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U. S. DEPARTMENT OF LABOR
JAMES J. DAVIS, Secretary
BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS
ETHELBERT STEWART, Commissioner
MONTHLY
VOLUME XV
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NUMBER 1
JULY, 1922
WASHINGTON
GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE
1922
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C E R T IF IC A T E .
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1430), approved March 4, 1821.
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Contents.
Special articles:
Page.
Efficiency of American labor, by Ethelbert Stewart, U. S. Commissioner of
Labor Statistics............................................................................................. 1-12
Problems and importance of factory inspection, by John P. Meade............ 13-23 ,
Industrial relations and labor conditions:
Germany:
Recent changes in the distribution of wealth.....................................24-30
Representation of works councils on boards of directors of corporations. 30-32
Prices and cost of living:
Retail prices of food in the United States......................................... : .......... 33-53
Retail prices of coal in the United States...................................................... 54-57
Comparison of retail price changes in the United States and foreign coun
tries............................................................................................................... 57-59
Revised index numbers of wholesale prices................................................... 59-62
Great Britain. Retail prices of clothing, 1914 and 1922.............................. 62, 63
Wages and hours of labor :
New York. Average weekly earnings of State factory workers in April,
1922......................
64
China. Wages in a cotton mill........... ...........................................................
65
France:
Wages in beet sugar and coal mining industries and in domestic
service.................................................................................................... 65-68
Wages in the territory of the Saar.... ........................................................ 69, 70
Eight-hour day in the merchant marine................................................. 70, 71
Great Britain. Wages of farm labor in England and Wales, by Mrs. Y. B.
T u rn er.......................................................................................................... 71-86
Manchuria. Wages of Chinese and Japanese workers.................................. 86, 87
Netherlands. The 48-hour week...................................................................
87
Peru. Wages and working conditions of agricultural laborers..................... 87, 88
Switzerland. Extension of the working week in certain industries.........
88
Production and efficiency of labor:
“ Idle-day ” costs in the coal mining industry.............................................. 89, 90
France. Production per worker in iron mines of Lorraine......................
90, 91
Great Britain. Operations of British coal mines, January 1 to April 1 , 1922. 91, 92
Labor agreements, awards, and decisions:
Railroads—Decisions of the Railroad Labor Board.................................... 93-101
Ladies’ garment industry—Cleveland......................................................... 101-109
Printing industry—
Pressmen,.................
109
Web pressmen—Washington, D. C....................................................... 109-113
Stereotypers—New York....................................................................... 113-115
Woman and child labor:
Negro women in industry...............................................................
116-118
Child labor in oyster and shrimp canning.................................................. 118,119
Children of wage-earning mothers............................................................... 119,120
New York. Report on woman workers...................................................... 120-123
Great Britain. Limitation of child labor......................................................
123
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IV
C O N T E N T S,
Employment and unemployment:
Page.
Employment in selected industries in May, 1922...................................... 124-126
Government construction contracts............................................................. 126-130
Recent statistics of employment:
Iowa...........................................................................................................
131
Massachusetts......................................................................................... 131,132
New York..................................................................................................
132
Pennsylvania......................................................................................... 132-134
Great Britain:
Volume of employment in April, 1922................................................. 134-136
Report of employment exchanges........................................................ 136,137
Employment of ex-service men........................................................... 137,138
Industrial hygiene:
Definition of the physician in industry..........................................................
139
Industrial poisoning from mercury............................................................. 139,140
Great Britain. Report on miners’ nystagmus........................................... 140,141
Workmen’s compensation and social insurance:
Recent reports—
Georgia................................................................................................... 142,143
Louisiana............................................................................................... 143,144
Nova Scotia............................................................................................ 144,145
Great Britain. National health and unemployment insurance...................
146
Labor laws and court decisions:
Status of unincorporated labor organizations as to liability for damages and
acts affecting interstate commerce.....................................................
147-152
Workmen’s compensation provisions for longshoremen.............................. 152-154
New York and Massachusetts. Safety standards...................................... 154, 155
Wisconsin. Nature of penalty in contempt proceedings.......................... 155-157
Australia. Labor laws, 1921........................................................................ 157,158
Canada. Labor legislation........................................................................... 158-162
Denmark. New law on employment exchanges and unemployment in
surance.................................
162-164
Japan. Health insurance law.........................................................................
164
Spain. Industrial accident law amended.................
164-166
Labor organizations:
Membership of American trade-unions, 1915 to 1929................................. 167-169
Canada. Trade-unionism in 1921.........................................
170,171
Great Britain. Amalgamation and federation of trade-unions................. 171, 172
Strikes and lockouts:
Chile. Coal strike........................................................................................ 173-175
China. Recent strikes in Hongkong and Shanghai.................................. 175,176
Denmark. Labor conflict............................................................................ 176,177
France. Strikes, 1915 to 1918, and November, 1921, to February, 1922. 177, 178
India. Report of industrial-disputes committee of Bombay................. 178-180
Conciliation and arbitration:
Conciliation work of the Department of Labor in May, 1922, by Hugh L.
Kerwin, Director of Conciliation.............................................................. 181,182
Immigration:
Statistics of immigration for April, 1922, by W. W. Husband, Commissioner
General of Immigration............................................................................. 183-188
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C O N TE N T S.
V
What State labor bureaus are doing:
Page.
Ninth annual convention of Association of Governmental Labor Officials of
the United States and Canada.................................................................. 189-192
Louisiana....................................................................................................... 192-195
Pennsylvania................................................................................................ 195-197
Tennessee...................................................................................................... 197-199
Wisconsin...................................................................................................... 199,200
Current notes of interest to labor:
Bureau of accident statistics of the Safety Institute of America...................
201
201
Journal of Personnel Research...........................................
New York City. Reconstruction hospital for industrial cases.................... 201, 202
Argen tina:
Report of the national pension fund of employees of private companies.
202
Minors employed in 1921..........................................................................
202
China. Cost of labor and material in Shanghai building industry.. . . ___
203
Great Britain. Labor Magazine (new organ of labor movement)................
203
Japan. Reduction of employees in shipyard............................................ 203,204
Spain:
Creation of an institute for occupational retraining........................... 204, 205
Reorganization of the Ministry of Labor............................................. 205, 206
Directory of labor officials in United States and Canada.................................. 207-226
Official publications relating to labor:
United States............................................................................................ .. 227, 228
Foreign countries.......................................................................................... 228, 229
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MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW
vol.
xv-N O . 1
WASHINGTON
july , 1922
Efficiency of Am erican L abor.1
B y E t h e l b e r t S t e w a r t , U . S . C o m m is s io n e r
of
L a b o r St a t is t ic s .
E W statistical subjects are more discussed than the one used as
the title for this address; there is none upon which we know less.
On the one hand we hear m uch of the superiority of the Amer
ican workm an; on the other, we hear m uch of the degeneration of
American labor, of loafing on the job, of job making, etc. W hen we
ask for proof, for figures, for ou tp u t per m an per hour or per day
taken from the records th a t are the basis of pay rolls, we are told,
"O h, I have no figures, b u t w hat I state is a m atte r of common
knowledge.”
Now, I believe there are certain rules of evidence under which
judges, particularly of courts of chancery, m ay take "judicial n o tice”
of things which are not and need not be proven, upon the ground
th a t they are m atters of common knowledge. For instance, sta te
m ents in an alm anac as to w hether it was full moon or dark of the
moon in a certain place on a certain date, or the num ber of counties
in a S tate, m ay be accepted w ithout proof as a m atte r of common
knowledge. But, a s t a t e m e n t as to w hether the num ber of tons of
coal th a t the bitum inous m iners were taking out per day in a given
mine in 1913 exceeded the num ber of tons per day taken out in the
same mine in 1922 is not a m atte r of common knowledge when not
backed by figures from the ou tp u t sheets, the time cost sheets, and
the pay roll, and can not be introduced as testim ony even " fo r w hat
it is w orth.” N ot only is it worthless b u t there is growing up a very
strong suspicion th a t it has contributed a very large share to the
hatred and bad blood th a t seems unfortunately to be on the increase
as between the employing and the employed portions of our popula
tion. No statistician would accept such testim ony as relating to
o u tput per m an-hour. "Com m on knowledge” can n o t be tab u
lated. I t can n o t be worked up into an index num ber nor can
percentages of increase or decrease from year to year be worked out.
Labor cost per u n it of production in any industry as expressed in
money, while interesting and economically im portant, is not illu
m inating on the subject of labor efficiency. T h at the labor cost in
a pair of shoes to-day is two and one-fourth times w hat it was in
1913 m ay be entirely due to increase in wages; and the question as
to w hether the o utput per m an per hour in shoe factories has in
creased or decreased since 1913 can not be determ ined by the labor
cost per pair of shoes.
Again, to tal ou tp u t per m an-hour or day based upon all employees
is likely to be very misleading in those industries where a very con
siderable proportion of so-called common labor is employed. O ut
p u t per m an, all labor combined, does not indicate anything, or at
F
1 P a p e rre a d at th e N in th A nnual Convention of G overnm ental Labor Officials of th e U n ite d States and
Canada, H arrisburg, P a., May 22-25, 1922.
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M O N T H L Y LABOR REV IEW .
least does not indicate m uch as to the efficiency of Am erican labor.
Common labor in the U nited States m ay be less efficient th an it was
30 or 40 years ago, b u t it is no longer American. In such industries
as the iron and steel, coal mining, railroad construction, brick m aking,
and textile mills, and a great m any other of our basic industries,
im m igrant labor, of low-grade efficiency, was sought for and the
industries in consequence overrun by races physically weak, as, for
example, the Italian, untrained in any industrial occupation, as was
practically all of the southw estern Europe imm igration. These m en
are physically weak. They have neither the im m ediate strength
nor the endurance to stand up under hard labor th a t the common
labor of 40 years ago possessed, and as a result of this inability of
im m igrant labor to stand the work it did not prove cheap, and
m achinery has largely taken the place of common labor.
I n an article which was published in the M o n t h l y L a b o r R e v i e w
(pp. 1-11) for February, 1921, I have examined critically the figures
which indicated th a t the ou tp u t per m an per hour in the bitum inous
coal fields was steadily decreasing. The fact is th a t the num ber of
noncoal getters—th a t is, laborers in the mine and on top of the mine
—had very greatly increased; in a num ber of cases the actual coal
getters had decreased. In the bitum inous mines in 1917 the total
increase in men employed over 1916 was 7.5 per cent. The
underground employees, who represented 79 per cent of the total,
increased only 5 per cent, whereas the surface labor increased 21 per
cent. N ot only th at, b u t the 5 per cent increase in underground
employees was largely m ade up of workmen other than the actual
coal diggers. In Illinois in 1917 the actual miners—pick miners, m a
chine runners, and loaders—were 67.9 per cent of the total employees.
You will understand th a t these are the men who get the coal. In
January, 1919, the per cent these men were of the total had fallen to 65.
W hen we consider the actual miner, therefore, the ou tp u t per day
is not 3! tons, as indicated by dividing the o u tp u t by the to tal em
ployees, common labor and all, b u t the average is well over 7 tons for
pick miners, and if we take the average for pick or hand mining and
machine mining together—th a t is to say, if we take the pick miners,
the machine runners, and the loaders—the average in good mines runs
up to 10 and 12 tons per day, or a ton and a half per one-man hour a t
the face of the working; and the figures show a substantial increase
in o u tput per one-man hour as between 1919 and 1921.
Another thing m ust n o t be forgotten when we speak of average
it per m an. I once heard a governor of a State ask Susan B.
^
ony if she thought a woman had as m uch intelligence as a man.
Miss A nthony’s reply was, “ W hich woman, which m an?” The
ou tp u t per m an per hour depends so m uch upon the m an and the con
ditions under which he labors th a t a person who simply w ants to
ra n t and harp on inefficiency can m ake his selection, while the m an
who w ants to show th a t the American worker is overworked and is
producing more than a hum an being can or ought to be expected to
stand can also m ake his selection.
For instance, in 1919 in a coal mine in Illinois w ith a 42-inch seam,
w ith an average output of 4.9 tons per day per pick miner, practically
10 per cent of the miners produced less than 3 tons a day; 21 per cent
produced more than 3 and less than 4 tons per day; 24 per cent
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E F F IC IE N C Y OF A M ER IC A N LABOR.
3
produced. 4 b u t less than 5 tons per day; and 27 per cent produced 5
b u t less than 6 tons per day, while 2 men in th a t mine produced 10
tons of coal per day for the entire pay-roll period. In another mine,
w ith a 69-inch vein, the average was 9.6 tons per day. One m an
produced less than 3 tons per day, 2 m en produced less than 4 tons
per day, and 10 men produced 7 and under 8 tons per day, while
8 men produced 12 tons a day, 5 men produced 13 tons a day, and 7
men produced over 13 tons a day for the entire pay-roll period.
Incidentally, the day was an eight-hour day and it was a union mine,
where everybody is supposed to be reduced to a common level and no
m an perm itted to do more than any other m an. In another mine, also
in Illinois, where the average was 7.9 tons per day, 41 men produced
the average, 45 men produced 9 tons each, 20 men produced 10 tons
each, and 8 men produced over 13 tons per day each.
N ot only does this fact th a t there is no uniform ity of ou tp u t apply
as regards men in industry b u t it also applies as regards establish
m ents in the industry and practically all industries. The average
ou tp u t per m an per day in the anthracite coal fields by establishm ents
ranges from 1.6 to 5.2 tons per day, the general average being 3 or
3^ tons per m an per day. In the coal statistics of this year compiled
by the Bureau of Labor Statistics we are trying to emphasize this
o u tput per m an per day and per hour.
Perhaps the m ost startling variation in o u tput or seeming effi
ciency of labor is in the copper-mining industry. In 1918v the
D epartm ent of Labor requested the Geological Survey to ascertain
the relative productivity of labor in the production of copper ore,
w ith a view to closing down, if necessary, the mines th a t were the
least productive. This survey covered the labor employed in actual
m ining and did not take in the common labor around the mine.
The range was from 38.5 to 416.1 pounds per m an per day in 1916
and from 30.1 to 371.8 pounds per m an per day in 1917. Fifteen
and one-half per cent of the m en employed in copper m ining in
1917 produced 4.4 per cent of the total output, a t the average rate
of 30.1 pounds per m an per day; 48.2 per cent of the m en employed
in the industry produced 30.1 per cent of the total ou tp u t of copper
produced by mines, a t an average rate of 65.1 pounds per m an per
day; 6.5 per cent of the total employees produced 5.5 per cent of
the output, a t an average rate of 90.5 pounds per m an per day;
15.6 per cent of the total employees produced 17.7 per cent of the
output, a t an average rate of 120.5 pounds per m an per day; 7.7 per
cent of the men produced 16.5 per cent of the output, a t an average
production of 227.9 pounds per day; 6.4 per cent of the miners pro
duced 22.5 per cent of the output, a t an average rate of 371.8 pounds
per day.
I t is a curious fact th a t 15.5 per cent of the copper miners were
producing 30.1 pounds per day, while almost exactly the same per
centage, 15.6 per cent, were producing 120.5 pounds per day, or
almost exactly four times as much per m an per day. This survey
in 1917 covered 1,006 mines and presents a very striking example of
the wide variation in productivity. One asks how a mine th a t gets
b u t 30.1 pounds per m an per day can exist as against a mine securing
371 pounds per day, b u t with this economic problem we have nothing
to do a t this time.
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M O N T H L Y LABOR R E V IE W .
The great trouble w ith m en who wish to m ake out a case is th a t in
handling such figures as are here presented they try to m ake it appear
th a t the copper m iner who produces SO pounds a day is a loafer, is
“ laying dow n” on his job, and is doing in fact less than one-tenth of
the work th a t he ought to do, because a m an can produce 371 pounds
of copper per day, or do more th an th at, as in 1916, when he produced
416 pounds per day. As a m a tte r of fact, the m an who produced 39
pounds per day worked ju st as hard as and in m any cases harder
than th e m an who produced 371 pounds per day.
As an exam ple of group efficiency, all classes of labor being taken
into consideration, the B ureau of Labor Statistics has compiled some
very interesting figures in the iron and steel industry. In the openh e a rth steel process in a certain group of plants from which returns
were received b y the bureau 9,733 full-year workers— and b y this
we m ean th a t the part-tim e or floating labor in the open-hearth fur
naces reporting was reduced to full time—produced. 10,524,552 tons
of open-hearth steel in 1913, being 1,081 tons per full-year worker.
I n 1914 this had increased to 1,130 tons per full-year worker; in 1915
it was 1,339 tons; in 1916 it was 1,366 tons; in 1917 it was 1,279
tons; in. 1918 it was 1,268 tons; and in 1919 it was 1,277 tons. Thus
the o u tp u t per m an per year was greater in 1919 than it was in 1913
or 1914, b u t no t so great as in 1915 and 1916.
In the wire-drawing plants reporting, the tons produced per fullyear w orker were 171 in 1913, 206 in 1914, 216 in 1915, 198 in 1916,
187 in 1917, 171 in 1918, and 169 in 1919. In tubing and pipe m aking
the o u tp u t per full-year worker was 101 tons in 191*3, 98 tons in 1914,
107 tons in 1915, 98 tons in 1916, 89 tons in 1917, 83 tons in 1918,
and 8fi tons in 1919. In sheet and tin-plate work the o u tp u t per
full-year worker was 68 tons in 1913, 71 tons in 1914, 73 tons in 1915,
72 tons in 1916, 66 tons in 1917, 61 tons in 1918, and 61 tons in 1919.
W hatever of variation from year to year there is in these figures is
due to the fact th a t in 1917 and 1918 there were drawn from this
industry a great m any of the higher-grade men, who w ent into the
war or into w ar production along the more technical m anufacturing
lines, and owing to the artificial industrial boom of 1919 and 1920
these men did n o t retu rn to this industry. There were, in conse
quence, drawn into this industry large num bers of people who not
only had never worked at the industry b u t had never worked at
anything along m anufacturing lines. In 1919 and 1920 there was
another intake of nonindustrials, and it is only surprising th a t the
o utput per m an-year did not decrease to a greater extent.
We have the figures from 1913 to 1919 for a large segment of the
Bessemer steel industry on output per m an per year for the total
labor group; th a t is to say, including common and all other labor.
In 1913 the o u tput per m an-year was 1,302 tons, in 1914 it was 1,303
tons, in 1915 it was 1,643 tons, in 1916 it was 1,624 tons, in 1917 it
was 1,403 tons, in 1918 it was 1,232 tons, and in 1919 it was 1,216
tons.
I t is very interesting to compare these figures for total labor with
the o utput of key occupations along, the same line. In a Bessemer
plant the producing crew—th a t is, the practically skilled men, taken
as a whole—produced during one pay-roll period in May, 1915, 2.36
tons per m an per hour. The key m an—the steel pourer—produced
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E F F IC IE N C Y OF A M ERICA N LABOR.
5
32 tons per hour, the rate to the pourer a t th a t time being 98 cents
per 100 tons. In October, 1920, in the same plant, the output of
the producing crew employed at th a t time was 3.82 tons per
hour, while the steel pourer produced 60 tons per hour on the
average, w ith the equipm ent and opportunity for production offered.
The rate a t th a t time was $2.07 per 100 tons, as against 98 cents in
May, 1915. I t would seem, therefore, th a t labor efficiency among
skilled m en in the industry is n o t being reduced as the wage advances.
Taking another Bessemer plant, in March, 1914, steel pourers on
the pay roll produced 37.8 tons per m an per hour, the rate "being
88 cents per 100 tons. In May, 1916, w ith the same equipm ent and
with a rate of $1.32 per 100 tons, the output of the steel pourer was
44.3 tons per hour, while in March, 1920, in the same plant and w ith
a piece rate of $2.68 per 100 tons the output was 42.5 tons per m an
per hour. In another plant in May, 1915, the output per steel pourer
was 70.5 tons per rnan per hour, at a rate of 84 cents per 100 tons. In
October, 1920, in the same plant the o u tput was 77 tons per m an per
hour, w ith a rate of $1.88 per 100 tons.
In a 10-inch bar mill the entire productive crew of 52 men produced
in a pay-roll period in 1915, 323 pounds of iron bars per m an per hour.
In October, 1920, in the same mill, a crew of 51 men produced 515
pounds per m an per hour. A 12-inch bar mill in 1915 w ith an entire
working crew—speaking now of skilled men, no repair labor or general
labor being included—of 51 men produced 401 pounds per m an per
hour. The same mill produced in October, 1920, w ith 46 men in
the crew, 542 pounds of bar per m an per hour. In another 12-inch
bar mill in the same plant, in 1915 the crew of 48 men produced 374'
pounds per m an per hour, and in October, 1920, the crew of 49 men
produced 452 pounds per m an per hour. In an 8-inch bar mill in
1915 the output of the productive group was 166 pounds per m an
hour.
I t is interesting, however, to follow the more skilled men and the
real key men in one of these productive groups. In the 8-inch bar
mill ju st referred to, the rollers produced 2.35 tons per m an-hour;
the finishers, of course, produced the same. The heaters produced
1.17 tons per m an-hour. In a 9-inch bar mill of the same plant the
rollers produced 3.74 tons per m an-hour, while the group output was
223 pounds per man-hour. In an 18-inch bar mill of the same plant
the rollers’ output was 5.14 tons per m an-hour, and the heaters pro
duced 2.57 tons per man-hour. The output of the productive unit
of 86 men was 346 pounds per m an-hour.
Some interesting statistics are available on the progressive pro
ductivity of labor in the blast furnaces. In the table and chart fol
lowing are given the num ber of employees, the total production of
coal, and the production per m an per year in blast furnaces in the
United States from 1850 to 1920.
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M O N T H L Y LABOR R E V IE W .
N U M B E R O F E M P L O Y E E S IN A N D PR O D U C T IO N O F B LA ST F U R N A C E S IN
U N IT E D ST A T E S A N D IN D E X N U M B E R S C O M PU T ED T H E R E F R O M .
THE
[N um ber of employees from Census reports of year specified, except for 1919, w hich is a n estim ate; pro
duction from Census reports 1850 to 1890 an d from reports of A m erican Iro n a nd Steel A ssociations 1899
to 1920.]
[1850=100; ton=2,240 pounds.]
Total production.
Em ployees.
Production per m a n
per year.
Year.
1850....................................................................
1860....................................................................
1870....................................................................
1880
...................................................
1890....................................................................
1899....................................................................
1900
..................................
1901
1902 ................................................................
1903 ..................................................................
1904....................................................................
1905....................................................................
1906 .
.............................................
1907
.............................................
1908....................................................................
1909...................................................................
1910... .
.................................................
1911....................................................................
1912....................................................................
1913....................................................................
1914....................................................................
1915....................................................................
1916....................................................................
1917....................................................................
1918....................................................................
.1919....................................................................
1920....................................................................
N um ber.
In d e x
num ber.
20,298
15', 927
27, 554
100
78
136
33,415
39, 241
165
193
35,078
172
38,429
189
29,356
145
38, 243
188
Tons.
504,245
88i; 749
1,832, 876
3,375,911
8, 845,185
13,620,703
13,789,242
15, 878,354
17, 821,307
18,009,252
16, 497,033
22,992,380
25,307,191
25,781,361
15, 936,018
25, 795,471
27,303, 567
23, 649, 547
29,726,937
30,966,152
23,332,244
29,916,213
39, 434,797
38,647,397
39,054, 644
31,015,364
36,925,987
Index
num ber.
Tons.
25
Index
num ber.
100
175
363
669
1,754
2,701
67
100
220
268
265
347
1, 060
1,388
3,272
470
1,880
5,116
671
2,684
4, 627
795
3,180
6,151
811
3,244
In 1850, with 20,298 employees, there were produced in the U nited
States 504,245 gross tons of pig iron, an average production of 25
tons per year per m an. F o rty years later, in 1890, we were pro
ducing 265 tons per m an per year; in 1904, 470 tons per m an per
year were produced; in 1909 we produced 671 tons per m an; in 1914
we produced 795 tons per m an; and in 1919 w ith 38,243 employees
we produced 31,015,364 tons, or 811 tons per m an per year. In
other words, taking the year 1850 as 100, the index of employment
in 1919 was 188, or an increase in the num ber of employees in the
blast furnaces of 88 per cent. The index of ou tp u t per m an had
increased from 100 in 1850 to 3,244, or 3,144 per cent.
These figures m easure the ou tp u t of all the blast furnaces of the
country combined. The B ureau of Labor Statistics, however, has the
production per full-year worker from plants employing nearly half of
the total, and these figures show the ou tp u t per m an per year in 1913
as 1,012 tons; in 1914 it was 858 tons; in 1915 it was 1,129 tons;
in 1916 it was 1,179 tons; in 1917 it was 825 tons; in 1918 it was
964 tons; and in 1919 it was 875 tons. In each of these years it was
considerably higher in this selected group of blast furnaces th an it
was in the country as a whole.
In Bulletin No. 225 of the U nited States Bureau of Labor Statistics
(pp. 68-146) are shown very elaborate statistics on the output per
m an-hour in the sawmills of the country, together w ith the tim e and
wages cost per 1,000 board feet produced a t a large num ber of mills.
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E F F IC IE N C Y OF A M ER IC A N LABOR.
B L A ST FU R N A C E S IN T H E U N IT E D S T A T E S .
[7]
7
8
M O N T H L Y LABOR REV IEW .
I t is not m y purpose to go into all this detail a t this time. The
figures presented in the bulletin referred to are for the year 1915.
For the purpose of this address I have selected one establishm ent,
carrying the production through from the standing tree to the lum ber
piled in the yard. The details will be found in the table following.
I will call your attention to the fact th a t the to tal sawmill labor in
producing 1,000 board feet of lum ber equals 3.85 one-man hours, and
the total sawmill labor cost was $1.11 per thousand feet. The key
men here, the sawyers, produced 1,000 feet of lum ber in seventy-six
one-hundredths of an hour a t a cost of 22 cents, the edgers in fourtenths of an hour a t a cost of 10 cents, and the trim m ers in tw entyseven one-hundredths of an hour a t a cost of nearly 6^ cents.
P R O D U C T IV IT Y AN D COST O F L A B O R F O R T R E E -T O -L U M B E R -P IL E O PE R A T IO N S IN
A R E D W O O D M IL L , 1915.:1
O u tp u t in
cost
board feet Wages
per
per
one-man
one-man
hour.
hour.
O ccupation, process, or m achine.
Logging:
Forem en, scalers, general ..
Felling a n d log m ak in g .....................................................
Skidding, Yarding, an d loading......................................
T ran sp o rtatio n and unloading__
M aintenance of tra n sp o rta tio n .. .
T otal, lo g g in g ................................................
Log pond or yard
..........................................
Sawmill:
Forem en...............................................................................
D eck............................ ; ....................................................
Sawing-head, gang an d resaw .......................................
Edging ___' . . . 7 .............................................................
T rim m ing.............................................................................
Refuse-slasher, hog, bu rn er.................
Filing............. .. _. T...........................................................
Pow er a nd oiling.................................
R epair
. ..................................
N ight w atch and fire p ro te c tio n ....................................
Clean-up and m iscellaneous............................................
T otal, sawmill
Cost per 1,000 board feet
produced.
One-man
hours.
Wages.
3,472
'215
259
1,103
'804
$0.3801
.2732
.3042
.3284
.2076
0.2880
4. 6613
3.8656
.9063
1,2436
$0.1095
1.2734
1.1730
.2976
.2582
91
.2838
10.9648
3.1117
2,425
.2650
.4124
. 1093
22,130
5,051
1,311
2,483
3; 725
l l ' 065
5' 532
l ' 002
4'323
4,668
2 ,159
.6852
. 3105
. 2905
.2500
.2392
.2125
.5750
.2946
.3658
.2250
. 1801
. 0452
. 1980
.7628
.4027
. 2685
.0904
. 1808
.9983
.2313
.2142
.4631
.0310
.0015
.2216
. 1007
.0642
.0192
. 1039
. 2941
. 0846
.0482
.0834
.............................................................
259
. 2855
3.8553
1.1124
Sorting..........................................................................................
474
. 2291
2.1116
. 4838
Y a rd —Green lum ber:
Forem en..............................................................................
T ru ck in g ..............................................................................
Piling........*.........................................................................
22,130
4, 442
'483
..4259
.2218
.2008
.0452
.2251
2.0716
. 0192
. 0499
.4161
....................................................................
427
.2072
2.3419
. 4852
T otal, tree to lu m b er p ile.............................................
T o tal y a rd
58
. 2693
19. 6860
5. 3024
1 U . S. B ureau of Labor S tatistics B ui. No. 225: W ages and hours of labor in th e lum ber, m ill w ork, and
furnitu re industries, 1915, p p . 77, 78.
Unpublished statistics for the lum ber industry in 1921, in the hands
of the Bureau of Labor Statistics and now in the course of preparation,
show considerable difference in the details, particularly as to the labor
cost per thousand board feet, but, taking it all in all, show an increase
in the efficiency of labor; th a t is to say, a reduction in the tim e cost
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[8]
9
E F F IC IE N C Y OF A M ERICA N LABOE.
per thousand board feet. I subm it herew ith details from two States,
17 establishm ents in Alabam a and 15 establishm ents in California.
In this table, however, only the direct productive sawmill labor is
included.
P R O D U C T IV IT Y A N D COST O F LA B O R F O R SA W M ILLS IN ALA BA M A AN D C A L IF O R N IA
IN 1921.
One-man
hours per
1,000
board feet.
O ccupation.
*
B oard feet
per
one-man
hour.
L abor cost.
Per hour.
P er 1,000
board feet.
A la b a m a .
Doggers........................................................................................
S etters..........................................................................................
Saw yers..................................................................................
Saw tailers.....................................................................
E dgerm en.................................................................
T rim m ers................................................................
M achine feeders..............................................................
Laborers.......................................... .
O ther em ployees..................................................................
All occupations..........................................................
0.3
.2
.3
.2
.2
.2
.5
9.2
3.8
3, G32
4, 496
3,046
6,433
s ' 205
4,995
1,996
109
262
$0.191
.269
.559
.181
.309
.233
.203
.155
.253
SO. 06
. 05
.17
.04
.06
.05
.10
1.43
.96
14.9
67
. 196
2.92
C a lifo rn ia .
Doggers.............................. .........................................................
S etters..........................................................................
Saw yers..... ...................................................
Saw tailers..................................
E dgerm en..........................................................
T rim m ers..................................................................
M achine feeders........................................................
Laborers.......................................................................
O ther em ployees.....................................................................
0.2
.2
.2
.2
.2
.1
.1
4.1
3.4
4,315
6,354
4,308
5,872
5,814
7,409
13,573
243
298
10.466
.549
.753
.470
.614
.503
.479
.406
.523
10.09
.11
.15
.09
.12
.05
.05
1.60
1.78
All occupations..............................................................
8.7
110
.472
4.11
Ill an investigation by the T aft Tariff Board in 1911, in textile
mills, men working on almost identical pieces of cloth were found
weaving all the way from 2.7 yards per hour to 3.5 yards per hour,
b u t here again the figures are not altogether indicative of American
labor. A t the beginning of the W orld W ar only 36 per cent of the
employees of the woolen and worsted mills of the U nited States were
American born, and of these 27 per cent had worked in the industry
less th an one year and 12 per cent one year and less th an two years;
and taking all nationalities, 52 per cent of the males and 48 per cent
of the females had worked in the mills less than one year, while 54.5
per cent of the males and 45.5 per cent of the females had worked less
than one year in the occupations in which they were found a t the time
of the investigation.
Some interesting figures are being brought out in the course of a
current investigation by the Bureau of Labor Statistics in the ribbon
industry. The following table shows the average o utput per hour,
time cost per yard, and weaving cost per yard for two. periods of
three weeks each in F ebruary and in April, 1920.
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[9 ]
10
M O N T H L Y LABOR R E V IE W .
A V E R A G E O U T P U T P E R H O U R , T IM E COST P E R Y A R D , A N D W E A V IN G COST P E R
Y A R D IN T H E R IB B O N IN D U S T R Y , F E B R U A R Y A N D A P R IL , 1920.1
K in d of ribbon.
Satin-taffeta
S a tin .............
T affeta........
1 T his ta b le refers to w eaving only.
W id th of
ribbon
(inches).
Period
covered
( 1920).
/F e b ru a ry
(A pril.......
Feb ru ary
A p ril___
¡
A verage
o u tp u t
per hour
(yards).
1.25
1.4
1.023
1.043
1.137
1.095
Tim e cost
per yard
(m inutes).
W eaving
cost per
yard.
47.4
42.9
58.8
57.4
52.6
54.7
* 0.64
.688
.936
1.006
.78
.839
F eb ru ary
A p ril.......
Between tlie two periods covered there was a strike for shorter hours
and higher rates of pay. The strike was successful. I t is interesting,
therefore, to note th a t on a satin-taffeta ribbon the average output
per m an per hour was 1.2 yards, th a t is to say, the tim e cost per yard
was 47 m inutes, and the weaving cost 64 cents. A fter the strike, the
hours of the establishm ent having been reduced, the ou tp u t per m an
per hour on the same ribbon was 1.4 yards per hour or practically
43 m inutes per yard. The weaving cost, however, had increased to
68.8 cents by reason of the increase in wages.
In the investigation of wages and hours of labor in the boot and
shoe industry for 1916, published in Bulletin No. 232, the Bureau of
Labor Statistics secured the itemized tim e cost by operation in the
production of 100 pairs of shoes. This totaled 1 hour and 2 5 |
m inutes per pair of shoes one-man time. During the w ar th a t time
was considerably increased owing to the changed character of the
employees in the boot and shoe industry. Since the war, in another
factory, the statem ent was m ade th a t this time cost had been very
m uch reduced and th a t it now stands at a range of from 54 m inutes
to 1 hour and 6 m inutes.
I have been surprised a t the am ount of tim e-cost m aterial there is
in the possession of the Bureau of Labor Statistics. No particular
stress has been p u t upon this point heretofore. I t will be the policy
of the bureau now to collect this inform ation wherever it can be done
w ith a reasonable expenditure of time. I w ant to call your attention
to the fact th a t the Agricultural D epartm ent in its Office of Farm
M anagement and Farm Economics has given us the exact tim e cost
or one-man hours in the production of a bushel of w heat and various
other farm products. From the report of the Federal Trade Com
mission on commercial wheat-flour milling it is possible to deduce the
one-m an-hour time in the production of a barrel of flour from the
wheat. The Bureau of Labor Statistics also has inform ation upon
this point. The tim e required to convert a barrel of flour into loaves
of bread can be ascertained by the Bureau of Labor Statistics.
I will state a t this point th a t a m ovem ent is on foot whereby
through the cooperation of the Babson Statistical Organization and
the D epartm ent of Labor more satisfactory figures on efficiency will
be secured in the near future. W ithout doubt this commission will
enter the field of the building trades and atte m p t to ascertain some
definite facts. H ere again, as in the m atte r of copper-ore mining,
already referred to, the same am ount of labor expended m ay produce
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E F F IC IE N C Y OF A M ERICA N LABOR.
11
very different results when m easured by the u nit in the industry,
which m ay and does furnish a plausible basis for some very unfair
attacks upon American workers. You hear it said th a t before the
w ar a m an would lay 1,500 bricks a day, th a t in Chicago you could
get 2,000 bricks laid per m an per day, and th a t now 500 and 750 are
all you can get. The fact is, th a t any statem ent which does not go
beyond th e num ber of bricks laid by a m an in a day does n o t convey
any adequate inform ation. I t all depends upon w hether a bricklayer
was working on an 8-inch wall, a 12-inch wall, a 16-inch wall, a 20-inch
wall, or a 24-inch wall, w hether he was laying to a line and filling in
behind his own work or w hether he was laying to a line and someone
else was filling in behind him, w hether he was laying face brick or
building a dead wall. The same m an m ight lay 1,500 or 1,800 bricks
one day and lay 400 the next day, and work harder on the 400 face
bricks, pointed m ortar, than he did on the 1,500 bricks. In other
words, w ithout some sort of a description of the work a thousand
bricks is not the unit of the bricklayer’s efficiency.
I rem em ber when in the town of Hof, Germ any,2 in 1911, where
the bricklayers were then paid 48 pfennigs an hour, am ounting to
about 10 cents a t th a t time, they told me th a t the union rate was
650 bricks in a day of 10 hours. They were careful to give me the
size of the brick and the kind of wall, which we would here call a
straightaw ay 16-inch wall. I was told th a t this was not a printed
rule of the union in Hof, though in H am burg the bricklayers’ union
had a definite lim it of 800 bricks per day. I asked the union official
in H of how they regulated this o u tp u t if it was not a w ritten rule of
the union. I said to him, “ W hat would you do w ith a, m an who
laid more th an 650 bricks in a day ? ” His reply was, “ Oh, he would
drink his beer alone.” W hat the w ar did to the union rules
among the building trades in Germany I do not know, b u t I do know
th a t the statem ents m ade about ou tp u t in the bricklaying trade in
the U nited States since the war, which have come to me, have never
been accompanied w ith definite d a ta as to the w idth of the wall and
the kind of work being done, or w ith copies of production or time-cost
sheets th a t would confirm the statem ents made.
I am well aware th a t in some quarters objections will be m ade to
such tim e-cost studies as will give us any real inform ation as to effi
ciency. I know th a t any a tte m p t to keep tim e on processes or
occupational cost will m eet wfith opposition b y workmen. This is
because of a m isapprehension th a t the purpose is to speed up, to get
a pace set th a t it will be hard to keep, and then to dem and th a t pace
as a test of efficiency. U nfortunately, any tim e cost is im m ediately
associated w ith “ Taylor system s,” w ith ‘‘production engineering,”
and th a t spells a drive to the workmen.
The essential basis of a study of efficiency is a tim e record, w hether
of m achines or of men. W ith th a t sort of efficiency which seeks to
drive men, and has for its purpose unreasonable speeding up, it is
needless to say I have no sym pathy; b u t for m any reasons it is as
im portant in an industry to know the tim e cost of production as it is
to know the labor cost or the m aterial cost. The m en should be
m et fairly and squarely on this point, and for th a t m atte r on all
3 The size of brick used in Hof, G erm any, a t th a t tim e w as 12 centim eters wide,
centim eters th ic k ,
a nd 25 centim eters long. Bricks of the sam e size were used a t H am b u rg. T hey were referred to as the
Reichsform a or legal size of brick.
110650 ° — 22
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-2
till
12
M O N T H L Y LABOR R E V IE W .
points. Their pay is m easured by their time. They know exactly
w hat they get in wages for a given am ount of time. The em ployer’s
factory tim e is m easured by product, and he is entitled to know how
m uch he is getting for his time. W orkm en know w hat is an honest
d ay ’s wage for an honest d a y ’s work; the employer is entitled to know
w hat is an honest d ay ’s work for an honest d a y ’s wage. W orkm en
measure their tim e by a definite thing, dollars and cen ts; the employer
is entitled to a definite measure of his factory time, such as a hundred
pairs of shoes, a thousand yards of cloth, or a thousand bricks in the wall.
We m ust go at this from a purely scientific point of view, and take a
record of w hat the worker does, not to speed him up and see how
m uch he can do, b u t so th a t a building contractor, for instance, can
be reasonably sure of the time cost as well as the wage cost of a thou
sand bricks in the wall in ju st the same way th a t he is reasonably
sure of getting ten hundred bricks for the price of a thousand.
I would like to suggest, if any of the State bureaus of labor statis
tics or industrial commissions are now or are likely soon to take up
investigations where units of production can be definitely stated, th a t
they get in touch w ith the Bureau of Labor Statistics of the U nited
States D epartm ent of Labor and see if a plan can not be worked out
by which there will be incorporated in the schedule inquiries which
will develop these units of time and labor cost.
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1121
Problem s and Importance oi Factory inspection.1
By
J ohn
P.
M e a d e , D ir e c t o r , D iv is io n o p I n d u s t r ia l S a f e t y , D e p a r t m e n t o p
L abor and I nd u stry , Massa ch u setts.
H E subject assigned to me involves a discussion of factory in
spection, and is to be confined to specific problems connected
w ith inspection work. Many other duties of the ordinary
industrial inspector can have no m ention here. In this topic we
deal, however, w ith w hat is the m ost im portant d u ty assigned by
law to this official, for it touches problems th a t deal w ith the con
servation of hum an life, strength, and energy. The details of
inspection work as usually conducted in a large industrial plant
m ight be reduced to a recital of routine mechanical operations.
However, we can n o t leave our subject w ith only this simple duty
attended to. I t is necessary, if we would adequately describe effi
cient work of this type, to deal w ith those underlying and controlling
reasons th a t make factory inspection im portant to the welfare of
the com m unity and workmen alike.
F actory inspection rests upon the principle th a t work places
should be m ade safe for employees. Its fundam ental purpose is to
protect the life and health of workmen from hazards arising in con
nection w ith m achinery and industrial processes. Although one of
the last nations to give adequate attention to the need of conserving
the hum an side of industry, the U nited S tates has m ade rapid prog
ress in the developm ent of factory inspection w ithin the last 10 years.
In a survey of industrial conditions in the city of P ittsburgh m ade in
1908 one of the leading figures in th a t m ovem ent gave expression to an
opinion which a t th a t tim e stated concisely the a ttitu d e of the industries
of the U nited States toward workmen engaged in hazardous trades.
He said, “ The Slavs from A ustria-H ungary, the Latins from the
M editerranean provinces, the Germans, or the B ritish-born who
came to Pittsburgh to do the heavy work of m anufacture came from
a region of law and order to a region of law-made anarchy, so far as
the hazards of industry are concerned. For there is scarcely a
country of modern Europe b u t has brought its statu tes abreast of
industrial progress and wrought out for itself, as we have not, some
visible adjustm ent between civil rights, hum an needs, and the cease
less operations in which groups of men and powerful appliances join
in producing w hat the world w ants.”
Among the problems created by the developm ent of the industrial
system in the U nited States is th a t of m aintaining safety and health
in work places. The rapid and exacting nature of certain m echani
cal processes and the unwholesomeness of m any industrial occupa
tions and environm ents have brought new risks to v itality and
health. The suffering caused to victim s of industrial accidents and
the poverty ensuing in families where the head was stricken down
while engaged in his daily work combined to arouse the people in
this country to the need of scientific treatm ent in providing for health
and safety in industry.
T
1 P aper read a t th e N in th A n n u al Convention of G overnm ental Labor Officials of the U nited S tates and
C anada, H arrisburg, P a., May 22-25, 1922.
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[13]
13
14
M O N T H L Y LAHOR R E V IE W .
Conserving the life, health, and energy of our employees or wage
earners is n o t an individual question; it is a question requiring
social action and is now recognized as a legitim ate function of gov
ernm ent. G radually new principles born of this experience found
their way into our industrial life. The theory advanced rapidly th a t
im m unity from grave industrial hazards and protection against
occupational illness and disease were essential to the well-being of
our wage earners.
I t was urged th a t the loss in time because of incapacity produced
by industrial injury should be m ade a charge upon the m anufactured
product and this m uch of the burden carried by the consuming public.
Compensation laws spread rapidly throughout the country, recog
nizing this principle in part, and inspired interest in the work of
reducing hum an w aste in industry. I t was quickly learned th a t the
economic losses sustained in this respect constituted a serious tax
upon the productive labor power of the country.
I t is well to quote interesting figures in this connection th a t we
m ay the more realize the gravity of this situation. We are told th a t
in 1919 there occurred in the industries of the U nited States about
23,000 fatal accidents and 575,000 nonfatal accidents causing four
weeks or more disability.
In June, 1921, Mr. H oover’s comm ittee on elimination of waste in
industry reported in its findings to the American Engineering Council
a t St. Louis th a t this am ount of incapacity represented an approxi
m ate wage loss of $1,184,000,000. The to tal direct cost of industrial
accidents in the U nited S tates for the same year, including medical
aid and other legitim ate charges, was no t less than $1,014,000,000,
of which $349,000,000 was borne by employers and $665,000,000 by
employees and their dependents.
This report also stated th a t these approxim ate figures are actually
short of the am ount, as they do n o t include other items of expense
incurred by workmen and n o t paid by employers or insurance com
panies. The opinion is expressed by these em inent authorities th a t
75 per cent of this loss could be avoided.
T h at other im portant side of this problem, dealing w ith the con
ditions th a t give rise to occupational disease, m ust occupy an im
p o rta n t place in the duties of the factory inspector. The economic
loss sustained through occupational disease can no t be adequately
dem onstrated in figures.
Disease hazards in industry m ay no t always be as clearly defined
as those hazards responsible for industrial accidents. Doctor
Thompson reflects accurately on the relation of occupational diseases
in industrial injuries when he says:
A man’s hand lies upon the workbench, cut oh by a revolving R a w — nothing could
he more definite as to the relationship of cause and effect. He recovers from the
injury, and it is easy to determine the degree of his incapacity for future work. The
condition is self-limited and nonprogressive. With industrial diseases, on the other
hand, many complex factors arise. Is the mercurial poisoning of which he is the vic
tim likely to continue its destructive effects until the victim dies, or is he likely to
recover completely upon cessation of this hazardous work? Such are the types of
questions which constantly arise in connection with the occupational diseases and it
requires far more experience and judgment to solve them justly and accurately than it
does to determine the nature and extent of the great majority of industrial accidents.
Some industrial dieases and the effects of some industrial poisons it is true are as
definite in their results as are accidents, but their number is limited in comparison
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[14]
PR O B LE M S AND IM PO R T A N C E OF FACTORY IN S P E C T IO N .
15
with the vast number of cases of disease, often obscure, very slow in onset and chronic
in course, which affect many large classes of workmen. The misery and poverty
entailed by the partial disability produced by more insidious poisons or injurious
surroundings are much more difficult to estimate with accuracy.
Injuries sustained through the inhalation of metallic, mineral, or
organic dusts often are more far reaching than the results of tra u
m atic am putations. The progressive inspector who fully realizes the
im portance of his mission will sense the need of treating each side of
this question w ith adequate attention. This is the task th a t con
fronts the factory inspector wherever his field of activity m ay be.
In dealing w ith this problem no one should realize more than he th a t
being a mere agency does n o t measure up to his responsibility. He
m ust be more than an agency if he is to be successful in this work;
he m ust be an active influence.
Before the era of workmen’s compensation acts the use of the
police power to m ake work places free from industrial hazards was
exercised through statutes general in their character. Com paratively
easy was the task to have belts and pulleys adjacent to passageways
or work places of operators properly safeguarded. Projecting set
screws, defective couplings, inrunning gears, and sprocket wheels
evoked no discussion as to the application of legal requirem ents.
Guarding m achinery a t the point of operation, however, was an
entirely different problem.
On this subject even experts m ight disagree. Such a condition
threatened seriously the purpose of the m ovem ent to make industry
safe for the workm an. The experience of years in the enforcement
of general sta tu to ry principles proved th a t technical experience in
the processes of industry was an essential element for the control of
factory hazards.
W hen the legislatures of the industrial States authorized the labor
departm ents to m ake rules and regulations for the preventing of
injuries to workmen it made possible the providing of safeguards to
hazardous conditions which could not be reached by general statu to ry
principles.
Standards prepared under the auspices of employers and workmen,
and usually approved by the highly trained safety engineer, now con
stitu te the basis of rules and regulations adopted by labor depart
m ents for the safeguarding of hum an life and energy.
The rem oval of dusts, gases, fumes, excessive heat, and other im
purities from factory workrooms is now recognized as essential to
protect the health of employees. These hazards can be adequately
controlled by the installation and operation of efficient mechanical
exhaust systems. The need of such devices in printing offices, brush
factories, and in the buffing, grinding, and plating trades, in the
rubber industry, in the stereotype and electrotype foundries, and
in other industries too numerous to m ention is now generally ac
knowledged.
No program of factory sanitation is now considered adequate or
complete th a t does not include clean, pure drinking w ater, provided
in each factory workroom, and washing and toilet facilities kept in a
proper and sanitary condition for the use of employees. Also, it m ust
include workrooms well ventilated and lighted, and suitable lockers
m aintained in establishm ents where the nature of the employment
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
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M O N T H L Y LABOR R E V IE W .
makes neeessary complete change of clothing. Good health is often
the only asset of the workman, and any im pairm ent of it m ight
prove as im portant as the loss of a finger by contact w ith the power
press, or loss of a limb w ith all of its serious consequences. Many
employers realize th a t vigorous health of workmen is essential in
m anufacturing establishments.
Investigation has shown th a t im pairm ent of the w orkm an’s health
is usually followed by a loss of efficiency. I t is here th a t the compe
ten t inspector becomes a valuable asset to both workm an and em
ployer. AHe m ust be able to point out the type of exhaust system
necessary to dispose of fumes, dusts, and gases properly. He m ust
be fam iliar w ith the best m ethods of ventilation in workrooms and
be well qualified to advise in connection with general and local
lighting.
O rdinary factory inspection experience is not sufficient to attain
this result. Intensive training in the exam ination of causes under
lying industrial accidents and occupational disease is necessary to
do inspection work properly. I t provides an intim ate knowledge
with the condition responsible for loss of hum an life and energy.
Inspectors derive the greatest benefit from this experience and
acquire technical knowledge which can be applied to conditions
found in their daily work. I t enables them to speak w ith authority
on practical means for accident prevention. In M assachusetts this
plan works well. A description of the work in this State m ay prove
interesting. During the year ending November 30, 1921, 1,448 work
accidents were investigated by the inspectors of the departm ent of
labor and industries. These were m ainly injuries causing death or
perm anent or partial disability, including the loss of limbs, hands or
feet, fingers or toes, or the sight of eyes. By this practice the de
p artm en t checks up the inspection work and ascertains if machine
and factory hazards are controlled as the law directs. If an accident
is investigated in a plant where an inspection has not been m ade
during six m onths previous, this duty is attended to at the same
time. Careful exam ination of the facts in connection w ith occupa
tional accidents places an inexhaustible fund of valuable experience
at the disposal of safety organizations. Practical advice and assist
ance can be given to employers and employees from inspectors who
examine the facts incidental to each accident experience. I t is well
known th a t com paratively few accidents now occur on unguarded
m achinery. In 1921 10,057 accidents, or less than 19 per cent of
the tabulatable accidents occurring in the industries of M assachusetts
were occasioned by contact w ith m achinery, exceedingly few cases in
this group being traceable to unguarded machines.
Defective factory conditions, falling on slippery floors, stum bling
over objects in passageways, and cleaning m achinery while in motion,
are potential factors in the causation of industrial injuries. While
these dangers are m ost effectively controlled through the means of
frequent factory inspection, the investigation of accidents em
phasizes the need of constant vigilance in grappling w ith them .
This statem ent is well supported b y the M assachusetts experience.
From Ju ly 1, 1920, to June 30, 1921, there were 155,554 accident re
ports filed w ith the departm ent of industrial accidents in th a t State.
Of these, 53,313 were tabulatable, which includes death, perm anent
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[16]
PR O B LE M S AND IM PO R T A N C E OP FACTORY IN S P E C T IO N .
17
total, perm anent partial, and tem porary total disabilities. D eath
resulted in 296 of these cases, 6 involved perm anent total disability,
while 1,371 were of a perm anent partial nature and 51,640 were tem
porary totals.
Reduction of the accident rate in our industrial plants can be
accomplished only through giving more attention to the causes of
nonmechanical injuries. The factory inspector should be fam iliar
w ith the accident causation in each industry, for his experience be
comes a valuable asset to employers in m aintaining a high degree of
safety in their establishm ents.
In the large m anufacturing districts of M assachusetts this routine
work has done much to im part vigor to the work of safety committees.
Their attendance at shop meetings and safety councils enables the
contribution of valuable assistance from a wide field of experience.
The investigation of accidents to children between 14 and 16 years of
age has been m ade a leading factor of this work.
I t has proved to be a strong factor in preventing exposure of the
child to hazardous work and is useful in securing compliance with
the requirem ents of the certificate law. In the past year it was
necessary to issue 76 orders to employers who v iolated'the statu te
relative to prohibitive employment for minors, and prosecution was
necessary in 35 cases where children were perm itted to work on
dangerous machinery.
M any of these violations of the law never would have been dis
covered were it not for the policy of investigating injury to children.
An interesting development in the experience acquired by this plan
is the opportunity for cooperation w ith directors of continuation
schools in teaching pupils the need of exercising due care in industry.
I t is of interest to know th a t 24,000 children, between the ages of
14 and 16 years, in the industrial establishm ents of M assachusetts are
now attending 47 continuation schools where the law provides they
m ust receive instruction a t least four hours a week. " In the large
industrial centers of the State where these schools are located chil
dren come for instruction from the work places in the m anufacturing
plants.
They are instructed not to play on or around elevators or in
proxim ity to hazardous m achinery of any type. They are told not
to clean or oil m achinery while it is in m otion or to remove guards
from m achinery under any circumstances or to fail to secure firstaid tre a tm e n t for all injuries, however slight.
Splendid cooperation has been received from some of the direc
tors of these schools in the work of emphasizing the im portance of
these principles. I t is the practice in m any of these schools to as
certain the kind of work the child is engaged in, and if it is found to
be illegal in any respect action is taken to rem edy the condition.
Inspectors of the departm ent have been active in addressing pupils
in attendance a t these schools and advising them w ith reference to
the factory hazards in their locality. Efforts in this direction are
now achieving substantial results.
The accident statistics for M assachusetts for the year ending June
30, 1919, indicate th a t 10 children between 14 and 16 years of age
were victims of fatal accidents, while 62 sustained perm anent dis
abling injuries. For the year ending June 30, 1921, 5 children of the
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
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M O N T H L Y LABOR R E V IE W .
same age group lost their lives because of accidents in industry, and
upon 13 were inflicted injuries of a perm anently disabling type.
In the previous year 49,781 minors between 14 and 16 vrere em
ployed, and in the last-nam ed period approxim ately 36,000. While
the num ber of minors in this age group in industry during 1921 is
approxim ately 25 per cent less than th a t of 1919, the fatal accident
rate has been reduced 50 per cent and the rate of perm anent disabling
injuries reduced about 80 per cent. The substantial progress made
in reducing accidents to minors is due to the joint 'work of the con
tinuation school and the inspectors of the D epartm ent of Labor and
Industries of M assachusetts. From this experience inspectors are
able to give practical advice and assistance to employers in the reduc
tion of the accident rate. I t enables danger points to be well known
and provides a definite program for the control of certain factors
conducive to occupational injury.
E qually productive of good results is the use of investigation in
the case of occupational diseases. In m anufacturing establishm ents
where toxic substances are used uncontrolled fumes, gases, and dusts
constitute a menace to the health of the employees. Only through
careful investigation of instances where employees have been affected
by these hazards can actual results be achieved. In the year 1921,
96 cases of lead poisoning were investigated by the inspectors con
nected with the D epartm ent of Labor and Industries of M assachusetts.
I t is interesting to note th a t 48 of these occurred in the painting
business and th a t nearly all owed their origin to the fact th a t work
men mixed and »handled lead and oil or inhaled or swallowed the
dust of old paint which they scraped or rubbed down w ith sand
paper or pumice.
In the building trades, painters were often found working in
unfinished buildings where w ater and toilet facilities had not been
installed and no suitable facilities provided for washing and changing
wTork clothing. Frequently these workmen ate the noonday luncheon
w ithout taking ordinary precautions against the possibility of lead
poisoning. Investigating lead poisoning in the rubber industry
determ ined the fact th a t this disease is frequently traceable to the
compounding room, where mechanical exhausts are not provided
to control the dust hazards. The use of litharge and urotopin w ithout
proper means to prevent exposure by the employee, frequently is
found to be a causative factor. Through investigation of lead poison
ing cases contracted in this m anner the inspection force become
fam iliar w ith essential factors and derive constructive knowledge
for prevention work. No attem p t can be m ade here to enum erate
the m any types of hazards conducive to industrial disease. The
few m entioned indicate th a t simple means are often adequate for the
prevention of occupational injury. The inspector w ith vision, force,
and ability, who carefully examines the causes responsible for indus
trial injury, usually has unobstructed admission to the m anagem ent
where the policies of the industry are defined. Work of this kind is
usually welcomed by progressive employers. Superintendents and
foremen willingly give tim e to an intelligent practical presentation
of the means by which accidents m ay be reduced in their plant.
An inspector equipped w ith the solid experience acquired from close
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[18 ]
PROBLEMS AND IMPORTANCE OE FACTORY INSPECTION.
19
contact with these conditions in industry is u su a % well able to
solve problems found in the course of factory inspection.
I t is im practical to form ulate a uniform rule for m aking inspections.
There is such a wide range in size and capacity of establishm ents
in the same industry th a t such a plan is impossible. There are also
m any different classes of industries, each having its own specific
dangers. E ach establishm ent m ust be considered separately, and
the advice given necessarily will depend upon the character of the
operations and num ber of employees and conditions found in the
plant. _ E ach industry has its own tradition's and peculiar hazards.
Every inspection m ust be m ade w ith this point in view. The inspec
tor m ust be quick to perceive the good and bad conditions existing.
Mechanical dangers can not engage his attention exclusively. If
industry were combed clear of m achinery hazards we would still
have serious industrial accidents. Most of the real hazards in
industry now arise from unsafe practices, and the inspector who
can detect^ careless methods and suggest safer ways of accomplishing
the result is the agency we m ust look to for the best type of factory
inspection work. His advice m ay be most useful when it is quite
outside the scope and the authority vested by the police power. He
m ust be fam iliar with safe methods of operation in plants similar to
the one he is required to inspect and m ust be thoroughly acquainted
w ith standards for the safeguarding of machinery.
W ithout this experience it is not possible to convince foremen or
mechanics th a t his recommendations are practical, unless first-hand
knowledge can be brought to bear on the subject.
In a furniture factory he learns th a t the woodworking m achinery
includes the dom inant machine hazard. In the m etal trades the
power punch press is an im portant factor in the accident frequency
of the plant. In the foundries, blast furnaces and moveable cranes
and the pouring of molten m etal become objects of his attention.
Calender rolls in the rubber industry come prom ptly to his mind and
his interest m ay quickly afterwards be centered on the compounding
room, where litharge, oxides of iron, urotropin, and other toxic sub
stances are frequently used.
He is usually skilled in the location of work places where danger
lurks. _ There should be no question as to his right to visit industrial
establishm ents for the proper discharge of his duties. In Massachu
setts inspectors are authorized by law to enter all buildings and parts
thereof used for industrial purposes, to examine the hazards con
nected w ith the m achinery and processes of industry, the means of
escape from fire, the sanitary provisions for employees, the lighting,
and the means of ventilation. Inspectors are also empowered to
make investigations as to the em ploym ent of women and minors,
and to secure compliance w ith all other provisions of the law dealing
with the employment. Any person who hinders or delays such an
inspector or officer in the performance of his duties, or who refuses
to adm it, or who locks out any inspector from a place he is authorized
to enter, or refuses to give the inform ation which is required for the
proper enforcement of certain sections of the labor laws, is penalized
by a fine of n o t less than $25 nor more th an $200 or by im prisonm ent
for not more than two m onths, or by both such fines and imprisonment.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
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MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW.
Seldom has it been necessary to invoke the penalty provided for this
purpose.
I t is gratifying to state th a t inspectors of the D epartm ent of Labor
and Industries of M assachusetts have received respectful consideration
from employers and cooperation has been freely accorded them in
the performance of their duties. Our experience is th a t employers
fully realize the value of technical advice in the work of m aking their
establishm ents safe for their employees.
The first objective for the com petent inspector is to get in touch at
once w ith th a t official in the p lan t who is invested w ith authority to
receive and act upon his recommendations. Usually, in the large
plants, some one is designated to accompany the inspector in the
exam ination of plant conditions. I t m ay be the em ploym ent manager,
safety engineer, or m aster mechanic. The m ethod of procedure m ust
be governed by circumstances in connection w ith the plant.
Lor instance, an inspection of a textile factory would not be the
same as th a t of the shoe factory or a foundry or a machine shop.
While m any statutes of a general nature relating to the safety and
health of employees would apply in one as well as the other, there
are some laws th a t apply only in certain kinds of industrial estab
lishm ents and would have no application in others. Inspection
should be made in a system atic m anner, going through the various
buildings or departm ents of an establishm ent in the regular order.
B y this it is m eant th a t advantages are gained frequently when doing
inspection work if the consecutive processes in the inrm ufacture of
the product are followed consistently.
If minors are employed the employment and educational certificates
on file should be carefully examined. In the exam ination of the
employment certificate, which is the lawful permission for a child
between 14 and 16 years of age to be employed, the inspector should
see th a t the specific nature of the employment is stated and th a t the
child is not employed at trades prohibited by law or in occupations
forbidden by the statutes, or in proxim ity to hazardous m achinery.
I t is the duty of the inspector to see th a t certificates are prom ptly
returned to school authorities on term ination of the employment.
He m ust also observe if a list of minors between 14 and 16 years of
age is posted near the principal entrance to the factory. Where
women and minors are employed, he m ust note if a legal time notice
is posted and hours of labor are properly inserted in accordance with
the statutes, and th a t women and minors are provided w ith suitable
seats if required by law.
In general, he then observes conditions relative to the safeguarding
of m achinery and belts; the condition of floors; sees th a t exit doors
are not locked; th a t stairs are properly handrailed; if proper venti
lation is provided; if dusts, gases, and fumes which are injurious to
health are removed or rendered harmless in so far as it is practical
to do so. He m ust note if pure drinking w ater is provided, and if
his inspection is in a textile factory where hum idifying systems are
in use, he m ust see th a t the am ount of m oisture does n o t exceed th a t
specified by law and th a t pure w ater is used in such systems.
The num ber, construction, and location of toilets m ust be noted
in order to ascertain if they are provided as the law requires, and he
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[20]
PROBLEMS AND IMPORTANCE OF FACTORY INSPECTION.
21
m ust assure himself th a t washing facilities are provided and m ain
tained in accordance w ith the rules and regulations of the departm ent.
In textile and cotton factories he m ust also see th a t specifications
regarding the construction of cloth and rates of compensation, when
employees are paid by the piece, are properly posted; see if the work
rooms are properly lighted and if there is adequate protection from
glare. He ascertains if a medical and surgical chest or a medical
room is provided in m anufacturing establishments or in other places
of employment if required by law.
He notes if positive arrangements are provided on each floor at a
convenient point w ithin the room in which m achinery is located
whereby either the entire power supply on th a t floor m ay be cut off
as a whole or the one or more lines of shafting used in driving counter
shafts over machines or connected directly to machines m ay be cut
off independently.
Types of emergency stopping devices such as friction clutches,
m otor stops, or engine stops m ust m eet w ith his approval. The con
struction and m aterials for guards are carefully examined. They
m ust be suitable in connection w ith belts and pulleys so th a t spokes
will be guarded and th a t the section of pulley receiving belt will be ade
quately covered to prevent anyone being caught between belt and
pulley. Set screws on revolving parts, in running gears and sprocket
wheels, couplings and collars, dead ends of shafting, and all the wellknown mechanical dangers are carefully noted. Those other factory
hazards so often prolific in causing industrial injury, in which are
included defective stairs, obstructed passageways, and failure to
provide railings, occupy a prom inent place in his inspection.
If the industry is one in which special rules and regulations have
been adopted for the safeguarding of workers against dangers existing
therein, great care m ust be exercised th a t the danger points are
noted thoroughly and correctly. In the briefest outline the functions
of the industrial inspector are herew ith described. No reference is
m ade to boiler or elevator or building inspection, as the program
provides for separate discussion of these topics. The usual procedure
is for the departm ent of labor and industries to issue orders upon
requisitions from the inspector, requiring proprietors of establish
m ents to comply w ith provisions of the law.
W hen recommendations are conveyed it m ust be m ade perfectly
clear w hat each requirem ent is. Nothing will neutralize the effect
of the inspector’s personal contact w ith an establishm ent so quickly
as a formidable list of requirem ents th a t are not clearly understood.
To guard against these unfavorable developments, the safest practice
is to_ leave a copy with the safety engineer, m aster mechanic, or some
one invested with responsibility to m ake the changes required. The
easiest p a rt of the inspector’s work is to issue recom mendations; the
real work begins in securing compliance w ith them. We come now
to one of the practical problems of factory inspection and th a t is the
accurate timing of compliance visits. Unless great care is exercised
in the discharge of this d uty the waste of much time and effort is
inevitable.
I t is obvious th a t the time necessary for complying w ith sta tu to ry
requirem ents varies considerably. Construction work for the instal
lation of toilet and washing facilities in large mills m ay require several
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[21 ]
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MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW.
months. Good judgm ent in timing reinspection visits under such
circumstances m ay result in saving time for valuable service in
hazardous workshops. The inspector who deals w ith this problem
effectively extends his activity into a larger area of the industrial
field and is of greater service to a departm ent than one who occa
sionally displays spectacular brilliancy in some particular instance
and then willingly follows ordinary routine w ithout special attention.
I t is here th a t the efficiency of the inspector’s work is tested. The
growth of the m ovem ent to conserve health and safety in industry
is measured very largely by the am ount of inspection work done. In
the past two years m uch attention has been given to this problem in
M assachusetts. During the year 1920, 33,925 visits in this connec
tion were made, resulting in the issuance of 19,073 orders. The total
num ber of compliances in the same period was 22,365. The record
of compliances exceeded the num ber of orders issued because of the
num erous orders outstanding from the previous 12 m onths. For the
year ending November 30, 1921, 34,589 inspections were made,
22,574 orders were issued, and 21,000 orders complied with. The
total num ber of outstanding orders a t the close of business on Novem
ber 30, 1921, was 1,574.
If substantial progress is to be made, the constantly changing
operations in industry m ust be m et w ith the application of rules and
regulations to prevent hazards to health and energy. W ith the
num ber of inspectors in each industrial State below the m inimum for
the accomplishment of the duties imposed by law, it is clear th a t
foresight, judgm ent, and good direction m ust be brought to bear
on the problem of saving time in connection w ith compliance visits.
Fixed rules to be applied mechanically will no t result in success.
Much will depend upon the use m ade of each visit by the inspector.
If genuine difficulties exist, indicating th a t extension of time will be
necessary to secure compliance w ith a given order, a good under
standing as to the approxim ate period of time necessary should
be agreed upon. Difficulties in this connection will be surely experi
enced unless the authorized representative is consulted with. Too
m uch time is often wasted in dealing w ith subordinates who are not
fam iliar either with the requirem ents or purposes of the law. This
situation is particularly true in the case of large corporations.
I t is in this side of the work th a t tact, ability, and judgm ent m ust
be exercised by the inspector if successful results are to be accom
plished. The m odern system of factory inspection depends very
largely upon the m anner in which the work is done a t this point.
Proper handling of negotiations in this connection often removes the
ordinary objection of legal interference in business details and m an
agement. Cooperation from employers in complying readily with
the rules and regulations for the prevention of accidents and loss of
health will be m easured very largely by the progress m ade in this direc
tion. The constant aim of authorities vested w ith powers of factory
inspection should be to cultivate this policy if lasting results are to be
achieved.
W hen this treatm ent fails to bring compliance w ith the legal
requirem ents of the statu te, then prosecution m ust take place.
We now come to a feature of the work th a t deserves the best
thought and consideration. W here the requirem ents of the law are
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[22 ]
PROBLEMS AND IMPORTANCE OF FACTORY INSPECTION.
23
I
willfully resisted, there is seldom any treatm ent more efficacious than
prom pt application of the penalty through court action. The attitu d e
of some individuals in this connection, however, does n o t justify the
use of obtrusive m ethods in exercising au th o rity delegated by the
s ta tu te to an inspector. N either should it diminish regard for the
right of private citizens in the slightest degree. The doctrine of punishm ent should be evoked only in the case of those who defy the law.
The ordinary employer is not in this class. His usual a ttitu d e is to
comply w ith the requirem ents of the statutes. The individual is
found, however, in every industrial S tate whose selfish greed subordi
nates hum an health and energy to the acquisition of personal wealth.
Commercialism of this kind is n o t a good asset for any com m unity.
I t breeds discord and prom otes strife betw een workmen and employer.
The penalties provided for violation of the law dealing w ith industrial
health and safety should fall swiftly and heavily upon offenders of
this type. The com petent inspector will always rem em ber th a t it is
his departm ent th a t is in action when he is in the field. Upon him
ultim ately rests the responsibility of success or failure. If he would
m ake his work in a p lan t durable he will endeavor to secure, as a
nieans of m aking perm anent the d u ty of m aintaining safe work places
in the establishm ent, the support of the employer and employees in
the organization of a m ovem ent for the prevention of industrial
injury. W here these factors are joined together and a determ ined
effort m ade to reduce occupational accidents, im provem ent is inevi
table. The inspector who can point to plants organized on these lines
has rendered the highest type o f service to industry. H e has done
even more. He has instituted an enterprise the dividends of which
are the prevention of hum an suffering, the saving of hum an life, the
preservation of the home and family.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[23]
IN D U STRIA L R E L A T IO N S A N D L A B O R CO ND ITIO NS.
R ecent C hanges in the Distribution of W ealth in Germany.
H IS bureau is in receipt of a report from the economist consul
in Berlin, dealing w ith the effect of the inflation of German
currency on the economic condition of the various classes in
G erm any,1 This report shows th a t the effect of a rise in prices is to
reduce the real income of certain classes and to increase th a t of o thers.
The rise and fall of prices, the consul explains, is the result of a cyclic
m ovem ent which brings about, in alternation, periods of so-called
“ pro sp erity ” and of business and industrial depression.
T
During the period of prosperity there takes place a great inflation of credit, expansion
of business enterprise, and increase in the production of commodities. The original
stimulus for this expansive movement is usually the scarcity of commodities caused
by the reduced production during the preceding period of depression which gives
rise inevitably in. course of time to a, new demand for commodities.
Other factors, however, frequently play a part in stimulating a so-called business
boom, such as a War, the exploitation of newly occupied territory or of recently dis
covered natural resources. The rising prices usually keep ahead of the cost of produc
tion and the expansion in business accelerates the turnover for the business enter
priser. Consequently the profits of the managers and owners of business enterprises
are augmented. Furthermore, the demand for a greater production of commodities
increases the demand for Workers and thus tends to raise the scale of Wages. On the
other hand, salaries and land rents respond much more slowly to the effects of the rise
in prices and consequently the real income of salaried persons and landowners di
minishes. The interest on long-term bonds does not increase. Consequently bond
holders are affected in a similar fashion.
After the period of prosperity has run its course and has resulted in an overproduction
of commodities and in an excessive inflation of credit which can no longer sustain itself,
there comes the crisis which leads to a deflation of credit, shrinking of business enter
prise, and decrease in the production of commodities. During the consequent period
of depression, the profits of the managers and owners of business enterprises decrease
greatly, the demand for labor diminishes, and results in a lowering of the Wage scale
and Widespread unemployment. On the other hand, inasmuch as the normal income
of salaried persons, landowners, and bondholders is influenced to a proportionately
small extent, their real income increases owing to the fall in prices.
Effect of Depreciation of Currency.
HTHE recent rise in the nom inal price level in Germany, the consul
thinks, is due m ainly to the inflation of the currency, and has
had a m arked effect on the distribution of the w ealth of the country.
Generally speaking the effects of currency inflation in Germany have been similar
to the effects of the upward movement of prices in the prosperity phase of the trade
cycle. But in certain respects these effects have been greatly accentuated by the ex
cessive rise in nominal prices Which has not signified a corresponding rise in the real
prices. Furthermore, many of the losses experienced by the classes which suffer
during such a period will never be compensated for by gains during a period of defia1 T he d a ta on which th is consular rep o rt is based are from Statistisches Reichsam t, Preussisches Statis
tisches Landesam t, B erliner Tageblatt, F ran k fu rter Zeitung, M etallarbeiter Zeitung, Reichsarboitsblatt,
M uenchener N eueste N achrichten. A cht U hr A b en d b latt, Die W eltbuehne, Vossische Zeitung, and Die
B ank.
24
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[24]
IN D U ST R IA L RELA TIO N S A N D LABOR C O N D ITIO N S.
25
tion, thus distinguishing this period from the second phase of the trade cycle, character
ized by business and industrial depression.
Effect on Salaried Workers, Bondholders, and Real Estate Owners.
The result of the inflation of the currency has been to reduce the
real income or purchasing power of m any of the salaried workers,
since their incomes have not increased so fast as the cost of living.
Among these may be mentioned the incomes of teachers, some of the professional
classes, and many business employees, especially those who are not organized. Inas
much as these persons belong to the so-called middle class, this class has, on the Whole,
been impoverished to a considerable extent by currency inflation.
Bondholders have suffered perhaps more than any other class from currency inflation.
Even though bondholders are usually entitled to demand payment in gold, they are
now receiving interest and repayment on principal in Currency Which is Worth only a
comparatively small fraction of the currency With Which they'purchased their bonds.
As a consequence the Government and the corporations which sold these bonds are
escaping from a large part of the responsibility of repaying their debts. A consider
able portion of the bondholders are of the middle class and many of them more or less
dependent upon the revenue from their bonds, so that these losses give rise to much
suffering.
While land values will, doubtless, in the end readjust themselves to the new cur
rency standard, owners of land and buildings are temporarily suffering a loss from
cuirency inflation. As pointed out above, during a period of rising prices, rents on
real estate tend to rise less rapidly than the price level. But the losses of landowners
have been greatly accentuated in Germany by Government regulations of rents,
especially in the cities, which has kept rents far below the price level. For example,
in Berlin from April 1, 1922, real estate owners were permitted to add 120 per cent to
the pre-war rent upon dwellings, and for business buildings 120 per cent upon the pre
war rent up to 2,000 marks, 150 per cent up to 5,000 marks, and 180 per cent over 5*000
marks. Furthermore, part of this increase must be paid into a public fund for’the
construction of new buildings.
Consequently it is pointed out, the incomes of real estate owners
have probably no t more than doubled since the beginning of the war,
and are not a t all com m ensurate w ith the cost of living.
. Statistics of mortgages on real estate in Prussia reported by the Preussische Statistiche Landesamt indicate a great increase of mortgages in 1919 and 1920. Whereas
during the war the number of mortgages on real estate decreased, the mortgages regis
tered m 1920 were greater by 4,766,100,000 marks than the mortgages registered in
1919, an increase of over 75 per cent. In the cities the increase was 92.1 per cent, as
compared with 56.02 per cent in the rural districts. In the city of Berlin the mortgage
indebtedness was 13 times as great as in 1919. Whether or not this increase in mortgage
indebtedness is an indication of loss on the part of the real estate owners it is difficult
to ascertain. The increase is, doubtless, in part a direct effect of the depreciation of
the paper currency which forces the owners to borrow sums which are nominally much
higher than in the past. But the great increase in mortgage indebtedness, especially
in the cities, may also be an indication of the stringent financial conditions of the real
estate owners due to their inability to raise their rents commensurate with their costs.
Currency inflation has severely penalized thrift and patriotism. The savings which
have been put into insurance policies as a protection against illness or old age,
into Savings banks, and into such investments as the purchase of bonds, such as Govern
ment war loans, and to a smaller degree of real estate, have to a large extent melted
away as a result of the depreciation of the unit of the value. The most effective safe
guards for the protection of property in normal times become almost valueless during
a period of currency inflation. The sufferings caused by the sudden disappearance of
the apparently stable safeguards of these property rights can never be measured.
Effect on Owners of Industrial Enterprises.
Owners of business establishm ents usually gain as a result of cur
rency inflation, because the nom inal value of their enterprises and
the profits therefrom increase as rapidly as or more rapidly than the
currency depreciates in value.
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M O N T H L Y LABOR R E V IE W .
Furthermore, the enterprises with outstanding indebtedness, as for example, in the
form of bond issue, are benefited by the fact that these debts can be repaid in a depre
ciated currency, thus resulting, in effect, in a partial repudiation of the debt.
It is impossible to estimate the profits of the profit-taking class in Germany during
the past few years and to compare them with pre-war profits. Statistics of dividends
declared have little significance as a measure of profits. They must be interpreted in
connection with increases in capitalization, expansion of plants, and reserves laid
aside. Furthermore, the desire to dodge heavy taxes on profits doubtless gives rise
frequently to devices to hide profits.
The valuation of industrial and business enterprises is revealed in a measure by the
prices of the shares and stocks of these enterprises upon the security markets. During
the past few years quotations of these shares and stocks have risen greatly, as con
trasted with the prices of bonds, inasmuch as bond prices have not risen at ail and in
many cases have fallen. It is true that few, if any, of these shares and stocks have risen
to a degree commensurate with the depreciation in the exchange value of the German
currency. But in a study of recent changes in the distribution of wealth within the
country, this would not be a correct measure to use. The prices of these securities
should be compared rather with the pricesof commodities and of land. It is, however,
difficult even to make this comparison because the situation has been greatly compli
cated by the issue of large blocks of capital shares by many of these corporations which
have thus watered the stock, so to speak, and neutralized in considerable part the
upward tendency caused by currency inflation. Furthermore, the shares of corpora
tions with large outstanding bond issues have usually risen more than the shares of
other concerns because these heavily indebted concerns have profited greatly by being
relieved in large part from the burden of their debts.
Index figures are quoted from the Statistisch.es Reichsam t, showing
th a t while in February, 1922, the value of these stocks and shares was
less than 8 times as much as in 1913, the prices of comm odities were
nearly 40 tim es as m uch as in 1913. The shares of the different busi
ness establishments, however, varied greatly, showing th a t “ the
intrinsic value of these properties played an im portant p a rt in deter
m ining the m arket q uotations” of their stock. Thus, in February,
1922, the index of the m arket quotations of the shares of 10 estab
lishm ents producing foodstuffs was 10 times th a t of the shares of
40 banks. “ Inasm uch as the property of these banks consists of
assets to be paid in paper marks, the m arket quotations of their shares
had risen very little .”
I t is stated th a t security prices rose very little during th e war, b u t
increased rapidly beginning w ith the year 1919. In March, 1922,
these prices were nearly three times w hat they were at the beginning
of 1921, and over five times w hat they were at the beginning of
1920, corresponding closely to the increases th a t had taken place in
the price of commodities.
This great rise in security prices during the past two and a quarter years and the violent
fluctuations which have accompanied it have affected to a considerable extent the
distribution of the ownership of industrial and business concerns represented by these
securities. It is not unlikely that, as usually happens during a period of violent specu
lation, the smaller and weaker shareholders have been shaken out to a large degree.
Furthermore, there has been taking place an accumulation of the securities and, in
consequence, of the ownership of these industrial and business concerns in the hands
of powerful moneyed groups and the transfer of large blocks of these securities to foreign
ownership.
Effect on Wage Earners.
. The report states that, according to the cost of living index of
the Statistisches Reichsam t, the index figure for the cost of living
increased from 100 in January, 1920, to 275 in December, 1921.
But this increase represents only food, rent, heating and lighting, and therefore
excludes other necessary or more or less necessary commodities, such as clothing,
transportation, schooling, medical assistance, etc., the prices of some of which have
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IN D U S T R IA L RELA TIO N S AND LABOR CO N D ITIO N S.
doubtless risen considerably more than is represented by this cost-of-living index.
The Statistisches, Reichsamt index for wholesale prices rose from 802.5 in December,
1919, and 1,255.7 in January, 1920, to 3,487 in December, 1921. The Frankfurter
Zeitung index figure for wholesale prices rose from 100 at the beginning of 1920 to
320 at the beginning of 1922. It is doubtless safe to assume that the cost of living for
the great mass of the population increased at least 300 per cent during these two years.
It is extremely difficult to secure comprehensive wage statistics for purposes of
comparison with these price and cost-of-living statistics. The Frankfurter Zeitung
has published wage statistics covering a large number of workers in many different
industries, most of whom live in Frankfort. The wage index for these workers rose
from 100 at the beginning of 1920 to 355 at the beginning of 1922. The “ Deutscher
Metallarbeiter Verband,” or union of metal workers, the largest German trade-union,
including over 1,500,000 workers, has published statistics of the wages of its members
in 222 cities. According to these statistics the index for the wages of the skilled
laborers rose from 100 at the beginning of 1920 to 360 at the beginning of 1922, and for
the wages of the unskilled laborers from 100 at the beginning of 1920 to 378 at the
beginning of 1922. These statistics indicate that apparently during the past two
years, to say the least, wages have risen as much and perhaps somewhat more than
the rise in prices and the cost of living.
The present period of inflation and business expansion has probably benefited the
wage workers as well as their employers, though to a smaller degree. ' The increased
demand for commodities, which has stimulated production temporarily, has increased
the demand for labor, so that there has been comparatively little unemployment
during the past year or two. The figures of unemployment for the large trade-unions
in Germany including over 6,500,000 workers indicate that the unemployment among
these workers ranged somewhat as follows during the last three calendar years: In
1919 the average for the 12 months was 3.7 per cent, and unemployment was at its
highest in January when it was 6.6 per cent, and at its lowest in September at 2.2 per
cent. In 1920 it averaged 3.8 per cent, and was at its highest in July at 6 per cent,
and at its lowest in March and April at 1.9 per cent. In 1921 it averaged 2.8 per cent,
and was at its highest in February at 4.7 per cent, and at its lowest in October at 1.2
per cent. In other words, according to these averages the unemployment in 1921
was about three-fourths of the unemployment in 1920 and 1919.
The following figures give the averages of the monthly averages of unemployment
for these trade-unions for each of the past 15 years:
A V E R A G E P E R C E N T O F W O R K E R S U N E M P L O Y E D EA C H Y E A R , 1907 TO 1921.
Year.
Per cent.
1907....................................
190S....................................
1909.....................................
1910.....................................
1911.....................................
1.6
2.9
2 8
1.7
1.9
Year.
1912..............................
1913..................................
1914................................
1915..................................
1916..................................
Per cent.
2 0
2.9
7.2
3.2
2.2
Year.
1917
1918...
1919
1920
1921
Per cent.
1.0
1.2
3 7
3 8
2 8
It will be noted that the unemployment in 1921 was no higher than in three of the
seven pre-war years reported.
During the past three years unemployment increased when the German mark
appreciated in value and decreased when the mark depreciated in value, in other
words, when prices were rising. This influence of the fluctuating exchange
value of the mark was so strong as in several instances to counteract normal seasonal
influences upon unemployment. This was especially true of the year 1921, during
which the mark depreciated rapidly in value and was accompanied by a correspond
ing decrease in unemployment. These facts are all the more remarkable because
during the same period, and especially the past two years, there was an abnormally
large amount of unemployment in the countries possessing a more or less stable cur
rency. According to trade-union statistics, which correspond to the above German
statistics, during 1921 unemployment rose in Holland to 16 per cent, in England
to 23 per cent, and in Sweden to 28 per cent. In other words, currency inflation
was causing business and industrial expansion in Germany while in other countries
deflation, especially of credit, gave rise to business and industrial depression.
110650°—22
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M O N T H L Y LABOR R E V IE W .
Currency Inflation in Relation to the T rade Cycle.
TTXE recent expansion in industrial and business activity in Germany
*■
has been due, in part, the w riter thinks, to the demand for
commodities caused by the depletion during the war of the stocks
of m any necessary and useful commodities, such as buildings, clothing,
m achinery, tools, vehicles, books, etc.
In this respect this period has resembled the prosperity phase of the trade cycle.
But it has been stimulated to an abnormal degree by the rapid rise in the price levels
caused by currency inflation. Furthermore, inasmuch as prices have not risen so
rapidly as the exchange value of the mark has depreciated, the prices of German
commodities have been somewhat favorable for foreign purchasers in spite of the fact
that prices for export goods have usually been much above inland prices. Conse
quently, German exports have increased to a certain extent. Thus, while in May,
1921, the exports amounted to 1,145,000 tons, in December, 1921, they were 1,929',519
tons, and in January, 1922, 2,027,000 tons.
This increase has, however, been a comparatively small factor in the whole situation.
The average monthly exports in 1913 were 6,150,000 tons, in 1920, 1,660,000 tons, and
for the eight months, May to December, 1921, 1,710,000 tons. In other words, the
exports in 1920 and 1921 were barely one-fourth the exports in 1913. These figures are,
to be sure, somewhat misleading, because the post-war figures do not include large
quantities of coal sent out of the country as reparations payments. However, even
if coal is omitted from these figures, the average monthly exports in 1913 were 2,450,000
tons, in 1920, 920,000 tons, and in 1921, about 1,060,000 tons. In other words, exclu
sive of coal, exports in 1920 and 1921 were less than two-fifths of the exports in 1913.
But this period of industrial and business expansion, which resembles the prosperity
phase of the trade cycle, can not long continue. Currency inflation can not go on
indefinitely, because it leads inevitably to the depreciation of the value of the inflated
currency to approximately zero. By that time, if not earlier, must begin the process
of deflation.
Inasmuch as currency depreciation results in a great rise in the cost of the raw
materials which must be imported to manufacture commodities for exportation, the
prices of these commodities inevitably rise before long to such a level as to check
exports and a so-called favorable balance of trade. Consequently, when the present
demand for commodities, arising largely out of the shortage caused by the war, is
more or less adequately supplied, industrial and business activity will shrink, profits
will diminish, wages will decrease and unemployment increase. This will probably
coincide approximately with the period of business expansion and of prosperity in the
countries with more or less stable currencies. In other words, currency inflation
reverses the order of the trade cycle in point of time in comparison with the countries
which have not experienced currency inflation.
Concentration of and Foreign Investments in German Industry.
- to the w ar there was a strong tendency toward concentiauion and com bination in German industry. This tendency,
the report states, has continued, and perhaps has become stronger
since the term ination of the war. Consequently, the ownership and
control of m any large industrial concerns have been passing into the
hands of powerful financial groups.
Furtherm ore a considerable am ount of property has passed into
the hands of foreigners as the result of large investm ents m ade by
them. The desire to offset this and prevent foreign control of
German industry has led to the issue, in m any cases, of shares pos
sessing manifold voting rights, whose ownership is restricted to
Germans.
Summary of Changes in the Distribution of Wealth.
ECONO M IC conditions in Germany are a t present characterized
by great m obility and therefore instability.
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IND USTRIAL, RELA TIO N S AND LABOR CO N D ITIO N S.
29
The currency is depreciating and its exchange value fluctuating violently. Prices
and the cost of living are rising constantly. Future tax legislation and other forms
of legislation may affect the ownership and control of property. Furthermore there is
great uncertainty in the foreign relations of Germany, especially with regard to
reparations payments. In view of these more or less chaotic conditions the data
are not available for an accurate and comprehensive description of the distribution of
Wealth in Germany. But the above statistics furnish the basis for a few tentative
generalizations as to present tendencies with respect to the ownership and control
of wealth.
The middle class has been greatly impoverished and to a certain extent pushed
down toward the level of the manual Workers. Thus the same process is taking
place, though to a much smaller degree, as in Russia and Austria, Where the middle
class has, to a large extent, disappeared. This class has borne a large part of the
losses resulting from the almost complete evaporation of the value of the Go vernment
War loans amounting to approximately 100,000,000,000 marks, as well as of many
private bond issues Which prior to the Wrar Were regarded as safe investments.
During the so-called ‘ prosperity ’' phase of the trade cycle rising prices usually
keep ahead of the cost of production and thus augment the profits of enterprisers and
of the owners of industrial and business concerns. This has been particularly true
recently in Germany because, as a result of inflation, the currency in circulation has
greatly depreciated, thus causing the prices to rise rapidly. Consequently, prices
have been leaping ahead of the cost of production because the raw materials have
been purchased at a lower scale of prices than the scale at Which the finished products
were sold. As a consequence, manufacturers and merchants have had almost unparal
leled opportunities to make large profits With very small risks.
These profits, however, have not been of much value to these enterprisers and owners
of industrial and business concerns unless they have transformed them from paper
money, which has been rapidly losing its value, into objects possessing intrinsic
value. Consequently, those Who have in reality profited during the past few years
have been the persons With sufficient foresight to anticipate the loss of the purchasing
power of money, and Who have invested their profits as soon as possible in objects
of intrinsic value, or in the currencies of other countries which are at present more
or less stable. The result of this process probably Will be that Wealth will be more
and more accumulated in the hands of persons possessing sufficient foresight and com
prehension of conditions during a period of currency inflation to take advantage
of those conditions as contrasted With the persons lacking such foresight and
knowledge.
Though the city real estate owners have experienced more or less loss temporarily,
they Will probably finally come into their own at the time when the intrinsic value
of their properties Will be adequately measured in terms of a stable currency. The
country landowners have suffered very little, if at ail, from the existing situation,
since their property depends very little upon the value of money. Whether or not
they have benefited by the confiscation by the Government of the estates of the
former ruling families it is not yet possible to ascertain.
The managers and owners of industrial and business enterprises have doubtless
been benefited more or less by the present situation, especially those who have pos
sessed the foresight to invest in property possessing intrinsic value. The results are
likely to be greater segregation of wealth in the hands of a comparatively small class
and more concentration of the control of industry in che form of cartels and trusts.
While the wage earners have been benefited a little along with their emplovers, in
all probability they will more than pay for it in the end by means of their losses dur
ing a period of industrial depression.
Thus the ultimate outcome with respect to the distribution of wealth may prove
to be that the more affluent have profited from the losses of the less affluent and that
the distinction between the rich and the poor classes has been considerably accen
tuated. The economic, political, and social consequences from this situation are
likely to be very far reaching.
Possible Remedies.
T ^H E consul
probably
wealth and of
combinations,
is of the opinion th a t the German Government will
attem pt to control in a measure the concentration of
industry by means of tax legislation, the regulation of
cartels, and trusts, etc.
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M O N T H L Y LABOR R E V IE W .
But very little, if anything, can be done to indemnify the persons who have ex
perienced losses as a result of currency depreciation. Attempts have been made in
the past during periods of currency inflation to adjust obligations to the depreciation
in the value of the currency. These attempts to protect creditors from losses due to
currency depreciation were carried out only in part and with great difficulty . Under
present conditions it would be far more difficult to enforce a similar scale of adj ustment.
A century and more ago obligations were not bought and sold as freely as at present,
and it was frequently true that the same creditors retained an obligation throughout
the period of depreciation until the adjustment was made. But to-day this would
be an exceptional case, because bonds and similar obligations are bought and sold
over and over again, frequently without any record being kept of the creditors through
whose ownership they have passed. Consequently, such an adjustment enforced by
the Government would bring a huge windfall to the last and, so to speak, accidental
owners of these obligations, but would not compensate the original and earlier owners
for their great losses. It would, therefore, to a very slight measure remedy the ethical
wrong which has been caused by currency depreciation. Furthermore, in many
cases it would be absolutely impossible to carry out such readjustment, because the
debtors could not possibly repay their debts according to such a scale without becom
ing bankrupt.
Another serious obstacle in the way of such readjustment is the fact that the Govern
ment itself is one of the largest debtors. The funded debt is approximately 90,000,000,000
marks, contracted as gold marks. If repaid in accordance with such a scale, it would
make the outlook for the German Government far more hopeless than it is at present
and would place an almost insuperable obstacle in the way of currency reform. In
addition to the funded debt is a nominally much larger floating debt, which on March
31, 1922, was 272,000,000,000 marks, contracted at various times when the mark had
depreciated in value in varying degrees. These facts alone are sufficient to indicate
that it is very doubtful if the losses of creditors due to currency depreciation can, to
any appreciable degree, be indemnified.
Representation of Works Councils on Boards of Directors of German
Corporations.1
TICLE 70 of the German Works Councils Law provides as
follows:
If in undertakings in which a board of directors exists equipartisan representation
of the employees on the board of directors is not prescribed by other laws, the works
council shall, in pursuance of a special law to be enacted later, send one or two of its
members to the said board of directors, who shall represent the interests and demands
of the employees as well as their view's and wishes concerning the organization of the
establishment. These representatives shall have a seat and vote in all meetings of the
board of directors, but shall receive no compensation other than for their personal
expenses. They shall be under obligation to observe secrecy as to confidential
information given them.
The special law m entioned in the article quoted has been a sub
ject for discussion for more than a year. As early as June 8, 1921, a
d raft of the proposed legislation was subm itted to the N ational
Economic Council { R e ic h s w ir ts c h a fts r a t ) . A bout the middle of De
cember, 1921, the draft went to the comm ittee on social legislation of
the Reichstag. On January 15, 1922, the comm ittee reported the
bill favorably, and on February 15 it was passed by the Reichstag.
The following is a translation of the te x t of the law:
A r t i c l e 1 . A board of directors, w ithin the meaning of article 70
of the W orks Councils Law, w ithout consideration of the designation
employed in the articles of incorporation, is th a t organ of a jointstock company, commandite stock company,2 company with limited
1 Reichsgesetzblatt, B erlin, Feb. 25, 1922, a n d consular report from B erlin dated Mar. 20, 1922.
2 A stock com pany w ith tw o classes of stockholders, one of which is liable only for p ay m en t of th e sub
scribed stock, while th e other class is personally liable for all th e liabilities of the com pany.
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INDUSTRIAL RELATIONS AND LABOR CONDITIONS.
31
liability, registered cooperative society, m utual insurance company,
or m ining company, which in the commercial code, the law on com
panies w ith lim ited liability, the law on purchasing and economic
cooperative societies, the law on private insurance undertakings, and
the mining laws is designated as board of directors.
A r t . 2. If in one of the corporations specified in article 1 there
exist one or more works councils or central works councils for the
workers employed by it, the representation of the works council
members on the board of directors prescribed in article 70 of the Works
Councils Law is regulated by the following provisions.
A r t . 3. In so far as the Works Councils Law and the present law
do not provide otherwise, the legal regulations applying to other
members of the board of directors shall also be applicable to the
works council members elected to the board of directors.
A r t . 4. If more than three members of the board of directors m ay
be elected in accordance with the articles of incorporation (by-laws,
constitution) in force at the time fixed for holding the election, or
if both groups of employees (manual workers and salaried employees)
are represented in the electoral body, two works council members
shall be elected on the board of directors. In all other cases one
works council mem ber is to be elected as a member of the board.
For each works council member elected to the board of directors
there shall also be elected two alternates.
A r t . 5. In the case of corporations in which only one works c o u n
cil or a central works council exists this works council or central
works council shall elect from among its members those who are to
sit on the board of directors. In the case of corporations in which
several works councils exist, these councils combined shall be the
electoral body even if p art of the councils are combined into a central
works council.
All members of the electoral body who on the date of the election
have been employed at least one year by the corporation in question
and have not been deposed as works council members during the last
two years in accordance with article 39 of the Works Councils Law
are eligible as members of the board of directors. The requirem ent
of one year’s employment is waived when the num ber of persons
eligible to th e b o a rd of directors is not at least four times as large as
the num ber of members to be elected to the board.
A r t . 6. The voting shall uniformly be effected by secret ballot
and a simple m ajority be required for election.
If two members of the board of directors are to be elected, the
m inority group of the employees (article 16 of the Works Councils
Law) may, if at least two members of the electoral body belong to it,
resolve by a m ajority or parity of votes to elect a representative on
the board of directors. Under such conditions each of the two
groups of employees (manual workers and salaried employees) holds
a separate election.
Reelection is permissible.
Details as to the procedure of elections will be regulated by the
national m inister of labor.
A r t . 7. Membership in the board of directors term inates through
resignation or through loss of membership in the works council to
w h ich the mem ber of the board of directors belongs.
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MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW.
A r t . 8. If a works council m em ber ceases to be a m em ber of the
board of directors, his place on the board is taken by an alternate
in accordance w ith the provisions of the voting regulations. If no
alternate is available a new election m ust take place.
A r t . 9. A rtic le s 1 to 8 sh all also be a p p lic a b le to a c o rp o ra tio n
a lre a d y fo rm e d b u t n o t y e t re g iste re d , p ro v id e d t h a t th e c o rp o ra
tio n h a s a lre a d y a b o a rd of d ire c to rs.
A r t . 10. The present law7 is also applicable to other forms of
representation o f employees designated in article 62 of the Works
Councils Law, provided such representation has been established for
the works of only one corporation and consists of the employees of
the corporation.
A r t . 11. This la w comes into force on February , 1922. The
first elections are to take place wdthin three m onths after the coming
in force of the law.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
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PR IC ES A ND C O ST O F LIVING.
Retail Prices of F ood in the United States.
H E following tables are based on figures which have been re
ceived by the Bureau of Labor Statistics from retail dealers
through m onthly reports of actual selling prices.1
1 able 1 shows for the United States retail prices of food on May
15, 1921, and on April 15 and May 15, 1922, as well as the percent
age changes in the year and in the m onth. For example, the price
of bread was 9.9 cents per pound on May 15, 1921, 8.7 cents per
pound on April 15, 1922, and 8.8 cents per pound on May 15, 1922.
These figures show a decrease of 11 per cent in the year, b u t an
increase of 1 per cent in the m onth.
The cost of the various articles of food,2 combined, showed a
decrease of 4 per cent in May, 1922, as compared w ith May, 1921,
bu t an increase of tw o-tenths of 1 per cent in May, 1922, as compared
with April, 1922.
T
T able 1.—A V E R A G E R E T A IL P R IC E S OF S P E C IF IE D FO O D A R T IC L E S A N D P E R C E N T
O F IN C R E A S E OR D E C R E A S E MAY 15, 1922, C O M PA R ED W IT H A P R IL 15/1922, A N D M A Y
15, 1921.
*
[Percentage changes of five-tenths of 1 per cent and over are given in whole num bers.]
A v erag e re ta il p ric e on —
Article.
U n it.
M ay 15,
1921.
Sirloin s te a k ..............
R ound s te a k .............
R ib ro a s t....................
Chuck ro a st...............
P la te b eef.................
Pork chops.................
B acon..........................
H a m ............................
L a m b ..........................
H ens............................
Salmon, canned, red
Milk, fresh .................
Milk, e v ap o rated ___
B u tte r.........................
O leom argarine..........
N u t m arg arin e..........
Cheese.........................
L a rd ............................
Crisco...........................
P o u n d ..............
....C I O .................
----- d o ................
___ d o ................
----- d o ................
----- d o ................
----- d o ................
___ d o ................
___ d o ................
___ d o ................
___ d o ................
Q u a r t................
15-16 oz. c a n ..
P o u n d ..............
___ d o ................
___ d o ................
-----d o ................
___ d o ................
...... d o ................
Cents.
40.1
35.6
30.2
22.0
15.0
35.1
43.5
48.7
34.7
41.3
37.9
14.4
14.3
42.5
30.8
28.2
31.5
16.7
21.7
A p r. 15,
1922.
M ay 15,
1922.
C e n ts .
C e n ts .
36.4
31.4
27.3
19.5
13.0
33.0
39.7
50.7
38.5
37.8
32.4
12.7
11 1
45.2
27.7
26.9
32.1
16.9
22.1
37.7
32.5
27.9
19.9
13.0
34.4
39.8
51.3
39.2
37.7
32.3
12.5
11.0
44.9
27.5
26.7
30.8
17.0
22.2
P e r c e n t of in c re a se
( + ) or d ecrease
( - ) M ay 15,1922,
c o m p a re d w ith —
M ay 15,
1921.
A p r. 15,
1922.
6
- 9
- 8
-1 0
-1 3
-
-
+ 4
+ 4
+ 2
+ 2
0
+ 4
+ 0 .3
+ 1
2
- 9
+ 5
+ 13
- 9
-1 5
-1 3
-2 3
+ 6
-1 1
-
- 5
- 2
+ 2
+ 2
- 4
+ 1
+ 0.4
+
—
-
2
0.3
0.3
2
1
1
1
1
1In addition to m o n th ly retail prices of food a n d coal, th e b u reau secures prices of gas and dry goods
from each of «51 cities. These prices are published at q u a rte rly intervals in th e Monthly L abor
R eview .
2 The following 22 articles, w eighted according to th e consum ption of th e average family, have been
used from Jan u ary , 1913, to December, 1920: Sirloin steak, round steak, rib roast, chuck roast, p late beef,
pork chops, bacon, ham , lard, hens, Hour, corn meal, eggs, b u tte r, m ilk, bread, potatoes, sugar, cheese,
rice, coffee, a n d tea. The rem ainder of th e 43 articles show n in Tables 1 a nd 2 have been included in th e
weighted aggregates for each m onth, beginning w ith Jan u ary , 1921.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[33]
33
34
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW.
T able 1 . — A V E R A G E R E T A IL P R IC E S O F S P E C IF IE D FO O D A R T IC L E S A N D P E R C EN T
O F IN C R E A SE O R D E C R E A S E MAY 15, 1922, C O M PA R ED W IT H A P R IL 15, 1922, AN D MAY
15, 1921—Concluded.
Average retail price onArticle.
E ggs, s tric tly f r e s h .
B r e a d .........................
F lo u r ...........................
C orn m e a l..................
R o lled o a ts ................
C o m fla k e s................
C ream of W h e a t___
M acaro n i....................
R ic e .............................
B ean s, n a v y .............
P o ta to e s .....................
O n io n s........................
C a b b a g e .....................
B ean s, b a k e d ...........
C orn, c a n n e d ............
P eas, c a n n e d ............
T o m ato es, c a n n e d ..
S u gar, g r a n u la te d ..
T e a ..............................
Coffee..........................
P r u n e s ........................
R a is in s .......................
B a n a n a s ....................
O ran g es......................
U nit.
D ozen...............
P o u n d ..............
___ d o ...............
___ d o ...............
___ d o ...............
8-oz. p a ck a g e ..
28-oz. package.
P o u n d .............
........d o ...............
........d o ...............
-GO.
.d o ....
.d o ___
No. 2can.
___ d o ___
___ d o ___
___ d o ___
P o u n d __
___ d o ___
___ d o ___
___ d o . ..
___ d o ___
Dozen__
___ d o ___
All articles com bined 1.
15,
»21.
Apr. 15,
1922.
M ay 15,
1922.
nts.
Cents.
Cents.
33.4
9.9
5.7
4.5
9.9
12.6
29.8
21.0
8.8
7.9
2.2
5.6
5.6
14.6
15.9
17.5
11.4
8.4
70.0
36.1
18.7
31.0
40.7
46.7
31.7
8.7
5.3
3.9
8.7
10.1
25.9
20.0
9.4
9.3
2.9
13.8
5.3
13.1
15.6
17.8
13.7
6.7
67.7
35.7
20.0
24.4
36.1
61.1
33.5
8.8
5.3
3.8
8.8
10.0
25.8
20.1
9.5
9.7
3.0
9.8
5.7
13.1
15.5
17.8
13.7
6.6
67.9
35.9
20.4
24.1
36.2
62.0
Per cent of increase
( + ) or decrease
( —) M ay 15,1922,
com pared w ith—
May 15,
1921.
+ 0.3
-1 1
- 7
-1 6
-1 1
-2 1
-1 3
- 4
+ 8
+ 23
+ 36
+75
+ 2
-1 0
- 3
A pr. 15,
1922.
+ 1
0
- 3
+ 1
- 1
- 0.4
+ 1
+ 1
+ 4
-2 9
+ 8
0
- 1
0
+20
-2 1
- 3
- 1
0
1
+ 0.3
-2 2
-1 1
+33
+ 2
- 1
+ 0.3
+ 1
—4
+
-
0 .2
1 See note 2, p. 33.
Table 2 shows for the United States average retail prices of specified
food articles on May 15, 1913 and 1914, and on May 15 of each
year from 1917 to 1922, together with the percentage changes in
May of each of these specified years compared w ith May, 1913. For
example, the price of fresh milk per quart was 8.8 cents in May,
1913; 8.9 cents in May, 1914; 10.4 cents in May, 1917; 13.2 cents
in May, 1918; 14.9 cents in May, 1919; 16.2 cents in May, 1920;
14.4 cents in May, 1921; and in May, 1922, 12.5 cents. As compared
with the average price in May, 1913, these figures show the following
percentage increases: 1 per cent in May, 1914; 18 per cent in May,
1917; 50 per cent in May, 1918; 69 per cent in May, 1919; 84 per cent
in May, 1920; 64 per cent in May, 1921; and 42 per cent in May,
1922.
The cost of the various articles of food combined showed an
increase of 44 per cent in May, 1922, as compared with May, 1913.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[34]
RETAIL PRICES OF FOOD.
35
T a b l e 2 .—A V E R A G E R E T A IL P R IC E S O F S P E C IF IE D FO O D A R T IC L E S A N D P E R C E N T
O F IN C R E A S E OR D E C R E A SE MAY 15 O F C E R T A IN S P E C IF IE D Y E A R S C O M PA R ED
W IT H MAY 15, 1913.
[Percentage changes of five-tenths of 1 per cent a n d over are given in whole num bers.]
Average re ta il price M ay 15—
Article.
U n it.
P er cent of increase ( + ) or decrease
( —) M ay 15 of each specified year
com pared w ith M ay 15,1913.
1913 1914 1917 1918 1919 1920 1921 1922 1914 1917 1918 1919 1920 1921 1922
C ts. C ts .
T e a ..............
C o ffe e ......................
P r u n e s ......................
R a is in s ......................
B a n a n a s ..................
O ran g es....................
Pound.
. . . d o ___
. . . d o ___
. . . d o ___
....d o ___
. . . d o ___
. . . d o ___
. . . d o ___
...d o —
. . . d o ___
. . . d o ___
Q u a r t..
(2)
Pound.
. . .d o __
...d o ....
. . . d o __
. . .d o ___
. . . d o ___
D o z en .
Pound.
. . . d o ___
. . .d o ___
. . . d o ___
(3>
(■*)
Pound.
. . . d o ___
. . . d o ___
. . . d o ___
. . .d o ___
. . .d o ...,.
(6)
(S
(5)
(5)
Pound.
. . .d o ___
. . . d o ___
. . .d o ___
D o zen .
. . .d o ___
25.6 25.8
22.2 23.3
20.0 20.3
16. 1 16.5
12.2 12.5
20.9 22.3
26.9 26.8
26.7 26.7
19.4 19.8
22.2 22.7
C ts .
C ts .
C ts .
C ts .
8.9 10.4 13.2 14.9
15.1
35.9 32.7 46.7 51.0 67.9
40. 4
35.3
21.9 22.8 33.8 33.4 42.2
15.8 15.5 27.8 32.9 38.8
33.9
26.3 26.7 40.0 42.4 53.1
5.6 6.2 9.5 9.9 9.8
3.3 3.3 8.8 6.6 7.5
2.9 3.1 5.3 7.0 6.2
8.5
14.1
25.1
19. 3
8.6 8 .7 10.5 12.3 13.4
19.1 17.8 12.0
1.6 1.9 6.0 2.2 3.3
8.6 5.6 10.7
9.6
17.5
19.1
19.0
15.8
5.4 5.0 10.1 9.1 10.6
54. 7 55. 9 63. 8 69. 8
29. 8 29.7 30.1 30.1 40.5
15.3 16.5 23.2
14.4 15.1 16. 5
38. 8
54.1
16.2 14.4 12.5
14.7 14.3 11.0
71.6 42.5 44.9
43. 3 30. 8 27. 5
28.2 26.7
42.9 31. 5 30.8
29.8 16.7 17.0
37.2 21. 7 22.2
52.9 33.4 33.5
11.5 9.9 8.8
8.7 5.7 5.3
6.7 4.5 3.8
10.5 9.9 8. 8
14.1 12.6 10.0
30. 1 29. 8 25.8
20. 7 21.0 20.1
18.7 8.8 9.5
11. 8 7.9 9.7
9.6 2.2 3.0
8.0 5.6 9. 8
8.4 5.6 5.7
16.8 14.6 13.1
18.6 15.9 15.5
19.1 17.5 17.8
15.1 11.4 13.7
25.4 8.4 6.6
74. 0 70 0 P>7 Q
+56
+71
+59
+73
+80
+76
+88
+71
+90
+71
+73 +70 +57 +47
+87 +80 +60 +46
+ 76 +67 + 51 + 40
+ 81 +65 + 37 + 24
+ 81 -j-54 + 23 + 7
+ 106 + 103 + 68 +65
+ 111 +96 +62 + 48
+ 104 + 108 + 82 + 92
+ 104 + 117 + 79 + 102
+96 + 112 + 86 +70
- 9 +30 +42 + 89 +99 + is
+4 +54 + 53 + 93 +96 +44 + 41
- 2 +76 + 108 + 146 +89 +6 + 8
+2 +52 +61 + 102 + io i +27 + 27
+ 11 +70 +77 +75 + 105 +77
0 + 167 + 100 + 127 + 164 +73 +61
+7 +83 + 141 + 114 +131 + 55 +31
+ 1 +22 +43 +56 + Ü7 +2 + 10
+ 19 +275
+
ÎÔ6 +500 +38 + 88
- 7 +87 +69 +96 +370 + 56
+
3 8-ounce package.
4 28-ounce package.
+26
+33
+29
+31
+31
+46
+ 55
+45
+ 53
+32
+ 1 + 18 +50 +69 + 84 +64 +42
49.2 36Ü 3 5 . 9 -0 .3
28.3 18. 7 20.4
27.4 31.0 24.1
43.2 40.7 36.2
71.8 46. 7 62.0
A ll a rtic le s com bin ed.«
i All.
2 15-15 ounce can.
C ts . C ts .
32.3 40.0 44.4 43.4 40.1 37.7 + 1
29.6 38.0 41.6 39.9 35.6 32.5 +5
25.8 31.8 35.2 33.4 30.2 27.9 +2
21.5 27.8 29.7 26.5 22. f 19.9
16.3 21.9 22.5 18.8 15. C13.0
30.6 36.7 43.0 42.5 35.1 34.4 + 7
41.8 50.5 56.7 52.6 43.5 39.8 -0 .4
38.7 45.6 54.5 55. 5 48.7 51.3
<]
29.7 36.8 39.6 42. 134.7 39.2 +2
29.3 37.9 43.5 47.1 41.3 37.7 +2
x25.7 429.6 x31. 9 137.1 37.9 32.3
oo
od
S irlo in s te a k ...........
R o u n d s t e a k ..........
R ib r o a s t . . . . ...........
C h u ck r o a s t............
P la te b e ef________
P o r k c h o p s ..............
B a c o n ........................
H a m ..........................
L a m b ........................
H e n s .................... ..
S a lm o n (c a n n e d ),
red .
M ilk , fre s h ..............
M ilk , e v a p o r a te d ..
B u t t e r .......................
O le o m a rg a rin e ___
N u t m a rg a rin e ___
C h eese.......................
L a r d ..........................
C r is c o ........................
E g g s, s tric tly fre s h .
B r e a d .............. .........
F lo u r .........................
C orn m e a l................
R o lle d o a ts ..............
C orn fla k e s___ . . . .
C ream of W h e a t . .
M acaro n i.............. ...
R ic e ...........................
B e a n s , n a v y ...........
P o ta to e s ...................
O n io n s......................
C ab b a g e ....................
B e a n s , b a k e d ___ _
C o rn , c a n n e d ..........
P e a s, c a n n e d ..........
T o m ato e s, c a n n e d .
S u g ar, g r a n u la te d .
+
1
+
1 +36 +65
1 +56 +64 +91
+
21
4 -i9 ,J-i-h n
+
22
+
20
+44
5 N o 2 can.
6 See note 2, p. 33.
Table 3 shows the changes in the retail price of each of 22 articles
of food 3 as well as the changes in the am ounts of these articles th a t
could be purchased for $1, each year, 1913 to 1921, and in May,
1922.
3
Although m onthly prices of 43 food articles have been secured since January, 1919, prices of only 22
of these articles have been secured each m o n th since 1913.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[35]
36
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW.
R E T A IL P R IC E S O F S P E C IF IE D A R T IC L E S O F FOOD AND
A M OUNT P U R C H A S A B L E F O R SI, IN EA C H Y E A R , 1913 TO 1921, AND IN MAY, 1922.
T able 3 __ A V E R A G E
Sirloin steak.
Year.
R ound steak.
R ib roast.
Chuck roast.
P la te heef.
Pork chops.
AverAverAverAverAverAverA m t.
A m t.
age
age
A m t.
A m t.
A m t.
A m t.
age
age
age
age
retail
for
$1.
retail for SI.
retail
for
$1.
retail
for
SI.
retail for SI. retail for SI.
price.
price.
price.
price.
price.
price.
P e r lb .
1913..................... $0.254
1914..................... .259
1915..................... .257
1916..................... .273
1917..................... .315
1918..................... .389
1919..................... .417
1920..................... .437
1921..................... .388
1922: M ay.......... .377
L bs.
P e r lb .
L bs.
P e r lb .
L bs.
P e r lb .
P e r lb .
L bs.
L bs.
P e r lb .
P e r lb .
P e r lb .
L bs.
P e r lb .
L bs.
P e r lb .
P e r lb .
4.7 SO. 345
4.6
.353
.341
4.8
.375
4.2
.481
3.5
.569
2.7
2.4
.628
2.2
.681
.509
2.5
.335
2.7
P e r lb .
P e r lb .
30.3 SO. 030
.032
29. 4
.033
23. 8
22. 7
.034
14. 3
.058
14.9
.068
.064
13.9
.065
12.3
17.2
.045
18.9
.038
L bs.
8.3 $0. 210
7.9
.220
8.3
.203
7.8
.227
6.4
.319
4.9
.390
5.0
.423
5.5
.423
7.0
.349
.344
7.7
4.8
4.5
4.9
4.4
3.1
2.6
2.4
2.4
2.9
2.9
B utter.
L bs.
P e r lb .
L bs.
2.9 SO. 383
.362
2.8
2.9
.358
.394
2.7
2.1
.487
1.8
.577
.678
1.6
1.5
.701
2.0
.517
3.0
.449
Com meal.
L b s.
17.9 SO. 033
.034
15.9
.042
14.3
.044
13.7
.070
10.9
10.2
.067
.072
10.0
8.7
.081
.058
10.1
11.4
.053
L bs.
2.6
2.8
2.8
2.5
2.1
1.7
1.5
1.4
1.9
2.2
Rice.
P e r lb .
33.3 SO. 087
.088
31.3
30. 3
.091
29.4
.091
17.2
.104
14.7
.129
.151
15.6
.174
15. 4
22.2
.095
.095
26.3
L bs.
11.5
11.4
11.0
11.0
9.6
7.8
6.6
5.7
10.5
10.5
Tea.
Coffee.
18.2 $0.298
16.9
.297
15.2
.300
.299
12.5
.302
10. 8
.305
10.3
.433
8.8
5.2
.470
12.5
.363
15.2
.359
P e r lb .
L bs.
Eggs.
Flour.
L b s.
P e r lb .
6.3 $0.121
6.0
. 126
.121
6.2
.128
5.8
.157
4.8
.206
3. 8
.202
3.7
3.8
.183
.143
4.7
.130
5.0
6.3 SO. 213
6.4
.218
6.8
.208
.236
5.7
.286
3.6
.377
3.0
.411
2.7
3.4
.447
5. 6
.397
5.9
.377
11.2 SO. 056
11.2
.063
.070
11.4
.073
11.0
.092
9.0
7.2
.098
.100
6.5
.115
6.0
.099
6.8
.088
8.0
L bs.
L bs.
Hens.
Bread.
L bs.
P e r lb .
5.1 $0.160
4.9
.167
5.0
.161
. 171
4.7
4.0
.209
3.3
.266
.270
3. 1
.262
3.0
3.4
.212
.199
3.6
3.7 SO. 158
3.7
.156
.148
3.8
3.4
.175
.276
2.6
2.1
.333
1.9
.369
.295
1.8
.180
2.0
1.9
.170
Sugar.
58.8 SO. 055
.059
55.6
66.7
.066
37.0
.080
.093
23.3
.097
31.3
.113
26.3
. 194
15. 9
.080
32.3
.066
33.3
L bs.
Lard.
Milk.
4.5 SO. 089
4.4
.089
4.3
.088
3.9
.091
3.0
.112
2.8
.139
.155
2.3
2.4
.167
2.9
.146
3.2
.125
Potatoes.
1913..................... SO. 017
1914..................... .018
1915..................... .015
1916..................... .027
1917..................... .043
1918..................... .032
1919..................... .038
1920..................... .063
1921..................... .031
1922: M ay.......... .030
P e r lb .
P e r lb .
4.5 SO. 198
4.2
.204
.201
4.3
.212
4.1
3.4
.249
.307
2.7
.325
2.6
.332
2.5
.291
2.9
.279
3.1
3.7 SO. 269
3.6
.273
.261
3.7
.294
3.5
2.4
.382
1.9
.479
1.8
.534
1.9
.555
2.3
.488
2.5
.513
Cheese.
1913..................... SO. 221
1914..................... .229
1915..................... .232
1916..................... .258
1917..................... .332
1918..................... .359
1919..................... .426
1920..................... .416
1921..................... .340
1922: M ay.......... .308
L bs.
H am .
Bacon.
1913..................... $0.270
1914..................... .275
1915..................... .289
191ft..................... .287
1917..................... .410
1918..................... .529
1919..................... .554
1920..................... .523
1921..................... .427
1922: M ay.......... .398
P e r lb .
3.9 SO. 223
3.9
.236
.230
3.9
.245
3.7
3.2
.290
.369
2.6
2.4
.389
.395
2.3
.344
2.6
2.7
.325
L bs.
P e r lb .
3.4 SO. 544
3.4
.546
.545
3.3
.546
3.3
.582
3.3
.648
3.3
.701
2.3
2. 1
.733
2.8
.697
.679
2.8
L bs.
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.7
1.5
1.4
1.4
1.4
1.5
Index Numbers of Retail Prices of Food in the United States.
IN TABLE 4 index num bers are given which show the changes in
the retail prices of each of 22 food articles,4 by years from 1907 to
1921, and by m onths for 1921 and for January, February, March,
4
See n ote 2, p . 33.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[36]
RETAIL PRICES OF FOOD.
37
April, and May, 1922.5 These index numbers or relative prices,
are based on the year 1913 as 100, and are com puted by dividing
the average price of each commodity for each m onth and each year
by the average price of th at commodity for 1913. These figures
m ust be used w ith caution. For example, the relative price of rib
roast for the year 1920 was 168, which means th a t the average
money price for the year 1920 was 68 per cent higher than the average
money price for the year 1913. The relative price of bacon for the
year 1919 was 205 and for the year 1920, 194, which figures show a
drop of 11 points b u t a decrease of only 5 per cent in the year.
In the last column of Table 4 are given index num bers showing the
changes in the retail cost of all articles of food combined. From
January, 1913, to December, 1920, 22 articles have been included in
the index, and beginning with January, 1921, 43 articles have been
used.4 For an explanation of the m ethod used in m aking the link
between the cost of the m arket basket of 22 articles, weighted accord
ing to the average fam ily consumption in 1901, and the cost of the
m arket basket based on 43 articles and weighted according to the
consumption in 1918, see M o n t h l y L a b o r R e v ie w for March, 1921
(p. 25).
The curve shown in the chart on page 39 pictures more readily to
the eye the changes in the cost of the fam ily m arket basket and the
trend in the cost of the food budget than do the index num bers
given in the table. The retail cost of the food articles included in
the index has decreased since July, 1920, until the curve is brought
down in May, 1922, to approxim ately where it was in April, 1917.
The chart has been draw n on the logarithm ic scale,6 because the
percentages of increase or decrease are more accurately shown
than on the arithm etic scale.
4 See note 2, p. 33.
5 For in d ex num bers of each m o n th , January, 1913, to D ecember, 1920, see Monthly L abor R eview
for F ebru ary , 1921, p p. 19-21.
6 For a discussion of th e logarithm ic chart, see article o n ‘‘ Comparison of a rith m e tic a n d ratio charts, ’’ by
Lucian W. Chaney, Monthly L abor R eview for March, 1919, pp. 20-34. Also, “ T h e ‘ra tio ’ c h arts,”
by Prof. Irving Fisher, rep rin ted from Q uarterly P ublications of th e A m erican Statistical Association,
June, 1917, 24 pp.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[37]
T able 4 —IN D E X N U M B ER S SH O W IN G C H A N G E S IN T H E R E T A IL P R IC E S OF T H E P R IN C IP A L A R T IC L E S OF FO O D IN T H E U N IT E D ST A TES, B Y Y E A R S ,
1907 TO 1921, AN D B Y M ON TH S F O R 1921 A N D F O R A P A R T OF 1922.
Co
CO
[Average for y ear 1913=100.]
Sirloin R ound R ib Chuck P la te Pork B a H am . Lard. H ens. Eggs. B u t Cheese Milk. B read. Flour. Corn Rice. P o ta Su
Year and m onth. steak.
toes. gar.
meal.
ter.
steak. roast. roast. beef. chops. c o n .
1007
10)08
1911
1019 ,
[381
1913..........................
1914..........................
1915..........................
1916..........................
1917..........................
1918..........................
1919..........................
1920..........................
1921.' Av. for y e a r ..
Jan u ary .'.........
F e b ru a ry ........
M arch..............
A p ril................
M ay ..................
J u n e .................
J u ly ..................
A u g u st.............
S ep tem b er___
O ctober...........
N o v e m b er.. . .
D ecem ber.......
1922:
J a n u a ry ......... .
F e b ru a ry ........
M arch..............
A p ril................
M ay ..................
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
100
104
100
106
130
170
167
151
74
77
83
95
91
91
100
102
100
106
152
196
205
194
76
78
82
91
89
91
100
102
97
109
142
178
199
206
81
80
90
104
88
94
100
99
93
111
175
211
234
187
81
83
89
94
91
93
100
102
97
111
134
177
193
210
84
86
93
98
94
99
100
102
99
109
139
165
182
197
85
86
90
94
88
98
100
94
93
103
127
151
177
183
100
104
105
117
150
162
193
188
87
90
91
95
96
97
100
100
99
102
125
156
174
188
100
113
125
130
164
175
179
205
95
102
109
108
102
105
100
104
126
135
211
203
218
245
88
92
94
95
94
102
100
105
108
113
192
227
213
217
100
101
104
105
119
148
174
200
105
108
107
109
117
115
100
108
120
146
169
176
205
353
100
100
101
100
101
102
145
158
100
100
100
100
107
119
129
135
176
162
176
176
153
142
129
136
133
125
122
118
129
126
125
123
121
120
120
119
119
119
119
119
133
131
131
129
129
126
127
127
127
127
127
124
172
158
156
152
145
144
148
155
153
153
152
150
113
116
118
122
120
120
119
119
120
120
126
125
124
124
125
142
142
139
139
139
91
100
102
101
108
124
153
164
172
89
100
106
103
110
130
165
174
177
159
151
154
157
158
157
158
157
153
147
141
139
163
153
157
160
160
160
161
160
154
148
139
138
157
148
1*2
154
153
151
148
147
144
139
135
135
148
138
141
140
138
135
129
130
128
124
120
120
140
129
130
127
124
117
109
112
110
109
106
106
171
156
168
177
167
162
163
181
179
171
152
145
171
166
155
164
161
159
160
162
159
153
147
143
180
179
181
183
181
182
190
197
191
ISO
170
165
141
131
124
116
106
103
106
115
113
109
105
101
200
201
203
202
194
181
182
183
179
175
168
168
229
139
121
99
97
101
122
138
146
171
201
204
159
148
150
145
111
105
122
134
132
139
139
136
175
174
176
169
143
133
133
148
148
149
151
149
183
173
171
167
162
160
157
161
158
160
161
158
193
189
188
184
177
175
173
173
171
170
166
163
203
197
194
179
173
179
176
173
170
164
155
152
173
167
160
153
150
150
147
150
147
143
140
137
176
121
113
106
101
101
100
101
103
107
108
107
176
153
147
135
129
159
200
247
235
206
188
182
139
139
141
143
148
136
135
138
141
146
135
134
136
138
141
119
118
121
122
124
106
106
107
107
107
138
140
149
157
164
139
140
144
147
147
164
173
185
188
191
97
101
109
107
108
173
173
177
177
177
145
140
92
92
97
118
120
120
118
117
149
149
149
145
139
153
148
146
143
140
157
154
155
155
157
148
155
161
161
161
130
130
130
130
127
107
107
107
108
109
194
194
182
171
176
81
153
74
78
7Q
154
147
100
104
101
107
131
166
169
164
133
118
166
158
181
114
186
148
135
154
164
177
176
150
82
84
89
93
92
98
100
102
101
114
146
168
186
203
105
111
112
101
130
135
100
108
89
159
253
188
224
371
109
182
145
122
128
153
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW,
1QDQ
1010
68
71
74
76
83
92
85
91
100
105
96
108
152
186
201
201
76
78
81
85
85
94
100
103
101
107
126
155
164
168
71
73
77
80
All
Cof Tea. articles
com
fee.
bined.
T R E N D IN T H E R E T A IL COST O E A L L A R T IC L E S O P FO O D , C O M B IN ED , F O R T H E U N IT E D ST A T E S , B Y M O N T H S, JA N U A R Y , 1913, TO M AY ,1922.
[Average cost for 1913=100.]
39 ]
RETAIL PRICES OE EOOD,
[
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
40
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW.
Retail Prices of Food in 51
A V E R A G E retail food prices are shown in Table 5 for 39 cities for
1921. F o r 12 other cities prices are shown for the same dates
by the bureau until after 1913.
T able 5 .—A V E R A G E R E T A I L P R IC E S O F T H E P R I N C I P A L A R T IC L E S
[T he prices sh o w n in th is ta b le a re c o m p u te d from re p o rts s e n t m o n th ly to th e b u r e a u b y r e ta il d e a le rs.
B altim ore, Md.
A tla n ta , G a.
B irm ingham , A la.
A rticle.
U n it.
Cts.
Cta.
Cta.
Cta.
Cta.
Cta.
Cts.
Cts.
Cts.
Sirloin s te a k ......................
R ou n d s te a k .....................
R ib ro a s t............................
Chuck ro a s t___
P la te beef
P o u n d ..........
........do............
........do ...........
........do ...........
........d o ...........
24.0
21.0
19.1
14. 9
10. 8
36.8
34. 5
29.3
20. 8
13.7
34.4
31.4
27. 5
19.4
12.1
35.7
32.1
28. 1
19.2
13.1
23.3
22.0
18.7
15.7
12.8
39.2
36.0
31.3
22. 5
15.9
33.9
30.9
27. 2
18.7
12.3
36.0
32.9
29.0
18.9
12.5
26.8
22. 5
19.9
16. 8
10.5
39.6
35.4
29.9
23. 5
14.6
33.9
30. 5
25.0
19.7
12. 5
34.8
30.5
25.3
20.0
13.0
P o rk chops.........
B acon, sliced...........
H a m , sliced......................
L a m b ___
H en s....................................
........do ...........
........do ...........
........do...........
........do............
........do...........
22.5
31.0
29.0
20.0
19.6
33.9
43.5
46.9
35. 7
32.7
31.5
38.4
48.9
38.3
31.4
33.1
38.8
49.7
40. 5
30.6
18.3
23.3
31.0
18.0
22.6
33.3
36.4
52. 8
34.6
44.6
31.4
32.9
54.4
39. 3
39.5
34.0
33. 5
54.9
39.2
38.7
20. 8
33.1
30.0
21. 7
18.0
33.7
48.5
50.6
36. 8
34.5
30.8
41.2
49.6
40.0
32.0
32.0
42.0
50.4
39.0
30.9
Salm on, canned, r e d . . . .
Milk, fresh .........................
Milk, evaporated.
B u tte r ................................
O leom argarine..................
34.0
........do............
34.9 30.6 30.6
Q u a rt............ 10.0 20.0 16.7 15.7 8.8 14.0
13. 8
15-16 oz. can
15.1 13.6 13.4
P o u n d .......... 39.3 48.1 48.3 47. 5 38.6 49.4
37.2 28.9 28.9
30.6
........do............
27.2
12.0
10. 3
49.7
25.0
27.1
39.0 31.8 30.9
12.0 10.3 20.0 20.0 20.0
12. 1 12. 2
10.4
50.2 41.0 46.7 48.5 47.1
24.9
36.4 32.6 31.8
N u t m argarine
Cheese.............................
L a rd .....................
Crisco__
Eggs, stric tly fresh ........
31.5 29.6 27.5
. .d o ...........
31.0 25.3 25. 8
28.7 26.1 25.7
........do........... 25.0 27.9 30.2 29.6 22.6 31.5 32.4 30.7 21.8 29. 1 30.0 29.0
17.2
18.
1
14.7
15.6
15.8
17.1 17.1 17.2
18.
1
14.3
15.8
........d o ........... 15. 5
18. 9 20.2 20.3
___do...........
20.1 21.4 22.1
25.9 20.7 21.6
Dozen........... 22.6 30.6 28.3 32.0 22.4 32.0 20.4 31.0 23.8 30.3 27.9 30.6
M ay 15—
M ay 15—
A pr. May
A pr. May
A pr. May
15,
15, 15,
15, 15,
15,
1922. 1922.
1922. 1922,
1922.
1922.
1921
1921
1921
1913
1913
1913
M ay 15—
B read .................................. P o u n d .......... 6.0 11.1 10.0 10.0
........do............ 3. 7 6.0 5.7 5. 8
F lo u r__
___do........... 2. 5 3. 4 2. 8 2. 8
Corn m eal........
........d o ...........
11.0 9. 5 9. 8
Polled o a ts.........
13.4 9. 7 9.7
Corn flak es.. .
8-oz. p k g ___
5.4
3.2
2.4
9.2
5.6
3. 7
9.6
11. 8
Cta. Cts.
8.6
5.1
3.1
8.9
9.4
8.6
5.1
3.1
8.4
9.2
9.4 9.2
6.5 5.9
3.2 2. 8
11.6 9.5
14.1 10.2
9.2
5. 9
2. 8
9. 8
9. 8
32.1 27.1 26.8
22.0 18.6 18.6
8. 5 8. 9 9.0
9.0 9. 8 10. 3
1.9 3.3 3.9 4.2
Cream of W h e a t........, . .
M acaroni
R ice.....................................
B eans, n a v y ......................
P o ta to e s...........................■-
31.6 27.0 27.2
28-oz. p k g ...
22.6 22.0 21.9
P o u n d ..........
........do............ 8.6 7. 7 9.1 9. 3
........do ...........
9. 7 10.4 11. 0
........do ........... 2.0 3.2 3. 9 4.4
O nions................................
C abbage.............
B e a n s /b a k e d ....................
Corn, can n ed .....................
P eas, c an n e d .....................
........do ...........
........d o ...........
No. 2 c a n __
........d o ...........
........do............
Tom atoes, c an n ed ...........
S ugar, g ra n u la te d ............
T e a ......................................
Coffee..................................
........do............
10.3 13.8 14.1
9.6 12.1 11.7
10.2 13.3 13.1
P o u n d .......... 5.3 8.6 7.1 7.2 4.5 7.6 5.8 5.8 5.2 8.8 6.7 6.7
........do............ 60.0 91. 1 88.1 88. 2 56.0 67. 0 66.6 66.1 61.3 86. 2 79. 9 79. 7
........do........... 32.0 33.0 35.2 35.8 25.2 31.3 31.2 31.0 28. 8 39.0 36. 2 36. 4
P ru n es................................
R aisins...............................
B an a n a s.............................
Oranges..............................
........do...........
........d o ...........
Dozen...........
........do ...........
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
7.3
3.8
13. 8
15.2
18.1
14.4
4. 7
13.4
15. 7
17.0
27.8 24.7 24.6
21.1 18.6 18.7
9. 3 9. 1 9.2
7.8 9.0 9.2
1.9 1.9 2.9 3.4
5.3
3. 8
2.2
C ts.
9.0
10.4
4. 4
13.3
16.2
17.4
18.5 20.4 21.1
35.0 24. 9 25.3
30. 5 26.7 27.0
43.8 60.5 59.5 ;........
[40]
6.3
4. 7
13.0
15.9
16.1
18.0
29.1
30. 4
54.1
14.1
4. 9
12.0
14.9
16.4
18. 4
23.2
25.0
61.4
10.0
4.7
11. 7
14.3
16.4
18.6
22.6
24.5
65.4
8.2
7.6
4.8
16.2
16.3
21.1
21.2
32. 5
40. 9
45.0
13.4
4. 6
14. 8
16. 4
20. 2
21. 3
25. 3
33. 5
53.3
10 9
5J.
14 7
16 6
20.5
22. 0
25. 1
33 8
57.3
RETAIL PRICES OF FOOD.
41
Cities on Specified Dates.
May 15, 1913, for April 15, 1922, and for May 15, 1922, and May 15,
with the exception of May, 1913, as these cities were not scheduled
O F FO O D F O R 51 C IT IE S ON C E R T A IN S P E C IF IE D D A TE S.
As some dealers occasionally fail to rep o rt th e num ber of qu o tatio ns varies from m onth to m onth.]
j B ridgeport,
1
Conn.
B oston, Mass.
M ay 15—
1913
1921
A pr.
May May Apr May
I 15, 15,
1922. 1922. 1921 1922- 1922.
Cts.
Cts.
137.0
34. 0
24. 4
17.0
1 60. 2
53. 8
37. 0
25. 0
16.7
23.4
25. 4
31. 8
23. 5
25.6
39.8
39. 4
55. 0
38. 2
47. 5
37.8
36.0
59. 6
41. 5
41.4
.......... 36.9
8.9 15.3
14. 8
36.0 45.4
33. 5
Cts.
Buffalo, N. Y.
B utte, M ont.
Charleston, S. C.
May 15—
May 15—
A pr May May Apr. May
Apr. May
15, 15,
15,
15, 15,
1922
1922.
1921.
1922.
1922.
1922.
1922.
1913 1921
1913 1921
Cts.
Cts.
1 56.8 1 58.3
46. 5 47.6
33. 9 34.1
23.3 23.0
14.4 14.6
Cts.
Cts.
44.6
41.3
34.2
24.1
11.5
Cts.
Cts.
41.9
35.9
32. 7
22.1
9.9
Cts.
39.6
34.1
30.9
21.7
9.5
Cts.
22.3
19.3
17. 5
15.3
11.8
37.7
32. 5
28.9
21.0
13.6
Cts.
Cts.
Cts.
33.3
27.2
26.1
18.8
11.9
Cts.
Cts.
35.5
29.6
26.6
19.2
11.7
31.5
27.3
24.7
18.4
13.1
Cts.
30.2
25.5
17.4
12.2
31.6
32.0
27.6
17.9
12.9
34.8
21.8
20.5
20.8
15.0
12.0
39.7
38.8
32.2
25. 1
18.1
36. 8
34. 1
30.0
22.6
16.1
36.8
35.4
30.0
22.5
15.5
38.4
36.2
59.8
41.9
41.9
36.3
47.5
56.3
35.6
45.3
34.3
44.1
61.7
38.4
40.7
35.8
44.3
62.9
41.1
40.6
19.8
22.0
25.7
18.7
22.5
36.5
33.5
47.1
29.4
41.9
34.3
32.5
50.3
33.5
37.9
3.70
32.7
50.2
34.9
38.5
34.7 5.04
54.3 56.7
54. 7 31.5
30.1 37.3
40.7 36.8
5.00
55.4
32.7
37.4
35.8
22.3
25.5
26. 7
21.3
21.4
40.2
44.1
47.8
41. 5
43.5
33.4
35.8
49. 7
48.0
38.9
33.8
36.0
50.7
45. 5
38.2
31.1
13.5
11.5
45. 9
30.3
30.9
12.9
11.5
46.3
29.6
39.9
15.0
14.5
44.5
30.7
32.8
12.0
11.3
45.0
24.3
32.8
12.0 8.Ò
10. 9
45.7 34. Î
25.5
34.7
14.0
13.5
41.1
31.0
27.7
13.8
10.2
44.7
27.1
27.5
12.0
10.1
44.1
27.1
42.0
14.9
15.3
35.7
32.5
14.0
11.9
43.1
27.5
28.0
14.0
34.3 28.5
11.5 11.7 21.0 18.7
44.3
13.3 10. 9
30.0 36.2 45.1 45.3
30.0
30.6 27.6
28.0
18. 7
10. 7
45.1
26. 6
30.0
35.4
17. 0
21. 6
51.1
26.8
34.6
17.1
22.4
44.0
26.7
33.9
17.5
22.3
44.6
28.1
35.1
15.5
20.2
45.6
24.3
33.1
16.2
21.0
39.5
24.0
32. 1 19. Ò
16.1 14.3
21. 1
42.4 25.4
27.8
31.3
14.9
19.6
35.5
26.4
31.4
15.8
20.0
32.7
26.1
29.4
15.5
19.6
33.8
30.4
37.2
22.3
27.9
38.3
35.6
20.8
25.0
36.7
34.9
30.0
20.9 20.3 28.4
25.1 15.0 18. 9
34.4
20.8
25.4 31.8
34.0
28.7
18. 6
21. 7
30.4
28.0
27.3
18.3
22.0
32.5
9.9
6.4
5. 9
9.0
12.8
8.5
6.0
4.8
8. 4
10.6
8.5 11.0
6.1 5.7
4.4 8.6
8.2 9.9
10.4 11.4
8.4
5.3
6.9
8.4
9.5
8.5
5.0
4.4
7.6
11.2
8.6
4.9
3.6
7.5
9.4
8.6
5.0
3.7
7.4
9.3
9.6
6.3
5.0
8.6
14.5
9.6
5.8
4.0
7.0
12.0
9.8 6.0
5.9 3. 7
4.0 2.3
6.9
12.1 ........
11.4 9.5
6.6 6.1
3.1 2. 9
11.0 9. 6
12.9 10.6
9.5
6.1
3.0
9. 8
10.5
29.4
24.4
10.8
8.0
1.7
26.2
24.0
10.3
9.1
2. 6
26.0 28.8 25.2 25.3
23.9 24.8 24.5 24.5
10.3 9.4 9.3 9.8
9.3 8.8 9.4 10.1
2.3 1.8 2.9 2.7
28.1 24.9 24.9
22.0 22.3 22.3
8. 4 9. 1 9.3
7.8 8.8 8.9
i. 4 1.2 2.5 2.4
33.4
22.0
10.1
9.1
1.3
29.6
22.9
9.5
9.3
1.6
29.3
22.6
9.6
9.3
1.5
30.2 24.9
20.7 20.2
6.0 6. 7
10.0 9. 8
2.0 2.8 3.6
25.0
19.8
6.7
10.1
3.5
5.8
7.0
16. 9
19.6
20.5
14.5
6.3
14.4
18.4
21.2
10.2 5.8 15.1 8.9
7.2 5.8 6.5 6.6
14.5 13.1 11.9 11.5
18.6 19.8 18.4 18.4
21.4 20.2 19.9 19.9
14.2 9.4
5.6 5.6
11.0 10.8
14.8 14.5
16.8 16.7
3.2
5.6
20.8
17.5
17.8
14.1
5.6
19.3
17.4
16.6
12.9
6.3
19.3
17.3
16.8 ........
14.7
3. 8
11.3
14. 7
19.7
9.3
3.2
11.3
14. 7
20.0
.......... 12.1
5. 2
7.9
58.6 66.3
33.0 41. 7
14.3
6.4
67.5
41.0
14.0 11.7 13.3 13.4
11.6 13.5 13.7
6. 4 7.8 6. 1 6.1 5.3 7.7 6.3 6.3
67.3 58.6 57.0 56.4 45.0 64.1 58.4 58.4
41.0 34.8 34.4 34.6 29.3 33.5 33.2 33.8
13.2
10.4
75.4
48.6
16.4
8.6
79.2
44.5
16.4
10.2 11.9
8.6 5.0 7.6 6. 0
78.8 50.0 75. 2 74.6
45.2 26.0 33.1 31.8
12.0
6. 0
73.3
32.3
18.5
31.4
48.0
49.5
20.3
22.8
44. 5
68.0
20.4
21.6
45.3
69.8
......
22.1
16.0
32.1
5.9
3. 7
3.6
9.2
1. 8
• ........
17.8
31.6
39.4
47.4
19. 4
24.1
35.6
64.7
8.4
5.3
7.1
8.3
9.5
20 0
24.2
35.9
64.9
5.6
3.0
2.5
9.3
.....
5.4
5.4
11.9
15.9
15.7
30.2 21.6 20.9
48.9 43.9 43.1
52.8 65.4 66.6
32.2 27.7 27.7
17.1 2 14.5 2 14.8
39.9 60.0 57.9
5.5
5.3
2.6
12. 2
15.0
18.7
31.0 24.9
45. 5 33. 5
44.6 54.2
20.0
24.9
33.0
58.8
• The steak for which prices are here quoted is called “ sirloin ” in th is city, b u t in m ost of the other cities
included m th is report i t would be know n as “ p o rterh o u se” steak.
2 P e r pound.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[41]
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW,
42
T a b l e 5 .—A V E R A G E R E T A IL P R IC E S O F T H E P R IN C IP A L A R T IC L E S
C incinnati, Ohio.
Chicago, 111.
Cleveland, Ohio.
May 15—
M ay 15— Apr.
A pr. May
May
Apr. May
15, 15,
15, 15.
15, 15,
1922.
1922.
1922.
1922
1913 1921 1922. 1922.
1913 1921
1913 1921
May 15—
Article.
U n it.
Cts.
Cts.
Sirloin ste a k ......................
R ound s te a k .....................
R ib ro a s t...........................
Chuck ro a st.......................
P la te beef..........................
P o u n d ..........
........d o ...........
........d o ...........
........d o ...........
........ d o ...........
22.6
19.1
19.1
15.2
11.3
38.1
31.0
30.4
21.1
13.8
P ork chops........................
Bacon, sliced ....................
H am , sliced.......................
L a m b ..................................
TTfvns ..................................
........ d o ...........
........ d o ...........
........ d o ...........
. . . . .d o ..........
........ d o ...........
18.0
31.4
32.5
20.3
21.2
Cts.
Cts.
Cts. C ts.
Cts.
36.7
28.4
29.0
19.0
11.6
23.9
21.0
19.3
15.6
12.4
35.5
33.0
30.1
20.7
16.9
32.5
29.1
27.0
17.5
13.6
33.6
30.1
27.7
17.9
13.4
25.2
22.0
20.0
17.2
12.1
Cts. Cts.
35.4
27.9
28.4
18.5
11.6
38.0
33.0
27.4
21.7
13.5
32.0
26.3
24.0
18.3
11.3
35.0
28.9
24.7
19.1
11.4
31.1
52.3
50.9
34.4
39.6
30.8
46.6
50.9
38.6
36.5
32.4
46.4
50.9
39.1
35.2
19.5
25.7
28.5
16.8
24.6
33.7
37.6
51.1
36.4
44.5
34.1
31.0
52.0
36.9
38.2
35.2
32.3
53.7
38.8
38.1
21.0
27.1
36.0
21.0
22.9
34.5
43.1
52.2
32.8
41.8
32.8
37.9
49.9
36.2
39.5
34.6
38.5
51.0
36.4
37.7
Salmon7 nanned, r e d . __
Milk, fresh .........................
M ilk, evaporated.............
B u tte r................................
O leom argarine.................
37.1
........ d o ...........
Q u a rt............ 8.0 14.0
13.8
15-16-oz. can
P o u n d .......... 32.5 37.6
. . . . .d o ..........
25.2
33.3
12.0
10.1
41.8
23.3
35.3
32.7
12.0 8.0 13.0
10.0
13.9
41.1 35.9 39.8
23.1
29.9
27.8
12.0
10.3
43.5
28.1
38.0
28.1
12.0 8.0 14.0
14.2
10.3
42.0 36.8 40.7
28.1
29.9
30.7
11.0
10.3
47.4
28.3
30.7
11.0
10.4
46.0
27.8
N u t m arg arin e.................
Cheese.............................
L a rd ....................................
Crisco.................................
Eggs, strictly fresh ..........
28.3 25.6 25.9
27.9 26.9 26.5
........ d o ...........
23.7 22.7 22.5
........ d o ........... 25.3 35.8 33.7 32.9 21.0 34.0 32.8 31.7 23.0 29.3 32.2 29.4
........ d o ........... 14.7 15.9 16.1 16.3 14.1 13.6 14.4 14.7 16.5 17.7 17.5 17.4
21.0 21.8 21.6
20.9 20.8 20.8
........ d o ...........
21.3 21.7 21.9
Dozen........... 23.7 32.4 31.6 34.0 22.0 27.9 28.2 29.8 25.6 33.1 31.8 33.7
B read ..................................
F lo u r..................................
Corn m e a l.........................
Rolled o ats........................
Corn flakes........................
P o u n d ..........
........ d o ...........
........ d o ...........
........ d o ...........
8-oz. p k g ___
Cream of W h eat...............
M acaroni............................
Rice ..................................
Beans, n a v y ......................
P o ta to e s..."......................
28-oz. p k g ...
P o u n d ..........
........ d o ...........
........d o ...........
........ d o ...........
O nions................................
Cabbage.............................
Beans, b a k ed ....................
Com, can n ed ....................
Peas, c a n n e d ...................
........ d o ...........
........ d o ...........
No. 2 c a n . . .
........ d o ...........
........ d o ...........
T om atoes.........................
Sugar, g ra n u la te d ............
T e a ......................................
Codec..................................
11.2 13.4 13.8
........ d o ...........
11.8 14.3 14.1
P o u n d .......... 4.9 8.0 6.2 6.2 5.0 8.2 6.6 6.6 5.1
........ d o ........... 53.3 65.7 62.0 62. C 60. t 72.0 69. i 69.1 50. C
........ d o ........... 30.7 32.6 34.4 34.2 25.6 32.1 30.8 31.2 26.5
P ru n es................................
R aisin s...............................
B an a n a s............................
O ranges.......................... ..
____ d o ...........
........ d o ...........
D ozen...........
........ d o ...........
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
6.1
2.8
2.9
9.9
5.3
6.1
9.5
11.9
Cts.
9.7
4.9
5.1
8.1
9.6
9.7
4.9
5.0
8.0
9.5
28.3 24.9 24.7
19.4 18.4 18.3
8-8 9.8 9.9
7.5 9.2 9.4
1.3 1.8 2.7 2.8
8.7
5.1
5.7
14.9
15.0
15.3
19.4
30.5
39-7
42.6
12.5 8.5
4.6 5.4
12.6 12.6
14.3 14.1
15.6 15.6
20.9
25.3
35.8;
58.0
[42]
20.8
24.7
35.3
58.6
4.8 10.0
3.3 5.9
2.6 3.6
10.0
11.9
8.5
5.3
2.9
8.5
9.6
Cts.
8.4
5.3
2.8
8.3
9.6
29.7 25.1 24.6
19.1 17.3 17.0
8.7 8.8 9.5
6.5 8.6 9.0
1.6 2.5 3.2 3.6
8.8
5.7
5.3
13.3
15.3
17.2
22.3
31.2
41.4
45.1
13.2
4.1
11.2
15. C
17.1
20.0
22.5
37.5
58.9
Cts.
-5.5
3.2
2.7
28.3 25.5 25.6
21.0 20.3 20.5
8.0 9.4 8.9
6.8 9.1 9.4
1.5 1.9 3.1 3.1
8.5
8.9
5.3
11.1
14.6
17.0
20.1
22.1
37.0
64.2
8.7 7.9 7.9
5.8 5.3 5.3
4.7 3.4 3.4
10.1 8.1 8.7
13.0 10.5 10.6
6.6
6.1
13.8
17.4
17.5
12.6 9.7
5.8 6.0
12. t 11.9
16.6 15.8
17.9 17.5
12.2
8.3
68. Ç
37.7
13.9 13.9
6.7 6.7
63. S 65.2
35.8 35.8
17.7
30.0
51.6
49.9
18.3
22.9
45.4
61.0
19.5
22.3
43.7
61.2
RETAIL PRICES OE POOD,
43
O F F O O D F O R 51 C IT I E S O N C E R T A IN S P E C I F I E D D A T E S —C o n tin u e d .
Columbus, Ohio.
D allas, Tex.
D enver, Colo.
D etroit, Mich.
F all R iver, Mass.
IVXsiy 15—
May 15—
M ay 15—
May 15—
May A pr. May
A pr May
A pr May
Apr May
A pr May
15,
15,
15,
15, 15,
15, 15,
15. 15,
15, 15,
1921. 1922. 1922
1913 1921 1922. 1922. 1913 1921 1922. 1922 1913 1921 1922 1922 1913 1921 1922 1922.
Cts.
Cts.
Cts.
Cts.
Cts.
Cts.
33.1
28.3
25.2
19.3
13.8
Cts.
Cts.
Cts.
37.5
35.5
30.5
24.2
19.7
36.1
32.5
28.5
21.1
17.6
Cts.
33.9
29.1
26.3
19.9
12.4
22.5
20.3
19.2
16.3
12.9
Cts.
Cts.
36.5
32.2
25.2
23.5
15.4
Cts. Cts.
37.2
34.6
28. E
22.3
18.3
23.9
21.8
17.8
15.8
9.4
32.5
28.1
24.3
18.5
11.4
29.6
24. E
22.8
16.9
9.8
30.5
25.7
23.7
17.3
10.2
23.8
19.4
19.2
15.0
11.5
38.6
32.5
29.3
21.2
13.9
33.2
26. c
25.6
18.2
11.4
32.3
39.7
48.9
38.0
35.6
29.5
37.4
53.2
36.7
35.6
32.1
36.9
51.5
35.8
34.8
20. 8
38.0
31.3
22.0
19.1
34.9
49.2
51.3
40.0
32.8
33.9
45.3
55.4
43.6
32.4
35.8
45.9
55. 4
44.2
32.3
20.3
28.0
30.0
17.9
21.6
31.5
46.9
53.8
31.9
37.4
29.8
43.4
55.7
35.6
33.8
32.1
43.2
56.4
36.2
33.8
19.2
23.5
25.0
17.8
22.4
34.9
42.0
52.6
33.2
42.1
38.1
13.0
15.0
40.2
28.6
32.5
11.0
10.0
43.8
24.5
31.4
37.8 31.7 31.9
39.5
11.0 10.0 15.0 12.0 12.0 8.4 10.8
10.0
15.3 12.9 12.6
13.4
42.3 36.0 42.6 46.2 44.4 34.3 36.3
24.6
28.5 28.0 28.0
34.1
36.4
9.8
10.7
39.0
29.1
38.5
36.0
9.8 8.0 13.0
10.6
14.5
39.8 34.7 40.0
29.0
30.5
25.9
27.6
13.0
21.3
25.5
24.2
28.8
14.9
21.8
26.0
24.2
27.5 20. 0
14. 1 17.0
22.7
27.8 21.0
10.4
5.5
3.8
10.6
12.2
8.0
4.9
3.1
8.9
9.7
29.9
32.2
21. 8
19.5
27.4
29.7
32.4
20.5
20.8
24.7
29.4
28.9 28.0 28.0
30.7 26.1 32.1 34.2 32.7 20. 3
20.4 16.3 18.9 18.8 18.7 16.1
21.2
21.0 23.4 23.4
29.5 23.6 30.0 29.4 31.9 25. Ò
8.0 5.5 10.2 9.1 9.1
4.9 3.3 5.6 5.0 5.0
3. 1 2.7 3.8 3.4 3.4
9.0
11.7 10.6 10.6
9.6
13.0 11.6 11.7
5.4 10.3 8.2 8.2
2.6 4.3 4.1 4.2
2.4 3.5 2.9 3.1
9.8 9.4 9.4
13.1 10.5 10.4
5.6
3.1
2.8
Cts.
Cts.
35.4
27.5
26.6
18.0
11.5
134.5 ' 56.4 1 52.7 1 53.5
27.0 44.4 40.3 40.8
23.8 29.8 26.2 27.5
18.5 23.0 19.9 20.6
15.0 11.9 11.9
33.5
39.3
56.2
38.6
38.1
35.1
39.5
56.2
40.4
38.1
22.5
25.8
31.3
20.5
25.8
34.3
40.1
50.1
35.5
49.7
31.7
37.3
53.0
39.1
43.4
33-7
38-5
54-0
40-8
44-4
30.4
12.3
10.7
45.0
25.8
30.2
37.9
12.0 9.Ó 13.0
10.5
15.9
43.3 36.4 43.8
25.6
35.4
31.5
13.0
12.8
44. 8
28.5
30.9
13.0
12.4
45-1
28-5
27.9
31.3
15.8
20.9
33.1
25.5
29.9
16.7
21.9
33.5
25.2
32.5 31.8 31.8
28.8 23.8 34.4 33.3 33.5
16.4 15.0 15.6 16.1 16.1
21.7
21.5 21.8 21.8
33.7 30.3 49. C 42.0 43.8
9.4
5.4
4.8
10.4
11.6
8.6
5.0
4.1
9.6
9.4
8.5
5.0
4. 1
9.3
9.3
Cts.
Cts.
Cts.
6.2 10.4 9.6 9.5
3.3 5.8 5.4 5.6
3.4 6.8 6.0 5.9
11.1 9.9 9.7
13.9 11.0 11.0
30.4
21.0
9.8
6.9
1.8
25.4 25.8
19.9 20.0
10.7 11.0
10.0 9.7
2.8 3.0
6.8
6.8
13.8
13.6
15.8
15.3
6.4
12.9
12.9
15.2
10.0
8.3
84.2
35.6
14.3 14.7
12.5 14.3 14.5
12.7 13.4 13.3
11.3 13.1 13.4
12.1 13.6 13.4
6.9 6.8 5.7 9.2 7.2 7.3 5.3 9.1 7.6 7.4 4.9 7.7 6.4 6.5 5.3 8.3 6.7 6.7
76.3 79.1 66.7 84.3 88.9 90.6 52.8 71.0 68.8 70.0 43.3 64.7 61.3 61.8 44.2 57.6 54.0 54.0
33.8 34.4 36.7 39.6 41.0 41.1 29.4 36.8 35.2 35.8 29.3 35.9 35.2 35.5 33.0 41.1 37.9 38.2
17.6
31.3
41.7
47.9
20.3
23.7
38.5
61.4
10.3
6.3
12.8
12.9
15.4
19.6
23.4
37.3
60.2
31.4
21.7
8.9
9.1
1.8 4.1
9.3
6.0
5.3
16.4
17.9
21.4
21.3
33.7
34.3
48.7
26.4
20.7
10.8
10.0
3.4
26.0
21.0
10.3
10.5
3.8
13.0 9.9
4.6 5.7
15.7 15.6
16.7 17.8
22.1 22.1
22.4
26.5
34.4
61.3
23.5
26.5
35.6
64.4
29.6 25.6 25.5
20.2 20.6 21.2
8.9 9.9 10.0
8.9 9.6 9.9
Ì.2 2.6 2.4 2.7
8.6
4.3
6.3
16.4
15.1
17.5
18.9
33.0
2 13.4
44.6
14.0
4.8
14.4
14.6
17.5
20.3
25.3
13.4
59.2
2 Per pound.
310650 ° — 22 ---------- 4
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[
43 ]
10.6
6.9
14.2
14.8
17.1
21.1
24.9
11.7
59.2
29.6 25.5 25.1
30.1 27.9 27.7
20.0 19.1 18.9
24. 8 24.0 24.0
8.4 9.2 9.6 10.0 9.8 10.2 10.1
6.4 8.9 9.3
7.9 8.9 9.4
1.3 1.3 2.3 2.5 1.8 1.9 2.7 2.4
8.4
6.4
6.2
13.1
16.3
16.9
19.0
29.4
34.3
47.6
13.4 8.9
5.2 5.6
11.5 11.5
15.2 14.7
16.4 16.6
19.6
23.6
32.9
61.1
20.9
23.3
33.9
59.2
7.1
6.8
14.1
16. 4
18.6
18.3
30.0
11.1
50.2
14.1
7.4
13.3
16.0
17.8
18.5
24.4
10.4
65.2
10.3
7.3
13.3
16.1
17.8
18.5
24.4
10.4
62.4
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW.
44
T able
5 .—A V E R A G E R E T A I L P R IC E S O F T H E P R IN C IP A L A R T IC L E S
H o u sto n , T e x .
In d ia n a p o lis , I n d .
J ack so n v ille, F la .
A rtic le .
U n it.
Cts.
Cts.
Cts.
Cts.
Cts.
Cts.
Cts.
Cts.
Cts.
Cts.
Cts.
S irloin s te a k ...................................
R o u n d s te a k ___
R ib r o a s t . . . .
C h u ck ro a s t.
P la te b e e f.........
P o u n d . ........
.........d o ............
.........d o ............
........ d o ............
........ d o ............
34.2
34.2
28.8
24.2
18.9
32.5
31.3
25.9
21.1
17.0
32.5
31.6
26.1
21.6
16.7
24.7
23.3
17.9
16.1
12.1
36.5
35.1
27.0
22.9
15.3
34.1
31.7
25.8
20.8
14.5
35.0
33.2
26.1
21.0
14.0
26.0
22.0
23,3
14.0
10.3
37.9
33.6
29.2
21.5
13.0
35.8
30.1
26.1
17.4
10.6
36.7
31.3
27.3
18.5
10.2
P o r k c h o p s ............................ .......
B acon, sliced .
H a m , s lic e d ...................................
L a m b .......................
H e n s ..............
........ d o ............
........ d o ............
.........d o ............
........ d o ............
........ d o ............
34.5
53.4
51.5
37.0
31.8
29.6
50.5
51.4
37.5
32.3
29.4
50.2
51.4
37.5
31.1
21.7
29.0
30.3
20.7
22.0
32.6
41.9
52.3
34.3
37.6
32,1
38.4
54.6
39.3
34.2
33.2
38.5
55.4
41.4
35.4
21.3
26.3
28.3
19.3
22.0
35.3
41.6
49.8
32.5
35.7
32.1
36.5
50.0
40.8
34.8
34.2
36.0
50.0
39.2
34.6
........ d o ............
S alm on, c an n e d , re d .
M ilk, fre s h ...................................... Q u a r t............
15-16-oz. c an
M ilk, e v a p o r a te d .
B u t t e r ... t ..........
P o u n d ..........
........ d o ............
O le o m a rg a rin e ........
37.2
16.0
14.8
37.5
33.1
32.4
14.8
11.7
45.5
30.3
31.8
42.7
14.8 8.0 12.0
11.5
14.3
43.8 34.7 38.9
29.2
31.6
39.7
10.3
10.0
43.3
27.3
37.5 30.7 31.0
39.0
10.0 12.5 21.0 15.0 14.7
14.4 11.3 11. 4
10.1
42.1 39.2 43.8 47.3 46.1
27.1
31.5 28.5 26. 8
N u t m a rg a rin e ___
C h e e s e . ___
L a r d .....................
C risco .............
E g gs, s tric tly fre s h ......................
........ d o ............
........ d o ............
........ d o ............
........ d o ............
D ozen............
28.9
26.4
19.4
21.4
24.2
28.4
28.2
18.5
24.1
25.0
28.6
27.3 26.3 26.2
30.7
27.7 20.8 30.3 31.5 30.9 22.5 25.9
18.1 15.2 14.1 14.4 14.5 15.5 18. 8
24.4
21.8 21.8 21.7
20.8
28.1 21.8 25.8 26.6 28.5 28.8 31.5
B r e a d .........
F lo u r................................................
C orn m e a l.......................................
R o lle d o a ts ___
C o m fla k e s .....................................
P o u n d ..........
........ d o ............
.........d o ............
.........d o ............
8-oz. p k g ___
8.9 7.0 7.0
6. 1 5.4 5.4
4.0 3.4 3.6
10.7 9.0 8. 8
13.4 10.2 10.1
C ream of W h e a t .
M ac a ro n i.........................................
R ic e ....................
B ean s, n a v y ..................................
P o ta to e s .. ..................................
28-oz. p k g . . . 29.8 24.7 24.8
P o u n d ........... 20.6 20.4 20.3
........ d o ............
6.6 8. 0 8.1
.........d o ............
8.8 9.8 9. 8
.........d o ............
3.9 3.6 4.3
O n io n s .............................................
C ab b a g e ..........................................
B ean s, b a k e d ................................
C o m , c a n n e d ................................
F e a s, c a n n e d .................................
.........d o ............
4.6 10. 9 8.9
........ d o ............
3.6 4.1 4.4
N o. 2 c a n ___ 13.4 13.6 13.7
........ d o ............ 12. 8 13.9 14.0
........ d o ............ 17.6 18.9 19.0
T o m ato e s, c a n n e d ......................
S u gar, g ra n u la te d ........................
T e a . .. 7. ..........................................
C offee...............................................
.........d o ............
P o u n d .........
........ d o ...........
.........d o ............
P r u n e s ............................................. .........d o ............
R a is in s ............................................ ........ d o ..........
B a n a n a s .......................................... D o z e n ...
O ra n g e s ........................................... ........ d o ............
M ay A p r. M ay
15,
15,
15,
1921. 1922. 1922.
M ay 15—
M ay 15—
A pr. M ay
A pr. M ay
15,
15,
15,
15,
1922. 1922. 1913 1921 1922. 1922.
1913 1921
5.1
3.2
2.5
9.2
5.6
3.3
9.7
12.1
8.1
4.9
3.0
7 .9
9.7
8.1
5.0
2.9
8.1
9.6
31.8 26.2 26.3
20.7 18.8 19.1
9.2 9. 9 10. 0
6 .9 9 .8 10.3
1.3 1.7 2.5 2.7
9.2
6 .0 13.2 9. 4
6.1 5 .0 5.7
13.9 12.9 13.0
14.4 14.3
14. 4 15.5 15. 3
3 .8
2.9
27.0
29.8
17.6
22.6
32.4
27.0
27.8
17.3
22.5
33.7
10.4 10.4 10.7
6 .5 6.1 6.1
3.5 3.0 3.0
11.3 10.1 9. 7
13.9 9.8 10.0
30.0 27.4 27.4
22.0 19.6 19.1
7.3 9.1 8. 9
9 .2 10. 0 10. 5
2.3 3.2 4.1 4.0
6.6
4 .8
3.^
13.7
15. 8
19.3
11.9 9. 9
3.7 3.9
12.3 11. 7
17.0 15. 5
18.6 19.0
10.6 13.7 13.9
11.7 14, 2 14.7
10. 4 13. 7 12 8
8. 3 6. 3 6. 5 5.6 8.6 7.0 7. 0 5. 9 8.4 6. 8 7.0
71.0 71.9 73.9 60.0 80. S 74.2 74. 2 60.0 86. 7 85.2 86 5
30. 8 31.3 30.8 30. 8 39.0 36.4
34. 5 37.9 37.7 3R 2
18.3 22.8 23.5
32.2 24. S 24.3
32. 8 28.3 29.6
45. 2
56.4
19.3
34.1
29.3
47.4
20.4
26.2
29. 3
59.9
21.2
25. 8
30.3
60.2
17 1
33.1
33.1
46.4
IQ 5 20 2
2o '.2 24 7
27 0 26 5
52.5
!
540
1 T h e s te a k for w h ic h p ric e s a re h e re q u o te d is called ‘‘ s irlo in ’ ’ in t h is c ity , b u t in m o s t of th e o th e r cities
in c lu d e d in th is re p o rt i t w o u ld b e k n o w n as “ p o rte rh o u s e ” s te a k .
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[44]
KETAIL PRICES OF FOOD.
O F F O O D F O R 51 C I T I E S O N C E R T A I N S P E C I F I E D
K a n sa s C ity , Mo.
L ittle R ock, A rk .
45
D A T E S — C o n ti n u e d .
Los A ngeles, Calif.
L ouisville, K y .
M an ch ester, N . H .
M ay 15—
M ay 15—
M ay 15—
M ay 15—
M ay 15—
A p r. M ay
A p r. M ay
M ay
A o r. M ay
A p r. M ay
15,
15,
15,
15,
15,
15,
15,
15,
15.
Al f
1922.
1922. 1913 1921 1922. 1922.
1922.
1913 1921
1913 1921 1922.
1913 1921 1922. 1922. 1913 1921 1922. 1922.
Cts
Cts.
Cts.
Cts.
Cts.
Cts.
CIS.
Cts. Cts.
Cts.
Cts.
Cts.
Cts.
24.7
21.6
18.4
14.9
12.0
37.4
32.4
27.3
18.8
13.7
34.5
29.5
24.2
17.?
11.2
35.6 26.3
31.2 20.0
25.1 19.4
17.416.3
11.013.5
36.5
34.3
30.0
22.7
17.3
Cts.
33.2
30.7
26.6
20,9
15.0
24. C
20.8
19.1
15.5
12.4
35.7
31.2
29. b
19.?
15.7
34.4
28.5
28. C
18.4
13.5
35. C 23.2
28.7 19.6
28.2 17.6
18.3 14.9
12.7 12.4
Cts.
Cts.
32.8
31.3
25.7
21.2
17.1
30.2
28.1
22.7
17.1
13.0
Cts.
Cts.
30.5
27. £
25.2
18.6
14.4
31.3
28.6
23.4
17.9
13.3
<35.8
28.8
20.7
16.8
<56.1
47.9
28.7
24.5
18.9
<50.8
42.1
25.4
21.0
14.5
151.9
42.5
26.2
21.4
15.0
19.2
28.8
27.8
18.7
18.7
30.1
50.0
50.2
31.9
35.4
31.1
45.2
54.3
34.3
33.8
30.9)21.3
45.2:37.0
54.3*31.3
34.0 20.2
32.8 20.0
35.4
48.6
53.1
40.0
34.0
31.6
42.9
52.1
44.3
29.6
33.4
42.9
52.9
44.3
30.4
25.4
33.8
35. C
19.2
25.8
39.6
54.6
60. £
31.6
45.3
37.4
51.7
63.6
33.5
43.6
38.0 19.6
52.4 27.8
62.7 28.6
32.9,17.5
42.5j24.1
32.3
37.5
47.3
35.0
36.6
29.7
34.3
45.9
40.0
34.2
30.8
35.1
45.9
38.8
34.0
20.5
23.5
28.5
20.7
24.7
37.5
37.8
44.8
34.3
50.7
35.1
33.1
47.7
38.3
44.2
35.2
32.8
48.4
39.9
44.6
33.7
8.7 14.3
15.0
35.3 39.8
29.6
32.3
12.3
11.2
44.5
27.9
31.8
12.010.0
11.2
43.6 39.6
27.6
41.8
15.0
15.3
45.1
31.6
33.0
13.0
12.0
48.2
30.2
31.7
45.5
13.0 io .o 16.6
12.0
12.3
47.5 35. Ó 43.4
33.3
32.0
41.4
14.6
9. £
43.1
30.5
40.7
32.2 30.2 30.4
14.0 8.8 11.0 9.0 9.0 8.0 15.0
10.1
14.7 11.2 11.0
16.2
45.5 38.6 40.3 46.1 44.3 38.3
30.0
30.3 26.9 26.8
31.4
31.8
12.0
13.1
49.8
28.1
31.2
12.0
13.0
49.9
37.6
27.8 27.6
2 Ì.7 30.1 33.6
16.2 17.4 17.7
23.8 23.9
21.4 26.9 28.3
27.6
32.5 2 1 .7
17.6)15.6
2 4 .0 !....
29.1 23.0
30.0
31.1
19.7
20.8
28.9
28.8
31.7
19.2
22.4
25.5
29.1
27.5 27.6 27.7
31.5 19.5 34.6 36.3 34. 1 21.7
19.7 17.9 17.5 18.7 IS. 7 15.4
23.1
20.9 22.9 23.1 L ...
28.8 27.5 32.6 34.2 34.5 21.7
6.0 10.7
3.0 5.5
2.5 4.8
10.2
. . . . 13.7
8.7
___
1.4
8.1
4.9
4.4
8.3
9.9
Cts.
7.7 6.0 9.5
4.9 3.6 6.0
4.4 2.4 2.9
8.4
12.0
12.4
9.9
Cts.
29.0
29.0
13.1
20.8
24.8
26.8
28.5
14.9
22.5
23.9
8.4 8.4 6.2 9.2 9.0 9.2 5.7 8.9
5.6 5.6 3.6 5.9 5.0 5.0 3.6 5.8
2.8 2.8 3.2 5.2 4.3 4.3 2.3 2.6
9.8 10.2
10.4 10.3 9.9
10.3
9.8 9.8
12.7 10.2 10.2
12.0
8.6
5.5
2.3
8.1
9.7
26.0
28.0 24.0 24.0
27.2 22.0 33.8 33.3 32.3
14.6 16.0 16.4 17.0 17.2
22.0
22.7 22.4 22.5
26.0 28.3 45.6 39.2 40.9
8.8 6.1 8 .6
5 .5 3 .4 6.1
2 .5 3 .6 5.7
8.0
9.7
9.7 ........ 13.1
30.7 26.7 26.7
31.1 27.1 26.8
29.0 25.2 24.7
29.8 24.6 24.6
22.9 22.1 21.7
21.5 22.2 22.0
18.2 16.0 16.5
20.1 18.1 17.9
8.5 9.0 9.0 8.3 7.2 8.3 8.3 7.7 8.9 9.7 9.4 8.1 8.4 8.9 9.0
8.2 10.0 10.7
8.4 10.7 11.5
7.6 9.0 9.0
6.0 8 .4 8.9
2.5 2.8 3.0 Ì. 8 2.7 3.0 3.6 i . I
3.2 2.9 2.9 Ì.7 1.8 2 .4 2.9
6 .4
6 .2
14.8
12.7
14.5
14.7 9.9
4.9 5.7
14.1 13.9
13.4 13.8
15.6 15.4
6.2
5.5
14.1
15.2
17.5
13.7
4.7
13.5
15.3
19.5
10.8
6.1
13.7
15.51
20.3
2.8
3.1
16.6
17.6
18.5
12.9
3.7
14.0
17.4
19.7
10.1
4.1
13.7
16; 9
19.8 . . . .
5.3
6.1
12.7
18.1
16.9
8.0
5.7
4.7
8.8
9 .9
8.0
5.7
4 .7
8 .8
9 .8
29.4 26.4 26.4
25.2 25.3 25.2
9.3 9.1
9.3 9 .5
1.5 1.6 2 .4 2.1
8 .5
15.0 9,9
4 .6 5.2
12.1 11.9
15.0 15.0
16.9 16.9
6 .8 13.9 9.4
7.1 6.6 7.3
15.0 15.4
18.9 IS. 2 18.2
20.6 21.8 21.9
10.8 14.3 14.3
11.5 14.8 14.6
213.1 215.9 216.0
11.6 13.3 13.3
819.3 820.4 320.2
5.5 8 .8 7.0 7.0 5.5 9.4 7.5 7.5 5.3 8.5 6 . 8 6.8 5.1 8.4 6.7 6.7 5.1 8 .4 6 .8 6 .7
54.0 79.8 77.3 76.8 50.0 91.5 90.0 91. 5'54.5 68.7 70.8 70.3 62.5 81.7 75.8 76.5 46.3 59.5
56.8
27.8 37.2 35.7 36.6 30.8 38.6 39.7 40.1136.3 37.2 37.8 37.8 27.5 35.8 34.7 34.9 32.0 38. S 37.7 38.3
—
—
18.4
34.0
<13.7
47.1
21.0
27.4
<11.6
62.7
21.5
27.4
<12.0
60.6
22.7
33.3
<11.9
47.5
21.2
25.0
<9.2
61.9
17.4
29.2
<13.6
27.9
21.3
25.0
<9.6
61.3
19.7 20.0
24.1 24.1
<10.9 <11.0
38.1 39.6
!
N o. 2J can..
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
22.5
29.9
38.0
40.0
20.4
24.3
37.9
54.1
20.1
23.7,
36.8
54.1
18.4 19.4
31.9 22.8
<11.8! <10.0
45.1 68.8
i
3N o. 3 c an .
[45]
<Per p o u n d .
19.7
22.4
< 9 .8
69.5
46
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW,
T able 5 .—A V E R A G E R E T A I L P R IC E S O F T H E P R I N C I P A L A R T IC L E S
M e m p h is , T e n n .
A r tic le .
U n it.
M a y 15—
1913 1921
A p r. M ay
15,
15,
1922. 1922.
M ilw a u k e e , W is .
M a y 15—
1913 1921
A p r. M ay
15,
15,
1922. 1922.
M in n e a p o lis , M in n .
M a y 15—
A p r. M ay
15,
15,
1922. 1922.
1913 1921
C ts .
C ts .
C ts .
C ts .
C ts .
C ts .
C ts .
C ts .
S ir lo in s t e a k ..........................
R o u n d s t e a k .........................
R i b r o a s t .................................
C h u c k r o a s t ...........................
P l a t e b e e f ................................
P o u n d ............
......... d o ..............
......... d o ..............
......... d o ..............
......... d o ..............
2 3 .2
19 .3
21.1
15 .5
1 2 .2
32 .7
2 9 .8
2 6 .5
1 8 .6
1 4 .5
2 9 .8
2 5 .5
22. 8
1 6 .6
1 2 .5
3 1 .7
2 7 .9
2 3 .0
16 .6
12 .2
22. 0
2 0 .5
1 8 .5
1 6 .5
11 .5
3 7 .2
3 3 .2
28 .7
2 2 .8
1 4 .6
3 4 .3
3 0 .0
2 6 .2
2 0 .9
1 2 .8
3 6 .0 2 2 .2 32 .7
3 1 .7 2 0 .0 2 8 .9
2 6 .7 19 .0 2 5 .8
2 0 .8 15 .5 2 0 .0
12.1 10 .3 10 .8
C ts .
2 8 .8 31.3
2 5 .4 27 .6
2 3 .3 24 .3
1 8 .0 18.8
9 .0
9 .8
P o r k c h o p s .............................
B a c o n , s lic e d .........................
H a m , s lic e d ...........................
L a m b .........................................
H e n s ..........................................
......... d o ..............
......... d o ..............
......... d o ..............
......... d o ..............
......... d o ..............
2 0 .4
3 0 .0
2 9 .3
2 0 .8
2 0 .0
3 0 .2
4 2 .7
4 7 .9
3 2 .8
33.1
2 8 .9
3 6 .3
4 9 .3
3 9 .3
3 1 .2
3 0 .5
3 8 .0
5 1 .0
3 8 .6
31.1
19.5
2 6 .8
2 7 .3
2 0 .0
2 2 .0
3 0 .3
4 4 .8
4 7 .1
36.1
39 .4
3 2 .0
4 1 .7
4 8 .3
4 0 .2
3 8 .3
3 3 .8 18 .4 3 0 .6
4 2 .5 2 5 .0 46.1
4 9 .8 2 7 .5 4 8 .2
4 1 .0 1 7 .0 3 1 .8
3 6 .6 2 1 .2 3 2 .8
3 0 .4
4 2 .0
5 1 .0
35.1
3 4 .3
4 0 .0
1 7 .3
15 .6
3 8 .6 3 9 .8
2 8 .3
3 9 .3
15 .0
11 .9
4 4 .6
2 8 .8
3 8 .4
15.0 7.Ö
12 .0
4 1 .6 3 3 .5
30 .6
4 4 .9
9 .0
1 4 .8
3 7 .6
27.1
3 2 .5
9 .0
1 0 .6
4 1 .9
2 4 .6
3 2 .1
4 3 .6 38 .8 38 .9
9 .0
7 .0 11.0 1 0 .0 10.0
1 0 .5
14 .6 1 1 .6 1 1 .5
4 1 .5 3 3 .4 3 7 .2 4 1 .2 40 .3
3 0 .6 2 6 .3 26.1
2 4 .4
2 7 .9
2 1 .3 2 5 .9
1 5 .5 1 5 .0
2 0 .8
22 .9 27 .6
2 7 .4
2 6 .5
15 .8
2 1 .5
2 7 .7
2 8 .0
2 6 .0
2 6 .5 2 1 .3 2 5 .6
1 6 .2 15 .5 17.3
2 2 .2
2 2 .4
3 0 .0 21 .3 2 7 .7
2 4 .3
2 8 .8
1 7 .4
2 1 .2
2 8 .0
2 3 .9
2 7 .5 Î 9 .8
1 7 .2 1 5 .4
2 1 .7
2 9 .3 2 1 .4
10.1
6 .2
2 .7
10.9
12 .4
9 .2
5 .6
2 .8
9 .5
10.3
9 .2
5 .6
2 .7
9 .5
10.1
S a lm o n , c a n n e d , r e d . . . . ......... d o ..............
M ilk , f r e s h .............................. Q u a r t ..............
M ilk -, e v a p o r a t e d ................ 15-16-oz. c a n .
B u t t e r ....................................... P o u n d ............
O le o m a r g a r in e ..................... ......... d o ..............
N u t m a rg a rin e . . .
C h e e s e .......................................
L a r d ...........................................
C r is c o ........................................
E g g s , s t r i c t l y f r e s h ............
......... d o ..............
......... d o ..............
......... d o ..............
......... d o ..............
D o z e n .............
B r e a d ...................................... P o u n d ............
F l o u r ......................................... ......... d o ..............
C o rn m e a l ............................... ......... d o ..............
R o ll e d o a t s ............................. ..........d o ..............
C o r n f la k e s __
8-oz. p k g ___
C r e a m of W h e a t ..................
M a c a r o n i..................................
R i c e ...........................................
B e a n s , n a v y ..........................
P o t a t o e s . ...............................
20-oz. p k g . . .
P o u n d ............
......... d o ..............
..........d o ..............
..........d o ..............
O n io n s ......................................
C abbage
..............................
B e a n s , b a k e d .......................
C o rn , c a n n e d .........................
P e a s , c a n n e d .........................
......... d o ..............
......... d o ..............
N o . 2 c a n ___
......... d o ..............
......... d o ..............
T o m a to e s , c a n n e d .............. ......... d o ..............
S u g a r , g r a n u l a t e d .............. P o u n d ............
T e a ............................................. ......... d o ..............
C o ffe e ......................................... ......... d o ..............
......... d o ..............
P r u n e s __
___ d o ..............
R a isin s. ..
B a n a n a s .................................. D o z e n .............
.......do..............
O r a n g e s __
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
1 0 .0
6 .0
3 .6
2 .0
7 .5
1 .6
29 .3 2 6 .7 26 .7
17.9 17.1 17.3
7 .9
8 .3
6 .3
7 .2
9 .3 10 .6
2 .4
2 .9
3 .5
5 .2
4 .3
14 .6
14 .3
16 .7
13 .0
8 .1
3 .4
4 .3
13 .2 1 3 .3
14.6 1 4 .6
17 .8 18.7
5 .6
3 .1
3 .0
9 .0
1 .1
9 .4
5 .4
5 .1
7. (J
1 2 .2
8 .4
4 .9
3 .8
7 .1
9 .4
9 .1
5 .0
3 .7
6 .9
9 .4
29 .6 2 5 .2 2 5 .0
2 0 .2 17. C 17.1
9 .7 10 .0
9 .9
9 .2
7 .3
9 .6
1 .5
2 .3
2 .4
5 .3
6 .4
1 3 .2
15 .0
15 .3
14.7 9 .4
5 .1
5 .8
11.1 11.1
1 4 .8 1 4 .6
1 5 .5 1 5 .5
C ts .
5 .6
2 .9
2 .4
9 .1
1 .1
C ts .
C ts.
33.1
42.7
52.7
36.7
3 3 .7
2 5 .9
2 8 .6
1 5 .5
2 1 .5
2 6 .5
2 4 .8
3 0 .4
16.3
2 2 .9
28.1
2 4 .5
2 9 .3
16.4
23.1
2 8 .7
9 .6
5 .5
4 .6
8 .0
1 2 .8
8 .8
5 .3
3 .8
7 .7
1 0 .2
8 .9
5 .3
3 .9
7 .7
10 .2
3 0 .2 2 5 .3 2 5 .6
1 7 .4 1 7 .6 17 .5
8 .6
9 .2
9 .3
8 .2
9 .6
9 .5
2 .6
1 .7
2 .6
6 .1 1 3 .3 11.1
6 .1
5 .8
5 .3
16 .6 1 4 .1 14 .0
13 .9 1 3 .7 1 3 .3
14 .6 15 .9 1 5 .6
1 2 .8 14 .6 14.7
1 4 .2 14 .8 1 4 .9
10.7 13.1 13.7
7 .0
7 .9
8 .7
6 .7
6 .8
5 .2
8 .6
6 .8
5 .3
6 .4
6 .4
5 .5
6 3 .8 88. 4 88. C 87. ! 50. C 7 0 .2 68. ( 69. i 45. C 65. S 63. C 62 .9
2 7 .5 3 6 .3 37 .7 37 .7 2 7 .5 32.1 3 2 .3 3 2 .4 3 0 .8 3 8 .7 3 9 .9 40.1
2 0 .5
34.1
3 7 .3
4 7 .6
20 .4
2 5 .6
3 2 .3
63.1
[46]
20 .9
26 .4
34 .4
63 .2
20.1
3 0 .4
311.8
: 4 5 .9
2 0 .8
2 4 .9
3 9 .5
5 8 .2
2 0 .9
24 .7
3 9. 6
63 .0
1 9 .8
30.1
3 13.8
4 9 .2
2 0 .9
2 5 .0
310.9
6 5 .2
2 1 .5
25.1
310.6
6 4 .7
RETAIL PRICES OF FOOD,
O F FOOD
F O R 51 C I T I E S O N C E R T A I N
M obile, A la.
N e w a rk , N . J.
S P E C IF IE D
N ew H a v e n , Conn.
47
D A T E S — C o n ti n u e d .
N ew O rleans, L a .
N e w Y o rk , N . Y .
M ay 15—
M ay 15—
M ay 15—
M ay 15—
M ay A pr. M ay
A p r. M ay
A p r. M ay
A p r. M ay
A p r. M ay
15,
15,
15,
15,
15,
15,
15,
15,
1921. 1922. 1922.
1922.
1922. 1922.
1922. 1922.
1922. 1922.
1913 1921 1922.
1913 1921
1913 1921
1913 1921
Cts.
Cts.
Cts.
Cts.
Cts.
Cts.
Cts.
Cts.
Cts.
Cts.
Cts.
Cts.
Cts.
Cts.
Cts.
Cts.
Cts.
Cts.
Cts.
34.0
33.3
28.1
22.2
17.7
30.7
30.6
26.1
20.1
15.6
30.8
29.8
25.8
20.2
16.2
20.8
26.6
21.2
17.6
12.0
42.9
41.9
34.1
23.2
13.4
38.6
37.8
31.8
19.8
11.7
40.2
38.9
33.1
19. 2
11.5
31.6
28.4
23.4
18.8
48.0
41.1
35. 5
26.4
17.8
44.7
36.3
32.4
22.4
13.5
45.8
37.9
33.0
22.8
13.7
22.0
19.0
20.0
15.5
11.1
32.9
29.8
28.8
21.6
16.9
31.4
28.3
27.5
20.1
16.0
32.8
29.0
28.4
20.5
15.8
26.3
25.0
22.3
16.3
14.5
42.9
42.1
37.3
24.0
19.2
39.5
37.9
34.8
20.6
18.0
40.3
39.4
35.5
20.8
18.2
36.0
47.1
47.3
35.0
41.0
31.4
41.4
47.7
35.6
39.1
34.2
39.8
46.7
33.1
37.3
22.6
24.4
120.3
20.8
23.4
37.4
37.3
132.1
36.2
45.2
32.6
36.2
134.2
40.8
39.6
34.7
36.1
135.1
41.2
40.6
23.0
28.2
32.4
19.3
23.8
36.0
46.3
53.2
35.6
47.2
34.9
40. S
58.3
39.6
41.9
34.5
40.7
58.2
42.2
42.2
22.5
29.8
26.0
20.1
21.1
37.5
47.9
47.5
36.3
40.5
35.3
41.4
52.1
40.7
39.3
37.2
41.1
52.1
42.8
38.9
21.8
25.3
29.0
17.6
22.2
38.3
40.9
52.7
34.3
42.9
35.2
37.4
57.2
37.1
37.9
36.4
37.5
56.7
37.6
39.1
36.7
19.0
14.5
47.4
32.3
32.1
15.0
11.6
50. 0
30.2
31.7
36.1
15.0 9.Ó 17.0
11.5
13.1
50.1 36.6 42.5
30.2
29.9
27.9
16.3
10.1
45.1
28.4
28.4
39.5
14.3 9.0 15.0
10.2
14.0
44.9 35.8 44.0
28.4
29.3
35.0
14.0
11.1
45.1
28.5
40.7
41,1 36.4 36.1
35.0
14.0 10.0 16.5 14.7 14.7 9.0 15.0
14.1 11.6 10.7
13.1
11.1
44.7 35. Ò 42.6 47.1 45. t 35.4 41.5
32.1
30.0 27.7 27.5
28.3
29.5
14.0
10.1
44.8
27.5
29.6
13.0
10.0
44.6
27.4
29.4
27.1
16.3
19.2
29.6
27.8
30.9
16.4
23.1
30.6
27.4
27.1 25.8 25.4
27.3
28.3 26.4 26.4
28.1 26.1 26.2
29.4 24.5 36.3 34.3 33.3 22.0 34.7 33.3 32.2 22.0 28.7 31.8 31.0 19.4 36.3
16.9 15.8 15.1 16.1 16.1 15.7 15.5 16.3 16.2 14.9 16.2 16.4 16.3 15.7 17.6
19.2 20.8 21.0
20.2
21.8
20.2 19.7 20.2
22.7 22.9 23.2
32.3 32.8 43.3 38.9 42.3 31.3 46.6 39.1 40.4 23.6 29.0 27.4 30.2 30.8 42.5
25.3
33.3
16.4
20.8
39.1
25.2
32.4
17.2
21.1
41.5
8.9
5.4
5.3
7.7
9.0
8.9
5.4
5.3
7 .8
8 .9
9.8 8.3
5.8 5.4
3 .2 3.0
10.3 9.7
12.2 10.2
8.2
5.5
3.0
9.6
9.7
5.6
3.6
3.6
9.3
5.4
6.8
8.8
10.6
8.6
5.3
5.7
7.6
9.1
8.6
5.4
5.8
7.3
8.9
6.0
3.2
3.2
9.6
5.5
6.2
9.9
11.0
8.1
5.2
5.9
9.0
9.6
8.1
5.3
5.8
9.0
9.5
5.2
3.8
2.6
8.5
6.5
3.1
9.8
11.4
8.1
5.9
2.9
8.8
9.7
8.1
6 .0
2. S
8.7
9.6
9.9
5.6
6.6
8.5
10.8
28.7
21.9
8.9
8.6
2.5 2.9
25.0 24.9
20.8 20.8
9.1 9.1
9.2 9.6
3.7 4.3
6.1
5.3
13.4
15.2
16.5
14.9 8.5
6.7 6.6
11.8 11.7
14.1 13.8
16.4 16.6
11.4 13.7 13.4
10.6
222. 7 222.7 222.5
9.7 12.8 12.9
10.3 13.3 13.6
8.6 7.1 7.2 5. i 7.4 5.8 5.8 5.2 7.8 6.4 6.4 5. i 7.6 6 .2 6 .2 4.8 7.3
74.7 71.7 73.4 53.8 48.6 48.4 48.3 55.1 55.7 56.2 56.7 62.1 72.1 71.1 72.5 43.3 52.4
33.0 34.5 34.7 29.3 30.8 32.8 32.6 33.8 37.3 37.3 37.5 26.7 30.0 30.8 30.4 27.5 32.2
12.4 12.5
5.7 5.8
48.7 49.3
32.7 32.7
29.1 24.9 25.4
19.5 19.8 20.2
7.4 8.4 8.6
8.3 9.8 10.4
3 .0 3.4 3.8
5.4
2.8
14.4
15.3
17.1
17.8
29.2
22. 8
50.6
15.6 9.8
3 .0 3.2
13.5 13.5
16.3 16.1
17.0 17.2
22.8
24.7
25. 8
56.3
22.7
26.5
26.3
63.0
28.3 25.3 25.2
21.8 21.6 21.5
8.1 8.8 8.8
7 .7
8.6 9.3
2.4 2.4 3.2 3.2
9.Ö
8.2
5.7
12.2
15.8
17.5
16.2
29.9
45. 8
53.2
i W hole.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
14.8 9.3
6.9 5.8
10.8 11.0
15.5 15.3
18.2 18.2
17.9
21.4
39. C
66.2
18.4
21.6
38. 9
71.9
29.1 24.8 24.8
21.8 22.0 22.2
9.6 9.2 9.5
7.5 9.2 9.5
2.4
i . 8 1.9 2.8
9.3
7.4
6.0
14.2
19.9
22.0
17.7
29.8
38. 8
48.7
29.6 24.8 24.8
9.8 9.6 10. C
7.1 8.5 8.5
6.9 9.4 9.7
Ì. 9 3.3 3 .5 3 .9
6.0
3 .2
3 .4
7.4
15.0 9.4
6.1 6.4
11. £ 11.9
18.3 18.2
21.3 21.5 ........
18.5
23.3
34.7
70.4
18.6
22.5
35 .4
66.8
2 N o. 3 cans.
[47]
__
3.6
3.1
14.7
13.6
18.1
17.6
30.2
24.1
50.0
8.Ò
13.3 4.9
2.6 5.3
12.8 12.7
13.9 13.3
17.1 16.5 ........
20.4
25.3
23.8
61.1
21.3
25.5
25. C
62.5
2 Per pound.
19.0
30.4
42.6
55.4
19.4
22.6
43.3
64.6
19.7
22.1
40. 4
68-8
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW.
48
T able
5 .—A V E R A G E R E T A I L P R IC E S O F T H E P R I N C I P A L A R T IC L E S
N orfolk, V a.
A rticle.
U n it.
O m ah a N e b r.
M ay A p r.
15,
15,
1921. 1922.
M ay
15,
1922.
M ay 15—
1913
1921
Cts.
P eo ria, 111.
A p r. M ay
15,
15,
1922. 1922.
M ay A p r. M ay
15,
15,
15,
1921. 1922. 1922.
e ta .
Cts.
Cts.
Cts.
Cts.
Cts. Cts.
Cts.
Cts.
S irloin s te a k .......................
R o u n d s te a k .............
R ib ro a s t................................
C h u ck r o a s t . ........................
P la te b e e f ......... ...................
P o u n d ...........
.........d o ............
____ d o ............
.........d o ............
.........do ............
43.2
37.0
34 7
22.8
15.9
35.4
30.1
29.8
18.8
13.3
38.1
31.3
30.5
18.5
13.3
25.1
22.0
18.1
15.6
10.4
36.5
32.8
26.6
20.2
11.9
34.0
29.7
24.8
19.0
11.0
33.0
30.5
24.6
18.8
10.5
34.2
32.7
32.0
30.7
23.7
20.0
12.8
33.0
3a 0
24.0
20.2
12.5
P o r k c h o p s ..........................
B ac o n , sliced ........................
H a m , s lic e d ..........................
L a m b ........................
H e n s .....................
.........d o ............
........ d o ............
.........d o ............
........ d o ............
........ d o .. . . . . .
33.9
42.8
43.5
38.5
43.2
29.9
35.4
43.0
41.9
36.5
31.8
35.1
43.7
40.6
37.1
19.0
28.0
29.0
18.8
19.5
31.9
50.6
52.6
32.8
35.2
31.5
46.1
55.4
39.6
33.7
31.8
46.3
55.0
40.0
31.6
31.0
45.3
49.7
33.8
36.1
31.3
41.3
52.0
39.0
31.2
42.0
51.7
36.5
34.2
S alm on, c a n n e d , re d ......... ........ d o ............
Q u a r t............
M ilk, fre s h .............
M ilk, e v a n o ra te d ................ 15-16-oz. c an .
B u t t e r . . . ! ............................
P o u n d . ........
.........d o ............
O leo m arg arin e...............
33.5
20.0
14. 8
49.6
29.0
29.1
17.0
10.4
47.0
26.8
29.8
17. C
10.3
47.8
27.0
37.9
12. C
14.8
39.0
32.0
33.2
11.0
10.8
41.5
29.1
33.2
11. 0
10. 8
41.6
29.8
35.9
13.3
14.7
39.5
30.4
33.1
10.8
11.0
41.5
27,3
33.1
10.4
11.0
41.6
27.4
.........d o ............
........ d o ............
.........d o ............
........ d o ............
D o z en ............
28.5
28.6
17.0
20. 2
33.4
27.9
28.4
16.5
21.1
29.4
27.5
26.8
16.7
21.3
32.9
28.9
30.3
18.6
23.4
26.6
28.1
31.1
19.6
23. 8
27.0
27.9
29.9
19.6
24.3
28.6
2a 8
29. 8
16.9
23. 2
26.9
27.1
31.7
16.3
22. 5
26.0
27.0
30. 2
18.6
22.7
28.5
B re a d ...................................... P o u n d . .........
E lo u r............. ......................... ........ d o ............
C orn m e a l.............................. ........ d o ............
R o lle d o ats........................... ........ d o ............
C o rn flak es............................ 8-oz. p k g ___
9.7
5.9
3.7
9.9
12.3
8.0
5.3
3.2
7.9
9.7
7.9
5.2
3.2
7.9
9.4
11.1
4.9
4.4
11.2
9.8
4.5
3 .5
10,2
10.9
9 .8
4.7
3.5
10.1
10.6
10.8
4.3
11.1
13.8
9 .0
5.3
3 .6
a 8
10.4
8.9
5.3
3.5
8. 8
10.0
C ream of W h e a t.................. 28loz . p k g . . .
M acaroni........ ....................... P o u n d .. 7___
R ic e ......................................... ........ d o ............
B ea n s, n a v y ......................... ........ d o ............
P o ta to e s .. . I . . ...................... ........ d o ............
28.9
20.2
10.0
8.0
2.3
25.7
19.8
9.8
24.8
19.8
9.8
9.8
3 .6
31.0
20.0
8.0
7.6
2.2
25.4
20. 2
9 .0
9 .5
2.6
26.1
20.4
9 .0
10.2
30.4
20.1
8.9
7 .2
1. 8
27.3
19. 9
10. 0
9. 7
2 .6
27.3
20. 0
10. 0
10. 0
2.7
O n io n s....................................
C ab b ag e .................................
B eans,“b a k e d .......................
C o rn , c a n n e d ........................
P e a s, c a n n e d ...........................
7.5
4.3
11.6
16.6
21.5
14.4
14.6
4.9
14.6
15.7
16.3
9.8
10.4
14.9
20.4
5 .8
5.4
17.5
14.4
15.1
14.9
15.7
16.6
6 .6
6.7
15.0
15.2
17.0
13. 8
5. 2
12. 9
14.7
16. 8
10.9
7 .0
13.1
14.5
16 8
12.9
6 .2
75.1
37.1
12.9
6.4
73. fc
11.7
8.9
74.9
38.1
14.4
7 .0
69,9
37.5
14.7
7 .0
70.3
38.5
12.0
9.1
63 9
15.0
7 .2
61 0
61 7
. . . . . d o .............
10.8
8.1
83.2
41.6
33.9
33. 9
34 3
P r u n e s .................................... ..........d o ..............
R a isin s ................................... ......... d o ..............
B a n a n a s ...............................
D o zen ............
........ d o ............
O ran ges............................
16.7
30.9
38. 2
46.7
19.4
24.5
35.5
61.4
19.5
23.6
34.1
61.2
N u t m a rg a rin e ..................
C h eese..................
L a r d ........................................
C riseo....................
E ggs, strict! v fre s h .............
T o m ato es, c a n n e d . ..............
S u g ar, g ra n u la te d ...............
T e a ................................................
Coffee......................................
_____d o ............
........ d o ............
N o. 2 c a n ___
......... d o ..............
..........d o . ............
........ d o ..............
P o u n d ............
......... d o . . . . . . .
9 .4
3.3
7.9
35.0
22.5
17.8
22.3
5.2
2.8
2.3
8.5
1.3
10.2
4.1
10.3
14.5
19.7
5,7
56.0
30.0
9 ft
22.0
14.2
19.6 20.4 20. 8 23.5 23 1 22 4
33.2 27.6 27.4 32. 0 27 0 26 5
4 12.6 4 10.0 4 10.0 4 12 2 4 in ' 4 4 10 5
40.5 56.1 56.1 43.6 57.3 61.1
1 T h e s t e a k fo r w h ic h p r ic e s a r e h e r e q u o t e d is c a lle d “ s i r l o i n ” i n t h i s c i t y , b u t i n m o s t o f t h e
c itie s in c lu d e d i n t h i s r e p o r t i t w o u ld be k n o w n as “ p o r t e r h o u s e ” s t e a k .
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[48]
15.3
7.2
o th e r
RETAIL PRICES OF FOOD.
49
O F F O O D F O R 51 C IT I E S O N C E R T A IN S P E C I F I E D D A T E S —C o n tin u e d .
P h ila d e lp h ia , P a .
M a y 15—
A p r. M ay
P itts b u rg h , P a .
M a y 15—
P o r tla n d M e.
A p r. M a y M a y A p r . M a y
lt)j
P o r t l a n d , O re g .
M a y 15—
1
P r o v id e n c e , R .1 .
M a y 15—
A p r. M ay
A p r. M ay
15, 15,
15,
1913 1921 1922. 1922. 1913 1921 1922. 1922. 1921. 1922. 1922. 1913 1921 1922. 1922. 1913 1921 1922. 1922.
Cts. Cts. Cts.
1 30.0 150.0 145.1
25.6 41.9 35.8
22.3 35.2 31.0
17.6 22.0 18.8
11.8 12.3 10.0
20.8
25.6
30.8
21.4
23.0
38.6
39.2
53.9
37.8
46.0
36.3
36.9
56.6
40.4
40.8
32.2
8.0 13.0
14. 7
40.3 51.5
30.0
27.6
11.0
11.1
50.6
28.3
28.6 27.0
25.0 39.3 36.2
15.3 14.9 15.7
19.6 20.4
26. i 36.0 33.1
Cts.
146.7
37.5
31.2
19.4
10.2
Cts.
27.0
23.3
21.8
16.5
11.9
Cts.
44.4
38.4
33.5
23.1
12.5
Cts.
39.7
32.1
29.8
20.0
10.4
Cts. Cts. Cts.
40.4 157. C152.4
33. ( 45. 5 41.6
30.1 29. i 27.5
20.0 19.2 18.4
10.6 15.7 12.8
36.7
37.7
57.7
42.3
42.0
22.0
28.8
29.4
21.2
27.3
35.6
46.0
54.5
38.3
46.5
32.6
40.5
54.7
39.1
43.3
33.7
40.5
56.1
41.6
42.7
28.2
37.5
11.0 8.6 14.0
11. c
14.4
51.0 37.2 43.6
•28.3
28.3
29.3
12.0
JO 2
46.1
25.9
30.2 37.0 28 7 23 7
12.0 15.5 13.0 13.0
36.9
41.9
49.2
33.6
49.1
37.0
36.5
54.1
38.2
44.6
Cts.
155.0
43.4
27.9
IS. 6
13.6
Cts.
23.5
21.2
19.3
16.9
14.0
Cts.
30.7
28.3
26.8
19.1
14.5
Cts.
28.2
25.4
24.5
16.8
12.5
Cts. Cts. Cts. Cts.
29.6 i 39.6 165.9 1 61.6 161.9
26.4 30.6 49.7 44.3 44.5
25.3 23.8 36.8 33.9 34.1
18.2 19.0 28.5 24.2 24.4
13.6
19.4 15.8 16.3
37.3
36.9
57.0
39.9
45.0
21.1
30.0
30.0
19. 1
22.0
34.5
46.7
47.7
29.2
35.9
30.8
45.0
50.8
34.9
36.6
31.0
45.6
49.7
34.6
36.7
43 3 41 4
9.'3 12.9 11.8 11.8
21.8
22.4
31.0
20.3
24.4
40.6
38.8
56.0
38.9
48.8
38.3 39.6
35.5 35.7
57.3
42.9 44.9
42.8 43.7
9.0 D 9
13.5 13.5
45.2 52.6 49.2 49A 35.5 36.2 42.1 42.9 36.6 45.3
24.9 36.6 30.8 30.8
30.0 28.8 29.5
32.0
45.3 46.2
29.4 30.0
26.5
25. 8 26.3 25 3
33.9 24.5 33.6 32.9 30.9
15.5 15.5 14.1 15.1 15.0
20.5
20.8 20.6 20.6
35.4 24.1 33.9 31.2 33.1
20 2
36.3
15.9
22.3
44.1
34.5
17.3
22.5
37.7
33.7 20.5 30.8 35.8 33.3 21.3 34.4
17.2 18.2 22.0 19.9 19.8 15.2 15. S
22.5
24.7 24.7 25.0
22.0
39.0 25.0 26.1 26.9 26.4 30.5 47.8
4.8
3.1
2.7
9.0 8.7 8.7 5.4 9.4 8.1 8.1 10.0 9.2 9.1
5.6 5.4 5.3 3.1 5.7 5.2 5.3 5.8 5. o 5.5
4.4 4.0 3.6 2.7 5.0 4.0 4.1 4.8 4.0 3.9
9.1 8.2 7.8
10.8 9.0 9.1 8.0 6.9 7.0
......... 11.2 9.6 9.3 ........ 11.7 9.5 9.5 12.7 10.0 9.9
..... 28.3 24.9 24.9
30.0 25.4 25.4 29.6 26.2 26.5
21.5 21.3 21.2
22.2 20.7 2 1 .1 23.4 23.9 24.0
9.8 9.4 1 0 .2 10.2 9.2 9.8 9.4 9.5 10.2 10.5 10.4
8.1 8.7 9.0
7.1 9.6 9.6 7.7 9.4 9.7
2.3 2.0 3.6 4.0 1 .6 1.8 2.7 2.7 1.4 2.3 2.0
5.6
2.9
3.3
9.5 9.3 9.4
5.1 4.8 4.8
4.7 3.4 3.4
9.2 9.3 9.3
13.6 11.4 11.3
5.9 10.9
3.4 6.2
2.9 4.6
10.6
12.6
32.0 28.7 28.7
17.8 17.5 17.5
9.5 10.2 10.3
7.2 8.5 9.0
1.7 2.0 2.0
9.3
32.5
16.4
22.3
41.1
31.3
16.5
22.5
42.5
8.9
5.8
3.8
9.4
9.8
8.9
5.9
3.8
9.4
9.8
30.0
23.5
9.9
7.8
1.7 1.7
26.5 26.4
22.4 22.5
9.5 9.6
9.3 9.9
2.6 2.4
4.9
5.9
14.1
18.2
19.7
15.4 9.3
6 .1
5.9
12.7 12.5
17. 8 17.4
2 0 .2 2 0 .1
10.5 1 2 .6 13.0
11.3 13.6 13. fi 2 IQ Q223 4
4.9 7.5 5.8 5.8 5.5 8.4 6 .5 6.5 8.3r
7 6 .6
6 .1
9.4 7.2 7.1 5.0 8.3
54.0 61.8 60.4 59.8 58.0 77.4 76.8 75.3 56. 5 56.5 57.0 55.0 64.7 62.5 62.2 48.3 60.5
25.0 30.2 29.5 30.7 30.0 36.8 35.8 36.2 38.2 38.5 38.8 35.0 37.9 36.9 36.9 30.0 39.7
6.4 6.4
58.6 60.1
39.5 39.5
5.9
4.9
13.0
15.6
16.2
17.0
......... 28.9
38. 1
47.9
12.6
5.6
8.2
6.7 14.5 9.1 5.1 15.4 9.9
5.3 . . . . . 6 .8 5.5 5.8 3.4 5.4 6 .1
11.6 11.6 ........ 14.6 12 .6 12.5 17.1 15.3 15.3
15.1 14.7
15.4 14.1 14.6 17.1 16.0 16.0
16.6 16.7 ............. 16.7 15.5 15.4 19.1 2 0 .2 20.5
17.0 17.3
23.3 23.0
33 .3 32.7
64.5 66.9
.....
2 0 .0 2 0 .6 21 .2 17.0
29.3 25.1 24.8 30.2
45.9 41.8 41.8 12.6
47.5 58.8 62.1 49.1
19.2 19.4
22.9 22.51
10.5
10.2
70.3 69.8
8.6
6.5
3.0 13.0 11.3
6 .1
5.9 6 .2
19.0 17.6 17.5
18.4 18.0 17.3
17.5 18.4 18.3
10.1 17.3 18.3'
30.9 24.3 24.6
414.1 13.8 13.6
48.0 57.7 59.7
|
2 No. 3 can.
8 No. 2J can.
#
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[49]
4Per pound.
19.2
29.4
42.1
54.9
19.7
23.0
35.3
68.9
2 0 .0
2 2 .8
36.4
75.1
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW,
50
T able 5 .—A V E R A G E R E T A I L P R IC E S O F T H E P R I N C I P A L A R T I C L E S
R ic h m o n d , V a.
A r tic le .
U n it.
M a y 15—
1913 1921
R o c h e ste r, N . Y .
A p r . M a y M a y A p r. M a y
15,
15,
15,
15,
15,
1922. 1922. 1921. 1922. 1922.
S t. L o u is , M o.
M a y 15—
1913 1921
C ts .
C ts .
C ts .
3 5 .6
3 3 .4
2 9 .9
20.3
1 4 .9
3 2 .5 3 3 .0
2 9 .5 3 0 .2
2 6 .4 2 6 .5
18 .3 18 .9
13.1 12.8
C ts .
C ts .
C ts .
C ts .
C ts .
C ts .
C ts .
S ir lo in s t e a k ......................................
H o n o r! s t e a k
.............................
R i b r o a s t,.............................................
O h n e k ro ast, ....................................
P l a t e b e e f .........................................
P o u n d ............
......... d o .............
......... d o .............
......... d o .............
......... d o .............
2 1 .8
19.6
1 8 .9
15.3
12 .4
41 .3
3 7 .2
32 .1
2 4 .8
19.1
38 .1
3 3 .0
2 9 .8
2 1 .1
15 .9
3 9 .2
3 4 .0
3 0 .3
23 .3
1 7 .2
3 9 .6
3 4 .1
2 9 .9
2 3 .8
13.7
3 5 .0
29 .3
26.1
2 1 .0
1 1 .5
3 5 .9 2 3 .3
3 0 .9 21.1
2 6 .6 1 8 .0
2 1 .4 13.7
11 .6 11 .0
P o r k e h o p s ........................................
B a c o n ...................................................
H a m ....................................................
L a m b ....................................................
H e n s ......................................................
......... d o .............
......... d o .............
......... d o .............
......... d o .............
......... d o .............
20 .8
2 5 .0
25 .7
19.7
2 1 .0
3 6 .2
3 8 .5
4 3 .9
4 2 .0
4 2 .5
3 0 .9
3 3 .9
4 4 .8
43.1
3 6 .5
3 4 .4
3 5 .0
4 4 .8
4 7 .9
3 6 .6
3 7 .5
3 5 .3
4 8 .2
3 5 .0
4 7 .2
3 5 .1
3 1 .9
49 .9
3 9 .3
4 2 .9
3 6 .7 19 .5 3 1 .4
3 1 .5 25.3 3 9 .4
5 0 .4 2 6 .7 4 7 .4
3 9 .2 19 .0 3 2 .9
42.1 18 .5 3 5 .5
S a lm o n e a n n e d red..
M ilk fr e s h
....................................
M ilk e y a p o r a t e d
.......................
B u t t e r ................................................
O l e o m a r g a r in e ..
__ d o .............
Q u a r t ..............
1 5 -1 6 -o z .c a n
P o u n d ............
__ d o .............
1 16.3
10 .0 1 4 .0
15.1
3 9 .0 5 2 .0
3 3 .5
1 14.9
13 .0
12.3
5 2 .9
3 0 .9
i 14.5
1 3 .0
1 2 .2
5 2 .9
30.1
3 6 .6
12 .5
1 4 .8
4 2 .8
3 1 .0
2 9 .9 2 9 .9
8.Ô
1 2 .0 1 1 .0
11.3 11.3
4 5 .3 4 5 .6 3 3 .3
28 .4 2 8 .5
3 0 .3 27 .7
2 2 .3 3 1 .9 3 1 .4
1 5 .0 1 7 .4 17 .7
22 .1 2 2 .0
2 4 .0 3 3 .0 29 .5
2 7 .9
3 1 .0
17 .7
2 1 .7
3 3 .7
2 7 .9
3 2 .4
16 .7
2 0 .0
3 4 .1
2 6 .6
3 2 .5
1 6 .8
2 1 .0
32 .3
9.1
5 .4
4.1
10.1
1 0 .0
8 .6
5 .6
5 .4
8 .1
12.7
8 .1
5 .2
4 .9
7 .3
9 .8
ISmt. m a r g a r in e
d o ............
C h e e s e ................................................... ......... d o .............
L a rd
.
........................................ ......... d o .............
O riso n
.................................. ......... d o .............
E g g s , s t r i c t l y f r e s h ....................... D o z e n .............
B rea d
........................................ P o u n d ............
F l o u r ..................................................... ......... d o .............
C o r n m e a l ........................................... ..........d o .............
R o lle d o a t s ........................................ ..........d o .............
C o rn fla k e s ...................................... 8-oz. p k g . . . .
C re a m of W h e a t ............................. 28-oz. p k g . . .
M a e a ro n i
P o u n d ............
R ic e ........................................................ ......... d o .............
B e a n s , n a v y ...................................... ......... d o .............
P o t a t o e s . . . ” ...................................... ..........d o .............
O n io n s
............................................. ..........d o .............
C a b b a g e ............................................... ......... d o .............
B e a n s , b a k e d .................................... No. 2 c a n ___
C o rn e a n n e d __
__ d o .............
P e a s , e a n n e d .................................... ......... d o .............
T o m a to e s , e a n n e d ......................... ___ d o .............
S u g a r , g r a n u l a t e d .......................... P o u n d ............
Tea
.................................................. ..........d o .............
C o ffe e .................................................... ......... d o .............
P r u n e s ................................................. ......... d o .............
R a i s o n s ............................................. ......... d o .............
B a n a n a s ............................................... D o z e n .............
O r a n g e s ............................................... .......do.........
i P in k .
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
5 .3
3 .3
2 .0
9 .8
1 .7
10.7
5 .8
4 .2
11 .0
12 .9
9 .1
5 .4
4 .1
1 0 .2
10.3
13 .5
5 .8
1 2 .0
15 .3
19 .6
C ts .
2 9 .8
3 7 .8
49.1
4 1 .4
3 5 .3
3 0 .5
3 9 .6
49.4
3 8 .8
33 .7
3 5 .7
1 4 .0
13 .4
4 1 .5
29 .4
3 3 .2
10 .0
9 .9
4 6 .5
26.1
3 2 .8
1 0 .0
9 .8
4 5 .2
2 6 .2
2 6 .5
3 2 .4
16.7
2 1 .0
3 4 .1
26 .3
1 9 .2 2 7 .6
13 .7 1 2 .0
2 1 .5
2 0 .0 2 6 .8
2 5 .1
2 9 .2
12 .9
2 0 .6
2 7 .9
2 5 .2
26 .7
13.1
2 0 .8
29 .4
8 .1
5 .3
4 .9
7 .4
9 .8
5. 5 1 0 .6
3 .0
5 .1
3 .4
2 .1
9 .7
10.7
9 .3
4 .7
2 .7
8 .1
9 .3
9 .4
4 .8
2 .9
8 .0
9 .3
3 0 .7 2 7 .9 27.1 2 8 .8 2 5 .0 2 5 .0
2 1 .0 2 1 .5 21 .7 2 0 .8 18 .9 1 9 .0
9 .5
1 0 .5 1 1 .0 1 1 .8 8 .7
9 .3
8 .0
9 .0
9 .5
8 .8
9 .8 10.1
4.1
2 .4
2 .2
1 .1
2 .3
3 .8
5 .3
4 .8
1 2 .0
15.1
2 0 .0
A p r. M ay
15,
15,
1922. 1922.
8 .3
1 .3
11.7
6 .0 13 .7 10.3
5 .9
5 .7
5 .7
6 .1
1 1 .9 1 2 .0 11 .3 11.3
1 5 .5 16.1 1 5 .5 15 .2
1 9 .8 1 8 .6 19.1 18 .9
3 0 .4 2 5 .0 2 4 .9
2 1 .2 2 0 .8 2 0 .8
7 .9
8 .9
8 .9
6 .7
9 .1
9 .6
2 .2
2 .9
3 .2
5 .5
5 .3
12.1
1 4 .9
15 .7
12. 4 7 .8
4 .3
4 .9
1 1 .0 lLh
1 5 .2 1 4 .9
1 6 .2 16.6
12.1 13.1 1 2 .8 1 2 .6 13.4 13. 4
10.7 1 3 .8 1 3 .9
5 .2
7 .7
6 .3
6 .3
8 .0
6 .5
5 .0
6 .7
6 .5
8 .6 6 .7
56. C 84. C 79.1 80.7 6 0 .6 6 0 .6 6 0 .3 55. C 6 9 ,7 70.1 68.1
2 6 .8 3 6 .7 3 5 .4 3 6 .0 3 3 .0 3 3 .1 3 2 .9 2 4 .3 3 2 .9 3 4 .2 3 4 .5
2 1 .8 2 1 .6 22.1 2 1 .0 1 9 .7
3 2 .0 23.9 2 3 .6 3 0 .3 24.1
40 .6 3 7 .8 3 7 .1 45.3 42.0
44.1 6 3 .5 64.2 46.9 5 8 .8
2 No. 2i can.
19.7
24 .7
42.3
5 7 .5
1 9 .2 2 0 .0
3 0 .4 25.1
3 3 .7 3 2 .5
4 3 .6 5 6 .3
2 0 .9
2 4 .9
3 1 .7
5 6 .8
8 Per pound.
%
[50]
RETAIL PRICES OF FOOD,
O F F O O D F O R 51 C I T I E S O N C E R T A I N S P E C I F I E D
S t. P a u l , M in n .
S a l t L a k e C ity , U t a h
51
D A T E S — C o n ti n u e d .
S a n F r a n c is c o , C a lif.
S av an n ah G a.
M a y 15—
M a y 15—
A p r M ay
A pr
15,
15,"
15,
1922.
1922.
1922.
1913 1921
1913 1921
M ay
15,
1922.
Cts. Cts. Cts. Cts. Cts. Cts. Cts.
M ay
15,
1921.
A p r.
15,
1922.
M ay
15,
1922.
Cts.
Cts.
Cts.
3 5 .8
2 9 .9
2 9 .3
2 2 .3
12.8
3 1 .3
2 6 .3
26.1
19.6
10.1
3 4 .8
2 8 .8
2 7 .3
2 0 .9
10.7
2 2 .5
2 0 .0
19.6
15.7
11.7
3 0 .5
2 7 .9
2 5 .0
1 9 .7
13 .5
2 8 .6
24. £
21.3
1 6 .9
12.6
2 8 .5
2 4 .8
2 1 .7
17 .4
12.6
20. c
19. C
20 .7
14.6
13.3
31. C
2 8 .9
29.1
18.8
15.2
31 .2
28 .1
2 9 .1
19.6
14.9
3 0 .4
4 3 .9
47.1
3 1 .2
34.1
3 0 .4
4 0 .6
4 9 .4
3 7 .5
3 3 .2
3 3 .8
41.1
50.6
3 7 .7
3 2 .9
23.1
3 0 .8
2 9 .3
19.6
2 4 .3
3 4 .5
4 5 .4
4 6 .2
3 0 .2
4 1 .0
3 2 .2
4 0 .0
4 8 .3
34. 6
3 5 .2
3 2 .3
39.7
49.7
33 .9
3 5 .8
2 4 .0
3 2 .8
3 0 .0
16.7
2 5 .2
3 8 .9
56 .4
54 .3
3 0 .2
4 5 .3
3 9 .6
11.0
14.6
36. 5
3 0 .3
3 6 .6
10.0
11.7
4 0 .0
27.1
27.1
2 9 .2
16.6
24. 4
2 5 .8
M ay
S c ra n to n , P a .
M a y 15—
1921.
A p r.
15,
1922.
M ay
15,
1922.
Cts.
Cts.
Cts.
Cts.
30. Ê
28. C
2 8 .5
19.1
14 .4
3 5 .8
3 0 .8
2 7 .1
18 .8
16.1
3 0 .0
2 6 .4
2 5 .0
17.0
1 5 .0
3 0 .9 2 4 .3 4 9 .4
27.1 2 1 .0 4 0 .3
2 5 .0 2 2 .3 3 5 .9
1 8 .0 1 7 .0 2 6 .5
1 5 .4 12.1 13.1
45. 5
35. 7
3 4 .3
2 4 .3
11 .3
4 7 .3
3 7 .3
3 4 .9
2 4 .7
10 .9
3 9 .1
54.4
5 7 .5
3 7 .3
40 .1
3 8 .7
5 2 .5
5 6 .2
3 4 .7
4 0 .5
3 5 .0
4 0 .8
4 2 .8
3 8 .8
3 4 .2
2 9 .1
3 5 .5
4 2 .3
38 .3
3 3 .1
31 .1
3 5 .5
4 1 .8
4 0 .8
3 3 .1
2 0 .5
2 7 .3
2 9 .3
2 1 .7
2 3 .7
3 5 .6
4 3 .3
56 .7
4 3 .3
4 5 .7
3 7 .5
4 2 .0
5 7 .3
4 6 .8
4 6 .5
3 6 .8
3 9 .6 35 .8 3 5 .0
3 2 .8
10.0
8 .7 12 .5 9 .0
9 .0 10.0 14.6
11.6
1 3 .5 10.7 10.7
12.7
4 0 .0 3 5 .6 3 8 .5 3 9 .3 40 .7 3 3 .6 41. 8
2 6 .8
3 5 .0
2 6 .8
2 8 .0
13.0
10 .2
4 3 .4
2 7 .0
2 7 .9
1 3 .0
10 .1
4 5 .1
26-7
4 2 .2
2 0 .0
14 .0
4 5 .7
3 6 .6
3 5 .8
1 8 .0
1 0 .2
4 5 .9
3 1 .7
3 6 .6
4 2 .5 3 7 .7
18 .0
8 .6 13.0 12 .0
10 .2
14 .2 11. 5
4 5 .9 3 6 .6 4 3 .9 4 3 .8
3 0 .9
3 0 .5 2 5 .8
3 7 .6
1 2 .0
11.3
4 4 .8
2 5 .8
2 6 .2
3 0 .9
16.6
24. 4
2 8 .9
2 6 .2
3 0 .0 2 3 .3
1 6 .8 1 9 .2
24.3
2 9 .5 2 3 .8
2 7 .2
2 8 .4
19 .0
2 6 .8
3 1 .0
2 9 .9
27 .1
19.1
2 5 .4
2 8 .2
2 7 .3
3 3 .8
1 9 .4
2 3 .8
3 2 .0
2 7 .2
3 3 .8
1 9 .3
2 4 .0
3 0 .5
3 0 .2
2 9 .9
17 .2
2 0 .0
3 1 .4
2 8 .1
2 8 .9
18.3
2 0 .3
3 1 .4
27.-5
2 9 .4
2 7 .9 18.3 3 2 .4
17 .8 15.6 17.5
20 .1
2 2 .9
3 3 .1 2 5 .0 3 6 .1
2 6 .5
3 0 .6
17.7
2 2 .0
3 0 .5
9 .5
5. 5
4 .7
9 .4
1 3 .9
8 .5
5. 5
3 .5
8 .9
10.0
9 .3
5. 5
3 .5
8 .7
10.0
9 .8
3 .4
4 .1
9 .3
14.4
9 .4
9 .4
3 .5
3 .5
3 .6
3 .6
9 .7 9 .4
12.6 12.6
9 .6
8 .5
6 .3
5 .5
5 .1
4 .7
10. 3 9 .8
13.0 11.3
8 .5
5 .4
4 .6
9 .6
10 .5
1 0 .6
5 .9
2 .8
11.1
12.1
8 .3
5 .7
2 .6
8 .6
8 .9
8|i 7
2 9 .8
19. 4^
8 .9
9 .0
1 .4
2 6 .2 . 2 6 .2
1 8 .8
18. 5
9 .4
9 .5
9 .4
9 .7
2 .7
2 .7
2 8 .8 25 .1
14. 5 1 3 .0
9 .0 9 .1
6 .7
8 .3
i . 4 3 .3
3 .3
2 4 .9
1 2 .8
8 .9
8 .3
3 .3
2 9 .6
2 0 .0
7 .3
9 .7
2 .6
2 5 .6
1 8 .6
8 .3
9 .5
3 .1
2 5 .5
18 .6
8 .4
10 .4
3 .3
11.0
9 .4
17.7 15.2
18.3 17.3
18 .8 1 7 .8
5 .9
2 .6
3 .3
8 .2
i. i
2 7 .2
2 8 .9
26 .6 20. Ó 2 7 .0
19.0 18. 3 2 0 .9
25.1
2 2 .3
2 8 .1 2 4 .5 3 0 .3
32. 8 26 .4 2 6 .3
2 2 .5 2 1 .6 2 1 .3
8 .3
8 .8
8 .8
9 .1
8 .9 9 .3
1 .7
2 .1
2 .0
5 .9
3 .3
3 .4
8 .5
1913 1921
A p r.! M a y
10,
10,
1922. 1922.
Cts. Cts. Cts. Cts.
5 .6
3 .5
2 .6
8 .6
8 .9
3 9 .9
4 2 .2
5 3 .1
4 3 .3
4 9 .1
2 6 .0
3 1 .4
17 .6
2 2 .1
3 4 .8
11 .0 9 .4 9 .4
6 .6
5 .8
5 .7
7 .6
6. 2 6 .1
11.1 9 .7
9 .9
12 .9 10.1 1 0 .2
2 9 .1 2 7 .3 2 6 .9
2 4 .2 23. 2 2 3 .2
9 .7
9 .8
9 .7
1 0 .0 10.1 10.3
1 .5
1 .6
3 .0
3 .3
8 .5
3 .3
6 .2
17.8
. 16. 5
16.1
13.3
5 .2
14.3
15.0
16.3
11.9
5 .8
1 4 .0
15.0
16.6
15.0
1 6 .6
1 8 .0
6 .8
3. 7
14 .2
15.0
1 8 .0
1 4 .5
5 .2
12 .1
14 .3
17 .0
10 .4
4 .8
12.3
14.1
1 7 .2
13.3
9 .0
7 0 .8
4 0 .8
1 4 .0
7 .0
6 3 .5
4 0 .4
14.0
1 0 .6 14 .5 14.1
11.4 14.2 2 13 .8
6 .9
5 .9
9 .4
7 .8 7 .8
5 .3
8 .8
6 .7
6 .5
6 3 .5 6 5 .7 8 3 .3 8 1 .6 8 0 .9 50 .0 58. 1 56.1
5 6 .7
4 0 .0 3 5 .8 4 7 .3 4 3 .8 4 4 .1 3 2 .0 3 5 .6 3 4 .3
3 4 .9
1 0 .3
8 .0
6 9 .2
3 0 .5
12 .6
6 .1
6 7 .9
3 1 .6
12.4
12.1 1 3 .6 1 3 .8
6 .2
8 .2
5 .5
6 .7
6 .8
6 6 .5 5 2 .5 6 3 .6 5 9 .5 6 0 .0
3 1 .3 3 1 .3 3 9 .1 3 7 .5 3 7 .5
16. 5
31 .1
4 5 .0
4 5 .0
19.1
2 2 .3
2 6 .7
6 6 .1
18 .9
2 2 .8
2 7 .9
6 9 .0
19.7
2 0 .8
21. S
3 2 .3
2 6 .8 2 7 .0
2 13.1 3 11.6 3 11.3
5 2 .7
6 3 .8 6 6 .9
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
2 .9 14.1
7 .5
18.1 17.9
1 7 .0 1 4 .9
1 5 .8 15 .6
1 6 .7
3 0 .9
17.8
4 5 .4
1 1 .0
6 .0
1 7 .0
14.9
15 .7
1 8 .9 19.7
2 5 .2 2 5 .2
3 16.2 16.1
52.1 5 1 .3
1 .8
15.6 18.0
2 9 .1 2 2 ,6
4 1 .4 3 6 .4
4 3 .3 6 0 .0
[51]
1 8 .6
2 2 .2
3 9 .3
6 0 .0
7 .4 1 3 .3 9 .4
6 .2
6 .2
1 3 .9 12. 5 1 2 .5
1 6 .0 17.1 16. 9
16 .4 17 .7 1 7 .0
18.3 17.4 1 8 .5
3 0 .7 2 5 .0 2 4 .6
3 6 .8 3 5 .3 3 5 .3
4 7 .5 61 .1 6 4 .1
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW,
52
T able 5. -A V E R A G E R E T A I L P R IC E S O P T H E P R I N C I P A L A R T I C L E S O F F O O D F O R
51 C IT I E S O N C E R T A IN S P E C I F I E D D A T E S —C oncluded.
S p r in g f ie ld , 111.
S e a t tle , W a s h .
U n it.
A r tic le .
M a y 15— ,
1913
1921
Cts.
Cts.
A p r.
15,
1922.
M ay
15,
1922.
M ay
15,
1921.
A p r.
15,
1922.
M ay
15,
1922.
Cts.
Cts.
Cts.
Cts.
Cts.
W a s h in g to n , D . c .
M a y 15— i
1A p r . M a y
1913 1921
Cts.
Cts.
15,
15,
1922. 1922.
Cts.
Cts.
4 0 .4
3 4 .6
3 1 .3
2 1 .5
12 .4
42.1
3 5 .3
3 4 .2
2 2 .4
1 2 .9
S irlo in s te a k
IT.on rid s t e a k
................
R ib ro a s t
C h u c k r o a s t ...........................
P la te boot
....................
2 3 .8
........do............ 2 1 .5
......... d o .............. 19 .6
......... d o .............. 1 6 .8
......... d o ............ 1 2 .9
3 3 .4
30.1
2 7 .5
1 9 .8
1 6 .1
3 0 .8
2 6 .9
2 3 .8
17 .7
13.8
3 1 .4
2 7 .8
2 4 .7
1 7 .7
1 3 .8
3 7 .9
3 6 .4
2 5 .4
2 0 .9
1 5 .5
3 2 .2
3 1 .9
2 2 .5
19.1
13.3
3 3 .9 2 7 .5 4 7 .2
3 3 .2 2 3 .6 4 1 .3
2 2 .7 2 1 .9 3 6 .7
19 .6 1 7 .6 2 5 .3
13 .2 12.1 1 4 .5
Pnrlr oh ops
B aeon
.........................
............................
TTH7T1
T/fimh
TTrvns
............
........do...........
........do............
........do...........
........do ...........
24.6
2 4 .5
35. 'Ó
3 4 .5
50 .7
5 3 .8
3 5 .0
36 .4
3 2 .0
3 9 .7
4 8 .5
3 5 .8
3 4 .5
30.1
37 .9
4 9 .3
41.1
3 4 .3
31.6 21.1 3 8 .7 3 5 .5 3 7 .7
38.3 2 6 .5 4 0 .5 3 7 .3 3 7 .4
51.1 28. 0 55.5 5 6 .5 5 7 .2
......... d o ..............
3 7 .6
53 .8
53 .9
3 0 .8
36.1
33.8
3 1 .7
3 0 .8
3 5 .7
3 0 .7
30 .9
3 4 .5
Q u a rt............
8 .5
12.0
12.0
12.0
39.1
12 .5
3 4 .3
Mi Hr frrwh
Mi Hr evaporated
B u tte r..
O leom argarine..................
15-16 o z . c a n .
P o u n d ............
......... d o ..............
1 0 .4
4 1 .6
2 8 .2
10.3
4 3 .5
2 7 .5
15. 6
3 5 .0
12.3
3 5 .4
2 7 .5
4 0 .9
2 9 .9
11 .7
4 4 .7
2 8 .4
N o t m argarinp.
Cheese . . . .
.................
Tard
Crisco
THges strictly fresh
......... d o ..............
......... d o ..............
......... do ..............
........do ..............
D ozen .............
21. 7
1 7 .6
2 8 .5
31. 3
2 0 .9
2 4 .4
2 8 .8
2 8 .6
3 3 .3
1,8.7
2 4 .8
2 9 .2
2 8 .3
3 2 .0
1 8 .6
25 .1
30.8
2 7 .8
3 2 .4
16 .2
2 3 .7
2 8 .7
2 7 .7
34 .1
17 .0
22. 0
2 8 .9
29 .1
2 7 .4
32 .7 2 3 .5 3 4 .0
1 6 .8 14 .8 1 5 .8
2 1 .0
2 2 .4
2 9 .8 2 3 .9 3 4 .6
9 .9
5 .1
4 .7
8 .8
1 3 .8
9 .9
5. 1
3 .8
8 .4
1 2 .0
9 .9
5 .2
3 .7
8 .5
1 1 .8
1 0 .4
5 .9
4 .5
1 1 .3
14 .6
9 .7
5 .5
4 .1
1 0 .2
1 0 .5
9 .7 '
5 .6
4 .2
1 0 .2
10. 1
5 .6
3 .7
2 .4
3 0 .7
18.1
1 0 .0
7 .3
2 .2
2 7 .4
1 8 .9
18. £
8 .7
2 .4
2 6 .9
1 8 .8
1 0 .6
9 .2
2. 8
3 0 .5
2 3 .1
9 .5
7 .6
2 .2
27 .9
2 0 .0
10.1
9 .8
2. 8
2 7 .4
2 0 .2
10 .1
10. 7
3 .0
2 9 .1 2 5 .6 2 5 .4
22 .1 2 2 .0 2 2 .2
9 .4 9 .4 1 0 .0 9 .9
7 .8
9 .7
9.1
2 .1
4 .2
2 .0
3 .8
3 .2
6 .5
1 8 .0
16 .6
17.1
12.1
6 .1
16 .5
17.2
18 .6
1 1 .9
6 .5
16.1
1 7 .5
1 8 .8
7 .6
6 .7
15.4
14 .7
17.1
17 .0
5 .5
13.1
15. C
16. f
1 2 .1
6 .7
5.1
7 .1
12.1
1 3 .3
13.8
15.1
1 7 .0 . - » - . 15. c
112. 5 1 15.7 1 15.4
Tom atnes can n ed
......... d o ..............
7 .1
7 .3
9 .5
fimrar7 g ra n u la te d .............. P o u n d ............ 5 .9
6 3 .8
63 .4
Tea
......... do .............. 5 0 .0 6 4 .4
12 .2
9 .3
8 1 .3
37 .0
16.1
7. i
73. (
36. J
15.5
7 .3
73.1
3 6 .5
B re a d
....................................
F lour
Com meal
Rolled oats
Coro flakes
P o u n d ............
P o u n d ............
........do...........
........do............
20.8
2 5 .0
5 .5
3 .0
3 .0
......... d o ..............
8-oz. p k g ___
Cream of Wheat, _
28-oz. p k g - . .
p o u n d . _7. . .
...
R ice.................................... ......... d o ..............
B pan s o a v y ....................... ......... do ..............
........do............
Potatoes _.
M a c a ro n i.
Onions
Cabbage
Bp.ans; balrpd__
Porn cp.n n ed
P oas cam n pd
7 .7
1.Ò
......... d o ..............
. . . . . d o .............
No. 2 c a n ___
......... d o ..............
......... d o ..............
C o ffe e ........................................ ......... d o ..............
Prunes
R aisins
B ananas
......... d o ..............
......... d o ..............
D o z e n ...........
O r a n g e s .................................... ......... d o ..............
2 8 .0
37 .4
49 .9
53 .6
35.1
38 .6
3 9 .2
11.8
22. C 21.1
20 .3
2 1 .3
16.T
34 .2
25J
24 .8
2 4 .5
3 0 .4
2 16.8 2 15.1 2 15.0 2 11. 0 2 9 .8
6 4 .5
59.0
45 .4
59.0
40 .7
1 N o . 2J c a n .
4 0 .7 2 0 .9 4 1 .2 4 4 .5 4 6 .8
34 .3 2 2 .4 47. 5 4 0 .9 4 1 .6
11.1
11.6
37 .3
30.1
2 9 .7
8.0 1 4 .0 13 .0 1 3 .0
1 4 .8 11 .0 1 0 .9
4 3 .9 3S.7 4 6 .7 4 9 .2 4 9 .0
3 3 .0 2 7 .1 2 6 .9
2 8 .3
1 0 .5
6 .2
3 .9
1 1 .2
h
.g
2 6 .9
3 5 .8
1 6 .2
2 1 .5
32 .4
2 6 .7
3 2 .6
1 6 .7
2 1 .7
3 5 .7
8 .6
5 .6
3 .6
9 .6
9 .9
8 .6
5 .6
3 .6
9 .4
9 .9
1 5 .3
5 .1
11. i
14.8
16.8
1 0 .7
5 .2
1 1 .2
1 4 ,6
1 7 .0
11.2 13.1 1 2 .9
4 .9
8. ( 6 .5 6 .5
5 7 .5 74. ( 7 1 .3 7 2 .2
2 8 .8 33.9 3 2 .9 3 2 .9
20.7
24.8
2 9 .8
56. C .........
21.1
30.3
42.5
4 8 .5
20.7
24. •;
37. fa
64.8
2 1 .5
2 4 .3
3 7 .2
68.2
2 Per pound.
Comparison of Retail Food Costs in 51 Cities.
■TABLE 6 shows for 39 cities the percentage of increase or decrease
*■
in the retail cost of food 7 in May, 1922, compared w ith the
average cost in the year 1913, in May, 1921, and in April, 1922. For
12 other cities comparisons are given for the one-year and the onem onth periods. These cities have been scheduled by the bureau at
different dates since 1913. These percentage changes are based on
actual retail prices secured each m onth from retail dealers and on the
average fam ily consumption of these articles in each city.8
i F o r lis t of artic le s, see n o te 2, p . 33.
^
,
8 T h e c o n su m p tio n figure u s ed fro m J a n u a ry , 1913, to D ecem ber, 1920,
g iv e n i n th e Monthly L abor R eview for N o v e m b er, 1918, p p . 94 a n d
w h ic h h a v e b e en u s ed for each m o n th b e g in n in g w ith J a n u a ry , 1921, a re
R e v ie w for M arch 1921, p . 26.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
152 ]
„
,
.. , .
, .. .
for each a rtic le m eac h c ity is
95. T h e c o n su m p tio n figures
g iv e n i n th e Monthly L abor
RETAIL PRICES OF FOOD.
53
Effort has been m ade by the bureau each m onth to have perfect
reporting cities. For the m onth of May, 99.4 per cent of all the
firms reporting in the 51 cities sent in a report prom ptly. The fol
lowing were perfect reporting cities; th a t is, every m erchant in the
following-named 43 cities who is cooperating w ith the bureau sent
in his report in time for his prices to be included in the city averages :
A tlanta, Baltimore, Birmingham, Boston, Bridgeport, B utte, Charles
ton, Chicago, Cincinnati, Cleveland, Columbus, Denver, D etroit, Fall
River, Indianapolis, K ansas City, L ittle Rock, Los Angeles, Man
chester, Memphis, Milwaukee, Minneapolis, Mobile, Newark, New
H aven, New York, Norfolk, Omaha, Peoria, Philadelphia, P ittsburgh,
Providence, Richmond, Rochester, St. Louis, St. Paul, Salt Lake
City, San Francisco, Savannah, Scranton, Seattle, Springfield, and
W ashington, D. C.
The following sum m ary shows the prom ptness w ith which the
m erchants responded in M ay:
R E T A IL P R IC E R E P O R T S R E C E IV E D D U R IN G M AY.
Geographical diiisio n .
U nited
States.
Item .
Percentage of reports received.......................
N um ber of cities in each section from
which every report w as received............
N orth
South
A tlantic. A tlantic.
99.4
99.5
South
Central.
W estern.
99.4
100
98
99
7
14
4
6
12
43
N orth
Central.
T able 6 .—P E R C E N T A G E C H A N G ES IN T H E R E T A IL COST O F FO O D ,
IN
MAY
1922) M A Y ' 1921’ A N D W 1 T H T H E ™
City.
Percentage
increase
May, 1922,
compared
w ith year
1913.
A tla n ta ...............
B altim ore...........
B irm ingh am ___
B oston.................
B ridgepo rt.........
41
44
44
39
Buffalo.................
B u tte ...................
Charleston, S. C .
Chicago...............
C incinnati...........
41
2
3
4
6
8
1
0.3
6
2
46
43
41
C leveland............
Colum bus............
D allas...................
D enver.................
D etroit.................
40
28
42
Fall R iv e r..........
H o u sto n ..............
Indianapo lis. . . .
Jacksonville........
K ansas C ity.......
34
35
36
L ittle R o ck ........
Las Angeles........
Louisville............
M anchester.........
M emphis.............
M ilw aukee..........
36
31
31
38
35
41
Percentage
decrease
May, 1922’
com pared
w ith Mav,
1921. ‘
4
34
5
G
3
4
2
39
4
4
3
3
7
3
4
2
7
1
0
Percentage
increase
May, 1922,
com pared
w ith April,
1922.
1
1
1
a1
a 0.1
a2
i
a 1
0.2
1
0.4
a 0.2
1
2
0
M inneapolis........
Mobile .
N ew ark...............
New H a v en ........
N p.w Y ork
Norfolk
O m aha.................
Peoria.................
P h ilad elp h ia___
Pittsburgh
P ortland Mp.
P o rtlan d , O reg..
Providence
Richmond
a 1
R o ch ester..
0.4
0.3
a1
St. P a u l.........
Salt Lake C ity ..
San F rancisco...
3
S av an n ah ............
Scranton
Seattle
Springfield, III..
W ashington, D ,C
1
0.2
0.3
a. 1
1
1
a Decrease.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Percentage
increase
May, 1922,
compared,
w ith year
1913.
City.
[53]
41
33
35
Percentage
decrease
M ay, 1922,
com pared
w ith May,
1921.
0.3
3
4
5
1922
AEE
Percentage
increase
May, 1922,
com pared
w ith April,
1922.
1
a n 9,
a2
a1
3
g
3
5
a0 9
42
2
35
5
&
670.1
a0 3
42
39
28
41
53
1
1
0.4
02
1
l
2
2
b Increase.
38
2<J
34
5
b2
7
4
5
4
34
b2
49
2
3
3
a 0.1
a1
1
02
1
a 0 .2
1
M O N T H L Y LABOR R E V IE W .
54
Retail Prices of Coal in the United States.“
H E following table shows the average retail prices of coal on
May 15, 1921, and on April 15 and May 15, 1922, for the U nited
States and for each of the cities included in the to tal for the
U nited States. Prices for coal are secured from the cities from which
m onthly retail prices of food are received.
In addition to the prices for Pennsylvania anthracite, prices are
shown for Colorado, Arkansas, and New Mexico anthracite in those
cities where these coals form any considerable portion of the sales
for household use.
The prices shown for bitum inous coal are averages of prices of the
several kinds used. The coal dealers in each city are asked to quote
prices on the kinds of bitum inous coal usually sold for household use.
The prices quoted are for coal delivered to consumers, b u t do not
include charges for storing the coal in cellar or coal bin where an
extra handling is necessary.
T
A V E R A G E R E T A IL P R IC E S O P COAL. P E R TO N O F 2,000 P O U N D S , F O R H O U S E H O L D
U SE , ON M AY 15, 1921, A N D ON A P R IL 15 A N D M AY 15, 1922.
1921
1922
C ity, a n d k in d of coal.
May 15.
April 15.
May 15.
U n ite d S ta te s :
P e n n s y lv a n ia a n th r a c ite —
S to v e ...............................
C h e s tn u t........................
B itu m in o u s ...........................
A tla n ta , Ga.:
B itu m in o u s...........................
B altim ore, Md.:
Pennsylvania a n th racite—
Stove...............................
C h e stn u t.........................
B itu m in o u s...........................
B irm ingham , Ala.:
B itu m in o u s...........................
B oston, Mass.:
Pennsylvania a n th racite—
Stove................................
C h estn u t.........................
B ridgeport, Conn.:
Pennsylvania an th racite—
Stove................................
C h e stn u t.........................
Buffalo, N. Y.:
P ennsylvania a n thracite—
Stove................................
C h e stn u t.........................
B u tte , M ont.:
B itu m in o u s...........................
C harleston, S. C.:
Pennsylvania a n thracite—
Stove................................
C h e stn u t.........................
B itu m in o u s...........................
Chicago, 111.:
Pennsylvania a n th racite—
Stove...............................
C h e stn u t.........................
B itu m in o u s...........................
C incinnati, Ohio:
Pennsylvania, anth racite—
Stove................................
C h estn u t.........................
B itu m in o u s...........................
$14. 794
14. 878
10. 392
$14. 887
14. 939
S. 622
$14.844
14.906
9. 504
8. 813
7.346
7.058
i 14, 500
i 14. 500
8.139
i 15.000
i 14. 750
7.850
i 15.000
i 14. 750
7. 750
8.733
5. 892
5.802
15. 000
15.000
15. 000
15. 000
15.000
15.000
14. 000
14. 000
13. 000
13. 000
13.000
13.000
12. 720
12. 720
12. 813
12. 813
12. 813
12. 813
12. 014
11. 464
11.458
i 17.000
i 17.100
12. 000
i 17.000
i 17.100
12. 000
i 17.000
14. 910
15. 060
8.588
15.410
15.380
8. 765
15.390
15. 360
8.683
15. 500
15. 750
6. 929
15. 000
15. 000
6.615
15. 500
15. 333
6.577
i 17.100
12. 000
1Per to n of 2,240 p ounds.
a Prices of coal were formerly secured sem iannually and p ublished in th e M arch and Septem ber issues
oi the Monthly L abor R eview . Since June, 1920, th ese prices have been secured and published
m onthly.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[54]
RETAIL PRICES OF FOOD.
55
A V E R A G E R E T A I L P R IC E S O F C O A L , P E R T O N O F 2,000 P O U N D S , F O R H O U S E H O L D
U S E , O N M A Y 15, 1921, A N D O N A P R I L 15 A N D M A Y 15, 1922—C o n tin u e d .
1921
1922
C ity, a n d k in d of coal.
M ay 15.
Cleveland, Ohio:
P en n sy lv an ia a n th racite—
Stove..................................
C h estn u t...........................
B itu m in o u s.............................
Colum bus, Ohio:
P en n sy lv an ia an th racite—
C h estn u t....................
B itu m in o u s.............................
D allas, Tex.:
A rkansas an th racite—
E gg....................................
B itu m in o u s.............................
D enver, Colo.:
Colorado an th racite—
Stove, 3 an d 5 m ix e d .. .
Furnace, 1 a n d 2 mixed.
B itu m in o u s.............................
D etroit, Mich.:
P en n sy lv an ia an th racite—
Stove..................................
C h estn u t...........................
B itu m in o u s.............................
F all R iver, M ass.:
P en n sy lv an ia a n th ra c ite —
Stove..................................
C h e s tn u t.........................
B itu m in o u s ............................
H ouston, Tex.:
B itu m in o u s.............................
Indianapolis, In d .:
Pen n sy lv an ia anth racite—
Stove..................................
C h estn u t................ ...........
B itu m in o u s.............................
Jacksonville, F la.:
Pen n sy lv an ia an th racite—
Stove..................................
C h estn u t...........................
B itu m in o u s.............................
K ansas City, Mo.:
A rkansas anth racite—
F u rn a c e ............................
Stove, or No. 4 ................
B itu m in o u s.............................
L ittle Rock, Ark.:
A rkansas an th racite—
E g g .....................................
B itu m in o u s.............................
Los Angeles, Calif.:
B itu m in o u s ...........................
Louisville, K y.:
P en n sy lv an ia an th racite—
S tove..................................
C h estn u t...........................
B itu m in o u s.............................
M anchester, N. H .:
P en n sy lv an ia an th racite—
Stove..................................
C h estn u t...........................
B itu m in o u s.............................
M emphis, T en n .:
P en n sy lv an ia an th racite—
Stove..................................
C h estn u t...........................
B itu m in o u s.............................
M ilwaukee, W is.:
P en n sy lv an ia an th racite—
Stove.................................
C h estn u t...........................
B itu m in o u s.............................
M inneapolis, M inn.:
Pennsylvania an th racite—
Stove..................................
C h estn u t...........................
B itu m in o u s............................. .
Mobile, Ala.:
B itu m in o u s...............................
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[55]
A p ril 15.
M ay 15.
$13.913
13.938
8. 212
«14.375
14. 375
7.964
$14. 375
14.438
7.956
14. 833
7. 638
14.750
6.663
14. 750
6.645
17. 000
14. 500
18.125
15.308
18.125
15.154
16. 083
16. 083
10. 699
15. 917
15.917
10. 237
15. 917
15.917
10.243
14. 550
14.550
9.882
14. 563
14. 563
8.688
14. 563
14. 563
8.688
15. 250
15. 000
11. 500
15. 250
15. 000
9.000
15.250
15.000
9.000
13. 000
11. 500
10.667
15. 375
15. 417
8. 650
15. 625
15.667
7.102
15.625
15.667
6.989
17.167
17. 875
12. 250
17. 500
17. 500
13.000
17. 500
17. 500
13.000
• 16. 500
17.188
9. 600
16. 286
17. 250
8.656
16. 286
17. 063
8.766
16. 000
12.000
15.000
12.067
15.000
12. 067
18. I l l
19.000
18.000
17. 000
17. 000
7. 923
16. 750
16. 750
6.635
6.620
16. 500
16. 500
11. 333
16.000
16. 000
10. 500
16.000
16. 000
10.500
18.000
18.000
8.196
18. 000
18.000
7.786
18.000
18.000
7. 786
15.800
15. 800
10. 639
15. 980
15. 950
10. 366
15. 980
15. 950
9. 759
17. 220
17. 320
12. 292
17. 750
17. 750
11. 950
17. 750
17. 750
11. 950
10. 813
9.000
8. 719
56
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW.
A V E R A G E R E T A I L P R IC E S O P C O A L , P E R T O N O F 2,000 P O U N D S , F O R H O U S E H O L D
U S E , O N M A Y 15, 1921, A N D O N A P R I L 15 A N D M A Y 15, 1922—C o n tin u e d .
1922
1921
C ity, and k in d of coal.
May 15.
N ew ark, N . J.:
Pen n sy lv an ia an th racite—
Stove
..............................................................................................
C h estn u t...............................................................................................
New H aven, C onn.:
P en n sy lv an ia an th racite—
Stove ..................................................................................................
C h estn u t...............................................................................................
New Orleans, L a.:
P en n sy lv an ia anthracite—
............................................................................
Stovfi ...............
C h estn u t...............................................................................................
B itu m in o u s.................................................................................................
New Y ork, N . Y .:
P en n sy lv an ia an th racite—
Stove ..................................................................................................
C h estn u t...............................................................................................
Norfolk, V a.:
Pen n sy lv an ia an thracite—
Stove
.............................................................................................
C h estn u t...............................................................................................
B itu m in o u s.................................................................................................
O m aha, N eb r.:
P en n sy lv an ia an th racite—
Sf.OVA
........... ................ ........................................................ .
C h estn u t...............................................................................................
B itu m in o u s.................................................................................................
Peoria, 111.:
P en n sy lv an ia anthracite—
Stove . . . .
.............................................................................
C h estn u t...............................................................................................
B itu m in o u s.................................................................................................
Philadelphia, P a .:
P en n sy lv an ia anthracite—
Stove .................................................................. ...............................
C h estn u t...............................................................................................
P ittsb u rg h , P a.:
P ennsylvania anthracite—
Stove ..................................................................................................
C h estn u t...............................................................................................
B itu m in o u s.......................................... .................................. ..................
P o rtlan d , Me.:
P en n sy lv an ia anthracite—
Stove ..................................................................................................
C h estn u t...............................................................................................
B itu m in o u s.................................................................................................
Portlan d , Oreg.:
B itu m in o u s.................................................................................................
Providence, R . I.:
P en n sy lv an ia anthracite—
Stove ................................................................................ , ..............
C h estn u t...............................................................................................
B itum inous ...............................................................................................
R ichm ond, V a.:
P en n sy lv an ia anthracite—
S to v e .................................... .................................... .........................
C h estn u t...............................................................................................
B itu m in o u s.................................................................................................
Rochester, N . Y .:
Pen n sy lv an ia anthracite—
Stove ..................................................................................................
C h estn u t...............................................................................................
St. Louis, Mo.:
Pen n sy lv an ia anthracite—
Stove......................................................................................................
C h estn u t...............................................................................................
B itu m in o u s.................................................................................................
S t. Paul, M in n .:
P en n sy lv an ia an thracite—
Stove......................................................................................................
C h estn u t...............................................................................................
B itu m in o u s........................................................................ .......................
1 P e r t o n of 2,240 p o u n d s.
2 F if ty c en ts p e r to n a d d itio n a l is ch arg ed for “ b in n in g .”
th e coal i n t o th e cellar.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[56]
A pril 15.
May 15.
$12.375
12.375
$12.750
12.750
$12.750
12.750
13. 708
13.708
14.000
14.000
14.000
14.000
20.750
20.750
10.409
17.000
17.000
9.344
16.750
16.833
8.788
13.133
13.117
13.142
13.142
13.142
13.142
14.000
14.000
11.464
14.000
14.000
9.238
14.000
14.000
9.429
22.000
22.000
12.281
22.000
22.000
11.857
22.000
22.000
11. 857
15. 500
15.500
6.250
15. 500
15.500
6.464
15. 500
15.500
6.625
1 13. 813
i 13.813
i 14.094
i 14.094
1 14.094
i 14.094
1 15. 000
1 15.467
7.781
i 15.750
i 15.667
6.750
1 15.750
i 15.667
6.750
15.120
15.120
9.800
15.843
15.843
15. 843
15. 843
13.105
12. 925
13.194
2 15.000
2 15. 000
2 10.500
2 15.000
2 15.000
2 15.000
2 15.000
14.188
14.188
10. 816
14.250
14.250
9.846
14.250
14.250
8.692
13.050
13.050
13.450
13.450
13.450
13.450
16.000
16.188
6.895
15.938
16.125
6.868
16.063
16.250
6.855
17.217
17.317
13.414
17.750
17.750
12.344
17.750
17.750
12.384
M ost c u sto m ers re q u ire b in n in g or b a sk e tin g
WHOLESALE PRICES.
57
A V E R A G E R E T A I L P R I C E S O F C O A L , P E R T O N O F 2,000 P O U N D S , F O R H O U S E H O L D
U S E , O N M A Y 15, 1921, A N D O N A P R I L 15 A N D M A Y 15, 1922— C o n t i n u e d .
1921
1922
C i t y , a n d k i n d o f c o a l.
M ay 15.
Salt Lake C ity, U tah :
Colorado an th racite—
Furnace, 1 and 2 mixed.
Stove, 3 and 5 m ix e d . . .
B itu m in o u s.............................
San Francisco, Calif.:
N ew Mexico an th racite—
Cerillos egg.......................
Colorado an th racite—
$18.100
19.200
9.488
E g g ............................................
B itu m in o u s.............................
Savannah, G a .:
Penn sy lv an ia anthracite—
Stove..................................
C h estn u t...........................
B itu m in o u s.............................
Scranton, P a . :
P enn sy lv an ia an th racite—
Stove..................................
C h estn u t...........................
Seattle, W ash.:
B itu m in o u s.............................
Springfield, 111.:
B itu m in o u s.............................
W ashington, D. C.:
P enn sy lv an ia anthracite—
Stove..................................
C h estn u t...........................
B itu m in o u s.............................
A p ril 15.
$19.125
20.000
8.966
M ay 15.
$19.125
20.000
8.580
26. 500
27.250
27.250
26.000
18.455
26.250
19.250
26.250
18.038
3 17.100
3 17.100
3 12. 500
3 16.600
3 16.600
3 10. 767
3 16.100
3 16.100
3 10.100
9. 517
9. 517
9.700
9.700
9.700
9. 700
4 11.597
4 10.107
4 10.080
4.300
4.525
4.675
1 14.229
1 14.171
1 10.136
1 14.593
i 14.571
1 9.035
1 14.679
1 14.607
1 8. 871
1 Per to n of 2,240 pounds.
s All coal sold in S avannah is weighed by the city. A charge of 10 cents per ton or half to n is made. This
additional charge has been included in the above prices.
4
Prices in zone A. The cartage charge in zone A is $1.85, which has been included in the average The
cartage charges in Seattle range from $1.75 to $2.80, according to distance.
Comparison 01 Retail Price Changes m the United States and Foreign
Countries.
H E index num bers of retail prices published by several foreign
countries have been brought together w ith those of this bureau
in the subjoined table after having been reduced to a common
base, namely, prices for July, 1914, equal 100. This base was selected
instead of the average for the year 1913, which is used in other tables
of index num bers Compiled by the bureau, because of the fact th a t in
some instances satisfactory inform ation for 1913 was not available.
For Belgium, Denmark, Germany, G reat B ritain, Norway, Sweden,
and the city of Rome, Italy, the index numbers are reproduced as
published in the original sources. W ith three exceptions all these
are shown on the July, 1914, base in the source from which the infor
m ation is taken. The index num bers for Belgium are com puted on
April, 1914, as the base period, those for Germany on the average of
October, 1913, January, April, and July, 1914, while those for Rome
are based on the first half of 1914. The index num bers here shown
for the rem aining countries have been obtained by dividing the index
for each m onth specified in the table by the index for July, 1914, or
the nearest period thereto, as published. As shown in the table, the
num ber of articles included in the index num bers for the different
countries differs widely. These results should not, therefore, be con
sidered as closely comparable with one another. In a few instances,
T
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[57]
• MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW.
58
also, the figures here shown are n o t absolutely comparable from
m onth to m onth over the entire period, owing to slight changes
in the list of commodities included at successive dates.
IN D E X N U M B E R S O F R E T A IL P R IC E S IN T H E U N IT E D S T A T E S AN D C E R T A IN O T H E R
C O U N T R IE S .
[Ju ly , 1914=100.]
Y ear and
m o n th .
U nited
States: 22
foodstuffs,
to D e
cem ber, A ustralia:
food
1920; since 46
th a t tim e 30stuffs;
tow
ns.
43 food W eighted.
stuffs;
51 cities
(variable).
W eighted.
France: Fam ily
budget, 13 articles.
Belgium:
56 articles Canada:
food
(variable); 29
59 cities. 60stuffs;
cities.
N ot
w eighted. W eighted.
Germ any:
D enm ark:
F am ily
F am ily
food
Cities over
food
budget;
10,000
b u d g e t;
5 persons. population Paris only. 5 persons.
W eighted. (except W eighted. W eighted.
Paris).
W eighted.
J u ly , 1 9 1 4 ....
J u l y , 1915___
J u l y , 1916___
Ju ly , 1 9 1 7 ....
J u l y , 1 9 1 8 ....
Ju ly , 1 9 1 9 ....
100
98
109
143
164
186
100
131
130
126
131
147
1 100
100
105
114
157
175
186
100
128
146
166
187
212
. 100
2 123
2 141
2 184
2 244
2 289
100
120
129
183
206
261
1920.
J u ly ................
A ugust__
S ep tem b er__
O ctober..........
N o v e m b e r...
D ecem ber.. . .
215
203
199
194
189
175
194
194
197
192
186
184
453
463
471
477
476
468
227
221
215
213
206
200
253
2388
373
373
407
420
426
424
1,156
1,049
1,032
1,129
1,184
1,272
1921.
J a n u a ry .........
F e b ru a ry . . . .
M arch.............
A p ril...............
M ay................
.Tune__
J u ly ................
A ugust.........
S ep tem b er__
O ctober..........
N o v e m b e r.. .
D ecem ber___
169
155
153
149
142
141
145
152
150
150
149
147
186
184
181
173
168
165
161
158
154
195
190
178
171
165
150
148
154
159
155
149
148
276
146
143
450
434
411
399
389
384
379
384
386
391
394
393
410
382
359
328
317
312
306
317
329
331
326
323
1,265
1,191
1,188
1,171
1,152
1,175
1,274
1,399
1,418
1,532
1,914
2,088
1922.
J a n u a ry .........
F e b ru a ry .. . .
M arch .."........
139
139
136
142
140
141
387
380
371
149
143
142
197
319
307
294
2,219
2,727
3,152
Y ear and
m onth.
Ju ly , 1 9 1 4 ....
Ju ly , 1 9 1 5 ....
Ju ly , 1916___
July, 1 9 1 7 ....
July, 1918___
J u ly ,1 9 1 9 ....
2 450
2 429
2 363
236
2 350
2 348
2.323
Italy :
Great
N eth er
Switzer
South
New
B ritain:
F am ily
Norway: Africa?
land: 9
lands: 27 Zealand:
18 Sweden:
food
Fam
ily
groups
of
21 food
food
food
21 articles;
59 food
food
budget;
food
stuffs;
stuffs;
44
tow
ns.
stuffs;
budget.
600
stuffs.
5 persons; A m ster 25stuffs;
tow ns. W eighted. 9 towns. W eighted.
N ot
Rome.
dam .
tow ns.
W eighted.
weighted.
W eighted. W eighted. W eighted. W eighted.
100
132Ï
161
204
210
209
*
100
112
100
95
119
127
139
144
111
137
203
206
210
1 A pril, 1914.
2 Q uarter beginning m o n th specified.
3 Average for O ctober, 1913, Jan u a ry , A pril, a n d Ju ly , 1914.
4 Jan u ary -Ju n e.
6 Year 1913.
6 Year.
7 Previous m o nth.
8 A ugust.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[58]
100
"nèo
' ' 279'
1100
i 107
1116
>128
134
139
100
2 124
2 142
177
268
310
7 100
7 119
7 140
WHOLESALE PRICES.
59
IN D E X N U M B E R S O F R E T A IL P R IC E S IN T H E U N IT E D S T A T E S A N D C E R T A IN O T H E R
C O U N T R IE S —Concluded.
*
Y ear and
m on th .
Great
Italy :
N ether
Switzer
New
South
B ritain :
F am ily
lands: 27
land: 9
Zealand: Norway:
18 Sweden:
21 food
food
food
Fam ily Africa:
groups of
59
food
food
21
articles,
stuffs;
budget;
stuffs;
food
food
stuffs;
stuffs;
44 tow ns.
600
5 persons; A m ster
25 tow ns. budget.
9 tow ns. W eighted. stuffs.
tow ns.
Rome.
dam .
W
eighted.
Not
W eighted.
W eighted. W eighted. W eighted. W eighted.
weighted.
1920.
J u ly ................
A ugust...........
Septem ber. . .
O ctober..........
N o v e m b er.. .
D ecem ber___
258
262
267
270
291
282
318
322
324
341
361
375
217
219
223
226
220
208
167
171
173
177
176
179
319
333
336
340
342
342
197
196
195
197
196
188
297
308
307
306
303
294
246
1921.
Ja n u a ry .........
F e b ru a ry ___
M arch.............
A p ril..............
M ay................
J rule...............
J u l y - . ............
A ugust...........
S e p te m b e r...
O ctober..........
N o v em b er.. .
D ecem ber___
278
263
249
238
232
218
220
226
225
210
200
195
367
376
386
432
421
409
402
416
430
452
459
458
199
200
199
193
189
186
185
184
184
173
159
154
178
175
169
169
167
166
164
163
161
156
152
150
334
308
300
300
292
290
292
297
290
288
281
268
172
165
160
152
144
139
134
133
131
129
125
283
262
253
248
237
234
232
234
228
218
211
202
243
237
234
231
212
210
214
209
206
200
198
192
1922.
J a n u a rv .........
F e b ru a ry . . . .
M arch.............
185
179
177
469
463
446
152
154
148
147
145
141
257
245
238
123
120
121
190
189
185
189
179
177
!
262
Revised Index Numbers of Wholesale Prices.
H E Bureau of L abor Statistics announces th a t a complete revision
has been m ade of its series of index num bers showing changes
in the level of wholesale prices. This revision consists of (1) a
regrouping of the commodities and the addition of a considerable
num ber of new articles, and (2) the use of the 1919 census data for
weighting purposes in place of the 1909 census d a ta form erly em
ployed.
In preceding reports of the bureau the plan was followed of confin
ing an article to a particular group, regardless of its fitness for inclu
sion also under other group designations. W ith the new plan articles
properly falling under more them one of the classifications adopted
have been included under each classification. For example, struc
tural steel, nails, and certain other m etal products used in building
have been p u t in the group of building m aterials as well as in th a t of
m etals. Similarly, food articles produced on the farm th a t reach the
consumer practically unchanged in form, as potatoes, rice, eggs, and
milk, are included both among farm products and among foods. In
com puting the general index num ber for all commodities, however,
such articles have been counted only once, thereby avoiding duplica
tion in the final result. A transfer of an article to a different group
has been m ade in a few instances in revising the classification of
commodities.
The weighting of the prices used in constructing the index num bers
for the different groups of commodities by the new 1919 census figures
of production, instead of the 1909 d a ta used in preceding reports,
conforms to the plan contem plated by the bureau a t the inception of
T
110650°
-
22 -
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
-5
[59]
60
M O N T H L Y LABOR REVIEW ,
its weighted index num ber system in 1914 of revising the weighting
factors every 10 years as new census inform ation should become
available. All com putations have been carried back to 1913 in order
to insure com parability of the figures and also to provide a pre-war
standard for m easuring wholesale price changes.
The following table gives the revised index num bers for the several
com m odity groups from January, 1913, to May, 1922, the latest
m onth for which complete inform ation is available. For comparison
wfith the new series, the old general index of all commodities is shown
in the la st column of the table. Publication of the old series was
suspended w ith the April, 1922, figures.
R E V IS E D
IN D E X
N U M B E R S O F W H O L E S A L E P R IC E S , B Y G R O U P S
A N D B Y . M O N T H S , 1913 T O 1922.
O F C O M M O D IT IE S
[ 1 9 1 3 = 1 0 0 .]
Y ea r a n d m o n th .
F arm
prod
u c ts.
C lo th s
and
F ood s.
c lo th
in g .
F uel
and
lig h t
in g .
M e ta ls
H ou seB u i l d C h e m i
fu r M is c e land
c a ls
in g
la n e n is h m eta l
m a te
and
prod
ou s.
in g
r ia l s . d r u g s .
g
o
o
d
s
.
u c ts.
A ll c o m m o d
itie s.
N ew
O ld
in d e x . in d e x .
1913.
A v e r a g e fo r y e a r ...............
J a n u a r y ..................................
F e b r u a r y ................................
M a r c h . .....................................
A p r i l .........................................
M a y ............................................
J u n e ..........................................
J u l y ............................................
A u g u s t ....................................
S e p t e m b e r .............................
O c t o b e r ...................................
N o v e m b e r .............................
D e c e m b e r .............................
100
98
98
98
99
97
98
99
100
103
103
103
103
100
99
98
98
98
97
99
101
102
103
102
103
101
100
99
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
101
101
101
100
100
100
101
101
98
98
98
99
101
101
102
102
99
100
107
105
105
104
103
101
98
98
98
97
94
89
100
101
102
103
103
103
102
99
99
99
98
97
96
100
ICO
301
101
101
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
98
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
101
100
100
100
106
105
103
100
98
100
100
98
100
98
97
96
100
100
100
100
100
99
99
100
100
102
101
100
99
100
100
100
99
98
98
100
100
101
102
101
101
99
19 1 4 .
A v e r a g e fo r y e a r ...............
J a n u a r y ..................................
F e b r u a r y ................................
M a r c h .......................................
A p r i l .........................................
M a y ...................... .....................
J u n e ..........................................
J u l y ............................................
A u g u s t ....................................
S e p t e m b e r .............................
O c t o b e r ...................................
N o v e m b e r .............................
D e c e m b e r ..............................
103
103
103
102
102
101
101
103
106
106
101
102
101
102
101
100
98
95
96
97
99
109
111
106
100
105
98
99
99
99
99
99
99
99
99
97
96
94
94
93
99
99
100
98
95
91
91
89
89
88
88
88
85
88
89
89
88
85
84
83
84
86
83
80
81
92
93
94
94
93
93
93
92
93
92
90
88
88
101
98
98
98
97
97
96
95
96
109
108
107
107
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
95
94
96
98
98
99
95
93
94
96
92
91
96
98
98
99
98
98
97
97
97
101
102
97
97
97
100
100
99
99
98
98
99
100
103
104
99
98
98
19 1 5 .
A v e r a g e fo r y e a r ...............
J a n u a r y ..................................
F e b r u a r y ................................
M a r c h .......................................
A p r i l .........................................
M a y ............................................
J u n e ...........................................
J u l y ................ ...........................
A u g u s t .....................................
S e p t e m b e r ............................
O c t o b e r ...................................
N o v e m b e r ..............................
D e c e m b e r ..............................
104
104
105
104
104
105
101
104
103
101
106
104
105
105
106
108
106
105
105
102
104
102
99
102
106
108
98
94
95
95
96
96
96
96
97
99
101
105
107
88
87
84
82
82
81
81
85
91
94
98
103
99
82
86
88
90
96
102
105
103
104
105
110
122
94
88
89
90
90
93
93
94
S3
94
98
101
104
134
108
116
118
118
116
123
130
136
143
151
165
179
100
99
99
69
99
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
101
95
99
93
93
93
93
93
94
93
92
93
95
100
101
98
99
99
99
100
99
100
100
100
102
104
108
101
99
101
99
100
101
99
101
100
99
101
103
106
19 1 6 .
A v e r a g e fo r y e a r ...............
J a n u a r y ..................................
F e b r u a r y ................................
M a r c h .......................................
A p r i l .........................................
M a y ................................ ...........
123
110
110
111
113
115
121
109
110
112
114
115
127
110
114
117
118
120
126
113
115
119
120
120
162
133
142
156
164
168
120
181
184
204
206
200
193
106
103
103
104
104
105
121
127
113
115
119
121
122 1
112
114
117
118
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
1
sa
[60]
no
113
118
120
121
no
105
108
110
114
124
no
W H O L ESA L E P R IC E S .
61
REVISED INDEX NUMBERS OF WHOLESALE PRICES, B Y CROUPS OF COMMODITIES
AND B Y M O N T H S , 1 9 1 3 TO i m ^ C o n t i n u e d .
Y e a r a n d m o n th .
Farm
prod
u c ts.
190 6 .
.T une...........................................
J u l y ............................................
A u g u s t ....................................
S e p t e m b e r .............................
O c t o b e r ..................................
N o v e m b e r .............................
D e c e m b e r ..............................
1917.
A v e r a g e fo r y e a r ...............
J a n u a r y ..................................
F e b r u a r y ................................
M a r c h .......................................
A p r i l .........................................
M a y ............................................
J u n e ...........................................
J u l y ............................................
A u g u s t ............. ......................
S e p t e m b e r .............................
O c t o b e r ...................................
N o v e m b e r .............................
D e c e m b e r ..............................
1918.
A v e r a g e for y e a r _____
J a n u a r y .............................
F e b r u a r y ........................... t
M a r c h ..................................
A p r i l .........................................
M a y .........................................
J u n e ...........................................
J u l y ............................................
A u g u s t ...............................
S e p t e m b e r .............................
O c t o b e r ..............................
N o v e m b e r ...........................
D e c e m b e r ..............................
1919.
A v e r a g e fo r y e a r ............
J a n u a r y ..............................
F e b r u a r y ...........................
M a r c h ..................................
A p r i l ....................................
M a y ...........................................
J u n e ......................................
J u l y
......................................................
A u g u s t ...... .........................
S e p t e m b e r ........................
O c t o b e r ..............................
N o v e i n b e r ........................
D e c e m b e r .........................
1920.
A v e r a g e fo r y e a r ...............
j a i i u a r y ..................................
F e b r u a r y ......................
M a r c h ..............................
A p r i l ...............................
M a y ................. ...........
J u n e ............................
J u l y ............................................
A u g u s t .............................
S e p t e m b e r ..............
O c t o b e r .........................
N o v e m b e r .................
D e c e m b e r .........................
1921.
A v e r a g e fo r y e a r ..........
«T «HiLicit
y-
F e b r u a r y .........................
M a r c h ........................
A p r i l ..................................
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
114
117
125
131
136
147
146
190
152
157
166
184
196
195
1%
202
202
207
212
207
218
2 11
2 11
2 11
213
209
210
217
227
234
225
225
227
231
224
216
224
'230
234
226
241
242
225
227
237
242
218
247
237
237
2*13
241
237
233
218
Foods
115
117
122
175
158
157
158
164
167
174
181
1 S6
185
185
191
195
169
171
178
174
164
178
183
176
167
160
153
161
163
231
198
204
218
230
240
267
292
282
260
207
183
183
157
138
140
144
155
159
169
168
167
167
156
156
158
228
170
164
164
165
166
169
169
175
175
176
176
179
179
187
183
184
184
184
185
184
189
190
190
192
191
187
179
161
161
164
109
170
172
177
179
179
177
177
177
162
175
170
163
153
153
154
160
162
161
162
.164
168
201
203
205
216
243
262
276
283
291
304
317
181
178
178
178
177
178
180
181
184
188
189
188
189
295
339
346
344
336
328
314
300
286
266
245
226
215
241
1S4
199
208
231
239
250
259
269
281
280
264
254
192
175
190
197
203
180
196
188
183
176
199
247
225
188
182
183
179
181
180
180
185
189
.195
198
204
206
204
210
214
205
205
210
220
220
231
222
220
238
248
243
238
221
215
187
173
152
201
190
170
144
162
151
151
144
122
121
124
126
132
167
140
145
148
164
1? 5
171
169
175
176
ISO
181
181
210
M e ta ls
B u ild C h e m i H o u s e
and
fu r
M is c e l
in g
c a ls
m eta l
n is h
la n e m a te
and
prod
in g
ou s.
r ia l s . d r a g s .
u cts.
good s.
128
155
163
134
141
137
207
203
194
199
205
F uel
and
lig h tia g .
164
158
157
160
164
174
199
125
128
130
137
147
154
122
126
210
124
143
133
127
117
C lo th s
and
c lo th
in g .
201
205
211
220
226
233
238
239
245
245
241
233
253
220
210
116
120
212
205
[61 ]
120
120
120
121
176
173
171
369
173
189
209
223
229
229
.232
248
O ld
in d e x .
124
132
139
147
123
123
126
130
138
146
149
119
119
123
128
134
177
163
157
162
173
183
185
188
18Q
187
183
183
182
176
ig l
123
129
129
130
130
131
133
148
149
150
151
153
151
153
153
150
147
142
140
140
153
137
138
140.
144
146
152
159
161
163
164
164
163
156
145
145
147
152
155
160
159
160
161
163
164
163
184
175
166
163
161
160
161
167
177
187
189
187
189
189
105
107
107
107
109
202
125
118
119
211
223
231
223
228
215
223
227
229
228
222
205
209
212
210
211
209
194
169
181
162
160
161
162
167
170
170
173
176
182
.200
191
176
160
264
.274
293
297
300
293
275
269
265
255
240
215
204
129
153
147
140
138
165
192
180
173
167
202
200
202
202
200
N ew
in d e x
191
175
157
158
104
167
172
173
173
181
186
194
195
205
111
111
120
121
121
165
164
167
168
180
183
188
190
194
217
222
120
120
121
209
205
198
181
164
254
239
242
242
242
247
248
275
274
273
271
260
242
206
208
205
203
199
195
188
179
166
136
153
149
143
135
195
217
217
216
216
128
154
147
139
130
189
195
205
210
213
212
212
A ll co m m o d
iti es.
196
194
197
200
194
184
186
187
190
190
191
196
144
146
1 56
161
172
182
1 RS
180
185
183
181
183
1 S2
1%
185
1 80
187
190
T9f)
200
193
198
2091
204
207
202
204
203
200
202
206
206
199
193
196
199
202
203
212
216
210
211
217
223
226
233
232
234
245
247
243
241
231
226
2.11
196
179
147
170
160
148
212
203
197
201
203
207
207
213
223
220
223
230
238
243
248
249
253
265
272
232
.250
242
225
207
1S9
153
177
167
162
151
62
M O N T H L Y LABOR R E V IE W .
R E V IS E D
IN D E X
N U M B E R S O F W H O L E S A L E P R IC E S , B Y G R O U P S O F C O M M O D IT IE S
A N D B Y M O N T H S , 1913 T O 1 9 2 3 — C o n c l u d e d .
Y e a r a n d m o n th .
19 2 1 .
M a y ...........................................
J u n e ..........................................
J u l y ...........................................
A u g u s t ....................................
S e p t e m b e r ..................... ..
O c t o b e r ...................................
N o v e m b e r .............................
D e c e m b e r ..............................
F arm
prod
u cts.
C lo th s F u e l
and
and
F ood s.
c lo t h lig h t
in g .
in g .
A ll co m m o d
itie s.
H o u seM e ta ls
B u il d C h e m i
f u r - M is c e l
and
in g
c a ls
n is h la n e
m eta l
and
m a te
in g
o u s.
prod
O ld
N ew
r ia l s . d r u g s .
good s.
u cts.
in d e x . in d e x .
118
114
119
123
124
124
121
120
139
137
141
146
142
140
139
136
173
172
172
171
178
180
180
180
200
191
186
184
181
189
197
199
138
133
124
117
116
116
114
113
165
163
160
156
156
159
163
158
134
133
129
129
131
131
129
127
209
196
180
179
179
180
178
178
126
125
123
119
118
118
119
121
145
142
141
142
141
142
141
140
151
148
148
152
152
150
149
149
Ì22
131
130
129
132
131
135
137
137
138
176
174
172
171
175
195
191
191
194
216
112
110
109
113
119
157
156
155
156
160
124
123
125
124
122
178
177
175
175
176
117
117
117
116
116
138
141
142
143
148
148
151
152
152
1922.
J a n u a r y ..................................
F e b r u a r y . .............................
M a r c h .......................................
A p r i l .........................................
M a y ...........................................
R etail Prices of C lothing in Great Britain, 1914 and 1922.
CCORDING to the Labor G azette (London) for May, 1922, page
203, retail prices of clothing rose steadily from 1914 un til th e
sum m er of 1917 when there followed a more rapid rise until after
the armistice. Clothing prices then remained alm ost stationary until
the fall of 1919 when they advanced again, reaching a m axim um of 330
per cent above the pre-war level in the summer of 1920. In October,
1920, a decline set in, and by October, 1921, the average percentage
increase in retail prices of clothing over the 1914 rates had fallen to
165 per cent, and on April 1, 1922, the average increase as compared
with prices in July, 1914, was 140 per cent.
The following statem ent gives the average percentage increase in
retail prices of clothing April 1, 1922, as compared w ith prices July,
1914, by groups. Labor used in making up these garm ents cost about
one and one-half times the corresponding pre-war charges, which fact
has been taken into account in computing the final percentage.
A
P e r c e n t o f in c r e a s e .
G rou p .
M en’s su its a n d o v erco ats.....................................
W oolen m ate ria l for w om en’s o u ter g arm en ts
W oolen u n d e rclo th in g a n d h o sie ry ..................
C otton m ate ria l for w om en’s o u ter g arm en ts.
C otton u n d e rc lo th in g m ate ria l a n d h o sie ry ..
B o o ts.............................................................................
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
110
170
160
230
160
120
The table which follows, taken from the same issue of the Labor
Gazette, shows the general range of price quotations used in deter
mining the index num ber, and the G azette states in this connec
tion th a t the m ethod of calculation of the index num ber “ is th a t of
combining the percentage changes in the prices quoted b y retailers
from m onth to m onth and not th a t of averaging the prices quoted.”
The quotations for m aterials are “ per y a rd ” ; for footwear, “ per
p a ir” ; and for other articles, “ each.”
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[62]
63
RETA IL PR IC E S OF C L O T H IN G IN GREAT B R IT A IN .
RANGE
OF
R E T A IL
P R IC E S O F C L O T H IN G U S E D B Y W O R K IN G -C L A S S
J U L Y , 1914, A N D A P R I L 1, 1922.
F A M IL IE S
[ I s . a t p a r = 2 4 .3 c e n t s ; I d . = 2 .0 3 c e n t s . ]
R a n g e s o f r e t a il p r ic e s .
A r t ic le .
J u l y , 1914.
Men’s suits and overcoats:
Ready-made suits......................................
Ready-made overcoats...............................
Suits made to order....................................
Overcoats made to order............................
Woolen material for women’s outer garments:
Costume cloth.............................................
Tweed.........................................................
Serge...........................................................
Frieze..........................................................
Cashmere....................................................
Woolen underclothing and hosiery:
Men’s vests and pants................................
Men’s merino socks....................................
Women’s vests...........................................
Women’s woolen stockings........................
Flannel.......................................................
Cotton material for women’s outer garments:
Print...........................................................
Zephyr........................................................
Sateen............................................
Drill............................................................
Galatea.......................................................
Cotton underclothing and hosiery:
Men’s cotton socks......................................
Women’s cotton stockings.........................
Calico, white...............................................
Longcloth...................................................
Shirting.......................................................
Flannelette................................................
Boots:
Men’s heavy boots......................................
Men’s light boots........................................
Women’s boots...........................................
Boys’ boots.................................................
Girls’ boots.................................................
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[63]
A p r . 1 ,1 9 2 2 .
2 1 s .- 3 0 s .
2 1 s .- 3 0 s .
30s. -4 2 s.
3 0 s .- 3 5 s .
4 5 s .- 6 5 s .
4 5 s .- 6 5 s .
6 3 s .- 9 0 s .
6 0 s .- 9 0 s .
I s . 6 d .-3 s .
I s .- 2 s .
I s .- 2 s .
I s . 6 d .-3 s .
I s . 6 d .-2 s .
3s.
is.
2s.
2s.
2s.
2 s. 6 d .-2 s . l i d .
6 J d .-ls .
is .-I s . 6Jd.
9 f d .- ls .f d .
8 |d .- ls . |d .
5s. lld .- 8 s . l i d .
ls .- 2 s . 3d.
2s. 6 d .-4 s . l i d .
Is. lld .-2 s . lid .
I s . 6 d .-3 s .
3 f d .- 4 |d .
3 f d .- 4 f d .
3 f d .- 4 f d .
4 J d .-6 fd .
4 § d .-6 fd .
101 d . - I s . 6 J d .
I s .- I s . 6Jd.
ls .- ls . 6 fd .
I s .- 2 s .
I s .- 2 s .
4 |d . - 7 J d .
4 f d .- ls . f d .
2 f d .- 4 f d .
3 |d .- 4 f d .
3 J d .- 4 |d .
3 |d .- 4 |d .
l s .- ls . 6Jd.
6 1 d .-ls . 3d .
8 1 d .-ls . 3Jd.
Is. |d . - l s . 6Jd.
8Jd. - I s . 3d .
5s. lld .- 8 s . lid .
6 s. lld .- 1 0 s . 6d .
4s. l ld .- 8 s . l i d .
3 s .lld .- 5 s . l id .
3 s. 6 d .-5 s . l i d .
1 4s. 6 d .-2 1 s .
1 4s. 6 d .-2 1 s .
1 0s. 6 d .-2 0 s .
8 s. 6 d .-1 3 s . 6 d .
7s. lid .-1 2 s . 6d.
lld .-7 s . lid .
lld .-4 s . lid .
6 d .-4 s . l i d .
lld .-6 s . lid .
lld .-5 s . lid .
Is.
W AGES A N D H O U R S O F LA B O R .
A verage W eekly Earnings of N e w York State Factory Workers in
April, 1922.
r p HE average weekly earnings of New York S tate factory workers
declined 42 cents from March to April, according to a stateA
m ent issued by the New York State D epartm ent of Labor.
The April average was $24.15, a reduction of 8 per cent in comparison
with April, 1921. This statem ent is based on reports from 1,648
representative m anufacturers of the State. P art-tim e work insti
tuted as the result of seasonal curtailm ent was the chief cause of the
decreased earnings reported. Some industries showed lower average
earnings because the factories were closed for the observance of
religious holidays. Several industries reported a gain in average earn
ings because of increased seasonal activity or im provem ent in busi
ness conditions.
Large reductions in earnings were reported by the clothing, and furs,
leather, and rubber goods groups of industries. O ther reductions
reported took place in the m anufacture of paper, the printing and
paper goods industries, and in the m anufacture of food and tobacco
products, miscellaneous wood products, furniture, pianos, oil products,
heating apparatus, iron and steel products, sheet-m etal products,
tools and cutler}^, silk, cotton, and k n it goods, stone and mineral
products, and glass.
Increases in earnings were reported as having occurred in the mil
linery, beverages, miscellaneous chemical products, drugs and chem
icals, automobiles, silverware, structural iron, m achinery, instru
m ents and appliances, shipbuilding, wool m anufactures, cem ent and
plaster, and brick industries, and in the factories m aking boxes,
woodwork, and house trim.
Average weekly earnings in the 11 chief industry groups in April
were as follows:
Stone, clay, and glass p ro d u c ts........................................... .................$23.31
Metals, m achinery, and conveyances................................................. 25. 65
Wood m anufactures.................................................................................. 24.27
Furs, leather, an d ru b b er goods............................................................ 23.05
Chemicals, oils, and p a in ts...................................................................... 25.30
P a p e r.............................. ............................................................................. 25.59
P rin tin g and paper goods........................................................................ 30.28
T e x tile s........................................................................................................ 19.56
Clothing, m illinery, and lau n d erin g .................................................... 21. 72
Food, beverages, and tobacco................................................................ 22.78
Water, light, and pow er.......................................................................... 32.76
T o tal.................................................................................................
64
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[64]
24.15
WAGES AISTD HOUES OF LABOR.
65
W ages in a C hinese Cotton M ill.
R E PO R T from the American economist consul in Shanghai
gives the following wage rates for a cotton factory; a t Ningpo
as published in Finance and Commerce, Shanghai, February22, 1922. The wages, which are for a 12-hour day, are reported in
Mexican currency. In United States currency the wages would be
about 50 per cent of these figures.
A
D A IL Y W A G E R A T E S F O R S K IL L E D A N D O R D IN A R Y L A B O R IN A C H IN E S E C O TTO N
M ILL.
[1- dollar, M exican=51.4 cents.]
O ccupation and sex.
M inim um .
Skilled labor:
M en.........................................
W o m en ..........................
O rdinary labor:
M en............................................
W o m en..........................
Boys (age ab o u t 15 y e ars)............
Girls (age ab o u t 15 years)
Small boys (age about 10 y e ars). . .
Small girls (age about 10 years).................
M axim um .
M exican m oney. M exican money.
SO. 35
.30
$0.60
.50
.30
.20
.20
.10
.10
.07
.50
.30
.30
.20
.20
.10
W ages in Beet-Sugar and C oal-M ining Industries and in Dom estic
Service in France.
AGES prevailing in France in 1921 in the beet-sugar and min
ing industries and among servants in cities of more than
10,000
population are reported in the Bulletin du Ministere
du Travail for January-February-M arch, 1922 (pp. 7, 8, 17-19, 31-34).
W
Wages in Beet-Sugar Industry.
'T H E beet-sugar industry of 1920-21 showed not only a greatly
increased acreage under cultivation and m uch greater produc
tion than in the season of 1919—20, b u t also a considerably larger
labor force and an increase in the average wages paid to the em
ployees in this industry.
I he labor personnel—men, women, and children—increased from
13,159 in the preceding year to 15,405 in 1921. The average daily
wages of men for the same period increased from 13.70 francs ($2.64,
par) to 19.83 francs ($3.83, par). W omen’s wages increased from
8.13 francs ($1.57, par) to 10.60 francs ($2.05, par), and those of
children from 6.41 francs ($1.24, par) to 8.47 francs ($1.63, par).
The following table shows the num ber of employees and the average
daily wages in beet-sugar factories in the various D epartm ents of
France:
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[65]
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW.
66
■NUMBER O F F A C T O R IE S, N U M B E R O F E M P L O Y E E S , A N D A V E R A G E D A IL Y W A G E S
O F E M P L O Y E E S IN B E E T -S U G A R F A C T O R IE S IN T H E D IF F E R E N T D E P A R T M E N T S
O F FR A N C E , SEA SO N O F 1920-21.
[1 franc a t par=19.3 cents.]
N um ber em ployed du r
Average d aily wages.
N um
ing th e season.
ber of
estab
lish
W om Chil Men.
W om Chil
m ents. Men.
en.
en.
dren.
dren.
D epartm ent.
F ra n cs. Francs. Francs.
A isne...........................................................................
N o rd ...........................................................................
O ise.............................................................................
Pas-de-Calais............................................................
Seine-et-M arne........................................................
Seine-et-Oise.............................................................
Som m e.......................................................................
O ther d e p a rtm e n ts................................................
T o ta l................................................................
6
12
8
45
28
156
154
224
40
32
141
15
54
. 68
136
13
16
48
19. 63
25. 36
18. 24
22. 28
18. 68
21. 39
19. 18
17. 51
12. 00
8.09
11. 22
8. 85
4
18
625
555
2, 547
1, 555
2,538
985
1,878
3, 551
72
14, 234
821
350
19.83
10. 60
3
4
17
10. 87
10. 36
11. 25
10.75
4.00
10. 80
6. 81
8. 79
10. 35
7.73
9. 95
8.47
Wages of Servants.
A COMPARISON of the wages of 11 classes of servants receiving
board and lodging in cities of more than 10,000 inhabitants in
1913 and 1921 shows an average increase in the m oney wages of from
150 to 200 per cent in the various sections of the country. The
southern p a rt of France shows a considerably higher index than the
average, while the absolute value of the wages was highest in the
northern and lowest in the western p a rt of the country. G ratuities
which are n o t included in the table of wages often am ount to more
than 100 per cent of the wages, especially for valets and cham ber
maids. The following table shows the 'average wages of house
servants receiving board and lodging in 1913 and 1921 in cities of
more than 10,000 inhabitants.
A V E R A G E A N N U A L W A G ES O F D O M ESTIC S E R V A N T S IN 1921 IN C IT IE S O F M O R E T H A N
10,000 IN H A B IT A N T S AS C O M PA R ED W IT H W A G E S IN 1913.
[1913=100.
Franc a t par=19.3 cents.]
Average an n u al wage.
Class.
Cooks (m ale)....................................................................................
Cooks’ assistants (m ale)..................................................................
V alets..................................................................................................
Coachm en.................„ ...................................................................
C hauffeurs..................... ................................................................
G eneral servants (m ale)......................................................................
Cooks ( female)
............................................................
Cooks’ assistants (feinalo)
.................................................
Cham berm aids
..............................................................
General servants (female)....................................................................
C harw om en.............................................................................................
1913
1921
F rancs.
F ra n cs.
1,473
672
690
868
1,337
575
607
382
482
378
3, 802
1,962
1,760
2,124
3,255
1,621
1, 607
1,076
1,136
1, 042
11.18
In d e x
num ber
(1913=100).
258
292
255
245
243
282
265
282
236
276
1 H ourly rate.
The average value of board and room per year for m en was 680
francs ($131.24, par) in 1913 and 2,180 francs ($420.74, par) in 1921,
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[66 ]
WAGES AND HOTTES OF LABOR.
67
an increase of 220 per cent, and for women 558 francs ($107.69, par)
in 1913 and 1,962 francs ($378.67, par) in 1921, an increase of 252
per cent.
Wages in Coal Mines.
A STUDY by the M inistry of Labor of the average wages of underground and surface miners in 1914, 1920, and 1921 covers the
principal coal mines of each m ining district in France for which
comparable d a ta could be secured. The figures do not include
fam ily allowances, as inform ation in regard to these additional pay
m ents was n o t furnished in all cases. In all the mining districts
except Nantes and Bordeaux, family allowances were reported for
a t least p a rt of the mines. These allowances vary from about 0.50
franc (9.7 cents, par) to 1 franc (19.3 cents, par) per day for each
child under 13 years of age. In some instances the allowances are
graduated according to the num ber of children and in a few cases
the rate varies in the different occupations. The mines of the dis
tric t of Douai were not included because they are in process of being
restored and it was impossible to separate the wages of workers
engaged in the reconstruction ’w ork from those engaged in mining.
An agreement was concluded a t Douai, Jan u ary 14, 1922, between
representatives of the miners and the mining companies which
lowered the basic daily wages of workers over 16 years of age 3.25
francs (62.7 cents, par), bringing the average wage down to 16
francs ($3.09, par) on April 16, 1922.
The following table shows the average daily wages of pick miners,
underground, and surface workers in the different mining districts
in 1914, 1920, and 1921, the average wage per n et ton of production
and the index num bers for 1920 and 1921 compared w ith 1914:
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
C5
A V E R A G E D A IL Y W A G ES O F W O R K E R S IN COAL M IN ES O F FR A N C E IN 1914, 1920, AND 1921, AN D A V E R A G E W A GE P E R N E T TO N PR O D U C E D .
GO
[Franc a t pär=19.3 cents.]
A v e r a g e d a ily w a g e s.
P er to n of n e t production.
Pick m iners.
U nderground workers.
Surface workers.
Surface a nd under
ground wdrkers.
M ining district.
[6S]
Arra s ......................................
N a n tes...................................
B o rd eau x ..............................
Toulouse................................
L yon ...
Grenoble................................
S ain t-E tien n e......................
C lerm ont-Ferrand...............
M arseille................................
A iais.......................................
1920
1921
1914
1920
1921
1914
1920
1921
1914
1920
1921
1914
1920
1921
Surface a nd under
ground workers.
1914
1920
1921
Francs. Francs. Francs. Francs. Francs. Francs. Francs. Francs. F raiics. Francs. Francs. Francs. Francs. Francs. Francs. Francs. Francs. Francs.
6.74 36.62 36. 62
26.90
26.90
5.47
18.52
18.60
5.00
20.90
20.90
16.13
16.13
5.95
25.90
4.05
25.90
7.49
40. 58
SO. 00
9.05
25.31
49.31
5.40
14. 08
15.17
14.66
3.99
16.15
12.17
4.13
•3.46
14.39
4.84
17. 26
15. 87
43. 32
49.16
10.06
25. 91
6.85
33. 25
15. 45
17.79
4.20
15. 63
4.60
19. 07
3.25
14.63
12.09
5.29
23. 74
18.59
33.66
8.82
38.
78
22.21
6.05
25.85
18.96
15.90
17.78
5.16
12.86
20
.
20
5.69
4.03
15.80
22. 48
20.15
6.60
¿3.
56
31.25
6.88
21.68 19. 20 4.87 19.77 15.70 4.64 22. 25 20.25
14. 70
5.40
4.13
24.23
21.60
17.04
6.08
47.27
31.40
8.22
19.46
5.97
29.07
19.43
15.16
5.49
21.44
17.
U
12.78
16.92
5.93
6.26
19.02
4.70
23. 22
32. 71
38.57
7.54
28.06
24.15
5.80
17.47
20.67
5.4Ó
22. 07
19.00
14.24
5.91
4.29
17.17
7.46
21.85
25. 79
14.83
6.39 29.88 25. 80 9.11 41.09 35.50
17.42
4.47
16.12
18.73
5.18
3.48
15.00
12.40
20.27
17.48
5.54
18.15
19.67
4.50
12. 90
14.08
3.45
14.77
18.18
5. 00
19.93
16.12
12. 25
3.61
14.82
5.37
14.33
17.58
6.40
32.94
30.77
7.53
22. 70
20.58
15.32
6.51
4.92
18.50
20.48
17.00
15.26
12.76
5.58
3.74
19.04
23.00
6.59
In d ex n u m b ers.
A rra s......................................
N an tes....................................
B o rd eau x ..............................
Toulouse................................
L y o n ......................................
Grenoble.....................- .........
S ain t-E tien n e......................
C ierm ont-Ferrand...............
Marseille................................
A iais.......................................
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
346
357
449
341
398
371
346
366
338
349
346
328
356
305
355
304
293
315
275
289
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
399
380
450
392
412
360
400
430
410
408
399
351
372
319
332
272
332
356
339
341
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
.100
100
351
384
414
355
401
361
378
362
365
367
351
355
339
308
355
288
321
311
300
305
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
370
380
423
362
406
354
383
389
360
376
372
352
367
308
359
276
324
332
292
311
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
492
912
4S5
427
479
487
490
467
407
349
492
468
378
367
436
327
418
403
373
316
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
543
884
489
439
488
575
511
451
437
438
543
448
431
382
454
382
433
390
403
409
M O N T H L Y LABOR REVIEW ,
1914
U nderground workers.
69
WAGES AND H O U E S OE LABOR.
Wages in the Territory of the Saar,
H E coal mines of the territory of the Saar employed during 1921
an average of 72,400 miners, or about 40 per cent of the total
labor population of approxim ately 180,000 in this region.
U nem ploym ent has been a t a m inim um in this section, the highest
num ber of unemployed in all industries from February, 1920, to
December, 1921, being 3,365 during the m onth of August, 1921.
The average daily o utput per underground worker increased from
738 kilograms (1,627 pounds) in February, 1920, the period a t which
the governm ental commission took control, to 793 kilograms (1,748
pounds) in December, 1921.
The average daily wages in the mines increased from 5.37 francs
($1.04, par) in F ebruary, 1920, to 21.40 francs ($4.13, par) in July,
1920. The wages were m aintained a t th a t figure w ith slight changes
up to April, 1921, when they were reduced to 18.09 francs ($3.49, par).
A further reduction of about 3 francs (57.9 cents, par) was p u t into
effect December 1, 1921. The following table shows the average rate
of wages (in francs) of underground workers, pick miners, and sur
face workers a t different periods from February, 1920, to April, 1921.
A V E R A G E D A IL Y W A GES IN M IN ES O F T H E S A A R F O R D IF F E R E N T
W O R K E R S , F E B R U A R Y , 1920, TO A P R IL , 1921.
CLASSES O F
[Franc a t p a r= 19.3 cents.]
A v erag e w ages in
occupation.
February,
1920.
Francs.
5.-80
6.61
4.50
5.37
U nderground workers^,
Pick m iners...... ..............
Surface workers
Average wage
April,
1920.
July,
1920,
Francs. \ Francs.
13.33
22.78
14.06
24.88
10.60
17.75
12.53
21.40
April,
1921.
Francs.
19.11
19-91
15.63
18.09
In the iron and steel industry of the Saar only 15 of the 30 blast
furnaces were in operation in February, 1920, while in November,
1921, the num ber had increased to 20. Iron production increased
from 46,000 tons in February, 1920, to 95,000 tons in October, 1921,
nearly reaching the average m onthly production of 1913, which was
100.000 tons. The m anufacture of steel ingots increased from
54.000 tons in February, 1920, to 87,000 tons in November, 1921,
while the personnel in iron and steel mills increased during the same
period from 26,000 to 29,000.
The wages of these workers were paid in m arks until Novem ber 30,
1920, and after th a t tim e in francs. The average m onthly wages of
skilled and unskilled workers, m arried and having three children, are
given in the following table:
1B ulletin d u M inistère d u Travail, Paris, January-February-M arch,
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[69]
1922, pp. 102-105.
70
M O N T H L Y LABOR R E V IE W .
A V E R A G E M O N T H L Y W A G E S O F S K IL L E D A N D U N S K IL L E D IR O N A N D
W O R K E R S , F E B R U A R Y , 1920, TO N O V E M B E R , 1921.
STEEL
[1 m ark a t par=23.8 cents; 1 franc a t par=19.3 cents.]
Average m onthly
wages of—
A verage m onthly
wages of—
Date.
D ate.
U nskilled Skilled
w orkers.1 w o rk e rs.1
U nskilled Skilled
w orkers.1 w orkers.1
M arks.
555- 00
February, 1920............................
880.00
M arch to May, 1920....................
§90.00
Ju ly a n d A ugust, 1920...............
Septem ber to November, 1920. 1,188.00
M arks.
655.00
980.00
1.090.00
1.310.00
F ra n cs.
Dec. 1, 1920, to M ay 31, 1921...
J une, 1921.......................1.............
J u ly , 1921......................................
A ugust a n d Septem ber, 1921..
O ctober, 1921................................
N ovem ber, 1921..........................
385.00
371.00
371.00
361.50
346.25
315.00
F ra n cs.
445.00
429.00
427.25
409.50
392.25
357.00
i Includes fam ily allowances for w orkers w ith 3 children.
The percentage of increase of wages, based on the value of the
franc in m arks, from February, 1920, to November, 1921, was 1,059
for unskilled and 1,017 for skilled workers.
According to statistics of the cost of living, the report states the
wages of miners and iron and steel workers have more than kept pace
w ith living costs, particularly for men w ith families who have received
the fam ily allowances.
Eight-Hour Day in the French Merchant Marine.
M
UCH dissatisfaction has been felt in French shipping circles for
more than a year because the application of the eight-hour
law to the French m erchant m arine has placed it in an
unfavorable position as regards other countries which are not sub
ject to such lim itation of the hours of seamen. La République
Française of May 18, 1922, announces the appointm ent of a joint
commission by the undersecretary of state to the m erchant service
to study the question of modifications to the decree of February 24,
1920, for the application of the eight-hour law in the m erchant
m arine. This commission is composed of representatives of ship
owners, ship officers, and the subordinate personnel.
The general secretary of the N ational Federation of M aritime
Unions dem anded of the shipping interests the suspension of all
modifications of the regulations now in force until the m eeting in
July of the International Federation of Seamen which will decide on
the internationalization of the eight-hour law and upon the means
by which it can be effected. The representative of the shipping
interests urged, on the other hand, th a t the present situation required
th a t im m ediate measures should be taken to improve conditions,
although it was conceded th a t the principle of the eight-hour law
should be preserved.
In connection w ith the question of the hours of m aritim e workers
it is of interest to note a recent statem en t of the French m inister of
la b o r 1 before the labor commission of the Chamber of Deputies
1Factory, Chicago, Ju n e, 1922, p . 684.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[70]
WAGES A jSTD H O U R S OF LABOR,
71
th a t investigation of the workings of the law in France and in other
countries had convinced him th a t nothing would justify a revision
of the law of April 23, 1919. He considered th a t the law provided
sufficiently for the exigencies of production; the decrees by which it
had been m ade applicable to the different industries had been pro
m ulgated only after careful study and usually with full agreement
on the p a rt of both employers’ and employees’ organizations, and in
only two industries had there been demands for revision of the law.
Wages of Farm Labor in England and Wales.
B y M r s . V. B . T u r n e r .
H E great body of official and unofficial publications having to
do w ith agricultural subjects serves to emphasize the fact
th a t agriculture is a basic, if not the basic, industry. Stress
has, however, in m ost instances, been placed upon the scientific and
economic phases of cultivation and production. Studies dealing
specifically w ith agricultural labor are, on the whole, conspicuously
few, and such reports as have been made consistently point out their
own lim itations and the possible inconclusiveness, for various rea
sons, of the data presented. The isolation of the individual farm er
or group of farm workers makes difficult the consideration of a rep
resentative num ber of workers. Surveys of this sort are therefore
often necessarily confined to particular classes of such employees or
to a certain num ber of farms. The character of the farm ing and the
economic weakness of farm labor, as well as national economic and
political conditions, also affect the results of any investigation of
agricultural labor conditions. M ultiplicity in the division of labor
necessary in some farm ing areas and the absence of more or less
m inute classification in others, w ith a consecpient overlapping of
duties, result in such endless variations in wages th a t averages m ust
be used, which are often somewhat misleading as to actual wage
conditions in m any of the districts.
For all these reasons and others the review of agricultural wages
in E ngland and Wales given in this article is intended rath er to
throw light upon present and pre-war wage conditions of farm hands
than to constitute a basis for general conclusions regarding them.
T
Description of Occupations or Classes.
England.
M O HA RD or fast classification of the English farm workers can
1 ^ be made. Divisions of duties prevailing in farm work in
some localities are quite different from those in others, the lo
cality, type, and size of the farm causing a merging of duties or
the opposite, as the case m ay be. On the small farms, particularly
the small grass farm s, there is a tendency for the laborer to be an
“ all-round” m an, who m ay be assigned to practically any job, while
the work of the large farm requires more clearly defined. groups of
workers. Generally speaking, the English farm laborers fall into
the following classes, which in 1918 included the num ber of persons,
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[71]
72
M O N T H L Y LABOR R E V IE W .
male and female, quoted: Bailiffs and foremen, 22,166; shepherds,
20,844; cattlem en, 74,028; horsemen, 128,122; laborers n o t desig
nated, 433,343; m aking a to tal of 678,5032 A t the same time there
were 228,788 farm ers and graziers, the relation of the farm workers
to the la tte r class thus being in the ratio of nearly three to one.
In Jan u ary , 1920, the num ber of perm anent and casual farm
workers irrespective of occupation was: 496,000 men, 15,500 girls,
52,500 women, 95,000 boj^s, or a total of 659,0002 In some counties
it is custom ary to employ casual labor; in others this practice is not
followed. W ar demands greatly affected the usual classification of
labor on the farm s, substitution of old men, women, and boys for
the young men called into the arm y tending to increase the num ber
of “ all-round w orkers.”
Bailiffs and foremen supervise m anual operations for the farm er
or landowner. On the large sheep farm s the shepherd, who has entire
care of the sheep, is the chief m an on the farm , b u t in m any places
he ranks equally w ith the horsemen and the cowmen, the gradation
depending, of course, on the type of farm . Horsemen include all
m en in charge of horses. They are classified as horsemen, horsekeepers, wagoners, carters, teamsmen, and hands, term s impossible
of exact differentiation b u t covering m en of widely different standing,
wages, and degrees of responsibility. The large arable farm s where
m uch team work is required usually have a head horseman, or wagoner
w ith a second horsem an and carters. The head horseman is hired
by the year, lives on the farm , and has general supervision of the
horses. The assistants, in m ost instances single men between 15 and
30 years of age, work under his direction, and as a rule board or lodge
w ith his family. Horsemen, as a class, were greatly affected by the
war, as they were freely called upon for the Army, their places being
taken by boj^s and in some cases a t least by women.
Men having charge of cattle include cowmen, milkers, stockmen,
yardm en, garthm en, and herdsmen, whose particular duties and
relative standing are also precisely determ ined according to the
type and scale of the farm ing followed. H ead cowmen and herdsmen
m ust always be experienced m en and on large cattle or dairy farms
have the more highly paid positions. On farm s where the care of
th e cattle does no t require the continuous labor of these men, they
employ their spare time w ith other farm work. The regular ordinary
farm laborers are by no m eans an unim portant factor in English
agricultural work, especially on the arable farm s, where they do
ditching, draining, harvesting, haym aking, hedging, potato digging,
thinning, thatching, and weeding. Laborers are also often plowmen,
b u t are not responsible for the horses. The more experienced men
are assigned to draining, hedging, plowing, thatching, and the m anage
m ent of m achinery. For this more skilled work higher wages are
paid and the m en are more perm anent.
A special class of laborers employed in m arket gardens and osier
beds is more highly paid th an the ordinary farm laborer. Casual
labor is a term covering a large num ber of men variously known as
catchmen, data! men, daymen, jobbers, and odd men, employed for
1Great B rita in . B oard of A griculture an d Fisheries. "Wages and conditions of em ploym ent i n agri
culture. Vol. I. General report. London, 1919, p . 2. [Cmd..2L]
2E stim ated n um ber. Great B ritain . A gricultural Wages Board. Wages B oard Gazette. London,
A pr. 1, 1920, p . 152.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
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WAGES AATD H O U E S OF LABOE,
73
seasonal work such as harvesting, fruit and hop picking, thrash
ing, hoeing, weeding, and the like. I t includes the class of Irish
im m igrants who go to England for p a rt of the year, often m igrat
ing from one county to another until all possible seasonal work
is finished, and im m igrants from industrial areas, as well as tram ps
and gypsies. A nother type of labor is the small holder who,
when not busy on his own holding, works as an ex tra hand on a
neighboring farm. Sometimes his labor is in the nature of an ex
change, the farm er furnishing team work for his holding which he
repays by day labor. In a few counties small holders known as
“ lookers” take charge of cattle and sheep for large farmers.
Wales.
Farm ing conditions in Wales lead to a less detailed classification of
labor th an is found in England. The land suitable for arable farm ing
is lim ited in extent. Consequently, a large num ber of the holdings
are small, 44,351 out of a total 64,330 containing from 1 to 50 acres.
Fam ily farm ing is a n outstanding characteristic of W elsh rural
economy, about 60.2 per cent of all persons engaged in agriculture
consisting of farm ers and their relatives, as compared w ith 31.2 per
cent for England and Wales combined. The “ living-in” system
prevails. The absence of social barriers between m aster and m an
is m arked.3 Neither the character of the farm ing nor the size of
the farm , therefore, demands a large supply of labor. Necessary
extra help ordinarily consists of one farm boy or young m an who
lives w ith the family. On the larger farm s the following classes
appear: (1) Farm servants or laborers; (2) the “ bound te n a n t,”
who rents a cottage from his employer and a small holding attached
to his em ployer’s farm, the conditions of whose tenancy are th a t he
shall rem ain in his em ployer’s service, th a t the farm er shall assist
the ten an t w ith his team a t plowing and harvest, and th a t the te n a n t’s
family shall work for the farm er during his harvest; (3) “ free
handed laborers,” who work for whomever they will and change
their system of hiring out as occasion demands; and (4) a special
class of hill shepherds who work on several different wage bases.
According to the census of 1911, the num ber of horsemen, shepherds,
cattlem en, and other laborers was 39,766.
A noticeable feature of farm labor in Wales is the extensive employ
m ent of boys and young men, a practice which is on the increase.
The principal reasons given for the farm ers’ apparent preference to
young inexperienced men rath er than to the older more experienced
laborers are:
(1 ) Owing to the poverty of the soil and the backwardness of agriculture, farmers
are unable to pay wages sufficient to secure competent and experienced men, and
the latter have to migrate to areas where their skill and strength can command a
better reward. Many of them forsake agriculture for mining and other industrial
occupations.
(2) In some districts, owing to the scarcity of suitable cottage accommodation, young
men are compelled to migrate to the works on marriage.
(3) Many farmers also prefer boys and young men because they live at the farms
and are at their beck and call day and night, if required, whereas the hours of married
laborers are shorter and more dearly defined. The passing of the corn production
8Great B ritain. B oard of A griculture and Fisheries. Wages a n d conditions of em ploym ent in agricul
ture. Vol. 1. General rep o rt. London, 1919, p. 182. [Cmd. 24.]
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[73]
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M O N T H L Y LABOR R E V IE W .
act and the fixing of minimum wages has deprived this reason of much of its former
force.
The chief reason, however, is undoubtedly the cheapness of single men as com
pared with married men. This unwillingness of farmers to employ married men at
reasonable rates of pay has resulted in agriculture in Wales becoming almost a blindalley employment. Boys and young men are content to work on the farms at low
wages while they are single. When they contemplate marriage, however, they are
forced to migrate to the industrial districts, where they can obtain higher wages
than the farmers are prepared to pay .4
Corn Production Act of 1917.
to the depletion of labor ranks for w ar purposes, the
a lu. action of higher wages paid b y industrial concerns, result
ing in a great m igration of the farm workers to towns and cities, and
the ever increasing cost of living, farm wages gradually advanced
during the period 1914-1917 (see Table 1). B u t in 1917 the absolute
necessity of greater food supplies became alarm ingly apparent. The
subm arine menace could be w arded off only b y the utm ost production
of which the land was capable. To encourage, therefore, increased
production of corn (a term including bo th w heat and oats), to insure
the turning of pasture into arable land, to prom ote proper cultivation,
to afford protection w ith regard to rent, and to assure the farm er a
price for his grain equal a t least to th a t paid for foreign grain, the
Government, through the passing of the corn production act in
August, 1917, provided for a period of m inim um wages for labor and
guaranteed prices for grain. P a rt I of the act provided th a t for a
period of five years m inim um prices of grain per quarter 5 were to be
as follows:6
W h e a t.
1917
1918
1919
1920
1921
1922
O a ts .
S.
d.
S.
60
55
0
0
38
32
d.
6
0
0
24
0
As a result of this price fixing the Governm ent agreed, in case the
selling price fell below the m inim um price set, to pay the farm er the
difference between the guaranteed price and the selling price, and
this difference was calculated no t upon the actual yield b u t upon
an assumed yield of four quarters of w heat and five quarters of oats
per acre.
P a rt I I of the act provided for a m inimum rate of wages to be paid
agricultural wage earners, and for the setting up of an agricultural
wages board with power to fix minimum wage rates, 25s. ($6.08,
par) per week being the m inimum set until the board should become
operative. P a rt I I I restricted the raising of agricultural rents so
far as the ability to obtain an increased ren t was dependent upon
the guaranty of price given in P a rt I of the act. P a rt IV em
powered the boards of agriculture to enforce proper cultivation.
To carry out the provisions of the act, in addition to the national
agricultural wages board on which workers and employers were both
4W elsh H ousing an d D evelopm ent Y ear Book, 1920. Cardiff, 1920, p . 55.
5 1 q u arter of w heat=480 pounds; 1 q u arter of oats=312 pounds.
6Great B ritain . R oyal Commission on A griculture. In te rim report *
pects of th e agricultural in d u stry in Great B ritain .
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
* * on th e economic pros
London, 1919, p . 5. [Cmd. 473.]
[74]
WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR.
75
represented, district wages committees similarly constituted were also
set up, whose d u ty it was to recommend to the wages board minimum
rates of wages applicable to conditions prevailing in their districts.
For the first time the minimum wage system introduced into B ritish
industry by the trade boards act, 1909, was m ade applicable to agri
culture. This was not, however, an entirely m odern system in
British agriculture, such acts having been passed as far back as 1562.
The opportunity for collective rath er than individual agreements
was eagerly accepted by the farm workers, whose principal weakness
in wage bargaining had, up to this time, been due to their isolation
and consequent individual contract.
The agricultural act of 1920 continued the policy of guaranteeing
m inim um prices for w heat and oats introduced by the corn produc
tion act, m inimum prices being: W heat, 68s. ($16.55, par) per quar
ter (statutory) of 504 pounds; oats, 46s. ($11.19, par) per quarter
(statutory) of 336 pounds. Some m onths later, however, in order
to do away w ith the subsidy guaranteed the farm er under the corn
production act, the Government repealed the act on October 1, 1921.
As a result the wages boards were swept away and w ith them the
security attained by farm workers through the operation of the act.
Conciliation Committees.
A S A substitute for the boards conciliation committees m ay be set
up to deal w ith wages and hours and other labor conditions.
B riefly, a c o n cilia tio n co m m itte e m ay do w h a t a n y b o d y of re p re se n ta tiv e s of em
ployers a n d w orkers se t ro u n d a ta b le m ay do—agree u p o n wages, h ours, a n d c o n d i
tions. _ W h at, how ever, on th e face of it, giv es a re al im p o rta n c e to th e c o n ciliatio n
c o m m ittees is th a t, if th e y so d e cid e, ag ree m e n ts a rriv e d a t m ay b e su b m itte d to th e
M in ister of A g ric u ltu re for confirm ation. If th e m in iste r confirm s a n ag ree m e n t, h e
w ill th e n cause th e p a rtic u la rs to b e a d v e rtis e d in th e d is tric t to w h ich i t applies,
sp ecify in g th e d a te from w h ich th e a g re e m e n t w ill b ecom e o p e rativ e . W hen an
a g ree m e n t h a s b e e n confirm ed a n d p u b lis h e d , th e wages a n d co n d itio n s laid dow n
in i t becom e a p p lic a b le to a ll farm s in th e d is tric t w h e n th e a g re e m e n t com es in to
force.
S uperficially, th e m a c h in e ry of th e c o n cilia tio n co m m itte es b e ars a c e rta in re
se m b la n ce to t h a t of th e A g ric u ltu ral W ages B oard or a tra d e b o ard . B u t w h e th e r th e
M in ister of A g ric u ltu re ta k e s th e steps o u tlin e d ab o v e d e p e n d s u p o n th e co n cilia tio n
com m ittees. A c o m m itte e w h ich has a rriv e d a t a n a g ree m e n t m u s t b y resolution
d e cid e to su b m it i t to th e m in iste r for confirm ation, a n d i t is o b v io u sly possible for
th e farm ers’ sid e of a c o m m itte e to th w a rt a n y such decision. M oreover, th e re is no
c e n tra l b o d y c o o rd in atin g wages a n d o th e r agreem ents, a n d th e re m ay, a n d p ro b a b ly
w ill be, u n d e r th is sy ste m a m u ltitu d e of wage scales in o p e ratio n in th e c o u n try ,
m ost of th e m b e arin g no re la tio n to each o th e r or to th e e m p lo y e rs’ a b ility to p ay .
N or w h e n ag reem en ts h a v e becom e o p e rativ e is th e re a n y re sp o n sib ility u p o n th e
S ta te for enforcing th e m , as th e re was in th e case of th e A g ric u ltu ra l W ages B oard,
a n d as th e re still is in th e case of th e tra d e boards. L astly , in d istric ts w here a n agree
m e n t h a s b e e n p u t in to operatio n , i t is possible for a n in d iv id u a l w orker to c o n tra ct
o u t of it. If a farm w orker is c o n te n t w ith a low er w age, or a cc ep ts a low er w age in
order to k e ep h is job, or b ecau se h e is afraid to ask for m ore, h e a n d h is e m p lo y e r m ay
ev ad e th e in te n tio n of th e agreem ent. I t is obvious th a t th is p rovision strik e s a t th e
root of d is tric t ag reem en ts a n d co llectiv e barg ain in g , a n d is a m enace to tra d e -u n io n
ism . T h e _c o n ciliatio n com m ittees, i t w ill b e seen, are w orldng u n d e r conditions
w hich m ilitate^ a g a in st successful w orking, as no d o u b t th e y w ere in te n d e d to do.
A lread y th e re is e v id e n c e t h a t th e provisions for th e re g istra tio n of ag reem en ts w ill
re m a in alm o st a d e ad le tte r, a n d t h a t i t w ill b e difficult to secure a g ree m e n ts.7
The Journal of the M inistry of Agriculture for December, 1921,
however, states (p. 836) th a t the whole of England and Wales were
7 Economist (London), Oct. 22, 1921, pp. 673, 674.
110650°
-
22-
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
-6
[ 75]
76
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW.
covered by conciliation committees a t th a t time. In some instances
local employers and workers formed separate committees for parts of
areas in which wage fixing had form erly been done b y the district wage
committees, thus increasing the existing 39 district committees to 56
conciliation comm ittees. J u s t how efficient and satisfactory they will
prove has n o t y e t been established.
Trade-Union Organization.
'TTTE history of trade-unionism among British agricultural wage
^ earners is a long, fragm entary one dating from 1833,, and con
cerned chiefly w ith a discouraging,, though no t an entirely unsuccessful,
struggle to increase wages. U nrest resulting from the high cost of
living of the w ar period and the passage of the corn production act
in 1917 gave such a decided im petus to increased organization among
farm workers th a t an estim ated membership of 15,000 in 1914 had
increased to about 350,000 8 in January, 1920, 150,000 being affiliated
w ith the W orkers’ Union; 200,000 w ith the N ational Agricultural
Laborers and R ural W orkers’ Union, less 2,200 who were village
craftsm en of one sort or another. A few held membership in other
unions. I t was estim ated in 1920 th a t about 50 per cent of the farm
workers of England and Wales were organized.
Cash Wages, Earnings, and Cost of Living.
'TTd E total earnings of agricultural laborers generally are m ade up
in large p a rt of the weekly, half-yearly, or yearly cash wages and
supplem entary earnings of various kinds. In the case of English and
W elsh agricultural wage earners the cash wage is supplem ented by
additional rem uneration from (1) overtime work; (2) piecework;
(3) special custom ary paym ents in recognition of skill; and (4) allow
ances in kind. The am ount of wages paid ordinarily depends upon
local custom, proxim ity of industrial centers, character of the work,
and the shrewdness w ith which the individual bargain is driven.
Average Weekly Cash Wages, 1907 to 1918.
While farm wages had advanced from the general weekly cash aver
age of 12s. or 13s. (82.92 or $3.16, par) in 1873 to 22s. <$5.35, par) per
week in 1917, the fluctuation upw ard had been too slight to increase
m aterially the com fort of the worker. Upon the passing of the eorn
production act the newly established agricultural wages board ap
pointed, in March, 1918, a comm ittee to investigate the financial
results of the occupation of agricultural land and the cost of living
of rural workers. In the rep o rt subm itted M arch 5, 1919, the follow
ing tables appear showing average weekly cash rates of wages, 1907
to 1918. The adult farm workers are divided into two groups, ordi
nary laborers and skilled men, and the average rates shown have been
weighted according to the proportion of m en in the different counties
employed in each class.9
8 Greene, F. E.: A history of the English Agricultural Laborer, 1870-1920. London, 1920, p. 322. The
Labor Gazette, London, October, 1921, p. 558, gives 221,394 as the membership for agricultural and fishing
workers’ unions at the end of 1920, but this number did not include those enrolled among the general
workers’ unions.
. 9 Great Britain. Agricultural Wages Board. Report of committee appointed to inquire into the finan
cial results of the occupation of agricultural land and the cost of living of rural workers.. London, 1919,
pp.23, 24. [Cmd. 76.]
[76]
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
77
WAGES AHD HOUES OF LABOR.
T a b l e 1 .— AVERAGE
WEEKLY CASH WAGES AND INDEX NUMBERS, BY SEASONS, 1907
TO 1918.
[1 shilling at par=24.3 cents; 1 penny at par=2.03 cents.]
W in te r R a te s.
Ordinary laborers.
Year.
Source.
Average
rate.
Index
number.
Skilled workers.1
Average
rate.
1907 1914
1907..................................
1914..................................
1914..................................
1917..................................
1917...................................
1918..................................
1918............................. .
Board of Trade..
Labor Gazette..
Investigators__
Labor Gazette...
Investigators..
.......do...........
Minimum ra te ..
s.
14
15
16
22
22
27
30
d.
10
10
3
3
11
1
0
100
106
109
150
154
182
202
93
100
102
140
144
171
189
Index
number.
All classes.
Average
rate.
1907 1914
s.
16
17
16
24
23
28
35
d.
3
4
8
0
0
11
3{
100
107
102
147
14]
177
216
Index
number.
1907 1914
93
100
95
137
131
165
200
15 3 100
16 4 107
16 4 107
22 9 149
22 11 150
27 8 181
31 2 204
s.
d.
93
100
100
139
140
169
190
S u m m e r R a le s.
1907..................................
1914..................................
1914..................................
1915..................................
1917..................................
1918..................................
Board ofTradc..
Investigators__
Laborer” ........
.......do................
Investigators__
Minimum ra te ..
“
14 11 100 89
16 8 111 100
15 9 105 94
17 11 120 108
23 7 158 141
30 0 201 180
16 4
17 Di
100 93
107 100
15
16
4 100
9 109
91
100
25 8
35 lé
157 152
214 208
24
31
1 Ì5G
2 203
144
187
1 Includes stockmen, cattlemen, horsemen, and shepherds.
The total earnings in 1907 and 1918 of these classes of agricultural
wage earners m ay be had by adding to the average cash wages
shown the estim ated value of their weekly allowances for the same
period which appear in the following statem ent:
1907
s.
d.
L ab o re rs................ ............................. .
S k illed w o rk e rs.................................. ................................ 1
A ll c la s s e s ........................................... ................................ 1
9
6
1
1918
S.
d.
1 5
2 9i
1 10“
The estim ated value of the allowances shown above does not, of
course, represent their actual values to the m en who received them,
b u t rather the average value when the total value is distributed
among all agricultural wage earners.
Taking the average w inter rates for comparison, since they are
the m ost complete figures available, it is apparent from Table 1
th a t the average weekly cash increases in the rates for the various
classes of workers between 1907 and 1914 were: O rdinary laborers,
Is. (24.3 cents, par); skilled workers, Is. Id. (26.4 cents, par); all
classes, Is. Id. (26.4 cents, par). B u t this slight rise was more than
offset by the advance in cost of living. The estim ated to tal weekly
expenditure of a farm worker’s fam ily consisting of six persons rose
from 20s. 2-fd, ($4.91, par) in 1902 to 22s. 6d. ($5.48, par) in 1912,
the greatest weekly increase being in the cost of food, which advanced
from 13s. 5fd. ($3.27, par) in 1902 to 15s. 10£d. ($3.86, par) in 1912.
By 1914 the estim ated total weekly expenditure had reached 25s. 2fd.
($6.14, par).10
10 Great Britain. Agricultural Wages Board. Report of the committee appointed to inquire into the
financial results of the occupation of agricultural land and the cost of living of rural workers. London,
1919, pp. 30, 31, 37. [Cmd. 76.]
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
1771
7 8
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW.
Owing to w ar conditions and the ever-increasing cost of living a
considerable wage advance occurred between 1914 and 1917, the
average cash ra te for all classes (winter rates) being 22s. 9d.($5.54,
par) in the la tte r year. The corn production act, however, provided
for a minimum weekly cash rate o f 25s. ($6.08, par) for this year. A
similar wage increase appears between 1917 and 1918 when the
m inimum became 30s. ($7.30, par), and the average m inimum rates,
including the value of allowances were: Ordinary laborers, 31s. 5d.
($7.64, p a r) ; skilled workers, 38s. Id. ($9.27, p a r) ; all classes, 33s.
($8.03, par.) Between 1907 and 1918 the w inter cash rates for
laborers had risen 102 per cent; for skilled workers, 116 per cent;
for all classes, 104 per cent. Taking 1914 as a basis, laborers’ w inter
wages increased 89 per cent; skilled workers’ wages, 100 per cent;
and the wages of all classes, 90 per cent. The average rate of increase
over 1914, combining the sum m er and w inter rates, was: Ordinary
laborers, 83 per cent; skilled workers, 103 per cent; all classes, 88
per cent.11 The estim ated increase in the expenditure of farm workers’
families betw een 1914 and 1918 was 85 per cent and this increase
reached 93 per cent on Jan u ary 1, 1919.12
I t should be constantly borne in m ind th a t the wage rates quoted
are average rates and th a t the m inim um rates fixed by the wages
boards for different counties frequently ran m uch higher. For
instance, 1918 rates for laborers varied from 30s. to 36s. ($7.30 to
$8.76, p ar); those for skilled workers from 36s. to 42s. ($7.30 to
$10.22, par), being influenced greatly, as suggested before, by local
conditions, such as the character of the soil, proxim ity to industrial
centers, cost of living, etc.
I t is interesting to note th a t in a study m ade in 1918 of 26 farm s the
net earnings per acre h ad increased from 5s. lOd. ($1.42, par) in
1913-14 to £1 11s. 9d. ($7.73, par) in 1917-18, or 444 per cent.
Labor costs on these farm s had in the same tim e risen from 28s. 7d.
to 44s. Id. ($6.95 to $10.73, par), or 56 per cent.13^
Sum marizing the financial position of the farm er in 1918 the report
of the comm ittee appointed to inquire into this subject s a y s :14
T h e general conclusion as regards th e fin an c ia l p o sitio n of farm ers is t h a t in 1918
th e a v era g e gross re tu rn w as a b o u t 28s. [$6.81, p a r] p e r acre, or, in c lu d in g house re n t
a n d th e v a lu e of hom e-grow n p ro d u c e c onsum ed, a b o u t 34s. [$8.27, p ar] p e r acre, o u t
of w h ic h in te re s t on c a p ita l a n d re m u n e ra tio n for services h a d to b e p a id . _ I t is e v i
d e n t, how ever, t h a t th is re tu rn was p a rtia lly d u e to a com pulsory low ering of th e
sta n d a rd of farm ing b y a lessened use of fe rtiliz ers, fe ed in g stuffs, a n d labor, a n d th a t
a c o n se q u e n t d e p re c ia tio n of th e la n d h a s occurred, w h ic h m u s t b e m a d e good b y a
c o n sid era b le o u tla y of c a p ita l a n d lab o r i n th e im m e d ia te fu tu re , if th e p ro d u c tiv e
ness of th e soil is to b e m a in ta in e d . T h e fu rth e r rise i n w ages w h ic h has
occu rred sin ce th e acc o u n ts on w h ich th is c a lc u la tio n is ba se d w ere m ad e u p , m a y b e
re ck o n e d as m ak in g a n a d d itio n to th e cost of lab o r as show n b y th e acc o u n ts of
4s. to 4s. 6d. [97.3 c en ts to $1.09, p a r] p e r acre.
Discussing the actual statu s of the wage earner a t this time die
committee, whose report was m ade M arch 5, 1919, co n tin u es:14
T h e av erag e m in im u m w age of a g ric u ltu ra l w orkers of a ll classes, i. e ., o rd in ary
laborers, sto c k m e n , e tc ., u n d e r th e ra te s fix ed i n 1918 (in c lu d in g th e v a lu e of allow 11 Great Britain. Agricultural Wages Board. Report of the committee appointed to inquire intoThe
financial results of the occupation of agricultural land and the cost of living of rural workers. London,
1919, p. 24. [Cmd. 76.]
12Idem, p. 37.
is Idem, pp. 13,14.
h Idem, p. 44.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[78]
79
W AGES AND H O U R S OF LABOR.
ances), excluding extra earnings such as harvest and Michaelmas money, is reckoned
at 33s. [$8.03, par] per week. The actual expenditure of the “ standard” family on
food, clothing, fuel, light, cleaning materials, insurance, and rent is calculated at 46s.
5d. [$11.29, par]. The cash income of the “ standard ” family, as represented by the
budgets collected (comprising 1.48 earners in continuous employment and 0.275 earner
in noncontinuous employment), from ordinary time-work at the fixed minimum rates
may be calculated at 47s. [$11.44, par]. This is available only on the assumptions
(1 ) that the whole of the earnings of the subsidiary workers included in the standard
family are paid into the family exchequer, and (2) that the “ continuous ” earners lose
no time from illness or other causes; on the other hand, no allowance is made for extra
money, from overtime, piecework, or special earnings.
Since there is practically no balance left between normal minimum wages and expen
diture on necessaries, there is nothing available for tobacco, beer, furniture, books,
newspapers, recreation, and other amenities of life, unless extra earnings more than
counterbalance losses due to the causes suggested in the preceding paragraph. I t is
probable therefore that the records of expenditure come from families whose standard
is above the average, and that in fact the general standard of living does not altogether
reach the standard shown in the average budget. In particular it is certain that the
worker who receives no more than the minimum time rates and has to support a wife
and family by his sole efforts must live at a lower standard.
Minimum Rates, 1918 to 1921.
The m inim um rates established under the corn production act were
gradually increased to m eet the advancing cost of living. The rates
between 1918 and the fall of 1921 m ay be briefly sum m arized as
follows :15
T able 3 .—M INIM UM W E E K L Y W A GE R A T E S F O R A D U L T M ALE FA R M W O R K E R S , B Y
A GE O F W O R K E R , 1918 TO 1921.
D ate of going in to operation.
M inim um
ra te per
week.
Age of
worker.
s. d.
M ay -0 ctober, 1918..................................
May, 1919...................................................
A pril, 1920.................................................
A ugust, 1920.............................................
Septem ber, 1921.......................................
30
36
42
46
42
0
6
0
0
0
18
21
21
21
21
Minimum rates for ordinary laborers in excess of those given in
the table and special minimum rates for horsemen, cattlem en, shep
herds, etc., were fixed in some counties. The board also defined
allowances in kind which m ight be regarded as included in the
m inimum rates and fixed the m inimum value a t which such allow
ances could be estim ated.
During the peak of wages in 1920, m inimum wages for the more
skilled classes of farm hands in England ranged from 46s to 64s.
($11.19 to $15.57, par) per week, though in m ost cases of high wages
the working hours were longer than the m inimum (50 in summer,
48 in winter) fixed by the board.16 In four of the W elsh counties
58s. ($14.11, par) were paid for a week of 61 hours in summer, 58
hours in w inter.17 In Septem ber, 1921, as m ay be seen by Table 2,
the decline in agricultural wages had set in.
The m ovem ent in wages back tow ard the old standards, is shown
in the comparison of the summer rates for 1922,18 in England and
is L abor G azette, London, O ctober, 1921, p. 522.
. ..
1®G reat B ritain . A gricultural Wages B oard. Wages B oard Gazette, London, Aug. 16,1920, p p . 395-401.
ii Id em , p p . 404^-405.
is L abor G azette, London, A pril, 1922, p . 181.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
179]
M O N T H L Y LABOR REV IEW .
Wales, presented in Table 3, with the m inimum rate of 42s. hi Sep
tem ber, 1921. The Labor Gazette states th a t these new rates for
wages and hours have been agreed upon by the local conciliation
committees and th a t the M inister of A griculture has confirmed the
agreements made for the Isle of E ly and for Surrey. Proportionate
rates, not reported, were fixed for young men between 18 and 21
years of age.
T able 3 .—W
EEK LY AN D H O U R LY W AGES AN D H OURS OF LABO R OF AD U LT M ALE
A G R I C U L T U R A L L A B O R E R S , F O R T H E S U M M E R O F 1922, B Y C O U N T Y A N D P E R I O D
F O R W H IC H O P E R A T I V E .1
C ounty or d istrict.
Period for which
operative.
Brecknockshire......................
C am bridgeshire.......................................................
C ornw all...................................................
D evonshire.....................................
D u rh a m ........................................
H erefordshire................................
H ertfo rd sh ire..................................
H ollan d d istric t............................
Isle of E l y ...................................
Isle of W ig h t......................................
IKesteven -district......................
L indsey d istric t.......................
'M erionet.........................
M on m outhshire...................
.........................
M ontgom ery.
N orth am p to n sh ire
N o ttin arasidre........................................................
Oxfordshire
................................
R adnorshire
.........................................
Shropshi **ft
...........................................
..............................
Sokp of Pptprhoronph
Somerset
....................................
................................
Suffolk
Snrrpy
................................
'Wnrp.p.stershire
................................
"Yorkshire ( N orth R iding) ..................................
"Vorkshirp. (W est Riding)
M ar. 1-A pr. 3 0 . .. .
Mar. 4....... .................
M ar. 1................................
M ar. 26-Sept. 2 9 ...
M ar. 1-M ay 1 3 . .. .
M a r .l-O c t. 31.......
M ar.L -O c t.6 ....................
M a r.6 -Ju n e 3 0 . - ............
M a r . 1—M ay 31................
M a r .l..................................
M ar.1 8 -O ct.3 1.............
M ar. 18- O ct. ,31............
M a r . 1- Ap r . 3 0 ... -__
M a r.l ................................
M a r .l-A p r . 30.................
M ar. 4 -O ct. 6....................
M ar. 6 -S ep t. 3Q-................
M ar. 11-Sept. 29...............
M ar. 1 -A p r. 30.................
M ar. 6 -S ep t. 30.................
M ar. 11-O ct. 6...................
M ar. 1 -A p r. 30..................
M ar. 1-O ct. 31...................
M ar. 26................................
M ar. 13-Oct. 6...................
M ar. 2-O ct. 31...................
Mar. 13-Oct. 31.................
H ourly
rates.
W eekly H ours per
rates.
week.
a.
s.
34
33
32
42
30
8“
52
'50
52
50
50
50
3 50
3 31
32
7'f
74
s 74
•74
4 33
35
4 38
31
34
30
34
3 31
32
33
35
33
51
2 50
2 50
50
54
50
50
53
50
52
2 50
51
50
50
50
250
52J
54
1 L a b o r G a z e t t e , L o n d o n , A p r i l , 19 2 2 , p p . 181, 182.
3 G u a r a n te e d w e e k .
8 F o r a l l c la s s e s e x c e p t m i l k m e n an d . h o r s e m e n , t h e r a t e l o r t h e m b e i n g 4 0 s M .
4 O r 3 S s . fo r a w e e k o f 56 h o u r s .
5 F o r o r d i n a r y la b o r e r s ; o f 3 8 s . p e r w e e k p l u s c o t t a g e fo r h o r s e k e e p e r s a n d m i l k m e n ; a n d o f 3 5 s . p e r w e e k
fo r s t o c k m e n .
6 F o r o r d i n a r y la b o r e r s , w i t h a d d i t i o n a l 6 s . p e r w e a k f o r h o r s e m e n a n d . s t o c k m e n .
Remuneration Other Than Regular Wages.
T7 X TRA cash paym ents included up to 1918 gratuities such as
beer, cider, or journey money; calf and lam b money, harvest
m oney; overtime pay, piecework, etc.
Overtime.
Form erly recognized paym ents for overtime were n o t custom ary in
England and Wales, except a t special seasons, such as harvest and
fruit-picking;19 and even a t these times overtime was no t granted in
m any cases, the men being paid instead a lump sum varying, in
E ngland from £1 to £6 ($4.87 to $29.20, p a r) ; in N orth Wales from
10s. to 60s. ($2.43 to $14.60, par), and in South Wales from 20s. to
30s. ($4.87 to $7.30, par) for hay. harvest, and from 10s. to 20s.
($2.43 to $4.87, par) for the corn harvest,20 to cover any ex tra
19 G r e a t B r i t a i n .
B o a r d o f A g r i c u l t u r e .a n d F i s h e r i e s . W a g e s a a id c o n d i t i o n s o f
a g r ic u l t u r e . V o l . I . G e n e r a l R e p o r t . L o n d o n , 1919, p p . 97, 9 8 . [C u r d . 24.]
30 I d e m , p . 193.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[
80 ]
e m p lo y m e n t
in
WAGES ÄäSTD H O U E S OF LABOR.
81
time they worked. W hen overtime was paid the ra te ranged from
6d. to 8d. (12.2 to 16.2 cents, par) per hour in England; from
6d. to Is. (12.2 to 24.3 cents, par) per horn’ in Wales. Men “ living
i n ” were rarely paid for work beyond their regular hours. On
dairy farm s hourly wages were resorted to in order to get around the
paym ent of overtim e rates. In m arket gardens overtime was gen
erally counted after 5.30 p. m. and rates were slightly higher than for
other agricultural work. The practice of paym ent for overtime has,
however, been gradually increasing.
W hen the com production act came into operation w ith its m ini
m um wage for a lim ited num ber of hours, overtime rate s were fixed,
and in Septem ber, 1921, ranged between 3d. and Is. 2d. (6.1 to 28.3
cents, paid per hour on week days and between 3 |d . and Is. 4d.
(7.1 and 32.4 cents, par) on Sundays., according to the locality and
the duties and age of the workers affected.21
Piecework.
Piecework is a m atte r of individual bargaining and rates are
therefore too num erous and too varied to quote. Quite naturally
they increased during the war to a greater extent than did time
rates. The general rates for hoeing corn, for example, increased
from 3s. to 6s. (73 cents to $1.46, par) p er acre in 1914 to from 7s.
to 12s. ($1.73 to $2.92, par) in 1917-18. Piecework in agriculture is
reported to be on the decrease in England, while in Wales, on the
contrary, it is said to be increasing among the m ost enterprising
farm ers and the m ost active workers.
Allowances in Kind.
Allowances in kind are numerous and of great variety. They are
more often m ade to the skilled m an than to the ordinary laborer.
The commonest allowances m ade the English agricultural wage
earner are a cottage, either ren t free or a t a low custom ary rent
ranging from. Is. to 2s. 6d. or 3s. (24.3 cents to 60.8 or 73 cents, par)
a week, potatoes or potato ground, milk, free coal haulage, and wood
cartage; sometimes free coal, wood, and m anure. Other allowances
less commonly m ade are straw, meal, vegetables, peat, oil; and
rab b its and bacon in some counties. A shepherd is often allowed a
sheep fo r his own use and a cowman, a cow. E x tra food at harvest
tim e an d fresh m eat when stock is killed are occasionally given.
Generally speaking, the largest allowances are made in the lowest
wage counties.
In Wales allowances in kind are of such a character as to illustrate
the approxim ate approach of the m arried laborer to the position of
farm er. In addition to the usual allowances they include the pro
vision of live stock free or its purchase at reduced rates, food,
bedding and pasture for-live stock, small holdings a t low rents,
and service to bound tenants. Allowances for unm arried m en and
women who board w ith the family are usually m ade to the parents,
in the form of potato ground, free haulage of coal, pasture for a cow,
etc. R egular allowances of milk, so necessary to the health of
children, are not common even in the h eart of the dairy sections,
2i Great B ritain.
A gricultural Wages Board. Wages B oard Gazette. London, Sept. 1, 1921, pp. 241-250.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[81 ]
82
M O N T H L Y LABOR R E V IE W .
and farmers are reported as unwilling, in m any instances, to sell
small quantities to workers.
Board and lodging.
Board and lodging form an im portant p a rt of the wages of men,
generally single, who hire for yearly or half-yearly periods and board
w ith the family, the forem an, or other farm hands in supervisory
positions. In England the prevalent yearly cash wages of such men
ranged, in 1914, from £18 to £31 ($87.60 to $150.86, par) while in
1918 the range had increased to from £20 to £55 ($97.33 to $267.66,
par). The estim ated value of board and lodging for 1918 ranged
from 14s. to 20s. ($3.41 to $4.87, par) per week.23
During 1918 board and lodging in South Wales was estim ated to
be w orth from 15s. to 25s. ($3.65 to $6.08, par) a week. These are
the farm ers’ estim ates and are based on the retail prices of com
modities. The workers believed the estim ates on the articles of food
produced on the farms should have been m ade on the cost price to the
farm er, in which case they would have been m uch lower, ranging from
10s. to 12s. 6d. ($2.43 to $3.04, par), according to w hether the district
was agricultural or industrial in character. The pre-war values of
board and lodging in N orth Wales ranged from 6s. to 15s. ($1.46 to
$3.65, p a r ) ; in 1918 the estim ated values were m uch higher, varying
from 10s. to 28s. ($2.43 to $6.81, par). All of the estim ates quoted
are high, owing to w ar conditions.24 The value of full board and
lodging as fixed by the wages board for 1918 varied from 12s. to
15s. 6d. ($2.92 to $3.77, par) per week.25 Orders of the board con
tinued to define the value of allowances in kind and of board and
lodging. Full board and lodging for adult workers (18 years of age
and over) in August, 1920, was estim ated a t 20s. ($4.87, par) per
week; for workers 17 and under 18 years, 18s. ($4.38, p ar); and for
those from 16 to 17 years, 17s. ($4.14, par). Board alone for a 7-day
week was fixed a t 16s. 6d. ($4.01, par) for adults; 14s. 6d. ($3.53, par)
for boys 16 and. under 18 years of age. A week’s lodging for the
same classes ranged from 2s. 6d. (60.8 cents, par) to 3s. 6d. (85.1
cents, par), boys 16 and under 17 years paying the form er am ount.26
Under the old truck acts allowances in kind were considered as
additions to wages and their cash value could not be deducted from
them, b u t an order of the Agricultural Wages Board dated Septem ber
6, 1918, provided th a t milk, potatoes, board, lodging, and cottages
could be “ reckoned as paym ent of wages in lieu of paym ent in cash
for the purpose of any minimum rate of wages,” the value of such
allowances being determined by the district wages committee, subject
to review by the wages board. The cash value of allowances fixed
by the board m ay be found on page 77. The tendency, since 1918,
to reduce allowances to a cash basis and include them in wage pay
m ents is notew orthy, because the perm anent character of the allow
ances has always been an im portant feature in agricultural wages.
23G reat B rita in . B oard of A griculture a n d Fisheries. Wages and conditions of em ploym ent in
agriculture. Vol. I. General report. London, 1919, p . 127. [Cmd. 24.1
24 Idem , p.196.
25G reat B ritain . A gricultural Wages Board. R eport of th e com m ittee appointed to inquire in to the
financial results ofthe occupation of agricultural land and th e cost of-living of ru ral workers. London, 1919.
p . 59. [Cmd. 76.]
26Great B ritain . A gricultural W ages Board. W ages B oard Gazette, Aug. 16, 1920, p . 408.
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WAGES AND H O U E S OF LABOR,
83
They have constituted welcome additions to the family income which
could be depended upon w hatever the vicissitudes of the worker’s life
due to sickness or loss of time. If now they continue to be included
as a p a rt of cash wages, due consideration m ust be given to this
perm anent character or the worker’s fam ily will suffer m times of
unemployment and sickness.
Hours of Labor.
U O U R S of labor of farm hands, like their wages, are affected by
various local and personal conditions. Among them are local
custom, the distance m en live from their work, and the type of farm
ing done—hours being long on dairy farms, where m ilking is im port
ant, for instance. Hours are also influenced by the nearness of industiial centers, the tendency being in the direction of shorter hours
where competition exists between industrial and agricultural indus
tries m the demand for labor. The character of the work m ay
lengthen or shorten the working time, cattlem en and horsemen, who
have the care of their animals in addition to their d ay ’s labor, as a
rule work long hours. The character of the individual farm er, too,
often aflects the hours his men work. The following statem ent sum
marized from an official source,27 indicates the general range of work
ing hours in 1918 for the principal classes of workers °in English
countries:
&
T able 4 .
R A N G E O F A C TU A L H O U R S O F L A B O R P E R D A Y O F FA R M W O R K E R S IN
1918, B Y CLASS O F W O R K E R A N D SEA SO N .
T otal hours w orked
p er day.
Class of worker.
Summ er.
C attlem en......................
H orsem en........................
Laborers...................
Shepherds....................
9 -lli
8|-1 2 i
8-H i
8- l l i
W inter.
8k—11J
7J—12j
7 -10Ì
7U10Ì
The working day usually begins any tim e from 4 to 7 a. m. and
closes from 4 to 7 p. m., with meal periods of from 1 to 21 hours.
Shepherds hours are rarely given and those quoted are a rough esti
m ate, because the nature of a shepherd’s work m ay require long, short,
oi li regular hours. I he hours on dairy farm s are necessarily lono*
and have to be worked on Sunday as well as week days. O rdinary
laborers m 1918 worked, on an average, from 9 to 10 hours a day in
summ er and 8 to 8-j in winter. H ours of horsemen and cattlem en
would probably average about 10 hours. Laborers, generally, are
granted 1 to 1^ hours for meals; cattlem en, from 1 to 2 hours; and
horsemen, 2 hours. I he short day on Saturday, which has been
agitated by agricultural laborers for m any years, was not general, nor
was tim e usually allowed men to walk to their work. Holidays
granted differed in different counties; some of the farm ers granted
Christm as and the hiring fair days, while others gave Christmas,
INew Year s Day, W hitsunday, and the August bank holiday. Where
possible, a shift system was followed or some other arrangem ent made
culture.
Vol. I.
° f A sriculture and Fisheries. W ages and conditions of em ploym ent in agri
General report. London, 1919, p p. 90-93. [Cmd. 24.]
s
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[S 3 ]
84
M O N T H L Y LABOE R E V IE W .
whereby Sunday work was rendered as easy as possible. On small
farm s w ith a lim ited am ount of help this difficulty is hard to meet.
H ours in Welsh farm ing districts were longer, varying in N orth
Wales from 13 to 16 on week days (including mealtime) and from
3 to 6 on Sunday. In South Wales the ordinary working day was
from 12 to 13 hours in length. The shortest day was found in the
vicinity of the industrial centers and near the coal fields. W orking
hours are generally from 6 a. m. to 6 p. m., w ith longer time for
cattlem en and horsemen. No “ walking tim e ” is allowed.
Hours Under the Com Production Act.
lV/fXNIMUM wage fixing by the Agricultural Wages Board had a
I'V'l tendency to standardization of hours of labor on farms, the
original rates'b ein g based on a m axim um 54-hour week in summer,
and a 48-hour week in winter. From October b, 1919, summer hours
were subsequently reduced to 50 per week, though the usual excep
tions were m ade for shepherds and stockmen whose work necessitated
longer hours. H ourly rates shown in Table 3 in connection w ith
recent wage rates do not indicate a m arked lengthening of hours up
to the present.
Wage Contracts.
Pre-War Agreements.
D R E -W A R term s of engagement were either verbal or w ritten, b u t
*
the m ajority of them were verbal. Contracts m ade at “ hiring
fairs,” a practice which still exists bu t is said to be gradually dying
out, were often concluded by the paym ent of “ fest m oney,” or
“ earnest m oney” varying in am ount from Is. to 10s. (24.3 cents to
$2.43, par). W ritten agreements, regularly used in the northern
counties of N orthum berland and Lincolnshire, and latterly in a few
other counties throughout the country, were usually either agree
m ents w ith skilled men, such as head cowmen, shepherds,_and horse
men, who had charge of the work of others and were hired by the
year, or agreements w ith m en who had free cottages, in which case a
fixity of tenure rath er than a definition of his term of employment
was sought. Most of the w ritten agreements contained only the
barest outline of the essential details of an engagement, even those
in Lincolnshire and N orthum berland, in which an attem p t was made
to define the num ber and value of allowances, etc., leaving m any
im portant points to be settled. Following is a form of agreement
used in Gloucestershire.
C O NT RA CT O F H IR IN G .
Name of m aster......................................................................................- - .......................
R esidence...................................................... ...........................................................
Name of servant............................. ................................................................... ........... Residence......................................................................................- ..........................
Hired f o r ....................................................... . fro m .......................................................
W a g e s.................................................... ........................................................... ...............................
To serve as a ........................................ ....... .............................- ...................... ..... ........
If absent from illness or other cause, wages to be deducted.
This agreement is made specially subject to the said ------------- —, receiving from
his last employer a character satisfactory to the s a id ----------------- .
Signed-----------------, M a ster.
-----------------, S e r v a n t.
Earnest money--------.
D a te d
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1.84]
WAGES AND H O U E S OF LABOR.
85
In Wales no w ritten agreements were made up to 1918, hiring
being done orally, and m ade binding in the case of yearly contracts
by the paym ent of “ earnest m oney,” which varied as in England from
Is. to 10s. (24.3 cents to $2.43, par).
One oi the practical difficulties m et w ith in drawing up a really
adequate agreem ent is the fact th a t weekly engagements are far
more usual than the yearly periods to which such agreements are
applicable. Yearly and half-yearly hirings w ith continuous employ
m ent a t a fixed and regular wage are practiced in the north of England
and in counties where pasturage is plentiful. For obvious reasons
men skilled in the care of animals generally, though not always,
are hired for longer periods th an ordinary laborers, and in isolated
sections where labor and cottages are equally scarce the longer hiring
periods prevail.
The occupancy of “ tied” cottages tends to lengthen the arrange
m ent m ade between the farm er and his men, and in these cases the
bargain is usually a m onthly one. Long hiring periods, however,
are not found to produce long periods of service, nor do short periods
of engagements induce change of employment. Perm anency, or the
lack of it, depends rath er upon the class of men. Skilled men in
charge of animals, having responsible positions on the farm , oceuPying the tied cottages perhaps, and usually married, are more likely
to remain, especially if the garden is a good one, while the younger,
single farm servants or horsemen are restless and change their places
often to better themselves.
In Wales the contrary is generally the case. Broadly speaking the
unm arried men and boys who live w ith the family hire for the year
or half year, while the m arried men who occupy the cottages are
engaged by the w e e k as a rule.
Contracts under the Corn Production Acts.
Collective bargaining became fairly general during the period of
guaranteed prices and fixed m inimum wages, representatives of the
agricultural laborers' unions and of the N ational Farm ers’ Union
reaching agreements for their localities based upon the established
la te and cost-oi-living figures. B ut w ith the repeal of the corn
production act reports indicate th a t m any of the farm ers have refused
to be governed by the recom mendation of the conciliation comm it
tees which were substituted for the wages boards, w ith the result th a t
along w ith the reduction of wages there m ay be a gradual return
to the individual contract, though I t is still too soon to m ake any
definite statem ent regarding th a t point.
The effect of this association of employers and men in the wages
boards is discussed by E. Selley in his “Village Trade-Unions in Two
Centuries” (p. 164). He says, “ Unlike representations on parish,
district, and county councils the worker has as good a chance to state
his case as the farmer. He has become really articulate * * *.
The farm worker proved himself to be skillful in negotiation as the
farmer. Both farm er and workm an have benefited by the oppor
tu n ity of coming face to face w ith each other in conference.”
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M O N T H L Y LABOR R E V IE W .
86
Methods of Wage Payment.
¡7ARM workers are paid by different systems. As regards ordinary
*
laborers in England, some are paid entirely by time rates, wholly
or m ainly in cash, others, especially those in truck-raising districts,
are paid principally by piece rates, in cash, while a middle class are
paid time rates p a rt of the year, w ith piece rates or a bonus a t harvest
or h a y m a k ing. Allowances in kind m ade to the ordinary laborer
are generally quite small. The skilled men, cattlem en, horsemen,
and shepherds, are paid by time rates, usually p artly in cash and
p artly in kind, the value of the allowances in these cases being much
more im portant th an those made to laborers.
W orkers engaged by the week are generally paid by the week,
though occasionally fortnightly or even m onthly paym ents prevail.
Men doing piecework often receive the regular day wages during their
time of employment and the rem ainder when they have finished their
job. As regards yearly or half-yearly men the m ethod of paym ent
is different. H arvest money m ay be paid them a t the end of harvest,
a t Christmas time, or in two installm ents, and advances m ay also be
m ade from tim e to time, b u t the bulk of their wages is paid a t the
expiration of their period of service. In these cases the fact th a t
unm arried men are often boarded and lodged by the farm ers and
th a t the m arried men sometimes occupy free cottages which con
stitu te a p a rt of their wages, and also have allowances should be
borne in mind. A few holidays are paid for in full. In districts
where long engagements are m ade deductions are not as a rule made
on account of sickness, though this practice does not apply in the
case of women. The m ajority of the men engaged by the week are
paid only for the days they work.
In Wales the period of engagement varies w ith the district and the
section of the country. In one county of N orth Wales the weekly
laborer, who is ordinarily a m arried m an, is paid either weekly or
m onthly. E ither p arty to the contract m ay give notice on one week’s
time.
Wages of Japanese and Chinese Workers in Manchuria.
CONSULAR report of recent date gives the wages, in effect
a t the end of 1921, of Japanese and Chinese workmen in various
industries in Dairen, M ukden, and Antung. The wages, which
were compiled by the K w antung Government, are as follows:
A
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[86]
WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR.
D A IL Y
W A GES O F JA P A N E S E
A N D C H IN E S E W O R K E R S
IN M A N C H U R IA .
IN
87
V A R IO U S IN D U S T R IE S
[G old y e n a t p a r= 4 9 .8 5 cents.]
W ag es i n —
O c c u p a tio n .
D a ire n .
Jap a n e se
C o b b le rs ........................................
F a r m h a n d s ..............................
W e a v e rs .............................
D y e rs ..........................
T a ilo rs ..............................................
H a t m a k e r s ........................
S o y m a k e r s ..................................
C o n fectio n ery m a k e r s ........................
C a r p e n te r s ................ 1 .............
P la s te r e r s ...........................................
S to n e m a s o n s ....................................................
W ood s a w y e rs ...............................................
R o o fe rs .................................
B ric k m a k e rs ................................................
T ile l a y e r s ...........................................................
G la ss m a k e rs .................................................
S caffolding m a k e rs ....................................
M at la y e rs ( T a t a m i ) ............................................
P a p e r h a n g e r s ........................................................
F ix tu r e m a k e r s ..........................................
O r n a m e n t m a k e rs ................
T in s m ith s ...........................
F o u n d e rs ...............................................
B la c k s m ith s .....................................
Sign p a in te r s ..................................................
D a y la b o re rs ..........................................................
C oolies....................................................
Yen.
2.80
M ukden.
C hinese. J a p a n e se
Yen.
1.40
Yen.
C h in ese. Jap an ese. C h in ese.
Yen.
2.00
3. 00
1 50. 00
3. 50
2. 50
1 80. 00
1 50. 00
3. 50
3. 50
3. 50
3. 30
3.50
3. 00
3.00
3. 20
3.20
3. 30
3.40
3.30
3.00
3.20
2. 90
1 15. 00
2 20
1.70
.80
2.80
2. 80
2. 50
2. 00
3.00
3. 50
3.50
15.00
1.70
1.70
1.70
1.30
1. 50
1.20
1. 20
1.00
1.20
1.00
1.20
1. 10
1.20
1.00
1.50
1.00
. 50
. 45
A n tu n g .
3. 00
3.00
3.70
1.50
. 45
1 10
1.50
1. 20
1. 00
1.00
1.20
1.60
1.50
1. 50
1 50
l. 50
1.50
2. 50
2. 50
i 20
1.50
3.00
3.00
2.50
2. 50
3.00
3.00
3.00
1.30
1.20
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.20
.50
Yen.
2.50
Yen.
1. 00
2.50
! 70
1 50
2. 50
3.00
3.20
3.20
.50
1.00
1.00
1.50
1.00
3.20
1.00
3.00
3 00
2 50
3.00
3.50
3.00
2. 50
2.00
2. 00
2.00
1.00
1.00
. 80
.6 0
.80
.80
1.00
1.00
50
.50
1 M o n th ly w ages.
T h e 48-hour W eek in the Netherlands.
H E Second Chamber of the States-G eneral of the N etherlands
recently voted an am endm ent to the law regulating the hours
of labor according to La République Française (Paris), May 23,
1922. A 48-hour week has been substituted for the 45-hour week
which has been in effect. The hours of work are 8^ per day and
5% on Saturday. O ther modifications have been adopted for the
purpose of adapting the 8-hour law to the needs of industry. In the
building industry and in public works, for example, additional hours
m ay be worked to m ake up for time lost on account of the weather.
U ntil October 1, 1923, workers over 16 years of age can be employed
10 hours a day and 55 hours a week in these industries.
T
W ages and Working Conditions of Agricultural Laborers in Peru.1
N RESPON SE to a demand for higher wages on the p a rt of the
agricultural laborers of the Peruvian valleys, the M inister of
Prom otion is considering a minimum wage scale for each valley,
based on the cost of living and subject to an increase in relation to
the sale price of exported products.
I
1 B u lle tin of th è P a n A m e ric a n U n io n , W a s h in g to n , M arch, 1922, p p . 301, 302.
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MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW.
88
The decree of December 7, 1921, concerns b oth wages and working
conditions and applies to the agricultural laborers of the Chicama
and Santa Catalina Valleys of Trujillo Province. Some of the pro
visions are as follows:
The length of a working day shall be 8 hours, in conformity with the decree of
January 15, 1919, and any agreement for a longer working day, which may in no case
exceed 12 hours, must be referred for approval to the Labor Inspection Commission.
Cutting and loading sugar cane shall be paid for according to the weight of the
amount cut or loaded." Other work in the field shall be gauged by the work done by
an average laborer in 8 hours.
In case of illness proved by a medical certificate the laborer has a right to receive
half his wages, plus the ifood ration usually given him. If he has no family and is
treated in a hospital, the food ration need not be given.
If for anv reason there as an oversupply of laborers, those who are dismissed on that
account will receive two months’ wages if they have worked more than six months,
and one months’ wages if they have worked more than two months and less than six.
This provision may be modified in the light of the information received by the Labor
Inspection Commission.
The decree also provides for Governm ent bank inspection of
savings and m utual benefit societies, sanitary and educational inspec
tion, the cessation of contract labor, new telegraph and post offices,
and the creation of the Labor Inspection Commission referred to
above, which is to consist of a Governm ent delegate, an estate
owner, and a bona fide laborer. The existence and trend of labor
legislation are shown in the duties assigned to this commission.
They are as follows:
To see that the regulations of the present decree are strictly complied with; to
intervene in and to terminate, in accordance with existing regulations, disagreements
between employees and laborers; to watch the observance of the laws regarding labor
accidents, work of women and children, weekly rest period (when the Sunday rest
period is not given), housing, medical attention, schools for laborers; and all labor
laws and decrees now in force or promulgated in the future; and to propose to the
Ministry of Promotion the means which experience may suggest for effecting perma
nent harmony between employers and laborers.
Extension of the Working W eek in Certain Sw iss Industries.
N ACCORDANCE w ith an order dated April 4, 1922, weekly
working hours have been increased to 52 in some Swiss industries.1
In the case of wood sawing, carpentry, and brick and tile m aking
increased hours will be in force until October, 1922; of certain
branches of the embriodery trade, until the end of the present year;
for the linen and the straw plait trade, June 30, 1922, and May 31,
1922, respectively. Under the Swiss factory act the Federal Council
is empowered to extend the working hours in any industry if urgent
necessity demands it or if, through the operation of the 48-hour
week, an industry runs the risk of being unable to stand competition
w ith other countries.
I
i L a b o r G a z e tte , L o n d o n , M ay , 1922, p . 206.
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Q u o te d fro m F e u ille F é d é ra le , A p r. 12, 1922.
188]
P R O D U C T I O N A N D E F F IC I E N C Y O F L A B O R .
“Idle-aay
Uosts m the C oal-M m ing Industry.
H E enormous loss, both in returns on the invested capital and
in the wages of the workers, because of the nonoperation of
m any of the coal mines of the country for so large a proportion
of the year was the subject of an address 1 by Mr. Francis S. Peabody
a t the annual convention of the International Railway Fuel Associa
tion held recently in Chicago. The total annual producing capacity
of the bitum inous mines of the country Mr. Peabody estim ates a t
1,000,000,000 tons, figured on a 300-working-day period, and the
value of the investm ent lie considers as extrem ely conservative when
placed a t $2 per ton of annual capacity. This makes the to tal esti
m ated investm ent in the bitum inous mines of the U nited States equal
12,000,000,000, which includes the value of improvements, develop
m ents, and an estim ated life of each mine of 25 years.. An accurate
m easurem ent of the coal consumed over a period of years is afforded
by the the figures for production, it is stated. The peak was reached
in 1918 when the total production of bitum inous coal, including
export, am ounted to 570,000,000 tons. The consumption in 1921 was
406,000,000 tons, b u t as neither 1918 nor 1921 were normal years it
is estim ated th a t w ith a return of normal industrial activities the
annual consumption of bitum inous coal would be between 450,000,000
and 500,000,000 tons. The average working time of the mines
during the p ast 5 y ears has been 200 days, leaving an average of 100
idle days in the bitum inous mines each year.
On the basis of these figures and using his own experience as a
m ine operator as a guide, Mr. Peabody estim ates the annual loss to
capital on account of idle-day costs a t all the bitum inous mines in
the United States as follows: “ Interest a t 6 per cent for 100 idle days,
$40,000,000; labor and supply costs on idle davs, $0.128 per ton
on actual production, 1921, $51,968,000; depreciation on 25-year
life of mine, $26,666,000; taxes and insurance, $0.013 on actual
production, 1921, $5,278,000; total idle-day cost per annum ,
$123,912,000.”
I n addition to this loss to capital there is the even more serious
loss in wages to the miners. Assuming th a t the average wage is
$4 per day, a conservative estim ate, Mr. Peabody says, the cost to
the 700,000 mine employees of 100 days of enforced idleness am ounts
to $280,000,000 a year. The combined loss to labor and capital,
therefore, is more than $400,000,000 yearly w ithout considering at
all the loss to the general public of the productive effort of this large
aggregation of men for one-third of the working year.
The speaker pointed out th a t while he considered these figures
extrem ely conservative, still th ey were estimates and therefore not
strictly accurate, an d to supplem ent them he gave the following
T
1 T h e B la c k D ia m o n d , C hicago, M ay 27, 1922, p p . 567, 508.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
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MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW.
90
additional data showing the idle-day costs of the 36 mines under his
m anagement. “ Total capital investm ent (based on $2 per ton
annual capacity), $40,000,000; capacity, 21,000,000 tons per an
num ; production, 12,000,000 tons per annum ; interest on invested
capital for idle days a t 6 per cent, $1,155,000; idle-day labor and
supply costs, $0,128 on actual production, $1,536,000 2; depreciation
on 25 years’ life of mines, $724,350; taxes and insurance, $156,000;
total idle-day cost per annum a t 36 Peabody mines, $3,571,350.”
Thus an actual loss of over $3,500,000 is shown in the operation of
the mines in one com pany alone due entirely to the overdevelop
m ent of the bitum inous coal industry.
Three solutions, Mr. Peabody said, are possible: The bankruptcy
and consequent retirem ent from operation of one-third of the mines
now in active operation; Governm ent ownership; or a revision of
the Sherm an law to allow agreements in regard to running time.
Governm ent control, he believes, has been m ade thoroughly un
popular through the war-tim e control of the railroads and the coal
industry, and revision of the Sherm an law to perm it agreements
between coal operators in regard to running time could not be ex
pected to improve the situation since the mines are too scattered
and conditions are too dissimilar to perm it of any workable agree
m ent being reached. If it were possible, however, to reach such an
agreement, additional work could hardly be furnished. The most
th a t could be expected to be accomplished would be rath er a restric
tion in o utput which would result in higher price levels which m ight
compensate operators and men in p a rt for the lost time, b u t which
would pass the entire burden along .to the consuming public. Mr.
Peabody therefore rejects these two plans as not feasible, stating
th a t in his opinion the only solution lies in the elim ination through
bankruptcy of the excess mines. “ U nrestricted com petition,” he
says, “ will solve the problem of too m any mines, too m any miners,
and too great investm ent in the coal industry.”
The truth of my statement is borne out by a review of the coal industry since
Government control was relinquished. It is a known fact that very few bituminous
coal mines paid a profit during the past year. Competition attained a degree of
intensity never before experienced and prices averaged less than the actual cost of
production. Producing companies can not continue to operate year after year and
sell coal for less than it costs to produce. Some mines have already been abandoned.
Many more are on the verge of bankruptcy. I estimate that it will require about
10 years to work out a complete solution, and bring about a fairly even balance be
tween supply and demand.
To those having investments in .coal mines, and particularly in the “ high cost”
mines, this solution is a tragic one. _ From the standpoint of the general public, it
is the cheapest way out. To the bituminous coal industry in general, it presents
an outlook that is far from pleasing, but it must be recognized as the only way by
which the industry can get Back to a sound and healthful basis.
Production per Worker in Iron M ines of Lorraine.
H E average production for each class of workers in the iron-ore
mines of Lorraine is given in Commerce Reports, May 15, 1922
(p- 417). The statem ent, which is quoted from the yearbook
of the m ining association of Alsace and Lorraine, is as follows:
T
2A c tu a l fig u res ta k e n from, th e
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c o m p a n ie s ’ bo o k s.
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PRO D U C TIO N AND E F F IC IE N C Y OF LABOR,
91
Pickmen and haulers, 8.22 metric tons (against 7.80 tons in 1920, 6.66 tons in 1919,
6 tons in 1918, and 7.06 tons in 1913); underground workers, 5.09 metric tons (against
4.79 tons in 1920, 4.18 tons in 1919, 4.06 tons in 1918, and 5.39 tons in 1913). For the
whole of the personnel, the average output was 3.34 metric tons in 1921, against 3.14
tons in 1920, 2.79 tons in 1919, 2.88 tons in 1918, and 4.39 tons in 1913.
These figures show, therefore, a considerable progress over the preceding year.
They even exceed those of 1913 so far as the pickmen and haulers are concerned, but
the total production remains small as compared to that of before the war, especially
on account of the application of the 8-hour law to the underground workers. In order
to obtain a considerable increase in the yield per worker it would be necessary to
modify the application of the law, to increase the number of productive workers, and
to decrease the number of unproductive workers.
During the course of the year the production of the pickmen and haulers decreased
from January (8.39 tons) to August (8.06 tons), then increased until October (8.23
tons), to drop again until December (8.04 tons). For the underground workers, the
production declined from 5.24 tons in January to 4.90 tons in July, from which date
it increased to 5.15 tons in November and fell to 5.06 tons in December.
Operations of British C oal M ines, January 1 to A pril 1, 1922.
ROM d a ta for the first quarter of the present year, recently issued
by the British D epartm ent of Mines,1 it appears th a t the o u t
p u t of coal was 62,202,000 tons as compared w ith 57,440,000
during the quarter ending December 31, 1921, and 54,296,000 tons
in the first three m onths of 1921. The estim ated average num ber of
wage earners employed in and about the mines was 1,072,200 for the
first three m onths of 1922 as compared with 1,213,200 sim ilarly em
ployed during the first three m onths of 1921. The num ber of em
ployees in the later period represents an increase of 9,800 over the
num ber employed in the preceding quarter, and a decrease of 141,000
when compared w ith the first quarter of 1921. The o u tp u t per m an per
7-hour shift during the quarter under review was 19 hundredw eight,
an average nearly equal to th a t in 1913 when the daily working shift
was of 8 hours7 duration. During the quarter ending April 1, 1922,
the mines were worked 66.85 days, an increase of 5.11 d a y ¡4 over the
num ber worked in the preceding quarter and of 7.62 days as com
pared w ith the first three m onths of 1921. There were 3.24 idie days
in this period, the rem ainder of the days n o t worked being due to
holidays, Sundays, disputes, accidents, repairs, transport difficulties,
etc. The steady increase in days worked is said to be due princi
pally to better transportation.
The recovery of G reat B ritain’s export coal trade since the spring
of 1921 has been rem arkable. The quan tity of coal shipped abroad
during the first quarter of 1922 was 17,640,000 tons, or about
2,300,000 tons more than in the previous qu arter and twice the
am ount exported in the first three m onths of 1921.
There have been some reductions in the price of coal for domestic
consumption, and selling prices of export coal, which had fallen
during the p ast year, increased somewhat during F ebruary and
March of 1922. Variations in prices for the year are shown in the
following quotations: The average declared value of export coal per
ton f. o. b. was 24s. lid . ($6.06, par) in December, 1921; 23s. lOd.
($5.80, par) in January, 1922; 22s. 2d. ($5.39, par) in February,
1922; and 22s. 3d. ($5.41, par) in March, 1922.
F
1B oard of T rade Jo u rn al (London), M ay 18, 1922, p p . 533-535; E conom ist (L ondon), M ay 20, 1922, pp.
944, 945.
110650°—22-----7
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M O N T H L Y LABOR R E V IE W .
Wages, however, under the term s of the agreement of 19212 have
continued to decline, a m inimum basis having been reached in a
num ber of districts. The average wage reduction since March, 1921,
is estim ated at approxim ately 7s. ($1.70, par) per shift, which at
5-j shifts per week am ounts to a cut of 38s. 6d. ($9.37, par) a week
per m an. In South Wales and M onmouth the wages of workpeople
in the mines, other than pieceworkers, per 7-hour shift, on March
15, 1922, were: Colliers, 8s. lOd. ($2.15, par); rippers, 7s. 8d. ($1.87,
par); haulers, 7s. 6d. ($1.87, par); laborers, 6s. 5d. ($1.56, par). In
Derbyshire, where coal prices are higher, wages were nearly twice
those paid in South Wales, b u t they show decreases for the different
classes of workers of over Is. (24.3 cents, par) per shift since Jan u ary
15, 1922. Pieceworkers’ wages naturally average higher. No allow
ance is m ade in the rates quoted for house coal which is furnished the
miners either free or at reduced prices. The subsistence wage pro
vided for under the 1921 agreement for poor districts has been paid
in N orthum berland, Durham , C um berland,Scotland (surfaceworkers),
Bristol, and K ent.
During the quarter under discussion 249 persons were killed and
1,147 seriously injured in and about all kinds of B ritish mines, coal
mines included.
2 M onthly L abob R e v ie w , A ugust, 1921, p. 190.
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192]
L A B O R A G R E E M E N T S , A W A R D S , A N D D E C IS IO N S .
R ailroads— D ecisions of the R ailroad Labor Board.
WO notable decisions of the R ailroad Labor Board have been
handed down reducing the wages of m aintenance of way em
ployees and railway shop laborers (Decision No. 1028, Docket
No. 1300), and of the railway shopmen, including m achinists,
boiler makers, blacksm iths, electrical workers, sheet-m etal workers,
carmen, and apprentices (Decision No. 1036, Docket No. 1300).
Both these decisions are effective July 1 and affect practically all
im portant railroads throughout the country.
These decisions were reached by a tw o-thirds m ajority vote, the
three labor members of the board dissenting in both cases. Com
pensation of approxim ately 400,000 m aintenance men will range,
the men say, from 23 to 35 cents per hour or from $563 to $800 per
year, full time. Wage cuts for the 500,000 shopmen average about
12 per cent. Wages of the shop crafts are cut, the workers say, from
77 to 70 cents an hour; those of freight-car m en from 72 to 63 cents
an hour; helpers and apprentices from 54, 51 and 34 cents, to 47, 44
and 27 cents. Wages of supervisory forces are not reduced.
The board adopts as its basis the rates fixed for these classes of
employees by Decision No. 1471 and provides for the following de
creases per hour.
T
M a in te n a n c e o f W a y a n d R a ilw a y S h o p L a b o re rs.
S e c t i o n . 1. Bridge, building, painter, construction, mason and concrete, watersupply, and plumber foremen (except water-supply and plumber foremen coming
under the provisions of sec. 1 of Art. 1Y, Decision No. 147), 5 cents.
S e c . 2 , Assistant bridge, building, painter, construction, mason and concrete,
water-supply, and plumber foremen, and for coal-wharf, coal-chute, and fence-gang
foremen, piie-driver, ditching and hoisting engineers and bridge inspectors (except
assistant water-supply and plumber foremen coming under the provisions of sec. 1
of Art. IV, Decision No. 147), 5 cents.
S e c . 3. S ection, tra c k a n d m a in te n a n c e forem en, a n d a ssista n t se c tio n , tra c k a n d
m a in te n a n c e forem en, 3 c en ts.
S e c . 4. Mechanics in the maintenance of way and bridge and building depart
ments (except those that come within the scope of agreements with the Federated
Shop Crafts), 4 cents.
S e c . 5. M e c h an ics’ h e lp e rs in th e m a in te n a n c e of w ay a n d b rid g e a n d b u ild in g
d e p a rtm e n ts (e x c e p t th o se t h a t com e w ith in th e scope of ag ree m e n ts w ith th e F e d
e ra te d S hop Crafts), 1 c en t.
S e c . 6 . Track laborers, and all common laborers in the maintenance of way depart
ment and in and around shops and roundhouses not otherwise provided for herein,
5 cents.
S ec . 7. Drawbridge tenders and assistants, pile-driver, ditching and hoisting fire
men, pumper engineers and pumpers, crossing watchmen or flagmen, and lamp
lighters and tenders, 5 cents.
S e c . 8. Laborers employed in and around shops and roundhouses, such as engine
watchmen and wipers, fire builders, ash-pit men, flue borers, coal passers (except
i T his decision app eared i n th e M onthly L abob R e v ie w for J u ly , 1921, p p . 143-151.
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M O N T H L Y LABOK R E V IE W .
94
those coming under the provisions of sec. 3 of Art. VIII, Decision No. 147), coalchute men, etc., 5 cents.
S e c . 9. For miscellaneous classes of foremen and other employees named in con
nection with a carrier affected by this decision, but not specifically listed under any
section in the classified schedules for decreases, deduct an amount equal to the de
creases specified for the respective classes to which the miscellaneous classes herein
referred to are analogous.
S h o p C ra fts.
S e c t i o n 1. S u p e rv iso ry forces w h e th e r p a id b y th e m o n th or b y th e ho u r, no
decrease.
S e c . 2 (a) M achinists, b o ile r m akers, b la c k sm ith s, sh e e t-m e ta l w orkers, e le ctrica l
w orkers, c arm en (e x c e p t freig h t-ca r m en), m olders, c u p o la te n d e rs a n d corem akers,
in c lu d in g th o se w ith less t h a n four y e a rs ’ e x p erien c e , all crafts, 7 c en ts.
(6) Freight-car men, 9 cents.
S e c . 3. Regular and helper apprentices and helpers, all classes, 7 cents.
S e c . 4. Car cleaners, 5 c en ts.
N ot all classes of employees specified above are affected on every
road. Some of the carriers presented disputes applicable only to
certain classes of employees whereas others included all of these
classes in the submission of the case to the board. The decision
therefore specifies in the case of each carrier the classes of employees
affected thereby.
The wages of workers in the shop crafts had been m ade practically
uniform throughout the country by the wage orders of the Railroad
A dm inistration which were in effect prior to the first wage decision
of the Railroad Labor Board (Decision No. 2, effective May, 1920).
B y the addition of uniform increases or decreases of a certain num ber
of cents per hour the board has kept the wages of these workers
standardized throughout the country. Such is not the case w ith the
m aintenance of way men, whose wages were not standardized by the
Railroad A dm inistration. The Railroad Labor Board has m ain
tained the prevailing differentials for this class of workers. As an
example of the absence of standardization of wage rates per hour for
m aintenance of way men the board cites the following rates paid
common laborers in the m aintenance of way departm ent on six
roads operating in different parts of the country.
R A T E S PA ID F O R COMMON L A B O R IN M A IN TEN A N C E O F W A Y D E P A R T M E N T ON
S P E C IF IE D R A IL R O A D S .
Southern.
29|
301
30J
31*
32
32J
351
37
37|
39
391
40
Illinois
C entral.
Chicago Great
W estern.
294
301
30J
31Ï
32
32|
35Ì
37
39
39i
40
37
39 V
40
N orthern
Pacific.
40 '
New Y ork
C entral.
S anta Fe.
37
38V
391
40
291
30i
30f
32
34
34a
35
351
35J
37
39
40
The range of rates per hour under this decision on these railroads
is obtainable by subtracting 5 cents from the rates above set out.
The Labor Board is of the opinion th a t after the reductions made
under this decision, common labor on the railroads will still be re-
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LABOR A G R EE M E N T S, AWARDS, AND D E C ISIO N S.
95
ceiving, as a rule, a wage in excess of th a t paid to similar labor in
other industries, and th a t the same will be true of all other classes
of labor covered by this decision. The board is of the opinion, how
ever, th a t the hazards and hardships of the employment, the training
and skill required, the degree of responsibility to the public, and other
factors m entioned in the statu te combine to justify the paym ent of
a b e tte r wage to these employees than is paid to similar labor in out
side employment.
On a very considerable num ber of the roads, the forem an and sec
tion men are furnished living quarters and fuel by the carrier.
Moreover, “ the board is not in sym pathy with the idea th a t a
governm ental tribunal, empowered to fix a ju st and reasonable wage
for men engaged in serving the public in the transportation indus
try, should be controlled by the one consideration of the low wages
th a t m ay be paid to other labor in a period of tem porary depression
and unemployment. I t is b u t ju st to say th a t railway m anagem ents
have indicated no desire for such a result.”
The statistical departm ent of the board has m ade a study, based
upon the evidence before the board, of the com parative purchasing
power of the wage fixed in these decisions for common labor and cer
tain of the shopcrafts. The results of this study are shown below:
C O M PA R A T IV E
PU R C H A SIN G P O W E R OF E A R N IN G S OF COM M ON L A B O R E R S
W O R K E R S IN T H E S H O P C R A F T S A T S P E C IF IE D TIM ES.
AND
Average h o urly rate.
T ype of labor a n d date.
A m ount.
Common labor:
Decem ber, 1917...................................................................
Jan u a ry , 1920......................................................................
M ay, 1920.............................................................................
Ju ly , 1921..................................................................
U nder present decision.....................................................
Shop crafts:
M achinists—
D ecember, 1917...........................................................
Jan u a ry , 1920...............................................................
M ay, 1920......................................................................
Ju ly j 1921........................................, ...........................
U nder present decision.............................................
C arm en—
Decem ber, 1917...........................................................
J an u a ry , 1920...............................................................
M ay, 1920......................................................................
Ju ly , 1921......................................................................
U nder present decision.............................................
Per cent of
P er cent of increase in
increase in purchasing
P er cent of cost of liv pow er of
increase
ing over
earnings
over
D ecember,
over"
D ecember,
1917.
D ecember,
1917.
1917.
C e n ts .
19.3
37.7
46.3
37.7
32.7
95.3
139.9
95 3
69.4
i 17.2
60.5
72.3
85.3
77.3
70.3
43. 2
63.9
53.2
39.2
40 0
52.0
26 7
117 2
20.8
80.4
114.6
93.6
70.8
40.0
52.0
26. 7
i 17.2
28.9
41 2
52 8
45.7
40.0
52.0
39.5
57.8
54.1
44.5
2.3
11 .1
18.8
37.7
68.0
81.0
73.0
64.4
i M arch , 1922; la te s t fig u re a v a ila b le a t tim e of decision.
Although average hourly earnings of m aintenance of way employ
ees are 5 cents per hour less than the earnings prior to Decision No.
2 (May 1, 1920), their value is 3.6 per cent greater due to the de
crease in cost of living.
The average hourly earnings of m achinists are below the earn
ings after Decision No. 2 was applied by 15 cents per hour; their
value is 6.9 per cent greater due to the decrease in the cost of living.
The average hourly earnings of carm en are below the earnings
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M O N T H L Y LABOR R E V IE W .
96
after Decision No. 2 was applied by 16.6 cents per hour, b u t their
value is 3.2 per cent greater for the same reason.
Dissenting Opinion re Reduction in Wages of Maintenance of Way Men.
HPIiL three labor members of the board dissented from the m ajority
* opinion in both of these cases, presenting in detail the reasons
for tlieir disagreement. In the case of m aintenance of way men the
labor members dissented for the following specific reasons:
(1) The rates of pay established under this decision as the basic minimum rates
of the transportation industry will merely perpetuate the low level of purchasing
power possessed by this large class of workers in pre-war years. The opinion expressed
in the majority decision, that “ the board is not in sympathy with the idea that a
governmental tribunal, empowered to fix a just and reasonable wage for men engaged
in serving the public in the transportation industry, should be controlled by the
one consideration of the low wage that may be paid to other labor,” would seem to
indicate a feeling that the decision should not perpetuate the injustices of a former
unregulated period. Below we show clearly the fallacies of attempting to show that
the rates decision will mean increased purchasing power over pre-war levels.
(2) The rates of pay established under this decision will mean annual earnings far
below any minimum standard of subsistence which has been formulated, even below
those of most conservative employer groups.
(3) The rates of pay established under this decision are not based upon the human
needs of the hundreds of thousands of families involved. They are insufficient to
provide these families with the absolute essentials.
(4) The pre-war standard perpetuated by this decision was the product of inequit
able wage bargains. It is considerably below the level recognized at that time as
necessary for the maintenance of health and energy.
The labor members contended th a t the hourly wage basis used in the
m ajority opinion to show the increase in wages between 1917 and the
present is unfair and th a t the daily wage basis should have been used
instead, because the basic day was reduced from 10 to 8 hours during
this interval. The m ajority decision regards this reduction in hours
as an increase in pay, which the labor members feel to be unfair,
basing their opinion on the report of the Lane Commission, which
sa y s:
Reductions in hours are not to be regarded as increases in pay. This rule is made
necessary, first, by its justice, for it is not to be contemplated that hours are reduced
to decrease earnings; and, second, by the impracticability of applying any other
rule. * * * We assume the good faith of all reductions in hours as being what
they pretend to be.
On the daily basis the wage increase between 1917 and 1923 would
am ount to 35.8 per cent instead of the 64.9 stated. This would
bring a consequent reduction in the figure for the increase in the
value of earnings from 44.5 per cent, the figure in the m ajority report,
to 15.9 per cent, which in the opinion of the dissenting members is
the correct figure.
In the second place, however, consideration of the entire comparison forces one to
the conclusion that the period chosen presents an unfair picture. During the period
1915 to-1917 the cost of living had been rising far more rapidly than the wages of this
class of employees. In other words, the $1.93 per day representing the average wage
in December, 1917, meant a lower purchasing power than the average wage in 1915.
It is hardly necessary to point out that a fairer comparison would have gone back to
1915. In that year, according to the Interstate Commerce Commission, the average
hourly earnings of section men were 15 cents. For the 10-hour day this meant earn
ings of $1.50. Comparing this with the earnings for the standard day under the
majority decision—namely, $2.62—we find that the level of money wages will be 74.4
per cent above the 1915 level. According to the United States Department of Labor
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LABOR A G R EE M E N T S, AWARDS, AND DECISIO N S.
97
reports, the cost of living in March, 1922, was approximately 60.5 per cent above the
average for 1915. Combining these two figures we arrive at the correct per cent by
which the value of a section man’s wages under the majority decision will exceed the
value of his wages in pre-war days, i t amounts to only 8.7 per cent, instead of 44.5
per cent, as indicated in the majority report.
There is, however, a third way in which the majority report fails to show the real
effect of this decision upon the value of the wages of common labor in the maintenance
of way department. The statistics presented deal only with section men. There are
roughly 100,000 other unskilled workers who will also be affected by the decision.
In the Interstate Commerce Commission classification these are classed as “ other
unskilled laborers.” In the Railroad Labor Board’s Wage Series Report No. 3 the
number of “ other unskilled laborers” is set down as 108,977.
According to the Interstate Commerce Commission report for 1915 this group
received an average hourly rate of 18.2 cents in that year. Under the majority decision
this same group will average approximately 35.9 cents per hour. Extended to a daily
basis this will mean $2,872 for the standard workday compared with $1.82 in 1915. In
other words, the money wages of this group of employees under the decision will be
only 57.8 per cent above those which they received in 1915. This contrasts with an
increase in the cost of living, already noted, of 60.5 per cent, showing a decrease of 1.7
per cent in value of their earnings.
Combining the two classes of unskilled employees in the maintenance of way
department, wre have approximately 380,000 men who will receive money wages for
the standard day under the decision only 69.7 per cent above those which they
received in 1915. In other words, the increase in the real value of the wages of this
group as between the two periods will only amount to approximately 5.7 per cent.
The increase in the value of the wages of this class of employees is, therefore, so
small as to be negligible. The vital question is as to the adequacy of the pre-warwage aqd consequently of the wage established by the present decision. The pre
war wages of this class of workers were established in a labor market which to all
intents and purposes was subject to no regulation. The carriers bought this labor as
a commodity at the lowest possible figure. Just and reasonable wages could not re
sult from such a process, which is the very antithesis of the function which the Labor
Board is supposed to perform under the transportation act.
According to data contained in the majority report, the minimum hourly rate of
pay for section men on the railroads of the United States will, under this decision, be
23 cents. This means earnings for a full-time 48 hour week of $11.04.
A table is presented showing the latest data on the m inimum wage
for women in various States from which it appears th a t the legal
m inimum wage in the U nited States for all women is prim arily in
the range from $11 to $15 per week. “ I t is a striking fact th a t the
minimum wage for section men under the m ajority decision is ju st
$11.04 per week, w ith an average wage for the 250,000 section men
am ounting to only $15.69 per week. This last figure is well w ithin
the range of m inimum wages for women.”
It can not be too strongly emphasized that a minimum wage for women workers is
based upon the presumption that the woman is not responsible for the maintenance
of a family, while in any virile nation which desires to preserve its growth and strength
a minimum wage for men must rest upon the presumption that the normal employee
either is or is to be responsible for the maintenance of a family.
It is obviously unjust to expect railroad employees who should be responsible for
the maintenance of families to endure wages at a level designed as the minimum for
the support of single women. Such a comparison shows the inherent absurdity of
expecting a male employee to “ renew his strength and to maintain his home from
day to day” on the wages provided in the majority decision.
The most important grounds for dissent from the majority decision lie in the con
trast between the wages therein provided and any minimum standard of subsistence
which has ever been suggested whether by governmental or State departments, in
vestigators for charitable institutions, city bureaus, or by representatives of labor.
The wages provided in the decision will enable the average employee of this class to
secure little more than one-half of the necessities specified in the majority of these
budgets as absolutely essential. This decision will provide the section men with
only about two-thirds of the goods provided by the lowest budgets of the National
Industrial Conference Board. As a matter of fact the minimum rates under this
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MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW.
decision w ill scarcely b u y th e food p art of th e m inim um subsistence budgets w hich
w ill be cited, w ith nothing left for clothing, rent, furniture, heat, light, and other
essentials.
As shown in th e m ajority statem ent, th e m inim um earnings of section m en w ill be
23 cents per hour, am ounting, for a full 2,448-hour year, to $563.04. T he average
earnings for this occupation will be 32.7 cents per hour, am ounting to $800.50 per year.
As a m atter of fact, in 1915, according to reports to th e In te rsta te Commerce Commis
sion, section m en only averaged 93.7 per cent of full-tim e earnings. If during th e
ensuing year th is average holds, th e average earnings of th is basic occupation in th e
transportation in d u stry will am ount to approxim ately $750.07.
For purposes of comparison the m inority group had 14 of these
budgets brought up to March, 1922. The income necessary to cover
these budgets ranged from $1,144.79 to $1,703.25. The m inority
opinion pointed out th a t the average earnings of the q uarter of a
million section men covered by the decision will am ount to less than
70 per cent of the income necessary to pay for the lowest of these
budgets, and th a t the m inim um earnings of these men will pay for less
th an 50 per cent of this budget.
The report goes on to show th a t after deduction is m ade of the
cost of the m inim um ration of food allowed in the 14 budgets the
am ount rem aining from the m inimum earnings of the section men
under the decision would range from $143.94 to a deficit of $95.34.
In view of th e fact th a t th e landlord is persistent, th a t fuel is an absolute necessity
for cooking, if for nothing else, th a t clothing is generally considered socially desirable,
and th a t other expenses w ill crop up, i t is ap p arent th a t th e food problem of the
m aintenance of way fam ily w ill be acute.
The average rate established for the track laborers will mean
possible m onthly earnings of $66.71. Apportioning this income,
using the relative weights of the U nited States Bureau of Labor
Statistics, the labor group found th a t the allowance for the various
items of the fam ily budget would be as follows:
Item.
Weight.
38. 2
F ood........................................................................................
16. 6
C lothing...... ...........................................................................
1 3 .4
H ousing...................................................................................... 13
5. 3
Fuel and lig h t............................................ : ...................
5 .1
F u rn itu re, e tc ...........................................................................
5.1
2 1 .44
M iscellaneous................................................................. ......... 21.
Amount per
month.
$25. 48
1 1 .0 7
8. 94
3. 54
3. 40
14. 48
In a fam ily of five this w ill m ean an average possible expenditure per person for
clothing of $2.21 per month.
I t will be clear to anyone th a t there are few places where decent housing can be had
for $8.94 per m onth, while $3.54 will hardly more th an cover gas and electricity, w ith
no allowance for w inter fuel.
B u t th e most significant fact is th e insufficiency of th e allow ance for food. A
m onthly expenditure of $25.48 m eans 84.9 cents per day. Assuming th a t th e fam ily is
normal, equivalent to 3.35 a d u lt males, th is will m ean th e following allowance per
day for th e feeding of each m em ber of th e fam ily.
Equivalent.
Member.
M an....................................................................................... 1.00
W ife............................................................................................. 90
12-year b o y ................................................................................ 90
6-year g irl.................................................................................... 40
2-year b o y ................................................................................... 15
Amount for
food.
25.3 cents.
22.7 cents.
22.7 cents.
10.1 cents.
3.8 cents.
In other words, the youngest child is to have less th an a cent and a half per meal.
The inadequacy of 25.3 cents to keep up the health and energy of th e wage earner
is ap parent w hen we rem ark th a t th e U nited States Army, buying in wholesale quan
tities, to-day spends 40 cents per day for th e ratio n of each enlisted m an. Presum ably
buying on a wholesale basis, Cook County, 111., is paying 45 cents per day for the
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feeding of prisoners in the jails. Evidently the track laborer under this decision will
secure considerably less than a prison ration.
In order to dem onstrate clearly ju st w hat this food allowance would
m ean in term s of daily food consumption, the labor members had
menus prepared to cover three typical days. Instructions were given
th a t the cheapest possible foods should be used, w ith a view, however,
to securing the greatest possible nourishm ent for the 25.3 cents per
day allowed under the above apportionm ent of income. I t was
found th a t w ith scarcely any possibility of variety, the ration th a t
could be purchased w ith the sum available per day under the decision
would average slightly over 1,900 calories per day, whereas the report
points out th a t ‘‘it is generally recognized th a t 3,500 calories per
day is necessary for a m an engaged in m oderate w ork.”
We are faced w ith th e extraordinary fact th a t th e track laborer w ith a fam ily, on
th e wage carried in th e decision, can secure little more th an th e num ber of calories
required to m aintain life w ithout exertion of any kind. H e can not secure as m anv
calories as are required by a m an who spends 14 hours of his day in a chair and exer
cises m oderately for only two hours unless he sacrifices some of th e other necessities
of life.
In the case of the men receiving the m inim um rate of 23 cents an
hour, the allowance for food for the m an was found to am ount to
17.8 cents per day for three meals. This, according to the set of
menus prepared, would buy food supplying an average of only 1,513
calories per day, “ scarcely enough to m aintain life w ithout exertion.”
I t is clear, then, th a t on th e basis of th e rates of pay established under the m ajority
decision, some quarter of a million railroad employees—an en tire class—m ust forego
th e thought of a fam ily in order to be sure of enough food to keep them selves from actual
starvation. W ith th e developm ent of fam ilies undernourishm ent will im m ediately
appear.
The above-recited facts show th e grounds for our dissent. U nder th e decision th e
great body of employees in th e m aintenance of way d ep artm en t m il receive real wages
a t about th e same level as prevailed prior to th e war. The pre-war wages were estab
lished in an overstocked labor m arket, through railroads or contractors bargaining
against th e weakness of in d iv id u al workers in search of a job. Such unregu
lated conditions can not serve as a basis for th e orderly establishm ent of ju st and
reasonable wages by such a body as th e U nited States R ailroad Labor Board w ithout
a complete denial of its functions. * * *
We m ust, therefore, dissent from th e decision w hich tends to p erpetuate as th e
basic m inim um of th e railroad in d u stry a wage level established in a wage m arket
dom inated by_ th e im personal law of supply and dem and w ith th e em ployer in th is
strategic position.
Opinions of Justice Higgins of the A ustralian Court of Conciliation
and A rbitration showing the “ difference which should exist between
m inim um rates established by such a board and those arising in the
open m a rk e t” are cited, and the report continues:
We believe th a t in th is decision th e Labor Board is affecting hundreds of thousands
of fam ilies it is touching th e proper nu rtu re of hosts of children. I t m ust adopt th e
a ttitu d e expressed by Justice Higgins, setting th e basic m inim um of a great in d u stry
in term s of hum an needs.
The hum an needs of these hundreds of thousands of fam ilies were v iv id ly brought
before th e board by representative families. T hey showed hum anly w hat statistics
can show a t best only coldly th e inadequacy of th e basic wage rates prevailing prior
to th is decision.
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Dissenting Opinion re W ages of Shop Crafts.
HTHE labor members of the board also disagreed w ith the m ajority in
A the decision relative to wages of shopmen, basing their opinion
on the following argum ents:
(1) T he wage stru ctu re for th e transportation in d u stry Which is being b u ilt up in
th is series of decisions rests upon no consideration of th e hum an needs of th e employees
affected. T hese hum an needs Were set forth by data and witnesses a t th e recent
hearings w ith com pelling force. T h e m ajority have not considered th e evidence on
this point, nor have th ey m et th e issue raised. T h eir failure to give this, th e most vital
elem ent, consideration and to inform th e pu b lic im p artially on th e subject, vitiates
th e Whole decision.
(2) T he evidence su b m itted in th e present hearings ten d ed to show th a t an income
based on th e 77-cent p er hour rate does not enable representative shop-craft families,
w ith th e most economical m anagem ent, to procure enough food for th e ir families or to
m aintain th eir own efficiency. This evidence in clu d ed a te n ta tiv e standard of living
expressed in term s of goods and services to w hich m echanics n atu rally feel them selves
entitled. A t th e cu rren t prices an increase in p ay would be necessary to enable these
employees to secure such a standard. W ithout any a tte m p t to show th a t th e em
ployees affected by this decision are not en titled to such a standard, and further
w ithout any attem p t to show how families can m ake good th e food deficits, th e m ajority
decision further reduces th e a b ility of these employees to m eet th e needs of th eir
families. T he undersigned dissenting mem bers feel th a t th e Labor Board m ust
in itiate a stu d y w hich shall determ ine "the am ount necessary to m eet some recognized
standard, th a t it m ust use th e results as a basis for its decisions, and th a t it m ust
through this decision transm it this inform ation to th e public.
(3) T he rates of pay contained in th e aw ard, being insufficient to provide for a
fam ily of five, ten d to su b stan tiate th e position tak en b y m anagem ent to th e effect
th a t wages need not be established w ith reference to th e needs of a fam ily of this size.
The most careful and com prehensive investigation on this su b ject shows th a t Wages
w hich do not provide for a fam ily of th a t size m ean th a t 72 p er cen t of all ch ild ren in
families receiving this wage will be in ad eq u a tely provided for during at least five
critical years of th eir lives. P erm anent traces of this m aln u tritio n will be left on the
physique of th e n e x t generation.
(4) T he failure of th e m ajority to consider th e real m erits of th e case has created a
wage stru ctu re w hich has no relation to any existing standards. Based on evidence
in possession of th e L abor Board, th e m inim um for the in d u stry should have been
nothing less th an 50 cents p er hour. W ithout, for th e m om ent, questioning th e justice
of the differentials resulting from th e m ajority decision, this would place th e m echanics’
rate at least as high as 87 cents p er hour.
(5) T he ordering of a larger decrease in th e case of freight-car m en is unj ust and wholly
inconsistent w ith former decisions of th e Labor Board. In ordering such a change the
m ajority disregard th e fact th a t any difference in skill w hich m ay exist has been
already provided for in th e 5-cent differential w hich dates from th e days of th e U nited
States R ailroad A dm inistration. T hey also disregard th e fact th a t u n d er th e classi
fication rules of th e board freight-car m en are mechanics and as such are e n titled to
th e m inim um rate for m echanics.
(6) T he rates of pay established in this decision will mean to th e employees affected
lower purchasing power and lower standards as com pared w ith prew'ar years. From
D ecem ber, 1917, to th e present decision, inclusive, th e m aintenance of eq u ip m en t
forces have suffered a constant deficit, th e ir wages a t all tim es failing to keep pace
With living costs. T he figures cited b y th e m ajority to th e contrary effect are a mis
representation of th e tru e facts as to th e relativ e earnings involved.
(7) T he savings to th e railroads, as a result of th e decisions of th e Labor Board and of
the lay-off of men, far exceed any thing j ustified by th e savings to th e pu b lic in reduced
rates. T he em ployees covered by this decision alone have had th e ir p ay roll c u t to
the ex ten t of $371,817,996 p er year, as hereinafter set out, based on nu m b er of em ploy
ees in service as of D ecem ber, 1917, w hile th e total pay-roll cuts due to decisions alone
total half a billion dollars. D uring th e last six m onths of 1921 th e total pay-roll slash,
including th e lay-offs, was ru nning a t th e annual rate of $1,300,000,000. T his d im in
ished purchasing pov'er of th e employees as a group appears in strong contrast w ith
the increasing prosperity of th e railroads noted by th e In terstate Commerce Com
mission in its recent opinion and b y th e financial press.
(8) T he increasing antithesis betw een profits and ju st Wages will result in lower
morale among th e railroad em ployees; thus th e present wage reduction will not result
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in economies, and will prove contrary to th e real needs of efficient and economical
m anagement.
(9)
T he m ajority have failed to carry out th e function for w hich th e Labor Board
Was created. Such decisions, containing no explanation of th e process b y w hich th e
m ajority arrive at th e rates established, give th e pu b lic an im pression th a t these rates
are not founded upon a careful consideration of th e facts. A strong contrast is pre
sented w ith th e decisions of other wage boards, not only in this country b u t in other
parts of th e World, as well as w ith th e decisions of th e In terstate Commerce Commission,
Which show th e public a t considerable length how th e evidence was ■weighed and th e
conclusions reached.
In the light of the transportation act it is th e clear d u ty of th e board, first, to act as a
constructive, im partial body in providing means w hereby railroad employees can
have th eir legitim ate hum an needs satisfied w ithout recourse to stoppages; and,
second, to enlighten th e pu b lic so th a t through th e disordered state of unregulated
in d u stry and the confusion of propaganda th ey shall be able to see th e real facts as
they affect th e body politic. The decision in question fulfills n eith er of these duties.
Full argum ents of the dissenting members on this case, some of
which are similar to those in the case affecting the m aintenance men,
m ust be om itted here because of lack of space.
Ladies’ Garment Industry—Cleveland.
T W O recent events in the Cleveland ladies’ garm ent industry claim
A the attention of the student of labor economics. They are the
renewal, w ith im portant modifications, of the continuing agreement
and the wage decision of the board of referees.
Three significant developments are noted in the renewed contract:
The further developm ent of standards of production, the agreement
for an employment guaranty, and the plan w ith respect to outside
shops.
Section 6 of the agreement, which appears below, provides for the
introduction of production standards or of a week work system of
wage paym ent by Ju ly 1. A supplem entary agreement on this sub
ject specifies the m ethod of working out the details of these stand
ards. P aragraph 2 of section 6 provides for a plan of em ploym ent
insurance the details of which are worked out in the supplem entary
agreem ent dealing w ith th a t topic. Both of these plans were de
scribed somewhat in detail by Mr. W . J. Mack in the M o n t h l y
L a bo r R e v ie w for April, 1922.
Section 9 of the agreem ent relates to outside shops. This section
makes more stringent the provision for union conditions of work in
the shops of contractors and subm anufacturers dealing w ith m anu
facturers under the agreement and commits the association and the
union to the developm ent of Cleveland as a large unit m anufacturing
comm unity, “ convinced th a t this policy is fair to the workers by
keeping present forces in ta c t and helpful to the m anufacturers by
reducing cost due to the economy of large u nit m anufacturing.”
A joint commission is appointed to study the problem of the outside
shop w ith a view to “ the elimination of the causes and to the proper
control ” of such shops under this agreement.
The employment insurance scheme is modified by the recent deci
sion of the board of referees announced April 29, which provides an
optional wage reduction. Cleveland m anufacturers are granted a
reduction of 10 per cent provided they set aside 25 per cent of the
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new scale every week for an unem ploym ent fund. Otherwise the
plan set forth in the agreement below is to prevail. This decision
is a direct blow a t the seasonal nature of the industry.
Wage Decision oi the Board of Referees.
T H E decision of the board of referees handed down April 29, 1922,
is as follows:
We have given careful and prolonged consideration to th e m atters subm itted to us,
and have reached th e conclusion th a t as a general proposition th ere should be no
reduction from th e May, 1921, scale of wages. In arriving a t th is decision we have
had in m ind all of the" elem ents enum erated in th e agreem ent as bearing upon th e
wage question, including th e welfare of th e in d u stry as well as th a t of th e individuals
in it. B u t we have felt at all tim es th a t th e great difficulty in th is in d u stry is th e sea
sonal character of th e work. The wage scale itself can form no basis upon w hich th e
workers can adjust th e ir standards of living. The im p o rtan t fact is th e ir annual
earnings. The union leaders in th is in d u stry have been among th e first to realize th is
and to urge its consideration by th e referees. The referees have felt th a t in all th eir
awards th ey m ust a i m to create conditions w hich would ten d to reduce th e seasonal
character of th e industry, to increase co n tin u ity of em ploym ent, and th u s to give a
larger y early incom e from th e in d u stry to th e workers.
In December, 1920, we suggested th e altern ativ e of a lower wage w ith a g uaranty of
greater continuity of work, or a higher wage w ithout th a t guaranty of co ntinuity, giving
th e m anufacturer his option. W hen we came to p u t th e guaranty in to effect in th e
May, 1921, award, we dropped th e option feature a t the request of both parties, fixed
th e lower wage, and m ade th e guaranty absolute. We believe, a t th is tim e, th a t a
somewhat different option should be offered, one w hich in both alternatives will
provide a guaranty fund for unem ploym ent. For we believe th a t th ere should be no
retrogression, b u t a continuous progress in th e effort to secure greater co n tin u ity of
work, and to create a guaranty fund to insure th a t continuity.
W ith all of these considerations in m ind we therefore award a renew al of th e old wage
w ith th e old guaranty provisions. We give th e m anufacturer, however, conditioned
on a better guaranty, one more conducive to securing a t least 41 w eeks’ work, th e
option of a reduced wage. This optional award involves a 10 per cent reduction from
th e May, 1921, scale, adjusted to th e n ex t higher 25 cents, if th e w eekly rate thus
established should not be a m u ltip le of 25 cents, coupled w ith a guaranty such as, in
th e judgm ent of th e referees, would in all probability insure either 41 weeks of actual
work or paym ent for 41 w eeks’ work. The am ount of th e guaranty fund for each shop
■would be based by th e referees on past experience in th a t shop, th is being used as a
forecast of th e probabilities for th e coming season. W here th e past year shows a con
siderable falling off from 41 w eeks’ work, th e guaranty fund would be so m uch higher.
W here th e past year shows an approach to 41 weeks, or th e reaching of or th e exceeding
of 41 weeks, th e guaranty fund would be less. B u t th e guaranty fund paym ent in any
case would have to be substantially more th an th e present guaranty w eekly paym ent of
7 * per cent of th e d irect labor pay roll in those shops th a t w ant to avail them selves of
th e optional reduction; i t would have to be even substantially more th a n th e present
guaranty plus th e reduction itself to accom plish th e purpose of insuring, so far as hum an
foresight can judge, 41 w eeks’ co n tin u ity of work or pay.
And so we have reached th e conclusion th a t in any shop availing itself of th e op
tional reduced wage, no m atter w h at its past history m ay have been, th e m inim um
w eekly guaranty fund paym ent should be 25 per cen t of th e actual direct labor wages
instead of 7J per cen t as a t present; further, th a t for th e unem ployed tim e w ith in th e 41
weeks th e worker shall receive th e full m inim um instead of tw o-thirds of th e m inim um
wage, provided th e fund suffice therefor. To p u t th e th in g a little differently: We
give to th e m anufacturer th e option of co ntinuing on th e present basis b oth as to
wages and as to th e guaranty, or in exchange for th e reduction to create a larger fund
w hich so far as we can foresee will actually give 41 w eeks’ work, or th e full m inim um
pay for th e unem ployed tim e w ith in th a t 41 weeks, neith er of w hich are actually
secured to th e workers in most shops under th e present guaranty fund provision.
W hile th e new m inim um guaranty fund in any shop is to be 25 per cent, we fix no
m axim um ; th is is a m atter to be determ ined by th e board of referees prom ptly on
application in each case, and th e am ount of th e guaranty fund will be fixed in each
case in w hich an application m ay be m ade, based upon past experience, an d th e proba-
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Mlitv of the 2 5 per cent, or whatever amount may be deemed necessary, really meeting
the situation._ We are ready to say now that where in the past year the full 41 weeks
has been attained, in those cases we will let the minimum of 25 per cent be the maxi
mum; but where that has not been the case, then, as it recedes from that, we shall
increase the guaranty percentage.
This optional award properly administered through the effective cooperation of the
manufacturers, the workers, and the referrees, should result in a reduction of the unit
cost to the manufacturer who is in a position to avail himself of the option, in an
increase in total production, and an increase in the annual earnings of the workers.
As to the two other points that were submitted to us, we again hold as we have held
once or twice before, that at the present time we shall make no change. Until more
standards of production are introduced and we get more light from experience, no
change of the differential between minimum and standard wage will be made, and as
to the method of determining the average worker’s standard in any shop as between
men and women, the present practice will govern.
Continuing Agreement.
'T H E continuing agreement between the Cleveland G arm ent M anu
facturers’ Association, the International Ladies’ Garm ent
W orkers’ Union, and the board of referees, reads as follows:
In renewing the continuing agreement between the signatory members of the
Cleveland Garment Manufacturers’ Association and the International Ladies’ Garment
Workers’ Union, representing its members, the workers in this industry in Cleveland,
and the board of referees, representing the public, the following statement of prin
ciples is accepted and adopted by all the parties to this agreement:
That it is due to the consuming public whose patronage supports the industry as well
as to the very existence of the industry in Cleveland itself, that all activities, decisions,
and arrangements growing out of the agreement shall be based on the principles of
true efficiency and the necessity for the lowest unit cost of production possible under
the wage scale as determined by the referees.
In view of the primary responsibility to the consuming public, workers and owners
are jointly and separately responsible for the cost and quality of the service rendered.
I t is agreed that cooperation and mutual helpfulness are the basis of right and progres
sive industrial relations, and that intimidatio'n and coercion have no "proper place in
American industry.
To provide a means whereby the parties may cooperate, both to preserve peace in
the industry and to further their mutual interests in the common enterprise, this agree
ment is entered into between the Cleveland Garment Manufacturers’ Association, on
behalf of those of its members whose signatures are attached hereto, the International
Ladies’ Garment Workers’ Union, and locals No. 26, Cloak and Suit Tailors; No. 27,
Skirt and Dress Makers; No. 29, Women Garment Workers; No. 37, Ladies’ Garment
Pressers; No. 42, Ladies’ Garment Cutters; No. 94, Sample Makers, and the Hon.
Julian W. Mack, Samuel J. Rosensohn, and John R. McLane, or their successors,
acting as a board of referees.
I. The parties accept as a part of this agreement, and incorporate therein, except as
they may be inconsistent with the express provisions of this agreement, the principles
affirmed in the agreement between the parties and the Secretary of War, bearing date
of August 12, 1918, and in the awards and decisions made by the board of referees
appointed thereunder.
II. There shall be a permanent board of referees of three persons, consisting of the
Hon. Julian W. Mack, chairman, Samuel J. Rosensohn, and John R. McLane. This
board shall have power to adjust matters which can not be settled between the parties,
to establish periodic wage scales for the industry, and to see that this agreement is
fairly lived up to by the parties hereto.
Vacancies in the board, from resignation or otherwise, shall be filled by joint action
of the union and the association. In case they are unable to agree, the remaining ref
erees, together with the union and the association, shall make the decision.
Any one member of the board shall have the authority to exercise the powers of the
full board, except in case of dispute wherein either party requests the consideration
of the full board.
III. On or about October 1 of each year the referees shall take up the matter of wage
scales, and on or about November 1 shall make such changes in the then existing scale
as shall, in their judgment, seem advisable. The wage scale thus promulgated by
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M O N T H L Y LABOR R E V IE W .
them shall be eft octave at a time to be fixed by the referees, which shall not be prior to
December 1 of that year, and shall be the scale in force for the year next ensuing,
except that four months thereafter the subject may be reopened fertile purpose of mak
ing adjustments in conformity with changes in the cost of living, which adjustments
shall be made on or about April 1, and become effective at a date to be fixed by the
referees, which date shall not be prior to May 1, provided, however, that the first gen
eral wage hearing under this agreement shall be held on or about April 1, 1922, and
become effective at a date to be fixed by the referees, which date shall not he later than
May 1, 1922.
IV. The wage scale shall be determined after thorough investigation of all ascertain
able facts, with due regard to the public interest, fair and equitable wages conforming
to American standards, and to the progress and prosperity of the industry. A united
effort shall be made to promote all interests by increasing continuity of employment.
V. Disputes between an employer and an employee in an individual shop, affecting
a member of the union, shall first be taken up between the employer or his representa
tive and the worker concerned or his representative, who must be an employee of
such shop, for the purpose of adjusting the differences between them. In case of fail
ure to make satisfactory adjustment, the matter shall then be taken up by the manager
of the union and the manager of the manufacturers’ association.
Disputes of a general nature concerning such matters as horns of work, general sani
tary standards, general wage scales-, and classifications in connection therewith, etc.,
shall be taken up directly by the manager of the union and the manager of the manu
facturers’'association.
If they fail in either case to make a satisfactory adjustment, the dispute shall then
be arbitrated by tbe representative of the referees appointed for that purpose and
vested with the full power of the board of referees, subject only to a right of appeal to
the board from his decision cm matters relating to principle or policy. This represen
tative may be called upon at any time for the investigation or hearing of cases properly
brought before him. No case shall be heard by him, or by the board, which has not
first been taken up in the successive steps set forth above. The decision of the repre
sentative is final unless and until overruled or modified by the board of referees,
except where a member of the board, upon cause shown, shall deem it advisable to
suspend execution of the decision of the representative, pending appeal.
VI. The principle of week work is reaffirmed. In accordance with the agreement
heretofore entered into by the association and the union, the wage paid thereunder
shall have due regard to the productive value of the individual worker based on fair
and accurate standards, which standards shall be under the joint control of the associa
tion and the union and subject to review by the referees. Such production standards
shall be installed in all shops and departments as soon as the individual manufacturer
is prepared for the installation. Until July 1, 1922, departments and shops not
upon standards shall continue the wage plan now in effect in the individual depart
ments. After that date each manufacturer signatory to tins agreement shall adopt
either production standards or straight week work in all departments of his shop
unless otherwise ordered by the board of referees or their representative. Such week
work wage shall be based upon the productive ability of each wor ker', but not less
than the minimum shall be paid.
Reaffirming and continuing the plan provided by the board of referees in their
decision of April 22, 1921, and agreed to by the association and the union, each worker
shall be guaranteed beginning J anuary 1, 1922, not less than 41 weeks of employment
in each year or pay at two-thirds his minimum so long as the fund in his shop as herein
after bunited shall enable this to be done. Each manufacturer shall lay aside each
week 7 \ per cent of his direct labor pay roll to constitute an assurance of employment
fund. Any worker in any shop who has been idle 11 weeks during the calendar year
shall thereafter be entitled to ¿raw upon such fund for any day of unemployment at
the rate of two-thirds of his minimum wage.
The details of the production standards and guaranty plan shall be provided in a
supplementary agreement which shall have the same force and effect as this agreement.
V II. The manufacturers’ association and the union shall cooperate as required by
the referees in seeing that all of their decisions, rulings, promulgations, or disciplinary
measures are faithfully executed or complied with.
V III. Every worker shall work for and be paid by the firm in whose shop he is
employed, and not by any other employee of that firm. This clause relates to the
abolishment of inside subcontracting.
IX. The association and the union commit themselves to the development of Cleve
land as a manufacturing community of large units, convinced that this policy is fan to
the workers by keeping present forces intact and helpful to the manufacturers by
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reducing cost due to economy of large unit manufacturing In accordance with this
policy the manufacturers shall so far as possible retain and build up the personnel in
factories they own or control and for which they accept the provisions of this agreement.
To ascertain what causes, if any, are leading to the growth of outside shops at the
expense of inside shops, a commission composed of three members from the union and
three from the association shall be appointed. This commission shall study the
entire problem of the outside shop and as soon as practicable shall report its findings
and its recommendations for the elimination of the causes and the proper control of
the outside shop under this agreement.
Until the receipt of the report of the above-named commission and its adoption, the
use of outside shops shall be controlled as follows:
All workers in contracting and submanufacturing shops located in Cuyahoga County
shall receive the same scale of wages and the same hours as established for the workers
in the inside shops.
The referees shall have authority to decide a wage scale or any complaint with
respect to any shop in the vicinity of Cleveland making garments for or selling gar
ments to any manufacturer party to this agreement, giving due consideration to the
proper interests of the parties to this agreement.
No strikes or lockouts shall be permitted in any contracting or submanufacturing
Shop located in Cuyahoga County or its vicinity making garments for or selling gar
ments to any manufacturer signatory to this agreement. All disputes in such shops
shall be adjusted in a manner similar to that provided in this agreement. To insure
the carrying out of the terms of this agreement the union and the association of con
tractors and submanufacturers have signed an agreement providing for an impartial
machinery and, excepting as hereinafter provided, no manufacturer party hereto shall
give work to or purchase garments from any contractor or submanufacturer in Cleve
land or vicinity who does not enter in and remain under the jurisdiction of the impar
tial machinery provided by such submanufacturers’ agreement.
Any manufacturer desiring to have work done by or to purchase garments from any
contractor or submanufacturer in Cleveland or vicinity who is not a member in good
standing of such contractors, or sub manufacturers’ association shall first notify the
impartial chairman accepting full responsibility for the carrying out of the provisions
of this agreement within such outside shops and shall deposit with the impartial chair
man surety for the fulfillment of such obligations.
X. A joint board of sanitary control may be created by the referees.
XI. This agreement shall be so administered that the position of neither of the par
ties to it shall be weakened.
While recognizing the right of any worker to join the union or not, as he desires, such
workers as are now members or who may become members shall remain members of
the union in good standing during the life of this agreement.
Any member of either group guilty of violating this agreement shall be disciplined
on order of the referees.
XII. During slack periods the work shall be distributed among all the workers of a
given shop or of a given division of that shop as equitably as possible.
X III. This agreement shall remain in force until December 31, 1922, and shall be
automatically renewed for another year, and so on for each succeeding year, subject
only to the right of either party to terminate it on December 31, 1922, or on December
31 of any succeeding year, by giving written notice at least three months before the
end of such year. Either party may, upon similar notice, at such periods, suggest
amendments or a reconsideration of the terms of the agreement as a whole, in which
case the referees shall call the parties into conference during the three months’ period,
and whatever changes may be agreed on shall become effective at the beginning of
the next yearly period.
XIV. There shall be no strikes or lockouts during the life of this agreement, unless
previously authorized by the referees.
XV. The expense of the referees and their representative in administering this
agreement shall be borne equally by the union and the manufacturers’ association by
making such deposits to the order of the referees as from time to time may be required
of them.
S upplem entary A greem ent
R e l a t iv e
to
P r o d u c t io n
Stan da rd s.
This supplementary agreement between the board of referees, the International
Ladies’ Garment Workers’ Union, its various locals, and the Cleveland Garment Manu
facturers’ Association on behalf of its members, is entered into in accordance with the
provisions of Article VI of the continuing agreement effective January 1, 1922.,
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M O N T H L Y LABOR R E V IE W .
It is understood and agreed that the provisions of this supplementary agreement are
to cover and affect departments and workers only as they are transferred to the “ Plan
B ” method of wage payment.
I . P la n B .—Plan B provides for a weekly minimum guaranteed wage for each worker
and an additional wage depending upon his or her production measured by standards
based upon time studies. Such standards shall be fair and accurate and shall be based
upon the producing ability of the average worker on a basic scale of 10 per cent above
the minimum rate fixed by the referees. The standards shall be under the joint con
trol of the union and the association subject to supervision of the referees.
II. P r e s e n t e m p lo y e e s .— Recognizing the fact that the introduction of standards is
in cooperation with the workers, no worker now employed shall be discharged as a
direct result of the installation of standards. It is understood, however, that this does
not limit the right of the employer to reorganize his forces in accordance with the
principles already laid down by the referees or to discharge for just cause.
III. C o m m itte e o n s ta n d a r d s . —The engineer in charge, employed jointly, shall be
ex-officio chairman of a joint committee on standards composed of five members named
by the union and five by the manufacturers’ association. This committee shall have
the duty and responsibility of installing and administering the wage standards subject
to this memorandum of agreement and such other regulations as may be from time to
time adopted jointly by the union and the association with the approval of the referees.
IV. S h o p c o m m itte e s — There shall be a committee on standards to be named by the
union in every department of a shop. This committee on behalf of the workers may
approve or disapprove the standards submitted to it. In case any standard is pro
tested by either this committee or by the management, the time-study man shall
review his standard. In case it is still protested, the matter shall be referred to the
engineer in charge of the joint bureau for settlement. The engineer, together with the
managers of the union and association may decide if a new check study is to be taken.
V. A c c u m u la tio n o f s ta n d a r d s — Every worker in a given department may be studied
in accumulating elemental times for standards, and slow as well as fast wurkers are to
be studied. The engineer in charge shall be responsible for the accumulation of
elements and the determination of standards. All errors in standards shall be rectified
upon protest of either workers or management and retroactive adjustment made.
Standards shall be set on each garment at the earliest possible time and not more than
one pay day shall elapse with standards unset on any garment in production.
VI. P o s t i n g a n d a c c o u n tin g .—The standard time for each garment or part shall be
posted in the shop as soon as it has been set and approved by both sides. Each shop
shall maintain a simple method of accounting for idle time and work done, so that each
worker may be able to keep a record of his own earnings.
VII. U n it o f m e a s u r e m e n t.— The unit of measurement shall be the production of a
worker of average skill working at normal speed for a week of 44 hours. Such a week’s
production shall constitute 2,640 points.
VIII. A llo w a n c e s . —A percentage allowance for personal needs and fatigue shall be
added to each standard which allowance shall be set by the engineer in charge. An
allowance for unavoidable delays shall be determined for each shop by the engineer.
Until these allowances are determined, the same allowance now used in the pressing
department shall govern.
IX. I d le tim e .— When a worker is called to work it shall be for not less than a day s
work. For idle time spent in the factory more than 10 minutes he shall be paid at the
rate of the minimum and such idle time not paid for shall not exceed 30 minutes in any
one day.
..... . .
X. S u b n o r m a l w o rk e rs.— A preferential rate may be provided jointly by agreement
between the union and the association for subnormal workers.
XI. W eek w o r k . —Workers taken from standards and given day work or week work
shall be paid in the following manner in those shops where standards are set upon
men:
.
.
Efficiency of each worker shall be figured from his production. His efficiency shall
be taken at the end of the first eight weeks worked and thereafter at the end of each
season. The workers shall be grouped in classes and the workers coming within each
group shall be paid for week work at the efficiency percentage shown in the table
below:
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LABOR A G R EE M E N T S, AWARDS, AND D ECISIO N S.
107
M en.
More than
m en's
m inim um .
Between—
90 and 99.9 per ce n t...
100 and 108.9 per cent.
109 and 117.9 per cent.
118 and 124.9 per cent
125 and 130.9 per cent.
131 and 135.9 per cent.
136 and 140.9 per cent.
141 per cent and u p ...
p ercen t..
5
. . . . d o . . . . 10
___do___ 14
. . . . d o . . . . 18
___do___ 25
.. . . d o . . . . 30
__ do___ 35
----do___ 40
W om en.
More th a n
w om en’s
Between—
57 and 63.9 per cent...
64 and 71.9 per cent...
72 and 81.9 per cent...
82 and 90.9 per cent...
91 and 99.9 per cent...
100 and 108.9 per cent
109 and 117.9 per cent
118 and 124.9 per cent
125 and 130.9 per cent.
131 and 135.9 per cent.
136 and 140.9 per cent.
141 per cent and u p ...
mirrimum.
cent
d o ..
d o ..
do..
d o ..
do..
d o ..
d o ..
d o ..
d o ..
d o ..
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
8
20
36
68
76
82
88
100
108
116
124
In those shops where standards are set upon women, the following table shall apply.
More th a n
w om en's
m inim um .
Between—
90 and 99.9 per ce n t..
100 and 108.9 per cent
109 and 117.9 per cent.
118 and 124.9 per cent.
125 per cent and u p ...
per cent..
....d o ....
___do___
---- do___
---- do___
5
10
14
18
25
XII. D u p lic a te s .—For work done upon duplicates workers shall be paid not less
than the minimum for the time employed. After the standards are set for each gar
ment retroactive adjustments shall be made to cover duplicates. In addition to the
above the worker shall receive a departmental bonus sufficient to equalize remunera
tion while on duplicates with general efficiency while on stock. Such bonus shall
not be added unless worker’s earnings for the total hours spent on duplicates amount
to at least 88 per cent of his or her minimum. Until this percentage can be correctly
determined for each department by the engineer in charge the worker shall receive
the bonus which has been heretofore paid for duplicates in each department. Where
no bonus has been paid, the temporary bonus shall be 20 per cent. It is understood
that this section applies to all operating departments, but only to such other depart
ments in each shop as have heretofore received a bonus for work on duplicates.
X III. H o lid a y s .—Each worker shall receive pay at the m i n im um scale for his or
her class for six holidays during the year, to wit,' New Year’s Bay, M em orial Bay,
Fourth of July, Labor Bay, Thanksgiving Day, and Christmas, providing he or she
is employed in tire shop during any part of the shop week in which such holiday
comes and does not absent himself either the day before or the day after such holiday.
XIV. O v e r tim e .—For all overtime work the worker shall receive in addition to his
regular earnings one-half of his standard rate per hour.
XV. T a ilo r s ’ h e lp e r s .—Tailors’ helpers shall be classified in accordance with the
work which they have been regularly doing and with the way they have been doing it.
XVI. P a y j o r m e n a n d w o m e n .—“ The referees decide that for this interim period
(until April, 1922, hearing) the present method be continued—that is to say, where
men and women are employed on the same work, the tests be taken on men at men’s
rates and where women only are employed the tests be made on women at women’s
rates.” (From the decision of th e referees dated January 14, 1922.)
110650°—22----- 8
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
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108
S u pplem entary
M O N T H L Y LABOR R E V IE W .
A greem ent
R e l a t iv e
to
A ssur a nc e
op
E m ploym ent.
This supplementary agreement between the board of referees, the International
Ladies’ Garment Workers’ Union, its various locals, and the Cleveland Garment Manu
facturers’ Association on behalf of its members is entered into in accordance with the
provisions of Article VI of the continuing agreement effective January 1, 1922.
The provisions of this supplementary agreement are to cover and affect those de
partments and workers entitled to the provisions of the guaranteed employment plan
as embodied in the decision of thd referees dated April 22, 1921.
The decision of the referees provides for the continuity of employment as based
upon the recognition of the fact that there is an obligation on the industry to provide
for the regular workers a guaranteed minimum period of work or compensation for the
lack of it. The decision states that there shall be as much continuity of employment
as is practicable and the establishment of a minimum of 41 weeks during the calendar
year 1922 is in the hope that that may be, in fact, only a minimum; that the incentive
will prove sufficient to have as much of the work as possible done in Cleveland and
that Cleveland will continue to develop as a garment center of large manufacturing
units.
I. D ir e c t la b o r. —Direct labor within the meaning of the referees’ decisions^ covers
all of those persons named in their classification and in addition the following un
classified workers: Sorter, draper, belt pinners, ticket pinners, assemblers, markers,
cleaners, trimmers, basters, and working foremen. (“ Working foremen” means
those who work most of the time.)
II. P a y m e n t to w o rk e rs. —Workers may be divided into three groups: A, week
workers; B, workers on standards; and C, pieceworkers. No worker is entitled to
be paid for unemployed time until that unemployed time exceeds 11 weeks. Subject
to the limitations established by the referees, workers shall be entitled to pay as fol
lows:
A. Week workers: Each worker shall be paid at his regular weekly rate for the time
he is in the factory, plus two-thirds of his minimum rate for that portion of the 41
weeks during which he is laid off.
B. Workers on standards: Each worker on standards shall be paid whatever he
earns when he is working, plus his minimum rate for his idle time in the factory, plus
two-thirds of his minimum rate for that portion of the 41 weeks during which he is
laid off. When a person working under standards is called into the factory, he must
be kept there for the full day and be paid at the minimum rate for all idle time.
C. Pieceworkers: Each pieceworker shall be paid whatever he earns when he is
working, plus his minimum rate for his idle time in the factory, plus two-thirds of his
minimum rate for that portion of the 41 weeks during which he is laid off. When a
pieceworker is called into the factory, he must be kept there for not less than half a
day and be paid at the minimum rate for his idle time.
Idle time in the factory is not unemployed time. The pay given pieceworkers and
workers under standards for idle time while in the factory, shall, therefore, not be
taken from the unemployment fund, but the two-thirds of the minimum pay for the
time during which any worker is laid off shall be taken from the unemployment fund.
If an employee fails to appear for work at the time when he is instructed to do so,
no lay-off time shall be counted between the time when he should have appeared and
the time when he actually does appear.
All claims upon the unemployment fund must be filed by the employee promptly
and in no event later than two weeks after the end of the yearly period.
The lay-off time pay roll shall not be considered a part of the direct labor pay roll
upon which the 7 \ per cent is paid.
III. D is tr ib u tio n o f u n e m p lo y m e n t f u n d . —It is hoped that the volume of work done
inside the factories will be such that the unemployment fund in every case will be
more than enough to pay the claims of all the workers. No attempt will be made at
this time to prorate such fund among all workers, but whenever any worker becomes
entitled to pay from the unemployment fund of his factory he shall receive such pay
in full direct from his employer on the regular pay day. The matter of the distribu
tion of the unemployment fund among the workers may, however, be changed by the
impartial chairman if that should seem to him advisable.
IY. S e c u r ity . —In case any manufacturer wants to substitute security for the 7|
per cent weekly cash deposit, the amount and nature of the security must be agreed
upon with the impartial chairman before any substitution can be made.
Y. R e c o rd s. —Every manufacturer shall keep a complete labor record of every
worker on Forms No. 9 and No. 14x, already provided by the industrial engineers.
The association shall see to it that full data are submitted to the impartial chairman
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
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LABOR A G R EE M E N T S, AWARDS, AND D ECISIO N S.
109
weekly and that uniform slips are given to the workers, so that the amount of unem
ployed time, etc., may be properly checked.
VI. N e w e m p lo y e e s .—Any worker employed after the calendar year has begun shall
receive such proportion of the 41 weeks’ guaranteed period as the date of his employ
ment bears to the full year, with the following exception: If a new worker is employed
at a time when the other workers in that department have averaged less than one
week’s work, he shall be presumed to have had the same amount of unemployment as
the average for the department.
Printing Industry.
Pressmen.1
A C C O R D IN G to inform ation furnished to the Service Bureau by
•r * local unions 125 agreements were signed during the period from
May 1, 1921, to May 1, 1922. One hundred and six of these were
effected through conciliation and the other 19 through arbitration.
Sixty verbal agreements were also entered into during this period,
and there were probably additional settlem ents of which the par
ticulars have not been furnished to date. One of the m ost notice
able improvements was the introduction of the 44-hour week in
practically all commercial shops which previously had relations with
the unions. Forty-one locals received increases in wages, ranging
from 75 cents to $14 a week, while 65 locals received reductions,
ranging from 17 cents to $S a week, and in others no changes
were made in existing wages. Sum marization shows th a t during
the year period the average wage for the m e m b e r s advanced slightly,
in spite of the “ open-shop” agitation and its attem pt to destroy the
union. The average weekly wage at the present time for journey
men is:
Cylinder pressmen........................................................................... $36. 60
Cylinder feeders.............................................................................. 29.90
Platen pressmen........................................... .................................. 32. 30
Platen feeders.................................................................................. 19.32
Web journeymen, days................................................................... 36. 70
Web journeymen, nights................................................................. 37. 51
The figures for foremen have not been included and the average
has been computed by units of locals. H ad it been possible to com
pile this by individual membership wages it would, no doubt, show
considerably higher, because the m ajority of the membership is
located in the larger cities, which have higher rates than the smaller
ones.
Web Pressmen—Washington, D. C,
NEW contract to rem ain in force until Septem ber 6, 1923, has
been concluded between the Associated Publishers of the D istrict
of Columbia and the Web Printing Pressm en’s Union No. 6, In te r
national Printing Pressm en and A ssistants’ Union of N orth America.
The arbitration board, of which Chief Justice McCoy, of the Supreme
Court of the D istrict of Columbia, is perm anent um pire, assisted in
making the agreement and decided the issues which could not be
agreed upon. Following is the m em orandum accompanying the
1 A m e r ic a n P r e s s m a n , M a y , 1922, p p . 48, 49.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
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110
M O N T H L Y LABOR R E V IE W .
decision of the um pire in this case, which sets forth the principal
issues in dispute, together with their disposition.
M em orandum
A c c o m p a n y in g
D e c is io n
op
U m p ir e .
Some of the matters in dispute have been settled Dy the arbitrators, leaving sub- ’
stantially only three questions to be decided, one having to do with wages but of no
considerable importance, the others fundamental because they have to do with human
endurance.
It was stated during the hearings that an the pressmen are young men—uiiuer
middle age. My observations confirm this statement. With two exceptions I have
seen no pressmen in the Washington establishments who appeared to have come near .
the meridian. The significance of this fact needs no elaboration.
The conditions of employment are not favorable—necessarily so, perhaps. Work '
on the m o r n i n g papers is done at night and that on the afternoon papers by artificial
light. The noise of a press in operation is almost deafening and is practically con
tinuous while a run is being made. Whatever may be said about the degree of skill
required, presses in operation demand unremitting attention while running at a very
high rate of speed.
My decisions have been reached upon a consideration of the foregoing general con
clusions.
The existing contract, except so far as already changed by agreement made in the
present proceedings, is the result of an arbitration.
N u m b e r o f m e n to a p r e s s in o p e r a tio n .
A provision of the existing contract is as follows:
“ The following number of men shall.at least constitute a press crew:
“ When a press is running one color as an octuple press. One pressman in charge
and at least six (6) additional pressmen.”
This provision is followed by others fixing the numbers for sextuple and quad
ruple presses.
The publishers wish to have the fixing of the number of men to be employed ‘‘with
due regard to the efficient operation of the presses and the hazard of the work.”
The fixing of a certain number of men to a press was the result of an agreement
between the parties in 1919. The complaint is not so much that the number of men
is too large but that “ rigidity” has caused trouble and that the number of men in the
pressroom and their assignment to the work to be done should be gauged by the needs
of the particular office in which they are employed. The publisher cite several in
stances of friction during the period of the existing contract to sustain their conten
tions, but that friction was due to a misconstruction of the contract except in one in
stance which will be mentioned later. The contract fixes the number of men for a
press i n a c tu a l o p e r a tio n , not for a press wholly or partly dead, nor does it require that
any man or certain men are to operate a certain press and no other. It does not pre
vent the attempted arrangements for staggering the lunch hour nor the attempted
arrangement of vacations. It is not without the province of an umpire to note the
significance of the fact that so far as the testimony herein shows the only trouble
that has occurred has been in the office where the most has been done to make the
conditions of employment the best possible.
The exception referred to above was the friction due to one man starting and mak
ing a short run of a press. In that case there was no misinterpretation of the contract,
but I am constrained to say that the matter should not have been made a point of for
what w'as done was due to an emergency and the publishers acted in good faith.
Proper relations can not be maintained if the letter of the contract is made to kill the
spirit of it.
If it were clear that the wish to fix the number of employees is due to a desire to
limit production without reference to what may be reasonably expected of every man
the decision would be easy. Arbitrary limitation of output can not be approved.
But the pressmen say that they want to do a reasonable day’s work and the publishers
that they ask no more. What will produce the result both sides claim to seek? Any
one of four courses may be followed—leave the decision to the pressmen; leave it to
the publishers; leave it to the foreman; or embody a limitation in a contract. As
much may be said perhaps for leaving the decision to one party as to the other. The
difficulty I have had in coming to a conclusion warns me how unwise it might be to
leave it to either, and this without doubting that neither would deliberately seek to
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
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LABOR AGREEMENTS, AWARDS, AND DECISIONS.
Ill
take undue advantage of the other. There is much to be said in favor of having the
foreman decide, but I will state my reasons for reaching a different conclusion.
T h e p la n of fixing th e n u m b e r of m en is fo u n d in a c o n sid era b le n u m b e r of e sta b
lish m e n ts i n th is c o u n try a n d i n C anada a n d w as v o lu n ta rily agreed to b y th e p re se n t
p a rtie s on co n sid era tio n s of sa fety . I t seem s to m e th a t th e p la n sho u ld n o t b e c h an g e d
w ith o u t a c le a r show ing th a t th e re w as a m ista k e i n th is re sp e c t a n d no su c h show ing
has b e e n m ad e. T h e n u m b e r of m en so agreed to w as six to a n o c tu p le p ress. T h is
w as in c re a se d to se v e n in th e p re v io u s a rb itra tio n . T h e n u m b e r of m en to a press is
n o t th e sam e i n a ll e sta b lish m e n ts w h ere i t is fixed b y a g ree m e n t. I n som e th e re
are few er p ressm en th a n are asked for h e re, in oth ers m ore. W hy th e differen ces
e x is t has n o t b e e n show n a n d p e rh ap s can n o t be. T herefore w e are le ft m ere ly to a
c o n sid era tio n of th e c irc u m stan c es i n th e e sta b lish m e n ts h e re in v o lv e d . I h a v e no
d o u b t t h a t i n a t le a st one office se v e n m en are n o t too m a n y b u t am d o u b tfu l a b o u t
th e others. T h e e le m e n t of sa fe ty b e in g in v o lv e d c o n ce d ed ly a n d t h a t n ecessarily
in v o lv in g th e e le m e n t of fa tig u e d u e n o t o n ly to m u sc u la r effort b u t also to c o n d itio n s
a lre a d y m e n tio n e d a n d th e n u m b e r h a v in g b e e n fixed b y a n im p a rtia l u m p ire I do
n o t see how I can rig h tly resolve th e d o u b t ag ain st those w ho h a v e no possible w ay of
sh iftin g from th e ir own shoulders th e re su lt of a m ista k e n conclusion.
A clause of th e p re se n t c o n tra c t re ad s: “ W hen a d o u b le ru n is m ad e on to p of a
d o u b le ru n in a n y tw e n ty -fo u r hours an a d d itio n a l m an sh a ll b e a d d e d to th e c re w .”
T h is p ro v isio n has n o t b e e n enforced i n th e pressroom w here th e w ork is m ost e x a c t
ing, an d th is fa c t affords strong proof b y those m ost in te re s te d t h a t i t is n o t fa irly n e e d e d
for th e p ro te c tio n of th e pressm en.
P a y f o r o v e r tim e a fte r a d o u b le r u n .
T h e p re se n t c o n tra c t provides:
“ A ll w ork done before as w ell as w ork do n e a fte r th e h o u r h e re in specified shall b e
classified as o v e rtim e, p ro v id e d th a t a ll o v e rtim e w ork done a fte r a d o u b le ru n sh all
b e p a id for a t th e ra te of d o u b le tim e , th is p rovision a p p ly in g o n ly to o v e rtim e w ork
perform ed in a w ork in g d a y or n ig h t as fixed i n p a rag ra p h No. 2 of th is a g reem en t.
“ O v e rtim e shall b e p a id for a t th e ra te of tim e a n d a half, to b e c harged in q u a rte rh o u r fractions, b u t no charge sh all be m ad e for o v e rtim e caused b y th e d e la y in th e
p r e s s r o o m in p r i n t i n g th e r e g u l a r e d i t i o n of th e p a p e r . ”
I t is said t h a t th e p h ra se “ a d o u b le r u n ” w as th e re used for th e first tim e in con
tra c ts b e tw ee n th e p a rtie s , a n d t h a t i t w as p re v io u sly u n k n o w n i n n e w sp a p e r pa rla n ce .
I t w as in se rte d b y th e u m p ire in th e p re v io u s a rb itra tio n . I h a v e conferred w ith t h a t
u m p ire w ho says t h a t h e d id n o t use i t as m ea n in g a d a y a n d n ig h t sh ift or “ d o u b le
h e a d e r.”
F o r th e pu rp o ses of th is a rb itra tio n i t is n o t c o n te n d ed b y th e u n io n t h a t its m em b ers
sho u ld n o t b e re q u ire d to w ork e ig h t h o u rs a d a y on a press in p ra c tic a lly c o n tin u o u s
o p e ratio n , w h ile th e p u b lis h e rs claim t h a t th e y a re e n title d to t h a t a m o u n t of w ork.
I n view of w h a t h a s a lre a d y b e en p o in te d o u t I th in k t h a t no m ore sh o u ld b e re q u ire d
of th e p ressm en e x c e p t in case of a n em ergency.
T im e w orked a fte r e ig h t h o u rs because of d e la y i n th e pressroom in p r in tin g th e
re g u la r e d itio n of a p a p e r n o t bein g classed as o v e rtim e w h e n th e u n io n asks d o u b le
p a y for o v e rtim e a fte r a “ d o u b le ru n ” i t is for su c h o v e rtim e w ork as m a y b e o b v ia te d
u su a lly b y th e e x ercise of fo reth o u g h t on th e p a r t of o th ers th a n th e p ressm en .
T h e a rb itra to r re p re se n tin g th e p u b lis h e rs sta te d t h a t o v e rtim e a fte r a n ig h t sh ift
follow ing a d a y s h ift m ig h t w ell b e p a id for a t trip le ra te s a n d th e p u b lis h e rs w a n t
such w ork b ey o n d th e second sh ift p e n a liz e d as m u c h as a n y b o d y w a n ts i t p e n a liz e d .
T h a t a ttitu d e is c re d ita b le a n d th e reasons for i t h o ld i n a lesser degree in c onsidering
th e q u e stio n of o v e rtim e a fte r th e p ra c tic a lly co n tin u o u s o p e ratio n s of a p re ss d u rin g
a re g u la r e ig h t-h o u r d a y . I t is m y v iew t h a t tim e w orked th e re a fte r sh o u ld b e p a id
for as d o u b le tim e .
I n o n ly one pressroom , how ever, a re th e presses k e p t in o p e ratio n th ro u g h o u t p ra c
tic a lly a ll th e e ig h t h o u rs. T h is is d u e to t h e fa c t t h a t th e p a p e r th e re p rin te d is
issu e d in sev eral e d itio n s d a ily a n d th e re are also p re d a te s. I n th e o th e r offices th e
su p p le m e n ts a n d p re d a te d p a p e rs alone are p rin te d in a d d itio n to th e re g u la r issu e of
o n ly one e d itio n . T h e record in th is a rb itra tio n does n o t disclose how m u c h tim e , on
th e average, is consum ed in th e la s t m e n tio n e d offices in p rin tin g su p p le m e n ts a n d
p re d a te d p a rts b u t i t is safe to sa y t h a t th e w ork in those offices is n o t as stre n u o u s as
in th e one first m e n tio n e d . T h e c o n tra c t a b o u t to b e m a d e m u st, how ever, in te rm s
a p p ly to a ll th e offices n o tw ith s ta n d in g such differences, a n d as a n y office u n d e r th e
term s a lre a d y agreed to m a y call for th e c o n tin u o u s o p e ratio n of a p ress th ro u g h th e
e ig h t h o u rs, th e fa c t t h a t i n p ra c tic e th e b u rd e n m ay fall m ore h e a v ily on one office
t h a n on a n o th e r sh o u ld n o t control.
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I h a v e ta k e n p ra c tic a lly th e d e fin itio n of th e a rb itra to r for th e u n io n of th e term
“ d o u b le r u n .”
L u n c h p e r io d .
A t th e close of th e h e arin g s t h e a g reem en t as to lu n c h p e rio d s stood as follows:
“ No u n io n em p lo y ee of th e pressroom sh a ll b e re q u ire d to w ork m ore th a n five ho u rs
w ith o u t a n allow ance of one-half h o u r for lu n c h . T h is p ro v isio n sh a ll n o t a p p ly to
o v e rtim e w ork or for m ore th a n tw o lu n c h p e rio d s for m en p e rform ing b o th d a y a n d
n ig h t w ork.
' ‘ If th e ex igencies of th e office re q u ire t h a t th e lu n c h p erio d b e o m itte d for a n y m an
or m en, tim e a n d o ne-half sh a ll b e p a id th e m for th e h a lf h o u r, or su c h p a r t of it, as
th e y forego; a n d such tim e sh a ll b e a d d e d to th e re g u la r e ig h t-h o u r d a y .
“ ( N o t e . — So m u c h of p a rag ra p h 9 as begins w ith th e w ords ‘T h is p ro v is io n ’ an d
e n d s w ith th e w ords ‘d a y a n d n ig h t w o rk ’ is su b je c t to fu rth e r c o n sid e ra tio n .” )
F in a lly i t w as le ft to th e u m p ire to se ttle t h a t p a r t w h ic h w as le ft open for con
sid e ratio n .
I t ou g h t to b e a v e ry ra re occasion w h e n p ressm en a re re q u ire d to forego th e halfh o u r lu n c h p erio d . T h a t is pe rm issib le how ever b y ag reem en t. H a v in g do n e so
th e y ou g h t n o t b e re q u ire d or p e rm itte d to w ork o v e rtim e w ith o u t a h a lf h o u r for
lu n c h .
I h a v e h a d m ore difficu lty i n d e c id in g th e m a tte r for lu n c h p e rio d s w h e n one p erio d
h a s b e en allow ed in th e re g u la r eig h t-h o u r d a y follow ed b y o v e rtim e w ork. E v e ry o n e
agrees, or sho u ld , t h a t o v e rtim e w ork is to b e av o id e d as fa r as possible. I n m an y
lin e s of b u sin e ss i t is u n a v o id a b le a t tim e s. T h e b e s t so lu tio n of th e pro b lem h ere
th a t I h a v e b e en a b le to w ork o u t is to d e c id e t h a t w h e n su c h a n allow ance has b e en
m ade w ith in th e re g u la r eig h t-h o u r d a y a n d o v e rtim e w ork is re q u ire d th e forem an
sh all d e c id e how long th e m e n are to w ork o v e rtim e before a n o th e r lu n c h p e rio d is
allow ed. T h is w ill p e rm it a h a n d lin g of th e m a tte r a cc o rd in g to circu m stan ces.
T h e forem an is a m em b e r of th e u n io n a n d th e re p re se n ta tiv e of th e p u b lish ers. H e
should b e c ap a b le of m ak in g reasonable decisions. A n h o n e st forem an w ill n o t be
te m p te d to b e u n fa ir.
E x tr a p a y f o r n ig h t w o rk f o l lo w i n g d a y w o rk .
T h e e x tra p a y for n ig h t w ork follow ing d a y w ork h a s b e e n fixed a t 15 p e r c en t
in ste a d of $1. A s sta te d a t th e h earin g s th e d ifference is re la tiv e ly sm all in a m o u n t
b u t n e v erth ele ss m eans som ething to th e pressm en. T h e p e rce n ta g e basis is used
elsew here in th e c o n tra ct as agreed to.
F o u r -h o u r in te r v a l b etw een d a y a n d n ig h t w o rk .
T h e a rb itrato rs agreed on th e clause in regard to th e four-hour re st p eriod betw een
d a y a n d n ig h t shifts. T h e sten o g rap h ic record does n o t disclose a n y discussion of
th is m a tte r a n d I do n o t recollect any. As th e clause w as agreed to I h a v e no pow er
to change it.
S a n ita r y c o n d itio n s.
T h e p u rc h ase of u n c le an e d rags sh o u ld b e d isc o n tin u e d in offices w h ere i t p revails.
I n one office I saw a b u n d le of used rags m a n y of w h ic h w ere e v id e n tly soiled by
h u m a n c o n tact. I t w as said i n one office t h a t a sh ro u d h a d b e en fu rn ish e d n o t
cleaned afte r use as w as e v id e n ce d b y th e tag a tta c h e d , th e in k on w h ic h h a d not
b e en b lu rre d .
I n a t le a st one office t h e v e n tila tio n is worse th a n i t n e ed be.
I n one office th e o p p o rtu n ity for escape in case of fire is b a d a n d in a n o th e r v e ry
bad.
I n t w o offices th e to ile t fa c ilitie s are b a d a n d no effort to k e ep th e dressing room
clean a n d tid y was e v id e n t.
I n one office th e to ile t fa cilitie s are v e ry b a d a n d th o ro u g h ly in a d e q u a te .
I n one office th e con d itio n s i n reg ard to su c h m a tte rs a re in all re sp ec ts e x c e lle n t.
T h e final decision in th is m a tte r h a s b e en c o n sid era b ly d e la y e d p e n d in g a n effort
to agree u p o n th e w age ra te for S u n d a y a ftern o o n papers. A n a g ree m e n t h a s n o t b e en
reac h ed a n d as t h a t q u e stio n a t th e tim e of th e fin al subm ission w as n o t m e a n t to be
sp ecifically m e n tio n e d th e c o n tra c t sta n d s as th e n agreed to.
P e n d in g said d e la y th e re h as b e en a decision in a n a rb itra tio n in N ew Y o rk C ity
b e tw ee n th e p u b lish ers a n d th e w eb pressm en. T h e u m p ire th e re is a n e m in e n t
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judge of a F e d e ra l c o u rt e x p erien c e d in d e c id in g difficu lt questions. H is o p in io n is
e n title d to careful co n sid eratio n . I h a v e re v iew ed m y conclusions in th e lig h t of
t h a t opinion.
Ju d g e M anton, th e u m p ire in th e N ew Y o rk cases, reaches th e conclusion th a t th e
p u b lish ers sh all h a v e th e sole rig h t to d e te rm in e th e n u m b e r of m en n e ce ssa ry to
o p e rate a n d m a n th e presses i n th e ir re sp e c tiv e pressroom s, w hereas I h a v e re a c h e d
th e op p o site conclusion. T h e re is no discussion i n c o n n e c tio n w ith th e N ew Y o rk
aw ard 2 of specific reasons pro a n d con. I n la y in g dow n som e general p rin c ip le s t h a t
aw ard sta te s t h a t th e em p lo y er “ prom ises c are a n d c a u tio n acco rd in g to reasonable
a n d h u m a n e p rin c ip le s for th e sa fety a n d h e a lth of hiks em p loyee. ” I t is m y ju d g m e n t
t h a t as th e p a rtie s m a y h o n e stly differ as to th e p roper n u m b e r of m en to be em ployed,
d u e reg ard b e in g h a d to sa fety a n d h e a lth , th e re is g o o d reason for a specific agreem ent.
Stereotypers—New Y ork.
T H IE decision of arb itrato r Laurence T. H in d i in the wage scale ad^ justm ent between the Employing Electro typers’ and Stereotypers’
Association of New York and the New York Stereotypers’ Union
No. 1, handed down on April 12, leaves unchanged the wage of elec
trotype finishers at $59 per week. This is a peak wage for this class
of workers and is the highest paid in the New York printing trades.
The employers asked th a t wages be reduced $7 per week, or to $52,
basing their contention on living costs and the economic condition
of the industry. The union made a counterdem and for an increase
of $5, or a weekly wage of $64,on the ground of living costs, economic
condition of the industry, skill required, the lag of wages behind
living costs between 1914 and 1918, and the wages lost when the
hours were changed from forty-eight to forty-four.
In support of their dem and for revision of wages based on living
costs, the employers contended th a t the arbitration decision m ust be
based upon the same principle which guided the previous arbitration
cases between these two parties, i. e. the fluctuation in living costs.
The chairm an of the arbitration comm ittee ruled out this conten
tion on the ground th a t the contract under which the present pro
ceedings were carried on m ade no stipulation binding the arb itrato r
to the term s of any arbitration arising under it nor did it stipulate
th a t the decision m ust be based upon the relative cost of living
compared w ith th a t of 1914.
The union’s contention for an increase in wages based on the lag
of wages behind the living costs between 1914 and 1918 was ruled
out on the ground th a t the chairm an could no t consider conditions
which m ay have prevailed prior to the last wage adjustm ent. “ Such
m atters m ust be considered as having been decided by such adjust
m ent.”
The chairm an based his decision on the standard of living, w ith
due regard for the am ount of skill required by the worker, and the
economic condition of the industry. He considered upon the evi
dence presented, “ th a t the nature of the trade and the work per
form ed by finishers is such as to dem and a very high degree of skill
and preparation. I t requires great care under exacting conditions
and the workers m ay safely be said to be in the very highest degree
skilled laborers. As such, they should be entitled to more than a
m ere living wage. Your chairm an’s decision is founded upon this
2Judge M a n t o n ’s a w a r d a p p e a r e d i n f u l l i n th e Monthly L abor R e v ie w f o r A p r i l , 1922, p p . 1 3 0 ,1 3 1 .
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MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW.
assum ption; th a t the workers are entitled to a compensation which
will not he a mere existence wage, b u t will enable them to live in
m oderately comfortable circumstances, to raise a family decently,
and in general, on a scale somewhat above th a t of unskilled labor or
skilled labor of a less highly trained n atu re.”
In his determ ination of w hat should constitute a fair and reason
able wage for this class of workers the chairm an accepted the budget
presented by the unions which was based on th a t of the U. S. Bureau
of Labor Statistics w ith the exception of the ren t figures, the increase
in which the union after investigation placed a t 87.3 instead of 45.7.
This union budget called for a yearly expenditure of $2,938. The
average annual earnings of finishers on the $59 a week scale were
$2,869.
In order to determine definitely the economic condition of the
industry the union suggested th a t a joint im partial accounting survey
be m ade of the financial condition of the business. The employers
refused to comply with this request b u t both parties subm itted vol
uminous d a ta on this point.
I t was the chairm an’s belief th a t:
U nless i t c an b e show n t h a t th e p rin tin g in d u s try is e x e m p t or u n a ffe c te d b y th e
g e n era l econom ic d epression to a n y g re at e x te n t, y o u r c h a irm a n w ould feel th a t th e
g en eral depression w h ich h a s p re v a ile d a n d is p re v a ilin g in a lesser degree w ould h a v e
g re a t w eig h t i n d e te rm in in g a wage a t th is tim e .
In his decision the chairm an cites the argum ents of the employers
and of the union on this point, as follows:
I n th e first place th e em ployers base th e ir c o n te n tio n on ge n era l econom ic con d itio n s
th ro u g h o u t th e c o u n try , c itin g in s u p p o rt of th is th e n u m b e r of b u sin e ss fa ilu res d u rin g
th e p a s t th re e y e ars a n d J a n u a ry th is y e a r a n d th e a m o u n t i n dollars of such
failu res. * * *
I t is im p o rta n t, how ever, to note, as th e u n io n p o in ts out, th a t n o t a single fa ilu re
h a s ta k e n p lac e in th e e le c tro ty p in g in d u s try .
T he em ployers n e x t c ite a n u m b e r of fa cts to illu s tra te th e c o n d itio n s in th e ir
in d u stry . T h e y p o in t to a decrease i n a m o u n t of second-class m a il m a tte r h a n d le d
b y th e p o st office. T h is w ould seem to b e m e t in p a rt b y th e u n io n in show ing t h a t a
lig h te r w eig h t p a p e r is b e in g u se d b e ca u se of low er prices.
T h e em ployers show t h a t th e m agazines h a v e c a rrie d less a d v e rtis in g m a tte r in
1921 th a n i n 1920. T h e a m o u n t i n 1921, how ever, w as still i n excess of t h a t in a
norm al y ear, w h ic h w ould in d ic a te t h a t th e in d u s try h a d n o t suffered from th e d e p res
sion to a n y th in g lik e th e e x te n t t h a t m a n y o th e r in d u s trie s h a v e. T h e u n io n claim s
a d v e rtisin g h a s in cre ased since la s t Ju ly , th e m a tte r of p u b lic a tio n s lea v in g N ew Y ork
because of p ro h ib itiv e costs h a s b e e n m u ch stressed. I t seem s, how ever, on th e
e v id e n ce su b m itte d t h a t 26 p u b lic a tio n s m oved in to N ew Y ork as opposed to 24
leav in g d u rin g th e p a s t y ear.
I t seem s t h a t e le c tro ty p e sales h a v e d ecreased d u rin g th e p a st y e ar a n d th a t th e
scale prices of e le ctro ty p es a re n o t a d h e re d to, b u t th a t sp ecial d isc o u n ts a re g iven.
T h e em p lo y ers also show t h a t in cre ased re n ts a n d m a c h in e ry prices p re v a il, a n d
t h a t th e e lim in a tio n of classification b y th e p re se n t c o n tra c t is re sp o n sib le for th e
in cre ased charges for tim e-w ork.
T he u n io n su b m its e v id e n ce show ing th a t e v e n w ith wage increases, scale prices of
e le ctro ty p es in cre a se d m ore t h a n costs.
As regards th e g e n era l c o n d itio n of th e in d u s try , i t cites th e fo rm atio n of some 102
n e w p rin tin g corporations d u rin g re c e n t m onths, a n d of 21 n ew a d v e rtis in g firms,
increases in c a p ita liz a tio n in com panies i n th e book a n d job trad e s, of h e a v y p u rch ases
of new e q u ip m e n t, a d d itio n s to p la n ts, a n d full e m p lo y m en t for th e u n io n finishers.
U pon this evidence the chairm an concludes th a t while the industry
has to some extent suffered in the general business depression it has
not suffered greatly.
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There is nothing to show that what decline in the business has occurred has been
due to excessive labor costs. There is no satisfactory evidence to his mind showing
that the industry can not continue prosperous and thriving while continuing to pay
present rate of wages, or that it will suffer to any extent by so doing.
°
In view of these general conditions the chairm an did not feel justi
fied in awarding an increase in wages. On the other hand, he did
not feel th a t conditions as presented in the evidence were such
th a t a decrease in the wage scale of finishers and apprentices was
necessary to a prosperous continuation of the industry. He there
fore decided th a t wages should rem ain unchanged.
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WOMAN AND CHILD LABOR.
Negro Women in Industry.1
H E W omen’s Bureau has recently published a study of the
position of negro women in industry, based on a survey made
in the period from Septem ber to December, 1920. In view
of the lim ited time, it was thought b etter not to make an inten
sive study of any one State, locality, or industry, but rath er to
gather facts from a wide field w ith a view to getting a general idea
of the situation. In all, 150 plants were visited, in 17 localities in
9 States. In these something over 28,000 women were employed,
of whom 11,812 were colored.
Previous investigations had shown th a t while, during the war, m any
new opportunities had been opened to colored women, they were
distinctly m arginal workers, being taken on only when and where a
scarcity of white labor made itself felt. In this study it was found
th a t there were only two of the industries covered, the m etal trades
and leather products, which they had entered for the first time during
the war, b u t th a t in the other industries m any new occupations had
been opened to them . The largest num ber, however, were still in
w hat had long been regarded as their special field, the rehandling
of tobacco, in which 6,531, or over half of the total num ber studied,
were engaged. The next largest group, 840, was found in textile
work, and the next, 806, in the m etal trades, which had not formerly
been open to them . Food products, glass, and clothing trades also
accounted for good-sized groups.
A t the tim e of the survey, it was evident th a t the negro women
had not gained a very firm foothold in the new fields. Tw enty
establishm ents, not included in the 150 m entioned above, were found
which had employed them during the w ar b u t had dismissed them
when other help was available. In 40 of the 150 establishm ents they
had been reduced to less skilled processes than they formerly per
formed, and in two of these they were being weeded out as rapidly
as convenient. The reasons given for these dismissals did not in
general reflect upon the women; the employers preferred white
workers, and took them when they could get them.
The conditions under which the women worked varied widely
according to the industry, the State, and the particular employer.
In general, less attention was paid to giving them healthful, cleanly,
and pleasant surroundings than in the case of white workers. The
larger num ber had long hours, 37 per cent having a scheduled week
of 50 hours, and 33 per cent one of 55 hours. Toilet and washing
T
1IT. S. W om en’s B ureau B ui. No. 20: Negro w omen in in d u stry . In a book note in th e Monthly L abor
R e v ie w for A pril, 1922 (p. 244) it was erroneously stated th a t a digest of th e d a ta in this bulletin was given
in th e Monthly L abor R e v ie w for A pril, 1921 (p. 141, 142). T h e d a ta referred to in th a t digest was se
cured b y a special agent of th e W om en’s B ureau in 1918-19 an d form th e basis of C hapter X IX , “ Negro
women in in d u s try ,” of th e report of th e Division of Negro Economics of th e U . S. D ep artm en t of Labor
published in 1921, en titled “ The Negro a t w ork d uring th e W orld W ar a n d during reconstruction.”
116
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facilities were apt to be unsatisfactory, while rest rooms and lunch
rooms were the exception. In 18 establishm ents adequate and sani
tary first-aid dispensaries were found under the supervision of trained
nurses, whose influence on the workers was marked.
In many cases the influence and advice of the nurse had an effect on the daily habits
of the workers, both in the factory and in their homes, and was being reflected in
better living. It may be remarked in passing that sympathy and understanding
seemed to exist between negro nurses and the workers of their own race, giving these
trained women a strong influence for good on the factory workers. In one large hosiery
mill the manager said that a very efficient negro nurse had such strong influence over
the girls that she had caused a decided decrease in his labor turnover. Here, as in
some other places, a marked improvement in the personal appearance of the girls
was attributed to the influence of the nurse. Through visits to these women this
nurse had been successful also in improving the sanitation and economic management
of their homes. She had secured the cooperation of the city health department in
making and keeping clean the neglected surroundings of‘these workers’ homes.
Experience justifies the recommendation that a negro nurse be employed as super
visor of the health service in establishments where large numbers of negro women are
employed.
In 132 establishm ents either there were no facilities for the tre a t
m ent of illness and injuries, or the provision was of the slightest. In
m any there were conditions of poor ventilation, poor light, dusty
processes, or lack of ordinary cleanliness which were distinctly
prejudicial to the welfare of the workers. Seating facilities were es
pecially unsatisfactory.
One of the most injurious conditions surrounding thousands of negro women is the ar
rangement for seating them when at work. It has been physiologically proved that
continuous standing, or sitting on improperly adjusted chairs, is particularly injurious
to the health of women, and that one of the best methods of relieving their fatigue
and strain is to provide adjustable seats for use while at work. The managers of the
plants included in this survey, however, seemed generally to have ignored this very
important matter, as seen in the fact that 128 establishments employing 10,115 negro
women (86 per cent of all) were found to have either makeshift seats* or none at all.
These makeshift seats usually were stools or wooden boxes, with no back supports.
Occasionally the women had tried to relieve this latter situation themselves by nail
ing a straight board to a box. Even where better seating was provided there wa3
apparently little adjustment possible between the height of the worktable and the
chairs. A strained posture consequently was unavoidable.
Continuous standing with no facility for sitting was quite common. Many managers
were emphatic in their avowal that certain of the processes on which negro women
worked could not be performed while sitting, yet in other establishments women were
comfortably seated while performing these same operations.
A study of the occupations in which colored women were found
showed th a t in m any cases there was strong prejudice against ad
m itting them to the more skilled and better paid kinds of work,
which were reserved for the white women. In the establishm ents
where they had been adm itted to the better kinds of work they seemed
to be giving satisfaction. Opinions as to the relative desirability of
colored and white woman workers were obtained from the m anagers
of 63 plants, in 42 of which the two races were employed in the same
occupations. Fifty-four of the managers found the negro women
as punctual as the whites, 1 considered them more so, and 8 thought
them less punctual. Of the 42 employing them in the same occupa
tions, 24 reported th a t the work done by colored women was equal
in quality and q u an tity to th a t done by the white women, 7 th a t it
was better, and 11 th a t it was inferior. Fifty-eight intended to re
tain their negro workers, two expected to weed them out, and three
were undecided as to future policy.
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MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW.
The attitude of the colored workers toward their employment was
affected to a m arked degree by the treatm ent they received. Where
they were m arkedly discrim inated against in wages and working con
ditions their resentm ent expressed itself in indifference toward their
work and a high labor turnover, b u t they were very responsive to
fair treatm ent. Their reaction to the employment of negro super
visors was especially marked.
The managers of 12 establishments in which negro forewomen were employed to
supervise units of negro woman workers were unanimous in their praise and recom
mendation of this experiment. One manager told of his experience in employing,
during the absence of the negro forewoman, a white woman to supervise the negro
handworkers in a plant where lamp shades were designed and made, with the partial
i n t e n t i o n of retaining her.
She was so unsuccessful in inspiring the women to work
and everything became so chaotic that he was most glad to welcome the negro fore
woman on her return.
Another manager of a large mail-order house in which 340 negro women were em
ployed reported that when he placed a white supervisor over the group they stopped
work for a half holiday. He emphasized how very much more comfortable, inter
ested, and energetic the women were under a supervisor of their own race. In this
establishment the negro forewoman also instructed the girls, and their efficiency
had greatly increased because she had inspired them with the slogan, “ Make good,
100 per cent.”
Another employer said absenteeism in his plant had decreased from 20 per cent to
4 per cent since a negro forewoman had been placed over the colored unit of 260
girls. * * *
The marked success of this experiment substantiates the recommendation that
negro forewomen be employed to supervise units of negro woman workers.
Few opportunities were presented to negro women for training in
the trades they entered, and to a considerable extent they were
obliged to pick up a knowledge of their work as best they could.
Twenty-five m anagers had a definite course in their factories designed
to “ break i n ” and train the new workers. “ Five m anagers stated
th a t it took longer to break in a negro than a white woman worker,
b u t all concurred in thinking th a t she was ju st as good after she had
been trained.” In some plants welfare workers, as p a rt of their
province, planned and prom oted industrial and educational training.
In view of the wide field covered, and the general nature of the
findings, it is difficult to draw definite conclusions from the report,
b u t the impression left is th a t negro women have encountered m any
obstacles in their new activities which m ight, advantageously to
both sides, be avoided; th a t while they have not yet acquired a per
m anent position in industry they have m ade a beginning; th a t they
respond quickly to fair treatm ent and to opportunities for trade
training and industrial self-improvement; and th a t in them there is
a potential labor supply of m uch value which has hitherto been
largely neglected.
C h ild Labor in Oyster and Shrimp Canning.
IIE U nited States Children’s Bureau has recently published a
report (Bureau Publication No. 98) on “ Child labor and the
work of m others in oyster and shrimp canning communities
on the Gulf coast.”
This report embodies the results of an investigation made by the
Children’s Bureau in 1919. The study included 423 families w ith
1,350 children under 16 years of age. Five hundred and forty-four
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WOMAN AND CHILD LABOR.
119
working children were covered, two of whom were under 6, 332
between 6 and 14 years old, and 210, 14 or 15 years of age.
Oyster and shrimp canning being dependent upon the catch, the
work began any time between 3 and 7 o'clock a. m. and kept up a
few hours or a whole day, or occasionally on into the evening. Sixtyfour per cent of the children worked whenever the factory was open,
some worked now and then, and others only before and after school
hours and on Saturday. Twenty-five per cent of the children from
10 to 15 years old were illiterate. In the same age group only 4 per
cent of the children in the whole United States are illiterate. A large
num ber of these child workers did not attend school: of the 649
between 7 and 13 years of age, 266 or 41 per cent were not in school.
The greater p a rt of the cannery work is dirty and wet and is carried
on in drafty, cold, damp sheds.
Accidents are liable to occur from the use of work knives and from
the sharp oyster shells and shrimp thorns. The acid from the shrimps
frequently makes the hands very sore. Many injuries were reported
among the children.
An inquiry into the weekly wages of the fathers of these children
revealed th a t one-fifth of the men from whom reports were received
had never earned as much as $15 a week, nearly one-half had never
earned as much as $20 a week, and only one-third $25 or over in
their best weeks. The average earnings of nearly one-half of the
mothers were less than $5 a week; about one-third between $5 and
$7.50, and about one-fifth $7.50 or over. Only one-fifteenth were
able to earn $12.50 or more in their m ost profitable week. Irregu
larity of employment is one reason advanced for these low wages,
the work depending upon the am ount of fish received a t the cannery!
Two-thirds of the children for whom reports of earnings were
obtained received on an average less than $5 a week, over one-fourth
less than $2._ W ith the exception of two cases all the children whose
weekly earnings am ounted to $4 were regular workers, and m ost of
them were 14 years of age or older.
Most of the employers did not pay the im ported families of workers
as much in actual money as the resident workers. These im ported
families, however, get their rent, fuel, and return fare free. Their
housing, however, is reported as usually flimsy with a minimum of
privacy and sanitation.
Chddren of W age-Earning Mothers.
H E young children of wage-earning mothers are often inade
quately cared for or receive no care w hatever during the day,
according to a recent report of the U nited States Children’s
Bureau entitled “ Children of W age-earning Mothers: A Study of a
Selected Group in Chicago” (Bureau publication No. 102, W ashing
ton, 1922). I t was also found th a t a large num ber of children were
retarded in their school progress and th a t some were overworked be
cause of having to perform domestic tasks beyond their strength.
Many of the m others were in very poor health, resulting apparently
m some cases from under nourishm ent and overwork.
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120
The study covered 843 gainfully employed m others and their 2,066
children under 14 years of age, and included 212 colored families.
The problem of wage-earning m others was found to concern both
norm al and broken families. W hen the father was a mem ber of the
family group and was regularly employed, his wages in the greater
num ber of cases were insufficient for the fam ily’s support.
The sanitation, child care, and training standards of the 45 Chicago
day nurseries were not “ uniformly h ig h ” at the time the investigation
was made, in the w inter of 1918—19 and the w inter of 1919-20.
There were only two nurseries, w ith a capacity of 20 each, in which
colored children could be cared for. A t least 25 per cent of the 1,328
children who were not sent to day nurseries had no care except
during school hours.
Records were secured regarding the school attendance of 742 oi the
children of gainfully employed women and such records contrasted
unfavorably with those of all children in 9 selected schools in 1911-12
in the city’s poorer districts. One-third of the children of wage
earning m others were “ below the standard grade for their age.”
The report comments on the “ skill and ingenuity” of m any of
these gainfully employed m others in accomplishing their domestic
duties. One hundred and twenty-five out of 361 of the women of
whom inquiry regarding the m atter was made, reported th a t they
did all the household work themselves.
While it is stated th a t it is not the purpose of the report “ to solve
the im portant problems involved in finding the best measures for
obviating the need of gainful employment by m others of young
children,” the following suggestions are m ade:
That the fathers’ wages should be sufficient for an adequate standard of living.
That mothers should be trained in household economy and child care.
That the normal family group should be preserved through the reduction of indus
trial hazards, the safeguarding and promotion of public health, through more effective
and better enforced laws relative to desertion and nonsupport.
That substitutes should be found for the father’s earnings when the measures for
maintaining the integrity of the family group have been neglected or unsuccessful.
The findings of the report also point to the necessity of having
children of wage-earning m others more adequately cared for in
nurseries or through the schools, after school hours; of raising
standards of sanitation and care in nurseries; and of protecting
health of m others from breakdown brought about by overwork.
the
the
the
the
R eport on W om an Workers in N e w York State.
H E num ber of women gainfully employed in New York State,
their occupations, and some im portant industrial facts concern
ing these wage earners are discussed in a Special Bulletin (No.
110, April, 1922) of the New York S tate D epartm ent of Labor on
“ W omen who w ork.” The report was prepared by the division of
women in industry and the bureau of research and codes.
N u m b e r a n d o c c u p a tio n s .—While approxim ately 20 per cent of the
8,549,399 women over 10 years of age in the U nited States were
gainfully employed in 1920, over 25 per cent of the 4,215,968
women in New York State were thus occupied, 61 per cent of such
workers being employed in G reater New York. The following table
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WOMAN- AND CHILD LABOR.
121
shows the industrial distribution of the woman labor of the State
as compared with the m an labor:
N U M B E R O F G A IN F U L L Y E M P L O Y E D W O R K E R S IN N E W Y O R K S T A TE
G R E A T E R N E W Y O R K , B Y S E X A N D O C C U P A T I O N A L G R O U P S , 1920.1
AND
N ew Y ork State.
O ccupation group a n d sex.
N um ber.
All occupations:
M en...............................................
W om en............................................
T o tal........................................................
A griculture, forestry a n d anim al husbandry:
M en.............................. ■
WTom en....................................................
T o ta l.......................................................
E xtractio n of minerals:
M en......................................
W om en...................................
Per cent.
Greater
New York.
3,367,907
1,135,246
74.79
25. 21
1,839,683
691,729
4,503,153
100.00
2,531,412
305,505
9,269
97.06
2.94
6,764
345
314,774
100. 00
7,109
7,435
114
98.49
1. 51
575
25
T o tal.........................................................
7,549
100. 00
600
M anufacturing a n d mechanical industries:
M en..................................
W om en........................... .........
1,406,002
351,104
80.02
19.98
748,182
204,130
T o tal.........................................................
1,757,106
100. 00
952,312
370,153
33,422
91. 71
8.29
218,367
23,012
403,575
100. 00
241,379
505,254
86,079
85.44
14.56
338,298
54,098
T ransportation:
M en...........................................
W om en..............................................
T o tal.................................................
Trade:
M en...............................................
W om en........................................ .
591,333
100. 00
392,396
Public service (not elsewhere classified):
M en..........................................
W om en.......................................
T o tal..................................................................
......................................................................
98,691
1,684
100,375
1.68
100. 00
98. 32
60,030
845
60,875
Professional service:
M en............................................................
W om en..............................................
T o tal...................................................................
162,196
126,523
• 56.18
43. 82
100,028
68,009
2 8 8 ,7 1 9
1 0 0 .0 0
1 6 8 ,0 3 7
Domestic and personal service:
M en....................................................................
W om en..................................................
T o tal......................................................................
2 0 9 ,4 9 3
2 3 3 ,4 6 3
4 4 .2 9
55. 71
1 4 9 ,6 2 3
1 5 8 ,6 6 7
4 7 2 ,9 5 6
100. 00
3 0 6 ,2 9 0
3 0 3 ,1 7 8
263, 588
5 3 .4 9
46. 51
2 1 7 ,8 1 6
1 8 4 ,5 9 8
5 6 6 ,7 6 6
1 0 0 .0 0 |
4 0 2 ,4 1 4
T o tal................................................................
Clerical occupations:
M en............................................................
W om en..............................................
T o tal................................ .........................................
i P r e l i m i n a r y c e n s u s f ig u r e s , r e le a s e d F e b . 3 , 1922.
In 1910 the proportion of women in the clerical group was 34.5 per
cent, in 1920, 46.5 per cent; while the proportion of women in the
transportation group was 4.6 per cent in 1910 and 8.3 per cent in
1920. W ithin the same decade there was only a slight increase in the
proportion of women in the professional and trade groups, while in
domestic and personal service the percentage of women fell 5 points.
The total num ber of women gainfully employed in New York S tate
increased by over 150,000 from 1910 to 1920. In clerical service
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MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW.
and transportation the num ber was more than doubled. There
were 33,572 more women in professional service in 1920 than in 1910,
and in domestic and personal service 59,506 less. The percentage of
women in the m anufacturing and mechanical group dropped 5
points although there were 2,000 more women in such industries.
Space will not perm it of a resum e of the brief analyses made in the
report under the 9 occupational groups; the following are a few
outstanding sta te m e n ts:
About 75 per cent of the women included in the m anufacturing
group are classified as “ semiskilled operatives,” of whom more than
100,000 are employed in the clothing factories, over 47,500 in the
textile industries, and about 9,500 in food factories. Among the
skilled operatives in the m anufacturing group, dressmakers _and
seamstresses far outnum ber those in any other one trade; milliners
rank next in num erical importance.
In the list of skilled woman operatives there are 12 building con
tractors, 4 carpenters, 12 glass blowers, 191 goldsmiths and jewelers,
4 mechanics, 510 painters, glaziers, etc., 62 paper hangers, 7 piano
and organ tuners, and 450 upholsterers.
H o u r s . —The hours of women in m ercantile establishm ents, factor
ies, and restaurants in New York S tate are, generally speaking,
lim ited by law to 9 a day and 54 a week between 6 a. m. and 10
p. m., and in m ercantile establishm ents from 7 a. m. There are,
however, 434,475 women gainfully employed whose hours are not
legally regulated, the greatest num ber being in the domestic and
personal service group.
W a g e s .—No statistics on wages are given in the report except in
connection w ith compensable accidents, which are discussed further
on in the bulletin. In the brief section on wages the following
statem ent is m ad e:
An effort to relate women’s wages to their industrial efficiency has been disappoint
ing in any comparative study of wage rates for men and women. Women’s wages
are almost always lower than men’s." This is true even where men and women are
doing the same work and the woman produces as much as the man. In fact, it may
make little difference whether a woman produces more or less than a man; the wage
rates may not vary with her production. Being a woman is now too often a barrier
against adequate payment for service. The great need is for a ccu ra te a n d sc ie n tific
d e te r m in a tio n o f the v a lu e o f la b o r to the f in is h e d -produ ct re g a rd less o f the sex o f the w o rk er.
T r a d e - u n io n o r g a n iz a tio n .—The num ber of women gainfully
employed in New Y ork S tate in cities of over 50,000 in 1920 was
871,503; the num ber reported in trade-unions was 113,354, or 13.01
per cent. I t m ust be remembered, however, th a t the gainfully
employed women as classified b}^ the census include a large num ber
in the domestic service group, also employers and salaried workers.
The num ber of women in trade-unions in cities over 50,000 has
increased about 74 per cent from 1914 to 1920.
H o m e w o r k . —The num ber of licensed home workers in New York
S tate in the year ending June 30, 1921, was 24,297. I t is estim ated
th a t 6,000 of these were men. Seven hundred and eighty-one
children under 16 years old were found doing home work, 643 of
whom were under 14 years of age. Over 15,000 of the home workers
were employed on clothing, more th an 4,000 on embroidery, and
over 1,000 on artificial flowers. More th an 11,000 of these workers
were Italians, over 7,500 Jewish, and nearly 2,400 Americans.
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WOMAN AND CHILD LABOR.
128
H e a lth .—1
T he report calls attention to the difficulty of measuring
m orbidity because of the lack of a commonly accepted norm al health
standard. Reference is made to a special bulletin on “ Sickness
among New York S tate factory workers, 1 9 1 9 /’ published in 1921
by the New York Industrial Commission,1 which showed th a t the
m orbidity rate was 50 per cent higher for women than for men.
I t is pointed out th a t this study and other studies along similar lines
cover only a lim ited sickness experience. Strong emphasis is laid
upon the im portance of having more adequate data on the causes
and extent of sickness among wage earners.
W o r k m e n ’s c o m p e n s a tio n .—While the percentage of gainfully
employed men to women in New York State was 74.8 to 25.2 (census
figures of 1920), 96 per cent of the known industrial accidents hap
pened to men and only 4 per cent to women. According to the latest
available statistics of closed cases compiled for a fiscal year (end
ing June 30, 1917), the wages of 90 per cent of the total num ber
of women who were receiving compensation for industrial accidents
were under $14.50 a week, and the wages of 58 per cent of such
women were below $9.50 a week.
^ L a b o r la w s .—P a rt I I I of the bulletin contains abstracts of various
New York S tate laws for women and minors in industry. There
are no regulations, however, under the labor law for women in
professional and office work not connected w ith a m ercantile estab
lishm ent or factory, work in theaters, in hotels, or on farms, domestic
service, work in garages where there is no repair work done, tele
graphy and telephony, and interstate commerce.
Limitation of C hild Labor in Great Britain.
S T H E result of an order recently issued by the B ritish Board
of Education (circular 1262) the entire education act of
19182 except section 8 (2) and section 10 will come into
operation July 1, 1922.3 This is a very im portant announcem ent,
since on and after July 1 of the present year no exem ption from
attendance a t school can be granted to any child between 5 and 14
years of age for the purpose of employment of any kind and pro
visions for such exemptions now in force will cease to be effective.
The new order will not prejudice exemptions m ade before the
appointed day.
The two exceptions to the order, section 8 (2) and section 10
deal respectively w ith compulsory school attendance between the
ages of 14 and 15 years and the creation of compulsory day contin
uation schools. Section 8 (2) is postponed (as reported in the Times)
because the board “ under present financial conditions is n o t prepared
in any area to approve by-laws requiring attendance a t school up
to the age of 15.” Section 10, dealing w ith compulsory attendance
a t continuation schools, is in force in London, Birmingham, and a
few smaller areas, b u t for reasons not cited, it failed of securing an
appointed day for becoming generally operative.
A
1 Monthly L abor R eview , April, 1921, p. 185.
2 Monthly L abor R e v ie w , December, 1918, pp. 42-46.
3Tim es E d u c a tio n a l S u p p lem en t, (L ondon) M ay 27, 1922, p p . 246, 247.
110650°—22
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[123]
EM PLOYM ENT A N D UNEM PLOYM ENT.
Employment in Selected industries in May, 1922.
H E Bureau of Labor Statistics here presents reports concerning
the volume of employment in May, 1922, from representative
establishm ents in 12 m anufacturing industries. Comparing
the figures of May, 1922, w ith those for identical establishm ents for
May, 1921, it appears th a t in 8 of the 12 industries there were increases
in th e num ber of persons employed, while in 4 there were decreases.
The largest increases were 24.6 per cent in hosiery and underwear
and 23.4 per cent in car building and repairing. Because of labor dis
turbances the cotton m anufacturing industry shows a decrease of
25.5 per cent. C otton finishing and silk show respective decreases
of 14.3 and 14.6 per cent.
Six of the 12 industries show increase in the total am ount of pay
roll for May, 1922, as compared w ith May, 1921. The rem aining 6
industries show decreases in the am ount of pay roll. The m ost im
po rtan t increase, 25.6 per cent, appears in hosiery and underwear.
Cotton m anufacturing and silk show respective decreases of 33.9 per
cent and 32.9 per cent.
T
COMPARISON OF EMPLOYMENT IN IDENTICAL ESTABLISHMENTS IN MAY, 1921
AND 1922.
Industry.
Iron and steel........................
Automobile manufacturing...
Car building and repairing...
Cotton manufacturing...........
Cotton finishing.....................
Hosiery and underwear.........
Silk........................................
Men’s ready-made clothing...
Leather manufacturing.........
Boots and shoes.....................
Paper making........................
Cigar manufacturing.............
108
45
82
62
17
64
45
43
35
78
59
54
0
Number on
pay roh.
Estab
lish
ments
report
ing for
May
both
years.
Period
of pay
roll.
J month.
1 week..
month.
1 week..
. . .d o .. . .
. . .do---2 weeks..
1 week..
. . .do.. . .
. . .do___
...d o ---...d o ---\
May,
1921.
115,709
92,649
49, 111
60,864
12,423
25,814
18, 072
24,609
10, 507
56,381
22,289
16,690
Amount of pay roll.
Per
Per
cent of
cent of
increase
increase
( + ) 01(+) or
de
de
May,
May,
May, crease
crease
1921.
1922.
1922.
(-)•
(-)•
136,593
100,071
60,620
45,355
10,641
32,168
15, 435
24,626
12,327
60, 589
25,953
15,215
+18.0
+ 8.0
+ 23. 4
-25.5
-14.3
+ 24.6
-14.6
+ •1
+ 17.3
+ 7.5
+ 16. 4
-8.8
$5, 869,704
3,188,075
3,256, 501
1,049,048
273,334
423,482
822,678
736,631
237,119
1,310,200
537,926
320,477
$6,383,730
3,393,814
3, 505,492
693,378
214,418
531, 993
552,241
592,548
260,792
1,294,662
606,423
271,951
+ 8.8
+ 6. 5
+ 7.6
—33. 9
-21.6
+ 2o, 6
-32.9
-19.6
+ 10.0
— 1.2
+ 12.7
-15.1
Com parative data for May, 1922, and April, 1922, appear in the
following table. The figures show th a t in 7 industries there were
increases in the num ber of persons on the pay roll in May as com
pared w ith April, and in 5, decreases. Respective increases of 9.7,
5.6, and 4 per cent are shown in the automobile, paper, and car
building and repairing industries. Men’s ready-made clothing shows
a decrease of 6.9 per cent.
In May, 1922, as compared w ith April, 1922, all b u t two industries
show increases in the am ount of money paid to employees. Cigar
m aking shows an increase of 14.6 per cent and the autom obile industry
an increase of 14 per cent. The two decreases are 2.6 per cent in
silk and 2.1 per cent in boots and shoes.
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E M P L O Y M E N T AND U N E M P L O Y M E N T .
125
COMPARISON OF EMFLOYMENT IN IDENTICAL ESTABLISHMENTS IN APRIL AND
MAY, 1922.
Industry.
Iron and steel........................
Automobile manufacturing...
Car building and repairing. . .
Cotton manufacturing...........
Cotton finishing.....................
Hosiery and underwear........
Silk.........................................
Men’s readv-made clothing...
Leather manufacturing..........
Boots and shoes.....................
Paper making........................
Cigar manufacturing.............
Number on
pay roil.
Estab
lish
ments
report
ing for
April
and
May.
103
44
62
61
17
61
45
46
35
80
59
56
Period
of pay
roll.
J month.
1 week..
month.
1 week..
.. -do___
...d o ___
2 weeks.
1 week..
...d o ___
. . .do___
. . .do___
.. .do___
i
April,
1922.
122,881
90,592
58,302
43,343
10,565
30,810
16,077
27,317
12,557
62,633
24,581
14,999
Amount of pay roll.
Per
cent of
increase
(+) or
de
May, crease
April, 1922. May, 1922.
1922.
(-)•
126,865
99,389
60,620
44,445
10,641
30,588
15,435
25,437
12,327
61,203
25,953
15,542
+3.2 $5,441,544 $5,874,369
+9.7 2,961,591 3,376,438
+4.0 3,344,004 3,505,492
+2.5
652,409
675,715
+ .7
212,919
214,418
- .7
505,492
514,711
-4 .0
566,955
552,241
-6 .9
614,099
614; 563
258,823
-1 .8
260; 792
-2.3 1,337,064 1,308,729
+5.6
585,711 '606;423
+3.6
242,029
277,362
Per
cent of
increase
(+) or
de
crease
(-)•
+ 8.0
+ 14.0
+ 4.8
+ 3.6
+ .7
+ 1.8
- 2.6
+ .1
+ .8
- 2.1
+ 7.2
+ 14.6
In addition to the data presented in the above tables as to the
num ber of employees on the pay roll, 79 establishm ents in the iron
and steel industry reported 95,699 employees as actually working
on the last full day of the pay period in May, 1922, as against 78,314
employees for the reported pay-roll period in May, 1921, an increase
of 22.2 per cent. Figures given by 87 establishm ents show th a t
102,369 employees were actually working on the last full day of the
pay period for May, 1922, as against 99,463 for the period in April,
1922, an increase of 2.9 per cent.
Changes in Wage Rates and Per Capita Earnings.
FAURING the period April 15 to May 15, 1922, there were wage
changes m ade by some of the reporting establishm ents in 8 of
the 12 industries.
I r o n a n d s te e l .—In one shop all employees were granted wage rate
increases, the tonnage men receiving an increase of 22 per cent and
all other labor an increase of 10 per cent. One establishm ent gave
an increase of 18 per cent to 56 per cent of the force. Ten plants
reported wage increases of 8.8 per cent, affecting all the employees
in all plants. An increase of 8.3 per cent was received by 90 per
cent of the force in one plant and 33 § per cent of the force in another
plant. Three plants reported a decrease of 5 per cent, affecting 60
per cent of the employees in one plant and 40 per cent in the two
rem aining plants. A decrease of 4 per cent was reported by two
concerns, affecting 40 per cent in the first concern and 33§ per cent
in the second concern. In one mill a 2 \ per cent wage cut was made
to 40 per cent of the men. A 2 per cent reduction in wages was
reported by two mills, affecting 33 per cent of the men in one mill
and 32 per cent in the second mill. Increased operations and more
time worked were reported by m any of the iron and steel mills,
and the per capita earnings show an increase of 4.6 per cent when
compared w ith those for last m onth.
A u t o m o b i l e s .—A wage increase of approxim ately 15 per cent was
granted to 20 per cent of the employees in one factory. Two es
tablishm ents reported a 14 per cent increase, affecting 10 per cent
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[125]
126
M O N T H L Y LABOR R E V IE W .
of the forces, while another concern gave an increase of 8 per cent
to 20 per cent of th e employees. Production was increased during
the period reported and the per capita earnings for May were 3.9
per cent higher th an for April.
C a r b u i l d i n g a n d r e p a i r i n g .—A decrease of 5 per cent, affecting
5 per cent of th e employees, was reported by one establishm ent.
A slight increase, 0.8 per cent, was shown for per capita earnings
when April and May pay rolls were compared.
C o tto n m a n u f a c t u r i n g .—W hen per capita earnings for May were
compared w ith those for April an increase of 1 per cent was noted.
C o tto n f i n i s h i n g .—The per capita earnings for May were the same
as those for April.
H o s ie r y a n d u n d e r w e a r .—An increase of 2.6 per cent in per capita
earnings was shown when the April and May pay rolls were compared.
S i l k .—W hen the April and May per capita earnings were compared
an increase of 1.5 per cent appeared.
M e n ’s r e a d y - m a d e c lo th in g .—A 15 per cent wage decrease was
reported by two establishm ents, affecting all shopmen. Three
concerns reported a 10 per cent reduction, affecting 84 per cent of
the force in one concern, 75 per cent of the force in the second con
cern, and 57 per cent of the force in the third concern. One estab
lishm ent m ade a wage reduction of 9 per cent to 90 per cent of the
men. However, an increase of 7.5 per cent in per capita earnings
was shown when figures for April and May were compared.
L e a th e r .—Decreases ranging from 5 to 10 per cent were m ade to 40
per cent of the employees in one tannery. W hen per capita earnings
for May were compared w ith those for April an increase of 2.7 per
cent was noted.
B o o ts a n d s h o e s .—One firm reported a wage decrease of 5 per cent,
affecting 70 per cent of the employees. Per capita earnings for May
increased 0.1 per cent over those for April.
P a p e r m a k i n g .—One mill gave an increase of 20 per cent to 60
per cent of the employees. A wage decrease of 6 per cent, affecting
all employees, was reported by another establishm ent. An increase
of 1.6 per cent was noted for May per capita earnings over April
figures.
C ig a r m a n u f a c t u r i n g .—Two factories reported a 12^ per cent wage
cut, affecting all of the employees in one factory and 5 per cent of
the employees in the other factory. A wage reduction of approxi
m ately 10 per cent affected 80 per cent of the m en in one concern.
However, there was an increase in per capita earnings for May over
April of 10.6 per cent.
Government Construction Contracts.
O N TINU IN G the report on this subject in the M o n t h l y L a b o r
R e v i e w s for May and June, the following table gives certain
inform ation relating to contracts entered into by the several
departm ents or independent establishm ents of the Governm ent as
reported to the Bureau of Labor Statistics by these departm ents :
C
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[126]
CO N STR U CTIO N CONTRACTS E N T E R E D IN T O B Y T H E V A RIO U S D E P A R T M E N T S O F T H E U N IT E D ST A T E S G O V E R N M E N T .
Contractor.
D ep artm en t
and
contract No.
C ontract.
N a tu re of contract.
N am e.
Address.
D ate.
T im e lim it.
A m ount.
Treasury.
63 H udson A venue, A lbany, N. Y . . 1May 18,1922
223 T h irteen th A venue, N ewark, 1 May 13,1922
N . J.
SI, 752.00
20,555.00
W arn er E lev ato r Manufac 2613 Spring Grove A venue, C in 1May 22,1922
tu rin g Co.
cin n ati, Ohio.
Pow er, H eatin g & V en tilat 66 Traverse Street, B oston, M ass... 1 Ju n e 3,1922
in g Co.
O tis E lev ato r Co..................... 810 Eighteenth S treet N W ., W ash 1 June 7,1922
in g to n , D . C.
9,480.00
8,850.00
9,846.00
W a r.
[127]
J. J. K e e n a n ............... .
D ravo C ontracting Co.
Nome, A laska.....................................
(2)
D iam ond B an k B uilding, P itts May 6,1922
burgh, P a.
14.552.00
41.300.00
John W alker.
H onolulu, H aw aii.............................. May
1,1922
23,200.00
9,1922
23,435.00
N ashville B ridge Co............... Nashville, T e n n ...............................
May
W illiam H . E lle ry ............... . D etroit, M ich.....................................
May 17,1922
5,795.00
G reat Lakes Dredge & Dock
Co.
D . S. Morgan B uilding, Buffalo,
N. Y.
May 18,1922
22,920.00
(2)
Mar. 24,1922
Navy.
4561..........
John P rin g le___
■
4577...........
C. F . M artin ___
. Seaboard B uilding, Seattle, W ash. A pr. 25,1922
4579...........
W right & D oran
4583...........
Allen P o p e.........
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
345 Spreckles B uilding, San
Diego, Calif.
4722 F ifteenth Street N W ., W ash
in g to n , D . C.
1 D ate of acceptance of proposal.
(2)
60,313.13
A pr. 20,1922
77,000.00
A pr. 27,1922
40,200.00
R epairs to to ilet room, po st office, A lbany, N . Y .
In sta lla tio n of m echanical e q uipm ent to boiler
house a n d stea m a n d w a ter connections to
la u n d ry a t U nited S tates q u aran tin e station,
H offm an Island, N . Y .
Installatio n of 2 electric passenger elevators,
U nited S ta te sV e te ra n s’H ospital, O te en .N . C.
Installing boiler a t U n ite d S tates m arine hospi
tal, B oston, Mass.
In sta llin g 2 electric passenger elevators a t U nited
S tates V eteran s’ H ospital, Palo Alto, Calif.
90 days.
4 m o n th s.
D redging m outh of S nake R iv e r a t N om e.............
C onstructing steel oil barge a n d steel w ater barge;
form er a t N ew Y ork H arbor a n d la tte r a t F o rt
Mifflin, Philadelphia.
B uilding concrete structures a t P uuloa R eserva
tio n , O ahu, T . H .
C onstruction of steel dredge h u ll a t N ashville,
Tenn.
R em oving wreck of steam er from L ake O ntario
n e ar C harlotte H arbor, N . Y .
D redging Buffalo R iver E n tra n c e Channel, B uf
falo, N . Y.
S ept. 15,1922.
4 m onths.
90 days.
95 days.
100 days.
100 w orking days.
150 days.
4 m o n th s.
3 m o n th s.
B uilding extension to m agazine a n d shell house,
M are Islan d , Calif.
B uilding extension to storage building No. 368, 179 calendar days.
P uget Sound, W ash.
B uilding gun shed, m arine barracks, San Diego, 210 calendar days.
Calif.
Installin g coal-handling e q uipm ent........................ 120 calendar days.
EMPLOYMENT AND UNEMPLOYMENT.
E . P . F in n Co. (In c .)___
Jaehnig & Peoples (Inc.).
2 N ot reported.
to
Contract.
Contractor.
D epartm ent
and
contract No.
N ame.
128
C O NSTRU CTIO N CONTRACTS E N T E R E D IN T O B Y T H E V A R IO U S D E P A R T M E N T S O F T H E U N IT E D STA TES G O V E R N M E N T —Continued.
A ddress.
D ate.
N ature of contract.
T im elim it.
B uilding roads and walks a t N aval E xperim ental
a nd R esearch Laboratory, W ashington, D. C.
B uilding storage shed on pier H , N avy Y ard,
N ew Y ork.
A lteringfuel-oil storage p la n t a t n a v al operating
base, H am p to n R oads, Va.
R em odeling a nd rebuilding quarters M -l, Mare
Island, Calif.
Installation of oil-storage p lan t, elevated steel
w ater ta n k , an d fuel-oil ta n k a t Coco Solo
and B alboa, C anal Zone.
90 calendar days.
A m ount.
N avy —Con.
4585-A...........
4589 ..
. .
4593
15.178.00
82.488.00
120 L ib erty Street, New Y ork, May
N. Y.
Fletcher & W arren ................. 216 Georgia Street, Vallejo, C alif... M ay
4,1922
13.398.00
806 C urry B uilding, P ittsburgh,
P a.
M ay
3,1922
107.890.00
Spokane, W ash .
May 15,1922
101,419.97
May 18,1922
........do.............
........do.............
........do.............
........do.............
5,276.38
32,908. 27
27,134.61
36,406.23
32,414. 56
J o h n R . Proctor (In c .)..........
4607................. Pittsburgh-D es Moines Steel
Co.
3,1922
117.883.00
A g r ic u ltu re .
[128 ]
Idaho:
58
Iowa:
59
164-A ___
164-B-C ..
172-A-B-C
172-D. . .
153-A.
153- B.
30-C...
174....
15462.......
91-E...
150..
157 . . .
Kansas:
102. . ..
30-C...
Maine:
48.......
M aryland:
78........
G......................
ra n t S m it h C o.
Longerbone
......................B ros................... Des Moines, Io w a ........
Russell C ondon..................... O m aha, N e b r...............
Longerbone Bros................... Des Moines, Io w a ........
T im R y an & Son.................. Missouri V alley, Iow a.
W . R . Skipm an Construc Sioux C ity, Iow a..........
tio n Co.
Cox B rothers.......................... Dike, Io w a............... .
___ do....................................... ....... do..........................
F . E . M arsh............................ Jeffersonville, Iowa.
Shirley Construction Co___ O m aha, N e b r...........
G.
C. W . C ondon....................... ....... do..........................
N orth ern States Construc St. Paul, M inn.........
tio n Co.
J . H . Miller & So n ................ C larinda, Io w a ...
.......
.. do........................................ ........do.....................
Pickus Engineering Co........ Sioux C ity, Iow a.
May 25,1922
....... do.............
May 26,1922
May 24,1922
May 29,1922
Ju n e 6,1922
Ju n e
1,1922
..... do.........
........do.............
Road, gravel and dirt, Nez Perce C ounty ............. N ot reported.
Road, gravel and dirt, F ayette C ounty.
___ do..............................................................
........do..............................................................
........do.............................................................
. .. . . d o ................................................ - ...........
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
37,386.60 Road, gravel and dirt, W ayne C o u n ty -----.......
45,792.59 ___ do.............................................................................
77,317.87 R oad, gravel and dirt, Floyd C ounty...................
Do.
Do.
Do.
R oad, gravel and dirt, W yandotte C o u n ty .
R oad, plain concrete, Lyon C o u n ty .............
Do.
Do.
79.386.10
R oad, gravel, Penobscot C o u n ty ..............
Do
55,636.72
R oad, plain concrete, Wicomico C o u n ty .
Do.
185,452.40
94.387.68
R . H . Newell C o___
U xbridge, M ass.
. . . . . d o . . .........
P . V . Philips & Bro.
Salisbury, M d ...
Ju n e
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
180 calendar days.
Do,
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
May -29,1922
May 26,1922
6,1922
120 calendar days.
75 calendar days.
30,532.93 Road, gravel and dirt, Davis C o u n ty ....................
12.844.10 ___ do................. . — ...............................................
94.387.68 R oad, gravel and dirt, Lyon C ounty....................
Road, gravel and dirt, Poweshiek C o u n ty ..........
(’-)
13,732.70 Road, gravel and dirt, Carroll C o u n ty .................
497,145.80 Road, reinforced concrete, Black H aw k County
K ansas C ity, M o___
Jeffersonville, Iow a.
R an d Construction Co.
F . E . M arsh....................
130 calendar days.
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW,
4590
Carson & G rum an Co............ T h irty -th ird dnd IC S treets N W ., May 11,1922
W ashington, D . C.
W . F. M arten s........................ C utler B uilding, R ochester, N . Y . . A pr. 26,1922
$178,000.00
100 000.00
R oad, reinforced concrete, B ristol C o u n ty ___
Road, reinforced concrete, W orcester C ounty.
Do.
Do.
161,958. 50
R oad, bitum en-m acadam , B erkshire C o u n ty .
Do.
143.139.00
Road, reinforced concrete, B erkshire C o u n ty .
Do.
S p r i n g f ie ld , M o ..............
M a y 1 7 ,1 9 2 2
K a n s a s C i t y , M o ...............................
M a y 1 8 ,1 9 2 2
S t . J o s e p h , M o .............................................. . . . . d o .........
S t . L o u i s , M o ................................................ M a y 2 6 ,1 9 2 2
10,542. 84
28,765. 93
35,951.48
61,984.74
Road, T aney C ounty............................................
R oad, gravel and dirt, G rundy C ounty............
4 bridges, G rundy C o u n ty ....................................
Road, reinforced concrete, Iro n C o u n ty ...........
Do.
Do.
Do.
P i o n e e r C o n s t r u c t io n C o .........
G a t e s & S o l b e r g B r o s ...............
B o z e m a n , M o n t ....................
W o l f P o i n t , M o n t ........................
M a y 2 7 ,1 9 2 2
d o ..............
25,188. 65
34,761. 79
Road, gravel and dirt, G allatin C ounty.
Road, gravel and dirt, Lincoln C ounty.
Do.
Do.
N e v a d a C o n s t r u c t io n C o .........
J . H . C a u s t e n ..................................
P h e l p s C o n s t r u c t io n C o ..........
F a l d e n , N c v ......................................
L o v e l i c k , N e v ...................
O g d e n , U t a h ....................................
M a y 3 1 ,1 9 2 2
d o ..
C o l b u r n C o n s t r u c t io n C o ___
A m e s C o n s t r u c t i o n C o _______
W i n s l o w & C u m m i n g s ............
R . H. N e w e l l C o ...........................
C o n c o r d , N . H .........................................
S o m e r s w o r t h , N . H ........................
N a s h u a , N . H .............................
U x b r i d g e , M a s s ......................
R a l p h S a n g i o r a n n i e ....................
N e w a r k , N . J .........................
C a r lo B i a n c h i & C o .....................
L . C . O o r c h e a & C o .....................
F r a m in g h a m , M a s s ___
B o s t o n , M a s s ...........................................
M a y 3 1 ,1 9 2 2
____d o ............
j -L a n e C o n s t r u c t io n C o ...............
M e r id e n , C o n n ............................................
June
C h a r le s E . H o r n e ..........................
M il l b u r y , M a s s .............................................
H i g h w a y C o n s t r u c t io n C o . . .
M ik e H a a s e .......................................
S t. J o s e p h S tr u c tu r a l S te e l C o.
S t .L o u is B r i d g e * S u p p ly C o.
(3)................................................
(3)................................................
T h o m a s Y o u n g & S o n s ............ D e v i l s L a k e , N . D a k . .
W . H. N o e l . . . “. ............................. J a m e s t o w n , N . D a k .
I n d e p e n d e n t B r i d g e C o ........... M in n e a p o li s , M i n n ...............................
S t a n l e y B r o s . . . . ............................. S t . C lo u d , M in n ...............
J . J . R u e & S o n ............................. B a l d w i n , ' N . D a k .....................
..........d o ..................................................... ____d o .........................................
S t a n l e y B r o s .................................... S t . C lo U d , M in n ........................
E a r l L . R e e b ................................... D e f ia n c e , O h i o ...............
S c o t t C o n s t r u c t io n C o ............... L i m a , O h i o .......................................
.......... d o .................................................... .......... d o .................................
W . I. T h o m p s o n & S o n s C o . C l e v e la n d , O h io ...........................................
( 3) .....................................
E llio t t , S c o g g in s & P a c q u e t .
T o b i n & P e a r c e .............................
N o t r e p o r te d .
..........d o ________
. . . d o ................
174.778.00 R oad, gravel, W h ite P in e C ounty.
93,027.00 ........do.....................................................
110,126. 71 R oad, gravel, E lko C o u n ty ..............
16,766.62
2,404.50
17,393.49
76,089.77
R oad, bitum en-concrete, M errimack C o u n ty .
Bridge, M errimack C ounty..................................
Road, bitum en-concrete, M errimack C o u n ty .
R oad, bitum en-concrete, Cheshire C o u n ty .. . .
D o.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
M ay
2 6 ,1 9 2 2
135,648.39
R oad, p lain concrete, Somerset C ounty...........
Do.
M ay
1 9 ,1 9 2 2
86,956. 50
146,165.70
R oad, reinforced concrete, Orleans C o u n ty ........
R oad, reinforced concrete, C h au tau q u a C ounty
Do
Do.
M ay
1 6 ,1 9 2 2
1 8 ,1 9 2 2
1 7 ,1 9 2 2
1 9 ,1 9 2 2
18,256. 77 R oad, gravel and dirt, R am sey C ounty ...............
6,423. 23 R oad, concrete, R am sey C o u n ty ...... ...................
8,677.03 R oad, reinforced concrete, M ountrail C o u n ty ...
17,037.55 Road, reinforced concrete, W illiam s C ounty ___
14.669.53 Road, reinforced concrete, W ard C o u n ty ............
8,564. 82 ___ do..............................................................................
20, S00. 62 R oad, gravel a nd dirt, W ard C o u n ty ...................
Do.
Do.
M ay
M ay
M ay
____d o .................
A p r . 2 0 ,1 9 2 2
A p r . 2 4 ,1 9 2 2
M ay
6 ,1 9 2 2
M a y 2 2 ,1 9 2 2
M a y 3 1 ,1 9 2 2
89,319. 70
53.865.54
232,802. 53
293, 980.00
137, 720. 55
72,288.00
4,365.00
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Road, concrete, Allen C o u n ty .......................
Road, concrete, P u tn a m C o u n ty ..................
R oad, concrete, Crawford C o u n ty ................
Road, reinforced concrete, G eauga C ounty.
M uskingum C o u n ty .........................................
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Road, gravel, D eschutes C ounty.
Bridge, Polk C ounty.
Do.
Do.
!A w ard of contract deferred.
129
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
P o r t l a n d , O r e g .................
A m i t y , O re g . 7 ........................
6 ,1 9 2 2
,
EMPLOYMENT AND UNEMPLOYMENT.
[129]
M a ssa ch u
se tts:
8 9 -A -B . . .
5 1 - B ...........
44-A ..........
8 5 - A ...........
8 7 - A ..........
8 0 - A ..........
M is s o u r i:
1 6 3 ...............
1 1 6 - B ____
1 1 6 -B . . . .
1 0 7 -A ____
M o n ta n a :
82- D ..........
1 4 5 ...............
N evada:
44.................
1 0 .................
18.................
N ew
H am p
s h ir e :
1 4 0 - 4 6 ....
4 1 .................
1 3 9 ...............
1 4 1 ...............
N e w J e r se y :
4 0 - B .: ...
N e w Y ork:
1 8 1 ...............
1 S 9 ...............
N o r th D a k o ta :
1 5 5 ...............
1 4 9 ...............
133 ............
80 .................
8 5 .................
84.................
8 4 .................
O h io :
6 9 .................
200 ...............
237 ...............
2 0 6 - 2 0 8 .. .
2 2 6 ...............
O regon :
1...................
5 9 .................
C ontract.
C ontractor.
D epartm ent
and
contract No.
N ature of contract.
N am e.
A g ric u ltu re —
Con.
South Caro
lina:
27-B .......
[130]
Texas:
267...........
267...........
Virginia:
153-B___
72-D ........
102
.......
79.............
W ashington:
92
W est V ir
ginia:
115.......
120
.....
W isconsin:
152,
256.
309.
310.
W yoming:
114...........
117...........
118-B. . . .
118-C.......
118-D___
A m ount.
May 23,1922
$66,254.79
Bridge, Spartanburg County.
Bridge, Jasper C ounty...............................................
Road, sand a nd clay, B arnw ell C ounty................
Road, sand an d clay, Berkeley C ounty .................
Road, sand and clay, Barnw ell C ounty................
Road, gravel a nd d irt, Sum ter C o u n ty .................
Road, plain a nd reinforced concrete, Charleston
County.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
\
Columbia, S. C.
N ot reported.
General R oad & D rainage
Construction Co.
Beasley C onstruction Co___
W hite C ontracting Co............
W. B. B row ning.....................
C. E. Teague........................
Slattery. & H e n ry ...................
J. M. Gregory...........................
S avannah, G a..
Barnw ell, S. C.
Ridgeville, S. C
A ugusta, G a . . .
Greenville, S. C
N ew ton, S. C ...
M ay
M ay
M ay
M ay
M ay
June
17,1922
23,1922
17,1922
23,1922
31,1922
1,1922
25,020.76
19,629. 79
19,179. 25
9,194. 58
108,307.21
116,791.29
K aykendall & Shelton.
G. B. H e a th ...................
Temple, T ex .
M idland, Tex
May 26,1922
___ d o ............
13,118.01
16,068.57
Road, reinforced concrete, R unnels County
Road, gravel and dirt, R unnels C o u n ty ----
Do.
Do.
Chandler S. R ag lan d ...
H arris H . O liver...........
R obert M artin Co.........
Carpenter-W illiams Co
V irgilina, V a ...
Doswell, V a ___
Salem, V a.........
Petersburg, Va.
M ay 31,1922
----- d o .............
----- d o .............
----- d o ............
49,099.20
6,414.04
40,595.28
4,835.59
Road, gravel a nd dirt, Charlotte C o u n ty . . .
R oad, concrete, K ing a nd Queen C o u n ty ...
Road, gravel and d irt, Shenandoah County
Bridge, Prince W illiam C ounty.....................
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
R ich & M arkhus...........
Missoula, M ont
M ay 16,1922
79,952.42
Road, plain concrete, Y akim a C ounty.
Do.
P . F . F lan n ig an ..............
C apital C onstruction Co.
B altim ore, M d . .
Colum bus, Ohio.
June 6,1922
___ d o . ..........
106,000.00
16,751.50
R oad, bitum en-concrete, Berkeley C ounty
Bridges, Ohio C ounty .....................................
Do.
Do.
Lowe B ro s........................
H offm an & M eeks..........
Ofstie & M uhleron..........
W . H . B e n t......................
E au Claire, W is.............
B lack R iver Falls, Wis
Spring V alley, W is.......
Eagle R iver, W is..........
June 1.1922
Ju n e 6.1922
June 1.1922
........do
24,493.21
34,605.00
24,305.53
27,815.86
Road,
Road,
Road,
Road,
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Taggert B ros............................
R aym ond George....................
U tah C onstruction Co............
___ d o .........................................
___ d o .........................................
121 ....... T hreet B ros..............................
Fitzgerald
B ro
123
......................
: s.......................
W
. L. Connelly.......................
124
......................
126........... Johnson C onstruction C o .. . .
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Cowley, W y o ..............
.Rozet, W y o.................
S alt Lake C ity, U tah.
........d o ............................
....... d o ............................
Cheyenne, W y o ..........
Saratoga, W y o ...........
F o rt Laram ie, W y o ..
B asin, W y o .................
do.
do
.do
.do
.do
.do
do
do
,do.
gravel an d
gravel an d
gravel an d
gravel an d
d irt,
d irt,
d irt,
dirt,
E a u Claire C ounty
Monroe C o u n ty ---E a u Claire C ounty
Taylor C ounty -----
63,477.30 Road, gravel and dirt, B ig H orn C o u n ty . . .
39,233.20 R oad, gravel a n d d irt, W eston C o u n ty — :
124,371. 00 R oad, gravel a n d d irt, Frem ont C ounty—
174,709. 30 R o ad , gravel a n d d irt, H o t Springs County.
4,971.90 ___ d o .....................................................................
16,109. 00 R oad, gravel a n d d irt, B ig H orn C o u n ty . . .
9,318.12 R oad, gravel an d d irt, A lbany C o u n ty ........
52,234. 60 R oad, gravel a n d d irt, Lincoln C ounty ........
25,630.00 Road, gravel a n d dirt, P a rk C ounty.............
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW.
79-B
151..
161..
169..
163..
81-B
T im elim it.
D ate.
Address.
130
CONSTRU CTIO N C O NTRACTS E N T E R E D IN T O B Y T H E V A R IO U S D E P A R T M E N T S O F T H E U N IT E D ST A TES G O V E R N M E N T —Concluded.
EMPLOYMENT AND UNEMPLOYMENT.
131
R ecent Statistics of Em ploym ent.
Iowa.
GAIN of slightly over 1 per cent in the persons employed in
May, 1922, as compared w ith April, 1922, is shown by the
figures issued by the Iowa Bureau of Labor Statistics in a
press release based on a survey of 289 identical firms which employed
m April 45,452 persons and in May 45,918 persons. Im provem ent in
the period of operation of factories and other establishm ents is also
shown, as out of every 100 firms reporting for May 79 were operating
full time, 17 p a rt time, and 4 were closed, as against 75 operating
full time, 20 p a rt time, and 5 sh u t down in April. The figures for
the different industries are set forth in the following table: &
A
N U M B E R O F P E K S O N S E M P L O Y E D I N 289 ID E N T IC A L E S T A B L IS H M E N T S I N
P A ë T MÆ E
19o2 |^
o DSENDm ^ %
Industry.
Food an d kindred p rod ucts..........
T ex tiles and clo th in g ..............
and s t e e l. . . . .
L um ber prod u cts..................
L eather p ro d u c ts........................
P ap er an d p r in tin g ..................
M edicines, chem icals, etc
S tone and clay p ro d u c ts................
T o b a cco ..........................
Car sh op s................................
M iscellaneous..............................
Iron
T o ta l............ ...................
° F E S T A B L IS H M E N T S
N um
ber of
estab
lish
m en ts
report
in g.
N um b er em
p loyed in —
o r a t in g
Per cent
of in-
pu ll
M ay,
1922.
( + ) or
d e
crease
(-).
Oper
atin g
full
tim e.
Oper
atin g
part
tim e.
7,797
2,657
+ 4 .8
- 1 .6
30
lo
5
15
41
7,440
2,699
, 343
3,538
551
2,385
233
2,357
522
11,300
8,084
289
45,452
10
22
6
25
7
8
6
3,678
517
2,414
'243
2,467
518
11,485
7,900
- 6!2
+ 1 .2
+ 4. 3
+ 4 .7
Ro ^
N um b er of estab lish
m en ts—
A pril,
1922.
48
29
64
29
A.PRIL
t im e
g
2
o
22
6
19
3
3
+ L6
- 2 .3
00
|
l
o
Closed
d ow n .
3
1
2
1
............ ..
5
L ............ ..
6
1
48
13
Massachusetts.
T H E Legislature of M assachusetts has established a special commis
sion to investigate the problems relating to unem ploym ent and
to unem ploym ent insurance and also to report on the subject of m in
imum wage legislation. The body consists of two members of the
senate, four of the house of representatives, three other persons from
outside these two bodies to be appointed by the governor, w ith the
advice and consent of the council. This commission is to conduct its
investigations and report on or before the first W ednesday of Ja n u
ary, 1923.
"The principal subjects to be considered are the extent, nature, and
causes of unem ploym ent and w hat measures, public or private, indi
vidual or by com m unity effort, can be taken to decrease it so far as
affected by seasonal fluctuation and by industrial depression; place
m ent through free employment service or the coordination of local
agencies or otherwise; and relief either by insurance or advance
planning and reserving of public works to be carried out in periods
of unemployment.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[1 3 1 ]
132
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW.
Aside from the above the commission is to investigate the operation
and adm inistration of the minimum wage law of the S tate and its
effect on the industries and employees therein for whom minimum
wages have been established. The present law is optional, orders
of the board merely nam ing a standard which employers m ay or
m ay n o t accept, and the question of giving m andatory effect to the
findings of the m inimum wage board is to be reported on; also w hether
the law should be extended, amended, or repealed.
Cooperation b y the departm ents of industrial accidents, labor and
industries, and banking and insurance is provided for. Q uarters are
to be provided in the statehouse, where public hearings m ay be held.
No compensation is provided for the m embers of the commission, b u t
reasonable expenses m ay be incurred, including traveling and clerical
expenses.
New York.
A S A result of continued gradual progress in business conditions,
employment in New York State factories increased 1 per cent
from April to May, 1922, according to a press release issued by the
industrial commissioner of the New York S tate D epartm ent of
Labor, based on reports received from 1,553 representative establish
m ents employing over 430,000 workers in May. Seasonal activities
in some industries were offset b y seasonal dullness in others.
The chief increases were reported in the brick, cement, and abra
sive, metal-working, woodworking, and food and beverages indus
tries; the greatest decreases, in the clothing and textile industries.
Of the 11 principal industry groups, 7 showed employment gains
during May.
The iron and steel and automobile industries snowed the most
im portant gains in the metal-working group. Considerable in
creases were also reported in the shipbuilding and brass and copper
industries, and there were substantial seasonal gains in the canning
in dustry and in saw milling and planing.
The m arked reductions in the clothing industries are accounted
for chiefly by interseason dullness. The fact th a t certain new trade
agreements had not been concluded in New York City was also a
determ ining factor.
There were seasonal decreases in leather goods m anufacture and
in the industries m aking cotton and/woolen knit goods, silk and silk
goods, and miscellaneous products, but some gains in the cotton
goods industry and wool m anufactures.
The volume of em ploym ent in the miscellaneous paper industry
was reduced by a strike in one of the largest paper bag mills. _
No change took place in the boot and shoe industry, labor difficul
ties in the Rochester factories having prevented an increase in
employment.
Pennsylvania.
annual report of the Pennsylvania Bureau of Em ploym ent
contains separate reports from the various State employment
offices of the bureau, located respectively at Altoona, Erie, Johns-
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[132]
EMPLOYMENT AND UNEMPLOYMENT.
133
town, H arrisburg, McKeesport, New Kensington, Philadelphia, P itts
burgh, Scranton, and W illiamsport, together w ith statistical sum
maries of the activities of all the offices combined, figures from which
summaries are reproduced below:
C L A S S IF IE D S U M M A R Y O F A C T IV IT IE S O F T H E 10 E M P L O Y M E N T O F F IC E S
P E N N S Y L V A N I A F O R T H E Y E A R E N D I N G D E C E M B E R 31, 1921.
OF
M en.
Persons
Persons
Persons
applyin g for asked for by
sen t to
positions. em ployers. positions.
Trade group.
Persons
receiving
position s.
A griculture...........................................
B u ild in g trad es.........................................
M achinery and m eta ls..................................
C lerical.............__...............................
H o tel and in stitu tio n s.....................
M ine and q u a rry ..................................
T ransportation..............................................
S alés..............................................
Com m on lab or.......................................
M iscellaneous..................................... . .
14,314
24,969
43,102
10,071
18,604
9,167
10,098
,393
320,398
27,528
T o ta l.............................................
R eten tio n s..........................................................
T he year 1920...................................
484,644
280,730
A griculture.................................................................
C lerical.....................................................................
Clothing a nd te x tile s ............................................
D a y w orkers......................................................
D om estic service.....................................................
H o tels and in stitu tio n s........................................
M achine and factory.........................................
Professional a nd train ed ............................................
S ales..............................................................................
M iscellaneous.............................................................
151
6,739
730
12,428
7,559
7,538
1.879
278
1,647
1,629
176
1,311
1,059
4,490
7,095
3,010
1,415
251
861
627
139
1,369
299
4,425
4,690
2,227
1,023
156
T o ta l.....................................................................
R eten tio n s....................................................................
D a y w orkers (A ltoon a)1........................................................
40,578
20, 295
15,482
21,035
20,256
20,171
13,460
70
20,171
30, 213
525,222
310, 943
32,016
91, 793
157,882
23,060
80,283
242,702
21,690
71,443
227,796
6
4,729
9,392
8,683
3,041
3,367
10,303
1,255
5,279
19,370
6,079
4,223
9,282
9,209
3,179
3,690
4,426
1,326
3,076
20,080
6,310
3,778
8,062
7,364
2,995
3,098
4,391
1,090
2,839
18,718
5,648
71,498
64,801
525,866
219,642
57,983
877
206,106
W om en.
T he year 1920.....................................................
T otal, 1921...................................................................
T otal, 1920.....................................................................
666
488
129
990
277
4,344
3, 857
1,868
906
119
551
419
1 N o t in clud ed in totals.
New Report Forms.
A new weekly sum m ary report form and a revised detailed weekly
report for men were introduced on January 1, 1921, for the bureau
of employment. The new sum m ary form makes it possible to give
the m en’s reports from all offices on one page and the women’s
reports in a similar way. Two im portant revisions in the detailed
weekly report form for men are a column headed ‘‘'R e te n tio n s”
and a double column for “ Inform ation to employer and employee.”
These additional columns provide space for reporting the very
difficult service of the bureau in trying to keep persons on their
jobs and also for inform ation of value to both employer and employee,
which is given by the various offices b u t which previously never was
recorded either in the orders for labor or in the applications for
work.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[133]
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW.
134
Private Employment Offices.
In 1921 there were 85,375 persons reported placed by private
employment agents licensed by the departm ent of labor and industry.
This departm ent issued during th a t year 278 licenses to private
employment agents, the fees of such licenses bringing into the S tate
treasury $13,900. The following statistics for 1921 are also given
in the report of the division of licensed agents:
29
Licenses surrendered..................................................................
12
Licenses revoked........................................................................
1
License regranted........................................................................
20
Licenses refused..........................................................................
18
Wage complaints by aliens investigated and settled...............
Amount recovered......................................- - - - .................. $906.85
3,271
Investigations and inspections conducted by division............
28
Violations of laws and rules discovered....................................
476
Complaints regarding fees considered. . . .................................
91
Decisions favorable to agents in re complaints about fees. . ..
$570. 03
Amount involved............ ...................................................
385
Decisions favorable to complainants.........................................
Amount involved................................................................ $1, 742. 75
Survey of Seasonal Tracies.
A survey of seasonal trades in Pennsylvania was undertaken in
June, 1921, by the superintendents of the S tate em ploym ent offices
and the representative councils, a t the suggestion of the commis
sioner of labor and industry. Some surprising facts have been dis
closed by this prelim inary survey. I t is reported th a t after further
investigation of a more detailed and intensive character a bulletin
will probably be issued embodying the results of this study.
V olum e oi E m ploym ent in the U nited K ingdom in A pril, 1922.
H E following statem ent as to the condition of employment in
G reat B ritain and Ireland in April, 1922, as compared with
April, 1921, and March, 1922, has been compiled from figures
appearing in the British Labor G azette for May,^ 1922. Similar
inform ation for January, 1922, was published in the April, 1922,
T
M onthly L
abor
R
e v ie w
.
The employment situation continued bad during April, though
there was an im provem ent in some of the industries not directly
affected by the disputes in the engineering and shipbuilding trades.
There were also further reductions in wages during April. W hen the
num ber of persons employed in April, 1922, is compared w ith the
num ber employed in March, 1922, the largest increase, 7.9 per cent,
appears in the jute trade. The num ber of employees reported by
employers in the bookbinding trades increased 5.1 per cent over
the preceding m onth, while both the silk and the tailoring trades
show an increase of 3.3 per cent. Em ploym ent in the linen trade
continued bad on the whole, and showed a decline of 8.4 per cent.
As regards seamen, a t m ost of the ports considerable num bers of
men failed to obtain engagements and the num ber employed
decreased 7.8 per cent from last m onth. A decrease of 6.8 per cent
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[1 3 4 ]
EMPLOYMENT AND UNEMPLOYMENT.
135
was noted in the iron and steel works and one of 4.1 per cent in the
cement trade.
A comparison of the earnings of employees in April, 1922, with
those in March, 1922, shows th a t here also the largest increase (23.5
per cent) occurred in the ju te trade. An increase of 6.7 per cent
appears in the bookbinding trades and one of 6.3 per cent in the
silk trade. The m ost im portant decrease, 9.2 per cent, is shown in
the linen trade. A decrease of 7.9 per cent is reported in the cem ent
trade, and a decrease of 6.2 per cent in the brick trades.
Comparison of the num ber of persons employed in April, 1922,
and in April, 1921, shows an increase of 64.8 per cent in the po ttery
trades. In the iron and steel works, an increase of 47.5 per cent
appears. Respective decreases of 38.4, 9.4, and 7.1 per cent are
noted in the cem ent trade, bookbinding trades, and printing trades.
The aggregate earnings of employees in April when compared
with those for April, 1921, show an increase of 52.5 per cent in the
hosiery trade, 46.2 per cent in the worsted trade, and 39.8 per cent
in the cotton trades. A decrease of 49.6 per cent is reported for
the cement trade.
V O LU M E O F E M P L O Y M E N T IN T H E U N IT E D K IN G D O M (G R E A T B R IT A IN AND
IR E L A N D ) IN A P R IL , 1922, AS C O M PA R E D W IT H M ARCH , 1922, A N D A P R IL , 1921.
[Compiled irom figures in th e L abor Gazette, London, May, 1922. ]
In d u stry and basis of
comparison.
P er cent of
increase ( + ) or
decrease ( —) in
A pril, 1922, as
com pared w ith—
March,
1922.
Coal mining:
A verage n u m b er of days
w orked.................................
N um ber of em ployees..........
Iron m ining:
A verage n u m b er of days
w orked..............................
N um ber of em ployees...........
Q uarrying:
Average nu m b er of days
w orked...................................
N um ber of em ployees...........
Pig iron: N um ber of furnaces in
b la s t...............................................
Iron and steel works:
N um b er of em ployees...........
N um ber of shifts w orked___
T in plate, steel, a n d galvanized
sheet trades: N um ber of mills
in operation..................................
C otton trade:
N u m b e ro f em ployees...........
Earnings of em ployees..........
W oolen trad e:
N um ber of em ployees...........
Earnings of em ployees..........
W orsted trade:
N um ber of em ployees...........
Earnings of em ployees..........
Hosiery trad e:
N um ber of empl oyees...........
Earnings of em ployees..........
April,
1921.
In d u stry a nd basis of
com parison.
P er cent of
increase ( + ) or
decrease ( —) in
A pril, 1922, as
com pared w ith —
M arch,
1922.
April,
1921.
J u te trade:
N um ber of em ployees.
+ 7 .9
+ 4 .9
Earnings of em ployees.
+23.5
+ 19.9
Linen trad e:
N um ber of em ployees.
-8 .4
+38.5
Earnings of em ployees.
-9 .2
+34.6
-2 .9
C1)
Silk trad e:
+ 3 .2
(l)
N um ber of em ployees..
+ 3 .3
-3 .7
E arnings of employees
+ 6.3
+ 2 .5
C
arpet
trad
e:
- 7 .1
-8 .7
N um ber of em ployees..
+ 2. 8
+ 0 .9
+ 0 .7
+ 16.9
Earnings of em ployees.
+ 3 .7
+ 0 .9
+918.2
+ 4 .7
Lace trad e:
- 1.6
N um ber of em ployees...........
+ 6 .7
- 6.8
z +47.5
Earnings of em ployees..........
-4 .2
+27.6
-5 .6
2 +45. 6 Bleaching, p rinting, dyeing, and
finishing:
N um ber of em ployees............ - 1 . 7
+ 7.2
+ 2.7 2+1205.7
Earnings of em ployees.......... + 1.1
+ 19.7
Boot
a
n
d
shoe
trade:
+ 2 .3
+ 28. 3
N um ber of em ployees...........
+ 1. 8
+ 5.8
+ 4.3
+ 39.8
E arnings of em ployees..........
+ 3 .0
+ 1 0 .6
L
eather
trades:
N
um
ber
of
em
+ 0 .9
+14. 5
- 0. 2
ployees 3........................................
+ 3.1
+ 1.0
+ 30.3
Tailoring tra d e :
N um ber of em ployees...........
+ 3 .3
+ 1.0
+ 1.6
+ 13.0
Earnings of em ployees..........
+ 1.8
+ 11.0
+ 2.0
+46.2
Sh irt and collar tra d e :
+ 0 .5
+31.8
N um ber of em ployees............ + 0 .7
-2 .9
- 0 .4
+ 52. 5
- 2.6
E arnings of em ployees..........
+13.1
1 No figures due to general stoppage of work a t coal mines in A pril, 1921.
2 Increase in 1922 on account of disorganized condition of in d u stry in A pril, 1921, due to general coal
stoppage.
3 Based on u n em ploym ent.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
+0.13
+ 0 .4
0)
0)
[135]
t
MONTHLY LABOE REVIEW.
136
In d u s try an d basis of
com parison.
%
P e r cen t of
increase (+ ) or
decrease (—) in
A pril, 1922, as
com pared w ith —
M arch,
1922.
O ther clothing trades:
D ressm aking and m illi
nery—N um ber of em
ployees....................................
W holesale m antle, costume,
blouses, etc.—N um ber of
employees—
L o n d o n ..............................
M anchester........................
Glasgow........... ...........
Corset tra d e — N um ber of
employees..............................
W oodworking and furnishing:
N um ber of employees ®.____
B rick trad e:
N um ber of em ployees...........
Earnings of em ployees..........
Cem ent trade:
N um ber of em ployees...........
Earnings of em ployees..........
Paper, p rinting, an d bookbind
ing trades:
P ap er trad es—
N um ber of employees
reported b y tradeu n io n s*........ - ..............
N um ber of employees
reported b y employers
Earnings of employees
reported b y em ployers.
In d u s try a n d basis of
com parison.
M arch,
1922.
A pril,
1921.
+ 2 .6
-3 .7
(4)
+ 0 .4
+ 3 .1
-3 .6
+20.3
-2 .9
+ 1.5
+ 12.9
+ 0 .1
+ 2 .2
-1 .1
-6 .2
+ 5 .8
-2 2 .5
-4 .1
-7 .9
-3 8 .4
-4 9 .6
(5)
(6)
-1 .9
+ 4 .8
-1 .7
-0 .3
3 B ased on unem ploym ent.
P er cent of
increase (+ ) or
decrease (—) in
A pril, 1922, as
com pared w ith —
P a p e r, p rin tin g , a nd bookbind
in g trad es—Concluded.
P rin tin g trades—
N um ber of employees
reported b y tradeu n io n s3...........................
N um ber of employees
reported b y employers.
Earnings of employees
reported b y em ployers.
B ookbinding trades—
N um ber of employees
reported b y tradeu n io n s3...........................
N um ber of employees
reported b y em ployers.
Earnings of employees
reported b y employers.
P o ttery trades:
N um ber of em ployees............
E arnings of em ployees..........
Glass trades:
N u m b er of em ployees..........
Earnings of em ployees..........
Food-preparation trades:
N um ber of em ployees...........
Earnings of em ployees..........
Dock and riverside labor: Number of em ployees.........................
Seamen: N um ber of employees.
4 No change.
A pril,
1921.
-0 .5
+ 1.1
-0 .2
-7 .1
- 1 .6
-9 .4
+ 1 .1
—0.1
+ 5.1
-9 .4
+ 6 .7
—5.9
- 0 .8
-4 .5
+64.8
+39.5
—3.2
-5 .7
+ 6 .4
-1 1 .7
-0 .3
-0 .3
+5. 5
-1 .9
+ 1.1
-7 .8
-1 .6
+34.4
5 No figures.
Report of Employment Exchanges in the United Kingdom.
S R E PO R T E D by the British Labor Gazette for May, 1922,
the operations of the em ploym ent exchanges for the five
weeks ending April 10, 1922, are summ arized as follows: The
average daily num ber of applications from workpeople during the
period was 23,772; of vacancies notified, 3,178; and of vacancies
filled, 2,680. This m eans over 7 applications for every vacancy and
nearly 9 applications for every vacancy filled.
W hen comparing the daily average of applications from workpeople
for April, 1922 and March, 1922, a decrease of 5.2 per cent is reported ;
while the daily average of vacancies notified and vacancies filled
showed decreases of 3.6 per cent and 4.8 per cent.
The average daily num ber of applications from adults was 21,740—
16,713 m en and 5,027 women. There were 2,751 average daily
vacancies reported— 1,795 m en and 956 women. The average
num ber of positions filled daily, when compared w ith the previous
m onth, showed a decrease of 1.4 per cent among men, while in the
case of women there was a decrease of 11.8 per cent.
In the m en’s departm ent there were increases in the num ber of
vacancies filled in building and construction of works, commercial
and clerical occupations and dress (including boots and shoes),
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EMPLOYMENT AND UNEMPLOYMENT.
137
while decreases occurred in engineering and ironfounding, shipbuild
ing, miscellaneous m etal trades, the transport trades, agriculture,
and general laborers.
W ith reference to juveniles, 31,432 applications were received from
boys and 5,450 vacancies were notified for boys. Of the vacancies
notified 4,838, or 88.8 per cent, were filled.
The num ber of applications received from girls was 29,535. The
num ber of vacancies notified was 7,333, of which 6,051, or 82.5 per
cent, were filled.
Of the total vacancies (10,889) filled by juveniles, 1,690, or 15.5
per cent were filled by applicants who obtained their first situation
«since leaving school.
The following table shows, for Great Britain and N orthern Ireland,
the num ber of applications from men and women, vacancies notified,
and vacancies filled during the five weeks ending April 10, 1922.
A P P L IC A T IO N S FR O M W O R K P E O P L E , V ACANCIES N O T IF IE D , AND V A CANCIES F IL L E D
D U R IN G T H E F IV E W E E K S E N D IN G A P R IL 10, 1922, AND T H E N U M B E R R EM A IN IN G
ON T H E L IV E R E G IS T E R S O F E M PL O Y M E N T E X C H A N G E S, G R E A T B R IT A IN AND
N O R T H E R N IR E L A N D .
’
T rade group.1
Applications
from
workpeople.
Men.
Vacancies
notified.
W omen.
Men. Women.
Men.
5,505
30,932
7,681
3,954
181
56,603
7,786
19; 950
2,149
2,483
238
280
589
2,136
1,689
1,137
333
185
18,564
813
345
92
2,085
6,864
19,782
L826
2,468
168
217
426
1,855
1,416
1,083
283
149
11,546
'657
320
83
1,648
118 064
19,; 236
342,220
114 704
8; 050
109Î 228
15' 475
26,690
126,215
4,725
50,372
14,362
34,684
17,805
9,663
'429
81,567
10,219
583
4,132
458
2,496
18,430
20,845
6,692
3,182
22,262
180
9, 513
4 ,821
262
183
1,723
129
9,334
4,344
193
159
1,335
15,057
106,167
212,094
13,528
5^ 615
46; 294
150,820
53,867
28,683
50,653
18,853
1,287,327
260,736
3,606
E n g i n e e r in g a n d ir o n f o u n d in g .
T o tal..................................... 501,397
Live register.2
Men. Women.
B u ildin g ........................................
C onstruction of w orks.................
62,102
8,838
116, 754
Shipbuilding.................................. 44,493
C onstruction of vehicles.............
3,201
Miscellaneous m etal tra d e s ........ 40,478
Domestic Service...................... ...
5,463
Commercial a n d clerical.............
10,478
Conveyance of m en, goods, e tc .. 48,735
A griculture........................... ........
2,220
Textiles........................................... ■29,391
Dress (including boots and
shoes)...........................................
6,441
ï ood, tobacco, d rin k and
lodging........................................
5,753
General laborers............................ 39,639
All other tra d e s............................. 77,411
Vacancies
filled.
299
267
W omen.
15,944
1 Casual occupations (dock laborers and coal laborers) are excluded from this table and from all other
figures above. The num ber of casual jobs found for workpeople in these occupations during the period was
2 N ot including persons on short tim e.
E m ploym ent of E x-Service M en in Great Britain.1
INCE August 1, 1919, 53,687 ex-service men have received train
ing under the B ritish industrial training scheme. On April 25,
1922, there were 21,966 men in training, and 28,772 on the
waiting list. A t the same time 17,805 employers had accepted
44,651 ex-service men under the “ interrupted apprenticeship
scheme.” Up to and including April 30, 1922, 30,272 employers had
enrolled on the K ing’s National Roll under the national scheme and
had furnished employment of some character for 362,393 disabled
ex-service men.
S
1L abor Gazette, London, May, 1922, p . 202.
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MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW.
The reluctance of m any local authorities and firms to employ
disabled ex-service men led to the passing of a resolution in the
House of Commons on April 26, 1922, to the effect—
That in the opinion of this House, the Government should be called upon fully
and with the utmost promptitude to fulfill its obligations to the disabled ex-service
men who have been or are now being trained, and to the disabled ex-service men now
awaiting training.
That a select committee of this House be appointed to examine and report upon
the system adopted in other countries to provide employment for disabled ex-service
men,' and to recommend a system under which men who have suffered disablement
in the service of the country may be secured employment.
Empire Settlement Bill.
t
T H IS connection the efforts of the British Governm ent to place
ex-service men in em ploym ent through a scheme for overseas
settlem ent is of interest.2 Through the efforts of the overseas set
tlem ent com m ittee which was set up shortly after the armistice,
50,000 ex-service men, m aking w ith their families 100,000 persons,
will, when the pending applications have been dealt with, have been
given free passage to the various dominions a t a cost of £2,700,000
($13,139,550, par). This scheme, however, lapsed at the close of
1921, and in order to m ake better provision for the settlem ent of any
British em igrants in the oversea dominions the empire settlem ent
bill was introduced in the House of Commons, April 7, 1922, and
reached its second reading on April 26.
The present bill “ empowers the secretary of state for the colonies
to cooperate w ith the oversea Dominion Governm ents or w ith approved
private organizations in carrying out agreed schemes. An agreed
scheme m ay be either (a) a developm ent or land settlem ent scheme,
or (b) a scheme of assisted m igration. In either case the scheme
m ust provide for contributions to be m ade by the parties to the scheme
either by w ay of grant, or by w ay of loan, or otherwise. The S tate
contribution from British funds m ust not in any case exceed half
the expenses of the scheme, and m ust bear a proper relation, in the
view of the Treasury, to the contribution of the other p a rty (i. e.,
Dominion Governm ent or private organization) to the scheme. The
total liability of the B ritish Governm ent for contributions under the
bill, which is lim ited to 15 years, m ust n o t exceed £1,500,000 ($7,299,750, par) during the present financial year, or £3,000,000 ($14,
599,500, par) in any subsequent year.”
Especial im portance is attached to juvenile m igration and to the
m igration of women as well as to the prelim inary training, both in
England and in the Dominions, of persons thus assisted. The
capacity of the Dominions to absorb im m igration of any character
m ust also be carefully considered and m ust be conditioned upon an
increased developm ent of their agricultural resources. Of the
£3,000,000 ($14,599,500, par) proposed in the bill as a normal
annual expenditure £2,000,000 ($9,733,000, par) will be available for
land settlem ent and developm ent schemes. I t is believed th a t the
m igration of between 60,000 and 80,000 can be assisted annually
out of the rem aining £1,000,000 ($4,866,500, par).
F
2Idem , p . 204.
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IN D U S T R IA L H Y G IE N E .
Definition of the Physician in Industry.1
SH O RT statem ent defining the principles on which the work
of industrial physicians is based and the scope of their work
was form ulated by the conference board of physicians in
industry a t a recent meeting. The discussion which led up to the
form ulation of the definition lasted several m onths and included con
sideration of m any suggestions as to the duties and functions of the
industrial physician.
I t is understood, of course, th a t the physician engaged in indus
trial work m ust be well equipped from the medical and surgical
point of view, b u t in addition to this he m ust have special knowledge
of the hazards to be m et in the particular industry w ith which he is
connected and he m ust also have a knowledge of the laws of social
and industrial economics and of the adm inistrative problems which
will arise in connection w ith his work. Only by such a broad out
look and range of inform ation will he be successful in reducing the
accident and m orbidity rate and in establishing his work on a basis
which will be satisfactory to himself and to the industrial organiza
tion.
The definition is as follows:
A
The physician in industry is one who applies the principles of modem medicine and
surgery to the industrial worker, sick or well, supplementing the remedial agencies
of medicine by the sound application of hygiene, sanitation and accident prevention;
and who, in addition, has an adequate and cooperative appreciation of the social,
economic, and administrative problems and responsibilities of industry in its relation
to society.
Industrial Poisoning from Mercury.
STUDY of m ercury poisoning by Dr. R. R. Sayers (Bureau of
Mines, R eports of Investigations, May, 1922, Serial No. 2354)
shows th a t poisoning from m ercury is of a common occurrence
both in the mining and the smelting of this m etal, although by far
the greater num ber of cases occur among the employees about the
reduction works. Modern m ethods of mining and recovery of the
m etal have greatly reduced the frequency and severity of cases, b u t
further reduction is possible, the report states, and m uch can be done
by both workmen and operators by taking proper precautions.
The cases of m ercury poisoning occurring about mines and reduction
works are usually chronic, although there is occasional developm ent of
acute sym ptom s when workers are exposed to excessive am ounts of
m ercury vapors, dust, or soot. The chief symptom s of the disease
are stom atitis (inflammation of the m outh), frequently with saliva
tion, tremors, and a peculiar tim idity. There are organic degenerative
changes in the digestive system, the circulatory system, and the
kidneys.
A
1Journal of In d u stria l H ygiene, Boston, June,
110650°—22----- 10
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[139]
139
140
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW.
The principal causes of poisoning are poor ventilation and failure
to prevent the escape of m ercury vapor from furnaces, condensers,
and retorts, and uncleanliness on the p a rt of the workmen. In addi
tion to these causes there is a wide variation in the susceptibility of
different persons. The use of alcohol and tobacco seem to increaes
both susceptibility and the severity of symptoms, while women and
children and tuberculous individuals are considered to be m ost
susceptible.
Mercury poisoning is caused by the absorption and retention of
small quantities of the nietal or its compounds over an extended
period of time. I t m ay enter the body through the skin, the gastro
intestinal tract, or the respiratory tract, and is more readily absorbed
by the skin if the person is perspiring or if the m ercury is impure or
dirty. Metallic m ercury vaporizes a t low tem peratures, being notice
able a t 8.5° F., and the am ount vaporized increases w ith the heat.
The vapors, fumes, and dusts enter the body, therefore, through the
skin, they are breathed into the lungs, or are swallowed w ith food or
other substances taken into the m outh. While the effects of the
m ercury are cumulative, only a portion of the am ount absorbed is
retained in the body, elimination taking place slowly through the
kidneys, large intestines, and the bile and saliva. Because there are
usually only small am ounts absorbed in any one day by a worker in a
reduction plant, the developm ent of sump toms is usually slow. The
usual course of sym ptom s is first loss of appetite, stom atitis, and
intestinal disturbances followed a t varying lengths of time by the
developm ent of trem ors which progress until the whole body is more
or less involved. W hile this stage is not supposed to be dangerous
to life, if exposure to m ercury continues the brain m ay become
affected, w ith death as the probable result.
Persons suffering from industrial m ercurial poisoning usually re
cover, the report states, if they are removed from contact w ith the
poison during the early stages or even after tremors develop, though
recovery m ay take several months, b u t if paralysis, delirium, or in
sanity are present the recovery is doubtful.
Measures recommended in the report for the prevention of poison
ing include adequate general and exhaust ventilation; provision of
respirators; one shower b ath for every 10 emplo 3rees and one wash
basin for every 5 employees; individual lockers; lunch rooms;
physical exam inations of applicants for employment, excluding drink
ers, those having tuberculosis or those in poor physical condition,
and persons under 18 years of age; periodic physical exam ination a t
least every six m onths; instruction of employees as to the dangers
of m ercury poisoning and m ethods of avoiding it. The necessity
for strict personal cleanliness and for keeping in good physical con
dition is emphasized.
British Report on Miners’ Nystagmus.
SUMMARY of the report of a special comm ittee appointed by
the Medical Research Council in England to investigate the
cause of m iners’ nystagm us is given in the Journal of the
American Medical Association of May 13, 1922 (p. 1472). The theory
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INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE.
141
accepted by various authorities1 th a t the disease is caused entirely
by faulty illumination is confirmed by the findings of this commit
tee, which reached the following unanim ous conclusions:
1. The essential factor in the production of miners’ nystagmus is deficient illumi
nation. Other factors, such as position during Work, accidents, alcoholism, infec
tions, malnutrition, hereditary predisposition, and errors of refraction, are of secondary
importance. 2. The deficient illumination is due to the [low] illuminating power of
the safety lamps, to the distance at Which these lamps have to be placed from the
objects at Which the miner has to look, and to the great absorption of light by the coal.
In addition, coal dust or dirt, obscuring the lamp glasses, the choking of the Wire
gauze chimneys, and moisture or low oxygen percentages in mine air all reduce the
light given by oil lamps, While lack of attention has a similar effect on electric lamps.
3. Workers at the coal surface are more affected than other underground Workers.
This appears to be due to the unrelieved blackness of the coal and the greater need
for accurate vision. 4. Distinct signs of nystagmus are present in a large proportion
of coal miners, although in only a small proportion do the symptoms ever become so
severe as to' cause temporary incapacity.
The committee recommends an increase in the illum inating power
of safety lamps to about two or three candlepower or the use of an
electric lam p fixed on the m iner’s head or belt or in any other con
venient position, so th a t while the light is near the working area it
does not shine directly into the eyes. W hitewashing at parts of the
p it other than the coal face greatly increases the visibility of objects,
as well as the stone dusting which is compulsory for the prevention
of explosions. The committee believes th a t by following these
measures for better illumination it is possible entirely to eliminate
nystagm us of a severity sufficient to cause disablement.
In a review of the report in The Lancet (London), April 29, 1922
(pp. 854, 855), special stress is laid upon the psychoneurotic sym p
toms which develop because of the belief, common among miners,
th a t nystagm us causes perm anent damage to the eyes or total loss of
sight. A special study was m ade by one of the members of the com
m ittee in regard to the psychoneurotic aspect of the disease. He
points out th a t there are two groups of these patients, those whose
cases begin w ith nystagm us b u t in which a state of anxiety subse
quently supervenes and those in which the psychoneurosis is prim ary,
or at least of a severity and duration greater than can be ascribed to
the ocular condition itself; in some cases of this la tte r group nystagm us
m ay not develop a t all. This condition is essentially similar to the
neuroses of war, and “ the unconscious m otive,” therefore, becomes
a factor in the situation. Evidence of this is shown in the report by
the fact th a t since the introduction of compensation the prevalence
of disabilities from nystagm us has vastly increased. As the maj ority
of cases are said to be of this character, im provem ent in illum ination
alone will not be sufficient to solve the problem and industrial
psychology m ust be called upon to sort out the misfits, the potential
neurotics, which the report states cost the mining industry about
£300,000 ($1,459,950, par) in 1920. The total loss to the miningindustry in G reat B ritain from nystagm us, including lost wages and
output, and compensation, is estim ated at about £1,000,000
($4,866,500, par) a year.
1See M
onthly
L abor R eview , August, 1916, pp. 215-222; June, 1921, pp. 116,117.
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W O R K M E N ’S C O M P E N S A T IO N A N D S O C IA L IN S U R A N C E
Recent Reports.
Georgia.
H E Industrial Commission of Georgia presents as its first annual
report an account of the operations of the compensation act of
th a t State for 10 m onths, March 1 to December 31, 1921. The
sta tu te is an elective one, b u t election is presumed in the case of
employers of 10 or more persons unless action to the contrary is taken.
Small establishm ents m ay come under the act by agreement. B ut
7 employers norm ally covered by the act rejected it, while 277 took
steps by positive election to accept the act where they were not
norm ally covered. Employees m ay reject the act, and this was done
in 141 cases, while 1,385 employees no t covered came in by positive
election. These figures are cited as showing th a t “ the beneficial
provisions of the act are appreciated by both employers and em
ployees.” I t is of interest to note in this connection th a t Georgia
is the one exception among the States of the southeastern corner of the
U nited States which has a compensation law and is the latest State
to enact such legislation. N orth and South Carolina, Florida, and
Mississippi are near-by States in which the common law still remains
as the basis of settlem ent of personal injuries, while west of the Mis
sissippi River, Missouri and Arkansas are in the same group. These
facts are pointed out by the commission in its report, which explains
the full conviction of the commission in favor of the compensation
system, w ith adm inistration by industrial accident boards as con
trasted w ith adm inistration by the courts.
The rules and regulations form ulated by the commission for its
own guidance and the guidance of employers and employees are
reproduced. The initial work of organization and education is referred
to, covering the subject of reports from employers and employees
who “ had to be trained to m ake their reports prom ptly,” while “ the
usual difficulty in securing the proper inform ation from doctors”
was an added obstacle. I t is felt, however, th a t “ we have been able
in a short length of time, to secure rem arkable cooperation.”
During the 10 m onths of the operation of the act 11,778 accidents
had been reported. Not all of these were compensable b u t m ost of
them received medical aid and called for tabulation. R eports were
furnished by 5,496 employers who insured w ith casualty companies
licensed to write compensation insurance in the S tate and from 49
employers who qualified as self-insurers paying compensation direct.
Statistics are lim ited to a showing of the nature of the inj uries and
compensation and medical benefits. Eighty-tw o fatalities called for a
total of $155,375.70, besides medical aid, $2,581.58, and funeral
T
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w o r k m e n ’s c o m p e n s a t io n a n d so c ia l in s u r a n c e .
143
expenses, $7,183.89. There were 3 cases of perm anent to tal disability,
the cost of which was $9,600 with $256 medical costs, while 7 cases
listed as “ perm anent partial disability” called for compensation to
the am ount of $11,545.50 and medical aid, $733.41. Besides these
there were 196 dismemberments, usually classed as causing perm a
nent partial disability, b u t evidently regarded separately in this pre
sentation. These range in seriousness from the loss of an arm for
which $1,200 was given in compensation and $60 in medical benefits,
to 7 cases of loss of one phalange of little finger, a t a total cost of
$361.88 and for medical aid, $170. The total compensation paid for
dism emberment was $52,664 and for loss of function in 69 other cases,
$29,234.34. There were 2,186 cases of tem porary total disability
for which the compensation was $90,366.97 and medical aid,
$139,634.02. Cases not calling for compensation because of less than
14 days duration b u t entitling to medical aid totaled $68,176. The
total for compensation is given as $348,786.51, for medical aid
$162,481.56, for funeral benefits $7,183.89, or a total of $518,451.96.
Louisiana.
nTTIE W orkm en’s Compensation Act of Louisiana is adm inistered
by the courts, so th a t no report of the operations of the law, as
usually understood, can be made. However, the commissioner of
labor and industrial statistics of the S tate has included in his biennial
report for 1921-1922 some account of the status and effects of the
law. Passed seven years ago, “ only as a try o u t,” and over the
protests of m any as not being fair to the workers, am endm ents have
been added until “ it is pleasing to state th a t it now ranks well up
among the best in the United States, possibly the fifth or sixth,
in so far as relates to percentage of compensation, waiting period,
doctor’s care, and hospital fees, and the time period allowed to the
injured when perm anently disabled, and other im portant features.”
I t is added th a t “ there is still room for im provem ent,” and recom men
dations in th at direction are made by the commissioner. H e asked
th a t the m inimum allowance be fixed at $6 a week and the percentage
basis changed to 66f, retaining the present weekly m axim um of $18.
Committees have been appointed to report to the legislatures for
1920 and 1922, respectively, such recommendations as they m ight
make for the strengthening of the provisions of the law, The second
of these committees was to have inform ation such as the commis
sioner of labor could furnish, he also being called on to m eet w ith the
committee. The commissioner was active in securing statistics of
the operations of the laws of other States, and particularly w ith
regard to insurance and a commission form of adm inistration. Some
form of State insurance, whether exclusive or competitive, is argued
for by the commissioner on the ground of savings to employers and
the safeguarding of the welfare of the workers, citing the experience
of Ohio, W est Virginia, and California. A t the time of the subm is
sion of the report the legislature had not taken action, b u t the com
missioner states, “ I am still in favor of the creation of an industrial
insurance commission and the operation of S tate insurance, m onop
olistic if it is possible to secure same, b u t will accept the com petitive
plan rather than continue under present policies, and so advised the
com m ittee.”
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MONTHLY LABOE KEVIEW.
The concluding recom m endation is as to reports and investigation
of accidents, urging th a t a law be passed requiring th a t all accidents
to employees be reported.
Nova Scotia.
rT T I E report of the W orkm en’s Compensation Board of Nova Scotia
* for the year 1921 is the fifth under the act. The first reference
is to the subject of legislation, one am endm ent having been m ade
during the year. This fixed the standard of assumed earnings of
share fishermen a t $780 instead of $1,200 per year. As the compen
sation payable in this industry is alm ost wholly on account of fatal
accidents, for which there is a fixed m onthly rate, the effect of this
reduction is hardly apparent on the am ount of compensation unless
there is more than one child under 16. The sta tu te allows $30 per
m onth to the widow for life or until rem arriage and $7.50 per m onth
for each child under 16, no m axim um to exceed $60 or 55 per cent
of the earnings. W here orphans alone survive the allowance to each
child is doubled.
Accidents reported in 1921 am ounted to 5,326 of which 48 were
fatal and 462 were noncompensable; 487 others required only medical
aid. The num ber of compensable accidents for the year was the
least in the history of the law, the num ber in 1920, the m axim um ,
being 6,143, while in 1921 it is estim ated th a t the num ber was about
4,400. Three reasons were advanced for the dim inution in the
num ber of accidents, the first one being the falling off in the am ount
of business done and the num ber of workmen employed, the reduction
in wages am ounting to about $20,000,000. P a rt of this is attributable
to lower rates, b u t the m ajor p a rt to reduced operations. The second
reason lies in the fact th a t employers were able to secure more expe
rienced workmen th an in 1920 when the dem and for workers was
m uch g rea ter; while the third is the work of the Accident Prevention
Association, and the large expenditures for safety work by some of
the more im portant corporations.
I t was found on summing up the financial situation for the year
th a t the collections were largely in excess of the am ounts required,
perm itting a retroactive adjustm ent in the rates for 1921. This
am ounted in some cases to a practical refund or credit to employers,
the provisional rate of $1.50 for general building construction falling
to 10 cents. The same figures apply to the operation and m ainte
nance of telephone and telegraph systems, stevedoring, and auto
mobile livery, and taxicab stations. The adjusted assessment for
steel and iron m anufacture was 80 cents as against a provisional
$1.50, etc. These adjusted rates do not represent actual costs of
accidents for the year, b u t indicate th a t the surplus was used to m ake
up the difference, the smaller assessments covering only the balance
not provided for by previous accumulations. In the building trade,
for instance, the average rate for the period of 5 years was $1.11.
A dm inistration expenses for the year 1921 am ounted to $100,066.51,
nearly $5,000 less th an for 1920. The ratio of the adm inistrative
expenses to the total accident cost for 1921 was 10.58, the average for
5 years being less than 7 per cent.
•
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w o r k m e n ’s c o m p e n s a t io n a n d social , in s u r a n c e .
145
A recent developm ent under the act is the form ulation of the Nova
Scotia Accident Prevention Association formed in 1919 by employers
within the scope of the compensation act. There are branches in
several of the larger industries, “ and the board is satisfied th a t the
association is doing good work, and th a t the expenses of the asso
ciation, which are paid by the board, are moneys well spent.” For
1920 this am ounted to $8,320.14, and in 1921 to $7,621.90. “ The
prevention of one fatal accident m ight m ean the saving of the annual
expenses of this association.” The actual effects of the work of the
association can be determined only after the experience of several
years, in more norm al industrial conditions than have prevailed during
its brief existence.
Tables show income and expenditure by industry classes, accidents
and their disposition during 1921, balance sheet as of December 31,
1921, adm inistrative expenses for the year, statu s of pension funds
by classes, disaster reserve, time loss, average age, and wage of injured
employees in 1920 by industry classes, nature of injuries, sex and
m arital condition of injured workers, causes of accidents, depend
ents, etc.
Compensation is paid exclusively through a provincial fund which
showed assets aggregating $4,031,567.83. There is a disaster reserve
of $575,929.38 and a pension reserve of $2,110,316.47 w ith a balance
to the credit of the different classes of $435,402.80. The pension
fund shows a balance for each class ranging from $67,039 in trans
portation to $1,137,695.95 in mining.
The average days lost in cases of tem porary disability^ was 25.26,
while for those causing some form of perm anent disability it was
110.58. The average age of injured workers was 33.85 years and
the average weekly wage was $21.07.
From a table showing the percentage of im pairm ent of total earn
ing capacity in perm anent disability cases it appears th a t there were
285 such cases in 1920, of which 11 were total. In 194 cases the im
pairm ent was less than 10 per cent, in 51 it was 10 per cent b u t
less th an 20, and in 11, 20 b u t less than 30, the rem aining 18 cases
ranging from 30 to less than 90 per cent.
Of 6,081 male workers injured in 1920, 3,482 were married, 2,269
single, and 330 widowed. There were 53 fatalities among m arried
men, though b u t 46 widows were given pensions; no explanation is
given w ith reference to the rem ainder. The num ber of dependent
children was 122. Of the 62 females injured 20 were m arried, 34
single, and 8 widowed. No benefit to a dependent husband is re
ported.
Causes of accidents are given under 8 principal heads, the most
prolific being rolling, falling, and flying objects, the num ber due to
this cause being 2,880. Falls of persons were responsible for 873,
and tools for 564. Moving trains and vehicles, etc., and m achinery
and its p arts were each charged w ith 524 injuries, and dangerous
substances w ith 523. The greatest num ber of fatalities was due to
drowning (32); rolling, falling, and flying objects coming next w ith
24; 19 were due to moving trains and vehicles.
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National Health and Unemployment insurance in Great Britain.
H E great cost of administering the British national health and
unem ploym ent insurance schemes led to the appointm ent of an
interdepartm ental com m ittee (see Labor Gazette, London,
March, 1922, p. 106) “ to consider the relations of health insurance
and unem ploym ent insurance, and to investigate the possibility of
reducing the total cost of adm inistration by m odifying the unem
ploym ent insurance scheme and by am algam ating unem ploym ent
and health insurance cards, records, and as far as possible, adminis
tratio n .”
Two reports 1 have recently been subm itted by this committee.
The first interim report, dated F ebruary 24, 1922, deals with the
paym ent of unem ploym ent insurance by agencies (such as tradeunions, etc.) other than the em ploym ent exchanges. A t present
associations paying this benefit receive an allowance for adm inistra
tive expenses of n o t exceeding Is. (24.3 cents, par) for each week’s
benefit paid through them . The report reviews the advantages and
the disadvantages of this system of paym ent, and while the com
m ittee does n o t recommend the discontinuance of the system of
paym ent of unem ploym ent insurance through associations it does
recom mend th a t, since the “ cost of work devolving upon associations
does not increase in direct proportion to the num ber of claims paid,”
the rate of paym ents m ade to associations for adm inistrative pur
poses should be revised, and “ th a t the reduced ra te should be based
on a sliding scale dependent on the ra te of unem ploym ent.”
The second interim report, dated March 17, 1922, deals w ith the
possible am algam ation of unem ploym ent and health insurance
cards. No final conclusion is reached on this subject, b u t the com
m ittee states th a t it would n o t be possible to in stitu te .the use of a
combined card by July, 1922, the tim e when the present unem ploy
m ent books and health insurance cards now in use expire.
T
1L abor G azette,
L ondon, M ay, 1922, p . 202.
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L A B O R L A W S A N D C O U R T D E C IS IO N S.
Status of Unincorporated Labor Organizations as to Liability for
Damages and Acts Affecting Interstate Commerce.
H E Supreme Court of the U nited States on June 5, 1922, rendered
its decision in the case U nited Mine W orkers of America v . Coro
nado Coal Co., which has attracted a great deal of attention for
a num ber of years. The first legal procedure was taken in the Dis
trict Court for the W estern D istrict of Arkansas in Septem ber, 1914,
folk)wing the destruction of mine property in the S tate of Arkansas!
The history of the case in brief is th a t certain companies engaged
in the mining of coal in the S tate of Arkansas, form erly operating as
union mines, decided in 1914 to go on a nonunion or open-shop basis.
This agreement involved five operating companies and other corpo
rations interested, the mines being situated in an area in which
agreements with the union were in force. W hen the case came to
trial there was a verdict for damages in the am ount of $200,000,
which was tripled under the provisions of the a n titru st act; a counsel
fee of $25,000, and interest to the am ount of $120,600 were also
allowed. The court of appeals considered the case on a w rit of error,
striking out the allowance of interest b u t affirming the judgm ent in
other respects (see 235 Fed. 1, 258 Fed. 829, M o n t h l y L a b o r
R e v i e w , August 1919, pp. 231-234).
The case then came to the
Supreme Court on a w rit of error to review this judgm ent, which was
by a unanim ous bench reversed. (42 Sup. Ct. 570.)
The opinion, which was delivered by Mr. Chief Justice Taft, set
forth five principal questions in controversy. The first of these was
technical, claiming a misjoinder of the plaintiffs, the mine compa
nies, and interested corporations. This contention was rejected, as
all were in a common situation and were treated as a u nit by the
United Mine Workers. “ They were so regarded in business and in
the neighborhood where the mines were.”
The second contention was th a t the unincorporated associations
of workers involved, i. e., the International Union, the D istrict
Union No. 21, and the local unions, could not be sued in their names.
The n ature of the organization was set forth, showing th a t the
U nited Mine W orkers of America is a national organization, or indeed
international, since it embraces Canada. I t has a constitution which
sets forth its general purposes, and is composed of the classes of
workmen eligible to membership, including those employed in and
around coal mines, coal washers, and coke ovens. I t is divided into
30 districts with subdistricts and local unions. “ The ultim ate
authority is a general convention to which delegates selected by the
members in their local organizations are elected.” An interim
governing body called the “ international b o a rd ” governs the union
between conventions. This is m ade up of “ the principal officers—
the president, vice president, and secretary-treasurer—together w ith
a m em ber from each district. The president has m uch power.
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M O NTH LY LABOR REVIEW.
W hen the board is not in session the individual members are to do
w hat he directs them to do.” The m achinery of the organization is
said to be “ adm irably fram ed for unit action under the direction of
the national officers.” Section 27 of its constitution provides th a t
“ the board shall have power between conventions, by a two-thirds
vote, to recommend the calling of a general strike, b u t under no
circumstances shall it call such strike until approved by a referendum
vote of the m em bers.” No district shall engage in a strike involving
all or a m ajor portion of its members w ithout sanction of the in ter
national convention or the board. D istricts m ay order local strikes
on their own responsibility, b u t they will not be financed by the inter
national union unless sanctioned by the international board. Other
evidences of solidarity are given and the opinion continues:
T h e m e m b e rsh ip of th e u n io n h a s re a c h e d 450,000. T h e d u e s re c e iv e d from th e m
for th e n a tio n a l a n d d is tric t organizations m ak e a v e ry la rg y a n n u a l to ta l, a n d th e
o b ligations assu m ed i n tra v e lin g expenses, h o ld in g of co n v en tio n s, a n d g eneral over
h e a d cost, b u t m ost of all in strik es, a re so h e a v y th a t a n e x te n siv e fin an cial business
is c a rrie d on, m o n ey is borrow ed, notes are g iv en to b a n k s, a n d i n ev ery w ay th e
u n io n a c ts as a b u sin ess e n tity , d is tin c t from its m em bers. No organized corpora
tio n has g re ater u n ity of a ctio n , a n d in none is m ore pow er c e n te re d m th e governing
e x e c u tiv e bodies.
Mr. Chief Justice T aft then stated th a t a t common law unincor
porated associations were recognized as having no other character
th an partnerships, and could sue or be sued only in the names of
their members, and their liability had to be enforced against each
m ember. “ B u t the grow th and necessities of these great labor organi
zations have brought affirmative legal recognition of their existence
and usefulness and provisions for their protection, whicli their mem
bers h a v e ,found necessary. Their right to m aintain strikes, when
they do n o t violate law or the rights of others, has been declared.
The embezzlement of funds by their officers has been especially
denounced as a crime. The so-called union label, which is^ a quasi
trade-m ark to indicate the origin of m anufactured products in union
labor, has been protected against pirating and deceptive use by the
statu tes of m ost of the States, and in m any States authority to_ sue
to enjoin its use has been conferred on unions. They have been given
distinct and separate representation and the right to appear to
represent union interests m sta tu to ry arbitrations, and before official
labor boards.” The fu rth er recognition of labor organizations is
found to be quite common in legislative action, m any statu tes being
listed in footnotes showing the extent to which legislatures have gone
in treating such associations as distinct entities. “ More th an this,
equitable procedure adapting itself to m odern needs has grown to
recognize the needs of representation by one person of m any, too
num erous to sue or to be sued. * * * I t would be unfortunate
if an organization w ith as great power as this international union
has in the raising of large funds and in directing the conduct of 400,000
mem bers in carrying on, in a wide territory, industrial controversies
and strikes, out of which so m uch unlawful injury to private rights
is possible, could assemble its assets to be used therein free from
liability for injuries by torts com m itted in course of such strikes.
To rem and persons injured to a suit against each of the 400,000
m embers to recover damages and to levy on his share of the stiike
fund, would be to leave them remediless.”
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Reference is then m ade to a decision of the English courts
affirmed by the House of Lords, in the case of Taff Vale Co. v . Amal
gam ated Society of Railw ay Servants, 1901 A. C. 426, in which the
liability of an unincorporated trade-union for damages due to its
interference w ith the business of the plaintiff com pany was declared.
I t was added th a t though a finding in favor o f “ the suability of
trades-unions is of prim ary im portance in the working ou t of justice
and in protecting individuals and society from possibility of oppres
sion and injury in their lawful rights from the existence of such power
ful entities as trade-unions, it is after all in essence and principle
merely a procedural m atter. As a m atte r of substantive law, all
the m em bers of the union engaged in a com bination doing unlawful
injury are liable to suit and recovery, and the only question is w hether
when they have voluntarily, and for the purpose of acquiring concon tj a bed strength and the faculty of quick u n it action and elasticity,
created a self-acting body w ith great funds to accomplish their pur
pose, they m ay not be sued as this body, and the funds they have
accum ulated m ay not be m ade to satisfy claims for injuries unlawfully
caused in carrying out their united purpose.”
Citation is then m ade of a num ber of acts of Congress recognizing
the legality of labor organizations, giving them a right to representa
tion on boards and commissions, exem pting them from excise taxes,
accepting publications issued by them as second-class mailing m atter,
etc.
In this state of I ederal legislation, we think th a t such organiza
tions are suable in the Federal courts for their acts, and th a t funds
accum ulated to be expended in conducting strikes are subject to
execution in suits for torts com m itted by such unions in strikes.”
I h is conclusion was said to be confirmed by provision of the a n titru st
law which, provides for suits against “ corporations and associations
existing under or authorized by the laws of either the U nited States,
or the laws of any of the Territories, the laws of an y State, or the laws
of any foreign country.” Of this it was said th a t “ the words given
their n atu ral signification certainly include labor unions like these.”
Legislating w ith regard to associations, Congress “ did not intend th a t
any persons or combinations of persons should escape its application.”
Citation is then m ade of cases in which unincorporated associations
were m ade parties to suits in the Federal court under the an titru st
act w ithout question by anyone as to the correctness of the pro
cedure,” these cases involving a freight association (166 U. S. 290),
a joint traffic association (171 U. S. 505) and a lum ber association
(234 U. S. 600).
The third question was as to the participation in or ratification of
the interference with pi am tiff's business by the international union.
The strike was begun as a local strike declared by the president and
officers of the district organization No. 21. This district embraced
Arkansas, Oklahoma, and Texas, b u t the strike affected only a
lim ited group. ‘ th e re is nothing to show th a t the international
board ever authorized it, took any p a rt in preparation for it or in
its m aintenance. Nor did they or their organization ratify it by
paying any of the expenses. I t came exactly within the definition
of a local strike in the constitution of both the national and the
district organizations.” I t appears th a t the president of the national
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M O NTH LY LABOR REVIEW.
body knew of the trouble and spoke of it a t a m eeting of the national
board as a m atte r of inform ation. The interest of the president in
the events th a t followed appeared in various ways, b u t nothing th a t
would w arran t a conclusion th a t there was any ratification by the
board which would create liability for a past tort. There was no
question of contract or apparent au th o rity to act, nor was the board
chargeable w ith responsibility to regulate the local strike, lh e
constitutions of the two bodies, local and national, clearly determine
the question of responsibility, and nothing appears to charge the
national union w ith such responsibility either directly or by impli
cation. “ We conclude th a t the motions of the international union,
the U nited Mine W orkers of America, and of its president and its
other officers, th a t the ju ry be directed to retu rn a verdict for them ,
should have been granted.”
The next question involves two points, first w hether there was a
plot unlawfully to deprive the plaintiffs of their employees by in
tim idation and violence in the course of which property was destroyed,
and secondly, w hether these things were done in pursuance of a con
spiracy to restrain and monopolize interstate commerce. I t appears
th a t the plaintiff companies had a single m anager, who m March, 1914,
decided to run the mines on a nonunion or open-shop basis, I he
mines were operating under a union agreement, which did not expne
until Ju ly 1, following.
.
. .
“ To avoid the charge of a breach of the union scale he had a con
tra c t m ade between the M amm oth Vein Coal Mining Co., which he
controlled, and the Prairie Creek Coal Co. and the M amm oth Vein
Coal Co. by which the M ammoth Vein Coal Mining Co., a corporation
w ith $100 capital, agreed to run the mines. As it had signed no
scale, he considered it free from obligation to the union. He then
shut down the mines and prepared, to open them on a nonunion
basis on April 6. He anticipated trouble. H e employed three
guards from the Burns D etective Agency and a num ber of others to
aid them. He bought a num ber of W inchester rifles and amm uni
tion. He surrounded his principal m ining p lan t a t Prairie Creek
No. 4 w ith a cable strung on posts. H e had notices prepared ior his
former employees, who occupied the com pany’s houses, to vacate.
He had notices warning trespassers from the premises posted a t the
entrance to the tract th a t was inclosed w ithin the cable. H e sent
out for nonunion men and had gathered some 30 or more a t the
mine by the day fixed for the opening.”
These preparations led to counter activities by the union miners
and their friends, who were of a predom inant influence in the vicinity,
the business of the various towns being dependent on union miners
patronage. A m eeting was held and largely attended to consider
action w ith reference to the change of policy proposed by the m an
ager, and a committee was appointed to visit the superm tenaent of
one of the mines involved. On this comm ittee were a constable of
one of the towns, who was a union m an, and two other union m iners.
A large body of union miners accompanied this comm ittee, and while
the committee was interviewing the superintendent, asking him to
to send the nonunion men away, the crowd assaulted the guards and
injured a num ber of the employees, some of them seriously, th e
result was th a t the mine was deserted, the pum ps stopped, and t. le
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mine com pletely filled w ith water. An injunction was then secured
and plans m ade for the resum ption of operations. Union activities
were continued in an effort to prevent this, “ either by peaceable
inducem ent or by threats and physical intim idation.” Union feeling
was strong and public officials m ade arrests of nonunion m en on
“ frivolous charges.” Rum ors as to the character of the mine guards
were circulated and an attack m ade on a village by the constable,
the cry being raised th a t “ the scabs were surrounding the tow n,”
the purpose being to incite the hostility of the neighborhood against
the nonunion workers, though any such action on the p a rt of the
guards who were in constant fear of attack in this hostile com m unity
was characterized as a “ ridiculous im probability.” The president
of the district union offered to furnish guns, and evidence disclosed
the fact th a t the secretary-treasurer did procure and pay for some
40 or more W inchester rifles, and th a t guns of like m ake and caliber
were used in an attack th a t was m ade on a mine of one of the plaintiff
companies. Most of the occupants of the premises fled, b u t some
were captured and two were “ deliberately m urdered” in the presence
of the officer who claimed to have the m en in custody. H e was
subsequently tried and was acquitted on an alibi. “ The overwhelm
ing weight of the evidence establishes th a t this was purely a union
attack, under the guidance of district officers.” D ynam ite and fire
were used to destroy the plant, and all evidence pointed tow ard an
intentional developm ent of a situation “ fram ed in advance for the
purpose of relieving the officers of district No. 21 and the union
miners of th a t neighborhood from responsibility of the contem
plated execution of their destructive and criminal purpose.” Their
conduct was fully established on trial for a conspiracy to defeat the
Federal adm inistration of justice and for contem pt, they had pleaded
guilty to the charges m ade, and had been sentenced to imprison
m ent. The expenses were paid by the district out of the district
treasury, the disbursements being approved by the district in con
vention.
These facts refute the contention th a t only individual members
who participated in the to rts could be held civilly liable for the
damages. “ There was evidence to connect all these individual
defendants w ith the acts which were done, and in view of our finding
th a t district No. 21 and the unions are suable we can n o t yield to
the argum ent th a t it would be necessary to show the guilt of every
mem ber of district No. 21 and of each union in order to hold the
union and its strike funds to answer. D istrict No. 21 and the local
unions were engaged in a work in which the strike was one of the
chief instrum entalities for accomplishing the purpose for which their
unions were organized.” The constitution of the organization was
quoted as showing the authority of the officers to order a strike,
and the court found th a t “ if in the conduct of th a t strike unlawful
injuries are inflicted the district organization is responsible and the
fund accum ulated for strike purposes m ay be subjected to the pay
m ent of any judgm ent which is recovered.”
The n e x t point to consider was the relation of these activities to
interstate commerce, and an account is given of the steps taken
to secure nation-wide unionization of the coal industry to do away
with the competition between union and nonunion mines. There
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had been protracted efforts in this direction dating as far back a t
least as 1898 and continuing w ithout interruption, involving the
the expenditure of a large am ount of money and, in one or two
instances, the loss of hum an life. Strikes carried on by the inter
national union in Colorado, Ohio, and W est Virginia had drained its
treasury, and money had been borrowed by the national organiza
tion from the treasury of district No. 21, so th a t there is no question
of the cooperative and interrelated interest of all the parties. How
ever, it was concluded th a t any interference^ w ith interstate com
merce was only secondary, and th a t m ining itself n o t being inter
sta te commerce is n o t w ithin the power of Congress to regulate. If
practices referred to had become a direct obstruction to interstate
commerce, Congress m ight control such practices, though a mere
obstruction to coal m ining can not be regarded as a direct obstruc
tion to such commerce, even though affecting it by reducing the
am ount of coal to be carried. The power to punish conspiracies to
restrain or monopolize interstate commerce will apply only if the
intention to produce this effect is an obvious consequence of w hat is
to be done. “ If unlawful m eans had here been used by the national
body to unionize mines whose product was im portant, actually or
potentially, in affecting prices in interstate commerce, the evidence
in question would clearly tend to show th a t th a t body was guilty of
an actionable conspiracy under the an titru st act. _ B ut it is not a
permissible interpretation of the evidence in question th a t it tends
to show th a t the m otive indicated thereby actuates every lawless
strike of a local and sporadic character, n o t initiated by the national
body b u t by one of its subordinate subdivisions.”
This case is distinguished from others in which workmen and com
mercial organizations had been held liable under the an titru st law
for interference w ith interstate commerce, and the conclusion was
reached th a t the case did not come within the provisions of the anti
tru st law.
The result of our consideration of the entire record is that there was no evidence
submitted to the jury upon which they properly could find that the outrages, felonies,
and murders of district 21 and its companions in crime were committed by them in a
conspiracy to restrain or monopolize interstate commerce. The motion to direct the
jury to return a verdict for the defendants should have been granted. * * *
The circumstances are such as to awaken regret that in our view of the Federal
jurisdiction we can not affirm the judgment. But it is of far higher importance that
we should preserve inviolate the fundamental limitations in respect to the Federal
jurisdiction.
The judgm ent was therefore reversed and the case rem anded to
the district court for further proceedings in conformity to this opinion.
I t is reported th a t the coal company has taken steps looking toward
a reargum ent of the case.
Workmen’s Compensation Provisions ior Longshoremen.
H E act of the President on June 10, 1922, of signing Senate
bill No. 745 has, it is hoped, m ade a final determ ination of the
question as to the rights of stevedores and others of like status
to secure compensation for injuries in their employment. The act is
in form an am endm ent to sections 24 and 256 of the Judicial Code,
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clause 3 of each section. These sections defined the jurisdiction of
the U nited S tates district court, and gave to these courts, in their
form er phraseology, jurisdiction “ of all civil causes of adm iralty and
m aritim e jurisdiction, saving to suitors in all cases the rig h t of a
common-law rem edy where the common law is com petent to give it.”
To this language in section 24 the new act adds the following:
And to claimants for compensation for injuries to or death of persons other than
the master or members of the crew of a vessel their rights and remedies under the
workmen’s compensation law of any State, district, Territory, or possession of the
United States, which rights and remedies when conferred by such law shall be
exclusive; * * * _ P r o v i d e d That the jurisdiction of the district courts shall not
extend to causes arising out of injuries to or death of persons other than the master or
members of the crew, for which compensation is provided by the workmen’s compen
sation law of any State, district, Territory, or possession of the United States.
The am endm ent to section 256 is of similar effect.
. Those who have given attention to the subject will recall th a t a
like effort was made in 1918, the same clauses and sections of the
divisional code being then amended in more general term s, so as to
save “ to claim ants the rights and remedies under the workm en’s
compensation law of any S ta te .” The difference between the present
law and the earlier am endm ent is plain, th a t am endm ent being, in
general terms, applicable to all claimants in civil causes of adm iralty
and m aritim e jurisdiction. The present law, on the other hand,
excludes from its coverage m asters or members of the crew of a vessel'
thus lim iting the a ct to localized or nonperipatetic workers. In
other words, it applies only to workmen of practically fixed abode
who would become charges upon the com m unity in which they lived
in case of poverty due to physical incapacity, and are in general
subject to the laws and entitled to the privileges of their place of
residence. The earlier am endm ent was declared unconstitutional by
the Supreme Court of the United States in the case of Knickerbocker
Ice Co. v. Stew art (1920), 253 U. S. 149, 40 Sup. Ct. 438, the court
holding th a t the a ttem p t of Congress to place m aritim e workers
within _the jurisdiction of a variety of courts and adm inistrative
authorities construing and applying laws of varying standards
“ would inevitably destroy the harm ony and uniform ity which the
Constitution n o t only contem plated b u t actually established” in
regard to m aritim e workers. (See fu rth e r account of this case in
the M o n t h l y L a b o r R e v ie w for June, 1920, pp. 171-175.) The
exclusion of purely m aritim e workers, i. e., the m asters and members
of the crews of vessels, is an a ttem p t to eliminate the difficulty th a t
was found by the Supreme Court (four justices dissenting) to exist
in the am endm ent of 1917, though absolute certainty can no t be
assured until a decision is rendered by the Supreme C ourt, which,
from p ast experience in this field of legislation, m ay be expected at
no very distant date.
The report of the Committee on the Judiciary of the House of
Representatives^ described the statu s of the workers likely to be
affected. Dry-dock workers were regarded as practically men of
fixed habitation, a representative of their association stating th a t such
was the case, and th a t “ it is thoroughly desirable th a t their compen
sation should be in general accord w ith th a t of other workers in a
similar capacity, working in a shipyard, and it is desirable th a t they
should have compensation covering them throughout their employ
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m ent.” This describes also the situation of the longshoremen,
though p a rt of their work is done on board ship. ‘‘They are p a rt of
the local labor force and are perm anently subject to the same condi
tions as are other local workm en.” Their labor takes them from
point to point on the wharves and docks, unloading a dray or a
railroad car, moving articles from different localities on the land at
one m om ent and the next loading or unloading the cargo on the ship
itself. “ Their need for uniform ity is one law to cover their whole
employment, w hether directly p a rt of the process of loading or unload
ing a ship or n o t.”
The m atte r of the enactm ent of this law has been one of consider
able delay, the bill having passed the Senate on June 10, 1921,
coming to the House on the next day and reaching the House Calendar
only on January 31, 1922. I t came up for consideration on the 26th
day of May, and was passed after a brief discussion w ithout a single
objection being raised, several speakers urging its approval, some
reference being m ade also to the desirability of Federal action in
behalf of employees in interstate commerce by railroad. The
contrasting situation w ith reference to these workers and those to
whom the present act applies is th a t the la tte r have long expressed a
general desire to be brought under compensation provisions, while the
railroad workers have been sharply divided on the cpiestion, thus
making it difficult to proceed with the enactm ent of a law on the
subject.
Safety Standards— N e w York and Massachusetts.
COMPARATIVELY recent developm ent w ith regard to the
establishm ent of safety regulations is the m ethod by which
special codes are drawn up in the form of orders of the industrial
adm inistrative authorities of the State. This makes it possible for
special attention and study to be given to the subject, and promotes
readjustm ent to conform w ith the results of experience. The De
partm ent of Labor of the S tate of New York has recently amended its
lighting code, becoming effective May 1, 1922. The original order
became effective July 1, 1918, w ith a revision of July 1, 1919. This
order is rule 50, and in its amended form establishes m inimum degrees
of intensity of illum ination for a wide range of industrial processes.
O ther rules regulate the shading of lam ps and the distribution of
light, while an appendix contains notes and regulations clarifying
the rules and suggesting desirable illum ination for various general
classifications and work.
O ther revisions relate to work in compressed air and to tunnel
construction. These likewise were effective on the first day of May.
Hours of labor and intervals of rest under varying rates of pressure
are specified and the subject of decompression is regulated. Gauges,
lighting, fire prevention, wash and rest rooms, sanitation and ventila
tion, and medical attendance and regulations are other topics con
sidered. Separate regulations are given for safety provisions in
tunnels and in caissons and places other th an tunnels. The handling
of explosives, codes of signals, and other details are regulated, and
suggestions are given for the guidance of compressed air workers.
A
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The rules relating to tunnel construction not under air pressure
providefor care in case of accident, the handling and use of explosives,
the duties of hoisting engineers, timbering, fire prevention, ventila
tion, sanitation, electrical equipm ent, etc.
_ The D epartm ent of Labor and Industries of M assachusetts has
similarly revised its rules and regulations for the prevention of acci
dents in building operations. U nder 19 heads directions are given
w ith regard to general safety provisions, safety railings, protection
from falling m aterial, scaffoldings, ladders, floor openings, rigging,
hoisting machines, etc. A tentative code has been form ulated by
the departm ent w ith regard to lighting. This was prom ulgated in
January, 1922, w ith a recom mendation th a t employers test out the
suggestions made with a view to ascertaining their adequacy and
practicability. The code is much briefer and in more general terms
than th a t adopted by the New York D epartm ent of Labor, bu t covers
the same principal points.
In both the above States the rules and regulations issued by the
proper authorities have the effect of law and their violation subjects
the offender to punishm ent by fine, and in New York for repeated
offenses im prisonm ent as well.
Nature of P enalty in Contem pt Proceedings, Wisconsin.
CASE recently decided by the Supreme Court of Wisconsin
involved the consideration of the nature of the penalty in
flicted for contem pt of an injunctive order in a labor dispute
(State ex rel. Rodd v . Yerage (Apr. 11, 1922), 187 N. W. 830). The
relator, Rodd, was sheriff of Oneida County, Wis., and had received
into his custody one Peter Christ, sentenced to four m onths in jail
for contem pt of court. A few days before the term ination of the
sentence, the governor pardoned Christ, b u t the sheriff declined to
recognize the validity of the pardon and refused to release him. The
governor thereupon ordered the removal of Rodd from office and ap
pointed his successor to fill his unexpired term as sheriff. This case
was brought to decide the power of the governor to remove Rodd
and the right of the la tte r to retain office for the rem ainder of his
term.
The court found th a t Rodd had a property right in his position,
from which he could be removed only for legal cause, the governor
having no arbitrary power in this regard. This brought up for con
sideration the power of the governor to issue a pardon in a case involv
ing the conditions th a t existed in the present situation. Christ, the
prisoner, had been found guilty of violating an injunctional decree
restraining various labor unions and individuals from intim idating,
threatening, menacing or offering abuse or physical violence to the
employees of the Rhinelander P aper Co. and their families, and from
interfering in any m anner w ith the company in securing employees,,
other than by peaceful persuasion and advice. Christ’s continued
violation of this injunction led the paper company to file a com
plaint stating the facts, and the court found th a t the injunction
was being violated by various persons wdio were interfering in an
unlawful way w ith the conduct of the com pany’s business. This
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violation made it plain to the court “ th a t up to th a t time it had
failed to secure the plaintiff in the rights which belonged to it under
the law of the land. W hat was the court’s further power in the prem
ises ? Was its authority in the m atter of granting civil relief to the
plaintiff at an end? H ad im potency in the m atter of enforcing civil
rights been dem onstrated ?”
The court answered these questions by the sentence of imprison
m ent, not on the basis of the criminal law, which would have re
stricted the im prisonm ent to a term not exceeding 30 days, b u t on
the basis of a statu te entitled “ Proceedings to punish contem pts to
protect the rights of parties in civil actions.” (Oh. 150, Wis. Stats.)
I t was said to be within the power of the court to subject the offender
to a punitive judgm ent under another provision of the law authoriz
ing criminal punishm ent (secs. 2565 to 2569), which would make
the incarceration criminal in character. As a m atter of fact, this
subject having been discussed in the court, it was ruled th a t the
proceeding was under those provisions which relate to civil contem pts,
the remedial purpose of the sentence as protecting the com pany in
the enjoinm ent of its legal rights standing out clearly. There was
no question b u t th a t if Christ had been commanded by the court to
perform a certain act, and had refused, the court m ight have sen
tenced him as a coercive measure to secure obedience and “ under
such circumstances the character of his im prisonm ent would have
been beyond the ancient power of the king, or the present power of
the governor to pardon.” B u t it was claimed th a t where the act
had been comm itted in violation of the order only the punitive
remedy remained, in which private rights are not involved. But,
the court asked, “ if the court has the power to enforce the perform
ance of an act in order to secure private rights, why does it not also
have the power to prevent the performance of an act which consti
tutes an invasion of private rig h ts?” The conclusion was reached
th a t it would be a confession of im potency in the m atter of granting
private relief if it should be held th a t only criminal and not civil
principles were involved, and th a t the im prisonm ent was in fact
inflicted for the purpose of securing to the company its private rights,
which it was the duty of the court to enforce, even though there was
a punitive factor in the coercive restraint.
Tracing the history of the pardoning power from its practice under
the common law as exercised by the King of England, it was found
th a t the king could not pardon “ where private justice is principally
concerned in the prosecution of offenders.” (Jones’s Blackstone,
Book 4, sec. 445). “ Though the king m ay rem it the punishm ent
due to public justice, he can not confer a favor which m ay deprive
another of his subjects of a right.” (Chitty’s Criminal Law, 742.)
Since, therefore, the power of the governor to pardon was lim ited
by the principles indicated, the pardon would be valid in this case
only if the im prisonm ent was purely punitive and not civil and
remedial. Since the contem pt affected the private rights of the
company in whose behalf the injunction had been issued, and it
was for its protection th a t the im prisonm ent had been enforced, the
court held th a t the governor had exceeded his power in attem pting
the pardon, and th a t the sheriff was acting w ithin his powers in
refusing to release Christ from the jail. The removal of It odd had
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therefore been w ithout ju st cause and he was entitled to retain his
office.
Dissenting opinions were w ritten by two of the judges, a third
dissenting w ithout opinion, the opinions in dissent being based on
the premise th a t the punishm ent was criminal and not civil, and as
such was within the power of the governor to pardon.
Labor L aw s of Australia, 1921.
LEG ISLATIVE d ig est1 of the action of the parliam ents of
Australia during 1921 summarizes the principal bills and acts
considered during th a t year. This is an official publication
under the authority of the premier of New South Wales.
The Federal Parliam ent amended the conciliation and arbitration
act so as to widen the sphere of selection for appointm ents as deputy
president of the arbitration court; formerly the only persons eligible
were justices of the high court and. judges of State supreme courts.
Barristers and solicitors of these courts of five years’ standing are
now eligible, and a deputy president or deputy presidents ma}^ be
appointed to deal with a specific case or cases. A nother am endm ent
states clearly th at any agreement made under the act by an in
dividual or corporation will bind the successor or any assignee of
the business of the p arty bound by the original agreement.
The Parliam ent of South Australia amended the industrial code
w ith regard to the establishm ent of basic wages by m aking the
determ ination of a tribunal effective for 6 months, instead of 12 as
formerly, thus perm itting greater flexibility and a prom pter recog
nition of the effects of industrial changes.
In Queensland subcontractors for the first time are given protec
tion. Plumbers, painters, carpenters, and sim ilar workers who take
subcontracts from a contractor are by a new lien act am endm ent
given protection th a t is coordinate w ith th a t secured contractors on
the lands on which buildings are being erected and on completed
buildings or portions thereof. A wages act gives similar protection
to craftsm en working for wages. The workmen’s compensation law
of this State was also amended so as to give the S tate an exclusive
control of workmen’s compensation insurance. Two pounds ($9,733,
par) is fixed as the minimum weekly paym ent for an injured worker
who is the m ain or sole support of a wife, husband, parent, sister, or
brother. An initial am ount of 5s. ($2.17, par) is given for each
child under 14, up to a m aximum of 30s. ($7.30, par), thus m aking
the m aximum possible paym ent to an injured worker £3 10s. ($17.03,
par) per week with a total lim itation of £750 ($3,649,875, par).
The definition of “ w orker” now includes persons earning as much
as £10 ($48,665, par) per week instead of £400 ($1,946.60, par) per
annum as formerly. Salesmen, canvassers, and collectors, if em
ployees, likewise come under the definition, as do share farm ers and
their employees.
A nother act relates to a form of labor camp, m aking the owner of
a shearing station responsible for the accommodations and sanitary
A
i New South Wales. A u stralian legislative digest.
S outh Wales. Sydney, 1922. 63 pp.
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arrangem ents for shearers, even though he lets the contract for shear*
ing to another person.
The New Zealand Em ployers’ Federation Industrial Bulletin for
March 6, 1922, reports changes effected by the consolidated “ Shops
and offices act, 1921.” A lterations in established customs are noted
specifically restricting employment of boys under 18 years of age and
of women of any age to not more than 15 m inutes after the sta tu to ry
closing time o f'an y m ercantile establishm ent, such extension being
perm itted only for the purpose of completing any work commenced
prior to closing tim e; nor can they be employed a t all after 9.30 p. m.,
except on Christm as and New Y ear eves. A nother change relates to
the keeping of a wages and time book for all employees in m ercantile
establishm ents. Employees are to sign this book im m ediately after
the receipt of wages, the same to be kept open a t all times for inspec
tion by any inspector under the act. O ther provisions relate to com
pensatory tim e where stores of a certain kind are kep t open on statu
to ry half holidays, double time off being required in certain classes of
establishm ents, while in others the tim e worked m ust be paid for at
the rate of time and a half and equivalent tim e off be given.
Labor L egislation in C anada.
B
EA R IN G the title given above, the D epartm ent of Labor of
Canada has issued a pam phlet reproducing the labor legislation
of the Dominion and the various Provinces for the year 1921.
Excepted is the legislation of Saskatchewan, whose legislature did not
m eet until December 8, and th a t of the second session of the leg
islative assembly of New Brunswick, which opened on December
29, 1921.
The order of presentation is to give the enactm ents of the Dominion
Governm ent first, the Provinces being taken up in geographical order
from east to west. Dominion legislation reproduced relates chiefly to
the subject of im m igration and m ainly th a t of Chinese. In Prince
Edw ard Island vocational education was the only subject considered,
and in New Brunswick fire prevention and housing; these are hardly
classifiable as labor laws, though of indirect effect. Indeed, the classi
fication of labor legislation m ade use of by the Canadian D epartm ent
of Labor includes a num ber of subjects which are of indirect rath er
th an direct application to the actual status or relation of employers
and employees. Ordinances of the Yukon Territory were noted in
the M o n th ly L abo r R e v i e w for January, 1922.
Nova Scotia.
A NEW law was enacted in Nova Scotia on the subject of steam
^
boiler inspection, repealing the act of 1914 on this subject. The
s ta tu te relates to stationary boilers having a steam pressure of 15
pounds or more to the square inch and to steam boilers in excess of 25
horsepower, railw ay and m arine engines and steam boilers used solely
for horticultural or agricultural purposes being excluded. The act
prescribes no standards in itself, b u t authorizes the governor in
council to m ake regulations to insure safety and efficiency and to
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provide for inspection and the enforcement of the regulations
prescribed.
A nother act authorizes the taking over and operating by the Crown
of mines whose operation has ceased b u t is considered necessary or
expedient. W orkmen needed to carry on the operations m ust render
service when so required, under penalty of fine or imprisonment, b u t
a t wages n o t less than the usual and custom ary rates for the respective
classes of service.
An am endm ent to the workmen’s compensation act reflects the
tendency tow ard lower wage rates in fixing the estim ated annual
earnings of fishermen working on shares a t $780, instead of $1,200 as
contained in chapter 61, acts of 1919.
O ther acts relate to woodmen’s liens, m iners’ liens, and the furnish
ing of lists of employees liable to a poll tax ; employers w7ith 10 or
more such employees m ay be required to furnish such lists, and are
authorized to retain the am ount of the tax out of the salary or wages
due and to pay over same to the collector.
Quebec.
A NEW piece of legislation in this Province is one (ch. 46) entitled
“ The m unicipal strike and lockout act.” This act is lim ited in
its application to disputes of municipal employees relating to wages,
hours, and union membership. I t is unlawful for employers to declare
or cause a lockout or for employees to strike on account of disputes
on this subject before submission to a board of arbitration. Such
boards are created on application and are to render their awards
w ithin five days; however, the effect of the award is not indicated.
The provisions of articles 3790 to 3796 of the revised statutes of
1909 relating to scaffolding are replaced by a new set of regulations.
These require the employment of an inspector of scaffoldings in cities
and towns “ w ithin the lim it of which a public building within the
m eaning of article 3749 is being built or altered.” This inspector
m ust give a certificate for all scaffolding 15 feet or more in height,
and the standards of construction wnll be furnished by the D epartm ent
of Labor, compliance being required under penalty of a fine not exceed-,
ing $50 and costs. O ther laws reproduced relate to the exam ination
and licensing of chauffeurs and electricians, vocational education, etc.
Ontario.
A N EX T E N SIV E law on the subject of vocational education is
reproduced, and also am endm ents to the m others’ allowances
act. Prison labor and a two-platoon system for fire departm ents are
other acts th a t only require m ention; so also of the law relating to
the examination, etc., of stationary and hoisting engineers.
The m inimum wage act is amended so as to give the board power
to tem porarily suspend or vary orders or revise them in accordance
w ith special or changed conditions in any industry or establishm ent;
also to m ake different orders for the same industry or industries in
different localities. The factory inspection law was amended so as
to authorize inspectors under it to report violations of the m inimum
wTage act to the m inimum wage board. O ther amendm ents to this
law prohibit the employment of children under 14 years of age in any
shop except those in which only the employer’s own fam ily are em-
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ployed in home work, and authorize the factory inspector to require
seats to be provided for female employees. Provision is made in
another act for the establishm ent of employment service councils,
either provincial or local, to assist in the placem ent of labor; also for
advances of traveling expenses of workers where the employer agrees
to repay the agency therefor.
Manitoba.
TAHE legislation reproduced for this Province is am endatory only,
A relating to cooperative associations, housing, m others’ pensions,
employment in m ercantile establishments, and workm en’s compen
sation. The provision as to m ercantile establishm ents relates to
hours of closing, perm itting certain articles of food, confectionery,
fruit, tobacco, etc., to be sold after the ordinary hours of closing if
the restricted articles are partitioned off so as not to be accessible for
sale.
The am endm ents to the workm en’s compensation law increase
burial expenses from $100 to $150 and strike out the $60 m onthly
m axim um lim itation on benefits to widows w ith dependent children
and to orphans. Most striking is the increase of the m axim um
weekly benefit in cases of perm anent total disability from $6 to $15
per week, striking out also the provision which lim ited the benefits
of low-paid workers to the actual earnings where less than the m ini
mum compensation is allowed.
•
Alberta.
A S IN the case of M anitoba, labor legislation last year in Alberjta
was am endatory, m ost changes being of m inor im portance.
Compensation benefits were increased in the case of a widow or invalid
husband being the sole dependent from $30 to $35 per m onth, the
m axim um award where there are children under 16 years of age to
be $65 per m onth instead of $60. W here only children survive, the
m onthly benefits are $12.50 each instead of $10 as form erly w ith a
m axim um of $50 instead of $40. A new subsection is added author
izing an allowance where a person no t otherwise entitled to benefits
assumes the position of caretaker or foster m other for the continu
ance of the household of a deceased worker, such caretaker becoming
entitled to benefits as if she were a widow of the deceased. The bene
fits for perm anent to tal disability are changed from a fixed paym ent
of $10 per week w ith additions for dependents up to a m axim um of
$16, to an award based on the average weekly earnings of the injured
worker, 55 per cent being the compensation allowance. The sched
ule for perm anent partial disabilities is also stricken out, and 55 per
cent of the wage loss given as a benefit, continuing through the life
of the worker. Other changes relate to com putation of earnings,
lump-sum settlem ents, etc.
British Columbia.
'T 'H E legislative body for this Province considered a larger range of
A subjects than any other noted. A unique provision in some of
the laws is one directing th a t they shall come into effect when similar
legislation shall have been enacted in other Provinces of the Do-
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minion. This proviso attaches to the law regulating the employment
of children, one fixing the hours of labor, and acts relating to night
employment of women and of young persons, the obvious in ten t being
to adopt such progressive legislation only when conditions in other
Provinces are such as not to place employers at the supposed disad
vantage th a t would result from unequal conditions. The general act
as to the employment of children fixes the m inimum age at 14 for boys
and 15 for girls, registers being required of all under 16 years of age.
These laws apply to “ industrial undertakings” which shall not include
agriculture, horticulture, or dairying, nor employments in which
only members of the same family are engaged.
The hours of labor act applies also to industrial undertakings,
which include mines and quarries, m anufactures, shipbuilding, elec
tric plants and engineering works generally. The hours fixed are 8
per day and 48 per week, with variations for the daily work time to
provide for a shorter day on one day of the week. Continuous
process m ay be carried on by shifts working not more than 56 hours
per week on the average. Regulations m ay be made by the lieu
tenant governor in council which shall prescribe exceptions, either
perm anent or tem porary; agreements m ay also be recognized by the
Minister of Labor concerning the daily period of work, b u t not for
work more than 48 hours per week.
The scope of the acts relating to night employment of women and
children is the same as the foregoing acts, i. e., industrial undertakings.
In each case the term “ n ig h t” means the period between 8 p. m. and
7 a. m., the law as to women applying w ithout discrim ination of age,
while as to young persons it means those under 18. Both acts carry
provisions for exceptions in cases of emergency, while th a t w ith re
gard to young persons perm its those over 16 years of age to be em
ployed at night for continuous processes.
A fifth act to be operative only when other Provinces accept simi
lar provisions is one relating to vacation a t childbirth, providing for
release from em ploym ent for six weeks prior to th a t event on the
production of a medical certificate, and of six weeks following it;
also requiring an allowance of one-half an hour twice a day during
working hours in the case of m others nursing their children.
O ther acts amend the mine regulation act, the m inimum wage act,
the m others’ pension act, the act regulating the school attendance
of children, the inspection of steam boilers, etc. The fundam ental
provisions of these laws are little changed except th a t the school
attendance m ust be to the age of 15 years instead of 14.
A new piece of legislation is the “ superannuation a c t” applicable
to provincial, municipal, and school board employees, and optionally
to every employer n o t included in the above “ who has entered into
an agreem ent in w riting w ith all of his employees, or w ith any group
of his employees, in the m anner prescribed by the regulations,” for
the purposes of establishing a superannuation system. This agree
m ent m ust be filed w ith the civil service commission, which is charged
w ith the general adm inistration of the act. The system is contribu
tory, the standard contributions being 4 per cent of the employee’s
wages, and a like sum from the employer. Employees 35 or more
years of age m ay request larger deductions, b u t not more than 8 per
cent. Interest allowed is 5 per cent, and superannuation benefits
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become available on reaching the age of 60 (55 for females) on
application for superannuation or on retirem ent by com petent
authority; provision is also made for the retirem ent of incapacitated
persons w ithout reference to age.
N ew Danish L aw on Employment Exchanges and Unemployment
insurance.1
N EW law regulating em ploym ent exchanges, unemployment
insurance, and productive unem ploym ent relief through em
ploym ent a t public works was enacted in Denm ark on Decem
ber 22, 1921, and came into force on January 1, 1922. A brief outline
of this law, taken from the B ritish Labor G azette, was published in
the M o n t h l y L a b o r R e v ie w for June, 1922. The following more
extended sta te m e n t is from the D anish official publication noted.
E m p l o y m e n t e x c h a n g e s .—The system of public free employment
exchanges established by the law is based upon a netw ork of com
m unal em ploym ent exchanges recognized, subsidized, and supervised
by the State. The law intrusts the municipal em ploym ent exchange
a t Copenhagen w ith the functions of a central em ploym ent office for
the entire country and provides th a t other communal employment
exchanges m ay be charged w ith the functions of central organs for
specified p a rts of the country. In order to be recognized by the
State, communal em ploym ent exchanges m ust be adm inistered by an
equip artisan commission of employers and workers chosen by the
communal councils. One of the m ost im portant provisions of the
law is th a t legally recognized employment exchanges are prohibited
from sending applicants for work to establishm ents involved in a
strike or lockout.
U n e m p lo y m e n t i n s u r a n c e .—The unem ploym ent insurance system is
based upon voluntary insurance. The unem ploym ent insurance
funds created by the interested parties m ust comply w ith conditions
specified in the law and are recognized and subsidized by the State.
The S tate subsidy is equal to half the am ount collected in contributions
from the insured persons. The communes m ay adso subsidize those
funds in an am ount not exceeding one-third of the contributions of the
insured persons residing w ithin the territorial lim its of the commune.
The unem ploym ent benefit m ay n o t exceed two-thirds of the cur
ren t wages earned by the insured person nor m ay the daily benefit
exceed 4 kroner ($1.07, par) in the case of persons w ith dependents
or 3.50 kroner (94 cents, par) in the case of unemployed persons
w ithout dependents. In no case m ay the benefit be less than 1 krone
(27 cents, par) per day. The law provides th a t the first six days of
unem ploym ent shall not be compensated by unem ploym ent funds.
This waiting tim e m ay eventually be extended by law to 15 days.
Unem ploym ent benefits m ay also be paid for partial unem ploym ent
(short time) provided th a t the loss of time exceeds one-third of the
regular working time.
Recognized unem ploym ent funds are obligated to notify the proper
employment exchange of the name, address, last place of employment,
A
1D enm ark. A rbejderforsikrings-Raadet, A rbejdsnaevnet, A rbejdsdirektoratet sam t A rbejdsraadet.
Social Forsorg, Copenhagen, Vol. X V III, No. 1, 1922. (Jo in t publication.)
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[162]
LABOK LAWS AND COURT DECISIONS.
163
and wage of unemployed members, unless an agreement has been
concluded by the unem ploym ent fund and the employment exchange
th a t unemployed members m ust in person report a t the employment
exchange before unem ploym ent benefits will be paid to them. Un
employment benefit m ay not be paid to members who w ithout justi
fiable reason refuse to accept employment suited to their qualifica
tions which is offered them by the committee of the fund or by the
employment exchange. The fact th a t the wages offered are lower
than those lately earned by the unemployed mem ber shall not be
considered a justifiable reason for refusal of employment, provided
th a t the_ wages offered are not lower than those normally paid in
the district for the work in question.
Recognized unem ploym ent insurance funds m ay conclude agree
m ents w ith other funds, even w ith foreign funds, for reciprocal pay
m ent of unem ploym ent benefits to members. Such agreements m ust,
however, be approved by the director of the labor office in the M inistry
of the Interior.
S p e c i a l c e n tr a l u n e m p lo y m e n t f u n d .—In order to m ake provision
for the unemployed during economic crises of exceptional seriousness
the law provides th a t a special central unem ploym ent fund shall be
created wTith the twofold object of paying unem ploym ent allow
ances to unemployed persons and of subsidizing productive unem ploy
m ent relief work. Recourse is had to this fund for a particular
industry or for all industries in general on the decision of the M inister
of the Interior after consultation w ith a comm ittee of 16 members
appointed by Parliam ent.
This central unem ploym ent fund is constituted by means of em
ployers7 contributions (payable by employers subject to compulsory
accident insurance), by State grants, and by contributions from
recognized unem ploym ent insurance funds. The am ount of the
employers’ contributions is fixed by the M inister of the Interior with
due consideration for the average percentage of unem ploym ent occur
ring in each industry. The State grant to the central unem ploym ent
fund for 1922 is 7,000,000 kroner ($1,876,000, par), and in subsequent
years it will be equal to one-third of the sum disbursed by the fund
during the preceding year. Recognized unem ploym ent insurance
societies pay into the central fund quarterly 5 per cent of the total
am ount of the contributions received by them.
Unem ploym ent benefits will be paid from the central fund in
periods of exceptional unem ploym ent to unemployed persons who are
members of a recognized insurance fund b u t have exhausted their
right to benefit, or have dependents, or satisfy certain other con
ditions wdiich will be fixed by special regulations. This unem ploy
m ent benefit will be paid by the local authorities of the district in
which the unemployed person is resident, and two-thirds of the
sums thus paid out will be refunded to the local authorities by the
central fund.
P r o d u c tiv e r e l i e f w o r k .—Only persons unable to find employment
on productive relief work will be entitled to unem ploym ent benefit
from the central fund. The organization of relief works will be
encouraged by means of a grant from the central fund, the am ount
being proportionate to the num ber of persons employed on such relief
work, but not exceeding 3 kroner (80 cents, par) per person per day.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[163]
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW.
164
The nature and conditions of em ploym ent m ust be such as to
secure the em ploym ent of the largest possible num ber of unemployed
persons, and to m ake it more advantageous for the unem ployed to
work on such relief works than to receive unem ploym ent benefit,
b u t less advantageous than to get back to their norm al work.
The organization of relief works will be controlled by equipartisan
commissions, and these commissions m ay decide th a t certain private
undertakings shall be considered as relief works.
The law further provides for grants from the central fund to educa
tional courses, organized for the unemployed in districts where there is
considerable unem ploym ent. A ttendance a t these _courses m ay be
declared compulsory for unemployed persons in receipt of unemploy
m ent benefit.
Japanese Health insurance Law.
SPECIAL report from the acting commercial attache at
Tokyo, Japan, summarizes the provisions of a health insurance
law recently passed by the Japanese Diet. The te x t of the law
consists of 91 articles b u t in brief it provides th a t employees in
factories of every description, both official and private establish
m ents, shall carry health insurance if their annual income is 1,200
yen ($598.20, par) or less. The health insurance law is to be adm in
istered by the Governm ent and the insurers are to be the Govern
m ent and organized health insurance societies. These societies are
to be organized by factory proprietors and their employees and oneten th of the expense of said societies is to be borne by the Govern
m ent.
The insurance premium, which m ust not exceed 3 per cent of the
daily wage of the employee, is paid half by employers and half by the
employees. Insurance is paid to employees in case of sickness, acci
dent, death, and childbirth.
A
Industrial Accident L aw of Spain Am ended.1
H E Spanish industrial accident law of January 30, 1900, was
revised and amended by the law of Jan u ary 10, 1922, effec
tive 20 days after prom ulgation. The m ost im portant changes
and additions are those which broaden the coverage and provide for
accident prevention and industrial rehabilitation.
The employer is held responsible for accidents to his workmen
caused by or occurring in the course of the employment, unless the
accident is due to force m ajeure not connected w ith the work in
which the accident occurs. Carelessness due to fam iliarity with
the work does not exem pt the employer from responsibility.
T
1 Spain. Ministerio de Fomento. Boletin Oficial de la Dirección General de Commercio, Industria y
Minas, Madrid, January, 1922, pp. 15-22.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[164]
LABOE LAWS AND COUET DECISIONS.
165
Coverage.
T H E coverage is broadened to include (1) all factories, shops, and
industrial establishments, n o t m erely those using mechanical
power as in the old law; (2) agricultural, forestry, and stock-raising
establishm ents which regularly employ more than six men or use
power m achinery, the responsibility of the employer in the la tte r
case being only for those running the power m achinery; (3) actors
and adm inistrative employees of theaters not receiving more than
15 pesetas ($2.90, par) daily; (4) firemen; (5) clerks and traveling
salesmen of m ercantile establishments ; (6) the salaried personnel of
hospitals, insane asylums, poorhouses, etc.; and (7) offices or branch
offices of factories, etc., covered by the provision of the act, in re
spect to their personnel receiving less than 5,000 pesetas ($965, par)
annually. The provisions of the act apply to the State arsenals and
to factories m aking arm s and powder, also to provincial and m unic
ipal workmen and workers engaged on public works.
Compensation.
JN CASE of tem porary incapacity the em ployer’m ust pay the in
jured worker compensation equal to three-fourths of his daily
wage from the date of the accident until his retu rn to work, w ithout
deduction for holidays. If the incapacity continues for more than
a year, the compensation will be fixed in conformity w ith the provi
sions relating to perm anent incapacity.
In case of perm anent total incapacity for any kind of work, the
compensation shall be equal to two years’ wages. However, if the
accident causes total incapacity for the occupation in which the
worker was previously engaged, b u t does not prevent him from engaging in some other kind of work, the compensation will be equal
to 18 m onths’ wages. If the accident causes perm anent partial dis
ability for the injured worker’s usual employment, the employer will
pay compensation equal to one year’s wages. The regulations to be
issued within 6 m onths after promulgation of the law will define the
injuries which are to be considered às constituting the various de
grees of incapacity.
U nder certain conditions the employer is also required to furnish
medical and pharm aceutical aid during the period of disability.
If the accident results in the death of the worker, the employer
m ust defray the funeral expenses in the proportion fixed in the
regulations and in addition pay compensation on the following scale
to the widow, to legitim ate descendants (or illegitim ate if recog
nized) under 18 years of age or incapable of working, and also to
ascendants :
A sum equal to two years’ wages if the worker leaves a widow with children, or
grandchildren who are orphans and dependent upon her, or if the victim leaves
children or grandchildren.
A sum equal to a year’s wages, if he leaves a widow without children or other de
scendants of the deceased.
A sum equal to 10 months’ wages to the father, mother, or grandparents of the deceasea, if they are in necessitous circumstances, over 60 years of age, or incapable of
working, provided that the worker leaves no widow or children or grandchildren, and
if there are two or more relations in the ascending line. If he leaves only one such
relation, the compensation payable will be equal to six months’ wages.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[165]
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW.
166
Under certain conditions the same provisions apply in the case of
the death of women as the result of accident.
Compensation will be increased by one-half if the accident occurs
in an establishm ent in which the m achinery is not provided w ith
specified safety appliances.
Instead of the compensation provided in the act the employer
m ay pay life pensions,.provided he offers the heirs satisfactory guar
anties as provided in the act.
Accident Prevention and Occupational Rehabilitation.
T H E In stitu te of Social Reform is required to subm it to the Min* istry of Labor a scheme of regulations to insure the effective
application of means for the prevention of industrial accidents, and
the safety and hygienic measures considered necessary. The Min
istry of Labor is to organize a special departm ent for the rehabilita
tion of the victims of industrial accidents, in order to train them
for some occupation in which they will be able to earn a livelihood.3
‘Insurance Against Industrial Accidents.
E M P L O Y E R S are allowed to take out insurance covering their
^
liability for accidents to their employees, b u t this provision
does not deprive the workers of the right to bring an action against
the employer directly if they prefer. Insurance societies comply
ing w ith the conditions of the Commercial Code and employers’
m utual benefit societies are allowed to write this insurance and special
privileges are conferred on the la tte r organizations.
If the employer or insurance company fails to pay the compensa
tion for the death of a worker or for his total and perm anent incapa
city for work, the compensation will be paid im m ediately from a
special guaranty fund. This fund will be formed by the addition
of 0.1 peseta (1.93 cents, par) to each taxpayer’s annual paym ent of
the industrial and commercial tax, tax on income from investm ents,
etc.
The provisions of this law apply also to foreign workers and their
heirs residing in Spanish territory and to their heirs living abroad
a t the tim e of the accident if Spanish subjects enjoy similar ad
vantages in the country in question either under the laws of the
country or because of a special treaty.
a For the decree establishing this institute, see p. 205.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[166]
i
L A B O R O R G A N IZ A T IO N S .
Membership of American Trade-Unions, 1915 to 1920.
H E following table, showing the membership of American tradeunions, by years, from 1915 to 1920, was compiled by Prof. George
E. B arnett, of Johns Hopkins University, and published in the
American Economic Review supplem ent of March, 1922. T hedataw ere
obtained from reports of the American Federation of Labor, from pro
ceedings of the unions, and by correspondence w ith the unions. The
figures include the Canadian membership of national trade-unions which
also have members in the United States, but do not include the member
ship of independent local unions in the United States. The compiler
states, however, th a t since the membership of these local unions
approxim ately equals th a t of the Canadian local unions affiliated
w ith international unions the figures majr be regarded as fairly repre
sentative of the membership of trade-unions in the United States.
T
U nion.
1915
1917
1918
1919
16,700
3,100
413,400
17,800
3,000
393,800
3,000
393,600
414,600
417,700
71.600
18.600
65,200
24,100
73,600
27,700
247,200
321,700
346,000
371,900
2,800
2,500
1920
M ining and quarrying.
Mine, mill, and sm elting workers.
Q uarry w orkers................................
U nited m in e w orkers......................
T o tal.
16,700
3,600
311,600
16,100
3,500
318,000
17,900
3,500
352,000
331,900
337,600
373,400
75.900
12.300
73,800
14.200
78,500
16,000
21,100
Building trades.
Bricklayers an d m asons___
Bridge a n d iron w orkers. . .
B uilding laborers..................
C arpenters, U n ited ...............
Cem ent w orkers.....................
Ceramic tile la y e rs................
Composition roofers..............
Compressed air w orkers___
Electrical w orkers.................
E levator co n stru cto rs..........
H e at a nd asbestos w orkers.
H od carriers............................
M arble w orkers.....................
P a in te rs ...................................
P lasterers................................
P lu m b ers................................
Sheet m etal w orkers............
Slate a nd tile roofers............
W ood a n d m etal lath ers___
T o ta l.................................................
11,100
194.000
1,600
3.000
1,200
1,200
8,000
212,800
(9
2,800
1,200
(9
(9
1,000
1,800
131,200
3.000
1,800
40.000
139,200
3,100
84,500
19.000
60.000
18,300
600
82,700
19.000
60.000
103,100
19,400
75.000
21,800
6,000
6,000
6,000
552,900
606,500
700,600
801,800
887,900
13,000
8,500
17,300
300
300
17.200
9,700
18.200
19,500
31,200
200
23,200
18,300
55,500
200
38,100
28,300
84,900
45,400
48,300
103,000
400
400
3,400
600
6,500
3,200
800
6,700
5,300
100,900
11,500
50,000
6,500
3.000
1.300
2,800
3,300
16,100
4.800
143,600
13,500
500
1,800
2,600
5,400
19,700
5,100
254,600
13.000
50.000
9,000
600
3,500
1,200
1,200
1,400
36.200
2,800
1,600
41,500
2,900
31.900
1,600
75.300
18.300
41.000
17,800
600
32.400
600
78.200
18.400
45,000
17,500
600
32,400
54,400
2,900
1,600
36,700
1,000
6,000
85,200
19.000
52.000
17,600
600
1,000
6,000
532,700
36,200
2,700
1.000
1,000
1,000
(9
1.000
20,200
600
2,200
42.000
1,200
(9
5,900
Metal, machinery, and shipbuilding.
A utom obile, aircraft, e tc . . .
B lacksm ith s...........................
Boiler m ak ers..........................
C utting die m akers.................
D iam ond w orkers.................
D raftsm en’s u n io n ............... .
Engineers, A m algam ated. . .
F ou n d ry employees.............
Iro n ,ste e l, a n d tin w orkers.
Jew elry w orker's....................
M achinists..............................
M etal polishers........................
M olders.....................................
Pattern makers..................
71,900
11,000
50,000
9,500
300
12,000
11,000
4.300
112,500
12,000
50,000
7.000
200
5 0 ,000
8.800
200
1 U nion disbanded or am algam ated w ith an o th er union.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[167]
167
200
(9
9,100
31.500
S, 100
330,800
12.500
50,000
9,000
'
168
M ONTHLY
L A B O R R E V IE W ,
1918
1919
1920
1915
1916
1917
PtOVC in nn n ters
...........................................
W ire w eav ers.....................................................
•100
29,300
100
1,100
300
200
30,800
100
1,200
300
39,000
100
1,700
300
53,000
100
1,900
300
100,400
100
1,900
300
182,100
100
1,900
400
T o ta l.........................................................
220,400
263,100
305,500
396,200
615,900
836,500
8,500
3,500
400
500
4,500
4,800
400
22,700
4,300
9,300
4,200
400
500
5,200
5,100
400
29,000
4,400
11,400
4,600
400
500
6,400
5,100
400
33,000
6,500
14,500
4,900
400
500
6,000
5,100
400
34,000
8,000
16,400
5,600
20,700
6,100
1,300
100
4,900
200
59,100
1,200
100
4,900
300
60,700
1,300
100
5,200
300
61,600
1,200
100
5,300
300
63,300
64,700
70,500
144,000
147,600
163,600
4,000
2,000
4,300
3,200
10,100
U nion.
M e t a l , m a c h i n e r y , a n d s h i p b u i l d i n g —Con.
Pocket knife g rin d e rs......................................
H ail w ay carm en
........ ..............................
6)
P a p e r , printing, a n d bo ok bi nd in g.
p nnkki n ors
........................................
L ithographers....................................................
Lithograph press f eeriers
................. .
M achine p rin te rs
. . . r .........
P a p e r m akers
............ .....................................
P h ^ tn •■engravers
................................
P oster a rtists
....................................
Prin tU1g p r essm en
..................................
____ . . . . . .
Plllp a n d p ap er Tnill w o rk e rs
Pteel p la te p r in t e r s
..................................
Steel p la te tra n s fe rre rs
..............................
S tereo ty p ers.......................................................
T ip p r i n t e r s __ . , , , .............................................
Typographical u n io n .......................................
6)
500
5,700
5,000
400
34,000
8,400
100
1,300
100
5,400
C1)
500
7,400
5,900
400
35,000
97500
200
1,400
100
5j 900
115,200
125,700
136,800
11 000
2 , 900
1,000
700
«,000
3,600
1,000
400
7,000
3,900
1,500
500
200
2,300
3,200
......................................................
W ood c arv ers........ ................................................
3,500
1,000
3,900
1,100
4,000
1,200
4,800
1,200
5,500
1,000
5,600
1,200
T o ta l .............................................................
21,100
18,000
18,300
14,300
15,700
24,400
3,200
9,400
10,000
<*)
13,100
7,700
300
4,300
4,100
2,800
9,800
10,000
2,500
9,900
10,000
2,700
9,500
10,000
’ 5,200
9,900
10,000
W indow glass w o rk ers......................... ...........
2,900
9,400
10,000
1 100
13’ 500
7,800
200
4,400
3,800
12,500
7,600
300
4,100
4,600
11,900
7,800
400
4,200
4,300
10,700
7,400
300
3,900
3,700
10,500
8,000
300
4,000
3,800
T o ta l .............................................................
53,100
52,100
51,700
51,000
48,200
51,700
Tobaceo w o rk ers...............................................
15,800
52,000
39,400
3,900
17,500
49,600
37, 700
3,400
18,9«)
45,000
41,600
3,200
20,400
45,000
39,500
3,300
2 1 ; 000
40,000
36,300
4,200
27, ,500
34,100
38,800
15,200
T o ta l.........................................................
111, 100
108,200
108,700
108,200
101,500
115,600
1,800
5,000
6,100
15,000
1,700
59,000
5,000
7,300
15,000
1,500
64,600
5,000
9,600
15,000
C1)
65,200
5,000
29,100
15,000
60,800
5,000
66,300
15,000
60, 400
5, 000
65,300
20,300
■88,500
88,000
95,700
114,300
147,100
151,500
T extile w o rk ers...............................................
100
1,200
500
400
2,200
18,900
100
1,100
500
400
2,200
25,500
100
1,200
500
400
2,200
37,100
100
1,200
500
400
2,200
45,900
100
900
500
400
2,200
55, 800
2 ,2 0 0
104,900
T o tal........................................................
23,300
29,800
41,500
50,300
59,900
109,000
T o ta l.........................................................
L u m b e r a n d woodworking.
Hoopers
....................................
P iano anrt organ w o rk e rs ..............................
TTph ol s te re rs
C1)
4,000
2,000
6)
C h e m i c a l , clay, glass, a n d stone.
P r P k arid c la y w o rk e rs
..............................
p iin t glass w o rk e rs
....................................
("Hass ^ o f tle B lo w e r s ..........................................
.................... , .......................
H ra n i to e n t te r s
P o tte r s o p e ra tiv e .............................................
P o w d e r w o rk e rs
.......... ..........................
S to n e c u tte r s
........................................
F o o d , liquor, a n d tobacco.
B a k e ry w o rk ers ..................................................
B rew ery w o rk e rs ..................................................
r,i g ar m a k e rs ......................................................
R e s t a u r a n t a n d trade.
B utch er w o rk m en .............................................
H o te l e m p lo y ees .............................. - .............
TTof.el w o rk e rs
.................................. - .............
Meat c u tte rs
....................................................
R etail c lerk s...................................................
T o ta l ...........................................................
Textile.
■Elastic, goring w eavers
..............................
Lace o p erativ es................................................
M e.ehine tex tile p rin ters ..................................
P rin t c u tte rs.....................................................
S p in n ers
.........................................................
60,600
1 U n io n disbanded or am algam ated w ith an o th er union.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[168 ]
100
900
500
400
LABOE ORGANIZATION'S,
Union.
1915
1916
3 nm
38’ÖÖÖ
42,200
1,000
8,500
65,300
12,000
170,000
6,300
48.000
43.000
1,000
8,500
85,100
12.000
203,900
35,600
1,800
39,000
1,800
169
1917
1918
8,800
57,000
44,900
800
9,400
81,000
45,900
82^300
12,000
214,300
39,600
(B
3,200
20,000
(x)
62,800
1919
1920
Clothing.
Cloth h a t w orkers.......................
Clothing workers, am alg am ated .
G arm ent w o rk e rs .. . .
Glove w o rk ers......................
H a tte rs .........................
Ladies garm ent w orkers...............
Tailors.................
89,500
12,000
247,600
9,500
144,000
46.000
700
10.000
90,500
12,000
312,700
10,600
177,000
45,900
1,000
10,500
105; 400
12,000
362,400
35,800
36,800
46,700
23,' 000
39,000
33,000
62,900
82,500
91,400
1,000
80,800
113,400
26,000
5,600
7,900
4,800
2,000
83,100
123,300
31,300
54,200
12,800
6,200
1,800
2,600
52,400
2,200
86,900
125.900
74.000
60.000
17.000
7,100
1,900
2,600
56.000
2,600
12,300
8,800
35,200
3,300
48,700
184,600
186,000
65.900
Leather.
Boot and shoe w o rk ers...........
H orse goods, workers on................
L eather w orkers...............
Shoe workers, U n ite d ............
Traveling g o o d s ......................
T o tal............................
12,000
900
50,300
15,000
1,000
56,800
1,000
73,700
83,100
25,000
8,100
9,100
4.500
1,600
3.500
48,500
1,000
72,900
93,600
25,000
8,900
9.300
4,000
1,500
3.300
48,100
800
3,500
13,400
900
3,500
18,700
4,000
22,200
25,000
130,500
5,000
16,000
25,600
143,200
5,100
6,800
2,700
58,900
9,000
51,600
1,500
576,000
2,000
64,600
9,300
59,000
2,700
A. 100
Transportation.
Commercial telegraphers.....................
Locom otive engineers............
Locom otive firem en.................
Longshorem en.......................
M aintenance-of-way employees ...
M arine engineers...................
Masters, m ates, an d pilots.....................
P a v e rs..............................
Paving c u tte rs ............................
R ailroad conductors...............
R ailroad p a tro lm e n ...........................
R ailroad sig n a lm e n ..........................
R ailroad statio n agents...............
R ailroad s tatio n employees___
R ailroad statio n m en .....................
R ailroad telegraohers................
R ailroad tra in m e n .......................
R ailw ay clerks................... ..........
Seam en.......................
Sleeping car con d u cto rs.......................
Steam shovel m en ............................
Street a n d electric ra ilw a y employees__
Sw itchm en....................................
T eam sters........ ...............................
T unnel constructors...................
T o tal...................................
1,000
75,200
103,000
9,700
3 9Q0
48,700
73,' 700
10,200
3,400
50,300
4,500
29,400
6,100
181J400
17,200
78,600
10,700
72,900
2,400
6,200
32,700
44,600
71,400
42,700
6,000
89,700
11,800
75,600
958,800
8,000
98,700
14,000
110,800
3,000
1,216, 700
Theaters and M usic.
A ctors...............................
M usicians............................
Theatrical stage em ployees.................
T o ta l..........................................
8,700
60,000
18,000
86,700
60,'000
18,100
87,100
18,600
65,000
18,600
18, 500
6,900
70,000
19,600
96,500
P ublic Service.
Federal em ployees...........................
Fire fighters............................
L etter carriers..........................
Post office clerk s...........................
Post office clerks, F e d e ra l. . .
R ailw ay Mail A ssociation.............
R ailw ay postal clerk s...................
Teachers, A m erican Federation of............
T o tal..........................
8 100
in QQO
? ?OQ
32,800
25,000
8,100
13,400
0)
2,100
10,100
13,500
14,500
14,700
1,000
95,300
2,800
76,700
33,400
25,000
4,200
13,500
2.700
2.700
81,500
y, tiuu
160,000
34,100
1,400
700
200
3.700
5.700
4,100
1,500
800
200
5,700
5,800
4,300
1,500
700
200
8,100
s 4pe
4,600
38,400
1,600
700
200
10,000
5,400
5,500
35,900
44,200
1,600
1,400
17.000
21.000
35,200
17.000
22.000
58,400
17,100
33 ooo
66^ 500
5,400
6,000
4,500
20,500
25,000
65 °00
,755,400 5,041,500
,450,200
noe; ann
33,200
25,000
3,200
13,300
2,000
38, t)09
22' 400
25,000
16,200
14,800
M iscellaneous.
B arb ers............................
B ill posters...................................
Broom m a k e rs.........................
B rush m akers...........................
F u r w orkers..............................
H orseshoers..........................
L a u n d ry w o rk ers................
Oil and gas w ell................................
Stationary firem en ...................
Steam engineers......................
T rade and Fed eral unions...............
T o tal............................
G rand to ta l............................................
16 000
21,000
23,800
110,700
!, 567,700
1 U nion disbanded or am algam ated w ith another union.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[169]
1,000
0)
---- i.2 iÔ()
5 ,400
6,700
29’ 600
32,000
86,800
240,700
4,924,300
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW.
170
T rade-U nionism in C anada in 1921.
H E R E were 2,668 trade-union branches in Canada a t the close
of 1921, w ith a combined membership of 313,320, a decrease of
60,522 as compared w ith 1920, according to the Eleventh An
nual R eport on Labor Organization in Canada, published by the
Dominion D epartm ent of Labor (Ottawa).
The following figures from this docum ent show the membership in
1921 of the various branches and the changes in such membership
from 1920 to 1921:
T
M embership.
Class of union.
1921
In te rn a tio n a l............................................
N onintern ational.....................................
In d ep en d en ts...........................................
N ational a n d Catholic............................
One Big U n io n .........................................
222,896
24,480
15,644
45,000
5,300
G ain or loss
com pared
w ith 1920.
-44,351
-9 2 6
-15,545
No change.
+300
The One Big Union refused to give inform ation relative to th a t
body’s standing. The departm ent learned, however, th a t in the late
summer of 1921 per capita dues had been paid on the above listed
membership. The increase noted, however, does n o t represent new
members b u t those who had not paid their dues in 1920 when the mem
bership was reduced by 36,150. Sixteen delegates and 3 executive
board members attended the union’s third convention which was held
in Septem ber, 1921. According to the report of the secretarytreasurer, “ the conditions prevailing m ade it difficult to organize
new u n its.”
As m any organizations keep no separate records of their male and
female members, it was not possible to secure exact figures regarding
female trade-unionists. The total reported female membership for
the Dominion was 9,247, which included women in the national and
Catholic and noninternational bodies. Only 9, however, out of 98
international organizations gave inform ation on the subject.
In 1921 efforts were m ade to establish a perm anent association to
be known as the Federation of Catholic W orkers of Canada. A con
stitu tio n was adopted to go into effect Jan u ary 1, 1922, and officers
were elected. B oth the American Federation of Labor and the
Canadian Trades and Labor Congress are unfavorable to the organ
ization of wage earners on a creedal basis.
The Trades and Labor Congress reported to its 1921 convention a
membership of 173,778, a slightly higher figure than for the preceding
year.
The expenditures for trade-union benefits in the U nited States and
Canada for 1921 by the central international organizations aggregated
$24,089,836, an advance of $4,626,226 over 1920.
Four of the 15 noninternational organizations are reported as having
paid $20,775 in benefits, the greatest am ount ever expended by the
head offices of these bodies.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[1 7 0 ]
LABOR ORGANIZATIONS.
171
The disbursem ents of the local branch unions in Canada to their
own members in addition to w hat they m ay have received from head
quarters for 1921 aggregated $1,503,555, an increase of $1,179,400
over 1920. The distribution of these benefits was as follows:
Death benefits................................................................................... $197,306
Unemployed benefits........................................................................
55, 557
Strike benefits. . . ............................................................................. 1, 046,137
Sick benefits......................................................................................
129, 211
Other benefits....................................................................................
75,344
The final chapter of the E leventh Annual R eport on Labor Organi
zation in Canada gives d a ta regarding the 41 nontrade-union associa
tions of the Dominion which have a combined reported membership
of 43,298. Among the more im portant associations are those of the
school teachers and the ex-service men.
A m algam ation and Federation of British Trade-U nions.
N AN article on the “ Present position of trade-unions,” appearing
in the Labor Magazine (London), for May, 1922 (pp. 5-7), the
author discusses the tendency toward am algam ation and federa
tion in the British trade-union m ovem ent for the purpose of securing
un ity of trade-union action in each im portant industry.
Between 1915 and 1919 amalgam ations of workers’ organizations
took place to such an extent th a t a t present 6 of the 18 trade groups
which include the unions affiliated to the Trade-Union Congress,
represent about two-thirds of the total membership. The six groups
w ith their membership follow:
I
General workers.......................................................................... 1,117,680
Mining and quarrying................................................................
937; 412
Engineering and foundry trades................................................
695, 013
Railway unions..........................................................................
616,196
Other transport...........................................................................
470, 595
Building and woodworking.......................................................
455, 717
4, 292, 613
In addition to the amalgam ations which have recently taken place
there have been im portant moves toward federation, a large percentage
of the to tal m embership of the Trades-Union Congress being allied
in some m anner in federation activity, as shown in the following
table:
F E D E R A T IO N S O F W O R K E R S IN G R E A T B R IT A IN AND T H E N U M B E R O F A F F IL IA T E D
U N IO N S A N D T O T A L M E M B E R S H IP R E P R E S E N T E D .
N um ber of
unions
affiliated.
Federation.
N ational Federation of General W orkers...........................................................
B uilding Trades F ed eratio n ............................................................
Shipbuilding an d Engineering Trades F ed eratio n ..........................................
T ransport W orkers’ F e d e ra tio n 1............... .........................................................
T o ta l...............................................................
1 In process oi form ation.
110650°—22—— 12
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[171]
T otal
m em bership
represented.
8
16
31
21
1,750,000
500,000
1,503,984
1,348,754
79
5,102,738
172
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW.
The figures shown for the T ransport W orkers’ Federation include
the membership of the T ransport and General W orkers’ Union, the
present membership of the T ransport W orkers’ Federation, and the
membership of the three railway unions, which are now taking steps
toward am algam ation.
While these m ovem ents toward union will prove advantageous to
workers’ organizations in securing a clearer understanding through
closer contact, the author is of the opinon th a t neither am algam ation
nor federation will suffice to enable the trade-union m ovem ent to deal
effectively w ith the economic tendencies which influence and control
conditions of labor, or the operations of strong employers’ federations
ready to take advantage of advantages presented.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[172]
STRIKES AND LOCKOUTS.
Chilean Coal Strike.1
S T R IK E of the Chilean coal miners lasting 80 days and affecting
about 15,000 miners in the Provinces of Concepcion and
‘ Aranco, which furnish nearly all the Chilean coal, ended on
March 21, 1922, through direct negotiations between the operators
and their men. A coal strike is of great economic im portance in
Chile because coal mining is one of the m ost im portant industries,
and since the shutting down of the nitrate plants and the develop
m ent of a bad business and industrial situation it has been practically
the only prosperous industry in the country. The railroads, which
are owned by the Government, use m ost of the coal.
As m ost of the chief coal users, profiting by their experience in
1920, accum ulated large stocks of coal, and as foreign coal was cheaper
and more plentiful, the strike did n o t affect the industrial life of the
nation so seriously as the 1920 strikes.
The series of strikes in 1920 was finally settled by the Rivas Vicuña
agreement, which was to be binding until December 31, 1921.2 D ur
ing the period of this agreem ent there were no prolonged strikes, b u t
there were m any short strikes and several riots. Two m onths before
its expiration the miners gave notice th a t they would no t renew the
agreement. A little later they presented a set of demands, asking
for a m inim um daily wage of 6 pesos ($2.19, par), recognition of the
union, b etter houses, a pension system , the construction of schools
and theaters, and the establishm ent of labor boards for settling
disputes. The companies refused to accede to these term s and on
January 1 proposed new working conditions, w ithout, however,
affecting wages or abolishing the eight-hour day. Furtherm ore, the
companies declared their intention of establishing a system of com
pulsory medical exam inations for all workmen, of closing certain
unprofitable workings, and of discharging surplus employees and
those whom they considered “ undesirables,” including in this term the
strike and labor leaders, as well as of eradicating certain alleged abuses
by reducing the am ount of free coal furnished their employees and by
selling supplies a t cost price instead of below cost. The largest and
m ost im portant com pany proposed a profit-sharing system and a bonus
for regular work and agreed to im prove housing conditions.
Upon learning these conditions the miners a t once w ent on strike.
The basic issue in the strike was the question of the com
panies’ intended discharge of surplus employees, the num ber
being estim ated a t from 900 to 1,500. The miners insisted th a t there
was no surplus, owing to the great num ber of deaths from smallpox,
the fact th a t child labor in the mines was soon to be abolished, and
th a t m any men were leaving to work in the harvest fields, and proosed a “ redondilla” or system of rotation a t work so th a t all m ight
ave a t least part-tim e employment. The operators refused to
A
E
i The d a ta on w hich th is article is based are from cu rren t issues of E l Mercurio, Santiago; South Pacific
Mail, V alparaiso, a n d E l Sur, Concepcion.
2For a discussion of these strikes a n d th e term s of th e agreem ent see th e M onthly L abor R ev ie w for
Jan u a ry , 1922, p p . 33-35.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[173]
173
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW.
174
accept a system th a t had worked so unsatisfactorily in the shipping
industry,3 on the ground th a t it would burden them with more
employees than they could accommodate in the company houses.
In the interval between the notice of abrogation of the agreement
and the beginning of the strike the companies accum ulated a large
coal reserve and the miners a reserve of food and money so th a t the
former declared themselves ready for a four m onths’ struggle and the
latter for one of a t least two or three months.
The M inister of the Interior and the M inister of W ar a t once
sought to arrange a settlem ent, b u t were able to do nothing more than
to organize consumers’ cooperative societies for the miners and have
the companies agree to enlarge and improve the housing facilities.
A t the same time the large company previously referred to decided
to establish a welfare departm ent for its employees.
W hen the a ttem p t of the Chilean Federation of W orkm en to
organize a general strike for January 25 m et w ith a lukewarm response,
the date for the general strike was postponed to F ebruary 10, b u t
even then the response was half-hearted for the m ajority of the
workmen felt th a t a period of industrial depression and serious unem
ploym ent was not the proper time to engage in a general strike.
The railroad employees especially held aloof because they were
opposed to the action of the December, 1921, convention of the
Chilean Federation of W orkmen in declaring their adherence to the
Moscow International. As a result, the general strike failed com
pletely. The coal strike continued, the companies still holding out
for a m aterial reduction in the force and the miners insisting th a t all
who were employed on December 31, 1921, be reinstated and allowed
to work according to the “ redondilla” system.
B y the middle of March the miners had exhausted their food and
money resources and were constrained to negotiate w ith the com
panies. Besides, the companies had given notice th a t all who did
not return to work on March 20 would be discharged. Accordingly
on March 20 and 21 direct settlem ents were effected^ between the
two leading companies and their men, which are reported to have been
on essentially the same term s offered by the companies on January 1,
w ith a few concessions such as (1) the giving to those miners who
did not go to work during the first days of Jan u ary on account of
illness and who were to be discharged, an am ount equal to an average
m onth’s wages instead of an am ount equal to the wages for the m onth
of December; (2) the postponing for a m onth of the ejectm ent of
discharged miners from the company houses; and (3) the delivery of
the first quintal (220.46 pounds) of flour after the strike a t the old
(cost) price. The terms of the agreement also included the grant of
a bonus of 30 centavos (11 cents, par) for each car of coal mined,
which am ounts to a 5 per cent increase in wages, and a 5 per cent
bonus to those who work six days a week. These term s were not so
favorable as those rejected by the miners earlier in the negotiations,
when the two principal companies agreed to lim it the num ber of men
to be discharged to 75. Following the final settlem ent it was expected
th a t the companies would discharge as m any as they pleased, includ
ing the strike leaders. A request from the intendent of Concepcion
for free passage for 700 unemployed miners and 200 “ undesirables”
3S e e M
onthly
L a b o r R e v ie w ,
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
January, 1922, p. 35.
[174]
STRIKES AXD LOCKOUTS.
175
together w ith their families a t the end of March gives some indication
of the extent of the dismissals.
No loss of life or special violence occurred during the strike, and
following the arrangem ent of terms work was resumed at all the
mines w ithout incident.
R ecent Strikes in H ongkong and Shanghai.
H E rapid developm ent of the labor m ovem ent in the principal
industrial cities of China has resulted in numerous strikes in the
p ast few years and, although in m ost cases b u t a few hundred
workmen have been involved, in a num ber of instances considerable
concessions have been gained by the strikers. Forty-seven labor
unions were recently listed in Shanghai according to a report of the
Chinese Government Bureau of Economic Inform ation. The following
inform ation regarding strikes during the m onths of M arch and April
has been compiled from the Chinese and English press of those cities.
In Hongkong the barbers’ guild in the colony dem anded shorter
working hours. A t a joint meeting between representatives of the
employees’ organization and the employers two weeks later the hours
were reduced to 10 daily, although the employees had dem anded an
eight-hour day, and it was agreed to suspend work a t 5 p. m. on
Sundays, the shops to be closed on holidays and festival days. The
employees also were to receive the entire am ount of tips and w hat was
in effect a closed union shop was instituted.
The m otorm en and conductors’ guild asked an im m ediate increase
in wages, an annual bonus, and the 8-hour day. In conference 10 days
later the representatives of the company and the employees agreed
upon wage increases ranging from $2 to $12 m onthly, according to
length of service, a bonus of 3 weeks’ extra salary a t the end of the
Chinese year, and the company recognized the right of the guild to m ake
recom mendations for the engagement of new m otorm en and conductors.
The guild of coxswains and crews of steam launches and m otor
boats asked increased wages varying from 50 per cent for lowest paid
workers to 15 per cent for the highest. The shipowners offered
increases ranging from 30 per cent to 5 per cent, which were not
accepted by the employees.
O ther strikes, the outcome of which is not known, were th a t of the
stevedores who asked a 50 per cent increase in wages, and the varnishers’ guild which demanded increases varying from 30 to 50 per
cent and a working day of 9^ hours.
In Shanghai the employees of the N ikka mill of the Japan China
Cotton M anufacturing Co. walked out on April 16 as a result of the
rejection by the company of their demand for a 20 per cent increase
in wages. After a strike of one week the company agreed to raise
the lowest paid workers 15 per cent and those receiving higher pay
10 per cent, b u t the settlem ent was only tem porary, the employees
objecting to the m ethod of paym ent. The num ber of strikers was
estim ated a t from 3,000 to 4,000.
A three days’ strike of about 400 mail carriers occurred in the la tte r
p a rt of April, caused by the enactm ent of regulations which raised
the am ount of the individual bond required from $60 to $100 and
imposed a deduction of $2 from their m onthly pay for their savings
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[175]
176
M O N T H L Y LABOR R E V IE W .
deposits. Their demands included an increase of $5 m onthly in their
pay; deduction of only $1 m onthly for savings and th a t to be stopped
when the sum accum ulated amounted to $60, the same to be returned
in full upon the separation of a carrier from the office; the bond not
to exceed $60, and a reduction of the working day from 10 to 8 hours.
Two days later about 250 sorters joined the ranks of the mail
carriers. Complaints upon the p a rt of the business men and the
general public because of the delayed mails caused the M inistry of
Communication at Peking to direct the post-office authorities at
Shanghai to tre a t the strikers w ith “ sym pathetic consideration” and
the strikers resumed work after being granted an increase of $2.50
per m onth, a 9-hour day, and having their demands m et in the m atter
of bonds and savings deposits.
Labor Conflict in D enm ark.1
NUM BER of the agreements between the Danish E m ployers’
Association and the Trade-Union Federation expired February 1,1922, and negotiations for a renewal of agreements failing,
a lockout followed which paralyzed Danish industries for a period of
nearly two m onths (February 15 to April 10, 1922). The lockout in its
first stage affected about 51,000 men, which num ber was increased by
10,000 men in March. A greater num ber were affected than those
directly touched by the lockout, as a large num ber of the workers in
m any of the industries were unemployed before the lockout was declared.
The conflict came in connection w ith a dem and for wage reduction
upon the expiration of the existing agreements and the question of
the 8-hour day which in D enm ark is no t established by law but has
been introduced through the agreement of May 17, 1919, between the
leading employers’ and labor organizations. On February 3 the
Government conciliator subm itted a conciliation proposal, the chief
provisions of which were: A 15 per cent general wage reduction;
further adjustm ent in August, the wages to rise or fall in exact pro
portion to the cost of living; and an 8-hour day, w ith overtime pay
a t the rate of time and a quarter for the first two hours of overtime,
time and a half for the n ex t hour, and double time thereafter.
On F ebruary 6 the Trade-Union Congress resolved n o t to recommend
the proposal to the unions. The m atte r was then referred to the
constituent trade-unions to be decided by a vote of the members.
The result was an overwhelming m ajority for rejection, the individual
vote being 56,581 to 13,801 and the union vote 22 to 3, On Feb
ruary 15 the employers’ association declared a lockout of all unions
whose agreements had expired or would expire during F ebruary and
which had n o t concluded a new agreement. Lockout notices were
issued to unions whose agreements expired March 9.
Conciliation was again attem pted and on March 9 a new* proposal
was subm itted. According to the mew proposal there was to be an
im m ediate 15 per cent reduction of wages, and in August wages were
to be adjusted 1 per cent for each per cent the cost-of-living index
was lower than 206 or higher th an 218. Overtime was to be paid for
1The d a ta on which th is article is based are from consular reports d ated A pr. 1, A pr. 15, a n d M ay 8,1922,
Sociola M eddelanden No. 5, a n d cu rren t n u m b ers of Arbejdsgiveren, th e organ of th e D anish E m ployers’
Association.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[176]
SHRIKES AND LOCKOUTS.
177
at the rate of time and a quarter for the first hour and time and a
third for the second hour. This differed from the former proposal
in th a t no provision was made for wage adjustm ent for the first six
points of rise or fall in the price index figure given out by the Statistical
D epartm ent and th a t the overtime pay for the second hour was
changed from time and a quarter to time and a third.
The Trade-Union Federation m et in general congress again, and
on March 14 after a nearly unanimous rejection of a proposal for a
general strike, voted 328 to 272 to recommend to separate unions the
conciliator’s proposal of March 9. The general m eeting of the em
ployers’ association of March 10 rejected the conciliation proposal
of March 9. Lockout notices were issued to trades whose agreements
expired in April.
A nother proposal was made April 4. The April 4 agreement pro
vided for a wage reduction of 15 per cent, b u t the lowest-paid workers
were to be perm itted to negotiate for a smaller reduction b u t not for less
than 12 per cent. The overtime rate was not to exceed time and a
quarter for the first hour of overtime or time and a third for the
second. The 8-hour working day established by the agreement of
May 17, 1919, was to be renewed, with regulations to prevent the
misuse of overtime work. Questions as to working shifts, seasonal
work, etc., were to be referred to joint committees. If both
parties, before August 1, agree to an extension of last year’s agree
m ent for another year, the adjustm ent of wages on the basis of prices
is to be postponed un til February, 1923, at which time the wages are
to be increased or decreased by as m any per cent as the price index
is above or below the index for February, 1922.
This proposal was accepted and an agreement was concluded on
April 7 between the Trade-Union Federation and the employers’
association. The lockout formally term inated April 10. This agree
m ent between the two central organizations did not, however, end
the dispute, since a m ajority of the associated unions, among these
being the im portant Danish W orkm en’s Union, did not consider this
agreement as binding upon them. On April 24, however, the Danish
W orkm en’s Union accepted the proposal under certain specific con
ditions. According to a consular report of May 8, contracts have
been concluded w ith all unions of im portance and the dispute m ay be
considered settled. The employers’ association, however, is likely to
bring a case against the central trade-union organization in the court
of arbitration to determine w hether or not the decisions of a general
m eeting of the federation are binding on the associated unions. The
employers’ association claims th a t it is understood th a t the compro
mise proposal should either be finally accepted or rejected by the
federation.
Strikes in France, 1915 to 19 ¡8, and November, 1921, to February,
1922.
STATEM ENT in the latest issue of the French Labor B ulletin1of
the num ber and causes of strikes in France during the 4-year
period 1915-1918, and during the four m onths from Novemi B ulletin d u M inistère d u T ravail, Paris, January-February-M arch, 1922, p p . 1-4.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[147]
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW.
178
ber, 1921, to February, 1922, shows a great increase in industrial
unrest during the w ar years.
In 1915 there were only 98 strikes involving 9,344 strikers and
causing 44,344 days of unem ploym ent; in 1916, 315 strikes, including
41,409 strikers and 235,907 days of unem ploym ent; and in 1917 the
climax was reached w ith 696 strikes, 293,810 persons striking, and a
loss of 1,481,621 working days. In 1918 a considerable reduction in
the num ber of strikes was shown, w ith 499 strikes reported involving
176,187 employees and causing a loss of work of 979,632 days.
During this 4-year period the textile industries furnished the great
est num ber of strikes, more than one-fifth of the total num ber taking
place in these industries. O ther industries in which there were m any
strikes were m etal working, 234; transportation, 183; clothing, 168;
hides and skins, 150; building, 130; chemicals, 85; food products, 58;
woodworking, 55; printing, 47; and smelting and refining, 42. I t is
noted th a t the mining industry, which ordinarily has m any strikes,
had only 13, involving 3,114 workers in the entire 4-year period.
Nearly one-half of the strikes were settled by a compromise, while
in about one-fourth of them the strikers gained all their demands, and
about the same proportion failed to secure the objects for which
they were striking. The results of 71 strikes were not reported. O ut
of a total of 1,607 conflicts, 1,360, or 85 per cent, were caused by
dem ands for wage increases alone or associated w ith other demands.
Wage reductions caused 30 strikes, and during 1917 and 1918, 197
were called for the purpose of securing a reduction of working hours.
Recourse to conciliation and arbitration was had in 303 cases, 108 of
which were settled by justices of the peace.
In the four m onths from November, 1921, to February, 1922,
there were 140 strikes, 3 lockouts, and 5 combinations of employers
against workers, involving altogether 147,349 workers. Forty-five
of the strikes were for an increase of wages, 39 against a reduction
of wages, and 10 for reinstatem ent of workers. The textile indus
tries again had the largest num ber of strikes, 37; building trades,
20; smelting and refining, 18; extractive industries, 14; and agri
culture, 11. The rem ainder were distributed among the tra n s
portation and warehousing, woodworking, food, printing, hides
and skins, and chemical industries. Thirty-nine of the strikes
resulted in a compromise, 23 were successful, 49 failed, and the
results of 29 were not yet determined.
R ep o rt of Industrial Disputes Com m ittee of Bom bay, India.
N ACCORDANCE with a resolution passed by the B om bay Legis
lative Council on Ju ly 30, 1921, 1 the governor in council a p
pointed an industrial disputes com m ittee whose d u ty it should
be “ to consider and report upon the practicability or otherwise of
creating suitable m achinery for the prevention and early settlem ent
of labor disputes.” The com m ittee, which was composed of four rep
resentatives of employers, three of labor, and two of the public,2 has
recently subm itted its report,3 a brief sum m ary of which follows :
I
1(In d ia, B om bay). Labor Office.
2Idem ., October, 1921, p. 18.
2Id em ., April, 1922, p p. 23-31.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
L abor G azette.
B om bay, Septem ber, 1921, p. 21.
[1 7 8 ]
STRIKES AND LOCKOUTS.
General industrial Situation.
RY in the Bom bay Presidency is centered in
m bay, Ahm edabad, and Sholapur, having a
200,000,
55,000, and 20,000, respectively. In t
xtiles constitute the leading industry; in Bom bay
ided into (1) textile operatives, (2) transportatid
rs, (3) gas and electric light workers, municipal emplo
em inent employees generally; (4) engineering worksho
p ) general labor. This general body of labor is dd
s ‘ agriculturists first and agriculturists last,77 who come to B
and work until they have funds enough to return to their v'
1 hough there has boon no general strike in the presidency since
1920, a num ber of strikes lasting from two to five m onths
affecting thousands of workers in different industries are repor
th ese strikes have been characterized by (1) frequency of st
w ithout notice; (2) absence of any clearly defined grievancesm ultiplicity and extravagance of demands ; (4) absence of any effecti
oiganization to present operatives7 demands and to secure respect f
settlem ents m ade; (5) increasing solidarity of employers and employe
and capacity of workers to rem ain on strike.
Prevention of Strikes.
a m^-ans of preventing numerous strikes the comm ittee suggests a moi e effective standardization of wages, by the employers
m the presidency, an extension of welfare work, which includes a t
present, m some mills, medical attendance, m aternity benefit, crèches
recreation, etc., already in active progress, and a continuous effort
o increase the num ber of cooperative societies. Many mills now
m aintain grain and cloth shops, and the comm ittee attaches special
im portance to the m aintenance of bright, clean tea shops and, where
possible, restaurants in which the workers can obtain well-cooked
food a t cost.
There are a t present 77 trade-imions in the presidenev, w ith a
membership of 108,731 persons. In A hm edabad the unions are said
to be well supported by the men and have won complete recognition
nom the employers. A part from the Ahm edabad unions the other
unions m the presidency are little more th an strike committees,
ilm comm ittee is of the opinion th a t there should be “ neither on the
p a rt of the S tate nor of industry any hostility to the free evolution
ol the trade-union m ovem ent.77 I t recommends the official recogni
tion of the unions and compulsory registration under a broad and
generous act.
Works committees, it is believed, discount the absence of personal
contact between employers and workers in large establishm ents
and nave an educational value to the operatives.
The housing question is one of great im portance in Bom bay, as
elsewhere, and according to the com m ittee’s report it is broadly true
to say th a t because of the deficiency in both the q u a n tity and the
quality of housing accommodations and the pressure of excessive
rents upon the wage-earning classes the “ recent large increases in
wages have borne no fruit in the im provem ent of social conditions.7’
in e iep o rt indicates, however, th a t real efforts are being m ade by
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[1 7 9 ]
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW.
public builders to improve the housing s
ne Im provem ent T rust has provided 19,300
nents, which alm ost replace those it has conder
id its program calls for 6,667 additional te
J ity is housing an increasing num ber of its em
ist has erected 2,000 tenem ents for its employees,
re Development D irectorate call for 50,000 tenemc.
.,200 rooms being provided for in the present fiscal^
r of the mills provide quarters for their employees and
j additional building. Though the employer is not considei,
x landlord, the com m ittee encourages any efforts to relieve theg shortage, which the report states will require a t least a
dtion of m axim um efficiency in home-building operations.
Vrapid extension of education w ithout a corresponding improvefj, in the conditions under which workers live would, in the opinion
he comm ittee, accentuate rath er th an reduce labor unrest. A
ime of compulsory education, the introduction of which will be
iplete in 1925, is now being prepared. The num ber of liquor
d bucket shops should be reduced, as should also the am ount o.
quor which can be offered for sale and the hours during which it m ay
je sold.
Settlement of Industrial Disputes.
A S a m ethod of settlem ent of industrial disputes when all other
m ethods have been tried and have failed, or when public
peace, order, and good governm ent dem and such adjustm ent, the
comm ittee recommends a court of inquiry—to be followed, if neces
sary, by an industrial court of conciliation—modeled upon the
British court of this character established in 1919. In general the
court should consist of a chairm an selected by the members fiom a
panel m aintained by the labor office, three members representing
employers, and three representing workers in the industry concerned.
The comm ittee did not agree upon the representation of the general
public, the opinion of a bare m ajority being th a t the public should
not be represented on a court dealing w ith an industrial dispute, but
should be represented when the court is inquiring into a dispute
affecting a Government departm ent or a public u tility company or
corporation. The m inority felt th a t the public is intensely interested
in every serious industrial dispute and should therefore be represented
on the court of inquiry appointed to investigate details regarding it,
as well as in the cases cited above. V oluntary agreement or a court
of inquiry was preferred to the systems of compulsory arbitration
which are operative in other B ritish colonies.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[ 180 ]
CONCILIATION AND ARBITRATION.
Conciliation Work of tire Department of Labor in May, 1922.
By
H ugh
L.
K e e w i n , D ir e c t o r o f C o n c il ia t io n .
H E Secretary of Labor, through the Division of Conciliation,
exercised his good offices in connection with 23 labor disputes
during May, 1922. These disputes affected a total of 727,874
employees. The table following shows the name and location of the
establishm ents or industries in which disputes occurred, the nature
of the disputes (whether strike, lockout, or controversy not having
reached strike or lockout stage), the craft or trade concerned, the
cause of the dispute, its present status, the term s of settlem ent, the
date of beginning and ending, and the num ber of workmen directly
or indirectly affected.
On June 10, 1922, there were 31 strikes before the departm ent for
settlem ent and in addition 11 controversies which had not reached
the strike stage. Total num ber of cases pending, 42.
T
L A B O R D IS P U T E S H A N D L E D B Y T H E U N IT E D ST A T E S D E P A R T M E N T O P L A B O R
T H R O U G H IT S D IV IS IO N O P C O N C IL IA TIO N , MAY, 1922.
N am e of com pany or in d u stry
and location.
N ature of
controversy.
Craft concerned.
Present
status.
Cause of dispute.
Egg inspectors, Chicago, 111.................
S trik e.......... Egg inspectors. W age cut from $1 to
80 cents per hour.
Kosher bakers, G reater New York Controversy. B akers................ R enew al of agree
and vicinity.
m ent.
A m erican Shipbuilding Go., Lorain, Strike........... Em ployees, ship W age cut 5 per cent
Ohio.
builders.
to 22 per cent.
Broom m akers, Evansville, I n d ........... ....... d o ......... . Broom m ak ers.. 20 per cent c u t on
piece w ork.
B uilding trades, A urora, 111.................. ........d o .......... B ricklayers......... B ricklayers black
listed.
U. S. T ent and Awning Co., Chicago, ....... d o ........... Sail and te n t Violation of agree
m akers.
m ent alleged.
E . H . L evy Silk P lan t, Paterson, N . J. ........d o ........... Silk w orkers. . . . W age c u t...................
Tugboats, Philadelphia, P a ................... Controversy. H arb o r w orkers. ___ d o ..........................
Miners of bitum inous coal fields, S trike........... M iners................. Wages a nd agree
E a st a n d M iddle W est U nited
m ents.
States.
A nthracite coal fields, E astern U nited ........d o ........... ........do...................
.d o .
States, P ennsylvania.
A djusted R estau ran t K eepers’ Asso ........d o ........... W a ite rs. .
W age c u t 22 to 40
ciation, New Y ork City.
per cent.
W aiters, W ashington, D . C.................... ........d o ........... ........d o . ________ F orm of agreem ent..
B uilders Exchange, Bakersfield, Calif.
.d o .
Building trades. Trade-union and re
new al agreem ent.
Shipow ners’ Association, Los Ange
.do.
Longshorem en.. W orking conditions.
les, Calif.
Street cars, Schenectady, N. Y ............. ___d o .
E m ployees..........
Shipping Board, shipowners, P o rt ___do.
Longshoremen,
H iring and working
land, Oreg.
etc.
conditions.
Shipowners, San Francisco, C alif......... Strike.
Ship re p a ire rs... 10 per cent cut in
wages.
Roofers, O akland, C alif...........................
.d o .
R oofers................ W age c u t...................
Bethlehem Shipbuilding Corporation,
.d o .
Em ployees..........
Potrero and Alameda, Calif.
M achinists, Peoria, 111., contract shops. ___d o .........
M achinists.......... W age c u t....................
Shipow ners’ Association, San Pedro, Threatened
L ongshorem en . In s titu tio n
group
Calif.
strike.
p la n of hiring.
Cooke Mill, Paterson, N . J ..................... S trike.......... Silk w o rk ers___ W’agecut 10 per cent.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[ 181 ]
A djusted.
Do.
Do.
Pending.
A djusted.
Pending.
A djusted.
Do.
Pending.
Do.
Do.
Pending.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
A djusted,
181
Do.
182
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW.
L A B O R D IS P U T E S H A N D L E D B Y T H E U N IT E D ST A T E S D E P A R T M E N T O P L A B O R
T H R O U G H IT S D IV IS IO N O F C O N C IL IA T IO N , M AY, 1922—Concluded.
W orkm en affected.
D ate ofN am e of com pany or in d u stry
a n d location.
Egg inspectors, Chicago, 111 —
Kosher bakers, G reater New
Y ork an d vicinity.
A m erican Shipbuilding Co.,
Lorain, Ohio.
B r o o m m a k e r s ,E v a n s v i l l e , I n d
Term s of settlem ent.
Beginning.
E nding.
1922.
A pr. 1
1922.
May 3
400
May
5
May 11
5,000
A pr. 22
May 17
300
M ay 6
Blacklist order rescinded......... M ay 11
M ay 16
M ay 13
75
22
Compromise on 90 cents per
hour.
New contracts signed covering
tim e to A pr. 30,1923.
R etu rn to work, 8 per cent re
duction.
C o n fe re n c e s p e n d i n g .......................
B uilding trades, Aurora, 111—
U . S. T en t an d Awning Co.,
Chicago, 111.
E . H . L evy Silk P la n t, P a te r R etu rn to w ork u nder old
scale of wages.
son, N . J.
Miners of bitum inous coal
fields,E ast and M iddle W est
U n ited States.
A nthracite coal fields, E astern P ending on conferences............
U n ited States, Pennsylvania.
Tugboats, Philadelphia, P a — 5 p er cent cu t in wages ac
cepted.
A djusted R estau ran t K eepers’ 649 restau ran ts affected; new
agreem ents signed.
Association, New Y ork City.
W aiters, W ashington, D . C ---B uilders’ Exchange, B akers
field, Calif.
Shipow ners’ Association, Los
Angeles, Calif.
Street cars, Schenectady, N . Y .
Shipping Board, shipowners, State conciliation board acting
w ith conciliator.
P o rtlan d , Oreg.
Shipowners, San Francisco,
Calif.
Roofers, O akland, Calif.............
B ethlehem Shipbuilding Cor
poration, Potrero a n d Ala
m eda, Calif.
M achinists, Peoria, 111., con Settlem ent pending; shops ru n
ning w ith 50 per cent non
tra c t shops.
union m en.
Strike
order rescinded; I. W .W .
Shipowners’ Association, San
a n d I. L . A. entered conflict.
Pedro, Calif.
Company
w ithdrew dem and
Cooke Mill, Paterson, N . I -----for cut of 10 per cent.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
A pr. 10
A pr.
Directly.
12
June
1
1
200
25
000
40
100
550.000
1
160.000
..d o .......
May
I n d i
rectly.
M ay 11
M ay 18
June
A pr. 20
May 5
A pr. 23
3
M ay 17
2,500
8,000
600
1,000
719,009
9,865
M ay 29
M ay 29
May
1
May 16
May 19
A pr. 10
June
1
IM M IG R A T IO N .
Statistics of Immigration for A pril, 1922.
B
y
W .
W .
H
u s b a n d
, C
o m m is s io n e r
G
e n e r a l
o p
I
m m ig r a t io n
.
H E following tables show the total num ber of im m igrant aliens
adm itted into the United States and em igrant aliens departed
from the U nited States in January, February, March, and April,
1922, and for the six m onths’ period from Ju ly to December, 1921.
The tabulations are presented according to the countries of last per
m anent or future perm anent residence, races or peoples, occupations,
and S tates of future perm anent or last perm anent residence. The last
table (Table 6) shows the num ber of aliens adm itted under the per
centum lim it act of May 19, 1921, up to June 7, 1922.
T
U H EDC, T T U A J h 9 ,
D O U T W A R D P A S S E N G E R M O V E M E N T IN JA N U A R Y , F E B R U A R Y ,
M A R C H , A N D A P R I L , 1922, A N D D U R I N G T H E S I X M O N T H S E N D I N G D E C E M B E R 31
1921.
'
A r r i v a ls .
D e p a r tu r e s.
I m m i
grant
a lie n s
a d m it
ted .
N on
im m i
grant
a lie n s
a d m it
ted .
U n it e d
S ta te s
c it iz e n s
a r r iv e d .
A lie n s
de
barred.
J u ly t o D e c e m b e r , 1921.
J a n u a r y , 1 922 ......................
F e b r u a r y , 1 9 2 2 ..................
M a r c h , 1 922...........................
A p r i l , 192 2 .............................
2 0 0 ,1 2 1
1 5 ,9 2 8
1 0 ,7 9 2
14, 803
1 8 ,9 6 7
6 5 ,2 8 7
6 ,7 0 5
6 ,8 5 1
9 ,7 3 6
1 0 ,1 9 9
1 3 3 ,111
1 2 ,0 5 7
1 7 ,5 7 3
2 1 ,8 8 4
19, 889
T o t a l ...........................
2 6 0 ,6 1 1
98, 778
2 0 4 ,5 1 4
P e r io d .
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
T o ta l.
E m i
grant
a lie n s
de
p a r ted .
N one m i
grant
a lie n s
de
p a r ted .
U n it e d
S ta te s
c it iz e n s
de
p a r ted .
T o ta l.
6 ,6 7 8
892
991
1 ,0 6 9
1 ,4 3 6
4 0 5 ,1 9 7
35 , 582
3 6 ,2 0 7
4 7 ,4 9 2
5 0 ,4 9 1
1 3 7 ,8 7 8
7 ,7 0 8
7 ,0 6 3
8 ,2 6 9
13, 232
8 6 ,7 4 9
7 ,8 7 7
7 ,3 6 0
7 ,4 2 7
1 1 ,7 3 0
1 6 2 ,7 3 5
15, 519
1 9 ,0 6 1
2 0 ,9 9 3
2 6 ,1 9 7
3 8 7 ,3 6 2
3 1 ,1 0 4
3 3 ,4 8 4
3 6 ,6 8 9
5 1 ,1 5 9
1 1 ,0 6 6
5 7 4 ,9 6 9
1 7 4 ,1 5 0
1 2 1 ,1 4 3
2 4 4 ,5 0 5
5 3 9 ,7 9 8
[183]
183
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW.
184
T
2 __L A S T P E R M A N E N T R E S I D E N C E O F I M M I G R A N T A L I E N S A D M I T T E D A N D
F U T U R E P E R M A N E N T R E S ID E N C E O F E M IG R A N T A L IE N S D E P A R T E D , J A N U A R Y ,
F E B R U A R Y , M A R C H , A N D A P R I L , 19 2 2 , B Y C O U N T R I E S .
able
E m ig r a n t.
I m m ig r a n t.
C o u n tr y .
Janu-
F ebru-
January,
1922.
F ebruary,
1922.
M arch ,
1922.
A p r il,
1922.
217
89
115
17
1 ,2 9 7
78
101
174
1 ,2 1 6
46
1 ,9 4 2
54
97
606
158
49
38
10
180
70
99
116
710
9
410
50
183
277
330
37
21
1
135
132
155
151
1 ,2 0 1
19
421
125
651
239
502
21
25
1
75
236
269
165
1 ,4 2 1
24
286
180
399
320
9
119
84
29
199
27
25
118
135
345
2 ,2 1 2
31
55
545
17
225
29
25
277
23
26
75
191
517
1 ,4 5 7
47
25
736
31
233
69
11
437
44
16
129
255
499
1 ,4 1 5
57
54
1 ,7 9 7
50
310
107
29
627
21
52
251
369
555
3 ,4 6 2
48
152
1 ,5 0 9
23
1 ,3 9 5
1 ,5 6 9
4
408
996
38
518
1 ,2 9 4
27
643
1 ,6 8 4
147
107
109
87
206
169
116
208
333
336
231
475
32
228
106
51
20
99
191
8
17
414
218
44
26
731
298
83
630
27
34
30
348
68
27
17
195
83
27
4
374
168
77
18
383
142
330
33
74
24
616
175
81
47
18
31
775
391
570
36
11
31
1 ,1 8 6
833
605
45
10
19
287
68
46
2
171
52
342
136
43
1
273
30
143
82
16
207
16
537
150
126
6
635
24
1 0 ,4 3 9
5 ,0 5 3
7 ,9 7 5
1 0 ,1 1 4
5 ,6 4 3
5 ,4 1 7
6 ,4 7 7
1 0 ,6 9 9
C h i n a .........................................
J a p a n .........................................
I n d i a ......... ................................
T u r k e y i n A s i a ..................
O th e r c o u n t r ie s o f A s ia
422
250
30
67
28
261
635
24
25
39
248
820
16
21
20
205
342
19
15
22
474
300
27
19
4
305
247
7
53
8
398
314
5
82
2
361
370
9
91
7
T o t a l , A s ia .
797
984
1 ,1 2 5
603
824
620
801
838
19
13
11
17
7
16
3
18
55
55
6
3 ,3 3 2
53
1 ,7 2 5
172
349
16
4
5 ,3 4 2
79
1 ,9 1 1
235
644
2
71
3
199
63
424
135
336
3
50
1
197
68
308
105
281
52
3 ,0 0 1
26
1 ,2 2 3
133
233
2
43
4
2 ,8 0 3
34
1 ,5 0 9
136
212
1
167
58
47
4
658
41
237
3G6
167
307
93
466
2
1 5 ,9 2 8
1 0 ,7 9 2
1 4 ,8 0 3
1 8 ,9 6 7
7 ,7 0 8
7 ,0 6 3
8 ,2 6 9
1 3 ,2 3 2
8 ,2 2 6
7 ,7 0 2
5 ,6 6 1
5 ,1 3 1
7 ,8 S 2
6 ,9 2 1
9 ,5 3 4
9 ,4 3 3
6 ,2 8 2
1 ,4 2 6
5 ,4 5 4
1 ,6 0 9
6 ,0 6 6
2 ,2 0 3
9 ,2 8 3
3 ,9 4 9
Austria................................................
Hungary.............................................
Belgium...............................................
Bulgaria.................................... .........
Czechoslovakia, Republic of...............
Denmark............................................
Finland..............................................
France, including Corsica..................
Germany.............................................
Greece.................................................
Italy,including Sicily and Sardinia...
Netherlands........................................
Norway...............................................
Poland, Republic of...........................
Portugal, including Cape Verde and
Azores Islands.................................
Rumania.............................................
Russia.................................................
Spain, including Canary and Balea
ric Islands........................................
Sweden...............................................
Switzerland.........................................
Turkey in Europe...............................
United Kingdom:
England.......................................
Ireland..........................................
Scotland.......................................
Wales............................................
Yugoslavia.........................................
Other European countries..................
Total, Europe...........................
A f r i c a ..........................................................................
A u s t r a lia , T a s m a n ia , a n d N e w Z e a
l a n d .........................................................................
P a c i f i c I s l a n d s , n o t s p e c i f i e d ....................
B r i t i s h N o r t h A m e r i c a ..................................
C e n t r a l A m e r i c a .................................................
M e x i c o ........................................................................
S o u t h A m e r i c a ....................................................
W e s t I n d i e s ...........................................................
O t h e r c o u n t r i e s ..................................................
G r a n d t o t a l ............................................
M a le s . . .
F e m a le s .
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[184]
M
‘ yf
1922.
1922.
M arch ,
1922.
A p r il,
1922.
IMMIGRATION,
185
T able 3.—I M M I G R A N T
IN G
JA N U A R Y ,
A L IE N S A D M IT T E D A N D E M IG R A N T A L IE N S D E P A R T E D D U R
F E B R U A R Y , M A R C H , A N D A P R I L , 1922, B Y R A C E S O R P E O P L E S .
I m m ig r a n t.
R a c e s or p e o p le s.
A f r i c a n ( b l a c k ) ................................................
A r m e n i a n .................... .......................................
B o h e m ia n a n d M o r a v ia n ( C z e c h ) ........
B u lg a r i a n , S e r b i a n , a n d M o n te n e -
Croatian and Slovenian.....................
Cuban.................................................
Dalmatian, Bosnian, and Herze
govinian ..........................................
Dutch and Flemish............................
East Indian........................................
English...............................................
Finnish...............................................
French................................................
German...............................................
Greek............................................... ' ’
Hebrew...............................................
Irish....................................................
Italian (north)....................................
Italian (south)....................................
Japanese.............................................
Korean................................................
Lithuanian.........................................
Magyar................................................
Mexican...........................................
Pacific Islander...............................
Polish..................................................
Portuguese..........................................
Rumanian...........................................
Russian...............................................
Ruthenian (Russniak).......... ............
Scandinavian (Norwegians, Danes,
and Swedes)...................................
Scotch..................................................
Slovak.................................................
Spanish...............................................
Spanish American..............................
Syrian.................................................
Turkish................................
Welsh.......................................
West Indian........................................
Other peoples......................................
Total..........................................
Janu
ary,
1922.
F ebru
ary,
1922.
M arch ,
1922.
E m ig r a n t.
A p r il,
1922.
Janu
ary,
1922.
F ebru
ary,
1922.
M arch ,
1922.
A p r il,
1922.
137
73
233
147
22
54
222
31
67
418
49
50
88
15
133
104
14
141
139
11
282
212
16
274
42
602
121
22
13
369
12
14
13
258
24
44
6
201
35
24
111
455
80
66
190
301
68
48
124
392
67
50
361
350
175
64
14
177
23
1 ,4 6 9
92
778
1 ,9 0 9
79
3 ,0 5 6
498
506
1 ,4 9 8
234
1
115
260
912
7
139
19
1 ,4 0 1
103
743
1 ,2 4 4
27
1 ,7 8 1
462
83
424
631
13
79
60
1 ,3 3 2
2
117
5
39
124
7
7
182
15
1 ,7 1 4
151
1 ,0 3 3
1 ,9 2 3
37
2 ,0 3 9
826
93
415
735
4
140
59
1 ,6 3 2
12
263
10
2 ,9 2 0
205
1 ,4 2 5
2 ,4 0 1
31
2 ,6 6 6
1 ,5 3 6
66
346
338
2
144
32
1 ,8 4 8
t
74
37
24
219
16
6
115
22
474
26
176
192
336
68
96
416
1 ,8 2 6
298
1
71
137
406
15
83
7
500
26
113
259
535
58
166
221
1 ,2 6 1
247
4
87
256
276
21
98
5
286
17
191
359
510
91
102
155
1 ,2 6 1
313
1
154
271
219
35
126
11
855
54
367
518
563
106
214
690
2 ,7 8 8
369
5
370
362
312
472
160
89
75
9
674
93
175
136
10
1 ,6 5 3
131
151
259
18
1 ,4 0 7
351
211
192
25
536
694
830
76
42
50
2
41
44
30
461
508
83
68
65
46
1 ,3 2 3
978
51
86
99
99
199
57
148
257
137
46
401
224
417
455
100
77
47
36
31
135
94
52
700
121
35
3
6
64
79
133
89
113
413
105
22
53
25
10
1 ,5 8 7
1 .4 5 7
22
134
113
42
3
7!
98
35
4
46
44
4
30
39
18
91
35
1 5 ,9 2 8
1 0 ,7 9 2
1 4 ,8 0 3
1 8 ,9 6 7
7 ,7 0 8
7 ,0 6 3
8 ,2 6 9
1 3 ,2 3 2
174
26
289
221
22
88
46
61
174
20
T able 4 .—I M M I G R A N T
A L IE N S A D M IT T E D A N D E M IG R A N T A L IE N S D E P A R T E D D U R
I N G J A N U A R Y , F E B R U A R Y , M A R C H , A N D A P R I L , 1922, B Y O C C U P A T I O N S .
I m m ig r a n t.
O c c u p a tio n .
E m ig r a n t.
Janu
ary,
1922.
F ebru
ary,
1922.
M arch ,
1922.
A p r il,
1922.
P r o f e s s i o n a l:
A c t o r s .............................................................
A r c h i t e c t s .......................................................
C l e r g y ................................................................
E d i t o r s ......................................................
E l e c t r i c i a n s ............................................
E n g i n e e r s ( p r o f e s s i o n a l ) ......................
L a w y e r s ...........................................................
L it e r a r y a n d s c ie n t if ic p e r s o n s .. .
M u s i c i a n s ........................................................
O f f ic i a ls ( G o v e r n m e n t ) ........................
P h y s i c i a n s .....................................................
S c u l p t o r s ..................................................
T e a c h e r s ........................................................
O t h e r p r o f e s s i o n a l ....................................
57
11
58
3
30
49
7
14
105
62
42
10
69
128
33
ID
37
5
28
54
4
15
23
48
21
7
68
120
84
6
68
2
48
78
13
26
43
47
29
4
101
152
32
T o t a l .............................................................
645
473
701
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[185]
Janu
ary,
1922.
F ebru
ary,
19 2 2 .
M arch ,
1922.
A p r il,
1922.
7
9
12
18
41
14
19
23
2
89
101
5
35
33
49
34
5
156
153
6
22
3
12
9
23
8
5
23
23
12
26
1
8
7
5
7
3
19
42
11
21
2
12
5
19
4
5
17
34
12
33
6
18
20
37
9
8
23
47
768
184
160
164
265
186
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW,
T able 4 ___I M M I G R A N T
A L IE N S A D M IT T E D A N D E M IG R A N T A L IE N S D E P A R T E D D U R
I N G J A N U A R Y , F E B R U A R Y , M A R C H , A N D A P R I L , 1922, B Y O C C U P A T I O N S — C o n .
E m ig r a n t.
Im m ig r a n t.
O c c u p a tio n .
Janu
ary,
1922.
F ebru
ary,
1922.
135
43
50
7
3
61
10
323
3
10
23
20
9
1
24
IS
8
1
1
10
7
54
724
154
103
14
16
1
108
7
57
5
40
7
59
14
4
76
224
54
79
71
7
34
6
62
6
28
106
176
98
98
26
3
10
2
11
7
3
23
121
20
30
2
2
12
1
8
3
1
36
85
23
24
4
6
20
109
55
1
13
9
10
25
6
74
59
23
5
155
4
2
4
17
9
36
156
78
2
1
2
116
18
5
2
148
22
3
3
6
3
1
6
28
8
5
51
2
1
1
4
10
48
19
22
14
26
10
120
64
25
16
162
5
5
5
1
7
17
106
2
7
2
3
13
7
152
6
173
1
63
1
37
71
1
129
1 ,7 9 9
2 ,6 9 9
3 ,3 1 9
825
780
878
1 ,7 8 9
Janu
ary,
1922.
F ebru
ary,
1922.
96
55
47
5
2
73
10
172
1
5
2
523
151
72
33
33
2
2
34
3
113
M arch ,
1922.
A p r il,
1922.
6
1
369
88
121
43
48
2
2
70
8
245
4
3
1
603
125
37
6
26
9
47
7
33
80
119
55
97
42
8
18
2
27
5
26
61
179
38
63
S e a m s t r e s s e s ................................................
S h o e m a k e r s ...................................................
S t o k e r s ..............................................................
S t o n e c u t t e r s .................................................
T a i l o r s ...............................................................
T a n n e r s a n d c u r r ie r s .
T e x tile w o r k e r s (n o t s p e c ifie d ). . .
T i n n e r s .............................................................
T ob acco w orkers
U p h o ls t e r e r s
W a t c h a n d c lo c k m a k e r s
W e a v e r s a n d s p i n n e r s ...........................
W h e e lw r ig h t s
W o o d w o r k e r s ( n o t s p e c i f i e d ) ..........
O t h e r s k i l l e d .................................................
9
4
25
138
45
2
12
8
11
20
8
75
90
27
5
195
3
7
9
2
4
9
58
1
1
109
3
2
23
79
36
2
4
11
11
14
6
56
42
9
5
123
1
9
39
1
2
87
T o t a l ..............................................................
2 ,5 3 5
S k i ll e d :
B a k e r s ...............................................................
B a r b e r s a n d h a i r d r e s s e r s ....................
B l a c k s m i t h s .................................................
B o o k b i n d e r s .................................................
B r e w e r s ...........................
B u t c h e r s ..........................................................
C a b i n e t m a k e r s ...........................................
C a r p e n t e r s a n d j o i n e r s .........................
C ig a r e tte m a k e r s .
C ig a r m a k e r s ..............................................
C ig a r p a c k e r s . .
C le r k s " a n d a c c o u n t a n t s ........................
D r e s s m a k e r s .................................................
E n g in e e r s ( lo c o m o t iv e , m a r in e ,
a n d s t a t i o n a r y ) .....................................
F u r r i e r s a n d f u r w o r k e r s ....................
G a r d e n e r s .......................................................
H a t a n d c a p m a k e r s ...............................
Iron a n d s te e l w o rk ers ..
J e w e l e r s ............................................................
L o c k s m i t h s ...................................................
M a c h i n i s t s ......................................................
M a r i n e r s ..........................................................
M a s o n s ...............................................................
M e c h a n ic s ( n o t s p e c i f i e d ) ...................
M e t a l w o r k e r s ( o t h e r t h a n ir o n ,
s te e l, a n d t i n ) . . .
M i l l e r s ...............................................................
M il l in e r s ..........................................................
M in e r s ...............................................................
P a i n t e r s a n d g l a z i e r s .............................
P a tte r n m a k ers
P h o t o g r a p h e r s .............................................
P l a s t e r e r s __
P l u m b e r s ........................................................
P r i n t e r s ............................................................
4
5
8
6
45
10
2
2
6
8
30
6
4
34
1
2
M a rch ,
1922.
A p r il,
1922.
29
5
39
45
32
19
4
2
27
4
72
19
1
108
175
40
35
21
18
1
34
19
7
4
14
7
3
6
38
67
17
58
3
5
6
124
8
2
2
1
4
1
1
8
40
8
3
44
2
2
2
1
24
15
7
17
5
14
9
4
51
66
26
34
4
18
3
645
20
1
5
5
4
5
9
68
16
9
91
2
1
1
2
48
M is c e ll a n e o u s :
A g e n t s ...............................................................
B a n k e r s ...........................................................
D ra y m en , h a ck m en , a n d tea m s t e r s ...............................................................
F a r m l a b o r e r s ..............................................
F a r m e r s ...........................................................
F i s h e r m e n ......................................................
H o t e l k e e p e r s ..............................................
L a b o r e r s ..........................................................
M a n u f a c t u r e r s ............................................
M e r c h a n t s a n d d e a l e r s .........................
S e r v a n t s ..........................................................
O t h e r m i s c e l l a n e o u s ...............................
23
7
33
6
37
6
67
8
12
16
11
2
13
10
20
15
11
547
450
37
4
1 ,7 1 3
4
490
1, 854
654
14
416
312
24
4
1 ,1 5 6
11
305
954
556
11
694
387
86
11
1 ,5 7 9
10
395
1 ,6 5 0
731
24
774
596
56
14
1 ,8 1 9
10
436
2 ,4 0 9
802
7
117
179
4
5
4 ,2 2 5
8
281
170
211
6
107
155
6
5
3 ,5 9 4
7
203
174
227
1
134
239
5
2
3 ,9 1 8
3
262
216
216
7
159
366
11
5
5 ,6 2 6
5
335
434
336
T o t a l .............................................................
5 ,7 9 4
3 ,7 9 1
5 ,5 9 7
7 ,0 1 5
5 ,2 3 5
4 ,4 9 7
5 ,0 1 9
7 ,3 1 9
N o o c c u p a t io n ( in c lu d in g w o m e n
a n d c h i l d r e n ) ....................................................
6 ,9 5 4
4, 729
5 ,8 0 6
7 ,8 6 5
G r a n d t o t a l ..............................................
1 5 ,9 2 8
1 0 ,7 9 2
1 4 ,8 0 3
1 8 ,9 6 7
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[186 ]
1 ,4 6 4
1, 626
2 ,2 0 8
3 ,8 5 9
7 ,7 0 8 |
7 ,0 6 3
8 ,2 6 9
1 3 ,2 3 2
187
IM M IG R A T IO N ,
5 .—F U T U R E P E R M A N E N T R E S ID E N C E O F IM M IG R A N T A L IE N S A D M IT T E D AND
LA ST P E R M A N E N T R E S ID E N C E O F E M IG R A N T A L IE N S D E P A R T E D , JA N U A R Y , F E B
R U A R Y , M ARCH , AN D A P R IL , 1922. B Y ST A TES A N D T E R R IT O R IE S .
T able
Im m ig ran t.
S ta te an d T e rrito ry .
A labam a.....................................................
A lask a.........................................................
A rizona.......................................................
A rkansas....................................................
C alifornia...................................................
Colorado.....................................................
C onnecticut...............................................
D elaw are....................................................
D istrict of C olum bia...............................
Florida........................................................
Georgia.......................................................
H aw aii........................................................
Id a h o ...........................................................
Illinois........................................................
In d ia n a .......................................................
Iow a............................................................
K ansas........................................................
K entuck y ...................................................
L ouisiana...................................................
M aine..........................................................
M arylan d...................................................
M assachusetts...........................................
M ichigan.....................................................
M innesota..................................................
M ississippi.................................................
M issouri......................................................
M ontan a.....................................................
N ebraska....................................................
N ev ad a.......................................................
New H am p sh ire______
N ew Jersey................................................
N ew Mexico...............................................
New Y o rk ..................................................
N orth Carolina..........................................
N orth D akota...........................................
O hio.............................................................
O klahom a..................................................
Oregon........................................................
P e n n sy lv an ia ............................................
P hilippin e Is la n d s ...................................
Porto R ico.................................................
R hode I s la n d ............................................
South C arolina.........................................
South D akota............................................
Tennessee...................................................
T exas..........................................................
U ta h ............................................................
V erm o n t.....................................................
V irginia.......................................................
V irgin Islan d s...........................................
W ashington...............................................
W est V irginia...........................................
W isconsin..................................................
W yoming...................................................
T o tal.......................................
110650°-—22----- 13
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Jan u
ary,
1922.
Febru- March,
arv,
1922.
1922.
E m igrant.
A pril,
1922.
Ja n u
ary,
1922.
18
30
199
8
1,689
92
233
32
83
129
17
230
45
1,212
103
184
41
16
47
580
100
1,917
760
351
24
109
82
'107
14
261
754
45
4,676
14
58
429
26
217
1,157
1
39
243
9
66
11
1,420
40
129
2
3
49
7
758
35
219
12
16
75
8
10
4
66
8
1,450
59
263
22
60
144
28
7
33
1,223
132
79
64
20
58
237
100
987
581
251
18
153
46
81
IS
97
856
31
4,457
6
38
624
31
169
1,477
1
39
165
12
24
15
895
29
80
31
20
11
146
13
1,076
49
121
21
66
112
4
468
32
618
80
73
33
14
63
282
44
605
500
200
8
88
42
40
8
97
356
40
2,463
5
37
234
25
95
699
13
4
197
12
1,373
47
219
4
64
123
12
320
33
957
87
145
41
9
51
445
83
970
660
280
18
85
80
85
11
134
565
100
3, 753
10
97
364
10
162
925
13
99
£
17
14
1,050
39
82
71
20
136
1
51
13
1,143
36
75
55
331
74
208
36
334
29
133
18
468
15
215
27
2
549
35
244
35
15,928
10,792
14,803
18,967
[187]
F ebru March,
ary,
1922.
1922.
9
9
26
1
504
33
145
4
19
57
April,
1922.
8
7
63
2
819
55
277
3
21
229
252
5
463
53
25
25
3
40
8
26
272
186
55
6
42
15
30
2
15
246
29
2, ,864
4
6
44
2
635
25
168
14
15
141
6
49
9
465
74
20
12
7
39
28
30
500
223
38
3
66
8
20
2
45
374
12
3,208
8
267
11
26
829
3
277
9
39
1,201
123
10
52
21
38
3
47
508
28
4,818
21
23
692
15
34
1,761
20
32
9
32
14
93
9
220
14
4
226
40
4
9
6
3
107
12
3
6
7
8
147
37
18
25
158
66
38
23
10
7
145
9
6
9
2
91
63
51
17
71
71
58
4
173
172
95
45
7,708
7,063
8,269
13.232
16
401
40
29
31
6
63
13
22
401
316
62
12
48
21
31
10
13
247
30
3,036
1]
12
298
11
31
671
5
895
111
87
30
3
59
27
46
888
188
M O N T H L Y LABOR R E V IE W .
T able
6 . — S T A T U S O N J U N E 7 , 19 2 2 , O F T H E I M M I G R A T I O N O F A L I E N S I N T O U N I T E D S T A T E S , U N D E R T H E P E R C E N T U M L I M I T A C T O F M A Y 19, 19 2 1 .
T otal
ad m itte d
July 1,
1921, to
Ju n e 7,
1922.1
C ountry or place of b irth .
THE
N um ber
T o tal a d adm issi
missible, ble d u r
fiscal year ing re
1921-22. m ainder
of year.
A lb a n ia ...........................................................................................................................
A u stria ........................................................................................ ...................................
B elgium .......................................................... ...............................................................
B ulgaria..................................................................................................... ....................
C zechoslovakia.............................................................................................................
D anzig........................................ .................................................. .................................
D en m ark ............................................................................................................... ..........
F in lan d
...................................................................................................
F iu m e .................................................................................... - - .....................................
F ra n c e ............................................................................................................................
G erm an y ............................................................................... ....... .................................
Greece.............................................................................................................................
H u n g a ry .........................................................................................................................
Ita ly ..................................................................................................................... .........
L u x e m b u rg .......................................................................... .........................................
N e th erla n d s........................................... ..... .................................................................
N orw ay ........................................................................................................................
Pol arid fin eluding E astern Galicia')................. ......................................................
Portugal (including-'Azores a n d M adeira Islands').............................................
Pill m a n ia . .............................................................. ...........- .........................................
R ussia (in clu d in g Siberia).... ................................................. ....................... .........
S p a in ...............................................................................................................................
Sw eden......................................... .............. ...................................................................
S w itzerlan d ...................................................................................................................
U nited TViugdrvm.........................................................................................................
~Wugoslavi a ............. _............................................................................................... ..
O ther E u ro p e (including A ndorra, G ibraltar,, L iechtenstein, M alta, Mem pi Monaco. San Atari no, a n d Icelan d )............................................................
A rm enia.........................................................................................................................
P a le stin e ................................................................................... .....................................
Syria ......................................................................................................... ......................
Trrrlrp.y (F u rn p e a n d Asia, including S m vrna d is tric t)_________________
O ther A sia (including Persia, Rhodes. C yprus, a n d te rrito ry other th a n
Siberia w hich is n o t in clu d ed in th e A siatic B arred Zone. Persons horn
in Siberia a re in e lu d e d in th e R ussia q u o ta )....................................................
A frica...... .......................... ................................................. ....................................
280
4,392
1,578
301
14,166
77
3,089
2,884
18
4,151
17,815
3,445
6”,032
42,118
93
2,252
5', 443
26,121
2,376
7,424
25,352
821
8,457
3,651
39)797
6,642
287
7,444
1,557
'301
14,269
285
5,644
3)890
71
5,692
68,039
3,286
5) 635
42,021
92
3,602
12)116
25) 800
2,269
7,414
34,247
663
19,956
3,745
77,206
6,405
143
1,568
210
1,005
l ' 096
86
1,588
56
905
653
(2)
(2)
(2)
528
A u s t r a lia ............................................................ ..................................................................................
N e w Z ealan d .................................................................................................................
279
75
78
120
271
50
A tla n tic islan d s (other th a n Azores, M adeira, a n d islands a d jacen t to the
A m erican C o n tin en ts)............................................................................................
Pacific Islands (other th a n New Z ealand an d islands ad jacen t to th e
A m erican C o n tin e n ts)...................................................... ................ ....................
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
81
60
(2)
13
22
9
T o tal.................................................................................................................... 8 233,964
355,825
124,698
191
7
3,052
(2)
103
208
2,555
1,006
53
1,541
50,224
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
1,350
6,673
(2)
(2)
(2)
8,895
(2)
11,499
94
37,409
(2)
(2)
20
1 I n c l u d i n g a l i e n s w h o w e r e a d m i t t e d i n e x c e s s o f q u o t a o f c e r t a i n n a t i o n a l i t i e s fo r t h e m o n t h o f J u n e ,
1 9 2 1 , a n d c h a r g e d a g a i n s t t h e q u o t a for t h e f i s c a l y e a r 1 9 2 1 -2 2 , a s p r o v i d e d i n H o u s e J o i n t R e s o l u t i o n
N o . 153.
2 A d m i s s i o n s i n e x c e s s o f t h e q u o t a for t h e y e a r r e p r e s e n t t e m p o r a r y a d m i s s i o n s m a d e i n c a s e s i n v o l v i n g
u n u s u a l h a r d s h ip .
8 N o t d e d u c t i n g e x c e s s o f 2 ,8 3 7 o v e r q u o t a , a d m i t t e d f r o m c o u n t r i e s i n d i c a t e d .
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[188]
W H A T S T A T E L A B O R B U R E A U S A R E D O IN G .
Ninth Annual Convention of Association of Governmental Labor
Officials of the U nited States and C an ad a.1
A
CONVENTION of the above-named organization held its
session in the Hall of the House of R epresentatives in the
Capitol a t H arrisburg, Pa., beginning M onday evening, May
2 2 , and closing Thursday evening, May 25.
There 'were in a tte n d
ance representatives from IS States, the Province of Ontario, Canada,
and five of the bureaus of the U nited States Government. The pub
lished program was for the m ost p a rt strictly adhered to.
A t the opening session on Monday evening th e president of the
organization, Mr. F rank E. Wood of Louisiana, presided and gave
the opening address. I t had been planned to have Governor Sproul
give an address, b u t it was no t possible for him to a tten d so in his
stead Mr. C. B. Connelley, commissioner of the D epartm ent of Labor
and In d u stry of Pennsylvania, addressed the convention. In the
absence of Hon. Jam es J. Davis, Secretary of Labor, who was scheduled
to speak before the convention, a paper on “ Efficiency of American
L abor / 1 by Mr. E th elbert Stew art, U nited States Commissioner of
Labor Statistics, which was on the program for Thursday morning
was read a t this tim e .3
A t the Tuesday morning session, w ith the president of the organiza
tion presiding, Hon. George Hoverter, m ayor of H arrisburg and a
representative of the H arrisburg Chamber of Commerce, addressed
the convention. The rest of this session was given up to business
m atters and to reports from the various States on progress of labor
legislation since the last convention, in New Orleans. The committee
on revision of constitution which was recommended a t the New
Orleans convention m ade its report and a p a rt of it was adopted, but
the question of the constitution of the organization was left in a
somewhat unsettled state.
The Tuesday afternoon session was given over to the discussion of
child welfare. In the absence of Miss Grace A bbott, who was on the
program to preside, Miss Lillie M. Barbour, of Richmond, V a .7 occu
pied the chair. The principal address was on “ The Child Problem
in the Sugar-Beet, In d u stry / 1 by Owen Love joy, secretary of the
National Child Labor Committee. This address made a profound
impression, and the discussion developed the fact th at, while in no
S tate is agricultural labor covered by either the factory or the childlabor laws, the opinion seemed quite general th a t certain branches
of agriculture were becoming essentially factoryized so far as m ethods
of labor were concerned; th a t this was particularly true in the sugarbeet industry, b u t it applied no less to the onion fields and to much
of the truck gardening near the great cities. I t will be noted later on
th a t the convention passed a resolution expressing its views on this
1 Full proceedings of this convention will be published as a separate B ulletin by the B ureau of Labor
Statistics.
*
2 A copy of this address will be found in this issue of the Monthly L abor R eview , pp. 1 to 12.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
•
[1 8 9 ]
189
190
M O N T H L Y LABOR R E V IE W .
subject. I t had been announced th a t Mrs. Samuel Semple would
deliver an address o n “ W omen and Children in the O rie n t/’ b u t the re
cent acute disturbances in China m ade it impossible for Mrs. Semple
to get away from Peking, very m uch to the regret of the conven
tion. Prof. H enry J. Gideon, of the bureau of compulsory education
of the Board of Public Education, Philadelphia, delivered an address
on the subject “ Shall Issuance and Revocation of Em ploym ent
Certificates be U nder Control of School or Labor D ep artm en t?”
Professor Gideon announced th a t he was a school m an and viewed
things from the school point of view and th a t his paper would reflect
this point of view. The discussion which it provoked developed the
fact th a t in some of the larger cities the school authorities are giving
real assistance in the m atte r of enforcing the local child-labor laws.
The general consensus of opinion as developed in the discussion
seemed to be th a t there should be complete cooperation of the school
boards and the child-labor enforcing authorities as a t present con
stitu ted under the labor departm ents of the various States. A tten
tion was called to the fact th a t if entire control of this m atte r were
given over to the schools there would be as m any interpretations of
the child-labor law and m ethods of its enforcement as there are diff
erent school districts or boards in the State._
The W ednesday m orning session was given over to inspection,
safety, and sanitation, Mr. Fred M. Wilcox, chairm an of the Industrial
Commission of Wisconsin, presiding. Mr. John P. Meade, of Boston,
Mass., director of the Division of Industrial Safety of th a t State, read
a paper upon factory insDection .3 The rem ainder of the session was
given up to discussion of boiler inspection and various forms to be
used for reporting inspections. Practically all the delegates from the
various States participated in the discussion.
The afternoon session of W ednesday was devoted to the employment
problem, and the program as printed was adhered to, as follows:
E m p lo y m e n t.
Seaman F. Northrup, presiding—director of industrial relations, Department of
Labor, State of New York.
Address: “ The United States Employment Service and its Functions,” by Francis
I. Jones, Director General, United States Employment Service, United States Depart
ment of Labor, Washington, D. C.
Address: “ Employment Service of Canada,” by H. C. Hudson, general superin
tendent Ontario offices, Employment Service of Canada, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
Address: “ Various Methods used by State Employment Services,” by Charles J.
Boyd, general superintendent Chicago Free Employment Offices, Chicago, 111.
Address: “ Making Good the Recommendations of the President’s Unemployment
Conference,” by Otto T. Mallery, member of the industrial board, Department of
Labor and Industry, Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, and a member of the President’s
Unemployment Conference.
A t the W ednesday evening session on m ediation and conciliation
two addresses were delivered, one on the “ Settlem ent of Industrial
D isputes,” by Dr. W. M. Leiserson, and another on the question,
“ Can Governm ental Labor Bureaus Affect the Causes of Labor
U nrest?” by Miss M ary Van Kleeck, of the Russell Sage Foundation.
Most of the T hursday m orning session was devoted to the election
of officers and business m atters. W hen these were disposed of, an
3 A copy of this address will be found on pp. 13 to 23 of this issue of the Monthly L abor R eview .
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[1 9 0 ]
W H A T STATE LABOR B U R EA U S ARE DOING.
191
address by Mrs. Rosalie Leow W hitney, on compensation m atters in
New York State, and an address by Mr. R obert E. Lee, chairm an of
the S tate Industrial Accident Board of M aryland, on “ Progress of
Compensation Legislation,” were given.
The Thursday afternoon session, presided over by Miss Mary
Anderson, Director of W omen’s Bureau of the United States D epart
m ent of Labor, had for its principal speaker Rev. J. A. Ryan, of the
Catholic University, of W ashington, D. C., who reviewed the theories
underlying the various State laws concerning m inimum wage.
The T hursday evening session was devoted to rehabilitation and
medical supervision, Dr. F. D. Patterson, chief of the division of
hygiene and engineering of the D epartm ent of Labor and Industry
of Pennsylvania, presiding. Col. Lewis T. B ryant, commissioner of
the D epartm ent of Labor of New Jersey, delivered an address, accom
panied w ith illustrative moving pictures, on “ Industrial Clinics.”
Commissioner B ryant showed from m any living examples w hat can
be done to restore the seriously injured m en and women to industry,
either along the lines in which they were injured or to entirely differ
ent vocations. His talk dispelled a great m any doubts as to the
ultim ate value of this line of work. An address by Dr. John A.
Lapp, editor of N ation’s H ealth, on “ Medicine and In d u stry ” traced
the progress of the industrial physician from the stage of the mere
“ com pany’s doctor” to the development of a truer theory of the
p a rt th a t the physician m ust take in industry to keep men from en
tering occupations for which they are unfitted by health conditions,
and to distribute them along the lines of occupations which will not
aggravate late n t tendencies to disease or functional disturbances.
He m ade a strong plea for the elimination of a prejudice which had
grown up, and which adm ittedly at certain times and in certain places
had some basis in fact against industrial physicians. Mr. Charles H.
Taylor, of the Em ploym ent Service Rehabilitation Division of the
U nited States V eterans’ Bureau, W ashington, D. C., spoke upon the
work of th a t division.
The following resolutions of general interest were adopted:
R e p o r t o f the C o m m itte e o n R e s o lu tio n s .
Resolution No. 1—from*the committee: B e i t re so lv e d , That the especial thanks of
the ninth annual convention of the Association of Governmental Labor Officials of
the United States and Canada are due and are hereby extended to the honorable
mayor of Harrisburg, to the Chamber of Commerce of said city, for the eloquent recep
tion tendered to this association, and to Commissioner C. B. Connelley, of the Depart
ment of Labor and Industry, for the magnificent preparation made for the convention
and the accommodations provided for its convenience, and to Mr. Fred J. Hartman,
of the Pennsylvania department, for the able assistance rendered by him to the associ
ation and its officials.
Resolution No. 2—from the committee: Whereas there is appearing in this country
a type of labor which while basicly agricultural is being conducted in such manner
as to essentially factoryize such labor, as for instance the sugar beet and other intensi
fied agricultural industries; and
Whereas child labor is alleged to be used in such cases: Therefore be it
R e s o lv e d , That it is the sense of this organization that this class of agricultural labor
ought not to be excepted from the provisions of the labor laws in such cases and that
in the enactment of future labor laws or amendation of present ones legislatures should
consider the advisability of covering agriculture, with a view of protecting children
from long hours and excessive labor in any form or under any guise.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[191]
192
M O N T H L Y LABOR R E V IE W .
Resolution No. 3—from the committee: Whereas since the last convention it has
pleased an all-wise Providence to remove fro-m our midst Past President Edwin
Mulready, former Commissioner of Labor and Industries of Massachusetts, and
Whereas he was always wise in council and fearless in action in all things which
tended to promote the interests of this association; Therefore be it
R e s o lv e d , That we the members of the ninth annual convention extend our sympathy
to his bereaved family; And be it further
R e so lv e d , That this resolution be spread on the minutes of the convention and a
copy be sent to his bereaved family in Massachusetts.
Resolution No. 4, from Commissioner John S. R. Davie, of New Hampshire, is
reported with recommendations that it be passed:
Whereas the success or failure of any convention depends in a large measure on the
program committee: Be it
R e s o lv e d , That this convention extends to the program committee its sincere thanks
for giving us a program of; very high order.
Resolution No. 5, introduced by Miss Alice K. McFarland, of Kansas, is approved
with recommendations that it be adopted :
R e s o lv e d , That this convention recommend that the Women’s Bureau at Washing
ton, D. C., be asked to make a study of seats for working women with special reference
to posture.
Resolution No. 6, introduced, by Mr. Francis Feehan, of the Pennsylvania- Depart
ment of Labor and Industry, is recommended for adoption:
B e i t re so lv e d , That the officers and members of this association cooperate with the
Federal Department of Labor in urging the various States to supply promptly State
labor statistics on industrial accidents for compilation and publication by the Federal
Government, for the general use and information of all the public without the delay
that has been heretofore occasioned.
An am endm ent to the constitution providing th a t form er presidents
and secretaries of the association who have served a full-year term
m ay be eligible to election as honorary life m embers having been
adopted, Mr. George P. H am brecht, Mr. F rank E. Hoffman, and Mr.
F rank E. Wood were elected as former presidents, and Miss Linna E.
B resette as a former secretary.
The following were elected to office for the ensuing year:
Clifford B. Connelley, of Pennsylvania, president;
John S. B. Davie, of New Hampshire, first vice president;
Mrs. D. M. Johnson, of Washington (State), second vice president;
Lewis T. Bryant, of New Jersey, third vice president;
Mrs. E. L. Scott, of Virginia, fourth vice president;
H. C. Hudson, of Toronto, Ontario, Canada, fifth vice president;
Miss Louise Schütz, of Minnesota, secretary-treasurer.
Louisiana.
THEE eleventh biennial report of the Commissioner of Labor and
^ Industrial Statistics of the S tate of Louisiana, 1921-22, contains
m any interesting sections, some of the more im portant of which are
briefed below:
C e rtific a te s f o r c h ild w o r k e r s .—W ork certificates for children in New
Orleans are issued by the city factories inspector and for children in
other localities in the S tate by the departm ent of labor. For the two
years ending March, 1922, the departm ent issued 667 certificates, a
decrease of 396 as compared with the preceding biennial period. In
1920 and 1921 combined the New Orleans factories inspector issued
5,545 certificates, 1,168 less than in 1918-19.
W a g e s .—Wages for work of all kinds were at the highest level about
midsummer in 1920, bu t rem ained at such level for only a brief period
before they began to go down. This was particularly the case in the
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[192]
WHAT STATE LABOR BUREAUS ARE DOING.
193
wages of unskilled or common laborers and for a few nonunionized
skilled trades. The wage decreases were neither so rapid nor so great
among organized workers.. The union scale of wages December 31,
1921, in the building trades ranged from 45 cents an hour for eement
helpers w ith an 8 - hour day and a 44-hour week to- $1.25 an hour for
granite cutters, lathers, m arble setters, and stonecutters for a sim ilar
working day and week. In the m etal trades the range was from
45 cents to 75 cents an hour with an 8 -hour day and a 44-hour week.
The molders and m older s’ helpers, however, had a 48-hour week..
C o lle c tio n o f w a g e s .—The Commissioner of Labor of Louisiana is
not authorized by law to collect unpaid wages unless some act is
violated under which a prosecution m ay be instituted. H e feels
th a t he should be given some authority to force the paym ent of
wages, a t least in cases where liens are not filed as a protection
against loss. The failure to pay wages due is not lim ited to lowerclass employers. The m ajority of the offenders are among those
well able to m eet their obligations. The commissioner estim ates th a t
the workers’ loss in New Orleans alone because of the nonpaym ent of
wages approxim ates annually $ 2 0 ,0 0 0 in claims too small to be
taken into court.
F a r m o r c o m m o n la b o r .—The commissioner states th a t for the four
years preceding 1921 there was to a certain extent a shortage of farm
and common labor throughout the South, b u t declares th a t the labor
scarcity in Louisiana was not so great as was alleged and th a t some
employers were themselves to blame for being w ithout help. Statistics
indicate th a t farm laborers’ wages have declined to pre-war levels,
b u t the supply of help overbalances the demand. The average laborer,
the commissioner reports, regards farm work suspiciously because of
the m any unfair practices of employers.
H o m e w o iF .—Numerous employers of Louisiana and especially
those of New Orleans give out home work. Through an investiga
tion it was found th a t the wTages being paid home workers were as
low as 35 cents per dozen for m aking boys’ rompers and overalls;
30 cents per dozen for m en’s jumpers, and from 40 to 50 cents per
dozen for m en’s overalls.
L o a n s o n w a g e s .—U nder an act of 1916 a license is required in the
business of loaning money on wages, and the officer by whom such
license is issued m ust m ake a report to the commissioner of labor on
certain d ata connected w ith such issuance, who in tu rn shall secure
a report from the licensee containing the name of the person, firm,
or corporation engaged in said business, the location of the place of
business, the am ount of capital in use in said business, and certain
other data. Despite the commissioner’s efforts in the m atte r he
has not been able to secure from the proper authorities to whom he
has applied a list of the places advancing money on salaries. He
feels sure, however, th a t there are “ numerous persons, firms, and
corporations engaged in this nefarious business. ”
Besides m aking usurious interest a p a rt of the loan, these “ sharks”
resort to every kind of measure to get all they can from their victims,
such as interest on the note’s face value, forfeitures, legal fees, and
collection costs. The commissioner expresses the hope th a t legis
lation m ay be enacted to eliminate or drastically regulate these
“ deplorable practices. ”
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
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194
M O N T H L Y LABOR R E V IE W .
A c c id e n t r e p o r ts .— An discussing the shortcomings of the Louisiana
law in re accident reporting, attention is called to certain facts th a t
are considered serious defects, namely, th a t the city factories in
spector haß jurisdiction only in certain m atters in the city of New
Orleans, th a t no report is required unless the accident results in the
employee losing as m uch as two weeks from work, and th a t reports
need be m ade only semiannually.
P r iv a te e m p lo y m e n t o ffic e s .—Investigations disclosed the fact th a t
none of the private em ploym ent agencies outside of New Orleans
had a city or S tate license or had filed a bond in accordance w ith the
law. In New Orleans about 2 0 bonds were turned over to the
departm ent. Only one or two, however, were in force, and the bonds
indicated th a t as a m atter of fact the surety am ounted to nothing.
I t was found also th a t the license law was not being complied w ith
by those operating the New Orleans private employment offices.
Prom pt measures were taken to rectify these conditions, and it was
not long before over one-half of these bureaus or agencies were
p u t out of business and the others forced to pay attention to legal
regulations. Five of the guilty parties were arrested, two of whom
are reported as having served jail sentences.
The commissioner points out th a t the fees charged by private employ
m ent agencies are “ outrageously h ig h 7, and adds th a t the hiring and
firing of m en seems to have been made a 1i skin game. ’’ While acknowl
edging he has not the actual facts in the case, he declares th a t “ it is
passing strange certain agencies are always in the m arket for a certain
class of workers and usually at the same places of employment. ” He
asks th a t the lav/ be amended to abolish or m itigate the evils attending
the operation of private employment offices.
Reference was m ade in the May, 1922, issue of the M o n t h l y
L a b o r R e v ie w to the establishm ent in 1921 of a free S tate employ
m ent bureau under the supervision of the commissioner of labor.
L a b o r d is tu r b a n c e s .—-The commissioner of labor is authorized to
inquire into the causes of labor controversies and report as prom ptly
as possible the findings to the governor. The commissioner is also
empowered to p u t under oath the parties from whom he desires to
secure information, b u t the jurisdiction of the departm ent extends
no further.
Although m any strikes have occurred since January, 1917, when
the present head of the labor departm ent took charge, he reports
th a t in b u t two cases has his office been given the d a ta requested of
the strikers’ representatives. In only a few instances have the
employers refused point-blank to furnish the departm ent inform ation
relative to labor disturbances, b u t a t the same tim e these employers
were both reticent and evasive. U nder the present law the depart
m ent has to accept such d a ta as the contestants are willing to give.
The commissioner has proposed legislation giving him increased
authority in such m atters.
In the two years ending M arch 1, 1922, the departm ent investigated
30 strikes and in the preceding two years 75. N otw ithstanding
this great reduction in the num ber of strikes in the later biennial
period more workers were involved.
W ithout taking into consideration two strikes of a national
character, the commissioner of labor estim ated the loss in wages
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W H A T STATE LABOR B U R EA U S ARE DOING.
195
through strikes for the last two years covered by the report as
$2,665,370, the loss in days as 510,130, or about 1,400 years. H ad
the national strikes been included in the estim ate the tim e loss would
have been 2,000 years. Aside from the two national strikes— of the
m arine workers and in the printing trades—the strikes of river-front
workers were the only ones of grave proportions, the last three of which
involved 25 unions and a wage loss of approxim ately $1,900,00.
In d u stria l p ro p rm .—During the biennial period 1921-22 there
were quite a few accessions of im portant industries to the State,
some _of which have the m ost up-to-date establishm ents of their
kind in the country. There was a steady increase in building and
construction activities in New Orleans in 1921. The prospects for
1922 were reported as rem arkably encouraging.
Pennsylvania.
I ABOR and Industry is the title of a new m onthly publication
the first issue of which appeared in May, 1922, in which it
is proposed “ to standardize, and to present in readable form, the
current inform ation th a t emanates from the D epartm ent of Labor
and In d u stry of Pennsylvania . ’7 If the venture is successful, the
publication of annual reports in bulletin form will be discontinued.
Special bulletins will probably be issued from time to time as im por
tan t m aterial becomes available.
Reference is m ade in the new m onthly bulletin to the work of the
various bureaus and boards of the D epartm ent of Labor and Industry.
Among the more im portant subjects discussed in the publication are
an international safety-first exhibit, inspection work, industrial codes,
and strikes. Comprehensive plans for an international “ safety-first 77
exhibit have been subm itted to the comm ittee in charge of the SesquiCentennial Exposition which will be held in 1926 in Philadelphia.
If the present proposal of the authorities is carried out, this exhibit
will be m ade a perm anent feature of the exposition. The forecasted
results of such action are summarized as follows:
1. It would establish a clearing house for progress in industry throughout the
world along lines of safety and welfare.
2-_ It would place the preeminently industrial State of Pennsylvania foremost in
the interest of “ safety first.”
3. It would establish in one of the principal centers of the world a museum that
would record, by means of exhibits, the evidence of industrial progress.
4 . It would be the first time on record that an international exposition has recog
nized the importance of a “ world-wide safety movement. ’’
In sp e ctio n .—A “ block sy stem 77 of inspection, which was devised
by the present commissioner of labor and industry, has been in effect
in Pennsylvania since February, 1921. The six sections into which
the S tate is divided are separated into districts each of which includes
from 1 0 to 30 blocks. In 1921 there were 109,000 inspections made,
an increase of approxim ately 20,000 over the preceding year. I t is
reported th a t the “ block sy stem 77 has resulted in the inclusion of
every industrial establishm ent in Pennsylvania under the d epart
m en t’s jurisdiction, while in previous years “ only a 'h it or m iss7
jurisdiction was exercised.77 Some blocks are the size of a city square,
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M O N T H L Y LABOE R E V IE W .
196
as is the case in concentrated industrial localities. O ther blocks are
as large as a township.
_
Block cards are m ade out, upon which are recorded^ inform ation
relative to each and every industrial establishm ent 5 lor example,
num ber of employees, character of business, and safety provisions.
One of the difficulties a t present in operating under this system is the
m aking of the m any initial inspections w ith a lim ited num ber of
inspectors. A fter the whole S tate has been covered the num ber of
persons required for this work can be estim ated. I t is believed th a t
m the future the system will result in more efficient inspection. All
industrial establishm ents will be covered and responsibility more
definitely fixed.
. .
„_
.
Strikes.—The year 1921 was the w orst in the history of Pennsyl
vania in the m atte r of strikes. The loss in wages alone from these
industrial disputes was $38,375,104, far outbalancing the wage loss
from strikes during the three previous years combined, which was
$30,607,001.
1
, • ,
•
,
The following table shows for the year 1921, by industries, the
num ber of strikes reported and term inated, the num ber of strikes m
which the bureau of m ediation and conciliation was active, and the
num ber of persons involved in these strikes, together w ith the tim e
losses resulting therefrom:
DATA ON STRIKES, 1921.
Industry.
Total.
Building........ .........
Miscellaneous...........
233
9
439
2
24
12
270
61
36
90
7
1
26
Total...............
1,210
fdntihinpT
p.r
Tmrapfvr
Printing........ ..........
Textiles....................
ATp.ta.ls
ATin pu
PnTilii* 8PT'vii">f‘-
T ohaeno.
Pend
Re Num
ing
Pend Bureau
ber
pre ported
in
vious 1921.
closed. ing. active.
year.
i
9
232
8
3
12
439
2
24
12
270
53
33
90
4
1
14
36
1,174
3
229
9
439
2
24
4
12
121
60
29
75
7
149
1
7
15
1
26
1,033
177
Males.
140
9
92
1
24
12
167
56
19
20
4
1
26
28,904
31
8,431
40
253
250
3,817
5,108
11,486
80,111
3,248
10
233
571
141,922
Females. Days lost.
80
29
1,943,365
3,512
321,253
79
10,418
1,884
354,616
1,349,372
1,093,698
746,969
166,552
810
11,733
11,206
6,004,261
7,135
53
3,909
I n d u s t r i a l c o d e s .—'There are 33 codes of the industrial board in
effect at the present time and 7 new ones are in process of construc
tion. The board has also approved 277 devices for the furtherance
of the cause of safety. Thousands of copies of the codes are for
warded every m onth to persons who m ake request for them .
The success of the industrial board is attrib u ted to the cooperation
it has in the m aking of its rules. I t is believed th a t compliance w ith
the codes is facilitated because they are p u t in operation w ithout re
sort to force.
On May 9 , 1922, the laundries code, the mechanical power trans
mission code, and the scaffolds code were adopted .1
1 Pennsylvania Department of Labor and Industry. Industrial Board Bulletin of Information, Harris
burg, May, 1922.
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W H A T STATE LABOR B U R E A U S ARE DOING.
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In d u stria l board's kome-worlc regulations.— T h e new principle in
hom e-work regulations adopted by the industrial board on M ay 9,
1922, to become effective Septem ber 1 , 1922, is embodied in section
2, on specifications, which reads in p a rt as follows:
(a)
The employer shall not furnish material to any home worker until a certificate
of health has been presented from the State or local department of health, setting
forth that the home has been inspected and found to be in a clean and sanitary con
dition and free from any infectious, contagious, or communicable disease. Such
certificate shall be valid for a period of one year from date of issue unless revoked by
the commissioner for cause.
The employer m ust keep on file, on departm ent of labor and in
dustry blanks, d a ta as to the kind of home work which is being done,
exactly where it is being done, and the names and ages of the per
sons engaged in such work..
Industrial home workers are subject to the provisions of the S tate
laws on women and children in industry. There are also special
rulings for woman and child home workers.
Tennessee.
A D IR E C TO R Y of the industries of Tennessee covers 38 of the 104
pages of the nin th annual report of the bureau of workshop and
factory inspection of th a t S tate for the year ending December 31,
1921. The following brief digest gives some of the more significant
d ata from other parts of the publication.
In sp e ctio n w ork. To facilitate the work of the several deputy
factory inspectors, the chief inspector has divided the S tate into
four districts, the local offices of such districts being Nashville, Mem
phis, Knoxville, and Chattanooga, respectively. E ach inspector
covers his own division as frequently as he can during the year.
These officials are said to be thoroughly enforcing the laws and secur
ing the support of both employers and employees in improving con
ditions. The bureau’s policy in bringing about compliance w ith regu
lations is more pacific than harsh, resort being had to the courts in
as few cases as possible.
The total num ber of employees in the industries inspected in 1921
was over 105,000, of whom more than 74,000 were males and nearly
30,000 females oyer 16 years of age. In connection w ith the inspec
tion of the establishm ents employing these workers, 113 cities and 61
counties were visited. The bureau’s inspectors are all long exper
ienced and com petent mechanics. There were approxim ately 2,500
inspections m ade in 1921. Among the subjects included in the in
spectors’ reports are : Sanitation, ventilation, m achinery, fire escapes
and lire protection, accident reporting, sem im onthly pay day,
dressing rooms, safety, hours, wages, toilets, posting notice and time
records for female workers, and age, hours, and certificates of m inors.
In the year covered by the report 949 orders were issued, 749 of
which were complied with, 8 canceled, and 124 pending. In the
case of 6 8 orders the date of compliance was not due in the period
covered.
S a fe ty a n d sa n ita tio n .—In the last few m onths of 1921 there was a
rem arkable im provem ent in factory conditions. M achinery and
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M O N T H L Y LABOR R E V IE W .
hazardous places were guarded, and lockers, toilets, and shower
baths provided. The num ber of accidents reported to the bureau
was reduced about 12 per cent.
The bureau’s industrial safety standards have been issued in pam
phlet form and distributed among the various establishm ents. This
publication includes photographs of different kinds of m achinery and
standard guards.
I n d u s t r i a l n u r s i n g . —The hope is expressed in the bureau’s report
th a t every industry in the S tate will follow the example of certain
of the larger m anufacturing establishm ents of Tennessee th a t have
emergency hospitals and nurses to give first aid.
E n fo r c e m e n t o f m a ttr e s s la w . —I t is announced th a t hereafter all
violations of the law regulating the m attress business (ch. 60, Acts of
1917) will be prosecuted. M anufacturers and dealers in this busi
ness “ are not thoroughly acquainted” w ith the law and it is necessary
to call the same to their attention.
W a g e s. —The following table shows the scale of wages (average
weekly wage) for each of the p ast nine years for different classes of
workers :
WEEKLY SCALE OF WAGES FOR MALE AND FEMALE ADULTS AND MINOR EMPLOYEES
1913 TO 1921.
1913
1914
1915
1916
1917
1918
1919
1920
Male adults............................ $12.68 $12.17 $12.40 $12.15 $12.83 $23.15 $22.07 $20.89
8.69
7.40
9. 21 10.77 12.02
8.58
6.92
7.47
Female adults.......................
4.46
5.75
7.14
4.28
3.97
3.70
7.97
4.89
Minor employees...................
1921
$22.22
12.99
8.48
W o m e n ’s w o r k in g h o u r s . —A special report on 276 establishm ents
employing 8,177 females gives the following figures as to the daily
and weekly hours of labor in such work places:
HOURS PER DAY AND PER WEEK WORKED IN CERTAIN ESTABLISHMENTS IN 1921.
Hours worked.
Number of
establishments.
95............................
98............................
62............................
19............................
2.............................
Per day.
8
9
9i
10 and lo|Over 10, lof
Per week.
Not over 48.
Not over 54.
Not over 57.
Not over 57.
Over 57.
Of these 276 establishm ents 250 furnished seats for females and
205 provided dressing rooms.
C h ild la b o r . —The Federal child-labor tax law, passed in 1918 and
recently declared unconstitutional, is reported as having been of
m aterial assistance in enforcing the S tate child-labor law.
Among the recom mendations which the report m akes relative to
child labor is th a t children should not be perm itted to work more
than three hours per day in addition to their school hours.
E m p l o y m e n t a g e n c ie s . —Several em ploym ent offices in the larger
cities of the S tate have been compelled to discontinue operations
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WHAT STATE LABOR BUREAUS ARE DOING.
199
because of the drastic character of the Tennessee employment
agency act, and the few agencies now in existence are conforming
w ith the legal requirem ents.
The inspection bureau desires to aid those seeking jobs b u t con
siders th a t one of its duties is to protect the workers from employ
m ent agencies which have not been established or which are not
operating in accordance w ith the law.
Wisconsin.1
T T I E following are the more im portant changes in the rules govern1 _ ing the hours of labor and minimum wage rates in pea canneries,
which were adopted March 2 1 , 1922:
(«) The number of days on which women may be employed in excess of the statutory
10 hours is reduced from 15 to 10.
(b) The maximum number of hours per week during emergencies is reduced from
70 to 66.
(c) All permission for overtime to girls between 16 and 17 has been struck out.
. ( d) The meal period rule has been rewritten to provide that meal periods must be
given at the times usual for meals and may not be less than 30 minutes in length.
(e) _The clause relating to wage rates has been rewritten to conform with the revision
of Minimum Wage Order No. 1. All women and minor employees must be paid
22 cents an hour in places of less than 5,000 population, and 25 cents per hour in larger
cities.
(/) Canneries must this year report the reasons for overtime whenever they exceed
the statutory hours of labor.
S a f e t y o rd ers o n m i n e s . —General safety orders on mines, effective
May 1 , 1922, replace the general orders on lead and zinc mines,
which were adopted in 1914.
A v a lu a b le c o m p ila tio n . —A complete history of all the general
orders of the commission is being gathered together under the secre
ta ry ’s direction by university students. I t is proposed to finish
the record nex t year and include in it data indicating the need for
the different orders. One of the students is working up a record
of all the modifications to these general orders th a t have been allowed
by the commission.
C o n fe re n c e re j o i n t a g r e e m e n t f o r r e m o v a l o f g r a in d u s t s . —The
industrial commission has suggested to the U nited S tates Secretary
of A griculture th a t he call a conference of the various “ parties
interested in term inal elevators in Middle W e st” for a discussion as
to possibilities for a joint agreement for the rem oval of dust from
grain being taken into elevators. The need for this action is acknowl
edged by all because of numerous dust explosions which have occurred
within recent years in grain elevators.
H o m e w o r k . —The industrial commission has received m any appli
cations for perm its for home m anufacture. The necessary pre
lim inary inspections will be m ade by the women’s departm ent before
perm its are issued, in order to ascertain w hether the m anufacturers
requesting such perm its are complying with the child-labor law, the
minimum-wage law, and the home-work law.
A p p r e n t i c e s h i p . —A t the close of March, 1922, there were 1,300
live contracts, the num ber of indentured apprentices exceeding th a t
1 W isconsin. In d u stria l Commission. Progress of work rep o rt, M arch, 1922. M adison, A p r. 28, 1922.
(M imeographed.)
’
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MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW.
for any period since the apprenticeship law was enacted in 1915.
The num ber of new contracts received in March was 51. During
th a t m onth there were 16 completions and 14 cancellations.
The Milwaukee electrical workers have declared themselves in
favor of the em ploym ent in future of only apprentices and journey
m en and the abolition of the helper system.
There has also been progress in developing apprenticeship standards
in drug stores. The S tate pharm acy board is to cooperate in the
working out of this problem.
In regard to the indenturing of apprentices in “ stru c k ” printing
shops in Milwaukee, the commission has decided not to approve
indentures for compositors in such shops as long as the strike is in
active progress. I t will, however, approve indentures for shops,
union or nonunion, which have not been “ struck,” provided th a t
apprentices so indentured will not be employed in the “ stru c k ’^
shops. Indentures will also be approved for apprentices in “ stru c k ”
shops in trades not directly involved in the strike.
I n s p e c tio n s —- W o m e n ’s d e p a r tm e n t. —During March, 1922, 226 es
tablishm ents were visited; 76 of these, however, had no women or
child workers. Surveys were conducted in Columbus and F o rt
Atkinson.
C h ild la b o r— M ilw a u k e e o ffice. —According to a decision of the
industrial commission, Milwaukee attendance officers after May 1 ,
1922, will no t be allowed to “ call in ” perm its of children whose
attendance is not regular a t continuation schools. The practice is not
w arranted under the law and is exceedingly dangerous to employers.
In future the commission’s Milwaukee perm it deputy will be the
only person authorized to revoke perm its, b u t it is planned to co
operate closely w ith the city superintendent’s office in order to keep
children from working on perm its when they do n o t m eet the legal
requirem ents regarding attendance a t the continuation school.
In March the junior placem ent bureau’s registrations of children
who desired em ploym ent totaled 1 2 0 , and 78 requests for perm it
children by employers were received. There were 60 children placed
in full-tim e positions and 3 in part-tim e positions. The placem ent
work of the Girls’ Trade School is to be cleared through the juvenile
employment bureau. I t is reported th a t one of the employees of the
city superintendent’s office who has in previous years had the work
of placing children on farm s for the summer will again look after this
m atter.
P r o p o s e d r u le s f o r p r iv a te e m p lo y m e n t office f e e s . - f f The question of
ten tativ e rules relative to the charging of fees by private em ploym ent
agencies for clerical and professional workers was discussed a t several
of the industrial commission’s conferences last March. A decision
was reached to subm it the following tentative regulations to the
advisory comm ittee on employment agency fees:
(a) A lower percentage of the salary is to be charged less well paid employees.
(b) Complete reports shall be filed annually by all employment agencies, showing
their receipts and expenses.
(c) Refunds for positions which are supposed to be permanent, but are held only
for a short time, are to be avoided if possible.
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C U R R E N T N O T E S O F IN T E R E S T T O L A B O R .
Bureau of Accident Statistics of the Safety Institute of America.
A BU REA U of industrial accident sta tistic s 1 is t©= be opened in
New York City by the Safety In stitu te of America. While
the library of the institute has collected inform ation on health and
sanitation since 1907, there has been a lack, it is stated, of adequate
statistical information. In view, therefore, of the fact th a t the acci
dent problem is of ever increasing gravity and any real solution m ust
be based on statistical knowledge great weight is attached by those
interested in accident prevention to the establishm ent of a clearing
house for the accident statistics of the city.
The new bureau will attem p t to correlate the work of agencies now
gathering statistics relating to accidents; to in stitute more accurate
registration of accidents to children, and to standardize m ethods and
stim ulate b etter record keeping by those companies which participate
in the cooperative industrial safety work of the institute.
journal of Personnel Research.
'"’F H E first issue of the Journal of Personnel Research appeared in
May, 1922. This is the official publication of the Personnel
Research Federation, an account of whose form ation m ay be found
in the M o n t h l y L a b o r R e v ie w of May, 1921 (pp. 176, 177). Special
articles in this first num ber of the journal are: “ Reasons for per
sonnel research, ” by Jam es R. Angeil, president of Yale U niversity;
“ Development of personnel re s e a rc h /’ by Alfred D. PI inn, secre
tary, Engineering Foundation; and “ Basic experim ents in voca
tional guidance,” by C. S. Yoakum, director, Bureau of Personnel
Research, Carnegie In stitu te of Technology. The journal contains
also notices of a num ber of studies dealing with certain aspects of
personnel now being undertaken by various organizations, associa
tions, and universities.
Reconstruction Hospital for Industrial Cases, New York City.
'"THE R econstruction H ospital in New York City,2 which is dedi1 cated solely to the care of industrial accidents and diseases and
the restoration of industrial casualties to active useful life, completed
its first year in April, a t which time ground was broken for an exten
sive addition designed to p u t the hospital upon a national basis.
The experience gained in the rehabilitation of men injured in the
w ar has been adapted to the needs of the industrially disabled, and
patients receive the benefits of an intensive study of their cases by
specialists who are well versed in all forms of therapy. The hos
pital also provides for after-care of the p atient until he is capable
of earning a livelihood. A bout 175 cases receive treatm ent daily,
about half of which are sent by the Government, it is said, and the
1 Safety In s titu te of A m erica. Safety, N ew Y ork, Ju n e, 1922, p p . 136-138.
2 Iro n Age, New Y ork, A pr. 13, 1922, p. 991.
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202
M O N T H L Y LABOR R E V IE W .
plans for the addition provide for 175 more beds in small wards and
sem iprivate rooms. In addition to the usual equipm ent oi a modern
hospital there will be the m ost extensive physio-therapy plant m
existence; rooms for occupation therapy, especially designed equip
m ent incorporating the latest principles in rehabilitation and electro
therapy, whirlpool baths, and a gymnasium w ith mechanical devices
for restoring the functions of stiffened joints and weakened muscles.
During the year of operation men have been sent to the hospital
from all over the country and m any apparently incurable cases, it
is stated, have been returned to useful industrial life.
Report of the Argentine National Pension Fund of Employees of Private Companies.
E March, 1922, issue of Cronica Mensual, published by the A r
THgentine
D epartm ent of Labor, contains a sum m ary of the
rep o rt covering the first 1 0 m onths’ operation of the law 1 providing
for the pensioning of the employees of private companies performing
public u tility functions, th a t is, the period from M arch 1 to December
31, 1921. During this period the national pension fund established
by this law accum ulated a capital of 6,350,025 paper pesos ($2,696,2 2 1 , par) from the following sources: A compulsory deduction of 5
per cent from the wages of the personnel of the companies covered
by the act, 1,637,554.69 pesos ($695,306, p a r) ; one m o n th ’s pay from
each employee and workman, payable in 36 m onthly installm ents,
881,718.24 pesos ($374,378, par); paym ents on account of increased
wages, 78,019.88 pesos ($33,127, p a r) ; contribution from the companies
equivalent to 8 per cent of the am ount of the pay roll, 2,625,138.08
pesos ($1,114,634, p a r) ; transfer of a pension fund established by the
municipal ordinance of Jan u ary 10, 1920,1,125,265.07 pesos ($477,788,
p ar); and interest on bonds (for November and December only),
54,893.09 pesos ($23,308, par). The adm inistrative expenses
am ounted to 52,564.05 pesos ($22,320, par). Tw enty companies
tram w ay, electric, telephone, telegraph, cable, radio, and gas
employing 22,984 persons, were affiliated to the fund a t the close of
1921.
Minors Employed in Argentina in 1921. 2
TOURING the year 1921 the Argentine D epartm ent of Labor issued
10,091 work: perm its to minors 16 years of age for em ploym ent in
industry and commerce. This num ber is somewhat smaller than in
1920 b u t m uch larger th an in earlier years. The table showing the
num ber of perm its issued annually, 1914 to 1921, is reproduced
below:
W O R K P E R M IT S IS SU E D TO M IN O RS 16 Y E A R S O F A G E, 1914 TO 1921.
Year.
1914
1915
1916
1917.
N um ber of
perm its.
5,586
4,093
5, 215
6,625
Y ear.
1918..................................
1919..................................
1920..................................
1921..................................
N um ber of
perm its.
8,686
8,603
10, 776
10,091
1 For a n account of th is law see th e M onthly L abor R ev ie w for July, 1921, p p . 212, 213.
2 Cronica M ensual del D ep artam en to N acional del Trabajo, Buenos Aires, F eb ru ary , 1922, p . 816.
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C U R R E N T NO TES OF IN T E R E S T TO LABOR.
203
Cost of Labor and Material in Shanghai Building Industry.
"T H E following report from the American consul general in Shanghai,
1 China, in regard to the wages paid to building laborers and the
cost of building m aterial in Shanghai appears in Commerce Reports,
June 5, 1922 (p. 643):
The present wages paid in the various lines of construction work at Shanghai are
as follows: Common labor, 45 to 50 cents per day; carpenters and bricklayers, 60 to
75 cents per day; pipe fitters, $20 to $30 per month; and electricians, $20 to $25 per
month. In addition all trades have apprentices who are paid from 25 to 45 cents
per day. While Chinese labor is cheap it is also slow and inefficient, and in the long
run almost as expensive as American labor.
Present material prices were given as follows: Portland cement, $4.25 to $5 per
barrel; sand, 9 to 10 taels per fong (100 cubic feet); crushed stone, 12 to 15 taels per
fong; lime, $1.80 per picul (1334 pounds); common brick, $11.50 to $13 per thousand
face brick, 10 to 17 taels per thousand; lumber, $67 per thousand.
(The above prices are given in Mexican currency or Shanghai taels. On the date
quoted the exchange value of the Shanghai tael was $0.73| United States currency
and $1 United States currency equaled $1.8557 Mexican.)
Labor Magazine (New Organ of British Labor Movement).
T H E Labor Magazine, incorporating the British Trades Union
Review and the Labor P a rty Bulletin, m ade its initial appear
ance in May, 1922. An editorial in the first issue (p. 24) states th a t
the magazine is ‘"frankly and avowedly the official m onthly journal of
the labor m ovem ent.” I t aims to be the organ of the whole m ove
m ent not of a m inority, and to present “ adequately and im par
tia lly ” the activities and opinions of organizations and of m en who
are a p a rt of the trade-union and labor m ovem ent in England and
in foreign countries, or are associated w ith them .
Reduction of Employees in Japanese Shipyard.
A NOVEL m ethod of reducing the num ber of employees w ithout
.
causing friction or unpleasantness of any kind has been adopted
w ith m arked success by a Japanese shipbuilding firm a t Nagasaki,
according to a recent consular report. Owing to the international
agreem ent in regard to the lim itation of arm am ents and the very
decided decrease in the dem and for m erchant vessels, the num ber of
workm en in the employ of this company a t the beginning of the
present year was very m uch in excess of the num ber needed for the
year’s construction program . Realizing th a t the necessary reduc
tions could n o t be effected w ithout serious labor troubles unless
some steps were taken to avoid them , the Mitsubishi Co. announced
th a t any workm an of the com pany who voluntarily tendered his
resignation within 1 0 days from the date of the announcem ent would
be given a special bonus, in addition to the usual bonus given by
m any Japanese firms upon dismissal or resignation, consisting of a
cash paym ent of from 60 to 1 2 0 d a y ’s ex tra pay and traveling ex
penses of these workmen and their families back to their native cities
or villages. In addition to this special bonus the workmen who re110650°—22-----14
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204
M O N T H L Y LABOR R E V IE W .
signed voluntarily received the regular allowance worked out on the
following scale:
1 0 days’ extra wages for 1 year of service.
2 0 days’ extra wages for 2 years of service.
30 days’ extra wages for 3 years of service.
40 days’ extra wages for 4 years of service.
50 days’ extra wages for 5 years of service.
150 days’ extra wages for 1 0 years of service.
275 days’ extra wages for 15 years of service.
420 days’ extra wages for 2 0 years of service.
610 days’ extra wages for 25 years of service.
860 days’ extra wages for 30 years of service.
1,060 days’ extra wages for 35 years of service.
1,520 days’ extra wages for 40 years of service.
There were approxim ately 16,950 employees at the Nagasaki works
of this company a t the tim e the proposal was m ade and by reason of
the special bonus 3,732 workmen voluntarily resigned, the paym ents
involving an expenditure on the p art of the company of more than
$800,000.
Creation of an Institute for Occupational Retraining in Spain.1
T T iE revised and amended Spanish workm en’s compensation law
1
of Jan u ary 1 0 , 1922,2 provided th a t the M inistry of Labor
should organize an institute for the retraining of those disabled in
industry. This was effected by royal decree of March 4, 1922.
The funds of the institute will be derived from State, provincial,
and m unicipal grants, private legacies and gifts, sums received in
paym ent for treatm ent given to persons who are able to pay for it,
and the proceeds from the sale of the publications of the institute.
The three special functions of the in stitute are functional réad ap ta
tion, occupational retraining, and the protection of those retrained.
If possible the injured person will be returned to his form er occupa
tion; b u t if the nature of the injury is such as to preclude this, he
will be trained for work suited to his capacity. The work will be
carried on in suitable workshops, special shops being provided, for
woman workers. In addition to the clinic and workshops, which
are to be provided w ith all necessary therapeutical and surgical
equipm ent, there will be a free consulting service, in which all who
desire to obtain the assistance of the institute will be examined.
All those being trained in the shops are paid for their work, p a rt
of the rem uneration going to pay the expense of retraining and the
rem ainder being paid to the worker in a form to be provided in the
regulations of the decree. Furtherm ore, the institute will find em
ploym ent for those who are retrained and will have special follow-up
work to look after the welfare of those so trained and placed in
employment.
The adm inistration of the institute is vested in a council consisting
of a president and 1 2 members—the undersecretary of the M inistry
of Labor, Commerce, and Industry, the director general of local
adm inistration, two representatives from the In stitu te of Social
1B oletín Oficial del M inisterio de T raba jo, Comercio e In d u stria , M adrid, M arch, 1922, p p . 42-45.
2 F o r a s u m m a r y o f t h i s l a w s e e p . 16 4 .
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
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C U R R E N T NO TES OF IN T E R E S T TO LABOR.
205
Reform (one employer and one worker), one representative each from
the Royal Academy of Medicine and the comm ittee for engineers and
workmen holding scholarships, and six appointed by the Govern
m ent from among those of recognized competence in the work under
taken by the institute. The head of the education and scientific
investigation section of the departm ent of industry of the m inistry
will be ex officio secretary of the council, and a director will be ap
pointed as. a perm anent delegate of the council, all departm ents of
the in stitute to be under his control. The council members are to be
chosen a t once and will proceed to draw up regulations for the insti
tute, such regulations to be subm itted to the m inistry w ithin two
m onths after the prom ulgation of the decree in question.
Reorganization of the Spanish Ministry of Labor.
T H E May, 1922, issue of the M o n t h l y L a b o r R e v i e w (p. 233)
brief m ention was m ade of the decree of F ebruary 2 0 , 1922, by
which certain divisions of the Spanish M inistry of Public W orks were
transferred to the M inistry of Labor, which then became the M inistry
of Labor, Commerce, and In d u stry ( M in is te r io de T r a b a jo , C o m e rc io e
I n d u s t r i a l . A royal decree of March, 4, 1922,1 prescribes the organ
ization of the new m inistry and provides for a secretary general and
central division, an undersecretary, departm ents of labor, commerce,
and industry, and other divisions. The secretary’s office has six
divisions, as follows: ( 1 ) The section of social and economic policy,
which will study proposed social and economic legislation and indus
trial disputes, and keep statistics of strikes and a register of labor
and employers’ organizations; (2 ) inform ation and publicity; (3 ) in
ternational affairs; (4) personnel; (5) document registry and archives;
and (6 ) disbursing office.
The departm ent of labor has six sections, as follows: ( 1 ) Labor
and labor statistics; (2 ) social insurance and labor exchanges; (3 )
cheap houses; (4) cooperation; (5) emigration; and (6 ) colonization.
I t is the du ty of the first of these sections to adm inister the laws
concerning labor inspection, hours of work, weekly rest, home
work, woman and child labor, industrial accidents, constitution and
functioning of the local boards of social reform (j u n t a s lo c a le s de
r e fo r m a s s o c ia le s ) , and relations w ith the In stitu te of Social Reform
( I n s t i t u t o d e R e fo r m a s S o c ia le s ) . Inspection of factories and work
shops, vocational education, and occupational retraining are under
the departm ent of industries.
The organization and activities of the In stitu te of Social Reform,
which is closely associated w ith the M inistry of Labor, Commerce,
and Industry, are described in Industrial and Labor Inform ation
(Geneva, F ebruary 24, 1922, p. 1 2 ) .2
By the decree of October 14, 1919, effecting its reorganization, the
num ber of employers’ and workers’ representatives was increased
from 12 each to 32 each. These, w ith the 18 representatives appointed
by decree, 2 nom inated by the Chamber of D eputies and 2 by the
Senate, and 12 representing various organizations, m ake a total of 98
IN
1
1 B oletín del M inisterio de Trabajo, Comercio e In d u stria , Madrid, M arch, 1922, p p . 1-12.
2 B ased on a n article in E l Socialista, Jan u a ry 21, 1922.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
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206
M O N T H L Y LABOR R E V IE W .
representatives. The employers’ and workers’ representatives are
selected from organizations previously registered a t the institute.
The institu te holds a t least two plenary sessions each year; the coun
cil, however, m eets regularly every two weeks and a t other times a t
the discretion of the president.
During 1921 the council dealt with such m atters as the housing
act, elections of the local committees of social reform, creation of
industrial tribunals, application of the 8 -hour day to railways, and
questionnaires of the international labor office concerning items on
the agenda of the Geneva conference. I t also drafted a bill concern
ing labor agreements, which will be discussed at the next plenary
session.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[206]
D IR E C T O R Y O F L A B O R O F F IC IA L S IN U N IT E D S T A T E S
AND CANADA.
(B u re au s of L abor, E m p lo y m e n t Offices, I n d u s tria l Com m issions, S ta te C om pensa
tio n In s u ra n c e F u n d s , C om pensation Com m issions, M in im u m W age B oards, F a c
to ry In s p e c tio n B u re au s, a n d A rb itra tio n a n d C onciliatio n B oards.)
U N IT E D S T A T E S.
[Omission of salary p aid an d of ex planatory note indicates th a t the bureau has received no inform ation.]
D esignation of office and nam e and address of official.
Department of Labor:
Hon. James J. Davis, Secretary.......................................................
Hon. Edward J. Henning, Assistant Secretary...............................
Hon. Robe Carl White, Second Assistant Secretary....................
Address: 1712 G Street NW., Washington, D. C.
Bureau of Labor Statistics—
Ethelbert Stewart, commissioner.....................................................
Address: 1712 G Street NW., Washington, D. C.
Bureau of Immigration—•
W. W. Husband, commissioner general...........................................
Address: 1712 G Street NW., Washington, D. C.
Bureau of Naturalization—■
Richard K. Campbell, commissioner...............................................
Address: 1712 G Street NW., Washington, D. C.
Children’s B u reau Miss Grace Abbott, chief..................................................................
Address: Twentieth Street and Virginia Avenue NW., Wash
ington, D. 0.
Employment Service—
Francis I. Jones, director general.....................................................
Address: Twentieth Street and Virginia Avenue NW., Wash
ington, D. C.
Division of Conciliation—
Hugh L. Kerwin, director................................................................
Address: 1712 G Street NW., Washington, D. C.
Women’s Bureau—•
Miss Mary Anderson, director..........................................................
Address: Twentieth Street and Virginia Avenue NW., Wash
ington, D. C.
United States Housing Corporation—•
Robert Watson, director...................................................................
Address: Homer Building, 1330 F Street NW., Washington, D. C.
United States Employees’ Compensation Commission:
Mrs. Bessie P. Brueggeman, chairman............................................ .
John J. Keegan..................................................................................
Charles H. Verrill..............................................................................
S. R. Golibart, jr., secretary.............................................................
Edw. C. Ernst, acting medical director...........................................
S. D. Slentz, attorney.......................................................................
Robert J. Hoage, chief statistician..................................................
Address of commission: “ F ’ ’ Building, Seventh and B
Streets NW., Washington, D. C.
United States Railroad Labor Board:
Ben W. Hooper, chairman..............................................................
G. W. W. Hanger, vice chairman....................................................
Horace Baker.....................................................................................
R. M. Barton.....................................................................................
J. H. Elliott.......................................................................................
Salary per
annum .
$ 12, 000
5, 000
5, 000
5, 000
5, 000
4, 000
5, 000
5, 000
5, 000
5,000
5,000
4.000
4, 000
4, 000
3.000
( x)
4, 000
3, 500
10, 000
10,000
10, 000
10, 000
10, 000
1 Medical officer of U. S. Public H ealth Service and receives no com pensation from the U. S. Em ployees,
Com pensation Commission.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
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207
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW.
208
U N IT E D
S T A T E S — Continued.
Designation of office and name and address of official.
United States Railroad Labor Board-Concluded.
Samuel Higgins.................................................................................
W. L. McMenimen............................................................................
Albert Phillips..................................................- ..............................
A. O. Wharton...................................................................................
L. M. Parker, secretary............. ......... - - - ......................................
Address of board: Transportation Building, 608 South Dearborn
Street, Chicago, 111.
Salary per
annum.
$ 10,
10,
000
000
10.000
10,000
5, 000
A la b a m a .
Child Welfare Commission:
' Thomas E. Kilby, ex officio chairman, governor.................... .......
Child welfare department—
Mrs. L. B. Bush, director.......................... ......................................
Child labor division—
Esther Lee Rider, chief inspector.....................................
Address of commission: Montgomery.
Compensation Commissioner:
Mrs. Marie B. Owen, ex officio director, department of archives
and history, Montgomery..............................................................
United States Employment Service:
H. E. Oliver, Federal director for State, Birmingham...................
3,000
2, 400
15. 60
A la s k a .
Territorial Mine Inspector and Ex Officio Labor Commissioner:
B. D. Stewart, Juneau...................................................
3,000
A r iz o n a .
State Mine Inspector:
John F. White, Phoenix................................................ - .................
United States Employment Service:
John D. Patty, Federal director for State, 121 North Second
Avenue, Phoenix...........................................................................
3, 000
2 60
A rk a n sa s.
Bureau of Labor and Statistics:
T. A. Wilson, commissioner, State Capitol, Little Rock................
Industrial Welfare Commission:
T. A. Wilson, ex officio chairman, commissioner, Bureau of Labor
Statistics....... ................................................................................
Mrs. M. A. P. McCrary...............................................................
Mrs. J. G. Spurgeon, secretary, 712 Parker Avenue, North Little
Rock................................. ......... ................................................
F. E. Bayless.....................................................................................
I. H. Nakdimen............................................................. _..................
Address of commission: Room 129, State Capitol, Little Rock.
Federal-State Employment Service:
T. A. Wilson, Federal director for State, Little Rock.......................
,400
( 3)
( 3)
( 3)
( 3)
( 3)
1
C a lif o r n ia .
Department of Labor and Industrial Relations:4
Will J. French, chairman, 525 Market Street, San Francisco.............
Simon J. L ubin................................................................. - ................
Walter G. Mathewson....... .................................................................
Mrs. Katherine Philips Edson, secretary, 870 Market Street, San
F ra n c is c o ..................................- .................................................
(3)
(3)
(3)
(3)
2 The State adds $4,940.
4 Organfzed October 26, 1921, having jurisdiction ovexthe Bureau of Labor Statistics, Industrial Acci
d e n t Commission, Industrial Welfare Commission, and the Commission of Immigration and Housing.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
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DIRECTORY OF LABOR OFFICIALS.
209
U N IT E D S T A T E S —Continued.
Designation of office and name and address of official.
Salary per
annum.
C a lifo r n ia —Concluded.
Department of Labor and Industrial Relations—Concluded.
Bureau of labor statistics—
Walter G. Mathewson, commissioner, 948 Market Street, San
Francisco............................. ......... ......... .....................................
Public employment bureaus—
C. B. Sexton, director, 771 Howard Street, San Francisco.
Industrial accident commission—
Will J. French, chairman...... ........................... ...............................
A. J. Pillsbury...................................................................................
A. H. Naftzger................ ...................................................................
H. L. White, secretary.......................................................................
H. M. Wolflin, superintendent of safety...........................................
M. R. Gibbons, medical director.......... ............................................
A. E. Graupner, attorney...................................................................
F. B. Lord, manager, compensation department..............................
State compensation insurance fund—•
C. W. Fellows, manager...........................................................
Address of commission: 525 Market Street, San Francisco.
Industrial welfare commission—•
A. B. C. Dohrmann, chairman......... . ........................................
Walter G. Mathewson.................. . .......................... ..................
Henry W. Louis....................... ........... .....................................
Mrs. Katherine Philips Edson, executive commissioner..........
Address of commission: 870 Market Street, San Francisco.
Commission of immigration and housing—
Simon J. Lubin, president........ ........................................................
Most Rev. E. J. Hanna, D. D., vice president.................................
Mrs. Frank A. Gibson.........................................................................
J. H. McBride, M. D..........................................................................
Paul Scharrenberg, secretary.............................................................
R. W. Kearney, attorney and executive officer..............................
Address of commission: 525 Market Street, San Francisco.
United States Employment Service:
Walter G. Mathewson, Federal director for State, 771 Howard
Street, San Francisco......................................................................
$ 4 ,0 0 0
2, 700
5,
5,
5,
3,
5,
5 3,
4,
3,
000
000
000
600
000
600
000
600
10, 000
6 10
6 10
6 10
6 10
( 7)
( 7)
( 7)
(7)
( 7)
4, 000
1
C o lo ra d o .
Bureau of Labor Statistics:
Carl S. Milliken, secretary of State and ex officio labor commis
sioner..............................................................................................
Carl DeLochte, deputy State labor commissioner and chief factory
inspector........................................................................................
State free employment offices—
Carl DeLochte, deputy State labor commissioner and chief factory
inspector.........................................................................................
Address of bureau: Denver.
Industrial Commission:
Joseph C. Bell, chairman..................................................................
Hiram E. Hilts..................................................................................
William I. Reilly..............................................................................
E*. E. Curran, secretary..................................................................
William F. Mowry, chief of claim department...............................
State compensation insurance fund—
Thomas P. Kearney, manager...........................................................
6 Part time.
6 Per diem and traveling expenses.
7 No salary, but allowed expenses incurred while commission is in session.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[2 0 9 ]
2, 500
4,
4,
4,
3,
3,
000
000
000
000
000
3, 000
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW.
210
UNITED STATES—Continued.
Designation of office and name and address of official.
Salary per
annum.
Co lo r a d o —Concluded.
Industrial Commission—Concluded.
Minimum wage commission—
(According to an act passed by the 1917 legislature and effective
July 20, 1917, the State industrial commission performs the
duties of the minimum wage commission.)
Address of commission: State capitol building, Denver.
United States Employment Service:
Carl DeLochte, Federal director for State, Hoorn 3, State Capitol,
Denver............................ •-...................... ........................ - ..........
$1, 320
C o n n e c tic u t.
Department of Labor and Factory Inspection:
William S. Hyde, commissioner, Hartford............. ......................State employment offices—William S. Hyde, commissioner, Hartford.. ...... ..........................
Board of Compensation Commissioners:
Frederic M. Williams, chairman, Room 4, County Courthouse,
Waterbury......................................................................................
George E. Beers, 42 Church Street, New Haven............................
Edward T. Buckingham, 1024 Main Street, Bridgeport.................
George B. Chandler, 54 Church street, Hartford..........................
Dr. James J. Donohue, Central Building, Norwich........................
State Board of Mediation and Arbitration:
Edward W. Broder, Hartford...........................................................
George L. Fox, New Haven.............................................................
Patrick F. O’Mara, New Haven.......................................................
United States Employment Service:
William S. Hyde, Federal director for State, Hartford..................
3, 500
4, 500
4, 500
4, 500
4, 500
4, 500
1
D e la w a re .
Labor Commission:
Irving Warner, chairman..................... .............................................
John H. Hickey..................................................................................
Thomas C. Frame, jr...........................................................................
George A. H ill................ ....................................................................
Miss Helen S. Garrett.........................................................................
Miss Helen E. Brinton, secretary......................................................
Address of commission: Wilmington.
Child-labor division—
Charles A. Hagner, chief, Industrial Trust Building, Wilmington..
Women’s labor division—
Miss Helen E. Brinton, assistant, Industrial Trust Building, Wil
mington............................................................................................
Inspector of canneries—•
Dr. William R. Messick, Lewes.........................................................
Industrial Accident Board:
Volley M. Murray, president..............................................................
Walter O. Stack..................................................................................
Robert K. Jones..................................................................................
Charles II. Grantland, secretary...................................................
Address of board: State House, Dover, and Ford Building, Wil
mington.
United States Employment Service:
Joseph H. Odell, Federal director for State, Sixth and Market
Streets, Wilmington................................................................. ....
8 No salary.
8 And $500 for upkeep of automobile.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
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(3)
(s)
(3)
( 3)
(3)
100
1,800
1,000
8 1, 000
2.500
2, 500
2, 500
2.500
1
DIRECTORY OE LABOR OFFICIALS.
211
UNITED STATES—C ontinued.
D esignation of office and nam e and address of official.
Salary per
annum .
D is tr ic t o f C o lu m b ia .
Minimum Wage Board:
Jesse C. Adkins, chairman.....................................................
John L. Newbold...................................................................
Miss Ethel M. Smith..............................................................
Miss Elizabeth Brandéis, secretary......................................
Address of board: District Buiiding, Washington, D. C.
(3)
(3)
( 3)
500
F lo r id a .
State Labor Inspector:
Lewis W. Zim, St. Augustine.
1, 800
G eo rg ia .
Department of Commerce and Labor:
IJ. M. Stanley, commissioner, Atlanta..............................................
I. L. Griffin, factory inspector, Atlanta.............................................
Address of Department: Atlanta.
Industrial Commission:
H. M. Stanley, chairman, ex officio..................................................
George M. Napier, attorney general (ex officio)...............................
S. J. Slate, representing employers...................................................
L. J. Kilburn, representing employees............................................
Address of commission: Atlanta.
United States Employment Service:
H. M. Stanley, Federal director for State, 318 State Capitol, Atlanta.
3, 600
1,200
4,000
4, 000
1
H a w a ii.
CITY AND COUNTY OP HONOLULU.
Industrial Accident Board:
F. E. Steere, chairman.......................................................................
A. J. Campbell..................................................................................
A. J. Wirtz..........................................................................................
M. MacIntyre..................................................................................
H. W. Laws.........................................................................................
F. Mason, inspector...........................................................................
A. W. Nexsen, secretary....................................................................
Address of board: 314-317 James Campbell Building, Honolulu.
(9)
( 9)
(9)
( 9)
( 9)
(9)
( 9)
COUNTY OP MAUI.
Industrial Accident Board:
George Freeland, chairman, Lahaina, Maui......................................
George Weight....................................................................................
W. H. Field.............................. ....................................................... .
J. II. G ra y ........................................................................................
W. O. Aiken.......................................................................................
Mrs. Frances S. Wadsworth, inspector and secretary, Wailuku, Maui.
( 3)
( 3)
(3)
( 3)
( 3)
'100
COUNTY OP HAWAII.
Industrial Accident Board:
W. J. Stone, chairman. ..
David Ewaliko................
Byron K. Baird...............
James Webster.................
Dr. H. B. Elliot..............
J. W. Bains, secretary__
Address of board: Hilo.
( 3)
( 3)
( 3)
(3)
( 3)
8 No salary.
io P e r m o n th , w ith necessary traveling expenses.
9 No salary, b u t allowed necessary trav elin g expenses.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
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MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW.
212
U N IT E D S T A T E S —C ontinued.
Designation of office and name and address of official.
Salary per
annum.
H a w a ii —Concluded.
COUNTY OF KAUAI.
Industrial Accident Board:
J. M. Lydgate, chairman, Lihue........................................................
(9)
Id a h o .
Commissioner of Immigration, Labor and Statistics:
0. H. Barber, Boise............................................................................
Board for the Adjustment of Labor Disputes:
W . J. McVety, chairman, Boise........................................................
Industrial Accident Board:
Geo. H. Fisher, chairman..................................................................
Lawrence E. Worstell.........................................................................
C. E. Duffy..........................................................................................
John D. Case, secretary......................................................................
Address of board : Boise.
State Insurance Fund:
Geo. D. Aiken, manager, Boise.........................................................
|3 , 600
(u )
3, 000
3, 000
3,000
2,100
3, 600
I llin o is .
Department of Labor:
George P. Arnold, director, State Capitol, Springfield.....................
Division of factory inspection—
R. L. Dye, chief inspector, 1543 Transportation Building, Chicago.
Division of labor statistics—W. C. Lewman, State superintendent of free employment offices,
State Capitol, Springfield.........._....................................................
Division of private employment agencies—
John J. McKenna, chief inspector, 608 South Dearborn Street,
Chicago............................................................................................
Industrial commission—
Ernest E. Withall, chairman.............................................................
C. H. Kunneman (representing employers)......................................
Robert Eadie (representing employees)...........................................
Philip Q. Rohm, secretary.................................................................
Dr. S. W . Latham, medical director.................................................
Address of commission: 303-318 City Hall Square Building,
Chicago.........................................................................................
United States Employment Service:
W . C. Lewman, Federal director for State, Chicago.......................
5, 000
3, 000
3,000
3, 000
5,000
5, 000
5, 000
3, 300
(12)
1
I n d ia n a .
Industrial Board:
Samuel R. Artman, chairman............................................................
Kenneth L. Dresser............................................................................
Charles Fox........................................................... - ............................
Thos. A. Riley....................................................................................
Thomas Roberts.................................................................................
Edward J. Boleman, secretary...........................................................
Address of board: Room 431, Statehouse, Indianapolis.
Department of factories, buildings, and workshops—
Jas. E. Reagin, chief inspector...........................................................
Address of department: Room 413, Statehouse, Indianapolis.
Department of boilers—
Wm. V. Griffer, chief inspector.........................................................
Address of department: Room 413, Statehouse, Indianapolis.
s No salary, b u t allowed necessary traveling expenses.
11 $6 a day and necessary expenses when employed in labor adjustments.
12 General fund for medical assistance, $10,000.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
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4, 000
4.000
4.000
4, 000
4.000
2, 500
2, 000
2, 000
DIRECTORY OF LABOR OFFICIALS.
213
U N I T E D S T A T E S —C ontinu ed .
D e s i g n a t i o n o f o ffic e a n d n a m e a n d a d d r e s s o f o f fic ia l.
S a la r y p e r
annum .
I n d ia n a —Concluded.
Industrial Board—-Concluded.
Department of mines and mining—
Cairy Littlejohn, chief inspector......................................................
Address of department: Room 413, Statehouse, Indianapolis'
Department of women and children—
Mrs. Arthur T. Cox, director............................................................
Address of department: Room 416, Statehouse, Indianapolis.
United States Employment Service:
Thos. A. Riley, Federal-State director, 412 Statehouse, Indian
apolis..............................................................................................
$ 2,
000
2, 000
1
Iow a.
Bureau of Labor Statistics:
A. L. Urick, commissioner, Des Moines............................................
Free employment bureau—
George B . Albert, clerk, Des Moines.................................................
Workmen’s Compensation Service:
A. B. Funk, industrial commissioner................................................
Ralph Young, deputy commissioner................................................
Ray M. Spangler, secretary................................................................
Dr. Oliver J. Fay, medical counsel...................................................
Address: Statehouse, Des Moines.
United States Employment Service:
A. L. Urick, Federal director for State, 123 Courthouse, Des Moines.
3, 000
1, 800
3, 600
2, 700
2, 000
6 1, 200
1
K a n sa s.
Court of Industrial Relations:13
W. L. Huggins, presiding judge.........................................................
Judge J. A. McDermott......................................................................
JudgeJ. H. Crawford..........................................................................
Will F. Wilkerson, clerk....................................................................
Address: Statehouse, Topeka.
Free employment office, StateKouse, Topeka.
Mine inspection department—
James Sherwood, chief mine inspector, Statehouse, Topeka...........
Industrial welfare commission—Miss Alice McFarland, director women ’s work, Topeka...................
United States Employment Service:
J. H. Crawford, Federal director for State, Statehouse, Topeka___
4, 500
4, 500
4, 500
2, 400
2, 700
2 , 000
1
K e n tu c k y .
Department of Agriculture, Labor, and Statistics:
W. C. Hanna, commissioner, Frankfort....................... ..................
T. R. Stults, State labor inspector, Columbia................................
Mrs. Nick Denunzio, State labor woman inspector, 219 South Sixth
Street, Louisville...........................................................................
Workmen’s Compensation Board:
Clyde R. Levi, chairman..................................................................
Alyls S. Bennett...............................................................................
Felix S. Dumas................ ................................................................
V. C. McDonald, secretary............... . ..............................................
Address of board: Frankfort.
United States Employment Service:
W. C. Hanna, Federal director for State, Frankfort.......................
6Part time.
4,000
,
1 200
1,200
3, 500
3, 500
3, 500
2, 500
1
13
T h e D e p a r t m e n t o f L a b o r a n d I n d u s t r y , w h ic h in c lu d e d t h e F r e e E m p lo y m e n t B u r e a u a n d t h e
I n d u s t r i a l W e l f a r e C o m m is s io n , w a s c o n s o l i d a t e d F e b . 2 8 , 1921, a n d n o w f u n c t i o n s u n d e r t h e C o u r t o f
I n d u s t r ia l R e la tio n s .
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
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MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW.
214
U N IT E D S T A T E S —C ontinued.
D esignation of office and nam e and address of official.
Salary per
annum .
L o u is ia n a .
Bureau of Labor and Industrial Statistics:
Frank E. Wood, commissioner, suite 626, Maison Blanche Annex,
New Orleans........................... _........................................................ 14 $3,000
Office Factories Inspector of Orleans Parish:
1, 200
Mrs. Martha D. Gould, Room 28 City Hall, New Orleans ...............
United States Employment Sendee:
,
Frank E. Wood, Federal director for State, New Orleans...............
1
M a in e .
Department of Labor and Industry:
Roscoe A. Eddy, commissioner, Statehouse, Augusta..
Industrial Accident Commission:
Arthur L. Thayer, chairman..........................................
Donald D. Garcelon, associate legal member.............. .
G. Waldon Smith, (ex officio) insurance commissioner
Roscoe A. Eddy, (ex officio) labor commissioner........
Annie M. Chase, clerk...................................................
f
Address of commission: Augusta.
State Board of Arbitration and Conciliation:
Frank H. Ingraham, chairman, Rockland...................
John S. Harlow, Dixfield..............................................
William T. Hinckley, secretary, 5 Broadway, Bangor.
2,000
3.500
3.000
500
1.000
1.500
c5
65
65
M a r y la n d .
State Board of Labor and Statistics:15
J. Knox Insley, M. D., chairman......................................................
Aquila T. Robinson.......................................................................*- Louis Setlen.........................................................................................
Address of board: St. Paul and Saratoga Streets, Baltimore.
State Industrial Accident Commission:
Robert E. Lee, chairman........... .......................................................
Joseph B. Harrington..........................................................................
Geo. Louis Eppler...............................................................................
A. E. Brown, secretary................... _..................................................
Miss R. O. Harrison, director of claims.............................................
Dr. Robert P. Bay, chief medical examiner.....................................
State accident fund—
James E. Green, superintendent................... - .............._.................
Address of commission: 741 Equitable Building, Baltimore.
United States Employment Service:
II. F. Baker, Federal director for State, Hoen Building, Baltimore..
3,000
500
500
6,000
5.000
5, 000
3.000
2.000
5 2,000
3,000
1
M a ssa c h u setts.
Department of Labor and Industries:
E. Leroy Sweetser, commissioner...................................................
Miss Ethel M. Johnson, assistant commissioner....... .......................
Associate commissioners (exercising also the functions formerly
vested in the Board of Conciliation and Arbitration and the
Minimum Wage Commission):
Edward Fisher, chairman.........................................................
Herbert P. Wasgatt....................................................................
Samuel Ross...............................................................................
8 P a rt tim e.
8 P er diem a n d tra v e lin g expenses
14 A nd traveling expenses.
.
......
, 16 A fter Ja n . 1, 1923, will be u n d er control of a commissioner of labor and statistics.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[214]
7,500
3,000
4.000
3.000
3‘, 000
DIRECTORY OF LABOR OFFICIALS.
215
U N I T E D S T A T E S — C ontinued.
D esignation of office and nam e and address of official.
Salary per
annum .
M a ssa c h u se tts —Concluded.
Department of Labor and Industries—Concluded.
Division of industrial safety—
John P. Meade, director.......................................................
Division of statistics—
Roswell F. Phelps, director.................................................
Division of standards—
Francis Meredith, director...................................................
Address of department: Room 473, Statehouse, Boston.
Industrial Accident Board:
William W. Kennard, chairman.....................................
Frank J. Donahue.............................................................................
David T. Dickinson..........................................................................
Joseph A. Parks................................................................................
Chester E. Gleason...................................... ...................
John H. Cogswell.......................................................................
Robert E. Grandfield, secretary.......................................................
Francis D. Donoghue, M. D., medical adviser...............................
Address of board; Room 272, Statehouse, Boston.
United States Employment Service:
E. Leroy Sweetser, Federal director for State, 473 Statehouse,
Boston..........................................................
$3,000
3, 000
3,000
5, 500
5,000
5, 000
5, 000
5, 000
5, 000
4, 500
4, 500
1
M ic h ig a n .
Department of Labor and Industry:16
James A. Kennedy, chairman..........................................................
Thomas B. Gloster...........................................................................
Carl Young........................................................................................
Fred S. Johnson, secretary...............................................................
Address of department: Lansing.
Department of Insurance:
L. T. Hands, commissioner, Lansing...............................................
State Accident Fund:
William T. Shaw, manager, Lansing...............................................
United States Employment Service:
Perry J. Ward, Federal director for State, 306 Owen Building,
Detroit......................................................................
4, 000
4, 000
4, 000
3, 500
5, 000
5,000
900
M in n e s o ta .
Industrial Commission: 17
F. A. Duxbury, chairman........................................
J. D. Williams............................................................
Henry McColl.............................................................
John P. Gardiner, secretary......................................
Address of Commission: St. Paul.
Division of accident prevention—■
F. E. Hoffman, chief, St. Paul.................................
Division of women and children—
Louise Schutz, chief, St. Paul...........................
Division of boiler inspection—
George Wilcox, chief, St. Paul.................................
United States Employment Service:
J. D. Williams, Federal director for State, St. Paul
4, 500
4.500
4, 500
3.500
2, 400
1,800
2,400
1
15 In au g u rated Ju ly 1, 1921; composed of w h at was form erly th e In d u stria l A ccident Board, Labor
D epartm ent, In d u strial R elations Commission, a n d B oard of Boiler R ules.
17 Form er B oard of A rbitration, M inim um W age Commission, a n d D epartm ent of Labor and Industries
merged in in d u strial Commission Ju n e 1, 1921.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[215]
M ONTHLY LABOR REVIEW.
216
U N IT E D
S T A T E S —C o n tin u e d .
Designation of office and name and address of official.
Salary per
annum.
M is s is s ip p i.
Department of State Factory Inspection:
A. B. Hobbs, factory inspector, Jackson------------ ------- -............
United States Employment Service:
H. M. Quin, Federal director for State, K. of P. Building, Meridian
$2, 400
1
M is s o u r i.
Bureau of Labor Statistics:
William H. Lewis, commissioner, Jefferson City................... ..........
Department of industrial inspection—
Lee Dunlap, chief inspector, 326 Sheidley Building, Kansas City..
Workmen’s Compensation Commission.18
United States Employment Service:
William H. Lewis, Federal director for State, 11 North Seventh
Street, St. Louis..............................................................................
3, 500
2, 500
1
M o n ta n a .
Department of Agriculture, Labor, and Industry:
Chester C. Davis, commissioner, Helena...................... ....................
Industrial Accident Board:
Jerome G. Locke, chairman...................................................... ........
G. P. Porter, State auditor and (ex officio) commissioner of insurance..................... ............................ _.............................- ................
Chester C. Davis, commissioner of agriculture, labor, andind ustry,
and (ex officio) treasurer of board.............. ............. .....................
G. G. Watt, secretary..........................................................................
Address of board: Helena.
Bureau of safety inspection—
J. R. Hartley, boiler and safety inspector, Billings........... ............
J. H. Bondy, boiler and safety inspector, Great Falls....................
Floyd F. Johnson, boiler and safety inspector, B utte....................
William Maxwell, quartz mine and safety inspector, Butte...........
George N. Griffin, coal mine and safety inspector, Helena.............
United States Employment Service:
C. D. Greenfield, jr., Federal director for State, Department of
Agriculture, Labor, and Industry, Helena....................................
5,000
5, 000
2, 700
2, 700
2, 700
2, 700
2, 700
2, 700
1
N e b r a sk a .
Department of Labor:
Frank A. Kennedy, secretary of labor and compensation commis
sioner, State Capitol, Lincoln........................................................
Board of Mediation and Investigation:
Win. H. Pitzer, Nebraska C ity ................ ........................ ..........
C. B. Towle, Lincoln........................................................................ .
Benjamin Green, Lincoln.. . . . . . . . — ..............- -............... ...............
Bureau of Child Welfare:
Mrs. Emily P. Hornberger, director, Lincoln............................ .
United States Employment Service:
Frank A. Kennedy, Federal director for State, State Capitol,
Lincoln....................................................- ..................................
5,000
2, 500
1
N evada.
Office of Labor Commissioner:
Frank W. Ingram, labor commissioner, Carson City
“ n u s tu c u y .
1,500
.
, T
i« Workmen's compensation has been referred to the voters for ratification at the general election, A ovember, 1922.
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DIRECTORY OF LABOR OFFICIALS.
217
U N IT E D S T A T E S —C ontinued.
D esignation of office and nam e and address of official.
N e v a d a —Concluded.
Industrial Commission:
George D, Smith, chairman........................
John M. Gray..............................................
Frank W. Ingram........................................
Dr. Donald Maclean, chief medical adviser
Address of commission: Carson City.
Inspector of mines:
A. J. Stinson, Carson City...........................
Salary per
annum .
5 $3, 000
5 1, 800
5 1, 800
5 1, 800
3, 600
N e w H a m p s h ir e .
Bureau of Labor:
John S. B. Davie, commissioner, Concord............................
Bion L. N utting, factory inspector, Concord........................
Herbert O. Prime, factory inspector, Laconia......................
Mary R. Chagnon, factory inspector, Manchester................ .
State Board of Conciliation and Arbitration:
Dr. A. W. Mitchell (representing public), Epping.............. .
George A. Tenney (representing manufacturers), Claremont
Michael F. Connolly (representing labor), Manchester........ .
2, 750
2 , 200
2 , 200
1,800
19 8
19 8
19 8
N e w J ersey.
Department of Labor:20
Lewis T. Bryant, commissioner......................... ...............................
Charles H. Weeks, deputy commissioner..........................................
John Roach, deputy commissioner..............................................
Bureau of general and structural inspection—
Charles H. Weeks, chief.........................................................
Bureau of hygiene, sanitation, and mine inspection—
John Roach, chief................................................. ...........................
Bureau of electrical and mechanical equipment—
Rnwland H. Leveridge, chief........... ................................................
Bureau of industrial statistics—
Lillian Erskine, chief.........................................................................
Bureau of engineers’ license, steam roller, and refrigerating plant
inspection—
Joseph F. Scott, chief.........................................................................
Bureau of workmen’s compensation—
Lewis T. Bryant, commissioner.........................................................
William E. Stubbs, deputy commissioner and secretary.................
Bureau of employment—
Russell J. Eldridge, director..............................................................
Address of department: State Capitol, Trenton.
United States Employment Service:
Lewis T. Bryant, Federal director for State, Trenton....... .............
6 , 000
4, 500
4, 500
( )
21
( 2!)
3, 600
2, 760
3, 600
1, 500
3, 900
2, 500
1
N e w M exico.
Mine Inspector:
W. W. Risdon, Albuquerque
22 2, 400
N e w Y o rk .
Department of Labor:
Henry I). Sayer, industrial commissioner.......................................
Martin H. Christopherson, deputy commissioner...........................
Address of department: 124 East Twenty-eighth Street, New
York.
5 P a rt tim e.
19 P er diem a n d necessary expenses w hen actually engaged in work of the board.
5° Reorganized b y bill enacted Mar. 16, 1922.
21 Salary included in th a t of d e p u ty commissioner.
22 A nd actual an d necessary tra n sp o rta tio n and traveling expenses.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[2 1 7 ]
8 , 000
7, 000
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW.
218
U N IT E D S T A T E S —C ontinued.
D esignation oi office and nam e and address of official.
N e w Y o r k —Concluded.
Department of Labor—Concluded,
industrial Board—John D. Higgins, chairman...............................................................
Rosalie Loew Whitney........................................................................
Richard H. Curran.............................................................................
Clarence A. Meeker, secretary...........................................................
Address of board: 124 East Twenty-eighth Street, New York.
Bureau of workmen’s compensation—
Robert F. Coleman, director................. ............................................
Dr. Raphael Lewy, chief medical examiner....... ........................... .
Address of bureau: 124 East Twenty-eighth Street, New York.
State insurance fund—
Leonard W. Hatch, manager, 124 East Twenty-eighth Street, New
York............................................................................................... .
Division of employment—Mrs. Myrta K. Hanford, chief, 124 East Twenty-eighth Street, New
York.................................- ................- ..........................................
Bureau of statistics and information—
E. B. Patton, chief statistican, Albany...........................................
Bureau of industrial relations—
Seaman F. Northrup, director, Albany...........................................
Division of aliens—•
Mrs. Marion K. Clark, chief, 124 East Twenty-eighth Street, N ew
York...............................................................................................
Bureau of inspection—
James L. Gernon, director, 124 East Twenty-eighth Street, New
York..................................................................................... *----Division of women in industry—
Miss Nellie Swartz, chief, 124 East Twenty-eighth Street, New
York...............................................................................................
Bureau of industrial code—
Richard J. Cullen, industrial code referee......................................
Thomas C. Eipper, industrial code referee......................................
Address of bureau: 124 East Twenty-eighth Street, New York.
United States Employment Service:
Henry D. Sayer, Federal director for State, 124 East Twenty-eighth
Street, New York..........................................................................
Salary per
annum .
B8, 000
8,000
8,000
4, 500
5, 000
6,000
8, 000
4, 250
4, 500
5,000
3.000
4.000
4, 000
N o r th C a r o lin a .
Department of Labor and Printing:
M. L. Shipman, commissioner, Raleigh................... . .................
United States Employment Service:
M. L. Shipman, Federal director for State, Raleigh......................
N o r th D a k o ta .
Department of Agriculture and Labor:
Joseph A. Kitchen, commissioner, Bismarck..................................
Workmen’s Compensation Bureau:
Joseph A. Kitchen, chairman..........................................................
S. S. McDonald.................................................................................
S. A. Olsness (ex officio)...................................................................
L. J. Wehe.........................................................................................
Philip Elliott.....................................................................................
C. A. Marr, secretary.........................................................................
Address of bureau: Bismarck.
Minimum wage commission.
-------- ----------(vacancy), secretary, Bismarck................................
State-Federal Employment Service:
Joseph A. Kitchen, Federal director for State, Bismarck..............
s No salary.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[218]
3, 000
(3)
2, 500
2,"500
2, 500
2, 400
219
DIRECTORY OE LABOR OFFICIALS.
UNITED STATES—C ontinued.
Salary per
annum .
D esignation of office and nam e and address of official.
O h io .
Department of Industrial Relations:
Percy Tetlow, director.......................................................................
Industrial commission-—
T. J. Duffy, chairman................................. . . ..................................
J. D. Clark..........................................................................................
Rose Moriarty.................................................... ................................
Percy Tetlow, secretary....................................................................
Division of workmen’s compensation—
Stanley S. Stewart, chief...................................................................
Evan I. Evans, supervisor of actuarial division...............................
Nathan Yigran, auditor and statistician...........................................
Dr. T. R. Fletcher, chief medical examiner.....................................
Division of labor statistics (including free employment service)—
W. J. Biebesheimer, chief..................................................................
Division of factory inspection—•
E. U. Whitacre, chief.........................................................................
Division of boiler inspection and examiner of steam engineers—
Henry F. Stehmever..........................................................................
Division of mines—
William Robinett................... ...........................................................
Address of department: Columbus.
United States Employment Service:
W. J. Biebesheimer, Federal director for State, Columbus.............
$6, 500
5, 000
5, 000
5, 000
2, 600
3.000
3.000
3, 500
3, 000
3, 600
3, 600
3, 600
1
O k la h o m a .
Department of Labor:
C. E. Connally, commissioner, Oklahoma City................................
Board of Arbitration and Conciliation:
C. E. Connally, commissioner of labor, chairman............................
( Vacancies on this board not yet filled.)
Industrial Commission:
Judge Baxter Taylor, chairman.........................................................
H. C. Myers.........................................................................................
Mrs. F. L. Roblin. ........................................................................... .
Fav L. Riggins, secretary............................................................ .
Address of commission: State capitol, Oklahoma City.
United States Employment Service:
C. E. Connally, Federal director for State, State capitol, Okla
homa Citv........................................................................................
j
2,000
3.000
3.000
3.000
1, 800
1
O reg o n .
Bureau of Labor:
C. II . Gram, commissioner and factory inspector, Salem.................
W. H. Fitzgerald, deputy commissioner, 501 Courthouse, Portland..
Board of Inspectors of Child Labor:
Stephen G. Smith, chairman, 65-67 Broadway, Portland...............
Mrs. Sarah A. Evans, Portland.........................................................
Miss Pauline Kline, Corvallis............................................................
Mrs. A. M. Grilley, Portland ............................................................
Mrs. Millie R. Trumbull, secretary, 646-648 Courthouse, Portland..
Industrial Welfare Commission:
W. L. Brewster, chairman................................................................
Mrs. Eunice L. Rubottom................................................ ................
Amedee M. Sm ith..................................................... ........... ............
Mrs. Millie R. Trumbull, secretary and inspector...........................
Address of commission: 646-648 Courthouse, Portland.
3No salary.
5 p ar t tim e.
23 P er m onth.
110650°—22
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
-15
[219]
3,000
2,400
(3)
3
(3)
(233) 125
(3)
(3)
( 3) e 50
220
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW.
U N IT E D S T A T E S —C o n tin ued.
D esignation of office and nam e and address of official.
Salary per
annum .
O reg o n —Concluded.
State Industrial Accident Commission:
J. W. Ferguson, chairman....................................... .......... .......... .....
Will T. K irk ..................................................................... .................
William A. Marshall...........................................................................
Dr. F. H. Thompson, medical adviser..............................................
Dr. Frank H. Shepherd, director of vocational rehabilitation.........
Address of commission: Salem.
State Board of Conciliation—
William F. Woodward, chairman, Wood-Lark Building, Portland..
John K. Flynn.............................. ....................... ......................... ,
Otto R. Hart wig, secretary, 413 Stock Exchange Building, Portland.
United States Employment Service:
W. H. Fitzgerald, Federal director and zone clearance officer, 501
Courthouse, Portland............................... ........ ................ ............
$3, 600
3, 600
3, 600
3, 000
3, 600
19 5
19 5
19 5
1
P e n n s y lv a n ia .
Department of Labor and Industry:
Clifford B . Connelley, commissioner......................................... .......
Address of department: Keystone Building, Harrisburg.
Industrial Board—
Clifford B. Connelley, chairman.......................................................
Mrs. Samuel Semple.............. ......... ..................................................
Otto T. Mallery..................................................................................
James C. Cronin...................................... ................ ........................
-———■—------ (vacancy).
Fred J. Hartman, secretary............................................... ...............
Address of board: Keystone Building, Harrisburg.
Bureau of inspectionJohn H. Walker, chief, Keystone Building, Harrisburg..................
Division of hygiene and engineering—
F. D. Patterson, M. I)., chief, Third and North Streets, Harrisburg..
Bureau of workmen’s compensation—
W. H. Horner, director, Keystone Building, Harrisburg...... .........
Bureau of mediation and arbitration—
William J. Tracy, chief, Keystone Building, Harrisburg................
Bureau of employment—■
R. J. Peters, director, Third and North Streets, Harrisburg...........
Bureau of rehabilitation—
S. S. Riddle, chief, Keystone Building, Harrisburg........................
Workmen’s Compensation Board—
Harry A. Mackey, chairman............................................................ .
Paul W. Houck................... ...............................................................
Benjamin Jarrett....................... ........................................... ............
Lee Solomon, secretary................................................ ....................
Address of board: Keystone Building, Harrisburg.
State Workmen’s Insurance Fund:
William J. Roney, manager, Harrisburg.................................... .......
United States Employment Service:
Robert J. Peters, Federal director for State, Harrisburg_____ . . . .
10, 000
2i 10
24 1 0
24 10
4, 000
5, 000
5, 000
5, 000
4.000
5.000
5, 000
9.000
8, 500
8, 500
5, 000
7,500
1
P h i l i p p i n e I s la n d s .
Bureau of Labor (under Department of Commerce and Communications):
Faustino Aguilar, director, Manila.................................... ...............
19Per diem and necessary expenses when actually engaged in work of the board.
24Per day.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[220 ]
2, 500
DIRECTORY OF LABOR OFFICIALS.
221
U N IT E D S T A T E S —C ontinued.
D esignation of office and nam e a n d address of official.
Salary per
annum .
P o r to R ic o .
Department of Agriculture and Labor:
$5, 000
Manuel Camunas, commissioner.......................................................
Bureau of Labor—
Carmelo Honoré, chief......................................................... .............. 2, 777. 25
Address of department: San Juan.
Workmen’s Relief Commission:
3, 500
L. Santiago Carmona, chairman, attorney at law..............................
2, 600
Luis Villaronga, permanent commissioner........................................
25 10
José Coll Vidal......................................................... ..........................
25 10
Joaquin A. Becerril............................................................................
25 10
P. Rivera Martinez.............................................................................
Address of commission: San Juan.
R h o d e I s la n d .
Bureau of Labor:
George H. Webb, commissioner, Statehouse, Providence...... .........
Office of Factory Inspectors:
J. Ellery Hudson, chief inspector, Statehouse, Providence............
Board of Labor (for the adjustment of labor disputes):
George H. Webb, commissioner of labor, chairman..........................
William T. Murphy (representing employers)..................................
William C. Fisher (representing employers).....................................
Albert E. Hohler (representing employees)......................................
John H. Powers (representing employees)........................................
Christopher M. Dunn, deputy commissioner of labor, secretary—
Address of board: Providence.
United States Employment Service:
George H. Webb, Federal director for State, Statehouse, Provi
dence......................... ......................................................................
5, 000
3, 000
(3)
(3)
(3)
(3)
(3)
2, 300
1
S o u th C a ro lin a .
oo oo
LO
Department of Agriculture, Commerce and Industries:
B. Harris, commissioner----- ------------.... ■----------- ----------- -------A. H. Gibert, chief inspector........... .................... ........ ...................
Address of department; Columbia.
Board of Conciliation and Arbitration:
B. E. Geer,'chairman, Greenville.....................................................
W. II. McNairy, Chester....................................................................
H. E. Thompson, Batesburg......... .....................................................
28 10
26 10
26 10
S o u t h D a k o ta .
Department of Immigration:
Irwin D. Aldrich, commissioner, Pierre...................... ....... ........—
United States Employment Service:
Charles McCaffree, Federal director for State, Sioux Falls..............
3,000
1
T en nessee.
Bureau of Workshops and Factory Inspection:
M. F. Nicholson, chief inspector, 303 Sixth Avenue North, Nashville.................................................. ................................... - ..........
8N o salary.
m A nd traveling expenses.
25 Per session.
26 P er d ay when in attendance, an d traveling
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
expenses.
[221]
2,500
222
M O N T H L Y LABOE R E V IE W .
U N IT E D S T A T E S —Continued.
Designation of office and name and address of official.
Salary per
annum.
\
T ex a s.
Bureau of Labor Statistics:
Joseph S. Myers, commissioner..........................................................
Women’s division—
Mrs. J. D. Turner, director.................................................................
Address of bureau: Austin.
Industrial Accident Board:
J. H. Fowler, chairman......................................................................
J. M. Pitillo.........................................................................................
J. E. Proctor........................................................................................
Miss Mamie Edmonson, secretary.....................................................
Address of board: Austin.
$3, 000
2, 000
4.000
3.000
3.000
2,' 500
U tah .
Industrial Commission:
P. A. Thatcher, chairman..................................................................
0 . F. McShane....................................................................................
William M. Knerr................................................................................
Carolyn I. Smith, secretary................................................................
State Insurance Fund—
C. A. Caine, manager.........................................................................
Address of commission: State Capitol, Salt Lake City.
4, 000
4,000
4, 000
2,100
3, 300
V e rm o n t.
Office of Commissioner of Industries:
John S. Buttles, commissioner, Montpelier.......................................
State Board of Conciliation and Arbitration:
Henry C.. Brislin, Rutland.................................................................
George 0 . Gridley, Windsor...............................................................
Ashley J. Goss, Danville.....................................................................
3,000
(3)
(3)
(3)
V ir g in ia .
Bureau of Labor and Industrial Statistics:
John Hopkins Hall, fr., commissioner...............................................
Division of Women and Children—
Mrs. Ethel Scott, director...................................................................
Address of Bureau: Richmond.
Industrial Commission:
C. A. McHugh, chairman (representing employers)..... ...................
Richard F. Beirne (representing State at large)...............................
C. G. Kizer (representing employees)...............................................
A. C. Smith, secretary.......................................................................
Address of commission: Box 1794, Richmond..
United States Employment Service:
E . J . Conway, Federal director for State, room 5, City Hall, Rich
mond................................................................................................
3, 600
1, 800
4, 200
4, 000
4.000
3.000
1
W a s h in g to n .
Department of Labor and Industries:
Edward Clifford, director...................................................................
E. S. Gill, supervisor of industrial insurance and medical aid.......
H. L. Hughes, supervisor of safety....................................................
Mrs. Delphine M. Johnson, supervisor of women in industry.........
F. A. Bird, M. D., chief medical adviser.........................................
F. W. Harris, industrial statistician and supervisor of industrial
aid to the adult blind......................................................................
Frances L . Whiting, secretary...........................................................
3No salary.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[222 ]
6, 000
4, 200
4, 200
3, 000
6, 000
2, 700
DIRECTORY OE LABOR O FFIC IA L S.
223
UNITED STATES—C oncluded.
D esignation of office and nam e a n d address of official.
Salary per
an n u m .
W a sh in g to n —C o n c lu d e d .
D e p a rtm e n t of L a b o r a n d In d u s trie s —C on clu d ed .
In d u s tria l w elfare ■com m ittee:
E d w a rd C lifford, c h airm a n , d ire c to r of labor a n d i n d u s t r ie s ..........
E . S. G ill, su p erv iso r of in d u s tria l in su ra n c e a n d m e d ic a l a i d ----F . W . H a rris, in d u s tria l s ta tis tic ia n .............................................. ............
Mrs. D e lp h in e M. Jo h n so n , e x e c u tiv e se c re ta ry , su p e rv iso r of
w om en i n i n d u s tr y ........................................................................................
A ddress of d e p a rtm e n t: O ly m p ia.
U n ite d S ta te s E m p lo y m e n t S ervice:
W illiam C. C a rp en ter, F e d e ra l d irec to r for S ta te , 326 F e d e ra l
B u ild in g , S p o k a n e ......................................................................................
( 3)
$2, 400
W est V irg in ia .
B u re a u of L abor:
George E . D a u g h e rty , com m issioner, C harleston
S ta te co m p en satio n com m issioner:
L ee O tt, com m issioner..................................................
F . J . M cA ndrew s, s e c re ta ry ........................................
R . H . W alker, c h ie f m ed ic al e x a m in e r..................
A ddress: C harleston.
3, 600
6 , 000
23 310
23 2 10
W is c o n sin .
Industrial commission :
Fred M. Wilcox, chairman.................................................................
R. G. Knutson....................................................................................
L. A. Tarrell.......................................................................................
A. J. Altmeyer, secretary..................................................................
Safety and sanitation department—
R. McA. Keown, engineer.................................................................
Workmen’s compensation department—
F. T. McCormick, chief examiner.....................................................
Employment department—
Mary E. Hulburt, director..................................................................
Apprenticeship department—
Walter F. Simon, supervisor..............................................................
Women’s department—
Miss Maud Swett, director, room 809, Manufacturers’ Home
Building, Milwaukee......................................................................
Child labor department—
Taylor Frye, director..........................................................................
Statistical department—
Orrin A. Fried, statistician................................................................
Address of commission: Madison.
United States Employment Service:
R. G. Knutson, Federal director for State, State capitol, Madison..
5.000
5.000
5, 000
3, 500
4, 250
3, 750
1, 860
2, 200
2, 750
3, 000
3, 250
1
W y o m in g .
Commissioner of labor and statistics:
Harry C. Hoffman, Cheyenne............................................................
Workmen’s compensation department (under State treasurer’s office):
A. D. Hoskins, State treasurer...........................................................
C. B. Morgan, deputy treasurer.........................................................
Arthur Calverley, assistant deputy and department manager. . . . .
Address of department: Cheyenne.
United States Employment Service:
Harry C. Hoffman, Federal director for State, Cheyenne................
3 No salary.
23 P er m o n th .
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
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2, 500
3, 000
2, 700
2, 400
1
224
M O N T H L Y LABOR R E V IE W .
CANADA.
Designation of office and name and address of official.
Department of Labor:
Hon. James Murdock, minister..........................................................
F. A. Acland, deputy minister and editor of Labor Gazette...........
Gerald H. Brown, assistant deputy minister................ ...................
Bryce M. Stewart, director of employment service..........................
F. W. Giddens, secretary.........................................................
Address of department: Ottawa, Ontario.
Salary per
annum.
$10, 000
6,000
4, 250
4, 200
3, 240
A lb erta ,.
Director of Labor:
John W. Mitchell, Calgary..............................................................
2, 700
Government employment bureau:
William Carnill, Calgary, superintendent.........................................
23 135
W. G. Paterson, Edmonton, superintendent.................................
23 135
Thos. Longworth, Lethbridge, superintendent.................................
23 135
J. W. Wright, Medicine Hat, superintendent...................................
23 135
A. A. Colquhoun, Drumheller, superintendent............................
23 125
Factory inspection:
H. M. Bishop, chief inspector, P. 0. Drawer 200, Calgary.......
2, 200
Workmen’s compensation board:
John T. Stirling, chairman.................................. ...............
27 250
Walter F. McNeill.............................................................
27 500
James A. Kinney.............. ............................................
23 416. 66
Frederick D. Noble, secretary.............................................
23 275
Address of board: Qu’Appelle Building, Edmonton.
Office of mines branch:
John T. Stirling, chief mine inspector, Qu’Appelle Building,
Edmonton......................................................... .
3, 600
B r itis h C o lu m b ia .
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[224]
28 $7, 520
3, 720
2, 700
4, 200
4, 000
3, 000
2, 700
O
O
29 6, 500
5, 000
5, 000
4, 200
GO
Department of Labor:
Hon. A. M. Manson, minister, Victoria........................
J. D. McNiven, deputy minister, Victoria....................
Robert J. Stewart, chief factories inspector, Vancouver
J. Peck, chief boiler inspector, Vancouver..................
James McGregor, chief mine inspector, Victoria................
J. Muirhead, chief electrical energy inspector, Vancouver.
Employment service—
J. H. McVety, general superintendent, Vancouver........
Workmen’s compensation board—
E. S. H. Winn, chairman............. .............
Parker Williams....................................................
Hugh Gilmore................................................
F. W. Hinsdale, secretary.......................................
Address of board: Board of Trade Building, Vancouver.
Minimum wage board—••
J. D. McNiven, deputy minister of labor, chairman...............
Mrs. Helen G. McGill..........................................
Thomas Mathews......................................
Miss Mabel Agnes Cameron, secretary........................
Address of board: Parliament Building, Victoria.
8No salary.
28Per month.
27 Per month, part time.
28For dual position as attorney general and minister of labor.
29$1,000additional for administeringmothers' pension act.
225
DIRECTORY OF LABOR O FFIC IA L S.
CANADA—C o n tin u ed .
D esignation of office an d nam e and address of official.
Salary per
annum .
M a n ito b a .
B u re a u of L abor:
H o n . C. D . M cP herson, m in iste r of p u b lic w o rk s...................................
E d w a rd M cG rath, se c re ta ry ............................................................................
A rth u r M acN am ara, chief in sp e c to r.............................................................
A ddress of b u re a u : 332 P a rlia m e n t B u ild in g , W innipeg.
F a ir wage b o a rd —
S. C. O xton, c h airm a n , d e p u ty m in iste r of p u b lic w o rk s...................
J . W . M o rley ......................................... ................................................................
J . A. B o n n e tt............................. .......................................................... ................
W alter O w ens........................ — ............ ....... .................................. .................
C. H a r d in ................................................................................- .............................
A ddress of bo ard : W innipeg.
M in im u m wage bo ard —
-----------------— (v a ca n cy ), c h a irm a n ............................ .................................
Mrs. E d n a M. N a s h .............................. . ............................................................
Ja m es W in n in g .....................................................................................................
A ddress of bo ard : W innipeg.
W o rk m en ’s co m p en satio n board—
H . G. W ilson, com m issioner...........................................................................
R . S. W a rd ......................................................... ...................................................
A. R . D . P a tte rs o n ........................................................... ............................—
N . F le tc h e r, s e c re ta ry .................................................... .............. ...................
A ddress of bo ard : W innipeg.
$
6, 000
3, 480
3, 480
( 3)
3° 1 0
30 1 0
30 1 0
30 1 0
30 1 0
30 1 0
30 1 0
6,000
31 1,000
31 1, 000
N e w B r u n s w ic k .
Inspection of factories and hotels:
John Kenney, St. John......................................
Workmen’s compensation board:
J. A. Sinclair, chairman....................................
F. C. Robinson...................................................
J. L. Sugrue....................................................
Address of board: P. O. Box 1422, St. John.
4. 500
3^ 500
3, 500
N o v a S c o tia .
Department of Public Works and Mines:
Hon. E. H. Armstrong, minister...... .
Hiram Donkin, deputy minister........
Philip Ring, factory inspector...........
Address of department: Halifax.
Workmen’s compensation board:
V. J. Paton, K. C., chairman.............
Fred W. Armstrong, vice chairman. .
John T. Joy.........................................
Address of board: Halifax.
Employment service:
C. J. Cotter, superintendent, Halifax
6,000
6 , 000
1, 900
5, 000
5, 000
4, 500
1, 800
O n ta r io .
Department of Labor:
Hon. W. R. Rollo, minister............................................................. .
Inspectors—
D. M. Medcalf, chief inspector of steam boilers................ - - ----James T. Burke, chief inspector factories, shops, and office buildings
3 No sala ry .
30 For each m eeting.
. . .
31 P a rt tim e. A ct provides th a t for m eetings in excess of 50 atten d ed b y directors m any year the
Lieutenant-Governor-in-Council m ay authorize an additional allowance of $15 per director for each such
additional meeting.
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MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW.
CANADA—C o n c l u d e d .
D e s i g n a t i o n o f o f fic e a n d n a m e a n d a d d r e s s o f o f f i c ia l .
S a la r y p e r
annum .
O n ta r io —Concluded.
Department of Labor—Concluded.
Employment bureaus—
H. C. Hudson, general superintendent.
Address of department: Toronto.
Minimum wage board:
Dr. J. W. Macmillan, chairman...........
H. G. Fester..........................................
Mrs. Lydia Parsons...............................
MissM. Stephens..................................
R. A. Stapelis.......................................
Address of board: Toronto.
Workmen’s compensation board:
Samuel Price, chairman............................ .................
Henry J. Halford, vice chairman...............................
George A. Kingston, commissioner.............................
N. B. Wormith, secretary...........................................
T. Norman Dean, statistician.....................................
W. N. Hancock, claims officer....................................
W. E. Struthers, medical officer.................................
Dr. D. E. Bell, medical officer...................................
Address of board: 66 Temperance Street, Toronto.
Q uebec.
Department of Public Works and Labor:
Hon. Antonin Galipeault, minister, Quebec....................................
Inspection of industrial establishments and public buildings—
Louis Guyon, deputy minister and chief inspector, 63 Notre Dame
Street East, Montreal.......................................................................
Registrar of boards of conciliation and arbitration—
Felix Marios, Quebec.........................................................................
Employment bureaus—
Joseph Ainey, general superintendent, 10 St. James Street,
Montreal...........................................................„..............................
S a sk a tc h e w a n .
Bureau of Labor and Industries:
Thomas M. Molloy, commissioner............................................
T. Withy, chief factory inspector.............................................
E. B. Webster, chief mine inspector........................................
Address of bureau: Regina.
Government employment branch—
G. E. Tomsett, general superintendent, Regina.....................
Minimum wage board—
W. F. Dunn, chairman, Moose Jaw..........................................
Mrs. Austin Bothwell, Regina..................................................
H. Perry....................................................................................
Mrs. M. I. Robertson................................................................ .
J. F. Cairns.................................................................................
Thomas M. Molloy, commissioner of labor, secretary, Regina
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
$ 10,000
8, 500
7, 500
4, 800
4, 300
4, 800
5, 050
4, 550
OFFICIAL PUBLICATIONS RELATING TO LABOR.
United States.
I n d i a n a .—Legislative
1213 p p .
Reference Bureau.
Yearbook,
1921.
Indianapolis,
1922.
v ii,
’
Ib e report of tire industrial board, which forms one section of the yearbook (pp.
456-582), includes reports of the compensation department, factory and building
inspector, boiler department, department of mines and mining, department of women
and children, and free employment service. The reports of the compensation depart
ment and the department of women and children were reviewed on page 156 and
pages 115 to 117, respectively, of the June, 1922, issue of the M o n t h l y L a b o r
R e v ie w .
L o u i s i a n a . D e p a r tm e n t o f C o m m is sio n e r o f L a b o r a n d I n d u s tr ia l S ta tis tic s .
b ie n n ia l r e p o r t, 1 9 2 1 -1 9 2 2 . N e w O rle a n s, 1 9 2 2 . 1 9 3 p p .
E le v e n th
A summary of this report is given on pages 192 to 195 of this issue of the
M o n t h ly L a b o r R e v ie w .
Department of Labor. Division o f women in industry. Bureau of research
and codes. Women who work. [New York), April, 1 9 2 2 . 4 0 pp. Special bulletin
No. 1 1 0 .
This report is summarized on pages 120 to 123 of this issue of the M o n t h l y L a b o r
N ew L o r e .
R e v ie w .
P e n n s y l v a n i a .— D e p a r tm e n t o f L a b o r a n d I n d u s tr y . L a b o r a n d I n d u s tr y .
b u lle tin , M a y , 1 9 2 2 , v o l. 1, N o . 1 . H a rr isb u r g , 1 9 2 2 . 3 6 p p .
M o n th ly
Extracts from this new publication are given on pages 195 to 197 of this issue of
the M o n t h l y L a b o r R e v i e w .
■
-------------------------- Bureau of employment.
Annual report, 1 9 2 1 . Harrisburg, 1 9 2 2 . 72 pp.
Extracts from this report are given on pages 132 to 134 of this issue of the M o n t h l y
L a b o r R e v ie w .
( P h i l a d e l p h i a ) . — B o a r d o f P u b lic E d u c a tio n . B u r e a u o f C o m p u ls o r y E d u c a tio n .
R e p o r t f o r the y e a r e n d in g J u n e 3 0 , 1 9 2 1 . P h ila d e lp h ia , 1 9 2 2 . 8 6 p p .
The junior employment service conducted by the Philadelphia Bureau of Com
pulsory Education has two principal activities: The certification of employed minors
and placement, counseling, and supervision of minors from 14 to 21 years of age.
During the year covered by the report 15,220 general employment certificates were
issued, approximately three-fourths of the number issued the previous year. Of this
number 7,470 were firs't certificates, issued to children just leaving school. During
the same period only 2,992 vacation employment certificates were issued as compared
with 6,068 during the previous year.
Positions were found for 1,027 young people, and the counselors held 7,053 inter
views at the placement office, with the parents present in 506 instances.
B u re a u o f W o rk sh o p a n d F a c to r y I n s p e c tio n . N in th a n n u a l r e p o r t, J a n
u a r y 1, 1 9 2 1 , to D ece m b e r S I , 1 9 2 1 , in c lu s iv e .
N a s h v ille , 1 9 2 2 . 1 0 4 p p .
T ennessee.
This publication is reviewed on pages 197 to 199 of this issue of the M o n t h l y
L abor
R e v ie w .
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
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227
228
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW.
U n i t e d S t a t e s .— C o n g ress. H o u se o f R e p r e s e n ta tiv e s .
C o m m itte e o n L a b o r. _I n v e s
tig a tio n o f w a g e s a n d w o r k in g c o n d itio n s i n the c o a l- m in in g i n d u s tr y .
H e a r in g s o n
É R 1 1 0 2 2 , a b ill to e s ta b lis h a c o m m is s io n to in q u ir e i n to la b o r c o n d itio n s i n the
co a l in d u s tr y , M arch 3 0 , 3 1 , A p r i l 1, 3 , 4 , 20 , 24 , a n d 25, 1 9 22. 2 p a r ts .
W a sh in g
to n , 1 9 2 2 . 561 p p . 6 7 th C o n g ress, 2 d se ssio n .
----- D e p a r tm e n t
o f L a b o r . B u r e a u o f L a b o r S ta tis tic s . P ro c e e d in g s o f the eigh th a n n u a l
c o n v e n tio n o f the A s s o c ia tio n o f G o v e r n m e n ta l L a b o r O fficials o f the U n ite d S ta te s
a n d C a n a d a , h eld a t N e w O rle a n s, L a ., M a y 2 - 6 , 1921.
W a s h in g to n , 1 9 22. 74 p p .
B u lle tin N o . 307.
M is c e lla n e o u s series.
An account of this convention was given in the M o n t h l y L a b o r R e v i e w for June,
1921, pages 6 to 9.
----------- C h ild r e n 's
B u reau .
C h ild la b o r a n d the w o r k o f m o th e rs i n o y s te r a n d sh r im p
c a n n in g c o m m u n itie s o n the G u l f co a st, b y V io la I . P a r a d is e .
W a s h in g to n , 1 922.
1 1 4 P P - B u r e a u p u b lic a tio n N o . 9 8 .
A brief summary of this report is given on pages 118 and 119 of this issue of the
M o n t h l y L a b o r R e v ie w .
------------------C h ild r e n
o f w a g e -e a r n in g m o th ers. A s tu d y o f a selected g r o u p i n C h icago,
b y H e le n R u s s e ll W iig h t. ' W a s h in g to n , 1 9 2 2 . 9 2 p p . B u r e a u p u b lic a tio n N o . 102.
A summary of this publication is given on pages 119 and 120 of this issue of the
M o n t h l y L a b o r R e v ie w .
Foreign Countries.
A u s t r i a .— S ta tis tis c h e Z e n tr a lk o m m is s io n . E r g e b n iss e der a u sse ro rd e n tlic h e n V o lk s
z ä h lu n g v o m 3 1 .
J ä n n e r 1 9 2 0 . H e f t 6 : A lte r u n d F a m ilie n s ta n d , W o h n p a r te ie n .
3 5 * , 5 4 p p . 2 ch a rts; H e f t 7 ;
E n d g ü ltig e E r g e b n iss e s a m t N a c h tra g s zä h lu n g e n ,
u n d A n h a n g : B e r u f u n d A r b e its lo s ig k e it.
V ie n n a , 1 9 21. 3 2 p p .
These two bulletins contain part of the results of the general census taken in
Austria on January 31, 1920. Bulletin No. 6 shows the number of households and
the age and conjugal condition of the population. Bulletin No. 7 deals wdth occu
pational and unemployment statistics. In this bulletin the total population of Austria
is given as 6,131,445. Of this number, 3,124,369 were engaged in gainful occupations,
594,483 independently, and 2,529,886 as wage earners. Housewives attending to
their household work were separately enumerated, their number being given as
1,059,578. This leaves 1,947,498 persons without any gainful occupation. Of the
2,529,886 wage earners, 84,349 were unemployed on January 31, 1920, the date of the
census, owing to inability to secure employment, and 45,486 ivere unemployed
owing to sickness.
B e l g i u m .— Ministère âe l'Industrie et du Travail. Secrétariat général, Section de la
Statistique. Recensement de l'industrie et du commerce (31 Décembre 1 9 1 0 ). Exposé
général des résultats. Vol. VIII. Deuxieme partie. Brussels, 1 9 2 1 . 569 pp.
This volume contains the results of the census of industry and commerce made in
1910 by the Belgian Ministry of Industry and Labor.
C a n a d a .— D e p a r tm e n t o f L a b o r . E le v e n th A n n u a l R e p o r t o n L a b o r O r g a n iz a tio n in
C a n a d a ( f o r the ca le n d a r y e a r 1 9 2 1 ). O tta w a , 1 9 2 2 . 3 0 2 p p .
Extracts from this report are given on pages 170 and 171 of this issue of the
M o n t h l y L a b o r R e v ie w .
C h i l e .— O fic in a C e n tr a l de E s ta d ís tic a . A n u a r io e s ta d ís tic o , a ñ o 1 9 2 0 .
V - 1 X , X I I . S a n tia g o , 1 9 2 1 , 1 9 2 2 . [ V a r io u s p a g in g .]
V o lu m e s I , I I ,
The volume relating to mining and metallurgy contains data on wages, accidents,
number of employees, and production during 1920. The data for the nitrate industry
are for 1919, as no data were available for 1920.
The volume on manufacturing presents comparative data on number of establish
ments, number of salaried employees and workers, wages, production, etc., for the
years 1916 to 1920. Detailed statistics as to personnel, accidents, strikes, etc., are
given by industry for 1920.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
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229
OFFICIAL PUBLICATIONS RELATING TO LABOR.
G e r m a n y ( F r a n k f o r t - o n - t h e -M a t n ) .— S ta tis tis c h e s A m t . S ta tis tis c h e Jah resü b er
sic h te n , 1 9 1 7 - 1 8 , 1 9 1 8 -1 9 . Z w ö lf te s E r g ä n z u n g s h e ft z u m sta tis tis c h e n J a h rbu ch der
S t a d t F r a n k fu r t-a m - M a in . F r a n k fo r i-o n -th e -M a in , 1 9 2 0 . 1 6 6 p p .
The twelfth supplement to the first issue of the statistical yearbook of the city of
Frankfort-on-the-Main, containing all kinds of municipal statistics for the fiscal years
1917-18 and 1918-19. Of interest to labor are the statistics on housing, social insur
ance, and social welfare institutions, and prices.
G r e a t B r i t a i n .— R e g is tr y o f f r ie n d ly so c ie tie s. F r ie n d ly s o c ie tie s , orders a n d branches.
S t a tis tic a l s u m m a r ie s s h o w in g the o p e r a tio n s o f f r ie n d ly so c ie tie s i n the ye a rs 1 9 1 3 1 9 1 9 , a n d o f o rd ers a n d branches i n the y e a r s 1 9 1 0 a n d 1 9 1 6 -1 9 1 8 . L o n d o n , 1 9 2 2 .
3 pp.
I n d i a .— D e p a r tm e n t o f S ta tis tic s .
1 9 2 2 . x i , 79 p p . N o . 151 7 .
L a rg e in d u s tr ia l e s ta b lis h m e n ts i n I n d ia .
C a lc u tta ,
This is a directory of all large industrial concerns in India, and includes all factories
which come under the operation of the Indian factories act and some others not covered
by the act. The average number of persons employed daily is shown for each estab
lishment. The cotton-spinning and weaving mills employ the largest number (307,000), the jute mills are next with 276,000, cotton ginning and pressing factories with
141,000, and railway and tramway workshops with 130,000. Other industries are of
minor importance, in point of numbers employed, engineering workshops, the next in
order, having only 57,000 employees.
N e w Z e a l a n d .— C e n su s a n d S ta tis tic s O ffice.
1 9 2 2 . x i, 6 1 6 p p .
O fficial y e a rb o o k , 1 9 2 1 -2 2 .
W e llin g to n ,
A book of references on New Zealand’s activities and phases of her social and eco
nomic characteristics and progress. From a labor standpoint statistics regarding the
number of employees in certain industries, wages, social insurance, industrial disputes,
and prices are especially valuable. Wages paid in two of the most important indus
tries of the country, agricultural and pastoral, are not included.
N o r w a y (C h r i s t i a n i a ) . — S ta tis tis tis k e K o n to r .
1 9 2 2 . x ii, 221 p p .
S ta tis tis k a a rb o k , 1 9 2 0 .
C h r istia n ia ,
Statistical yearbook for the city of Christiania for the year 1920. Contains statistics
on housing, prices, wages, labor conditions., etc.
S w e d e n .—S o c ia ls ty r e ls e n .
U n d e rsö k n in g rö ra n d e B ly f ö r g if tn in g in o m P o r s lin s - och
L e r v a r u in d u s tr ie n i S v e r ig e .
S to c k h o lm , 1 9 2 2 .
28 p p .
Report published by the Swedish Labor Bureau concerning lead poisoning in the
pottery industry. Conditions were investigated in six factories employing a total of
about 2,000, of whom, however, only 71 were exposed to the injurious effects of leadcontaining substances to any mentionable degree.
S w i t z e r l a n d .— B u r e a u F é d é ra l de S ta tis tiq u e : S a la r ie s p a y é s en 1 9 1 9 a u x o u v r ie r s
v ic tim e s d ’a ccid en ts c o m p a ré s à ceu x de 1 9 1 8 . B e rn e , 1 9 2 1 . 1 8 * , 2 5 p p . B u lle tin
de s ta tis tiq u e s u is s e .) 1 9 2 1 , C ahier, 2 .
The statistics of the national Swiss accident insurance fund have been used in this
study of wages. The report shows an increase of 39 per cent in the hourly wages of
women in 1919 as compared with 1918 and of 30 per cent for men and young persons
under 18 in the same period, while the daily wages had increased 17 per cent for all
classes of workers. A steady reduction in the average hours of labor had also taken
place in 1919, the majority of workers being employed nine hours and less, while in
the previous year the majority had been employed more than nine hours.
—— E id g e n ö ssisc h e s S ta tis tis c h e s B u r e a u . S ta tis tis c h e s Jah rbu ch der S c h w e iz , 1 9 20.
2 8 , J a h rg a n g .
B e r n , A u g u s t, 1 9 2 1 .
v ii, 418 p p .
The twenty-ninth issue of the official statistical yearbook of Switzerland published
by the Swiss Federal Statistical Office, covering the year 1920 and preceding years.
Of the wealth of statistical data those of special interest to labor deal with migration,
occupation, the labor market, trade-unions, strikes, social insurance, consumers’
cooperative societies, prices, coBt of living, and wages.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
SERIES OF BULLETINS PUBLISHED BY THE BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS
[T h e p u b l i c a t i o n o f t h e a n n u a l a n d s p e c i a l r e p o r t s a n d o f t h e b i m o n t h l y b u ll e t i n te a s
d i s c o n t i n u e d in J u l y , 1 9 1 2 , a n d s in c e t h a t t i m e a b u l l e t i n h a s b e e n p u b l i s h e d a t ir r e g u la r
in te r v a ls . E a c h n u m b e r c o n ta in s m a tte r d e v o te d to o n e o f a s e r ie s o f g e n e r a l s u b je c ts .
T h e s e b u lle tin s a re n u m b e r e d c o n s e c u tiv e ly , b e g in n in g w ith N o . 101, a n d u p to N o . 236 th e y
a ls o c a r r y c o n s e c u tiv e n u m b e r s u n d e r e a c h s e r ie s . B e g in n in g w it h N o . 237 th e s e r ia l n u m
b e r in g h a s b e e n d is c o n tin u e d . A l i s t o f th e s e r ie s is g iv e n b e lo w .
U n d e r e a c h is g ro u p e d
a ll th e b u lle tin s w h ic h c o n ta in m a te r ia l r e la tin g to th e s u b je c t m a t t e r o f th a t s e r ie s . A
li s t o f th e r e p o r ts a n d b u lle tin s o f th e B u r e a u is s u e d p r io r to J u ly 1, 1912, w ill b e fu r n is h e d
o n a p p lic a tio n .
T h e b u lle tin s m a r k e d th u s * a re o u t o f p r in t.]
Wholesale Prices.
*Bul. 114. Wholesale prices, 1890 to 1912.
Bui. 149. Wholesale prices, 1890 to 1913.
*Bul. 173. Index numbers of wholesale prices in the United States and foreign countries.
*Bul. 181. Wholesale prices, 1890 to 1914.
*Bul. 200. Wholesale prices, 1890 to 1915.
Bui. 226. Wholesale prices, 1890 to 1916.
Bui. 269. Wholesale prices, 1890 to 1919.
Bui. 284. Index numbers of wholesale prices in the United States and foreign countries.
of Bulletin No. 173.]
Bui. 296. Wholesale prices, 1890 to 1920. [In press.]
[Revision
Retail Prices and Cost of Living.
*Bul. 105. Retail prices, 1890 to 1911: Part I.
Retail prices, 1890 to 1911: Part II—General tables.
*Bul. 106. Retail prices, 1890 to June, 1912: Part I.
Retail prices, 1890 to June, 1912: Part II—General tables.
Bui. 108. Retail prices, 1890 to August, 1912.
Bui. 110. Retail prices, 1890 to October, 1912.
Bui. 113. Retail prices, 1890 to December, 1912.
Bui. 115. Retail prices, 1890 to February, 1913.
*Bul. 121. Sugar prices, from refiner to consumer.
Bui. 125. Retail prices, 1890 to April, 1913.
*Bul. 130. Wheat and flour prices, from farmer to consumer.
Bui. 132. Retail prices, 1890 to June, 1913.
Bui. 136. Retail prices, 1890 to August, 1913.
*Bul. 138. Retail prices, 1890 to October, 1913.
*Bul. 140. Retail prices, 1890 to December, 1913.
Bui. 156. Retail prices, 1907 to December, 1914.
Bui. 164. Butter prices, from producer to consumer.
Bui. 170. Foreign food prices as aflected by the war.
*Bul. 184. Retail prices, 1907 to June, 1915.
Bui. 197. Retail prices, 1907 to December, 1915.
Bui. 228. Retail prices, 1907 to December, 1916.
Bui. 270. Retail prices, 1913 to 1919.
Bui. 300. Retail prices, 1913 to 1920.
Bui. 315. Retail prices, 1913 to 1921. [In press.]
Wages and Hours of Labor.
Bui. 116. Hours, earnings, and duration of employment of wage-earning women in selected industries
in the District of Columbia.
*Bul. 118. Ten-hour maximum working-day for women and young persons.
Bui. 119. Working hours of women in the pea canneries of Wisconsin.
*Bul. 128. Wages and hours of labor in the cotton, woolen, and silk industries, 1890 to 1912.
*Bul. 129. Wages and hours of labor in the lumber, millwork, and furniture industries, 1890 to 1912.
*Bul. 131. Union scale of wages and hours of labor, 1907 to 1912.
*Bul. 134. Wages and hours of labor in the boot and shoe and hosiery and knit goods industries, 1890
to 1912.
*Bul. 135. Wages and hours of labor in the cigar and clothing industries, 1911 and 1912.
Bui. 137. Wages and hours of labor in the building and repairing of steam railroad cars, 1890 to 1912.
Bui. 143. Union scale of wages and hours of labor, May 15,1913.
Bui. 146. Wages and regularity of employment and standardization of piece rates in the dress and
waist industry of New York City.
*Bul. 147. Wages and regularity of employment in the cloak, suit, and skirt industry.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
(I)
Wages and Hours of Labor—Concluded.
*Bul. 150. Wages and hours of labor in the cotton, woolen, and silk industries, 1907 to 1913.
*Bul. 151. Wages and hours of labor in the iron and steel industry in the United States, 1907 to 1912.
Bui. 153. Wages and hours of labor in the lumber, millwork, and furniture industries, 1907 to 1913.
*Bul. 151. Wages and hours of labor in the boot and shoe and hosiery and underwear industries, 1907
to 1913.
Bui. 160. Hours, earnings, and conditions of labor of women in Indiana mercantile establishments
and garment factories.
Bui. 161. Wages and hours of labor in the clothing and cigar industries, 1911 to 1913.
Bui. 163. Wages and hours of labor in the building and repairing of steam railroad cars, 1907 to 1913.
Bui. 168. Wages andhours oflaborin the iron and steel industry, 1907 to 1918.
Bui. 171. Union scale of wages and hours of labor, May 1,1914.
Bui. 177. Wages and hours of labor in the hosiery and underwear industry, 1907 to 1914.
Bui. 178. Wages and hours of labor in the boot and shoe industry, 1907 to 1914.
*Bul. 187. Wages and hours of labor in the men’s clothing industry, 1911 to 1914.
*Bul. 190. Wages and hours of labor in the cotton, woolen, and silk industries, 1907 to 1914.
*Bul. 194. Union scale of wages and hours of labor, May 1,1915.
Bui. 204. Street railway employment in the United States.
Bui. 214. Union scale of wages and hours of labor, May 15, 1916.
Bui. 218. Wages and hours of labor in the iron and steel industry, 1907 to 1915.
Bui. 221. Hours, fatigue, and health in British munition factories.
Bui. 225. Wages and hours of labor in the lumber, millwork, and furniture industries, 1915.
Bui. 232. Wages and hours of labor in the boot and shoe industry, 1907 to 1916.
Bui. 238. Wages and hours of labor in woolen and worsted goods manufacturing, 1916.
Bui. 239. Wages and hours of labor in cotton goods manufacturing and finishing, 1916.
Bui. 245. Union scale of wages and hours of labor. May 15,1917.
*Bul. 252. Wages and hours of labor in the slaughtering and meat-packing industry, 1917.
Bui. 259. Union scale of wages and hours of labor, May 15,1918.
Bui. 260. Wages and hours oflaborin the boot and shoe industry, 1907 to 1918.
Bui. 261. Wages and hours of labor in woolen and worsted goods manufacturing, 1918.
Bui. 262. Wages and hours oflaborin cotton goods manufacturing and finishing, 1918.
Bui. 265. Industrial survey m selected industries in the United States, 1919. Preliminary report.
Bui. 274. Union scale of wages and hours of labor, May 15,1919.
Bui. 278. Wages and hours oflaborin the boot and shoe industry, 1907-1920.
Bui. 279. Hours and earnings in anthracite and bituminous coal mining.
Bui. 286. Union scale of wages and hours of labor, May 15, 1920.
Bui. 288. Wages and hours of labor in cotton goods manufacturing, 1920.
Bui. 289. Wages and hours of labor in woolen and worsted goods manufacturing, 1920.
Bui. 294. Wages and hours of labor in the slaughtering and meat-packing industry in 1921.
Bui. 297. Wages and hours of labor in the petroleum industry.
Bui. 302. Union scale of wages and hours of labor, May 15,1921. [In press.]
Bui. 305. Wages and hours of labor in the iron and steel industry, 1907 to 1920. Tin press.]
Bui. 316. Hours and earnings in anthracite and bituminous coal mining. [In press.]
Bui. 317. Wages and hours of labor in lumber manufacturing, 1921. [In press.]
Employment and Unemployment.
* B u l. 109. S t a t i s t i c s o f u n e m p l o y m e n t a n d the w o r k o f e m p l o y m e n t o ffic es.
Bui. 116. Hours, earnings, and duration of employment of wage-earning women in selected industries
in the District of Columbia.
Bui. 172. Unemployment in New York City, N. Y.
*Bul. 182. Unemployment among women in department and other retail stores of Boston, Mass.
*Bul. 183. Regularity of employment in the women’s ready-to-wear garment industries.
Bui. 192. Proceedings of the American Association of Public Employment Offices.
*Bul. 195. Unemployment in the United States.
Bui. 196. Proceedings of the Employment Managers’ Conference held at Minneapolis, January, 1916.
Bui. 202. Proceedings of the conference of the Employment Managers’ Association of Boston, Mass.,
held May 10, 1916.
Bui. 206. The British system of labor exchanges.
Bui. 220. Proceedings of the Fourth Annual Meeting of the American Association of Public Employ
ment Offices, Buffalo, N. Y., July 20 and 21,1916.
Bui. 223. Employment of women and juveniles in Great Britain during the war.
*Bul.227. Proceedings of the Employment Managers’ Conference, Philadelphia, Pa., April 2 and 3,
1917.
Bui. 235. Employment system of the Lake Carriers’ Association.
Bui. 241. Public employment offices in the United States.
Bui. 247. Proceedings of Employment Managers’ Conference, Rochester, N. Y., May 9-11,1918.
Bui. 310. Industrial unemployment: A statistical study of its extent and causes. [In press.]
Bui. 311. Proceedings of the Ninth Annual Meeting of the International Association of Public Em
ployment Services. [In press.]
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Women in Industry.
Bui. 116. Hours, earnings, and duration of employment of wage-earning women in selected indus
tries in the District of Columbia.
*Bul. 117. Prohibition of night work of young persons.
*Bul. 118. 1 wi-hour maximum working-day for womenand young persons.
Bui. 119. Working hours of women in the pea canneries of Wisconsin.
* B u l. 122. E m p l o y m e n t o f w o m e n i n p o w e r l a u n d r i e s i n M ilw a u k e e .
Bui. 160. Hours, earnings, and conditions oflabor of women in Indiana mercantile establishments
and garment factories.
*Bul. 167. Minimum-wage legislation in the United States and foreign countries.
I I 5 ' S u n l m a r y of t h e r e P ° r t on condition of woman and child wage earners in the United States
*Bui. 176. Effect of minimum wage determinations in Oregon.
*Bul. 180. The boot and shoe industry in Massachusetts as a vocation for women.
Bui. 182. Unemployment among women in department and other retail stores of Boston, Mass
Bui. 193. Dressmaking as a trade for women in Massachusetts.
Bul. 215. Industrial experience of trade-school girls in Massachusetts.
*Bul. 217. Effect of workmen’s compensation laws in diminishing the necessity of industrial employ
ment of women and children.
Bul. 223. Employment of women and juveniles in Great Britain during the war.
Bul. 253. Women in the lead industry.
Workmen’s Insurance and Compensation (including laws relating thereto).
*Bul. 101. Care of tuberculous wage earners in Germany.
*Bul. 102. British National Insurance Act, 1911.
Bul. 103. Sickness and accident insurance law of Switzerland.
Bul. 107. Law relating to insurance of salaried employees in Germany.
*Bul. 126. Workmen’s compensation laws of the United States and foreign countries.
*Bul. 155. Compensation for accidents to employees of the United States.
* B u l. 185. C o m p e n s a t i o n l e g i s l a t i o n of 1914 a n d 1915.
Bul. 203. Workmen’s compensation laws of the United States and foreign countries.
Bul. 210. Proceedings of the Third Annual Meeting of the International Association of Industrial
Accident Boards and Commissions.
Bul. 212. Proceedings of the conference on social insurance called by the International Association
of Industrial Accident Boards and Commissions.
*Bul. 217. Effect of workmen’s compensation laws in diminishing the necessity of industrial employ
ment of women and children.
Bul. 240. Comparison of workmen’s compensation laws of the United States.
Bul. 243. Workmen’s compensation legislation in the United States and foreign countries.
Bul. 248. Proceedings of the Fourth Annual Meeting of the International Association of Industrial
Accident Boards and Commissions.
Bul. 264. Proceedings of the Fifth Annual Meeting of the International Association of Industrial
Accident Boards and Commissions.
Bul. 272. Workmen’s compensation legislation of the United States and Canada, 1919.
*Bul. 273. Proceedings of the Sixth Annual Meeting of the International Association of Industrial
Accident Boards and Commissions.
Bul. 275. Comparison of workmen’s compensation laws of the United States and Canada.
Bul. 281. Proceedings of the Seventh Annual Meeting of the International Association of Industrial
Accident Boards and Commissions.
Bul. 301. C o m p a r is o n o f w o r k m e n ’s c o m p e n s a ti o n in s u r a n c e a n d a d m i n i s t r a t i o n .
Bul. 304. Proceedings of the Eighth Annual Meeting of the International Association of Industrial
Accident Boards and Commissions. [In press.]
Bul. 312. National Health Insurance in Great Britain, 1911 to 1920. [In press.]
Industrial Accidents and Hygiene.
*Bul. 104. Lead poisoning in potteries, tile works, and porcelain enameled sanitary ware factories
Bul. 120. Hygiene of the painters’ trade.
*Bul. 127. Dangers to workers from dust and fumes, and methods of protection.
Bul. 141. Lead poisoning in the smelting and refin in g 0f lead.
*Bul. 157. Industrial accident statistics.
Bul. 165. Lead poisoning in the manufacture of storage batteries.
* B u l. 179. I n d u s t r i a l p o is o n s u s e d in t h e r u b b e r i n d u s t r y .
Bul. 188. Report of British departmental committee on the danger in the use of lead in the paintine
of buildings.
*Bul. 201. Report of committee on statistics and compensation insurance cost of the International
Association of Industrial Aceident Boards and Commissions. [Limited edition.]
Bul. 205. Anthrax as an occupational disease.
Bul. 207. Causes of death by occupation.
Bul. 209. Hygiene of the printing trades.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
( ill)
Industrial Accidents and Hygiene—Concluded.
*Bul. 216. Accidents and accident prevention in machine building.
Bui. 219. Industrial poisons used or produced in the manufacture of explosives.
Bui. 221. Hours, fatigue, and health in British munition factories.
Bui. 230. Industrial efficiency and fatigue in British munition factories.
Bui. 231. Mortality from respiratory diseases in dusty trades.
*Bul. 234. Safety movement in the iron and steel industry, 1907 to 1917.
Bui. 236. Effect of the air hammer on the hands of stonecutters.
Bui. 251. Preventable deaths in the cotton manufacturing industry.
Bui. 253. Women in the lead industries.
Bui. 256. Accidents and accident prevention in machine building. Revision of Bui. 216.
Bui. 267. Anthrax as an occupational disease. [Revised.]
Bui. 276. Standardization of industrial accident statistics.
Bui. 280. Industrial poisoning in making coal-tar dyes and dye intermediates.
Bui. 291. Carbon monoxide poisoning.
B u i. 293. T h e p ro b le m of d u s t p h th is is in t h e g ra n ite -s to n e i n d u s tr y .
Bui. 298. Causes and prevention of accidents in the iron and steel industry, 1910 to 1919. [In press.]
Bui. 306. Occupation hazards and diagnostic signs: A guide to impairments to be looked for in
hazardous occupations.
Conciliation and Arbitration (including strikes and lockouts).
-Bui. 124. Conciliation and arbitration in the building trades of Greater New York.
*Bul. 133. Report of the industrial council of the British Board of Trade on its inquiry into industrial
agreements.
Bui. 139. Michigan copper district strike.
Bui. 144. Industrial court of the cloak, suit, and skirt industry of New York City.
Bui. 145. Conciliation, arbitration, and sanitation in the dress and waist industry of New York
City.
Bui. 191. Collective bargaining in the anthracite coal industry.
*Bul. 198. Collective agreements in the men’s clothing industry.
Bui. 233. Operation of the Industrial Disputes Investigation Act of Canada.
Bui. 303. Use of Federal power in the settlement of railway labor disputes.
Labor Laws of the United States (including decisions of courts relating to labor).
*Bul. 111. Labor legislation of 1912.
*Bul. 112. Decisions of courts and opinions affecting labor, 1912.
*Bul. 113. Labor laws of the United States, with decisions of courts relating thereto.
*Bul. 152. Decisions of courts and opinions affecting labor, 1913.
*Bul. 166. Labor legislation of 1914.
*Bul. 169. Decisions of courts affecting labor, 1914.
*Bul. 183. Labor legislation of 1915.
*Bul. 189. Decisions of courts affecting labor, 1915.
Bui. 211. Labor laws and their administration in the Pacific States.
*Bul. 213. Labor legislation of 1916.
Bui. 224. Decisions of courts affecting labor, 1916.
Bui. 229. Wage-payment legislation in the United States.
*
*Bul. 244. Labor legislation of 1917.
Bui. 246. Decisions of courts affecting labor, 1917.
Bill. 257. Labor legislation of 1918.
Bui. 258. Decisions of courts and opinions affecting labor, 1918.
Bui 277. Labor legislation of 1919.
Bui. 285. Minimum-wage legislation in the United States.
Bui. 290. Decisions of courts and opinions affecting labor, 1919-1920.
Bui. 292. Labor legislation of 1920.
Bui. 308. Labor legislation of 1921. [In press.]
Bui. 309. Decisions of courts and opinions affecting labor, 1921. [In press.]
Foreign Labor Laws.
Bui. 142. Administration of labor laws and factory inspection in certain European countries.
Vocational Education.
Bui. 145. Conciliation, arbitration, and sanitation in the dress and waist industry of New' York
City.
*Bul. 147. Wages and regularity of employment in the cloak, suit, and skirt industry.
*Bul. 159. Short-unit courses for wage earners, and a factory school experiment.
Bui. 162. Vocational education survey of Richmond, Va.
Bui. 199. Vocational education survey of Minneapolis.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
(iv)
Labor as Affected by the War.
B ui. 170. Foreign food prices as affected by th e w ar.
B ui. 219. In d u stria l poisons used or produced in th e m anufacture of explosives.
B ui. 221. H ours, fatigue, a n d health in B ritish m u n itio n factories.
B ui. 222. W elfare work in B ritish m u n itio n factories.
B ui. 223. E m p lo y m en t of w omen a n d juveniles in Great B rita in during the w ar.
B ui. 230. In d u s triaFefficioncy an d fatigue in B ritish m u n itio n factories.
B ui. 237. In d u stria l u n rest in G reat B ritain .
B ui. 249. In d u stria l h e alth an d efficiency. F in al report of B ritish H ealth of M unition W orkers
C om m ittee.
B ui. 255. Jo in t in d u stria l councils in Great B ritain .
B ui. 283. H istory of th e Shipbuilding L abor A d ju stm en t Board, 1917 to 1919.
B ui. 287. N ational W ar Labor Board.
Miscellaneous Series.
* B ui.
* B ui.
* B ui.
* B ui.
* B ui.
* B ui.
B ui.
B ui.
117.
118.
123.
158.
159.
167.
170.
174.
P rohibition of nig h t work of young persons.
Ten-hour m ax im u m working-day for w omen and young persons.
Em ployers’ welfare work.
G overnm ent aid to home owning an d housing of working people in foreign countries.
S hort-unit courses for wage earners, a n d a factory school experim ent.
M inimum-wage legislation in th e U nited States a n d foreign countries.
Foreign food prices as affected b y th e war.
Subject index of th e publications of th e U nited States B ureau of Labor Statistics up to
May 1,1915.
B ui. 208. Profit sharing in th e U nited States.
B ui. 222. W elfare work in B ritish m u n itio n factories.
B ui. 242. Food situation in C entral Europe, 1917.
B ui. 250. W elfare work for employees in in d u stria l establishm ents in the U nited States.
B ui. 254. In te rn a tio n a l labor legislation an d th e society of nations.
B ui. 263. H ousing by employers in th e U nited States.
B ui. 266. Proceedings of Seventh A n n u al Convention of G overnm ental Labor Officials of th e U nited
States an d C anada.
B ui. 268. H istorical survey of in tern atio n al action affecting labor.
B ui. 271. A d u lt working-class education in G reat B ritain an d th e U nited States.
B ui. 282. M utual relief associations am ong G overnm ent employees in W ashington, D . C.
B ui. 295. B uilding operations in representative cities in 1920.
B ui. 299. Personnel research agencies.
Bui. 307. Proceedings of th e E ig h th A nnual Convention of G overnm ental Labor Officials of the
U nited States an d Canada.
B ui. 313. Consumers’ cooperative associations in th e U nited States. [In press.]
Bui. 314. Cooperative cred it societies in A m erica an d foreign countries. [In press.]
110650°—22---- 16
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
(V)
SPECIAL PUBLICATIONS ISSUED BY THE BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS.
Descriptions of occupations, prepared for the United States Employment Service, 1918-19.
*Boots and shoes, harness a n d saddlery, a n d tanning.
Cane-sugar refining an d flour milling.
Coal a n d w ater gas, p a in t an d varnish, paper, p rin tin g trades, a nd rubber goods.
Electrical m anufacturing, d istrib u tio n , an d m aintenance.
Glass.
H otels an d restau ran ts.
Logging cam ps a n d sawmills.
Medicinal m anufacturing.
Metal working, building and general construction, railroad transportation, a nd shipbuilding.
Mines an d m ining.
*Office employees.
Slaughtering an d m eat packing.
Street railw ays.
*Textiles a n d clothing.
* W ater transportation.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
o
(VI)
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
@FedFRASER