievement without an increase m rates of pay would raise considerably the actual average earnings of the employees, and would increase substantially the efficiency of labor, while decreasmg the labor cost of all railroads, by reducing the turnover and improving the quality and morale of the employees. There should be established a national placement bureau for the purpose of relocating railway employees separated from the service of a railroad because of permanent reductions of force and to provide for the temporary transfer of traffic VeGS GX^ra wor^ Pr°duced by seasonal or other temporary increases of in order thus to stabilize employment without a vast amount of individual ardship it will be necessary to deal with the problem of diminishing employment so as to absorb between 200,000 and 300,000 unemployed men now dependent on tne industry, but without reasonable expectation of reemployment even in a revival of past traffic volume. D i m i n i s h i n g E m p lo y m e n t Technological changes, including the use of larger equipment and the constant substitution of machine power for man power, have eliminated jobs more rapidly than they could be recreated by increased traffic. It is reasonable to assume that further diminutions will result from future similar developments, and from the transfer of a part of rail transportation service to the motor transportation S/^6 I1C16S. In order to prevent unfair competition, motor transportation should be required to observe the same principles of safe, efficient, and socially just operation *t have governed rail transportation. The rail managements and investors are particularly interested m a fair competition with money invested in the railroads. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis LABOR AGREEMEN' AWARDS, AND DECISIONS 617 The rail workers are particularly! interested in a fair competition with labor invested in the railroads. Similars working conditions should prevail; and there is no reason why rail workers displaced by motor-transportation agencies should not be relocated in furnishing motor transportation services similar to those they are trained to perform on the railroads. The operating services, the maintenance and clerical services call for much the same general training in both fields. The principal method of dealing frith diminishing employment which should be adopted is shortening the hours ofjlabor. The social advantage of this program is clear. Instead of adding employees to the ranks of the unemployed, an industry in which the productivity ¿per employee is greatly increased can be called upon to shorten hours of work withput reduction of annual earnings per employee. Comparing 1910 and 1930, the ¿employee of to-day handles over 50 per cent more traffic and produces twice asjmuch surplus revenue over labor cost. The establishment of the 8-hour day has demonstrated that improved methods and machinery and the increased efficiency of the workers permit of a shortened workday without reduction of average earnings and without a corresponding increase in the total pay roll. ‘ , It should, however, be recognized as more socially desirable to pay wages to workers than to pay returns on property. Unless costs of production can be materially reduced and displaced, workers can be relocated, there is no social advance in the substitution of machine power for man power. Every industry should aim to reduce man power oiily by employing fewer new men and shortening work hours and not by discharging experienced workers. After such humane reductions of man power are accomplished an industry requiring fewer man-hours should reflect this increased productivity in higher wages for the reduced forces. In a d e q u a te W a g es A principal cause of inadequate wages in the railroad industry is part-time employment. A wholly false picture is presented by the wage statistics reported to the Interstate Commerce Commission. Thousands of train and engine service employees work only from four to eight months a year, 'thousands of main tenance men (in the shops and on the right of way) are idle for a substantial part of the year. In the months of employment their wages may average about as reported but average earnings on the basis of $1,500 per year for only eight months of work equal only $1,000 per year nnA , The average number of hourly workers in 1929 was less than l,ou0,u0U, but it is fair to estimate that at least 1,900,000 employees collected the $2,061,715,71b paid in wages. Thus the average compensation instead of $1,623 would be only $1 369. The stabilization of employment heretofore suggested would go far toward leveling up the present earnings of those now earning less than even a living wage. , ,. ..... Present provision to protect against temporary or permanent disability are largely either voluntary deductions from wages to pay for insurances or volun tary pension payments by some railroads. There should be (a) an elective Federal compensation law to indemnify against occupational accidents and dis eases; (6) a Federal law to provide retirement insurance. . Such a compensation law would save a huge waste of money m litigation. The retirement law would save the waste of continuing employment beyond the time of efficient service. • n There should be a provision made for the payment of a dismissal wage m an cases of permanent dislocation of experienced employees. There should also be worked out a provision for pay-roll reserves to take care of exceptional periods of reduced traffic, which would provide a workable and economical substitute for unemployment insurance. > The stabilization of employ ment should operate to reduce this liability to a minimum. ,, These reserves should be created by an appropriation of surplus up to t ie amount estimated as necessary to maintain earnings of employees during periods of depression. In such periods hours of service could be reduced without reduc tion of earnings, with payment of added cost of employing same number of men for less traffic to be borne out of employment reserves. Thereby there would be no payments for idleness but increased payments for units of work main taining the total purchasing power with resulting public benefit. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 618 MONTHLY LA.BOR REVIEW I m m e d ia te M e a s u r e s In line with the principles of the foregoing permanent program immediate measures to relieve present distress can be proposed. 1. Stabilize employment by assuring one year of employment to the necessary employees in every class. (This will increase the purchasing power of a pay roll exceeding $2,000,000,000 by releasing over 1,250,000 workers from fear of unem ployment.) (a) This stabilization should include provisions for putting to work as many men as possible consistent with maintaining satisfactory conditions in the respective classes of employment. (b) The necessary stand-by forces should also be assured of a minimum amount of part-time employment. 2. Since the 6-hour day is necessary and must be instituted to absorb the existing number of experienced employees without reduction of compensation, a commission should be created to determine the ways and means of applying this principle to the different classes of employees. Such a commission should be created by the nomination of an equal number of representatives of manage ment and employees (including in the latter appropriate representatives of the principal classes of employment) with the designation of a chairman from its membership by the Interstate Commerce Commission. Any legislation neces sary to establish the commission and to endow it with adequate authority to make a comprehensive study, as a basis for a report to be made within a definite period, should be sought by joint action so far as possible by the carriers and the employees. 3. Joint action should be undertaken between managements and employees to promote— (a) One-billion-dollar United States bond issue for grade-crossing elimination on main traveled highways. One-half cost to be borne by Government as im provement of interstate highways. One-half cost to be borne by railroads to be repaid by payment of interest and sinking fund payment to retire bonds in 50 years. (b) Regulation of motor transportation and freight forwarding companies; including provision for employment of furloughed railroad employees. (c) Protection of all interests in railroad consolidation. (d) Federal legislation to provide retirement insurance and elective workmen’s compensation. (e) Establishment of an emergency employment bureau to prepare the way for the eventual establishmeiit of a national placement bureau and to provide means for placing unemployed rail workers as additional opportunities of employ ment may develop. (/) Coordination of train crews and train lengths on the basis of economical, safe operation—including any desirable State or Federal legislation. 4. In order to carry forward the foregoing program, a continuing cooperation between railroad managements and railroad employees is essential. This will require complete willingness and good faith of railroad managements in dealing with the self-chosen representatives of railroad labor, and whole-hearted compli ance with the spirit and the letter of the railway labor act. A w a rd s a n d D e c is io n s R e c e n t D e c is io n s o f I n d u s tr ia l C o m m is s io n o f C olorad o Denial of Wage Reduction for Millmen in Denver HE Industrial Commission of Colorado was notified, on Novem ber 14, 1931, by the Fleming Bros. Lumber Co., that the wages of its employees would be cut from 12# to 20 per cent on December 14, 1931. The secretary of Millmen’s Union No. 1583 notified the commission of a protest by the union against a reduction in wages. At a hearing held December 11, 1931, the secretary of the union testified that the average earnings of the members in the employ of the company was 80 cents an hour, or $6.40 a day. T https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis LABOR AGREEMENTS, AWARDS, AND DECISIONS 619 On December 11, 1931, the commission disapproved the proposed reduction, and stated: “ We do not believe that $6.40 per day under present conditions is too high a wage for men engaged m skilled employments.” Wage Reduction of Sheet-Metal Workers Approved U n d e r date of November 2, 1931, an agreement was entered into between the General Contractors Association of Denver, Colo., and other recognized contractors and the Building Trades _Council of Denver. By the terms of this agreement a general reduction in wages of 12% per cent was to be made. A number of employers in Denver notified the Industrial Commission of Colorado of their intention to put this agreement into effect by reducing the wages of their sheetmetal workers 12% per cent. The Sheet-Metal Workers Union, Local No. 9, filed a protest against the wage cut, and a hearing was held on January 5, 1932. The commission, referring to the agreement of November 2, 1931, stated: In the opinion of this commission this is one of the best agreements that has been entered into in a trade dispute for some time. In this agreement it was agreed between both the Building Trades Council and the Denver General Contractors that a general reduction in wages of 12% per cent would be made. There are many parts of this contract that should receive the attention of both the em ployers and the employees and we recommend that they read this contract. On January 5, 1932, the commission rendered the following award: It is the award and decision of this commission that the petition of the em ployers for a 12% per cent reduction in the wages of the sheet-metal workers be allowed, with the understanding that both the employees and the employers accept every part of the agreement entered into between the Denver General Contractors and the Building Trades Council of Denver under date of November 2,1931, and that said agreement shall be binding on both employers and employees. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis HOUSING B u ild in g P e r m it s in P r in c ip a l C itie s o f t h e U n ite d S t a t e s , J a n u a r y , 1932 UILDING permit reports have been received by the Bureau of Labor Statistics of the United States Department of Labor from 345 identical cities having a population of 25,000 or over for the months of December, 1931, and January, 1932; and from 345 identical cities for the months of January, 1931, and January, 1932. The cost figures as shown in the following tables apply to the costs of the buildings as estimated by the prospective builder on applying for his permit to build. No land costs are included. Only building projects within the corporate limits of the cities enumerated are shown. The States of Illinois, Massachusetts, New York, New Jersey, and Pennsylvania, through their departments of labor, are cooperating with the Federal bureau in the collection of these data. Table 1 shows the estimated cost of new residential buildings, of new nonresidential buildings, of additions, alterations, and repairs, and of total building operations in 345 identical cities of the United States, by geographic divisions. B T a b l e 1 .— E ST IM A T E D COST OF N E W B U IL D IN G S, OF A D D IT IO N S, A L T E R A T IO N S, A N D R E PA IR S, A N D OF TO TAL B U IL D IN G C O N ST R U C TIO N IN 345 ID E N T IC A L CITIES, AS SHOW N BY PE R M IT S ISSU E D IN D E C E M B E R , 1931, A N D JA N U A R Y , 1932, B Y GEO GR A PH IC D IV ISIO N S New residential buildings (estimated cost) New nonresidential buildings (estimated cost) Geographic division December 1931 January, 1932 Per cent of change December, 1931 January, 1932 Per cent of change New England...... ................ ....... Middle Atlantic.......................... East North Central_________ W estN orthC entral............. . South Atlantic______ ______ _ South Central________ ______ Mountain and Pacific_______ $2, 016,115 4,996, 716 1, 531, 727 1,225, 685 1,148,123 1,041, 562 2, 791, 415 $1,186, 900 5, 218, 855 1,031, 551 697, 590 1, 501, 650 847, 768 2, 315, 705 -4 1 .1 + 4 .4 -3 2 .7 -4 3 .1 +30.8 -1 8 .6 -1 7 .0 $2,436,483 17, 795, 846 5, 227, 808 3,064,821 725, 010 4, 232, 745 4, 266, 081 $1,370,452 11,160, 002 4,262, 487 910, 078 3,112, 734 5,221, 661 2,630,189 -4 3 .8 -3 7 .3 -1 8 .5 -7 0 .3 +329.3 +23.4 -3 8 .3 Total.................................. 14, 751, 343 12,800, 019 -1 3 .2 37, 748, 794 28, 667, 603 -2 4 .1 Additions, alterations, and repairs (estimated cost) Total construction (estimated cost) Geographic division December, 1931 January, 1932 Per cent of December, 1931 change January, 1932 N um ber of cities Per cent of change New England.............. Middle Atlantic_____ East North Central... West North Central.. South Atlantic............ South C entral............ Mountain and Pacific $831, 589 4,105, 540 1, 222, 950 946, 406 1, 006, 053 493, 981 1,403, 650 $1,184, 936 3, 521,175 1, 067, 505 427, 788 1,104, 462 769, 552 1, 366, 931 +42. 5 -1 4 .2 -1 2 .7 -5 4 .8 + 9 .8 +55.8 -2 .6 $5, 284,187 26, 898,102 7,982, 485 5,236, 912 2, 879,186 5,768, 288 8,461,146 $3, 742, 288 19, 900, 032 6, 361, 543 2, 035, 450 5, 718, 846 6,838, 981 6,312, 825 -2 9 .2 -2 6 . 0 -2 0 . 3 -6 1 .1 +98.6 + 18.6 -2 5 .4 51 70 93 24 38 34 35 T o t a l ................... 10,010,169 9, 442, 349 -5 .7 62, 510, 306 50, 909, 971 -1 8 .6 345 620 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 621 HOUSING Permits issued in these 345 cities during the month of January 1932, indicate a projected expenditure of $50,909,971, a decrease of 18.6 per cent as compared with the estimated cost of total building operations for which permits were issued during December, 1931. Decreases in the estimated cost of total building operations were shown in five of the seven geographic divisions. The smallest decrease (20.3 per cent) occurred in the East North Central States and the largest decrease (61.1 per cent) in the West North Central States. The South Central States and the South Atlantic States both registered increases, the increase in the South Atlantic States being nearly 100 per cent. The estimated cost of new residential buildings decreased 13.2 per cent, comparing permits issued during the two months under discus sion. Decreases were shown in five of the seven geographic divisions, ranging from 17.0 per cent in the Mountain and Pacific States to 43.1 per cent in the West North Central States. The Middle Atlantic States and the South Atlantic States showed increases. New nonresidential buildings decreased 24.1 per cent in estimated expenditures, comparing December, 1931, with January, 1932. All geographic divisions showed decreases in this class of structure, except the South Atlantic and the South Central. In the South Atlantic States there was an increase of over 300 per cent, due to large Federal building contracts in the city of Washington. The estimated cost of additions, alterations, and repairs decreased 5.7 per cent, comparing January permits with December permits. Four geographic divisions showed decreases in this class of operation and three showed increases. Table 2 shows the number of new residential buildings, of new non residential buildings, of additions, alterations, and repairs, and of total building operations in 345 identical cities of the United States, by geographic divisions. T a b le 2.—N U M B E R OF N E W B U IL D IN G S, OF A D D IT IO N S, A L T E R A T IO N S, A N D R E PAIRS, A N D OF TO TAL B U IL D IN G C O N ST R U C TIO N IN 345 ID E N T IC A L C ITIES, AS SHO W N B Y PE R M IT S ISSU E D IN D E C E M B E R , 1931, A N D JA N U A R Y , 1932, BY GEO G R APHIC DIV ISIO N S N ew residential N ew nonresidential buildings buildings Additions, altera tions, and repairs Total construction Geographic division Decem January, Decem January, Decem January, Decem January, 1932 1932 ber, 1931 ber, 1931 1932 ber, 1931 1932 ber, 1931 N ew England________ M iddle Atlantic______ East North Central---West North Central__ South Atlantic_______ South C e n tr a l.-____M ountain and Pacific-- 280 520 274 287 241 273 646 172 464 215 167 293 315 568 538 1,160 1,051 402 540 376 1,007 334 855 776 244 461 433 884 1,253 2,867 1,693 613 1,887 1,173 2, 791 1,066 3,148 1,562 557 2, 013 1, 551 2,829 2,071 4, 547 3,018 1, 302 2, 668 1,822 4,444 1, 572 4,467 2, 553 968 2, 767 2,299 4,281 T otal_____ _____ 2,521 2,194 —13. 0 5, 074 3, 987 -2 1 .4 12, 277 12, 726 +3. 7 19,872 18,907 —4. 9 Permits were issued during January, 1932, for 18,907 building projects. This is 4.9 per cent less than the total number of building projects for which permits were issued during December, 1931. The number of new residential buildings decreased 13.0 per cent, and the number of new nonresidential buildings decreased 21.4 per cent, com paring these two months. The number of additions, alterations, and repairs, however, increased 3.7 per cent. 103146°— 32----- 9 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 622 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW . Table 3 shows the number of families provided for in the different kinds of housekeeping dwellings, together with the estimated cost of such dwellings, for which permits were issued in 345 identical cities m December, 1931, and January, 1932, by geographic divisions. T hBrLET,3 ~ E ST IM A T E D COST A N D N U M B E R OF FA M ILIE S PR O V ID E D FOR IN THE ^ IN D S 0 E H O U SE K E E P IN G D W E L L IN G S FOR W HICH P E R M IT S W ERE GRAPHIC D m s i O N S ICAL ° ITIE S IN D E C E M B E R - 1931> A N D J A N U A R Y ,1032, BY GEO- 1-family dwellings Geographic division Estimated cost 2-family dwellings Families pro vided for Estimated cost December, January, Decem Janu December, January, ber, ary, 1931 1932 1931 1932 1931 1932 Families provided for Decem January, ber, 1931 1932 N ew E n g la n d .______ $1,281,815 $819, 200 M iddle Atlantic____ 2, 056, 586 1, 925, 755 East North Central __ 1, 354, 727 935, 951 West North Central. _ 1,047, 235 637, 090 South Atlantic_____ 1,017, 323 1,215, 690 South Central. 898,180 690, 608 M ountain and Pacific- 2, 235, 320 1,859, 205 241 350 251 274 225 252 574 149 316 206 158 279 285 513 $228, 800 1,186,130 133, 000 70, 450 7,800 108, 382 241,045 $117, 700 801, 600 40,100 49, 500 26, 835 101,160 214, 200 60 286 37 T otal. -_ 9, 891,186 8,083, 499 Per cent of change. _ _ -1 8 .3 2,167 1,906 —12. 0 1, 975, 607 1, 351,095 -31. 6 544 22 5 34 100 — M ultifamily dwellings Geographic division Estimated cost Estimated cost December, January, Decem Janu December, January, 1931 1932 ber, 1931 ary, 193 1931 1932 143 428 16 4 46 17 139 Total . . . Per cent, of change___ 793 8 11,000 2, 571, 550 3, 345,425 +30.1 12 16 10 47 74 418 -2 3 .2 T otal, all kinds of housekeeping dwellings Families providec for New England _____ $425, 500 $250, 000 Middle Atlantic_____ 1, 639, 000 2,471, 500 East North C entral... 44, 000 55, 500 West North C entral... , 000 South A tla n tic ______ 105, 000 259,125 South Central___ 35, 000 56, 000 Mountain and Pacific. 315, 050 242, 300 33 226 Families provided for Decem Janu ber, 1931 ary, 1932 76 $1,936,115 $1,186, 900 799 4, 881, 716 5,198, 855 1, 531, 727 1,031, 551 4 1,125, 685 697, 590 84 1,130,123 1, 501, 650 25 1, 041, 562 847, 768 108 2, 791, 415 2, 315, 705 444 1,064 304 300 276 303 813 258 1, 341 229 178 373 357 695 12, 780, 019 3,504 3,431 - 2 .1 11 1,107 14,438, 343 +39.6 -11. 5 During January, 1932, permits were issued for one thousand nine hundred and six 1-family dwellings to cost $8,083,499. This is 12 per cent fewer families than were to be provided for as compared with the December permits, while the estimated cost of the buildings was 18.3 per cent less than the estimated cost of the 1-family dwellings for which permits were issued in December. The number of families to be provided for m 2-family dwellings decreased 23.2 per cent and their estimated cost 31.6 per cent, comparing January permits with Decem ber permits. In contrast, the number of families provided for in apart ment houses increased 39.6 per cent, comparing these two periods. The indicated expenditures for apartment houses increased 30.1 per cent. The total number of families provided for decreased 2.1 per cent comparing January, 1932, with December, 1931, and the projected expenditures for all classes of housekeeping dwellings decreased 11.5 per cent, https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 623 HOUSING Table 4 shows the index number of families provided for and the index numbers of indicated expenditures for new; residential buildings, new nonresidential buildings, additions, alterations, and repairs, and for total building operations. These indexes are worked on the chain system with the monthly average of 1929 equaling 100. T a b l e 4 — IN D E X N U M B E R S OF FA M ILIE S PR O V ID E D FOR A N D OF T H E E ST IM A T E D COST OF B U IL D IN G O P ER A T IO N S AS SHOW N B Y PE R M IT S ISSU E D IN PR IN C IP A L C ITIES OF T H E U N IT E D ST A T ES, JA N U A R Y , 1930, JA N U A R Y A N D D E C E M B E R , 1931, A N D JA N U A R Y , 1932 [Monthly average, 1929=100] Estimated cost of— Families provided for Month 1930 January------------- ------------------------ ----1931 January____________ _____________ D ecem b er..------- -- ------------------------1932 January------------------------- ----------------- N ew non residential buildings N ew resi dential buddings Additions, Total build alterations, ing opera and repairs tions 29.4 64.3 55.1 46.1 39.1 14.7 30.8 11.8 43.4 32.9 55.5 27.3 38.9 22.3 14.4 10.2 25.0 25.8 18.2 34.2 The index number of families provided for and the index numbers of new residential buildings, new nonresidential buildings, additions, alterations, and repairs, and total building operations, were all lower for January, 1932, than for either January, 1930, January, 1931, or December, 1931. Table 5 shows the number and value of contracts awarded for public buildings by the different agencies of the United States Govern ment during the months of January and December, 1931, and January, 1932, by geographic divisions. T a b l e 5 .—CO N TRA C TS L E T FOR PU B L IC B U IL D IN G S B Y D IF F E R E N T A G E N C IE S OF T H E U N IT E D STA TES G O V E R N M E N T D U R IN G JA N U A R Y A N D D E C E M B E R , 1931, A N D JA N U A R Y , 1932, B Y GEOGRAPHIC DIVISIONS January, 1931 December, 1931 January, 1932 1 Geographic division Number Cost Number Cost Number Cost New England________ . . . . . Middle Atlantic--------------. . . East North Central...... .......... West North Central_________ South Atlantic_______ ______ South Central___ . -----------Mountain and Pacific_______ 4 12 9 3 21 7 21 $42,460 3,456, 619 211, 303 117, 555 2,346, 752 427, 216 932,679 7 11 9 3 28 15 29 $299,911 5,145, 865 358,476 2,682,490 406,979 767,962 2,248,129 2 10 9 8 19 7 31 $230,653 965,409 656, 322 729, 218 2,377, 347 611, 727 945,614 T otal. _______________ 77 7, 534, 584 102 11,909, 812 86 6,516, 290 1 Subject to revision. During January, 1932, contracts were awarded by various Federal agencies for 86 building operations to cost $6,516,290. The value of these awards were lower than for either January, 1931, or December, 1931. These contracts were issued by the foliowung Federal agencies: Office of the Quartermaster General, War Department; Bureau of Yards and Docks, Navy Department; Supervising Architect, Trea sury Department; United States Veterans’ Bureau; Office of Public Buildings and Public Parks; and the Corps of Engineers, War Department. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 624 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW Table 6 shows the value of contracts awarded by the different State governments for public buildings during the months of Jan uary and December, 1931, and January, 1932, by geographic divisions. T a b l e 6 — C O N TRA C TS A W A R D E D FO R PU BLIC B U IL D IN G S B Y T H E D IF F E R E N T STA TE G O V E R N M E N T S D U R IN G JA N U A R Y A N D D E C E M B E R , 1931, A N D JA N U A R Y , 1932, B Y GEOGRAPHIC DIVISIO N S January, 1931 Geographic division December, 1931 January, 19321 $44, 540 588, 293 268, 871 93,029 246,925 247,000 164,141 $1, 627, 557 7, 835, 287 2,308,755 17. 348 383,100 462,172 217,128 0 $3, 659, 785 1,380, 877 6, 730 668, 204 3, 891,569 1, 289, 443 1,652, 799 12, 851,347 10,896, 608 N ew E n g la n d .___________ _____ ____ Middle Atlantic____________________ East North Central. . . __________ _ West North Central_____________ . . . South Atlantic ____________________ South Central______________________ Mountain and Pacific___ ___________ Total . __________ ______ ___ 1 Subject to revision. Contracts awarded by the various State governments during January, 1932, totaled $10,896,608. This was lower than for Decem ber, 1931, but much higher than for January, 1931. Whenever a contract is awarded by the Federal Government or by a State govern ment for a building in a city having a population of 25,000 or over, the number or cost of such building is included in the number and cost as shown in the several tables presented herewith. T a b l e 7.—E ST IM A T E D COST OF N E W B U IL D IN G S , OF A D D IT IO N S, A L T E R A TIO N S, A N D R E PA IR S, A N D OF TOTAL B U IL D IN G C O N ST R U C TIO N IN 345 ID E N T IC A L C ITIES, AS SHOW N B Y P E R M IT S ISSU E D IN JA N U A R Y , 1931, A N D JA N U A R Y , 1932, B Y GEOGRAPHIC DIVISIO N S N ew residential buildings (estimated cost) N ew nonresidential buildings (estimated cost) Geographic division N ew England_______________ Middle Atlantic____ _______ East North Central_________ West North Central_________ South Atlantic______________ S o u th C e n tr a l._____________ Mountain and Pacific_______ T otal_______________ January, 1931 January, 1932 Per cent of change January, 1931 January, 1932 $2, 906,300 19,122, 095 4,253, 951 1,261, 971 2,245, 450 2,996, 744 5, 521,621 $1,186, 900 5, 218, 855 1,031, 551 697, 590 1, 501, 650 850, 268 2, 313, 705 -5 9 .2 -7 2 .7 -7 5 .8 -4 4 .7 -3 3 .1 -7 1 .6 -5 8 .1 $1,206, 672 16, 628, 065 12, 328, 888 2, 372, 889 2, 800, 331 6, 318, 346 6, 593, 447 $1, 370, 452 11,160, 002 4, 262, 487 910, 078 3,112, 734 5,231,161 2, 628, 284 +13.6 -3 2 .9 -6 5 .8 -6 1 .6 +11.2 -1 7 .2 -6 0 .1 38,308,132 12, 800, 519 -6 6 .6 48, 248, 638 28, 675,198 -4 0 .6 Additions, alterations, and re pairs (estimated cost) Total construction (estimated cost) Geographic division N um ber of Per cities cent of change January, 1932 Per cent of change January, 1931 January, 1932 $1, 294, 491 9, 983, 829 2, 094, 252 463, 327 2, 635,184 882, 285 1,977, 655 $1,184, 936 3, 521,175 1, 067, 505 427, 788 1,104, 462 774, 102 1,357, 581 -8 .5 -6 4 . 7 -4 9 .0 -7 .7 -5 8 .1 -1 2 .3 -3 1 .4 $5,407,463 45, 733, 989 18, 677, 091 4, 098, 187 7,680, 965 10,197, 375 14, 092, 723 $3, 742, 288 19, 900, 032 6, 361, 543 2, 035, 456 5, 718, 846 6, 855, 531 6,299, 570 -3 0 .8 -5 6 .5 -6 5 . 9 -5 0 .3 -2 5 .5 -3 2 .8 -5 5 .3 51 70 93 24 38 35 34 19,331,023 9,437, 549 -5 1 .2 105, 887, 793 50, 913,266 -5 1 .9 345 January, 1931 N ew England .............. Middle Atlantic_____ East North Central... AVest North Central.. South Atlantic______ South Central........ . Mountain and Pacific Total...... ............ https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Per cent of change 625 HOUSING Table 7 shows the estimated cost of new residential buildings, of new nonresidential buddings, of additions, alterations, and repairs, and of total building construction in 345 identical cities of the United States having a population of 25,000 or over, for the months of Jan uary, 1931, and January, 1932 by geographic divisions. There was a decrease in indicated expenditures for new residential buildings in each of the seven geographic divisions. These decreases ranged from 33.1 per cent in the South Atlantic States to 75.8 per cent in the East North Central States. The decrease for the 345 cities as a whole was 66.6 per cent. New nonresidential buildings decreased 40.6 per cent in estimated cost. Two geographic divisions showed increases in this class of construction and five divisions showed decreases, comparing permits issued in January, 1932, with those issued in January, 1931. The indicated expenditures for additions, alterations, and repairs decreased 51.2 per cent. All seven geographic divisions showed de creases in this class of building operation. Total construction decreased 51.9 per cent in estimated cost com paring January, 1932, with January, 1931. Each geographic division showed a decrease in indicated expenditures for total construction during this period. Table 8 shows the number of new residential buildings, of new non residential buildings, of additions, alterations, and repairs, and of total building operation in 345 identical cities having a population of 25,000 or over for January, 1931, and January, 1932. 8 .— N U M B E R OF N E W B U IL D IN G S, OF A D D IT IO N S, A L T E R A TIO N S, A N D R EPA IR S, A N D OF TO TAL B U IL D IN G C O N ST R U C TIO N IN 345 ID E N T IC A L C ITIES, AS SHOWN B Y PE R M IT S ISSU E D IN JA N U A R Y , 1931, A N D JA N U A R Y , 1932, BY GEOGRAPHIC DIV ISIO N S T able N ew residential buildings N ew nonresidential buildings Additions, altera tions, and repairs Total construction Geographic division January, January, January, January, 1932 1931 1932 1931 172 464 215 167 293 316 292 1,050 1,153 382 575 549 334 855 776 244 461 436 January, 1931 1,004 2,675 2,171 628 2,079 1,578 January, January, 1932 1931 1,066 3,148 1,562 557 2,013 1,552 1,567 4, 589 3,913 1,278 3,035 2,927 January, 1932 1,572 4, 467 2, 553 968 2,767 2, 304 N ew England______ Middle Atlantic____ East North Central... West North C entral.. South Atlantic______ South Central____ _ M o u n ta in an d Pacific___________ 1,065 567 1,370 878 3,467 2,803 5,902 4, 248 T otal_________ 4,238 2,194 —48. 2 5,371 3,984 —25.8 13, 602 12, 701 —6.6 23,211 18,879 —18.7 271 864 589 268 381 800 Comparing January, 1932, permits with January, 1931, permits, decreases were shown in the number of new residential buildings, of new nonresidential buildings, of additions, alterations, and repairs, and of total construction. Table 9 shows the number of families provided for in the different kinds of housekeeping dwellings, together with the cost of such dwellings, for which permits were issued in 345 identical cities during January, 1931, and January, 1932, by geographic divisions. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 626 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW T able 9 .—E ST IM A T E D COST A N D N U M B E R OF FA M ILIES P R O V ID E D FOR TNT ttte D IF F E R E N T K IN D S OF H O U SE K E E PIN G D W E L L IN G S FO R W HICH P E R M IT S W ffR P f i A l H I C N D4lV lF lO N TSIO A L ° m E S IN JA N U A R Y > " » i A W 1-family dwellings Geographic division Estimated cost January, 1931 J ^ A R Y ® ™ TB Y ™ < 5 2-family dwellings Fam ilies provided for Estimated cost January, January, J anuary, January, 1932 1931 1932 1931 F am dies provided for January, January, January. 1932 1931 1932 N ew England........... M iddle Atlantic. . . . East N orth C en tral... West North C entral.. South Atlantic______ South Central_____ Mountain and Pacific. $1, 370, 700 $819, 200 3, 672, 145 1,925, 755 2, 668, 931 935, 951 1, 001, 221 637, 090 1, 742, 950 1,215, 690 2,081, 293 693,108 3, 633, 821 1,857, 205 213 592 508 241 358 647 924 149 316 206 158 279 286 512 $346, 200 1,463, 700 497, 500 145, 250 59, 600 595, 806 499, 250 $117, 700 801, 600 40,100 49, 500 26, 835 101, 160 214, 200 86 373 108 38 28 205 181 33 226 12 16 10 47 74 Total _ ___ Per cent of change 16,171, 061 8, 083, 999 -5 0 .0 3,483 1, 906 -4 5 .3 3,607, 306 1,351, 095 -6 2 . 5 1,019 418 -5 9 .0 M ultifamily dwellings Geographic division Estimated cost January, 1931 Total, all kinds of housekeeping dwellings Fam ilies provided for Estimated cost January, January, January, January, 1932 J931 1932 1931 Fam ilies provided for January, January, January, 1932 1931 1932 N ew England_______ $1,189, 400 $250, 000 M iddle Atlantic_____ 13,486, 100 2,471, 500 East North Central__ 722, 520 55, 500 West North C entral.. 115, 500 , 000 South Atlantic___ 407, 900 259, 125 South Central_____ 319, 145 56, 000 M ountain and Pacific. 1,106, 750 242, 300 238 2, 781 237 40 188 140 433 76 $2,906, 300 $1, 186, 900 799 18, 621, 945 5,198, 855 11 3,888, 951 1,031, 551 4 1, 261, 971 697, 590 84 2, 210, 450 1, 501, 650 25 2, 996, 244 850, 268 108 5, 239, 821 2,313, 705 537 3,746 853 319 574 992 1,538 258 1,341 229 178 373 358 694 T otal_________ 17, 347,315 3,345,425 Per cent of change___ -8 0 .7 4, 057 1, 107 37,125, 682 12, 780, 519 -7 2 . 7 -6 5 . 6 8, 559 3,431 -5 9 .9 11 The number of families provided for in 1-family dwellings, 2-family dweUmgs muitifarndy dwellings, and the cost of such construction all showed decreases, comparing permits issued in January, 1932* with those issued in January, 1931, in these 345 cities. The total number of families provided for in these cities decreased 59 9 per cent, comparing these two months, while the cost of the structures in which they were to be housed decreased 65.6 per cent. Table 10 shows the estimated cost of new residential buildings, of new nonresidential buildings, of total building operations, together with the number of family dwelling units provided for in new build ings, in the 345 cities from which reports were received for both December, 1931, and January, 1932. No reports were received from New London (Conn.), Bangor (Me.) Marion (Ind.), Lima (Ohio), Pensacola (Fla.), Lynchburg (Va )’ Lexington (Ky.), Port Arthur (Tex.), San Bernardino (Calif.), Butte (Mont.), and Everett (Wash). https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 627 HOUSING IN D E X E S OF COST OF BU ILD IN G M O N T H L Y AVE-RAGE. N E W O PE R A T IO N S. 192 .9 = IOO. R E S I D E N T I A L . 100 m o 75 15 1 9 : 10 50 — y \ / \ 50 V 131 25 25 x\ -V 193 Z > 0 0 NEW 100 N 0 N R E S ID E N T 1 A L . ¡0 0 ioN 75 75 N \ 50 —T 1 / / / / / / \ “ Y l \ -------------- /l9- \ \ ' s K / * \ \ 11 \✓ / 50 \ ✓ \ S. \ n — — 25 25 133 z 0 o 100 TOTA L- ALTERATIONS S'REPA IRS.j QQ IN C LU D IN G i s ; iO 75 75 ■ — ’ 50 / / / / \ '! 9 . >1 . fc 50 \ \ - - - \ \ — _____ 25 25 ! S3 2 n https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 0 h i. 628 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW Permits were issued for the following important building projects during the month of January, 1932: In Boston, Mass., for two school buildings to cost over $316,000 and for a public building to cost $350,000; in the Borough of the Bronx, for three apartment houses to cost $620,000; in Brooklyn, for apartment houses to cost nearly $1,500,000 and for a school building to cost over $2,000,000; in Man hattan, for office buildings to cost over $3,500,000; in Syracuse, for a building at Syracuse University to cost over $200,000; in Cleveland for a city sewerage disposal plant to cost $2,700,000; in Austin, Tex/ contracts were awarded by the State for nine buildings at the Uni versity of Texas to cost nearly $3,500,000. Contracts were awarded by the Supervising Architect of the Treasury Department for a post office and Federal courthouse m Topeka, Kans., to cost nearly $650,000 • for a post office m Atlanta, Ga., to cost over $1,500,000; and for a post office in Long Beach, Calif., to cost nearly $400,000. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 629 HOUSING T able 1 0 .—E ST IM A T E D COST OF N E W B U IL D IN G S, OF A D D IT IO N S, A L TE R T IO N S, A N D R E PA IR S, A N D OF TOTAL B U IL D IN G C O N ST R U C TIO N IN 345 ID E N T IC A L CITIES, AS SHO W N B Y PE R M IT S ISSU E D IN D E C E M B E R , 1931, A N D JA N U A R Y , 1932, B Y G EO GRAPHIC DIVISIONS N e w E n g la n d S ta te s N ew residential buildings Estimated cost State and city New nonresidential buildings (esti mated cost) Families provided for in new dwellings Decem ber, 1931 January, 1932 D e cem ber, 1931 $70, 300 6,000 24, 000 76, 300 26, 200 51, 000 58, 000 69, 500 56,000 17,000 10, 500 $56,300 0 80, 000 38,800 5,500 0 40, 300 38,000 4, 500 0 6,000 305,600 21 1 3 15 7 7 9 11 9 5 2 18 0 6 9 2 0 7 9 2 0 2 6 0 35,500 7, 000 19, 300 0 5 20,200 495,000 24, 500 52,000 0 0 24,000 10, 000 3, 500 10, 700 2,200 0 0 4, 650 19, 000 33,865 35,100 0 160, 000 37, 500 65,600 4, 000 5,000 0 51,600 0 6. 500 21,000 67, 300 22, 500 14,800 303, 000 21, 500 61,500 16, 000 0 5, 500 0 4,300 3,000 0 14,000 0 10,000 4, 000 19,900 30, 500 0 106, 500 14,800 40,800 0 6,000 0 1,800 3, 700 10,500 3,000 66, 300 0 17, 000 Janu Decem ary, 1932 ber, 1931 Total construction, including altera tions and repairs (estimated cost) January, 1932 Decem ber, 1931 $7, 574 1,225 39, 900 5, 365 11,850 11,890 38, 275 11,100 7,780 1,350 12, 000 $4,575 550 4,100 373, 224 1,702 800 35,400 18,100 2, 475 5,310 700 600 $90, 572 11,942 77,950 113,860 41,915 69, 432 141, 245 96, 706 83, 980 21,125 24,050 $81, 705 3,340 128, 000 592, 836 11, 652 8,877 99, 885 65, 305 19,975 10, 060 8, 700 307,980 2 4 0 3,400 6, 300 1,135 7,000 47,804 13, 300 39, 085 5 151 6 3 0 0 5 3 2 2 2 0 0 1 5 10 7 0 20 10 17 1 1 0 14 0 1 5 14 3 3 78 4 7 4 0 1 0 1 1 0 2 0 2 1 5 7 0 10 2 11 0 1 0 1 3 2 1 15 1,150 1, 986,402 1,435 3,450 2, 250 6, 000 1,175 675 10, 885 1,000 900 0 14,650 975 7,000 665 6, 525 1,700 12, 650 97, 625 10, 685 0 4,375 29, 635 9, 550 700 1, 765 2,850 17, 000 0 300 735,180 1,675 22,000 0 1,075 1,700 7,500 475 2, 535 275 600 450 1,025 7, 475 500 1, 750 725 900 200 4, 475 750 32, 330 3,525 4, 775 1,275 1,225 1,600 3, 675 29, 200 2,644, 859 32,994 67, 065 11, 200 10, 508 28, 275 17, 075 21, 380 29, 000 6, 275 6,850 16, 825 11, 250 53,140 43, 257 45, 650 25, 250 227,565 150, 025 37,347 7, 400 22, 025 38,585 91, 260 3,805 12,990 24, 225 176,930 23,100 24, 550 1,295, 604 30, 835 343, 075 40,935 3,350 9, 400 7,850 8,390 7, 385 2,705 15,850 8, 250 14, 485 40, 035 30, 500 34, 465 6,175 115,145 25,175 52,181 7,975 43,580 6, 920 16,650 22,246 18,745 5,100 96, 810 5,500 18,900 0 3 4 5 1,000 710 900 615 2, 535 35,250 7,400 34,066 0 88, 700 39,000 4, 500 116,100 97, 300 0 0 36,800 4,800 5, 000 0 58,800 0 0 22 8 1 9 21 0 0 9 1 1 0 15 0 1,022 6,225 18,325 4,100 3,160 15,310 1,250 0 2, 050 1,135 7, 300 650 63, 236 225 1,572 98, 725 67, 225 17, 771 122,990 166,378 1,950 0 46, 055 13,817 15, 570 4,130 200,374 3,790 Total__________ 2, 016,115 Per cent of chanee I 1,186, 900 -4 1 .1 444 258 -4 1 .9 2, 436, 483 1, 370, 452 -4 3 .8 5, 284,187 3, 742, 288 —29. 2 Connecticut; Bridgeport______ Bristol___ . . . . . Greenwich_______ Hartford. . . ____ Meriden_________ New Britain_____ N ew Haven_____ Norwalk____ . . . Stamford________ Torrington______ Water bury______ West Hartford 1 Maine: Lewiston______ _ Portland.. _____ Massachusetts: Arlington 1 Beverly ______ Boston 2_________ Brockton___ _ . . Brookline___ ____ Cambridge______ Chelsea_________ Chicopee________ Everett__ ______ Fall River Fitchburg_______ Haverhill________ Holyoke______ _ L a w r e n c e ..__ Lowell. __ Lynn_____ . . . M alden_________ Medford____ New Bedford.. . N ew ton.. . ._ Pittsfield____ Quincy__________ Revere_________ Salem . . . Somerville_____ . Springfield_____ Taunton. ______ Waltham____ . . . Watertown______ Worcester.. N ew Hampshire: Concord_________ Manchester. . . Rhode Island: Central F a lls... . Cranston________ East Providence.. Newport. ________ P a w tu c k e t._____ Providence______ Woonsocket____ Vermont: Burlington 1_____ 14, 500 2 0 i Schedule received for the first time, January, 1932; not included in totals. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis January, 1932 15,100 2 Applications filed. 630 T Í T d 1^ MONTHLY LABOE REVIEW aSiTrI sMAaTnEdD BYT QES6 G l l r a r c ND?VISPI O N ™ IN D E C E M B E R > ^ 1 , A N D JA N U A R Y , 1932, M id d le A tl a n t ic S ta te s N ew residential buildings Estimated cost State and city Decem ber, 1931 January, 1932 N ew Jersey: Atlantic C ity____ $5, 000 $1, 500 Bayonne________ 0 9,000 Belleville________ 10, 500 18, 500 Bloomfield_______ 42, 000 85, 000 Camden ________ 0 0 Clifton__________ 68, 500 38, 000 East Orange_____ 6, 000 13, 300 Elizabeth________ 23, 000 15, 000 Garfield___ ____ 3, 500 0 Hackensack 1____ 10, 500 Hoboken________ 0 0 Irvington__ ___ 38,550 12, 000 Jersey C ity______ 6, 500 0 Kearny................... 12, 000 6, 000 Montclair_______ 41,280 41, 500 Newark_________ 129, 500 96, 500 N ew Brunswick__ 8, 500 2,500 Orange__________ 6,536 0 Passaic__________ 4,800 0 Paterson________ 25,800 23, 200 Perth Am boy____ 0 0 Plainfield _______ 4, 800 45,000 Trenton_________ 5,000 13,700 Union C ity . ____ 0 0 West N ew Y ork. _ 0 0 West Orange 1___ 58, 000 N ew York: A lbany____ _____ 153,100 145,400 Amsterdam______ 0 0 A u b u rn ______. . 7, 000 4, 500 B in g h a m to n ____ 8,400 21, 200 Buffalo____ _____ 94, 700 84, 600 Elmira__________ 0 9, 000 Jamestown______ 7,400 10, 700 Kingston________ 13,300 5, 000 Lockport............. 51,800 0 M t. Vernon______ 0 10, 000 Newburgh_______ 27,300 0 New Rochelle. 77,100 32,400 N ew York City: The Bronx 2__ 851, 000 868, 790 Brooklyn 2___ 1, 536, 000 2, 020, 000 M anhattan2. . 0 0 Queens2__ _ 749,700 817, 900 Richmond 2._ . 121, 400 156, 550 Niagara F a l ls ___ 28, 400 13, 500 Poughkeepsie____ 56, 500 37, 000 Rochester______ 42,100 20, 850 Schenectady_____ 73, 500 0 Syracuse________ 45, 300 66, 200 Troy----------- -----72, 600 50, 200 U tica__________ 43, 000 14, 000 Watertown______ 4,500 4,000 White Plains____ 37, 000 14, 000 Yonkers_________ 110, 000 166,500 Pennsylvania: Allentown_______ 2,000 10, 500 Altoona................... 5,200 0 B e th le h e m ..___ 0 0 Butler _ ______ 0 0 Chester_________ 0 0 Easton. _________ 0 10, 000 Erie________ 48,100 44,800 Families provided for in new dwellings De-, cember, 1931 Janu ary, 1932 1 0 4 17 0 17 1 5 1 1 3 3 9' 0 9 3 3 0 3 0 3 0 2 4 19 1 0 0 6 0 1 3 0 0 8 0 8 2 1 3 29 2 1 1 6 0 1 1 0 0 N ew nonresidential buildings (esti mated cost) Total construction, including altera tions and repairs (estimated cost) Decem ber, 1931 January, 1932 Decem ber, 1931 $500 575 3,900 4,000 44,419 10,350 5,225 1,800 400 0 $1,700 1,610 1,500 17, 000 4, 900 1,050 2, 500 825 17, 0 59, 820 60, 685 9, 550 2,825 26, 220 13,335 5, 550 650 2,900 2,550 i; 250 10, 785 0 500 441,248 $25, 332 2,425 23, 200 99,000 52, 234 84, 750 26, 260 24, 800 10,175 $49,490 16; 300 1 3 ; 610 46; 500 20; 432 45; 115 18; 244 1 7 ; 500 4, 575 67,510 61, 400 28| 100 15, 525 69; 720 484, 798 59,125 6; 536 35; 625 77, 600 4, 200 6 , 825 76; 288 654,886 6', 933 11, 070 73; 220 76; 735 2i; 350 62; 325 386; 588 18; 443 8; 043 10, 030 58; 880 9,050 51,150 34¡ 987 34; 0 1 0 1 2 ; 900 499; 758 0 11, 065 9, 650 3,100 14,350 302, 522 50 0 18,150 24,200 2,700 675 23,560 650, 000 350 13 0 1 2 21 0 2 4 14 0 4 5 8 0 1 1 33 2 3 1 0 1 0 5 1,885 4,860 317,605 8,320 57,925 3, 570 1,075 2,425 52, 776 2,775 1,400 1,850 142,450 15, 500 475 5, 615 157,827 343,370 1,125 190, 891 800 13, 850 0 4,900 203,684 4, 860 373,862 42; 390 199; 735 16, 253 11, 950 24; 389 104, 576 18; 937 32, 550 80; 500 312,295 1 5 ; 500 6; 285 70; 145 293; 707 359, 715 20, 065 202, 291 G, 905 37, 790 2i; 150 43, 250 176 376 0 169 40 8 8 8 14 10 8 8 1 2 16 259 576 0 215 41 3 6 5 0 13 9 2 1 2 26 415,150 7,582, 003 116, 850 674, 619 79, 555 6, 799 1,263, 575 20, 400 7-, 525 24, 050 49, 750 750 2,750 15, 300 13, 021 101, 200 2,843,740 5, 699, 800 193, 668 12,973 14,990 0 6,835 1,350 553,507 2, 010 750 5,625 1,685 38,695 1,622, 505 9,879; 756 933,126 2,025, 375 ' 226,817 50; 449 1,330; 275 ’ 102, 915 90; 740 124, 710 135, 050 45,150 12; 265 7h 950 155,416 1,174, 639 5, 292, 876 6, 52i; 250 1, 247; 445 ' 6 O2 ; 573 38, 045 42, 700 55; 445 28,474 64i; 462 55,455 16, 775 18,355 43,300 226; 895 1 0 0 0 0 1 12 104, 039 5,013 1, 200 4,000 1,600 275 5,550 184,225 1,835 575 0 0 1,300 17,675 125,389 11,978 3,850 4,000 7, 200 13,560 290,690 235, 954 9; 476 B 725 17;000 4 ; 000 1 7 ; 600 75, 980 1 2 0 0 0 0 14 1 1 Schedule received for the first time, January, 1932; not included in totals. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis J anuary, 1932 2 Applications filed. 631 HOUSING T able 1 0 .—E ST IM A T E D COST OF N E W B U IL D IN G S , OF A D D IT IO N S A L T E R A T IO N S, A N D R E PA IR S, A N D OF TO TAL B U IL D IN G C O N ST R U C TIO N IN 345 ID E N T IC A L C ITIES,. AS SHO W N B Y PE R M IT S ISSU E D IN D E C E M B E R , 1931, A N D JA N U A R Y , 1932, B Y G E O GRAPHIC D IV ISIO N S—Continued M id d le A tl a n t ic S ta te s —Continued N ew residential buildings Estimated cost State and city N ew nonresidential buildings (esti mated cost) Total construction, including altera tions and repairs (estimated cost) D e cem Janu ary, ber, 1932 1931 Decem ber, 1931 January, 1932 Decem ber, 1931 0 0 0 2 0 2 3 0 3 19 2 4 4 3 0 2 $545 30,980 2, 350 12,150 17,050 0 750 540 677,855 5,041, 555 2,550 4,470 5,200 0 2,920 15,150 $8, 859 2, 990 695 0 325 0 1,400 2,662 127,565 179,300 35, 000 2,175 3,148 0 7,507 1,430 $22,930 39, 720 12, 650 31,825 20,165 1,950 14, 550 3,585 990,985 5,228,317 39,905 40,015 28, 467 4, 700 4,454 33,785 Families provided for in new dwellings Decem ber, 1931 January, 1932 0 $5, 000 5,400 12,000 0 1,950 13,800 0 4, 500 134,400 20,000 24,000 3,000 3,500 0 10,000 0 0 0 $8,500 0 9,000 6,800 0 24, 500 92, 200 20,000 22,475 12, 090 11,000 0 5,000 0 1 2 3 0 1 2 0 1 16 1 6 1 1 0 1 T otal. ________ 4, 996,716 5, 218,855 + 4 .4 1,064 Pennsylvania—C on. Harrisburg______ Hazleton________ Johnstown______ Lancaster.. . . . . . . M cKeesport_____ Nanticoke_______ Newcastle.......... N orristow n........... Philadelphia.......... Pittsburgh.......... . Reading....... ........... Scranton________ Wilkes-Barre......... Wilkinsburg_____ Williamsport____ York............... ......... January, 1932 $46,939 10, 338 2, 625 18, 750 4,359 9, 000 8,510 6, 752 421,950 328,495 71,510 74,405 20,181 14,026 15, 254 9, 809 1, 341 17, 795, 846 11,160, 002 26, 898,102 19,900, 032 -2 6 . 0 -3 7 .3 +26. 0 E a s t N o r th C e n tra l S ta te s Illinois: Alton________ Aurora_______ Belleville_____ Berwyn______ Bloomington... Chicago______ Cicero________ Danville_____ Decatur______ East St. Louis. Elgin................. Evanston____ Granite C ity ... Joliet_________ M aywood____ Moline_______ Oak Park____ Peoria________ Quincy_______ Rockford_____ Rock Island__ Springfield___ Waukegan___ Indiana: Anderson____ East Chicago Elkhart______ Evansville___ Fort W ayne... Gary------------Hammond___ Indianapolis... K okom o......... Lafayette------Michigan City M ishawaka— M uncie______ Richmond___ South B en d ... Terre H au te... 0 $4,500 1,500 12, 000 2,000 90,000 0 0 3,000 2,500 5,000 20; 000 0 0 0 15, 000 18; 000 91,500 4,600 3, 000 4, 000 47, 805 26,000 0 0 $18, 600 0 2, 000 86,350 0 0 475 4, 700 5,000 0 0 5,000 0 4,000 0 52,800 0 13,000 4,000 32, 800 6,000 0 1 1 2 1 15 0 0 1 1 1 2 0 0 0 3 1 14 2 1 1 9 7 $675 0 16,455 0 850 4 710 0 0 1 2,420,205 15 4, 200 0 9, 250 0 10, 600 1 950 2 9,875 1 7, 500 0 0 0 3,000 1 79, 333 0 465 1 402, 560 0 783,990 13 84,462 0 4,100 3 480 1 28, 617 7 10, 800 1 $100 2,985 0 400 2,000 333, 835 0 0 1,250 7,375 500 1,000 0 0 0 300 250 2,200 27, 772 3,050 0 8, 755 1,500 $17,674 25,670 3,850 13,410 3, 000 2,674,988 4,200 16,750 21,660 7,125 22,177 59, 000 0 14,850 80,608 20,448 426, 060 882, 290 91, 362 14,010 6,878 85,238 38,120 $14, 065 9,985 19, 200 1.900 4.000 596,645 60 I, 5.000 20,425 6,430 22,500 5, 200 0 2,000 0 5, 600 7,000 5,000 98,950 0 7, 300 2,000 0 1,000 0 0 0 3,300 0 7,500 5, 900 12,900 9, 000 0 60,550 0 3,500 0 0 4,800 0 7,000 0 2 0 1 0 1 2 1 19 0 4 1 0 1 0 0 0 2 0 2 2 2 2 0 14 0 2 0 0 2 0 1 0 5, 525 180, 720 1,515 25,265 89,934 0 747 11,640 440 0 50 1,150 37,622 2,950 1,265 2,300 1, 750 0 90 16,370 12, 290 150 200 19, 306 3,775 0 120 3, 505 1, 793 0 5,785 325 13,515 183,998 4, 905 28,182 105, 761 12,550 14, 447 138,979 1,271 11,100 5,800 1,230 45, 243 5,800 7, 255 7,930 6,300 1,700 10,041 25, 571 38, 266 9,200 9.900 109,939 7,205 3.500 320 3, 755 II, 2.500 23, 205 2,849 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 825 0 14, 200 1.000 5,448 1,320 61,600 27,842 31,900 5, 553 48,947 10,150 592 632 s MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW ‘S S “ S i? B Y O B Ô o l A P ^ D Î ^ O N M S Î t l S S f “ IN D K 0 E M B E E - A N D ÎA N B A E Y , 1.32, E a s t N o r th C e n tra l S ta te s — Continued New residential buildings Estimated cost State and city Families provided for in new dwellings N ew nonresidential buildings (esti mated cost) Total construction, including altera tions and repairs (estimated cost) D e cem ber, 1931 Janu ary, 1932 Decem ber, 1931 January, 1932 Decem ber, 1931 January, 1932 0 0 0 5 33 7 7 0 0 1 2 1 0 0 2 $33, 540 20,370 5; 927 24; 265 358, 806 24; 146 23; 425 3,450 12, 395 2', 650 13; 644 2,120 1, 265 11, 060 '500 625 159,332 $300 10,150 1,122 615 179,316 10,420 15,135 0 8,350 265 2,925 1, 735 125 490 500 680 950 0 $10, 556 13,835 58,410 23; 350 375,085 61,231 74,355 1,625 3,220 8,546 16,502 37, 550 8, 280 3, 010 5,425 2 2 2 5 1 4 20 2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 1 $1,255 5,800 56, 300 2,650 77, 523 17,839 33,125 650 495 5, 565 4,585 28,450 575 2, 235 300 8,200 9,200 $17,800 4, 860 2,500 23, 000 95,100 7, 356 3,000 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4,500 1, 800 9, 735 169, 362 10,060 4,700 8,800 19, 000 0 272, 650 77, 500 24,200 12, 000 36,000 0 3, 000 4,000 8, 500 12, 500 9, 000 0 0 0 3, 500 0 0 9,000 0 13,000 0 9, 800 15, 900 0 0 262, 760 49,500 27, 500 18,300 14,500 0 4,500 3,550 4,000 3,700 1,200 0 0 4,800 0 0 0 0 0 6, 700 0 0 3 2 0 48 15 4 2 5 0 1 1 2 2 1 0 0 0 2 0 0 2 0 1 0 2 3 0 0 52 10 5 3 4 0 1 2 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 4,320 1,308 1,105 120, 845 46, 950 1,330 45,450 24,144 350 905 950 10,425 575 400 2,150 76,600 34,496 3,850 0 75 850 6, 900 88, 860 500 2,210 6, 300 2,515 225 104, 525 2,752, 750 1, 355 32, 500 13,787 2, 200 2,075 135 1, 625 700 60,405 0 125 33,746 480 37,300 0 18,325 300 2,476 590 377,527 17, 360 21,218 1,905 447; 880 272,925 3C, 265 86,800 125,327 1,620 5,030 6, 945 21,909 13,075 9,910 2,900 76; 675 35,809 7, 350 650 370 11,475 7, 775 281, 329 6, 455 16,840 35, 214 2,920 1, 540 516, 798 2, OOP 900 98,965 83, 700 40, 422 4,330 6; 675 5,770 8', 500 4,400 62, 220 0 125 41,421 '955 38,145 500 20, 200 2,050 2i; 046 3,390 386,672 6, 700 19, 500 0 6, 500 0 31, 900 142, 150 13, 275 7,000 16, 500 0 0 0 0 8, 500 13, 500 9,000 13, 500 47, 200 0 5,000 0 4,000 4,850 2 4 0 2 0 7 30 5 1 3 0 0 0 0 3 3 2 3 10 0 1 0 1 1 775 3, 550 990 13, 965 24, 245 34, 236 30,910 2,540 1, 175 995 1, 375 0 335 14, 400 4,905 800 1,080 6, 352 32, 780 265 10, 750 725 40, 285 6,715 48, 375 25, 367 4, 110 24,890 28,415 68, 736 214,164 23,215 13, 575 22, 200 1,980 250 2,135 14,400 14, 905 19, 575 13, 280 21,972 132,436 6,225 17, 300 6, 766 83, 165 13, 365 T otal__________ 1, 531, 727 Per cent of change___ 1,031, 551 —32. 7 304 229 -24. 7 5, 227,808 4,262,487 -1 8 .5 7, 982,485 6, 361, 543 -2 0 .3 Michigan: Ann A rbor.......... Battle Creek_____ Bay C ity................ Dearborn________ Detroit__________ Flint____________ Grand Rapids___ Hamtramck_____ Highland Park___ Jackson...... ............ Kalamazoo______ Lansing...... ............ Muskegon_______ Pontiac_________ Port Huron______ Royal Oak 1_____ Saginaw_________ W yandotte.......... Ohio: Akron___________ Ashtabula_______ Canton__________ Cincinnati_______ Cleveland_______ Cleveland Heights. Columbus............... D ayton_________ East Cleveland___ Elyria___________ Ham ilton_______ Lakewood_______ Lorain__________ Mansfield......... . M arion................... M assillon.......... . M iddletown_____ Newark_________ Norwood................. Portsmouth......... . Springfield______ Steubenville_____ Toledo__________ Warren____ ____ _ Youngstown_____ Wisconsin: Appleton________ Eau Claire............. Fond du Lac____ Green B ay_______ K enosha.............. Madison________ Milwaukee______ Oshkosh.................. R a cin e..________ Sheboygan______ Superior_________ West Allis.;______ Decem ber, 1931 January, 1932 0 0 0 $19, 500 172, 200 26,447 30,400 0 0 2,800 5, 500 5,000 0 0 2,050 1 Schedule received for the first time, January, 1932; not included in totals. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 633 HOUSING T able 1 0 .—E S T IM A T E D COST OF N E W B U IL D IN G S , OF A D D IT IO N S , A L T E R A T IO N S, A N D R E PA IR S, A N D OF TOTAL B U IL D IN G C O N ST R U C TIO N IN 345 ID E N T IC A L C ITIES, AS SHO W N B Y PE R M IT S ISSU E D IN D E C E M B E R , 1931, A N D JA N U A R Y , 1932, B Y GEOGRAPHIC D IV ISIO N S—Continued W e st N o r th C e n tra l S ta te s N ew residential buildings I Families provided for in new j dwellings Estimated cost State and city Decem ber, 1931 Iowa: 0 Burlington............$22, 200 Cedar Rapids____ 1,000 Council Bluffs___ Davenport______ 17, 000 74,800 Des M o in es... . . . 24,000 D u b u q u e .._____ 5,000 O tt u m w a .._____ 17,100 Waterloo________ Kansas: Hutchinson______ 8, 900 4, 700 Kansas C ity_____ 4,700 T o p e k a ..___ . . . 23, 575 W ich ita ________ Minnesota: D ulu th. ______ 20, 500 354,325 M inneapolis.. . . 104,160 St. Paul_________ Missouri: 3,000 Joplin___________ 80, 500 Kansas C ity.......... 9, 000 Springfield.. . . . . St. Joseph__ . 13, 500 170,100 St. Louis________ Nebraska: 133,100 Lincoln_________ 94,900 Omaha__________ North Dakota: 20, 500 Fargo.. . . . . -----South Dakota: 13, 125 Sioux Falls........... T otal_________ 1, 225, 685 Per cent of change . . New nonresidential buildings (esti mated cost) Total construction, including altera tions and repairs (estimated cost) January, 1932 De cem ber, 1931 Janu ary, 1932 Decem ber, 1931 January, 1932 Decem ber, 1931 0 $14, 250 1, 500 4,000 16, 500 8,200 7, 500 0 0 8 1 5 15 6 1 4 0 3 1 2 3 3 1 0 $200 11, 332 1, 300 610 9,185 2,348 16, 500 71, 835 $500 1,845 2, 300 3,495 3, 435 28, 225 500 2,005 $1, 250 59, 227 2, 800 22, 572 87, 710 34, 249 53, 600 90,165 $1, 750 21, 205 9,300 11, 737 66, 035 38, 427 27, 500 13, 255 20, 000 4, 500 20, 000 12, 350 4 4 3 9 7 3 1 4 2, 620 2,000 4,615 15,160 200 2, 980 643, 883 6,485 11, 760 9, 175 24, 505 47,443 21,665 9,655 667, 848 30, 260 4,000 170,685 83, 520 7 93 21 1 50 15 7, 520 855, 235 44,696 13, 200 72,460 240 65, 240 1, 247, 550 269, 827 29,435 295, 865 119, 641 0 115, 500 11,850 0 151, 500 2 23 2 5 44 0 27 5 0 41 0 5,200 1, 710, 585 745 38, 980 1, 000 39,000 5,010 110 68, 200 7,869 437, 800 1,805,190 18,055 287, 135 3, 900 165,000 23, 925 3, 180 393,805 9,100 37,200 10 24 2 8 3, 295 101,410 2,390 5, 300 140,755 210, 285 17, 588 45, 275 0 5 0 500 0 28, 800 4,580 5,435 697, 590 -4 3 . 1 4 300 1 158,950 178 3,064, 821 -4 0 .7 7,315 910, 078 -7 0 .3 273, 950 5, 236,912 14, 625 2,035, 456 -61. 1 January, 1932 S o u th A tl a n t ic S ta te s Delaware: W ilmington_____ District of Columbia: Washington_____ Florida: Jacksonville_____ M iami________ . Orlando. ----------St. Petersburg----Tampa............. ....... Georgia: A tlanta_________ Augusta_________ Columbus_______ Macon__________ Savannah_______ Maryland: B a ltim o r e .._____ Cumberland_____ Hagerstown_____ North Carolina: Asheville________ Charlotte___ ____ Durham_________ Greensboro______ High Point............. Raleigh_________ Wilmington_____ Winston-Salem__ South Carolina: Charleston---------Columbia_______ Greenville_______ Spartanburg......... $10, 800 $8, 000 4 2 $20, 665 $276,100 $49, 736 $315, 711 578, 500 953,500 118 193 280,488 774, 505 1, 016,546 2, 004,240 39, 500 28, 300 0 19, 000 1, 650 17,825 10,650 5, 500 3,000 7,800 12 9 0 1 3 13 9 2 3 4 9,105 11, 200 2,720 1, 300 24,340 26, 595 19, 220 0 700 4,215 94, 860 90, 395 9, 105 41,244 50,778 62, 710 55, 285 10, 791 11, 400 32, 373 24, 900 3, 390 3, 500 16, 500 16, 200 48, 400 3,925 2, 500 300 480 12 4 3 1 5 16 4 1 1 1 10,057 1,454 475 900 1,100 1,719,406 2, 280 1,250 700 260 69,073 10,131 9,287 45, 331 17,400 1,802, 517 19, 208 7,545 5,309 3, 565 168, 000 0 4, 500 222, 000 0 8,000 29 0 3 50 0 2 138,200 725 445 136,900 1,470 655 668,000 1,675 5,270 803, 500 17, 871 11,855 2,400 22, 050 4,900 4,900 15,000 8,300 15,100 900 0 35,900 1,900 3,150 0 600 0 0 2 4 2 2 7 5 l 0 7 2 3 0 1 0 0 125 90 2,000 36,285 9, 375 12, 555 7,200 445 255 3,190 0 1, 745 3,975 785 0 965 7,110 28,511 8,720 73,314 31, 375 21, 555 33, 300 22, 684 4,020 45, 631 3,525 12, 272 4,450 1,895 39, 000 21, 628 5,500 29,100 11, 550 0 3,300 4,950 9,000 0 2 9 3 0 4 5 1 0 21,350 81,510 1,125 1,000 800 1,630 0 3,650 31,842 144,045 14, 340 2,055 12,531 17, 738 19, 350 9,852 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis ¿L 634 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW ^ I D E N T I O A i: G ^ Ò O R A PH M ^ D ?^ISIO N S^-C oiifnued^ IN D E C E M B E R - 1931’ A N D JA N U A R Y , 1932, S o u th A tl a n t ic S ta te s — Continued N ew residential buildings Families provided for in new dwellings Estimated cost State and city Virginia: Newport N ew s. Norfolk_______ Petersburg____ Portsmouth___ Richmond_____ Roanoke______ West Virginia: Charleston____ Clarksburg____ Huntington___ Parkersburg___ W heeling______ T otal________ Per cent of change... Decem ber, 1931 January, 1932 $4,133 22, 500 3,200 $9,450 58, 900 11, 000 17, 300 24,300 22,125 0 16, 000 49,350 1,500 0 0 0 1,148,123 D e cem Janu ary, ber, 1932 1931 N ew nonresidential buildings (esti mated cost) Total construction, including altera tions and repairs (estimated cost) Decem ber, 1931 January, 1932 Decernber, 1931 $1,165 3,900 40 850 19, 867 503 $2, 164 25,572 80 575 26, 528 2,305 $11,319 58, 835 3, 240 6,725 64,883 22,666 $16, 530 98, 812 530 21, 380 75, 668 31, 580 8,439 400 1,225 8,287 4,100 725, 010 1, 580 475 2,248 59,696 10,260 3,112, 734 +329. 3 81,094 2, 500 3, 535 17, 257 9,450 2,879,186 13, 945 2, 515 5, 253 72, 291 24, 570 5, 718, 846 +98. 6 0 1, 500 0 700 3,000 13, 695 , 501,650 +30.8 373 +35. 1 January, 1932 S o u th C e n tra l S ta te s Alabama: Birmingham_____ M o b ile ...____ Montgomery____ Arkansas: Little Rock_____ Kentucky: Ashland _______ Covington_______ L ouisville._______ N e w p o r t_______ Paducah______. . Louisiana: Baton Rouge____ N ew Orleans_____ Shreveport______ Mississippi: Jackson_____ ____ Oklahoma: E n id ___________ Muskogee 1___ . Oklahoma C ity__ Okmulgee_______ T u lsa ...................... Tennessee: Chattanooga_____ Johnson C ity . . . . Knoxville______ M emphis________ Nashville................ Texas: $2, 600 31, 000 14, 800 $13, 960 5.900 7.900 8,000 0 0 67, 500 0 3,000 3 6 11 9 3 8 $3, 650 27,075 2,135 $6, 775 4,100 1, 035 $18, 840 43, 897 26,635 $54, 012 17, 849 23, 590 5.500 5 2 867, 806 1, 775 892,287 18,657 1,000 14, 500 0 0 7 0 1 1 0 5 0 0 135,845 28, 790 20, 400 11, 500 600 610 32, 800 400 850 3,700 140, 320 106, 615 23,100 14, 500 5,410 7, 967 85, 800 5,800 850 11,300 33,550 3, 500 5,700 75,043 5.100 3 14 4 5 14 2 655 11,505 372, 432 468 9,046 375 18, 947 92, 194 389, 296 17, 758 145, 939 20, 589 9,890 19,815 5 8 12,173 33,915 11,100 0 2.500 44, 700 3 14, 760 11 0 13 0 1 12 0 2 751,889 150 6,937 4,110 16, 550 798, 535 236, 930 40, 546 2 1 2 5 5 6 1 5 12 12 12, 700 4,500 5, 220 13, 910 1, 364, 500 76, 000 0 60, 840 34, 000 500 4,800 6, 500 10,200 Amarillo_______. 31,375 Austin________ 24, 039 Beaumont . . . . . 1,000 Brownsville 1 Dallas. ________ 64, 000 El Paso . . . ____ 9,700 Fort Worth____ . 178, 550 Galveston____ 18, 950 Houston_________ 273,650 San Angelo ____ 0 San Antonio 77, 218 Waco __ __ 5, 000 Wichita Falls____ 0 T otal. _____ 1, 041, 562 Per cent of change . . 1 0 0 0 0 6, 100 15.000 1,000 17, 340 30,550 19,950 5,685 0 0 485 0 3,000 9, 500 713,435 236,855 17,440 11 22 1 0 28, 560 10, 660 34, 375 5 8, 791 15,600 43 49, 813 3, 392,458 2 1,462 1,768 2.000 1 84, 925 29 41 230, 895 28, 980 0 3 0 4,085 8,480 68,884 21 29 43, 825 18, 815 29,865 8 13 62, 723 13, 109 186, 000 66 66 73, 500 119, 887 7,350 0 4 1, 060 59, 191 41 35 336, 313 35, 692 23, 700 4 12 2, 765 48, 713 0 0 408, 000 847,768 j 303 357 ' 4, 232, 745 5,221,661 -18. 6 I ----- 1+17.8 j +23. 4 86, 010 7.100 0 0 ___ oj o! 1 Schedule received for the first time, January, 1932; not included in totals. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 27, 000 833.499 150 82,203 68, 025 5,800 15, 780 104, 000 1,392, 653 43,241 81, 924 40.499 366, 740 17, 175 255, 963 87, 521 354, 040 2, 675 445, 591 9, 115 4,4G5 5, 768,288 86, 708 1,000 48, 528 106, 470 95, 482 22, 985 3, 511,636 27, 467 4,675 272, 034 19, 258 118, 732 58, 795 316,137 8,835 112, 584 79, 373 434, 700 6, 838,981 +18.6 635 HOUSING T able 1 0 .—E ST IM A T E D COST OF N E W B U IL D IN G S, OF A D D IT IO N S, A L T E R A T IO N S, A N D R E PA IR S, A N D OF TO TAL B U IL D IN G C O N ST R U C T IO N IN 345 ID E N T IC A L C ITIES, AS SHO W N B Y P E R M IT S ISSU E D IN D E C E M B E R , 1931, A N D JA N U A R Y , 1932, B Y GEO G R A PH IC D IV ISIO N S—Continued M o u n t a in a n d P a c ific S ta te s N ew residential buildings Families provided for in new dwellings Estimated cost State and city Decem ber, 1931 Arizona: Phoenix_________ $36,500 Tucson_________ 13,900 California: 7,000 A lam ed a _______ Alhambra_____ . 41, 500 9,100 Bakersfield______ 13,200 Berkeley________ Fresno.................... 13,750 222, 800 Glendale________ Huntington Park L Long Beach______ 87, 550 Los Angeles______ 1, 076, 669 104, 250 Oakland.................. 72,400 Pasadena________ 28,800 Riverside________ 62, 500 Sacramento______ San Diego_______ 139,300 San Francisco____ 346, 750 27, 695 San Jose_________ 8,500 Santa A n a .. ___ 28,950 Santa Barbara___ Santa M onica.— . 39,876 24, 700 S tock ton ... _____ 2,500 Vallejo................... . Colorado: 3, 300 Colorado Springs.. D enver_________ 111, 500 0 Pueblo__________ Montana: 12,900 Great Falls______ N ew Mexico: 24,500 Albuquerque____ Oregon: 64,450 Portland________ Salem___________ 0 Utah: Ogden _________ 0 17,425 Salt Lake C ity___ Washington: Bellingham.......... . 7, 500 111, 250 Seattle _________ Spokane . . _____ 16,400 14,000 Tacoma_________ T otal___ ______ 2,791,415 Per cent of change___ N ew nonresidential buildings (esti mated cost) Total construction, including altera tions and repairs (estimated cost) January, 1932 De cem ber, 1931 Janu ary, 1932 Decem ber, 1931 January, 1932 Decem ber, 1931 January, 1932 $38, 000 10,240 10 8 9 7 $115,340 2,800 $1,903 1,900 $158,220 31, 678 $46,718 23,005 10,400 31,000 7,950 41,900 10,150 97,250 9,300 65i 800 757, 735 107,150 53, 700 9,900 60,450 98, 650 399,450 32, 335 34,800 2,000 21,800 28,000 0 2 14 3 5 6 44 1,465 275 2,190 1,235 3,750 11,400 270,365 1,150, 501 29, 280 225,173 61,285 23, 860 132, 558 242,472 18, 600 3,400 118, 601 38,484 430,313 0 838 725 89,505 14,715 160, 585 8,225 400 522,242 692,632 83,770 68, 218 100,832 10,075 44,483 231,966 215, 010 20,463 1,905 70 4,385 680 19,475 46,075 27,500 30, 756 51,963 245, 525 32 357 30 11 5 13 39 84 6 2 8 12 7 1 2 8 2 13 4 25 3 22 257 28 12 4 9 38 103 7 7 1 11 5 0 385,125 2,674,723 198,367 320, 759 95,824 114,887 416,914 729, 240 67,180 17,318 151,381 81, 240 458, 578 5,554 18,822 39,400 104, 665 79, 877 196, 286 115,945 12,750 636; 332 1,884,671 242, 544 148,536 119,473 97, 613 205, 492 730, 502 268,075 60, 207 13,255 31,383 46,157 6, 874 6,875 155,000 6,200 3 26 0 2 29 3 2,150 33,340 855 5,442 30,800 5,405 8,430 182,990 5,755 16,162 297,930 14,875 0 3 0 150 750 17,900 5,885 12,000 10 4 18,955 5,450 57,015 24, 600 46,050 3,570 15 0 14 4 1,197,453 660 201,460 35 1,363,855 5,042 399,845 10,731 0 0 0 6 0 0 700 19,146 0 2,325 1,200 75,049 16, 500 25,985 8,800 126, 550 16, 000 16,000 3 40 4 4 5 46 5 9 14,900 42, 200 7, 620 44, 605 0 72, 520 1,350 29, 525 24,910 250,012 42,016 98,690 9,960 285,000 23,810 65,710 2,315,705 -1 7 .0 813 695 -1 4 .5 4, 266,081 2,630,189 —38. 3 8,461,146 6,312,825 —25.4 $167, 391 $232,200 +38.7 $288,617 $358,279 +24.1 H a w a ii Honolulu___ _______ . Per cent of chance $107,387 $111,754 39 65 +4.1 ______+66.7 1 Schedule received for the first time, January, 1932; not included in totals. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 636 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW B u ild in g P e r m it s in P r in c ip a l C itie s , 1931: G e n e r a l S u m m a r y HE Bureau of Labor Statistics presents in this article summary data as to building permits for 311 identical cities having a population of 25,000 or over, for which reports were received for the calendar years 1930 and 1931. In studying the following tables it should be borne in mind that the costs shown include the costs of the buildings only; no land costs are included. The costs are as stated by the prospective builder in applying for his permit to build. Reports cover only the corporate limits of the cities enumerated. The States of Illinois, Massachu setts, New York, New Jersey, and Pennsylvania, through their departments of labor, are cooperating with the Bureau of Labor Statistics in the collection of these data. Table 1 shows the estimated cost of new residential buildings, new nonresidential buildings, additions, alterations, and repairs, and of total building operations in 311 identical cities of the United States having a population of 25,000 or over, by geographic divisions, for the calendar years 1930 and 1931. T T a b l e 1 .— E ST IM A T E D COST OP N E W B U IL D IN G S, OF A D D IT IO N S , A L T E R A T IO N S, A N D R E PA IR S. A N D OF TO T A L B U IL D IN G C O N ST R U C T IO N IN 311 ID E N T IC A L CITIES, AS SHO W N BY P E R M IT S ISSU E D IN 1930 A N D 1931, B Y GEO G R A PH IC D IV ISIO N S N ew residential buildings Geographic division Estimated cost 1930 N ew nonresidential Families provided buildings, estimated cost for in new dwellings 1931 1930 1931 1930 N ew England _____________ $46, 241, 528 M iddle A tlantic______________ 250, 055,101 123, 125, 354 East North Central- - - - - - West North Central__ - ______ 31, 448,130 South Atlantic____________ --- 37, 971, 134 South Central_________ ______ 48, 245, 833 88, 813, 906 M ountain and Pacific -- - $36, 447,870 206, 090, 707 51, 068, 272 23, 589,173 40, 241, 944 27, 444, 163 56, 924, 447 7, 211 48, 641 20, 480 7, 210 7, 609 13, 673 25, 679 6, 757 44, 837 10, 234 6,198 8,644 8,439 16, 950 $75, 602, 766 308,847, 779 190, 442,123 53, 331, 944 74, 347, 354 79,662, 664 97, 643, 772 $61, 998, 899 253,145, 275 129,912, 385 42,823, 966 50, 334, 018 52,817, 954 57, 555, 087 T otal----------------------------- 625, 900, 986 Per cent of change, 1930 to 1931 441, 806, 576 -2 9 .4 130, 503 102, 059 -2 1 .8 879, 878, 402 648, 587, 584 -2 6 .3 Additions, alterations, and repairs, estimated cost 1931 Total construction, estimated cost Geographic division N um ber of cities 1931 1930 1931 Per cent of change New England-_ _________ $27, 074, 582 M iddle Atlantic ____ ____ 98, 536, 667 East North Central____ 47, 642,176 West North C e n t r a l __ _ 15,480, 609 23, 562, 663 South A tlantic--- --- ________ 16, 843, 397 South Central___ ________ Mountain and Pacific_________ 31, 225, 184 $19, 617, 078 77, 597, 736 33, 794, 882 11,156,682 21, 533, 385 11,183, 257 22,185, 572 $148, 918, 876 657, 439, 547 361, 209, 653 100, 260, 683 135, 881, 151 144, 751, 894 217,682, 862 $118, 063, 847 536, 833, 718 214, 775, 539 77,569, 821 112,109, 347 91,445, 37.4 136,665, 106 -2 0 .7 -1 8 . 3 -4 0 . 5 -2 2 .6 -1 7 . 5 -3 6 .8 -3 7 . 2 49 67 78 24 34 31 28 Tot&l 260, 365, 278 Per cent of change, 1930 to 1931__ 197, 068, 592 -2 4 . 3 1, 766,144, 666 1, 287, 462, 752 -2 7 . 1 311 1930 Permits issued in these 311 cities during the calendar year 1931 indicate an expenditure for total building operations of $1,287,462,752. This is 27.1 per cent less than the estimated cost of all building operations in these cities during the calendar year 1930. Decreases https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 637 HOUSING in total building operations were shown in each of the seven geographic divisions, ranging from 17.5 per cent in the South Atlantic States to 40.5 per cent in the East North Central States. There was a decrease in the estimated cost of new residential buildings in these 311 cities of 29.4 per cent, comparing the year 1931 with the year 1930. The South Atlantic was the only geographic division showing an increase in residential buildings. The decreases in the other six geographic divisions ranged from a low of 17;6 per cent in the Middle Atlantic States to a high of 58.5 per cent in the East North Central States. Estimated expenditures for new nonresidential buildings decreased 26.3 per cent in 1931, as compared with 1930. The seven geographic divisions each showed decreases in this class of structure. The smallest decrease, 18.0 per cent, was shown in both the New England and Middle Atlantic States. The highest decrease, 41.1 per cent, was shown in the Mountain and Pacific States. Estimated costs of additions, alterations, and repairs decreased 24.3 per cent, comparing the year 1931 with the year 1930. De creases occurred in each of the seven geographic divisions. The South Atlantic States showed the smallest percentage of decrease, 8.6, while the South Central States showed the largest percentage of decrease, 33.6. Table 2 shows the value of contracts awarded for public buildings by the different agencies of the United States Government and by the different State governments for the calendar year 1931, by geographic divisions. T able 2.—C O N TRA C TS FOR PU B L IC B U IL D IN G S LET B Y T H E U N IT E D ST A TES GOV E R N M E N T A N D B Y STA TE G O V E R N M E N T S, C A L E N D A R Y E A R 1931, B Y GEOGRAPHIC D IV ISIO N S Contracts let by— Geographic division N ew E n g la n d ______ ____ __ ---_____ M iddle Atlantic _ __ ___ _ ________ East North C e n tr a l-_____ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ ______ West North Central____ _______ ____ South Atlantic______ ___ ___ ____ ______ _ _ _ __ _ _ ___ South Central ______ ______ .. _ _ _______ Mountain and Pacific............... ....................... _ - -. ---------Total— _____________________________________________________ Federal Gov ernment $10, 980, 717 25, 829, 946 24, 900, 101 8, 322, 441 35,889, 204 17, 425, 064 17, 755,172 141,102,645 State govern ments $10, 562, 680 45, 525, 601 8, 445, 942 5, 489, 203 4, 415, 778 4, 617, 261 4, 876, 424 83, 932, 889 During the calendar year, 1931, the agencies of the Federal Govern ment from which reports were received awarded contracts for building operations to cost $141,102,645. The contracts were issued by the following Federal agencies: United States Capitol Architect; Bureau of Yards and Docks, Navy Department; Supervising Architect, Treasury Department; United States Veterans’ Bureau; and the Office of Public Buildings and Public Parks. The contracts awarded by the various State governments during the year 1931 totaled $83,932,889. The cost of contracts by the Federal Government or by State governments for buildings in cities having a population of 25,000 or over is included in Tables 1 and 3. Table 3 shows the estimated cost of new residential buildings, new nonresidential buildings, and total building operations, together with the number of families provided for in each of the 311 cities for the calendar years 1930 and 1931. 103146°— 32------10 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 638 MONTHLY LABOR R EV IEW Reports were received from 49 cities in the New England States; from 67 cities in the Middle Atlantic States; from 78 cities in the East North Central States; from 24 cities in the West North Central States; from 34 cities in the South Atlantic States; from 31 cities in the South Central States; and from 28 cities in the Mountain and Pacific States. T l h LA 3 'V ^ ® Ti M A T E D C 0 S T OF N E W R E S ID E N T IA L B U IL D IN G S, N E W N O N R E ST D F V AND"Iffll B Y W lT Y T 0 T A L C O N ST R U C TIO N , A N D FA M ILIE S P R O V ID E D FOR, 1930 N e w E n g la n d S ta te s New residential buildings State and city Connecticut: Bridgeport_______ Greenwich_______ Hartford_________ Meriden_________ N ew B rita in ..____ N ew H aven______ N ew London_____ Norwalk_________ Stamford_________ Waterbury_______ Maine: Bangor___________ Lewiston_________ Portland__________ Massachusetts: Boston 1__________ Brockton_________ Brookline_________ Cambridge________ Chelsea___________ Chicopee__________ Everett___________ Fall River________ Fitchburg_________ Haverhill_________ Holyoke__________ Lawrence_________ Lowell____________ L ynn_____________ M alden___________ Medford__________ N ew Bedford______ Newton___________ Pittsfield__________ Quincy____________ Revere____________ Salem_____________ Somerville_________ Springfield________ Taunton__________ W altham__________ Watertown________ Worcester_________ N ew Hampshire: Manchester_______ Rhode Island: Central Falls______ Cranston__________ East Providence___ Newport__________ Pawtucket________ Providence________ Woonsocket_______ Estimated cost Families provided for in new dwellings 1930 1930 1931 $1,447,47, $1, 723.75C 2,860, 20i 1,191, 501 623, 30i 546,100 282, 901 212, 850 313, 60C 170, 700 1, 587, 80C 2, 729,150 456, 681 294, 50C 1, 296, 75C 941, 650 971,10C 685, 70C 474,100 322, 700 155,100 151, 000 480,480 216,600 158, 700 404, 510 351 201 61 6" 42 23S 7C 165 10! 101 46 31 110 Estimated cost of new nonresidential buildings Estimated cost of total construction, i n c l u d i n g alter ations and repairs 1931 1931 449 $732, 573 104 769, 605 116 4, 299, 898 45 327,122 27 406, 310 166 13,621,153 56 2,605, 555 160 736, 222 108 1, 292, 545 80 1, 217, 324 62 39 93 $570, 370 $2, 618, 633, 000 4, 335, 2,986, 675 6, 364, 879, 343 817, 678, 344 896, 6,153, 846 15,924, 1, 960, 873 3,138, 120,108 2, 365, 150,140 2, 621, 656, 202 2, 037, 377, 650 1, 010, 600 690, 586 213, 387 97, 925 598,581 560, 375 465, 262 1,199, 900 335,575 1,567,156 1,254,239 6,226, 700 7,462, 760 1,415 1,796 12,927, 294 395, 401 368,050 69 76 417, 720 2, 294, 500 1, 229, 500 231 93 952, 460 5, 547,143 1, 057, 850 159 137 4,402, 047 26, 50C 76, 700 6 16 108, 895 167, 200 106, 800 57 31 115, 360 183, 60C 148,900 53 45 1,185, 385 119, 490 28, 700 33 9 856, 786 108, 500 66, 950 22 18 732, 950' 111,975 45, 600 38 22 108, 835 208, 000 188, 000 37 24 1, 205, 620 70, 000 67,100 19 14 307,137 179, 900 203,450 42 41 581, 530 507, 600 707, 985 103 122 1, 924, 066 453, 500 602, 465 99 147 498, 305 1,280, 200 1, 403, 500 249 315 247, 660 123, 000 82, 500 15 14 654, 593 3,666, 400 3, 348,450 346 368 1, 223, 298 994,150 758, 250 185 157 678,118 1,187,125 891, 600 288 224 1, 204, 848 233, 500 124, 500 58 32 163, 950 330, 600 389,100 56 68 426, 415 165, 500 197, 700 49 51 932, 877 1, 200, 600 798, 275 284 192 3, 719, 508 95, 650 45, 750 27 17 56, 719 577,900 433, 850 124 84 1,085,110 437,100 603, 500 84 98 437, 270 1,603,425 1,301,950 294 225 3,437,872 21,454, 786 278, 864 506, 565 3,201, 639 179, 375 421, 689 1,189, 001 515, 499 25, 361 225, 800 401, 800 526, 523 261, 280 433, 320 195, 007 719, 875 210, 750 1,193, 002 481, 379 416, 035 53,435 186, 310 560, 805 1, 769, 350 189, 241 174, 665 1,127, 590 3, 716,175 26, 906, 300 33,968,003 1,113,417 829, 989 3, 687, 061 1,907,681 11,062, 711 4, 991, 235 202, 535 393, 338 354, 935 590, 314 1, 532, 490 1,447, 251 1,188, 691 697,105 879, 320 262, 286 340, 860 362, 689 1, 702, 995 766,175 617, 922 892, 476 1,146, 909 626, 875 2, 972, 201 1, 520, 597 1,133, 275 984,609 1, 656, 066 2, 242, 522 982, 463 471, 230 5,870,127 4, 881, 874 1, 854,171 1, 623, 306 2, 723, 641 1, 782, 920 702,101 279, 675 1,162, 440 942, 223 1, 380, 406 979, 765 5, 703, 263 2,948,114 596,841' 385, 627 1,806, 011 856, 763 964, 360 1, 840,400 6, 341, 063 5, 591, 791 250, 260 185,450 86 68 270,925 65, 500 1, 222, 300 728, 775 563, 600 679, 600 3,073, 500 62, 350 38,100 1, 008, 800 459, 825 205, 900 464,150 1, 681, 000 66, 500 22 273 133 45 149 446 22 11 227 92 45 75 282 16 58, 680 291,470 301, 065 302, 410 833, 745 4, 720,480 144, 220 333, 985 17, 597, 372, 268, 304, 3, 620, 170, 764, 802 164, 545 1, 596, 555 1, 273, 938 1, 186, 545 1, 847,125 10,742,334 311,816 Total, N ew Eng land___________ 16, 241, 528 36,447, 870 7, 211 6,757 75, 602, 766 61,998,899 148,918,876 Per cent of change_____ —21. 2 -1 8 .0 1 Applications filed. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 753,354 239, 760 846, 875 205, 773 999, 902 490, 991 326, 043 443, 818 035,450 186, 827 825, 633 639 HOUSING T able 3 —E ST IM A T E D COST OF N E W R E S ID E N T IA L B U IL D IN G S, N E W N O N R E S ID E N - T IA L B U IL D IN G S , TO T A L C O N ST R U C TIO N , A N D FA M ILIE S P R O V ID E D FOR, 1930 A N D 1931, BY C ITY—Continued M i d d le A t l a n t i c S ta te s N ew residential buildings State and city Estimated cost 1930 N ew Jersey: Atlantic C ity -. Bayonne ______ Bloomfield Camden______ C lifton _______ East Orange-- -Elizabeth. _ Hoboken____ - Irvington------ - -Jersey C ity--------Kearny__________ M ontclair-____-Newark __ N ew Brunswick, Orange___________ Passaic.-- ______ Paterson .. ___ -Perth Amboy______ Plainfield____ ___ Trenton _____ Union City - West N ew York— N ew York: Albany__________ Amsterdam__ _ Auburn ___ - Binghamton . . Buffalo____ Elmira— __ ____ Jamestown_____ Kingston - - - - M ount Vernon Newburgh - -----N ew Rochelle— — N ew York—• The Bronx 1___ B rooklyn1-- — Manhattan 1----Queens1--- ---Richmond 1 ---Niagara Falls----- Poughkeepsie - _ Rochester-- - ------Schenectady. — — Syracuse..- — _ T r o y ____________ Utica________ Watertown----- -----White Plains---- -Y onkers_______ Pennsylvania: Allentown------------Altoona-. _ ---------Bethlehem — - - Butler------------------Chester Easton— _ — _ Erie.-. --_ ----------Harrisburg- Hazleton — Johnstown . Lancaster.------Lebanon McKeesport-------N ew Castle Norristown, Philadelphia _____ Pittsburgh________ 1931 Families provided for in new dwellings 1930 1931 1930 1931 Estimated cost of total construction, including altera tions and rerepairs 1930 1931 $264,615 50 448, 050 16 213 733, 500 52 1,651, 272 208 336, 770 46 1, 694, 938 157 1, 514, 900 40 280, 025 99 1,164,780 183 10,407, 265 393,427 67 99 654,170 357 6, 657,138 630, 590 16 567, 620 9 12 1, 526, 972 722, 619 99 20 853, 227 92 727,842 50 1,810, 527 487, 300 57 114, 700 14 $130, 327 $1,400, 607 $842,991 299, 373 791, 750 447, 774 465, 200 2,460, 000 1, 557, 300 816,315 2, 582,097 1,130,140 301, 679 1,492,435 1, 296, 519 726, 656 2, 627, 236 1,411, 280 1,714,900 2, 383,900 2, 347,900 239, 810 827, 763 567, 297 975, 373 1, 700, 480 1, 749, 092 690,146 12,167, 252 1, 990, 778 842, 832 458, 398 758, 993 146,246 1,939, 867 1, 387,100 2,612,017 12,379,194 6,455, 993 970, 260 407, 532 40,856 487, 271 119, 268 1, 527,847 208, 935 2,098, 698 604,165 557,630 2, 088,193 1, 547, 540 48,674 1, 245,477 237, 587 375, 711 1, 643, 295 1, 341, 833 1,471, 767 2,448, 741 2, 420, 861 887, 265 1,074, 899 733, 698 19, 800 241, 025 181, 798 4,720, 555 838,175 567, 290 1,003, 563 9,975, 375 864,424 152, 260 453,115 679, 713 844,417 1, 698,479 3, 279,082 9, 004, 273 6, 060, 801 82, 565 991,900 219, 815 2,860, 801 1,134,013 3,145, 221 108, 008 2, 255,199 969,397 5,102, 529 14, 824, 861 9, 338,432 778, 533 1,826,173 1,099, 546 441, 380 782,854 739, 769 862,132 1,032, 894 640, 527 1, 394, 530 4,197,164 3, 818,877 1, 350,458 1, 217, 847 1, 536,445 641,121 5, 668, 994 4, 340,041 35,937,452 7,012 8, 537 19, 563,659 43,941,875 9, 275 10, 837 18, 761,510 18, 873,000 8,669 2,585 107, 533, 888 53, 985, 538 10, 495 12,716 26, 357, 323 731 1, 061 3,156, 563 3,684, 090 164 1,900, 533 218 707, 290 63, 582 48 484, 000 66 262 1,192, 40C 166 4, 252, 329 477,975 169 90 3,481,290 432 26C 1, 709, 818 1, 345, 30C 121 2, 239, 961 9t 1, 236, 090 82 517, 821 425, 25C 90 U 22 147,005 93,325 297 2, 010, 36f 276 2,466, 249 2, 037,532 1,042 1, 021 6,937,165 25,606,925 56,115,642 65, 399, 250 19,334,126 70, 631,906 75, 534,443 94,267,255 198,445,431 137,371,067 15, 352, 899 77, 343, 961 76, 754, 035 2, 764, 736 7,628, 849 7, 805, 281 172,860 3, 735, 648 1, 249, 013 744, 667 2, 572, 308 1,929, 395 4,227, 737 8,011,253 6, 303,172 433, 055 5, 338, 906 1, 299, 668 4, 007, 180 5, 398, 584 6, 999, 959 682, 755 3, 023, 593 2, 201, 274 466, 023 1,349, 917 1,134,236 434, 825 37, 030 266,121 4, 032, 530 6,179,319 6, 334,160 2,520, 710 9, 887, 352 10, 013, 915 29 104 344 159 247 85 222 4 102 238 103 69 750 21 96 24 139 32 81 38 41 2 $149,150 230, 800 1,483, 500 486, 900 1,088,150 504, 900 842, 000 27, 500 449, 850 888, 000 404, 000 930,950 3, 542,190 97,400 662, 500 163, 500 583, 500 144, 950 656, 334 203, 700 170,000 16,000 $216, 673 35, 500 1,010, 500 124, 300 911, 500 253,450 628,000 100,000 442,112 605, 800 267, 300 1, 094, 440 1, 701, 300 99,833 85, 856 57, 500 417, 750 97, 570 719, 550 404,150 115,000 36, 800 2,834, 700 128,000 496,150 677,130 3,493, 465 740,150 415, 962 217, 800 2,922,900 153,850 3,112,646 311 217 1,916,490 26 17 100, 200 39 28 173, 200 161 90 370, 675 3,212, 475 1,072 1,029 40 32 135, 917 93 36 144, 700 41 52 232, 400 481 303 2,095,100 23 18 104, 800 228 191 2, 788, 050 29,348,900 41, 545,100 59, 269, 000 44, 779, 260 3,169,125 905, 775 35!, 900 2, 356, 940 1, 351, 300 2, 501,90C 542, 250 563, 350 58, 800 3,138,100 7, 078, 600 Estimated cost of new nonresidential buildings 968, 261 427, 569 2,270, 422 750, 855 277, 200 97 45 858, 40( 745, 356 465,150 1,369, 459 35 616, 503 129,871 75 477, 550 442, 569 531, 770 120, 375 1,065, 400 35 6i 379,125 220, 700 197,022 78, 250 31, 650 78, 00C 21 13,100 4 63, 075 681, 320 563, 275 1,139, 061 817, 636 3' 11 49, 000 124, 400 568, 981 184, 867 58, 238 121, 007 15 6 244, 700 59,167 944, 874 3, 302, 453 2, 711,048 22] 1, 287,461 888,900 201 1,150, 400 631, 637 2,518, 808 2, 001, 061 55 1, 037, 68] 848,958 77 845, 750 498, 278 548, 771 348, 691 22 177, 94' 94, 718 27 210, 512 605, 368 418, 460 695, 520 323,17( 18 1( 91, 800 70, 050 537, 823 165, 643 1,380, 976 28 489, 705 41 634, 301 106, 40( 744, 625 153,450 31, 90C 21 528, 525 12 143, 40C 105, 500 631,890 177, 873 1,051, 533 5' 317, 608 442, 400 281,15C s: 521, 895 246, 885 47, 315 41 3C 126, 05C 325, 000 153, 25C 781,978 440, 795 1, 331, 052 633, 255 80 30 479,200 199,295 8,902,100 5, 298,975 1, 74' 1,028 34,850,05f 26, 006, 8L 53,141, 770 35, 265,216 911 9,955, 505 12, 578,88' 20, 729, 727119, 386,135 6,620,135) 4,050, 735 1, 341 1 Applications filed, https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 640 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW T a b l e 3 .—E S T IM A T E D COST OF N E W R E S ID E N T IA L B U IL D IN G S , N E W N O N R E S ID E N - TIAL B U IL D IN G S , T O T A L C O N ST R U C T IO N , A N D FA M IL IE S P R O V ID E D FO R 1930 A N D 1931, B Y C IT Y —Continued M i d d le A t l a n t i c S ta te s — Continued N ew residential buildings State and city Pennsyl vania—C on. Reading___ _____ Scranton______ . . . Wilkes-Barre Wilkinsburg Williamsport. _ Y ork................ Estimated cost Families provided for in new dwellings 1930 1930 1931 $740,250 373,125 152, 602 392, 750 247, 000 278, 300 $383,100 281, 924 71,174 143, 500 73, 930 260,100 119 49 39 79 36 56 1931 Estimated cost of new nonresidential buildings 1930 1931 Estimated cost of total construction, including altera tions and repairs 1930 1931 49 $1,190, 406 $1, 940,422 $2, 473, 571 $2,772, 226 63 2,061,820 587, 712 3,189, 548 1, 377, 650 37 1,225, 594 751,057 1,668, 716 1,170, 036 31 217, 714 77, 040 842, 215 347, 217 20 860,117 386, 203 1,278, 302 618, 555 45 1,020, 718 276,160 1, 678, 736 792, 003 Total, M iddle A t lantic ____ 250, 055,101 206, 090, 707 48, 641 44,837 308,847,779 253,145,275 657,439,547 536,833,718 Per cent of change.. -1 7 .6 - 7 .8 -1 8 .0 -1 8 .3 E a s t N o r th C e n tra l S ta te s Illinois: A lton_______ Aurora______ Belleville____ Bloomington.. Chicago_____ Cicero_______ Danville_____ Decatur_____ East St. Louis. E lgin________ E vanston____ .1oliet________ Moline______ Oak Park____ Peoria_______ Quincy______ Rockford_____ Rock Island__ Springfield___ Indiana: Anderson____ East Chicago.. Elkhart______ E vansville___ Fort W a y n e... Gary_________ Hamm ond___ Indianapolis... Kokomo_____ Marion______ M uncie______ Richmond____ South Bend__ Terre H a u te ... Michigan: Battle C reek... Bay C ity ------D etroit_______ Flint_________ Grand R apids. Hamtramck__ Highland Park. Jackson______ Kalamazoo___ Lansing......... . M uskegon____ Pontiac______ Port Huron___ Saginaw______ Ohio: Akron________ Ashtabula____ Canton_______ Cincinnati........ https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis $377, 623 411, 594 481, 850 374, 000 25,871, 750 373, 300 199, 693 408, 900 696, 430 354, 05( 939, 000 590, 500 530, 770 455, 300 1,832, 550 624,400 1, 233, 200 454,100 654,150 400, 550 159, 026 203, 440 667, 050 1, 554, 425 519, 800 596, 580 2, 737, 430 49, 070 33, 550 152, 267 223, 050 1, 390, 950 188, 000 $160,073 58 181,002 82 283, 070 107 130, 000 68 6, 624, 630 2,741 155, 300 57 62, 600 47 280, 600 79 366, 204 207 228, 940 72 551, 000 63 334,800 88 259, 750 112 331, 400 55 1,176, 780 408 64, 700 68 277, 700 341 177, 750 132 670, 687 151 22 $432, 017 $151,849 $1,096, 697 $479, 793 35 715, 296 1,032, 065 1,401,762 1,404,177 81 241, 952 110, 960 748, 892 421, 610 2 278, 648 557, 700 700, 648 711, 700 966 54, 615, 250 54,121, 650 85, 749,167 66, 693, 556 23 533, 641 821, 035 1,117,349 1,070, 903 18 85,835 58, 500 378, 347 280, 954 45 1,476, 245 427, 430 1,991,015 781,190 140 542, 310 584,884 1,364,613 1,052, 463 44 245, 758 236, 015 735, 716 611, 257 36 1, 308, 250 1,928, 500 3,103, 450 3,251,250 50 1,415, 915 357,119 2,471,040 1,024,864 61 660,158 122, 689 1,381,154 506, 962 27 1, 203, 350 797,450 1, 861,455 1,249, 283 259 1,152,840 931, 212 3,436, 495 2, 515, 070 24 373, 474 1, 358, 505 1,031, 674 1,446, 665 73 997, 560 70, 037 2,907, 530 647, 062 52 158,141 249, 229 1, 328, 208 593, 935 156 2, 063, 963 1,147,014 3,179,424 2, 329, 262 152, 570 11, 200 72, 900 366, 685 739, 450 198, 300 155,480 2,006, 800 11, 500 19, 380 76, 300 92,000 216, 025 50, 250 43 3 16 97 155 56 40 399 4 12 34 25 54 18 51 37 43 174 313 131 152 615 17 18 47 76 193 50 131,844 1,447,418 209, 814 675, 959 1,065, 377 334, 360 1,077, 611 3,447, 740 92, 329 236, 375 172,132 321,340 1, 995,485 281,890 271, 300 106, 200 72 27 3, 590, 215 306, 500 196, 000 54 57 505, 342 22, 755, 238 10,569, 547 4,084 2,135 19, 074, 600 1, 664, 663 740, 804 360 128 1, 776,198 861, 900 399,100 231 113 1,151,835 78, 700 6,000 21 2 1,066, 410 337, 000 8,500 5 1 179, 225 286, 500 94, 075 61 17 108, 750 468, 725 238, 000 102 65 466, 451 533, 189 175, 975 137 43 1,157, 696 234, 450 76,800 81 28 721, 382 175, 340 10,000 50 6 1,000, 720 73, 550 99, 525 32 47 32, 565 566,517 151, 760 193 58 1,758, 291 4,919, 330 105, 900 501, 500 15, 273, 482 42,100 513, 318 127, 698 589, 622 2,132, 909 634,120 3,059, 498 6, 535, 572 95, 744 51, 665 262, 074 493,800 962, 364 53, 492 610,162 1,801,145 527, 274 1,761,184 3, 099, 086 1,176, 840 1,875, 733 7,451, 293 262, 965 393, 204 443,863 621, 652 3, 708, 609 686, 610 311, 715 604, 954 290, 986 1.187, 550 3.187, 530 982,885 3,314, 474 9,338, 800 245, 673 146, 631 449, 434 646, 000 1, 328, 615 227, 507 573, 290 3,963, 605 835,165 1,269, 864 8, 739, 477 48, 369, 293 902,197 3, 993, 708 402,150 2, 921, 975 45, 810 1,298, 536 36,135 624, 440 225, 948 697, 792 684, 859 1,171, 550 801, 767 2,064, 747 307, 002 1,195, 423 261,040 1,280,121 194, 385 149, 290 222, 962 2, 690,423 742,177 618,960 435,193 965, 673 147, 250 120, 785 117, 290 409, 580 084,828 209, 057 448, 612 341, 399 352, 585 485, 270 514, 775 372 105 2,989,455 586, 205 8,776,754 1, 938,716 61,850 29 17 153, 730 100, 706 344,835 219,028 102,250 95 21 874, 674 359, 865 1,585,196 639,946 6, 69'1, 790 1, 693 1,235 16, 252, 970 12, 521, 445 33,160, 609 21, 467, 200 641 H O U SIN G T'artf E ST IM A T E D COST OF N E W R E S ID E N T IA L B U IL D IN G S , N E W N O N R E S ID E N TIA L B U IL D IN G S7 TO TAL C O N ST R U C TIO N , A N D FA M ILIE S P R O V ID E D FOR, 1930 A N D 1931, B Y CITY—Continued E a s t N o r th C e n tra l S ta te s — Continued N ew residential buildings State and city Estimated cost 1931 1930 Estimated cost of new nonresidential buildings Families provided for in new dwellings 1930 1931 1930 Estimated total con struction, includin ? alterations anc repairs 1931 1930 1931 Ohio—Continued. 511 $21,037,067 $4,614,674 $32, 554,467 $11,991,074 Cleveland _______ $6, 202, 300 $2,592, 700 1,176 300 1,413, 650 1,156, 750 5,616,100 3,369,450 575 Columbus_________ 3,188,400 1,678, 700 173 4,259,166 1, 735, 663 5,958, 274 2,895,432 213 746,812 913, 775 Dayton _________ 761,906 843,404 730, 937 85, 689 1 56 5,000 712, 200 East Cleveland-----467,472 283,163 1, 552, 153 937, 064 23 81 90,900 361,950 Hamilton ______ 797,424 1,481,992 273, 670 369, 398 88 248 469, 80C 1,039, 800 Cake wood________ 100, 294 12,380 1,017, 506 867, 947 3 11 9, 20C 51, 300 Lima _ _________ 278,019 652,133 137,619 334, 373 30 83 103,925 276, 050 Lorain _______ 744,446 717,838 246,885 158, 767 81 97 450, 05C 437, 850 M ansfield______ 24, 398 612,110 12,360 537, 925 1 14 3,000 49, 800 Marion __ ______ 176, 600 225, 215 114, 250 126,070 20 29 48, 350 75, 900 Newark ________ 451, 459 373, 942 411, 023 168, 496 2 31 3,80( 158, 650 Portsm ou th______ 777,155 1,193, 852 885,104 245,180 40 91 188, 650 409, 500 Springfield______203, 340 835, 345 55, 565 406, 570 28 68 101,800 300, 500 Steubenville ______ 135 6,367, 638 1,086, 314 10,404, 771 2, 294,985 612,500 372 1,454, 435 T o le d o ___________ 334, 835 678, 340 101,835 171,845 30 93 123, 675 310, 245 W arren _____459, 054 2,801, 434 1,463, 711 84 1,678, 782 362,750 163 729,405 Youngstown _____ 345,095 213, 039 274,928 97,414 20 39 50,125 ; 99, 750 Zanesville________ Wisconsin: 376, 736 399, 608 176, 234 113,431 42 144,325j 37 211, 500 Fond du Lac____ 959, 061 289, 045 1, 368, 558 706, 235 141 474,600 113 422,150 Green Pay _______ 646, 369 351, 565 1,483,907 569,843 20 153,100 78 757, 030 Kenosha ________ 384, 272 2, 34 ,852 1, 344, 877 935, 361 135 710,300, 179 1,086, 050 Madison ______ 92S 11,880,438 5,388,843 25,285, 322 12,634, 264 Milwaukee________ 6,961, 332 4,319,900 1,729 712, 335 746, 297 460, 075 334, 541 52 150,833j 60 233,955 Oshkosh _______ 3,924, 208 1, 756, 596 47 2, 533, 968 1,288, 25 298,400: 17^ 877, 445 Racine - -- -1, 111, 104 1, 407,165 433, 561 574, 019 7 C 369,900 98 486, 500 Sheboygan. . . 262,146 969,101 130, 13t 680, 460 2C 76,400| 47 165,450 Superior---------------Total, East North 209, 653 214 775 539 Central ____ 123,125,354 51,068, 272 20,48C 10,23^ 190,442,123 129,912,38, 361, -4 0 .5 —31. ______ -5 8 .5 - 5 0 . 0 _________ 1 1 W e st N o r th C e n tra l S ta te s Iowa: Burlington____ Cedar R apids.. Council Bluffs. Davenport-----Des Moines— Dubuque------Ottumwa____ Sioux C ity----Waterloo_____ Kansas: Hutchinson__ Kansas C ity ... Topeka---------Wichita______ Minnesota: D ulu th---------M inneapolis... St. P a u l.......... Missouri: Joplin_______ Kansas C ity .. Springfield----St. Joseph___ St. Louis.......... Nebraska: Lincoln--------Omaha______ South Dakota: Sioux Falls---Central___ Per cent of change. $91, 230 345, 700 111, 000 1,5011490 i; 106', 895 ' 319, 986 214' 800 2 ,015Ì 500 485,025 $65, 725 470, 005 119, 500 485,920 1, 226, 595 202, 977 243, 400 782, 950 446, 975 18 91 32 168 225 62 48 179 137 21 139 41 128 323 56 61 222 111 $543,935 1, 210, 337 465, 250 509, 386 2, 620, 645 1,000, 066 219,100 1,075, 000 578, 950 $126, 285 844,957 207,100 213, 732 1,429, 352 119, 782 187, 375 516, 605 214, 543 $813,875 2,032, 213 769, 550 2,462, 330 4,011,153 1,480, 369 527,460 3,411,875 1, iyi, 385 392,485 521,800 426,800 2,855,140 166,125 262, 000 341,150 997, 780 105 187 92 736 62 127 81 304 1, 321,789 714, 645 1,882,853 2,953,415 114,823 331, 811 1, 848, 335 1,102,834 326, 539 1,894, Oil 1, 35U, U53 667,172 2,425,138 2,305, 468 6,307,617 2,340, 208 275,805 5,126, 205 2,830, 632 95 82 369,386 4,941,625 1,355 1,265 397 402 2,078,910 1,090,010 5,668,910 6, 232,388 119, 715 2,167,954 5,978, 305 13,449,340 9,135, 567 10,682,039 146, 700 4,025, 500 ' 306,825 246, 550 5, 710, 520 28 36 69, 800 423 864 1, 572, 500 9f 116 231,150 4C 96 108, 500 5, 512, 337 1,618 1,491 492,318 9, 740, 041 359, 740 1,166,861 8, 336, 667 529,483 843,939 382,303 4,920,150 15,663, 491 8, 290, 500 1,861, 605 1,115, 225 2,282,635 431, 303. 203, 235 1,619, 511 9, 096, 518 17,321,832 16,619,809 $245,206 1, 606,422 439, 800 1, 252,421 3, 032,641 482,103 607, 675 1, 571,425 783, 593 948,488 552,450 906, 775 642,925 1,370,675 98 208 114 334 902, 692 3,479, 797 930,896 1,891,438 1, 597,734 1, 744, 736 5,121,226 3,914, 556 932, 317 880, 263 255 232 767,149 1, 046,700 2, 001,363 2,106,272 821 . 31,448,13C 23,589,173 7 ,21C 6,198 53,331,944 42,823,966 100, 260,683 77, 569, - 22.6 -19. -25. ___ —14. ______ https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 642 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW T able 3.—E S T IM A T E D COST OF N E W R E S ID E N T IA L B U IL D IN G S, N E W N O N R E S ID E N T#9 T k L C O N ST R U C TIO N , A N D F A M IL IE S P R O V ID E D FOR, 1930 A N D 1931, B Y C ITY—Continued S o u th A tl a n t ic S ta te s N ew residential buildings State and city Delaware: Wilmington_____ District of Columbia: Washington_____ Florida: Jacksonville_____ M iam i__________ St. Petersburg___ Tampa_____ ____ Georgia: Atlanta_________ Augusta_________ Columbus_______ Macon__________ Savannah________ Maryland: Baltimore_______ Cumberland_____ Hagerstown______ North Carolina: Asheville________ Charlotte________ Durham_________ Greensboro______ W ilmington_____ Winston-Salem___ South Carolina: Charleston_______ Columbia_______ Greenville.______ Virginia: Lynchburg______ Newport N ew s___ Norfolk__________ Petersburg_______ Portsmouth______ Richmond_______ Roanoke_________ West Virginia: Charleston_______ Clarksburg_______ Huntington______ Wheeling________ Total, South A t lantic_________ Per cent of change___. . . Estimated cost Families provided for in new dwellings 1930 1930 1931 Estimated cost of new nonresidential buildings 1931 1931 Estimated cost of total construction, including altera tions and repairs 1930 1931 $1, 861, 070 $1, 054, 050 217 $2, 347,741 $1, 360,212 $4,917,012 3, 297, 387 14,987,000 20, 626,489 1,962 3,606 28,151, 738 26,421,864 48, 823,891 52, 588,151 488,075 461, 550 186 160 1,134, 200 739,190 2, 410, 265 1, 847, 400 467, 650 604, 405 114 167 628, 550 1,652, 848 1, 916, 885 3,096, 649 412, 700 373, 300 73 160, 650 91, 300 797,400 676,994 151, 730 140,975 91 65 819, 575 270, 865 1, 302, 740, 820 6' 1,680, 504 336, 010 272, 525 82, 235 343.150 1, 063,185 148, 789 91, 650 91, 725 232, 600 7,240,800 157,112 233,000 8,363,000 1,484 1,953 12,826,185 73, 535 47 24 45, 814 121, 250 43 33 298, 064 714 124 91 45 94 423 77 36 41 94 5,203,175 170, 094 338, 577 413, 605 623, 890 1, 223, 365 430, 767 83, 604 86, 860 46, 607 8,445, 3,470, 577 715, 330 732, 406 711, 496 273,193 776, 527 563, 566 1, 068, 610 450, 271 9,429, 600 27, 820, 785 24,690, 799 191, 530 250,453 292, 989 73, 415 572, 018 245, 550 74, 500 1, 245, 378 569, 243 285.150 172, 600 455, 400 20, 700 808, 098 203, 350 143,659 177, 000 233, 23 317 114 61 52 130 18 203 71 32 42 53 198, 060 989, 224 390,112 258, 894 439, 700 854, 755 61, 516 224, 495 366, 490 766,934 146, 400 337, 695 442, 282 233, 949 2, 587, 630 1, 318, 499 1, 046, 810 693, 080 766,185 1, 134, 739 693,150 481, 350 1,602,448 852,487 161, 068 792, 625 269,160 159, 363 456, 623 333, 600 56 152 72 49 177 72 784, 525 914, 945 537,576 124, 893 1,437, 727 78,900 1,102, 690 414, 295 1,902, 760 2, 072, 587 1, 055, 275 492, 348 630, 847 287, 248 855,820 130, 675 176, 800 995, 416 537, 910 410,308 173, 849 987,168 46,105 139, 945 1, 039,128 696, 825 101 101 61 262 18 45 191 67 816,152 714, 763 1,457, 030 34, 505 216, 820 3, 877, 266 1, 824,294 260, 652 311, 809 255, 003 62,153 38, 718 1, 326, 479 320, 329 1, 635, 523 876, 570 1, 316, 473 751, 671 2, 603, 327 1,640, 023 213, 667 136, 363 542, 035 334, 826 5,951, 200 3,054,184 2, 605,874 1,112, 713 803, 283 41, 500 553, 300 219, 650 396,074 94, 550 87, 900 187, 330 217 18 56 45 109 36 30 44 5,822,841 384, 900 161, 722 507, 412 319, 064 536, 690 953, 564 302, 480 6,880, 506 1, 050, 398 514, 470 752, 010 769, 622 1, 095, 839 1,120, 604 644, 664 114 91 220 37 71 227 37,971,134 40,241,944 7,609 8,644 74,347, 354 50,334,018 135,881,151 112,109,347 + 6.0 +13.6 -3 2 .3 -1 7 .5 S o u t h C e n tr a l S ta te s Alabama: B irm ingham ... Mobile_______ M ontgomery . . . Arkansas: Little Rock___ Kentucky: Covington____ Lexington_____ Louisville_____ Newport______ Paducah______ Louisiana: Baton R ouge... New Orleans... Shreveport____ Oklahoma: Muskogee_____ Oklahoma City. Okmulgee_____ T u ls a ................ https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis $381,036 361, 775 563, 200 $193, 585 216, 650 517,900 166 191 280 1, 041,910 349, 355 283 84 534,376 2,191, 206 2, 251,437 2, 2,770, 775 272, 500 228, 430 2, 329, 900 67, 800 146, 940 137, 200 134,750 1, 007, 800 12, 200 51,900 67 85 428 17 84 39 56 156 3 32 171, 050 758,152 3, 761, 060 108, 300 177,125 444, 060 425, 532 3, 830, 655 60, 800 120,830 628, 900 761, 071 1, 223, 819 692, 977 6, 937,105 5,, 585, 415 213, 865 116, 300 332,470 178, 091 192,174 1,177, 790 470,904 402,801 1, 017, 799 250, 969 73 258 171 108 349 143 498, 858 4, 209, 552 447, 601 247,429 3, 638, 780 864, 536 858,164 849, 026 6 ,487¡ 118 5, 1, 541,829 i, 52, 600 8, 618, 825 1, 000 3, 874, 395 116, 200 24 4, 225, 975 2,005 0 1 1, 513,409 943 94 $1, 342, 847 $1, 084, 787 $2,419,983 $1, 102 446,841 474, 538 1,100, 220 881, 377 240 358,592 115, 795 lj 274» 072 819, 750 18 467, 894 41, 575 567, 554 172, 600 879 16, 702, 356 14, 256, 206 26,412', 100 19, 18, 975 0 19, 735 5, 746 39, 540 9,941 377 3, 731,226 2,455, 743 8, 356,095 4, 643 HOUSING T able 3.—E S T IM A T E D COST OF N E W R E S ID E N T IA L B U IL D IN G S, N E W N O N R E S ID E N T IA L B U IL D IN G S , T O T A L C O N ST R U C TIO N , A N D FA M ILIE S P R O V ID E D FOR, 1930 A N D 1931, B Y C IT Y —Continued S o u th A tl a n t ic S ta te s — Continued N ew residential buildings State and city Estimated cost 1931 1930 Tennessee: Chattanooga.. Knoxville____ M emphis____ Nashville........ Texas: Austin______ Beaumont___ Dallas_______ El Paso______ Fort W orth ... Galveston____ Houston_____ Port Arthur... San A nton io.. Waco________ Wichita Falls. Total, South Cen tral___________ Per cent of change_____ $961,675 784,167' 3,862, 730 , 1 002,000 1,132,081 722,611 2,460, 230 1,481, 502 2, 262, 499 420, 365 9, 702, 815 610, 059 2,601, 672 339, 208 121, 040 Families provided for in new dwellings 1930 1931 $360, 065 223 250,460 238 536, 510 1,057 838,625 358 1,077, 201 , 1,948, 579, 1, 766, 366, 7,828, 102, 1,181, 238, 19, Estimated cost of new nonresidential buildings 1930 123 $1, 345, 759 90 2,654,138 227 4,107,634 279 3,848,305 493 573 91 267 947 996 184 470 495 626 145 127 2,227 1,793 244 50 668 1,135 106 30 1,836, 681 1,044,986 6, 786, 709 1,072,468 7,446, 738 1,026,915 7,072, 791 1, 579, 302 5,023,175 421, 235 660, 263 1931 Estimated cost of total construction, including altera tions and repairs 1930 1931 $342,988 $2,934,150 $1,229,970 665,648 3, 626,768 1,034, 567 1, 576,695 9,501,481 3, 334, 353 3,112,815 5,517,037 4,403,401 1,077,351 3, 335, 548,916 2, 606, 1,104, 464 11,027, 152, 661 2, 937, 4,081,812 10,463, 1,918, 058 1, 717, 3,707, 959 17, 264, 661,210 2,429, 1,674,897 8,487, 1,389, 791 1,154, 544,471 1,104, 471, 381 020, 921 348, 093 948, 570 345,185 542, 849 863, 071 904,670 271, 544 778, 552 639,189 48,245,833 27,444,163 13,673 8,439 79,662,664 52,817,9541 44, 751,8949 1,445, 374 -4 3 .1 -3 8 .3 -3 3 .7 -3 6 .8 M o u n t a in a n d P a c ific S ta te s Arizona: Phoenix_____ . . . . Tucson__________ . California: Alameda__________ Berkeley__________ Fresno__________ Long Beach_____ Los Angeles_____ _ Oakland__ _____ _ _____ Pasadena. Sacram ento... . . . San Diego_________ San Francisco... . . San Jose__ ____ _ . S to ck to n _____ _ . V allejo....................... Colorado: Colorado Springs___ Denver . . . ___ _ Pueblo____________ Montana: B utte_____________ Great Falls......... ....... Oregon: Portland_______ . . Utah: Ogden___ _______ Salt Lake C ity_____ Washington: Bellingham _____ Everett _______ _ Seattle__________ . Spokane__ . . Tacoma___________ Total, M ountain and Pacific____ Per cent of change__ _ $1,023, 215 761, 768 $715, 010 560, 938 222 $1,954, 673 $1, 208, 679 $3, 275, 852 $2,109, 735 186 958, 361 549, 593 2, 033, 994 1,481, 381 410 191 466, 450 259, 100 221, 610 145 62 981, 138 249, 378 676, 547 1, 721, 014 961, 312 345 216 753, 847 595, 921 2, 985, 789 1, 900, 019 395, 050 531, 220 107 132 452, 871 124, 587 1, 332, 714 1, 007, 396 5, 663, 305 2, 629, 400 1,993 995 6, 599, 920 1, 280,135 13, 058, 035 4, 471, 600 33, 201, 363 19, 397, 887 11.437 6, 600 31,451, 568 14, 525, 977 75, 356, 715 41, 421, 685 4,165, 034 2, 798, 373 1, 231 777 3, 515, 231 3, 420, 050 9, 085, 238 7, 223, 345 2,163, 861 1, 279, 059 214 195 2, 611, 916 2,165, 334 5, 886, 328 4, 459, 865 388 1, 459, 483 1, 553, 105 313 1, 018, 835 1, 722, 894 3, 028, 756 3, 787, 394 2, 988, 775 2, 342, 677 829 627 1, 672, 216 2, 468, 511 5, 425, 922 5, 811, 456 9, 504, 560 9, 323, 885 2,206 2,441 9, 973, 490 10,016, 377 22,414, 449 21, 442, 434 1, 101, 965 773, 810 185 662, 585 3, 402, 840 1, 803, 418 200 1, 933, 980 349, 450 620, 663 100 914, 378 1, 296, 295 1, 736, 709 146 688, 041 123, 550 93, 525 28 32 154, 052 101, 771 337, 663 301, 136 259, 575 2, 535,450 135,800 98, 675 3, 637, 300 80, 950 56 613 61 43 994 45 485, 207 3, 385, 450 185, 588 145, 697 2,115, 421 239, 458 28,073 395, 785 450 375, 750 67 103 1 93 336, 831 718, 450 297, 256 506, 670 3,900, 595 2, 548, 540 866 539 5,311, 345 3,076, 553 12,063, 305 7,155, 715 260, 875 1,885, 300 100, 900 1,316, 738 113 554 47 442 611, 578 1,974, 970 68, 820 1, 743, 717 269, 550 178, 60C 11, 633, 985 1, 226, 500 1, 045, 000 114, 800 108 43 353, 510 46, 200 71 19 366, 330 3, 486, 605 2,583 1, 139 15, 649, 758 784, 050 328 216 1, 751, 359 463, 500 347 185 2, 552, 785 926, 322 387, 963 7, 648, 450 6, 827, 976 538, 222 453, 716 396, 048 1, 284, 692 320, 328 983, 905 1, 009, 578 250, 890 4, 274,493 3, 461, 620 140, 160 743, 325 358, 840 26,150 830, 365 168,121 6, 968, 010 30, 355, 973 12,483, 492 971, 885 3, 640, 843 2, 176, 405 1,189, 120 4, 069, 518 2, 002, 015 88, 813, 906 56, 924, 447 25, 679 16, 950 97, 643, 772 57, 555,087 217, 682,862 136,665,106 -3 5 . 9 -3 4 .0 -4 1 .1 -37. 2 H a w a ii Honolulu____ _____ _ . $1, 940, 995 $2, 218, 734 Per cent of change_____ +14.3 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 827 864¡ $3, 940, 555 $1,170, 479! $6, 388, 272 +4. 5 ________ -70. 3 WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR H ours a n d E arn in gs in th e F u rn itu r e In d u stry , 1931 UMMARIES of average hours and earnings of wage earners in t le furniture industry m the United States, as computed by the LSuieau ot Labor Statistics, United States Department of Labor from wage figures collected by the bureau in a study of the industry in 1931, are presented m Table 1 of this report along with similar aver ages for a study m each of the years, 1910 to 1913, 1915, and 1929 Index numbers of each of tne averages with the 1913 average as the T ! (LOI\ 100 are a^ 0 shown m the table. A later report as a bulletin of the bureau will furnish 1931 wage figures in more detail than can be given m this article. ^all-thne hours per week for the wage earners included in the study of the industry m 1931 were 51.8—one-tenth hour per week less than the average for 1929, and 5.6 hours per week less than the average lor 1915. Average earnings per hour for 1931 were 41.1 cents, or 7.9 cents per hour less than the average for 1929 and 19 7 cents more per hour than the average for 1915. Average full-time foU1929 ? 9Q and Pe$ $9.05 " ° more r 1931 ?2V29 Iess for than1915 the average tor perwere week than or the*4-14 average . J h<f a^ a g e s for 1931, 1929, and 1915 for all occupations in the industry are comparable, one year with another, but are not com parable with the averages for wage earners in selected occupations for the years, 1910 to 1913 and 1915, because the latter include only a specified part of the occupations, while the former include all occupations m the industry. The index numbers furnish comparable figures for the industry one specified year with another from 1910 to 1931. The index for each tj1®years from 1910 to 1915 for selected occupations is the per cent for t9-9 Qe^and V4eo?ge/ eari¥* ° f the averaSe 1913. by The index oi lHQ also foi0ri1931 ?for all occupations was for computed increas ing or decreasing the 1915 index for selected occupations by the per cent that the average for all occupations for 1929 or for 1931 is more or less than the average for all occupations for 1915. Average full time hours per week increased from an index of 101.4 in 1910 to 101 7 m 1911 and then decreased each year to 89.8 in 1931. The decrease between 1913 and 1931 was 10.2 percent and between 1910 and 1931 was 1L4 per cent Average earnings per hour decreased from an index of 98.6 in 1910 to 98.2 in 1911 and to 97.3 in 1912, increased each specified year to an index of 236.3 in 1929 when earnings per hour were 136.3 per cent more than in 1913. The 1931 index was 1J8.2 or 16.1 per cent less than the index for 1929. Average fulltime earnings per week decreased from an index of 99.8 in f910 to 9 ?94«? 1?09Qandit?i 98’V n 191j2, and increased each specified year to 212.8 m 1929 and then dropped to 178.1 in 1931. Earnings per week c id not increase nor decrease in the same proportion as earnings per hoursbeCaUSe °f th<3 Change from year to year in average full-time S 644 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 645 W A G E S AND H O U R S O F LA B O R The 1931 averages and index numbers are for a total of 30,659 wage earners of 299 representative furniture factories in 17 States. The factories included in the 1931 study are the same as those covered in 1929, except a few substituted for those closed since 1929. The same States were included in 1929 and 1931. Each State included is of material importance in number of wage earners in the industry according to reports of the Bureau of the Census. The wage figures used in computing the 1931 averages in this report, except for a very few factories, were taken directly from the pay rolls and are for a representative pay period in July, August, September, or October, and consequently are representative of the hours and earnings of wage earners in the industry in those months. T able 1.—AVER A G E H OURS A N D E A R N IN G S IN T H E F U R N IT U R E IN D U S T R Y A N D IN D E X N U M B E R S T H E R E O F , B Y Y E A R S, 1910 TO 1931 Year Selected occupations only: 1910 - __________________ 1911 _________________________ 1912 ___________ 1913___________________________ 1915___________________________ All occupations: 1915 ___________________ 1929 1931 _ _______________________ Number of estab lish ments Aver N um age full Average time ber of earn hours ings em per ployees per hour week Index numbers (1913=100) of— Aver age full time Full Full earn Earn time time ings per hours earn ings per week hour ings per per week week 128 199 231 232 i 240 9, 398 13, 299 16, 390 16, 723 16, 691 58.2 58.4 58.2 57.4 57.1 $0.217 .216 .214 .220 .227 $12. 56 12. 50 12.41 12.58 12.88 101.4 101.7 101.4 100.0 99.5 98.6 98.2 97.3 100.0 103.2 99.8 99.4 98.6 100.0 102.4 i 240 312 299 25, 576 44,870 30,659 57.4 51.9 51.8 .214 .490 .411 12.24 25. 43 21. 29 89.9 89.8 236.3 198.2 212.8 178.1 i 2 sets of averages are shown for this year—1 for selected occupations and 1 for all occupations in the indus try. The 1910 to 1915 averages for selected occupations are comparable 1 year with another, as are those for all occupations 1 year with another for 1915 to 1931. Hours and Earnings, 1929 and 1931, by Occupation and Sex T a b l e 2 shows for 1929 and for 1931 average full-time hours per week, earnings per hour, and full-time earnings per week for each of the 19 specifiecf occupations in the table, and also for the group of “ other employees.” The group includes all occupations other than those specified because no occupation in the group had a sufficient number of wage earners to warrant separate tabulation. Averages are shown in the table for males in each of the 19 specified occupations and for females in all except 3—hand carvers, machine carvers, and gluers of rough stock. No females were reported as laborers in 1929. Average earnings per hour of males in each specified occupation and in the group of “ other employees” were less in 1931 than in 1929. Their averages ranged in 1929 from 30.4 cents per hour for helpers to 95.6 cents per hour for hand carvers and in 1931 from 23.1 cents to 74.5 cents per hour, respectively, for the same occupa tions. Average earnings per hour of females in each occupation, except machine hands and veneerers, were less in 1931 than in 1929. Machine hands averaged 29.3 cents in 1929 and 31 cents in 1931 and veneerers 29 cents in 1929 and 29.6 cents in 1931. Average earnings per hour of females ranged by occupations in 1929 from 22.4 cents for helpers to 47.5 cents per hour for spring setters and in 1931 from 19.5 to 40.5 cents per hour, respectively, for the same occupations. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 646 M O N TH LY LA B O R R E V IE W T able 2.—A V ERAGE HOURS A N D E A R N IN G S IN T H E F U R N IT U R E IN D U S T R Y , 1929 A N D 1931, B Y OCCU PA TIO N A N D SE X Occupation Sex Assemblers and cabinet- M ale___ makers. Fem ale.. Carvers, h a n d .. M ale___ C'arvers, machine ___ .do .. Craters and packers____ -_-do___ Female. Cushion and pad makers. M ale___ Fem ale.. C u tters u p h olsterin g M ale___ Female.. materials. Finishers____ _ _______ M ale___ Fem ale.. Gluers, rough stock____ M ale___ H e lp e r s..____________ do___ Female.. Laborers_________ . M ale___ Fem ale.. Machine hands________ M ale___ Female. Polishers and rubbers__ Male . . . Female Sanders, hand______. . . M ale___ Fem ale.. M ale___ Sewers__ _________ Female.. Sprayers________ ._ . . M ale___ Fem ale.. Spring setters__________ M ale___ Fem ale.. Trimmers_____ ______ M ale___ Fem ale.. Upholsterers__________ M a le .... Fem ale.. Veneerers______________ Male___ Fem ale.. Other employees______ M ale___ Fem ale.. Number of establish ments Number of employees Average full-time hours per week Average earnings per hour 1929 1931 1929 1931 1929 1931 1929 302 13 91 138 288 34 68 17 72 42 297 59 206 288 30 281 289 16 75 140 249 29 58 20 67 30 269 32 178 236 16 224 3 284 .8 207 11 199 45 16 91 235 10 67 5 176 7 139 16 135 18 281 32 5,735 54 295 394 1,931 132 184 57 253 135 3, 164 251 583 3, 658 ' 153 2,693 4,207 52 161 342 1,242 95 126 47 178 111 2,191 90 364 2,322 72 1, 505 5 6,355 16 1,194 31 1, 189 301 27 681 813 16 396 42 610 19 2, 119 71 729 41 2,806 93 52.1 50. 7 48.6 51. 1 52. 8 50.3 50.0 50.6 50.0 50. 1 52.0 50. 5 52. 5 52. 4 52. 0 52.2 51.9 $0. 560 $0. 445 $29. 18 $23.10 49. 7 .317 .283 16. 07 14. 07 49. 7 .956 .745 46. 46 37. 03 .765 .576 39. 09 29. 78 51. 7 52.4 .435 .365 22. 97 19. 13 50.6 .331 .252 16. 65 12.75 .571 .514 28. 55 25. 60 49.8 .334 17. 86 16.40 49. 1 .353 .647 .566 32. 35 28.47 50.3 49. 6 .409 .383 20. 49 19.00 51. 6 .505 .414 26. 26 21. 36 .371 .319 18. 74 16. 01 50. 2 52. 3 .460 .379 24. 15 19. 82 52. 6 .304 .231 15. 93 12. 15 51. 2 .224 . 195 11. 65 9.98 52. 2 .378 .317 19. 73 16. 55 . 250 13. 30 53. 2 52. 1 .512 .428 26. 83 22.30 52.4 .293 .310 14. 97 16. 24 .403 26. 72 21. 28 52.8 .507 .259 15. 75 13. 18 50.9 .300 52. 8 .419 .331 22. 00 17. 48 50. 1 .268 .226 13. 83 11. 32 50. 5 .670 .578 33. 03 29. 19 49.0 .408 .374 20. 16 18. 33 52.4 .445 27. 83 23. 32 .527 .324 20. 07 15. 62 48. 2 .386 50. 2 .507 .444 25. 35 22. 29 50. 1 .475 .405 23.61 20. 29 51.9 .506 .432 26. 41 22. 42 52. 1 .314 .205 15. 98 10.68 .724 .538 36. 27 27. 06 50. 3 .403 52.2 .296 20. 27 15. 45 .454 52.5 .376 23. 84 19. 74 50.4 .290 .296 14.94 14. 92 .489 26. 63 25. 18 51.5 .516 .301 17.25 15.05 .343 50.0 296 13 247 14 249 61 19 100 270 10 71 5 215 18 151 13 145 22 292 53 8,567 30 1,897 33 2,283 653 40 932 1, 155 22 557 57 991 89 2,523 49 1,165 107 3,844 204 52.4 51. 1 52. 7 52. 5 52. 5 51.6 49.3 49. 4 52.8 52.0 50. 0 49. 7 52. 2 50. 9 50. 1 50. 3 52.5 51. 5 51. 6 50. 3 1931 Average full-time earnings per week 1929 1931 Hours and Earnings, 1929 and 1931, by Sex and State 3 shows average full-time hours per week, earnings per hour, and full-time earnings per week for the wage earners included in the studies of the industry in 1929 and 1931. The averages are for males and females separately in each State and in all States combined, and also for both sexes together in each State and in all States combined. Average full-time hours per week of males ranged by States in 1929 from a low of 47 to a high of 56.9, and in 1931 from 47.4 to 55; those of females ranged in 1929 from 45.4 to 55 and in 1931 from 44.8 to 55; and those of both sexes combined or the industry ranged in 1929 from 46.9 to 57, and in 1931 ranged from 47.2 to 55. The average for all males in all the States was 52.1 in 1929 and 51.9 in 1931, and for females was 50.5 in 1929 and 49.8 in 1931. Average earnings per hour of males ranged by States in 1929 from 29 to 64.6 cents and 1931 from 23.6 to 59.4 cents; those of females ranged in 1929 from 14.5 to 49.2 cenfs and in 1931 from 14.1 to 47 cents. The average for males in all States was 49.9 cents in 1929 and 41.6 cents in 1931, and for females in all States was 34.5 cents in 1929 and 31.4 cents in 1931. The 1931 average for males in each State and for females, except in two States, was less than the 1929 average. The 1931 average for males in all States was 16.6 per cent less than the 1929 average and for females was 9 per cent less than the 1929 average. T able https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 647 W A G E S AND HOTJRS O F L A B O R T a b l e 3 .— AVER A G E H OURS A N D E A R N IN G S IN T H E F U R N IT U R E IN D U S T R Y , 1929 A N D 1931, BY SE X A N D STATE Sex and State Number of establish ments 1929 M ales California_______________________ Georgia___________ _______ __ Illinois______________________ _ Indiana _________ _ _ _ ______ Kentucky_____ _____ _ ____ Maryland _ .Massachusetts _____ _____ __ Michigan _ _ _ _________ Missouri __ - - - ______ N ew Jersey ____- -- ___ N ew York ____ _ ____ ___ North Carolina ______ ___ Ohio ______ _____Pennsylvania ____ ______ Tennessee _•______ _________ Virginia - ___________ Wisconsin __ _______ _ _ _ ___ _ Total ______ _________ Fem ales California _ ___________ - __ Georgia___ _____ __ __ I llin o is ___ _ _ _______ ____ ___ Indiana________ ___ _ _ __ ____ K e n tu ck y ______________________ Maryland _ _____ _____ Massachusetts __ ___ Michigan ________ ____Missouri _____ __ - N ew Jersey___________ ____ - -N ew York __ __ North Carolina _ ___- _______ ______ __ _ Ohio Pennsylvania___________________ Tennessee _ __ _____ Virginia Wisconsin_______ _______ ___ _ Total ____________ 15 5 30 39 4 12 18 23 13 6 55 17 24 26 4 8 13 312 1931 Number of employees 1929 1931 Average full-time hours per week 1929 15 1, 606 1, 264 47.0 722 55.1 643 5 30 4,947 3, 297 50. 0 31 4, 701 3, 125 52. 6 708 516 56. 9 5 763 498 51. 1 11 16 1,904 1,151 48. 3 23 5,158 2, 856 51. 2 642 476 51.9 13 509 511 49.0 5 55 6,526 3,917 51.4 17 3,951 3,206 55.0 23 2,266 1,381 53.6 25 2,978 2,026 53.2 423 54.4 716 4 8 1, 351 1, 605 55.0 13 2, 543 1,902 53.7 299 41,912 28,876 52.1 10 1 12 21 1 9 15 17 8 3 32 5 14 16 3 2 u 180 13 162 132 0) 462 255 0) 71 201 563 49 11 326 54 184 101 165 26 333 2,958 15 5 30 39 4 12 18 23 13 6 55 17 24 26 4 8 13 312 15 5 30 31 5 11 16 23 13 5 55 17 23 25 4 8 13 299 1,738 663 5,409 4,956 713 834 2,105 5,721 691 520 6,852 4, 005 2,450 3,079 881 1,377 2, 876 44,870 11 3 8 16 4 8 14 17 8 3 28 5 13 9 2 1931 Average earnings per hour 1929 1931 Average full time earn ings per week 1929 I 1931 47.4 $0. 599 $0.525 $28.15 $24.89 .290 .244 15.98 13.42 55.0 .608 . 498 30.40 24.95 50.1 23.30 20.59 .443 .399 51.6 .453 .389 25. 78 21.12 54.3 .482 26. 37 23.86 .516 49.5 .594 31. 20 28.87 .646 48.6 .461 28.42 23.51 .555 51.0 .432 24.76 21.95 .477 50.8 .589 30. 33 28.86 .619 49.0 .475 29.09 24.37 .566 51.3 .288 18. 32 15. 61 .333 54.2 .435 26. 42 23. 40 .493 53.8 .474 .418 25. 22 22. 28 53.3 .289 18. 93 15.23 .348 52.7 .298 .236 16. 39 12. 98 55.0 .459 .430 24. 65 23.05 53. 6 .499 .416 26.00 21.59 51.9 21.06 11.44 18. 79 11.91 12. 27 17.15 20.23 15. 28 13. 79 19.75 16. 33 8. 69 15. 61 12.19 7.15 .297 .314 22. 34 « 21. 35 14. 39 0) 19.35 16. 98 17. 48 15. 95 18. 66 18.98 10. 40 18. 63 18.44 8. 86 7.98 15.75 17.42 .521 .241 .488 .394 .383 .471 .581 .449 .425 .580 .469 .286 .425 .413 .266 .236 .420 .411 27.72 15.92 29.65 22.83 25. 82 25.76 29.88 27. 39 24.19 30. 07 28. 57 18.21 25.85 25.01 17.06 16.28 23.72 25.43 24. 59 13.26 24.45 20.29 20. 76 23.31 28.12 22.90 21.59 28.30 24. 01 15.47 22. 74 21.97 13.91 12,98 22.39 21.29 45.4 44.8 55.0 M 50.0 50. 1 52.9 51.1 52.9 (>) 50.0 49.0 47.7 46.4 51.4 51.8 50.0 49.8 46. 2 45.5 48.8 48.6 55. 0 49.4 49.8 49.7 50.8 50.6 55.0 50.7 55.0 177 50.0 50.0 1,783 50.5 49.8 .492 0) .427 .272 C1) .387 .356 .340 .319 .404 .389 .189 .374 .363 .161 . 145 .315 .345 .470 .208 .375 .233 .232 .350 .436 . 295 .277 .434 .336 .176 .314 .241 . 141 47.2 55.0 50.1 51.5 54.2 49.5 48.4 51.0 50.8 48.8 51.2 54.1 53.5 53.2 52.3 55.0 53.3 51.8 .591 .289 .593 .434 .453 .505 .620 .535 .467 .615 .558 .331 .485 .471 .313 .296 .445 .490 99 65 319 121 24 47 115 256 25 28 187 52 121 58 89 14.85 15.64 M ales and fem ales California___ _ _ ________ ______ Georgia ______________ ___ __ __ Illinois__________ ____________ _ Indiana___ __________ _ _ __ Kentucky_________ ___ _ Maryland_____ _ __ _ Massachusetts_________ _ __ _______ Michigan M issouri-_ ____ _ ___ _ _ __ N ew J e r s e y .-_________ ___________ __ N ew York ____ ____ North Carolina Ohio ___ ___ _ Pennsylvania ______ . . - ___ Tennessee _ _______ __ _ -Virginia __ __ _ Wisconsin _______________ _ Total __ ________ 1,363 787 3,616 3,246 540 545 1,266 3,112 501 539 4,104 3, 258 1, 502 2,084 512 1,605 2,079 30, 659 46.9 55.1 50.0 52.6 57.0 51.0 48.2 51.2 51.8 48.9 51.2 55.0 53.3 53.1 54.5 55.0 53.3 51.9 1 Data included in total. Hours and Earnings, 1931, by Occupation and State 4 presents 1931 average full-time hours per week, earnings per hour and full-time earnings per week for males in each of six occu pations in the industry. The number of wage earners in these occupa tions is 54.7 per cent of the total number of males that were included in the study and 51.5 per cent of males and females in all occupations. Averages are not shown in the table for females in any occupation because the number of wage earners of this sex is less than 6 per cent of the total of both sexes. T able https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 648 T able M O N TH LY LA B O R R E V IE W 4.—AVER A G E HOURS A N D E A R N IN G S FOR SIX SP E C IF IE D OCCUPATIONS IN T H E F U R N IT U R E IN D U S T R Y , 1931, B Y S E X A N D ST A T E Assemblers and cabinetmakers, male State Machine hands, male Aver Aver N um N um age Aver age N um N um age full ber of ber of full ber of ber of estab em time earn time estab em lish ploy- hours ings earn lish ployper ings ments ees per per ments ees week hour week California ___ ___ __ . Georgia- . . __ .. Illinois_____________________ Indiana __________ _ ___ K e n tu ck y ______ ___ ___ Maryland Massachusetts____ _ __ . . Michigan. . . _ . _______ Missouri _ _ . N ew.Jersey.. ___________ N ew York____ _ North Carolina . . . . . . . . Ohio ________ _ _ _____ ._ Pennsylvania ___ . . . . . . . T en nessee___ Virginia Wisconsin . . . . 15 5 30 29 5 10 13 23 13 5 54 17 21 24 4 8 13 160 71 510 505 97 56 191 409 82 89 568 391 212 332 51 186 297 T otal_________________ 289 4, 207 46.9 $0. 559 $26. 22 55.0 .257 14.14 50.0 .528 26. 40 51.7 .429 22.18 .411 22. 11 53.8 49. 8 .500 24. 90 48.4 .660 31.94 51. 1 .455 23. 25 51. 2 . 465 23.81 49. 1 .618 30. 34 52.0 .492 25. 58 54.0 .334 18.04 53.9 .435 23. 45 53.4 .422 22. 53 52. 5 .278 14. 60 55. 0 .275 15. 13 53.6 .425 22. 78 51.9 .445 23. 10 15 5 29 30 5 9 14 23 11 5 52 17 21 23 4 8 13 239 158 673 651 93 77 243 648 116 128 903 718 337 479 96 336 460 284 6,355 Polishers and rubbers, male California__________________ Georgia_______________ _____ Illinois_____________________ Indiana____________________ Kentucky _______________ Maryland _ . . . _ . ______ Massachusetts _ __________ Michigan---- -- --------------------M isso u r i_____ N ew Y o rk ... _______ N orth C arolina _ ___________ Ohio. . . . ______________ ..................... Pennsylvania.. Tennessee______ . V irginia___________________ Wisconsin _ . . . . . . 6 4 22 22 4 2 12 23 6 40 14 10 23 3 8 8 31 12 106 83 32 6 42 156 11 201 174 39 111 17 113 60 Total _ _______ _______ 207 1,194 47. 4 $0. 511 $24. 22 55.0 . 196 10. 78 50.3 .468 23. 54 52. 5 .367 19. 27 54.5 .405 22. 07 51.7 .493 25.49 48.7 .550 26. 79 50.6 .463 23. 43 53. 1 .386 20. 50 52. 7 .496 26. 14 55.0 .305 16. 78 54.5 .462 25. 18 53.6 .423 22. 67 54.4 .253 13. 76 55.0 .229 12.60 54.3 .466 25. 30 52.8 .403 21.28 T otal_______________ 10 4 19 10 1 8 11 9 4 4 22 8 10 9 2 2 6 214 95 501 131 15 153 156 79 17 32 307 107 150 52 14 3 93 139 2,119 .538 11 5 21 22 3 4 8 19 5 36 14 13 19 4 8 7 62 46 74 154 24 12 32 89 8 187 175 64 100 19 107 36 199 1,189 .428 22.30 47.3 $0. 430 55.0 . 152 50.3 .452 52. 1 .308 .341 55.0 52.0 .366 49. 8 .481 51.0 .370 52.2 .430 52. 1 .392 55.0 .268 54. 5 .386 53.7 .349 53.3 .227 55.0 .218 54.2 .385 52.8 .331 $20. 34 8. 36 22. 74 16. 05 18. 76 19. 03 23. 95 18. 87 22. 45 20. 42 14. 74 21. 04 18. 74 12. 10 11. 99 20. 87 17. 48 27.06 2 8 19 16 3 1 3 16 2 1 23 10 8 17 2 7 5 85 90 23 1 4 131 5 1 102 70 21 88 2 72 26 50.0 52.0 53.7 0 46.0 50. 6 52.8 (i) 52.4 55.0 54.3 53. 5 52. 5 55.0 55.0 .436 .331 .386 C1) .928 .470 .398 (i) .428 .291 .403 .363 .350 .230 . 390 21.80 17. 21 20. 73 (i) 42. 69 23. 78 21.01 (i) 22.43 16.01 21.88 19. 42 18. 38 12. 65 21.45 135 729 52.5 .376 19.74 i For less than 3 wage earners in this establishment, data included in total. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 52. 1 $26. 48 14. 52 26. 30 21. 05 22. 45 24. 00 27. 58 24. 27 21. 91 29. 51 24 38 17. 13 24. 35 22. 27 17. 19 14.80 23. 13 Veneerers, male 46.4 $0. 576 $26. 73 55.0 .405 22. 28 50.4 .470 23. 69 51. 3 .410 21.03 .424 23.32 55.0 48. 9 .601 29. 39 .721 49. 2 35.47 50. 5 .625 31. 56 48. 1 .720 34. 63 48. 2 .793 38. 22 49. 0 .651 31. 90 53. 9 .363 19. 57 51. 8 .536 27. 76 52.0 .548 28. 50 50.4 .407 20. 51 55.0 .409 22. 50 52. 4 .474 24. 84 50.3 48.5 $0. 546 55.0 .264 50. 2 .524 51.6 .408 54. 1 .415 50. 1 .479 48.9 .564 .474 51. 2 .433 50.6 49. 1 . 601 50.9 .479 54.2 .316 54. 6 .446 53. 4 .417 52.4 . 328 55.0 .269 53.8 .430 Sanders, hand, male Upholsterers, male California.......... ............... ........... Georgia____________________ Illinois___________________ Indiana_______ . ________ K e n tu ck y _________________ Maryland ____ _ _______ Massachusetts____________ Michigan ______ . . . . Missouri N ew Jersey___ _________ . . N ew York____ ___________ North Carolina_____________ O h i o . . . _____ ___________ Pennsylvania_______________ T en nessee______ . Virginia . . . Wisconsin _. . . . ______ 1 Aver- Aver Aver age age age full fullearn time time earn hours ings per ings per per week hour week 48.0 $0. 430 $20. 64 649 WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR F a r m W age a n d L abor S it u a t io n in J a n u a r y , 1932 general level of farm wages on January 1, 1932, was 13 per cent lower than in October, 1931, and 2 per cent below the 1910T HE 1914 average, according to data compiled by the United States Depart ment of Agriculture. The decline in the wage index was accompanied by a further increase in the supply of farm labor and a decline in demand. The supply on January 1 was 120.9 per cent of normal and the demand 60.5 per cent of normal; the corresponding figures for October, 1931, were 113.4 and 68.9, respectively. Supply expressed as per cent of demand on January 1 was 199.8, which is the highest ratio recorded by the Department of Agriculture since the beginning of its record in 1918. Reports received by that department, particu larly from the North Central States, cite numerous instances of farm laborers working for board and lodging alone. Table 1 shows farm wage rates and index numbers for the years 1928, 1929, and 1930, and for the months of January, April, July, and October, 1929 to 1931, and for January, 1932, as reported by the Department of Agriculture. T a b l e 1 .— FA R M WAGE R A TES A N D IN D E X N U M B E R S, 1928 TO JA N U A R Y , 1932 Average far m wage Year and month Per month With board 1928__________ ____ _____________ ____ _______ 1929________________________________________ 1930________________________________________ 1929—January__ _ ___ _ _ _ ___ ___ April__________________________________ July___________________________________ October____ ______________ ____ _____ 1930—January__ _________ ________________ _ April- ____ ____ . ___ _ __ _ July___________________________________ October.................. _ __ _______ 1931—January.. __ ____________ _ _ ___ April _ _____ July----------------------------------------------------October. _ _ _ _ _ _ ......... 1932—January __ _ ______________________ $34. 66 34. 74 31.14 33. 04 34. 68 36. 08 35. 90 32. 29 33. 83 33. 47 31.23 26. 03 25. 99 25. 35 23. 31 19. 77 Index numbers of farm wages (1910Without 1914=100) board Per day Without board $48. 65 49. 08 44. 59 47. 24 49.00 50. 53 50. 00 46. 80 47.81 47.24 44. 28 39.04 38. 37 37. 00 34. 22 30.53 With board $1.88 1.88 1. 65 1.78 1.79 1.89 1.92 1.73 1.72 1.72 1.61 1.38 1.33 1.29 1.18 1.02 $2. 43 2. 42 2.16 2.34 2.34 2. 43 2.46 2.27 2.27 2.23 2.12 1.87 1. 80 1. 73 1.59 1.40 169 170 152 162 167 173 174 159 162 160 150 129 127 123 113 98 Table 2, compiled from figures given in a press release of the Department of Agriculture, dated January 18, 1932, shows farm wage rates and farm labor supply and demand in the several geographic divisions, and in the United States as a whole, on January" 1, 1932. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 650 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW T a b l e 3 .—FA R M W AGE R A TES A N D FA R M LABOR SU P P L Y A N D D E M A N D , JA N U A R Y 1, 1932, B Y GEOGRAPHIC D IV ISIO N , A N D FOR T H E C O U N T R Y AS A WHOLE Farm labor supply and de mand Wage rates Geographic division Per month With board North Atlantic__ ____ _ East North Central. . . . _____ West North Central________ South Atlantic _________ South Central. . . _ _____ Western. __ ____ United States____ ____ Per day Without board With board Supply, Demand, Supply, per cent per cent per cent Without of normal of normal of de mand board $29.13 21.97 20. 98 14. 43 14. 76 32.39 $48. 80 33.80 31.65 21.80 21.90 51.45 $1.70 1.17 1.12 $2.37 1.63 1. 55 19. 77 30.53 1.02 .74 .72 1.48 121.0 172.9 1.02 .96 2. 12 128. 5 123.1 114.2 118.0 129.2 70.0 61.1 56.7 63.5 56.9 61.9 217.0 179.8 207.5 208.7 1.40 120.9 60.5 199.8 210.2 W a g e -R a te C h a n g e s in M a n u fa c tu r in g I n d u s tr ie s in J a n u a r y , 1932 THE 16,197 manufacturing establishments from which data employment were received, 15,321, or 94.6 per cent of OFtheconcerning total number of establishments, reported no wage-rate changes during the month ending January 15, 1932. A total of 860 establish ments, or 5.3 per cent of the total number, reported decreases in wage rates averaging 10.9 per cent and affecting 94,780 employees, or 3.5 per cent of all the employees. Wage-rate increases averaging 2.1 per cent were reported by 16 establishments in one industry—printing, book and job—and 1,157 employees were affected. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 651 WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR W AGE C H ANGES OCC U R R IN G B E T W E E N D E C E M B E R 15, 1931, A N D JA N U A R Y 15, 1932 Industry Estab lish Total ments number of report employees ing Number of establishments reporting— Number of employees having— Wage Wage No in de wage changes creases creases N o wage changes Wage Wage in de creases creases All manufacturing indus tries_________________ 16,197 P er cent of total______ 100.0 2,716,535 15,321 860 2,620, 598 100.0 94.6 5.S 96.6 3.5 Slaughtering and meat packing. Confectionery_______ ______ Ice cream________________ ___ Flour___________________1----Baking----------- ------ -------------- 204 323 302 392 834 86,859 31,858 10, 472 15,257 59,918 191 297 294 354 805 13 26 8 38 29 85, 761 29,208 10,306 13; 880 58,543 1,098 2, 650 166 1,377 1,375 Sugar refining, cane. Beet sugar________ Beverages_________ B utter____________ Cotton goods______ 14 46 281 533 7, 854 4,045 9,708 4,997 180,458 14 44 275 181 486 2 6 19 47 7,854 3; 952 9', 666 4,462 170; 582 93 42 535 9,876 Hosiery and knit goods_______ Silk goods___________________ Woolen and worsted goods____ Carpets and rugs_____________ Dyeing and finishing textiles 376 265 180 33 144 86,402 49,494 46,252 15,418 36,950 361 245 166 30 136 15 20 14 3 8 85,155 46; 999 43', 166 1 5 ; 233 35; 673 1,247 2, 495 3,086 1E5 1, 277 Clothing, men’s______________ Shirts and collars____________ Clothing, women’s___________ M illinery and lace goods______ Corsets and allied garments___ 348 106 396 133 30 54,588 14, 067 25, 080 10,280 5,127 318 98 392 129 30 30 8 4 4 51,499 1 3 ; 526 24', 700 10; 125 5; 127 3,089 541 330 155 Cotton small wares. Hats, fur-felt______ M en’s furnishings.. Iron and steel_____ Cast-iron pipe____ 103 39 70 203 41 9,680 5, 708 4,732 193, 807 8,698 95 38 66 198 36 8 1 4 5 5 9,418 5; 669 4,438 191,256 7; 256 262 39 294 2, 551 1, 442 Structural-iron work_________ Hardware___________________ Steam fittings________________ Stoves_____________ _________ Bolts, nuts, washers, and rivets. 168 91 105 130 62 19,143 23,149 19,810 12, 302 7,532 160 85 91 114 56 8 6 14 16 6 18,556 ', 854 ; 459 10; 727 e;79i 587 1,295 4,351 1, 575 ' 741 Cutlery and edge tools_______ Forgings, iron and steel_______ Plumbers’ supplies___________ T in cans and other tinware----Tools, not including edge tools. 156 49 63 54 119 13, 769 5, 094 4,795 7,385 7,494 152 48 60 53 110 4 1 3 1 9 13,555 L 744 4 ,678 7; 283 6; 775 214 350 117 102 719 Wirework__________ Lumber, sawmills---Lumber, millwork__ Furniture__________ Turpentine and rosin 61 597 348 432 19 5,036 60,610 19, 938 45, 580 903 58 571 318 393 17 3 26 30 39 2 4, 757 56, 973 18', 457 42; 341 ' 872 279 3,637 1,481 3,239 31 Leather______________ Boots and shoes______ Paper and pulp______ Paper boxes__________ Printing, book and job. 137 285 391 294 611 21,800 95, 945 75, 787 21, 205 52, 556 132 268 359 280 577 5 17 32 14 18 21, 281 94; 464 Ik 267 20,141 5i; 036 519 1,481 4, 520 1,064 '363 402 63,320 '20, 747 7,196 46, 728 1, 772 391 108 187 98 42 11 2 14 2 62, 070 20', 266 6; 823 46, 540 1, 772 1,250 ' 481 373 188 5,314 3,229 14,146 24,105 8,957 21 20 307 19 58 1 5,289 3; 229 1 3 ; 400 24,105 8,640 746 Printing, newspapers and peri odicals____________________ Chemicals___________________ Fertilizers___________________ Petroleum refining______ _____ Cottonseed oil. cake, and meal. Druggists’ preparations. Explosives____________ Paints and varnishes__ Rayon________ ______ Soap................... ............. . https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 200 110 201 100 42 22 20 324 19 62 16 16 17 4 1,157 21 15 1,157 94, 780 25 317 652 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW WAGE CH A N G ES O C C U R R IN G B E T W E E N D E C E M B E R 15, 1931, A N D JA N U A R Y 15, 1932—Continued Industry Estab lish Total ments number of report employees ing Number of establish ments reporting— Number of employees having— Wage Wage No in wage de changes creases creases N o wage changes 100 670 100 178 203 13 19 6 10 9 12, 798 17, 716 13,009 34,179 4,803 822 1,241 670 847 439 Wage Wage creases creases Cement____________________ Brick, tile, and terra cotta____ Pottery........... .................. .......... Glass______________________ Marble, granite, slate, etc____ 113 689 106 188 212 Stamped and enameled w are... Brass, bronze, and copper pro ducts..___ _______________ Aluminum manufactures_____ Clocks, clock movements, etc.. Gas and electric fixtures_____ _ 86 13,239 80 6 12,153 1,086 166 24 18 44 27,214 5,493 4,073 5,134 160 24 18 42 6 698 2 26, 516 5,493 4,073 4,971 37 5,019 36 1 4,974 45 26 146 8,938 8,229 26 143 3 8,938 7,624 605 29 188 9,477 42', 748 29 181 7 9,477 42,190 558 Automobiles______ _________ Aircraft____________________ Cars, electric and steam rail road....................................... . Locomotives________________ Shipbuilding_______________ 228 35 242,536 6, 945 220 33 8 2 240,783 6,471 1,753 474 30 15 95 3,917 3, 568 33,216 26 14 93 4 1 2 2,297 3,117 33,140 1,620 451 76 Rubber tires and inner tubes... Rubber boots and shoes______ Rubber goods, other_________ Agricultural implements_____ Electrical machinery, appara tus and supplies___________ 37 8 95 70 44,039 9,877 18,535 8,948 34 8 91 65 3 40, 314 9,877 17, 723 8, 775 . . . . . . . . 3,725 239 138,889 232 7 137,937 952 71 13,707 68 3 13, 580 127 Plated ware____ ___________ Smelting and refining, copper, lead, and zinc_____________ Jewelry____________________ Chewing and smoking tobacco, snuff_______ _____________ Cigars and cigarettes_________ 13, 620 18, 957 13, 679 35,026 5,242 4 5 163 812 173 Engines and water wheels____ Cash registers and calculating machines_________________ Foundry and machine-shop pro d u cts................................. Machine tools______________ Textile machinery and p a rts ... 44 15,948 44 959 139 34 116,942 15, 255 7,465 902 132 31 57 7 3 110,055 14,648 7,280 6,887 607 185 Typewriters and supplies_____ Radio_____________________ Electric railroad_____________ Steam railroad______________ 17 37 429 473 11, 256 17, 570 23,986 74, 792 16 36 416 438 1 1 13 35 11,247 17,557 23, 566 69,770 9 13 420 5,022 15,948 R e c e n t W age C h a n g e s R e p o r te d b y T r a d e -U n io n s and hour changes reported by unions and municipalities during the past month cover 44,345 workers, 605 of whom WAGE were reported to have gone on the 5-day week. A tabulation of thes changes is shown in the table following. In addition to those reporting changes, bakers, Syracuse, N. Y.; brewery workers, Buffalo, N. Y.; clothing workers, Cincinnati, Ohio; awning workers, St. Louis, Mo.; musicians, Kansas City, Mo.; news compositors, Dallas, Tex.; stereotypers and electrotypers, Houston, Tex.; and electrotypers in New York City, reported renewed wage agreements. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 653 WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR R E C E N T W AGE C H A N G ES, BY IN D U S T R Y , O C C U PA T IO N , A N D LOCALITY, N O V E M B E R , 1931, TO F E B R U A R Y , 1932 Rate of wages Industry or occupation, and locality Bakers, Chicago, 111.: First bakers____ _________________________ Second bakers___ ________________________ Building trades: Bricklayers— Bakersfield, Calif., and vicinity _____ Hannibal, M o., and vicinity___________ Lincoln, N ebr..................... ......................... Carpenters— Bakersfield, Calif., and vicinity________ Brockton, M ass., and vicinity...... ............ Cleveland, Ohio, and vicinity_______ Danielson, Conn----- - -----------------------Dayton, Ohio_____ ___________________ Duluth, M inn_______________________ Franklin, P a _______________ ____ North Adams, M ass., and vicinity_____ Portland, M e________________ ________ Stockton, Calif_______ _ ________ . . Syracuse, N . Y ........ .................................. Watsonville, C a l i f . __________ _____ Cement finishers, Waco, Tex., and vicinity.. Electrical workers— Bakersfield, Calif., and vicinity________ Richmond, Va______ _________________ Laborers, Stockton, Calif___________ ______ Lathers, Bakersfield, Calif., and vicinity___ Painters, decorators, and paper hangers— Bakersfield, Calif., and v ic in it y ..._____ Dallas, T ex., sign', scene, and pictorial p a in ters.._________________________ Franklin, P a____ ___________________ _ M oberly, M o................................................ . Plasterers— Bakersfield, Calif., and vicinity________ Pasadena, Calif________ . __________ Waco, Tex., and v icinity______________ Plumbers and steamfitters— Bakersfield, Calif., and vicinity................. Haverhill, M ass______________________ Spokane, Wash_______________________ Utica, N . Y __________________________ Sheet-metal workers, Bakersfield, Calif., and v ic in ity ..._____________________________ Chauffeurs and teamsters, Chicago, 111. ______ Clothing: Neckwear workers, N ew York, N . Y _____. Shoe cutters, Brockton, Mass_____________ Paper makers: Holyoke, M ass____ ______________________ Monroe, M ich _. __________ _____________ Printing and publishing: Compositors— Chattanooga, Tenn.— Newspaper, day__________________ Newspaper, night _____________ Long Beach, C a l i f . . . _____ . . . _____ Tulsa, Okla.— Newspaper, d a y ...................... .............. Newspaper, night _____________ _ Woonsocket, IL I.— Job work______________ __________ Newspaper __ __ _______________ Pressmen, Portland, Oreg.— Newspaper, day_________ ___________ N ew spap er,night.. _______________ . Stereotypers— Rochester, N . Y .— Newspaper, day________ __ _______ Newspaper) night.................................. ' Date of change Before change Per hour _ _do_ Nov. 1 Jan. 1 — do. Jan. Jan. Feb. Dec. Jan. Jan. Jan. N ov. Dec. Jan. Jan. N ov. 1.12^ 1.25 1.37 H .8 7 ^ 1.25 1.00 1.12^ 1.06M 1.00 1.12H 1.32 1 .1 2 1.25 ___do_ Jan. 11 Jan. 13 Jan. 1 ___do_ Nov. 6 N ov. 15 Jan. Dec. Jan. N ov. 1 23 1 24 Jan. 1 48 48 40 40 1.37y 2 1.25 1.00 40 44 44 40 44 44 1.00 1.15 40 40 40 40 40 44 40 40 44 44 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 44 44 40 40 40 40 44-48 44 40 40 40 44 40 1 .1 2 y% .78 1 1. 00 1.00 .95 1.00 .80 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.12M .80 .50 1.12Vi 1 .12H 1.00 40 40 1.50 1.00 -87^ 1.25 .87^ .75 44 44 48 44 40 48 1.50 1.50 1. 75 1. 371/2 1.12M 1.50 40 40 40 40 40 40 1.37^ 1.21 1.25 1-37H 1.25 1.01 1.00 1.25 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 1.12/4 40 40 1. 25 P er week P er week 2 31.00-44. 00 28.50-44. 50 60 60 Jan. 18 Jan. 12 (2) 40.80 (3) 37.00 44 48 44 48 Jan. P er hour P er hour .39- .92 .41- .81 1.05- .07 .35- .73 P er week P er week Dec. 28 Jan. 1 48 0) 48 0) Nov. 1 _ do. Dec. 2 44.50 47.50 («) 42. 00 45. 00 « 45 45 45 45 45 41M Feb. 1 — do. 49.00 52.00 50.00 53. 00 48 48 48 48 N ov. 28 „..do. 43. 00 43. 00 44. 00 44. 00 44 48 44 48 48 45 40 37^ 48 48 48 48 42 42 42 42 P er day N ov. 1 — do. 7.50 7.75 P er week — do. . -do. 51. 00 55.00 P er day 1 Temporary. 310 per cent reduction. 2 Piecework. 4 Amount of reduction. 103146°—32----- 11 y2 1.25 • 87M • 62M 1.25 Jan. 1 Dec. 1 Jan. 11 Jan. 1 $43. 00 37. 00 Per hour 1.50 1.50 1.25 4 1 1 21 1 15 11 13 15 1 5 15 Before After change change Per week $48. 00 42.00 1 Tacoma, Wash.— D ay work____ ___________________ Jan. 3 N ight work________ _____________ — do. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis After change P er week Jan. __do. Hours per week 8.00 8. 50 P er day 7.50 7.75 P er week 50. 00 54. 00 P er day 7.25 7.75 ®N ot reported. 654 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW R E C E N T W AGE C H A N G E S, BY IN D U S T R Y , O C C U PA T IO N , A N D LOCALITY N O V E M B E R , 1931, TO F E B R U A R Y , 1932—Continued ’ Rate of wages Industry or occupation, and locality Stationary steam engineers, Holyoke, Mass., and vicinity: 1st class________________ 2d class____________________________ ____ 3d class_________________________ I I I " " " ] Steam boiler operatives, Holyoke, Mass.,"and vicinity...................................................................... Street railway workers: Dayton, Ohio________________________ ___ East St. Louis, 111., conductors, motormen and shopmen....................................... M obile, Ala.— Conductors and motormen____________ Machinists__________________________ Northampton, M ass., car operators and bus d riv ers.._____ _______________ Textiles: Sheeting workers, Peabody and Salem, Mass Municipal: Detroit, M ich_______________ ____________ Philadelphia, Pa., city and county employees receiving over $1,200 a year______________ Syracuse, N . Y . employees receiving over $1,200 a year___________________________ Union County, N . J., park commission employees receiving 50 cents an hour and over______________ 3 10 per cent reduction. 5 N ot reported. Date of change Jan. 1 ___do___ ~__do___ Hours per week Before change After change P er week P er week $53.00 P er hour .93 .85 Before After change change $50.00 48 48 48 48 48 48 P er hour .87 .79 Dec. 27 .73 .68 48 48 Jan. .55 .50 « 60 «60 1 do___ .44- .62 (3) 30-63 30-63 _ do___ _ -do___ .49- .53 .67 .45- .49 .64 60 45 60 .63 .55 54 54 Feb. 1 Jan. 18 Jan. 1 P er week « 22. 20 45 P er week 6 20. 00 35 35 (5) (7) (') (5) _.do___ (8) (3) (5) (8) do___ (8) (3) (8) (8) (*) (3) Feb. 1 44 44 6 Average. 8 Various. 7 10 to 17 per cent reduction. W a g es o f S e a m e n , 1931 HE following data on wages of seamen on American and foreign vessels are from Merchant Marine Statistics, 1931, compiled by the Bureau of Navigation of the United States Department of Com merce. All wages, except American, are taken from consular reports. The American figures are averages taken from reports of the shipping commissioners. The wages on foreign vessels are stated in the United States equivalents of the foreign values, taken at the exchange rate on January 1 of the year named. When more than one rate has been reported for foreign vessels, due to length of service or other conditions, the highest is usually given in the table. On Dutch tank steamers the wages in the deck department are about 10 per cent more than those stated herein. The wages on American motor ships average about 10 per cent more than on steamships. On German motor ships the engineers receive $5 per month more and the other personnel in the engineer department $3 more than on steamships. Table 1 gives average monthly wage rates, on January 1, 1931, of four typical classes of seamen on vessels of American and loreign registry. T https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 655 WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR T able 1 . — A V ER A G E M O N T H L Y W AGES OF FO UR T Y PIC A L CLASSES OF SE A M E N ON A M E R IC A N A N D F O R E IG N ST E A M A N D M OTOR CARGO VESSELS OF 5,000 GROSS T O N S A N D OVER, JA N U A R Y 1, 1931 Able sea Carpen Chief en Firemen men ters gineers Nationality of vessels American: Private____ _________________ ___________________ U nited States Shipping Board__________________________ British______________ __________________________________ D a n is h __________________________________________________ D utch - _____________________________________________ French _____________________________________________ German _ _ _ _____________________ ______ _ ___ Italian ________________ __ __ ____ ___ ___ Norwegian _ _ _ _____________ ______ ____ _____ ___ Spanish ___________________ ___________________________ Swedish . ________ __________. __ _ ___________ _ 1 $60 63 43 42 40 23 31 26 43 19 42 $77 79 63 48 46 24 38 32 $280 277 1 147 168 146 152 138 82 141 74 145 22 44 $63 66 46 43 42 26 37 33 44 19 42 After 3 years, $143; after 5 years, $152; on motor vessels, $227. Data similar to those given in Table 1 are presented in Table 2 for all classes of seamen, as of January 1, of 1929, 1930, and 1931. T able 2.—AVER A G E M O N T H L Y W AGES OF SE A M E N ON A M E R IC A N A N D FO R E IG N STEA M A N D M OTOR CARGO V ESSELS OF 5,000 GROSS TONS A N D OVER, JA N U A R Y 1, 1929, 1930, A N D 1931 British American Position Danish Dutch U . S. Ship ping Board Private 1929 1930 1931 1929 1930 1931 1929 1930 1931 1929 1930 1931 1929 1930 1931 D eck department: First m a t e .- ------Second mate______ Third m ate______ Fourth mate ___ B o a ts w a in ..------Carpenter ______ Seaman, able------Seaman, ordinary— Engineer department: Chief engineer____ Second engineer.. . Third engineer . . . Fourth engineer-. . F irem a n ________ Greaser_____ ____ Wa t,p,r ton dor __ Coal passer or wiper____ Radio operators (Class f J• $182 $180 $180 $185 $185 $185 1 $ 1 1 2 i $ 1 1 2 1 $ 1 1 2 $137 $138 $137 160 159 158 165 165 165 2 7 7 2 7 7 2 77 97 105 105 59 58 58 143 144 143 150 149 150 60 60 60 121 120 128 1 2 0 127 51 51 51 121 60 60 60 74 74 74 74 75 51 51 51 75 47 48 47 63 63 63 80 80 79 77 77 68 47 48 47 44 43 43 62 62 63 64 60 42 61 42 42 47 47 29 28 28 47 21 45 45 45 21 21 3 147 4 112 « 76 « 58 51 46 7 48 48 44 43 44 280 183 161 145 261 187 168 152 265 187 167 151 63 71 71 64 70 70 63 70 71 65 72 72 66 55 55 53 58 58 59 100 100 105 105 103 123 97 100 100 122 Mess boy________ 3 147 ‘ 112 «76 « 58 51 46 7 48 48 278 182 161 145 Steward department: Cook. . . -. . . Second cook______ 277 3 148 188 4 1 1 2 168 6 7 7 154 e 59 51 66 46 72 7 49 72 49 280 183 161 145 81 49 42 78 51 44 12C 97 99 77 48 43 72 72 121 121 100 100 100 80 51 43 80 47 42 90 120 95 95 80 47 43 «83 51 34 71 46 66 43 4C 68 45 65 43 39 8 168 167 168 121 120 121 91 71 53 43 47 43 89 71 51 43 47 43 90 71 51 43 48 43 29 28 29 84 64 40 67 51 44 83 51 34 84 54 84 54 $108 81 56 46 46 40 46 46 40 46 46 40 $111 $111 20 20 20 151 103 72 50 151 103 72 50 146 42 46 42 46 42 46 34 34 34 145 116 67 27 24 100 74 52 7C 46 78 78 78 66 57 29 57 28 58 29 58 52 52 58 52 11 10 11 10 10 10 43 40 68 > On the largest vessels, w ith superior certificate, after 3 years, $1 2 2 . On thelargest vessels, w ith superior certificate, after 3 years, $83. s After 3 years, $143; after 5 years, $152; on motor vessels, $227. * On motor vessels, $146. 6 On motor vessels, $95. 6 On motor vessels,$62. 7 On motor vessesl, $51. 8 On vessels of Classes II and III, the wages are $72 and $63, respectively; the other grades are unchanged^ 2 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 656 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW T able 2 .—A V ER A G E M O N T H L Y W AGES OF S E A M E N ON A M E R IC A N A N D F O R E IG N ST E A M A N D M OTOR CARGO V ESSE L S OF 5,000 GROSS T O N S A N D OVER, JA N U A R Y 1, 1929, 1930, A N D 1931—Continued French German Italian Norwegian Spanish Swedish 9 Position 1929 1930 1931 1929 1930 1931 1929 1930 1931 1929 1930 1931 1929 1930 1931 1929 1930 1931 Deck department: First mate _. __ _ $ 1 0 2 $ 1 0 2 $ 1 0 2 Second m ate_____ 63 62 63 Third m a t e ____ _ 63 62 63 lo u r th m a te . _____ Boatswain__ ______ 24 26 26 Carpenter ______ 24 24 24 Seaman, able.— ._ 21 22 23 Seaman, ordinary.._ 19 2C 2 0 Engineer department: Chief engineer. 152 151 152 Second engineer . 96 97 96 Third engineer . . 63 63 63 Fourth engineer . . 63 63 63 Junior engineer___ Fireman_________ 24 26 26 Greaser . ___ 23 23 23 Water tender ___ Coal passer or wiper. 2 1 2 2 23 Radio operators (Class ^-) • Grade I _______ 41 47 Grade I I _______ 27 35 Grade I I I .. . 19 24 Steward department: Chief ste w a r d ..___ 39 39 Second steward____ Cook____ _____ 23 23 23 Second cook. _ 16 16 16 Mess stew ard.. _ 19 19 19 Mess boy........... 9 9 9 $91 $90 $72 69 74 74 6 C 52 56 56 54 3Ç 40 40 35 38 38 46 35 38 38 35 31 32 31 29 14 17 15 19 $86 126 141 138 86 94 95 69 77 78 52 59 61 34 39 39 32 37 37 34 39 39 34 39 39 28 32 32 79 35 26 35 38 32 38 23 15 7 21 14 7 $71 $63 $154 $155 $155 $ 1 2 2 $99 $73 $105 $109 $108 59 52 121 1 2 1 1 2 1 81 6 6 50 80 82 82 54 46 93 94 94 69 56 50 60 61 60 70 71 71 45 36 33 47 48 48 36 29 29 46 46 46 35 32 47 47 33 27 2 2 44 44 44 28 26 42 43 43 32 26 19 42 42 42 19 17 2 2 23 23 28 23 18 30 30 30 91 72 60 54 90 71 59 54 82 140 141 141 195 158 63 103 104 104 1 2 2 99 52 84 84 84 84 6 8 46 70 71 71 31 30 28 33 28 28 25 71 58 51 41 28 44 25 25 44 25 25 81 38 32 38 27 14 7 27 26 24 32 30 30 16 31 29 29 15 28 27 27 16 44 25 25 32 32 36 28 83 26 19 29 23 22 33 34 — 102 102 41 33 80 80 80 37 30 13 14 14 101 74 146 146 145 64 92 92 91 55 69 69 69 50 55 55 55 18 21 17 25 35 18 15 15 12 12 37 43 37 43 42 44 24 24 28 74 74 74 50 16 50 16 51 17 13 13 15 Decrease for 1931 is due to exchange value of peseta. Table 3 shows the variations in the wage rates of seamen on Ameri can merchant vessels of 500 gross tons and over, in 1931, by destination of vessel. T able 3.—A V ER A G E M O N T H L Y W AGES PA ID ON A M E R IC A N M E R C H A N T V ESSELS OF 500 GROSS T O N S A N D OVER IN 1931, B Y D E ST IN A T IO N OF VESSEL Destination of vessel Occupation Steam vessels: Able seamen___________ Boatswains_________ Carpenters__________ First m a tes................ Second mates_____ Firemen______ . Trimmers First en g in eers__ _____ Second engineers Chief radio operators___ Second radio operators... Sailing vessels: Able seamen___________ Boatswains___________ Carpenters __________ First m a te s _____ Second mates__________ https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis West Atlan Indies, Atlan tic to Conti South Mexico, tic and Asia Pacific Pacific Great nental and coasting A meri- and Gulf Africa ports B ritain Aus ca Europe Central coasting trade and tralia Ameri trade vice ca versa $64 76 79 185 164 67 59 248 181 105 90 $62 75 78 184 165 65 58 244 180 105 90 $60 74 79 179 156 63 55 252 176 103 87 $60 73 80 178 156 63 54 245 174 104 91 $60 73 77 173 151 65 55 239 170 99 85 $62 74 78 183 161 63 57 266 181 103 90 $65 78 80 171 147 67 54 223 165 $61 73 79 184 162 64 57 260 183 $60 74 77 179 158 62 54 244 174 101 102 78 101 90 90 45 50 45 50 55 60 57 57 51 67 45 57 67 50 45 50 50 57 75 75 82 70 84 73 90 80 87 90 75 127 115 102 110 657 WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR A v era g e W e e k ly E a r n in g s in N e w Y o rk S t a t e F a c to r ie s, 1918 t o 1931 HE average weekly earnings of office and shop employees in representative factories in New York State from 1918 to 1931 are shown in the following table taken from the Industrial Bulletin of the State department of labor for January, 1932: T AVER A G E W E E K L Y E A R N IN G S IN R E P R E SE N T A T IV E N E W Y O R K STATE FA C TO R IES [Includes all employees in both office and shop. The average weekly earnings are obtained b y dividing the total weekly pay roll b y the total number of employees on the pay roll for the given week. Reports cover the week including the 15th of the month] M onth 1918 January_____ February____ March_______ April. . . M ay________ June__ ____ July_________ August______ September___ October______ November__ December____ 1919 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 $16. 81 $23.03 $26. 52 $27. 61 $24. 43 $26. 2 1 $27. 81 $28. 30 $29. 05 $29. 52 $29. 21 $29. 71 $29. 80 $27. 01 17. 6 6 22.07 26. 47 26. 77 24. 17 . 25. 87 . 27. 73 27. 96 28.61 29. 39 29. 16 29. 99 29. 46 27. 44 18. 71 2 2 . 2 0 27. 87 26. 97 24. 57 26. 92 28. 16 28. 45 29. 04 29. 78 29.64 30. 35 29.90 27. 96 19. 25 2 2 1 1 27.80 26. 2 0 24. 15 27. 00 27. 70 27. 67 28.85 29. 17 28. 79 30. 07 29.44 27. 35 19. 91 22. 23 28. 45 25.86 24. 59 27. 63 27. 56 28. 07 28. 69 29. 18 29. 19 30. 03 29.10 26. 96 20. 44 22. 51 28. 77 25. 71 24. 91 27. 87 27. 21 27. 94 28. 99 29. 17 29 48 30. 02 28 96 26. 34 20.78 23. 10 28. 49 25. 26 24. 77 27. 54 27 06 27.98 28. 81 28 95 29 15 29.80 28. 50 26. 39 21. 23 23. 85 28. 71 25. 43 25. 10 27. 12 27. 40 28 16 28. 8 6 29. 29 29. 38 30. 09 28. 59 26. 33 22. 31 24. 83 28. 73 25. 07 25. 71 27.41 28.05 28. 33 29. 31 29 57 29. 72 30. 47 28. 94 26. 16 22. 34 24. 41 28 93 24. 53 25.61 27. 72 27. 53 28. 57 . 29. 35 . 29. 28 29. 78 30. 08 28. 03 25. 34 21.60 25. 37 28. 70 24. 32 . 26. 04 . 27. 64 27. 6 6 28.67 29. 15 . 28. 75 29. 62 29. 54 27. 42 24.99 23.18 26. 32 28. 35 24. 91 26. 39 27.98 28.25 29. 05 29. 47 29. 57 30. 12 29. 75 27. 52 24. 74 Average... 20. 35 23. 50 28. 15 25. 72 25.04 27. 24 27.68 28. 26 29. 02 29. 30 29. 44 29. 99 28. 81 26. 42 W a g es a n d L ab or C o n d itio n s in A la sk a , 1930-31 N THE latter part of 1930 conditions affecting labor in Alaska were in general satisfactory, but in the spring of 1931 some un employment was reported. This unemployment for the most part was the result of an influx of laborers from the States where, it was stated, labor conditions were generally unfavorable. In the same spring there was a curtailment in the Territory’s fishing industry and consequently less work for the fishing population. The situation, however, improved substantially toward midsummer after a large number of construction projects throughout Alaska had been started and seasonal mining operations were under way. No labor shortages or labor disturbances were reported. Wage schedules continued “ well stabilized and satisfactorily adjusted to living costs, ” according to the annual report of the governor of the Territory for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1931, in which the following information is also given. In 1930 there were 27,568 persons employed in the Alaskan com mercial fisheries-—a decrease of 1,715 as compared with the previous year. Among these 27,568 workers there were 15,451 whites, 4,962 natives, 4,222 Filipinos, 1,258 Japanese, 771 Chinese, 733 Mexicans, 90 Negroes, and 81 miscellaneous (Kanakas, Koreans, Porto Kicans, etc.). I During 1930 there were approximately 3,820 men employed in the mining industry, which is a decrease of about 220 under the number employed during 1929. This decrease was due largely to the curtailment of operations at the copper mines. Of the men employed in the mining industry during 1930, approx imately 2,220 were engaged in connection with placer mining, 98 in coal mining and 1,502 in lode mining. In addition to the above, there were perhaps between 300 and 400 men engaged in prospecting for lode and placer deposits in the Territory. Some of the increased interest in prospecting is probably due to the fact that a number of men who usually work for wages during the season were unable to find employment and engaged in prospecting instead. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 658 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW The fishing industry is carried on almost entirely in the coastal districts of the first and third judicial divisions. The work season lasts from four to eight months, being dependent upon the nature and situation of the fishery. In the first judicial division, which includes all of the southeastern part of the Territory, from 35 to 50 per cent of the labor supply is secured from the residents of the Territory, approximately 10 per cent of those so secured being native Indians. Further labor needs are met by importation from the States for the fishing season only. About 45 per cent of these imported workers are employed under the socalled “ oriental contract system. ” Owing to the remoteness of many of the large canneries and the sparsity of the resident population in the third division, where the largest percentage of the fishery labor is employed, from 15 to 20 per cent of the total labor is secured locally, the balance being imported from the States. Of the labor secured locally in the third division, from 50 to 80 per cent are native Indians. From 35 to 45 per cent of the labor imported into the third division during the fishery season is contract labor. Wages Fishing Industry I n t h e fiscal year 1930-31 the daily wages for general cannery labor resident in the Territory were as follows: In the first judicial division men received from $3.50 to $5 and women from $2 to $3.50; in the third judicial division men received from $2.50 to $5 and women from $2 to $4. All other labor in the fishing industry is remunerated according to the scale shown in the following table. In most cases board was furnished in addition to wages. T able 1.—M O N TH LY W AGES IN T H E A L A SK A N FISH IN G IN D U S T R Y , 1930-31 Occupation Foremen____________________ Outside fore men. . _____ Boat captains___ ______ _______ Boat crews, deck hands, e t c ______ Boat engineers. . . ___ _____ Machinists _________ M achinists’ helpers __ ________ Carpenters________________ Carpenters’ helpers_____ Pile-driver c r e w s ... .............. First divi sion Third divi sion $225 $230 180 150 80 130 175 95 125 85 90 200 145 100 130 175 100 125 90 90 Occupation Blacksmiths Firemen___ Trapmen Cooks. ... ... Flunkeys Iron-chink men___ Retort m en_____ Storekeepers. . ___ Miscellaneous laborers........... First Third divi divi sion sion $130 100 90 115 80 115 115 $100 100 80 120 70 125 110 110 100 85 80 Mining Industry Labor conditions in the mining industry in Alaska differ greatly according to the location of the mines and the character of the work. General labor in placer mining received board and from 50 to 80 cents per hour, 8 to 10 hours constituting a shift. The cost of board per day was from $1.50 in the Cook Inlet region to $4 in the remote parts of the Territory such as Koyukuk and Shushana. Skilled workers’ wages range from $5 per day and board for oilers in the Yentna district to $13 per day and board for dredge masters in the IditarodInnoko district. Coal miners’ wages were quite uniform. Underground coal miners and timbermen receive $8.60 per day; underground laborers, trammers, and rope riders, $7.80 per day; and outside labor, $5.50 per day. Fire bosses are paid $250 per month and foremen from $250 to $300 per month. Deductions from the above wages are made for board at rates of from $1.50 to $2 per day. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR 659 With the exception of small drift-mining operations, prospecting, and development work, Alaskan placer mining is restricted _to the open season—ordinarily from May or June to the freeze-up in Sep tember or October. In the fall of 1930, in the Nome district, however, some dredges were able to operate until November, and in the Fair banks district two dredges were in operation until the middle of Jan uary, 1931. Lode mining is carried on mainly in the coastal regions of the first and third judicial divisions and absorbs about 1,500 men throughout the year. The following table shows the wage scales for the more important lode mines of the coastal regions in 1930-31. T able 2 —WAGES IN C E R T A IN A L A SK A N LODE M IN E S, 1930-31 Occupation Per 8 -hour shift Occupation MacMne-drîll mp,ri ___________ Manhinft hftlppxs _____________ Muckers Ti m hprmPTi Tra ckrn pu Pj ppmen Carpenters— - ------ --------------------- $4. 00-$6.00 4.00- 5. 00 4.10- 5. 25 5.0 0 -6 .0 0 4. 50- 5. 25 5. 00- 5. 50 5.50- 7. 00 Blacksmiths _________________ Carpenters’ helpers . - ..................Blacksmiths’ helpers- ---------- --Hoisting engineers --------------------C a g e r s -__ - - ___ — — -- -------Laborers--------------- --------------------- Per 8 -hour shift $5.75-$7. 00 4.00- 5.00 4. 00- 5.50 4.00- 5.75 4. 35- 5.25 3.50- 5. 00 From the above wages deductions of $1 to $1.50 per day are made for board and of $1.50 to $2.40 per month for hospital and medical care. Letting contracts for a considerable part of the underground work is a prevalent practice both at the larger lode mines and at the coal mines. A c tu a l E a r n in g s in t h e G e r m a n W o o d w o r k in g I n d u s tr y , M a rch , 1931 INVESTIGATION of the actual earnings of the workers emin the woodworking industry in Germany, undertaken by ANLtheployed Federal Statistical Office, covered 1,262 establishments employing 23,752 workers over 22 years of age; among these are 1,195 establish ments with 21,442 male workers engaged in general woodworking and furniture making, and 67 establishments with 2,310 workers, including 245 female workers, engaged in musical instrument making.1 The following table shows the average actual hourly and weekly earnings, average hours of labor, and a comparison of actual earnings and agreement rates of wages of adult workers: 1 Germany. Statistiches Reichsamt. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Wirtschaft und Statistik, Oct. 2,1931, pp. 734-736. 660 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW A V ER A G E A C TU A L E A R N IN G S, A V ER A G E HOURS OF LABOR, A N D C O M PA R ISO N OF A C TU A L E A R N IN G S W ITH A G R E E M E N T R A TES, M A RC H , 1931 [Conversions into United States currency on basis of mark=23.8 cents; pfennig=0.238 cent] Hourly earn ings 1 Industry group and class of workers German United States cur cur rency rency Weekly net earnings Percent actual hourly earnings hours are of per German United States agree week cur cur ment rency rency rates Average W oodworking and furniture manufacture Skilled workers: Time work____________________________________ Piecework _____ ___ ____________________ Semiskilled workers: Tim ew ork _ _ ______ ______ _____ _____ _ Piecework _ _ Unskilled workers, time work______________________ P fen nigs 117.3 Cents M arks 1 2 0 .8 27.9 28.8 39. 63 40.43 46.49 48.85 $ 1 1 . 06 11.63 107.3 103.0 91.9 90. 6 89.1 21.9 . 40. 62 40.70 41.08 37. 34 36. 89 36. 59 8.89 8.78 8.71 99.4 21 6 2 1 .2 48. 83 43. 70 36. 59 39.39 11.62 10. 40 8.71 9. 37 111.7 103.9 97.1 103.2 99.3 M usical instrum ent manufacture Male workers: Skilled workers— Time work_________________ _ ___________ Piece work _________________________ Semiskilled workers, time work................ _______ Unskilled workers, time w o r k ______ ________ Female workers: Skilled workers, piece work____________________ Semiskilled workers— Time work ._ _______________ _____ _____________ _______ _______ Piece work 29.2 30.0 23.3 39.8 34.7 38.2 40.2 74.9 17.8 29.2 2 1 .8 8 5. 20 96.1 65.8 67.6 15.7 16.1 38.5 34.7 25. 34 23.48 6.03 5. 59 1 1 2 .8 1 2 2 .6 126.0 95.9 98.0 2 2 .8 105.1 1 Including additional pay for overtime, night, Sunday, and holiday work, and for installation and repair work. A c tu a l E a r n in g s in t h e C o n fe c tio n e r y , B a k in g , a n d P a str y T r a d e s in G e r m a n y in M a rch , 1931 INVESTIGATION of the actual earnings of workers in the German confectionery, baking, and pastry trades in March, 1931, ANLcovering 299 establishments with 33,405 workers in 137 localities in Germany was undertaken by the German Federal Statistical Office. The average actual hourly and weekly earnings and weekly working hours in these trades, as shown by that study, are given in the follow ing tables.1 1 Germany. Statistisches Reichsamt. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Wirtschaft und Statistik, N ov. 1,1931, pp. 767-770. 661 WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR T able 1.—AVER A G E H O U R L Y E A R N IN G S IN C O N FE C T IO N E R Y , BA K IN G , A N D PA STR Y T R A D E S, M A RC H , 1931 [Conversions into United States currency on basis of pfennig=0.238 cent] Average hourly earnings Class and age of workers Agreement hourly rates on time or piece work basis Per cent actual earnings form of agree German United German United ment States currency States currency currency wages currency Skilled workers, male: Pfennigs 20-23 years—time work____ _ ________________ 91.8 Over 23 years— 109. 3 Time work_______ _________________ . . Piece work______________________ ____ _ 129.2 Unskilled workers, male: 18-20 years—time work___ _________ ________ 60. 9 20-23 years—tim ew o rk .. ______ _ _________ 77.9 Over 23 years— 89.3 Time work___________ Piece work______________________ 104.1 Female workers: 16-18 years— Time work______________ _ 33.5 Piece work______________ _ . . . ____ . . . 43.0 18-20 years— Time work________________________ ______ 47.1 Piece work___ _______________ __________ 57.5 Over 20 years— T im ew ork__ ___________ _. ______ . 58. 0 Piecew ork_______ . . . 67. 7 Cents Pfennigs Cents 2 1 .8 89.3 21.3 1 0 2 .1 26.0 30.7 1 0 1 .1 119.1 24.1 28. 3 107.4 108. 2 14.5 18.5 59. 7 76.0 14. 2 18.1 1 0 0 .1 21. 3 24.8 85. 8 97.8 20 4 23. 3 103 1 105. 9 8 .0 1 0 .2 32.7 38.8 7. 8 9.2 101 6 1 1 0 .1 1 1 .2 46.4 55.1 1 1 .0 100 6 13.7 13.1 104 0 13.8 16.1 56. 0 65.6 13. 3 15.6 1 0 2 .8 101. 3 103 0 T a b l e 2 . —A V ER A G E W E E K L Y HOURS OF LABOR A N D E A R N IN G S IN C O N FE C T IO N E R Y , B A K IN G , A N D PA STR Y T R A D E S, M A R C H , 1931 [Conversions into United States currency on basis of mark=23.8 cents] Weekly earnings Class and age of workers Skilled workers, male, tim e and piece w ork______________________ 20-23 years, tim e work___________ ____ _ . __ ___ ___ __ Over 23 years— Time work_________________ ________________ Piecework ___________ ____ _________ . . . . ___ . . . . Unskilled workers, male, time and piece w ork_______ . . . 18-20 years, tim e work__________ _______ __ ______ 20-23 years, tim e work________ . . . ... _ _ _______ Over 23 years— T im ew ork_________________ _ . ._ . . . ___ _________ P iecew ork_________ ________________ _ ________ . ___ Female workers, time and piece work______________ _ . . ______ 16-18 years— T im ew ork_________________ _ . ______ ______ ______ P iecew ork___ ____ _______ ______ . . . . . . _. _ . . . . . 18-20 years— T im ew o rk .. . ._ ... ______ . . . . . Piece work___________________________________________ ^ Over 2 0 years— Time work___________________________________ _______ Piece work____________________________________________ https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Hours of labor per week German currency United States currency M arks 46.6 45.6 51.54 41.81 $12. 27 9. 95 47.0 44.5 46.6 48. 1 47.0 51. 35 57. 48 40.49 29. 32 36. 59 12 22 68 46. 4 47.4 44.4 41. 44 49.31 25.18 9.86 11. 74 5. 99 42.7 40.9 14. 30 17.57 3. 40 4.18 45.0 43.1 21.17 24.82 5.04 5.91 44.8 44.5 25. 97 30. 08 6 . 13. 9.64 6 . 98 8 . 71 . 18 7. 16 662 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW C u t in E n glish D ock W orkers’ W age R ates 1 JANUARY 4, 1932, a new agreement as to wage rates for dockers in the English ports became effective, as the result of ONlong negotiations. Up to that date there had been no change in wages since 1924, when the daily rate was fixed at 12s. for the large ports and 11s. for the smaller ports. As early as May, 1931, negotia tions for a change were begun, the employers demanding a cut of 2s. a day m wages and drastic changes in conditions of employment demands which the^ men resisted determinedly. A deadlock was reached, and for a time serious trouble seemed imminent, but after consideration both sides receded from their uncompromising attitude, and the employers presented modified proposals which were referred to a subcommittee of the industrial council for the port industry. This body succeeded in evolving a solution which has been accepted by both sides. Under the new terms, day wages are reduced by lOd. a day, and piece rates by 7 per cent, with a minor modification relating to over time at the week end. Day rates will therefore be 11s. 2d. in the large ports and 10s. 2d. in the small ports, rates which, the Manches ter Guardian points out, are actually higher than the rates paid from October, 1922, to June, 1924. No changes are to be made in the working conditions established by earlier agreements. i Data are from Economist (London), Dec. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 12 , 1931, p. 1118; and Manchester Guardian, Dec. i l 93 l, ‘ WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR 663 G eneral Survey of W ages in A u stria 1 HERE is no central organization in Austria which compiles sta tistics of actual wages for the whole territory of the Republic. There are seven chambers of labor, at Vienna, Graz, Linz, Salzburg, Klagenfurt, Innsbruck, and Feldkirch, the one at Vienna being the most important. All seven chambers collect considerable data on minimum wages, but, with the exception of the Vienna Chamber, do not present them in statistical form. T Hours of Labor T h e hours of labor (full tim e ) a re fixed in Austria by law at 8 per day, and 48 per week. A number of factories, when working full time, work more than 8 hours per day but close at noon on Saturday. Due to the prevailing economic depression a large number of com panies in Austria are now working short time. In many instances arrangements have been made between the companies and the work ers to cut down the hours of labor instead of dismissing part of the workmen. At present the 42-hour week is very frequent in Austria, but in many cases the working hours have been cut down even to 3 or 4 days per week. In some mines the laborers are divided into two groups which alternate in employment, one group working one week and the other working the next week. All weekly wages given in this report are based on the 48-hour week. In making conclusions as to the actual income of the laborer, it should be noted that, at present, only a small proportion of labor ers are drawing the full weekly wages. Payment for Overtime M ost collective agreements provide that ordinary overtime shall be paid for at 50 per cent above the normal rate. The rates for socalled “ night work” (Nachtarbeit)—usually after 8 p. m.—is 100 per cent higher than the normal rate. The provisions concerning^ night work are, of course, not applied in cases of companies working in two or three 8-hour shifts. Work on Sundays and legal holidays is paid for at double the normal rate. Holidays, Vacations, etc. T h e number of holidays in Austria is relatively very large. It is difficult to decide which of these holidays are considered as legal, as there is practically no uniformity as to the recognition of the various holidays. Certain holidays, such as November 12 and^ May 1, are considered legal State holidays and are generally recognized as such. As regards religious holidays, however, certain ones are recognized by the Government, by banks and various financial institutions as full holidays and a number as half holidays. The number of church holidays recognized by industry in general is smaller than that recognized by Government bureaus, banks, etc. As regards the payment for holidays, there is the same lack of uni formity as in regard to the recognition of holidays. Collective agree1 This report was prepared by Ernest L. Harris, American Consul General, Vienna, Austria. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 664 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW ments differ greatly as regards the number of paid holidays. Accord ing to information obtained from the Vienna Chamber of Labor there are many companies in Austria which pay for no holidays what soever. About 90 per cent of the companies in the metal industry, the most important branch of industry in Vienna, pay for no holi days. The allowance of 2 to 5 paid holidays per annum is frequent in other industries. The largest^ number of paid holidays, 15 per annum, is found in the graphical industry (<graphische Industrie). It is not unusual in Austria for the number of holidays recognized by certain industries to be much larger than the number of paid holi days. Consequently, it happens frequently that the wage for certain weeks which include recognized holidays is smaller than the normal weekly wage. This should be considered when making conclusions as to the actual income of the workers. Sex and Age Differences Recognized in Wage Fixing I n A u st r ia a system of wage payment according to age is current. Under this arrangement, a worker in a given occupational group is graded and paid on a sliding-scale basis. Thus, the young worker may look forward to automatic increases in wages up to 22 or 24 years of age. In pertain instances gradations of pay are based on the number of years m service subsequent to completion of apprenticeship. Wages of female employees are usually 20 to 30 per cent and even moie below the wages of males of the same occupational group. Figures given in Table 2 clearly illustrate the extent to which the sex difference is recognized in wage fixing. Payments Supplementary to Wages A c c o r d i n g to information obtained from the Chamber of Labor family allowances are not usual in Austria, as far as laborers are con cerned. Certain Styrian coal mines pay, in addition to the normal wage, an allowance of 2 groschens 2 (0.3 cent) per child for every hour of labor. J a7 “ ents 111 kind are usual in Austria as regards farm laborers, t he latter usually get board and lodging and, in some instances, even clothes. In industry, however, payments in kind are not customary I t o t y n M COi mlnes>m addition to the wage, allow 400 kilograms (882 pounds) of lignite per month to every worker. The sugar industry f a n * tie following payments in kind, in addition to the normal wage • 3,600 kilograms (7,936 pounds) of coal; 50 kilograms (110 pounds) of cube sugar; 1 cubic meter (423.799 feet board measure) of hard wood* 30 kilowatt hours of electric current; 12 schillings ($1.69), rent allowance; and the use of 1,000 square meters (0.247 acre) of farming land. Ike Austrian lobacco Monopoly gives certain quantities of ciga rettes or cigars, or tobacco to its workers. Breweries grant a certain quantity of beer per day, and certain foodstuff industries sell their products at reduced prices to their employees. With few exceptions these payments in land are allowed on the basis of private agreements between the company and the workers and are, therefore, not included in collective agreements. 2 Conversions into United States currency on basis of schilling (100 groschen) = 14.07 cents. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis WAGES AND HOUES OF LABOE 665 Free housing is usual in case of laborers working on farms and in forests. Some of the larger factories and mines in rural districts have their own workmen’s houses. The worker usually pays a rent which is just large enough to pay for the upkeep of the house. The com pany receives no return on the invested capital. The financial benefit of the worker, however, is negligible, as rents are very low in Austria. Most of the new workmen’s houses erected after the war have little gardens which can be used by the tenants for the cultivation of vege tables, fruits, etc. The space is usually very small and the financial benefit derived from the use of such garden land is comparatively little. Deductions from Wages T h e r e is no special wage tax in Austria. Social insurance contri butions are relatively very high in Austria. In Table 1 there is shown a summary of contributions to be made by both employers and employees in Vienna toward social welfare institutions, as far as they are collected by the Vienna Sick Insurance Bureau. These contribu tions represent, for the most part, practically all the expenditure for social welfare. They do not, however, include contributions for accident insurance, which are paid by theemployer. The latter has to bear two more items of expenditure which fall under the category of social welfare, namely, the so-called “ Krankengeld ” or a certain sum of money which the employee receives from the employer in case of sickness, and the so-called “ Urlaubsentgelt” or continued payment of a worker while on his regular leave of absence. The scale of contributions for social insurance is shown in Table 1. As may be seen from the table, in the lowest class, comprising wages up to 95 cents per week, the total contributions for the various funds amount to 20 cents per week, or more than 20 per cent of the wage. Of these contributions, 11 cents must be paid by the employee and 9 cents by the employer. Consequently, the laborer earning 95 cents per week must pay 11.5 per cent of his wage for social contributions. It should be mentioned, however, that there are very few workers in Austria earning only 95 cents per week or less; 11 per cent fall in class 9, thus earning more than $4.05 per week, and 65 per cent fall in class 10, earning more than $5.07 per week. A worker who earns $4.10 per week pays 48 cents for social welfare contributions, or almost 12 per cent, while a worker with a weekly wage of $5.10 pays 54 cents, or more than 10 per cent of his wage, for social welfare contributions. However, as the weekly contributions borne by the laborer can never be more than 54 cents, the percentage of the wage thus deducted forms a decreasing per cent of the wage. If he is a highly skilled worker and receives a weekly wage of $12, the deductions from his wage amount to only 4.5 per cent. In the classification of the laborers into wage classes, not only the actual cash wage but also bonuses, tips, payments in kind, etc., are included. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 666 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW T a b l e 1 .—SC H E D U L E OF W O R K E R S’ C O N T R IB U TIO N S FOR SOCIAL IN S U R A N C E JU N E 1 , 1931 ’ Weekly contribution (in cents) toward— Sick ness insur ance Unem ploy ment relief fund D is tress relief fund Class 1 (up to $0.95) : Employee—.............. Employer.......... ....... 5.07 2.53 3.37 3. 37 1. 27 1. 27 0. 70 .70 0. 56 .56 0.42 T otal...................... 7. 60 6 . 74 2. 54 1.40 1 .1 2 .42 Class 2 ($0.95 to $1.17): Employee________ Employer________ 5.91 2. 95 3.94 3. 94 1.55 1.55 .84 .84 .56 .56 .42 1 .1 2 .42 .56 .56 .42 . 12 .42 .56 .56 .42 . 12 .42 .56 .56 .42 . 12 .42 .56 .56 .42 Wage class (weekly wages) Total___________ Oldage pen sion 8 .8 6 7.88 3.10 1 .6 8 Class 3 ($1.17 to $1.46): Employee________ Employer________ 7.32 3. 6 6 4.92 4. 92 1.97 1.97 1.13 1. 13 T otal___________ 10.98 9.84 3. 94 2 Class 4 ($1.46 to $1.58): Employee________ Employer........ ......... 8 . 44 4. 22 5. 77 5. 77 2.25 2.25 1. 27 1. 27 M ain Estab tenance Cham lish of ber of ment employ labor ofsettle ment ments . 26 1 T otal...................... 12 66 . 11. 54 4. 50 2. 54 Class 5 ($1.58 to $2.03): Employee________ Employer...... ........... 9.85 4. 92 6.61 6.61 2. 53 2. 53 1.55 1.55 T otal...................... 14. 77 13.22 5.06 3.10 1 2 .6 6 . 33 8.58 8.58 3. 38 3. 38 1. 83 1.83 T otal____ ______ 18. 99 17.16 6 . 76 3. 6 6 1 .1 2 .42 Class 7 ($2.53 to $3.04): Employee_________ Employer_________ 15. 48 7. 74 10.41 10.41 4.08 4.08 2. 39 2. 39 .56 .56 .70 . 16 4. 78 1 .1 2 .70 .56 .56 .70 Class 6 ($2.03 to $2.53): Employee—............... Employer_________ 6 Total___________ 23. 22 20.82 8 Class 8 ($3.04 to $4.05): Employee_________ Employer................... 19.70 9. 85 13. 36 13. 36 5. 21 5.21 2. 95’ 2. 95 1 1 T otal........................ 29. 55 26. 72 10.42 5. 90 1 .1 2 .70 Class 9 ($4.05 to $5.07): Employee_________ Employer___ ______ 22.51 1 1 . 26 15. 19 15.19 5.91 5.91 3. 37 3. 37 .56 .56 .70 . 12 .70 Total........................ 33.77 30.38 11.82 Class 1 0 (over $5.07): Employee_________ Employer_________ 25.33 1 2 .6 6 17.16 17.16 6.61 6.61 3. 80 3. 80 .56 .56 .70 T o ta l............ ......... 37.99 34.32 13.22 7.60 1 .1 2 .70 6 . 74 1 Total 0.14 11.39 8.57 . 14 19. 96 . 14 13. 22 9. 98 . 14 23. 20 . 14 16. 32 12.38 . 14 28. 70 .14 18. 71 14.21 . 14 32. 92 .14 21.52 16. 31 .14 37.83 . 14 27. 43 20.82 . 14 48. 25 .14 30. 62 25. 32 .14 55. 94 .14 42. 48 32.07 .14 74.55 . 14 48. 24 36. 43 .14 84. 67 .14 54. 16 40.93 .14 95.09 Apprentices, during the first two years of apprenticeship, are usually grouped under wage class 1. For the remaining time of apprentice ship they are included in class 2. However, if their weekly wage exS {°,schllllIlgs ($1-41) they must be grouped the same way as all other laborers m accordance with the schedule given in the table the social welfare contributions of apprentices must be paid entirely by the employer. The same applies to laborers who receive no cash wage whatsoever. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR 667 The contribution for unemployment insurance is equal to 90 per cent of the contribution for sickness insurance. In Vienna and Lower Austria the contribution toward the distress relief fund equals 35 per cent of the contribution for sickness insurance, while in other Prov inces it ranges from 25 to 45 per cent. The contribution for old-age pensions is equal to 20 per cent of the contribution for sickness insur ance fund. As can be seen from the above table, the contribution toward the maintenance of the employment bureau and toward the establish ment of settlements amounts to 1.12 cents and 0.14 cent, respectively, for all wage classes, a total of 1.26 cents. For laborers of the Vienna building industry these two contributions amount to 2.53 cents instead of 1.26 cents for all wage classes. In this industry employer and employee each pay 50 per cent of these contributions. Wage Trends and Living Costs N u m e r o u s increases in minimum wage rates for the Vienna district could be noted during the second half of 1929. There were scarcely any industries where minimum wages remained unchanged during that period. The increases fluctuated widely, from 2 to 20 per cent. Wages paid by the electric bulb and cable industry showed an increase of from 23 to 40 per cent. However, this abnormally large increase was due to the fact that increases of actual wages since 1925 were included in a new collective agreement. The upward trend in wage rates continued during the first half oi 1930, but was far less accentuated than during 1929. The number of industries which increased their wages and the percentage increases were proportionally much smaller than during 1929, ranging from 0.72 to 9.24 per cent. The collective agreements of the strong current and weak current industry were combined in a new agreement. The latter showed increases up to 39 per cent. However, actual wages were increased only slightly. This is accounted for by the fact that for a number of years actual wages paid had surpassed the minimum rates fixed by the last collective agreement in 1924. The same was true with regard to the brass furniture and safe industries, where actual wages remained practically unchanged, while, on the other hand, minimum wage rates were increased by as much as 39.5 per cent. A wage increase in the dyeing industry of about 1 per cent, which was agreed upon in 1929, became effective during the first half of 1930. ^After June, 1930, the upward trend in minimum wage rates came to an almost complete standstill. It was during the second half of 1930 that the first wage reduction on the basis of a collective agreement was reported. . , . A There were practically no increases m wage rates during 1931. A n increase which occurred in the building industry was cancelled again. According to information obtained from the Chamber of Labor, wao-e reductions have been frequent since the beginning of 1931, but no statistics are at present available on these reductions. Collective agreements concluded during 1931 show reductions of 4, 5, and 6 pei cent in the minimum wages in some groups of the metal industry. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 668 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW Actual wages in many industries were reduced even more, some times as much as 15 and even 20 per cent. In many cases, reductions of actual wages do not necessitate the conclusion of new collective agreements, because the unreduced actual wages were higher than those fixed by collective agreements. Summarizing, it may be said that at present a marked downward trend in wages can be noted. This trend brings actual wages closer to the level of the minimum wage rates established by collective agreements. The group of workers engaged in manufacturing, commerce, and traders the most important in Austria. There are certain statistics compiled on the income of these laborers, but notwithstanding this fact, it is very difficult to come to a conclusion as to the average wage of all these laborers. According to statistics compiled by sickness insurance institutions, the average weekly wage may be estimated at about 40 schillings ($5.63). On the other hand, the average calculated by the Vienna Chamber of Labor considerably exceeds this figure. It amounts to 48 schillings ($6.75). This average takes into consideration the dif ference between wages paid in Vienna and those paid in other indus trial districts of Austria; the Vienna Chamber of Labor estimates the average weekly wage of a skilled laborer at 54 schillings ($7.60), that of an unskilled laborer (helper) at about 42 schillings ($5.91). These averages, when calculated on a gold basis and compared with corresponding pre-war figures, show an increase of about 42 per cent. Due to the increase in the cost of living since 1914, the purchas ing value of these wages has not kept pace with the increase in wages. However, it is estimated that since 1914 the purchasing value of wages of laborers engaged in manufacturing, commerce, and trade has, on the average, increased by about 37 per cent. Wages in Vienna I n J a n u a r y , 1930, comprehensive wage statistics for the Vienna district were published by the Federal Bureau for Statistics (Bundesamtfur Statistik). Since that time only changes in wage rates dur ing 1930 have been published. On the basis of these publications, the 1929 statistics have been revised and are shown in Table 2. Changes in wage rates which occurred during 1931 could not be taken into consideration as they have not been published. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 669 W A G E S AND H O U R S O F LA B O R T able 2 ..—M IN IM U M W E E K L Y W AGES IN SP E C IF IE D IN D U S T R IE S A N D OCC U PA TIO N S IN T H E V IE N N A D IS T R IC T , D E C E M B E R 31, 1930 [Conversions into United States currency on basis of schilling= 14.07 cents] M inim um w eekly wages Industry, and occupation or class of worker Brick industry Skilled workers___________________________ Laborers, m a le ...________________________ Laborers, female----- ------ --------------------------Youthful laborers, male----------------------------Youthful laborers, female--------------------------- Austrian cur rency United States currency Schillings 48.38-53.18 34. 56 23. 42 19.58 15.26 $6.81-$7.48 4. 8 6 3.30 2. 75 2.15 51.84 49. 92 44.16 27.84 22.08 22.08 7.29 7. 02 68.09 48. 26 87.70 60.24 9.58 6 . 79 12.34 8.48 68.09 48.31 9. 58 6 . 80 Cement industry Skilled workers over 22 years...... ............ ............ Skilled workers under 22 years--------------------Helpers, unskilled, under 22 years----------------Women, 18-22 years old--------------- --------------Laborers, male, under 17 years--------------------Laborers, female, under 18 years------------------- 6 .2 1 3.92 3.11 3.11 Clothing industry M en’s tailors, large concerns: Class la fir m s..---------- ---------- ----------Class lib firms_______________________ Cutters, highly skilled________________ Cutters, beginners___________________ M en’s tailors, small concerns: Class la firms_______________________ Class li b firms------ ------------- -------------Ladies’ tailors: Laborers, male, working independently. Jacket workers, female________ ____ _ Women working independently---------Helpers, after five y e a r s . ------- --------Finished apprentices------------------------Ready-made clothes: Cutters and master tailors-----------------Master tailors, female-----------------------Cutters____________ ____ ___________ Pressers____________________________ Helpers, female, over 16 years------------M en’s ready-made clothes: Independent workers, male__________ Other workers, male_________________ Finished apprentices, under 20 years.._ Waist making: Independent waist makers, female-----Independent waist finishers, female----Finished apprentices after 1 year— . . . . Artificial flower and feather industry: Forewomen_____________________ ___ Laborers, female, after 4 years------------Finished apprentices------------------------Helpers, female------------------- ------------M en’s hat industry: Skilled workers, piece rate-----------------Semiskilled workers-------------------------W omen_____________________________ Women’s hat industry: Finishers, tim e workers— Under 22 years__________________ Over 22 years____________________ Finishers, piece workers--------------------Straw hat sewers, female, skilled— Time workers___________________ Piece workers.__________________ Milliners: Hand workers, fe m a le independent— N ot independent------------------------Helpers, female_____________________ Furriers: Male workers_______________________ Machine operators, female----------------Trimmers, female----------------------------Preparers___________________________ Pressers, female_____________________ Helpers, female-------------------------- ------ 103146°— 32------12 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 48. 00-71. 04 34. 56-57.12 28. 80-42. 72 23. 04-38.88 13.92-25. 44 6 .75-10. 00 4. 8 6 - 8 . 04 4. 05-6. 01 3.24-5.47 1.96-3. 58 . 85 5.13 7.29 7. 29 4. 6 6 62.88 36. 48 51. 84 51.84 33.12 8 49.44 38.88 28. 80 6.96 5. 47 4.05 33.44 31. 6 8 2 2 .8 8 4.71 4. 46 3. 22 36.50 23. 30 19. 40 19. 40 5.14 3. 28 2. 73 2.73 50. 00-70. 00 37.80-56.70 24.80-34. 00 7. 04-9.85 5. 32-7.98 3.49-4.78 61.00 70. 00 50. 00-80. 00 8.58 9. 85 7. 04-11.26 64.00 28. 00-55. 00 9.00 3.94-7.74 33. 00 27. 00 4. 64 3.80 2.95 2 1 .0 0 38.97-77.93 47. 78 21. 35-42. 6 8 79. 20 35.52 32.16 5. 48-10.96 6 . 72 3. 00-6. 01 11.14 5. 00 4.52 670 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW TiB“ s' m™ ? hew#iIVnVàS?iET?SSlSàiiTS,e^ à S Â acxjrAT10l’s Minimum weekly wages Industry, and occupation or class of worker Austrian cur rency United States currency Chemical industry Chemical-technical industry: Skilled workers____________ Skilled helpers_________ I " Unskilled helpers over 17 vears Forewomen______________ Helpers, female______ ” . ” ” ” ” " Match industry: Inspectors________________ Skilled workers_________ Machine operators____ ” "" Machine helpers, fem ale.. ” ” ” *111.1 Unskilled helpers, female Lacquer and printers’ ink industry:” " Skilled workers____ ._________ Unskilled helpers over 17 years” ” Machine operators, female________ III” Helpers, female, over 17 years. Od, soap, perfumery, etc., industry: " Skilled w orkers.___________ Skilled machine attendants"” ” . ” ” ” Unskilled laborers_____ Forewomen____________ ” ” ” Machine operators, fem ale.. ” ” ” ” Mineral oil refineries: Skilled workers, over 2 2 years____ Steam boiler firemen, over 2 2 vears” Skilled helpers, male, over 22 years Skilled laborers, female, over 17 years Unskilled helpers, male, over 17 years Unskilled helpers, female, over 17 years____ 0 . .. , Special laborers_______ First machine helpers Attendants, under 17 years Sorters, female__________ Helpers, female______ ... . , Schillings 46.08 38.88-43. 6 8 37. 92 26.40 24.00 $6.48 5.47-6.15 5. 34 3.71 3. 38 51. 84 50.88 46. 56 27. 36 26.40 7. 29 7. 16 .55 3.85 3.71 54.24 45.12 31.20 29. 76 7.63 6 . 35 4.39 4.19 55.68 53. 76 47. 52 32.44 29.28 7.83 7.56 6.69 4. 56 4.12 65.76 60.48 56.76 36.00 53.76 34.08 9. 25 8.51 7.99 5.07 7.56 4.80 54.72-56.64 44.64-46. 56 20.64 24.00-25.44 20. 64-24. 00 7.70-7.97 6.28-6. 55 2.90 3.38-3.58 2.90-3.38 57. 60 53.80-58.80 43. 60 7.57-8.27 6.13 52.32 48.42 36.24 35.28 16.92 7.36 6.81 5.10 4.96 2.38 37. 30 79.52 1 0 0 .0 0 5.25 11.19 14.07 36.48 50.88 73.44 5.13 7.16 10.33 29.50 58.25 8 .2 0 30.45 47.20 4.28 6.64 14.05 33.75 1.98 4.75 15. 30 35.10 2.15 4.94 25.40 28.15 3.57 3.96 6 P a p er industry Rubber industry Skilled workers, piece work. _” ” Unskilled helpers, male________ Workers i n Sugar refining Group I ______________ Group II___________ _____ .............. Group V ___________ Group V II________ ” " Group I X _________I 8 .1 0 Glass industry Glass blowers, during first vear Skilled workers__________2. Skilled workers, piece rate” Polishers— After first half-year___ After first year_______ After fifth year________ I Bookbinders, during first year Skilled bookbinders________ Special workers: During first year____ During third year___ Female workers: During first half year____ After second half year. Special workers, female: During first half year After two years____ Helpers: Under 20 years___________ Over 2 0 years___________ https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Bookbinding 4.15 671 WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR T able 2 -M I N I M U M W E E K L Y W AGES IN SP E C IF IE D IN D U S T R IE S A N D O C CUPATIONS J. able A* iVLi!NiiViUH E yj--gN N A D IS T r i c t , D E C E M B E R 31, 1930—Contmued Cigarette industry Machine operators, under 18 years Skilled helpers, female: Over 16 years--------------------------------------------Over 18 years--------- ----------------------------------Machine operators over 18 years— --------------------Forewomen------------------------------------------ ---------Mechanics attending tube machines, over 24 years $3.91 26.50 27.10 40.80 30.90 62.10 3.73 3.81 5.74 4.35 8 .74 63.84-67.20 8.98-9.46 24.00-48.00 45.60-49.44 48.00 44.16 41.76 38.88 32.64 3.38-6.75 6.42-6.96 6 .75 6 . 21 5. 8 8 5.47 4.59 6 6 .0 0 51.30-61.70 9.29 7.22-8 . 6 8 31. 50 46. 50 25. 50 38.00 4.43 6.54 3.59 5.35 49.44-62.40 44.64 6.96-8.78 6.28 65.08 80.00 9.16 11.26 56.16-61.92 54.72 7.90-8.71 7.70 76. 60 77.20 46.30 10.78 75.60 76.10 10.64 10.71 .47 84. 59 74.78 67.69 12.45 11.90 10. 52 9. 52 61.35 38. 07 8.63 5.36 56.16-61.44 52. 80-57. 60 46.08-50. 8 8 27. 28-32.12 7.90-8.64 7.43-8.10 6.48-7.16 3. 84-4. 52 40.80 50. 28 55.92 62. 76 67.68 5. 74 7.07 7.87 8.83 9. 52 W ood industry Skilled woodworkers, joiners, piano makers, upholsterers, basket makers, woodcutters------------------------- --------------------------------------------------------Finished apprentices: During first year------------------------------------------------------------------------During second year---------------------------------------------------------------------Skilled workers, minimum w a g e ...-----------------------------------------------------Skilled helpers, male------------------------------------------------------------- ----------Unskilled helpers, m ale--------------------------------------------------------------------Skilled helpers, female-------------------------------------- -------------------------------Unskilled helpers, female............... — ------------- ------ -----------------------------Leather industry Pocketbook workers: Highly skilled workers-------------------------Skilled workers, over 22 years............ .......... Manufacture of fiber suitcases and trunks: Helpers, beginners-----------------------------Helpers, skilled________________________ Helpers, female, beginners---------------------Helpers, female, skilled-------------------------Leather-belt making: Skilled workers, over 22 years----------------Helpers_______________________________ Harness makers: Over 22 years--------- ------ ---------------------Piece rate, average-------------------- :----------Leather workers: Skilled workers-----------------------------------Helpers----------------------------------------------Food and drink industries Workers in mechanically equipped plants Employing up to 3 helpers------------------------------Employing more than 3 helpers.......... .............. ....... Helpers______________________ ____ ______________ Workers in nonmechanically equipped concerns Employing up to 3 helpers------------------------------Employing more than 3 helpers-----------------------Breweries: Foremen------------------------------------------------------------Skilled workers---------------------------------------------------Skilled helpers----------------------------------------------------Fermenting-room helpers-------------------------------------Other helpers— Males_______________________________________ Females-------------------------------------------------------M illing industry: First machine attendants-------------------------------------Skilled workers---------------------------------------------------Helpers, m ales---------------------------------------------------Helpers, females-----------------------------------------------Tobacco industry :1 Workers, female, general------------- ---------- -------------Wrappers, female, and general workers, male------Forewomen, overseers, and machine operators, maie_ Tobacco dampers, roasters, cutters, male---------------Skilled workers-----------v---- ------------------ --------------Vinegar and liquor production: Vinegar masters-------------------------------------------------Coopers, foremen-----------------------------------------------Helpers, m ale------------------------------------------- --------Helpers, female--------------------------------------------------1 Government monopoly. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 88 76.80 6 8 .1 0 60. 50 34.30 1 0 .8 6 6.51 . 81 9.58 8 . 51 4.83 10 672 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW Minimum weekly wages Industry, and occupation or class of worker Austrian cur rency United States currency Food and drink industries —Continued Sugar goods production (in factories) : Managers of divisions___ _____ Pastry cooks, over 24 years______ Skilled workers, male, drivers___ Helpers, male— Over 20 years_______________ Under 2 0 years_____________ Helpers, female, under 18 years... Scnillings 71. 28 60. 96 57.12 $10. 03 8 . 58 8.04 50.40 41.76 25.44 7.09 5.88 3. 58 56.16 50.40 45.10 28.80 7.90 7.09 . 35 4.05 40.80 40. 80 35. 52 20. 64 5.74 5.74 5.00 2.90 M eta l in du stry {factories) Strong current industry: Assistant fitters and skilled workers, male, after two years, over 22 years Assistants of fitters and skilled helpers, over 24 years Unskilled helpers, male, over 2 2 years Workers, female, over 2 2 years. _ Weak current industry: Skilled workers, male, after 3 years____ Skilled helpers, over 24 years________ Unskilled helpers, over 24 years ______ ""'-II"_I"’ .I'"" Workers, female, over 2 0 years____ Silversmiths: Skilled workers, after 3 years_________ Skilled helpers, over 24 years__________ """ """ Unskilled helpers, over 24 years_______ Workers, female, over 2 0 years____ Electric bulb industry: " . Skilled workers, after 3 years__________________ Skilled helpers, over 24 years_______________ Unskilled helpers, over 24 years________ _______ Workers, female, over 2 0 years____ _ "~ Cable factories: Skilled workers, after 3 years__________ Skilled helpers, over 24 years__________ Unskilled helpers, over 2 2 years________ " Workers, female, over 2 0 years___________ Locomotive factories: Skilled workers, after 3 years________________ Skilled helpers, over 24 years____________ IIII"""""""'~""""""’_~’ I Unskilled helpers, over 24 years__________ Workers, female, over 20 years_____ Iron foundries: Hand molders, after 3 years_______ Other skilled workers, after 3 years______ Semiskilled workers, over 20 years_______ Foundry helpers, after 3 years____________ Other helpers, over 24 years_____________ ________ Workers, female, over 18 years___________A " " Iron construction: Fitters and skilled workers, after 3 years Assistants of fitters and skilled helpers, over 24 years Unskilled helpers, over 24 years___________ Workers, female, over 20 years___ China-silver industry: Skilled workers, after 3 years_______________ Skilled helpers, over 24 years____________ Unskilled helpers, over 24 years__________ IIIIIIIIII Workers, female, over 2 0 years. _ ____________ I Brass furniture industry: Skilled workers, after 3 years_____________________ Skilled helpers, over 24 years____________________II Unskilled helpers, over 2 2 years_________________ - - - - - - - - - Laborers, female, over 2 0 years_____________ Surgical-instrument makers: Skilled workers, after 3 years_______________________________ Skilled helpers, over 24 years_______________________ IIIIIIII. Unskilled helpers, over 24 years___________________ _ "" Workers, female, over 2 0 y e a r s ______________ IIIIIIIIII Small concerns: Mechanics— Skilled workers, over 2 2 years__________________________ Workers, female, over 18 years______________________IIIIIIII"" Steel and metal polishers, after 3 y ears............................ IIII.II https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 6 57.60 47. 52 42.24 26.40 . 69 5. 94 3.71 56.10 50. 40 45.12 28.80 7.89 7.09 6 . 35 4.05 56.16 50. 40 45.12 28.80 7. 90 7.09 . 35 4.05 52.80 47. 52 42.24 26.40 7.43 6.69 5.94 3.71 8 .1 0 6 6 57.60 52.80 52.80 48.00 42.24 28.80 7. 43 7.43 . 75 5.94 4. 05 56.16 50.40 45.12 28.80 7. 90 7.09 6 . 35 4.05 8 .1 0 6 57.60 50.40 45.12 28.80 7.09 6 . 35 4.05 56.16 50.40 45.12 28.80 7.90 7.09 6 . 35 4. 05 56. 16 50. 40 45.12 28. 50 7.90 7.09 . 35 4.05 57.60 31. 20 72.96 4. 39 10.27 8 .1 0 6 8 .1 0 673 WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR T able 2.—M IN IM U M W E E K L Y W AGES IN SP E C IFIE D IN D U S T R IE S A N D OCCUPATIONS 1 able ivlliN^ T H E V IE N N A D ISTR IC T , D E C E M B E R 31, 1930-Contmued Minimum weekly wages Industry, and occupation or class of worker M etal industry (factories )—Continued Small concerns—Continued. Lathe operators— Helpers, after 3 years--------------- ------------ ............ Helpers, over 22 years_-------- ------------------------Workers (helpers), female, over 20 years----------Coppersmiths— Skilled workers, after 4 years------------------ ------Helpers, over 20 years........................................ ...... M etal pressers— Helpers, after 3 years--------------------------- --------Helpers, over 22 years------ ----------------------------Helpers, over 20 years------------------------ ----------- Schillings 62.40 45.12 30.72 $8.78 . 35 4.32 62. 40 43.20 8.78 6.08 72. 00 45.12 30.72 10.13 . 35 4. 32 31. 68 44. 50 . 08 . 60 26.88 . 60 22 21 21 4.46 . 26 3.11 3.04 3. 78 3.04 25. 82 34. 50 23. 76 22.08 3. 63 4. 85 3. 34 3.11 6 6 Textile industry Spinning mills: Spinners, minimum wage------ ----------------Spinners, average piece rate--------------------Combers, female-----------------------------------Spoolers (winders, reelers), female-----------Helpers, male-------------- ------ -----------------Helpers, female.................................- ............ . Weaving mills: Weavers, minimum w a g e ............................Weavers, average piece rate--------------------Weavers, female------------------------ ----------Spoolers, female................................................ Haberdashery: First haberdasher, first year-------------------Second haberdasher, second year------------Other haberdashers. ------------- ---------------First haberdashers, female, first year------Second haberdashers, second year (female) Other haberdashers, female................ ........... Knitting establishments: Knitters, machine, male and female--------Skilled cutters, female--------------------------Helpers, female, over 17 years------- -----Young workers— Between 14 and 15 years------------------Between 16 and 17 years. ....................... Hand-printing establishments: Hand printers------------------------------- -----Skilled helpers, male— After 6 m onths------------------ ------------Over 17 years............................................ Skilled helpers, female— After 6 m onths----------- ------ ------------Over 17 y e a r s ................................ .......... Young workers— Up to 15 years-------------------------------Between 15 and 17 years-----------------Dyeing establishments: Skilled dyers--------------------------------------Dyers working independently---------------Skilled helpers________________________ Helpers______ ______ —------ ----------------Skilled helpers, female----------------- -------- 39.36 42. 24 42. 72-60. 00 27. 36 29.76 30. 24-36. 00 6 5. 54 5.94 6. 01-8.44 3. 85 4. 19 4. 25-5. 07 49.92 33.16 23. 04 7. 02 4. 67 3.24 14.88 18. 24 2.09 2.57 62.40 8.78 47.04 43.68 6.62 6.15 35. 04 32.16 4.93 4. 52 19.20 23.04 2. 70 3.24 57.12 62. 40 50. 40 46.08 37.44 8.04 . 78 7. 09 . 48 5. 27 8 6 F ilm industry Studio workers: Theater managers....................................... First-class electricians------- ---------------Skilled workers--------------------------------Wardrobe keepers----------------------------Laboratory workers: Chief laboratory workers------------------Laboratory assistants................................ Helpers— Over 18 years.................................— Under 18 years........ ............................. a M onthly rate. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 372.42-381. 84 2 52.40-53. 72 11. 31-11. 52 80. 35-81. 88 10. 72-10. 93 76. 21-77. 65 9. 53-9. 75 67. 74-69. 28 2 355.40 . 00 2 50. 00 9.29 48. 75 30. 09 . 86 4. 23 66 6 674 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW wa§e statistics given in Table 2 represent minimum wage rates based on collective agreements in force on December 31 1930 m the Vienna district; that is, Vienna and a number of towns and villages m its vicinity Though this territory is the most important industrial district, it does not include a number of industries, such as hgmte, iron ore, and magnesite mining, which are mainly in Styrian and Carmthian territory. Wages in Important Austrian Industrial Districts M ore recent wage statistics have been made available by the Association of Austrian Industry (Hauptverband der industrie Oesterreichs), namely, for the end of September, 1931, and are shown in table 3. these statistics include minimum wages, as given in col lective agreements for four different kinds of workers— skilled laborers qualified helpers unqualified helpers, and female helpers lor the Vienna district and also for industries located in the Provinces ol Lower Austria, Upper Austria, Salzburg, Styria, and Carinthia. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis T able 3 .—A C TU A L H O U R LY W AGES OF W ORKERS A N D H E L P E R S IN TH E L E A D IN G IN D U S T R IA L D IST R IC T S OF A U ST R IA , E N D OF S E P T E M B E R , 1931 [Conversions into United States currency on basis of schilling= 14.07 cents] Actual hourly wages of— District and industry Skilled helpers Skilled workers United States currency Austrian cur rency United States currency Austrian cur rency United States currency Female helpers Austrian cur rency United States currency Vienna and lower A u stria Schillings Schillings Cement industry___________ ________________ Brick industry: Time rate______________ ______ Piece rate- __ _______________ ___ Lumber industry ________________ . . . ____ Barrel in d u s tr y ... . . . __________________ .. Furniture ca rp en ters.____ _________ Chemical industry__________________________ Lacquer and printers’ ink industry___________ Oil, fat, tallow , and perfumery industry______ Match industry. _________________ ________ Chemical-technical industry. _______________ Explosives and powder industry_____________ Paper industry_____________________________ Paper manufactures___________ ________ . . . Leather industry.......................... ............ . . _____ Pocketbook industry: Males ____ _____ ___ ___ ______ Females Chocolate and candy________________________ Sugar industry, lower A u stria ------ ---------------Preserved-food industry_____________________ Mills, large concerns_________________ ______ Bread factories.____________ ________________ M en’s hat industry: Males Females ___________________ ______ ___ Metal industry: Vienna, large concerns __________________ Average wages_________________ ____ Piece rate_______ _____ ___________ Average piece ra te... ------------------ See footnotes a t end of table. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 1. 03- 1. 08 $0.14~$0.15 1. 01- 1.10 .14- 1.20- 1. 34 1.46 1.33- 1.40 1.06- 1. 09 1.10- 1. 13 1.16 1.06- 1. 08 .93- .96 1.12 1.01 142.00-60.25 1.21- 1.29 .17- . 62- 1. 28 .50- .85 1. 27 1.02 1. 26 ' 52.80-61.44 ' 71.88-82. 28 15 19 21 . 19- 20 15 .15- 16 16 15 .13- 14 16 14 1 5.91- 8 48 .17- 18 .09.07- 18 12 18 14 18 i 7.43- 8 64 i 10.11-11.58 .79- 1.18 .50- .70 . 11.07- 17 10 1.31- 1.53 1.41 1.64- 1.90 1.75 .18.23- 22 20 27 25 0.93- Ö. 96 Schillings $0.13-$0.14 .72 . 94- 1. 50 . 98- 1.14 1.22- 1. 36 1. 21- 1. 32 . 94- 1. 03 . 97- 1. 07 1.11 .91- .97 .81- .91 . 99- 1.07 .884 i 24.75-49.00 1.21- 1. 29 13.48.17- .76 .63 1.19 .81 1.11 1 48.00-54.72 ' 61. 24-72.58 . 11 .09 .17 .11 . 16 1 6.75- 7.70 1 8.62-10. 21 1.14- 1.36 1.26 1.44- 1.70 1.59 . 13. 14. 17. 17.13.14.13.11.14- .10 .21 .16 . 19 . 19 . 14 .15 .15 .14 . 13 . 15 . 12 6.89 .18 .16- .19 .18 .20- .24 .22 0. 88- 0.92 .72 .94- 1.50 .94- .98 1.16 1.00- 1. 20 .91- .94 .94- .97 .99 .88 .79- .81 .96 .844 1 22.50-39.25 1.14- 1.17 Schillings $0.12-$0.13 .10 .13- . 21 . 13- . 14 .16 .14- . 17 .13 . 13- . 14 .14 .12 . 11 . 14 .118 1 3.17-5.52 . 16- . 16 .57- .65 .08- . 09 1.05 .79 1.02 146.08-50.46 ' 58. 26 .15 . 11 .14 1 6.48-7.10 '8.20 . 97- 1.10 1.04 1.11- 1. 23 1.16 . 14- . 15 . 15 . 16- . 17 .16 0. 55- 0.58 $0.08 .49 .60- .90 .70- .80 .93 .07 . 08- . 13 . 10- . 11 . 13 . 66 .65 .68 .55 .55 .68 .53 i 16. 50-36.65 .74- .80 .09 . 09 . 10 . 08 . 08 . 10 .07 i 2.32-5.16 .10- . 11 .64 .60 .62 1 27.28-32.12 1 34.46-50.00 .09 .08 .09 1 3.84-4. 52 1 4.85-7. 04 2.09 2.07 .67- .80 .73 .93- 1.00 .95 .09- . 11 . 10 . 13- . 14 .13 . 61.60.58.53.50.64- . 08. 08. 07. 07.09- W A G E S AND H O U R S O F LABOR Austrian cur rency Unskilled helpers Or T able 3 .—A C TU A L HOU R LY W AGES OF W OR K ER S A N D H E L PE R S IN T H E L E A D IN G IN D U S T R IA L D ISTR IC T S OF A U ST R IA , F N D OF _____________________________________________ _________ SE P T E M B E R , 1931—Continued _____________________________ ____________________________________________ ___________________________ 05 •<! 05 Actual hourly wages of— Skilled workers District and industry Austrian cur rency Unskilled helpers Skilled helpers United States currency Austrian cur rency United States currency Austrian cur rency Female helpers United States currency Austrian cur rency United States currency Schillings Schillings Schillings Schillings 1. 27- 1.46 1.34 1.54- 1. 80 1. 66 $0.18-$0. 21 . 19 .22- .25 .23 1. 21- 1.40 1.34 1.41- 1. 66 1. 52 $0.17-$0.20 .19 .20- .23 .21 0.97- 1.10 1.02 1.21- 1.40 1.32 $0.14-$0.15 .14 .17- .20 . 19 0.64- 0.73 .68 .74- .92 .84 $0.09-$0.10 . 10 .10- .13 . 12 1. 21- 1. 43 1. 33 1.51- 1. 80 1.64 .17- .20 .19 .21- .25 .23 1.24- 1.43 1.33 1. 47- 1. 80 1. 75 .17- .20 .19 .21- .25 .25 .97- 1.13 1.05 1.14— 1.43 1.35 .14- .16 .15 .16- .20 . 19 .58- .70 .64 . 85- 1.00 .95 .08- .10 .09 .12- .14 . 13 1. 26 1. 56 .18 .22 1.15 1.39 .16 .195 .95 1.24 .133 .174 .60 .72 .08 . 10 1. 12 1. 34 . 16 . 19 1.02 1.27 . 144 .178 .87 1.00 .12 .14 .57 .66 .08 .09 1.03 1.44 .14 .20 .96 1.20 . 135 .168 .71 .85 .10 .12 .51 .62 .07 .09 .94- 1.06 .13- .15 .90 .13 .85 .12 .50- .60 é .96- 1.03 1.18- 1. 35 1.06- 1.08 1.11 .95 . 90- 1. 00 1.10- 1. 30 1.00- 1. 05 .14 . 19 . 15 .16 .13 .14 .18 .15 .79- .93 . 99- 1. 27 .91- .97 1.07 .79- .85 .11- .13 .14- .18 .13- .14 .15 .11- .12 .07- .08 . 10 .07- .08 .08- .09 .07 .06- .07 .12- . 15 . 13 .11- .12 .13 . 12 .13 . 11 .09- .10 . 12- .13 . 12 .53- .56 .71 .53- .55 .55- .65 .47 .44- .49 . 85- 1. 10 .95 .76- .83 .92 .88 .95 .77 . 65- . 72 .85- .95 85 .60 .08 U pper A u strian D istrict Iron m in ing..------ -------- ------------ --------------- https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis . .17- .13.15.14- CO O M ills________ ____ ______________ _______ Rubber industry: M inimum wages________________________ Average piece rate__ _____ - Match industry.- __________________ - ____ Soap and tallow industry__________ _________ Cement industry___ _ - - _____ -- ---Brick industry - - -- ________ - - __ M O N TH LY LA B O R R E V IE W Vienna and lower A u stria —Continued Metal industry—Continued. Medium-sized concerns— Wages .. _______ _________ Average wages_______ _ . . . ______ Piece rate___________________ __ . . . Average piece rate___________________ Small concerns— Wages _____________ ____ Average wages_____________ _____ Piece rate-- ________________ - --Average piece rate___________________ Neunkirchen district— Time rate_________________ ____ ____ ______ ___ _ Piece rate. _ St. Poelten district, large concerns— Time rate____________________ - - Piece rate_____ . _ ___________ St. Poelton district, medium and small concerns— Time rate __________________________ Piece rate_____________________ ____ - . 901.151.15. 97- Textile industry____________________________ Cement industry - ___________ - - — M atch industry------------------------------------------Brick industry--------------------------------------------Chemical industry----------- --------------------- ----- 1.06- 1. 08 .80 . 90- 1. 08 1.40 1.42 1.27 1. 08 ---- .13.16.16.14- . 14 .10 .20 .18 . 15 ...................... 1 3 " . 15 .11 .13- .15 .92 .85- 1.15 .95 05- 1.13 .86- .91 .62- .82 . 70- 1.15 .79- .85 .97 .13 .12- .16 .13 . 15- . 16 .12- .13 .09- .12 .10- .16 .11- . 12 .14 . 85- 1.05 .09 .12- .15 .60- .95 .75 1.03 .65 .54- .74 .60- .80 .77 .88 .63 .75- .90 . 08- . 13 . 11 . 14 09 . 08- . 10 .08- . 11 . 11 . 12 .09 .11- .13 .65 .53- .55 .64 . 53- . 58 .42- .48 .48- .62 .47 .53- .55 .40 .58- .69 .09 . 07- . 08 .06- . 07 . 07- . 09 .07 . 07- . 08 .06 . 08- . 10 .10 .16 .65 1.03 .09 .15 .49 .60 .07 .08 3.15 . 14 .10 .11 . 10 . 14 .11 . 12 .12 .13 . 11 . 14 .12 .15 .11 3.93 .94 .65 .70 .70 .90 .77 .77 .83 .85 .79 .88 .68 .87 .73 3.13 .13 .09 . 10 .09- .10 . 11- . 13 .09- . 11 .11 . 10- . 12 .12 . 11 .12 . 10 . 11- . 12 .10 .60 .45 .45 .08 .06 .06 O 1 O OO 1 .0 0 Leather industry ____ ____________ — M etal manufacture _________ _____ Furnitime industry _ ____ ____ — "¡Vfj]]q _ ______________________ Paper industry-------------------------------------------- U pper Styria .90 1.30 .13 .18 .73 1.13 ____________ — ____________________ 3 1.43- 1.55 1. 08- 1.16 3. 20- . 22 .15- .16 Sawmill^ average _____ _ _ _ _ P pni pn t i nrinst.ry _____ __________ Brick industry, average-------------------------------Porcelain industry _____ ___ - - — ___- _____ _ -- ■pyp inrinstry Pencil industry _ ___ ____ - -- -----Paper industry _____ _ _ _ _ _ Board factories pulp mills __ ___ _ — Match industry __ _ ________ ____ Glass industry *------------------------------------------Leather industry ______ - - - Wool industry _______________ -- ---Coal mining: .95 .84- .96 1.10 .85- .96 .85- . 95 . 85- . 100 .97- 1.08 .87- .92 1.06- 1. 08 1.12 1.02- 1.12 .93 . 13 .12- .14 .15 .12- .13 .12- .13 .12- .14 .14- .15 .12- . 13 .15 .16 .14- .16 .13 3 1.06 1.00 .70 .75- .78 .70- .74 1.00 .72- .81 .85 .80- .85 .86- .91 .81 .97 .87 .96- 1.06 .81 1.25 .94 .90 .18 .13 . 13 .75 .53 .70 .11 .07 .10 .86 .95 .81 .74 .92 .81 .70- .76 .83- . 90 .11- .12 .10- .13 .11 .09- .10 .11- .13 . 11 .10- .11 .12- .13 ______ - ______ _________ •________ Styria Bread fa^t^ri*'5' A/mTs M inimum wagft <<j j 0 rrenschip.ht.lohn' ’ - __________ _____________ .10.11.12- .14- Carinthia M etal industry _______________________ Leather branch ____________ - — Paper board and wo^d pulp industry ___ Wood and saw industry.---------- ------------------Cement industry _ _____ - - Chemical industry minimum wage. _ _ - __ Magnesite industry------------------------------------Match industry _________ _____ - -- https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 1 Rate per week. 2 Young workers. .88. 74.87.74. 84- . 130 1. 20 .89 .84 1.18 .85 .81- .87 . 97- 1. 05 .12.10.12.10.12- .18 .17 .13 .12 .17 . 12 .11- .12 .14- .15 .80.74.79.64.77- .65.75.63.68- .78.71- .74.65.71.60.60- .80 .87 .73 .70 .75 .73 .59- .63 .75- .80 .1 0 . 09. 10. 08. 08- .11 . 12 . 10 . 10 . 11 . 10 .08- . 09 .11 3 Plus 3 per cent for those who work from 4 a. m. i Married glass blowers receive 1.36 schillings (19 cents). .53 .32 .50 .44 .58 .51 .43 .48 . 58 .54 .55 .50 .63 . 58 .07 .05 .07 .06 . 06- . 08 .06- .07 .06 .07 . 07- . 08 . 07- . 08 . 07- . 08 .07 . 08- . 09 . 07- . 08 .44 .33 .36 .06 .05 .05 .58 .80 .49 .51 .53 .50 .50- .56 .44- .52 . 07- . 08 .06- .11 .07 .07 . 06- . 07 .07 . 07- . 08 .06- .07 .44.4253.49.53.56. 52- .48.45.47.47.42- W A G E S AND H O U E S OF LABOR •Steel plants: Time rate Piece rat** 1 05 -I -I 678 M O N TH LY LA BO R R E V IE W According to information obtained from the Vienna Chamber of Labor, there is a considerable difference between the wages paid in Vienna and those paid in other Austrian Provinces. In order to give an idea of these differences, the information in Table 4 was obtained from the Chamber of Labor. The figures show actual wages paid m Vienna as compared with actual wages paid in Linz the capital of upper Austria, and Graz, the capital of Styria. T able 4 . A C TU A L W E EK LY W AGES IN V IE N N A , LINZ, A N D GRAZ [Conversions into United States currency on basis of schilling= 14.07 cents| Actual weekly wages in— Industry and occupation Vienna Austrian currency Machine industry: Fitters (Monteure) Lathe operators (Dreher) Hand molders (Eisengiesser, Handformer) _ ___ _ _ Model joiners (Modellmacher)__ Unskilled helpers (Ungelernte Hilfsarbeiter)- ..................... Furniture industry: Cabinetmakers (Tischler) Upholsterers (Tapezierer) Electrical installation industry: Skilled fitters (Elektromonteure, gelernte)_____ . . . Foodstuffs industry: Bakers in small concerns (Baecker in genossenschaftlichen Betrieben) Bakers, in factories (Baecker in Fabriksbetrieben)___ Linz United United United States Austrian States Austrian States currency currency currency currency currency Schillings 56.16 62. 40 Graz $7. 90 8.78 Schillings Schillings 52.80 $7. 43 7. 43 - n 7. 43 5. 67 29. 76 4.19 9. 46 9. 46 72.00 72.00 10. 13 10.13 65. 76 65.28 9.25 9.18 9.46 OU. uu 8.44 48.00 6.75 76.10 10.71 78.00 10.97 77. 20 10. 86 57. 60 69.60 8.10 9. 79 42.24 5.94 67.20 67. 20 67. 20 52.80 r 2 gQ 38.40 38. 40 $5. 40 5.40 38.40 38. 40 5.40 70.50 9.92 71. 50 10. 06 Wages in Iron and Magnesite Mines T a b l e 5 was also furnished by the Vienna Chamber of Labor and shows the distribution of workers by wage classes in Styrian iron ore and magnesite mines and average actual wages paid. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis T able 5 .—A V ER A G E W E E K L Y W AGES PA ID IN S T Y R IA N IR O N A N D M A G N ESIT E M IN E S , A N D N U M B E R OF W O R K E R S IN E A C H C L A SSIFIE D E A R N IN G S GROUP [Conversions into United States currency on basis of sch illing=14.07 cents] Average wage Number of workers with weekly earnings of— Aus trian cur rency United States cur rency Schil lings Juveniles (Jugendliche)................................................... ................ .........--- 775 116 217 76 371 115 22 2 11 1 13 113 4 Total_______________ ____________________ —............................ 1,692 13 136 ___________________ PickuiGn (TTqTjpr) Pushers (Poerflexor) _ ______________________ Skilled workers ( Professionisten) ___________ Machine attend ants (Maschinisten and W aerter).________________ TTplpp]*s (Hi 1fsa rbei ter) _ _ ________________ _____ Pickmen (Haner) * Pieee rate Pushers (Foerderer): Piece rate Time rate Skilled workers (Professionisten): Piece rate T jrnpi rate Foremen (Vorarbeiter) * Piece rate 11 19 15 18 97 - - ________ ______ _ Firemen (Heizer): Qualified helpers (Qualifizierter Hilfsarbeiter): Time rate - - _______ ___ __ Piece rate------------------------------------------ - - --------- --------- ----------- 2 47 8 25 10 4 7 12 26 8 8 18 39 18 9 41 23 60 11 97 3 2 I 81 162 233 15 1 149 23 29 14 27 173 17 12 4 13 178 4 5 3 6 174 1 6 3 4 64.00 52.00 52. 00 55.00 46. 00 29.00 30.00 221 242 220 196 188 54.00 7.60 66.00 9.29 53.00 45.00 7. 46 6. 33 1 61.00 57.00 63.00 56.00 51.00 62.00 58. 00 59.00 47.00 55.00 8.58 8. 02 8. 86 7.88 7.18 8. 72 8.16 8.30 6.61 7. 74 5 43.00 55.00 6.05 7. 74 50.00 50.00 7.04 7.04 1 6 21 14 21 27 37 15 34 3 16 1 2 1 9 6 4 5 5 14 2 10 3 10 1 7 1 5 4 8 1 4 1 1 1 3 1 2 5 1 $9.00 7. 32 7. 32 7. 74 6.47 4.08 4.22 44 22 89 13 53 10 8 67 118 70 Molders (Former)* Piece rate M illh rc ■P i'ppp ratp https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 5 5 2 1 9 61 1 1 3 3 1 2 1 4 16 1 2 7 3 1 2 17 16 6 2 3 5 6 1 6 2 19 5 2 1 W A G E S AND H O U R S OF LA B O R 70.00N um 15.00- 25.00- 35.00- 40.00- 45.00- 50.00- 55.00- 60.00- 65.0090.00 ber of 24.99 sch. 69.99 64.99 59.99 49.99 54.99 44.99 39.99 34.99 workers sch. sch. ($9.85sch. sch. sch. sch. sch. sch. sch. ($2.11- ($3.52- ($4.92- ($5.63- ($6.33- ($7.04- ($7.74- ($8.44- ($9.15- $12.66) and $3.52) $4.92) $5.63) $6.33) $7.03) $7.74) $8.44) $9.14) $9.85) over Occupation T able 5.—A V ER A G E W E EK LY W AGES PA ID IN ST Y R IA N IR O N A N D M A G N E SIT E M IN E S, A N D N U M B E R OF W ORKERS IN E A C H C L ASSIFIED 05 00 o M O N TH LY L A B O R R E V IE W https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis E A R N IN G S GROUP—Continued W A G E S AND H O U R S O F LA B O R 681 Wages of Farm Laborers On M a y 1, 1931, Dr. Felix Klezl, a well-known economist, special izing in wage and other social statistics, published an article on the present and pre-war standard of living of the Austrian population. He comes to the conclusion that the present wages of agricultural laborers exceed the pre-war rates by about 84 per cent on the average. The present actual wage of a male farm laborer amounts to 50 schillings ($7.04) per month, as compared with about 25 schillings ($3.52) before the war, an increase of 100 per cent. The cash wage for female farm laborers increased in about the same proportion, from about 20 schillings ($2.81) per month before the war to about 40 schillings ($5.63)"at present. However, it must be considered that in case of farm laborers the cash wage is not so important, while pay ments in kind are a very important factor. These payments have increased to a certain extent, but, of course, not in the same proportion as cash wages. Cash wages of laborers working on large farms (Gutsarbeiter) have increased from about 58 schillings ($8.16) in 1914 to about 80 schillings ($11.26) in 1931, an increase of almost 38 per cent. .j By far the most accentuated increases occurred m cash wages paid to day laborers on farms (landwirtschaftliche Tagloehner). The daily cash wage of such laborers when receiving no additional pay ments in kind, at present amounts to about 4.50 schillings ($0.63) as compared with 2 schillings ($0.28) before the war G e n e r a l S u rv ey o f W a g es in G reece, 1 9 3 1 1 W AGE rates in the manufacturing, mining, and agricultural in dustries in Greece given in the following^ tables are based m general on reports of the Hellenic Ministry of N ational Economy and, for the Salonild district, upon reports of an inspector of labor, and m Patras by the local labor bureau. . . There is no tax assessment upon wages m Greece. 1 liere is a compulsory insurance system,2 however, which covers wage earners and salaried employees, although it has not yet been extended to all workers. The contributions which are divided equally between employer and employees may not be less than 3 nor more than 6 pei cent of the wages or salaries of the insured. The insurance covers the risks of sickness, disability, old age, and death and includes certain benefits to families of insured workers. . The industries in the Athens consular district include a number of manufacturing industries, mining, and agriculture, while m _the Salonild district, comprising Greek Macedonia and_ Thrace, agricul ture is the primary industry, with tobacco as the principal crop. i This report was prepared by Edwin A. Flitt, American consul, Athens; C. Franklin Yeager, American P ^ ^ o l d ^ pensions and insurance in the United States and in foreign countries. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 682 M O N TH LY L A B O R R E V IE W The following table shows the average daily or monthly wages of workers in various industries in Greece in 1931: T able 1 —A V ER A G E W AGES P E R D A Y OR PE R M O N T H OF W O R K ER S IN SP E C IF IE D IN D U S T R IE S IN G R E E C E , 1931 [Conversions into United States currency on basis of drachma=1.3 cents] Average wages Amount Industry and occupation Period Greek cur rency Average wages Amount Industry and occupation Period United States currency Greek cur rency United States currency Foodstuffs —Contd. B uilding materials Brick factories: Foremen______ Brickmakers___ Workmen Assistants_____ Lime factories: E ngineers___ F o rem en -------Chief workmen W o rk m en .__ Assistants_____ Drachmas D ayi. D ay1. D ay1. D ay1. 6040- 80 80 80 50 $1.04 1.04 . 78- 1. 04 .52- .65 M o .. M o .. M o .. D ay1. D ay1. 3,200 3,200 3,000 40- 50 30- 35 41.60 41.60 39. 00 .52- .65 . 39-. 45J4 Flour mills: Millers____ _ _ Assistant millers Workmen, _ Mixers _______ Macaroni mills: Superintendents W orkm en... Assistants____ W omen_______ Drachmas D ay1. D ay1. D ay1. D ay1. 88- D ay2. D ay2. D ay2. D ay2. 80- 100 60- 80 60- 70 30- 40 M o .. D ay1. D ay1. D ay1. 4,000 50- 100 2.5- 40 20- 50 52.00 . 65- 1.30 .32 34- .52 .26- .65 D ay1. D ay1. 100- 330 30- 100 1.30- 4.29 . 39- 1.30 M o .. M o .. M o .. D ay1. 3,000 4,000 3 500 50- 100 39.00 52. CO 45. 50 .65- 1.30 D ay1. D ay1. D ay1. D ay1. 85- 150 70- 110 40- 75 20- 40 1.10^-1.95 . 91- 1.43 . 52-. 97y2 .26- .52 D ay1. D ay1. D ay1. D ay1. 150 80- 90 80- 100 50- 70 1.95 1.04- 1.17 1. 04- 1.30 .65- .91 C a r d b o a r d -b o x factories: Forem en.. . . . . M o .. 1,800-2, 500 40- 50 W orkmen______ D ay1. 30- 40 Women_______ D ay1. 23.40-32.50 .52- .65 .39- .52 100 $1.30 75 .97 14 95 1.14- 1.23J4 100 1.30 1. 04. 78.78.39- 1. 30 1.04 .91 .52 Leather Chemicals Rosin factories: Foremen.______ Firemen---------W orkm en____ P h a rm a ceu tica l products fac tories: Chemists............. Foremen______ Workmen______ M o .. M o .. D ay1. 50- 2,400 1,800 60 31.20 23.40 .65- .78 M o .. M o .. D ay1. 5,000 5,000 20- 34 65.00 65.00 .26- .44 D ay2. D ay2. D ay2. 60- 100 40- 50 15- 30 . 78- 1.30 .52- .65 • 19J4- .39 Clothing Tailors: Workmen______ Assistants_____ A pprentices___ Hat factories: Engineers______ Oilers_________ Firemen______ W orkmen______ Assistants_____ Knit goods facto ries: K nitters.. ____ Seamstresses___ Assistants ___ Underwear facto ries: Superintendents Embroiderers. __ Assistants_____ M o .. 4,000-4, 500 M o .. 2,300 M o .. 2,100 D ay2. 60- 90 D ay2. 25- 50 52. 00-58.50 29. 90 27. 30 . 78- 1.17 .3234- .65 D ay2. D ay2. Day’2. 303018- 40 40 20 .39- .52 .39- .52 .23- .26 D ay2. D ay2. D ay2. 303015- 45 45 30 . 39- 5834 . 39- 5834 19y r ■39 Leather goods faetories: Foremen_______ W o rk m en .____ Assistants. ___ W omen_______ Shoe factories: C utters.. _____ Shoemakers____ Tanneries: Chemists______ Engineers______ Foremen............. Workmen___ _ M etal ware Bed factories: Bedmakers____ N ickelers............ Workmen_____ Assistants_____ Foundries: Foremen. _____ Founderers____ Workmen______ Assistants............ P aper Foodstuffs Bakeries: 1.04- 1.30 80- 100 B a k e r s ..._____ D ay3 . 78- 1.30 Dough m akers.. D av3_ 60- 100 .39- .65 Assistants___ D ay3. 30- 50 Chocolate and candy facto ries: 32. 50 Confectioners__ M o— 2,500 39. 00 Engineers______ M o. _ 3,000 .78- 1. 30 Workmen______ D ay1. 60- 100 .26-.3234 W omen_______ D ay1. 20- 25 1 8 hours. 2 8 hours on Saturday, 10 hours on other days. 3 Number of hours not reported. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Wood Furniture factories: Foremen . . . _ Upholsterers___ Furniture makers___ ____ P olish ers______ Assistants............ D ay1. D ay1. 100- 150 60- 150 1.30- 1.95 . 78- 1.95 D ay1. D ay1. D ay1. 60- 150 55- 130 20- 40 . 78- 1.95 . 7134- 1. 69 .26- .52 683 WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR T a b le 1 —AVERAGE WAGES P E R DAY OR P E R M O N TH OF W ORKERS IN S P EC IFIED IN D U STR IES IN G R E E C E, 1931—Continued Average wages Average wages Amount Industry and occupation Period Greek cur rency Period United States currency Greek cur rency United States currency T e x tile s —Contd. T e x tile s Artificial-silk fac tories: Chemists_____ Engineers.-. -Workmen. ---Women. _____ Silk factories: E ngineers---O i l e r s . . ---Cotton-spinning mills: Engineers-------Superintendents Oilers---- --------Firemen______ W orkm en------Women_______ Packers------C otton-w eaving mills: Engineers-------Firemen and oil ers---- ---------Women____-Finishers__ . . . Dyers.-. -------Folders_____ Repairers----- Weavers____.. Washers______ Hosiery factories: Engineers----- Ironers ------Seamstresses---Knitters____ . Packers. Workmen_____ Rug factories: Dyers________ Designers__ Assistant dyers.. Copy makers__ W ashers.. . Weaving factories: Engineers_____ Firemen--------Oilers. ----------Foremen---- -- . Dyers________ Iro n e rs.---- -- . Finishers____ _ Folders_______ Repairers.. _ . W o ol - weav in g mills: Weavers_____ Weavers (wom en)________ D y e rs_______ Laborers______ Repairers........... Amount Industry and occupation D rach m as M o .. 2,100-3,000 $27.30-39. 00 1.56 Day2. 120 Day2. 65- 100 . 8434- 1.30 Day2. 25- 40 .3234- -52 4,500 55 Mo._ Day2. Day2. Day2. Day2, Day2. Day2. Day2. Day2. 58.50 .71J4 1.95 150 200- 400 2. 60 - 5.20 75- 90 . 9734“ 1-17 1. 30 100 65- 80 . 8414- 1.04 25- 40 .3234- -52 60- 80 .78 - 1.04 M o .. 3,000-5,000 39.00-65.00 1.95 Day2. 150 . 39-. 4514 Day2. 30- 35 M o - 2, 000-4, 000 26. 00-52. 00 M o - 3,000-5,000 39. 00-65. 00 .65- .78 50- 60 Day2. 35- 55 .45)4-. 7114 Day2. Day2. 35- 55 .4514-. 7114 .65- .78 50- 60 Day2. M o .. 3,000-4,000 39.00-52. 00 30- 35 .39-. 4514 D ay2. .39- .65 30- 50 Day2. 35- 50 .4514- -65 D ay2. . 39-. 4514 Day2. 30- 35 .78 60 Day2. M o .. 4,000-6,000 52.00-78. 00 M o .. 3,000-6, 000 39.00-78. 00 Mo_- 2,000-4, 000 26. 00-52.00 M o - 1,000-1, 500 13.00-19. 50 .52- .78 40- 60 Day2. 4, 500 50 50 55- 65 4,500 55- 65 45 25- 30 25- 30 58.50 .65 .65 . 71J4-- 84)4 58. 50 . 71J4-. 8414 . 5834 .3214- -39 .3234- -39 M o .. 3, 000-4,000 39.00-52.00 M o .. Day2. Day2. Day2M o .. Day2. Day2. Day2. Day2. 30- 45 . 39-. 5834 Day2. M o .. 2,500-4,000 32. 50-52.00 40- 45 . 52-, 5814 Day2. 30- 35 . 39-, 4514 Day2. 1 8 hours. 2 8 hours on Saturday, 10 hours on other days. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Wo o l - s p i n n i n g mills: Engineers_____ Oilers and fire men_______ Spinners___ Laborers___ .. P ack ers-------Assistants_____ Flannel factories: Weavers______ Seamstresses___ Packers_______ D rach m as 150 Day2. Day2. Day2. Day2. D ay2. Day2. $1.95 75- 100 .97J4- 1.30 200- 400 2.60- 5. 20 65- 80 . 8414- 1. 04 60- 80 .78 - 1. 04 25- 60 .32}4- .78 M o .. 2,500-3,500 32.50-45. 50 .26- .52 Day2. 20- 40 .52- .65 Day2. 40- 50 M is c e ll a n e o u s Automobile-body builders: Engineers., . . . Superintendents Foremen--------Upholsterers___ Painters _____ Workmen_____ A ssistants____ Bookbinding: F o re m en .------Bookbinders---Assistants.. . . . Household uten sils: Superintendents Workmen_____ A ssistants____ Stone and marble sawing mills: E ngineers.----Sawers________ W orkm en------Umbrella facto ries: Cutters----------Workmen_____ Women_______ Mining: Superintendents Foremen______ Miners_______ Assistant miners and transport ers_________ Porters (women) Machinists____ Tobacco: Mixers________ Cutters_______ Cigarette mak ers___________ M anipulators... Women_______ Day1. D ay1. Day1. Day1. Day1. Day1. Day1. 801005030505020- 110 150 120 120 90 80 50 1.041.30. 65. 39. 65.65.26- 1.43 1.95 1. 56 1. 56 1.17 1.04 .65 Day1. Day1. Day1. 90- 100 1.17- 1. 30 45- 90 . 5834- 1.17 15- 25 . 1934-, 3214 Day1. Day1. 100- 120 1.30- 1.56 55- 85 • 71341 . 1034 Day1. 20- 25 . 26-, 3214 M o .. Day1. Day1. 2,700 90- 100 40- 60 35.10 1.17- 1.30 .52- .78 M o .. 2,500-3, 500 32. 50-45. 50 35- 80 . 45}4- 1.04 Day2. Day2. 25- 50 .32J4- .65 Day1. Day1. Day1. 55- 150 . 71J4- 1.95 65- 70 .8414- .91 45- 55 . 5834 -. 7134 D ay1. Day1. Day1. 3520- 45 .4534-. 5834 .26- .36 28 120 1.56 Day1. Day1. 22- 85 . 2834-1.10J4 .5834 45 Day1. Day1. Day1. . 39- 1.43 30- 110 22- 68 .2834- .88 22- 45 . 2834-. 5834 684 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW There is a social and retirement insurance system for employees of flour mills. The funds for this purpose are obtained by assessment of 1 lepton 3 on each oke 4 of wheat milled, and by a contribution of 2 per cent of wages by both the employees and the millers. As for the tobacco workers, there is an organization which on October 29, 1927, by legal decree was named Treasury of Insurance of Tobacco Workers (Tarnion Asfaliseos Kapnergaton) whose purpose is the provision of insurance for members of the organization and their families covering medical and hospital assistance and drugs; disability, maternity^and death benefits; pensions; and unemployment benefits! The plan is financed by compulsory contributions of 4 per cent of wages by the tobacco workers and by the tobacco merchants, and by a Government contribution. Macedonia and Thrace Spinning and weaving mills.—The spinning and weaving industry is probably the most important manufacturing industry in the Province of Macedonia. Yarns and cotton, woolen and silk piece goods are produced. 1 The working hours per week are 58—10 hours a day the first five days, and 8 hours on Saturday. The hours observed are from 7 30 a. m. tonoon, and from 1 to 6.30 p. m. Overtime is paid for at the rate of three-quarters of a day’s pay for every two hours worked. The wages paid are as follows: Spinning: Men_______________ Women_____________ Dyers______________ Weaving: Expert weavers, male Women_____________ Mechanics______________ Per day 5 30 to 45 drachmas (39 to 59 cents). 5 17 to 30 drachmas (22 to 39 cents). . 70 drachmas (91 cents). 70 drachmas (91 cents). 5 17 to 30 drachmas (22 to 39 cents). 80 drachmas (104 cents). There is a limited amount of piece work in the weaving mills. For weaving drill cloth, 50 meters in length and 60 to 75 centimeters in width, the rate is 35 drachmas (46 cents). For weaving drill cloth 50 meters in length and 1.40 meters in width, the rate is 75 drachmas (98 cents). In the cities of Vodena, Naoussa, and Verria, the wages paid to women are from 2 to 5 drachmas less per day than in Saloniki. The mill owners are not obliged under present laws to provide their employees with insurance, pensions, housing, gardens, etc., and do not do so voluntarily. No payment is made for holidays. A stamp tax of 1 drachma on each 100 drachmas is payable on all receipts for wages. This is paid by the employers. Mining industry.— The mining industry in the Provinces of Greek Macedonia and Thrace consists of 10 lignite mines, 5 magnesite mines 1 iron pyrite mine, 1 zinc mine, and 1 steatite mine. A number of these mines are now closed down on account of the economic depres sion. ^ Most of the mines are open pits, and there is little underground work. 3100 leptons =1 drachma. 0ke=1.35 quarts. 6 According to length of service. 4 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR 685 The following information is taken from a report of the Mining Inspection Bureau, dated February, 1930. More recent data is not available. U nderground w orkers: Per day Head men, first class________________ 56drachmas (73 cents). Head men, second class_______________ 54 drachmas (70 cents). Shorers, first class___________________ 53drachmas (69 cents). Shorers, second class.________________ 51 drachmas (66 cents). Miners, first class____________________ 49 drachmas (64 cents). Miners, second class_________________ 47 drachmas (61 cents). Miners’ helpers, first class____________ 41 drachmas (53 cents). Miners’ helpers, second class--------------- 39 drachmas (51 cents). Surface workers: Common labor______________________ 45 to 50 drachmas (59 to 65 cents). Specialists__________________ 50 to 80 drachmas (65 to 104 cents). The working time is eight hours per day, six days a week. The overtime is calculated at the same rate per hour as the day rate, plus 5 per cent. In order to attract laborers, the mine operators provide free housing and restaurants where food may be obtained at a very low cost. Frequently operators give their workers an extra day’s wage per week as a bonus but this is not obligatory. Macaroni mills.—In the paste food or macaroni mills, the minimum age limit for boys and women is 14 years. Boys between 14 and 18 years of age, and women, are permitted to work 58 hours a week, i. e., 10 hours a day for 5 days, and 8 hours on Saturdays. Men over 18 years of age may work for longer periods but must have a minimum of 9 hours’ rest at night, and 2 hours’ rest at noon during the summer months, and 1% hours during the winter months. The women are primarily employed in packing. Wages paid to men range from 40 to 100 drachmas (52 cents to $1.30) a day according to age and kind of work. Women receive from 20 to 35 drachmas (26 to 46 cents) a day. There are no taxes on wages. _ No provision is made for social or other insurance, and no housing is provided. Carpet-weaving industry.—The legal working week in the carpet weaving industry is 6 days; 5 days of 10 hours, and 8 hours on Satur day, making a total of 58 hours per week. This schedule, however, is not strictly enforced since all the work is on a piecework basis and many of the workers have looms in their own homes and work at all hours. All the weavers are women and girls, and there is no minimum age limit for the latter. Often very old women and very young girls are employed. The standard rate of pay is 2.80 drachmas (3.6 cents) per 1,000 knots. The earnings of the most skilled weavers do not exceed 40 drachmas (52 cents) a day, although the average daily earnings are considerably below this figure. There are no supplementary payments. No wage taxes are levied on the weavers. There is no social insurance. Soap industry.—In the soap manufacturing industry a minimum working day is not enforced, on account of the nature of the work. Laborers work 10 to 12 hours a day, 6 days a week. Daily wages range from 60 to 80 drachmas (78 cents to $1.04). No wage taxes are levied. 103146°— 32----- 13 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 686 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW There is no social insurance. Flour mills.—Work in the large flour mills consists of three shifts a day, each shift consisting of eight hours. Six days constitute a working week. Wages range from 55 to 90 drachmas (72 cents to $1.17) a day. Clothing industry.—In the clothing industry the minimum age limit is 14 years. Boys 14 to 18 years of age, and woman workers, are permitted to work 58 hours a week; 10 hours a day for 5 days and 8 hours on Saturday. Males over 18 years of age may work for longer periods but must have a minimum of 9 hours’ rest at night, and 2 hours’ rest at noon during the summer months, and 1% hours’ rest in the winter months. The majority of the workers in the clothing industry are piece workers who take work to their homes and considerable difficulty is encountered in enforcing these regulations. Clothing workers are paid by the garment, and it is difficult to ascer tain their earnings, since the rates vary with the different types of work, amount of work available, etc. It is said they average between 40 to 50 drachmas (52 and 65 cents) a day for men, and 20 to 40 drach mas (26 to 52 cents) a day for women. No provision is made for social or other insurance. Agriculture— Agriculture in Macedonia and Thrace is confined to small individual farms, the average size of which does not exceed seven and one-half acres. The methods employed are still exceedingly primitive, and in the case of cereal and other food crops the output hardly suffices to meet the requirements of the farmers themselves. Flour and wheat constitute one of the most important items of import into Greece. The farms being small, however, each farmer is capable of looking after his own crops although very often they assist each other at harvest time. Recourse to outside help is seldom necessary. In prosperous periods when good prices are obtained, the tobacco growers frequently employ outside help to assist them in the picking and manipulation of the tobacco. However, not more than 10 per cent of the farmers resort to outside help at the present time. Labor for picking is paid at 40 to 50 drachmas (52 to 65 cents) and for manipulating, 15 to 25 drachmas (20 to 33 cents), a day, including food and shelter. s The manipulation of leaf tobacco, the bulk of which is exported, is a seasonal industry. All the manipulation is done by hand and no machinery is used except hand presses for baling. The manipulation usually commences in the end of January and continues until Septem ber or October. In the Provinces of Greek Macedonia and Thrace 25,117 men and 15,875 women are employed each year in this industry. Handlers (stivndori) and sorters (dcnkdjis) receive in the summer period 85 to 105 drachmas ($1.11 to $1.37) a day and woman packers (yastaldjis) 35 to 40 drachmas (46 to 52 cents) a day. During the winter period, the laborers receive seven-eighths of the above rates. Hours. Eight hours constitute a day in the summer period and seven hours in the winter months. Six days constitute a week, mak ing a total of 48 hours in the summer and 42 hours in the winter. No work is permitted on Sundays except in the case of the handlers who are allowed to work on Sundays during the period of fermentation of the tobacco under special permission from the Labor Inspection Bureau. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 687 WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR Male workers under 14 years and women under 16 years may not be employed. In the summer time tobacco workers are permitted to work two hours overtime. The overtime rate of pay is figured on the basis of the regular wage plus 25 per cent. For instance a woman worker who receives 40 drachmas (52 cents) a day, receives 5 drachmas an hour overtime plus 25 per cent, or 6% drachmas for each hour of over time. For a 10-hour day she receives 52% drachmas (68 cents). Because of the lack of sunlight, there is no overtime work in the winter months. No supplementary payments in kind, paid holidays, free housing, or land for gardens, are made to the tobacco workers. There are no wage taxes. These workers are insured under the system described on page 681. Patras A cco rd ing to official figures furnished by the local Bureau of Labor of the Ministry of National Economy the total number of workers in industries and occupations at Patras, is from 5,000 to 5,500 divided as follows: Male workers in industries__________________________ __________ 1, 500-2, 000 Woman workers in industries__________________________________ 2, 000 1, 000 Male workers, nonunion. ________________________ ____________ Woman workers, nonunion____________________________________ 500 About one-half of these workers belong to unions or brotherhoods. There are not more than 50 communist workmen in Patras. There is no permanent unemployment in Patras, as nearly all the laborers without steady employment earn one or more days’ wages each week. The following table shows the principal classes of workers by in dustry and occupation with the wage rates per day and full-time hours of labor: T able 2 .—D A IL Y W AGES A N D HOURS OF W ORK IN SP E C IFIE D OCCUPATIONS IN PA T R A S, G R E EC E , N O V E M B E R , 1931 [Conversions into United States currency on basis of drachma=1.3 cents] Sex and occupation Males: Currant p ack ers________________________ _____ ___ Spinners ___________________ - - _______ _ Distillery workers __ ___________________ _____ ____ Carpenters, factories_________________________________ Tanners ____ - - _____ - _______ ___ ___ Flour-mill w o rk ers.-______________ . . . Macaroni factory workers_______________ _ _ _ _ _ ___ Bakery w orkers__ __ _________________ _______ Tobacco workers _ _ _ ________ ___ _______ Furniture workers _ - _______________________ Printers __ _ _ ________________ _____ Stevedores _ _ __ _________________ Carpenters, masons, and similar workers________________ Teamsters ______________________________ Females: Skilled laborers, factories _ ____________________ Apprentices __ __ ______________________ Nonunion laborers____ _____________________________ Children, aged— 14-16 y e a rs_____ ________ ______________________ 16-18 years_________________________________________ https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Wages per day Hours per day Greek currency United States currency Drachmas 125-135 50- 80 60- 75 80-110 45- 65 50- 75 60- 80 60- 70 75-100 80-100 80-100 150 90-125 125-150 $1. 63— $1. 76 .65- 1.04 .78- .98 1. 04- 1. 43 .59- .85 .65- .98 . 78- 1. 04 .78- .91 . 98- 1. 30 1.04- 1. 30 1.04- 1. 30 1.95 1.17- 1.63 1.63- 1. 95 8-10 8-10 40- 50 20- 30 30- 40 .52- .65 .26- .39 .39- .52 8-10 8-10 20- 35 25- 45 .33- .59 9 10 8 9 8 8 9 9 8 8 8 8 8 8 8-10 .26- .46 688 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW Tailors and shoemakers are paid by the piece, the former being paid at the rate of 300 drachmas ($3.90) per suit and 200 drachmas ($2.60) per overcoat. Shoemakers are paid from 60 to 80 drachmas ($0.78 to $1.04) for each pair of shoes for adults and from 35 to 50 drachmas (46 to 65 cents) for each pair of children’s shoes. Twenty-five per cent extra is generally paid for all overtime work. Double time is paid for work on holidays. No supplementary payments are made for family allowance. No payments in kind are made, and free housing and garden is given in a few instances only. Deductions from the above wages are made in the form of a special tax only from the laborers who receive a daily wage rate of 60 drach mas (78 cents) or over. Social insurance has not yet been extended to all classes of laborers. Only a few classes of workers pay from 2 to 6 per cent of their daily wages as social insurance. G eneral Survey o f W ages in S w itzerla n d , 1930 an d 1 9 3 1 1 manufacturing has come to be of great economic im portance in Switzerland, agriculture and its branches occupy W HILE inore than a third of the Swiss wage earners. The strictlv local indus tries, such as building, printing, transportation and the hotel and restaurant trade account for a great many more, but strictly factory workers may be reckoned to number another third of the working population. Some of the industrial groups which are important in the United States are not represented in Switzerland, as for instance coal mining and oil production; in fact, mineral mining in general is unimportant. Logging and lumbering accounts for the employment of considerable numbers of mountain _peasants during winter months, but hardly exists as a year-round industry. The most important branches of manufacture are textiles, followed by machine building, clock and watch manufacture, metal working, and the preparation of foodstuffs. Of these groups, the textile and clock and _watch industries have been undergoing such a difficult period during the past few years that their relative position in Swiss industry is less important to-day than before the war. The machinebuilding trade, however, has been fairly successful right up to the pres ent time, as has the food industry, among which latter the cheese, chocolate, and condensed milk branches lead. Number of 'persons employed.—Folio wing, is a short table showing the number of factory workers in Switzerland according to industry, in 1901, 1911, and 1930. Payments supplementary to wages.—There are, as a rule, no supple mentary payments in industry, such as family allowances, payments in kind, or free housing or land for gardens. In some cases dwelling accommodations are provided by factory owners, but a fair rent is always charged for them. In the rural districts some instances exist of free garden land being granted to employees if the factory has available terrain which could not be more profitably used otherwise, but these cases are infrequent. } This report was prepared by Gibson G. Blake, American consul, Geneva; Hugh F. Kamsay, American vice consul, Zurich; J. Tuck Sherman, American vice consul, Berne; Albert W. Scott, American vice consul, Basel; and Frederick W. Baldwin, American consul, Lausanne https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 689 WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR T a b l e 1 .—N U M B E R OF FA CTORY W ORKERS IN SP E C IFIE D IN D U S T R IE S IN SW ITZER L A N D , 1901, 1911, A N D 1930 Number of factory workers in specified industries in— Industry 1901 Cotton textiles __________________ __ _____ Silk and Artificial silk _ _ _______________________ _ Woolen textiles _ __ _ _______________________ Linen textiles______________________________________ Embroideries. ____________________________________ Other textile b ra n ch es__ - ___ _________________ Clothing and objects of equipment Food prod nets _______ __ ________ __________ __ __ _ __________ Chemical industry _ __ ___________ _____________ Municipal services Paper , leather, a.nd rubber _____ _ _________ ________ -- ________________ Woodworking Printing and binding _ ________________ Production and working of metals __ ______ _ _____ Machine and instrument b u ild in g __ Clocks and watches ________________- ____ PIfirth en ware and stoneworking______ _ ____________ 32,297 33,908 4,166 1,043 16,751 3,153 14, 671 18,332 4,196 2,156 7,316 14, 381 7,469 13,043 32,626 24,858 12,168 1911 29, 550 32,024 5,325 1,007 28, 606 4,509 23,443 26,044 7,394 4, 228 9, 262 23, 765 10, 042 23,325 47, 630 34,983 17,704 1930 32,567 28, 533 7,953 1,949 6, 431 7,550 41,015 26,564 11,862 4,242 13,981 25, 421 14,285 35,468 76, 803 41,784 15,416 Paid vacations and certain holidays are the rule for all workers who work on a weekly or monthly basis, and in a few instances certain more or less local half holidays are granted with pay to workers on a daily wage basis. In most of the collective agreements regarding wages, the granting of paid vacations and paid holidays are considered, and definite arrangements made for either granting or refusing them. The period of compulsory military service is 9 / weeks for infantry in the first year of service, about 1A weeks for cavalry and artillery in the first year, and 2 weeks a year for the following 8 years for all arms, and short periods in the 7 succeeding years. There is no law obliging employers to pay wages for these periods or even to give employment to men who leave their service for military service. How ever, many of the collective wage agreements cover these questions. There are unemployment and sick benefit insurance funds in opera tion in practically all of the Cantons of Switzerland. Most of these enjoy Federal subsidy, all of them cantonal subsidy, and all of them require contributions from the insured workers. These contributions in the case of unemployment insurance are not large but vary in each Canton. Collective agreements —The majority of the collective agreements relate to the payment of wages or salaries, a smaller number taking up such questions as hours of labor, paid holidays and vacations, overtime and the prohibition of piecework. Most of the labor agreements which deal with the wage question set up a minimum wage, but it must be realized that in a small, highly developed country such as Switzerland, minimum wage agreements are relatively unimportant to skilled workers, who in normal times are able to demand, and to receive, more than the minimum rates. Piece rates are not_ common and are most often encountered in the clock and watch industry, although the tendency is away from this system. The actual piece rates in this industry are not published, and are the subject of special agreement in nearly every factory. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 690 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW Average Wages in Specified Industries T he table which follows shows the average wages per day and per hour, as computed by insurance funds against accidents, of workmen injured in industrial accidents: T able 3 .—A V ER A G E D A IL Y A N D H O U R L Y E A R N IN G S OF W OR K ER S IN JU R E D IN IN D U S T R IA L A C C ID E N T S I N SW IT ZE R L A N D I N 1930 E a r n i n g s -per d a y [Conversions into United States currency on basis of franc=19.3 cents] Men Foremen Industry Skilled and semiskilled Unskilled U.S. Women, aged 18 and more U.S. Y oung per sons under 18 years of age U.S. Swiss U .S . Swiss Swiss Swiss Swiss U .S . cur cur cur cur cur cur cur cur cur cur rency rency rency rency rency rency rency rency rency rency M etal and machine________ B u ild in g ............................. Wood____________________ Textiles__________________ Watch and clock__________ Stone and earth__________ _ Shoe..................................... . Paper................................ ......... Printing________ ____ _____ Chemical_________________ Pood, drink, and tobacco___ Transportation____________ Electric light and power___ Warehousing and commerce. Gas and water works_______ Mines and quarries________ Forestry__________________ All industries______________ Francs 17.16 53.31 15.93 3. 07 15. 65 3. 02 14.69 2. 84 15.64 3.02 16.90 18. 10 3.26 3. 49 18. 18 16. 10 3. 51 3. 11 14. 15 16.22 3.13 Francs 12.13 13.23 11.81 10. 52 12.14 12. 40 10. 97 11. 70 15.88 12. 40 13. 99 11. 35 14. 55 13. 51 15. 86 12. 40 9. 68 $2. 34 2.55 2. 28 2.03 2. 34 2. 39 12.57 2.43 2 . 12 2. 26 3.06 2. 39 2. 70 2. 19 2.81 2. 61 3.06 2. 39 1. 87 Francs Francs 9. 55 $1.84 10. 28 1.98 8. 89 1. 72 9.22 1. 78 8. 47 1. 63 9. 42 1. 82 9. 13 1. 76 8. 89 1. 72 9. 59 1. 85 10. 33 1. 99 11. 54 2. 23 10. 53 2. 03 10. 84 2. 09 10. 93 2 . 11 13. 45 2. 60 9. 48 1. 83 8.61 1.66 9.90 Francs 6.46 $1. 25 5. 98 6. 44 7.01 5. 26 6. 99 5.81 6.51 6.05 5. 67 1. 15 1.24 1. 35 1.02 1. 35 1. 12 1.26 1. 17 1.09 4. 90 7.86 5.19 4.50 4. 97 5. 39 4. 70 4. 11 4.09 5. 09 4.68 $0. 95 1. 52 7.01 6.70 1.35 1.29 5.45 1.05 1.00 .87 .96 1.04 .91 .79 .79 .98 .90 .97 1.91 E a r n in g s p er ho u r Metal and machine_______ Building_______________ . . . W o o d ................................ . Textiles_______ _________ Watch and clock__________ Stone and earth___________ Shoe— ______ ___________ Paper.___________ ________ Printing__________ _______ Chemical_________________ Food, drink, and tobacco__ Transportation____________ Warehousing and commerce. Electric light and power___ Gas and water works______ Mines and quarries________ Forestry__________________ All industries________ Francs 1.82 $0. 35 1.71 .33 1.63 .31 1. 39 .27 1.67 .32 Francs Francs Francs 1. 50 $0.29 1. 54 .30 1.41 .27 .24 1. 23 1. 48 .29 1.47 .28 1.28 .25 1. 38 .27 2. 00 .39 1. 46 .28 .31 1.61 1.44 .28 1.60 .31 1. 54 .30 1. 70 . 33 1.38 .27 1. 02 .20 1.18 $0.23 1. 17 .23 1.04 .20 1.09 .21 1.01 . 19 1. 12 .22 .21 1.08 .21 1.10 1. 16 .22 .24 1.23 1.45 .28 1.21 .23 1.27 .25 1. 10 .21 1. 38 .27 1.03 .20 .99 . 19 1.49 1.16 .29 .22 Francs 0. 80 $0.15 .73 .77 .86 .68 .82 .67 .78 .74 .68 . 14 . 15 . 17 . 13 . 16 . 13 . 15 . 14 . 13 .78 . 15 .76 .15 0.60 .89 .63 .65 .60 .90 .55 .52 .50 .63 .58 $0.12 . 17 . 12 . 13 .12 . 17 . 11 . 10 . 10 . 12 . 11 .73 . 14 .68 .13 Metal and machine industries.—Wage rates in the metal and machine industries, published in the 25th annual report of the Em ployers’ Association of Swiss Machine and Metal Industrialists for the year 1930, are as follows: https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 691 WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR T a b l e 3 .— AVER A G E H O U R L Y A N D W EEK LY E A R N IN G S OF W O R K ER S IN M ET A L A N D M A C H IN E IN D U S T R IE S IN SW IT ZE R L A N D IN 1930 [Conversions into United States currency on basis of franc=19.3 cents] Average earnings Per week Per hour Occupation Swiss currency United States currency United States currency Francs Francs Skilled workers _________________________ Tfplpp.rs _ _____________________________________ Average, all w orkers.--------- ----- ------------------------------- Swiss currency 1. 59 1.26 1.44 $0.31 .24 .28 76.18 60. 34 69.07 $14. 70 11.65 13. 33 The average hourly wages in the silk dying and throwing industry located in the Canton of Zurich are shown below: Per hour Dyers, male__________________________ Dyers, helpers, m ale__________________ Skilled workers, female________________ Unskilled workers, female_______________ 1.81 1.43 0.95 0.82 francs francs franc franc (34.9cents). (27.6cents). (18.3cents). (15.8cents). Wages in the Basel District T h e r e are several important manufacturing industries in the Basel consular district, and agriculture is carried on to some extent. The principal products of the manufacturing industries in this district are: Aniline dyes, chemicals, pharmaceutical products, watches, silk ribbons, spun silk, shoes, magnetos, automatic time switches, and machinery. In all instances, wages given are those in effect at the present time, the figures being furnished by persons connected with Basel indus tries. No published material concerning wages paid in local indus tries has been found available, and little information on the subject could be obtained from official sources. Mechanical industries.—In the Basel district, skilled mechanics employed in factories making electrical and other kinds of machinery earn, on the average, 1.70 francs (33 cents) an hour. The 48-hour week is established in nearly all factories throughout Switzerland. Foremen in machine shops receive an average of approximately 2 francs (39 cents) an hour. Apprentices, usually youths who begin their apprenticeship at 14 or 15 years of age and are apprenticed for 3% or 4 years, receive 0.12 franc (2 cents) an hour in the first year, 0.18 franc (3.5 cents) an hour in the second year, 0.24 franc (4.6 cents) an hour in the third year, and 0.30 franc (5.8 cents) an hour in the fourth year. . Agriculture.—Men employed as skilled farm workers m this district receive 80 to 100 francs ($15.44 to $19.30) a month, and also their board and lodging, considered as worth approximately 150 francs ($28.95) a month. Less skilled workers, including youths and women, receive varying rates of pay less than 80 francs a month, depending upon their qualifications. Chemical industry.—In the chemical industry, men with some training and experience receive an average wage of 1.40 to 1.50 francs https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 692 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW (27 to 29 cents) an hour, “ full time” being 48 hours a week. Fore men and specially skilled workers receive as much as 2 francs (39 cents) an hour. Women and girls employed as packers earn between 0.80 and 0.90 franc (15 and 17 cents) an hour. Spun-silk industry.—Most of the workers in the Basel spun-silk industry are women and girls. The usual wage earned by skilled workers is 8 francs ($1.54) a day, on the basis of five and one-half working-days to the week. The less skilled woman employees receive from 6 to 7 francs ($1.16 to $1.35) a day. Men employed as mechanics to repair looms earn 10 to 12 francs ($1.93 to $2.32) a day. Ribbon industry.—Wages paid in the Basel ribbon factories are practically the same as those given for the spun-silk industry. The manufacture of ribbons in this district was formerly of considerable importance but has greatly decreased in the last few years. When the industry was more important, a large part of the work was carried on in the homes of the workers. Looms were supplied by the employ ers and payment was on a piece-rate basis. There is little production by the home workers at the present time. Watch industry.—Men employed as skilled workers in watch fac tories located in the Basel district earn from 1.50 to 2 francs (29 to 39 cents) an hour. Unskilled men receive 1.20 francs (23 cents) an hour. Apprentices are paid 0.40 franc (8 cents) an hour. Women employed as skilled workers are paid from 1.30 to 1.40 francs (25 to 27 cents) an hour, while unskilled woman workers receive 0.80 franc (15 cents) an hour. Shoe industry.—Workers in the shoe industry are divided into a number of classes according to the particular kind of work performed, but the general division between skilled and unskilled workers and apprentices may be made. Skilled men are paid on the average 1.50 francs (29 cents) an hour. Unskilled men earn about 1 franc (19 cents) an hour, while apprentices receive from 0.50 to 0.70 franc (10 to 14 cents) an hour. Skilled woman workers receive 0.90 francs (17 cents) an hour, while women and girls employed as apprentices or unskilled workers are paid 0.50 to 0.60 franc (10 to 12 cents). Payment for Overtime Work In Switzerland factory owners desiring to use their employees on overtime work must obtain special permission from the authorities and are required to pay a higher rate for overtime work than is paid for work during the usual hours. Payments Supplementary to Wages While few workers in the Basel district receive supplementary payments in the nature of family allowances, payments in kind, free housing, or land for gardening, nearly all workers receive an annual vacation with pay. The duration of the vacation granted varies considerably in the different industries, but as a rule from 7 to 14 days are given. Usually the number of days of vacation that may be granted depends upon the length of service. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR 693 Deductions from Wages Employers in this part of Switzerland make no deductions from wages in the nature of special wage taxes. Nearly all workers, how ever, are subject to income tax as levied by the cantonal governments. In the Canton of Basel-City, persons without dependents are subject to income tax if their annual income is 2,000 francs ($386) or more. The personal exemption for persons having dependent relatives to support is 3,500 francs ($675.50). Factory and other workers are required to be insured against un employment either with the unemployment insurance office of the Canton or with a private insurance organization that is officially recognized and controlled. In the Canton of Basel-City persons insured with the cantonal institution are classified into five daily wage classes, the contribution per month for each of these five classes being as follows : M onthly contribution Up to 6 francs ($1.16)_______________________________ 0.70 franc (13.5 cents). 6.01 to 9 francs ($1.16 to $1.74)_____________________ 1.00 franc (19.3 cents). 9.01 to 12 francs ($1.74 to $2.32)____________________ 1.50 francs (29.0 cents). 12.01 to 14 francs ($2.32 to $2.70)____________________ 2.00 francs (38.6 cents). Over 14 francs ($2.70)_______________________________ 2.50 francs (48.3 cents). Some of the private unemployment insurance organizations are conducted by employers in cooperation with employees and in such instances the employers share in the payment of contributions. Some employers pay the entire amount. All employers in the Canton of Basel-City are required to contribute to a so-called “ crisis fund” of the cantonal unemployment insurance office, the amount of contri bution being two-tenths of 1 per cent of the amount of wages paid out to their employees. This fund is not used unless the cantonal subsidy, public and private, exceeds five times the contribution of the employers. In addition to premiums paid for unemployment insurance, many employers in this district pay premiums to insure their workers against accident and illness, and in some cases make provision for pension funds. It is understood that the total amount paid out in this way for social insurance contribution often amounts to as much as 1.50 francs (29 cents) a day for each worker, this amount being in addi tion, of course, to wages. Wages in Agriculture I n 1888 the Swiss census showed 1,092,827 persons engaged in agriculture. Each successive census since that time has shown a decrease, there being in 1920 only 971,696 persons so engaged. During the same period the number of agricultural workers employed de creased from 126,020 to 96,575. These figures are part of a study of conditions in agriculture in Switzerland made in 1929-30 by the secretariat of the Swiss Farmers’ Union. According to the report, the number of workers in agriculture has shown a still further decrease since 1920, so marked a decrease that one of the purposes of the study was to ascertain to what conditions the exodus of workers has been due and what could be done to remedy the situation. The study covered all of the Cantons of Switzerland. Inquiries were addressed to 3.019 communes and replies were received from https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 694 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW 2,335, or 77.3 per cent. Among the subjects covered were the ques tions of money wages, payments in kind, working hours, and general farm costs. Table 4 shows the rates paid in specified occupations in 1930 and gives comparative figures for the period before the World War and in 1921, taken from previous studies by the secretariat: T a b l e 4 .—WAGE R A TES PA ID FO R S P E C IF IE D A G R IC U L T U R A L OCCU PA TION S IN SW IT ZE R L A N D [Conversions into United States currency on basis of franc=19.3 cents] Average wage rates 1921 Pre-war Occupation Francs United States currency Francs 1930 United States currency Francs United States currency Per week Head men, __ _ __ _ Cowherds___________ _______________ Carters. ____ ___ ___ _ ___ ___ __ _____ Field han d s___ _____ Domestic and farm servants.. ____ _____ 15. 80 $3.05 29. 65 13. 90 13. 30 10.90 6.85 2. 68 2. 57 2.10 1.32 25. 90 24.90 21. 20 13.00 $5. 72 \f 2127.55 32.90 80 5. 00 /X i2 23. 28.40 4. 81 23.10 4.09 19. 55 2.51 13. 70 i $5. 32 2 6.35 14. 59 2 5.48 4.46 3. 77 2.64 Per day D ay laborers: Males— Summer rate___________________ Winter_____________________ Females— Summer rate____________ ______ Winter rate__ _ _____ ________ D ay laborers receiving board and lodging: Males— Summer rate.. . . . . Winter rate Females— Summer rate Winter rate__ _ ____ 1 Single men. 11. 30 8. 20 $2.18 1.58 9. 60 6. 85 $1.85 1. 32 5.90 4. 45 1. 14 .86 5. 75 4.05 1.11 .78 7. 25 4. 80 1.40 .93 6. 30 4.15 1.22 .80 3.90 2. 85 .75 .55 3.90 2. 70 .75 .52 2 Married men. In addition to money wages, it is the custom in some places to fur nish certain payments in kind. In the case of married workers these usually include housing accommodations, use of work animals, and the use of land for gardening. In the case of unmarried workers, clothing is sometimes furnished, or their laundry work done, etc. In the 937 cases in which data were obtained, the average annual value of such additional payments was 57 francs ($11) per capita in the case of unmarried workers, and 95 francs ($18) in the case of married workers. The following table shows the average annual wages of different classes of farm workers and the value of board and lodging and of different payments in kind. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 695 WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR T able 5 -A V E R A G E A N N U A L WAGES OF SWISS A G R IC U L T U R A L W O RKERS, A N D A N J it tA W V A LUE OF PA Y M E N T S IN K IN D , IN 1930 i ABLE o . [Conversions into United States currency on basis of franc=19.3 cents] Average annual remuneration of— Married mas ter farmer 1 Single milker Maid servant Laborer Teamster Item Swiss cur rency United Swiss United Swiss United Swiss United Swiss United States cur States cur States cur States cur States cur cur rency cur rency cur cur rency rency rency rency rency rency rency T otal_______ ___ 3,180 613. 74 1,250 $241. 25 1,000 193. 00 11.58 60 19. 30 100 2,410 465.13 Francs Francs Francs Francs Francs Cash wage_____________ 1,720 $331.96 ___ ___ __ 1,000 193. 00 Food 19. 30 100 Other payments in kind.. 69.48 360 Lodging_______________ 1, 200 $231. 60 1,000 193. 00 11.58 60 19.30 100 710 800 60 100 $137.03 154. 40 11.58 19. 30 401. 44 1,670 322. 31 2,080 455. 48 2, 360 920 $177. 56 1,000 193.00 11. 58 60 19. 30 100 1 Does not include remuneration for his wife’s services. Unmarried foremen may receive a cash wage 8 to 12 francs less per week than married foremen, the average decrease working out at 5.25 francs. Unmarried stockmen receive on an average 4.60 francs less per week in cash than married stockmen. It may be remarked that those described as ordinary laborers are usually young men who later in life are ranked as waggoners, stockmen, etc. Table 6 shows the average number of working hours per day m the various seasons of the year m 1930 as compared with 1909. As is seen, a slight increase has taken place. T a b l e 6 . —AVER A G E L E N G T H OF W O R K IN G -D A Y IN A G R IC U L T U R E IN SW ITZER L A N D , 1909 A N D 1930 Average working hours per day 1909 Firs. M in . Spring Hay harvest SllTnrnp.r A utlim n Winter----------- _ _ _ _ — -________________ - __________________ _____ — ______ ____ ___ ____ ------------------------------------ --------- ----- Yearly average Other male employees Stable employees Season ___- _______ ____ 1930 1909 1930 Firs. M in . Firs. M in . H rs. M in . 12 13 13 12 11 10 30 10 10 10 12 13 13 12 11 25 45 10 10 10 11 13 12 11 9 20 30 25 20 40 11 13 12 11 10 25 30 45 20 00 12 10 12 15 11 15 11 25 An average of 2.10 hours is allowed for meal times so that the shortest day from home which a stockman, etc., can hope for even in winter is nearly 13% hours, while his longest day is practically 16 hours; the shortest day for any worker at any season exceeds 12 hours. In addition, there is Sunday work. This is sometimes, but by no means always, and usually only in the vicinity of towns, com pensated by extra remuneration, rather uncertain in amount, being anything between 80 centimes (15 cents) and 1.20 francs (23 cents) per hour, or even only a sort of tip. Vacations— In the course of the year 10.8 free days on an average are allowed to those engaged in the care of animals and 24 days to others; the number of days allowed varies a good deal in the different Cantons, as does in general the amount of Sunday work required. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis TREND OF EMPLOYMENT S u m m a r y fo r J a n u a r y , 1932 MPLOYMENT decreased 3.9 per cent in January, 1932, as compared with December, 1931, and total pay rolls decreased 7.5 per cent. The industrial groups surveyed, the number of establishments reporting in each group, the number of employees covered, and the total pay rolls for one week, for both December, 1931, and January, 1932, together with the per cents of change in January, are shown in the following summary : SUMMARY or EMPLOYMENT AND TOTAL PAY ROLLS, DECEMBER 1931 AND E JANUARY, 1932 Employment Pay roll in 1 week EstabPer lishcent of ments December, January, change December, January, 1931 1932 1931 1932 Industrial group 1. M a n u fa c tu r in g _____ 2. Coal m in in g ___ _ Anthracite __ Bituminous __ 3. M etalliferous m in in g ___ 4. Q u a r r y in g a n d n o n m e ta llic m in in g s __ 5. C rude petro leu m produ cin g ---------------------------6. P u b lic u tilitie s___ Telephone and telegraph-.. Power, light, and water__ Electric railroad operation and maintenance, exclusive of car shops.. 7. T ra d e_________________ Wholesale ____ ____ Retail-. ______________ 8. H o tels________ _ _. 9. C a n n in g a n d p reserv in g .. 1 0 . L a u n d r ie s .. 11. D y ein g a n d c le a n in g ____ T o ta l_____________ R 16,197 1,359 160 1,199 2,788,626 297,841 109,138 188, 703 239 29,586 618 22,158 236 12,059 20,659 661,261 8,178 3, 383 294,116 233,119 498 134, 026 14,390 488,674 2,457 11,933 67,692 420, 982 2,262 783 813 295 49,251 140,675 26,531 55,295 9,726 4,541,032 e c a p it u l a t io n by 2, 716,535 1 - 2 .8 157,775, 112 154,022,362 291,970 - 2 .0 6,263,328 5,268,642 104,183 187, 787 -4.5 -0.5 3,114,085 3,149, 243 2,441, 555 2,827’ 087 Per cent of change 1 - 6 .9 -1 5 9 —21. 6 —10. 2 28,465 - 3 .8 20,088 - 9 .3 408,000 334,354 -1 8 .1 - 5 .6 - 0 .6 751,193 20,459,614 635,767 19,699,312 —IS 4 —3* 7 19,509 657,597 293, 708 230,528 133, 361 400,489 66,213 334, 276 140,772 22,792 54,882 9,404 4,362,503 -0.1 -1.1 -0.5 -1 8 .0 -2.2 -20.6 + 0 .1 -1 4 .1 - 0 .7 -3 .3 613,150 8, 856,828 7, 416, 966 4,185,820 11,056,830 2, Oil, 045 9, 045, 785 531,045 8,515' 984 7 , 186j 307 3, 997, 021 9,414,246 1,916,984 7, 497, 262 2 2,202,488 2 2,157,811 421,119 362,503 968,895 955,826 198,201 192,024 - 3 .9 101,117,930 93,573,892 -1 3 .4 —3 8 -3.1 —4. 5 -1 4 .9 -4 7 —17.1 —2 n 13 9 13 - 3 .1 -7 .5 G e o g r a p h ic D i v i s i o n s GEOGRAPHIC DIVISION New England__________ Middle Atlantic________ East North Central_____ West North Central_____ South Atlantic_________ East South Central_____ West South Central_____ Mountain_____________ Pacific________________ All divisions_______ 7,174 500,075 480, 714 -3.9 *10, 944, 573 $10, 364, 755 8, 727 1, 379, 535 1,311, 866 -4.9 32, 828, 654 29, 865, 254 10, 332 1,196, 711 1,168, 826 -2.3 27,490, 754 25, 778, 203 5,108 285, 840 274, 620 -3.9 6, 533, 513 6, 105, 566 5,242 493, 366 484, 588 -1.8 8, 546, 227 8, 082,126 2,493 185, 643 178, 098 -4. 1 2, 854, 579 2, 629, 322 2,933 154, 831 146, 779 -5.2 3, 475, 228 3,150, 702 1,826 84, 361 75, 707 -10.3 2, 030, 475 1,746,775 5,416 260, 670 241, 305 -7.4 6, 413, 927 5,851,189 49,251 4,541,032 4,362, 503 - 3 .9 101,117,930 93,573,892 -5.3 -9. 0 -6. 2 —6. 6 —5. 4 -7. 9 -9. 3 -14.0 -8.8 - 7 .5 1 Weighted per cent of change for the combined 89 manufacturing industries, repeated from Table 1 manufacturing industries; the remaining per cents of change, including total, are unweighted A- amounl of pay roll given represents cash payments only; the additional value of board, room and tips can not be computed. ’ J ,NeJ? E^ 9 land: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Rhode Island, Vermont. Middle Atlantic. New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania. East North Central: Illinois, Indiana, Michigan, Ohio, Wisconsin. West North Central: Iowa, Kansas, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, South Dakota South Atlantic: Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Maryland, North Carolina, South Carolina, Virginia, West Virginia. East South Central: Alabama, Kentucky, Mississippi, Tennes see. West South Central: Arkansas, Louisiana, Oklahoma, Texas. Mountain: Arizona, Colorado Idaho Montana, New Mexico, Nevada, Utah, Wyoming. Pacific: California, Oregon, Washington ’ 696 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 697 TREND OF EMPLOYMENT All of these industrial groups, with the exception of hotels, reported decreases, over the month interval, in both employment and earnings. As regards number of persons employed, the decreases ranged from 0.1 per cent in the telephone and telegraph group to 20.6 per cent in the retail trade group. As regards total pay roll, the decreases ranged from 1.3 per cent in laundries to 21.6 per cent in anthracite mining. The hotel group reported an increase in employment of 0.1 per cent and a decrease in earnings of 2 per cent. All the geographic divisions reported decreases in employment in January, 1932, as compared with December, 1931, coupled with larger decreases in total pay roll. The South Atlantic group showed the smallest change in numbers employed, 1.8 per cent, while the New England States had the smallest decrease in pay rolls, 5.3 per cent. The Mountain division reported the largest decreases in both items, namely, 10.3 per cent in employment and 14 per cent in earnings. PE R CA PITA W E EK LY E A R N IN G S IN JA N U A R Y , 1932, A N D C OM PARISON W ITH D E C E M B E R , 1931, A N D JA N U A R Y , 1931 Per cent of change, January, 1932, com Per capita pared with—• weekly earnings in January, December, January, 1932 1931 1931 Industrial group 1 Manufacturing (89 industries) __ _____ __ ______ 2. Coal mining: An thm oi to _ _ _ _____ - — Bituminous _ _ ________________ _ ------------------- — 3 "Metalliferons mining _ ____ 4 Quarrying and non metallic mining _ ______ ________ 5 Prude petroleum producing _ - _ _ _ ---- -6. Public utilities: Telephone and telegraph _ ________________ -Power light and water Electric railroads ________ ___ ______ — 7. Trade: Wholesale __ Retail _________ 8. Hotels (cash payments only) 1---------------------------------------------9. Canning and preserving------------------------------------------------------10 Laundries __ ______ ___ -- — ------- 11 Dyeing and cleaning _ __ -_ -- -- -Total ___ ___ $19.89 - 4 .2 -1 2 .2 23. 44 15. 05 18. 66 16. 64 32. 59 -1 7 .9 - 9 .6 -1 0 .0 - 9 .8 -1 0 .3 -1 8 .3 -2 5 .5 -2 5 .1 -2 1 .1 -1 1 .5 28. 99 31.17 29.97 - 3 .8 -2 .0 -4 .0 + 0 .9 - 0 .4 - 5 .1 28. 95 22.43 15.33 15. 90 17.42 20.42 -2 .6 + 4 .5 - 2 .1 (2) - 0 .5 + 0 .2 -7 .4 -6 .7 - 8 .4 - 3 .8 - 5 .8 -8 .0 21.45 - 3 .7 - 9 .6 1 The additional value of board, room, and tips can not be computed. 2 No change. Per capita earnings for January, 1932, given in the preceding table, must not be confused with full-time weekly rates of wages; they are actual per capita weekly earnings, computed by dividing the total amount of pay roll for the wTeek by the total number of employees (part-time as well as full-time workers). Comparisons are made with per capita earnings in December, 1931, and in January , 1931. Data are not yet available showing railroad employment for Jan uary, 1932. Reports of the Interstate Commerce Commission for Class I railroads show that the number of employees (exclusive of executives and officials) decreased from 1,154,540 on November 15, 1931, to 1,119,396 on December 15, 1931, or 3.0 per cent; the amount of pay roll decreased from $148,646,952 in November to $147,562,367 in December, or 0.7 per cent. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 698 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW E m p lo y m e n t in S e le c te d M a n u fa c tu r in g I n d u s tr ie s in J a n u a r y , 1932 C o m p a riso n o f E m p lo y m e n t a n d P a y R o lls in J a n u a r y , 1932, w ith D e c e m b e r , 1931, a n d J a n u a r y , 1931 MPLOYMENT in manufacturing industries decreased 2.8 per cent, while earnings fell 6.9 per cent in January, 1932, as com pared with December, 1931. During the year ending with January, 1932, the number of persons employed decreased 13.1 per cent, while the total pay roll decreased 23.7 per cent. The per cents of change in employment and earnings in January, 1932, as compared with December, 1931, are based on returns made by 16,197 establishments in 89 of the principal manufacturing in dustries in the United States, having in January 2,716,535 employees whose earnings in one week were $54,022,362. Recently the bureau has obtained for the year 1926 data as to employment and pay rolls from 31 industries heretofore not included in the index numbers. Six industries which have heretofore been included with other industries are now presented separately. Two small industries have been discontinued. The 1931 index numbers have been recomputed for all manufacturing and for the industry groups affected by the changes. This revision shows an average index number for employment of 72.2 for the year 1931 as compared with the old index number, 70.9. This difference in the index is due to the fact that there has been, since 1926, less shrinkage in the industries just added than in those previously covered. The old and new general index numbers for 1931 are shown in Table 3. The index of employment in January, 1932, is 64.8 as compared with 66.7 in December, 1931, 67.1 in November, 1931, and 74.6 in January, 1931. The index of the total pay roll for January, 1932, is 48.6, as compared with 52.2 for December, 1931, 52.5 for November, 1931, and 63.7 for January, 1931. The 12-month average for 1926 equals 100. Of the_ 14 groups of manufacturing industries upon which the bureau’s indexes of employment and pay roll are based, the leather group reported increases in both employment and earnings over the month interval—3.5 and 6 per cent, respectively. The transportation equipment group showed a gain of 3.1 per cent in employment and a loss of 1.7 per cent in earnings. The remaining 12 groups reported losses in both items, the largest decreases in employment occurring in the stone, food, railroad repair shop, and lumber groups. In January, 1932, as compared with January, 1931, the transportation equipment group showed a loss of 10.7 per cent in employment and a gain of 5.9 per cent in earnings, while the remaining 13 groups showed losses in both employment and earnings. Increases in employment from December to January were shown in 18 of the 89 separate manufacturing industries covered, while in creased pay rolls were reported in 9 industries. The most pronounced increase in employment was shown in the millinery industry, but the fertilizer, automobile, and agricultural-implement industries also showed substantial gains. Seventy industries reported losses in both E https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis TREND OF EMPLOYMENT 699 employment and earnings, and one industry, men’s clothing, showed a loss in employment coupled with an increase in pay roll. A comparison of January, 1932, with January of the previous year shows that five industries—millinery, corsets, hosiery, rayon, and wirework—gained in numbers employed. One industry, automobiles, showed an increase in earnings. The remaining 83 industries showed decreases in both items. In January, 1932, as compared with December, 1931, decreases m both number of employees and total pay rolls were reported by all the geographic divisions. These ranged from 0.7 per cent in employ ment in the East North Central States to 23.5 per cent in the Moun tain division. Pay rolls in the New England division suffered a falling off over the month interval of only 4.7 per cent, while the Mountain States had a loss of 26.4 per cent. The decreases in the Mountain States are due largely to a seasonal decline in the beet-sugar industry. All the geographic divisions also had losses in both items in Janu ary, 1932," as compared with January, 1931. The South Atlantic States showed the smallest drop in employment and in pay rolls ovei the year interval—namely, 2.9 per cent and 15.7 per cent, respectively. The" Mountain division registered the greatest falling off over the same period—36.0 per cent in employment and 36.9 per cent m pay In Table 1, which follows, are shown the number of identical estab lishments reporting in both December, 1931, and January, 1932, in the 89 manufacturing industries, together with the total number of employees on the pay rolls of these establishments during the pay period ending nearest January 15 and the amount of their weekly earnings in January, the per cents of change over the month and the year intervals, and the index numbers of employment and total pay rolls in January, 1932. . The monthly per cents of change in employment and earnings tor each of the 89 separate industries are computed by direct comparison of the total number of employees for the former and of the amount of weekly earnings for the latter in identical establishments lor the two months considered. The per cents of change over the month interva in the several groups and in the total of the 89 manufactuimg indus tries are computed from the index numbers of these groups, which are obtained by weighting the index numbers of the several industries in the groups by the number of employees or wages paid m the industries. The" per cents of change over the year interval in the separate indus tries in the groups and in the totals are computed from the index numbers of employment and total pay rolls. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 700 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW ^ M V ^ Ì F iL C ^ Ì lB I N ^ E ^ T A B U S ^ M E N ^ S ^ I ^ D I ^ E M B E R ^ g S l^ A N I ? JA N U A R Y ^1932^PER AND IN D E i Employment n u m b e r s Ao J e m 2 ploEyR Total pay rolls Per cent of change Per cent of change Estab lishments report Number D e ing in on pay cem both rolls, Jan ber, mos. uary, 1931 1931, to Jan uary, 1932 Amount Jan of pay rolls uary- (1 week) 1931, January, to 1932 Jan uary, 1932 Food a n d kindred products Slaughtering and meat packing______________ Confectionery___________ lee cream_______________ Flour___________________ Baking_________________ Sugar refining, cane_____ _ Beet sugar______________ Beverages_______________ Butter__________________ 2, 596 204 - 8 .2 $5,372, 942 - 5 .3 2, 027,416 T extiles a n d th eir produ ets Cotton goods___________ Hosiery and knit goods___ Silk goods______________ Woolen and worsted goods Carpets and rugs_______ Dyeing and finishing tex tiles__________________ Clothing, men’s _________ Shirts and collars________ Clothing, women’s_______ M illinery and lace goods__. Corsets and allied gar m ents________________ Cotton small wares______ Hats, fur-felt____________ M en’s furnishings_______ 2,756 533 376 265 180 33 Industry 323 302 392 834 14 46 281 200 - 6 .8 - 1 .9 31,858 -15. 1 - 8 .9 10, 472 - 0 .6 - 8 .2 15, 257 - 0 .7 - 5 . 9 59,918 - 2 .8 - 6 .9 7,854 - 1 . 0 - 2 . 7 4,045 -7 1 .7 -6 3 . 1 9,708 - 2 .6 - 8 .0 4,997 - 6 .9 - 6 . 2 544,236 180, 458 86, 402 49,494 46, 252 15, 418 - 1 .2 - 5 .0 - 1 . 3 - 0 .4 - 5 . 2 + 6 .8 - 1 .9 -1 4 .8 + 2 .0 - 2 . 2 - 0 .3 - 6 . 1 144 348 106 396 133 36,950 -(>) -1 0 .7 54,588 - 0 . 3 - 6 .5 14, 067 - 8 . 1 -1 0 .7 25,080 - 2 .8 -1 8 .6 10,280 +14. 1 + 0 .3 30 103 39 70 5,127 + 3 .4 + 2 .4 9,680 + 2 .4 - 9 .8 5,708 -1 .1 -2 0 . 7 4, 732 -13. 9 -1 3 .8 Iron a n d steel a n d th eir p rod u cts, n o t in c lu d in g m a c h in e r y _______________ 1,302 Iron and steel___________ 203 Cast-iron pipe___________ 41 Structural-iron work_____ 168 Hardware_______________ 91 Steam fittings and steam and hot-water heating apparatus______ _______ 105 Stoves__________________ 130 Bolts, nuts, washers, and rivets_________________ 62 Cutlery and edge tools___ 156 Forgings, iron and steel___ 49 Plumbers’ supplies_______ 63 Tin cans and other tinware. 54 Tools, not including edge tools__________________ 119 Wirework_______________ 61 L u m b er a n d allied p rodu cts Lumber, sawm ills_______ Lumber, millwork_______ Furniture_______________ Turpentine and rosin____ 230,968 86,859 328,014 193,807 8, 698 19,143 23,149 - 3 .0 - 0 .9 - 7 .4 - 5 .5 - 1 .9 Em Total ploy Pay ment rolls 83.1 91.5 75.2 83.0 535, 240 -1 6 .2 -1 8 .4 321,175 - 1 .6 -1 5 .0 346,103 - 2 .3 -16. 1 1,475, 418 - 3 .2 -1 3 .2 199, 619 - 3 .5 -1 4 .0 88, 667 -6 8 .7 -5 5 .6 257,586 - 4 .6 -1 6 .9 121, 718 - 8 .9 -1 4 .1 75.7 68.2 85.1 84.3 79.2 51.0 73.3 91.5 66.2 62.8 73.6 77.8 68.2 42.4 61.6 82.7 8,222,472 - 3 .6 -1 7 ,2 2,173, 509 - 2 . 6 -1 5 .3 1,198, 324 -1 4 .0 - 8 . 1 769, 681 - 8 .7 -2 5 .3 862, 562 + 3 .2 - 8 .1 287, 781 - 0 .9 -1 1 .4 72.2 72.9 80. 1 69.5 67. 3 62.9 54.0 55.3 59. 2 52.9 56.9 44.5 -1 8 .5 -19. 5 -2 4 .4 -3 0 .5 - 3 .8 83.0 66.6 60.0 71.5 77.0 70.0 43.4 40.0 50.1 60.9 80,198 + 5.4 - 7 . 1 168, 957 + 4 .5 -1 9 .3 100, 719 - 0 .4 -3 3 .0 63,353 -2 1 .9 -25. 1 101.4 84.8 69. 1 62.4 86. 1 71.9 42. 3 46.8 786, 926 - 2 .1 858, 498 + 1.3 163, 534 - 6 .8 504, 605 - 9 .6 203, 825 +22.0 -1 5 .9 -1 6 .4 -1 5 .4 -2 5 .5 -1 4 .9 5,583,036 -11.1 -3 8 .0 3,112,282 -1 1 .3 -4 4 .0 140, 640 -1 7 .5 -3 4 .8 405,143 - 9 .4 -4 0 .2 397,348 - 5 . 7 -2 9 .3 62.1 62.5 45.5 58.8 59.3 36.0 32.9 30. 5 40.3 37.8 19,810 - 8 .2 -2 7 .6 12, 302 -1 7 .0 -1 5 .7 354,403 -1 4 .8 -4 6 .0 220, 929 -2 1 .9 -3 1 .4 44.1 44.4 26.9 26.4 7,532 13, 769 5,094 4,795 7,385 + 0.1 -1 2 .3 - 2 .3 - 7 .7 - 4 .7 - 8 .4 + 0 .8 -1 4 .3 - 2 .4 -1 4 .7 139, 077 - 3 .5 266, 246 - 4 .4 95,431 -1 0 .9 73,194 -14. 2 157, 432 - 2 .4 -2 6 .2 -1 9 .8 -2 6 .3 -3 1 .5 -1 9 .6 71.5 70.7 67.2 70.6 74.4 47. 7 52.3 41.8 43.3 48.0 7,494 5,036 - 5 .7 -1 2 .7 - 5 .8 +10.1 125,187 -1 2 .2 -2 1 .8 95, 724 -1 1 .5 - 4 .9 77.5 100.6 49.6 77.1 42.2 37.4 43.3 53.3 47.7 26. 3 21.1 30.1 33.4 40.0 +6.0 -12.1 74.9 - 4 .3 -20. 7 70.3 + 9.5 - 9 .0 I 76.0 51.5 55.4 50.4 127,031 60, 610 19, 938 45, 580 903 - 5 .8 - 5 .8 - 6 .9 - 6 .2 + 0 .7 -2 2 .3 -2 6 .5 -1 9 .2 -1 5 .0 -2 0 .9 1,784,132 728, 994 333, 573 707,885 13, 680 422 137 285 iLess than one-tenth of 1 per cent. 117,745 21,800 95, 945 + 3 .5 + 0 .6 + 4.1 - 2 .3 - 9 .4 - 0 .7 1, 928, 240 435, 050 1, 493,190 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Jan uary, 1931, to Jan uary, 1932 - 7 .2 -1 6 .6 - 4 .8 -1 8 .4 1,396 597 348 432 19 L eather a n d its m a n u fa c tu r e s_____________________ Leather_______________ .. Boots and shoes_________ D e cem ber, 1931, to Jan uary, 1932 Index numbers January, 1932 (average, 1926=100) -1 4 .3 -17. 1 -1 2 .2 -1 3 .4 - 1 .6 -3 9 .4 -4 7 .2 -3 3 .0 -3 1 .0 -2 7 .4 701 TREND OF EMPLOYMENT T a b l e 1 . — COM PARISON OF E M P L O Y M E N T A N D TO TAL PA Y ROLLS IN ID E N T IC A L M A N U F A C T U R IN G E ST A B L ISH M E N T S IN D E C E M B E R , 1931, A N D JA N U A R Y , 1932, PE R C E N T S OF CHANGE OVER A Y E A R IN T E R V A L , A N D IN D E X N U M B E R S OF E M PL O Y M E N T A N D PA Y ROLLS, JA N U A R Y , 1932—Continued Total pay rolls Employment Industry Estab lishments report Number ing in on pay both rolls, Jan mos. uary, 1932 Paper a n d p r in tin g ________ 1,698 Paper and pulp__________ 391 294 Paper boxes_____________ Printing, book and job___ 611 Printing, newspapers and periodicals......... .............. 402 C h em ica ls a n d allied prod u c ts ______________________ Chemicals_______________ Fertilizers___ ___________ Petroleum refining_______ Cottonseed oil, cake, and meal__________ ______ Druggists’ preparations__ Explosives_______ _______ Paints and varnishes_____ R ayo n ..________________ Soap.___ _______________ 900 no 201 100 212,868 75,787 21, 205 52,556 Amount Jan of pay rolls uary- (1 week) 1931, January, 1932 to Jan uary, 1932 D e cem ber, 1931, to Jan uary, 1932 Jan uary, 1931, to Jan uary, 1932 - 2 .1 - 7 . 6 $5,894,870 - 5 .9 - 0 .3 - 6 . 2 1,509,994 - 5 .9 - 8 .4 - 9 .9 409, 527 -1 2 .1 - 1 . 0 -1 1 .3 1,594,051 - 4 .3 -1 5 .4 -2 2 .7 -1 7 .8 -1 8 .2 86.5 77.4 74.6 85.9 79.4 57.9 65.6 79.6 D e cem ber, 1931, to Jan uary, 1932 Em Total ploy Pay ment rolls 63,320 -2 .2 - 4 .0 2,381,298 - 6 .3 - 8 .9 102.8 98.5 132,194 20,747 7,196 46, 728 - 1 .0 -1 .2 + 5 .5 - 0 .2 -1 3 .3 -1 1 .4 -3 0 .3 -1 7 .0 3,185,302 540, 507 104,608 1,388,440 -4 .5 - 5 .3 -1 .6 - 2 .5 -2 0 .3 -1 7 .0 -3 9 .0 -2 3 .6 80.2 89.9 51.2 67.2 70.1 71.1 40.6 62.5 23,901 -1 9 .2 -3 9 .8 112,148 - 4 .9 -1 2 .9 60, 561 -1 6 .6 -2 6 .8 338, 554 - 6 .0 -1 8 .9 406, 995 - 3 .1 - 9 . 0 209,588 - 2 .9 -1 9 .9 45.5 80.7 86.8 73.4 149.9 95.9 49.0 82.8 56.0 63.2 128.5 87.9 -1 8 .6 -1 6 .4 -2 7 .0 -1 2 .4 -1 3 .1 -2 5 .0 -3 8 .5 -3 4 .2 -5 0 .3 -2 6 .1 -2 2 .9 -5 3 .3 47.1 44.2 31.0 65.6 60.1 52.3 32.0 29.2 15.9 44.4 45 7 39.2 - 9 .8 42 22 20 324 19 62 1,772 -1 5 .3 -4 8 .2 5,314 + 0 .4 - 4 .9 3,229 - 3 .5 -2 1 .4 14,146 - 1 .7 - 9 .4 24,105 + 1 .4 + 9 .2 8,957 - 1 .9 - 3 .0 S to n e , clay, a n d glass prod u c ts ________________ ____ _ 1,308 C em ent. _______________ 113 Brick, tile, and terra cotta. 689 Pottery_______ . . . ______ 106 Glass___________________ 188 Marble, granite, slate, e tc .. 212 86,524 -1 1 .6 -2 3 .4 13,620 - 9 . 9 -2 1 .2 18,957 -1 6 .9 -2 9 .4 13, 679 - 5 .1 -1 6 .6 35,026 - 8 . 2 -1 0 .7 5,242 -1 8 .3 -4 0 .6 N on ferrou s m e ta ls, a n d th eir p r o d u cts____ _____ Stamped and enameled ware______________ Brass, bronze, and copper products______________ Aluminum manufactures. . Clocks, clock movements, etc__________________ _ Gas and electric fixtures.. . Plated ware _. _ . . ______ Smelting and refining, cop per, lead, and z in c .......... Jewelry_________________ Per cent of change Per cent of change Index num bers January 1932 (average, 1926=100) 1,567,725 266, 200 255, 509 239,306 680, 221 126,489 -2 9 .9 60.8 44.4 229,077 -1 2 .7 -2 0 .6 63.0 43.5 - 4 .7 -2 7 .6 - 1 .6 -3 4 .5 60.9 54.6 43.5 38.7 - 9 .2 -1 1 .8 - 6 .5 -1 7 .3 - 9 .0 -1 7 .4 59,679 -1 6 .0 -3 5 .7 116, 265 -1 3 .6 -2 9 .9 105, 339 -1 9 .2 -2 4 .9 56.0 77.5 64.3 37.8 59.2 44.0 + 0 .3 -1 5 .3 - 9 .3 -2 0 .4 168,909 - 2 .9 -4 2 .4 169,528 -1 6 .6 -2 6 .8 69.3 41.7 50.5 33.3 547 77,339 - 3 . 8 -1 5 .2 1,478,553 86 13,239 - 4 .8 166 24 27,214 5,493 - 2 . 3 -1 3 .2 - 0 .2 -2 7 .8 528,309 101,447 18 44 37 4,073 5,134 5,019 26 146 8,938 8,229 T ob acco m a n u fa c tu r e s ___ Chewing and smoking to bacco and snuff. _______ Cigars and cigarettes_____ 217 52,225 - 3 .4 - 8 .4 708,421 - 9 .6 -1 7 .2 71.2 56.5 29 188 9,477 42,748 + 3 .5 -4 .6 - 1 .8 - 9 .4 142,834 + 5 .5 - 4 .1 565,587 -1 2 .0 -1 9 .3 92.0 68.5 83.6 53.2 T ra n sp o rta tio n e q u ip m e n t. A utom obiles........................ A ir cr a ft....................... ......... Cars, electric and steam railroad..______________ Locomotives____________ Shipbuilding__ ____ _____ 403 228 35 290,182 242, 536 6,945 - 1 .7 + 5 .9 - 0 .7 +19. 3 - 4 .1 -2 3 .6 62.7 64.9 228.2 46.3 46.4 233.5 66,947 -1 6 .9 -6 0 .5 85, 055 - 7 .6 -3 3 .3 859,018 - 4 .4 -18. 9 17.5 20.8 90.1 10.3 17.4 79.7 R ubb er p ro d u cts________ . Rubber tires and inner tubes_________________ Rubber boots and shoes. _. Rubber goods, other than boots, shoes, tires, and inner tu b e s .................. . 140 72,451 - 1 .7 - 5 .9 1,535,162 -0 .4 . -1 6 .8 69.6 51.4 37 8 44,039 9,877 + 0 .5 - 6 .1 -5 .2 - 5 .9 1,009,489 + 6 .7 -1 6 .6 158,955 -1 4 .8 -1 7 .4 65.3 65.6 49.2 45.2 95 18, 535 -3 .5 - 7 .3 -1 7 .2 82.9 61.8 103146°—32---- 14 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 30 15 95 - 8 .2 + 3 .1 -1 0 .7 + 5 .4 - 7 .2 - 3 .1 -2 7 .2 3,917 -1 5 .8 -4 8 .4 3,568 - 3 .3 -3 7 .7 33,216 - 4 .1 -1 3 .1 6,812,231 5,576,948 224,263 366,718 - 7 .1 702 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW T a b l e 1 .— C OM PARISON OF E M P L O Y M E N T A N D TO TAL PA Y ROLLS IN ID E N T IC A L M A N U F A C T U R IN G E ST A B L ISH M E N T S IN D E C E M B E R , 1931, A N D JANUARY 1932 PE R C E N T S OF CHA N G E OVER A Y E A R IN T E R V A L , A N D IN D E X N U M B E R S OF E M P L O Y M E N T A N D PA Y ROLLS, JA N U A R Y , 1932—Continued Employment Estab lishments report Number ing in on pay both rolls, Jan mos. uary, 1932 Industry M ach in ery, n o t in c lu d in g tra n sp o r ta tio n eq u ip m e n t _____ _ _____ 1,610 Agricultural im plem ents... 70 Electrical machinery, apparatus, and supplies 239 Engines and water wheels. 71 Cash registers and calculating machines_____ _____ 44 Foundry and machine shop products.............. . 959 Machine tools___________ 139 Textile machinery and parts_________________ 34 Typewriters and supplies.. 17 Radio_____ ________ 37 345,980 8,948 Total pay rolls Per cent of change D e cem ber, 1931, to Jan uary, 1932 Per cent of change Amount Jan of pay rolls uary- (1 week) 1931, January, to 1932 Jan uary, 1932 - 4 .2 -2 4 .5 $7,420,064 + 5 .3 -5 0 .0 136,479 138,889 - 1 .1 -1 8 .2 13, 707 -2 2 .7 -4 6 .9 15,948 + 1 .1 -1 0 .1 116,942 15,255 - 4 .6 -2 4 .5 - 4 .6 -3 5 .8 7,465 11,256 17,570 - 0 .5 -1 1 .5 - 4 .0 -1 8 .2 - 3 .8 -2 2 .3 98,778 23,986 74, 792 - 6 .2 -2 4 .8 - 0 .4 -1 1 .2 - 6 . 7 -2 6 .1 D e cem ber, 1931, to Jan uary, 1932 Jan uary, 1931, to Jan uary, 1932 Index numbers January, 1932 (average, 1926=100) Em Total ploy pay ment rolls - 8 .4 -3 5 .3 + 3 .3 -5 8 .7 59 8 38.8 42 4 27. 6 3,317,477 - 4 .3 -2 6 .5 296,408 -2 2 .7 -5 6 .9 71.9 44.2 57 Q 30.7 393,380 - 4 . 4 -2 2 .0 77.7 59.6 2,170,259 -1 2 .1 -3 9 .3 342,817 - 6 .5 -3 8 .5 55.0 47.8 84 5 34.8 - 2 .1 —16 0 - 9 .1 -3 5 .2 - 0 . 4 -2 0 .8 88 0 74.1 77.9 46 3 73.0 2,529,212 —10.5 -3 0 8 687, 774 - 4 .3 —15.1 1,84i; 438 -1 1 .3 -3 2 .4 51 5 73 3 49.8 67*4 T o ta l—8 9 in d u stries used in c o m p u tin g ind ex n u m b e r s o f e m p lo y m e n t and pa y roll____________ 16,197 2,716,535 2- 2 .8 2-13.1 54,022,362 2- 6 .9 2-23.7 64.8 48.6 R ailroad repair sh o p s ___ . Electric railroad ________ Steam railroad___ ______ R 902 429 473 e c a p it u l a t io n by 173,879 178,797 410, 568 G e o g r a p h ic D 5fi Q 44 4 42.6 iv is io n s GEOGRAPHIC DIVISION N ew E ngland-.......... ........ Middle Atlantic________ East North Central_____ West North Central_____ South A tlan tic................... East South Central_____ West South Central_____ M ountain______________ Pacific_________________ All division s______ 1,971 4,000 3,806 1,613 2,012 690 748 381 976 332,079 - 2 .4 799,963 - 3 .9 830, 991 - 0 .7 144,489 - 2 . 7 328,065 - 0 .8 99,384 - 3 .6 69,086 - 4 .3 21,413 -2 3 .5 91,065 - 5 .4 -1 2 .5 $6,360, 235 - 4 . 7 -1 3 .8 16,974, 791 - 7 .3 -1 3 .5 17,492,323 - 5 . 7 -1 2 .0 3,051, 412 - 6 .3 - 2 .9 4,969, 678 - 4 .8 -1 1 .2 1,419, 269 - 6 . 2 -1 8 .0 1,358, 203 - 7 .1 -3 6 .0 468, 069 -2 6 .4 -1 8 .6 1,928, 382 -1 0 .6 -2 3 .0 -2 5 .3 -1 8 .9 -2 1 .3 -1 5 .7 -2 4 .7 -2 8 .4 -3 6 .9 -3 1 .8 16,197 2,716,535 2 -2 .8 2-13.1 54,022,362 2-6 .9 2-23. 7 2 Weighted per cent of change for the combined 89 manufacturing industries. z N ew England: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, N ew Hampshire, Rhode Island, Vermont. M iddle A tlantic: New Jersey, N ew York, Pennsylvania. E ast North Central: Illinois, Indiana, Michigan, Ohio, Wisconsin W est N orth Central: Iowa, Kansas, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, South Dakota. South A tlantic: Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Maryland, North Carolina South Carolina Virginia, West Virginia. E ast South Central: Alabama, Kentucky, Mississippi, Tennessee. West South Central: Arkansas, Louisiana, Oklahoma, Texas. M ountain: Arizona, Colorado. Idaho. Montana, N ew Mexico, Nevada, Utah, Wyoming. Pacific: California, Oregon, Washington. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 703 TREND OF EMPLOYMENT P er C a p ita E a r n in g s in M a n u fa c tu r in g I n d u s tr ie s A c tual per capita weekly earnings in January, 1932, for each of the 89 manufacturing industries surveyed by the Bureau of Labor Statistics, together with per cents of change in January, 1932, as com pared with December, 1931, and January, 1931, are shown in Table 2. Per capita earnings in January, 1932, for the combined 89 manu facturing industries were 4.2 per cent lower than for December, 1931, and 12.2 per cent lower than for January, 1931. The average per capita weekly earnings in January, 1932, for the combined 89 manufacturing industries were $19.89. Per capita earnings given in Table 2 must not be confused with full time weekly rates of wages. They are actual per capita weekly earnings, computed by dividing the total amount of pay roll for the week by the total number of employees (part-time workers as well as full-time workers). —PER CAPITA WEEKLY EARNINGS IN M A N U F A C T U R IN G INDUSTRIES IN JANUARY, 1932, AND COMPARISON WITH DECEMBER, 1931, AND JANUARY, 1931 T able 2 Industry Food and kindred products: Slaughtering an<i meat, packing _ _______________________ n on feet i onery _______ __________________________ Tce cream _ ________ __ ___ ___________ - — Flour _________________ _________________ — Baking _______ _ - ______— ------ -------------- -Sugar rp.finingTcane ______________________________ — __________ - ___ - ---------------Beet sugar Beverages ___________________________________ Butter ___________________________________ Textiles and their products: Cotton goods ______________________________ _______________________________ Ho^ipry and knit, goods Silk goods ______ ___ ______ _____________ _____ tWoolen and worst-pd goods ____ ____________________ Carpets and pngs _____________________________ Pyeing and finishing textiles __ ___________________ Clothing men’s ______________________________ Shirts and collars _ _____________________________ frothing women’s _______________________________ Millinery and laee goods _____________ - ___________ Corsets and allied garments _______________________ Cotton small wares - __________ _________________ BTats fur-felt ______________________ ________ M en’s furnishings ______________________________ Iron and steel and their products not including machinery: Iron and steel - __________________________________ f^st-iron pipe _ _______________________________ Structural-iron work _ ________________________ Hardware ________ ______________ _ Otea ILL IILLlligo ct11LI ol/Ucllll cl11LI llUfWalcl liccLLixAg, —- —Stoves _______ _______________ ______ Bolts nuts washers, and rivets _ ______________________ Cutlery and edge tools _ ________________________ Forging*5 iron end steel _ ____________________ Plumber^’ supplies __________ _____________ Tin cans and Other tinware _ __ ________________ Tools not including edge tools - ____________________ Wirewnrk _________________ __________ ______ Lumber and allied products: Lumber sawmills _____________________________ Lumber mill work _______________________ Furniture ________ _____ _______________________ Turpentine and rosin---------- -------------- -------------------------------1 No change. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Per capita Per cent of change com pared with— weekly earnings in January, December, January, 1931 1931 1932 $23. 34 16.80 30. 67 22.68 24. 64 25.42 21. 92 26.53 24.36 -3 .0 - 1 .3 -1 .0 -1 .6 -0 .4 - 2 .5 +10.8 -2 .0 - 2 .1 -1 4 .0 -1 0 .3 -7 .4 -1 1 .2 -6 .9 -1 1 .5 +20. 1 - 9 .7 -8 .6 12.04 13. 87 15. 55 18. 65 18.67 21. 30 15.73 11.63 20. 12 19.83 15.64 17. 45 17.65 13. 39 -1 .4 - 9 .3 -7 .0 + 1.1 -0 .6 - 2 .1 + 1 .7 + 1 .4 -7 .0 + 7 .0 + 1 .9 + 2 .0 + 0 .7 - 9 .3 -1 4 .9 -1 3 .6 -12. 5 -6 .5 -5 .8 -9 .0 -1 4 .0 -1 5 .1 -1 4 .9 -3 .8 -9 .5 -1 0 . 7 -1 5 .2 -1 2 .9 16.06 16. 17 21.16 17.16 17.89 17.96 18.46 19.34 18.73 15.26 21.32 16.70 19.01 -1 0 .5 -1 0 .9 -4 .2 - 3 .9 -7 .2 -6 .0 -3 .6 - 2 .1 -6 .5 -1 4 .9 (l) -6 .9 - 6 .0 -3 3 .0 -2 2 .9 -1 9 .9 -1 7 .2 -2 5 .5 -1 8 .8 -1 5 .7 -1 2 .9 - 1 9 .5 -2 4 .9 -5 .6 -1 0 .4 -1 3 .7 12.03 16.73 15.53 15.15 -1 1 .9 -5 .7 - 7 .7 - 2 .3 -2 8 .2 -1 7 .2 -1 8 .9 -8 .0 704 MONTHLY LA.BOR REVIEW Industry Per capita Per cent of change com pared with— weekly earnings January, 1932 Leather and its manufactures: Leather______ _____ ______ Boots and shoes-_ _ ____ Paper and printing: Paper and pulp ____ Paper boxes__ __ ___ . Printing, book and job. __ __ Printing, newspapers and periodicals.. Chemicals and allied products: Chemicals_________ ______ Fertilizers. ______ _ ____ . Petroleum refining________ Cottonseed oil, cake, and meal Druggists preparations_____ ____ Explosives____ _ _ Paints and varnishes______ Rayon___________ ____ _ S o a p ___ _____ _ . . . . Stone, clay, and glass products: Cement___________ Brick, tile, and terra cotta______ Pottery________________ Glass_________________ . Marble, granite, slate, etc_________ Nonferrous metals, and their products: Stamped and enameled w are.. _ Brass, bronze, and copper p r o d u cts.____ Aluminum manufactures___ ___ Clocks, clock movements, etc ____ Gas and electric fixtures. . _____ Plated ware . . _____ . . . Smelting and refining, copper, lead, and zinc Jewelry___ ________ Tobacco manufactures: Chewing and smoking tobacco and snuff . Cigars and cigarettes____ _____ Transportation equipment: Automobiles _ ___ Aircraft ___________ Cars, electric and steam-railroad _ . . . Locom otives..______ Shipbuilding___________ _ Rubber products: Rubber tires and inner tubes__ _______ Rubber boots and shoes__ _____ Rubber goods, other than boots, shoes, tires, and inner tu b e s... Machinery, not including transportation equipment: Agricultural implements Electrical machinery, apparatus, and supplies Engines and water wheels ______ Cash registers and calculating machines Foundry and machine shop products____ Machine tools__ . _ Textile machinery and parts. . . _____ Typewriters and supplies. ___ ___ _ Radio__ ____ _______ Railroad repair shops: Electric railroad_____ ____ Steam railroad________ . ___ 1 No change, https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis December, 1931 AQ 1g 1 15. 56 29. 71 13.49 21.10 22 4 ^ 23. 93 —4 lf 4 Z 7 3 - 1 2 .1 7 7 24. 13 17. 30 19.41 18.47 14. 65 22. 65 20.99 18. 90 9 0 - 8 .3 2 .5 14 - 7 .6 76 ^3 1 0 .1 15. 07 13.23 + 1n 0 Li. 6 1. 1 l .u r 22.92 16.09 19.79 _i_R 11 TO, - 9 .4 - 3 .7 15. 25 23.89 21.62 24. 67 18.56 22.47 23.29 15.88 23. 37 - 1 .9 - 3 .1 (>) - 5 .4 - 7 .8 - 2 .0 - 1 .6 - 5 .3 _l_o C 7 0 _1_16 2 -8.' 1 6. 9 1C ‘A 10. t 17 O Z Li. 16. 6 _ 4y. on 00 11. 2 13. 5 0 1L. 0 « l 13 3 n 40 y. 97. n u _ 1itr0 . ‘1± 9. 3 , .go Q 8. 0 9. £ 9 L 11 0 . — f— 27. 8 + 5.3 8 ^ nA 39 . ii 4 i 6. 0 12. 6 1 .9 4 - 8. 5 —0k. ou 78 17.09 23.84 25. 8 6 28. 67 24.62 12. 5 QC 0.O a’ ? 3 3 —4 ! 2 30. 33 37.61 13. 48 J anuary, 1931 + 6.’ 8 6 .7 19 9 — ±4. L 1 A L9 a. -1 0 .5 17 4 —1 6 ! i n . z9 u -1 3 .2 -1 9 .4 4 — ï4 . “I - 5 .1 90 O 11 0 + 1 . O ^ A. O 4 Q A 0. 0 705 TREND OF EMPLOYMENT G en er a l In d ex N u m b e r s o f E m p lo y m e n t a n d P ay R o lls in M a n u fa c tu r in g In d u str ie s G e n e r a l index numbers of employment and pay rolls m manu facturing industries by months from January, 1926, to December, 1931, inclusive, are shown in the following table for the 54 industries which were formerly used in constructing indexes of employment and earnings. In addition, similar indexes computed from the 89 indus tries listed in Table 1 are presented for each of the 12 months of 1931 and for January, 1932. Twelve-month averages for each complete year in question are also shown. Following Table 3 are graphs plotted from these index numbers, showing the trend in employment and earnings by months from January, 1926, to January, 1932, inclusive. rr>»TjTT? q _p e n e p AT IN D E X E S OF EM PLO Y M E N T AND TOTAL PAY ROLL IN M ANUT PA CTIIRIN G tX D U S T R I R S I ANUA R Y, 1926, TO D E C E M B E R , 1931, BASED ON 54 INDUST R IE sV a ND FROM JANUARY, 1931, T 6 JANUARY, 1932, BASED ON 89 IN D U STR IES [12-month average, 1926= 100] Total pay roll Employment Month January______ February_____ March________ April_________ M ay_________ June_________ July__________ A ugusts _------September-----October______ November____ December____ Average.. Based on 54 industries Based on 89 indus tries 1926 1927 1929 1930 1931 1932 100.4 97.3 91.6 101. 5 99.0 93.0 102.0 99. 5 93. 7 101.0 98.6 93.3 99.8 97.6 93.0 99.3 97.0 93. 1 97.7 95. 0 92. 2 98.7 95. 1 93. 6 100. 3 95.8 95.0 100.7 95.3 95.9 99.5 93.5 95.4 98.9 92. 95. 5 95. 2 97.4 98. 6 99. 1 99.2 98. 8 98.2 98.6 99.3 98.3 94.8 91.9 90.2 90.3 89.8 89.1 87.7 85.5 81 79.9 79.7 78. 76.5 75. 73.1 74. 1 74. 74.5 74. 1 72. 2 70.4 70.0 69. 67.3 65.4 65.3 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1931 1932 74.6 64.8 98.0 94.9 89.6 95.5 100. 6 93.9 101.8 75.3 102.0 95.2 103.9 75.9 100.8 93.8 104. 6 75.7 99.8 94. 1 104. 8 75.2 97.4 94. 2 102.8 73.4 93. 0 91. 2 98. 2 71.7 95.0 94. 2 102. 1 71. 2 94. 1 95.4 102. 6 70.9 95.2 99. C102. 3 68.9 91.6 96. 1 95. 1 67.1 93. 2 97.7 92.0 100.0 96.4 93.8 97.5 83.7 70.9 73.3 Based on 89 indus tries Based on 54 industries 87.6 90. 7 90.8 89.8 87.6 84. 1 75.9 73.9 74.2 72.7 68.3 67.4 100.0 96.5 94.5 100.4 80.3 62.3 67.0 68.5 67.4 66. 62.5 59. 1 58. 5 55.4 53. 7 51.0 50.9 63.7 68.1 . 69.6. 68.5. 67.7. 63. 60.3. 59.7. 56.7. 55.3 . 52.5. 52.2. 706 M O N TH LY LA B O R R E V IE W MANUFACTURING MONTHLY IN D EX ES MONTHLY AVERAGE. INDUSTRIES. 1926-1931. 192.6=100. EMPLOYMENT 105 100 35 30 65 80 75 70 65 60 55 SO JAN. FEB. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis MAR. APR. M AY JUNE JULY AUG. SEPT OCT. NOV. DEC 707 T R E N D O F E M PL O Y M E N T MANUFACTURING MONTHLY IN D E X E S MONTHLY AVERAGE. INDUSTRIES 1926-1931. 132.6 = IOO. PAY-ROLL TOTALS. OS 00 95 90 65 80 75 70 65 60 55 50 45 JAN. FEB. MAR. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG. ÓEPT. OCT NOV DEC 708 M O N TH LY L A B O R R E V IE W T im e W orked in M a n u fa c tu r in g In d u s tr ie s in J a n u a r y , 1932 R e p o r t s as to working time in January were received from 11,762 establishments in 68 manufacturing industries. Three per cent of these establishments were idle, 48 per cent operated on a full-time basis, and 49 per cent worked on a part-time schedule. An average of 86 per cent of full-time operation in January was shown by reports received from all the operating establishments in cluded in this tabulation. In the establishments reporting only part-time operation, the average percentage of full-time operation was 73. T a b l e 4 .—PR O PO R T IO N OF FU L L T IM E W O R K E D IN M A N U F A C T U R IN G IN D U S T R IE S B Y E ST A B L ISH M E N T S R E P O R T IN G IN JA N U A R Y , 1932 Establishments reporting Per cent of estab lishments in Average per cent of which employees full time reported by— worked— Industry Total Per cent number idle Food a n d kin dred produ cts . .......... Slaughtering and meat packin g_______ Confectionery______________ ~_________ Ice cream____________________ __ Flour_______________________________ B a k in g ___ . . ___________________ Sugar refining, cane_________________ Beet sugar______ _ __________ ____ Beverages___ ________________________ Î, 930 167 260 238 351 610 11 44 249 Textiles a n d th eir p ro d u cts . . ________ Cotton goods_________ _____________ _ Hosiery and knit goods______________ Silk goods,- _______________________ Woolen and worsted goods. __________ Carpets and rugs_________ ___ ________ Dyeing and finishing textiles _ _______ Clothing, men’s___ I __________________ Shirts and collars____ _______ - ______ Clothing, women’s __________________ Millinery and lace goods______________ 1,975 501 316 236 166 24 124 228 77 218 85 Iron a n d steel a n d th eir p ro d u cts, n o t in c lu d in g m a c h in e r y _______________ Iron and steel________________________ Cast-iron pipe_________ ______________ Structural-iron work _______ __ - _ Hardw are___________________ . .. Steam fittings and hot-water heating apparatus.............. . .............................. Stoves_______________________________ C1) (>) 1 (>) 1 4 2 3 6 3 8 9 9 1 Full time Part time All operat Establish ments ing estab lishments operating part time 72 79 51 63 74 86 18 73 65 28 21 48 37 26 14 82 27 34 94 98 89 95 92 97 79 95 91 78 89 77 86 71 81 74 83 73 59 53 59 72 60 29 47 56 51 72 68 37 45 39 22 37 71 53 36 40 20 31 91 87 91 96 90 80 88 94 92 94 93 76 73 76 81 75 72 76 79 82 72 79 579 138 40 145 53 5 7 10 3 15 24 10 14 23 80 70 80 83 77 71 75 60 76 77 66 67 55 72 70 96 107 2 8 3 14 95 79 61 71 59 06 L um b er a n d allied p r o d u cts___________ Lumber, sawmills____________________ Lumber, millwork___ _ _ ___________ Furniture_______ ______ ____________ 1,000 450 281 335 4 5 1 4 31 28 22 42 65 67 76 54 79 78 77 83 70 69 70 71 L eather a n d its m a n u fa c tu r e s _________ Leather________ __ _ _ ________ Boots and shoes.-. - _________ 350 114 236 2 1 3 43 45 42 55 54 56 86 88 85 77 73 1 Less than one-half of 1 per cent. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 75 709 TREND OF EMPLOYMENT T able 4 —PR O PO R T IO N OF FU L L T IM E W O RKED IN M A N U F A C T U R IN G IN D U S T R IE S BY E ST A B L ISH M E N T S R E PO R T IN G IN JA N U A R Y , 1932—Continued Establishments reporting Per cent of estab lishments in Average per cent of which employees full time reported by— worked— Industry Total Per cent number idle 89 84 82 89 99 78 74 76 81 88 64 76 67 82 53 59 57 29 35 23 32 16 47 41 41 71 92 95 93 98 94 82 90 83 77 79 78 89 87 55 75 76 16 23 22 4 9 37 65 17 23 72 47 12 61 73 19 80 96 69 72 95 63 74 61 63 76 1 35 21 31 46 64 79 68 53 82 78 81 84 72 72 73 70 25 52 21 69 48 72 81 92 79 74 84 73 44 30 70 12 50 73 53 69 24 88 50 23 86 81 95 77 84 95 74 73 77 74 67 78 34 18 14 41 66 82 86 59 84 80 82 85 75 76 79 75 30 30 69 68 78 81 68 72 22 25 60 30 19 39 46 71 78 72 40 68 81 61 54 29 80 73 88 76 74 86 78 96 75 64 69 66 69 78 58 85 1 50 70 33 49 30 66 91 96 86 81 85 79 3 48 49 86 73 C h em icals a n d allied p ro d u cts-------------Chemicals Fertilizers_____ -- . . -------------- - Petroleum refining- - Druggists’ preparations ... .. Explosives Paints and varnishes - - ---Rayon___ «64 88 159 68 19 17 296 17 S to n e , clay, a n d glass p r o d u c t s . - _____ Cement __ Brick, tile, and terra cotta . . . . _ P ottery.. _______________ _________ Glass_____________ _______ ________ 649 84 314 96 155 N onferrous m e ta ls a n d th eir p ro d u cts. Stamped and enameled ware Brass*, bronze, and copper products Jewelry___ _ ______________________ 341 71 136 134 1 T obacco m a n u fa c tu r e s ------------------------Chewing and smoking tobacco and snuff. Cigars and cigarettes---- ------- --------- 192 25 167 T ra n sp o rta tio n e q u ip m e n t-----------------A utom obiles.. . . --------------Aircraft. _ . . ------ . . . . .......... Cars, electric and steam railroad_____ _ Locomotives____ . . . . __ Shipbuilding_____ 315 166 33 25 12 79 R ubb er produ cts Rubber tires and inner tubes. ____ Rubber boots and shoes ________ Rubber goods, other ..... 128 34 7 87 R ailroad repair s h o p s __________________ Electric railroad Steam railroad . ---------------- . . T o ta l____ ______________ 1 Less than one-half of 1 per cent. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis . . . 1 1 1 1 1 « 6 7 2 1 6 4 1 2 179 61 40 804 129 31 13 31 787 364 423 11,762 1 1 1,354 66 All operat E stablish ments ing estab lishments operating part time 50 58 75 59 10 1,432 294 250 542 346 M ach in ery , n o t in c lu d in g tra n sp o rta tio n e q u ip m e n t .... Agricultural implements . --------------Electrical machinery, apparatus, and supplies ________ _____ Engines and water wheels-------------- . . . Cash registers and calculating machines. Foundry and machine-shop products— Machine tools.. ______ _ . . . ------Textile machinery and parts__ ____ Typewriters and supplies-----------Radio ___________ _____ Part time 50 41 25 41 90 Paper a n d p r in tin g _________________ * Paper and pulp. . . . . . ------ Paper boxes _ _ __ ________ _ Printing, book and job__ Printing, newspapers and periodicals---- 0 Full time 3 1 1 0 710 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW E m p lo y m e n t in N o n m a n u f a c t u r in g I n d u s tr ie s in J a n u a r y , 1932 N THE following table are presented employment and pay-roll data for 14 groups of nonmanufacturing industries, the totals of which also appear in the summary table of employment and total pay roll. With one exception, each group showed decreases in both employ ment and earnings from December, 1931, to January, 1932, and from January, 1931, to January, 1932. The exception was an increase in employment of 0.1 per cent in hotels over the month interval. I T able 1 .—C O M PARISON OF E M P L O Y M E N T A N D TO TAL PA Y R OLL IN ID E N T IC A L N O N M A N U F A C T U R IN G E ST A B L ISH M E N T S IN D E C E M B E R , 1931, A N D JA N U A R Y 1932, PE R C E N T OF CHA N G E OVER A Y E A R IN T E R V A L , A N D IN D E X N U M B E R S OF E M P L O Y M E N T A N D TOTAL PA Y ROLL, JA N U A R Y , 1932. Employment Industrial group Anthracite mining_____ . . . Bituminous coal mining______ Metalliferous mining________ Quarrying and nonmetallic mining_______________ __ Crude petroleum producing__ Telephone and telegraph____ Power, light, and water______ Electric railroad operation and maintenance exclusive of car shops________________ Wholesale trade____ _______ Retail trade______ _ H o te ls_________________ . . Canning and preserving______ Laundries_________________ Dyeing and cleaning_________ Estab lish ments report Number ing in on pay roll, both mos. January, 1932 Per cent of change D e cem ber, 1931, to Jan uary, 1932 Jan uary, 1931, to Jan uary, 1932 Total pay roll Per cent of change Amount of D e pay roll (1 week), cem ber, January, 1931, 1932 to Jan uary, 1932 Index num bers January, 1982 (average, 1929=1,00) Jan uary, 1931, to Jan uary, 1932 Em ploy ment Total pay roll 160 1,199 239 104,183 187, 787 28,465 - 4 .5 -1 5 .9 $2,441,555 -2 1 .6 -3 1 .1 - 0 .5 -1 4 .0 % 827,087 -10. 2 -3 5 .9 - 3 . 8 -2 7 .8 531,045 -1 3 .4 -4 6 .0 76.2 80.8 49.3 61. 5 47.0 29.7 618 236 8, 178 3, 383 20, 088 19, 509 293, 708 230, 528 - 9 .3 -2 4 .1 - 5 . 6 -2 6 .6 - 0 .1 - 8 .3 - 1. 1 -1 0 .0 334, 354 -1 8 . 1 -4 0 .1 635, 767 -1 5 .4 -3 5 .0 8, 515, 984 - 3 .8 - 7 . 5 7,186,307 - 3 .1 -1 0 .3 48.9 54.9 83.0 89.3 30. 2 46. 5 89.1 88.4 133, 361 - 0 . 5 - 8 . 5 66, 213 - 2 .2 - 8 . 6 334, 276 -2 0 .6 - 6 .3 140, 772 + 0.1 -1 1 .4 22, 792 -1 4 . 1 -2 8 .4 54,882 - 0 . 7 - 6 .4 9,404 - 3 .3 - 7 .8 3, 997, 021 - 4 . 5 -1 3 .2 1, 916, 984 - 4 . 7 -1 5 .3 7,497, 262 -1 7 . 1 -1 2 .8 2,157,811 - 2 . 0 -1 8 .8 362, 503 -1 3 .9 -3 1 .0 955, 826 - 1 . 3 -11. 9 192,024 - 3 .1 -1 5 .2 79.5 81.8 84.3 84. 2 35.0 (0 (0 74.3 74.1 78.0 73.9 31.8 (i) (>) 498 2,457 11, 933 2,262 783 813 295 1 Data not available. In d e x e s o f E m p lo y m e n t a n d T o ta l P ay R o ll for N o n m a n u fa c tu r in g In d u str ie s I n d e x numbers of employment and total pay roll for the years 1929, 1930, and 1931, and by months, January, 1931, to January, 1932, for 12 of the 14 nonmanufacturing industries appearing in the preceding table, are shown in Table 2. Index numbers for the laun dering and the dyeing and cleaning groups are not presented, as data for the index base year (1929) are not available. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis T a b l e 2 .—IN D E X E S OF E M P L O Y M E N T A N D TO TAL PA Y ROLL FOR N O N M A N U F A C T U R IN G IN D U S T R IE S , 1929 TO JA N U A R Y , 1932 [12-month average, 1929=100] Anthracite Bituminous Metallifer coal mining ous mining mining Quarrying and nonmetallie mining Crude petroleum producing Telephone and tele graph Power, light, and water Operation and main tenance of electric railroads 1 Wholesale trade Retail trade Canning and pre serving Hotels Year and month E m Pay Em Pay Em Pay Em Pay Em Pay Em Pay Em Pay Em Pay Em Pay Em Pay Em Pay Em Pay roll ploy roll ploy roll ploy roll ploy roll ploy roll ploy roll ploy roll ploy roll ploy roll ploy roll ploy roll ploy ment totals ment totals ment totals ment totals ment totals ment totals ment totals ment totals ment totals ment totals ment totals ment totals 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 96.2 99.2 98.5 103.9 96.1 100 95.3 93.1 81.3 83.2 78.0 81.3 79.3 87.1 85.9 97.9 102.9 103.0 104.3 93.1 93.5 96.0 95.9 • 95.9 1931 January ____________ February____________ March............ .................. 90.6 89.3 89.5 101.9 82.0 71.3 93.9 91.5 88.8 73.3 68.3 65.2 68.3 65.3 63.5 55. 0 54.6 52.8 64.4 66.6 70.0 50.4 54.4 58.2 74.8 73.2 72.2 71.5 70.0 73.2 90.5 89.2 88.6 96.3 94.8 97.9 99.2 98.6 97.8 99.7 96.7 102.4 86.9 86.6 86.4 85.6 87.1 88.1 89.5 88.2 87.4 87.5 88.4 89.1 90.0 87.1 87. 8 89.4 86. 7 87. 5 95.0 96.8 96.8 91.0 93.7 93.4 48.9 48.3 53.0 46.1 48.6 50.3 April ______________ M ay. _______________ June_________________ 85.2 80.3 76.1 75.2 76.1 66.7 85.9 82.4 78.4 58.6 54.4 52.4 63.9 62.4 60.0 51.4 49.3 46.1 76.1 75.0 72.3 62.6 62.3 60.1 69.8 67.8 65.0 66.3 64.7 62.7 88.1 87.4 86.9 95.0 94.1 95.0 97.1 97.6 97.2 97.6 98.7 98.3 86.8 85.9 85.3 86.6 85.1 84.8 87.4 87.1 87.1 85.2 84. 7 84.1 90.1 89.9 89.1 88.3 88.0 87. 6 95.9 92.5 91.6 89.9 87.7 85.4 59.6 56.0 70.6 57.1 56.0 58.6 July ____________ August ____________ September......................- 65.1 67.3 80.0 53.7 56.4 64.9 76.4 77.0 80.4 50.4 50.6 53.6 56.2 55.8 55.5 41.3 40.2 40.0 71.0 68.9 66.6 57.3 55.1 51.2 65.3 62.4 61.2 59.2 56.3 55.2 86.6 85.9 85.0 93.3 92.3 92.1 96.7 95.9 94.7 97.4 96.2 94.3 85.6 84.8 84.0 83.3 81.9 81. 2 86.8 86. 5 86.1 83.3 82.1 81.4 83.9 81. 8 86. 6 83.3 80. 3 83. 5 93.3 92.8 90.6 85.2 102.2 74.2 83.8 142.9 104.7 81.9 180.1 129.4 October______________ 86.8 91.1 November___________ 2 83. 5 2 79. 5 December____________ 2 79.8 2 78. 4 81.3 81.1 81.2 56.2 54.6 52.3 53.8 52.8 51.2 37.4 35. 1 34.3 64.5 59.3 53.9 48.7 43.3 36.9 60.4 57.6 58.2 54.4 52.0 54.9 84.1 91.6 83.5 89.7 83. 1 92.7 92.7 91.3 90.3 93.2 93.3 91.2 82.7 81.5 79.9 79.0 79.7 77.8 85.2 84.1 83.7 79.9 89.8 79. 7 90.9 77.8 106. 2 84.6 85. 4 94.1 88.5 85. 9 84. 1 79.7 108.1 77.1 60.8 75.4 40.7 77.6 48.1 36.9 1931: A verage___ 2 80.5 75.1 83.2 57.5 59.1 14.8 67.1 53.1 65.7 61.7 86.6 93.7 95.6 96.7 81.7 83.1 86.6 83.6 89.1 86.6 92.0 85.1 80.9 65.6 61.5 80.8 47.0 49.3 29.7 48.9 30.2 54.9 46.5 83.0 89.1 89.3 88.4 79.5 74.3 81.8 74.1 84.3 78.0 84.2 73.9 35.0 31.8 1930: A verage___ 1932 January___ _________ 93.1 76.2 1 N ot including electric-railroad car building and repairing; see transportation equipment and electric repair shop groups, manufacturing industries, Table 1. 2 Revised. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis TREND OF EMPLOYMENT 1929: A verage---- 712 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW T rend o f E m p lo y m e n t in J an u ary, 1932, by S ta te s N THE following table are shown the fluctuations in employment and earnings in January, 1932, as compared with December, 1931, in certain industrial groups, by States. These tabulations have been prepared from information secured directly from reporting establish ments and from data supplied by cooperating State agencies. The fluctuations in employment and earnings over the month interval in the combined total of the 15 industrial groups included in this monthly survey are presented, together with the changes in the manufacturing, public utility, hotel, wholesale trade, retail trade, bituminous coal mining, crude petroleum producing, quarrying and nonmetallic mining, metalliferous mining, laundries, and dyeing and cleaning groups. In presenting data concerning the public utility group, the totals ol the telephone and telegraph, water-light-power, and electric railroad operation groups have been combined and are presented as one group in this State compilation. Due to the extreme seasonal fluctuations in the canning and preserving industry, and the fact that during certain months the activity in "this industry in a number of States is negligible, data for this industry are not presented separately. The number of employees and the amount of weekly earnings in December and January as reported by identical establish ments m this industry are included, however, in the tabulation of “ all groups” by States. As the anthracite mining industry is confined entirely to the State of Pennsylvania, the changes reported in this industry in the summary table are the fluctuations in this industry by State total. Where the identity of any reporting company would be disclosed by the publication of a State total for any industrial group, figures for the group do not appear in the separate'industrial group tabulation, but have been included in the State totals for “ all groups.” Data are not presented for any industrial group where the representation covers less than three establishments. I https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 713 TREND OF EMPLOYMENT C O M PA R ISO N OF E M P L O Y M E N T A N D TO T A L PA Y ROLL IN ID E N T IC A L ESTAB* L IS H M E N T S IN D E C E M B E R , 1931, A N D JA N U A R Y , 1932, BY ST A T ES, FO R 11 IN D U S T R IA L G R O U PS A N D TO TAL OF GROUPS C O M B IN E D [Figures in italics are not compiled by the Bureau of Labor Statistics, but are taken from reports issued by cooperating State organizations] Manufacturing Total—all groups State N um Number Per ber of on pay estab roll Jan cent of lish uary, change 1932 ments 451 Alabama______ -Arkansas_________ 356 Arizona____- ____ California___ ___ - 1,378 Colorado.. . . . . . - '493 Amount of pay roll Per (1 week) cent of January, change 1932 48, 742 - 3 .0 $636, 629 14,443 - 2 .6 230,517 Amount N um Number Per of pay roll Per ber of on pay estab roll Jan cent of (1 week) cent of lish uary, change January, change 1932 1932 ments —5. 6 51,162 —10. 4 - 3 .4 2 , 9 9 4 ,4 9 9 —6.4 186,410 —31.4 106,462 - 4 .2 1,967,964 116, 528 5,415 +Ò. ! 223, 851 14, 355 +12.9 5 3 3 ,9 5 0 46,781 - 0 .7 5 9 ,4 9 7 3, 564 -2 4 .4 - 8 .0 + 4 .4 + 9.1 —6. 4 —3 4 . 4 3 , 9 5 5 ,4 2 5 - 3 .3 1,131 10,981 - 6 .4 262,096 - 6 .3 5,316,833 - 6 .8 25,986 -1 5 .3 615,188 -1 5 .7 121 126,108 - 4 .2 7,887 - 0 .7 25, 560 +13.3 60,029 - 0 .8 7,061 -1 4 .1 2,516,897 - 7 .1 170,841 +0.1 459, 952 + 5 .9 852,624 - 4 .0 131,936 -2 0 .9 572 48 132 257 38 - 2 .7 1,056 Connecticut______ Delaware___ _____ Florida ________ Georgia__________ Idaho____________ 928 122 534 566 148 Illinois___________ Indiana________ I o w a ____________ Kansas _____ Kentucky________ 1,354 289,105 - 2 .8 6,964,705 1, 239 1,150 617 933 125, 254 46,006 28, 327 57,971 - 3 .6 - 2 .7 - 0 .3 - 3 .6 2,646,407 961,433 619,462 926, 579 - 6 .5 - 8 .4 - 1 .9 - 8 .5 441 Louisiana________ 508 Maine ________ i 869 Maryland________ M assachusetts____ 7,357 Michigan_________ 1,660 27,679 37,180 - 7 .5 - 1 .0 454,869 714,693 -4 -4 - 4 .7 1,699,688 7,683, 202 296,240 Minnesota ______ 1,079 386 M ississip p i______ Missouri ___ ____ 1.102 250 Montana _____ 628 Nebraska------------- 61,477 - 6 .5 10,411 - 3 .5 107, 208 - 2 .0 7, 803 - 5 .0 22,403 -1 2 .4 378 N ew Hampshire . . N ew Jersey__ ____ 1, 450 122 N ew Mexico 84 N evada. . . - __ N ew York--------- . 3,128 25,073 200,194 4,240 1, 165 508,860 + 1 .2 1 2 0 ,4 4 1 - 6 .2 8,896 58 203, 568 80,205 329,180 $415,781 -2 .9 31, 729 181 - 7 .2 2,134 119,504 8,046 -2 9 .7 182,480 - 3 .1 574 449 167 158 92, 330 25,347 15,481 18,139 - 2 .3 1,915, 571 503,460 - 2 .1 350, 559 + 0.3 307,735 - 3 .7 - 9 .6 - 4 .8 162 172 15,925 30,857 -6 .8 + 0 .3 - 6 .0 - 6 .2 - 3 .3 506 1,051 446 58,950 150,499 218,754 1,408,711 - 8 .4 134, 389 -1 0 .2 2,358, 607 - 5 .0 201,472 -1 1 .9 534, 589 -1 0 .3 263 76 502 46 122 6,810,575 136 452,862 - 3 .5 - 5 .2 2 756 - 4 . 1 4, 898, 782 - 5 .4 22 78,185 -1 1 .3 + 0.1 12 34,001 - 2 .5 + 1 .4 - 5 . 5 13,037,634 - 7 . 2 *1,692 - 1 0 .2 —11. 8 —2.9 —10.6 —11.9 357,124 - 5 .0 - 2.8 4,411,076 6, 621 + 1 .3 6, 856 (3) - 2 .8 21,389 183,584 462 195 341,384 —5.5 - 4 .3 —1 0 . 3 —5. 5 —6. 2 —16. 3 - 4 .6 5,952,038 838, 650 - 0 .4 _(5) 458,629 42, /29 - 0 .1 628,338 -4 . 1 -1 0 .5 —1. 3 + 0 .5 —4. 1 —6. 8 77, 287 - 0 .3 1,088 - 4 . 7 250, 736 - 1 .3 8,334 - 0 . 9 14,043 -1 1 .0 Pennsylvania_____ 4,692 500 Rhode Island___ _ 392 South Carolina____ 216 South Dakota_____ 727 Tennessee________ 610, 944 54,347 47,040 5, 555 60,959 - 4 .5 12,153,190 -1 2 .0 - 2 .0 1,134, 942 - 2 . 1 531,370 +0. 1 - 0 .6 138, 516 - 5 .4 - 3 .2 930,318 - 8 .1 - 5 .4 1,868 271 175 45 264 333,840 42,744 42, 938 2,003 43,083 Texas ____ _____ U tah _____ V erm on t________ Virginia.. --------- 505 58, 844 - 4 .2 300 37,003 239 353 899 13, 212 9, 509 65,804 -6 . 1 - 6 .4 - 3 .7 283,217 -1 1 .9 201,010 - 8 .5 1,124,388 - 5 .3 Washington______ West Virginia_____ 803 684 46, 512 83,145 - 8 .3 - 1 .0 1,043,809 -1 0 . 5 1,454,107 - 8 .6 Wyoming------------- ’ 135 5’ 794 1 Includes building construction. 2 Includes laundries. 2 N o change. < Includes laundering and cleaning, s Less than one-tenth of 1 per cent. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 7 .3 —2. 8 —2. 3 971,136 29,187 5,097,195 181,656 261,142 441 56 1,437 95 176 - —2.3 - 4 .O 8,313,305 1,077, 747 - 4 .4 82,122 - 6 .5 7,117,117 - 7 .0 514,975 - 9 .6 552,476 -1 1 .0 674, 808 - 1 2 .3 152,862 -1 8 .2 1 0 .2 —4. 4 653,096 30,012 - 5 .3 66, UU8 6,418 - 3 .3 59,499 + 0 .6 1,206, 799 63,866 2,882 - 7 .0 263,407 10,884 -1 6 .8 - 0 .2 - 2 .6 - 3 .5 - 5 .4 - 8 .8 —11.6 - —6.6 —2. 2 —0.5 83, 538 3,492 344,409 22, 692 25, 510 - 5 .7 233,816 558, 562 —5. 8 —8. 8 —1.1 —4. 4 - 3 . 0 1,100,619 - 0 . 7 2,940, 823 + 5 .0 5,197,043 North Carolina__ 1,021 308 North Dakota __ Ohio ___________ 3,174 547 Oklahoma ____ 738 Oregon_________ - 1,464,306 - 5 .7 - 2 .8 196 - 5 .2 -6 .2 -4 -0 955,914 - 6 .0 60 127 252 3,154 -2 2 .3 5,215 - 9 .6 47,120 - 2 .0 58,121 104,885 778, 733 —31.9 —13. 7 —3. 7 248 185 23,414 32,088 - 5 .5 - 3 .3 449, 213 644,256 -1 0 .8 —9.0 836 23 —2.6 1,456 -2 2 .6 46,290 —9. 7 - 1 2 .4 714 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW COM PA R ISO N OP E M P L O Y M E N T A N D TO TAL PA Y ROLL IN ID E N T IC A L E ST A B L ISH M E N T S IN D E C E M B E R , 1931, A N D JA N U A R Y , 1932, B Y ST A T EST f O R 1 1 IN D U S T R IA L GROUPS A N D TO TAL OF GROUPS C O M B IN E D -C ontin ued UND US 1 R IAL [Figures in italics are not compiled by the Bureau of Labor Statistics, but are taken from reports issued by cooperating State organizations] Wholesale trade State Alabama_______ Arkansas_________ Arizona_______ _ California_______ Colorado________ N um Number ber of on pay Per estab roll Jan cent of lish uary, change ments 1932 Retail trade Amount of pay roll Per (1 week) cent of January, change 1932 N um Number Amount ber of on pay Per of pay rol Per estab roll Jan cent of (1 week) cent of lish uary, change January, change ments 1932 1932 16 554 18 - 2 .8 453 $16,501 32 138 -0 .4 -5 .8 17 13,482 - 3 .2 136 1,532 65 3,769 - 3 .1 179 1,262 -2 1 .4 21 640 95 28,757 - 2 3 .9 Connecticut______ Delaware . . . . Florida__________ Georgia_________ Idaho_________ 55 9 38 31 8 1,214 108 590 369 121 Illinois_________ Indiana_________ Iowa____________ Kansas____ _ . . . Kentucky________ 53 35 21 19 Louisiana________ M aine___________ M a r y la n d ..._____ M assachusetts____ M ichigan________ 16 - 2 .8 119,978 + 1 .4 - 2 .7 21, 327 + 0 .8 + 1 .6 + 5 .9 - 1 .3 - 3 .1 -3 .2 36,997 2,281 15,393 10, 694 3,488 - 0 .8 -4 .0 - 7 .6 - 4 .6 - 9 .3 -1 -4 868 - 1 2 .7 1,180 1,114 627 511 3,681 + 0 .7 - 1 .9 -0 .8 + 5 .4 23,247 - 1 0 .2 33, 272 33,192 18, 432 11, 026 - 5 .5 - 5 .8 + 5 .3 - 3 .4 37 101 13 76 35 24 54 243 113 30 198 2,546 -1 5 .4 3,692 -2 3 .1 4,722 -1 4 .7 143 -2 8 .5 1,286 - 0 . 2 2,095 -1 9 .9 630 - 3 . 4 18,317 31 13 800 329 - 0 .6 - 3 .8 80b 14, 171 18,123 8,595 - 4 .1 - 5 .1 1,296 - 1 .4 -6 .3 19,872 425,430 + 1 .9 42, 392 - 1 .5 - 7 .3 4,052 134 5,142 218 887 - 1 .9 + 0 .8 - 2 .1 + 0 .9 - 2 .5 117,981 2,936 133, 078 8,006 26, 228 - 5 .6 + 0 .6 - 3 .0 + 0 .8 - 3 .8 344 71 136 20 90 7,609 427 6,196 345 1,358 172 - 2 .3 675 - 4 .8 108 -1 2 .9 5,120 21, 269 3,931 - 1 .7 - 2 .1 - 4 .4 49 412 10 50 -3 .2 53 63 428 -6 .3 6,528 -1 9 .6 3,036 -2 0 .9 1,285 -1 7 .3 2,010 - 9 .7 30 693 43 3,947 - 7 .1 3,021 -2 2 .3 1,128 - 8 .3 $42,453 - 9 .1 25, 610 —4.2 654,924 -1 8 .8 76, 62Ì -1 7 .9 101,971 2, 628 29' 750 36, 833 12; 436 -9 . 6 -16. 5 —6. 2 —15. 6 - 5 .0 471,897 - 5 .5 Ì31, 484 63; 600 25; 403 38| 464 -1 4 .8 -31. 0 - 8 .0 - 9 .2 49,197 23; 885 -1 8 .1 —8. 5 5,101 —23.6 93, 055 60,259 - 1 2 .1 l, 357,082 11,871 -2 5 .9 -1 2 .9 28,165 18 R 1 2 .0 281, 797 - -2 0 .5 -2 0 .5 -2 6 .5 -1 4 .2 -2 6 .1 152,178 5; 840 130, 536 7; 948 27; 928 —14.3 —18 0 —23. 0 —7.9 -2 4 .4 520 -2 2 .7 7,892 -3 1 .4 95 - 5 .9 11, 208 19i; 008 2,449 —12 4 —25. fi - 1 0 .1 2 2 .1 M innesota-.............. Mississippi___ .. M is s o u r i.._____ Montana______ Nebraska________ 61 5 53 11 31 New Ham pshire.. . N ew Jersey____ N ew Mexico_____ N evada__________ N ew York___ _ 14 30 6 128 2,281 - 2 .3 75,960 - 6 .9 184 47, 070 -2 5 .9 1, 201, 262 -2 2 .5 North Carolina___ North Dakota O h i o . . . _____ Oklahoma .. _ Oregon___________ 21 15 147 37 42 478 191 3,798 640 1,035 -5 .2 -2 .6 - 0 .5 - 3 .6 -5 .0 12,468 6,084 107,973 17,164 29, 728 - 4 .9 - 8 .2 - 3 .4 - 6 .5 -5 .4 438 39 674 45 255 1, 862 '384 26,321 1,185 2,321 - 2 .2 -1 5 .4 -2 5 .6 -1 2 .9 -1 3 .3 29 902 7,106 557, 293 22; 296 53; 773 —10 2 —8 5 —22 0 —h 9 - 6 .3 Pennsylvania_____ Rhode Island___ _ South Carolina___ South D a k ota... . . Tennessee________ 137 38 19 6 32 3,445 - 0 .7 930 -1 3 .8 247 - 0 .4 98 - 3 .0 728 - 7 .4 96,007 23, 043 5,986 3,085 16,382 -3 .4 - 8 .4 -4 .0 -6 .0 -4 .8 588 115 90 18 69 27, 782 5,014 694 253 3, 530 -1 7 .9 -1 3 .3 -2 8 .5 —18.4 -2 7 .1 603, 026 115, 240 10, 533 4 974 60,291 —15 2 —9 3 —12 5 —11 0 -2 7 .7 Texas___________ _ U tah______ _____ _ Vermont_________ Virginia_________ b5 2,657 13 5 33 440 111 827 77,027 + 1 .7 59 - 8 .5 - 0 .3 - 4 .9 23 35 371 6,967 - 9 . 7 1,053 - 6 .1 326 - 5 . 8 2,878 -2 2 .8 W , 646 Washington______ West V irg in ia____ Wisconsin___ ___ W yoming______ 3 N o change. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 3 + 2 .7 - 0 .2 - 0 .9 - 1 .8 11, 709 3,053 21,121 85 37 2,087 612 \5 -1 .5 -3 .9 1,918 64,515 19, 916 -3 .6 -2 .2 46 46,612 140 50 9 - 2 .4 -6 .8 1,586 - 9 .4 59 0 15 5,726 -2 7 .5 982 -1 8 .3 8,504 - 2 4 .9 156 - 4 .9 Ì5, 452 7; 118 56; 460 - 9 .4 —8.4 —5. 0 -1 8 .0 116, 388 19, 511 —20 1 —12 3 1 4 0 ,4 0 0 - 2 2 .4 4,406 - 6 .1 715 TREND OF EMPLOYMENT COM PA R ISO N OF E M P L O Y M E N T A N D TOTAL PA Y ROLL IN ID E N T IC A L E ST A B L ISH M E N T S IN D E C E M B E R , 1931, A N D JA N U A R Y , 1932, B Y ST A T ES, FO R 11 IN D U S T R IA L GROUPS A N D TO TAL OF GROUPS C O M B IN E D —Continued [Figures in italics are not compiled by the Bureau of Labor Statistics, but are taken from reports issued by cooperating State organizations] Metalliferous mining Quarrying and nonmetallic mining State Num Number Per ber of on pay estab roll Jan- cent of lish uary, change 1932 ments Amount of pay roll Per (1 week) cent of January, change 1932 Alabam a.- -- -- -- --A i k<iii&as_-- -- -- - — g g 421 - 2 .1 201 -f 45 7 $5,035 —28.0 2,546 +17.6 California________ 25 654 -1 6 .6 13,143 -2 4 .3 Connecticut— — — -— 7 Florida---------------Georgia---------------- 7 19 Illinois----------------Indiana. - - - - - —- — Iowa_____________ Kansas __________ Kentucky------------- 28 97 15 14 26 Louisiana------------M aine___________ Maryland------------ in Michigan________ 20 O K 5 Minnesota ___ _ _ 607 537 _j_2 R 2 278 -3 2 .9 -f-3 9 19 5 7 681 5^ 747 + 3 .6 - 7 .4 463 -2 2 .3 1, 620 -j-4 9 900 -(-19 0 468 + 1 . 3 470 -2 9 .6 8 597 -1 5 .6 30, 475 - 3 .7 3,287 - 2 .1 10,356 + 1 .3 3,962 -3 8 .3 340 -f19 6 150 -4 4 .0 4,616 +10.5 5,225 —34.9 b 354 84 285 - 7 5 .9 2 1 .5 + e ,m 1,124 -4 4 .8 4,028 - 9 .5 17 Nebraska------------- Af\ 61 5 374 —62.7 N ew Hampshire— N ew Jersey_______ 13 3 -4 0 .8 48 -2 0 .0 2,094 -4 5 .2 1,278 -3 3 .2 7 A7 1, 102 North Carolina___ 9 190 -1 9 .3 1,609 29,240 -2 0 .9 56 Ohio_______- P en n sy lv a n ia -----South Carolina.- 50 ------ "" 16 95 856 -1 8 .9 8 .5 16, 759 18 8 Texas____________ Utah______ a_____ Vermont_________ Virginia - - 39 18 Washington---------W est Virginia - - 7 6 — a No change. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis (3> 39,089 - 4 .2 218 + 4 5 . 3 3,978 +51.2 -6 .3 - 4 .9 —5. 6 8 1,821 9 41 8,703 4 .7 92,374 -2 9 .9 33 1,373 -1 3 .5 26, 023 -2 4 .1 16 14 2,008 + 7 .6 127 -1 3 .0 30, 656 3,062 + 4 .9 - 4 .6 - 3 113 - 3 .4 2,272 -1 9 .1 16 374 + 8.1 10,341 -0 .2 25 3 376 -3 3 .1 45 -2 2 .4 8,077 877 -3 2 .3 -4 8 .3 -2 4 .5 0 Tennessee ______ W yoming________ 2,565 - 9 .5 -1 1 .3 -1 0 .1 4,976 1,563 589 24 646 —50.3 N ew York---------- 38 $123, 092 39,969 16, 663 16 17 12 - 1 7 .2 5,696 -1 9 .1 Missouri__ ______ 3 .3 Amount N um Number Per of pay roll Per ber of on pay estab roll Jan cent of (1 week) cent of uary, change January, change lish 1932 1932 ments 1,126 - - 3 .3 - 6 .0 704 2,314 - 2 . 6 888 —20. 4 52, 733 + 0 .3 -3 1 .8 + 8 .8 2. 1 2,095 - 0 .4 -1 1 .0 111 469 4 302 -1 .0 5,118 +Ò.7 8 2,421 + 1 .7 51,052 -7 .8 70 -3 2 .0 1,246 -4 6 .4 —2.7 11,629 - 2 0 .6 3 767 716 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW COM PA R ISO N OP E M P L O Y M E N T A N D TO TAL P A Y ROLL IN ID E N T IC A L E ST A B L ISH M E N T S IN D E C E M B E R , 1931, A N D JA N U A R Y , 1932, B Y ST A T ES, PO R 11 IN D U S T R IA L GROUPS A N D T O TAL OF GROUPS C O M B IN E D -C on tin u ed ^ [Figures in italics are not compiled By the Bureau of Labor Statistics, but are taken from reports issued by cooperating State organizations] State Bituminous coal mining Crude petroleum producing Num Number Amount ber of on pay Per of pay roll Per estab roll Jan cent of (1 week) cent ol lish uary, change January, change ments 1932 1932 N um Number Amount ber of on pay Per of pay roll Per estab roll Jan- cent of (1 week) cent of lish uary, change January, change ments 1932 1932 A labam a______ Arkansas______ Arizona________ California______ Colorado______ 39 6 8,693 - 0 .9 545 - 6 .8 $80,945 - 5 .5 7,334 - 1 0 .8 6 165 - 4 .1 $3,938 - 5 .3 39 5,070 - 1 .8 173,055 - 5 .3 7 191 -0 .5 3,954 - 1 .3 24 817 + 0 .5 20, 419 - 0 .3 7 143 -0 .7 4,012 -4 5 .5 5 43 + 2 .4 1,249 - 2 .5 35 4,383 - 0 .5 101,983 SO 8,188 + 0 .9 47 19 14 152 6,215 2,399 1,511 25,806 - 0 .7 + 2 .6 - 2 .3 - 3 .9 + 7 .1 148,146 - 9 . 2 58,865 + 9 .1 22,938 -1 0 .5 334,888 -1 4 .5 U 1,243 - 2 .8 18,273 - 1 0 .0 18 10 1, 232 987 + 2 .9 +11.1 28,190 + 6 .2 24 417 -1 7 .5 N ew HampshireN ew J e r s e y ___ N ew M exico____ Nevada _ __ _ N ew 1 ork-_ 13 2,092 + 3 .1 36,621 -1 4 .2 North Carolina North D akota__ Ohio___________ Oklahoma____ O regon............. 62 14 12,388 600 + 2 .3 -3 9 .4 163,690 -1 3 .3 9,949 -4 1 .3 5 53 58 3,646 386 54,487 -0 .8 772,193 -1 0 .3 20 16 3,061 - 1 .7 33,794 - 5 .8 13 2,536 + 4 .2 72,943 - 1 .3 26 4,510 -2 .3 49,544 -1 2 .3 9 247 1,487 40, 620 - 1 .1 + 1 .2 25 3,387 - 0 .1 + 0.1 ConnecticutDelaware_____ Florida________ Georgia________ Idaho__________ Illinois-........ ......... Indiana________ I o w a .--........ ......... K a n sa s,_______ K en tu ck y ______ Louisiana_______ M aine____ _____ Maryland---------Massachusetts__ Michigan.............. M innesota______ Mississippi ___ Missouri_______ Montana_______ Nebraska ____ Pennsylvania___ Rhode Island South Carolina. South D akota__ Tennessee______ Texas................. U tah. ________ Vermont. . ___ Virginia________ Washington____ West Virginia___ W isconsin___ Wyoming---- -- _ https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 172,023 3 26 -3 1 .6 878 -3 9 .3 4 156 -1 2 .4 4,496 - 1 .1 - 1 .7 -4 .5 921 99, 569 - 8 .4 - 8 .5 388 + 2 .4 10,243 - 5 .8 43 8,193 - 9 .2 298,138 -1 8 .9 34,641 -2 3 .8 556,037 -1 0 .5 7 384 -4 .7 9,031 - 9 .5 81,902 -2 3 .7 4 135 -6 .2 4,224 -3 .0 717 TREND OF EMPLOYMENT C O M PA R ISO N OF E M P L O Y M E N T A N D TOTAL PA Y ROLL IN ID E N T IC A L E ST A B L ISH M E N T S IN D E C E M B E R , 1931, A N D JA N U A R Y , 1932, B Y ST A T ES, FOR 11 IN D U S T R IA L GROUPS A N D TOTAL OF GROUPS C O M B IN E D —Continued [Figures in italics are not compiled by the Bureau of Labor Statistics, but are taken from reports issued by cooperating State organizations] Public utilities State N um Numbet ber of on pay Per estab roll Jan cent ol lish uary, change ments 1932 Hotels Amount of pay roll Per (1 week) cent of January, change 1932 N um Number Amount ber of on pay Per of pay roll Per estab roll Jan cent of (1 week) cent of lish uary, change January, change ments 1932 1932 121 2,205 - 6 .5 25 1,205 50 1,498 -0 .8 1,669 + 3 .2 - 3 .1 17 44,824 46,388 -0 .8 1 , 4 4 0 ,2 0 4 - 1 .5 - 5 .4 14 257 31 897 - 1 .3 - 1 .8 - 5 .4 - 4 .7 + 4 .3 - 7 .3 20 6 58 24 13 Alabama_________ Arkansas_________ Arizona _________ California________ Colorado_________ 198 6,018 - 1 .7 166,15i Connecticut______ Delaware- ______ Florida___________ Georgia__________ Idaho____________ 135 28 201 182 53 10,887 1,086 4, 535 8,120 602 - 0 .7 - 6 .6 + 0 .2 + 6.7 -2 .0 359,119 31, 506 132, 672 243,925 12, 551 Illinois___________ Indiana__________ Iowa_____________ Kansas _________ K entucky,............... 55 67,422 - 1 .5 132 441 292 310 11, 252 10, 680 6, 642 7, 709 + 0 .1 - 0 .1 + 2 .2 - 0 .1 2,104,713 - 1 .3 299,091 261,992 151,442 186,359 - 2 .2 - 4 .2 - 3 .2 - 4 .2 6 51 64 59 35 32 8, 953 2,845 2,694 933 1,821 - 0 .5 + 4 ,0 - 4 .3 (3) 153 174 64 86 - 0 .2 Louisiana________ Maine - . . _____ Maryland____ M assachusetts___ Michigan________ 4,824 3, 252 - 0 .6 - 3 .5 80 139 8,523 49,310 -2 .0 - 1 .1 421 25,667 + 0 .3 M innesota___ _ _ Mississippi ___ - _ Missouri. _ ___ M ontana_________ Nebraska________ 271 1S8 214 115 291 13,738 2,405 24,225 2, 659 6,471 N ew Hampshire__ N ew Jersey. . ___ N ew Mexico______ N evada__________ N ew Y ork________ 145 269 53 40 2,448 24, 431 425 384 17 5,974 North Carolina___ North Dakota____ Ohio_____________ Oklahoma________ Oregon___________ 77 171 481 233 188 Pennsylvania_____ Rhode Island_____ South Carolina___ South Dakota T en nessee_______ Texas____________ U tah.. . . . . _ Vermont_________ Virginia__________ Washington______ West Virginia____ Wisconsin______ _ Wyoming __ $46,998 40,424 510 11,760 1, 229 - 3 .2 $12,364 - 0 .4 11,312 - 0 .8 8, 577 213, 273 19, 673 + 3 .6 -1 .5 -2 .0 14,364 3, 745 35,516 13,236 3,470 - 9 .5 - 0 .7 +69.0 -1 0 .5 - 3 .6 + 3.4 - 0 .6 - 1 .7 1,008 - 3 .4 271 - 0 .4 2,564 +92.6 1,323 - 5 .4 247 +10.3 -5 .2 162,684 - 2 .8 36, 890 29, 726 10, 557 22,642 - 1 .4 - 0 .1 -2 .2 + 3 .2 -3 .3 + 4 .3 - 4 .3 - 3 .6 20 7 2,102 540 - 0 .7 + 3.8 25, 213 8,427 24 92 1 ,4 0 2 1,571,441 + 2 .4 - 1 ,8 5,343 790,447 4,879 19,362 8 6 ,147 - 2 .7 - 1 .6 - 1 .6 74 - 1 .2 -2 .6 + 3 .6 76,161 + 1 .4 - 1 .2 - 0 .8 - 1 .4 - 6 .8 - 4 .8 387,146 - 2 .9 49,959 - 9 .8 699,999 - 5 .7 82,964 -1 3 .6 176,272 - 7 .1 63 22 83 17 36 3,292 662 4,845 274 1,723 - 2 .5 + 1 .2 - 2 .0 - 2 .1 - 6 .1 47,606 6,054 65, 007 4, 661 22,976 - 2 .4 - 0 .5 -4 .2 -4 .2 - 3 .7 -0 .9 - 0 .5 - 6 .8 t3) 70, 400 802,966 9,646 11,968 - 3 .8 - 3 .7 - 5 .6 -2 .2 - 1 .1 214,043 - 1 .3 8 55 9 7 151 185 3,413 247 109 23,027 - 3 .1 - 0 .9 - 2 .4 (3) - 2 .4 2, 551 52,952 3, 254 1,982 407,030 + 1.4 - 2 .7 - 2 .0 -1 1 .0 - 5 .4 2,102 1.327 32, 840 6,532 6,105 + 0 .2 + 3 .5 - 0 .5 - 3 .4 - 1 .3 43,355 33,238 895. 603 159,736 174, 686 - 5 .8 - 2 .1 - 4 .1 - 9 .3 - 4 .5 28 21 163 38 43 1,310 +13.1 402 - 2 .0 9,452 - 1 .1 908 - 1 .1 1,152 - 4 .9 14,852 4,644 137, 084 9, 257 18, 613 + 8 .4 - 8 .0 - 3 .8 -8 .3 - 7 .9 682 36 70 127 251 55,938 4, 013 1,760 1,186 5,408 - 0 .5 -0 .1 - 0 .8 - 8 .4 - 0 .7 1, 697,051 - 3 .1 127,187 + 0 .6 43, 551 - 0 .6 31,144 -1 1 .6 128,474 - 5 .8 141 12 15 15 41 9,739 - 0 .5 243 - 1 .2 486 +29.6 302 - 5 .3 2,590 - 1 .3 143,258 3,748 4, 819 4, 240 26, 711 -2 .2 + 8 .4 +36.1 - 2 .4 -3 .8 16 7,937 68 125 136 206 1,981 1,091 6,461 10, 511 + 0 .2 + 0.3 - 0 .6 + 0.2 112 6,634 + 0.7 180,873 - 1 .6 18 48 11,953 - 1 .9 362,807 -6 .6 47 462 - 1 .5 11, 698 - 9 .5 6 43 3 No change. 6 Less than one-tenth of 1 per cent. 6 Includes restaurants. 103146°—32----- 15 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis - 4 .4 116, 813 95, 674 271, 698 226,637 - 5 .3 46,195 27,414 167,258 325, 783 - 4 .2 -4 0 - 3 .3 - 4 .3 57 17 16 28 64 10 3,576 + 1 .0 565 381 1,817 2,297 46,776 - 0 .4 - 6 .9 - 2 .3 - 5 .9 —G) 9,136 4,710 23, 704 33, 603 - 1 .6 - 8 .9 -4 .2 - 3 .3 683 - 3 .0 8, 562 - 4 .5 1 ,4 0 2 -4 -4 2,465 -1 .6 136 - 2 .9 718 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW C O M PA R ISO N OF E M P L O Y M E N T A N D TOTAL PA Y ROLL IN ID E N T IC A L E ST A B L ISH M E N T S IN D E C E M B E R , 1931, A N D JA N U A R Y , 1932, B Y ST A TES, FO R 11 IN D U S T R IA L GROUPS A N D T O TAL OF GROUPS C O M B IN E D —Continued [Figures in italics are not compiled by the Bureau of LaboLStatistics, but are taken[from reports issued by cooperating State organizations] Laundries Num- Number ber of on pay Per estab- roll Jan- cent of lishuary, change 1932 ments A labam a________ Arkansas____ _ Arizona _ _ ______ C alifornia______ C olorado______ Dyeing and cleaning Amount of pay roll Per (1 week) cent of January, change 1932 6 675 - 2 .9 $8,197 12 367 —2.1 4,305 4 240 + 2 .6 4,067 T 61 6,150 - 0 .8 '908 - 1 .6 107,228 l i , 660 - 1 .4 1,391 439 541 - 0 .1 + 0.7 - 4 .2 27, 231 5,314 5', 925 - 1 .6 + 0 .9 + 1 .8 1,662 - 0 .1 28,652 - 0 .6 1,566 + 1 .6 23,591 - 5 .2 11 —1.6 _9 O + 2 .0 5 203 + 0 .5 $2, 631 - 0 .1 12 149 - 3 .2 3,076 - 3 .9 10 263 - 5 .4 6,742 - 4 .0 4 131 - 6 .4 1,706 -1 3 .4 6 117 - 6 .4 2,185 - 6 .8 - 2 .2 Connecticut-... . Florida______ _ _ Georgia-, _____ Illinois_____ Indiana__________ 27 5 11 Iowa______ . . _ Kansas_______ Kentucky________ M a in e ___ , _ _ Maryland________ 4 9 21 19 236 303 975 350 - 3 .7 - 1 .9 - 0 .4 - 1 .7 4,047 4 ,536 13, 695 5,477 - 2 .8 - 4 .0 - 2 .2 + 2 .3 23 1,879 -1 .0 31,407 -0 .2 M assachusetts.. _ Michigan____ _ __ M innesota.- _ ___ M ississippi.-_ Missouri - _ 62 2,494. 27 15 3 37 - 3 .4 47,593 -5 .5 1,952 863 124 3, 032 - 1. i - 1 .8 + 5.1 + 2 .5 31,340 + 1 .4 15,756 - 0 .2 1,351 +11.5 45, 631 - 2 .1 Montana_________ Nebraska__ ____ . N ew Hampshire . N ew Jersey _ _ N ew M e x ic o _____ 8 10 11 28 3 244 877 235 3,099 107 - 3 .2 + 5 .5 - 2 .1 - 1 .6 + 4 .9 4,824 14,647 3,970 68,969 1,714 N evada_____ New York __ _ North Carolina___ North Dakota—_ — O h io ........... ....... 4 61 5 4 68 61 -1 2 .9 6,923 - 1 .1 280 - 9 .1 78 - 1 .3 4,587 + 0 .7 Oklahoma________ Oregon___________ Pennsylvania_____ Rhode Island_____ South C arolina___ 3 6 51 18 7 328 357 3,756 1,090 342 - 8 .1 - 0 .8 - 1 .9 - 0 .7 -1 .2 5,010 6,578 64,253 20,876 3,821 - 7 .0 + 1 .0 - 1 .9 - 1 .4 - 0 .4 South Dakota____ Tennessee________ Texas____________ Utah_____________ Vermont_________ 3 12 19 7 3 89 758 919 584 36 - 4 .3 - 1 .9 - 3 .3 - 1 .0 - 7 .7 Virginia__________ Washington _____ West Virginia_____ W isconsin-- . . . . . . . 11 4 17 910 109 584 i 28 1,048 21 Num- Number Amount ber of on pay Per of pay roll Per estab- roll Jan- cent of (1 week) cent of lishuary, change January, change 1932 ments 1932 6 269 + 0 .4 4,146 - 0 .7 16 428 + 0 .6 6,938 - 4 .2 16 9 373 259 - 3 .1 - 2 .3 7,940 5,023 - 4 .7 - 6 .1 17 449 - 6 .5 8,418 -6 .2 4 65 + 4 .8 1,282 - 7 .6 7 326 - 5 .2 9,197 - 2 .6 16 621 - 2 .8 14,923 - 1 .7 19 1, 390 - 1 .2 26,777 - 1 .6 5 23 8 52 880 293 - 3 .7 - 6 .7 —5.5 1,238 18,084 5,840 -4 .0 - 3 .6 -7 .0 1, 572 + 0 .8 7,801 - 3 .4 12,864 - 5 .5 9,453 - 4 .3 486 -1 4 .9 9 14 5 205 - 6 . 4 271 - 4 . 2 91 - 1 0 . 8 4,129 5,174 1,718 - 9 .2 - 1 .3 -1 5 .1 - 1 .6 -6 .0 -0 .2 12,035 2,345 9,006 + 2 .2 - 3 .5 + 2 .3 17 3 5 288 - 2 . 0 31 + 3 . 3 89 -1 6 .0 4,635 567 1,845 - 5 .2 - 0 .4 + 9 .8 -1 .6 17,264 - 1 .9 - 5 .3 + 1 .5 - 1 .5 - 1 .6 + 0 .8 1, 541 - 1 .7 133, 799 - 1 .6 3,393 +10.6 L 433 - 2 .8 82,419 - 0 .8 ’ Includes dyeing and cleaning. E m p lo y m e n t a n d P a y R o lls in J a n u a r y , 1932, in C itie s o f O ver 500,000 P o p u la tio n N THE following table are presented the fluctuations in employ ment and earnings in January, 1932, as compared with December, 1931, in 13 cities of the United States having a population of 500,000 or over. These fluctuations are based on reports received from identical establishments in each of the months considered. These city tabulations include all establishments reporting in the 15 industrial groups in these 13 cities, and also additional employ ment information secured from banks, insurance companies, garages, I https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 719 TEEND OF EMPLOYMENT and other establishments in these 13 cities. Building construction data are not included in these totals, as information is not available for all cities at this time. Decreases in both employment and earn ings are shown in 12 of these cities. An increase of 3.1 per cent in employment coupled with a loss of 1 per cent in pay-roll totals is shown in Detroit. This increase is due principally to increased employment in the automobile industry. C H A N G E S IN E M P L O Y M E N T A N D PA Y ROLL IN 13 C IT IES, D E C E M B E R , 1931, TO JA N U A R Y , 1932 Cities Number N umber on pay roll of estab lishments reporting in both December, January, 1932 months 1931 New York C ity___________ Chicago, 111______________ Philadelphia, Pa ________ Detroit, Mich ___________ Los Angeles, Calif________ Cleveland, Ohio.................... St. Louis, M o______ ______ Baltimore, M d ___________ Boston, Mass_____________ Pittsburgh, P a . . _______ San Francisco, Calif______ Buffalo, N . Y ____________ Milwaukee, Wis__________ 1,819 1,790 556 392 527 422 460 458 2,135 260 1,043 224 259 289,347 222,739 117,855 175, 777 54, 231 73,487 68,375 53,131 78,174 52,171 41,722 43,549 40, 345 267,240 217, 635 112,133 181, 259 49, 384 68,379 67, 399 49, 557 74, 254 47,824 40,262 43,107 34,838 Amount of pay roll (1 week) Per cent of change December, January, 1931 1932 -7 .6 - 2 .3 - 4 .9 + 3.1 - 8 .9 -7 .0 - 1 .4 - 6 .7 -5 .0 - 8 .3 - 3 .5 - 1 .0 -1 3 .6 $8,281, 264 6,058, 226 2,889,447 4, 332,491 1, 352,999 1, 656,030 1, 559, 680 1,117,946 2,151, 656 1,151,960 1,119,949 1,095,715 856,709 $7, 592, 373 5,682,734 2, 644,181 4, 289,089 1,231,943 1,514,565 1,498,761 1, 028,417 2,014,536 1, 025, 539 1,057, 244 1,015,198 719,259 Per cent of change - 8 .3 -6 .2 - 8 .5 - 1 .0 - 8 .9 - 8 .5 - 3 .9 - 8 .0 - 6 .4 -1 1 .0 - 5 .6 - 7 .3 -1 6 .0 E m p lo y e e s in E x e c u tiv e C ivil S erv ice o f t h e U n ite d S t a t e s , J a n u a r y , 1932 HE table following shows for specified months the number of officers and employees in the executive civil service of the United States Government. The figures are complete except for temporary employees in the field service of the Post Office Department. The number of such employees varies greatly, mainly because of seasonal demands, the principal demand for temporary Post Office employees being during the Christmas mail rush. Their term of service is usually quite brief. As indicated by the title of this article, the figures do not include the legislative, judicial, Army, or Navy services. The figures are compiled by the several departments and offices and sent to the United States Civil Service Commission where they are assembled. They are here published by courtesy of the commis sion and in compliance with the direction of Congress. Data relating to pay rolls have not yet been collected. Because of the importance of Washington as a Government center, the figures are given for the District of Columbia separately. The District of Columbia figures are included in the grand total for the entire service. At the end of January, 1932, there were 609,283 employees on the pay rolls of the executive civil service of the United States. Of this number, 581,131 were permanent employees and 28,152 were tem porary employees. In the interval between December 31, 1931, and January 31, 1932, there was a gain of 2,915 employees, or 0.48 per cent. Comparing the number on the pay roll on January 31, 1932, with those on the pay roll on the last day of January, 1931, there was a gain of 10,663 or 1.78 per cent. During the month of January, T https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 720 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW 1932, 12,119 employees were separated from the service because of resignations, termination of appointments, deaths, or other causes, and there were 15,034 new employees hired. This gives a net turn over rate of 1.99 per 100 employees during the month. The turnover rate for the service as a whole is considerably higher than the turnover rate for the District of Columbia. There were 69,710 employees on the Government pay rolls in the District of Columbia at the end of January, 1932. E M P L O Y E E S IN E X E C U T IV E CIVIL SER V IC E OF T H E U N IT E D STA TES, JA N U A R Y , 1931, D E C E M B E R , 1931, A N D JA N U A R Y , 1932 District of Columbia Entire service Class January, 1931 December, 1931 January, 1932 January, 1931 December, 1931 January, 1932 Permanent employees_______ Temporary employees (not including those in field serv ice of the Post Office D e partment). ___________ . . . 63, 309 7,943 3,766 3,667 35,140 27, 985 28,152 T otal.................................. 71,252 69,435 69, 710 598, 620 606, 368 609, 283 65,669 66, 043 563,480 District of Columbia 578, 383 581,131 Entire service Gain or loss Number January, 1931, to January, 1932____________ _____ ____ December, 1931, to January, 1932.. _________________ - 1 , 542 +275 Per cent -2 .1 6 + .4 0 Labor turnover Additions in January, 1932 ______ __________________ ____ __________________ Separations in January, 1932____________ . . . _____________________________ M onthly turnover, 1932________________________________________ __________ Number Per cent +10, 663 +2,915 +1.78 + .4 8 District of Columbia Entire service N um ber N um ber 1,207 932 1.34 15, 034 12,119 1.99 E m p lo y m e n t in B u ild in g C o n s tr u c tio n in J a n u a r y , 1932 MPLOYMENT in building construction decreased 14.9 per cent in January, 1932, as compared with December, 1931, and pay rolls decreased 16.9 per cent during the same period. This informa tion is based on reports received from 6,822 firms engaged in building operations in 43 cities covered by the Federal bureau and 2,501 additional firms in various localities in Pennsylvania, California, Massachusetts, Wisconsin, and the city of Baltimore, Md. As shown by the following table, these firms reported a combined employment of 77,576 for a week ending near January 15 as compared with 91,131 for a similar period in December. The total pay roll for these employees was $2,063,168 for a week ending near January 15 as compared with $2,481,857 for a similar period in December. In the 43 cities covered by the Federal bureau, reports were received from 6,822 identical contractors and subcontractors whose total employment for a week ending near January 15 was 50,340 as com pared with 59,317 for a similar period in December. This is a decrease of 15.1 per cent, which is practically the same as the decrease for the 9,323 firms engaged on building construction in all localities. Four E https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 721 TREND OF EMPLOYMENT cities reported increased employment ranging from 0.3 per cent for Grand Rapids to 14.0 per cent for Nashville. These 6,822 firms reported a combined pay roll of $1,348,383 for a week ending near January 15 as compared with $1,623,386 for a similar period in December. This is a decrease of 16.9 per cent, which is the same percentage of decrease in total pay roll as was reported by the 9,323 firms for all localities. Two cities showed increased pay rolls, the increase for Louisville being 3.5 per cent and for Nashville 11.8 per cent. The data for the 14 cities in Pennsylvania, based on returns from 1,350 identical firms, show a decrease of 18.5 per cent in employment and 18.6 per cent in pay rolls. Employment and pay-roll information for California covers 194 identical firms whose combined employment and pay rolls decreased 6.5 and 4.8 per cent, respectively, when January is compared with December. However, there was an increase of 0.3 per cent in the total pay roll for the reporting firms from San Francisco-Oakland. Decreased employment and pay rolls are also reported for the city of Baltimore and the States of Massachusetts and Wisconsin. Data concerning the building construction industry appearing in the following table have not been included in the summary table shown at the beginning of this trend of employment article. C O M PA R ISO N OP E M P L O Y M E N T A N D TO TAL PA Y ROLL IN T H E B U IL D IN G CON ST R U C T IO N IN D U S T R Y IN ID E N T IC A L FIR M S, D E C E M B E R , 1931, A N D JA N U A R Y , 1932 Locality N um ber of firms report ing Number on pay roll week ending near— Dec. 15 Jan. 15 340 Akron __ ____ 456 77 1,287 1,281 131 A tlanta_____________ __ 598 535 Birmingham. _ ____ 87 553 131 731 Bridgeport___ ___________ 311 281 Charlotte _ ________ _ __ 37 3,106 2, 692 C incinnati1 _ . _ _ _____ 496 2,944 2,628 464 C leveland.. . _____ 815 810 109 D a lla s - - __ - ________ 934 939 197 Denver ............ 735 98 583 Des M oines___ ______ 4, 791 3,820 474 Detroit - . - ___ 221 175 44 Duluth 464 521 110 Fort Wayne - ___ 364 365 78 Grand Rapids _ 1,323 239 1, 716 Hartford _____ 608 645 95 Houston- ________ _ 1,364 1,027 169 Indianapolis______ _____ 443 305 55 Jacksonville. _ ___ 1,674 1,386 219 Kansas C ity 2- __ _____1,030 1,013 122 Louisville-- _______ _ 863 689 102 M em phis_______ _ __ 608 1,224 77 M iami _ _ 1,734 1,463 219 Minneapolis____________ 921 808 63 N ashville ______ _ 2,672 2,456 200 N ew Haven 1,741 1,337 116 N ew Orleans__ __ - .. 503 446 Norfolk-Portsmouth82 1,293 1,069 98 Oklahoma C ity- ________ 552 780 117 Omaha_____ _____358 524 77 Portland, M e.. __ ___ 958 960 200 Portland, Oreg - - ___ 1,933 2, 210 229 Providence-.. __ ________ 1,054 1,166 140 Richmond ............................ 2,468 3,104 459 St. Louis__ - ________ 943 1,430 121 St. Paul__________________ 1 Includes Covington and Newport, K y. 2 Includes both Kansas City, Kans., and Kansas City, Mo. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Per cent of change Amount of pay roll week ending near— Dec. 15 -2 5 .4 - 0 .5 -1 0 .5 -2 4 .4 - 9 .7 -1 3 .3 -1 0 .7 - 0 .6 +0. 5 -20. 7 -2 0 .3 -2 0 .8 -1 0 .9 + 0 .3 -2 2 .9 +6. 1 -24. 7 -3 1 .2 -1 7 .2 - 1 .7 -2 0 .2 -5 0 .3 -1 5 .6 +14.0 -8 . 1 -2 3 .2 -1 1 .3 -1 7 .3 -29. 2 -31. 7 —0. 2 -1 2 .5 - 9 .6 -2 0 .5 -3 4 .] $9,982 21, 707 10,881 20, 217 5, 974 90, 836 96, 959 17, 529 25,492 17, 012 129, 567 4, 988 12, 787 8,426 52, 226 12, 989 42,186 7, 019 55, 838 21, 624 16, 896 29,150 51, 383 14,146 97,393 33,412 10, 034 29, 313 19, 908 14, 001 25,154 61, 297 27, 896 103,128 40,887 Per cent of change Jan. 15 $7, 939 19,944 8, 665 15,172 4, 642 82, 286 83, 496 16,113 23, 624 13,317 109, 046 3, 377 10, 477 7, 763 39, 966 12, 582 27, 212 5,230 41, 893 22, 389 12, 335 16, 233 39,447 15, 814 93, 892 25, 028 9, 457 28, 739 13, 784 9, 541 24, 038 50, 080 23, 029 81, 238 22, 765 -2 0 .5 - 8 .1 -2 0 .4 -2 5 .0 -22. 3 -9 .4 -1 3 .9 -8 . 1 - 7 .3 -2 1 .7 -15. 8 -3 2 .3 -18. 1 - 7 .9 -23. 5 -3 . 1 -3 5 .5 -2 5 .5 -25. 0 + 3 .5 -2 7 .0 -4 4 .3 -2 3 .2 +11.8 - 3 .6 -2 5 . 1 - 5 .8 - 2 .0 -3 0 .8 -3 1 .9 - 4 .4 -1 8 .3 -1 7 .4 -21. 2 -4 4 .3 722 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW C OM PARISON OP E M P L O Y M E N T A N D TO TAL PA Y ROLL IN T H E B U IL D IN G CON ST R U C TIO N IN D U S T R Y IN ID E N T IC A L FIR M S, D E C E M B E R , 1931, A N D JA N U A R Y , 1932—Continued N um ber of firms report ing Locality Number on pay roll week ending near— Dec. 15 Per cent of change Jan. 15 Amount of pay roll week ending near— Dec. 15 Per cent of change Jan. 15 86 198 34 51 503 53 62 103 671 1,375 144 375 8,854 239 386 1, 612 498 1,356 136 327 7,583 226 314 1,480 -2 5 .8 - 1 .4 - 5 .6 -1 2 .8 -1 4 .4 - 5 .4 -1 8 .7 - 8 .2 $14, 633 37,657 3, 725 7,692 269, 512 5,431 7,865 38,634 $9,266 36,363 3,150 7,319 225, 904 5,020 6, 325 34,483 -3 6 .7 -3 . 4 -1 5 .4 - 4 .8 -16. 2 - 7 .6 -1 9 .6 -1 0 .7 6,822 59,317 50,340 -1 5 .1 1, 623, 386 1,348, 383 -1 6 .9 Erie 3 _ ___________ _____ Philadelphia 3_______ _____ Pittsburgh 3___.......... ............ Reading 3________________ Scranton 3____ . . _________ Nine additional cities over 50,000 under 100,000 3____ 31 671 286 77 48 218 5,033 2,652 562 276 130 4,222 2,072 519 239 -4 0 .4 -16. 1 -2 1 .9 - 7 .7 -1 3 .4 4,820 136, 862 89, 486 11,653 7, 013 3,653 111, 074 71, 944 11,220 5,939 -2 4 .2 -1 8 .8 -1 9 .6 - 3 .7 -1 5 .3 237 1,374 1,058 -2 3 .0 27, 520 22, 021 -2 0 .0 Total, 14 c i t i e s .. . ___ 1,350 10,115 8,240 -18. 5 277,354 225,851 -1 8 .6 Los Angeles3 . . . . . ___ San Francisco-Oakland 3_. California (including all localities) 3________ _____ 47 76 3, 345 3,923 3, 279 3, 715 - 2 .0 - 5 .3 74,919 95, 702 72, 516 96, Oil - 3 .2 + 0.3 194 10,168 9, 512 - 6 .5 231, 315 220,243 - 4 .8 Baltimore, M d.3_______ . . M assachusetts3___________ W isconsin3____________ _ 143 749 65 1,326 8,246 1,959 1,270 6, 634 1,580 - 4 .2 -1 9 . 5 -1 9 .3 33, 383 269, 683 46,736 29, 277 204, 057 35, 357 -1 2 .3 -2 4 .3 -2 4 .3 Grand total, all lo calities____________ 9,323 91,131 77, 576 -1 4 .9 2,481,857 2,063,168 -1 6 .9 Salt Lake C ity___________ Seattle— ________ _______ Spokane........ ..........................Tulsa__ ________________ Washington, D . C________ Wheeling, _________ _____ W ichita___ _____ _ . ______ W ilmington______________ Total, 43 cities______ 3 Data supplied by cooperating State bureaus. E m p lo y m e n t o n C la ss I S t e a m R a ilr o a d s in t h e U n ite d S ta te s HE monthly trend of employment from January, 1923, to Decem ber, 1931, on Class I railroads—that is, all roads having operating revenues of $1,000,000 or over—is shown by the index numbers pub lished in Table 1. These index numbers are constructed from monthly reports of the Interstate Commerce Commission, using the monthly average for 1926 as 100. T T a b l e 1 .—I N D E X OP E M P L O Y M E N T ON CLASS I STEA M R A ILROADS IN T H E U N IT E D STATES, JA N U A R Y , 1923, TO D E C E M B E R , 1931 fM onthly average, 1926=100] 1930 1931 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 January.. -----------------------February. ._ _____________ March________________ April _____________ . . - M ay_________ ___________ June_____ . ____________ July.......... .............— .........— A ugust. __________________ September---- ------ -----------October___ ____ _____ . . November_______________ December_________________ 98.3 98.6 100. 5 102.0 105.0 107.1 108.2 109.4 107.8 107. 3 105. 2 99.4 96.9 97.0 97. 4 98.9 99.2 98.0 98.1 99.0 99.7 100. 8 99. 0 96.0 95.6 95.4 95.2 96.6 97.8 98.6 99.4 99.7 99.9 100. 7 99. 1 97.1 95.8 96.0 96.7 98.9 100.2 101.6 102.9 102.7 102.8 103.4 101. 2 98. 2 95.5 95.3 95.8 97.4 99.4 100.9 101.0 99.5 99. 1 98.9 95. 7 91.9 89.3 89.0 89. 9 91.7 94. 5 95.9 95.6 95.7 95.3 95.3 92.9 89.7 88.2 88.9 90. 1 92.2 94.9 96.1 96. 6 97.4 96.8 96.9 93. 0 88.8 86.3 85.4 85.5 97.0 88.6 86.5 84.7 83.7 82.2 80.4 77. 0 74.9 73.7 72.7 72.9 73.5 73.9 72.8 72.4 71.2 69.3 67.7 64.5 62.6 Average_____________ 104. 1 98.3 97.9 100.0 97. 5 92.9 93.3 83.5 70.6 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 1928 1929 Month 723 TEEND OF EMPLOYMENT Table 2 shows the total number of employees on the 15th day each of December, 1930, and November and December, 1931, and pay roll totals for the entire months. In these tabulations data for the occupational group reported as “executives, officials, and staff assistants” are omitted. T able 2 .—E M P L O Y M E N T A N D E A R N IN G S OF R A ILROAD E M P L O Y E E S, D E C E M B E R , 1930, A N D N O V E M B E R A N D D E C E M B E R , 1931 [From m onthly reports of Interstate Commerce Commission. As data for only the more important occu pations are shown separately, the group totals are not the sum of the items under the respective groups] Number of employees at mid dle of month Total earnings Occupation Decem ber 15, 1930 Novem ber 15, 1931 Decem December, November, December, ber 15, 1930 1931 1931 1931 Professional, clerical, and general-- . Clerks________________________ Stenographers and typists______ 239, 506 131, 874 22. 248 209, 224 113,086 19,461 205, 788 $35,480,420 $29, 720,407 $29, 808, 212 110,640 18,416, 619 15,028,441 15,101,063 2,938,400 19, 244 2, 479, 268 2,487; 425 Maintenance of w ay and structures.. Laborers, extra gang and work train______________________ _ Laborers, track and roadway section............................ ................ 274,479 234, 886 217,195 25, 481,474 19,495, 096 24,148 18,105 13, 789 1, 627, 868 1,032, 633 800, 998 141, 546 125,159 116,197 9.343,103 7, 003, 005 6, 623, 490 Maintenance of equipment and stores Carmen_____________________ _ M achinists____________________ Skilled trades helpers__________ Laborers (shops, engine houses, power plants, and stores) _ Common laborers (shops, engine houses, power plants, and sto r e s).._________ __________ 375,160 78, 647 48,077 82,391 313,116 64, 788 42, 066 68, 295 310, 636 63, 843 42, 319 68,041 47, 968, 887 11, 217, 057 7, 215,944 8, 821, 751 35, 620, 205 8, 289, 738 5,428, 597 6,367, 696 35, 934, 895 8, 291, 894 5, 554,186 6,430, 882 31, 558 26, 278 25, 766 2,998, 569 2, 292,091 2,326, 506 40, 251 32,674 32,042 2,990, 203 2,108, 231 2,139, 663 168, 939 28,298 150,136 27,105 146, 450 26, 877 21, 537, 554 4,547, 678 18, 218, 805 4, 097, 744 18, 453, 385 4, 238, 256 Transportation, other than train, engine, and yard______ _ ____ Station agents.-. . . ____. . . Telegraphers, telephoners, and towermen ______________ Truckers (stations, warehouses, and platforms)______ ____ _ Crossing and bridge flagmen and gatemen ---------------------------- 18,339, 454 20, 737 18,458 18,185 3, 292,425 2, 812, 695 2, 865,381 25,151 21,632 20, 497 2, 259, 704 1, 832, 883 1, 771, 961 19,226 18,663 18, 542 1, 502,394 1,421,852 1,425, 624 Transportation (yardmasters, switch tenders, and hostlers)____________ 19,027 16, 417 16, 035 3, 746, 253 3, 030, 751 3, 017, 659 Transportation, train and engine. Road conductors_______________ Road brakemen and flagmen____ Y ard brakemen and yard helpers _ Road engineers and motormen _ .. Road firemen and helpers______ 263, 359 29, 707 57, 720 44, 611 35,344 36, 289 230, 761 26,107 50, 605 39, 878 30, 924 31, 588 223, 292 25, 292 48, 948 38,479 29, 956 30, 650 51,181,921 6,939, 799 9, 505, 914 7,443,911 9, 242,135 6, 725, 785 42, 561, 688 5, 892,090 7,988,732 6,046, 778 7, 786, 014 5, 624, 313 42, 008, 762 5, 861, 596 7, 804, 790 5,893, 951 7, 733, 860 5 , 585, 455 All em ployees.._____________ 1,340,470 1,154, 540 1,119, 396 185,396, 509 148, 646,952 147, 562, 367 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis WHOLESALE AND RETAIL PRICES R e ta il P r ic e s o f F o o d in J a n u a r y , 1932 T HAS been the custom of the Bureau of Labor Statistics to pub lish each month the retail prices of food and coal, by cities, and index numbers of individual food articles for the United States for all years back to 1913. Rates of electricity for household use and price per 1,000 cubic feet of gas, by cities, have been published for June and December of each year. In the interest of economy in the cost of printing, these detailed statistics are eliminated from current publications, only summaries for the United States and limited comparisons being shown. Comparable information with that shown in previous publications is on record in the files of the bureau and available to those desiring to make use of it. Table 1 shows for the United States retail prices and index numbers of food on January 15, and December 15, 1931, and January 15, 1932. These prices are simple averages of actual selling prices reported monthly by retail dealers in 51 cities. The index numbers are based on the average prices in 1913. I T a b l e 1 .— A V ER A G E R E T A IL PR IC ES A N D I N D E X N U M B E R S OF FOOD IN T H E U N IT E D ST A TES ON JA N U A R Y 15 A N D D E C E M B E R 15, 1931, A N D JA N U A R Y 15, 1932 [1913 = 100.0] Average retail price on— Article Index numbers Unit Ian. 15, Dec. 15, Jan. 15, Jan. 15, 1931 1931 1932 1931 Sirloin ste a k ... . . . Round steak Rib roast_______ Chuck roast.. . . . . Plate beef . . . Pound do do do do Cents Cents 42.5 37.5 31.5 24.4 16.7 36.3 31.3 26.7 19.6 13.1 29.8 40. 2 50. 6 31.4 32.7 Dec. 15, 1931 Jan. 15, 1932 Cents 34.9 30. 1 25.7 18.5 12.3 167.3 168.2 159.1 152.5 138.0 142.9 140.4 134.8 122.5 108.3 137.4 135.0 129.8 115. 6 101.7 21.8 30.3 39.7 24.9 28. 6 20.9 27.4 37.6 24.1 27.9 141.9 148.9 188.1 166. 1 153.5 103.8 112.2 147. 6 131.7 134.3 99.5 101.5 139.8 127.5 131.0 34.4 13.3 8.9 37.7 23.7 29. 6 11. 6 8.0 36.5 18.8 29.4 11.5 8.0 32.3 17.9 149.4 130.3 129. 2 98.4 95.3 84.3 do do do _ Dozen Pound 32. 1 15.7 23.8 36.1 8.2 26.2 11.2 22.0 38.5 7.2 25.5 10.1 21.9 29.7 7.1 145.2 99.4 118. 6 70.9 115.4 63.9 104. 6 146.4 111. 6 128. 6 86. 1 126.8 Flour_____________ Corn meal______ Rolled oats______ Corn flakes______ . Wheat cereal_______ do do do 8-oz. package.. 28-oz. package. 4.0 5.1 8.5 9.3 25.2 3.3 4,1 7.9 8.7 23.0 3.3 4. 0 7.7 8.6 22.8 121.2 170. 0 100. 0 136. 7 100.0 133. 3 Macaroni___________ R ic e... ._ . . . Beans, navy_____ Potatoes_________ Onions......................... Ponnd _ do do do ........ do— ......... 18.2 8.9 9.2 2.9 3.9 16.0 7.4 6.2 1.8 5.2 15.9 7.4 5.8 1.7 6.6 102.3 m 85.1 85. 1 170. 6 105.9 100.0 Pork chops . . . . . . Bacon, sliced__ _________ Ham, sliced. _____ Lamb, leg of__________ Hens____________ Salmon, red, canned.. . Milk, fresh__ ___ _ _ . . . Milk, evaporated_________ Butter__________ _______ Oleomargarine (all butter sub stitutes) . Cheese. ________ Lard. „. . ____ Vegetable lard substitute____ Eggs, strictly fresh_________ Bread____ _______ 724 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis do - do do do do do Quart 14J^-oz. can__ Pound ____ do_____ 725 WHOLESALE AND RETAIL PRICES T a b l e 1 .— AVER A G E R E T A IL PRIC ES A N D IN D E X N U M B E R S OE FOOD IN TH E U N IT E D ST A T ES ON JA N U A R Y 15 A N D D E C E M B E R 15, 1931, A N D JA N U A R Y 15, 1932—Contd. Average retail price on— Unit Article Jan. 15, Dec. 15, Jan. 15, Jan. 15, 1931 1932 1931 1931 Cents Cents 4. 3 8. 4 14.7 15. 5 3.4 8.2 11.9 13.5 Tomatoes, canned __ „ d o ______ Pound_______ Sugar _____ ___ ____ do _____ Tea Coffee.- _____ ______ _______ ____do_______ 11.2 5.9 76.7 37.8 9. 6 5.5 75.1 31.5 9.5 5.4 74.1 31.0 Prunes _ . __________ __ _do_______ _ _do_______ R a isin s___________________ Bananas Dozen _____ Oranges__ ____________ ____do_............. 12.9 11.3 29.1 32. 5 10.5 11.5 24.8 31.3 10. 3 11.5 23.8 29.7 _____ ____ Dec. 15, 1931 Jan. 15, 1932 Cents Pound __ . . 16 oz. can___ No. 2 can __ do ____ Cabbage Pork and beans Corn, canned Peas, canned Index numbers 4. 1 8.4 11.5 13.4 Weighted food index________ 107.3 141.0 126.8 100.0 138.1 105. 7 98. 2 136.2 104. 0 132.8 114.3 109.3 Table 2 shows the trend in the retail cost of three important groups of food commodities, viz, cereals, meats, and dairy products, by years and by months for 1931 and 1932. The articles within these groups are as follows: Cereals: Bread, flour, com meal, rice, rolled oats, corn flakes, wheat cereal, and macaroni. Meats: Sirloin steak, round steak, rib roast, chuck roast, plate beef, pork chops, bacon, ham, hens, and leg of lamb. Dairy products: Butter, cheese, fresh milk, and evaporated milk. T a b l e 2 .—I N D E X N U M B E R S OF R E T A IL COST OF CEREA LS, M EA TS, A N D D A IR Y PR O D U C T S FOR T H E U N IT E D ST A TES, B Y M O N TH S, 1931 A N D 1932 [Average cost in 1913=100.0] Y ear and month 1931: Average for year___ January February March April May June______ . . . . July Cereals Meats 135.9 147. 1 144. 6 142. 4 138.9 137. 7 136.3 134.3 147.0 159. 5 153. 4 152. 5 151. 4 149. 3 145.7 147.8 Dairy prod ucts 114.6 123. 6 120.2 120. 5 116. 5 110. 3 108.3 109.6 Year and month 1931—Continued. August _ ________ Septem ber.. _ _ October.. N o v em b er________ December__________ 1932: January _________ Cereals Meats Dairy prod ucts 132.0 130.2 129.8 129. 1 127.8 149. 1 147.7 142.7 135.4 129.3 111.9 114.3 117.0 114.4 111.4 126.3 123.4 106.5 The curve shown in the chart (p. 727) pictures more readily to the eye the changes in the cost of the food budget than do the index numbers given in the table. C o m p a r iso n o f R e ta il F ood C o sts in 51 C itie s T a b le 3 shows for 39 cities the percentage of increase or decrease in the retail cost of food in the United States in January, 1932, com pared with the average cost in the year 1913, in January, 1931, and December, 1931. For 12 other cities comparisons are given for the 1-year and the 1-month periods; these cities have been scheduled by the bureau at different dates since 1913. The percentage changes https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 726 M ONTHLY LABOR R E V IE W are based on actual retail prices secured each month from retail dealers and on the average consumption of these articles in each city. The consumption figures which have been used since January, 1921, are given in the Labor Review for March, 1921 (p. 26). Those used for prior dates are given in the Labor Review for November, 1918 (pp. 94 and 95). Effort has been made by the bureau each month to have all sched ules for each city included in the average prices. For the month of January schedules were received from 99 per cent of the firms in the 51 cities from which retail prices of food are collected. Out of about 1,245 food reports 19 were not received—1 each in Charleston, Dallas, Detroit, Jacksonville, Minneapolis, New Orleans, New York, Philadelphia, and San Francisco; 2 each in Milwaukee, Pittsburgh, and Portland (Me.). Out of about 350 bread reports 4 were missing, 1 each in Hous ton, Los Angeles, New Orleans, and Pittsburgh. A perfect record is shown for the following-named cities: Atlanta, Baltimore, Birmingham, Boston, Bridgeport, Buffalo, Butte, Chicago, Cincinnati, Cleveland, Columbus, Denver, Fall River, Indianapolis, Kansas City, Little Rock, Louisville, Manchester, Memphis, Mobile, Newark, New Haven, Norfolk, Omaha, Peoria, Portland (Oreg.), Providence, Richmond, Rochester, St. Louis, St. Paul, Salt Lake City, Savannah, Scranton, Seattle, Springfield (111.), and Washington. T able 3.—P E R C E N T A G E CHA N G E IN T H E R E T A IL COST OF FOOD IN JA N U A R Y , 1932 C O M PA R E D W ITH T H E COST IN D E C E M B E R , 1931, JA N U A R Y , 1931, A N D W ITH T H E A V ER A G E COST IN T H E Y E A R 1913, B Y CITIES City Percent Percentage decrease January, 1932, age in compared with— crease January, 1932, com pared January, Decem with 1913 1931 ber, 1931 Percent Percentage decrease January, 1932, age in compared with— crease January, 1932, com pared January, Decem with 1913 1931 ber, 1931 City United States_____ 9. 3 17.7 4. 4 Minneapolis 10.4 17 8 3 3 A tlanta__________ Baltimore________ Birmingham______ Boston, _ _______ Bridgeport_______ 6.0 13.9 6.0 9.4 20.5 18.1 22.4 18.9 13.8 5. 2 3.8 3.8 7.2 3.9 Newark New Haven New Orleans 9 4 18 8 9.3 16 4 14 3 17.4 4 2 2 1 2.6 7.6 19.7 9.7 16.8 18.2 20. 4 2.5 2.8 2.5 6.2 6.2 N ew York Norfolk__________ Omaha _______ Peoria Philadelphia______ 15.9 Buffalo__________ B u tte ,, Charleston, S. C .._ Chicago. ________ Cincinnati________ 15 4 16.9 17.1 19. 0 17.3 3 n 20 9 2 3 3 8 8.8 6 2 18.6 20.4 21.3 16.3 2.6 7.0 6.4 6.2 Pittsburgh Portland, M e_____ Portland, Oreg Providence Richmond 19 7 14. 8 12.4 16 8 19 0 50 4]3 6 3 7 0 4.8 5.7 5.3 2. 5 6.0 R ochester_______ St. Louis St. Paul Salt Lake City San Francisco _ 17. 0 18. 0 17.3 15 2 15. 7 4. 4 3 0 33 6 6 2 5 Savannah.. ______ Scranton Seattle Springfield, 111____ W ashington,........... 17.8 18. 0 13. 3 21.7 19.7 3. 5 5. 0 5. 5 2.9 5.8 9.7 9.6 1. 6 2.9 Cleveland____ Columbus_____ _ Dallas____________ Denver____ 14.9 18.6 12.3 3.9 5.5 i 0.9 D etroit___ Fall River____ _ H ouston,. _ ____ Indianapolis______ 4.7 7.4 2.2 22.2 16.1 16.8 20. 7 Jacksonville.. Kansas C ity______ Little Rock___ Los Angeles______ 1.4 6.7 i 2.0 2.7 20.6 19.0 21.9 13.1 3.7 6. 0 5. 7 4.9 Louisville. . ______ Manchester_______ M em phis________ Milwaukee_____ 3.1 7.3 1.0 10.4 18.6 16.6 19.3 14.5 4.3 3.2 3.7 1.2 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 1 Decrease. Hawaii: Honolulu Other localities. 2 Increase. 3.7 11.6 0. 3 10. 2 12.9 10.3 2 5. 6 12.2 15. 5 7. 0 15.1 727 WHOLESALE AND RETAIL PRICES TREND OF RET/41 L P R I C E S OFF OOQ 110 MO 120 100 JAN FEB MAR- APR. MAY JUW. JUl. AUG. SEP OCT NOV. DEC. R e ta il P r ic e s o f C oal in J a n u a r y , 1932 prices of coal are secured in each of the 51 cities in which retail food prices are obtained. The prices quoted are for coal R ETAIL delivered to consumers but do not include charges for storing the coal in cellar or bins where an extra handling is necessary. Average prices for the United States for bituminous coal and for stove and chestnut sizes of Pennsylvania anthracite are computed from the quotations received from retail dealers in all cities where these coals are sold for household use. The table shows the average prices of coal per ton of 2,000 pounds and index numbers for the United States on January 15, 1932, in com parison with the average prices on January 15, 1931, and December 15, 1931, together with the percentage change in the year and in the month. A V ER A G E R E TA IL PR IC E P E R 2,000 PO U N D S OF COAL FOR T H E U N IT E D STATES, A N D P E R C E N T OF CHA N G E ON JA N U A R Y 15, 1932, C O M PA R E D W ITH JA N U A R Y 15, 1931, A N D D E C E M B E R 15, 1931 Average retail price on— Per cent of increase (+ ) or decrease (—) January, 1932, compared with— Article Pennsylvania anthracite: Stove— Average price per 2,000 pounds------------------Tndpv ( iqi3—inn n) Chestnut— Average price per 2,000 pounds------ -----------idfIpy ( iqi 3—inn n^ Bituminous: Average price per 2,000 pounds------------- --TnripY ( 1 9 1 3 —inn n) https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Jan. 15, 1931 Dec. 15, 1931 Jan. 15, 1932 Jan. 15, 1931 Dec. 15, 1931 $15.12 195.8 $15.00 194.2 $15.00 194.2 - 0 .8 0.0 $14. 88 188.1 $14.97 189.1 $14. 97 189.2 + .6 .0 $8. 87 163.2 $8.19 150. 8 $8. 17 150.3 - 7 .9 -0 .2 728 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW In d ex N u m b e r s o f W h o le sa le P r ic e s in J a n u a r y , 1932 HE index number of wholesale prices, as computed by the Bureau of Labor Statistics of the United States Department of Labor, shows a decrease from December, 1931, to January, 1932. This index number, which includes 784 commodities or price series weighted according to the importance of each article and based on the average prices for 1926 as 100.0, was 67.3 for January, as compared with 68.6 for December, showing a decrease of nearly 2 per cent between the two months. When compared with January, 1931, with an index number of 78.2, a decrease of approximately 14 per cent has been recorded. In the group of farm products, decreases in the average price of most grains, hogs, dried beans, eggs, lemons, oranges, hops, fresh milk in Chicago and New York, seeds, tobacco, and foreign wools caused the group as a whole to decline slightly more than 5 per cent from the month before. Increases in price were shown for live cattle and sheep, cotton, fresh onions, and live poultry, while no change of consequence was reported for several of the items in the group. Among foods, price decreases were reported for butter, cheese, wheat flour, prunes, canned corn, canned spinach, cured and fresh beef, cured and fresh pork, powdered cocoa, oleomargarine, raw and granulated sugar, and tea, causing the group to decline more than 6 per cent in January when compared with December. Canned peaches and canned pineapple, raisins, mutton, lamb, veal, coffee, black pepper, and table salt averaged higher than in the month before. The group of hides and leather products decreased approximately one-half of 1 per cent as a whole. Leather, boots and shoes, and other leather products moved downward, while hides and skins showed an upward tendency. In the group of textile products, all subgroups showed a downward movement in price from December to January. The group as a whole decreased 1%per cent, with practically all of the items included either showing a downward tendency or no change in average prices. Bituminous coal increased slightly, with coke and petroleum prod ucts declining, while anthracite coal remained at the December level. The group of fuel and lighting materials as a whole decreased slightly more than one-half of 1 per cent. Price fluctuations in the items composing the metals and metal products group were only slight. The group as a whole, however, showed a downward tendency, being influenced by the prices of iron and steel, ^nonferrous metals, and plumbing and heating items, though agricultural implements showed a steadying in price. In the group of building materials, cement prices moved slightly upward, while average prices for brick and tile, lumber, paint and paint materials, structural steel, and other building materials, all moved steadily downward, forcing the group to decline approximately 1 per cent, T https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis WHOLESALE AND RETAIL PRICES 729 Mixed fertilizers showed the greatest drop in price of any of the subgroups of the chemicals and drugs group. Chemicals, drugs and pharmaceuticals, and fertilizer materials all showed a downward tendency, though the group as a whole decreased less than one-half of 1 per cent. Both furniture and furnishings in the group of liouse-furnishing goods continued to decline in the month. As a whole, this group declined 1 per cent from December to January. Prices of cattle feed showed a continuous downward trend, whereas the prices of automobile tires and tubes, paper and pulp, and crude rubber, though moving downward, did not show as sharp a price recession as the other subgroups. Other miscellaneous also showed declining prices. The decrease for this important group of miscel laneous articles was nearly 2 per cent in the month. Between December and January price decreases took place in 289 instances, increases in 96 instances, while in 399 cases no change occurred. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 730 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW IN D F X N U M BERS OF WHOLESALE PRICES BY GROUPS AND SUBGROUPS OP COM M O DITIES [1926=100.0] January, 1931 Commodity groups and subgroups All commodities______ December, 1931 January, 1932 Purchasing power of the dollar, January, 1932 78.2 68.6 67.3 $1. 486 Farm products.. . _______ Grains_____ ___ . . . Livestock and poultry. . . . Other farm products____ 73 1 fi2 4 75. 2 75. 3 55 7 47 0 51. 7 61. 2 53. 4 54. 8 1 895 Foods____________ Butter, cheese, and m ilk____ Cereal products . . . . . Fruits and vegetables. . M eats____ . . . Other foods_____ __ 80 7 83. 7 75.7 76.9 88.4 74.5 69 1 79. 8 72.2 63.5 63.2 67.2 67. 8 71.0 62.2 61.9 61.9 1 475 1.408 1.608 1.616 1.616 Hides and leather produ cts___ Boots and shoes______ Hides and skins________ L e a t h e r ..____ ______ OtheiTeather produ cts... _______ 88.7 95.1 64.4 90.8 102.3 79.8 89.2 48.8 78.6 99.7 79.3 88. 8 49.0 77.5 98.9 1. 261 1.126 2.041 1. 290 1.011 Textile products___ _______ C lo th in g ... _ . . . . . . _ . Cotton goods_______ . . . Knit goods________________ Silk and rayon____ _. Woolen and worsted g o o d s... . . . Other textile products___ _ 71.3 79.1 73.5 64.8 49.0 73.7 77.2 60.8 70.8 56.4 58.5 39.0 63.9 71.3 59.9 70.7 55.8 55.8 37.7 63.3 70.7 1.669 1.414 1.792 1.792 2.653 1.580 1.414 Fuel and lighting materials___ Anthracite coal____ ____ Bituminous coal. _______ C oke... _ _ ___ E lectricity._ ______ . . . G a s ________ ______ . . . Petroleum products. _ . . . 73.3 88.9 88.1 83.8 99. 9 95. 8 50.4 68.3 94.8 83.8 81.1 104.1 98. 2 39.6 67.9 94.8 84.4 80.5 (l) (T) 38.8 1.473 1. 055 1.185 1.242 2. 577 M etals and metal products____ _ Agricultural implements___ Iron and steel ________ Motor vehicles. ______ Nonferrous metals_______ Plumbing and heating___ 86.9 94.4 85.5 95.1 69.5 87.4 82.2 85.5 81.0 95.2 53. S 79.9 81.8 85.5 79.9 95.3 55.4 74.1 1.222 1.170 1.252 1. 049 1.805 1.350 Building materials________ Brick and tile __ Cement. . . . _____ Lum ber... _ _____ _. Paint materials....... Plumbing and heating Structural steel____ _ Other building m a teria ls___ 83.8 87.0 90.5 76.4 83.2 87.4 83.0 87.8 75.7 80.0 74.6 65.8 76. 6 79.9 81.7 81.5 74.8 79.3 75.2 65.6 75.4 74.1 77.3 81.0 1.337 1. 261 1.330 1. 524 1. 326 1.350 1.294 1.235 Chemicals and drugs___________ Chemicals____________ Drugs and pharmaceuticals. _____ Fertilizer materials... Mixed fertilizers___ 84.5 88.3 65.3 81.4 90.4 76.1 80.8 61.0 70.1 77.1 75.7 80.6 60.6 69.9 75.5 1.321 1.241 1.650 1. 431 1.325 House-furnishing goods____ Furnishings___________ _ Furniture ________ 88.3 84.9 92.1 78.5 76.6 80.6 77.7 76.1 79.5 1.287 1.314 1.258 Miscellaneous_____________ Automobile tires and tubes Cattle feed____ Paper and p u lp .. Rubber, crude . Other miscellaneous... _______ 72.2 47.2 75.0 83.6 17.1 89.9 66.8 40.8 53.9 80.8 9.5 85.9 65.6 39.7 53.0 78.0 9.3 85.2 1.524 2.519 1.887 1.282 10.799 1.174 79.3 79.0 71.3 72.3 70.3 71.7 1.422 1.395 Nonagricultural commodities___ All commodities less farm products and foods 1 Data not yet available. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis . . 731 WHOLESALE AND RETAIL PRICES D e c lin e in W h o le sa le P r ic e s in V a r io u s F o r e ig n C o u n tr ie s S in c e 1926 ABLE 1 shows index numbers of wholesale prices in the United States and the more important foreign countries as compiled from official records published in each country. The table shows the peak of prices since January, 1926, together with the month in which the peak occurred. In comparison with these indexes is shown the date and the most recent index number as published. From these indexes has been computed the per cent of decline from the high point since January, 1926, to the latest date for which figures are available. Opposite the country the number of commodities included in such indexes at the present time is given. T T abie 1 1.—COMPARISON OF MOST RECENT INDEX NUMBERS OF WHOLESALE PRICES WITH PEAK SINCE JANUARY, 1926 Peak since January, 1926 ber of com modi ties Country - _______________ 784 __ ____ — — /VnstraliaAii stria --- - -------------Belgium _ ____ -- Hillgq.ria, __ _ __________ Canada Chile _________________ Chi mi (Shanghai) , _______________ Czechoslovakia - ______- ___ --Uenmark __ Egypt (Cairo) ___________________ Finland - _____________ France _____ _____ - ------France ____________ Germany ______________________ India (Hornhay) __ _____ ________ _ India (Calcutta) - ______ Italy __- - ____ — - -- ---------Japan _ _ _ ------ ------------ — Latvia (Higa.) __ __ ______________ Netherlands _____ _____________ Netherland Fast Indies _ _____________ New Zealand __ _________ Norway - ___ _______ _____ Poland __ ________ -- South Afrina ________________ 92 47 126 56 502 0) 155 69 118 26 139 45 126 400 44 72 140 56 61 48 92 180 95 (D 188 74 160 121 150 United States Sweden Switzerland United ICingdom _____ - ______________ -- ______ _____ __ _ — - Date Jan., 1926 Index number 103.2 Latest available data Date Dec. 1931 Per cent of decrease from peak shown Index to number latest data 68.6 Oct., 1927 1,972. 0 Oct., 1931 1,402. 0 112. 0 142.0 Dec., 1931 June, 1927 876.0 ___do-------- 573. 0 July, 1926 78. 7 125.1 Oct., 1931 Apr., 1929 70.3 103.0 Dec., 1931 Jan., 1926 87. 5 124.1 Oct., 1931 M ay, 1928 121.8 130.3 Dec., 1931 Aug., 1931 145.6 - . d o - ........ 103.8 Aug., 1928 178.0 -__do-_........ 119.0 Oct., 1926 92.0 134.0 N ov., 1931 Mar., 1926 92.0 103.0 Dec., 1931 Aug., 1928 408.0 836.0 N ov., 1931 July, 1926 442.0 806.0 Dec., 1931 _do_____ 103.7 141.6 -_.d o_____ July, 1928 107.0 154.0 Oct., 1931 Jan., 1926 98.0 159.0 Dec., 1931 ___do_ 318.9 632.5 ___do_____ Aug., 1926 147.0 254.0 Nov., 1931 Jan., 1926 80.8 133.2 D ec., 1931 Apr., 1928 85.0 153.0 __.do-------June, 1928 97.0 159.0 Oct., 1931 Year, 1926 Jan., 1926 1,677. 0 __.do-------- 1, 380. 0 122.0 160.0 Dec., 1931 Mar., 1928 68.2 104. 7 N ov., 1931 Apr., 1928 1,109. 0 Oct., 1931 Jan., 1927 1, 438.0 186.0 ___do-------- 175.0 Dec., 1926 111.0 Dec., 1931 153.0 Jan., 1926 106.2 152.8 N ov., 1931 ___do 63.7 91.7 Dec., 1931 N ov., 1926 33.5 28.9 21.1 34. 6 37.1 31. 7 29. 5 6. 5 28.7 33.1 31. 3 10. 7 51.2 45. 2 26. 8 30. 5 38. 4 49.6 42. 1 39. 3 44. 4 39. 0 17. 7 23. 8 34. 9 22. 9 5. 9 27. 5 30. 5 30.5 1Not reported. Table 2 gives details regarding the index numbers of wholesale prices in the United States and in foreign countries by years from 1926 to 1931, and by months for the year 1931. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 732 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW T a b l e 2 .—IN D E X N U M B E R S OF W HOLESALE PR IC ES IN T H E U N IT E D ST A T ES A N D IN C E R T A IN C O U N TR IE S United States Country___ Canada Bureau Computing of Labor agency----- Statis tics 1926 (100) Base period _ 1926_______ 1927_______ 1928_______ 1929_______ 1930_______ 1931_______ Austria Czecho Belgium slovakia D en mark Finland France Ger many Italy Domin Federal M inis Statisti Central General Federal ion Bu Statisti try of Central cal D e Bureau Statisti Statisti Riccar reau of Industry ofBureau do cal Statis part of Statis cal cal Statis Bureau and tics ment tics Bureau Bureau Bachi tics Labor JanuaryJune, 1914 (100) 1926 (100) April, 1914 (100) July, 1914 (100) 1913 (100) 1926 (100) 1913 (100) 1913 (100) 1913 000) 100.0 95.4 97.7 96.5 86.3 71.1 100.0 97.7 96.5 95.5 86.9 72.6 123 133 130 130 117 744 847 843 851 744 955 979 979 923 i 118.5 163 153 153 150 130 114 100 101 102 98 90 695 642 645 627 554 134.4 137.6 140.0 137.2 124.6 110.9 602.0 495.3 461.6 445.3 383.0 77.0 75.5 74.5 73.3 71.3 70.0 70.0 70.2 69.1 68.4 68.3 66.3 76.7 76.0 75.1 74.4 73.0 72.2 71.7 70.9 70.0 70.4 70.6 70.3 105 107 107 108 107 110 114 110 108 109 112 112 661 658 660 652 640 642 635 616 597 591 584 573 i 110.0 i 108.9 i 108.8 1 110.5 i 110.3 i 108. 7 i 112.1 i 107. 8 i 105. 2 i 104. 6 i 104. 3 i 103. 8 118 117 116 115 113 110 110 109 109 113 117 119 86 86 86 85 84 83 82 81 79 82 87 92 541 538 539 540 520 518 500 488 473 457 447 442 115.2 114.0 113.9 113.7 113.3 112.3 111.7 110.2 108.6 107.1 106. 6 103.7 341.7 338.1 339.3 337.0 331.7 326.5 324.3 321.6 319.1 322.2 320.4 318.9 1931 January____ February__ M arch___ April______ M a y ______ J u n e.. -. July_______ August___ Septem ber.. October____ N ovem ber.. Decem ber... Country___ N eth Nor er Spain lands way 1 Cen Cen tral tral Bu C omputing Bu agency----- reau of reau of Statis Statis tics tics Base period. 19261927. 1928. 1929. 19301931- M inis try of Labor and Previ sion Swe den Cham ber of Com merce 1913 1913 1913 ( 100) 1913 ( 100) ( 100) ( 100) 145 148 149 142 117 157 149 137 181 172 168 171 172 149 146 148 140 Swit United zer King land dom Aus tralia New Zea land South Africa Japan China India N a Fed Cen Office tional of eral Board Bureau sus Bank Tariff of Cen and Cen Labor of Com of sus and Statis sus De mis and Japan, part Trade Statis tics Tokyo sion, tics Statis ment Office Shang tics hai July, 1914 ( 100) 1924 1911 ( 100) 1909-13 1910 ( 1000) ( 1000) ( 1000) D e Octo ber, 1900 1926 ( 100) ( 100) 89.1 85.2 84.4 82.1 71.9 62.6 1832 1817 1792 1803 1596 1620 1541 1555 1552 1511 1387 1395 1354 1305 1155 237 225 226 122 145 142 145 141 126 115 114 113 115 115 114 112 111 110 1454 1448 1456 1447 1440 1425 1428 1399 1391 1402 1476 1442 1433 1417 1400 1394 1378 1382 1382 1386 1384 1148 112 64.3 63.9 63.7 63.6 62.8 62.1 61.5 59.9 59.7 62.8 64.0 63.7 159 158 158 158 154 151 153 152 150 147 147 151 220 181 153 part ment, 100.0 104.4 101.7 104.5 114.8 etc.3, Cal cutta July, 1914 ( 100) 148 148 145 141 116 1931 January___ February._ M arch____ April_____ M a y _____ June______ July______ August___ September. October___ N ovember. December.. 1 In gold. 105 104 103 102 128 126 124 123 102 121 100 120 97 94 91 89 89 85 120 120 117 119 119 173 175 174 172 169 169 170 177 178 175 122 2 Revised figures. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 111 110 110 109 107 108 110 111 109 108 106 106 106 1115 "IÌÓ4 "ÏÎÔ9 119.7 127.4 126.1 126.2 127.5 129.2 127.4 130.3 129.2 126.9 124. 8 121.8 3 Department of Commercial Intelligence and Statistics. 99 100 98 97 93 93 92 91 96 97 98 COST OF LIVING D eclin e in C ost o f L iving and Food in V arious C ou n tries S in ce 1926 HE following table shows index numbers of the total cost of living and the cost of food in the United States and in the more impor tant foreign countries, as compiled from official records published in each country. The table shows the peak of prices since January, 1926, together with the month in which the peak occurred. In com parison with these indexes is shown the date and the most recent index number as published. From these indexes has been computed the per cent of decline which has occurred from the peak since January, 1926, to the latest available data shown. In the column opposite the country the number of localities included in these indexes at the pres ent time is given. T COM PA R ISO N OF M OST R E C E N T IN D E X N U M B E R S OF COST OF L IV IN G A N D OF FOOD W ITH PE A K SIN C E JA N U A R Y , 1926 Peak since January, 1926 Country Latest available data Localities Date Index Date Per cent of de crease shown from to Index peak latest data United States: 145.8 175.6 Dec., 1931 32 D ec., 1926 Cost of living______________________ 164.3 __ do........... 114.3 51 Jan., 1926 _______________________ Food United Kingdom: 179.0 __ do......... .. 148.0 630 Dec., 1926 Cost of living _ _ _________________ 171.0 _._do........... 132.0 630 Jan., 1926 F o o d __ ______________________ Australia: 30 N ov., 1929 1803. 0 M ay, 1931 1487. 0 Cost of living_______________ _______ 805.0 30 Oct., 1929 1076. 0 Oct., 1931 Food______________________________ Austria: 108.0 113.0 Dec., 1931 Vienna. Aug., 1930 Cost of living..................... - ------ --------124.0 ___do......... . 110.0 Vienna. Aug., 1929 Food _______________-____ Belgium: i 198.0 237.7 N ov., 1931 59 Feb., 1930 Cost of living--------- -----------------------167.9 229.1 ___do_____ 59 Oct., 1929 Food ___________________ Canada: 135.0 160.0 Dec., 1931 69 Feb., 1930 Cost of living--------- ------ ----------------162.0 -_ do........... 107.0 69 Jan., 1930 Food ____________ China: 136.0 -.-d o ........... 121.2 Cost of liv in g __ ___________________ Shanghai. Feb., 1931 97.0 130.0 ___do.......... Food - _______ __ Shanghai. July 1930 Czechoslovakia: 112. 0 -__do........... 100.6 Prague. Aug., 1928 Cost of living. __ _________________ 100.6 128.3 N ov., 1931 Prague. Junej 1927 F o o d _____________________________ Denmark: 1.54.0 194.0 Oct., 1931 100 Jan., 1926 Cost of living-------- --------- ---------------119.0 100 __do........... 177.0 -__do......... Food _ _ __________ Finland: 21 N ov., 1928 1262. 0 _-_do........... 1013. 0 Cost of living __ ________________ 21 ___do........... 1194. 0 _._do........... 848.0 Food __ _______________ France: 597.0 Sept., 1931 565.0 Paris. Dec., 1930 Cost of living______________________ 642.0 _-_do........... 607. 0 Paris. June, 1931 Food ____________ Germany: 130.4 156.5 Dec., 1931 72 Mar., 1929 Cost of living______________________ 121.8 72 -_-do........... 159.3 N ov., 1931 Food __________________ India: 108.0 157.0 Oct., 1931 Bombay. Aug., 1927 Cost of living______________________ 100. 0 Food________ ____________________ Bombay. ___do........... 155.0 _--do_____ i Budget of workingman’s family spending 20 to 30 francs per consumption unit per 15 days. 103146°— 32----- 16 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 733 17.0 30.4 17.3 22.8 17.5 25.2 4.4 11.3 16.7 26.7 15.6 34.0 10.9 25.4 10.2 21.6 20.6 32.8 19.7 29.0 5.4 5.5 16.7 23. 5 31.2 35. 5 734 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW C O M PA R ISO N OF M OST R E C E N T I N D E X N U M B E R S OF COST OF L IV IN G A N D OF FOOD W ITH PE A K SIN C E JA N U A R Y , 1926—Continued Peak since January, 1926 Country Localities Date Ireland: Cost of living............................................. Food______________________________ Italy: Cost of living______________________ Food. ______________________ ____ Netherlands: Cost of living_____ •________________ Food ______ ___________ N ew Zealand: Cost of living______ ________ ______ Food__________________ _________ Norway: Cost of living_____ _________________ Food______________________________ Poland: Cost of living______________________ Food ___________________ South Africa: Cost of living______________________ Food _____________ Sweden: __________ Cost of liv in g __ Food________ . . . ________________ Switzerland: Cost of living___ _____________ _____ Food. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Latest available data Index Date Per cent of de crease shown from to Index peak latest data 105 105 Oct., 1926 Jan., 1926 185.0 N ov., 1931 187.0 _ _do........... 165.0 155.0 10.8 17.1 Milan. Milan. Oct., 1926 Jan., 1926 671.8 _do........... 680.9 _ _do........... 473.9 436.8 29.5 35.8 Amsterd. Amsterd. June, 1926 June, 1928 170.9 Sept., 1931 169.4 _ do_____ 151.2 136.9 11.5 19.2 25 Year 1926 25 ___do_____ 1010. 0 N ov., 1931 1026. 0 _ _do_____ 893.0 832.0 11.6 18.9 31 Jan., 1926 31 ___do.......... 234. 0 Oct., 1931 216.0 ___do_____ 165.0 136.0 29.5 37.0 Warsaw. Feb., 1929 Warsaw. __do_____ 127.7 N ov., 1931 153.0 __ do_____ 102.9 101.3 19.4 33.8 1326. 0 Oct., 1931 1219. 0 1206. 0 ___do........... 1026. 0 8.1 14.9 9 9 M ay, 1928 May, 1927 49 Jan., 1926 49 ___do........... 174. 0 _do........... 163.0 ___do.......... 158.0 128.0 9.2 21.5 34 __do......... .. 34 __do........... 166. 0 N ov., 1931 165.0 __ do......... .. 147. 0 137.0 11.4 17.0 IMMIGRATION AND EMIGRATION S t a t is t ic s o f I m m ig r a t io n fo r D e c e m b e r a n d Y ea r, 1931 B y J. J. K unna, C h i e f S t a t is t ic ia n U n it e d S t a t e s B u r e a u of I m m ig r a t i o n HE statistical review for December last shows that 10,728 aliens were admitted to the United States, of whom 2,642 were immi grants and 8,086 were nonimmigrants. The outward movement of aliens this month totaled 28,097, less than two-fifths (10,727) being classed as emigrants; the remaining 17,370 were nonemigrants leaving after a short stay in this country or going abroad for a temporary visit. In this month the departures exceeded the arrivals by 17,369, the largest so far for any one month. The semiannual period ended December 31, 1931, witnessed the entry of 106,630 aliens (21,735 immigrants and 84,895 nonimmigrants) and the departure of 170,622 (58,604 emigrants and 112,018 nonemi grants), resulting in a net decrease in the alien population of 63,992. This is in contrast with net increases of 20,245 for the corresponding period of 1930, of 104,050 for 1929, of 108,767 for 1928, of 119,468 for 1927, and of 151,938 for 1926. Immigration to the United States during the calendar year 1931 was drastically reduced as the result of the strict enforcement of the “ likely to become a public charge ” provision of the immigration laws. The number of immigrants dropped from 180,251 in 1930 to 43,353 in 1931, a decrease of 136,898, or 75.9 per cent. European immigration declined from 117,608 to 25,825, or 78 per cent; Canadian immigra tion from 41,339 to 9,462, or 77.1 per cent; Mexican immigration from 6,381 to 2,147, or 66.4 per cent; and that from other countries, 14,923 to 5,919, or 60.3 per cent. The largest number of immigrants admitted since the present quota law became effective on July 1,1924, was during the calendar year 1926 when the influx reached 336,295. Of this number, 165,171 came from Europe, 93,468 from Canada, 61,007 from Mexico, and 16,649 from other countries. The outward movement of aliens during the calendar year 1926 was 73,179; this meant that about 25 emigrants left for permanent residence in a foreign country for every 100 immigrants or newcomers for permanent residence in the United States. In the calendar year just ended, 89,570 emigrants departed— about 207 leaving for every 100 immigrants admitted. This exodus in 1931 was the largest since 1922, the emigration that year exceeding 100,000. . . . In addition to the 89,570 emigrants leaving during 1931, which is an increase of 36,640, or 69.2 per cent, over the preceding year, there were 28,147 American citizens who left for intended future permanent residence in a foreign country. This class of departures was also larger than the year before, the increase being 9,193, or 48.5 per cent, over the number for 1930. Less than 8 per cent of the aliens admitted during the six months from July to December last were of the class charged to the quota under the immigration act of 1924, 7,709 being recordedas quota immigrants. The largest number came from Great Britain and Northern Ireland, 1,444 quota immigrants giving these countries as their place of birth, while 1,222 were bom in Germany, 953 in Italy, and 3,450 in Poland, Irish Free State, Scandinavia, and other European countries. Quota immigrants born in Asia numbered 350; in Africa, T https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 735 736 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW Australia, ancl other Pacific, 184; and in the quota regions of the West ern Hemisphere, 106. The returning residents admitted during the same six months numbered 44,081 and visitors for business or pleasure 23,153. Other principal classes under the act of 1924 included 15,879 aliens in transit, 6,048 nonquota immigrants admitted as natives of independent countries of the Western Hemisphere, 5,264 aliens who entered as husbands, wives, or children under 21 years of age, of United States citizens, and 1,078 students. Compared with the cor responding six months of the previous year, there was a smaller number of all these classes admitted. The quota immigrants decreased 36,819; returning residents, 16,514; natives of nonquota countries, 10,631; visitors, 9,012; husbands, wives, and children, 6,049; and transits, 483. Immigration during the six months ended December 31, 1931, compared with the corresponding period a year ago, shows a decrease from European countries of 36,084, or 74.8 per cent, the number of immigrant aliens from that source dropping from 48,269 to 12,185. Immigration from Germany declined from 8,735 to 1,625, Great Britain from 7,768 to 1,499, Italy from 8,868 to 3,344, and Irish Free State from 5,781 to 341. A little over one-half of the Europeans came from these four countries. The number of newcomers from Canada also shows a decline from 17,521 to 5,296, or 69.8 per cent, while the number from Mexico dropped from 2,267 to 1,081. A much larger decrease in immigration is revealed in comparing the influx during the last six months with that for a like period two years ago, when 78,099 immigrants came from Europe, 39,684 from Canada, and 8,589 from Mexico. This total for Europe seems small, however, when compared with the 635,140 European immigrants coming to the United States in the half year from July to December, 1913. The number of persons debarred from entering the United States during the six months from July to December, 1931, was 3,966, of whom 2,709 were males and 1,257 females. At New York, the port of entry for 81 per cent of the aliens landing at the seaports, 71,606 aliens sought admission in the said period; of these, 214 were debarred, or 3 per 1,000, and practically all were males. During the same six months 265 aliens were debarred at the other seaports and 3,487 at points along the international land borders. The principal cause for debarment at all ports continues to be failure to present a proper immigration visa under the immigration act of 1924. The principal races among these debarred aliens were the English (729), French (693), Mexican (443), Scotch (388), and Irish (339). Deportations continue to increase, 9,234 aliens having been de ported from the United States during the last six months, as compared with 8,508 and 8,309, respectively, for the corresponding periods of 1930 and 1929. Over 40 per cent, or 3,792 of the 9,234 deportees for the half year ended December 31, 1931, went to Mexico, mostly Mexican departures via the southern land border; 3,256 were sent to European countries, principally Great Britain (436), Italy (416), and Germany (298); while 1,256 were sent to Canada, 424 to China, and 506 to other countries. Entering without proper visa (surreptitious entries) was by far the principal cause for deportation, 3,804 aliens having been deported for this reason; 1,528 had remained here longer than permitted; 928 were of the criminal, and 486 of the immoral classes; 687 were adults unable to read at time of entry; 576 had previously been deported or debarred; 481 were mentally or physically defective; 245 (all Chinese) had violated the Chinese exclusion act; https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 737 IMMIGRATION AND EMIGRATION and the remaining 499 were contract laborers, public charges, and miscellaneous classes. During the six months from July to December last, 1,690 indigent aliens were returned to their native land at their own request. Of this number, 645 went to Great Britain, 197 to Italy, 140 to Germany, 129 to Ireland, and 413 to Scandinavia and other Europe; 125 were returned to Mexico, and 41 to Canada, the West Indies, and other countries. Under the terms of an act of Congress approved March 2, 1929, legalizing residence in the United States of aliens who entered without proper inspection prior to June 3, 1921, when the first quota law went into effect, and who had resided here continuously since such entry, 31,734 aliens were registered. The number for the fiscal year 1930 was 8,098; for 1931 it was 16,242; and for the six months from July to December last, 7,394. The examinations in cases of this kind must determine whether the following facts exist: (1) That the applicant is an alien not ineligible to citizenship; (2) that there is no record of admission for permanent residence; (3) that he entered the United States prior to June 3, 1921; (4) that he has resided in the United States continuously since such entry; (5) that he is a person of good moral character; and (6) that he is not subject to deportation. Of the 31,734 aliens registered during the said two and one-half years, 1,785 were born in Germany, 1,726 in Great Britain, 1,423 in Greece, 896 in Ireland, 2,296 in Italy, 3,825 in Poland^ 1,812 in Scan dinavia, and 7,836 in other European countries. Natives of Canada numbered 5,130; of Mexico, 3,567; and of other countries, 1,438. The vast majority of these were seamen at time of entry. The statistics also show that in 4,966 cases registration was denied. The denials were unfavorable to 1,813 aliens, including 1,208 who failed to establish continuous residence, 552 were not of good^ moral character, 40 were subject to deportation, and 13 were ineligible to citizenship. In the cases of 2,482 applicants for registration, record of permanent admission was found, 519 failed to appear for examina tion, 49 were found to be American citizens, 45 had left the country without awaiting final action, and 58 had died before final action was taken. IN W A R D A N D O U TW ARD PA SSE N G E R M O V E M E N T , JULY TO D E C E M B E R , 1931 Outward Inward Period 1931 July_________ August______ September___ October. -----November___ December____ Aliens Aliens de de Aliens departed Aliens admitted United barred ported States United from after citi States enter enter zens Total in g 2 citizens Total ing 1 Em i N on N on Immi immi emi Total de Total arrived grant grant grant grant parted 3,174 4,090 5,017 3,913 2, 899 2,642 12,361 16, 580 20, 940 17,096 9,832 8,086 15, 535 20, 670 25, 957 21,009 12, 731 10, 728 30,944 59,372 62,581 32,427 16,823 16, 932 46,479 80, 042 88, 538 53, 436 29, 554 27, 660 Total__ 21, 735 84,895 106, 630 219,079 325,709 761 7,428 657 9,541 684 8, 733 806 10, 857 573 11,318 485 10,727 20,450 23,009 20, 393 16,525 14,271 17,370 74,839 98,445 71,373 62, 398 48, 813 52, 448 1,681 1,584 1,446 1,663 1,524 1,336 3,966 58,604 112,018 170,622 237, 694 408,316 9,234 27,878 32, 550 29,126 27,382 25, 589 28,097 46,961 65,895 42,247 35,016 23, 224 24,351 1 These aliens are not included among arrivals, as they were not permitted to enter the United States. 2 These aliens are included among aliens departed, they having entered the United States, legally or illegally, and later being deported. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis BIBLIOGRAPHY P u b lic O ld -A g e P e n s io n s in t h e U n ite d S ta te s : R e fe r e n c e s, 1929 to 19311 Compiled b y E d n a L . S t o n e , U n i t e d S t a t e s D e p a r t m e n t of L a b o r L ib r a r y General Discussion Books and Pamphlets A m e r ic a n F e d e r a t i o n of L abor. Report of the proceedings of the 49th-50th annual convention, 1929-1930. Washington, 1929-30. 2 vols. 1929: Report of executive council recommending State old-age pension legislation, pp. 48-51; Debated and adopted, pp. 258-263. 1930: Old age pensions: pp. 115, 116, 338. See also Report of executive council, 1931, pp. 101,102. For text of standard bill adopted by the council see American Federation of Labor W eekly N ew s Service, November 28, 1931. D e u t s c h F o u n d a t io n C o n f e r e n c e , C hicago U n iv e r s ity , 1930. The Care of the Aged; Proceedings . . . edited by I. M. Rubinow. Chicago, University of Chicago Press [1931]. 144 pp. (Social service monographs, No. 14.) P a r t ia l c o n te n t s : Facing old age, by A. Epstein. The old-age security act of the State of N ew York, b y S. O. Mastick. W isconsin’s experience w ith the old-age pension law, by B. Glassberg. Pensions as a part of a social insurance program, b y John A. Lapp. D igest of State laws on old-age security. F r e d e r i c k H. Statement . . . before the committee to investigate security against old-age want in New York State. New York, [Metropolitan Life Insurance Co.], 1929. 47 pp. E cker, E p s t e in , Discusses the cost to the State of proposed legislation. A braham . Old-age security. New York City, 1929. Democracy publications, No. 18.) F raternal Order of E 36 pp. (League for Industrial a g les. Old-age pensions, answers to objections advanced against pensions for the needy aged. [South Bend? Ind., 1930.] Reprinted in **Old age pensions. Hearing before. . . the Committee on Pensions, U . S. Senate, February 24, 1931,” pp. 149-155. See also files of Eagle Magazine for campaign of the Order for old-age pensions. K im b a l l , I n g a lls. Retirement plans. Addresses by Ingalls Kimball and John G. Lonsdale. Washington, D. C., Chamber of Commerce of the United States [1930]. 14 pp. Discussion of recent tendencies in legislation. M e t r o p o l it a n L i f e I n s u r a n c e C o. Old-age dependency; some existing governmental plans for its relief or prevention. [New York, 1931.] 23 pp. In the U nited States, pp. 20-23. N a t i o n a l A s s o c ia t io n of M Public old-age pensions. a n u fa ctu rers. New York City, 1930. 87 pp. Includes summary of arguments against old-age pensions b y J. A. Emery and Noel Sargent before the Comm ittee on Labor of the U . S. House of Representatives, February, 1930. 1 Supplementary to “ Public old-age pensions in the United States: A list of references,” in M onthly Labor Review, M ay, 1929, v . 28, pp. 1161-1175. 738 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 739 BIBLIOGRAPHY— PUBLIC OLD-AGE PENSIONS N a t io n a l C iv ic F e d e r a t io n . I n d u s t r i a l W e lfa r e D e p a rtm e n t. State old-age pensions. Constructive proposals for prevention and relief of destitution in old-age. New York City, 1929. 1$ pp. Reprinted in the Monitor (Associated Industries of N ew York State), March, 1929. N a t io n a l C o n ference Old-age security. April 26, 1929. [1929]. 87 pp. o n O ld A g e S e c u r it y . 2 d , N e w Y o r k , 1929. Report of proceedings of second national conference, New York, American Association for Old Age Security P artial contents : Old-age hazards of women, b y Lucille Eaves. T he aged in Baltimore, by Elinor Pancoast. T he aged in N ew York, b y Luther Gulick. T he Canadian pension law , by D . Jamieson. Since California began to pension its aged, by Esther D e Turbeville. How U tah pensions its aged, by J. H . Paul. T he N ew York old-age security law, by Charles Johnson. The Wisconsin pension law, b y Benjamin Glassberg. Summary in Old Ago Security Herald, M ay, 1930. ------ 3 d , N e w Y o r k , 1930. Old-age security progress. ference, April 25, 1930. Security [1930]. 90 pp. Report of proceedings of third national con New York, American Association for Old Age P artial contents : Industrial and trade-union pensions, b y M . W. Latimer. The challenge of old age, b y E. L. Israel. Achievements of the British pension system, b y E. M . Burns. Oldage security progress in the United States, by Abraham Epstein. The miners’ need of old-age security, by Thomas Kennedy. The place of old-age invalidity benefits in a system of social insurance, b y Royal Meeker. Summary in M onthly Labor Review, June, 1929, pp. 310-312. N a t io n a l I n d u s t r ia l C o n f e r e n c e B o a r d . The support of the aged; a review of conditions and proposals. 1931. 65 pp. New York, Old-age pension and relief laws in the U nited States, 1930; Attitude of employers toward oldage pension legislation; pp. 58-65. N ew Y o r k (State). C o m m is s io n o n O ld A g e S e c u r ity . Old-age security. Report, February 17, 1930. Albany, 1930. (Legislative document (1930) No. 67.) 692 pp. Seabury C. M astick, chairman. Discusses old-age assistance legislation in other States, experience under American legislation, reports of commissions in other States. S o c ia l W ork Y ear B ook, 1929. New York, Russell Sage Foundation, 1930. 600 pp. “ Old-age pensions,” by J. B. Andrews, p. 300. d n a L., c o m p . Public old-age pensions in the United States: A list of references. ington, 1929.] Pp. 247-261. Stone, E [Wash Reprinted from the M onthly Labor Review, M ay, 1929. U n it e d S t a t e s . B u r e a u o f L a b o r S ta tis tic s . Care of aged persons in the United States. (Bui. No. 489.) Washington, 1929. 305 pp. Prepared b y Florence E . Parker. **Public pensions for aged dependent citizens, ” pp. 68-80. -——- ------ Handbook of labor statistics, 1929-1931. 2 vols. (Buis. No. 491, 541.) Washington, 1929-1931. Contain data on old-age pensions and relief, reprinted from issues of M onthly Labor Review. -------------- Labor legislation, (Buis. No. 486, 528, 552.) 1928—1930. Washington, 1929-1931. 3 vols. Contains summaries of State old-age pension laws. W i l l ia m s o n , W . R ulon. State old-age pensions in the United States. ( I n Casualty Actuarial Society, Proceedings, v. 17, pt. 1, pp. 10-21.) Reprinted in Industrial Relations, M ay, 1931, v. 2, pp. 170-173, and in Journal of American Insurance, March, 1931. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 740 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW Articles in Periodicals B. Old-age pensions; their basis in social needs. American Labor Legislation Review, December, 1929, v. 19, pp. 356-358. A n d r ew s, J ohn From his testimony before the N ew York Commission on Old Age Security. A B R IG H T E R O U T L O O K F O R T H E A G E D . Review of Reviews, May, 1930, v. 81, pp. 126-128. T h e ca se fo r o ld - ag e p e n s io n s . Review of Reviews, August, 1931, v. 84, pp. 90-92. S. Shall the State pension the aged? N ation’s Business, June, 1930, v. 18, pp. 54-58, 182. C o w d r ic k , E d w a r d C row ther, S am uel. The need for old-age pensions. Forbes’ Magazine, v. 25, April 15, May 1, 15, June 1, 15, 1930. Reply by A. Epstein under title “ Sage Forbes on a rampage, ’ ’ in Old Age Security Herald, June, 1930. M. What do you mean—case work? Survey, July 15, 1930, v. 64, p. 348. D ia m o n d , H e r b e r t R eply to arguments of National Association of Manufacturers against old-age pensions. E p st e in , A b r a h a m . After 65—what? Woman’s Press, January, 1930, v. 24, p. 45. —— Facing old age. Commonweal, December 11, 1929, v. 11, pp. 163-165. ------ Freedom for the aged; a survey of old-age pension systems at home and abroad. New Republic, April 23, 1930, v. 62, pp. 261-263. ------ Have old-age pensions proved successful in the United States? Old Age Security Herald, September-October, 1931, v. 5, No. 9-10, pp. 1-8. ------ National Manufacturers’ Association abandons "moral” issue. Appeals for money to fight social insurance. Old Age Security Herald, July, 1930, v. 4, No. 7, pp. 3, 4. ------ Old-age security—a national issue. World Tomorrow, October, 1929, v. 12, pp. 418-420. F e d e r a l a i d t o a g e d p o o r u r g e d a t W a s h i n g t o n , D. C. c o n f e r e n c e . Old Age Security Herald, February, 1930, v. 4, No. 2, p. 2. F i l l m a n , J e s s e R. Old-age pension legislation. American Bar Association Journal, July, 1931, v. 17, pp. 438-440. Analysis of State laws, w ith bibliographical notes and citations to cases. F is h , H a m il t o n , j r . The challenge of the aged. North American Review, January, 1930, v. 229, pp. 93-96. F i t c h , E d w i n M. Legislative gains for old-age pensions [in 1931]. American Labor Legislation Review, June, 1931, v. 21, pp. 258-260. G allow ay, G eo rg e. Public old-age pensions. Editorial Research Reports,August 23, 1930, v. 3, No. 8, pp. 576-594. G i f f o r d , W a l t e r S. Pensions, charity and old age. Atlantic Monthly, February, 1930, v. 145, pp. 259-265. State old-age pensions not consistent w ith the American system of social work. R eply by Alice Hamilton in the Atlantic M onthly for M ay. 1930, under title: ‘‘State pensions or charity?” https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis BIBLIOGRAPHY— PUBLIC OLD-AGE PENSION S 741 A. C l o y d . Poor-relief laws make paupers. Problem of old-age pensions and charitable relief is one for banking and industry, not for politics. American Bankers Association Journal, March, 1931, v. 23, pp. 759-761. H a r r i n g t o n , J o h n W. Forward—the old-age pension. Burroughs Clearing House, January, 1931, v. 15, pp. 16-18, 41. G il l , '• Reviewing its adoption in 12 States in relation to the question of the efficacy of thrift education.” C a r l t o n J. H. America and the aged. Commonweal, December 18, 1929, v. 11, pp. 187-189. H a y es, Rejoinders by P. T. Sherman and others in the issues of January 29, February 19 and 26,1930. H O W E X E C U T IV E S O F L E A D IN G L IF E IN S U R A N C E C O M P A N IE S V IE W O L D -A G E P E N S IO N PLA NS. Weekly Underwriter, April 5, 1930, v. 122, pp. 845-847, 878, 879. E d w a r d F. Old-age pensions. American Federationist, May, 1930, v. 37, pp. 544-547. M cG rady, M u l l in s , A part of his testimony before the IT. S. House Committee on Labor, February, 1930. H elene. The pension. Commonweal, October 14, 1931, v. 14, pp. 572-574. A story based on experience in administering old-age pensions. O ld A g e S e c u r it y H e r a l d , Monthly organ of American Association for Old Age Security, v. 4-5; 1929-1931. New York, 1929-31. Formerly Bulletin of the American Association for Old Age Security (1927-1929). Reviews the progress of the movement in all issues. t h e g o o se t h a t la y s g o ld en e g g s. Old-age pensions as an added burden to productive industry. American Industries (National Association of Manufacturers), February, 1930, v. 30, No. 7, pp. 3-8. P l u c k in g T he pr o b lem o f s e c u r it y in old age. Federal Council of the Churches of Christ in America, Information Service, November 2, 1929, v. 8, No. 39.) R u b i n o w , I s a a c M. The modern problem of the care of the aged. Social Service Review, June, 1930, v. 4, pp. 169-182. {In Address before the Deutsch Foundation conference on the care of the aged, March, 1930. ------ Old-age pensions—pro and con. Bulletin of the Welfare Council of New York, April, 1929, v. 2, No. 6, p. 5. ------ Old-age security [as found by the National Civic Federation]. New York State Conference on Social Work, Quarterly Bulletin, January, 1930, v. 1, No. 1, pp. 21-35. S argent, N oel. This question of public pensions. Savings Bank Journal, April, 1930, No. 2, pp. 7, 8. S c h m id t , E m e r s o n P. The present impasse of old-age pensions. Social Science (Pi Gamma Mu, Winfield, Kans.), February, 1930, v. 5, pp. 157-166. Shepherd, W il l ia m G. Pull down the poorhouse. Collier’s, June 28, 1930, v. 85, pp. 10, 11. S p r in g e r , G e r t r u d e . A new year for the old. Survey, January 15, 1931, v. 65, pp. 434, 435. Working of pension laws in N ew York and California and prospects for new acts in other States. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 742 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW S ta c k , M a u r ic e . Old-age pensions in .the United States. International Labor Review, February, 1931, v. 23, pp. 203-226. U n it e d S t a t e s . B u r e a u o f L a b o r S ta tis tic s . Extent, distribution and causes of old-age dependency. Monthly Labor Review, April, 1930, v. 30, pp. 9-16. ------ —— Operation of public old-age pension systems in the United States, 1930. Monthly Labor Review, June, 1931, v. 32, pp. 1-14. -------------Status of old-age pension legislation in the United States. Monthly Labor Review, July, 1929, v. 29, pp. 21-28. W ary, C. 0 . The case against State old-age pensions. Some reasons for the care and caution in the matter of charitable legislation. Industrial Relations, March 21, 1931, v. 2, pp. 109-113. e x e rc is e of Proposals for Federal Legislation [Bills to provide or investigate old-age pensions, 1929-1931]: 71st Congress: H. R. 1199; H. R. 3244; H. R. 3722; H. R. 6875; H. R. 8814; H. R. 13016; H. R. 15776; H. R. 15924; H. R. 17241; H. Res. 23; H. Res. 48; H. Res. 167; S. 3257; S. 5501; S. 5675; S. Res. 70. 72d Congress: H. R. 45; H. R. 124; H. R. 173; H. R. 5103; H. R. 5339; H. R. 6309; H. R. 6595; H. R. 6745; H. R. 7429; H. R. 7926; H. R. 8765; H. Res. 100; S. 2172; S. 2757; S. 3037. H . R. 8765 was reported b y the House Committee on Labor, February 5, 1932 (H. Rept. No. 375). D il l , C l a r e n c e C . Old-age pensions. Congressional Record, January 30, 1931, v. 74, pp. 3579-3581. G o l d s b o r o u g h , T. A l a n . Old-age pensions. Congressional Record, June 12, 1930, v. 72, p. 10579. K elly, C lyde. Definite policy sought as basis of old-age care. Representative Kelly discusses problem. Committee on Labor in House will consider pending bills. United States Daily, November 7, 1929, pp. 1, 14. L a m p e r t , F l o r ia n . Old-age pensions. Congressional Record, July 3, 1930, v. 72, M c K e o w n , T o m D. [Speech advocating Government aid to old-age Congressional Record, January 8, 1930, v. S e l v i g , C o n r a d G. Old-age pensions. Congressional Record, July 1, 1930, v. 72, pp. 12634-12635. pensions.] 72, pp. 1266-1268. p. 12215, Partly reprinted in the United States D aily, August 21, 1930. N. Old-age pensions. Congressional Record, July 3, 1930, v. 72, pp. 12683-12686. Z ih l m a n , F r e d e r ic k Includes his bill, H . R. 13016, to encourage and assist the States in providing old-age pensions. U n it e d S t a t e s . C ongress. H ouse. C o m m itte e o n L a b o r . Old-age pensions. Hearings . . . February 20, 21 and 28, 1930. ton, 1930. 343 pp. Washing William F. Kopp, chairman. H. R. 1199, H . R . 6875, and H . R. 8814 were before the committee, but the hearings covered the subject generally, w ith testimony presented for and against old-age pension legislation. Constitutionality of Federal old-age assistance legislation, b y J. P. Chamberlain, pp. 76-78; Statistical data regarding old-age dependency, care of aged, etc., furnished by the United States Bureau of Labor Statistics, pp. 248-280;, State old-age pension laws, pp. 30-40, 291-314, 339-343; Comparative analysis of State laws, pp. 317-323. Summary in M onthly Labor Review, April, 1930, v. 30, pp. 731-734. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis BIBLIOGRAPHY— PUBLIC OLD-AGE PENSIONS C o n g ress. U n it e d S t a t e s . S e n a te . 743 C o m m itte e o n P e n s io n s . Old-age pensions. Hearing before a subcommittee . . . on S. 3257, a bill to encourage and assist the States in providing pensions to the aged, February 24, 1931. Washington, 1931. 175 pp. Thomas D . Schall, chairman. Testimony in favor b y Senator D ill, Harry Riseman, Abraham Epstein, J. M . Morin and others; opposed by J. O. Gall, W. E. Odom, and Noel Sargent. State Legislation and Discussion, 1929 to 1931 The following States (and Alaska) have adopted old-age pension laws (as of December, 1931): Alaska, California, Colorado, Delaware, Idaho, Kentucky, Maryland, Massa chusetts, Minnesota, Montana, Nevada, New Hampshire. New Jersey, New York, Utah, West Virginia, Wisconsin, Wyoming.2 California [Law passed in 1929 (ch. 530), amended 1931 (ch. 608). Provides for State super vision of city and county aid to the aged. Printed in Monthly Labor Review, July, 1929, v. 29, pp. 24-28.] C a l i f o r n i a t r i u m p h a n t ! A mandatory old-age pension law will become effec tive in the Golden State on January 1, 1930. Eagle Magazine, July, 1929, v. 17, No. 7, pp. 5-7, 39, 40. D e T u r b e v il l e , E s t h e r . California adopts old-age pensions. American Labor Legislation Revieiv, September, 1929, v. 19, pp. 291-293. ------ Since California began to pension its aged. ( I n National Conference on Old Age Security, 3d, New York, 1930, Report of proceedings, pp. 45-51.) Colorado [Law of 1927 (ch. 143) amended in 1931 (ch. 131) to adopt compulsory features.] Connecticut M a n u f a c t u r e r s A s s o c i a t i o n o f C o n n e c t i c u t ( I n c .) . Old-age dependency in Connecticut. Hartford, Conn. [1931.] 180 pp. Submitted to the General Assembly, 1931. Includes description of pension system s in foreign countries and the United States. Bibliography, pp. 171-180. Delaware [Law passed in January, 1931 (ch. 85). All the cost of pensions to be borne by the State. Analyzed in Monthly Labor Review, April, 1931, v. 32, pp. 86, 87.] D e l a w a r e p e n s i o n l a w g r e a t D u P o n t v i c t o r y . Alfred I. duPont aids aged while sponsoring legislation. Old Age Security Herald, March, 1931, v. 5, No. 3, p. 3. Idaho [Act passed February, 1931 (ch. 16) establishes an old-age pension commission in counties. Analyzed in Monthly Labor Review, June, 1931, v. 32, pp. 82, 83.] I d a h o o ld - a g e p e n s io n l a w . Idaho State Federation of Labor, Year book, v. 2, 1931, pp. 20-22, 24, 26. Illinois K a il in , H a r v e y . The old-age security movement in Illinois. Weekly News Letter (Illinois State Federation of Labor), February 7, 1931, v. 16, No. 45, p. 1. s For table showing the “ Chief features of the old age pension bills in the 1931 legislatures,” see Old Age Security Herald, March, 1931, pp. 0-7; see also “ Fourteen governors demand old-age pensions” in same journal, February, 1931, p. 1. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 744 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW R. G. Renew battle for old-age pension bill. Weekly News Letter (Illinois State Federation of Labor), December 27, 1930, v. 16, No. 39, p. 1. S ö derströ m , Kentucky B u r e a u o f A g r ic u ltu r e , L a b o r a n d S ta tis tic s . K entucky. The elder worker: Restricted employment, annuities, relief, by John Walker Rogers. [Frankfort, Ky., 1929.] 4 5 pp. (Bui. No. 35.) “ The Kentucky old-age pension law ,” pp. 29-31. Bibliography, pp. 40-45. Maryland S a t u r d a y N i g h t C l u b , B a ltim o r e . A study of old-age dependency in the city of Baltimore, 1930. 1930.] 16 pp. [Baltimore, Massachusetts [Act of 1930 (ch. 402) provides for relief to the aged. Analyzed in Monthly Labor Review, August, 1930, v. 31, pp. 52, 53, and in American Labor Legis lation Review, September, 1930, v. 20, pp. 328, 329.] C o n a n t , R ic h a r d K . Old age assistance: the Massachusetts plan. ( I n National Conference of Social Work, Proceedings, 1930, pp. 301308.) M a ssa c h u se t t s d e m a n d s p e n s io n s . Old Age Security Herald, March, 1930, v. 4, No. 3, p. 2. Hearings on the bill before the State legislature. Michigan M ic h ig a n . O ld A g e P e n s io n C o m m is s io n . [Report to Legislature, February 11, 1931.] The bill proposed by the Commission (House bill No. 197) passed the House of Representatives but failed in Senate. M ic h ig a n O l d A g e P e n s i o n L e a g u e . Old-age pension bill. [Lansing? Michigan Federation of Labor, 1930.] 8 pp. Minnesota [A law establishing a county-State pension system passed in March, 1929 (ch. 47).] G ood a r g u m e n t s b u t b a d p l a n . American Labor Legislation Review, June, 1929, v. 19, p. 154. Comment on the report of a committee of the State Senate recommending an old-age pension system, and on the law passed later. O l d - a g e p e n s io n m o v e m e n t i n M in n e s o t a . Monthly Labor Review, January, 1931, v. 32, p. 93. Results of elections in which counties voted on the system. Montana M a r t i n , G . I. Operation of the Montana old-age pension law [of 1923]. Monitor, April, 1930, v. 16, pp. 219, 220. New Hampshire [Law providing for relief to the aged enacted May, 1931 (ch. 165). in Monthly Labor Review, September, 1931, v. 33, pp. 59, 60.] N e w H a m p s h ir e . Analyzed S u p r e m e C o u rt. Proposed ola-age pension law of New Hampshire held to violate the principle of separation of powers. Law and Labor, April, 1931, v. 13, pp. 87-89. Opinion on Senate bill N o. 3, 1931. The bill was changed to meet objections of the court and passed. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis BIBLIOGRAPHY— PUBLIC OLD-AGE PENSIONS 745 N ew Jersey [Act of April, 1931 (ch. 219) provides for a county-State system of old-age pensions. Analyzed in Monthly Labor Review, June, 1931, v. 32, pp. 85, 86.] N ew Je r se y . C o m m is s io n o n O ld A g e I n s u r a n c e a n d P e n s io n s . Report, January, 1929. 8 pp. Theodore L. Bierck, chairman. ------ P e n s io n S u r v e y C o m m is s io n . Report, No. 1-2. Trenton, 1931. 2 vols. Roy T . Yates, chairman. N o. 1 (February, 1931) contains recommendations on establishment of county welfare boards and on State aid for relief of old age. No. 2 (October, 1931): State, county and municipal expendi tures for dependency relief, 1929-1931. A. State care of poor in New Jersey. Old-age pension law recently enacted is an addition to already comprehensive system existing. Manufacturers’ Association Bulletin, July, 1931, v. 18, No. 9, pp. 9, 10. W in s l o w , E m m a N ew York [Law passed April, 1930 (ch. 387). A State-county system of relief provided. Analyzed in Monthly Labor Review, June, 1930, v. 30, pp. 82, 83.] N ew Y o r k (State). C o m m is s io n o n O ld A g e S e c u r ity . Old-age security. Report, February 17, 1930. Albany, 1930. 692 pp. (Legislative document (1930) No. 67.) Seabury C. Mastick, chairman. P artial contents: Pt. I. Economic and administrative problems. 1. The aged in the State of N ew York. 2. The extent of old-age need. 3. Human depreciation. 4. Income and employment. 5. Public and private pension systems. 6. Savings and insurance. 7. Old-age assistance legislation in other States. 8. Experience under American legislation. 9. Foreign laws and experience. 10. Reports of commissions in other States. P t. II. Relief and the aged. Conclusions and recommendations of the commission reprinted in U . S. Congress, House, Committee on Labor, Hearings, 1930, p. 281-289, and in American Labor Legislation Review, March, 1930, v . 20, pp. 73-82. Brief excerpts from testimony before the commission, in Old Age Security Herald, October, 1929, January, 1930. B a r k in , S o lo m o n. Some disclosures of the report of New York State Commission on Old Age Security. Old Age Security Herald, November, 1930, v. 4, No. 11, pp. 3, 4. F is h e r , G l a d y s. Three score and ten in 1931. Survey, August 15, 1931, v. 66, pp. 463, 464. Problems met in administering the old-age relief act of N ew York. C. The old-age security act of the State of New York. ( I n Deutsch Foundation Conference, C h ica g o U n iv e r s ity , 1930: care of the aged; Proceedings, pp. 83-94.) M a s t ic k , S e a b u r y Also in Social Service Review, June, 1930, v. 4, p. 210-221. N ew Y o r k c o u n t ie s p r o t e s t b u r d e n o f o ld- a g e l a w . Eastern Underwriter, December 12, 1930, v. 31, No. 53, p. 4. Reprinted from N ew York Herald-Tribune. O p e r a t io n o f o ld -a g e p e n s io n s in N e w Y o rk S t a t e . Monthly Labor Review, November, 1931, v. 33, p. 79. Data supplied b y the N ew York State Department of Social Welfare. D. Unemployment and old-age pensions. ( I n Governors’ Conference, Proceedings, 1930, pp. 18-24.) R o o s e v e l t , F r a n k l in Excerpts in Old Age Security Herald, August, 1930, p. 1. S c h n e id e r , D a v id M . Extending relief for old age in New York State. United States Daily, January 13, 1932, p. 2568, cols. 5, 6. Review of operation of the law for the first 11 months of 1931. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis The 746 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW R. Need of provision for the aged in New York. American Labor Legislation Review, March, 1930, v. 20, pp. 68-72. S h e r m a n , P h i l e m o n T. Old-age security; public assistance for dependent aged. Statements before New York State Commission, December 4, 1929. Criticisms of the pension plan and alternative recommendations. New York City [1929]. 19 pp. Seager, H enry Ohio E. A survey of poor relief systems and care provided for aged dependents in the State of Ohio. [2d ed.] Cincinnati, Industrial Association, 1930. 16 pp. O d o m , W il l ia m O h io S t a t e F e d e r a t i o n o p L a b o r . Report of the legislative agent, Thos. J. Donnelly, 89th session, 1931. [Columbus, 1931.] 52 pp. Old-age pension bills in the legislature, pp. 34-36. R u s s e l l , M e ig s B . How the Ohio bill died. Old Age Security Herald, May, 1931, v. 5, No. 5, p. 6. Utah [Law establishing a county system passed in March, 1929 (ch. 76).] J. H. How Utah pensions its aged. { I n National Conference on Old Age Security, 3d, N e w Y o r k , 1930, Report of proceedings, pp. 51-57.) P aul, West Virginia [Act passed March, 1931 (ch. 32) establishes a county system. Monthly Labor Review, June, 1931, v. 32, p. 84.] Analyzed in Wisconsin [The old-age pension law of 1925 (ch. 121) was amended in 1929 (ch. 181) and in 1931 (ch. 109).] W is c o n s in . S ta te B o a r d o f C ontrol. Old-age pensions in Wisconsin, 1928. [Madison, 1929.] 14 pp. Report of operation of the law of 1925. The tables, w ith later data, were reprinted in M onthly Labor Review, April, 1930, v. 30, pp. 734-736. G l a s s b e r g , B e n j a m in . The Wisconsin law. { I n National Conference on Old Age Security, 3 d , N e w Y o r k , 1930, Report of proceedings, 1930, pp. 61-67.) ------ Wisconsin’s experience with the old-age pension law. { I n Deutsch Foundation Conference, C h ica g o U n iv e r s ity , 1930: The care of the aged; Proceedings, pp. 95-102.) H e i n e m a n n , F r e d V. Statement [on administration of the Wisconsin law]. { I n Old-age pensions. Hearings before the Committee on Labor, [U. S.] House of Representatives, February, 1930, pp. 53-66.) W i s c o n s i n m a k e s p e n s i o n s m a n d a t o r y . Abandons optional system to spread benefits of pensions throughout 71 counties. Old Age Security Herald, July-August, 1931, v. 5, No. 7-8, p. 1. Wyoming [A State-county system was established by act of 1929 (ch. 87.).] https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis PUBLICATIONS RELATING TO LABOR O fficia l— U n ite d S t a t e s A l a s k a .— Governor. A n n u a l re p o rt to th e S e c r e ta r y o f th e I n te r io r , f o r fis c a l y ea r e n d ed J u n e 8 0 , 1 9 3 1 . W a s h in g to n , D e p a r tm e n t o f th e I n te r io r , 1 9 3 1 . 1 6 2 p p ., m a p s , c h a rts, illu s . Data on wages and labor conditions, taken from this report, are given in this issue of the Labor Review. K e n t u c k y .— Department of Agriculture, Labor, and Statistics. B ie n n i a l re p o rt, J u l y 1, 1 9 2 9 , to J u n e 3 0 , 1 9 3 1 . N ew J e r s e y .— Board F r a n k fo r t, 1 9 3 1 . 201 p p . of Trustees, State Employees’ Retirement System. N i n t h a n n u a l re p o rt, J u n e 3 0 , 1 9 3 1 . N e w Y o r k .— Department of Labor. p o is o n in g , i t s c a u se a n d p r e v e n tio n . T r e n to n , [1931?]. 32 pp. Division of Industrial Hygiene. A lb a n y , 1 9 3 1 . C h ro m e 2 2 p p ., ill u s . A list of the industries in which chrome poisoning is a hazard is included in the report, and a summary is given of recent studies of the extent of the hazard in chromium-plating plants and lithographing plants in New York. W i s c o n s i n .—Industrial Commission. B u r e a u o f U n e m p lo y m e n t R e s e a r c h S e r ie s , . N o . 2 : A d m i n is tr a ti o n o f p u b lic a n d p r iv a te r e lie f i n tim e s o f u n e m p lo y m e n t. A sta te m e n t o f d e sira b le m e th o d s o f a d m in is tr a tio n , p u b lic a n d p r iv a te a g e n cy r e s p o n s ib ility , a n d w o r k in g re la tio n s betw een p u b lic a n d p riv a te a g encies. M a d is o n , 1 9 3 1 . 2 0 p p . ------ Legislative Interim Committee on Unemployment. R e p o r t. M a d is o n , I n d u s t r i a l C o m m is s io n , f1931?]. 114- PP-, c h a rts. This report contains statements as to the extent of unemployment in Wiscon sin, the methods being used by the State and private agencies to alleviate condi tions, and recommendations for further action. Recommendations are sum marized in a majority and a minority report and suggested bills are given in full. U n i t e d S t a t e s .— Congress. Senate. Committee on Manufactures. E s ta b lis h m e n t o f n a tio n a l e c o n o m ic c o u n c il. H e a r in g s ( 7 2 d C o n g ., 1 st s e s s .) o n S . 6 2 1 5 ( 7 1 st C o n g .), a b ill to e sta b lish a n a tio n a l e c o n o m ic c o u n c il, O ctober 2 2 to D ecem b er 1 9 , 1 9 3 1 . W a s h in g to n , 1 9 3 2 . 7 7 7 p p ., c h a rts. --------------------- -------- U n e m p lo y m e n t re lie f. H e a r in g s ( 7 2 d C o n g ., 1 st se ss.) o n S . 1 7 4 a n d S . 2 6 2 , D ecem ber, 1 9 3 1 , a n d J a n u a r y , 1 9 3 2 . W a s h in g to n , 1 9 3 2 . 380 pp. ------ Department of Commerce. Bureau of Foreign and Domestic Commerce. T r a d e I n f o r m a t i o n B u ll e ti n N o . 7 8 5 : P o rto R ic o —w h a t i t p ro d u c e s a n d w h a t it bu ys. W a s h in g to n , 1 9 3 2 . 61 p p . Contains some information on labor supply and demand and average daily earnings. ------------- Bureau of Mines. B u ll e ti n 3 f l : C o a l-m in e f a ta l i ti e s i n th e U n ite d S ta te s , 1929, b y W illia m W . A d a m s . W a s h in g to n , 1 9 3 1 . 120 pp. Reviewed in this issue. --------------------- B u ll e ti n 34-2: M e ta l- m in e a c c id e n ts i n th e U n ite d S ta te s d u r in g th e c a le n d a r y e a r 1 9 2 9 , b y W i ll i a m W . A d a m s . W a s h in g to n , 1 9 3 1 . Reviewed in this issue. --------------------- M o n o g r a p h 4- W a r n in g a g en ts f o r f u e l gases. 99 pp. W a s h in g to n , 1 9 3 1 . 1 7 7 p p ., d ia g r a m s , i llu s . This study was undertaken to determine the most suitable substances for addition to fuel gases in order to give warning of their presence to consumers and employees. 747 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 748 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW U n i t e d S t a t e s .— Department of Commerce. Bureau of Mines. T e c h n ic a l P a p e r 5 0 3 : A c c id e n ts a t m e ta llu r g ic a l w o rk s i n th e U n ite d S ta te s d u r in g th e c a le n d a r y e a r 1 9 2 9 , b y W i ll i a m W . A d a ? n s. W a s h in g to n , 1 9 3 1 . 32 p p . Reviewed in this issue. ------------- Bureau of Navigation. to n , 1 9 3 1 . M e r c h a n t m a r in e s ta tis tic s , 1 9 3 1 . W a s h in g 115 pp. Data on wages of seamen on American and foreign vessels, taken from this report, are given in this issue of the Labor Review. --------------Bureau of Standards. B u il d i n g a n d H o u s in g N o . 14 : R e c o m m e n d e d m i n i m u m r e q u ir e m e n ts f o r fir e re sista n c e i n b u ild in g s (re p o rt o f th e D e p a r t m e n t o f C o m m erce B u il d i n g C ode C o m m itte e ). W a s h in g to n , 1 9 3 1 . 5 8 p p . ■ — — ------- Bureau of the Census. F ifte e n th C e n s u s o f th e U n ite d S ta te s , 1 9 3 0 : U n e m p lo y m e n t, V o l. I — U n e m p lo y m e n t r e tu r n s b y c la sse s f o r S ta te s a n d c o u n tie s, f o r u r b a n a n d r u r a l a re a s, a n d f o r c itie s w ith a p o p u la tio n o f 1 0 ,0 0 0 or m o re. W a s h in g to n , 1 9 3 1 . 1 1 1 2 p p . The results of the unemployment census were first published in a series of separate bulletins for the individual States, each entitled “ Unemployment Bulletin— Unemployment Returns by Classes,” with an additional bulletin summarizing the information for the United States as a whole and entitled “ United States Summary— Unemployment Returns by Classes.” The present volume assembles under one cover all of these separate bulletins. ------ Department of Labor. Bureau of Labor Statistics. B u ll e ti n N o . 5 4 8 : D e c is io n s o f c o u rts a n d o p in io n s a ffe c tin g la b o r, 1 9 2 9 - 1 9 3 0 . 1931. 521 p p . W a s h in g to n . --------------------- B u ll e ti n N o . 5 5 7 : W a g e s a n d h o u rs o f labor i n th e m e n ’s c lo th in g i n d u s t r y , 1911 to 1 9 3 0 . W a s h in g to n , 1 9 3 2 . 59 pp. An advance summary of the data obtained in this survey was published in the Labor Review for March, 1931 (pp. 162-168). ------ Employees’ Compensation Commission. F ifte e n th a n n u a l re p o rt, J u l y 1, 1 9 3 0 , to J u n e SO, 1 9 3 1 . W a s h in g to n , 1 9 3 1 . 129 pp. Reviewed in this issue. ----- - Federal Farm Board. Division of Cooperative Marketing. B e g in n in g s o f W a s h in g to n , 1 9 3 1 . 18 p p. (M im e o g r a p h e d .) co o p era tive tobacco m a r k e tin g . -------- ----- ------ - C o o p e ra tiv e m a r k e tin g o f tobacco: A selective lis t o f references. W a s h in g to n , 1 9 3 1 . 8 p p . (M im e o g r a p h e d .) —— Federal Trade Commission. A n n u a l re p o rt f o r th e fis c a l y e a r e n d e d J u n e 3 0 , 1931. W a s h in g to n , 1 9 3 1 . 241 p p . ------ — R e s a le p ric e ? n a in ten a n ce. P a r t I . — G e n era l e c o n o m ic a n d leg a l a sp e c ts. W a s h in g to n , 1 9 2 9 . 141 p p . (P u b lish e d \ a s FI. D o c . N o . 5 4 6 , 7 0 th C o n g ., 2 d sess.) ------ ------ -------- P a r t I I . — C o m m e r c ia l a sp e c ts a n d te n d e n c ie s. 215 pp. W a s h in g to n , 1 9 3 1 . O ffic ia l— F o r e ig n C o u n tr ie s C a n a d a .— Bureau of Statistics. c o n d itio n s a n d recen t pro g ress. C a n a d a , 1 9 3 2 : T h e o ffic ia l h a n d b o o k o f p re se n t O tta w a , 1 9 3 2 . 1 9 2 p p ., m a p s , c h a rts, illu s . G r e a t B r i t a i n .— Board of Trade. F in a l re p o rt o n th e th ir d c e n s u s o f p r o d u c tio n o f th e U n ite d K i n g d o m (1 9 2 4 ): T h e c h e m ic a l a n d a llie d tra d e s; th e lea th e r, ru b b er, a n d c a n v a s goods tra d e s; th e p a p e r , p r i n t in g , a n d a llie d tra d e s; a n d m isc e lla n e o u s tra d e s. L o n d o n , 1 9 3 1 . x v , 468 p p . —- Department of Overseas Trade. 1931. R e p o r t b y K . W . S te a d . E c o n o m ic c o n d itio n s i n L o n d o n , 1 9 3 1 . 48 p p . A review of a section of this report is given in this issue, https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis P a le s tin e , J u l y , 749 PUBLICATIONS EELATING TO LABOE G r e a t B r i t a i n .— Government Actuary’s Department. N a tio n a l h e a lth i n s u r a n ce: R e p o r t b y th e G o v e r n m e n t a c tu a r y o n th ir d v a lu a tio n o f th e a ssets a n d lia b ilitie s o f a p p ro v e d so cieties. L o n d o n , 193 1 . 9 7 p p . ( C m d .3 9 7 8 .) While the position revealed by this third valuation is complex, “ its predominant feature is the magnitude of the aggregate surplus and the substantial additional benefits inuring to a large proportion of the insured population.” Much of this surplus has been carried forward, thus strengthening the position of the societies concerned. There are, however, two disquieting factors—the increase in the sickness rate, with the consequent increased claims for benefit, and the falling off of contributions owing to the widespread unemployment. As to the first, the author of the report dismisses the theory that the increased sickness is a natural result of the changed economic conditions brought about by unemploy ment, saying that the difference's too great to be explained on this ground. The suggestion is made that the conditions for granting benefit, especially in the case of women, should be more rigidly administered. As to the second difficulty, it is suggested that if the present degree of unemployment continues, it may become necessary to reconsider the concession made to those who have fallen into arrears as a result of proved unemployment. ------ Ministry of Labor. Advisory Committee on Draft Regulations. p lo y m e n t i n s u r a n c e ( N o . 3) act, 1 9 3 1 . R e p o r t. L o n d o n , 1931. U nem 12 pp . Under the so-called “ anomalies act,” passed in August, 1931, the Minister of Labor was given power, after consultation with an advisory committee, to issue regulations affecting the insurance rights of seasonal workers, part-time workers, and married women. This report contains the findings of the advisory committee on the draft of the proposed regulations which was laid before them. The regulations finally put into force are summarized in the Labor Review December 1931, p . 74. ------- Registry of Friendly Societies. so cieties. L o n d o n , 1931. R e p o r t f o r the y e a r 1 9 3 0 . P a r t 2: F r ie n d ly 29 pp . I n t e r n a t i o n a l L a b o r O f f i c e .— A b o litio n o f fe e -c h a r g in g e m p lo y m e n t a g encies. ( F ir s t i te m o n a g e n d a o f I n te r n a tio n a l L a b o r C o n feren ce, 1 6 th s e ss io n , 1 9 3 2 1 st d is c u s s io n .) G eneva, 1 9 3 2 . 1 3 9 p p . Includes a general survey of the subject under discussion, a resume of law and practice on fee-charging employment agencies in different countries, and suggestions for a solution of the problems involved in such agencies. I n v a li d i ty , o ld-age, a n d w id o w s ’ a n d o r p h a n s ’ in s u r a n c e . (S e c o n d ite m o n a g e n d a o f I n t e r n a tio n a l L a b o r C o n feren ce, 1 6 th s e ss io n , 1 9 3 2 , 1 st d is c u s s io n ) G eneva, 1 9 3 2 . 3 1 2 p p . ' An analysis of invalidity, old-age, and widows’ and orphans’ insurance, under the following topics: Scope, risks covered and benefits, financial resources, financial organization, administrative organization, settlement of disputes, position of foreigners, and maintenance of migrants’ pension rights. S tu d ie s a n d R e p o r ts , S e r ie s B , N o . 18: T h e so c ia l a sp e c ts o f r a tio n a liz a tio n . G eneva, 1 9 3 1 . 3 8 1 p p . U n o ffic ia l S e v e n te e n th a n n u a l c o n v e n tio n , W a s h in g to n , D . C ., O ctober 2 1 - 2 3 , 1 9 3 1 . G en era l su b je ct: C o n s u m e r c re d it a n d p e rso n a l fin a n c e . [ W a s h in g to n , D . C. ?], 1 9 3 1 . 3 2 8 p p . A m e r ic a n A s s o c ia t io n o f P e r s o n a l F in a n c e C o m p a n ie s . S a f e t y code f o r elevators, d u m b w a ite r s , a n d N e w Y o r k , 2 9 W e s t 3 9 th S tre e t, 19 3 1 . 1 7 3 p p . A m e r ic a n S t a n d a r d s A s s o c ia t io n . esca la to rs. Reviewed in this issue. 103146°— 32------ 17 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 750 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW A m e r ic a n W o m a n ’s A s s o c ia t io n . T h e tr a in e d w o m a n a n d th e eco n o m ic c ris is : E m p lo y m e n t a n d u n e m p lo y m e n t a m o n g a selected g r o u p o f b u s in e s s a n d p ro fe s s io n a l w o m e n i n N e w Y o r k C ity . N e w Y o r k , 3 5 3 W e s t 5 7 th S tre e t, 1 9 3 1 . 102 p p . A study made by the American Woman’s Association, an organization of business and professional women, covering 1,937 of its own membership. The report deals with the situation as it was in February, 1931. B it e c h n e r , F. R o b e r t . M u n i c i p a l s e lf-in s u r a n c e o f w o r k m e n ’s c o m p e n s a tio n . C hicago, U n iv e r s ity o f C h ica g o P r e s s , 1 9 3 1 . 72 pp . Conclusions and recommendations, based on a study of methods of handling compensation insurance in eight small or medium-sized cities in Michigan and Virginia, in answer to the question, Can a municipality afford to carry its own compensation insurance where elective? C o m m it t e e on L a bo r I n ju n c t io n s . A ven u e, 1931. L a b o r i n ju n c tio n s . N e w Y o r k , 1 0 0 F ifth 8 pp. ------ T h e F ed e ra l a n t i- i n j u n c t i o n b ill. F a m ily W e l f a r e A s s o c ia t io n N e w Y o r k , 1 0 0 F if t h A v e n u e , 1 9 3 1 . 8 pp. A m e r ic a . C o m m u n ity p la n n in g f o r hom eless m e n a n d b o ys— th e e x p e rie n c e o f 1 6 c itie s i n th e w in te r o f 1 9 3 0 - 3 1 , b y R o b ert S . W ils o n . N e w Y o r k , 1 3 0 E a s t 2 2 d S tre e t, 1 9 3 1 . x iv , 1 4 4 PPof This volume is divided into three parts covering in turn the experience of 16 cities in dealing with men and boys, the essentials for a community program, and the homeless man as an individual. F il e n e , E d w a r d A. S u c c e s s fu l liv in g i n th is m a c h in e age. N e w Y o r k , S i m o n & S c h u ste r , 1 931. 2 7 4 PP- The author claims that poverty and unemployment are no longer necessary and that there is no need for us even to learn another industrial technique. However, he holds that it is essential to apply the technique which we have already learned, namely, mass-production technique, to this age in which individual prosperity is so deeply dependent upon the prosperity of all the people. H a l b e r t , B l a n c h e , Editor. T h e better h o m e s m a n u a l. C hicago, U n iv e r s ity o f C h ica g o P r e s s , 1931. H o r o v it z , 781 p p ., d ia g r a m s , illu s . S a m u e l B. P ra c tic e a n d p ro c e d u re u n d e r th e M a s s a c h u s e tts w o r k m e n ’s c o m p e n s a tio n la w , w ith f o r m s . B o sto n , E u g e n e W . H ild r e th , 1 9 3 0 . 1 7 6 p p . A reference book, describing the various steps in compensation practice and procedure under the Massachusetts act. It contains quotations of the pertinent statutes, explanations of the actual practice now in effect, and citations of authoritative decisions of the superior and supreme judicial courts of the State. H ulvey, C h arles N e w t o n , a n d W a n d e l , W il l ia m H a m l in . W o r k m e n ’s c o m p e n s a tio n a n d a u to m o b ile lia b i l it y i n s u r a n c e i n V ir g in ia . N ew Y ork, C e n tu r y C o., 1 9 3 1 . 2 0 3 p p . (P u b lic a tio n o f I n s t i t u t e f o r R esea rch i n th e S o c ia l S c ie n c e s , U n iv e r s ity o f V ir g in ia .) A study of the social effects of casualty insurance and the relationship of the State to insurance administration. The technique of rate-making and the policy of the State in regulation of rates are described in detail for workmen’s compensation insurance in the first part, and for automobile liability insurance in the second part, which also reviews the trend toward compulsory automobile insurance. K e y n e s, J ohn M a y n a r d , a n d o th e rs . U n e m p lo y m e n t a s a w o rld p ro b lem . C h ica g o , U n iv e r s ity o f C h ica g o P r e s s , 1 9 3 1 . 261 p p . (L e c tu r e s o n the H a r r i s F o u n d a tio n , 1 9 3 1 .) D on D. O u r u n e m p lo y m e n t p ro b le m . m is s io n o f W is c o n s in , 1 9 8 1 . 2 0 p p . L e s c o h ie r , M a d is o n , I n d u s t r i a l C o m An address to the Wisconsin Master Builders’ Association on February 12, 1931. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis PUBLICATIONS [RELATING TO LABOR 751 L e w is , E d w a rd E . su p p ly . T h e m o b ility o f th e N e g ro : A s tu d y i n th e A m e r ic a n labor N e w Y o r k , C o lu m b ia U n iv e r s ity P r e s s , 1 9 3 1 . I 44 p p ., m a p s . A study of Negro migration during the period 1919 to 1924, made under the auspices of the Social Science Research Council and the Columbia University Council for Research in the Social Sciences. M c C o r d , C a r ey P., M. D., e n g in e e r s a n d m a n a g e rs . A l l e n , F loyd P., M. D. I n d u s t r i a l h y g ie n e f o r N e w Y o r k , H a r p e r & B r o s ., 1 9 3 1 . 3 3 6 p p ., ill u s . and This volume brings together the material presented to students in the engi neering courses of the University of Cincinnati during the past 10 years. It is designed more for the engineer or manager in industry who should be conversant with the requirements of good industrial hygiene than for the engineer who is a qualified industrial hygienist. It deals with emergency aid for the industrially injured, occupational diseases, accident prevention, industrial fatigue, compen sation for industrial accidents and diseases, and various special services, such as dental departments and physical examinations and other measures for the safety and health of the workers. o f. Bureau for Research in Government. P u b lic a tio n N o . 9 : T h e a d m in is tr a tio n o f w o r k m e n ’s c o m p e n s a tio n i n M in n e s o ta , b y L lo y d A . W ilfo r d . M in n e a p o lis , U n iv e r s ity o f M in n e s o ta P r e s s , 1 9 3 0 . 35 pp. M in n e s o t a , U n iv e r s it y A condensed revision of the original study, describing the development of workmen’s compensation legislation in Minnesota, the substantive provisions of the legislation, the functions and work of the administrative officers, and the present procedure in claim settlements. N a t io n a l S a f e t y C o u n c il . 1931 tr a n s a c tio n s o f th e N a t io n a l S a f e t y C o u n c il: tw e n tie th a n n u a l s a fe ty congress, C hicago, October 1 2 to 1 6 , 1 9 3 1 . C hicago, 20 N o r th W a c k e r D r iv e , 1 9 3 2 . 3 vols. The proceedings of the individual sections have been published in separate pamphlets. Department of Industrial Relations. U n e m p lo y m e n t s ta tu s o f N e g ro e s: A c o m p ila tio n o f f a c t s a n d fig u r e s re sp e c tin g u n e m p lo y m e n t a m o n g N e g ro e s i n 1 0 6 c ities. N e w Y o r k , 1 1 3 3 B r o a d w a y , 1 9 3 1 . 56 pp. N a t io n a l U r b a n L e a g u e . N e i f e l d , M. R. C re d it u n io n s i n th e U n ite d S ta te s . ( R e p r in te d f r o m J o u r n a l o f B u s in e s s o f th e U n iv e r s ity o f C hicago, V o l. I V , N o . 4 , October, 1 9 3 1 , p p . 3 2 0 3 4 5 .) The writer, who is the statistician of the Beneficial Management Corporation, New York City (an organization which acts as manager of certain personal finance or small-loan companies), examines the credit-union movement from the point of view of economy of operations, field of membership, development of thrift, etc. Department of Economics and Social Institutions. Industrial Relations Section. S e le cte d b ib lio g r a p h y : U n e m p lo y m e n t p r e v e n tio n , c o m p e n s a tio n , a n d r e lie f —c o m p a n y , tr a d e -u n io n , a n d p u b lic p ro g r a m s. P r in c e t o n U n iv e r s it y . P r in c e to n , J a n u a r y 2 8 , 1 9 3 2 . p a re d S e p te m b e r , 1 9 3 1 .) R u s s e l l S a g e F o u n d a t io n . a selected b ib lio g ra p h y . 4 PP- U n g e r , E d n a W., 4 PP- \%d s u p p le m e n t to b ib lio g ra p h y p re Library. N ew B u ll e ti n N o . 1 1 0 : L a b o r a n d i n d u s t r y — Y o r k , 1 3 0 E a s t 22 d S tre e t, D ecem ber, 1 9 3 1 . a n d B u r r , E m il y T. M i n i m u m m e n ta l age levels o f a c c o m p lis h m en t:. A s t u d y o f e m p lo y e d g ir ls o f lo w -g ra d e in te llig e n c e . A lb a n y , U n iv e r s ity o f th e S ta te o f N e w Y o r k , 1 9 3 1 . 1 0 7 p p ., c h a r ts . Reviewed in this issue. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 752 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW E. A p p li e d p e rso n n e l a d m in is tr a tio n . S o n s { I n c .) , 1 9 3 1 . 3 3 8 p p ., d ia g r a m s . W a l t e r s , J. N e w Y o r k , J o h n W i le y & Prepared as a textbook for college students and as a general reference work for practical use in the solving of problems of personnel administration. According to the preface, the book does not purport to be a critical analysis of personnel administration, but is an attempt “ to portray the personnel procedures which have been found helpful in decreasing and preventing human problems and in increasing human efficiency, happiness, and. development in industry and business.” W e l f a r e C o u n c il o f N e w Y o r k C it y . Research Bureau. S t u d y 5 : T h e ca re o f th e c h ro n ic s ic k i n p r iv a te h o m e s f o r th e a ged i n a n d n e a r N e w Y o r k C ity , b y M a r y C . J a r r e tti N e w Y o r k , 1 9 3 1 . 6 7 p p . Report based on a census, taken in the spring of 1928, of 20,754 persons being cared for by the medical and social agencies of New York City and on a detailed survey made during the same period of facilities for the care of the chronic sick, especially in the homes for the aged. The latter were studied with a view to adequacy of care and treatment, facilities for care, etc. W h it e , L. W., E. W. and S h a n a h a n , T h e i n d u s t r i a l r e v o lu tio n a n d th e e c o n o m ic w o r ld o f t o - d a y : A s t u d y o f i n d u s t r i a l c h a n g e s a n d th e ir e ffe c ts i n G r e a t B r i t a i n a n d o f c o n te m p o r a r y e c o n o m ic s tr u c tu r e . L o n d o n a n d N e w Y o rk , L on gm an s, G r e e n & C o ., 1 9 3 2 . 378 p p . W o o d , E d it h E l m e r : m i l la n C o ., 1 9 3 1 . R e c e n t tr e n d s i n A m e r i c a n h o u s in g . 3 1 7 p p ., illu s . N ew Y ork, M ac Includes chapters on war housing, the housing shortage, rent restriction, tax exemption, tenement house and housing codes, growth of zoning, city and regional planning, the land question, satellite garden cities, and cooperative housing. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis o