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https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis J -v - i U.S. Department of Labor Elaine L. Chao, Secretary Bureau of Labor Statistics Lois L. Orr, Acting Commissioner The Monthly Labor Review ( usps 987-800) is published monthly by the Bureau o f Labor Statistics o f the U.S. Department o f Labor. The Review welcomes articles on the lab o r fo rce , la b o r-m an a g e m en t re la tio n s , b u sin ess c o n d itio n s , in d u stry p ro d u c tiv ity , co m p e n sa tio n , occupational safety and health, demographic trends, and other economic developments. Papers should be factual and analytical, not polemical in tone. Potential articles, as well as communications on editorial matters, should be submitted to: Editor-in-Chief Monthly Labor Review Bureau o f Labor Statistics Washington, DC 20212 Telephone: (202) 691-5900 E-mail: mlr@bls.gov Inquiries on subscriptions and circulation, including address changes, should be sent to: Superintendent of Documents G overnm ent P rin tin g O ffice W ashington, dc 20402 Telephone: (202) 512-1800 Subscription price per year— $45 domestic; $56.25 foreign. Single copy— $13 domestic; $16.25 foreign. Make checks payable to the Superintendent of Documents. Subscription prices and distribution policies for the Monthly Labor Review ( issn 0098-1818) and other government publications are set by the Government Printing Office, an agency o f the U.S. Congress. The Secretary of Labor has determined that the publication of this periodical is necessary in the transaction o f the public business required by law o f this Department. Periodicals postage paid at Washington, dc, and at additional mailing addresses. U nless stated o th erw ise, artic le s ap p earin g in this publication are in the public domam and may be reprinted without express permission from the Editor-in-Chief. Please cite the specific issue o f the Monthly Labor Review as the source. Information is available to sensory impaired individuals upon request: Voice phone: (202) 691-5200 Federal Relay Service: 1-800-877-8339. P ostmaster : Send address changes to M onthly Labor Review, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, dc 20402-0001. Cover designed by Keith Tapscott. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis MONTHLY LA B OR REVIEW Volume 125, Number 1 Januaiy 2002 W h a t is a n e m p lo y e e ? T h e a n s w e r d e p e n d s on th e la w 3 Whether a worker is classified as an ‘employee’ or as an ‘independent contractor’could cause significant legal consequences Charles J. Muhl C h a n g e s in S ta te la w s d u r in g 2 0 0 1 : L abor 12 Minimum wage rates, youth peddling, genetic discrimination, and workplace harassment and violence were among major legislation enacted or revised Richard R. Nelson W o r k e r s ’ c o m p e n sa tio n 31 Coverage was extended to certain law enforcement and other public safety officers, but was excluded for some sports officials and inmates Glenn Whittington U n e m p lo y m e n t in s u r a n c e 37 Enactments included maximum weekly benefit amounts,voluntary quit provisions, and extension of coverage to Indian tribes Loryn Lancaster and Anne Vogel D e p a r tm e n ts Labor month in review Précis Current labor statistics 2 46 47 Editor-in-Chief: Deborah P. Klein • Executive Editor: Richard M. Devens • Managing Editor: Anna Huffman Hill • Editors: Brian I. Baker, Bonita L. Boles, Richard Hamilton, Leslie Brown Joyner, Lawrence H. Leith • Book Reviews: Roger A. Comer, Richard Hamilton • Design and Layout: Catherine D. Bowman, Edith W. Peters https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Labor Month in Review The January Review Once again, our January issue marks an excursion out o f labor economics and labo r sta tistic s and into lab o r law. Charles J. Muhl investigates the legal definition o f an employee. Although this might seem to be an obvious ques tion, it is actually quite a vexing issue in the law. Defining the concept o f em ployee is likely to become an increas ingly important question in a labor mar ket in which about a tenth o f workers are already in an alternative work ar rangem ent and technological trends may make such arrangements even more attractive in the future. It is instructive to see that one o f MuhPs “independent contractor” cases involved not software engineers or technical wizards, but work ers who were assigned the information drudge work o f looking up telephone numbers. Richard R. Nelson has contributed his annual summary o f developments in general labor law in the States. As usual, the issues range widely from the broad application of State minimum wage laws to exceptions to certain child labor re strictions for soccer referees. Glenn Whittington updates develop ments in w orkers’ compensation law. Much o f the focus over the past year was on coverage issues, especially the cover age o f law enforcement and other public safety workers. In one special case, both the paid officers and law enforcement and public safety volunteers working at the Winter Games in Utah will be covered under workers’ compensation. Loryn Lancaster and Anne Vogel re port on legislation affecting unemploy ment insurance programs. The Federal enactment o f the Economic Growth and Tax R elief Reconciliation Act o f 2001 changes the voluntary Federal tax with holding rate as it applies to unemploy ment insurance benefits and the treat ment o f training reimbursements in the calculation o f wages. At the State level, most States increased their maximum weekly benefits, either through legisla 2 M onthly Labor R eview https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis tio n o r an a u to m a tic a d ju s tm e n t mechanism. Working youths More than four-fifths o f 17-year-olds work in some capacity. Most o f these jobs are employee jobs in which there is a formal relationship with a particular employer such as a restaurant or super market. About 65 percent of 17-year-olds have an employee job only. Another 12 percent have both an employee job and a “freelance” job. Those with freelance jobs perform tasks such’ as babysitting or yard work, but have no formal job arrangem ent. Only 5 percent had a freelance job only. For more information, see news release USDL 01-479, “Employ ment Experience O f Youths: Results From The First Three Years O f A Longi tudinal Survey.” Injury rate fell in 2000 The incidence rate for on-the-job inju ries and illnesses declined to 6.1 cases per 100 equivalent full-time workers in 2000, from 6.3 cases in 1999. In the 5 years between 1995 and 2000, the inci dence rate dropped from 8.1 cases per 100 equivalent full-time workers to 6.1 cases, a 25-percent decline. There was a total o f 5.7 million inju ries and illnesses reported in private in dustry workplaces during 2000. Employ ers reported about the same number of cases in 1999. An increase in hours worked yielded the lower incidence rate. See news release USDL 01—472, “Work place Injuries and Illnesses in 2000,” for more information. food went up less than the overall change o f 2.8 percent in 2000, rising by 2.2 per cent and 2.5 percent, respectively. Within the food category, spending on food at home rose 3.6 percent, while spending at restaurants, carryouts, vending machines, and other sources of food away from home rose 1.0 percent. Spending on apparel and services, transportation, and health care rose by 5.5 to 6.5 percent in 2000. In contrast, en tertainment and personal insurance and pensions expenditures decreased by 1.5 percent and 2.1 percent, respectively. Consumer Expenditure Survey data also include the expenditures and income o f consumers, as well as their demographic characteristics. For more information, see news release USDL 01-480, “Con sumer Expenditures in 2000.” New data tables This issue o f Monthly Labor Review contains four new tables in the Current Labor Statistics section. The tables are from the Bureau o f Labor Statistics Cov ered Employment Statistics program and pertain to workers and establishments covered by State or Federal unemploy ment statistics programs. The ES-202 program serves as a near census o f es tablishments, employment, and wage payments by four-digit industry at the national, State, and county levels. The four tables we have selected provide these elements for the most recent 10year period available and for the 50 States, D istrict o f Colum bia, Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands, em ploy ment by establishm ent size, and em ploym ent and wages for the 316 larg est counties. □ C o m m u n ic a tio n s re g a rd in g the Consumer spending patterns varied in 2000 The changes in expenditures from 1999 to 2000 varied among the major components of spending. Expenditures on housing and Jan u a ry 2002 M onthly L abor Review m ay be sent to th e E d ito r - in - C h ie f a t th e a d dresses on the inside front cover, or (202) 6 9 1 -5 8 9 9 . N ew s releases dis cussed in this issue are available at: www.bls.gov/bls.newsrels.htm What Is an Employee? What is an employee? The answer depends on the Federal law In a legal context, the classification o f a worker as either an employee or an independent contractor can have significant consequences Charles J. Muhl Charles J. Muhl is an attorney in th e firm of G o ld b erg , Kohn, Bell, Black, Rosenbloom & Moritz, Ltd., C h ic a g o , Illinois. E-mail: Charles.muhl® goldbergkohn.com https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis n the American workplace today, a full-time, 40-hour-a-week employee who stays with the same employer performing the same job over the course o f an entire worklife would be viewed as a rarity, or at least as a person found in lesser proportion in the U.S. workforce than in decades past. Today’s workplace includes a variety of workers in contingent arrangements— independ ent contractors, leased employees, temporary em ployees, on-call workers, and more— perceived to be a result o f employers’ desire to reduce labor costs and employees’ desire to increase their flex ibility, among other things. The Bureau of Labor Statistics recently reported that in February 2001 the contingent workforce, or those workers who do not have an implicit or explicit contract for ongoing employment and who do not expect their current job to last, totaled 5.4 million people, roughly 4 percent o f the U.S. workforce.1 Accord ing to the BLS survey, millions more were em ployed in alternative work arrangements:2 8.6 mil lion independent contractors (representing 6.4 percent o f total employment), 2.1 million on-call workers, 1.2 million temporary help agency work ers, and 633,000 contract company workers. The B ureau treats these contingent workers and workers in alternative work arrangements as part o f total U.S. employment, and although they are in a typical em ploym ent situation, m ost o f the general public w ould probably consider them em ployees. But how does Federal law treat workers in con tingent and alternative work arrangements? That is, are such workers viewed as employees who are entitled to legal protections under Federal leg islation? As is frequently the case with legal ques I tions, the answer depends— in this case, on the Federal law at issue. In general, though, courts evaluate the totality o f the circumstances sur rounding a worker’s employment, with a focus on who has the right— the em ployer or the em ployee— to control the work process. The question “Is a worker an employee?” may seem like a simple one to answer on its surface. The dictionary definition o f “employee” says succinctly that an employee is “a person who works for another in return for financial or other compensation.”3 Under that definition, independ ent contractors would appear to be employees. However, the legal definition o f “employee” is concerned with more than the pay received by a worker for services provided. B lack’s Law Dic tionary defines “employee” as “a person in the service o f another under any contract o f hire, express or implied, oral or written, where the em ployer has the power or right to control and di rect the employee in the material details o f how the work is to be performed.”4 In contrast, an “independent contractor” is one who, “in the ex ercise o f an independent employment, contracts to do a piece o f work according to his own meth ods and is subject to his employer’s control only as to the end product or final result o f his work.”5 This legal distinction as to how a worker must be classified has broad implications— and poten tially negative consequences for mischaracterization— for both employers and workers alike. This article examines how the legal determina tion is made that a worker is either an employee or an independent contractor, beginning with a dis cussion o f why the determination is important and then discussing the tests used by courts to M o n th ly Labor R ev ie w J a n u a ry 2002 3 W h a t Is an Em ployee? make the determination and the laws pursuant to which each test applies. Employee or independent contractor? Employers have used independent contractors and other con tingent workers more frequently in recent times for a variety o f reasons, including reducing the costs associated with sala ries, benefits, and employment taxes and increasing the flex ibility o f the workforce.6 Under U.S. law, employers are re quired to pay the employer’s share, and withhold the w orker’s share, o f employment taxes for employees, but not for inde pendent contractors. Employment taxes include those col lected pursuant to the Federal Insurance Contributions Act (FICA)7 for the U.S. Social Security system; those collected pursuant to the Federal Unemployment Tax Act (FUTA),8 which pays unemployment benefits to displaced workers; and income tax withholding.9 U.S. law imposes other obligations on employers with re spect to employees that are not imposed on independent con tractors.10 The Fair Labor Standards Act (FLSA)11 requires employers to meet minimum-wage and overtime obligations toward their employees. Title VII o f the Civil Rights Act of 196412 prohibits employers from discriminating against their employees on the basis o f race, color, religion, sex, or national origin, while the Age Discrimination in Employment Act ( a d e a ) 13 prohibits employers from discriminating against em ployees on the basis o f their age. The Employment Retirement Security Act (ERISA)14 sets the parameters o f qualified em ployee benefit plans, including the level o f benefits and amount o f service required for vesting o f those benefits, typi cally in the context o f retirement. The Americans with Disabili ties Act (ADA)15 prohibits employers from discriminating against qualified individuals who have disabilities. The Fam ily and M edical Leave Act (FMLA)16 requires employers to provide eligible employees with up to 12 weeks o f unpaid leave per year when those employees are faced with certain critical life situations. The N ational Labor Relations Act (n l r a ) 17 grants employees the right to organize and governs labor-management relations. Clearly, then, some incentive exists for employers to clas sify their workers as independent contractors rather than em ployees, in order to reduce costs and various legal obliga tions. However, the failure o f an employer to make the proper determination as to whether workers are employees or inde pendent contractors can have dire consequences. Employers who are careless in their labeling o f workers as independent contractors risk exposure to substantial liability in the future under Federal law if the workers are mischaracterized. The U.S. Government— in particular, the Internal Revenue Service (IRS)— can seek to recover back taxes and other contributions that should have been paid by the employer on the employee’s 4 M onthly Labor R eview https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis J an u ary 2002 behalf,18 and the workers themselves can seek compensation for job benefits that the employer denied them on the basis o f their supposed status as independent contractors. One o f the m ost striking exam ples o f the danger o f mischaracterizing workers as independent contractors rather than employees occurred in Vizcaino v. Microsoft,19 a case in which the U.S. Court o f Appeals for the Ninth Circuit held that a class of workers for the leading U.S. computer software com pany were employees who were entitled to participate in M icrosoft’s various pension and welfare plans, despite the fact that the workers had signed an agreement that labeled them as independent contractors. Prior to 1990, Microsoft hired “freelancers” to perform vari ous services for the company over a continuous period, in some cases extending in excess o f 2 years. Upon joining Microsoft, the former freelancers executed agreements which specifically stated that they were independent contractors and not employees and that nothing contained in the agree ment would be construed to create an employer-employee relationship. Despite the agreements, the workers were fully integrated into M icrosoft’s workforce, working under nearly identical circumstances as M icrosoft’s regular employees. The erstwhile freelancers worked the same core hours at the same location and shared the same supervisors as regular employees. The only distinction between the freelancers and regular employees was that the freelancers were hired for spe cific projects. Microsoft neither paid the employer’s share, nor withheld the worker’s share, o f FICA taxes and did not allow the workers to participate in the company’s pension plans, on the basis o f the agreements the workers had signed stating that they were independent contractors. The IRS investigated M icrosoft and determined that the workers were employees, not independent contractors, and that Microsoft should have been withholding taxes for them.20 Accepting the IRS’ determination, Microsoft conferred em ployee status on certain o f the workers, but dismissed others from employment. Those who were dismissed then filed a class-action suit seeking to have the court declare that they were eligible to participate in M icrosoft’s pension plans. The district court determined that the workers were employees, not independent contractors.21 On appeal, M icrosoft con ceded that the workers were employees, but argued (1) that they had waived their right to participate in the company’s pension plans by executing the agreements which specifi cally stated that they were independent contractors and not employees and (2) that nothing contained in the agreement could be construed to create an employer-employee relation ship. The court o f appeals rejected M icrosoft’s argument, finding that the company’s pension plan administrator had acted arbitrarily and capriciously in denying the workers’ claim that they were entitled to participate in the pension plans. The court found that the administrator should have focused on the actual circumstances surrounding the freelancers’ employ ment and not the labeling o f the workers by the agreements. In December 2000, Microsoft settled the case for $97 million. There are circumstances in which the classification o f a worker as an independent contractor is detrimental to em ployers and beneficial to workers. When the services being performed result in a copyrightable work, employers may wish to establish that a worker is an employee in order to obtain authorship o f the copyright. The U.S. Supreme Court, in Com munity fo r Creative Non-Violence, et al. v. Reid,22 held that an employer is the owner o f a copyright if the employer had contracted for a creative “work for hire”— that is, if work pre pared by an employee is within the scope o f employment. If the worker is an independent contractor, the worker, and not the employer, is the owner o f the copyright for the work per formed. Thus, in the context o f intellectual property rights, employers are protected by establishing an employer-em ployee relationship with a worker. Determining a worker’s status The potential benefits to both employers and workers o f the proper characterization o f the working relationship raises the question, How is the legal determination made as to whether a worker is an employee or an independent contractor? Gener ally, the totality o f the circum stances— that is, all the con ditions under which a person is working— governs the char acterization o f that person as an employee or an independent contractor; the label a company places on the w orker has no bearing on the matter. Again generally, a person is an em ployee if the employer has the right to control the person’s work process, whereas a worker is classified as an independ ent contractor if the employer does not control the process, but dictates only the end result or product o f the work. Note that the employer does not actually have to control the work process: the mere ability o f the employer to take control is sufficient to create an employer-employee relationship. The courts have developed three tests to be used in deter mining a w orker’s status: the common-law test, the economic realities test, and a hybrid test that incorporates various ele ments o f both o f those tests. Because the tests have been applied to different Federal statutes, the characterization o f a worker as an employee or an independent contractor can vary, depending on which statute is being applied. As a result, the same person can be classified as an employee under one test and the relevant Federal laws to which that test is applied, but as an independent contractor under another test and its rel evant Federal laws. Furthermore, different tests are applied to the same Federal law, depending on which jurisdiction a case is heard in. However, because each o f the tests evaluates the totality o f the circumstances behind the employment relation ship, the overlap in the tests is substantial. Exhibit 1 offers a https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis brief summary o f the three tests. Common-law test. The common-law test was developed on the basis o f the traditional legal concept o f agency, which, in an employment context, consists o f a relationship wherein one person (the employee) acts for or represents another (the employer) by the employer’s authority.23 The common-law test involves the evaluation o f 10 factors to determine whether a worker is an employee, with no one factor dispositive, but with the determination centering on who has the right to con trol the work process. Exhibit 2 shows the 10 factors used in the common-law test. The IRS uses a derivation o f the common-law test in assess ing whether a worker is an employee, taking into account some o f the common-law test’s factors as part o f the IRS’s own 20factor test.24 In addition to evaluating employment tax obliga tions under the Federal income tax law, FICA, and FUTA, the common-law/iRS test has been applied to the National Labor Relations Act, which governs labor-management relations and collective bargaining for unionized employers, and to the Im migration Reform and Control Act. Furthermore, in Nation wide Mutual Insurance Co. v. Darden,25 the U.S. Supreme Court ruled that, for Federal laws that do not contain a clear definition o f “employee,” the relationship between employer and worker should be evaluated on the basis o f the commonlaw test, focusing on who had the right to control the worker. In a vast number o f cases throughout the U.S. Federal court system, some going back several decades, the common-law test has been applied to determine whether workers are em ployees or contractors. For example, in Walker v. Altmeyer,26 decided in 1943, the U.S. Court o f Appeals for the Second Circuit found that an attorney who was given office space at $100 per month in return for services performed was an em ployee pursuant to the Social Security Act, because his land lord, another attorney, had the right to control what the worker did and to supervise the method used to complete the work. John E. Walker rented office space from another attorney, Pliny W illiam son, beginning in 1927 and was also hired by Williamson to perform legal services for a fixed monthly sal ary. In April 1938, the two attorneys established a new com pensation arrangement under which Walker would pay his rent by providing legal services and would receive additional compensation when his services were valued at more than $ 100 per month. Upon reaching the age o f 65 in 193 8, Walker applied for Social Security benefits, including monthly insur ance benefits, under the Social Security Act. Although the Social Security Administration initially paid Walker the insur ance benefits on the basis o f his representation that he was not an employee making more than $ 15 per month, the Agency subsequently ceased payments upon learning o f W alker’s arrangement with Williamson. The court found Walker to be an employee because, despite the change in the manner o f M o n th ly Labor R ev ie w J a n u a ry 2002 5 W h a t Is a n Em ployee? 1 Tests for determining whether a worker is an employee Test Description Common-law test (used by Internal Revenue Service (irs)) Employment relationship exists if employer has right to control work process, as determined by evaluating totality o f the circumstances and specific factors Laws under which test has been applied by courts Federal Insurance Contributions Act Federal Unemployment Tax Act Income tax withholding Employment Retirement and Income Security Act National Labor Relations Act Immigration Reform and Control Act (irs test) Economic realities test Employment relationship exists if individual is economically dependent on a business for continued employment Fair Labor Standards Act Title V n Age Discrimination in Employment Act Americans with Disabilities Act Family and Medical Leave Act (likely to apply) Hybrid test Employment relationship is evaluated under both commonlaw and economic reality test factors, with a focus on who has the right to control the means and manner o f a work er’s performance compensation beginning in 193 8, the kind o f work that Walker did for Williamson did not change at all. Walker still performed work as an attorney at the direction o f Williamson. That right to control was dispositive for the court. Similarly, in United States v. Polk,21 the U.S. Court o f Ap peals for the Ninth Circuit found that an employer could be convicted o f a criminal offense for failure to pay FICA employ ment taxes, despite the employer’s declaration that its work ers were all subcontractors. Polk was notified by an IRS agent that he was required to establish a separate bank account to be used to deposit employees’ tax withholdings. Prior to re ceiving this notice, Polk paid his workers on an hourly or weekly basis, had them work fixed hours, supervised the work ers, and supplied them with the tools and materials necessary to perform their work. Furthermore, with the exception o f one individual, all o f the workers worked exclusively for Polk. These conditions did not change after the IRS served Polk with notice that his workers were employees, but thereafter, Polk represented to the irs that he no longer had employees and employed only subcontractors. Polk was convicted o f a criminal offense for failure to withhold wages to pay FICA 6 M onthly Labor R eview https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Jan u a ry 2002 Title VII Age Discrimination in Employment Act Americans with Disabilities Act taxes. The appeals court sustained Polk’s conviction, finding that the jury had properly considered, under the common-law test, the totality o f the circumstances o f the working relation ship between Polk and his workers and also had properly focused on Polk’s right to control the workers, both with re spect to the product o f the work and the means by which the product was produced. To summarize, then, under the common-law test, an em ployee is a worker whose work process and work product are controlled by the employer. In determining who has the right to control in a particular case, courts look to such factors as supervision, skill level, method o f payment, whether the rela tionship is ongoing, who supplies the tools and materials for the work, whether the relationship between the worker and the employer is exclusive, and the parties’ intent, as well as other, related factors. Economic realities test. The economic realities test, which is most significantly applied in the context o f the Fair Labor Standards Act28 governing minimum-wage and overtime obli gations, focuses on the economic relationship between the worker and the employer. A worker is an employee under the test if the worker is economically dependent upon the em ployer for continued employment. The test examines the na ture o f the relationship in light o f the fact that independent contractors would typically not rely on a sole employer for continued employment at any one time, but would work for, and be compensated by, many different employers, whereas most employees hold a single job and rely on that one em ployer for continued employment and for their primary source o f income. The economic reality test is generally applied to laws whose purpose is to protect or benefit a worker, because courts view the protection o f a worker who is financially de pendent on a particular employer as important.29 Because of its broader scope, the economic reality test has a greater like lihood o f finding workers to be employees than does the com mon-law test. Accordingly, a worker could be classified as an employee for the purposes o f dealing with one Federal law, such as the Fair Labor Standards Act, but as an independent contractor under another, like FICA. In evaluating whether a worker is an employee under the economic realities test, courts look to the factors listed in exhibit 3, some o f which are similar to those considered under the common-law test. In Donovan v. DialAmerica Marketing, Inc.,™ the Third i^g na iM Circuit Court o f Appeals demonstrated the precise applica tion o f the economic realities test, as well as the different results that can be reached regarding workers o f the same corporation, even w hen ju s t one legal test is applied. DialAmerica’s principal business was the sale o f magazine renewal subscriptions by telephone to persons whose sub scriptions had expired or were nearing expiration. In pursuit of renewing subscriptions, the company hired workers to locate subscribers’ phone numbers by looking names up in tele phone books and calling directory assistance operators. In certain years, DialAmerica operated a program in which these workers were permitted to work from their homes. When they were hired, DialAmerica made the workers, called “home re searchers,” sign an “independent contractor’s agreement” that supposedly established their status as independent con tractors. A worker would be given a box o f 500 cards with names to be researched, and the company expected the cards to be returned within 1 week. The home researchers were free to choose the weeks and hours they worked; DialAmerica had little supervision over the workers, but placed certain conditions on how the work process was to be conducted, including stipulating the method for reporting back the re sults on each card and the ink to be used when doing so. Factors used to determine a worker’s status under the common-law test Factor Worker is an employee if— Worker is an independent contractor if— Right to control Employer controls details o f the work Worker controls details o f the work Type o f business Worker is not engaged in business or occupation distinct from employer’s Worker operates in business that is distinct from employer’s business Supervision Employer supervises worker Work is done without supervision Skill level Skill level need not be high or unique Skill level is specialized, is unique, or requires substantial training Tools and materials Employer provides instrumentalities, tools, and location o f workplace Worker provides instrumentalities and tools o f workplace and works at a site other than the employer’s Continuing relationship Worker is employed for extended, continuous period Worker is employed for specific project or for limited time M ethod o f payment Worker is paid by the hour, or other computation based on time worked is used to determine pay Worker is paid by the project Integration Work is part o f employer’s regular business Work is not part o f employer’s regular business Intent Employer and worker intend to create an employer-employee relationship Employer and worker do not intend to create an employeremployee relationship Employment by more than one firm Worker provides services only to one employer Worker provides services to more than one business https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis M o n th ly Labor R ev ie w J a n u a ry 2002 7 W h a t Is an Em ployee? Exhibit 3. Factors used to determine a worker’s status under the economic realities test Worker is an employee if— Worker is an independent contractor if— Integration Worker provides services that are a part o f the employer’s regular business Worker provides services outside the regular business o f the employer Investment in facilities Worker has no investment in the work Worker has a substantial investment in the work facilities and equipment facilities and equipment Right to control Management retains a certain type and degree o f control over the work Risk Worker does not have the opportunity Worker has the opportunity to make a profit or incur a loss from the job to make a profit or incur a loss Skill Work does not require any special or unique skills or judgm ent Factor Continuing relationship Worker has a permanent or extended relationship with the business DialAmerica also employed workers as “distributors,” per sons who gave the cards with names to the home researchers. The Department o f Labor sued DialAmerica for paying the home researchers and distributors less than the minimum wage for the work they did, arguing that they were employees under the Fair Labor Standards Act. The court o f appeals ruled that, under the econom ic re alities test, the home researchers were employees. First, the court found that the workers did not make a great investment in their work, they had little opportunity for profit or loss, and the work required little skill. Second, the court ruled that DialA m erica’s lack o f control over the manner in which the home researchers did their work did not support a finding that they were independent contractors, because the very nature o f home w ork dictated that the tim es w orked would be determ ined by the workers and they would be subjected to very little supervision when working. The fact that a per son works from home does not, on its own, determine whether the person is an employee under the Fair Labor Standards Act, the court said. Third, the court found that the home researchers had a continuous w orking relationship with DialAmerica under which they did not work for other em ployers. Finally, the court held that the home researchers were an integral part o f DialAmerica’s business because they did the very work— locating phone numbers— that was es sential to DialAm erica’s ability to renew subscriptions, de spite the fact that they located only approxim ately 4 per cent to 5 percent o f the num ber o f phone num bers the com pany sought to be retrieved. After analyzing these fac tors, the court ruled that the home researchers were economi cally dependent on DialAmerica for continued employment 8 M onthly Labor R eview https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis J an u ary 2002 Management has no right to control the work process o f the worker Work requires a special skill, judgment, or initiative Work relationship is for one project or a limited duration and, therefore, were employees under the economic realities test. In contrast, the appellate court held that the distributors o f the research work were independent contractors under the Fair Labor Standards Act. The court found that DialAmerica exhibited minimal control over the distributors’ work provid ing cards to the home researchers, because the distributors maintained records o f the work and were permitted to recruit home researchers. The court also noted that the distributors risked financial loss if they did not manage the distribution network properly, because their transportation expenses could exceed their revenue. The transportation expenses also re quired the distributors to make an investment in the business, the court found. Finally, the distributors required somewhat specialized managerial skills in operating the distribution net work, according to the court. Although the distributors were typically employed for a long period, the Court found that factor insufficient to overcome the weight o f the remaining circumstances indicating that the distributors were independ ent contractors. In Brock v. Superior Care, Inc.,31 the U.S. Court o f A p peals for the Second Circuit found that an employer had vio lated the Fair Labor Standard A ct’s overtime-pay protections by not paying overtime to nurses who were employees under the Act. Superior Care referred nurses for temporary assign ments to hospitals, nursing homes, and individual patients. The company would assign nurses as work opportunities became available, and the nurses were free to refuse an as signment for any reason. If a nurse accepted an assignment, the nurse reported directly to the patient, and Superior Care provided minimal supervision through visits to job sites ap- proximately once or twice a month. Patients contracted di rectly with Superior Care, which paid them an hourly wage. The nurses could hold other jobs, including jobs with other health care providers. The court found that the nurses were employees under the economic realities test. As a preliminary matter, the court re jected the company’s contention that the trial court had used evidence outside o f the six factors that make up the test. Su perior Care had two sets o f payrolls, one for taxed employees and one for nontaxed employees, despite the fact that the nurses on both payrolls did exactly the same work. The work ers on the nontaxed payroll did not receive overtime pay for their work. The trial court relied in part on that evidence in finding that those workers were not independent contractors. The appeals court noted that the factors o f the economic real ity test are not exclusive and that any relevant evidence can be considered as part o f the totality o f the circumstances sur rounding the employment relationship. The court also stated that an em ployer’s “self-serving” labeling o f workers as inde pendent contractors is not controlling. Turning to the appli cation o f the economic reality factors, the court found that (1) the nurses had no opportunity for profit or loss, because Su perior Care set their wages and prohibited them from entering into privately paying contracts with patients, (2) the nursing services that were provided were the most integral part o f Superior Care’s business o f providing health care personnel on request, and (3) despite a quantitatively calculated lack o f visits by Superior Care supervisors, the company retained the right to supervise the nurses and exerted control over them in that regard. Although the nurses obviously were skilled work ers and also had the opportunity to work for other health care employers besides Superior Care, the court found those fac tors nondispositive. According to the court, the weight o f the evidence indicated that when all the circumstances o f the employment relationship were considered, the nurses were employees and not independent contractors. In Brock v. Mr. W Fireworks, Inc. 31 the Court o f Appeals for the Fifth Circuit found that operators o f fireworks stands in south Texas were employees under the economic realities test, subject to the protections o f the Fair Labor Standards Act, because (1) Mr. W controlled the method o f selling fire works and made a substantial investment in the business op erations, (2) the operators lacked skill and independent initia tive, and (3) the duration o f the employment relationship was lengthy. According to the parties’ testimony, Mr. W acquired land for fireworks stands, procured materials to build the stands, hired workers to construct the stands at its warehouse, recruited operators to run the stands during the two short periods in each year that Texas permits the sale o f fireworks, employed workers to supply the stands with fireworks, and advertised the sale o f fireworks through the stands. Mr. W paid the operators o f the stands on a commission basis. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis The appeals court rejected the trial court’s finding that the operators were independent contractors, ruling that Mr. W exerted control over the operators by determining the location and size of the stands, by suggesting the retail price o f the fireworks and preprinting price tags, by requiring operators to attend to the stands for 24 hours a day to avoid the loss of inventory, by providing display instructions that were almost uniformly followed by the operators, by supplying a substantial portion o f advertising, and by determining how the operators would be paid. The court also found that the operators had little opportunity to determine their own profit or loss, because the commission for the sale o f the fireworks was set by Mr. W; that the operators made little or no investment in the operation o f the stands, whose construction was always financed by Mr. W; and that the operators, while good salespersons, did not exhibit a degree of independent skill or initiative sufficient to conclude that they were independent contractors. Finally, the fact that the fireworks stands were seasonal was simply an operational char acteristic unique to the particular business, and the permanency o f an employment relationship could accordingly be determined by whether the operators worked for the entire operative period o f a particular season. Because the operators were economically dependent on Mr. W for their continued employment as sellers o f fireworks, the operators were deemed employees under the economic realities test, entitled to the protections o f the FanLabor Standards Act. In conclusion, the economic realities test, while similar to the common-law test, focuses on the ultimate concern o f whether the economic reality, as illuminated by several fac tors, is that a worker depends on someone else’s business for his or her continued employment, in which case the worker is an employee. If a worker operates an independent business, the worker is classified as an independent contractor under the economic realities test. Hybrid test. The hybrid test combines elements of the commonlaw test and the economic realities test, in keeping with the ac cepted view of all courts that the totality of the circumstances surrounding the relationship between worker and employer should be examined to determine whether the worker is an em ployee or an independent contractor. In practice, the hybrid test considers the economic realities of the work relationship as a critical factor in the determination, but focuses on the employer’s right to control the work process as a determinative factor. The hybrid test is applied frequently in cases brought un der Title VII o f the Civil Rights Act o f 1964, which prohibits employers from discriminating against employees on the ba sis o f race, color, religion, sex, or national origin. For example, in Diggs v. Harris Hospital—Methodist, Inc.,33 the U.S. Court o f Appeals for the Fifth Circuit held that Jacqulyn Diggs, a black female physician, could not sustain a claim under Title VII for discrimination on the basis o f race or sex or in retalia- M o n th ly Labor R ev ie w J a n u a ry 2002 9 W h at Is a n Em ployee? tion for a prior charge o f discrimination against the hospital. The court found that, although she was appointed to the hospital’s provisional medical staff and enjoyed the privileges associated with that appointment, including the ability to treat patients through hospital facilities, Diggs was an independent contrac tor, not an employee, o f the hospital under the hybrid test. Noting first that the hybrid test takes into account both the economic realities o f the working relationship and the extent to which the employer is able to control the details and means of the work being done, the court then specified additional factors to be considered under the test. Certain o f those factors, includ ing supervision, skill level, method o f payment, who supplies the tools and materials, the duration o f the employment relation ship, the extent to which the work is integrated into the employer’s business, and the intention o f the parties, are con sidered under both the common-law test and the economic reali ties test. Beyond these factors, the court also considered the manner in which the work relationship was terminated (that is, by one or both parties and with or without notice or explana tion), whether annual leave was provided to the workers, whether retirement benefits were provided to them, and whether the em ployer paid Social Security taxes for the workers. In concluding that Diggs was not an employee, the court found that physicians’ privileges at Harris Hospital were not necessary to Diggs’ practice; that is, if Diggs were denied those privileges, her ability to obtain them at other area hos pitals would not have been restricted. Focusing on the con trol factor, the court also found that, although the hospital both supplied the tools and materials to make it possible for Diggs to provide medical care and imposed standards o f care upon those with privileges, the hospital did not, in fact, direct the manner or means by which medical care was to be provided by the physi cian. Diggs treated patients without direct supervision and merely required the presence of a sponsor during surgical pro cedures to attest to the physician’s qualifications. Furthermore, the hospital did not pay a salary to Diggs, nor did it pay her licensing fees, professional dues, insurance premiums, taxes, or retirement benefits. These considerations cemented the court’s conclusion that Diggs was an independent contractor who was not protected by Title VII. The hybrid test seeks to combine the general and specific factors o f both the common-law test and the economic reali ties test, recognizing that, in each legal determination o f whether a worker is an employee or an independent contrac tor, a court may consider each and every circumstance o f the employment relationship. T h e p r o p e r c l a s s if ic a t io n o f a w o r k e r as an employee or independent contractor at the beginning o f an employ ment relationship is important to both employers and work ers with respect to their obligations and protections under Federal law. Although the classification does depend on the Federal law being applied, the overriding factor is who has the “right to control” the work process, and the relationship is based upon all o f its characteristics, regardless o f what label the employer applies to the worker.34 □ Notes_______________________________________ 1 The figures reported are for the broadest of the Bureau’s three measurements of the contingent workforce. For additional informa tion, see the bls news release, “Contingent and Alternative Work Ar rangements,” February 2001. 11 29 U.S.C. 201 et seq. 2 By the criteria of the survey, a worker may be in both a contin gent and an alternative work arrangement, but is not automatically so, because contingent work is defined separately from alternative work arrangements. 14 29 U.S.C. 1001 et seq. 3 American Heritage Dictionary o f the English Language, 1978. 4 Henry Campbell Black, Black’s Law Dictionary (St. Paul, Publishing Co, 1991), p. 363. mn, West 5 Ibid., p. 530. 6 See, for example, Mark Diana and Robin H. Rome, “Beyond Tra ditional Employment: The Contingent Workforce,” 196 apr n .j. Law 8, *9 (April 1999). 7 26 U.S.C. 3101 etseq. 8 26 U.S.C. 3301 et seq. 10 In many cases, an independent contractor’s true employer is the contracting agency, which would be subject to these Federal laws. In addition to the Federal laws that protect employees, additional State laws, including those which provide workers’ compensation benefits, typically protect employees, but not independent contractors. 10 M onthly Labor R eview 13 29 U.S.C. 621 et seq. 15 42 U.S.C. 12101 etseq. 16 29 U.S.C. 2601 et seq. 17 29 U.S.C. 151 etseq. 18 Federal law provides employers with a safe-harbor provision to avoid a retroactive irs reclassification of workers as employees where an employer had a “reasonable basis” for treating a worker as an inde pendent contractor. An employer’s good faith in making the determi nation is required for the safe harbor to apply. 19 The case has an extensive procedural history throughout the 1990s. For the opinion of the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals regard ing the status of the Microsoft workers focused on in this article, see 120 F.3d 1006. 20 The irs used its “20-factor test” in making its determination regarding the employees’ status. (For details of the test, see next sec tion in the text.) 9 26 U.S.C. 3401 et seq. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 12 42 U.S.C. 2000(e) et seq. J an u ary 2002 21 The District Court used the “common-law test” in making its determination regarding the employees’ status. (For details of the test, see next section in the text.) 22 490 U.S. 730 (1989). 23 Black’s Law Dictionary, p. 62. 24 See irs Revenue Ruling 87^11; see also “Summary of irs 20-Factor Test,” from HRnext.com, on the Internet at http://www.hrnext.com/ tools/view.cfm?articles_id=1470&tools_id=2. 25 112 S.Ct. 1344, 1348-49 (1992). 26 137 F.2d 531 (2nd Circuit 1943). 27 550 F.2d 566 (9th Cir. 1977). 28 The Fair Labor Standards Act uses the following uninformative definition of “employee” in the statutory language: “any individual employed by an employer.” However, Congress and the courts have recognized that, because of its primary focus on protecting workers, the definition of “employee” under the Act is the broadest one used pursuant to the economic realities test. 29 See Myra H. Barron, “Who’s an Independent Contractor? Who’s an Employee?” 14 Lab. Law 457, 460 (winter/spring 1999). https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 30 757 F.2d 1376 (3rd Cir. 1985). 31 840 F.2d 1054 (2nd Cir. 1988). 32 814 F.2d 1042 (5th Cir. 1987). 33 847 F.2d 270 (9th Cir. 1988). 34 For additional discussions of the classification of workers as em ployees or independent contractors and the ramifications for employ ers, see John C. Fox, Is That Worker an Independent Contractor or Your Employee? (Palo Alto, ca , Fenwick and West, March 1997); Barron, “Who’s an Independent Contractor?” Diana and Rome, Beyond Tradi tional Employment; and William D. Frumkin and Elliot D. Bernak, “Cost Savings from Hiring Contingent Workers May Be Lost if Their Status Is Challenged,” New York State Bar Journal, special edition on labor and employment law, New York State Bar Association, September-October 1999. M o n th ly Labor R ev ie w J a n u a ry 2002 11 State Labor Laws, 2001 State labor legislation enacted in 2001 Increases in minimum wage rates, restrictions on youth peddling, bans on discrimination because o f genetic information, and protection from workplace harassment and violence were among major subjects o f State labor legislation Richard R. Nelson tate labor legislation enacted in 2001 covered a wide variety o f employment standards and included several significant developm ents.1 Minimum wage rates were increased in a number o f States, child labor measures were enacted, governing employment in the entertainment indus try and placing limits on children selling products door-todoor, and employment discrimination on the basis o f genetic information or other reasons was banned in several States. Laws also were enacted in the emerging areas o f regulating employee monitoring in the workplace, allowing breaks for nursing mothers, providing benefits for domestic partners, and addressing workplace harassment and violence. This article summarizes significant State labor legislation en acted in 2001. It does not, however, cover legislation on occupa tional safety and health, employment and training, labor rela tions, employee background clearance, economic development, and local living wage ordinances. Changes in unemployment insurance and workers’ compensation laws appear elsewhere in this issue. S Wages. Legislation to increase minimum wage rates was intro duced in more than one-half o f the States and at the Federal level. New legislation increased minimum wage rates in Georgia, Ha waii, Maine, Texas, and Wyoming; rates also increased in Cali fornia, Connecticut, Massachusetts, Vermont, and Washington as the result o f previous laws. A bill proposing an increase in the minimum wage was vetoed in New Mexico. A bill to increase the Richard R. Nelson is a State standards advisor in the Division of External Affairs, Wage and Hour Division, Employment Standards Administration, U.S. Department of Labor, e-mail: rrn@fenix2.dol-esa.gov 12 M onthly Labor R eview https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis J an u a ry 2002 Federal minimum wage was pending at press time. If enacted, this will affect 25 jurisdictions where rates are linked to the Fed eral rate.2 As of January 1,2002, minimum wage rates were higher than the Federal standard in Alaska, California, Connecticut, Dela ware, the District of Columbia, Hawaii, Maine, Massachusetts, Oregon, Rhode Island, Vermont, and Washington. O f the 43 States with minimum wage laws, only 3 have rates lower than the Federal rate of $5.15 per hour. Utah passed a measure prohibiting cities, towns, and coun ties from establishing minimum rates that exceed the Federal rate, and Oregon passed a law barring local governments from estab lishing minimum wage requirements for private sector employers in their jurisdictions. Provisions that allow employers to use employee tips to meet a portion o f the minimum wage were revised in Connecticut, Hawaii, Texas, Vermont, and Wyoming. Other significant minimum wage legislation was enacted in Arkansas where civil penalties replaced criminal penalties for violation, in the District o f Columbia where civil penalties were authorized for minimum wage and wage payment violations, and in Oregon where civil penalties were authorized for willful minimum wage law violations. Idaho brought agricultural em ployment under coverage, Nevada eliminated a sub-minimum wage rate for minors, Vermont abolished its wage board, and Wyoming eliminated exemptions for minors under age 18 and part-time workers. Wyoming will allow a sub-minimum wage rate for employees under age 20 during the first 90 days of employment. Laws were enacted in Maine and Oregon placing limits on mandatory overtime for nurses. Prevailing wage laws pertaining to public works projects currently exist in 31 States and the Federal Government. In 2001, as usual, there was a mix o f reform legislation enacted. Laws enacted in California, Illinois and Rhode Island expanded coverage to include additional authorities or agencies, while the Oregon law was amended to provide a new exemption. The dollar threshold amount for coverage was increased adminis tratively in Ohio and Wisconsin and by legislation for certain projects in West Virginia. Rate determination methodology was changed in Montana and Wyoming. Wyoming also revised its hearing procedures. Nevada changed penalty provisions, Oregon made changes in requirements for the submission o f certified payroll records, and in California, “public works” will now include installation work. Other significant wage legislation granted the Nevada la bor commissioner rule-making authority, authorized the labor commissioner in Oregon to assess civil penalties for final pay and seasonal farmworker payment violations, increased pen alties for pay day violations in Wyoming, and permitted pay ment by direct deposit in South Dakota. A Utah Voluntary Contributions Act requires that labor orga nizations may only make expenditures for political activities if they establish separate segregated funds for this purpose and requires that employee contributions to the fund be voluntary. Coverage o f the Michigan reciprocal agreement law was expanded to include Canada. Family issues. Again this year, several States tried, but were unsuccessful in passing legislation that provides unemploy ment benefits for individuals on family and medical leave. A task force was created in Oregon to study the issue o f paid family leave and funding mechanisms including the use of unemployment insurance. While no traditional leave provisions were enacted, Cali fornia, Illinois, and Washington passed measures pertaining to break time for nursing mothers. Domestic partners were given rights to benefits in Califor nia and Maine. Child labor. At the beginning o f 2001, a tight labor market drew considerable attention to child labor issues. A large number of bills were introduced and a variety o f laws were enacted. Vermont granted the labor department rulemaking author ity, conformed State hours and hazardous occupations restric tions to Federal law, and increased penalties for law violations. Tennessee also increased penalties for violations. Maine adopted new rules governing prohibited hazardous occupa tions, including adding restrictions on selling door-to-door, operating amusement rides, working alone in cash-based busi nesses, and working in places having nude entertainment (all https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis occupations). N evada superseded adm inistrative actions taken last year prohibiting youth under age 16 from peddling, by limiting applicability to counties o f 100,000 or more popula tion. Minnesota and Tennessee revised requirements for ac ceptable proof o f age. Indiana will now require rest breaks for minors under age 18, and Nebraska will more closely regulate detasseling work. Also, Maine will ease a prohibition on work in theaters to allow specified work, Michigan will permit longer and later hours o f employment for minors aged 16 or older, and Oregon will exempt soccer referees from coverage. In the entertainment industry, Nevada employers who em ploy minors for more than 91 school days are to provide tutor ing or equivalent educational services. A new Texas law limits contract duration for minors and provides that a court may require that a portion o f earnings be set aside in a trust for those employees. Equal employment opportunity. The trend to enact legisla tion banning employment discrimination against individuals based on genetic characteristics, genetic information, or test results accelerated this year, with new laws passed in Arkan sas, Louisiana, Maryland, Minnesota, Nebraska, and South Dakota, and with a revision to the Texas law. More than half o f the States now have laws o f this kind. Among other measures that w ere enacted, banning vari ous forms o f employment discrim ination, M aryland made it an unlawful em ploym ent practice to discrim inate on the basis o f sexual orientation, and Rhode Island enacted a related measure banning employment discrim ination on the basis o f gender identity or expression. C onnecticut added mental disability and m arital status to lists o f prohibited forms o f discrim ination for purposes o f hiring and other personnel decisions involving State em ployees. M ontana am ended its ban on m arital status discrim ination to allow an em ployer to em ploy a person for a position and to also em ploy the person’s spouse. N orth Carolina passed a law to protect board o f education em ployees from sexual ha rassm ent. Drug and alcohol testing. Tennessee will now require cov ered employers to notify the parents or guardians o f a minor o f the results o f any drug or alcohol-testing program con ducted pursuant to the drug-free workplace act. Other laws require the testing o f nuclear storage facility employees in Utah, and revise the drug testing policy requirements for nursing homes in Texas. Worker privacy. The recent trend continued among States adopting legislation providing immunity from civil liability to employers who furnish information about a current or former M o n th ly Labor R ev ie w J a n u a ry 2002 13 State Labor Laws, 2001 employee’s job performance to a prospective or current em ployer. Such measures were adopted in Florida for law en forcement officers and in Arizona for mortgage bankers and brokers. Other significant measures include a Delaware law requiring employers who monitor employee telephone calls, electronic mail, or Internet access to give prior written notice to the employees, a new M innesota requirem ent that em ployee-assistance records be maintained separate from per sonnel records and not included in an em ployee’s personnel file, and a Vermont amendment adding the Department o f Motor Vehicles to the list o f employers permitted to require polygraph examinations for certain applicants as a condition o f employment. Private employment agencies. The M innesota Department o f Labor and Industry will cease regulating search firms be ginning July 1,2003. Employment agencies will continue to be regulated. New legislation was enacted in Arizona regulating the activities o f day labor service agencies. Other laws limit the payroll deduction o f applicant fees in Louisiana, and change coverage o f the Texas law regulating talent agencies. California will require the annual licensure o f private duty nursing agencies. Workplace violence. In an emerging area addressing the is sue o f workplace violence, legislation was adopted in a few States. The Rhode Island Workplace Violence Protection Act o f2001 was enacted, permitting employers to seek a temporary restraining order and an injunction prohibiting further unlaw ful acts by an individual at the work site. Nevada also passed legislation allowing employers to seek court orders to prevent harassment in the workplace. California extended the time given to investigate hate crime law violations. Agriculture. California made several changes concerning farm labor contractor regulation, including increasing civil penalties Arizona C h ild labor. The Department of Health Ser vices may not adopt any rule that prohibits an administrator of a nursing care institution from employing a person age 16 or older, who pro vides direct care to residents and who meets certification and qualification requirements. The law was amended that, permits banks, savings and loan asso ciations, credit unions, and escrow agents to provide written employment references to similar businesses, upon request, which ad vise of the applicants’ involvement in any theft, embezzlement, misappropriation, or other misuse of funds (which has been re W o rk er p r i v a c y . 14 M onthly Labor R eview https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis for violation and establishing a system for the verification of licenses. Other California laws address use of surety bonds to pay awards and the authority to collect monetary relief. Discharge. The Montana law placing limits on an employer’s right to discharge employees was amended to clarify rights during a probationary period. Changes were also made in the Minnesota law concerning the right to be informed o f the rea son for termination. Protection from discharge or discrimina tion was afforded to volunteer fire fighters in Washington and to emergency medical service attendants in West Virginia. Other laws. Among other laws o f interest, a no-sweatshop act was passed in New York permitting local school boards to consider labor standards and working conditions, including the use o f child labor, in purchasing apparel. Connecticut en acted a law prohibiting employment exploitation o f immigrant labor, and California made it an unlawful employment practice for an employer to have a policy that prohibits the use o f any language in the workplace unless the policy is justified by business necessity. West Virginia added knowingly employ ing a person not having a legal right to be employed in the United States to the list o f causes for disciplinary action under the State Contractor Licensing Act. Time off from work was authorized for State employee vet eran funeral details in Delaware, for members o f the State leg islature in Nevada, for Native American employees to vote in New Mexico, for precinct officials in North Carolina, for Vir ginia State employees to donate bone marrow or organs, and in New York for American Red Cross disaster volunteers. Oregon employers are to provide workplaces free o f to bacco smoke. Oklahoma became a “right-to-work” State as the result o f a measure placed on the ballot by the legislature and approved by the voters. ported to Federal or State authorities). It now also applies to commercial mortgage bank ers, mortgage bankers, and mortgage brokers. The protection from civil liability for provid ing an employment reference will extend to these businesses as well, unless false informa tion is provided with knowledge and malice. P riv a te e m p lo y m e n t agen cies. New legis lation was enacted regulating the activities of day-labor service agencies (defined as enti ties that provide day laborers to third-party employers and charge those employers for this service). Service agencies are to pay day laborers for work performed in negotiable in struments that are redeemable in cash at a financial institution, and, at the time of pay J an u a ry 2002 ment, are to provide each day laborer with an itemized statement showing in detail all de ductions from wages. Deductions, other than those required by Federal or State law, are not to bring wages below the Federal mini mum wage for hours worked. Agencies are not to restrict the right of a day laborer to accept a permanent position with a thirdparty employer to whom he or she has been referred to for work. The law does not apply to farm labor contractors, labor union hiring halls, temporary help services engaged in supplying white-collar employees, secre tarial employees, clerical employees, or skilled laborers, or to labor bureau or em ployment offices operated by a business that employs individuals for its own use. Arkansas W ages. Among amendments to the mini mum wage act, the Labor Board was elimi nated and its powers and duties transferred to the Director of the Department of Labor who now has the authority to make and re vise regulations under the law. Criminal pen alties for violation were eliminated and re placed with civil penalties of not less than $50 and not more than $1,000 for each viola tion. The exemption from the law for em ployers of fewer than four employees was amended to specify that this exemption ap plies to employment of fewer than four em ployees in any workweek. In addition, the general exemption for employers covered by the Federal Fair Labor Standards Act was amended to limit the exemption to employ ers who are subject to the minimum wage and overtime provisions of the Federal Act. The law setting maximum salary limits for officers, agents, or employees of hospital and medical corporations was repealed. G e n e tic testin g . A new Genetic Informa tion in the Workplace Act makes it unlawful for an employer to require a genetic test, or to seek to obtain, or to use a genetic test or genetic information from an employee or job applicant for the purposes of distinguishing between individuals or discriminating against or restricting any right or benefit otherwise due to an employee or applicant. An em ployer in violation will be guilty of a misde meanor and may be subject to a fine of up to $25,000, imprisonment for up to 1 year, or both a fine and imprisonment. California W ages. As the result of previous action by the State Industrial Welfare Commission, the State minimum wage rate increased from $5.75 per hour to $6.25 per hour on January 1,2001, and to $6.75 per hour on January 1, 2002. The Labor Code was amended to codify minimum wage, hours, and working condi tions for sheepherders adopted by the State Industrial Welfare Commission (Order Num ber 14-2001, effective July 1, 2001). Effec tive July 1, the minimum wage for all sheepherders was set at $1,050 per month, with an increase to $ 1,200 per month scheduled for July 1, 2002. After July 1, 2002, the amount of the monthly minimum wage required will be increased each time that the State hourly minimum wage is increased by the same per centage as the hourly minimum wage increase. Wages paid to sheepherders may not be off set by meals or lodging provided by the em ployer. Other provisions specify that sheep https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis herders are to receive a 30-minute meal pe riod for a work period of more than 5 hours except when such a break cannot reasonably be provided because the sheepherder is work ing alone, are to receive 10 minutes of rest period per 4 hours of work, and are to be provided with the tools or equipment neces sary for the performance of the job unless the sheepherder earns more than two times the required minimum wage. Civil penalties were specified for law violations. An employee who is a licensed physician or surgeon, earning more than $55 per hour, who is primarily engaged in performing du ties for which licensure is required, will be exempt from overtime payment requirements. The hourly rate will be adjusted annually, effective on January 1, based on changes in the California Consumer Price Index for Ur ban Wage Earners and Clerical Workers. The exemption will not apply to employees em ployed in medical internship or resident pro grams or to physician employees covered by valid collective bargaining agreements. Public works projects financed through Industrial Development Bonds issued by the California Infrastructure and Economic De velopment Bank will be subject to the State prevailing wage law. The definition of “pub lic works” for purposes of law coverage was amended to add installation work to con struction, alteration, demolition and repair work. The definition of “paid for in whole or in part out of public funds” was amended to specify that this includes payments, trans fers of assets for less than fair market price, credits, reductions, waivers, and perfor mances of work. Joint labor-management committees, es tablished pursuant to the Federal Labor Man agement Cooperation Act of 1978, were au thorized to bring civil court action against any employer who fails to pay prevailing wages as required by law. Courts may award restitution to employees and attorney’s fees to the committee. The Commission on the Status of Women is to conduct a study on gender based com pensation and classification inequities in the State civil service and in certain specified higher educational institutions. A report on findings is due to the legislature by January 1,2003. A comprehensive domestic partners law was enacted. Among several em ployment-related provisions, a registered do mestic partner may use sick leave to care for a partner or a partner’s child and discrimina tion against an individual who uses sick leave for those purposes is prohibited. It also en titles a domestic partner to receive unemploy F a m ily issu es. ment benefits for job loss if his or her partner is transferred to a remote location and com muting to work is impractical and a transfer of employment is not available. A domestic partner, and his or her child, will be eligible for continued health coverage upon the death of the employee or annuitant if the domestic partner is receiving a beneficiary allowance. A domestic partner also may file a claim for disability benefits on behalf of a partner. Every employer, including the State and any political subdivision, is to provide a rea sonable amount of break time to an employee who desires to express breast milk for her infant child. If possible, the break time is to run concurrently with any break time already provided to the employee. Break time that does not run concurrently with authorized leave will be unpaid. Reasonable efforts are to be made to provide a room or other loca tion, near the work area, other than a toilet stall, where the employee can express her milk in privacy. The break time need not be given if to do so would seriously disrupt the employer’s operations. An employer in vio lation will be subject to a civil penalty of $100 for each violation. Several changes were made concerning farm labor contractor regulation including establishment of a three-tier esca lating penalty system for those contractors who knowingly fail to pay wages or who continue to operate after their licenses are revoked or suspended. Penalties for a first offense after January 1,2003, will range from $ 1,000 to $5,000, a minimum of $ 10,000 for a second offense within 3 years, and a mini mum $25,000 fine for a third offense com mitted within 5 years of the second viola tion. In addition, license revocation is re quired upon conviction of an offense for 1 year in the case of a first offense, 2 years in the case of a second offense, and permanently in the case of a third offense. A system was also established for the verification of farm labor contractor licenses including creation of a Farm Labor Contractor License Verifica tion Unit at the Department of Industrial Re lations to certify the status of licenses. A grower has an affirmative obligation to in spect the license of any person contracted as a farm labor contractor and to verify that the license is valid. A copy of the license is to be retained for 3 years following termination of the contract or agreement. Farm labor contractor surety bonds and funds held for farm workers may be used to pay awards of monetary relief due to an agri cultural worker because of a violation of la bor laws or regulations. Payments will also be allowed for penalties on nonpayment or A g ric u ltu re . M onthly Labor R ev ie w J a n u a ry 2002 15 State Labor Laws, 2001 late payment of wages to employees who are discharged or quit. It was clarified that the Agricultural La bor Relations Board has authority to collect monetary relief it orders paid by employers who violate labor laws and to transfer the money to employees on whose behalf it was collected. If, after 2 years, the board cannot locate employees who are owed money, the money collected will be placed in an Agricul tural Employees Relief Fund to pay other workers who are owed monetary relief and for whom the board was otherwise unable to collect from an agricultural employer. The provi sion for the filing of complaints by persons who believe they have been discharged or otherwise discriminated against in violation of labor code provisions under the jurisdic tion of the Labor Commissioner was ex panded to cover any law under the jurisdic tion of the Labor Commissioner. Another change provides that when the Labor Com missioner has decided to dismiss a complaint and the complainant has then brought court action and filed a complaint against the State program with the U.S. Department of Labor, the filing of a timely complaint will stay the dismissal until the U.S. Secretary of Labor makes a determination regarding the alleged violation. Within 15 days of receipt of that determination, the Labor Commissioner is required to notify the parties as to whether he or she will reopen the complaint or reaf firm the dismissal. Protections against discrimination, for fil ing wage claims or instituting other actions, which had previously applied only to em ployees, were extended to job applicants. An unsuccessful job applicant or a person not selected for ajob-training program may now file a complaint against an employer for re fusal to hire based on lawful off-duty con duct including political activities. The law will not invalidate any requirement restrict ing the use o f tobacco products by firefighters. Claims of alleged discrimination will be filed with the State labor commis sioner. The law excludes law enforcement agencies and nonprofit religious organiza tions. The Fair Employment and Housing Act was amended to provide that a nonprofit public benefit corporation formed by, or af filiated with a particular religion, that oper ates an educational institution as its sole or primary activity, may restrict employment, including promotion, in any or all categories of employment, to individuals of the par ticular religion. In all other respects, these religious affiliated educational institutions E q u a l e m p lo y m e n t o p p o rtu n ity. 16 M onthly Labor R eview https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis will remain subject to the State’s prohibitions against employment discrimination. The California Fair Employment and Housing Act was amended to make existing provisions prohibiting workplace harassment applicable to nonprofit hospitals and health care facilities affiliated with or owned by re ligious institutions for persons employed to perform other than religious duties. These hospitals and health care facilities have been subject to the other unlawful employment practice provisions of the law. It was made an unlawful employment practice for an employer to adopt or enforce a policy that limits or prohibits the use of any language in the workplace, unless the lan guage restriction is justified by a business necessity and the employer has notified em ployees of the circumstances and the time when the restriction is required to be ob served and of the consequences for violations. A law was enacted requiring the annual licensure of pri vate duty nursing agencies that provide or arrange for the provision of private duty nurs ing services, and making it a crime to violate the licensure provisions. Each private duty nursing agency is to provide a plan of treat ment for patients receiving private duty nurs ing services, maintain clinical records on all patients, maintain policies regarding the de livery and supervision of patient care that are subject to annual professional review, and meet all applicable Federal, State, and local requirements. Employment agencies that procure tem porary employment for long-term health care employers may not refer certified nurse as sistants or licensed nursing staff for any em ployment without first conducting a personal interview, and verifying the individual’s ex perience, training, and references. P riv a te e m p lo y m e n t a g e n c ie s. W h istleb lo w ers. Provisions of the Report ing by Community College Employees of Im proper Governmental Activities Act were ex panded to authorize community college em ployees to file retaliation complaints with the State Personnel Board. This will be in addition to the prior protection from retalia tion for disclosing improper activities to a community college administrator, member of the governing board of a community college district, or the Chancellor of the California Community Colleges. The time given to the Department of Fair Employment and Hous ing to investigate civil violations of the State’s hate crimes law (concerning the right to be W orkplace vio le n c e. J a n u a ry 2002 free of violence or intimidation) was extended from 1 to 2 years. O th e r la w s. A Displaced Janitor Opportu nity Act was enacted requiring contractors and subcontractors who are awarded new contracts or subcontracts to provide janito rial or building maintenance services at a par ticular job site or sites, and who employ 25 or more janitors to retain the janitors em ployed by the former contractor or subcon tractor for at least 60 days. At the end of the 60-day transition period, the employees who are retained are to be offered continued em ployment if their performance during the 60day period was satisfactory. The written of fer of employment is to be made in the employee’s primary language or another lan guage in which the employee is literate. Pursuant to regulations adopted by the Department of Personnel Administration, and subject to the collective bargaining agreement between the State and the employee’s exclu sive representative, with supervisory ap proval, a State employee may receive full pay from the State while taking time off from work to serve as a member of a precinct board on election day. Colorado Obsolete provisions related to the U.S. Department of Labor review of Colorado law regarding work refusal by temporary employees and notifi cation to the General Assembly of any con flicts were repealed. P r iv a te e m p lo y m e n t a g e n c ie s. A resolution was adopted rec ognizing April 28, 2001 as Workers’ Memo rial Day in the State in remembrance of those who were killed, disabled, or injured on the job. March 31st of each year will be recognized as “Cesar Chavez Day”, and appropriate ob servances may be held by the public and by public schools in the State in tribute to his commitment to the principles of social jus tice and respect for human dignity. Employ ees of State agencies may take the day off from work as a paid holiday in lieu of any other paid legal holiday to which they would otherwise be entitled. O th e r law s. Connecticut W ages. As the result of prior legislation, the State minimum wage rate rose to $6.40 from $6.15 per hour on January 1,2001, and to $6.70 on January 1, 2002. The requirement that the labor department, by regulation, freeze until January 1,2003, the minimum hourly wage for tipped hotel and restaurant industry employees, other than bar tenders, at $4.74 and for bartenders at $6.15 was eliminated. Anew provision increased the tip credit and raised the minimum wage for bartenders and waitpersons. It creates a tip credit for hotel and restaurant industry em ployees of 26 percent during 2001 and 29.3 percent during 2002, except for bartenders who customarily and regularly receive tips. For these bartenders, the credit is 3.9 percent dur ing 2001 and 8.2 percent during 2002. Regulations exempting bona fide executive, administrative, and professional employees from overtime payment requirements were re vised administratively. The minimum weekly salary required to qualify for the exemption was increased to $400 ($475 for high-salaried employees). The Hu man Rights Law was amended to add mari tal status and mental disability to the lists of factors that are to be disregarded by State officials and supervisory personnel when making hiring and other personnel decisions involving State employees, and by State agencies in administering apprenticeship and on-the-job training programs. In addition, marital status, mental disability, and learn ing disability are not to be considered in granting, denying, or revoking licenses or charters. State agencies that provide em ployment referrals or placement services are now not to accept job orders that indicate an intention to exclude workers based upon marital status or mental disability in addi tion to previously banned forms of discrimi nation. “Mental disability” refers to an in dividual who has a record of, or who is re garded as having one or more mental disor ders. The ban on discriminatory practices by employers, government agencies, or labor or ganizations was enacted to replace the term “mental disorder” with “mental disability.” E q u a l e m p lo y m e n t o p p o rtu n ity . W orker p riv a c y . Medical records, if kept by an employer, are now to be retained for at least 3 years following termination of an em ployee. Previously, these records were re quired to be kept for at least 1 year after termination. O th e r la w s. As part of a measure to pro hibit employment exploitation of immigrant labor, the labor commissioner is to prevent illegal advantage being taken of such laborers because of their lack of information about their rights, credulity or lack of proficiency in the English language. Material describing the rights of these laborers under the State contracts, wage payment, minimum wage, https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis and unemployment compensation laws is to be printed in Spanish, French, and those lan guages determined to be spoken by the pri mary groups of immigrant laborers in the State. The commissioner was also authorized to request the Attorney General to bring court action for injunctive relief requiring compli ance with any award, decision or judgment issued by the commissioner under the stat ute barring retaliation against employees who file claims or testify in proceedings. The act also makes anyone who violates any of the employment regulation laws on hours and employee protection liable to the labor de partment for a $300 civil penalty for each violation. Delaware W ages. The penalty section of the prevail ing wage law was amended to provide that a worker who is paid less than the prevailing wage rate has a right of action against the employer in court to recover treble the dif ference between the amount paid and the pre vailing wage rate. Previously, the right of ac tion was for an amount of up to treble the difference. The Director of the State Emer gency Management Agency was authorized to grant exemptions from the Federal Rules governing the number of hours a motor car rier may be on duty during any consecutive 7 or 8 day period, for a period not exceeding 3 consecutive days, based upon criteria estab lished by the Department of Administrative Services. H o u rs. The Gov ernor issued an executive order affirming the State’s commitment to equal employment opportunity. It directs each entity within the Executive Branch to pursue the recruit ment and promotion of qualified women and minorities and to comply with the laws pro hibiting discrimination in employment. Each Executive Branch Agency is to maintain an affirmative action plan, which is to be filed annually. The Governor’s council on Equal Employment Opportunity is continued and will assist in the monitoring and evaluation of executive branch agencies’ implementa tion and compliance with the executive or der. The council will provide written reports on the State’s progress in improving work force diversity and recommend any addi tional actions that it believes should be un dertaken. The executive order is not intended to create an individual right or legal cause of action not already existing under State or Federal law. A previous executive order is sued in 1995 was repealed. E q u a l e m p lo y m e n t opportu n ity. W orker p riv a c y . Any employer who moni tors any telephone calls, electronic mail, or Internet access of or by employees must give prior written notice of such monitoring ac tivities to the employees. Violators will be subject to a civil penalty of $100 for each violation. This requirement will not apply to processes designed to manage the type or volume of incoming or outgoing electronic mail, telephone voice mail, or Internet usage, that are not targeted to monitor usage of a particular individual, and that are performed solely for the purpose of computer system maintenance or protection, or both. O th e r la w s. Any State employee who is a veteran or a member of the National Guard Reserve may serve on one veteran funeral detail per calendar year without loss of pay, vacation, sick leave, or personal leave credit. District of Columbia W ages. The minimum wage and wage pay ment laws were amended to provide for the assessment and collection of civil adminis trative penalties for violations in addition to the previously authorized criminal penalties. The Mayor is authorized to assess civil pen alties of up to $300 for first violations, and up to $500 for each subsequent violation. The history of previous violations by the employer, the administrative costs of the pro ceedings to collect, and the size of the employer’s business are to be considered in determining the amount of the penalty. More than one administrative penalty may be as sessed against an employer for the same ad versely affected employee if the employer has violated more than one provision of the law. Employers may request an informal hearing if a penalty is assessed. The Chief Procurement Officer and each District of Columbia Contracting Officer are to include in each governmentassisted project, totaling $100,000 or more, a provision that 51 percent of the new em ployees hired for the project will be District residents. Nonprofit organizations are ex empt from this requirement. It also may be waived in certain circumstances including where it can be shown that there was a good faith effort to comply. Violation may result in penalties, including monetary fines of 5 percent of the total amount of the direct and indirect labor costs of the contract. P referen ce. Florida W orker p r iv a c y . Procedures were estab lished relating to the release of the prior em ployment records of applicants for employ- M onthly Labor R ev ie w J a n u a ry 2002 17 S tate Labor Laws, 2001 ment or appointment as law enforcement of ficers, correctional officers, or probation of ficers. The applicant’s current or former employer is to provide employment infor mation upon being presented with proper credentials and an authorization form that, among other items, contains the applicant’s approval for the information release. Injunc tive relief is provided in the event of an employer’s failure to disclose the informa tion. Employers who disclose the required information are immune from civil liability for the disclosure or its consequences. The law exempting personal identifying information of various categories of employ ees from public records disclosure require ments was amended. With respect to county and municipal code inspectors, the Social Se curity numbers, photographs, and informa tion on spouses and children of these indi viduals were added to the previous exemp tions of home addresses and telephone num bers. The law was also amended to add local governm ent or water management district human resource, labor relations, or employee relations directors, assistant directors, man agers and assistant managers to those eligible for these disclosure exemptions. the list of those records in which public dis closure is not required those records that re veal the home address and phone number, Social Security number, or insurance or medi cal information about teachers and employ ees of a public school. Hawaii Wages. New legislation increased the State minimum wage rate from $5.25 to $5.75 per hour on January 1, 2002, with a further in crease to $6.25 per hour scheduled for Janu ary 1,2003. A tip credit against the minimum wage is permitted if the tipped employee is paid not less than 25 cents below the basic minimum wage (a change from 20 cents), and the combined amount that the employee re ceives from his or her employer and receives in tips is at least 50 cents more than the mini mum wage. The dislocated worker law was amended to increase to 60 days from 45 days the advance written notice that an em ployer in a covered establishment is to give to each employee and the director of labor and industrial relations prior to a closing, partial closing, or relocation of the business. P la n t closin g. Georgia Wages. Legislation was adopted raising the State minimum wage rate to $5.15 from $3.25 per hour on July 1, 2001. Certain individu als, employed by non-profit child-caring in stitutions or long-term care facilities serving children or mentally disabled adults, were added to the list of those exempt from the law. The exemption for employers subject to the Federal minimum wage was amended to now apply only when the Federal minimum wage rate is greater than the State rate. The State stat ute regarding testing related to drug-free workplace programs was amended. The stat ute now stipulates that testing at the em ployer worksite, with on-site testing kits that satisfy testing criteria, shall be deemed suit able and acceptable post-offer testing as long as the employers use chain of custody pro cedures to ensure proper recordkeeping, han dling, labeling, and identification of all speci mens to be tested. Positive test results must be confirmed by a confirmation test con ducted in a laboratory in accordance with specific requirements that govern laboratory approval, written procedures that establish a chain of custody, and proper quality control procedures are followed. D r u g a n d a lc o h o l testin g . W orker p riv a c y . The law, relating to public disclosure of records was amended to add to 18 M onthly Labor R eview https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Idaho Wages. The State minimum wage law now applies to agricultural labor except for fam ily members of the employer; seasonal har vest workers who spend less than 13 weeks in the fields, live locally, and are paid on a piece-rate basis; children 16 years of age or younger who work with their parents as harvest laborers and are paid at the same piece-rate as employees older than age 16; and employees principally engaged in the range production of livestock. Illinois W ages. The section of the minimum wage law authorizing the Director of the Depart ment of Labor to bring any legal action nec essary to recover unpaid minimum wages, unpaid overtime compensation, punitive damages, and court costs, was amended to specify that the action is to be brought within 5 years from the date of the failure to pay the wages or compensation. Anew Illinois Sports Facilities Authority Act provides that all public works projects, financed in whole or part with bonds issued under the act, are to be subject to the State prevailing wage law. H ours. J an u a ry 2002 The State vehicle code was amended to add a requirement that contract carriers limit the hours of service of drivers trans porting employees, in the course of their employment, on State roads or highways, in vehicles designed to carry 15 or fewer pas sengers, to 12 hours of vehicle operation per day, 15 hours of on-duty service per day, and 70 hours of on-duty service in 7 con secutive days. A driver who has 12 hours of vehicle operation per day or 15 hours of onduty service per day is to have at least 8 consecutive hours off duty before operating a vehicle again. Other provisions require reg istration and safety testing of these vehicles designed to carry 15 or fewer passengers, and proof of the financial responsibility of the contract carrier. A Nursing Mothers in the Workplace Act was enacted. It requires em ployers of more than 5 employees, who are not the employer’s family members, to pro vide reasonable unpaid break time each day to an employee who needs to express breast milk for her infant child. Reasonable efforts are to be made to provide a room or other location, near the work area, other than a toi let stall, where the employee can express her milk in privacy. If possible, the break time is to run concurrently with any break time al ready provided to the employee. The break time need not be given if to do so would un duly disrupt the employer’s operations. F a m ily issu es. O th e r la w s . A Broadcast Industry Free Market Act was adopted providing that broadcasting industry employers may not require, in an employment contract, that an employee or job applicant refrain obtaining employment in a specific geographic area for a specified period of time after termination of employment. The law does not prevent the enforcement of a covenant not to com pete during the term of an employment con tract or against an employee who breaches an employment contract. Indiana The child labor law was amended to exempt from coverage those par ents or guardians employing their own chil dren. These individuals must still comply with those provisions concerning minimum ages for employment, employment during school hours, and prohibitions on work in hazardous occupations. However, they will no longer be required to comply with other sections of the law, including the need to ob tain an employment certificate. Another amendment requires most employers to pro vide a 30-minute continuous rest break, be tween their third and fifth hours of work, to C h ild la b o r . minors under 18 years of age who are sched uled to work 6 or more hours. Minors em ployed as farm laborers, domestic service workers, golf caddies, and newspaper carri ers are exempt from the break requirement as are those minors employed by a non-profit camp or other facility that provides health, recreational, educational, or sectarian-related activities. Also exempt are those minors who have completed an approved vocational or special educational program, and those who are not enrolled in a regular school term. Ini tial violations of the break requirement will result in a warning letter. Civil money penal ties of $100 per instance will be assessed for second violations, $200 per instance for third violations, and $400 per instance for fourth or subsequent violations in which the viola tions occurred not more than 2 years after a prior violation. Iowa The gover nor issued an executive order rescinding an earlier executive order that had been voided by court order. The new executive order reaf firms the State policy of providing equal op portunity in State employment to all per sons. The State Department of Personnel is to create and administer a workforce diver sity program that will create an inclusive work environment, which values the contri butions of each employee, and promotes awareness of and respect for employee dif ferences. Additionally, a Task Force for Equal Opportunity in Employment was created to advise the Department of Personnel of po tential problems that could impede the State’s progress toward full utilization of the State’s residents and diversification of the State’s workforce, monitor the State’s progress in meeting affirmative action goals, and submit recommendations to the Gover nor on how to meet its goals. E q u a l e m p lo y m e n t o pportu n ity. Kentucky The legislature con firmed an Executive Order, issued in 2000, creating an Office of Information Technol ogy within the Labor Cabinet headed by an Executive Director. L a b o r d e p a r tm e n t. Louisiana W ages. The time period within which a dis charged employee must be paid was changed from not later than 3 days following the date of discharge to the earlier of the employee’s next regular payday or 15 days following the date of discharge. The law making it unlawful for employ https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis ers to assess employees fines or to deduct fines from their wages was amended to per mit such deductions in cases in which the employee is convicted of or has plead guilty to the theft of employer funds. A resolution was adopted urg ing the United States Congress and the Presi dent to institute and enforce legislation and diplomatic action toward the eradication of child slavery internationally. C h ild la b o r. A resolu tion was adopted asking the governor to is sue a proclamation directing all State agen cies to fully implement and enforce State and Federal law prohibiting employment dis crimination based on disability. E q u a l e m p lo y m e n t o p p o rtu n ity . G e n e tic testin g . A new law was enacted providing that no otherwise qualified person is to be subjected to employment discrimina tion on the basis of protected genetic infor mation. Specifically, employers, labor orga nizations, employment agencies, and train ing programs may not discharge, refuse to hire, exclude or expel from membership, seg regate, classify, or otherwise discriminate against any employee with respect to the compensation, terms, conditions, or privi leges of employment because of that individual’s genetic information. It was also made unlawful to require, collect, or purchase protected genetic information, or to disclose genetic information except to the employee, upon request, to an occupational or other health researcher, if required by Federal or State law, or as part of an investigation into compliance with the act. The law regulat ing drug testing was amended to specify that it will not be applicable to employers who use on-site screening tests to test employees or job applicants when there are no conse quences provided for in the law. An “on-site screening test” is defined as a test that is eas ily portable and can be administered in a lo cation outside a laboratory such as a work site or elsewhere. The test must be certified by the United States Food and Drug Admin istration for commercial distribution and it must meet generally accepted cutoff levels, such as those in the mandatory guidelines for Federal workplace drug-testing programs. A resolution was adopted urging the gov erning authority for each public elementary and secondary school to develop, adopt, and implement a policy providing for pre-em ployment drug screening and in-service test ing of any school employee who might be placed in a position of supervisory or disci plinary authority over students. The in-ser vice testing for illegal substances should be limited to those instances which result in a reasonable suspicion that drugs are being used, or as part of a monitoring program es tablished by the employer to assure compli ance with the terms of an employee’s reha bilitation program. A private employment agency may not enter into a written contract with an applicant that pro vides for the direct payroll deduction of any applicant fee through a payment schedule which exceeds 20 percent of an applicant’s gross wages per pay period. P r iv a te e m p lo y m e n t a g e n c ie s . O th e r la w s. The law protecting certified volunteer firefighters, who are employed by the State, from discharge or denial of leave was amended to specify that the protection applies to absences from work for the pur pose of emergency response rather than for any other official duties. Two resolutions were adopted in the wake of the terrorist attacks of September 11 and the subsequent activation of military reserv ists and National Guard members. One re quests all employers who have employees who are members of the National Guard or reserves, and who are called to active duty, to continue to pay those employees, either their entire salary or an amount equal to the differ ence between their civilian and military pay. The other urges all employers in the State to ensure continued compensation and benefits for military personnel called to active duty if funds are available. It also requests post-sec ondary education institutions to ensure mini mal academic impact on students called to active duty. D r u g a n d a lc o h o l testin g. Maine Wages. New legislation increased the State minimum wage rate from $5.15 to $5.75 per hour on January 1, 2002, with a further in crease to $6.25 per hour scheduled for Janu ary 1, 2003. In addition, the provision that provides for matching any Federal minimum wage increases above the State rate was amended to limit any such increase to no more than $1.00 per hour above the current legislated State rate. The exemption from the State overtime pay requirement for automobile mechanics, automobile parts clerks, and automobile salespersons was amended to specify that the interpretation of these terms is to be con sistent with the interpretation of the same terms under Federal overtime law. The law placing limits on mandatory overtime was amended to provide that a nurse may not be disciplined for refusing to M onthly Labor R ev ie w J a n u a ry 2002 19 S tate Labor Laws, 2001 work more than 12 consecutive hours except in the event of an unforeseen emergent cir cumstance when overtime is required as a last resort to ensure patient safety. Any nurse who is required to work more than 12 con secutive hours must be allowed at least 10 consecutive hours of off-duty time immedi ately following the worked overtime. This provision will not apply to overtime worked in response to an emergency declared by the governor or to work that is necessary to pro tect the public health or safety, when the ex cess overtime is required outside the normal course of business. The governor is to annually issue a procla mation designating the first Tuesday in April as Equal Pay Day. Also, annually, on this date, the Department of Labor is to report to the legislature on progress made in Maine to com ply with the State’s equal pay law. A resolution was adopted asking that the President and the U.S. Congress strengthen efforts to ensure that women are paid fairly for their work. C h ild labor. New rules were adopted ef fective May 14, 2001, governing prohibited hazardous occupations for minors. Among these, minors under age 16 are prohibited from selling products door-to-door (except when the minor is selling candy or merchan dise as a fund-raiser for school or for an orga nization to which the minor belongs, such as the Girl Scouts of America). They are also prohibited from working in a traveling crew, and operating amusement rides (all occupa tions relating to amusement rides, including ticket collection or sales).For minors under age 18, the hazardous occupations rule pro hibits minors from working alone in a cashbased business and from all occupations in places having nude entertainment. The work permit section of the law pro viding that permits are issued by the Direc tor of the Bureau of Labor Standards rather than the Superintendent of Schools was clari fied. The work permit is issued upon verifi cation of the proper approval by the super intendent and verification that the employ ment conforms with the provisions of the child labor law. The work permit is only valid for the employer and the positions listed on the permit as issued by the bureau. The superintendent’s office will distribute the work permit to the minor. The current policy regarding cases that are actually prosecuted was codified by amending the child labor law to provide that, absent a pattern of knowing and intentional conduct, the Bureau of Labor Standards may disregard certain d e m in im is hours of employ ment violations for minors under age 16 and under age 18. Violations of the restrictions on the starting and ending times, and daily hours 20 M onthly Labor R eview https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis that may be worked by both categories of minors may be disregarded if they do not exceed 10 minutes per day. Additionally, it will be considered a d e m in im is violation of the number of hours worked in a week as long as the violation is not greater than 50 minutes in a week. The section of the child labor law prohib iting the employment of minors, who are under 16 years of age, in theaters was amended to permit these minors to perform work for a nonprofit organization that pre serves film and other moving images and that provides education and research opportuni ties for the public or for a theater that is op erated by such an organization as an integral part of its mission. Legislation was enacted mandating the offer of domestic partner insurance benefits in individual or group contracts issued by any nonprofit or medical service organization, in individual, group or blanket health insurance policies or contracts issued by any private insurer, and in individual or group policies or contracts issued by any health maintenance organiza tion. Domestic partner is defined as the part ner of a subscriber or member who 1) is a mentally competent adult as is the subscriber or member; 2) has been legally domiciled with the subscriber or member for at least 12 months; 3) is not legally married to or legally separated from another individual; 4) is the sole partner of the subscriber or member and expects to remain so; and 5) is jointly re sponsible with the subscriber or member for each other’s common welfare as evidenced by joint living arrangements, joint financial arrangements or joint ownership of real or personal property. E q u a l em p lo ym en t opportun ity. O th e r law s. A resolution was adopted pro claiming April 28, 2001 as Workers Memo rial Day in the State and encouraging resi dents to remember those workers killed or injured on the job. training program to discriminate because of the sexual orientation of an individual. Ex emptions were adopted for religious organi zations and for the Boy Scouts of America and the Girl Scouts of America. Employers are not to be required to offer health insur ance benefits to unmarried domestic partners. In addition, employers will be immune from liability arising out of reasonable acts to verify the sexual orientation of an employee or ap plicant taken in response to a charge filed against the employer on the basis of sexual orientation. The Washington Suburban Sanitary Commission is prohibited from discriminat ing against a person on the basis of sex, race, creed, color, age, mental or physical handi cap, sexual orientation, or national origin. This prohibition also applies to the commission’s contractors and subcontrac tors when they are engaged on design/build contracts and construction contracts. It was made an unlawful employment practice for an employer to refuse to hire, discharge, or otherwise dis criminate against an individual because of the individual’s genetic information, or be cause of the individual’s refusal to submit to a genetic test or to reveal the results of a genetic test. G e n e tic testin g. Employers who require job applicants to be tested for the use of controlled substances were authorized to designate a medical laboratory to perform preliminary screening of the applicants, pro vided that approved procedures to collect, handle, store, ship test specimens, and main tain records are followed. The employer must have procedures in place relating to volun tary disclosure and documentation by job applicants taking legally prescribed medica tion. A medical review officer must review positive tests after laboratory confirmation. This law does not apply to employers who are parties to collective bargaining agreements that prohibit such preliminary screening. D r u g a n d a lc o h o l testin g. Maryland Employers were authorized to de duct voluntary contributions to political ac tion committees from employee wages. W ages. It was made an unlawful employment practice for an employer to refuse to hire, discharge, or otherwise discriminate against an individual in compensation or in terms or conditions of employment because of that person’s sexual orientation. It is also now an unlawful em ployment practice for an employment agency, labor organization, or employee E q u a l e m p lo y m e n t o p p o r tu n ity . J a n u a ry 2002 An Advisory Council on Of fender Employment Coordination was es tablished in the Department of Public Safety and Correctional Services. The council is to be composed of members from the legisla ture, State government including State courts, Baltimore City, the business com munity, faith-based or nonprofit communi ties, and the labor trades. The council is to provide guidance on ways to expand em ployment opportunities for offenders both in institutional and community settings; provide more extensive employment coun seling; increase job placement and job reten- In m ate la b o r tion rates; improve the overall coordination of employment services; and develop and implement a business mentoring program. A report on activities and recommendations is to be made annually to the governor and leg islature. Members of the Department of labor, Licensing, and Regulation police force were added to the definition o f ‘police officer’ under the law relating to arrests made without warrants. The law details when such arrests may be made with probable cause and defines probable cause. O th e r la w s. Massachusetts W ages. As the result of prior legislation, the State minimum wage rate increased to $6.75 from $6.00 per hour on January 1, 2001. The $2.63-per-hour cash wage that was required to be paid to employees who re ceive part of their compensation from tips was frozen at that level. C h ild la b o r. Sections of the child labor law, regulating hours of work by children under age 16, work permit requirements, work in public exhibitions, and license requirements for theatrical exhibitions or shows, were sus pended, thereby allowing the theatrical group Cirque du Soleil to employ children under 16 years of age, including employment as acro bats, contortionists, or in any feat of gym nastics, provided each child performs in no more than 10 shows per week and no more than 2 shows per day. Michigan W a g e s. The law authorizing reciprocal agreements with other States for the collec tion of claims for wages, fringe benefits, and penalties was amended to expand coverage to include Canada, and Canadian provinces and territories. C h i l d la b o r . The child labor law was amended to now permit minors (who are 16years of age or older, and who are enrolled in school) to work until 11:30 p.m. on Friday and Saturday nights in addition to during school vacation periods and other periods when the minor is not regularly enrolled in school, as was previously authorized. In ad dition, the section of the law permitting longer work hours for minors age 16 and older in agricultural processing was amended to also apply to these minors who are employed in farming operations involved in the produc tion of seed. Two changes were made in the provision permitting these minors to be em ployed up to 62 hours a week when school is https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis not in session. The first of these eliminated a 4-week limit on the number of 62-hour weeks that could be worked, and the second pro vides that the minor must agree to work more than 48 hours during any week. O th e r la w s . A resolution was adopted commemorating April 28,2001, as Workers’ Memorial Day in the State in remembrance of those who lost their lives while working or as a result of work-related conditions. Minnesota Wages. A section of the law dealing with unlawful acts relating to the payment of wages was amended to prohibit an employer or a person, firm, corporation or association from altering the method of, or timing of payment, or procedures for payment of commissions earned through the last day of employment, after the employee has resigned'or been termi nated, if the result is to delay or reduce the amount of payment. Civil action was autho rized in the event of violation. C h ild labor. A United States Department of Justice Immigration and Naturalization Service Employment Eligibility Verification Form 1-9 was added to the list of those docu ments that an employer may accept as the proof of the age of any minor employee or job applicant. A current, former, or prospective employee of the State who is aggrieved by the State’s viola tion of the Federal Age Discrimination in Employment Act, the Federal Family and Medical Leave Act, or the Federal Ameri cans with Disabilities Act, may now bring a civil action against the State. In addition, a current State employee who is aggrieved by the State’s violation of the Federal Fair La bor Standards Act also may bring a civil ac tion against the State. Among amendments to the Human Rights law, it is no longer required for sexual harassment in employment that the em ployer knows or should have known of the existence of harassment and fails to take timely and appropriate action. Additionally, national origin was added to the prohibited forms of business discrimination on which basis it is an unfair discriminatory practice to intentionally refuse to do business with, to refuse to contract with, or to discriminate in the basic terms, conditions, or perfor mance of the contract. If the commissioner determines that there is no probable cause to pursue an allegation upon appeal, the options of vacating or remanding for further consideration were added to those of reaf E q u a l e m p lo y m e n t o p p ortu n ity. firming or reversing a decision. G e n e tic testin g. It was made unlawful for an employer or employment agency to either administer a genetic test or to request, re quire, or collect protected genetic informa tion regarding a person as a condition of em ployment, or to affect the terms or condi tions of employment or terminate the em ployment of any person based on protected genetic information. Civil action may be brought in the event of a violation with the court authorized to award up to three times actual damages, punitive damages, costs and attorney fees, and injunctive or other equi table relief. W orker p riv a c y . The law relating to public information was amended to specify that State employee identification numbers are considered to be public data. These identifi cation numbers must not be the employees’ Social Security numbers. Employee-assistance records are to be maintained separate from personnel records and must not become part of an employee’s personnel file. These records, or participa tion in employee-assistance services may not be disclosed to a third person, including the employer, without the prior written au thorization of the person receiving services, except pursuant to State or Federal law or judicial order, as required in the normal course of providing the requested services, or if necessary to prevent physical harm or the commission of a crime. Employee-assis tance services are services paid for or pro vided by an employer and offered to em ployees or their family members on a volun tary basis to help resolve personal issues, such as emotional concerns, alcohol or drug use, family, relationship or financial issues, that may affect job performance. The Depart ment of Labor and Industry will cease regu lating job search firms beginning July 1, 2003. Employment agencies will continue to be regulated. P riv a te e m p lo y m e n t agen cies. P la n t clo sin g . Legislation increased to 2 years from 1 year the period of time that the owner or operator of an iron mine or related facility must maintain the mine or facility in salable operating condition, after discontinu ing operation, to allow the State and other interested public and private bodies to seek new ownership. An employee who has been in voluntarily terminated will now have 15 rather than 5 working days following termi nation to make a written request to the emD isc h a rg e. M onthly Labor R ev ie w J a n u a ry 2002 21 S tate Labor Laws, 2001 ployer to be informed of the reason for ter mination. The employer will now have 10 rather than 5 working days following receipt of the request to provide a written response specifying the reason for termination. O th e r la w s. Public sector employers of 20 or more employees must grant paid leaves of absence to an employee who seeks to donate an organ or partial organ to another person. The combined length of the leave periods will be determined by the employee, but may not exceed 40 work hours for each donation, unless agreed to by the employer. The employer may require verification by a physician of the purpose and length of each leave period requested. An employer may not retaliate against an employee for re questing or obtaining leave. Montana Wages. The State minimum wage and over time law was amended to specify that the overtime payment requirement for the em ployment of firefighters and law enforcement officers by the State must be consistent with the Federal Fair Labor Standards Act ( flsa ) and its regulations. Additionally, an exemp tion from the overtime pay requirement of the State or its political subdivisions was added for an employee who is employed, at his or her option, on an occasional or spo radic basis in a capacity other than the employee’s regular occupation. In these in stances, only the hours that the employee was employed, in a capacity other than his or her regular occupation, may be excluded from the calculation of hours to determine overtime compensation. Finally, in those in stances in which the State or political subdi vision employer, or a private sector employer subject to the flsa fails to pay the correct minimum wage and overtime rates, liquidated damages as determined under the flsa do ap ply. However, the penalty provisions for the assessment of 110 percent of the wages due and unpaid under State law do not apply. In all other claims not involving the Federal minimum wage or overtime, the 110 percent penalty of Montana law is to be applied. In response to the A ld en v. M ain e court decision, an amendment was enacted allow ing public employees to use the cumulative remedies in Montana law to sue for overtime compensation if it was not paid by their pub lic sector employer. Provisions in the State minimum wage and overtime law excluding various outside sales persons from coverage were repealed and re placed with a provision adopting the exclu sion for outside salespersons provided for under the flsa . 22 M onthly Labor R eview https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis A resolution was adopted urging the De partment of Labor and Industry to review State laws and administrative rules to sim plify and clarify laws related to the compens ability of employee travel time and to meet with representatives of the U.S. Department of Labor and other interested employer and employee representatives in order to discuss streamlining and reducing the complexity of Federal and State laws governing this sub ject. Following the meetings, a report is to be sent to the Montana congressional delega tion and to the U.S. Secretary of Labor. The use of a weighted average to establish wage rates under the prevailing wage law was modified. Rates will now be computed by the Department of Labor and Industry based on work performed by registered State con tractors and reported in an annual survey. The survey must include information per taining to the number of skilled craftspersons employed in the employer’s peak month of employment and the wages and benefits paid for each craft. In setting prevailing wage rates, the weighted average for each craft will be used, except where the survey shows that 50 percent of the craftspersons are receiving the same wage. When 50 percent are receiving the same wage, that wage is the prevailing wage for that craft. Other changes in the pre vailing wage law require contractors and em ployers to maintain payroll records for 3 years after completion of work on a project, and require that fringe benefits be posted in addition to the wage scale as previously re quired. The law barring discrimination in employment was amended to provide that it will not be a vio lation of the prohibition against marital sta tus discrimination for an employer to em ploy or offer to employ a person who is qualified for a position and to also employ or offer to employ the person’s spouse. E q u a l e m p lo y m e n t o p p o rtu n ity. The law establishing rights and remedies with respect to wrongful discharge was amended to clarify that during a proba tionary period, employment may be termi nated by either the employer or the employee on notice to the other for any reason or for no reason. If an employer fails to establish a specific probationary period or provide that there is no probationary period prior to or at the time of hire, there will be a presumptive probationary period of 6 months from the date of hire. D isch a rg e. closely regulated under the child labor law. Employment under age 12 will not be al lowed. Work from ages 12 to 15 will be per mitted if it is outside of school hours during June, July or August; the employer obtains written parental permission; the child lives within 75 miles of the work site; and the child does not work more than 48 hours a week, more than 9 hours a day, or before 6 a.m. Minors under age 14 may not work after 8 p.m. and those between the ages of 14 and 16 may not work after 10 p.m. Transportation time will not count as time worked nor will work breaks. Employment certificate and hours requirements for other work by chil dren under age 16 will not apply to detasseling. At least two supervisors age 18 or older must be at each location where detasseling is being performed by children under age 16, and parents are to be given in formation sheets specifying the terms of em ployment. Other child labor law changes au thorize the Department of Labor to approve employment certificates for children from adjoining States who seek to work in Ne braska, and change law violations from class 5 to class 2 misdemeanors. G e n e tic testin g. It was made unlawful for an employer to require an employee or ap plicant for employment to submit to a ge netic test or provide genetic information as a condition of employment or promotion. In addition, employers may not fail or refuse to hire, recruit or promote an employee or applicant because of genetic information that is unrelated to the ability to perform job duties; may not discharge or otherwise dis criminate with respect to compensation, or the terms, conditions, or privileges of em ployment; and may not limit, segregate, or classify an employee or applicant in a way which deprives the individual of employ ment opportunities or otherwise adversely affects the status of an employee because of genetic information unrelated to the ability to perform job duties. This law does not apply to the employment of an individual by his or her parent, spouse, or child, nor does it apply to any individual employed in the domestic service of any person. A resolution was adopted des ignating April 28,2001 as Workers Memorial Day to honor and mourn for those workers who sacrificed their lives for the safety of all workers. O th e r law s. Nevada Nebraska Detasseling work, for some one other than a parent, will now be more C h ild labor. J an u a ry 2002 W a g e s. The minimum wage law was amended to eliminate a sub-minimum wage rate for minors (85 percent) and to specify that the labor commissioner is, in accordance with Federal law, to establish the minimum wage by regulation. The authority of the labor commissioner was expanded by providing authorization to adopt regulations to enforce all State labor laws, the enforcement of which is not vested elsewhere. The authority to take wage as signments has been deleted, but in addition to prosecuting wage claims as before, the commissioner may now commence any other action to collect wages. Additionally, the com missioner has been provided with subpoena power in wage claim cases. Upon complaint of the labor commissioner, the attorney gen eral rather than the district attorneys of the several counties will prosecute all criminal violations of law. Among several changes in the State pre vailing wage law, the labor commissioner may now establish a sliding scale based on the severity of the violation and may assess a fine not to exceed $5,000 for each violation. The Attorney General rather than the Dis trict Attorney of the county where the viola tions occurred is now responsible for the prosecution of violators. Recordkeeping vio lations were added to the definition of “of fense” for penalty purposes. It was speci fied that public bodies are to investigate pos sible law violations and inform the labor com missioner of any violations found. The time that violators will be debarred from public works was increased from 2 to 3 years for a first offense, and from 3 to 5 years for a sec ond or subsequent offense. A contractor en gaged on public works who violates the law shall be fined not less than $20, nor more than $50 for each calendar day each work man was engaged on the project. This is an increase from the previous range of $ 15 to $25. Payroll records will no longer be sent to the labor commissioner; they must now be kept by the public body for 2 years rather than 1 year. The law authorizing the Director of Juve nile Services to create and administer a fund to finance a program of restitution through court-ordered work, for minors 14 years of age or older, was amended to specify that the director may not require that more than 50 percent of the wages of a child be deducted to pay restitution. A resolution was adopted declaring April 3, 2001, as Equal Pay Day in the State. State and local governments, along with private em ployers were urged to compensate all em ployees in a fair manner based upon objec tive evaluations of theirjobs, considering fac tors such as skill, effort, responsibility, and working conditions. Additionally, it was re solved to recognize those firms that promote and support policies to ensure fairness and equity for their employees. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis C h ild la b o r. In 2000, the labor commis sioner issued a rule declaring youth ped dling to be a hazardous occupation and ban ning it for children under age 16. New legis lation was enacted superseding this rule. The new law directs the labor commissioner to adopt regulations prohibiting the employ ment of children under age 16 in connection with the solicitation for sale or selling of any product, good, or service at any time or place or in any manner the commissioner determines to be dangerous to the health or welfare of children. The law will not apply to the sale of any product, good or service in a county of less than 100,000 population, or to the retail sale of any agricultural prod uct at a fixed location directly to consumers. Any person employing or permitting a child to work in violation of this law will be liable for a civil penalty of up to $2,500 for each violation in addition to any other penalty provided by law. Entities, including motion picture com panies or production companies hired by a casino or resort hotel, that employ children to work in the entertainment industry, pur suant written contract for a period of more than 91 school days, must, upon the request of the child’s parent or legal guardian, pay the costs for the child to receive at least 3 hours of tutoring per day for at least 5 days per week or other equivalent educational or instructional services. The child must be ex empt from compulsory school attendance requirements because he or she is either 1) receiving equivalent, approved instruction, 2) is 14 years of age or older and must support himself or herself or a parent, or 3) is be tween 14 and 17 years of age, has completed the 8th grade, and has a written permit for employment or apprenticeship. It was made unlawful for a business, in cluding a gaming establishment, a saloon, a resort, or a restaurant to employ, allow, or use a person younger than age 18 to distrib ute promotional materials that include an of fer for alcoholic beverages. An em ployer who reasonably believes that harass ment in the workplace has occurred may file a verified application for a temporary court order for protection against the person who allegedly committed the harassment, and for an extended order prohibiting further harass ment. Workplace harassment occurs when a person knowingly threatens to cause or commits an act that causes bodily injury to the person or another person, damage to the property of another person, or substantial harm to someone’s physical or mental health or safety; the threat is made or the act is committed against an employer, an em ployee on the job, or a person present at the E q u a l e m p lo y m e n t o p p o r tu n ity . employer’s workplace; and the threat would cause a reasonable person to fear that the threat is viable. An employer is immune from civil liability, both for seeking a temporary or extended order for protection, if acting in good faith, or for failing to seek a temporary or extended order for protection against ha rassment in the workplace. The law will not be construed as prohibiting a person from engaging in any activity that is part of a la bor dispute. W orker p r iv a c y . The law regarding conse quences of a peace officer’s refusal to sub mit to polygraphic examinations was amended to provide that it will now be vol untary rather than mandatory, for an officer, against whom an allegation of misconduct is made, to submit to a polygraphic examina tion concerning such activities. No disci plinary action may be taken if the officer refuses the examination and no record is to be made of the refusal. O th e r la w s. Private sector employers of 50 or more employees and public sector em ployers who employ members of the State legislature are to grant them either paid or unpaid leave so that they may attend certain specified committee meetings held during the legislative interim. In addition, the protec tion from loss of seniority provided for State legislators who miss work while attending regular or special sessions of the legislature was extended to apply to attendance at these interim committee meetings. New Hampshire A com mittee was established to study various top ics involving the Department of Corrections, including an investigation of allegations of sexual harassment, sexual assault, or other allegations of sexual misconduct perpetrated by department personnel on other depart ment personnel, or inmates. A report on find ings and any recommendations for proposed legislation is to be made to the legislature by November 1, 2002. E q u a l e m p lo y m e n t o p p o rtu n ity . New Jersey Penalties for violation of the State’s Law Against Discrimination were increased from up to $2,000 for a first violation and up to $5,000 for a second or any subsequent viola tion. The maximum fines are now $10,000 if the violator has not committed any prior vio lation within the 5-year period preceding the filing of the discrimination charge; $25,000 for violators who have committed one other M o n th ly Labor R ev ie w J a n u a ry 2002 23 S tate Labor Laws, 2001 violation within the previous 5 years; and $50,000 for violators who have committed two or more violations within the previous 7 years. The law bars discrimination in em ployment, housing and public accommoda tion on the basis of race, creed, color, na tional origin, nationality, ancestry, age sex, marital status, sexual orientation, atypical hereditary cellular blood trait, genetic infor mation, liability for military service, or men tal or physical disability. New Mexico O th e r law s. An employee who is enrolled as a member of an Indian nation, tribe, or pueblo and who is qualified to vote in a tribal or pueblo election is to be given 2 hours off from work without penalty for voting pur poses. Employers may specify the hours in which the voters may be absent, and the timeoff requirement will not apply to an em ployee whose workday begins more than 2 hours after the polls open, or ends more than 3 hours before the polls close. An employer in violation will be guilty of a misdemeanor and may be fined from $50 to $100. New York W a g e s. The prevailing wage law was amended by adding a provision requiring the industrial commissioner to ensure that all re tirement, insurance, vacation and other supplements due under the law be paid to or on behalf of an employee. The commissioner is to require proof that the pension plan for which any supplement has been paid is quali fied as a bona fide plan by the United States Internal Revenue Service. G a r m e n t in d u s tr y . Local school boards may now consider labor standards and work ing conditions, including the use of child la bor, in purchasing apparel. School boards may determine that apparel companies are not responsible bidders if they either fail to meet certain labor standards including em ployee compensation, working conditions, employee rights to form unions, and the use of child labor, or if they fail to provide the boards of education with sufficient labor stan dards compliance information. North Carolina Local boards of education were authorized to adopt policies addressing the sexual harass ment of board employees by students, other local board employees, or school board members. At a minimum, these policies may set out the consequences of harassing school E q u a l e m p lo y m e n t o p p o r t u n i ty . 24 M onthly Labor R eview https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis employees and establish a procedure for re porting such incidents. The ban on disci plining an employee of the school board be cause he or she files a sexual harassment complaint was amended to specify that pro hibited discipline means to discharge, threaten, or otherwise retaliate against an employee regarding his or her compensation, terms, conditions, location or privileges of employment. O th e r la w s. It was made unlawful for an employer to discharge or to demote any em ployee because he or she has been appointed as a precinct official and takes leave to serve in that capacity on election day or canvass day, provided the employee has given the employer at least 30 days written notice of the intention to take the leave. North Dakota W ages. Sections of the State law provid ing for the payment of wages were amended to provide that the wages of an employee who is terminated, who quits voluntarily, or whose employment is suspended because of an industrial dispute, are due and payable on the regularly scheduled payday estab lished in advance by the employer for the periods worked by the employee. This change makes the handling of the final paychecks for all employees consistent regard less of the reason for separation. The running of the 2-year statute of limi tations for the processing of claims for un paid wages will now stop at the time a claim is filed with the Labor Department. In cases in which the department dismisses the claim or refers the claim back to the claimant, the statute of limitations will resume running. The State law relating to exemp tions from Federal hours of service provi sions for intrastate drivers was amended by deleting the provision that following 24 con secutive hours off, an intrastate driver would begin a new 7 consecutive day period and on-duty time was reset to zero. As the result of extreme weather condi tions, short supplies of propane and diesel products, and high customer demand, the governor issued an Executive Order on Janu ary 24, 2001. This order declared a state of emergency and therefore permitted him to exempt drivers of commercial motor vehicles from hours limits, established under Federal Motor Carrier Safety Regulations, while transporting heating and motor fuels to cus tomers. The order, which expired on Febru ary 22, 2001, did not relieve carriers from those regulations pertaining to driver quali fications or the safe operation of vehicles, or H ou rs. J an u ary 2002 require or allow fatigued drivers to work. A resolution was adopted di recting the Legislative Council to study the benefits and risks associated with the use of contracts in agricultural production, includ ing labor arrangements, growing and sales provisions, chemical usage, and provisions necessitated by emerging technologies. Find ings, recommendations, and any legislative proposals are to be reported to the next Leg islative Assembly. A g ric u ltu re . Legislation was enacted which expanded the authority of the Human Rights Division of the Depart ment of Labor beyond responsibility for en forcing employment and housing discrimi nation protections to include responsibility for discrimination protection provisions for public accommodations, public services, and nonhousing related lending. Additionally, the legislation provided that the Department hold administrative hearings on cases in which there is reasonable cause to believe that a discriminatory practice has occurred and provided that the department report on the progress of its human rights programs at the beginning of the 2003 legislative session. The human rights act was amended to clarify that filing a minimally sufficient com plaint with the State Department of Labor constitutes the filing of an employment dis crimination complaint for purposes of es tablishing the timeframe for remedy for back pay. In addition, the Department of Labor was authorized to provide necessary case file documents to the U.S. Equal Employ ment Opportunity Commission for pur poses of processing and closure. E q u a l e m ploym en t opportunity. O th e r la w s. A telecommuting incentive program was adopted for employees of the State. Under the program, a State agency head may submit a proposal, to the sugges tion incentive committee, to locate a State employee away from a central office setting of the agency. The proposal must include a comparison of the estimated annual costs of locating the employee away from the cen tral office to the costs of the employee re maining. A State agency head who submits a proposal that is approved and implemented is entitled to receive 10 percent of any sav ings resulting from implementing the telecommuting program for the first 12months up to a maximum payment of $2,000. The employee who participates in the program is entitled to receive 20 percent of any savings identified, up to a maximum payment of $2,000. The State agency head may also use 20 percent of any savings for one-time technology, equipment, or capital improvement costs. Ohio W ages. By law, threshold amounts for con tract coverage under the State prevailing wage law are adjusted every 2 years according to the change in the Census Bureau’s Implicit Price Deflator for Construction, provided that no increase or decrease exceeds 6 per cent for the 2-year period. As a result, effec tive January 1, 2002, the threshold amount for new construction rose from $58,958 to $62,549, and the threshold amount for re construction, remodeling, or renovation in creased from $17,687 to $18,764. Oklahoma O th er law s. A right-to-work Constitutional Amendment was approved by the voters in a September 25,2001 election. The amendment bans any new employment contract that re quires employees to resign from or belong to a labor organization, pay union dues, or make other payments to a union. Payroll deductions to labor organizations may only be made with employee authorization. Contributions to charity or any other third party required in lieu of payment to a labor organization are pro hibited. The measure was placed on the ballot as the result of the passage of ajoint resolution by the legislature. Oregon W ages. Legislation was enacted barring lo cal governments from establishing minimum wage requirements for private sector employ ers in their jurisdictions. Local governments are allowed to set minimum wage rates for their own employees, for employees of firms that perform contract work for the local gov ernment, and as a condition of providing di rect tax abatements or subsidies for private employers with 10 or more employees. A restriction on the number of manda tory overtime hours that can be required is among provisions of a law relating to hospi tals and staffing plans for registered nurses. Hospitals are to develop staffing plans that include a list of qualified on-call nurses who can serve as replacement workers on a regu lar basis. Registered nurses cannot be re quired to work more than 2 hours of manda tory overtime beyond a regularly scheduled shift and may not work more than 16 hours in any 24-hour period. These restrictions will not apply during a national or State emergency, in emergency circumstances identified by the Health Division, or when the hospital has made reasonable efforts to provide replacement staff and has been un https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis able to do so in a timely manner. Provisions were enacted prohibiting retaliation and pro viding a civil cause of action in the event of violation. Hospitals were authorized to re quire registered nurses to provide notice of any outside employment that may interfere with job requirements. The State’s prevailing wage law was amended to exempt from coverage those projects for which no funds of a public agency are directly or indirectly used. It was specified that funds of a public agency do not include funds provided in the form of a government grant to a nonprofit organiza tion, unless the grant is issued for construc tion purposes. The notification to the Commissioner of the Bureau of Labor and Industries that is required of public contracting agencies, whenever a contract subject to the prevail ing wage law has been awarded, is now to include a copy of the contractor’s disclosure of first-tier subcontractors. Changes were made regarding the sub mission of certified payrolls on public works projects. Contractors and subcontractors are to prepare weekly certified payroll state ments and submit them monthly by the fifth business day of the following month. The Commissioner of the Bureau of Labor and Industries was authorized to assess civil penalties of up to $1,000 for willful minimum wage law violations and for final pay and sea sonal farm worker payment violations. In ad dition, the remedy for failure to pay final wages was amended to provide that penalty wages may not exceed 100 percent of unpaid wages unless the employer fails to pay the full amount of unpaid wages within 12 days of written notice or unless the employer has willfully vio lated final pay provisions one or more times within a year of the employee’s termination. The section of the wage payment law bar ring special contracts or other arrangements exempting employers from liability or penal ties for failure to pay wages, unless approved by the Commissioner of the Bureau of Labor and Industries, was amended. It now provides that a settlement reached between an employee and employer of a claim, which has arisen un der any statute relating to the payment of wages, does not require the commissioner’s approval, if the settlement does not provide for the employee to relinquish a claim for additional or future violations. The section of law relating to attorney fees in actions for the collection of wages, in which wages are not paid within 48 hours after they become due and payable, was amended to provide that a sum for attorney fees will not be awarded if the court finds that the plaintiff’s attorney unreasonably failed to give written notice of the wage claim to the employer before filing the action. Nurses who provide acute care in hospital settings are now exempt from meal and rest period rules, issued by the Com missioner of the Bureau of Labor and Indus tries, if they are covered by a collective bar gaining agreement that prescribes rules con cerning meal and rest periods. H o u rs. ATask Force on Paid Fam ily Leave and Unemployment Insurance was created. The task force is to study the feasi bility of providing paid family leave to al low parents to take paid leave after the birth or adoption of a child, and investigate mechanisms for funding the leave through unemployment insurance and other poten tial funds. A report on findings is to be made to the legislature by September 1, 2002. F a m ily issu es. C h ild la b o r . The child labor law was amended to exempt from coverage soccer ref erees and assistant referees under age 18 when refereeing youth or adult recreational soccer matches. A separate provision, of gen eral application, classifies referees and as sistant referees of these matches as inde pendent contractors. The Housing and Community Services Department is to disburse the funds credited to the newly created Farmworker Housing Development Account to expand Oregon’s supply of housing for low and very low income farmworkers. Monies to be credited to the account include civil pen alties assessed for workplace safety and health violations in farmworker camps, and civil penalties assessed for violations of the farm labor contractor registration law. The law permitting private nonprofit corporations, whose primary purpose is to provide education or training, to obtain farm labor contractor licenses was expanded. The law now also applies to those private non profit corporations designated as exempt under Section 501(c)(3) of the Internal Rev enue Code who have been authorized to do business in Oregon for at least 5 years and who are primarily engaged in recruiting, so liciting, supplying, or employing workers. These corporations must post a corporate surety bond approved by and payable to the Commissioner of the Bureau of Labor and Industries in the amount of $30,000 when submitting the application for the farm labor contractor license. A g ric u ltu re . The State’s civil rights statues were reorganized. Addition ally, it was made an unlawful employment practice to discriminate against an applicant or employee for holding a degree with a title in theology or religious occupations. E q u a l e m p lo y m e n t o p p ortu n ity. M onthly Labor R ev ie w J a n u a ry 2002 25 S tate Labor Laws, 2001 An advisory Task force on Promotional and Career Opportunities for Women in Or egon was established. It is to issue a report that documents the manner in which laws related to pay equity are enforced in the State; the earnings of Oregon women by in come levels, occupation, education, length of employment, age, race and ethnicity and number of persons in a household in com parison to equivalent categories for Oregon men. The report is to document the number and type of businesses owned by women in Oregon and business resources available to women; the amount and type of public edu cation conducted concerning issues about pay for women in the workforce; the impact of domestic violence on women in the workforce; and the availability of workplace child care options and resources. The task force is to make recommendations to the leg islature for any necessary corrective action by March 1, 2003. O th e r la w s. Employers are to provide a place of employment that is free of tobacco smoke for all employees. Exceptions include retail businesses primarily engaged in the sale of tobacco products, bowling centers, and certain restaurants, bars or taverns. Vio lations will be punishable by fines of not more than $50 per day, not to exceed $1,000 in any 30-day period. Pennsylvania A resolu tion was adopted declaring the week of April 29 through May 5, 2001, as “Persons with Disabilities Employment Week” in recogni tion of the policy of the Commonwealth to encourage and assist individuals with dis abilities to achieve maximum independence through productive and gainful employment. E q u a l e m p lo y m e n t o p p o rtu n ity . Rhode Island W ages. Coverage under the State prevail ing wage law was expanded to include pub lic works contracts let by public agencies and quasi-public agencies in addition to the previously covered contracts let by the State and its political subdivisions. A resolution was adopted declaring April 3, 2001 to be “Rhode Island Pay Equity Day” and asking all Rhode Islanders to join in urging all other States to establish equi table compensation that eliminates sex and race based wage discrimination. The ban on the employment of persons under age 18 to manufacture, transport, carry, or sell a controlled sub stance was amended to exempt individuals C h ild labor. 26 M onthly Labor R eview https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis enrolled in an approved pharmacy training program. It was made an unlawful employment practice for an employer, employment agency or labor organization to refuse to hire, discharge, im properly classify, deny membership rights, or otherwise discriminate against an indi vidual on the basis of gender identity or ex pression. “Gender identity or expression” is defined as a person’s actual or perceived gender, as well as a person’s gender identity, gender-related self-image, gender-related ap pearance, or gender-related expression; whether or not that gender identity, genderrelated self image, gender-related appear ance, or gender-related expression is differ ent from that traditionally associated with the person’s sex at birth. The law requiring employers to adopt a written policy against sexual harassment in the workplace was amended to specify that a copy of the policy is to be kept at the business pre mises, and is to be made available to any State or Federal employment discrimination enforce ment agency upon request. E q u a l e m p lo y m e n t o p p o r tu n ity . W o rk p la c e v io le n c e . The Rhode Island Workplace Violence Protection Act of 2001 was enacted. It provides that if an employer or an employee has suffered unlawful vio lence, received a credible threat of violence, or been stalked or harassed at the worksite, the employer may (in addition to, or instead of, filing criminal charges against the indi vidual) seek a temporary restraining order and an injunction prohibiting further unlaw ful acts by that individual at the worksite. An employer who takes action as provided in this law will be presumed to be acting in good faith and, unless lack of good faith is shown, will be immune from civil liability for actions taken. An employer who does not take action as provided in this law will not be liable for negligence. South Carolina Wages. A resolution was adopted declaring April 3, 2001, to be “Equal Pay Day” and urging the citizens of the State to recognize the full value of women’s skills and significant con tributions to the labor force. April 3, symbol izes the day on which the wages paid to Ameri can women so far in 2001, when added to women’s earnings for all of 2000, equal the 2000 earnings ofAmerican men. South Dakota W ages. Employers are now authorized to pay employee wages by direct deposit to Jan u a ry 2002 the employee’s bank account as an alterna tive to payment by cash or check. G e n e tic testin g . It was made an unlawful employment practice for an employer to discriminate against employees or job ap plicants on the basis of genetic information or to restrict any right or benefit otherwise due or available to them. Genetic informa tion may be obtained or used if the employer is a law enforcement agency conducting a criminal investigation. Such information may also be used if the employer relies on the test results from genetic information ob tained by law enforcement through a crimi nal investigation, legally acquires the test results, keeps the test results confidential except as otherwise required by law, and uses the test results for the limited purpose of taking disciplinary action against the em ployee based only on the alleged miscon duct. Any employee or applicant claiming to be aggrieved by a violation may bring a civil suit for damages in circuit court. Tennessee C h ild labor. The State child labor law was amended. Among the amendments, violation of the ban on employing minors under age 14, who are not exempt from coverage of the law, was made a Class D felony. An em ployer who employs a child under age 14 will now also, at the discretion of the labor commissioner, be subject to a civil penalty of from $1,000 to $10,000 for each viola tion. Other changes specify that each in stance of a person’s violation of the law con stitutes a separate violation for purposes of civil penalties, and provide that violation of the youth peddling provisions is a Class D felony. Baptismal certificates will no longer be accepted as proof of age, but driver’s li censes and State issued identification were added to birth certificates and passports as valid documentation of proof of age for em ployment purposes. An addition to the policy statement section of the drugfree workplace programs law requires a cov ered employer to notify the parents or guardians of a minor of the results of any drug or alcohol-testing program conducted pursuant to the law. The confidentiality of the records section also was amended to specify that any notice required by the law will inform minors who are tested that their parents or guardians will be notified of the test results. An employer who discloses test results will not be liable for the disclo sure. D r u g a n d a lc o h o l testin g . Texas W ages. The State minimum wage law was amended to adopt the Federal minimum wage rate by reference. Therefore, the State rate rose from $3.35 per hour to $5.15, effective September 1, 2001. The tip credit provision was also changed to adopt the Federal rate by reference (currently a $2.13 per hour cash wage). The State law previously permitted a 50-percent credit towards the minimum wage. The section of the payment of wages law relating to the enforcement of a lien, by the Workforce Commission, against an employer’s property for unpaid wages or penalties was amended by adding a provi sion that a lien established under this law is superior to any other lien on the same prop erty, with the exception of a lien for ad valo rem taxes. C h i l d la b o r . The child labor law was amended to limit contracts binding minors in the arts, sports, and entertainment field to not longer than 7 years. Upon the petition of the minor’s guardian, the courts may approve the contract only after the guardian has pro vided to the other party notice of the peti tion and the opportunity to request a hear ing. The court may require, in an order ap proving a contract, that a reasonable portion of the net earnings of the minor under con tract be set aside and preserved for the minor in a trust. The Health and Human Ser vices Commission is to study the feasibility of contracting with existing networks of health care providers to establish a migrant care network to provide health care services to children of those migrant or seasonal agri cultural workers who are State residents, who intend to return to Texas at the end of temporary or seasonal employment in an other State, and who are enrolled in certain specified medical assistance programs. The commission is to consider work patterns to determine in which States the network is most needed; examine the necessity and fis cal effect of entering into interstate agree ments to establish the migrant care network; and determine if ensuring the provision of health care services for children of migrant or seasonal agricultural workers while a child is out of the State is necessary to maintain con tinuity of care. If establishment of a migrant care network is deemed feasible, a pilot pro gram is to be developed. Findings and rec ommendations are to be reported to the gov ernor and legislature. A g ric u ltu re . G e n e tic testin g . The State revised the stat https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis ute banning employment discrimination on the basis of genetic information by expanding the definition of “genetic information” to include information obtained from or based on a sci entific or medical determination of the pres ence or absence in an individual of a genetic characteristic or a family history obtained from an individual. The definition of “genetic test” was expanded to include a presymptomatic laboratory test of an individual’s genes or gene products to identify the individual’s genetic variations or compositions associated with an increased health risk. Employers are prohib ited from discriminating on the basis of certain genetic information or genetic tests, or on the basis of family health information, which may contain details that could be used to determine an individual’s genetic predisposition to cer tain diseases. D r u g a n d a lc o h o l testin g . The law con cerning employment drug and alcohol test ing policies for nursing homes and related institutions was amended. These institutions may establish their own drug testing policy, use a policy from another entity, or use the model drug testing policy adopted by the Texas Board of Human Services. The board is to adopt a model for use by institutions that is designed to ensure the safety of resi dents and to protect the rights of the em ployees. The model policy must include at least one scheduled drug test each year for each employee who has direct contact with residents, and also authorize random, unan nounced drug testing for these employees. The law regulating talent agencies will now apply only to the employment of actors or models. Coverage of musicians, writers, cinematog raphers, composers, lyricists, arrangers of musical compositions, and other individuals who perform analogous professional services in motion pictures, theatrical, radio, televi sion, or other entertainment productions was eliminated. P r iv a te e m p lo y m e n t a g e n c ie s . Utah Wages. The State minimum wage law was amended to prohibit cities, towns, and coun ties from establishing a minimum wage rate that exceeds the Federal minimum wage rate. These jurisdictions also may not require that a person who contracts with the city, town, or county pay that person’s employees a wage in excess of the Federal rate. These re strictions do not apply when Federal law requires the payment of a prevailing or mini mum wage to persons working on projects funded in whole or in part by Federal funds. A Voluntary Contributions Act was en acted. This law requires that covered labor organizations may only make expenditures for political activities if they establish sepa rate segregated funds for this purpose. The funds are to be registered as political action committees. In soliciting contributions for a fund, the labor organization is to clearly dis close that the fund is a political fund and will be expended for political activities; that union dues are not to be used for political activities, transferred to the fund, or inter mingled in any way with fund monies; that the cost of administering the fund is paid from fund contributions and not from union dues; and that each contribution is volun tary. Employees are also to be informed, in writing, of their right to refuse to contribute without fear of reprisal or loss of member ship in the labor organization. Public em ployees are prohibited from authorizing de ductions from their paychecks for fund con tributions. Violation of the law is a class A misdemeanor. Organizations governed by the National Labor Relations Act and the Rail road Labor Act are excluded from coverage. For workers, in underground mines, smelters, and other institutions that reduce or refine ores or metals, the law, which had limited their work period to no more than eight hours a day was repealed. H o u rs. D ru g a n d a lc o h o l testin g. Several changes were made in provisions related to the regu lation of high-level nuclear waste. Among these, any organization that operates a stor age facility or transfer facility that is engaged in the transportation of high-level nuclear waste within the State is to establish a man datory drug and alcohol testing program for job applicants and employees as a condition of hiring or of continued employment for any employee. Testing standards are to be established by the Department of Environ mental Quality, in consultation with the La bor Commission, and are to address the pro tection of the safety, health, and welfare of the public. W orker p riv a c y . Provisions regarding ac cess and management of State government records were amended to allow current or former employees of a government entity to provide written notice of the employee’s sta tus, as a government employee, to each agency of a government entity holding records that would disclose the employee’s home address, phone number, Social Secu rity number, insurance coverage, marital sta tus, or payroll deductions in order that the employee may have the information classi fied as private. Neither the government en tity or political subdivision, or employees of those entities, will be liable for damages arising from the negligent disclosure of private M onthly Labor R ev ie w J a n u a ry 2002 27 State Labor Laws, 2001 records, unless the disclosure was of employ ment records maintained by the government entity or the disclosure was of non-employ ment records and the current or former em ployee had filed the required notice. Vermont Wages. As the result of prior legislation, the state minimum wage rate rose from $5.75 per hour to $6.25 per hour on January 1, 2001. The minimum cash wage for tipped employees is $3.44 per hour, with a maxi mum tip credit allowance of $2.81. The State minimum wage law was amended, eliminating the wage board and transferring its duties and responsibilities to the Commissioner of Labor and Indus try. Additionally, employers covered by a wage order must now comply within 10 days of receiving notification of a violation, or the commissioner may take court action to enforce the order. Finally, any employee paid less than the applicable wage rate shall recover, in a civil action, twice the amount of the minimum wage, less any amount ac tually paid together with costs and reason able attorney fees. Resolutions were adopted recognizing the continuing problems that women encoun ter in their efforts to achieve equal pay for equal work and urging that Equal Pay Day, April 3,2001, serve as a reminder to all Ver monters that this fundamental economic goal has yet to be achieved. C h ild labor. Several significant changes were made in the child labor law. Among these, the Commissioner of Labor and In dustries is to adopt rules to carry out the purpose and intent of the law, provided the rules are consistent with Federal child labor laws and rules. Among changes conforming to the Federal law for children under age 16, the earliest staring time was changed from 6 a.m. to 7 a.m., work was limited to 40 hours a week when school is not in session, and employment was restricted to no more than 3 hours on schooldays and to no more than 18 hours on school weeks. These children will now be permitted to work until 9 p.m. from June 1 through Labor Day. The ban on employment by children under age 14 was amended to add the Federal exemptions for newspaper carriers and for employment by a parent. The list of occupations considered to be hazardous and prohibited for minors under age 16 was repealed and replaced by adopting, by reference, the Federal prohib ited hazardous occupations for minors un der age 18. Other changes eliminated hours restrictions in manufacturing and mechanical establishments for minors age 16 to 18, and 28 M onthly Labor R eview https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis made major increases in penalties for viola tion of the law and for the sale of goods made in violation of the law. W orker p riv a c y . The Department of Mo tor Vehicles was added to the list of employ ers permitted to require polygraph examina tions forjob applicants as a condition of em ployment. For the Department of Motor Ve hicles, this authority is limited to applicants for law enforcement positions. O th er law s. The governor, by executive or der, transferred the Division of Occupational Health from the Department of Health to the Department of Labor and Industry. Virginia The section of the Fair Employment Contracting Act pro hibiting discrimination in the awarding of con tracts was amended to adopt the definition of unlawful discriminatory practice used in the State Human Rights Act. This change adds discrimination on the basis of pregnancy, child birth or related medical conditions, age, mari tal status, or disability to the previously pro hibited discrimination because of race, religion, color, sex, or national origin. E qu al em ploym en t opportunity. W h istle b lo w e r. The time period was in creased, from 30 to 60 days after a violation occurs, for an employee to file a complaint with the Commissioner of Labor and Indus try, alleging that discharge or discrimination occurred as the result of filing a safety or health complaint, testifying, or otherwise acting to exercise his or her rights under the safety and health provisions of the State Labor and Em ployment laws. O th e r la w s. Full-time employees of the Commonwealth of Virginia will be allowed up to 30 days of paid leave a year to serve as bone marrow or organ donors. Washington Wages. The State minimum wage rate is adjusted for inflation annually in September by a calculation using the Consumer Price Index for Urban Wage Earners and Clerical Workers for the previous year. As a result, the rate for employees over age 18 increased from $6.50 per hour to $6.72 per hour on January 1, 2001, and to $6.90 on January 1, 2002. Sixteen- and 17-year-olds also receive these rates as the result of an administrative rule requiring that they earn the same mini mum wage as adults. The prevailing wage law was amended to Jan u a ry 2002 provide that civil penalties collected for vio lations of the act are to be deposited in the public works administration account. An employer may use the designation “infant-friendly” on its promo tional materials if the employer has a work place breastfeeding policy, approved by the Department of Health, that addresses issues including flexible work scheduling; provid ing breaks for breastfeeding or the expres sion of breast milk; providing a facility al lowing privacy for breastfeeding or express ing milk; and providing clean-up and storage facilities. F a m ily issu es. W orker p riv a c y . Financial and proprietary information collected from any person and provided to the Department of Community, Trade, and Economic Development, as part of the department’s research and survey ef forts, was made exempt from public disclo sure requirements. O th e r law s. An employer, of 20 or more full-time employees, may not discharge or otherwise discipline an unpaid volunteer firefighter because of leave taken while re sponding to a fire alarm or an emergency call. The protection from discharge or discipline applies in cases in which the volunteer is not already at his or her place of employment when called to serve (unless agreed to by the employer) and in which the volunteer has been ordered to remain at his or her position by the commanding authority at the scene. The statute dealing with the employment and re-employment rights of veterans was amended to ensure employment rights pro tections for State-activated members of re serve and National Guard units similar to those provided by Federal law for Federalactivated personnel. Employers are pro hibited from denying initial employment, employment retention, promotion, or em ployment benefit on the basis of member ship, application for membership, perfor mance of service, application for service, or service obligation to or in any of the mili tary services. Proof of service or required future service must be provided to the em ployer within specified time frames. Provi sion is made for the continuation of health insurance and pension benefits during the period of active service. West Virginia Wages. The section of the prevailing wage law relating to the attachment of wage rates to construction contracts was amended to permit the schedule of wages to be pub- lished in an electronic or other medium and incorporated into the contract by reference. The threshold amount for the prevailing wage payment requirement for projects of the West Virginia Infrastructure and Jobs De velopment Council was raised to $50,000 from $25,000 for work that is performed on construction or repair projects by regular full time employees of the State or its subdivi sions. To be exempt, no more than $50,000 may be expended on an individual project in a single location in a 12-month period. Knowingly employing a per son or persons who do not have the legal right to be employed in the United States was added to the list of causes for disciplin ary action under the State Contractor Li censing Act. The law prohibiting employers from dis charging employees for time lost from work as members of volunteer fire departments while their squad responds to emergencies was amended. It now also provides protec tion from other forms of disciplinary action and expands the scope of the protection to include emergency medical service atten dants. Motor vehicle accidents were added to the definition of “emergency,” and the restoration of an employee’s lost seniority was added to the remedies provided in the event of violation by an employer. O th e r la w s. Wisconsin W ages. Effective July 1, 2001, the thresh old amount for coverage under the State pre vailing wage laws for State and municipal contracts was changed administratively from $168,000 to $172,000 for contracts in which more than one trade is involved and from $34,000 to $35,000 for contracts in which a single trade is involved. On January 1, 2002, these amounts were changed ad ministratively to $175,000 for contracts in which more than one trade is involved, and $36,000 for contracts in which a single trade is involved. Employ ers must allow all employees, with certain exceptions, to return to employment after service in the National Guard or State de E q u a l E m p lo ym en t O pportu n ity. fense force without loss of rights or benefits including seniority. Employees who are de nied re-employment, or are about to be de nied, may file a complaint with the Equal Rights Division of the Department of Workforce Development, either directly or through the adjutant general. Wyoming W ages. Legislation was adopted raising the state minimum wage rate from $ 1.60 per hour to $5.15 per hour on April 1, 2001. A minimum cash wage of $2.13 per hour must be paid to employees receiving tips and who regularly receive more than $30.00 a month in tips. Additionally, employers must make up the difference between this wage and the applicable minimum wage if the employee’s tips received during a given pay period added to the $2.13 per hour fail to equal the mini mum wage. The law was amended to remove exemptions for all minors u’nder age 18, parttime workers (defined as persons working 20 hours or less a week), and individuals who are enrolled and participating in any educational training or apprenticeship pro gram approved by the Commissioner of La bor and Statistics. In lieu of the $5.15 per hour minimum wage, employers may pay any employee under age 20 a wage that is not less than $4.25 per hour during the first 90 consecutive days after the employee is initially employed by the employer. Em ployers may not take action to displace employees for purposes of hiring employ ees at this sub-minimum wage. Among several changes in the State pre vailing law, references to the commissioner of labor and statistics were replaced by ref erences to the director of the Department of Employment ( doe ). The definition of “lo cality” is now the same for public building projects as it has been for heavy and high way projects. The doe, rather than the pub lic bodies awarding contracts, will now de termine prevailing wage rates. The prevail ing rates within the State shall be determined on an annual basis for all occupations, crafts, or types of workers expected to be required for public works in the State. The most cur rent hourly wage survey is to be considered in setting rates. Periods for various actions were extended: 1) written objections may now be filed within 15 days of publication and notification^) within 10 days of receipt of an objection, the director shall set a hear ing date that must be held within 30 days of receipt of the objection,3) objectors must receive written notice, of the hearing time and place, 5 days prior to the hearing, and 4) the director must rule within 10 days of the conclusion of the hearing. As a result of reorganization, references to the “commissioner of labor” have been replaced with the “department of employ ment” which has the same duties and re sponsibilities. Penalties for violation of semimonthly payment requirements were increased from a fine of from $25 to $100 and/or up to 90 days imprisonment to a fine of up to $750 and imprisonment for up to 6 months. A ban on paying female workers less than is paid to male employees by the same employer for the same work was elimi nated. It was replaced with a provision that employers may not discriminate in paying wages on the basis of gender for equal work on jobs for which the performance requires equal skill, effort, and responsibility under the same working conditions. There are ex ceptions if the pay is based upon seniority, the merit system, production quality or quantity, or a differential based on any fac tor other than gender. When the department collects back wages for employees it must attempt to make payments of the collected wages to the persons entitled to the back wages for a period of not less than 4 months (previously 2 years), whereupon the wages now will become unclaimed property. These funds previously reverted to the general fund of the State. A Department of Workforce Services is to be created as part of a reorga nization of the State government by July 1, 2002 following approval of a reorganization plan by the legislature. The reorganization plan is to consider transferring several func tions or programs to the new department including displaced worker education and training, public employment offices, veter ans’ employment services, the school-tocareers program, and the unemployment in surance program. □ O th e r law s. Notes 1 All of the State legislatures met in regular session in 2001. Alabama, Alaska, Kansas, Mis sissippi, and Missouri did not enact significant legislation in the fields covered by this article. Information about Guam, Puerto Rico, and the https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Virgin Islands was not received in time to be included in the article, which is based on infor mation received by November 9, 2001. 2 Laws in 25 jurisdictions link changes in the State rate to changes in the minimum wage rate under the Federal Fair Labor Standards Act ( flsa). Linkage provisions are of several types: a) Laws in 14 jurisdictions do not contain M onthly Labor R ev ie w J a n u a ry 2002 29 S tate Labor Laws, 2001 State rate automatically increases to 10 cents their own rates, but replace the State rate current dollar minimums. Instead, these 14 above the flsa rate if the Federal minimum with the flsa minimum if it is higher than the statutes adopt the flsa rate by reference, or equals or becomes higher than the State mini State minimum. mandate or authorize matching the flsa rate c) In Alaska, Connecticut, the District ofmum. by administrative action, thereby conforming d) Another type of linkage is in Califor Columbia and Massachusetts, the rates rise to Federal changes on a continuing basis. nia. The California rate matches any higher above the Federal rate by a fixed differential These 14 jurisdictions are Guam, Illinois, Federal rate on a continuing basis. In Califor on a continuing basis. In Alaska, the rate is Kentucky, M aryland, M issouri, M ontana nia, the Industrial Welfare Commission sets automatically set at 50 cents above the flsa (mandates adm inistrative action), Nevada rates administratively by issuance of industry rate. In Connecticut, the State rate automati (mandates administrative action), New Jer wage orders. If the Federal rate is scheduled to cally increases to 0.5 percent above the flsa sey, North Carolina, Oklahoma, Pennsylva exceed the State rate, the Commission is di rate if the Federal minimum equals or be nia, Texas, Utah (authorizes, but does not rected to adopt, in a public meeting, an order comes higher than the State minimum. In the mandate, administrative action) and Virginia. matching the higher rate, without the neces b) Laws in Delaware, Iowa, Maine, NewDistrict of Columbia, the rate is set at $1.00 sity of convening a wage board. above the flsa rate. In Massachusetts, the H ampshire, New York and Vermont have Where are you publishing your research? The Monthly Labor Review will consider for publication studies o f the labor force, labor-management relations, business conditions, industry productivity, compensa tion, occupational safety and health, demographic trends, and other economic devel opments. Papers should be factual and analytical, not polemical in tone. We prefer (but do not require) submission in the form o f an electronic file in Microsoft Word, either on a diskette or as an attachment to e-mail. Please use separate files for the text o f the article; the tables; and charts. We also accept hard copies of manuscripts. Potential articles should be mailed to: Editor-in-Chief, Monthly Labor Review, Bu reau o f Labor Statistics, Washington, DC 20212, or by e-mail to mlr@bls.gov M onthly Labor R eview 30 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis J an u a ry 2002 Workers’ Compensation, 2001 Changes in workers’ compensation laws during 2001 Workers ’compensation coverage was extended to certain law enforcement and public safety officers, but excluded from some sports officials, inmates, musicians, and horse trainers Glenn Whittington f | ^he issue of coverage under workers’ compensation laws received a great deal o f attention in 2001. For example, extending presumptions o f coverage for certain dis eases suffered by law enforcement officers or firefighters, or both, occurred in Arizona, California, Florida, Maryland, and Virginia. On the other hand, sports officials, State prisoners and county inmates in Florida, musicians in Louisiana, horse trainers in Montana, and soccer referees in Oregon were ex cluded from coverage. In gearing up for the Winter Olympic games, Utah is pro viding workers’ compensation coverage for law enforcement/ public safety volunteers and paid officers who provide public safety services. In Idaho, infectious hepatitis and tuberculosis are now con sidered “occupational diseases” in any occupation involving exposure to human blood or body fluids. In Nevada, if a person contracts a contagious disease dur ing the course and scope o f his employment that results in a Arizona Any party to a claim for partial disability and permanent total disability now has 90 days (previously 60 days) from the time the Commission mails a copy of its determina tion to all parties to request a hearing. Glenn Whittington is Chief, Branch of Planning Policy and Standards, Office of Workers’ Compensation Programs, Employment Standards Administration, U.S. Department of Labor, e-mail: gaw@fenix2.dol-esa.gov https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis temporary or permanent disability or death, the disease is deemed to be an occupational disease and compensable if certain conditions are met. In G eorgia, the weekly maximum benefit for tem porary total disability increased to $400 and the minimum to $40 (up from $375 and $37.50, respectively). Also in Georgia, the weekly maximum for tem porary partial disability was increased to $268 from $250. In Louisiana, the am ount o f benefits paid to each surviving parent in a no-dependency death claim was increased to $75,000 from $20,000. In Wyo ming, the amount o f perm anent total disability and death benefits awarded to dependent children was increased to $150 from $100 per month. Future paym ents are to be ad ju sted annually for inflation. Maximum burial allowances increased to $3,500 in North Carolina. The following is a State-by-State summary o f significant changes to workers’ compensation laws. Any disease, infirmity, or impairment of a firefighter’s health that is caused by brain, bladder, rectal or colon cancer, lym phoma, leukemia, or aden carcinoma or mesothelioma of the respiratory tract that results in disability or death is presumed to be an occupational disease and is deemed to arise out of the employment if certain requirements are met. Among them are that the firefighter must have passed a physical examination before employment and that the examination did not indicate evidence of cancer; the firefighter was as signed to hazardous duty for at least 5 years; and that the firefighter was exposed to a known carcinogen as defined by the International Agency for Research on Can cer, informed the department of this expo sure, and the carcinogen is reasonably re lated to the cancer. Arkansas Personnel assigned to the Workers’ Com pensation Fraud Investigation Unit, upon meeting the qualifications established by M onthly Labor R eview J a n u a ry 2002 31 Workers' C om pensation, 2001 the Arkansas Commission on Law En forcement Standards and Training, shall have the powers of specialized law en forcement officers of the State for the pur pose of conducting investigations. The burden of proof connecting em ployment with an occupational disease is now established by a “preponderance” of evidence rather than “clear and convinc ing” evidence. A hospital, physician, or healthcare pro vider is prohibited from billing or attempt ing to collect any fee for services rendered to an employee due to a workers’ compensa tion injury when a claim has been filed and notification of filed claim has been provided. Such provider is also prohibited from re porting to any credit reporting agency the employee’s failure to make the payment. When an injury has been found to be noncompensable, any unpaid portion of a bill may then be pursued. The schedule for attorneys’ fees was changed from the sliding scale, based on the amount of compensation awarded, to a set 25 percent of compensation for in demnity benefits payable to the injured employee or dependents of a deceased employee. California The presumption that a hernia, heart trouble, or pneumonia arose out of and in the course of employment was extended to members of the California Highway Patrol. For law enforcement officers and fire department employees, the definition of “injury” was extended to include a blood-borne infectious disease. For active lifeguards employed for more than 3 consecutive months in a calendar year by certain local agencies and the Department of Parks and Recreation, the term “injury” now includes skin cancer that develops or manifests itself during the period of the lifeguard’s employment. A healthcare provider or licensed healthcare facility can now contract with a contracting agent, employer, or insur ance carrier for reimbursement rates that are different from the official medical fee schedule. Whenever an employer or insurer em ploys an individual or contracts with an en tity to conduct a review of a billing submit 32 M onthly Labor R eview https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis ted by a physician or medical provider, the employer or insurer must make available to that individual or entity all documentation submitted together with that billing by the physician or medical provider. Medical treatment for a work-related injury may be provided by a State-licensed physician assistant or nurse practitioner. This includes the authority to authorize the patient to receive time off from work for a period not to exceed 3 calendar days if that authority is included in a standard ized procedure or protocol approved by the supervising physician. Connecticut The mileage reimbursement rate for the use of a privately owned vehicle necessary for an employee to receive medical attention will now be at the rate equal to the Federal mile age reimbursement rate. The State’s Attorney General is now au thorized to bring action in Superior Court against any employer, carrier, or risk man agement agency that fails to comply with the Second Injury Fund reporting requirements. An employer- or insurer-sponsored medi cal plan must contain a list of all pharmacies that will provide services under the plan. The time limit for appealing a commissioner’s decision was extended to 20 days, up from 10. Delaware The time for either party to appeal a notice of award was increased to 30 days from 20. The “cap” on attorneys’ fees that can be awarded by the Industrial Accident Board was changed from $2,250 to a sliding scale based upon the average weekly wage as an nounced annually by the State’s Secretary of Labor. This presently places the “cap” at $6,744. An employer or its carrier is to notify the Department and claimant, in writing, of its acceptance or denial of an employee’s claim within 15 days from the date of its receipt of knowledge that the employee sus tained a work-related injury. Also, all medi cal expenses are to be paid by the employer or carrier within 30 days of receipt unless notification is provided that the expenses are being contested or further verification is required. J an u ary 2002 Florida The definition of “employee” excludes a per son who performs services as a sports offi cial for interscholastic sports events, or ama teur sports events sponsored by nonprofit organizations. The term “employment” ex cludes services performed by state prison ers or county inmates, except those perform ing services for private employers. For a public employer to be eligible for special premium rates, they must have a workplace safety program. If authorized by the employee, compensation payments may be deposited directly into the employee’s account at a financial institution. Upon written request, the employee is en titled to one change of physician during the course of treatment for any one accident. If lost wages from concurrent employ ment are used in calculating the average weekly wage, the employee is responsible for providing information concerning the loss of earnings from the concurrent employment. A claimant, represented by counsel, may waive all rights to benefits by entering into a settlement agreement releasing the employer and carrier from liability in exchange for a lump-sum payment to the claimant. In such settlements, only the attorney’s fee is sub ject to approval by the judge of compensa tion claims. The exemption of workers’ com pensation claims from creditors does not ex tend to claims based on an award of child support or alimony. An injury to a law enforcement officer while on duty or while going to or coming from work in an official law enforcement ve hicle shall be presumed to be an injury arising out of and in the course of employment un less the injury occurred during a distinct de viation for a non-essential personal errand. Georgia The weekly maximum for temporary total disability benefits increased to $400 from $375, and the minimum to $40 from $37.50. The weekly maximum for temporary partial disability was increased to $268 from $250. Upon determining that proceedings were brought, prosecuted, or defended without reasonable grounds, the administrative law judge or the board may, in addition to reason able attorney’s fees, award to the adverse party reasonable litigation expenses against the offending party. The list of physicians the employer must maintain who are reasonably acces sible to employees increased to 6 from 4. All reasonable charges for medical, surgical, hospital, and pharmacy goods and services are payable by the employer or its work ers’ compensation insurer within 30 days from the date the employer or insurer re ceives the charges and reports. Idaho Infectious hepatitis and tuberculosis are now considered “occupational diseases” in any occupation involving exposure to hu man blood or body fluids. Iowa A limited liability partner may elect to be covered by the workers’ compensation law. Kansas “Usual charge” means the amount most commonly charged by healthcare providers for the same or similar services while “cus tomary charge” means the usual rates or range of fees charged by healthcare provid ers in a given locale or area. The average gross weekly wage of a per son serving on a volunteer basis as a duly authorized law enforcement officer, ambu lance attendant and driver, or firefighter, who receives no wages for such services, or who receives wages that are substantially less than the usual wages paid for such ser vices, is now computed on the basis of the dollar amount closest to but not exceeding 112.5 percent of the State average weekly wage. The average weekly wage of any other volunteer who receives no wages for such services, or who receives wages that are substantially less than the usual wages paid for such services by comparable em ployers to employees who are not volun teers, are to be computed on the basis of the usual wages paid by the employer for such services to employees who are not volunteers. Louisiana The amount of benefits to be paid to each surviving parent in a no-dependency https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis death claim was increased to $75,000 from $20,000. If upon release by a physician to re turn to work, the employee fails a drug test, benefits, with the exception of rea sonable and necessary medical treatment, may be terminated subject to the terms and conditions established in the employer’s promulgated drug testing policy and program. In calculating an employee’s wage, any amount withheld by the employer to fund any health insurance benefit provided by the employer, and which was elected by the employee in lieu of taxable earnings, is to be included. Constitutional challenges to the Work ers’ Compensation Act are now recog nized if they meet established filing pro cedures. An award of temporary total disability benefits may be modified by the filing of a motion for modification with the same court that awarded the ben efits and under the same caption and docket number without the necessity of filing a new dispute and appearing at a mediation conference. The time limit for filing a claim for disability arising from an occupational disease was increased to 1 year from 6 months. Musicians and performers who are rendering services pursuant to a perfor mance contract are exempt from workers’ compensation coverage. For purposes of determining an employee’s average weekly wage in an oc cupational disease claim, the date of the “accident” shall be the date of the employee’s last employment with the employer from whom benefits are being claimed or the date of last injurious expo sure to employment conditions, which ever date occurs later. Maine The amount of medical insurance cover age required for an agricultural employer to be exempt from workers’ compensa tion coverage was increased to $5,000 from $1,000. The Supplemental Benefits Fund was created to provide reimbursement for the payment of workers’ compensation ben efits in excess of 260 weeks. Previously, these reimbursements were made from the Employment Rehabilitation Fund. Maryland A decision rendered by the Workers’ Com pensation Commission is to be sent to each party’s attorney of record or, if the party is unrepresented, to the party. For purposes of workers’ compensa tion coverage, the definition of “public safety employee” was expanded to in clude a Prince George’s County deputy sheriff. If an award of permanent partial dis ability compensation is reversed or modi fied by a court of appeal, the payment of any new compensation awarded shall be subject to a credit for compensation pre viously awarded and paid. Each employer that self-insures must establish a toll-free telephone number through which an employee or claimant, or a representative of an employee or claimant, may make direct telephone in quiries during regular business hours. Michigan In response to a request that pertains to a specific employer and includes the employer’s address and the date of injury of the claim for which information is re quested, the bureau may disclose the name and address of the insurer that, according to the records of the bureau, provided cover age on the date of injury, but shall not dis close the effective date or expiration date of the policy. Montana The Workers’ Compensation Act does not apply to employment of a trainer, assis tant trainer, exercise person, or pony per son who is performing services under a li cense issued by the board of horseracing while on the grounds of a licensed race meet. The waiting period for receiving tem porary total disability benefits was re duced from 6 to 5 days, and for shift work from 48 to 40 hours. A worker requalifies for temporary to tal disability benefits if a modified or alter native position is no longer available to the M onthly Labor R eview J a n u a ry 2002 33 Workers' C om pen sation, 2001 worker for any reason, except for the worker’s incarceration, resignation, or ter mination for disciplinary reasons caused by a violation of the employer’s policies that provide for termination of employment. If an employee is intentionally injured by an intentional and deliberate act of the employee’s employer or by the inten tional and deliberate act of a fellow em ployee while performing the duties of employment, the employee or, in case of death, the employee’s heirs have a cause of action for damages against the person whose intentional and deliberate act caused the intentional injury. Nevada An officer or manager of a quasi-public or private corporation, or a limited liability company who owns the entity, operates it exclusively from his primary residence, and receives pay for services performed, may elect to reject coverage for himself by filing written notice with the insurer. If a person employed in the State con tracts a contagious disease during the course and scope of his employment that results in a temporary or permanent disability or death, the disease is deemed to be an occu pational disease and compensable if certain conditions are met. “Contagious disease” means hepatitis A, B, and C, tuberculosis, the human immunodeficiency virus or ac quired immune deficiency syndrome. If a treating physician or chiropractor refers an injured employee to a specialist for treatment, the treating physician or chi ropractor must provide to the injured em ployee a list that includes the name of each physician or chiropractor with that spe cialization who is available pursuant to the terms of the contract with the organization for managed care or with providers of healthcare services. The injured employee may select someone from that list. New Hampshire Scheduled permanent impairment awards can now be given for an injury to the brain or from scarring, disfigurement, or other skin impairment resulting from a bum or bums. A mental injury is not compensable un der the Workers’ Compensation Act if such mental injury results from any disciplinary 34 M onthly Labor R eview https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis action, work evaluation, job transfer, lay off, demotion, termination or similar action, taken in good faith by the employer. Any State employee injured in the line of duty by a hostile or overt act that causes hospitalization or renders the employee temporarily unable to perform the duties of his or her position shall remain on active payroll and not be charged annual or sick leave for the time lost due to the injury. When an insurance carrier, self-insurer, or payor, acting on behalf of such carrier or self-insurer, disputes the causal relation ship of a medical bill to the claimant’s in jury, and denies payment of such bill, and is after a hearing ordered to pay or reim burse the bill by the Commissioner, the employee shall be entitled to reimbursement of reasonable counsel fees and costs as ap proved by the Commissioner. North Carolina Burial expenses were increased to $3,500 from $2,000. An insurer that covers an employee under a health benefit plan, a disability income plan, or any other health insur ance plan is not a real party in interest and shall not participate in any proceed ing or settlement agreement to determine compensability of a claim. The insurer that covers an employee under a health benefit plan or any other health insur ance plan may seek reimbursement from the employee, employer, or carrier that is liable or responsible for the specific medical charge according to a final adjudi cation of the claim or an order of the Com mission approving a settlement. between the employee’s wage-loss ben efits and the employee’s regular pay. For purposes of workers’ compensa tion, a “preferred worker” means a worker who has incurred a compensable injury that resulted in a disability that poses a sub stantial obstacle to employment. The bu reau may provide assistance as deemed ap propriate to employers who employ a pre ferred worker, and employers who apply for and are approved as a preferred worker employer may not be assessed premiums on a preferred worker’s salary for 3 years from the date of hiring. Also, the bureau may not charge claims costs incurred as a result of an injury sustained by a preferred worker against the account of the preferred worker’s employer during the first 3 years after the worker is hired. The award for the amputation of more than one finger on one hand may not exceed an award for the amputation of a hand. The award for the amputation of more than one toe of one foot may not exceed an award for the amputation of a foot. An employer may not employ any person, or receive the fruits of the labor of any person, in a hazardous employ ment, without first applying for work ers’ compensation insurance coverage by notifying the bureau of the intended em ployment, the nature of the intended em ployment, and the estimated payroll ex penditure for the coming 12-month pe riod. An employer who willfully misrep resents the amount of payroll upon which a premium is based, or who willfully fails to secure coverage for employees, is li able to the State in the amount of $2,000 plus three times the difference between the premium paid and the amount of pre mium the employer should have paid. North Dakota The bureau may now pay for preventa tive treatment for significant exposures documented by emergency medical ser vice providers or employees of licensed facilities, and for exposure to rabies oc curring in the course of employment. An employer may not require an em ployee to use sick or annual leave, or other employer-paid time off work, before ap plying for or receiving workers’ compen sation benefits. However, an employer may allow an employee to use sick or annual leave to make up the difference J an u ary 2002 Oklahoma The name of State Insurance Fund was changed to “CompSource Oklahoma.” Oregon A person serving as a referee or assistant referee in a youth or adult recreational soc cer match whose services are retained on a match-by-match basis is exempt from work ers’ compensation coverage. Firefighters and police employees of any city having a popu- lation of more than 200,000 that provides a disability and retirement system by law are also exempt from coverage. “Preexisting condition” means, for all occupational disease claims, any injury, disease, congenital abnormality, person ality disorder or similar condition that contributes to disability or need for treat ment and that precedes the onset of the claimed occupational disease. For purposes of determining entitle ment to temporary disability or perma nent total disability benefits, “worker” does not include a person who has with drawn from the workforce during the pe riod for which such benefits are sought. The maximum for temporary total dis ability was increased to 133 percent of the State’s average weekly wage, up from 100 percent. For workers employed in more than one job at the time of injury, all the worker’s earnings will be considered in determining the temporary total dis ability compensation rate. For the per manent loss of use or function of an in jured member of the body, benefits for each degree of disability was increased to $511.29 from $454. Beginning January 1, 2002, through December 31, 2004, the worker will receive $559 for each degree of disability. An offer of modified employment may be refused by a worker, without the ter mination of temporary total benefits, if the offer does not meet an established set of requirements. An injured worker may pursue a civil negligence action for a work-related in jury that has been determined to be not compensable because the worker has failed to establish that a work-related in cident was the major contributing cause of the worker’s injury—only after an or der determining that the claim is not com pensable has become final. Such action must occur within the later of (1) 2 years from the date of injury or (2) 180 days from the date the order affirming that the claim is not compensable on such grounds becomes final. Rhode Island Any person who is appointed a corpo rate officer between January 1, 1999 and December 31, 2001, and was not previ https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis ously an employee of the corporation, will not be considered an employee un less a notice is filed to elect coverage by the workers’ compensation provisions. The penalty for an employer failing to post a summary of the workers’ compen sation act provisions was increased to $250 from $100. The payment of medi cal services required by the employer shall not include hearing aids or other am plification devices. An injured employee who accepts suitable alternative employment will re ceive a weekly compensation equal to 66 2/3 percent of the difference between the employee’s average weekly wage, earn ings or salary before the injury and his/ her weekly wages, earnings, or salary from the suitable alternative employment. For total occupational deafness in one ear, 75 weeks of compensation will be paid; for total occupational deafness of both ears, 244 weeks of compensation will be paid (previously 17 and 100 weeks, respectively). South Dakota No local prisoner, State inmate, or Fed eral inmate providing services to the State or any of its political subdivisions may be considered a volunteer worker for workers’ compensation purposes. Tennessee In cases where an injury occurs as the re sult of gradual or cumulative events or trauma, the injured employee, or represen tative, needs to provide notice to the em ployer of the injury within 30 days after the employee knows or reasonably should know that he/she has suffered a work-re lated injury resulting in permanent physi cal impairment, or is rendered unable to continue to perform his/her normal work activities as the result of the work-related injury, and the employee knows or reason ably should know that the injury was caused by work-related activities. Before any proposed settlement is con sidered final in cases involving benefits from the second injury fund, it must have the written approval of the Commissioner of Labor and Workforce Development. If an injury or illness requires the treatment of a physician or surgeon who practices orthopedic or neuroscience medicine, the employer may appoint a panel of physicians or surgeons practic ing orthopedic or neuroscience medicine for the employee to choose. The injured employee is entitled to have a second opinion on the issue of surgery, impair ment, and a diagnosis from that same panel of physicians. The representative of the employee, employer, or employer’s insurer attend ing a benefit review conference must have authority to settle any disputes. Failure to provide such a person at the confer ence, without good cause, by the em ployer or insurer, shall subject them to a penalty of not less than $50 nor more than $5,000. Texas The requirements for being on the Commission’s approved list of doctors licensed in the State who are approved to provide healthcare services were signifi cantly revised. Regional Health Care De livery Networks may now be established by the Commission, as fee-for-service networks designed to improve the qual ity and reduce the cost of healthcare. An insurance carrier or a self-insurer, certi fied to provide workers’ compensation coverage in the State, may elect to par ticipate or not participate, by contract, in a regional network. A public employer, with certain exceptions, are required to participate in a regional network. An employer shall notify an em ployee, treating doctor, and insurance carrier of the existence or absence of op portunities for modified duty or a modi fied duty return-to-work program avail able through the employer. An insurance carrier shall, with the agreement of a par ticipating employer, provide the em ployer with return-to-work coordination services as necessary to facilitate an employee’s return to employment. The Texas Workers’ Compensation In surance Fund was changed to a domestic mutual insurance company and now op erates as the Texas Mutual Insurance Company. M onthly Labor R eview J a n u a ry 2002 35 Workers' C om pensation, 2001 Utah Virginia Wyoming Law enforcement and public safety volun teers and paid officers who provide public safety services during the Olympic Winter Games of 2002 and the Paralympic Winter Games o f2002 are covered under workers’ compensation. For purposes of comput ing compensation, the average weekly wage rate of a public safety volunteer is consid ered to be $400. The presumption as to disability or death from respiratory disease, hypertension or heart disease was extended to special agents of the Department of Alcoholic Beverage Control. Premium discounts insurers provide to employers for drug-free workplace pro grams are no longer limited to 4 years. For purposes of workers’ compensation coverage, the definition of “State em ployee” was clarified. The amount of permanent total disability and death benefits awarded to dependent chil dren was increased to $150 per month, up from $100, for payments made after July 1, 2001. In the future such payments are to be adjusted annually for inflation. □ Fax-on-demand Users o f data from the Bureau o f Labor Statistics can request a fax o f news releases, historical data, and technical information 24 hours a day, 7 days a week, from the Bureau’s fax-on-demand system. Users can receive news releases o f major economic indicators (see schedule on back cover) at 8:45 a.m. on the morning the data are released. The number to obtain data from the national office is: ( 202) 691-6325 Use a touch-tone telephone and follow the voice instructions for entering document codes and your fax telephone number. The fax-on-demand catalog, containing a list of available documents and codes, can be obtained by entering code 1000. You may request up to four documents with each call. Faxes are sent immediately following the request. If your fax line is busy, the system attempts to send the requested material four _______________________________________ times before disconnecting. 36 M onthly Labor R eview https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis J an u ary 2002 Unemployment Insurance Laws,2001 Changes in unemployment insurance legislation in 2001 At the State level, enactments included increases o f maximum weekly benefit amounts, modifications to voluntary quit provisions, and extensions o f coverage to Indian tribes; one Federal bill enacted will affect the Federal-State unemployment insurance program Loryn Lancaster and Anne Vogel uring 2 001, one F ederal en actm en t affected the Federal-State unemployment insurance program. The “Economic Growth and Tax R elief Reconciliation Act o f 2001” (RL. 107—16) will affect the unemployment insurance program in two ways. First, the voluntary with holding rate o f Federal income taxes on unemployment in surance benefits has been reduced from 15 percent to 10 per cent. The amendment applies to amounts paid after the 60th day after enactment, which pertains to payment made on and after August 7, 2001. Those States that contain generic lan guage in their unemployment insurance State laws, as regards the withholding requirement, can implement the new percent age without a law change. However, the five States that have provisions that include the 15-percent rate language will need to amend their State unemployment insurance laws before the withholding rate can change. Second, the exclusion of employer-provided educational assistance from the Federal Unemployment Tax Act definition o f wages has been extended to graduate education and the exclusion is permanent for both undergraduate and graduate education courses. This amend ment is effective with respect to courses that students began D Loryn Lancaster and Anne Vogel are unemployment insurance program specialists in the Division of Legislation, Office of Workforce Security, Employment and Training Administration, U.S. Department of Labor. E-mail: llancaster@doleta.gov https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis after December 31, 2001. The States have the option of amending their unemployment insurance State laws to include this provision. The “Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2001,” requires those States that have federally recognized Indian tribes within their borders amend their laws to treat Indian tribes similarly to State and local governments. O f the 34 States under man date to amend their laws, 22 had done so by December 18, 2001. Although not required, Arkansas enacted legislation about Indian tribes. In addition, one State is operating under an Executive Order and another under a savings clause. As was noted in last year’s article, 15 State legislatures introduced bills generally following the guidelines set forth in the “Birth and Adoption-Unemployment Compensation” final rule, effective August 14, 2000; none o f the bills were enacted. Eighteen State Legislatures followed suit in 2001, with the same result o f zero enactments. Enactments o f State unemployment insurance laws include the majority o f States (approximately 43) increasing their maximum weekly benefit amounts either through legislation or automatic provisions; some other States modifying the vol untary quit provision for circumstances related to domestic violence, and many States expanding coverage to service performed for an Indian tribe. Following is a summary o f some significant changes in State unemployment insurance laws during 2001. Monthly Labor Review January 2002 37 U nem ploym ent Insurance Laws, 2001 Arizona C o v e r a g e . An Indian tribe includes a tribal unit, a subdivision or subsidiary of an In dian tribe, and a business wholly owned by an Indian tribe. The definition of “employ ment” includes service performed for an In dian tribe, resulting in unemployment insur ance coverage of such services and to ex clude coverage of certain services. An In dian tribe may either pay contributions or elect to make reimbursements. Under cer tain circumstances, the reimbursement elec tion will be terminated when a tribe fails to make the required payments; provides for reinstatement when the failure is corrected. Extended benefits not reimbursed by the Federal Government must be financed 100 percent by the Indian tribe. Reimbursable employers are ex empt from the Job Training Tax. The Job Training Tax is imposed under certain con ditions. F in a n cin g . Arkansas The disclosure of wage and unemployment insurance information to the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development (h u d ) and to representatives of public housing agencies concerning ap plicants for or participants in housing assis tance programs administered by h u d will be allowed. The disclosure of employee unem ployment insurance information to the State of Arkansas Disability Determination for Social Security Administration and, pursu ant to a subpoena, the Arkansas Insurance Department Workers’ Compensation Fraud Investigation Unit will be allowed. Begin ning July 1, 2001, applications for review and redeterminations must be made the first time charges appear on an employer’s ac count; subsequent charges for the same claimant in the same benefit year may not be challenged. The director will be required to report to the Employment Security De partment Advisory Council on a quarterly basis as to any uses of stabilization tax pro ceeds deposited into the Employment Secu rity Special Fund. Changes reference from appeal referee to appeal hearing officer. The term of office for members of the Board of Review has been changed from 2 to 4 years, and 4-year terms are to run concurrently with A d m in istra tio n . 38 Monthly Labor Review https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis the term of the Office of the Governor. The Chairman of the Board of Review will be required to have a 4-year term beginning with the 2003 appointment. Testing positive for illegal drugs under a Department of Transportation quali fied drug screening program, in accordance with the employer’s bona fide written drug policy will be considered misconduct that can lead to a disqualification for benefits. Work offered to an individual by a baseperiod or last employer at earnings equal to or greater than the individual earned from the base-period or last employer will be deemed suitable work, unless certain factors are applicable (such as, failure to meet pre vailing conditions, risk to heath, safety, morals, and so forth) and it would be con trary to good conscience to deem such work suitable. A “seasonal industry” is defined as an industry in which, among other things, it is customary to lay off 40 percent or more of the average monthly number of workers for at least 4 consecutive months during a regularly recurring period of each year. Vacation payments received due to a per manent separation from employment may not be disqualifying nor deductible from un employment insurance. The application pe riod of a disqualification for willful false statement changes from 2 to 5 years. Be ginning, July 1, 2001, overpayments can be collected only by deduction from future benefits after 10 years; interest will be im posed on overpayments due to fraud; and a 10-percent penalty will be assessed on fraud overpayments not repaid within 1 year. B en efits. C o v e ra g e . The definition of “employer” and “employment” includes service per formed for an Indian tribe, resulting in unemployment insurance coverage of such services. An Indian tribe can either pay con tributions or elect to make reimbursements. Under certain conditions, the reimburse ment election and coverage will be termi nated when a tribe fails to make the required payments; provides for reinstatement when the failure is corrected. Extended benefits not reimbursed by the Federal Government must be financed by the Indian tribe. An employer doing business outof-State may elect a 2.9-percent new em ployer rate or an in-State experience rate F inan cing. January 2002 based on its experience in the other State(s), provided the employer: has at least 3 years of experience in the other State(s); pro vides an authenticated account history from the other State(s); and conducts business in Arkansas of the same nature as in the other State(s), as defined by the North American Industry Classification System. The provision requiring deposit of stabili zation tax proceeds equal to 0.05 percent of taxable wages, collected from January 1, 2001 to December 31, 2002, into the Em ployment Security Special Fund has been renewed. California The provision regarding eligibil ity of student with part-time availability has been repealed. An unemployed worker will not be disqualified for eligibility for unem ployment compensation benefits solely on the basis that he or she is only available for part-time work. Specifies that if an indi vidual restricts his or her availability to part-time work, such individual may be con sidered able to work and available for work if it is determined that all of the following conditions exist: a) the claim is based on the part-time employment; b) the claimant is ac tively seeking and is willing to accept work under essentially the same conditions as ex isted while the wage credits were accrued; and c) the claimant imposes no other re strictions and is in a labor market in which a reasonable demand exists for the part-time services he or she offers. Payments received from an employer who has failed to provide the advance notice of facility closure re quired by the Federal Worker Adjustment Renotification and Training Act will not be construed to be wages or compensation for personal services for eligibility determina tion purposes. Benefits payable will not be denied or reduced because of the receipt of payments related in any way to an employer’s violation of the Federal law. The base period determination changes as follows: benefit year beginning: January, February, or March—4 quarters ending the previous September; April, May, or June— 4 quarters ending the previous December; July, August, or September—4 quarters end ing the previous March; October, Novem ber, or December—4 quarters ending the previous June. New maximum benefit B en efits. amount (m b a ) tables have been established for claims filed with an effective date be ginning: on or after January 1, 2002 and prior to January 1, 2003 with a specified m ba of $330; and on or after January 1, 2003 and before January 1, 2004 with a specified m b a of $370; on or after Janu ary 1, 2004 and before January 1, 2005 with a specified m ba of $410; on or after January 1, 2005 with a specified m ba of $450. The Department is required to study the most effective and efficient means of cap turing recent employee wages for the pur poses of establishing eligibility for unem ployment insurance benefits including implementing an alternative base period. Re quires the study to also identify Federal and State resources that may be used to administer the unemployment insurance program. The study is required to be com pleted and submitted to the Legislature by December 31, 2002. C o v e r a g e . An “American employer” in cludes any Indian tribe. The definition of “employment” and “employing unit” in cludes service performed for an Indian tribe, resulting in unemployment insurance coverage of such services. An Indian tribe can either pay contributions or elect to make reimbursements. An Indian tribe that elects to make reimbursements will be required to file a surety bond. Under certain circum stances, the reimbursement election will be terminated and coverage may be terminated when a tribe fails to make the required pay ments; provides for reinstatement when fail ure is corrected. Any Indian tribe may elect unemployment compensation disability coverage for certain employees, provided the election is the result of a negotiated agreement between specific parties. Ex tended benefits not reimbursed by the Fed eral Government must be financed by the Indian tribe. Colorado References concerning as signment of tax rates for new employers in the construction industry will be shifted from the Standard Industrial Classification codes to the North American Industry Classifica tion System codes. A d m in is tra tio n . C overage. The definition of “employer” https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis and “employment” includes service per formed for an Indian tribe, resulting in un employment insurance coverage of such services. An Indian tribe may either pay con tributions or elect to make reimbursements. An Indian tribe that elects to make reim bursements may be required to execute and file a surety bond or deposit money or secu rities. Under certain circumstances, the re imbursement election and coverage will be terminated when a tribe fails to make the required payments; provides for reinstate ment when the failure is corrected. On and after July 1, 2001, mon ies from the statewide indirect cost al location agreement with the Federal Gov ernment must be used to supplement mon ies in the employment support fund. The deduction requirement from an employer’s refund of excess unemployment insurance taxes, an amount equal to the benefits the Division has paid to employees upon whose wages the taxes were based, is elimi nated. An employer is relieved of obligation to pay unemployment insurance taxes in a calendar quarter if the amount due is less than $5. F in an cin g. Connecticut “Willful misconduct,” in the case of absence from work, is clarified to mean an employee must be absent without ei ther good cause for the absence or notice to the employer which the employee could reasonably have provided under the circum stances for 3 separate instances within an 18-month period. The definition of “just cause” is eliminated. B en efits. Delaware The maximum weekly benefit amount increased from $315 to $330 for all new claims effective January 1, 2002, and thereafter, as long as the balance in the un employment insurance Trust Fund is equal to or greater than $275 million. B e n e fits. The supplemental assessment was reduced from 0.3 percent to 0.2 percent effective January 1, 2002, and thereafter, whenever the unemployment insurance Trust Fund balance is equal to or greater than $300 million. F in a n cin g . Hawaii The law now makes clear that Reed Act monies may be requisitioned and used for the payment of benefits and for the payment of expenses incurred for the administration of Hawaii’s unemployment compensation law and public employment offices pursuant to a specific appropriation of the legislature. Monies credited to the ac count in Federal fiscal years ending in 2000, 2001, and 2002 must be used solely for the administration of the unemployment com pensation program and the monies are not subject to specific appropriation require ments. (This will be retroactive for fiscal years 2000 and 2001.) The appropriation, obligation, and expenditure or other dispo sition of Reed Act money must be accounted for in accordance with standards established by the U.S. Secretary of Labor. A d m in istra tio n . Idaho The penalty that employ ers lose their appeal rights if they fail to pro vide separation information without good cause within 10 days of a request from the Department was repealed. A d m in istra tio n . The definition of “employ ment” includes service performed for an Indian tribe, resulting in unemployment insurance coverage of such services. An Indian tribe can either pay contributions or elect to make reimbursements. An In dian tribe that elects to make reimburse ments may be required to execute and file a surety bond or deposit money or securi ties. Under certain conditions, the reim bursement election will be terminated and coverage may be terminated when a tribe fails to make the required payments; pro vides for reinstatement when the failure is corrected. C overage. The State interest payment pro visions on Federal loans were modified to change from a requirement to an option: for the director to pay interest charges due and payable from the Federal advance interest repayment fund; to levy on experience-rated employers a Federal advance interest re payment tax; and at the director’s sole discretion, to assess a Federal advance in terest repayment on each covered employer F in an cin g. Monthly Labor R eview January 2002 39 U nem ploym ent Insurance Laws, 2001 development may adjust the employer’s es ment benefits. timated contribution rate, after the period for the employer to provide a timely payroll re C o v era g e. The definition of “employment” port, if the employer or other interested includes service performed for an Indian Illinois party: shows reasonable cause for failure to tribe, resulting in unemployment insurance file the payroll report on time, and submits coverage of such services. An Indian tribe A d m in is tra tio n . Determinations related to back pay awards and wrongfully withheld accurate and reliable payroll reports. The can either pay contributions or elect to make wages may be reconsidered. The time pe amount of contributions estimated by the reimbursements. Under certain conditions, riod for reconsidering determinations has commissioner when an employer fails to file the reimbursement election will be termi a report or files an incorrect report will be nated and coverage may be terminated when been changed from 2 to 3 years. considered prima facie correct. Adjustment a tribe fails to make the required payments; of such estimated amount of contribution on provides for reinstatement when the failure C o v e ra g e . If certain conditions are met, ser vice performed by a full-time student in the the basis of information ascertained after the is corrected. employment of an organized camp will be expiration of the notice period will be al excluded from employment. Service will be lowed if the employer or other interested F in an cin g. Employers’ accounts will not be excluded from employment if performed on party shows reasonable cause for untimely charged for unemployment benefits directly or after January 1, 2002, in the employ of a failure to file any payroll report and submits caused by a major natural disaster declared governmental entity as an election official accurate and reliable reports. A skills train by the President. or election worker and the amount of remu ing program from January 1, 2002 to De neration received for such service during the cember 31, 2004 has been established. A Kansas 0.09 percent skills training assessment upon calendar year is less than $1,000. a contributing employer’s previous year’s C o v e r a g e . The definition of “employer” taxable wages was established; the assess and “employment” includes service per Indiana ment will not be credited to the employer’s formed for an Indian tribe, resulting in un experience account, and will not affect the employment insurance coverage of such ser B en efits. Waiver of liability for repayment of benefits upon the request of the individual contribution rate computation. The skills vices. An Indian tribe can either pay contri will be allowed if the benefits were received training assessment will be deposited in the butions or elect to make reimbursements for without fault of the individual’s, the ben skills training fund that has been established. the full amount of regular benefits and ex efits were the result of payment made dur If the unemployment fund ratio is less than tended benefits. Under certain conditions, ing the pendency of an appeal under which a specified amount, the funds assessed for the reimbursement election and coverage the individual is determined to be ineligible, or deposited in the skills 2016 training will be terminated when a tribe fails to make and repayment would cause economic hard fund must be directed or transferred to the the required payments; provides for rein ship. The provisions reducing the maximum unemployment insurance benefit fund. Un statement when failure is corrected. An In benefit amount for a separation under dis employment benefits will not be charged to dian tribe that elects to make reimbursements qualifying conditions and for failure to ap the experience account of a base period em may be required to file a surety bond or in ply for or accept suitable work are modified ployer when unemployment is a direct re lieu of a surety bond, to deposit money or by providing that the maximum benefit sult of the condemnation of property by a securities, or to purchase and deliver a cer amount may not be reduced by more than municipal corporation, the State, or the Fed tificate of deposit to guarantee payment. 25 percent during any benefit or extended eral Government, a fire, flood, act of nature, benefit periods. The pension deduction pro when at least 50 percent of employees, in Louisiana visions do not preclude an individual from cluding the claimant, became unemployed delaying a claim to pension, retirement, or as a result. This exception will not apply A d m in isira tio n . The appeal “tribunal” is annuity payments until the individual has re when the unemployment was an intentional changed to “referee” and the option that the ceived the benefits otherwise eligible. result of the employer or a person acting on tribunal consist of a body of three members, Weekly benefits received before the elected behalf of the employer. A new tax rate table is eliminated. The authority to appoint ref retirement date will not be reduced by any for 2002 through 2004 with rates ranging erees and their alternates is changed from pension, retirement, or annuity payment re from 0.15 percent to 5.4 percent under the the board of review to the Secretary of the ceived on or after the elected retirement most favorable schedule and from 1.1 per State Department of Labor. date. A 20-day time period has been es cent to 5.6 percent under the least favorable B en efits. The amount an individual may tablished for an employing unit, includ schedule was established. elect to deduct and withhold from benefits ing an employer, to notify the department for Federal income tax is changed from 15 o f any facts which may affect an Iowa percent to an amount equal to the amount individual’s eligibility or right to waiting allowable under Federal law. B en efits. Federal Social Security pensions period credits or benefits. to which an individual has made contribu tions will not be deducted from unemploy C o v e r a g e . The definition of “employer” F in a n cin g . The commissioner of workforce if the estimated interest payable is more than zero. 40 Monthly Labor Review https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis January 2002 and “employment” includes service per formed for an Indian tribe, resulting in un employment insurance coverage of such ser vices. An Indian tribe can either pay contri butions or elect to make reimbursements. Under certain conditions, the reimburse ment election and coverage will be termi nated when a tribe fails to make the re quired payments. the individual establishes that the voluntary leaving was due to domestic violence. Benefits paid to an individual who voluntarily quits due to domestic vio lence are charged to the solvency account. F in an cin g. Maine C o v e r a g e . Services provided by an owneroperator of a truck or truck tractor while leased to a motor carrier, as long as that employment is not subject to Federal un employment taxes, will be excluded from employment. The definition of “employing unit” and “employment” includes service performed for an Indian tribe, resulting in unemployment insurance coverage of such services. An Indian tribe can either pay con tributions or elect to make reimbursements. An Indian tribe that elects to make reim bursements may be required to execute and file a surety bond or deposit money or secu rities. Under certain circumstances, the re imbursement election and coverage will be terminated when a tribe fails to make the required payments; provides for reinstate ment when the failure is corrected. Maryland An individual on a voluntary leave of absence will not be eligible for benefits for the duration of the leave of absence. An individual who quits because of do mestic abuse will not be disqualified from benefits under certain conditions. An indi vidual who, without good cause, fails to af firmatively request an additional job assign ment after completion of a temporary job as signment from a staffing service employer will be considered to have quit employment under certain conditions. C o v e ra g e . Services performed for an In dian tribe are considered to be in employ ment, resulting in unemployment insurance coverage of such services-effective retroac tive to December 31, 2000. An Indian tribe can either pay contributions or elect to make reimbursements. Under certain circum stances, the reimbursement election will be terminated when the tribe fails to make the required payments. An Indian tribe whose election has been terminated becomes a taxpaying employer and will be assigned the new employer tax rate until qualified for a rate based on experience. Mississippi Social Security payments to which an employee has made contributions shall not be deducted from unemployment com pensation; such payments were previously deductible. Maximum weekly benefit amount increases from $190 to $200, effec tive July 1, 2001, and from $200 to $210, effective July 1, 2002. B enefits. A municipal police officer ap pointed by the Carroll County sheriff as a special deputy sheriff for the county remains an employee of the municipal corporation for unemployment insurance purposes. C overage. Massachusetts The definition of domestic vio lence and what abuse includes is added to the law. A nondisqualification for dis charge is imposed provided the individual establishes that the reason for the discharge was due to circumstances resultirg from do mestic violence. A nondisqualification for voluntary leaving work is imposed provided B en efits. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis The maximum weekly benefit amount increases from 60 percent to 63 per cent of the State average weekly wage for claims filed on or after July 1, 2001. An in dividual who is otherwise eligible for ben efits may not be denied benefits because the individual left work or was discharged be cause of circumstances resulting from the individual or a child of the individual being a victim of domestic violence, or due to an individual’s attempt to protect himself or herself or child from domestic abuse. The conditions under which an individual must be treated as a victim of domestic violence have been specified. The duration of these benefits is limited to 10 weeks within a 12month period. This provision terminates July 1, 2003. B e n e fits. Minnesota B enefits. Reference from the Standard In dustrial Classification system is changed to the North American Industrial Classification System with respect to variation from stan dard rates. F in a n cin g . on the unemployment benefits applied for and granted under the domestic violence provision. The report must include informa tion on applicant demographics and benefit costs. Employer contributions are due and payable on a calendar quarterly basis, at the end of the month succeeding each quarter. F in an cin g. C o v e ra g e . Services performed by election judges who receive less than $1,000 in re muneration in a calendar year are exempt from employment. The definition of “em ploying unit” includes service performed for an Indian tribe, resulting in unemployment insurance coverage of such services. An In dian tribe can either pay contributions or elect to make reimbursements. Under cer tain conditions, the reimbursement election and coverage are terminated when a tribe fails to make the required payments. The ex clusion from employment for real estate agents has been narrowed down to “quali fied” agents as defined in 26 U.S.C. 3508, meaning those whose entire remuneration is substantially directly related to sales or other output and who, by written contract, are not employees. The former exclusion applied to all agents licensed under State law. An ex clusion from employment has been added for insurance salespeople who are paid solely on a commission basis and who work without a guarantee of minimum earnings. Employers will not be charged for the payment of unemployment benefits to an individual who left work due to cir cumstances stemming from domestic vio lence. F in an cin g. Montana The Department of Labor and Industry must report to the legislature A d m in istra tio n . Monthly Labor R eview January 2002 41 U nem ploym ent Insurance Laws, 2001 Nebraska Language authorizing the Department of Labor to utilize a three-mem ber tribunal to hear unemployment insurance appeals was eliminated. The unemployment insurance appeal tribunal will in each case consist of an administrative law judge. The law now reflects the independence of appeal tribunals from the State Department of La bor in making decisions about a claimant’s eligibility for unemployment insurance. An employer appeal concerning the rate of com bined unemployment tax or amount due will be directed to an unemployment insurance appeal tribunal, rather than to the Commis sioner of Labor. The Commissioner of La bor will be permitted to appeal the appeal tribunal’s decision regarding an employer’s rate. Fraud prosecutions involving receipt of unemployment insurance benefits may be brought in any county where any part of the crime was committed, including the county in which the person received the benefits. A d m in istra tio n . The law has been clarified to make sure that employer-provided supplemental unemployment insurance benefits are not wages for unemployment benefit or tax purposes and are not deductible from Stateprovided unemployment insurance. This ensures that employees will not be disquali fied from receiving State-provided unem ployment insurance and will not have State-provided unemployment insurance re duced while receiving supplemental unem ployment insurance. B en efits. and “employment” includes service per formed for an Indian tribe, resulting in un employment insurance coverage of such services. An Indian tribe can either pay con tributions or elect to make reimbursements for regular benefits and all of extended ben efits. Under certain conditions, the reim bursement election will be suspended when the tribe fails to make the required payments; provides for reinstatement when the failure is corrected. New Jersey An employee leasing firm (or professional employer organization) and a client company are both responsible for meeting the requirements of the State un employment insurance law. A d m in istra tio n . The 12 times statewide average weekly wage option for purposes of de termining eligibility for benefits for other than agricultural workers was eliminated. The 1,000 times the minimum wage re placed the 12 times statewide average weekly option for agricultural workers. The 20 percent times statewide average weekly wage option was eliminated from the definition of base week for unemploy ment benefits. The 20 times the minimum wage replaced the 20 times statewide aver age weekly wage in the definition of base week for temporary disability benefits. The 1,000 times the minimum wage replaced the 12 times statewide average weekly wage option in determining entitlement to tempo rary disability benefits. B en efits. C o v era g e. The definition of “employer” and “employment” includes service performed for an Indian tribe, resulting in unemploy ment insurance coverage of such services. An Indian tribe can either pay contributions or elect to make reimbursements. An Indian tribe that elects to make reimbursements will be required to file a surety bond or deposit money or securities on the same basis as other employers with the same election op tion. Under certain conditions, the reim bursement election and coverage will be terminated when a tribe fails to make the required payments. C o v e ra g e . The definition of “employer” and “employment” includes service per formed for an Indian tribe, resulting in un employment insurance coverage of such services. An Indian tribe can either pay con tributions or elect to make reimbursements. Under certain conditions, the reimbursement election and coverage will be terminated when a tribe fails to make the required pay ments and reinstated when the failure is cor rected. Nevada North Carolina C overage. 42 The definition of “employer” Monthly Labor Review https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis New Mexico A d m in istra tio n . January 2002 Language that would allow certain but not all employers of specific do mestic service employees to file reports an nually was eliminated. Effective September 1, 2001, the age limit for a minor child under the undue family hardship provision is eliminated. Undue family hardship arises when an indi vidual is unable to accept a particular shift because the individual is unable to obtain care for any disabled member of that individual’s immediate family. “Immediate family” is defined as an individual’s wife, husband, mother, father, brother, sister, son, daughter, grandmother, grandfather, grand son, granddaughter, whether the relationship is a biological, step-, half-, or in-law rela tionship. B en efits. Coverage. The definition of “employer” and “employment” includes service performed for an Indian tribe, resulting in unemploy ment insurance coverage of such services. An Indian tribe can either pay contributions or elect to make reimbursements. Under cer tain conditions, the reimbursement election and coverage will be terminated when a tribe fails to make the required payments and re instated when the failure is corrected. Ex tended benefits not reimbursed by the Fed eral Government must be financed by the Indian tribe. An employer’s account will not be charged if the discharge of the claim ant was solely for a bona fide inability to do the work for which he was hired but only where the claimant’s period of employ ment was 100 days or less. The noncharging provisions related to hiring pursuant to a job order placed with a local office of the Commission and the Work First Program was eliminated. F in an cin g. North Dakota An individual is not considered to have left employment voluntarily without good cause if the individual leaves his/her most recent employment to accept a bona fide job offer with a base period employer who laid off the individual and with whom the individual has a demonstrated job attach ment. B en efits. C o vera g e. The definition of “employer” and “employment” includes service performed for an Indian tribe, resulting in unemploy ment insurance coverage of such services. An Indian tribe will be allowed either to pay contributions or elect to make reimburse ments. An Indian tribe that elects to make reimbursements will be required to file a surety bond. An Indian tribe that fails to make required payments within 90 days will result in loss of option to make reimburse ments and that further failure of the tribe to make payments will cause loss of coverage of services performed for the Indian tribe. A manager of a limited liability company is included within the definition of “employee” only if the company is treated as a corpora tion for purposes of Federal income taxation. Service performed by an owner of a general partnership, limited partnership, limited liabil ity partnership, limited liability limited part nership, or a limited liability company, is included within the definition of “employ ment” only if the organization will be treated as a corporation for purposes of Federal in come taxation. The optional exclusion from “employment” for managers with one-fourth or greater ownership interest in a limited liability company will not apply to lim ited liability companies wholly owned by or operating as an Indian tribe, State or lo cal government, or nonprofit organization for which services performed are required by Federal law to be covered by the State’s un employment insurance law. to make payments in lieu of contributions. The requirement for a hearing when a pre decessor files a timely written protest of a transfer of experience was eliminated and no such transfer will occur if the predeces sor files a timely written protest. An employ ing unit’s experience record is prohibited from being transferred in an amount that results in the successor and predecessor por tions totaling more than 100 percent of the predecessor’s history. The prohibiting of a negative employer, who was a negative employer the previous year, from making ex cess contributions to the State’s unemploy ment fund to become a positive employer was eliminated. The procedures for posting a bond or irrevocable letter of credit on con struction projects were changed to ensure the payment of all benefits claimed by em ployees working on the project. The thresh old for estimated cost of a construction project that requires posting a bond or letter of credit was raised from $25 million to $50 million. In determining new employer rates, employer industrial classification codes were changed from the 2-digit major group in the Standard Industrial Classification (sic) sys tem to the 3-digit major group code in the North American Industrial Classification System (naics). Employers who are liable for coverage before August 1, 2002, how ever, will remain under the sic unless they are classified (according to the SIC) within the construction industry. ment will be provided. The director may re fer claimants to jobs plus Program jobs for which the claimant does not have adequate skills or experience when such job is likely to result in an upgrade in the claimant’s skills and experience. The Employment Depart ment is assigned, as appropriate, certain re sponsibilities in connection with the JOBS plus Program. The Adult and Family Ser vices Division was removed from being con nected with the jobs plus Program. F in a n cin g . During the building of the trust fund reserve for calendar years 2000, 2001, and 2002, a negative employer that was a negative employer the previous year may not make excess contributions to become a posi tive employer. Limitations imposed during the building of the trust fimd reserve for cal endar years 2000, 2001, and 2002 that the rate assigned to an employer may not ex ceed 130 percent of the previous year’s rate for that employer and that an employer may not receive more than a 10-percent decrease in rate from the previous year’s rate, on the following employers were removed: an experience-rated employer that was a new employer the previous year; a negative em ployer that was a positive employer the pre vious year; a positive employer that was a negative employer the previous year; an employer that has failed to file a report; a new employer; and an employer that chose Oregon C o v e r a g e . The definition of “employer” and “employment” includes service per formed for an Indian tribe, resulting in un employment insurance coverage of such ser vices. An Indian tribe can either pay contri butions or elect to make reimbursements. Under certain conditions, the reimbursement election and coverage will be terminated when a tribe fails to make the required pay ments; provides for reinstatement when the failure is corrected. An Indian tribe that elects to make reimbursements may be re quired to execute and file a surety bond or deposit money or securities. Extended ben efits not reimbursed by the Federal Govern ment will be financed in their entirety by the Indian tribe. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis An individual may not be disquali fied from unemployment benefits if the in dividual is a victim of domestic violence and certain conditions are met. The Employment Department will be required to provide un employment insurance applicants with a JOBS PLUS Program brochure at the time of application. The Employment Department will be required to refer unemployment in surance recipients: to available unsubsidized and subsidized jobs within a certain time period if certain conditions are met; and to the jobs plus Program if appropriate and reassess the recipient’s reemployability un der certain conditions. The time period limi tations for a recipient’s participation in the job plus Program has been established. As reimbursement to employers participating in the jobs plus Program, subsidized employ B en efits. C o v e r a g e . The definition of “employer,” “employment,” and “employing unit” in cludes service performed for an Indian tribe, resulting in unemployment insurance cov erage of such services. An Indian tribe can either pay contributions or elect to make re imbursements for regular benefits and all extended benefits. Under certain conditions, the reimbursement election and coverage will be terminated when a tribe fails to make the required payments; provides for rein statement when the failure is corrected. A business entity that has a single owner and is disregarded as an entity separate from its owner for Federal tax pur poses will be deemed to be the same em ploying unit as its owner for unemployment compensation tax purposes. Applies to tax years beginning on or after January 1, 2002. F in a n c in g . Rhode Island South Dakota A d m in istra tio n . The employer rate assign- Monthly Labor Review January 2002 43 U nem ploym ent Insurance Laws, 2001 ment provision is changed to reflect the shift from the Standard Industrial Classification system to the North American Industry Clas sification System. Tennessee The maximum weekly benefit amount increased from $255 to $275 on or after August 5,2001. The provision concern ing the treatment of back pay awards was amended to provide that for unemployment insurance benefit purposes, the amount of back pay constitutes wages paid in the pe riod for which it was awarded. Employers who are a party to a back pay award settle ment must report whether such settlement was arrived at by subtracting the amount of unemployment benefits received. The re quirements have been established for pay ments to the unemployment fund by such employers in the event the settlement was or was not reduced by the amount of unem ployment benefits received. B e n e fits. The total number of premium rate tables decreased from 10 to 6. Varia tions from the standard rate of premiums for certain employers must be determined, be ginning July 1, 2001 by the reserve ratio of each employer in accordance with the pre mium rate tables 1-6, depending on the bal ance in the unemployment compensation trust fund. Under the most favorable table, rates range from 0 percent to 10 percent. Under the least favorable table, rates range from 0.5 percent to 10 percent. F in a n cin g . Texas Garnishment for the pur poses of spousal maintenance will not ap ply to unemployment insurance benefit payments. The Government Code Chapter will be applicable unless and to the extent: another State law specifically states that this chapter does not apply; or a Federal law or regulation imposes an unconditional require ment that irreconcilably conflicts with the code; or imposes a condition on the State’s eligibility to receive money from the Fed eral Government that irreconcilably conflicts with the code. A d m in is tra tio n . The computation of the maximum weekly benefit amount changed from a com B en efits. 44 Monthly Labor Review https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis putation based on the change in the 1976 average weekly wage to 47.6 percent of the preceding year’s annual average weekly wage. The computation of the minimum weekly benefit amount changed from a computation based on the change in the 1976 average weekly wage to 7.6 percent of the preceding year’s annual average weekly wage. A benefit amount that is not a multiple of $1 must be increased to the next multiple of $1. Services will be excluded from employment if performed by an individual who is blind while the individual is in train ing at a sheltered workshop operated by a charitable organization under a rehabilita tion program that includes: an individual plan for employment; a timeline for comple tion of the training; and a planned employ ment outcome. Service will be included as employment if performed by an individual who is blind and who, after training, is work ing for a sheltered workshop operated by a charitable organization: temporarily while awaiting placement in a position of employ ment in the competitive labor market; or permanently because the individual is un able to compete in the competitive labor market. An Indian tribe includes a tribal unit, a subdivision or subsidiary of an Indian tribe, and a business wholly owned by an Indian tribe. The definition of employment includes service performed for an Indian tribe, result ing in unemployment insurance coverage of such services and to exclude coverage of cer tain services. An Indian tribe may either pay contributions or elect to make reimburse ments. Under certain circumstances, the reimbursement election will be terminated and coverage may be terminated when a tribe fails to make the required payments; pro vides for reinstatement when the failure is corrected. Extended benefits not reimbursed by the Federal Government must be financed 100 percent by the Indian tribe. C overage. Certain employers of domestic workers will be permitted to annually report quarterly wages and pay contributions. Such employers must make the reporting and paying election not later than December 31 of the year before the first calendar year reported; an election by such employer is not revocable by the employer before the second anniversary of the date of the elec F in an cin g. January 2002 tion. Contributions must be reported and paid by January 31 with respect to wages for employment paid in the preceding cal endar year. Requires the commission to es timate the rate taking effect during the preceding calendar year subject to correc tion when a final computation is made. On the request of the commission, those elect ing employers must file reports at other times as necessary to adjudicate a claim or to es tablish wage credits. Any penalty or interest imposed on the elected employer must be computed in the same manner as for other types of employment. In computing the ben efit ratio for employers of domestic workers only and who have elected to file reports an nually, only taxable wages for which contri butions have been paid to the commission on or before January 31 may be used. An employer who reports annually has the same computation date as other employers, but the final computation of a rate for the employer may not occur before February 1 of the year following the computation date. A special unemployment compensation tax rate for employers engaged in agriculture classified as crop preparation services for market was provided. Such employers must pay a con tribution at the lowest of the following rates: 5.4 percent; the general tax rate applicable to that employer, with the deficit tax rate and replenishment tax rate; or any other tax rate applicable to that employer. The re quirement to notify the Commission of an election will be required. The definition of manual changes from the Standard In dustrial Classification Manual to the North American Industrial Classification System Manual. Utah The Division of Workforce Information and Payment Services pre scribes rules providing standards for deter mining which contribution reports must be filed on magnetic media or in other machinereadable form. The rules may not require any employer to file contribution reports on magnetic media unless the employer is required to file wage data on at least 250 employees during any calendar year. Devel oping the rules requires the Division to take into account the ability of the employer to comply at reasonable cost. The Division may require employers to post a bond for failure A d m in istra tio n . to comply with the rules. For the purpose of accessing records, disclosure of personallyidentifiable information about an individual can be or may be granted to: an employee of the Department of Workforce Services (De partment) administering programs other than the unemployment insurance program; a government employee or workers’ compen sation insurer to the extent the information will aid in the detection or avoidance of du plicate, inconsistent, or fraudulent claims against a workers’ compensation program or the recovery of overpayments of workers’ compensation funds; an employee or con tractor of the Department or an educational institution or other governmental entity en gaged in workforce investment and devel opment activities pursuant to the Workforce Investment Act of 1998 for the purpose of coordinating services with the Department, evaluating the effectiveness of those activi ties, and measuring performance; the public for any purpose following a written waiver by all interested parties of their rights to non disclosure; and an individual whose wage data has been submitted to the Department by an employer, so long as no informa tion other than the individual’s wage data and the identity of the party who submit ted the information is provided to the in dividual. Virginia A fee may not be deducted from unemployment insurance that is sub ject to child support withholding. A d m in istra tio n . Employers are not charged benefits paid to an inmate participating in a work-release program when the inmate’s separation from work arose from conditions of release or parole from such program. F in a n cin g . Washington Individuals who serve in a princi pal administrative, research, or instructional capacity in a community or technical col lege, but who are between "terms, do not have “reasonable assurance” of continued em ployment when an offer is conditioned upon enrollment, funding, or program changes. Benefits based on any and all service in an instructional, research, or principal admin istrative capacity for any and all educa tional institutions will not be paid to an individual for any week of unemployment which commences during the period be tween two successive academic years or terms if the individual has reasonable assur ance of continued employment. B en efits. The definition of “employment” and “employing unit” includes service per formed for an Indian tribe, resulting in un employment insurance coverage of such services. An Indian tribe can either pay con tributions or elect to make reimbursements. Under certain conditions, the reimbursement election and coverage will be terminated when a tribe fails to make the required pay ments; provides for reinstatement when the failure is corrected. May require an Indian tribe that elects to make reimbursement to execute and file a surety bond or deposit money or se curities. Extended benefits not reimbursed by the Federal Government will be financed in their entirety by the Indian tribe. C o v era g e. Unemployment insurance cov erage extends to services performed in the employ of an Indian tribe or tribal unit. In dian tribes and tribal units may either pay contributions or make reimbursements. Fail ure of any Indian tribe or tribal unit to make required payments within 90 days of receipt of a billing will cause the Indian tribe to lose the reimbursement option. Reimbursing In dian tribes or tribal units may establish group accounts. C overage. Vermont Effective with the calendar quarter ending March 31,2001, the require ment for employers to report worker’s aver age weekly hours worked during the quar ter was eliminated. An individual is not deemed to be “partially unemployed” if the individual performed less than full-time work only because there was a holiday in that week for which the individual was en titled to holiday pay. A d m in is tra tio n . https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Wisconsin Coverage. The definition o f‘employer” and “employment” includes service performed for an Indian tribe, resulting in unemploy ment insurance coverage of such services. An Indian tribe can either pay contributions or elect to make reimbursement financing. An Indian tribe that elects to make reim bursement financing must file assurance of reimbursement for the election to be valid; failure to file such assurance terminates pending election. An Indian tribe may ter minate the election and pay a contribution rate of 2.7 percent for 3 years; under certain conditions, may reelect reimbursement fi nancing. Under certain conditions, the re imbursement financing and the assurance will be terminated when the tribe fails to make the required payments and any pend ing election that fails to meet the require ments to file an assurance of reimbursement will be terminated; under certain conditions, reimbursement financing may be reelected. The Department may consider the Indian tribe not to be an employer and may con sider services performed for the tribe not to be employment for failure to make required payments. Wyoming A Department of Workforce Services was created and the new director of that Department has been instructed to prepare a plan for reorganizing various agen cies and functions, including the possible transfer of unemployment insurance and other functions to the Department of Workforce Services. The plan was to have been submitted to and approved by the Governor and submitted to the joint labor, health and social services interim commit tee of the legislature no later than Octo ber 15, 2001. A d m in istration . C o v e r a g e . The definition of “employer” and “employment” includes service per formed for an Indian tribe, resulting in un employment insurance coverage of such ser vices. An Indian tribe can either pay contri butions or elect to make reimbursements. An Indian tribe that elects to make reimburse ments may be required to file a surety bond. Under certain circumstances, the reimburse ment election will be terminated and cover age may be terminated when a tribe fails to make the required payments; provides for reinstatement when the failure is corrected. For calendar year 2002, contri bution rates were lowered by 30 percent for experience-rated employers and employers at the base rate of 8.5 percent. D F in an cin g. Monthly Labor Review January 2002 45 Précis W h y b e flexible? About one in every ten or eleven workers reports participating in an altemative-toregular-employee work arrangements and almost one in five works part time. While the concept o f “regular employee” may be hard to define, as Charles Muhl points out in this issue, and alternative arrange ments and part-time work are intertwined in complex ways, as pointed out by Marisa DiNatale last March, more flexible ap proaches to organizing work seem to be increasingly important. Susan H ousem an’s article, “ Why Employers Use Flexible Staffing Ar rangements: Evidence From an Estab lishment Survey,” in the October 2001 I n d u s tr ia l a n d L a b o r R e la tio n s R e v ie w brings us new, survey-based evidence on the dem and for flexible workers. Houseman found that seven out o f ten em ployers rep o rted using part-tim e workers and almost four out o f five used at least one form o f flexible arrangement other than part time. The most common reasons employ ers gave for using alternative arrange m ents pertained to specific staffing needs such as unexpected fluctuations in workload, seasonal demands, or the need to cover for vacations or other ab sences o f regular employees. Among those using part-time workers, the most common reasons reported were to cover either peak-load hours or to extend the estab lish m en t’s hours beyond those covered by full-time shifts. On the contentious issue o f cost sav ings, Houseman noted that, “Although few employers said they used workers in flexible staffing arrangements in order to save on wage and benefit costs, employ ers typically do save, primarily on benefit costs, by using these arrangements.” Forecasting w o rker q u a lity Im provem ents in the q u ality o f the workforce have been among the forces 46 M onthly Labor R eview https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis boosting labor productivity in the past couple o f decades. In fact, bls figures show that in the first h alf o f the 1990s, about one-fourth o f labor productivity growth in private nonfarm business was due to increases in labor quality, where quality is measured using education and work experience. This dropped by half between 1995 and 1999, to about oneeighth o f labor productivity growth. (See “M ultifactor productivity trends, 1999,” USDL news release 01-125 at h t t p : / / w w w .b l s . g o v / n e w s .r e l e a s e / p ro d 3 .n r0 .h tm for further details.) Among the causes o f gains in labor quality are rising levels o f educational attain m ent am ong w orkers and in creases in work experience that are as sociated with higher productivity. The m ovem ent o f baby-boom ers towards their peak earnings years has been a factor in increasing experience levels and increasing labor quality in recent years. What can we project the contribu tion o f worker quality to productivity growth (and hence output growth) to be in th e co m in g y e a rs? D an iel Aaronson and Daniel Sullivan o f the Federal Reserve Bank of Chicago tackle this question and others in “Growth in Worker Quality,” E c o n o m i c P e r s p e c t i v e s (fourth quarter 2001). Among their data sources is the M arch C urrent Population Survey ( cps), from which they analyze data on earnings, weeks worked, and usual hours worked per week. Other researchers who have studied U.S. labor quality have also used the cps as a data source— among them are Mun Ho and Dale Jorgenson and the bls Office of Productivity and Technol ogy. The methodology used by Aaronson and Sullivan resembles those of these other researchers in some ways, with certain differences. Aaronson and Sullivan report that their findings about past labor quality growth are “broadly similar” to those o f Ho and Jorgenson and those o f bls . L ik e bls fin d in g s, A aro n so n and Jan u a ry 2002 Sullivan’s results show a decline in the contribution o f labor quality to produc tivity growth in the 1990s. Turning to the future, Aaronson and Sullivan forecast a continued decline in the contribution o f labor quality to pro ductivity and output grow th as we move towards 2010. According to their forecast, improvements in worker skills will account for only about 0.05 percent age point o f labor productivity growth and output growth in 2010, down from their estimated contribution in the late 1980s and early 1990s o f about 0.40 per centage point. N ew econom y, n e w w o rk fo rc e “A century ago, the overwhelming major ity o f people in developed countries worked with their hands,” wrote Peter Drucker in a recent E c o n o m is t magazine survey. Today, in contrast, the fast-grow ing group is the “knowledge workers” in jobs that require formal, advanced school ing. His analysis of these trends closely parallels that of bls projections we have published in the R e v ie w . Drucker further divides knowledge workers into the traditional professions and a new class of “knowledge technolo gists” such as com puter program m ers, m anufacturing technicians, m edical technologists, and paralegals. W hat makes these jo b s different is that de spite time often spent on routine du ties, w hat identifies the w ork is the part that applies formal learning to the w ork situation. These workers, according to Drucker, will need both the formal education that starts their careers in knowledge-based w ork and co n tin u in g ed u catio n as “knowledge” becomes obsolete more quickly than “skill.” Drucker believes that a larger measure o f potential up ward m obility marks the know ledge workforce. He also warns, however, that that mobility comes at a high price in terms o f competitive pressure. □ C urrent Labor Statistics 1 Notes on labor statistics 48 Labor com pensation and collective bargaining data—continued 60 28. Employment Cost Index, private nonfarm workers, by bargaining status, region, and area size................... 29. Participants in benefit plans, medium and large firms..... 30. Participants in benefits plans, small firms and government................................................................ 31. Work stoppages involving 1,000 workers or more.......... Wi C om parative indicators 1. Labor market indicators........................... 2. Annual and quarterly percent changes in compensation, prices, and productivity 3. Alternative measures of wages and compensation changes.......................... 61 61 Labor force d ata 4. Employment status of the population, seasonally adjusted................................................. 5. Selected employment indicators, seasonally adjusted................................................. 6. Selected unemployment indicators, seasonally adjusted................................................. 7. Duration of unemployment, seasonally adjusted................................................. 8. Unemployed persons by reason for unemployment, seasonally adjusted................................................. 9. Unemployment rates by sex and age, seasonally adjusted................................................. 10. Unemployment rates by States, seasonally adjusted................................................. 11. Employment of workers by States, seasonally adjusted................................................. 12. Employment of workers by industry, seasonally adjusted................................................. 13. Average weekly hours by industry, seasonally adjusted................................................. 14. Average hourly earnings by industry, seasonally adjusted................................................. 15. Average hourly earnings by industry.......................... 16. Average weekly earnings by industry......................... 17. Diffusion indexes of employment change, seasonally adjusted................................................. 18. Establishment size and employment covered under ui, private ownership, by major industry.................... 19. Annual data establishment, employment, and wages, covered unless ui and ucfe, by ownership............. 20. Annual data: Establishments, employment, and wages covered under ui and UCFE, by State..... 21. Annual data: Employment and average annual pay of ui- and uCFE-covered workers, by largest counties .. 22. Annual data: Employment status of the population ... 23. Annual data: Employment levels by industry............ 24. Annual data: Average hours and earnings level, by industry............................................................ 90 91 Price d ata 62 63 64 65 65 66 67 67 68 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 82 83 83 Labor com pensation and collective bargaining data 25. Employment Cost Index, compensation, by occupation and industry group............................... 84 26. Employment Cost Index, wages and salaries, by occupation and industry group............. ................. 86 27. Employment Cost Index, benefits, private industry workers, by occupation and industry group................ 87 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 88 89 32. Consumer Price Index: U.S. city average, by expenditure category and commodity and service groups............... 92 33. Consumer Price Index: U.S. city average and local data, all items....................................................... 95 34. Annual data: Consumer Price Index, all items and major groups.......................................................... 96 35. Producer Price Indexes by stage of processing................ 97 36. Producer Price Indexes for the net output of major industry groups............................................................ 98 37. Annual data: Producer Price Indexes by stage of processing.................................................. 99 38. U.S. export price indexes by Standard International Trade Classification...................................................... 100 39. U.S. import price indexes by Standard International Trade Classification...................................................... 101 40. U.S. export price indexes by end-use category..................102 41. U.S. import price indexes by end-use category.................103 42. U.S.international price indexes for selected categories of services..................................................... 103 Productivity data 43. Indexes of productivity, hourly compensation, and unit costs, data seasonally adjusted........................104 44. Annual indexes of multifactor productivity...................... 105 45. Annual indexes of productivity, hourly compensation, unit costs, and prices.................................................... 106 46. Annual indexes of output per hour for selected industries....................................................................... 107 International comparisons data 47. Unemployment rates in nine countries, data seasonally adjusted...............................................110 48. Annual data: Employment status of the civilian working-age population, 10 countries.......................... 111 49. Annual indexes of productivity and related measures, 12 countries................................................................... 112 Injury and illness d ata 50. Annual data: Occupational injury and illness incidence rates..............................................................113 51. Fatal occupational injuries by event or exposure....................................................................... 115 M onthly Labor R ev ie w J an u a ry 2002 47 Notes on Current Labor Statistics This section of the R e v ie w presents the prin cipal statistical series collected and calcu lated by the Bureau of Labor Statistics: series on labor force; employment; unem ployment; labor compensation; consumer, producer, and international prices; produc tivity; international comparisons; and injury and illness statistics. In the notes that follow, the data in each group of tables are briefly described; key definitions are given; notes on the data are set forth; and sources of addi tional information are cited. General notes The following notes apply to several tables in this section: Seasonal adjustment. Certain monthly and quarterly data are adjusted to eliminate the effect on the data of such factors as cli matic conditions, industry production sched ules, opening and closing of schools, holi day buying periods, and vacation practices, which might prevent short-term evaluation of the statistical series. Tables containing data that have been adjusted are identified as “seasonally adjusted.” (All other data are not seasonally adjusted.) Seasonal effects are es timated on the basis of past experience. When new seasonal factors are computed each year, revisions may affect seasonally adjusted data for several preceding years. Seasonally adjusted data appear in tables 1-14,16-17,39, and 43. Seasonally adjusted labor force data in tables 1 and 4-9 were re vised in the February 2001 issue of the R e v ie w . Seasonally adjusted establishment sur vey data shown in tables 1, 12-14 and 1617 were revised in the July 2001 R e v ie w and reflect the experience through March 2001. A brief explanation of the seasonal adjustment methodology appears in “Notes on the data.” Revisions in the productivity data in table 49 are usually introduced in the September issue. Seasonally adjusted indexes and per cent changes from month-to-month and quarter-to-quarter are published for numer ous Consumer and Producer Price Index se ries. However, seasonally adjusted indexes are not published for the U.S. average AllItems CPI. Only seasonally adjusted percent changes are available for this series. Adjustments for price changes. Some data-—such as the “real” earnings shown in table 14—are adjusted to eliminate the ef fect of changes in price. These adjustments are made by dividing current-dollar values by the Consumer Price Index or the appro priate component of the index, then multi plying by 100. For example, given a current hourly wage rate of $3 and a current price index number of 150, where 1982 = 100, the 48 M o n th ly Labor R e v ie w https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis hourly rate expressed in 1982 dollars is $2 ($3/150 x 100 = $2). The $2 (or any other resulting values) are described as “real,” “constant,” or “1982” dollars. C o m p a riso n s o f U n em ploym ent, BLS Bulle tin 1979. Detailed data on the occupational injury and illness series are published in O c c u p a Sources of information tio n a l In ju rie s a n d Illn e sse s in th e U n ite d S tates, b y In dustry, a BLS annual bulletin. Finally, the M o n th ly L a b o r R e v ie w car Data that supplement the tables in this sec tion are published by the Bureau in a variety of sources. Definitions of each series and notes on the data are contained in later sec tions of these Notes describing each set of data. For detailed descriptions of each data series, see b l s H a n d b o o k o f M eth o d s, Bul letin 2490. Users also may wish to consult M a jo r P ro g ra m s o fth e B ureau o f L a b o r S ta tis tic s, Report 919. News releases provide the latest statistical information published by the Bureau; the major recurring releases are published according to the schedule appear ing on the back cover of this issue. More information about labor force, em ployment, and unemployment data and the household and establishment surveys under lying the data are available in the Bureau’s monthly publication, E m p lo ym en t a n d E arn ings. Historical unadjusted and seasonally adjusted data from the household survey are available on the Internet: http://www.bls.gov/cps/ Historically comparable unadjusted and sea sonally adjusted data from the establishment survey also are available on the Internet: http ://www.bls.gov/ces/ Additional information on labor force data for areas below the national level are pro vided in the bls annual report, G e o g ra p h ic P ro file o f E m p lo y m en t a n d U n em ploym en t. For a comprehensive discussion of the Employment Cost Index, see E m p lo ym en t C o s t In dexes a n d L evels, 1 9 7 5 -9 5 , bls Bul letin 2466. The most recent data from the Employee Benefits Survey appear in the fol lowing Bureau of Labor Statistics bulletins: E m p lo y e e B e n e fits in M e d iu m a n d L a rg e F irm s; E m p lo y e e B en efits in S m a ll P riv a te E sta b lish m en ts; and E m p lo y e e B e n e fits in S ta te a n d L o c a l G o vern m en ts. More detailed data on consumer and pro ducer prices are published in the monthly periodicals, The CPI D e ta ile d R e p o r t and P ro d u c e r P ric e In d ex es. For an overview of the 1998 revision of the CPI, see the Decem ber 1996 issue of the M o n th ly L a b o r R eview . Additional data on international prices ap pear in monthly news releases. Listings of industries for which produc tivity indexes are available may be found on the Internet: http://www.bls.gov/lpc/ For additional information on interna tional comparisons data, see In te rn a tio n a l J a n u a ry 2002 ries analytical articles on annual and longer term developments in labor force, employ ment, and unemployment; employee com pensation and collective bargaining; prices; productivity; international comparisons; and injury and illness data. Symbols n.e.c. = not elsewhere classified, n.e.s. = not elsewhere specified. p = preliminary. To increase the time liness of some series, preliminary figures are issued based on repre sentative but incomplete returns, r = revised. Generally, this revision reflects the availability of later data, but also may reflect other ad justments. Comparative Indicators (Tables 1-3) Comparative indicators tables provide an overview and comparison of major BLS sta tistical series. Consequently, although many of the included series are available monthly, all measures in these comparative tables are presented quarterly and annually. Labor market indicators include em ployment measures from two major surveys and information on rates of change in com pensation provided by the Employment Cost Index (ECl) program. The labor force partici pation rate, the employment-to-population ratio, and unemployment rates for major de mographic groups based on the Current Population (“household”) Survey are pre sented, while measures of employment and average weekly hours by major industry sec tor are given using nonfarm payroll data. The Employment Cost Index (compensation), by major sector and by bargaining status, is cho sen from a variety of bls compensation and wage measures because it provides a com prehensive measure of employer costs for hiring labor, not just outlays for wages, and it is not affected by employment shifts among occupations and industries. Dataon changes in compensation, prices, and productivity are presented in table 2. Measures of rates of change of compensa- tion and wages from the Employment Cost Index program are provided for all civil ian nonfarm workers (excluding Federal and household workers) and for all private nonfarm workers. Measures of changes in consumer prices for all urban consumers; producer prices by stage of processing; overall prices by stage of processing; and overall export and import price indexes are given. Measures of productivity (output per hour of all persons) are provided for major sectors. Alternative measures of wage and com pensation rates of change, which reflect the overall trend in labor costs, are summarized in table 3. Differences in concepts and scope, related to the specific purposes of the series, contribute to the variation in changes among the individual measures. Notes on the data Definitions of each series and notes on the data are contained in later sections of these notes describing each set of data. Employment and Unemployment Data (Tables 1; 4-24) Household survey data Description of the series Employment data in this section are ob tained from the Current Population Survey, a program of personal interviews conducted monthly by the Bureau of the Census for the Bureau of Labor Statistics. The sample con sists of about 60,000 households selected to represent the U.S. population 16 years of age and older. Households are interviewed on a rotating basis, so that three-fourths of the sample is the same for any 2 consecutive months. Definitions Employed persons include (1) all those who worked for pay any time during the week which includes the 12th day of the month or who worked unpaid for 15 hours or more in a family-operated enterprise and (2) those who were temporarily absent from their regu lar jobs because of illness, vacation, indus trial dispute, or similar reasons. A person working at more than one job is counted only in the job at which he or she worked the greatest number of hours. Unemployed persons are those who did not work during the survey week, but were available for work except for temporary ill ness and had looked for jobs within the pre ceding 4 weeks. Persons who did not look https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis for work because they were on layoff are also counted among the unemployed. The unemployment rate represents the num ber unemployed as a percent of the civilian labor force. The civilian labor force consists of all employed or unemployed persons in the civilian noninstitutional population. Persons not in the labor force are those not classified as employed or unemployed. This group includes discouraged workers, defined as persons who want and are available for ajob and who have looked for work sometime in the past 12 months (or since the end of their last job if they held one within the past 12 months), but are not currently looking, because they believe there are no jobs available or there are none for which they would qualify. The civilian noninstitu tional population comprises all persons 16 years of age and older who are not inmates of penal or mental institutions, sanitariums, or homes for the aged, infirm, or needy. The civilian labor force participation rate is the proportion of the civilian noninstitutional population that is in the labor force. The employment-population ratio is employ ment as a percent of the civilian nonin stitutional population. Notes on the data From time to time, and especially after a decennial census, adjustments are made in the Current Population Survey figures to correct for estimating errors during the intercensal years. These adjustments affect the comparability of historical data. A de scription of these adjustments and their ef fect on the various data series appears in the Explanatory Notes of E m p lo y m e n t a n d E a rn in g s. Labor force data in tables 1 and 4-9 are seasonally adjusted. Since January 1980, national labor force data have been season ally adjusted with a procedure called X -ll arima which was developed at Statistics Canada as an extension of the standard X11 method previously used by bls . A de tailed description of the procedure appears in the X -ll ARIM A S e a s o n a l A d ju s tm e n t M e th o d , by Estela Bee Dagum (Statistics Canada, Catalogue No. 12-564E, January 1983). At the beginning of each calendar year, historical seasonally adjusted data usually are revised, and projected seasonal adjust ment factors are calculated for use during the January-June period. The historical sea sonally adjusted data usually are revised for only the most recent 5 years. In July, new seasonal adjustment factors, which incorpo rate the experience through June, are pro duced for the July-December period, but no revisions are made in the historical data. For additional information on na tional household survey data, contact the Division of Labor Force Statistics: (202) 691-6378. Establishment survey data Description of the series Employment, hours , and earnings data in this section are compiled from payroll records reported monthly on a voluntary ba sis to the Bureau of Labor Statistics and its cooperating State agencies by about 300,000 establishments representing all industries except agriculture. Industries are classified in accordance with the 1987 S ta n d a r d In d u s tr ia l C la ssific a tio n (SIC) M an u al. In most industries, the sampling probabilities are based on the size of the establishment; most large establishments are therefore in the sample. (An establishment is not necessar ily a firm; it may be a branch plant, for ex ample, or warehouse.) Self-employed per sons and others not on a regular civilian payroll are outside the scope of the sur vey because they are excluded from estab lishment records. This largely accounts for the difference in employment figures be tween the household and establishment surveys. Definitions An establishment is an economic unit which produces goods or services (such as a fac tory or store) at a single location and is en gaged in one type of economic activity. Employed persons are all persons who received pay (including holiday and sick pay) for any part of the payroll period in cluding the 12th day of the month. Per sons holding more than one job (about 5 percent of all persons in the labor force) are counted in each establishment which reports them. Production workers in manufacturing include working supervisors and nonsupervisory workers closely associated with pro duction operations. Those workers men tioned in tables 11-16 include production workers in manufacturing and mining; con struction workers in construction; and nonsupervisory workers in the following in dustries: transportation and public utilities; wholesale and retail trade; finance, insur ance, and real estate; and services. These groups account for about four-fifths of the total employment on private nonagricultural payrolls. Earnings are the payments production or nonsupervisory workers receive during the survey period, including premium pay for overtime or late-shift work but exclud- M o n th ly L ab o r R e v ie w J a n u a ry 2002 49 Current Labor Statistics ing irregular bonuses and other special payments. Real earnings are earnings adjusted to reflect the effects of changes in consumer prices. The deflator for this series is derived from the Consumer Price Index for Urban Wage Earners and Clerical Workers (CPi-W). Hours represent the average weekly hours of production or nonsupervisory work ers for which pay was received, and are dif ferent from standard or scheduled hours. Overtime hours represent the portion of av erage weekly hours which was in excess of regular hours and for which overtime premi ums were paid. The Diffusion Index represents the percent of industries in which employment was rising over the indicated period, plus one-half of the industries with unchanged employment; 50 percent indicates an equal balance between industries with increasing and decreasing employment. In line with Bu reau practice, data for the 1-, 3-, and 6-month spans are seasonally adjusted, while those for the 12-month span are unadjusted. Data are centered within the span. Table 17 pro vides an index on private nonfarm employ ment based on 356 industries, and a manu facturing index based on 139 industries. These indexes are useful for measuring the dispersion of economic gains or losses and are also economic indicators. Notes on the data Establishment survey data are annually ad justed to comprehensive counts of employ ment (called “benchmarks”). The latest ad justment, which incorporated March 2000 benchmarks, was made with the release of May 2001 data, published in the July 2001 issue of the R eview . Coincident with the benchmark adjustment, historical seasonally adjusted data were revised to reflect updated seasonal factors. Unadjusted data from April 2000 forward and seasonally adjusted data from January 1997 forward are subject to revision in future benchmarks. In addition to the routine benchmark re visions and updated seasonal factors intro duced with the release of the May 2000 data, all estimates for the wholesale trade division from April 1998 forward were re vised to incorporate a new sample design. This represented the first major industry division to convert to a probability-based sample under a 4-year phase-in plan for the establishment survey sample redesign project. For additional information, see the the June 2000 issue of E m p lo y m e n t a n d E a rn in g s. Revisions in State data (table 11) occurred with the publication of January 2000 data. Beginning in June 1996, the bls uses the X-12 arima methodology to seasonally ad just establishment survey data. This proce 50 M o n th ly L ab o r R e v ie w https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis dure, developed by the Bureau of the Cen sus, controls for the effect of varying sur vey intervals (also known as the 4- versus 5-week effect), thereby providing improved measurement of over-the-month changes and underlying economic trends. Revisions of data, usually for the most recent 5-year pe riod, are made once a year coincident with the benchmark revisions. In the establishment survey, estimates for the most recent 2 months are based on incomplete returns and are published as pre liminary in the tables ( 12-17 in the R eview ). When all returns have been received, the es timates are revised and published as “final” (prior to any benchmark revisions) in the third month of their appearance. Thus, De cember data are published as preliminary in January and February and as final in March. For the same reasons, quarterly establish ment data (table 1) are preliminary for the first 2 months of publication and final in the third month. Thus, fourth-quarter data are published as preliminary in January and February and as final in March. For additional information on estab lishment survey data, contact the Division of Monthly Industry Employment Statis tics: (202) 691-6555. Unemployment data by State Description of the series Data presented in this section are obtained from the Focal Area Unemployment Statis tics (LAUS) program, which is conducted in cooperation with State employment secu rity agencies. Monthly estimates of the labor force, employment, and unemployment for States and sub-State areas are a key indicator of lo cal economic conditions, and form the basis for determining the eligibility of an area for benefits under Federal economic assistance programs such as the Job Training Partner ship Act. Seasonally adjusted unemployment rates are presented in table 10. Insofar as possible, the concepts and definitions under lying these data are those used in the national estimates obtained from the cps. Notes on the data Data refer to State of residence. Monthly data for all States and the District of Columbia are derived using standardized procedures established by bls. Once a year, estimates are revised to new population controls, usually with publication of January estimates, and benchmarked to annual average CPS levels. For additional information on data in this series, call (202) 691-6392 (table 10) or (202)691-6559 (table 11). J a n u a ry 2002 Covered employment and wage data (ES-202) Description of the series E mployment, wage, and establishment in this section are derived from the quarterly tax reports submitted to State employment security agencies by private and State and local government employ ers subject to State unemployment in surance (ui) laws and from Federal, agen cies subject to the Unemployment Com pensation for Federal Employees ( ucfe) program. Each quarter, State agencies edit and process the data and send the infor mation to the Bureau o f Labor Statistics. The Covered Employment and Wages data, also referred as ES-202 data, are the most complete enumeration o f employ ment and wage information by industry at the national, State, metropolitan area, and county levels. They have broad eco nomic significance in evaluating labor market trends and major industry devel opments. data Definitions In general, es -202 monthly employment data represent the number o f c o v e re d w o rk ers who worked during, or received pay for, the pay period that included the 12th day o f the month. C o v er ed p riv a te in du stry em p lo y m en t includes most cor porate officials, executives, supervisory personnel, professionals, clerical work ers, wage earners, piece workers, and part-time workers. It excludes proprietors, the unincorporated self-employed, un paid family members, and certain farm and domestic workers. Certain types o f non profit employers, such as religious orga nizations, are given a choice o f coverage or exclusion in a number of States. Work ers in these organizations are, therefore, reported to a limited degree. Persons on paid sick leave, paid holi day, paid vacation, and the like, are in cluded. Persons on the payroll o f more than one firm during the period are counted by each ui-subject employer if they meet the employment definition noted earlier. The employment count ex cludes workers who earned no wages during the entire applicable pay period because o f work stoppages, temporary layoffs, illness, or unpaid vacations. F e d e r a l em p lo y m e n t d a ta are based on reports o f monthly employment and quarterly wages submitted each quarter to State agencies for all Federal installa- tions with employees covered by the Un employment Compensation for Federal Employees ( ucfe) program, except for cer tain national security agencies, which are omitted for security reasons. Employment for all Federal agencies for any given month is based on the number of persons who worked during or received pay for the pay period that included the 12th of the month. An establishment is an economic unit, such as a farm, mine, factory, or store, that produces goods or provides services. It is typically at a single physical location and engaged in one, or predominantly one, type of economic activity for which a single in dustrial classification may be applied. Occa sionally, a single physical location encom passes two or more distinct and significant activities. Each activity should be reported as a separate establishment if separate records are kept and the various activities are classi fied under different four-digit sic codes. Most employers have only one establish ment; thus, the establishment is the predomi nant reporting unit or statistical entity for reporting employment and wages data. Most employers, including State and local govern ments who operate more than one establish ment in a State, file a Multiple Worksite Re port each quarter, in addition to their quar terly ui report. The Multiple Worksite Re port is used to collect separate employment and wage data for each of the employer’s es tablishments, which are not detailed on the ui report. Some very small multi-establishment employers do not file a Multiple Worksite Report. When the total employment in an employer’s secondary establishments (all establishments other than the largest) is 10 or fewer, the employer generally will file a consolidated report for all establishments. Also, some employers either cannot or will not report at the establishment level and thus aggregate establishments into one consoli dated unit, or possibly several units, though not at the establishment level. For the Federal Government, the report ing unit is the installation: a single location at which a department, agency, or other gov ernment body has civilian employees. Fed eral agencies follow slightly different criteria than do private employers when breaking down their reports by installation. They are permitted to combine as a single statewide unit: 1) all installations with 10 or fewer workers, and 2) all installations that have a combined total in the State of fewer than 50 workers. Also, when there are fewer than 25 workers in all secondary installations in a State, the secondary installations may be com bined and reported with the major installa tion. Fast, if a Federal agency has fewer than https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis five employees in a State, the agency head quarters office (regional office, district of fice) serving each State may consolidate the employment and wages data for that State with the data reported to the State in which the headquarters is located. As a result of these reporting rules, the number of report ing units is always larger than the number of employers (or government agencies) but smaller than the number of actual establish ments (or installations). Data reported for the first quarter are tabulated into size categories ranging from worksites of very small size to those with 1,000 employees or more. The size category is determined by the establishment’s March employment level. It is important to note that each establishment of a multi-establish ment firm is tabulated separately into the appropriate size category. The total employ ment level of the reporting multi-establish ment firm is not used in the size tabulation. Covered employers in most States report total wages paid during the calendar quarter, regardless of when the services were per formed. A few State laws, however, specify that wages be reported for, or based on the period during which services are performed rather than the period during which compen sation is paid. Under most State laws or regu lations, wages include bonuses, stock options, the cash value of meals and lodging, tips and other gratuities, and, in some States, employer contributions to certain deferred compensa tion plans such as 401(k) plans. Covered employer contributions for oldage, survivors, and disability insurance ( oasdi ), health insurance, unemployment in surance, workers’ compensation, and private pension and welfare funds are not reported as wages. Employee contributions for the same purposes, however, as well as money withheld for income taxes, union dues, and so forth, are reported even though they are deducted from the worker’s gross pay. Wages of covered Federal workers rep resent the gross amount of all payrolls for all pay periods ending within the quarter. This includes cash allowances, the cash equiva lent of any type of remuneration, severance pay, withholding taxes, and retirement de ductions. Federal employee remuneration generally covers the same types of services as for workers in private industry. Average annual wages per employee for any given industry are computed by divid ing total annual wages by annual average em ployment. A further division by 52 yields average weekly wages per employee. Annual pay data only approximate annual earnings because an individual may not be employed by the same employer all year or may work for more than one employer at a time. Average weekly or annual pay is af fected by the ratio of full-time to part-time workers as well as the number of individuals in high-paying and low-paying occupations. When average pay levels between States and industries are compared, these factors should be taken into consideration. For example, in dustries characterized by high proportions of part-time workers will show average wage levels appreciably less than the weekly pay levels of regular full-time employees in these industries. The opposite effect characterizes industries with low proportions of part-time workers, or industries that typically sched ule heavy weekend and overtime work. Aver age wage data also may be influenced by work stoppages, labor turnover rates, retroactive payments, seasonal factors, bonus payments, and so on. Notes on the data To insure the highest possible quality of data, State employment security agencies verify with employers and update, if necessary, the industry, location, and ownership classifica tion of all establishments on a 3-year cycle. Changes in establishment classification codes resulting from the verification process are in troduced with the data reported for the first quarter of the year. Changes resulting from improved employer reporting also are intro duced in the first quarter. For these reasons, some data, especially at more detailed geo graphic levels, may not be strictly compa rable with earlier years. The 1999 county data used to calculate the 1999-2000 changes were adjusted for changes in industry and county classification to make them comparable to data for 2000. As a result, the adjusted 1999 data differ to some extent from the data available on the Internet at: http://www.bls.gov/cew/home.htm. County definitions are assigned accord ing to Federal Information Processing Stan dards Publications as issued by the National Institute of Standards and Technology. Areas shown as counties include those designated as independent cities in some jurisdictions and, in Alaska, those areas designated by the Census Bureau where counties have not been created. County data also are presented for the New England States for comparative pur poses, even though townships are the more common designation used in New England (and New Jersey). For additional information on the cov ered employment and wage data, contact the Division ofAdministrative Statistics and La bor Turnover at (202) 691-6567. M o n th ly Labor R e v ie w J a n u a ry 2002 51 Current Labor Statistics Compensation and Wage Data Compensation and wage data are gathered by the Bureau from business establishments, State and local governments, labor unions, collective bargaining agreements on file with the Bureau, and secondary sources. wages and compensation. For the bargaining status, region, and metropolitan/non-metropolitan area series, however, employment data by industry and occupation are not available from the census. Instead, the 1980 employment weights are reallocated within these series each quarter based on the cur rent sample. Therefore, these indexes are not strictly comparable to those for the aggre gate, industry, and occupation series. Employment Cost Index Definitions Description of the series Total compensation costs include wages, (Tables 1-3; 25-31) The Employment Cost Index (ECl) is a quar terly measure of the rate of change in com pensation per hour worked and includes wages, salaries, and employer costs of em ployee benefits. It uses a fixed market basket of labor—similar in concept to the Consumer Price Index’s fixed market basket of goods and services—to measure change over time in employer costs of employing labor. Statistical series on total compensation costs, on wages and salaries, and on benefit costs are available for private nonfarm work ers excluding proprietors, the self-employed, and household workers. The total compensa tion costs and wages and salaries series are also available for State and local government workers and for the civilian nonfarm economy, which consists of private industry and State and local government workers combined. Fed eral workers are excluded. The Employment Cost Index probability sample consists of about 4,400 private non farm establishments providing about 23,000 occupational observations and 1,000 State and local government establishments provid ing 6,000 occupational observations selected to represent total employment in each sec tor. On average, each reporting unit provides wage and compensation information on five well-specified occupations. Data are col lected each quarter for the pay period includ ing the 12th day of March, June, September, and December. Beginning with June 1986 data, fixed em ployment weights from the 1980 Census of Population are used each quarter to calculate the civilian and private indexes and the index for State and local governments. (Prior to June 1986, the employment weights are from the 1970 Census of Popu lation.) These fixed weights, also used to derive all of the industry and occupation series indexes, ensure that changes in these indexes reflect only changes in compensa tion, not employment shifts among indus tries or occupations with different levels of 52 M o n th ly L ab o r R e v ie w https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis salaries, and the employer’s costs for em ployee benefits. Wages and salaries consist of earnings before payroll deductions, including produc tion bonuses, incentive earnings, commis sions, and cost-of-living adjustments. Benefits include the cost to employers for paid leave, supplemental pay (includ ing nonproduction bonuses), insurance, retire ment and savings plans, and legally required benefits (such as Social Security, workers’com pensation, and unemployment insurance). Excluded from wages and salaries and em ployee benefits are such items as payment-in kind, free room and board, and tips. Notes on the data The Employment Cost Index for changes in wages and salaries in the private nonfarm economy was published beginning in 1975. Changes in total compensation cost—wages and salaries and benefits combined—were published beginning in 1980. The series of changes in wages and salaries and for total compensation in the State and local govern ment sector and in the civilian nonfarm economy (excluding Federal employees) were published beginning in 1981. Historical in dexes (June 1981=100) are available on the Internet: http://www.bls.gov/ect/ F or additional information on the Employment Cost Index, contact the Office of Compensation Levels and Trends: (202) 691-6199. Employee Benefits Survey Description of the series Employee benefits data are obtained from the Employee Benefits Survey, an annual survey of the incidence and provisions of selected benefits provided by employers. The survey collects data from a sample of approximately 9,000 private sector and State and local government establishments. J a n u a ry 2002 The data are presented as a percentage of em ployees who participate in a certain benefit, or as an average benefit provision (for example, the average number of paid holidays provided to employees per year). Selected data from the survey are presented in table 25 for medium and large private establishments and in table 26 for small private establishments and State and local government. The survey covers paid leave benefits such as holidays and vacations, and personal, funeral, jury duty, military, family, and sick leave; short-term disability, long-term dis ability, and life insurance; medical, dental, and vision care plans; defined benefit and defined contribution plans; flexible benefits plans; reimbursement accounts; and unpaid family leave. Also, data are tabulated on the inci dence of several other benefits, such as severance pay, child-care assistance, well ness programs, and employee assistance programs. Definitions Employer-provided benefits are benefits that are financed either wholly or partly by the employer. They may be sponsored by a union or other third party, as long as there is some employer financing. However, some benefits that are fully paid for by the em ployee also are included. For example, long term care insurance and postretirement life insurance paid entirely by the employee are included because the guarantee of insurabil ity and availability at group premium rates are considered a benefit. Participants are workers who are covered by a benefit, whether or not they use that benefit. If the benefit plan is financed wholly by employers and requires employees to complete a minimum length of service for eligibility, the workers are considered participants whether or not they have met the requirement. If workers are required to contribute towards the cost of a plan, they are considered participants only if they elect the plan and agree to make the required contributions. Defined benefit pension plans use pre determined formulas to calculate a retirement benefit (if any), and obligate the employer to provide those benefits. Benefits are generally based on salary, years of service, or both. Defined contribution plans generally specify the level of employer and employee contributions to a plan, but not the formula for determining eventual benefits. Instead, individual accounts are set up for partici pants, and benefits are based on amounts credited to these accounts. Tax-deferred savings plans are a type of defined contribution plan that allow par ticipants to contribute a portion of their sal ary to an employer-sponsored plan and defer income taxes until withdrawal. Flexible benefit plans allow employees to choose among several benefits, such as life insurance, medical care, and vacation days, and among several levels of coverage within a given benefit. Definitions Number of stoppages: The number of strikes and lockouts involving 1,000 work ers or more and lasting a full shift or longer. Workers involved: The number of workers directly involved in the stoppage. Number of days idle: The aggregate number of workdays lost by workers in volved in the stoppages. Notes on the data Days of idleness as a percent of estimated working time: Aggregate workdays lost as a Surveys of employees in medium and large establishments conducted over the 1979-86 period included establishments that employed at least 50, 100, or 250 workers, depending on the industry (most service industries were excluded). The survey conducted in 1987 covered only State and local governments with 50 or more employees. The surveys conducted in 1988 and 1989 included medium and large establishments with 100 workers or more in private industries. All surveys conducted over the 1979-89 period excluded establishments in Alaska and Hawaii, as well as part-time employees. Beginning in 1990, surveys of State and local governments and small private establishments were conducted in evennumbered years, and surveys of medium and large establishments were conducted in oddnumbered years. The small establishment survey includes all private nonfarm establishments with fewer than 100 workers, while the State and local government survey includes all governments, regardless of the number of workers. All three surveys include full- and part-time workers, and workers in all 50 States and the District of Columbia. F or additional information on the Employee Benefits Survey, contact the Of fice of Compensation Levels and Trends on the Internet: http://www.bls.gov/ebs/ percent of the aggregate number of standard workdays in the period multiplied by total employment in the period. Work stoppages Description of the series Data on work stoppages measure the num ber and duration of major strikes or lockouts (involving 1,000 workers or more) occurring during the month (or year), the number of workers involved, and the amount of work time lost because of stoppage. These data are presented in table 27. Data are largely from a variety of pub lished sources and cover only establishments directly involved in a stoppage. They do not measure the indirect or secondary effect of stoppages on other establishments whose employees are idle owing to material short ages or lack of service. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Notes on the data This series is not comparable with the one terminated in 1981 that covered strikes in volving six workers or more. For additional information on work stoppages data, contact the Office of Com pensation and Working Conditions: (202) 691-6282, or the Internet: http:/www.bls.gov/cba/ Price Data (Tables 2; 32-42) P rice data are gathered by the Bureau of Labor Statistics from retail and pri mary markets in the United States. Price indexes are given in relation to a base pe riod— 1982 = 100 for many Producer Price Indexes, 1982-84 = 100 for many Con sumer Price Indexes (unless otherwise noted), and 1990 = 100 for International Price Indexes. Consumer Price Indexes Description of the series The Consumer Price Index (CPI) is a mea sure of the average change in the prices paid by urban consumers for a fixed market bas ket of goods and services. The cpi is calcu lated monthly for two population groups, one consisting only of urban households whose primary source of income is derived from the employment of wage earners and clerical workers, and the other consisting of all urban households. The wage earner index (CPi-w) is a continuation of the historic in dex that was introduced well over a halfcentury ago for use in wage negotiations. As new uses were developed for the cpi in re cent years, the need for a broader and more representative index became apparent. The all-urban consumer index (CPI-U), introduced in 1978, is representative of the 1993-95 buying habits of about 87 percent of the noninstitutional population of the United States at that time, compared with 32 per cent represented in the CPI-W. In addition to wage earners and clerical workers, the CPi-u covers professional, managerial, and techni cal workers, the self-employed, short-term workers, the unemployed, retirees, and oth ers not in the labor force. The cpi is based on prices of food, cloth ing, shelter, fuel, drugs, transportation fares, doctors’ and dentists’ fees, and other goods and services that people buy for day-to-day living. The quantity and quality of these items are kept essentially unchanged between major revisions so that only price changes will be measured. All taxes directly associ ated with the purchase and use of items are included in the index. Data collected from more than 23,000 re tail establishments and 5,800 housing units in 87 urban areas across the country are used to develop the “U.S. city average.” Separate estimates for 14 major urban centers are pre sented in table 33. The areas listed are as indicated in footnote 1 to the table. The area indexes measure only the average change in prices for each area since the base period, and do not indicate differences in the level of prices among cities. Notes on the data In January 1983, the Bureau changed the way in which homeownership costs are meaured for the cpi-u . A rental equivalence method replaced the asset-price approach to homeownership costs for that series. In January 1985, the same change was made in the CPi-w. The central purpose of the change was to separate shelter costs from the in vestment component of home-ownership so that the index would reflect only the cost of shelter services provided by owner-occu pied homes. An updated CPI-U and CPi-w were introduced with release of the January 1987 and January 1998 data. F or additional information on con sumer prices, contact the Division of Con sumer Prices and Price Indexes: (202) 691-7000. Producer Price Indexes Description of the series Producer Price Indexes (PPI) measure av erage changes in prices received by domestic producers of commodities in all stages of processing. The sample used for calculating these indexes currently contains about 3,200 commodities and about 80,000 quotations M o n th ly L ab o r R e v ie w J a n u a ry 2002 53 Current Labor Statistics per month, selected to represent the move ment of prices of all commodities produced in the manufacturing; agriculture, forestry, and fishing; mining; and gas and electricity and public utilities sectors. The stage-ofprocessing structure of ppi organizes prod ucts by class of buyer and degree of fabrica tion (that is, finished goods, intermediate goods, and crude materials). The traditional commodity structure of ppi organizes prod ucts by similarity of end use or material com position. The industry and product struc ture o f ppi organizes data in accordance with the Standard Industrial Clas sification (SIC) and the product code exten sion of the Sic developed by the U.S. Bu reau of the Census. To the extent possible, prices used in calculating Producer Price Indexes apply to the first significant commercial transac tion in the United States from the produc tion or central marketing point. Price data are generally collected monthly, primarily by mail questionnaire. Most prices are ob tained directly from producing companies on a voluntary and confidential basis. Prices generally are reported for the Tuesday of the week containing the 13th day of the month. Since January 1992, price changes for the various commodities have been averaged together with implicit quantity weights representing their importance in the total net selling value of all commodities as of 1987. The detailed data are aggregated to obtain indexes for stage-of-processing groupings, commodity groupings, durability-of-product groupings, and a number of special composite groups. All Producer Price Index data are subject to revision 4 months after original publication. F or additional information on pro ducer prices, contact the Division of In dustrial Prices and Price Indexes: (202) 691-7705. International Price Indexes Description of the series The International Price Program produces monthly and quarterly export and import price indexes for nonmilitary goods traded between the United States and the rest of the world. The export price index provides a mea sure of price change for all products sold by U.S. residents to foreign buyers. (“Resi dents” is defined as in the national income accounts; it includes corporations, busi nesses, and individuals, but does not require the organizations to be U.S. owned nor the individuals to have U.S. citizenship.) The 54 M o n th ly L ab o r R e v ie w https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis import price index provides a measure of price change for goods purchased from other countries by U.S. residents. The product universe for both the import and export indexes includes raw materials, agricultural products, semifinished manufac tures, and finished manufactures, including both capital and consumer goods. Price data for these items are collected primarily by mail questionnaire. In nearly all cases, the data are collected directly from the exporter or im porter, although in a few cases, prices are obtained from other sources. To the extent possible, the data gathered refer to prices at the U.S. border for exports and at either the foreign border or the U.S. border for imports. For nearly all products, the prices refer to transactions completed dur ing the first week of the month. Survey re spondents are asked to indicate all discounts, allowances, and rebates applicable to the re ported prices, so that the price used in the calculation of the indexes is the actual price for which the product was bought or sold. In addition to general indexes of prices for U.S. exports and imports, indexes are also published for detailed product categories of exports and imports. These categories are defined according to the five-digit level of detail for the Bureau of Economic Analysis End-use Classification (SiTC), and the four digit level of detail for the Harmonized System. Aggregate import indexes by coun try or region of origin are also available. bls publishes indexes for selected catego ries o f internationally traded services, calcu lated on an international basis and on a balance-of-payments basis. Notes on the data The export and import price indexes are weighted indexes of the Laspeyres type. Price relatives are assigned equal importance within each harmonized group and are then aggregated to the higher level. The values as signed to each weight category are based on trade value figures compiled by the Bureau of the Census. The trade weights currently used to compute both indexes relate to 1995. Because a price index depends on the same items being priced from period to period, it is necessary to recognize when a product’s specifications or terms of transaction have been modified. For this reason, the Bureau’s questionnaire requests detailed descriptions of the physical and functional characteristics of the products being priced, as well as informa tion on the number of units bought or sold, discounts, credit terms, packaging, class of buyer or seller, and so forth. When there are changes in either the specifications or terms of J a n u a ry 2002 transaction of a product, the dollar value of each change is deleted from the total price change to obtain the “pure” change. Once this value is determined, a linking procedure is em ployed which allows for the continued repric ing of the item. For the export price indexes, the preferred pricing is f.a.s. (free alongside ship) U.S. port of exportation. When firms report export prices f.o.b. (free on board), production point information is collected which enables the Bureau to calculate a shipment cost to the port of exportation. An attempt is made to collect two prices for imports. The first is the import price f.o.b. at the foreign port of exportation, which is consistent with the ba sis for valuation of imports in the national accounts. The second is the import price c.i.f.(costs, insurance, and freight) at the U.S. port of importation, which also includes the other costs associated with bringing the product to the U.S. border. It does not, how ever, include duty charges. For a given prod uct, only one price basis series is used in the construction of an index. For additional information on inter national prices, contact the Division of Inter national Prices: (202) 691-7155. Productivity Data (Tables 2; 43-46) Business sector and major sectors Description of the series The productivity measures relate real output to real input. As such, they encompass a fam ily of measures which include single-factor input measures, such as output per hour, out put per unit of labor input, or output per unit of capital input, as well as measures of multifactor productivity (output per unit of combined labor and capital inputs). The Bu reau indexes show the change in output rela tive to changes in the various inputs. The measures cover the business, nonfarm busi ness, manufacturing, and nonfinancial corpo rate sectors. Corresponding indexes of hourly compen sation, unit labor costs, unit nonlabor pay ments, and prices are also provided. Definitions Output per hour of all persons (labor pro ductivity) is the quantity of goods and ser vices produced per hour of labor input. Out- put per unit of capital services (capital productivity) is the quantity of goods and services produced per unit of capital ser vices input. Multifactor productivity is the quantity of goods and services produced per combined inputs. For private business and pri vate nonfarm business, inputs include labor and capital units. For manufacturing, inputs include labor, capital, energy, non-energy ma terials, and purchased business ser-vices. Compensation per hour is total com pensation divided by hours at work. Total compensation equals the wages and salaries of employees plus employers’ contributions for social insurance and private benefit plans, plus an estimate of these payments for the self-employed (except for nonfinancial cor porations in which there are no self-em ployed). Real compensation per hour is compensation per hour deflated by the change in the Consumer Price Index for All Urban Consumers. Unit labor costs are the labor compensa tion costs expended in the production of a unit of output and are derived by dividing com pensation by output. Unit nonlabor pay m ents include profits, depreciation, interest, and indirect taxes per unit of out put. They are computed by subtracting compensation of all persons from current-dollar value of output and dividing by output. Unit nonlabor costs contain all the components of unit nonlabor payments ex cept unit profits. Unit profits include corporate profits with inventory valuation and capital con sumption adjustments per unit of output. Hours of all persons are the total hours at work of payroll workers, self-employed persons, and unpaid family workers. Labor inputs are hours of all persons ad justed for the effects of changes in the edu cation and experience of the labor force. Capital services are the flow of services from the capital stock used in production. It is developed from measures of the net stock of physical assets—equipment, structures, land, and inventories—weighted by rental prices for each type of asset. Combined units of labor and capital inputs are derived by combining changes in labor and capital input with weights which represent each component’s share of total cost. Combined units of labor, capital, energy, materials, and purchased business services are similarly derived by combining changes in each input with weights that represent each input’s share of total costs. The indexes for each input and for combined units are based on changing weights which are averages of the shares in the current and preceding year (the Tornquist index-number formula). https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Notes on the data Business sector output is an annually-weighted index constructed by excluding from real gross domestic product ( g d p ) the following outputs: general government, nonprofit institutions, paid employees of private households, and the rental value of owner-occupied dwellings. Nonfarm business also excludes farming. Pri vate business and private nonfarm business further exclude government enterprises. The measures are supplied by the U.S. Depart ment of Commerce’s Bureau of Economic Analysis. Annual estimates of manufacturing sectoral output are produced by the Bureau of Labor Statistics. Quarterly manufacturing out put indexes from the Federal Reserve Board are adjusted to these annual output measures by the bls . Compensation data are developed from data of the Bureau of Economic Analysis and the Bureau of Labor Statistics. Hours data are developed from data of the Bureau of La bor Statistics. The productivity and associated cost measures in tables 43^16 describe the rela tionship between output in real terms and the labor and capital inputs involved in its production. They show the changes from pe riod to period in the amount of goods and services produced per unit of input. Although these measures relate output to hours and capital services, they do not mea sure the contributions of labor, capital, or any other specific factor of production. Rather, they reflect thejoint effect of many influences, including changes in technology; shifts in the composition of the labor force; capital invest ment; level of output; changes in the utiliza tion of capacity, energy, material, and research and development; the organization of produc tion; managerial skill; and characteristics and efforts of the work force. FOR ADDITIONAL INFORMATION on this productivity series, contact the Division of Productivity Research: (202) 691-5606. Industry productivity measures measures of compensation and unit labor costs for three-digit industries and measures of multifactor productivity for three-digit manufacturing industries and railroad transportation. The industry measures differ in methodology and data sources from the productivity measures for the major sectors because the industry measures are developed independently of the National Income and Product Accounts framework used for the major sector measures. Definitions Output per hour is derived by dividing an index of industry output by an index of labor input. For most industries, output indexes are de rived from data on the value of industry out put adjusted for price change. For the remain ing industries, output indexes are derived from data on the physical quantity of production. The labor input series consist of the hours of all employees (production workers and non production workers), the hours of all persons (paid employees, partners, proprietors, and unpaid family workers), or the number of em ployees, depending upon the industiy. Unit labor costs represent the labor compensation costs per unit of output pro duced, and are derived by dividing an index of labor compensation by an index of out put. Labor compensation includes pay roll as well as supplemental payments, in cluding both legally required expenditures and payments for voluntary programs. Multifactor productivity is derived by dividing an index of industry output by an index of the combined inputs consumed in producing that output. Combined inputs include capital, labor, and intermediate pur chases. The measure of capital input used represents the flow of services from the capital stock used in production. It is devel oped from measures of the net stock of physical assets—equipment, structures, land, and inventories. The measure of in termediate purchases is a combination of purchased materials, services, fuels, and electricity. Notes on the data Description of the series The bls industry productivity data supplement the measures for the business economy and major sectors with annual measures of labor productivity for selected industries at the three- and four-digit levels of the Standard Industrial Classification system. In addition to labor productivity, the industry data also include annual The industry measures are compiled from data produced by the Bureau of Labor Statis tics and the Bureau of the Census, with addi tional data supplied by other government agencies, trade associations, and other sources. For most industries, the productivity indexes refer to the output per hour of all employees. For some trade and services in- M o n th ly L ab o r R e v ie w J a n u a ry 2002 55 Current Labor Statistics dustries, indexes of output per hour of all persons (including self-employed) are con structed. For some transportation indus tries, only indexes of output per employee are prepared. FORADDITIONAL INFORMATION On this se ries, contact the Division of Industry Pro ductivity Studies: (202) 691-5618. International Comparisons (Tables 47-49) Labor force and unemployment Description of the series Tables 47 and 48 present comparative meas ures of the labor force, employment, and un employment— approximating U.S. con cepts—for the United States, Canada, Aus tralia, Japan, and several European countries. The unemployment statistics (and, to a lesser extent, employment statistics) pub lished by other industrial countries are not, in most cases, comparable to U.S. unemploy ment statistics. Therefore, the Bureau ad justs the figures for selected countries, where necessary, for all known major definitional differences. Although precise comparability may not be achieved, these adjusted figures provide a better basis for international com parisons than the figures regularly published by each country. For further information on adjustments and comparability issues, see Constance Sorrentino, “International unem ployment rates: how comparable are they?” M o n th ly L a b o r R e view , June 2000, pp. 3-20. Definitions For the principal U.S. definitions of the labor force, employment, and unemployment, see the Notes section on Employment and Unem ployment Data: Household survey data. Notes on the data The adjusted statistics have been adapted to the age at which compulsory schooling ends in each country, rather than to the U.S. stan dard of 16 years of age and older. Therefore, the adjusted statistics relate to the popula tion aged 16 and older in France, Sweden, and the United Kingdom; 15 and older in Austra lia, Japan, Germany, Italy from 1993 onward, and the Netherlands; and 14 and older in Italy prior to 1993. An exception to this rule is that the Canadian statistics for 1976 onward 56 M o n th ly L a b o r R e v ie w https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis are adjusted to cover ages 16 and older, whereas the age at which compulsory school ing ends remains at 15. The institutional population is included in the denominator of the labor force participation rates and em ployment-population ratios for Japan and Germany; it is excluded for the United States and the other countries. In the U.S. labor force survey, persons on layoff who are awaiting recall to their jobs are classified as unemployed. European and Japanese layoff practices are quite different in nature from those in the United States; therefore, strict application of the U.S. defi nition has not been made on this point. For further information, see M o n th ly L a b o r R e v ie w , December 1981, pp. 8-11. The figures for one or more recent years for France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, and the United Kingdom are calculated using adjustment factors based on labor force sur veys for earlier years and are considered pre liminary. The recent-year measures for these countries, therefore, are subject to revision whenever data from more current labor force surveys become available. There are breaks in the data series for the United States (1990,1994,1997,1998,1999, 2000), Canada (1976) France (1992), Ger many (1991), Italy (1991, 1993), the Neth erlands (1988), and Sweden (1987). For the United States, the break in series reflects a major redesign of the labor force survey questionnaire and collection method ology introduced in January 1994. Revised population estimates based on the 1990 cen sus, adjusted for the estimated undercount, also were incorporated. In 1996, previously published data for the 1990-93 period were revised to reflect the 1990 census-based population controls, adjusted for the un dercount. In 1997, revised population con trols were introduced into the household sur vey. Therefore, the data are not strictly conparable with prior years. In 1998, new composite estimation procedures and minor revisions in population controls were intro duced into the household survey. Therefore, the data are not strictly comparable with data for 1997 and earlier years. See the Notes sec tion on Employment and Unemployment Data of this R eview . BLS recently introduced a new adjusted series for Canada. Beginning with the data for 1976, Canadian data are adjusted to more closely approximate U.S. concepts. Adjust ments are made to the unemployed and labor force to exclude: (1) 15-year-olds; (2) pas sive jobseekers (persons only reading news paper ads as their method of job search); (3) persons waiting to start a new job who did not seek work in the past 4 weeks; and (4) persons unavailable for work due to personal J a n u a ry 2002 or family responsibilities. An adjustment is made to include full-tine students looking for full-time work. The impact of the adjust ments was to lower the annual average unem ployment rate by 0.1-0.4 percentage point in the 1980s and 0.4-1.0 percentage point in the 1990s. For France, the 1992 break reflects the substitution of standardized European Union Statistical Office (eurostat) unemployment statistics for the unemployment data esti mated according to the International Labor Office (ilo) definition and published in the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (oecd) annual yearbook and quarterly update. This change was made be cause the eurostat data are more up-to-date than the OECD figures. Also, since 1992, the eurostat definitions are closer to the U.S. definitions than they were in prior years. The impact of this revision was to lower the un employment rate by 0.1 percentage point in 1992 and 1993, by 0.4 percentage point in 1994, and 0.5 percentage point in 1995. For Germany, the data for 1991 onward refer to unified Germany. Data prior to 1991 relate to the former West Germany. The im pact of including the former East Germany was to increase the unemployment rate from 4.3 to 5.6 percent in 1991. For Italy, the 1991 break reflects a revi sion in the method of weighting sample data. The impact was to increase the unemploy ment rate by approximately 0.3 percentage point, from 6.6 to 6.9 percent in 1991. In October 1992, the survey methodol ogy was revised and the definition of unem ployment was changed to include only those who were actively looking for a job within the 30 days preceding the survey and who were available for work. In addition, the lower age limit for the labor force was raised from 14 to 15 years. (Prior to these changes, bls adjusted Italy’s published unemploy ment rate downward by excluding from the unemployed those persons who had not actively sought work in the past 30 days.) The break in the series also reflects the incor poration of the 1991 population census re sults. The impact of these changes was to raise Italy’s adjusted unemployment rate by approximately 1.2 percentage points, from 8.3 to 9.5 percent in fourth-quarter 1992. These changes did not affect employment significantly, except in 1993. Estimates by the Italian Statistical Office indicate that em ployment declined by about 3 percent in 1993, rather than the nearly 4 percent indi cated by the data shown in table 44. This difference is attributable mainly to the incor poration of the 1991 population benchmarks in the 1993 data. Data for earlier years have not been adjusted to incorporate the 1991 census results. For the Netherlands, a new survey ques tionnaire was introduced in 1992 that allowed for a closer application of ilo guidelines. EUROSTAT has revised the Dutch series back to 1988 based on the 1992 changes. The 1988 revised unemployment rate is 7.6 percent; the previous estimate for the same year was 9.3 percent. There have been two breaks in series in the Swedish labor force survey, in 1987 and 1993. Adjustments have been made for the 1993 break back to 1987. In 1987, a new questionnaire was introduced. Questions regarding current availability were added and the period of active workseeking was reduced from 60 days to 4 weeks. These changes lowered Sweden’s 1987 unem ployment rate by 0.4 percentage point, from 2.3 to 1.9 percent. In 1993, the mea surement period for the labor force sur vey was changed to represent all 52 weeks of the year rather than one week each month and a new adjustment for popula tion totals was introduced. The impact was to raise the unemployment rate by approximately 0.5 percentage point, from 7.6 to 8.1 percent. Statistics Sweden re vised its labor force survey data for 1987— 92 to take into account the break in 1993. The adjustment raised the Swedish unem ployment rate by 0.2 percentage point in 1987 and gradually rose to 0.5 percentage point in 1992. Beginning with 1987, bls has adjusted the Swedish data to classify students who also sought work as unemployed. The impact of this change was to increase the adjusted un employment rate by 0.1 percentage point in 1987 and by 1.8 percentage points in 1994, when unemployment was higher. In 1998, the adjusted unemployment rate had risen from 6.5 to 8.4 percent due to the adjustment to include students. The net effect of the 1987 and 1993 changes and the bls adjustment for students seeking work lowered Sweden’s 1987 unem ployment rate from 2.3 to 2.2 percent. FOR ADDITIONAL INFORMATION on this se ries, contact the Division of Foreign Labor Statistics: (202) 691-5654. Manufacturing productivity and labor costs Description of the series Table 49 presents comparative indexes of manufacturing labor productivity (output per hour), output, total hours, compensation per hour, and unit labor costs for the United States, Canada, Japan, and nine European https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis countries. These measures are trend compari sons—that is, series that measure changes over time—rather than level comparisons. There are greater technical problems in com paring the levels of manufacturing output among countries. BLS constructs the comparative indexes from three basic aggregate measures—output, total labor hours, and total compensation. The hours and compensation measures refer to all employed persons (wage and salary earners plus self-employed persons and un paid family workers) in the United States, Canada, Japan, France, Germany, Norway, and Sweden, and to all employees (wage and salary earners) in the other countries. Definitions Output, in general, refers to value added in manufacturing from the national accounts of each country. However, the output series for Japan prior to 1970 is an index of indus trial production, and the national accounts measures for the United Kingdom are essen tially identical to their indexes of industrial production. The 1977-97 output data for the United States are the gross product originating (value added) measures prepared by the Bureau of Economic Analysis of the U.S. Department of Commerce. Comparable manufacturing out put data currently are not available prior to 1977. U.S. gross product originating is a chaintype annual-weighted series. (For more in formation on the U.S. measure, see Robert E. Yuskavage, “Improved Estimates of Gross Product by Industry, 1959-94,” S u rv e y o f C u rre n t B u sin e ss, August 1996, pp. 133— 55.) The Japanese value added series is based upon one set of fixed price weights for the years 1970 through 1997. Output series for the other foreign economies also employ fixed price weights, but the weights are up dated periodically (for example, every 5 or 10 years). To preserve the comparability of the U.S. measures with those for other economies, BLS uses gross product originating in manufac turing for the United States for these com parative measures. The gross product origi nating series differs from the manufacturing output series that bls publishes in its news releases on quarterly measures of U.S. pro ductivity and costs (and that underlies the measures that appear in tables 43 and 45 in this section). The quarterly measures are on a “sectoral output” basis, rather than a valueadded basis. Sectoral output is gross output less intrasector transactions. Total labor hours refers to hours worked in all countries. The measures are developed from statistics of manufacturing employment and average hours. The series used for France (from 1970 forward), Norway, and Sweden are official series published with the national accounts. Where official total hours series are not available, the measures are developed by bls using employment figures published with the national accounts, or other comprehen sive employment series, and estimates of an nual hours worked. For Germany, bls uses estimates of average hours worked developed by a research institute connected to the Min istry of Labor for use with the national ac counts employment figures. For the other countries, BLS constructs its own estimates of average hours. Denmark has not published estimates of average hours for 1994—97; therefore, the bls measure of labor input for Denmark ends in 1993. Total compensation (labor cost) includes all payments in cash or in-kind made directly to employees plus employer expenditures for legally required insurance programs and con tractual and private benefit plans. The mea sures are from the national accounts of each country, except those for Belgium, which are developed by bls using statistics on employ ment, average hours, and hourly compensa tion. For Canada, France, and Sweden, com pensation is increased to account for other sig nificant taxes on payroll or employment. For the United Kingdom, compensation is reduced between 1967 and 1991 to account for em ployment-related subsidies. Self-employed workers are included in the all-employed-persons measures by assuming that their hourly compensation is equal to the average for wage and salary employees. Notes on the data In general, the measures relate to total manu facturing as defined by the International Stan dard Industrial Classification. However, the measures for France (for all years) and Italy (beginning 1970) refer to mining and manu facturing less energy-related products, and the measures for Denmark include mining and exclude manufacturing handicrafts from 1960 to 1966. The measures for recent years may be based on current indicators of manufacturing output (such as industrial production in dexes), employment, average hours, and hourly compensation until national accounts and other statistics used for the long-term measures become available. For additional information on this se ries, contact the Division of Foreign Labor Statistics: (202) 691-5654. M o n th ly L ab o r R e v ie w J a n u a ry 2002 57 Current Labor Statistics both, because of an occupational injury or illness, bls measures of the number and incidence rate of lost workdays were dis continued beginning with the 1993 survey. The number of days away from work or days of restricted work activity does not include the day of injury or onset of illness or any days on which the employee would not have worked, such as a Federal holi day, even though able to work. Incidence rates are computed as the number of injuries and/or illnesses or lost work days per 100 full-time workers. Occupational Injury and Illness Data (Tables 50-51) Survey of Occupational Injuries and Illnesses Description of the series The Survey of Occupational Injuries and Ill nesses collects data from employers about their workers’ job-related nonfatal injuries and ill nesses. The information that employers pro vide is based on records that they maintain un der the Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1970. Self-employed individuals, farms with fewer than 11 employees, employers regulated by other Federal safety and health laws, and Federal, State, and local government agencies are excluded from the survey. The survey is a Federal-State coopera tive program with an independent sample selected for each participating State. A strati fied random sample with a Neyman alloca tion is selected to represent all private in dustries in the State. The survey is stratified by Standard Industrial Classification and size of employment. Definitions Under the Occupational Safety and Health Act, employers maintain records of nonfatal work-related injuries and illnesses that in volve one or more of the following: loss of consciousness, restriction of work or motion, transfer to another job, or medical treatment other than first aid. Occupational injury is any injury such as a cut, fracture, sprain, or amputation that re sults from a work-related event or a single, in stantaneous exposure in the work environment. Occupational illness is an abnormal con dition or disorder, other than one resulting from an occupational injury, caused by exposure to factors associated with employment. It in cludes acute and chronic illnesses or disease which may be caused by inhalation, absorp tion, ingestion, or direct contact. Lost workday injuries and illnesses are cases that involve days away from work, or days of restricted work activity, or both. Lost workdays include the number of workdays (consecutive or not) on which the employee was either away from work or at work in some restricted capacity, or 58 M o n th ly L ab o r R e v ie w https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Notes on the data The definitions of occupational injuries and illnesses are from R e c o rd k ee p in g G u id elin es f o r O c cu p a tio n a l In ju ries a n d Illn esses (U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Sta tistics, September 1986). Estimates are made for industries and em ployment size classes for total recordable cases, lost workday cases, days away from work cases, and nonfatal cases without lost work days. These data also are shown separately for injuries. Illness data are available for seven cat egories: occupational skin diseases or disorders, dust diseases of the lungs, respiratory condi tions due to toxic agents, poisoning (systemic effects of toxic agents), disorders due to physi cal agents (other than toxic materials), disor ders associated with repeated trauma, and all other occupational illnesses. The survey continues to measure the num ber of new work-related illness cases which are recognized, diagnosed, and reported during the year. Some conditions, for example, long term latent illnesses caused by exposure to carcinogens, often are difficult to relate to the workplace and are not adequately recognized and reported. These long-term latent illnesses are believed to be understated in the survey’s illness measure. In contrast, the overwhelming majority of the reported new illnesses are those which are easier to directly relate to workplace activity (for example, contact der matitis and carpal tunnel syndrome). Most of the estimates are in the form of incidence rates, defined as the number of inju ries and illnesses per 100 equivalent full-time workers. For this purpose, 200,000 employee hours represent 100 employee years (2,000 hours per employee). Full detail on the avail able measures is presented in the annual bulle tin, O c c u p a tio n a l In ju r ie s a n d I lln e s s e s : C ounts, R ates, a n d C h aracteristics. Comparable data for more than 40 States and territories are available from the BLS Of fice of Safety, Health and Working Condi tions. Many of these States publish data on State and local government employees in ad J a n u a ry 2002 dition to private industry data. Mining and railroad data are furnished to bls by the Mine Safety and Health Adminis tration and the Federal Railroad Administra tion. Data from these organizations are in cluded in both the national and State data published annually. With the 1992 survey, bls began publish ing details on serious, nonfatal incidents re sulting in days away from work. Included are some major characteristics of the injured and ill workers, such as occupation, age, gender, race, and length of service, as well as the cir cumstances of their injuries and illnesses (na ture of the disabling condition, part of body affected, event and exposure, and the source directly producing the condition). In general, these data are available nationwide for de tailed industries and for individual States at more aggregated industry levels. For additional information on occu pational injuries and illnesses, contact the Of fice of Occupational Safety, Health and Work ing Conditions at (202) 691-6180, or access the Internet at: http://www.bls.gov/iip/ Census of Fatal Occupational Injuries The Census of Fatal Occupational Injuries compiles a complete roster of fatal job-re lated injuries, including detailed data about the fatally injured workers and the fatal events. The program collects and cross checks fatality information from multiple sources, including death certificates, State and Federal workers’ compensation reports, Occupational Safety and Health Administra tion and Mine Safety and Health Adminis tration records, medical examiner and au topsy reports, media accounts, State motor vehicle fatality records, and follow-up ques tionnaires to employers. In addition to private wage and salary workers, the self-employed, family mem bers, and Federal, State, and local govern ment workers are covered by the pro gram. To be included in the fatality cen sus, the decedent must have been em ployed (that is working for pay, compen sation, or profit) at the time of the event, engaged in a legal work activity, or present at the site of the incident as a requirement of his or her job. Definition A fatal work injury is any intentional or un intentional wound or damage to the body re- suiting in death from acute exposure to energy, such as heat or electricity, or kinetic energy from a crash, or from the absence of such es sentials as heat or oxygen caused by a specific event or incident or series of events within a single workday or shift. Fatalities that occur during a person’s commute to or from work are excluded from the census, as well as workrelated illnesses, which can be difficult to identify due to long latency periods. Notes on the data Twenty-eight data elements are collected, coded, and tabulated in the fatality program, including information about the fatally in jured worker, the fatal incident, and the ma chinery or equipment involved. Summary worker demographic data and event charac teristics are included in a national news re lease that is available about 8 months after the end of the reference year. The Census of Fatal Occupational Injuries was initiated in 1992 as a joint Federal-State effort. Most States issue summary information at the time of the national news release. For additional information on the Census of Fatal Occupational Injuries con tact the bls Office of Safety, Health, and Working Conditions at (202) 691-6175, or the Internet at: http://www.bls.gov/iip/ Bureau of Labor Statistics Internet The Bureau o f Labor Statistics World Wide Web site on the Internet contains a range o f data on consumer and producer prices, employment and unemployment, occupational com pensation, employee benefits, workplace injuries and illnesses, and productivity. The homepage can be accessed using any Web browser: h ttp ://w w w .b ls.g o v Also, some data can be accessed through anonymous FTP or Gopher at https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis stats.b ls.gov M o n th ly L a b o r R e v ie w J a n u a ry 2002 59 Current Labor Statistics: C om parative Indicators 1. Labor m arket indicators Selected indicators 1999 1999 2000 III 2000 IV I II 2001 III IV 1 II III Em ploym ent data Em ployment status of the civilian noninstitutionalized population (household survey):1 Labor force participation rate................................................................ Em ployment-population ratio................................................................ U nem ploym ent rate................................................................................. M en........................................................................................... 16 to 24 years...................................................................................... 25 years and over............................................................................... W om en..................................................................................................... 16 to 24 years...................................................................................... 25 years and over............................................................................... Em ployment, nonfarm (payroll data), in thousands:1 Total.............................................................................................................. Private sector.......................................................................................... G oods-producing................................................................................. M anufacturing.................................................................................. Service-producing................................................................................ 67.1 64.3 4.2 4.1 10.3 3.0 4.3 9.5 3.3 67.2 64.5 4.0 3.9 9.7 2.8 4.1 8.9 3.2 67.1 64.2 4.2 4.1 10.1 3.0 4.3 9.6 3.3 128,916 108,709 25,507 18,552 103,409 131,759 111,079 25,709 18,469 106,050 129,073 108,874 25,459 18,516 103,614 34.5 41.7 4.6 34.5 41.6 4.6 34.5 41.8 4.6 Percent change in the ECI, com pensation: All w orkers (excluding farm, household and Federal w orkers)..... Private industry w orkers....................................................................... 3.4 3.4 4.1 4.4 67.1 64.3 4.1 4.0 10.3 2.9 4.2 9.4 3.1 67.4 64.6 4.1 3.9 9.7 2.8 4.2 9.5 3.2 67.3 64.6 4.0 3.9 9.8 2.8 4.1 9.0 3.2 67.0 64.3 4.0 3.9 9.8 2.8 4.2 8.6 3.3 67.1 64.4 4.0 4.0 9.6 2.9 4.0 8.6 3.0 67.2 64.4 4.2 4.3 10.6 3.1 4.2 8.6 3.3 66.9 63.9 4.5 4.6 11.2 3.4 4.3 9.2 3.4 66.8 63.6 4.8 4.8 11.4 3.6 4.7 10.1 3.7 130,984 110,456 25,704 18,504 105,280 131,854 110,917 25,711 18,510 106,143 34.5 41.7 4.7 34.5 41.8 4.7 34.5 41.8 4.7 34.4 41.5 4.5 34.3 41.1 4.3 34.3 41.0 4.1 34.2 40.8 3.9 34.1 40.7 4.0 1.1 .9 .9 .9 1.3 1.5 1.0 1.2 1.0 .9 .7 .7 1.3 1.4 .9 1.0 1.2 .9 129,783 109,507 25,524 18,482 104,259 131,927 111,293 25,732 18,487 106,195 132,264 111,669 25,704 18,378 106,560 132,559 111,886 25,621 18,188 106,938 132,483 111,702 25,310 17,882 107,173 132,342 111,362 24,986 17,555 107,356 Average hours: Private sector.......................................................................................... M anufacturing....................................................................................... O vertim e............................................................................................. Em ploym ent Cost Index2 G oods-producing3............................................................................. 3.4 4.4 .9 1.0 1.6 1.2 .9 .6 1.3 .9 .7 Service-producing3........................................................................... State and local governm ent w orkers................................................ 3.4 3.4 4.4 3.0 .9 1.5 .8 1.0 1.4 .6 1.2 .3 1.0 1.3 .7 .7 1.4 .9 1.0 .6 1.0 2.1 W orkers by bargaining status (private industry): U nion............................................................................................................. N onunion...................................................................................................... 2.7 3.6 4.0 4.4 .9 .9 .7 1.0 1.3 1.5 1.0 1.2 1.2 1.0 .5 .7 .7 1.5 1.1 1.0 1.0 .9 1 Q uarterly data seasonally adjusted. 2 Annual changes are Decernber-to-Decem ber changes. Q uarterly changes are calculated using the last month of each quarter. 3 Goods-producing Industries include mining, construction, and manufacturing. Service-producing industries include all other private sector industries. 60 M onthly Labor R eview https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Jan u a ry 2002 2. A n n u al a n d q u a rte rly p e rc e n t c h a n g e s in c o m p e n s a tio n , prices, a n d produ ctivity II I IV III 2001 2000 1999 S elected m easures III II I IV III Compensation data1,2 E m plo ym e n t C o st Index— co m p en sa tio n (w ages, salaries, b en efits): 3.4 3.4 4.1 4.4 1.1 .9 0.9 .9 1.3 1.5 1.0 1.2 1.0 .9 0.7 .7 1.3 1.4 0.9 1.0 1.2 .9 3.5 3.5 3.8 3.9 1.1 .9 .8 .9 1.1 1.2 1.0 1.0 1.1 1.0 .6 .6 1.1 1,2 .9 1.0 1.0 .8 2.7 1.0 1.0 .2 1.7 .7 .8 -.1 1.0 1.0 1.0 2.9 3.8 .3 3.7 15.3 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.2 1.5 2.2 -.4 1.9 10.2 .1 - .2 1.2 .1 - 3 .5 1.4 1.8 .1 1.9 9.1 1.3 1.8 .0 1.6 11.2 .6 .7 .0 1.0 .3 1.0 1.0 I.O -.1 1.1 1.0 1.0 -.1 1.0 -.1 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 - 1 .0 2.8 2.6 4.3 4.3 2.9 3.0 7.0 7.4 - .6 - .6 7.3 6.3 1.0 1.4 3.0 2.3 .0 .1 2.3 2.2 2.2 2.7 3.5 4.2 2.8 4.5 4.0 7.1 4.0 1.6 .6 3.4 - E m plo ym e n t C o st Index— w a g e s and salaries: Price data1 C o nsum e r Price Index (All U rban C o nsum e rs): All Item s...... P roducer Price Index: Productivity data3 O u tp u t p er h our of all persons: N onfinancial c o lo r a tio n s 4............................................................... 1 A nnual ch a ng e s a re D e ce m be r-to -D e ce m b e r changes. Q ua rte rly ch a ng e s are ca lcu lated using th e last m onth of each quarter. C o m pensation and price data a re not sea so na lly adju sted , and th e price d ata are not com pounded. ce n t ch a ng e s reflect a nnual rates of ch a ng e in q ua rte rly indexes. The data are seaso na lly adjusted. 4 O utpu t p er hour of all em ployees. 2 E xcludes Federal a nd private h ousehold w orkers. 3 A nnual rates o f ch a ng e are co m p uted by com paring a nnual averages. Q ua rte rly per- 3. A lte rn a tiv e m easu res of w a g e a n d c o m p e n s a tio n c h a n g e s Four quarters ending Q uarterly average 2000 C om ponents III A verage hourly c o m p e n sa tio n :1 All persons, busine ss se cto r..................................................................... 2000 2001 IV II I III 2001 IV III II I III 6.5 7.1 9.4 8.9 5.3 5.1 5.3 4.8 4.1 4.5 6.1 6.3 7.6 7.4 7.4 7.2 6.6 6.5 6.0 5.8 1.0 .9 1.2 1.0 1.3 .7 .7 .5 .7 .7 1.3 1.4 .7 1.5 .9 .9 1.0 1.1 1.0 .6 1.2 .9 1.0 .9 2.1 4.3 4.6 4.2 4.7 3.3 4.1 4.4 4.0 4.4 3.0 4.1 4.2 3.4 4.3 3.3 3.9 4.0 3.5 4.2 3.6 4.1 4.0 3.4 4.1 4.4 1.1 1.0 1.1 1.0 1.7 .6 .6 .9 .6 .7 1.1 1.2 .6 1.2 .7 .9 1.0 1.1 .9 .5 1.0 .8 1.0 .8 1.9 4.0 4.1 3.2 4.3 3.5 3.8 3.9 3.4 4.0 3.3 3.8 3.8 3.6 3.9 3.5 3.7 3.8 3.8 3.7 3.7 3.6 3.6 3.6 3.6 3.9 E m plo ym e n t C o st Index— com pensation: C ivilian non farm 2........................................................................................... P rivate n o n fa rm .......................................................................................... U n io n ............................................................................................................ N o nu n io n ..................................................................................................... S ta te and local g o v e rn m e n ts................................................................. E m plo ym e n t C o st Index— w a ge s and salaries: C ivilian non farm 2........................................................................................... U n io n ........................................................................................................... N o nu n io n .................................................................................................... S tate and local g o v e rn m e n ts................................................................. 1 S ea so n ally a djusted. "Q ua rte rly a verage" is p ercent change from a qua rte r ago, at an a nnual rate. 2 E xcludes Federal a nd h ousehold w orkers. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis M onthly Labor R eview Jan u a ry 2002 61 Current Labor Statistics: 4. Labor Force Data E m ploym ent status of the population, by sex, a g e , ra c e , a n d Hispanic origin, m onthly d a ta seasonally adjusted [Numbers in thousands] Em ploym ent status Annual average 1999 2000 2001 2000 Nov. Dec. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept Oct. Nov. 209,699 140,863 67.2 135,208 210,577 141,136 67.0 135,478 210,743 141,489 67.1 135,836 210,889 141,955 67.3 135,999 211,026 141,751 67.2 135,815 211,171 141,868 67.2 135,780 211,348 141,757 67.1 135,354 211,525 141,272 66.8 135,103 211,725 141,354 66.8 134,932 211,921 141,774 66.9 135,379 212,135 141,350 66.6 134,393 212,357 142,190 67.0 135,181 212,581 142,303 66.9 134,562 212,767 142,244 66.9 134,084 64.5 5,655 4.0 68,836 64.3 5,658 4.0 69,441 64.5 5,653 4.0 69,254 64.5 5,956 4.2 68,934 64.4 5,936 4.2 69,275 64.3 6,088 4.3 69,304 64.0 6,402 4.5 69,592 63.9 6,169 4.4 70,254 63.7 6,422 4.5 70,370 63.9 6,395 4.5 70,147 63.4 6,957 4.9 70,785 63.7 7,009 4.9 70,167 63.3 7,741 5.4 70,279 63.0 8,160 5.7 70,523 91,555 79,104 76.7 67,761 92,580 70,930 76.6 68,580 93,061 71,135 76.4 68,683 93,117 71,289 76.6 68,848 93,184 71,492 76.7 68,916 93,227 71,288 76.5 68,761 93,285 71,261 76.4 68,534 93,410 71,575 76.6 68,706 93,541 71,351 76.3 68,595 93,616 71,346 76.2 68,466 93,708 71,555 76.4 68,745 93,810 71,514 76.2 68,402 93,917 71,894 76.6 68,826 94,015 71,953 76.5 68,481 94,077 71,845 76.4 68,042 74.0 2,028 74.1 2,252 73.8 2,122 73.9 2,232 74.0 2,122 73.8 2,154 73.5 2,150 73.6 2,117 73.3 2,169 73.1 2,035 73.4 2,028 72.9 2,140 73.3 2,175 72.8 2,117 72.3 2.027 65,517 2,433 3.5 66,328 2,350 3.3 66,561 2,452 3.4 66,616 2,441 3.4 66,795 2,576 3.6 66,607 2,527 3.5 66,383 2,728 3.8 66,589 2,869 4.0 66,426 2,756 3.9 66,430 2,880 4.0 66,717 2,810 3.9 66,262 3,112 4.4 66,651 3,069 4.3 66,365 3,472 4.8 66,015 3,803 5.3 population1............................. 100,158 C ivilian labor force............... 60,840 Participation rate.......... 60.7 E m ployed.......................... 58,555 E m ploym ent-pop58.5 A griculture...................... 803 Nonagricultural industries.................... 57,752 U nem ployed...................... 2,285 Unem ploym ent rate.... 3.8 Both sexes, 16 to 19 years C ivilian noninstitutional population1............................. 16,040 C ivilian labor force.............. 8,333 Participation rate.......... 52.0 E m ployed.......................... 7,172 E m ploym ent-pop44.7 234 A griculture...................... Nonagricultural industries.................... 6,938 U nem ployed...................... 1,162 Unem ploym ent rate.... 13.9 W hite C ivilian noninstitutional population1............................. 173,085 Civilian labor force............... 116,509 Participation rate.......... 67.3 Em ployed........................... 112,235 Em ploym ent-pop64.8 ulation ratio2.............. U nem ployed...................... 4,273 Unem ploym ent rate.... 3.7 Black C ivilian noninstitutional population1............................. 24,855 C ivilian labor force.............. 16,365 Participation rate.......... 65.8 15,056 Employment-prop60.6 ulation ratio2.............. U nem ployed...................... 1,309 Unem ploym ent rate.... 8.0 101,078 61,565 60.9 59,352 101,533 61,625 60.7 59,506 101,612 61,819 60.8 59,708 101,643 62,126 61.1 59,894 101,686 62,220 61.2 59,932 101,779 62,412 61.3 60,178 101,870 62,132 61.0 59,741 101,938 62,119 60.9 59,766 102,023 61,890 60.7 59,510 102,067 62,145 60.9 59,752 102,165 62,172 60.9 59,562 102,277 62,242 60.9 59,489 102,371 62,252 60.8 59,237 102,438 62,333 60.8 59,259 58.7 818 58.6 797 58.8 822 58.9 852 58.9 839 59.1 819 58.6 847 58.6 822 58.3 752 58.5 773 58.3 766 58.2 826 57.9 853 57.8 862 58,535 2,212 3.6 58,709 2,119 3.4 58,886 2,111 3.4 59,042 2,232 3.6 59,093 2,288 3.7 59,359 2,233 3.6 58,895 2,390 3.8 58,943 2,353 3.8 58,759 2,380 3.8 58,978 2,394 3.9 58,796 2,610 4.2 58,663 2,754 4.4 58,384 3,016 4.8 58,397 3,074 4.9 16,042 8,369 52.2 7,216 15,983 8,376 52.4 7,289 16,014 8,381 52.3 7,280 16,063 8,337 51.9 7,188 16,113 8,243 51.2 7,122 16,108 8,195 50.9 7,067 16,068 8,050 50.1 6,907 16,046 7,802 48.6 6,742 16,086 8,118 50.5 6,956 16,145 8,074 50.0 6,883 16,161 7,664 47.4 6,429 16,163 8,054 49.8 6,867 16,195 8,097 50.0 6,844 16,252 8,065 49.6 6,783 45.4 235 45.6 257 45.5 220 44.7 205 44.2 143 43.9 191 43.0 229 42.0 201 43.2 209 42.6 244 39.8 211 42.5 219 42.3 231 41.7 220 7,041 1,093 13.1 7,032 1,087 13.0 7,060 1,101 13.1 6,983 1,149 13.8 6,980 1,121 13.6 6,876 1,127 13.8 6,678 1,143 14.2 6,541 1,060 13.6 6,748 1,162 14.3 6,638 1,191 14.8 6,218 1,236 16.1 6,648 1,187 14.7 6,613 1,253 15.5 6,563 1,282 15.9 174,428 117,574 67.4 113,475 175,034 117,640 67.2 113,509 175,145 117,945 67.3 113,811 175,246 118,276 67.5 114,015 175,362 118,287 67.5 113,902 175,416 118,243 67.4 113,853 175,533 118,145 67.3 113,434 175,653 117,688 67.0 113,185 175,789 117,733 67.0 113,037 175,924 117,982 67.1 113,237 176,069 117,726 66.9 112,703 176,220 118,290 67.1 113,201 176,372 118,597 67.2 112,900 176,500 118,564 67.2 112,535 65.1 4,099 3.5 64.8 4,131 3.5 65.0 4,134 3.5 65.1 4,261 3.6 65.0 4,385 3.7 64.9 4,389 3.7 64.6 4,711 4.0 64.4 4,503 3.8 64.3 4,696 4.0 64.4 4,745 4.0 64.0 5,024 4.3 64.2 5,089 4.3 64.0 5,696 4.8 63.8 6,029 5.1 25,218 16,603 65.8 15,334 25,376 16,732 65.9 15,485 25,408 16,742 65.9 15,470 25,382 16,773 66.1 15,372 25,412 16,691 65.7 15,440 25,441 16,789 66.0 15,348 25,472 16,666 65.4 15,299 25,501 16,639 65.2 15,311 25,533 16,756 65.6 15,343 25,565 16,693 65.3 15,374 25,604 16,712 65.3 15,195 25,644 16,792 65.5 15,327 25,686 16,735 65.2 15,104 25,720 16,659 64.8 14,980 60.8 1,269 7.6 61.0 1,247 7.5 60.9 1,272 7.6 60.6 1,401 8.4 60.8 1,251 7.5 60.3 1,441 8.6 60.1 1,367 8.2 60.0 1,328 8.0 60.1 1,413 8.4 60.1 1,320 7.9 59.3 1,517 9.1 59.8 1,466 8.7 58.8 1,631 9.7 58.2 1,679 10.1 TO TAL C ivilian noninstitutional population1............................. 207,753 C ivilian labor force............... 139,368 Participation rate .......... 67.1 Em ployed.......................... 133,488 Em ploym ent-pop64.3 ulation ratio2.............. U nem ployed...................... 5,880 Unem ploym ent rate.... 4.2 Not in the labor fo rce ........ 68,385 M en, 20 years and over Civilian noninstitutional population1............................. C ivilian labor fo rce ............... Participation rate.......... Em ployed........................... Em ploym ent-population ratio2.............. A griculture...................... Nonagricultural industries.................... U nem ployed...................... Unem ploym ent rate.... W om en, 20 years and over Civilian noninstitutional S ee footnotes at end of table. 62 M onthly Labor R eview https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Jan u a ry 2002 4. C ontinued— E m ploym ent status of the population, by sex, a g e , ra c e , a n d Hispanic origin, m onthly d a ta seasonally adjusted [Numbers in thousands] Em ploym ent status 2001 2000 Annual average Dec. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. 1999 2000 Nov. 21,650 14,665 67.7 13,720 22,393 15,368 68.6 14,492 22,687 15,626 68.9 14,686 22,749 15,671 68.9 14,772 22,769 15,540 68.2 14,612 22,830 15,653 68.6 14,673 22,889 15,770 68.9 14,782 22,957 15,775 68.7 14,747 23,021 15,608 67.8 14,634 23,090 15,570 67.4 14,538 23,157 15,788 68.2 14,843 23,222 15,772 67.9 14,778 23,288 15,813 67.9 14,802 23,351 16,004 68.5 14,858 23,417 15,944 68.1 14,728 63.4 945 6.4 64.7 876 5.7 64.7 940 6.0 64.9 899 5.7 64.2 927 6.1 64.3 980 6.3 64.6 988 6.3 64.2 1,028 6.5 63.6 975 6.2 63.0 1,032 6.6 64.1 945 6.0 63.6 994 6.3 63.6 1,010 6.4 63.6 1,146 7.2 62.9 1,217 7.6 Hispanic origin C ivilian noninstitutional population1............................. C ivilian labor fo rce ................ Participation rate.......... Em ployed.......................... Em ploym ent-popUnem ployed...................... Unem ploym ent rate.... 1 The population figures are not seasonally adjusted. 2 C ivilian em ploym ent as a percent of the civilian noninstitutional population. 5. NOTE: Detail for the above race and H ispanic-origin groups will not sum to totals becausedata fo r the "other races" groups are not presented and H ispanics are included in both the white and black population groups. S elected em p lo ym e n t indicators, m onthly d a ta seasonally adjusted [In thousands] Selected categories Annual average Persons at work part tim e' All industries: Part tim e for econom ic reasons.................................. Slack w ork or business conditions......................... Could only find part-time w o rk.................................... Part time for noneconomic reasons................................. N onagricultural industries: Part tim e for econom ic reasons.................................. Slack w ork or business conditions.......................... Could only find part-time Part tim e for noneconomic reasons................................. 2001 Nov. Dec. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. 135,208 72,293 62,915 135,478 72,354 63,124 135,836 72,534 63,302 135,999 72,589 63,410 135,815 72,359 63,456 135,780 72,201 63,578 135,354 72,245 63,109 135,103 71,978 63,125 134,932 71,926 63,006 135,379 72,279 63,100 134,393 71,690 62,703 135,181 72,333 62,848 134,562 71,871 62,691 134,084 71,401 62,683 43,368 43,251 43,293 43,134 43,340 43,385 43,516 43,733 43,428 43,294 43,172 43,091 42,932 42,787 33,708 33,633 33,635 34,249 34,059 34,080 33,662 33,686 33,380 33,603 33,805 33,664 33,160 33,283 8,387 8,495 8,501 8,426 8,373 8,049 8,160 8,319 8,529 8,567 8,323 8,240 8,215 8,319 1,944 1,297 40 2,034 1,233 38 2,005 1,180 25 2,019 1,198 34 1,983 1,182 25 1,839 1,291 29 1,910 1,231 36 1,902 1,223 47 1,958 1,201 38 1,775 1,166 36 1,786 1,256 22 1,850 1,239 29 1,884 1,290 23 1,909 1,299 25 1,853 1,275 11 121,323 18,903 102,420 933 101,487 8,790 95 123,128 19,053 104,076 890 103,186 8,674 101 123,632 19,146 104,486 827 103,659 8,533 128 123,813 19,352 104,461 879 103,582 8,600 121 124,035 18,843 105,192 859 104,333 8,698 110 124,069 19,103 104,966 823 104,143 8,617 142 123,814 19,134 104,680 881 103,800 8,784 138 123,395 18,854 104,541 812 103,729 8,608 93 123,416 19,067 104,349 789 103,559 8,530 103 123,009 18,812 104,197 744 103,453 8,741 94 123,432 18,919 104,513 790 103,723 8,574 88 122,686 19,219 103,467 827 102,640 8,481 113 123,278 19,397 103,881 809 103,072 8,563 102 122,658 19,274 103,384 875 102,509 8,487 105 122,318 19,184 103,134 793 102,341 8,492 74 3,357 3,190 3,416 3,234 3,327 3,273 3,164 3,201 3,371 3,637 3,466 3,326 4,188 4,462 4,241 Characteristic Employed, 16 years and over.. 133,488 Men............................................ 771,446 W om en...................................... 62,042 Married men, spouse present.................................... 43,254 Married wom en, spouse present.................................... 33,450 W omen w ho maintain 8,229 fam ilies................................... Class of w orker Agriculture: W age and salary w orkers..... Self-em ployed w orkers........ Unpaid fam ily w orkers.......... N onagricultural industries: W age and salary w orkers..... G overnm ent............................. Private industries................... Private households........ O ther.................................. Self-em ployed w orkers....... Unpaid fam ily w orkers......... 2000 2000 1999 1,968 1,927 2,183 1,964 2,035 2,043 1,914 2,097 2,215 2,299 2,120 2,086 2,861 3,023 2,864 1,079 944 886 896 954 933 907 873 900 1,025 999 935 1,081 1,134 1,133 18,758 18,722 18,896 18,993 18,568 19,021 18,647 18,713 18,581 18,472 18,845 19,153 18,825 18,595 18,524 3,189 3,045 3,285 3,088 3,227 3,143 3,007 3,061 3,197 3,532 3,336 3,196 4,045 4,342 4,060 1,861 1,835 2,082 1,882 1,971 1,970 1,828 1,985 2,089 2,234 2,059 2,004 2,759 2,953 2,740 1,056 924 871 877 945 910 877 864 876 1,024 985 911 1,070 1,108 1,110 18,197 18.165 18,323 18,437 18,040 18.509 18,132 18,176 18,061 18,039 18,309 18,580 18,278 18,031 17,969 1 Excludes persons "with a job but not at w ork” during the survey period for such reasons as vacation, illness, or industrial disputes. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis M onthly Labor R eview J a n u a ry 2002 63 C urrent Labor Statistics: 6. Labor Force Data S e le c te d u n e m p lo y m e n t indicators, m o n th ly d a ta seas o n a lly a d ju s te d [Unemployment rates] s e lec ted categories ___________________ Annual average 1999 2000 2000 2001 Nov. Dec. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. M ay June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. C haracteristic Total, 16 years and o v e r.................................. Both sexes, 16 to 19 y e a rs ......................... M en, 20 ye a rs a nd o ve r.............................. W om en, 20 ye a rs and o v e r........................ 4.2 13.9 3.5 3.8 4.0 13.1 3.3 3.6 4.0 13.0 3.4 3.4 4.0 13.1 3.4 3.4 4.2 13.8 3.6 3.6 4.2 13.6 3.5 3.7 4.3 13.8 3.8 3.6 4.5 14.2 4.0 3.8 4.4 13.6 3.9 3.8 4.5 14.3 4.0 3.8 4.5 14.8 3.9 3.9 4.9 16.1 4 .4 4.2 4.9 14.7 4.3 4.4 5.4 15.5 4.8 4.8 5.7 15.9 5.3 4.9 W hite, to ta l...................................................... Both sexes, 16 to 19 ye a rs .................. M en, 16 to 19 y e a rs ........................... W om en, 16 to 19 y e a rs ..................... M en, 20 ye a rs and o ve r........................ W o m en , 20 ye a rs and o v e r................. 3.7 12.0 12.6 11.3 3.0 3.3 3.5 11.4 12.3 10.4 2.8 3.1 11.5 11.7 12.4 10.9 3.0 3.0 3.5 11.5 12.2 10.7 2.9 3.1 3.6 11.7 13.3 9.8 3.2 3.0 3.7 10.9 12.6 9.2 3.2 3.3 3.7 11.6 11.8 11.2 3.3 3.1 4.0 11.8 12.8 10.8 3.5 3.5 3.8 11.8 13.1 10.5 3.3 3.4 4.0 12.6 14.5 10.6 3.6 3.3 4.0 13.3 13.7 13.0 3.4 3.5 4.3 14.3 15.8 12.7 3.8 3.6 4.3 12.7 13.5 11.9 3.8 3.8 4.8 13.1 14.8 11.5 4 .4 4.1 5.1 13.6 16.1 11.0 4.8 4.3 Black, to ta l...................................................... B oth sexes, 16 to 19 ye a rs.................. M en, 16 to 19 ye a rs............................ W o m en , 16 to 19 ye a rs ..................... M en, 20 ye a rs and o v e r........................ W om en, 20 ye a rs a nd o v e r................. 8.0 27.9 30.9 25.1 6.7 6.8 7.6 24.7 26.4 23.0 7.0 6.3 7.5 21.9 22.5 21.3 6.9 6.2 7.6 26.7 30.1 23.4 7.3 5.7 8.4 27.9 26.9 28.9 6.9 7.3 7.5 28.8 31.7 25.7 6.6 5.8 8.6 28.9 27.7 30.2 8.5 6.3 8.2 31.6 34.9 28.6 8.2 5.5 8.0 25.1 30.0 20.3 7.6 6.4 8.4 28.2 30.7 26.0 7.8 6.8 7.9 25.5 26.9 24.3 7.9 6.0 9.1 30.4 32.5 28.1 9.0 6.9 8.7 27.7 30.5 24.8 7.6 7.7 9.7 30.1 31.2 29.0 8.0 8.9 10.1 32.7 31.6 33.7 8.8 8.7 H isp a nic o rigin, to ta l................................ 6.4 5.7 6.0 5.7 6.0 6.3 6.3 6.5 6.2 6.6 6.0 6.3 6.4 7.2 7.6 M arried m en, spouse p re se n t............... M arried w o m en , spouse p re se n t......... 2.2 2.7 6.4 4.1 5.0 2.0 2.7 5.9 3.9 4.8 2.2 2.5 5.2 3.9 4.5 2.2 2.6 5.1 3.9 4.6 2.3 2.5 6.4 4.1 4.9 2.3 2.6 6.1 4.0 4.8 2.5 2.7 6.2 4.2 4.8 2.5 2.9 6.3 4.3 5.5 2.6 2.9 6.2 4.3 4.6 2.6 3.0 6.3 4.4 5.3 2.6 2.8 6.2 4.4 5.1 2.7 3.0 6.7 4.8 5.6 2.7 3.3 7.0 5.0 4.5 3.1 3.7 6.9 5.4 5.6 3.4 3.6 8.3 5.8 5.6 4.3 5.7 7.0 3.6 3.5 3.9 3.0 5.2 2.3 4.1 2.2 8.9 4.1 3.9 6.4 3.6 3.4 4.0 3.1 5.0 2.3 3.8 2.1 7.5 4.0 3.5 6.9 3.6 3.5 3.9 2.6 4.7 1.9 3.7 2.3 9.4 4.0 3.6 6.5 3.6 3.4 4.0 3.2 4.8 2.1 3.6 2.2 8.9 4.3 2.2 6.8 4.2 4.2 4.3 2.8 5.0 2.3 4.0 2.2 9.0 4.5 4.6 7.0 4.5 4.2 5.0 2.9 5.1 2.5 4.2 1.5 9.2 4.5 3.5 6.2 5.0 5.0 5.0 3.1 5.3 2.6 4.1 2.1 11.3 4.6 5.1 7.1 4.6 4.3 5.1 4.1 5.3 2.7 4.1 2.3 9.2 4.5 5.5 6.6 4.8 4.9 4.7 3.8 5.3 2.3 3.9 2.0 8.2 4.8 6.8 6.7 5.0 5.0 4.9 4.4 5.3 2.6 4.4 2.0 9.6 4.7 3.7 6.8 5.1 4.7 5.7 3.3 5.2 3.2 4.3 2.1 10.9 5.1 4.3 7.5 5.7 5.8 5.5 3.5 5.6 2.7 4.9 2.1 10.2 5.2 4.8 7.6 5.6 5.6 5.4 3.9 5.9 2.8 4.8 2.1 7.1 5.9 7.0 8.4 6.2 6.9 5.2 6.0 6.1 2.7 5.7 2.4 8.9 6.1 5.3 9.4 6.5 7.1 5.4 6.5 6.5 3.6 5.5 2.5 9.5 6.7 3.5 6.4 3.5 6.6 3.5 6.3 3.4 6.8 3.8 7.7 3.8 6.9 3.9 6.6 3.8 6.5 3.9 6.8 3.9 6.6 4.1 7.3 4.4 7.8 4.3 7.7 4.7 8.1 5.1 2.8 1.8 2.7 1.7 2.7 1.6 2.7 1.6 3.0 1.6 2.7 1.6 2.7 2.0 3.0 2.3 3.0 2.1 3.2 2.2 3.0 2.1 3.2 2.1 3.5 2.4 4.1 2.7 4.4 3.1 F ull-tim e w o rk e rs ....................................... P art-tim e w o rk e rs ....................................... Ind ustry N onagricultural w a ge and salary M a nu factu rin g ................................................ D urable g o o d s .......................................... N o ndurable g o o d s................................... T ra nspo rta tio n and public utilitie s.......... W hole sa le and retail tra d e ........................ Finance, in su ra n ce , and real e sta te ..... S ervice s........................................................... A gricu ltu ral w a ge and sa la ry w o rk e rs ........ E ducatio nal a tta in m e n t1 Less than a high school d ip lo m a .................. H igh school gra d u ates, no co lle g e .............. S om e college, less than a b achelor's C o lle g e g ra d u a te s............................................ 1 D ata refer to perso n s 25 years and over. M onthly Labor R eview 64 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis J an u a ry 2002 7. D uration o f u n e m p lo y m e n t, m o nthly d a ta seaso n ally a d ju s te d [Numbers in thousands] W eeks of unem ploym ent 1999 2001 2000 A nnual average 2000 Nov. Dec. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. M ay June July A ug. Sept. Oct. Nov. 5 to 14 w e e k s......................................... 15 w e e k s a nd o v e r............................... 15 to 26 w e e k s ................................... 27 w e eks a n d o v e r........................... 2,568 1,832 1,480 755 725 2,5 4 3 1,803 1,309 6 65 644 2,531 1,796 1,317 713 604 2,440 1,852 1,326 675 651 2 ,613 1,977 1,371 731 640 2,797 1,669 1,490 793 697 2,6 7 4 1,992 1,517 814 703 2,958 1,977 1,499 759 740 2 ,679 2,028 1,484 852 632 2,809 2 ,084 1,540 804 737 2,612 2,150 1,587 935 652 3,004 2,100 1,817 982 835 2,7 6 4 2,361 1,884 1,089 795 3,165 2,570 2,062 1,174 888 3,157 2,600 2,3 9 8 1,230 1,168 M ean d uration, in w e e k s .................... M edian d uration, in w e e k s................ 13.4 6.4 12.6 5.9 12.4 6.1 12.6 6.1 12.6 5.9 12.9 6.0 13.0 6.5 12.6 5.8 12.2 6.5 13.0 6.2 12.5 6.7 13.3 6.5 13.1 7.4 13.0 7.4 14.5 7.7 8. U n e m p lo y e d persons b y reason for u n e m p lo y m e n t, m o n th ly d a ta s e a s o n a lly a d ju s te d [Numbers in thousands] R eason for unem ploym ent Jo b lo se rs1............................................... O n te m p o ra ry la yo ff.......................... N o t on te m p o ra ry la yo ff................... Jo b le a v e rs .............................................. N ew e n tra n ts.......................................... A nnual average 2000 1999 2,622 848 1,774 783 2,0 0 5 469 2,492 842 1,650 775 1,957 431 2001 2000 Nov. Dec. Jan. Feb. Mar. A pr. M ay 2,501 877 1,624 768 1,936 429 2,514 937 1,577 746 1,899 466 2,742 1,032 1,711 838 1,956 446 2,853 945 1,908 820 1,927 372 2,963 991 1,972 814 1,908 382 3,199 1,053 2,146 749 2,005 462 3,159 1,084 2,075 820 1,801 482 June 3,291 940 2,351 810 1,906 4 77 July 3,252 1,003 2 ,249 7 74 1,912 4 36 Aug. 3,4 0 9 1,079 2,330 894 2,166 495 Sept. 3,600 1,118 2,482 800 2,108 4 76 Oct. Nov. 4,360 1,360 3,000 893 2,098 462 4,5 9 8 1,172 3,427 842 2,202 509 P erce n t o f u n e m p lo y ed O n te m p o ra ry la yo ff......................... N ot on te m p o ra ry la y o ff................. Jo b le a v e rs ............................................. N ew e n tra n ts ......................................... 44.6 44.1 14.4 30.2 13.3 34.1 8.0 14.9 29.2 13.7 34.6 7.6 44.4 15.6 28.8 13.6 34.4 7.6 44.7 16.7 28.0 13.3 33.8 8.3 45.8 17.2 28.6 14.0 32.7 7.4 47.8 15.8 32.0 13.7 32.3 6.2 48.8 16.3 32.5 13.4 31.4 6.4 49.9 16.4 33.5 11.7 31.3 7.2 50.4 17.3 33.1 13.1 28.8 7.7 50.8 14.5 36.3 12.5 29.4 7.4 51.0 15.7 35.3 12.1 30.0 6.8 49.0 15.5 33.5 12.8 31.1 7.1 51.5 16.0 35.5 11.5 30.2 6.8 55.8 17.4 38.4 11.4 26.8 5.9 56.4 14.4 42.0 10.3 27.0 6.2 1.9 .6 1.4 .3 1.8 .6 1.4 .3 1.8 .5 1.4 ■3 1.8 .5 1.3 .3 1.9 .6 1.4 .3 2.0 .6 1.4 .3 2.1 .6 1.3 .3 2.3 .5 1.4 .3 2.2 .6 1.3 .3 2.3 .6 1.3 .3 2.3 .5 1.3 .3 2.4 .6 1.5 .4 2.5 .6 1.5 .3 3.1 .6 1.5 .3 3.2 .6 1.5 .4 P ercent of civilian la b o r force 1 Includes persons w h o co m p leted te m p o ra ry jobs. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis M onthly Labor R eview J a n u a ry 2002 65 Current Labor Statistics: 9. Labor Force Data U n e m p lo y m e n t rates by sex a n d a g e , m onthly d a ta seaso n ally adjusted [Civilian workers] S ex and age 2000 Annual average 1999 2000 Oct. 2001 Nov. Dec. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. To ta l, 16 years and over..................... 16 to 24 ye a rs.................................... 16 to 19 ye a rs................................ 16 to 17 ye a rs............................ 18 to 19 ye a rs............................ 20 to 24 ye a rs................................ 25 years and o ve r............................ 25 to 54 ye a rs............................ 55 ye a rs and o ve r..................... 4.2 9.9 13.9 16.3 12.4 7.5 3.1 3.2 2.8 4.0 9.3 13.1 15.4 11.5 7.1 3.0 3.1 2.6 3.9 8.9 12.6 15.2 11.1 6.8 2.9 3.0 2.8 4.0 9.1 13.0 15.4 11.4 6.8 3.0 3.0 2.9 4.0 9.2 13.1 15.8 11.6 7.0 3.0 3.0 2.6 4.2 9.6 13.8 17.4 11.5 7.2 3.2 3.2 2.7 4.2 9.5 13.6 17.2 11.0 7.2 3.2 3.2 2.8 4.3 10.0 13.8 16.0 12.3 7.8 3.2 3.4 2.6 4.5 10.4 14.2 16.7 12.6 8.3 3.4 3.5 2.8 4.4 9.9 13.6 15.5 12.2 7.9 3.3 3.5 2.6 4.5 10.4 14.3 16.0 13.1 8.2 3.5 3.6 2.8 4.5 10.1 14.8 19.3 11.8 7.5 3.4 3.6 2.8 4.9 11.5 16.1 19.1 14.7 9.0 3.7 3.9 3.0 4.9 10.7 14.7 16.2 13.9 8.5 3.8 3.9 3.3 5.4 11.6 15.5 17.2 14.4 9.5 4.3 4.4 3.5 M en, 16 ye a rs and o ve r.................... 16 to 24 ye a rs................................. 16 to 19 ye a rs.............................. 16 to 17 ye a rs.......................... 18 to 19 ye a rs.......................... 20 to 24 ye a rs.............................. 25 ye a rs a nd o v e r.......................... 2 5 to 54 ye a rs.......................... 55 ye a rs and o ve r................... 4.1 10.3 14.7 17.0 13.1 7.7 3.0 3.0 2.8 3.9 9.7 14.0 16.8 12.2 7.3 2.8 2.9 2.7 3.9 9.4 13.4 17.6 10.7 7.3 2.9 2.9 2.8 4.0 9.5 13.6 17.5 11.3 7.3 3.0 2.9 2.9 4.0 9.7 14.1 18.4 11.7 7.2 3.0 2.9 2.8 4.3 10.3 15.0 20.5 11.8 7.6 3.1 3.1 3.0 4.2 10.8 15.5 18.5 13.1 8.2 3.0 3.0 2.9 4.4 10.9 13.8 15.6 12.7 9.3 3.2 3.3 2.9 4.6 10.9 15.1 18.7 12.8 8.7 3.5 3.5 2.9 4.5 11.0 15.3 17.4 13.9 8.7 3.3 3.5 2.9 4.7 11.8 15.9 18.0 14.5 9.5 3.4 3.5 3.0 4.5 10.4 15.1 19.0 13.0 7.9 3.5 3.6 3.0 5.1 12.4 17.9 22.7 15.4 9.5 3.7 3.9 3.3 4.9 11.3 15.8 18.3 14.3 8.9 3.7 3.8 3.3 5.5 12.4 17.3 20.4 15.2 9.8 4.2 4.3 3.7 W om en, 16 ye a rs and o ve r.............. 16 to 24 ye a rs................................. 16 to 19 ye a rs.............................. 16 to 17 ye a rs.......................... 18 to 19 ye a rs.......................... 2 0 to 24 ye a rs.............................. 25 ye a rs and o v e r.......................... 25 to 54 ye a rs .......................... 55 years and o ve r................... 4.3 9.5 13.2 15.5 11.6 7.2 3.3 3.4 4.1 8.9 12.1 14.0 10.8 7.0 3.2 3.3 2.6 3.9 8.4 11.9 12.8 11.6 6.3 3.0 3.1 4.0 8.6 12.3 13.4 11.5 6.3 3.1 3.2 4.0 8.7 12.1 13.2 11.6 6.7 3.0 3.1 4.1 8.8 12.4 14.1 11.3 6.7 3.2 3.4 4.3 8.8 11.8 13.6 10.4 7.1 3.4 3.6 4.4 8.9 12.7 14.0 11.6 6.7 3.5 3.8 4.5 9.7 14.4 19.6 10.6 7.1 3.4 3.6 5.4 10.8 13.6 14.0 13.5 9.1 4.3 4.4 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.2 2.5 2.5 4.8 10.4 14.2 15.5 13.9 8.4 3.7 3.8 2.7 5.0 10.1 13.6 13.9 13.5 8.2 3.9 4.0 2.7 4.2 8.9 13.7 16.4 11.9 6.3 3.2 3.5 2.2 4.4 9.8 13.3 14.5 12.4 7.8 3.3 3.4 2.8 4.2 8.1 11.6 15.7 8.7 6.1 3.4 3.5 2.7 3.3 3.3 66 M onthly Labor R eview https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 2.8 J an u a ry 2002 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 10. U n e m p lo y m e n t rates b y S tate, seas o n a lly a d ju s te d S tate Oct. 2000 Sept. Oct. 2001p 2001p O ct. 2000 State Sept. O ct. 2001p 2001p 4.6 6.3 3.8 4.1 4.9 5.0 6.5 4.7 4.9 5.4 5.3 6.0 5.2 4.3 5.8 M o n ta n a ................................................................ N e bra ska .............................................................. N e va da .................................................................. N ew H a m pshire ................................................ 3.7 4.7 2.9 4.3 2.4 4.2 4.6 3.0 4.8 4.1 4.5 4.5 3.0 6.3 3.8 2.7 2.0 3.9 6.0 3.6 3.7 3.6 3.2 6.6 4.4 4.2 3.2 3.0 6.4 5.1 N ew Je rse y......................................................... N ew M e xico ......................................................... N ew Y o rk............................................................. N orth C a ro lin a ................................................... N orth D a ko ta ....................................................... 3.8 5.2 4.5 3.9 2.8 4.5 5.8 4.9 5.3 1.7 4.8 5.9 5.0 5.5 2.0 3.5 4.1 4.8 43 2.8 3.8 4.4 4.9 5.5 4.2 4.1 5.3 4.8 5.6 4.8 O h io ...................................................................... O kla h o m a ............................................................ 4.0 2.9 4.7 4.3 3.7 4.4 3.5 6.4 4.6 3.9 4.5 3.8 6.6 5.0 4.2 2.5 3.8 4.1 5.7 3.1 3.2 3.8 4.7 5.5 4.3 3.4 4.0 5.1 5.6 4.3 S outh C a ro lin a ................................................... 3.2 2.3 4.1 4.0 3.2 5.3 3.1 4.1 5.0 4.2 5.5 3.2 4.5 5.3 4.3 3.9 2.4 3.7 3.2 5.4 4.1 3.9 5.1 3.3 5.4 4.4 4.2 5.3 3.7 5.4 2.8 2.2 5.2 5.5 3.3 3.8 3.1 3.1 6.1 4.9 4.0 4.0 3.2 3.7 6.6 44.0 4.5 3.8 T e n n e sse e ........................................................... U ta h ...................................................................... W e st V irg in ia ...................................................... W yo m in g ............................................................. p = prelim inary 11. E m p lo y m e n t of w orkers on no n farm payrolls b y S tate, se a s o n a lly a d ju s te d [In thousands] S tate Oct. 2000 Oct. 2000 Sept. Oct. 2001p 2001p 1,937.5 284.0 2 ,270.7 1 164.3 14 675.9 1,916.9 291.3 2 ,259.7 1 164.0 14,783.4 1,910.0 290.4 2 ,260.9 1,165.3 14,772.5 2 242.8 1,696.3 425.1 646.0 7 119.5 2 ,250.4 1,686.7 422.6 652.9 7,333.2 2 ,239.4 1,684.0 422.7 650.5 7,337.0 4 ,018.5 556.1 566.3 6 025.7 3 010.4 3,996.9 563.7 569.1 6,003.9 2 980.3 3,975.3 551.5 568.2 5,989.6 2 ,966.9 O hio ...................................................... O klah o m a ............................................ 1 482.8 1,347.7 1 826.1 1,940.1 610.5 1,490.7 1,369.3 1,839.5 1,941.1 609.7 1,488.3 1,367.6 1,832.4 1,943.2 609.1 S outh C a ro lin a ................................... 1882.51882 380.7 2 ,747.2 9,517.2 T e xa s.................................................... 1,086.3 U ta h ...................................................... 2 ,472.7 3 342.4 4,693.6 2,675.7 1,155.2 2,4 7 9.4 3,367.8 4,658.1 2,669.7 1,136.4 2 ,473.5 3,354.1 4,660.1 2 ,658.9 1,133.9 V erm o n t............................................... State M isso u ri................................................ N ew H a m pshire ................................ N ew M e xico ........................................ W a sh in g to n ........................................ W e st V irg in ia ...................................... W yo m ing ............................................. Sept. O ct. 200 1 p 2001p 2,7 6 0.6 391.1 909.3 1,042.3 621.8 2,7 3 0.5 395.1 912.3 1,068.3 622 .8 2,7 2 4.4 395.0 909.4 1,056.1 6 19.5 4,015.1 747.2 8 ,670.0 3,963.5 329.0 4,011.0 758 .4 8 ,693.7 3 ,988.7 328.5 4,0 2 5.8 757.5 8,6 2 9.4 3 ,974.8 327.7 5 ,656.7 1,492.2 1,612.4 5 ,724.7 477.2 5 ,633.7 1,506.8 1,583.2 5,719.1 478.3 5 ,636.2 1,505.0 1,582.1 5,715.1 478 .6 1,879.7 379.5 2,7 5 4.3 9 ,681.8 1,089.7 1,882.5 378.8 2,7 5 1.4 9 ,658.9 1,091.3 299.1 3 ,574.5 2,734.1 736 .5 2,8 3 4.7 242.9 2 99.3 3,563.1 2,7 3 1.6 733.3 2,8 3 2.7 245.2 299.2 3 ,530.4 2 ,731.0 735.1 2 ,838.8 239 .3 p = prelim inary NOTE: S om e data in th is table m ay diffe r from d ata published else w he re because o f th e continual u pdating of th e data base. M onthly Labor R eview J a n u a ry 2002 67 C urrent Labor Statistics: Labor Force D ata 12. Em ploym ent of workers on nonfarm payrolls by industry, m onthly d a ta seasonally adjusted [In thousands]__________________________________________________ Industry TO TAL.................................... PRIVATE SECTOR.................... GOODS-PRODUCING.................... Mining ........................................... Metal mining.................................. Oil and gas extraction................ Nonmetallic minerals, except fuels............................... Annual average 2000 2001 1999 2000 Nov Dec. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. Oct.p Nov.p 128,916 108,709 25,507 539 44 297 131,739 111,079 25,709 543 41 311 132,279 111,689 25,711 548 40 319 132,367 111,753 25,688 548 41 320 132,428 111,799 132,595 111,915 25,627 555 39 328 132,654 111,943 25,602 557 38 331 132,489 111,742 25,421 560 37 335 132,530 111,760 25,324 564 37 339 132,431 111,603 132,449 111,517 132,395 111,390 132,230 111,249 131,431 110,437 25,186 565 35 340 25,122 567 34 341 24,963 569 35 342 24,888 569 35 342 131,762 110,762 24,747 569 35 340 113 6,880 1,555 113 113 112 112 6,881 1,556 6,867 1,554 6,861 1,557 112 6,871 1,562 113 6,852 1,548 112 6,864 1,551 113 6,929 1,552 6,854 1,561 113 6,852 1,561 938 4,439 18,116 12,254 10,941 7,358 799 548 915 4,389 18,009 12,166 10,870 7,308 800 543 923 4,402 925 4,388 17,879 12,066 932 4,372 17,533 11,782 10,523 7,022 793 519 932 4,377 17,448 11,705 10,460 6,972 794 513 933 4,360 17,324 11,616 10,363 6,895 789 505 942 4,349 17,161 10,778 7,235 797 540 17,757 11,956 10,692 7,157 798 532 935 4,378 17,688 11,900 10,624 7,102 797 531 25,633 550 39 325 24,580 567 34 339 113 114 114 112 111 6,415 1,458 6,698 1,528 6,781 1,548 6,791 1,543 6,826 1,538 874 4,084 18,552 12,747 11,111 7,596 834 548 901 4,269 18,469 12,628 11,138 7,591 832 558 909 4,324 18,382 12,511 11,120 7,544 817 557 913 4,335 18,349 12,466 11,102 7,517 811 555 921 4,367 18,257 12,394 11,031 7,462 806 552 930 4,395 18,192 12,323 10,997 7,415 799 549 566 699 1,521 579 698 1,537 577 691 1,537 577 686 1,536 579 681 1,526 578 679 1,514 578 671 1,509 577 667 1,503 574 660 1,488 572 654 1,478 569 648 1,478 568 643 1,468 567 638 1,464 566 632 1,453 560 621 1,434 2,136 2,120 2,122 2,119 2,117 2,105 2,084 2,072 2,054 2,031 2,007 1,980 1,965 1,944 1,918 368 361 365 366 369 370 369 367 366 357 353 348 344 343 340 1,672 1,719 1,737 1,738 1,735 1,726 1,715 1,684 1,656 1,624 1,589 1,565 1,551 1,529 1,500 641 1,888 682 1,849 708 1,822 710 1,817 714 1,772 711 1,786 702 1,775 686 1,768 670 1,757 650 1,749 634 1,752 618 1,750 613 1,735 601 1,715 592 1,707 1,018 496 1,013 465 995 462 990 464 952 462 967 464 956 465 950 464 939 465 931 465 936 466 931 465 919 465 903 463 903 456 855 852 865 867 870 871 871 866 865 865 865 858 851 849 847 391 7,441 5,150 1,682 37 559 394 7,101 4,831 1,684 33 480 389 7,065 4,799 1,685 33 472 388 7,064 4,798 1,680 33 471 379 7,010 4,760 1,674 35 465 382 7,175 4,896 1,687 32 494 390 7,139 4,858 1,687 32 489 387 7,226 4,932 1,684 32 505 390 7,195 4,908 1,686 31 496 391 6,988 4,733 1,602 33 459 381 6,961 4,721 1,689 33 453 376 6,914 1,679 33 514 396 7,647 4,949 1,682 32 510 393 7,331 5,038 1,684 34 528 395 7,262 4,967 690 668 1,552 1,035 132 633 657 1,547 1,038 127 611 654 1,540 1,038 127 604 652 1,539 1,039 127 599 651 1,534 1,039 127 595 645 1,529 1,039 127 590 642 1,524 1,039 126 581 641 1,512 1,036 128 579 639 1,502 1,033 127 567 635 1,495 1,033 128 571 632 1,489 1,039 128 554 628 1,483 1,035 127 551 629 1,473 1,031 128 543 628 1,465 1,028 127 532 627 1,452 1,023 127 1,006 77 1,011 71 997 69 987 68 979 68 959 65 953 64 957 64 947 62 106.568 106,795 106,968 107,068 107,206 107,245 107,327 107,432 941 61 107,342 935 60 106,050 973 68 107,052 967 66 SERVICE-PRO DUCING .................. 103,409 Transportation and public utilities........................................ 6,834 Transportation............................... 4,411 Railroad transportation.............. 235 Local and interurban passenger transit..................... 478 Trucking and w arehousing....... 1,810 W ater transportation.................. 186 Transportation by air.................. 1,227 Pipelines, except natural gas... 13 Transportation services........... 463 C om munications and public utilities.......................................... 2,423 Com m unications......................... 1,560 Electric, gas, and sanitary services..................................... 863 W holesale trade............................ 6,911 Retail trade...................................... 22,848 Building materials and garden supplies........................................ 988 General merchandise stores...... 2,798 Department stores..................... 2,459 993 69 106,679 107,015 924 59 106,851 7,019 4,529 236 7,093 4,573 235 7,108 4,583 232 7,106 4,580 229 7,123 4,591 231 7,127 4,591 230 7,119 4,576 230 7,130 4,584 230 7,118 4,571 227 7,108 4,561 226 7,082 4,539 226 7,070 4,528 226 7,017 4,473 225 6,959 4,419 224 476 1,856 196 1,281 14 471 478 1,864 200 1,306 14 476 478 1,866 200 1,316 14 477 479 1,868 201 1,312 14 477 480 1,870 200 1,318 14 478 480 1,872 201 1,316 13 479 477 1,864 202 1,313 14 476 483 1,867 203 1,315 14 472 483 1,867 201 1,310 14 469 485 1,863 203 1,304 14 466 486 1,844 203 1,303 14 463 482 1,838 205 1,300 14 463 479 1,832 207 1,264 14 452 480 1,837 205 1,219 14 440 2,490 1,639 2,520 1,672 2,525 1,678 2,526 1,679 2,532 1,685 2,536 1,690 2,543 1,696 2,546 1,699 2,547 1,700 2,547 1,700 2,543 1,695 2,542 1,695 2,544 1,695 2,540 1,692 851 7,024 847 847 7,064 847 847 7,022 847 7,017 847 6,988 23,472 23,546 23,561 23,606 848 7,010 23,583 849 7,053 23,530 7,038 23,415 846 7,066 23,457 847 7,068 23,406 847 7,067 23,307 848 7,070 23,395 23,536 6,971 23,417 848 6,946 23,403 1,016 2,837 2,491 1,011 2,835 2,492 1,010 2,822 2,480 1,007 2,789 2,448 1,007 2,807 2,462 1,006 2,797 2,451 999 2,804 2,459 1,006 2,821 2,473 1,014 2,818 2,471 1,008 2,810 2,458 1,014 2,800 2,449 1,013 2,793 2,450 1,013 2,763 2,420 1,011 2,761 2,405 C onstruction.................................. General building contractors..... Heavy construction, except building........................................ Special trades contractors.......... M anufacturing............................... Production w orkers............... Durable goods............................ Production w orkers............... Lumber and wood products..... Furniture and fixtures............... Stone, clay, and glass products.................................... Primary metal industries........... Fabricated metal products....... Industrial m achinery and equipm ent................................. Com puter and office equipm ent............................... Electronic and other electrical equipm ent................................. Electronic components and accessories............................. Transportation equipm ent........ Motor vehicles and equipm ent................................ Aircraft and parts..................... Instruments and related products.................................... M iscellaneous manufacturing industries................................... Nondurable goods..................... Production workers............... Food and kindred products...... Tobacco products...................... Textile mill products................... Apparel and other textile products.................................... Paper and allied products........ Printing and publishing............. Chemicals and allied products. Petroleum and coal products... Rubber and miscellaneous plastics products...................... Leather and leather products... See footnotes at end of table. 68 M onthly Labor R eview https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis J an u a ry 2002 — 10,247 _ 786 498 — 1,690 33 447 12. C ontinued— Em ploym ent of workers on nonfarm payrolls by industry, m onthly d a ta seasonally adjusted [In thousands]______________________________________________________________________________________________________ In d u s try A n n u a l a v e ra g e 1999 Food stores.................................... Automotive dealers and service stations.......................... New and used car dealers....... Apparel and accessory stores... Furniture and home furnishings stores........................................... Eating and drinking places........ M iscellaneous retail establishm ents.......................... F inance, in su ra n ce , and real e sta te ..................................... Finance........................................... Depository institutions.............. Commercial banks................... Savings institutions.................. Nondepository institutions....... Security and commodity brokers....................................... Holding and other investment offices......................................... Insurance........................................ Insurance carriers...................... Insurance agents, brokers, and service................................ Real estate..................................... S e rv ic e s 1........................................ Agricultural services.................... Hotels and other lodging places Business services......................... Services to buildings................. Personnel supply services....... Help supply services............... Computer and data processing services................ Auto repair services and parking................................. M iscellaneous repair services.... Amusement and recreation services....................................... Health services............................. O ffices and clinics of medical doctors........................................ Nursing and personal care facilities....................................... Hospitals....................................... Home health care services...... Legal services............................... Educational services.................... Social services.............................. Child day care services............ Residential care.......................... M useums and botanical and zoological gardens.................... Membership organizations......... Engineering and management services........................................ Engineering and architectural services..................................... M anagement and public relations.................................... Federal........................................... Federal, except Postal Service...................................... State................................................ Education..................................... O ther State governm ent........... Local................................................ Education..................................... O ther local governm ent............ 2000 3,497 3,521 2000 Nov. 3,527 200 1 D ec. 3,532 Jan. 3,538 Feb. 3,548 M a r. 3,550 A p r. 3,562 M ay 3,553 June 3,544 J u ly Aug. S e p t. O c t.p N o v .p 3,536 3,531 3,538 3,542 3,537 2,435 1,133 1,224 2,429 1,133 1,210 2,435 1,139 1,200 2,368 1,080 1,171 2,412 1,114 1,193 2,426 1,123 1,208 2,425 1,123 1,214 2,424 1,124 1,221 2,424 1,124 1,227 2,420 1,124 1,228 2,421 1,122 1,226 2,428 1,126 1,231 2,431 1,128 1,227 2,435 1,131 1,219 2,441 1,133 1,224 1,087 7,961 1,134 8,114 1,144 8,142 1,148 8,149 1,147 8,157 1,146 8,171 1,147 8,158 1,140 8,213 1,136 8,216 1,136 8,241 1,137 8,310 1,137 8,280 1,138 8,242 1,136 8,185 1,138 8,196 2,978 3,080 3,103 3,106 3,132 3,142 3,151 3,165 3,155 3,150 3,151 3,156 3,153 3,139 3,125 7,555 3,688 2,056 1,468 254 709 7,560 3,710 2,029 1,430 253 681 7,575 3,729 2,023 1,420 253 678 7,582 3,735 2,025 1,420 253 677 7,594 3,738 2,024 1,418 253 678 7,609 3,748 2,025 1,417 254 683 7,618 3,755 2,028 1,418 254 686 7,626 3,761 2,032 1,421 255 691 7,644 3,770 2,037 1,426 255 697 7,631 3,767 2,041 1,428 256 699 7,618 3,755 2,039 1,426 255 703 7,623 3,758 2,037 1,423 255 709 7,633 3,758 2,039 1,423 256 706 7,627 3,755 2,035 1,426 256 712 7,636 3,769 2,041 1,428 259 719 689 748 770 774 777 781 781 780 776 766 755 755 755 750 751 234 2,368 1,610 251 2,346 1,589 248 2,340 1,583 259 2,339 1,582 259 2,346 1,588 259 2,351 1,592 260 2,353 1,593 258 2,356 1,596 260 2,358 1,598 261 2,356 1,598 258 2,357 1,599 257 2,357 1,598 258 2,362 1,601 258 2,360 1,602 258 2,356 1,598 758 1,500 757 1,504 757 1,506 757 1,508 758 1,510 759 1,510 760 1,510 760 1,509 760 1,516 758 1,508 758 1,506 759 1,508 761 1,513 758 1,512 758 1,511 39,055 766 1,848 1,226 9,300 983 3,616 3,248 40,460 801 1,912 1,251 9,858 994 3,887 3,487 40,845 811 1,939 1,261 9,933 998 3,869 3,461 40,901 813 1,946 1,265 9,893 1,002 3,816 3,404 40,984 818 1,952 1,261 9,888 1,007 3,779 3,372 41,020 821 1,957 1,261 9,851 1,007 3,731 3,339 41,073 828 1,960 1,265 9,822 1,007 3,694 3,293 40,993 824 1,944 1,267 9,729 1,009 3,600 3,202 41,078 834 1,935 1,277 9,702 1,013 3,590 3,198 41,085 833 1,920 1,279 9,666 1,008 3,556 3,161 41,046 834 1,922 1,281 9,592 998 3,517 3,127 41,129 837 1,912 1,284 9,588 997 3,521 3,113 41,134 838 1,913 1,284 9,581 997 3,488 3,106 40,983 840 1,862 1,280 9,467 995 3,376 3,005 40,913 837 1,855 1,270 9,387 997 3,294 2,918 1,875 2,095 2,152 2,164 2,176 2,186 2,195 2,199 2,200 2,205 2,202 2,194 2,200 2,202 2,196 1,196 372 599 1,248 366 594 1,270 366 593 1,278 365 597 1,291 365 600 1,291 365 600 1,298 364 605 1,300 364 601 1,309 363 587 1,303 361 602 1,312 360 595 1,307 362 589 1,306 363 586 1,298 362 581 1,308 359 579 1,651 1,728 1,755 1,759 1,769 1,772 1,775 1,764 1,787 1,768 1,772 1,777 1,766 1,775 1,750 10,036 10,197 10,164 10,184 10,211 10,236 10,259 10,280 10,296 10,329 10,354 10,384 10,408 10,429 10,461 1,875 1,924 1,941 1,948 1,953 1,958 1,962 1,967 1,973 1,981 1,983 1,990 1,992 1,993 2,001 1,786 3,974 636 996 2,267 2,783 680 771 1,795 3,990 643 1,009 2,325 2,903 712 806 1,800 4,016 644 1,013 2,338 2,958 727 820 1,803 4,025 642 1,015 2,357 2,977 729 823 1,806 4,035 646 1,017 2,363 2,985 732 827 1,808 4,045 645 1,020 2,375 2,997 734 829 1,811 4,055 648 1,022 2,384 3,009 739 831 1,816 4,062 646 1,021 2,388 3,023 743 835 1,814 4,071 645 1,027 2,431 3,039 745 842 1,821 4,086 648 1,027 2,426 3,056 756 845 1,823 4,098 647 1,026 2,432 3,048 760 847 1,825 4,114 653 1,028 2,452 3,076 765 848 1,830 4,124 655 1,030 2,446 3,085 756 851 1,833 4,133 655 1,029 2,439 3,094 756 853 1,838 4,150 656 1,030 2,447 3,095 755 853 99 2,436 106 2,475 108 2,486 108 2,487 109 2,487 110 2,487 110 2,489 109 2,489 110 2,496 111 2,501 111 2,493 111 2,503 112 2,509 112 2,505 110 2,509 3,256 3,419 3,478 3,490 3,496 3,504 3,510 3,517 3,512 3,529 3,540 3,544 3,533 3,536 3,542 957 1,017 1,035 1,040 1,046 1,050 1,052 1,053 1,057 1,059 1,064 1,067 1,067 1,069 1,067 1,031 1,090 1,113 1,116 1,119 1,123 1,125 1,124 1,121 1,124 1,119 1,123 1,122 1,122 1,121 20,206 2,669 20,681 2,777 20,590 2,620 20,614 2,613 20,629 2,613 20,680 2,615 20,711 2,613 20,747 2,615 20,770 2,612 20,828 2,621 20,932 2,626 21,005 2,622 20,981 2,627 21,000 2,623 20,994 2,604 1,796 4,709 1,983 2,726 12,829 7,289 5,540 1,917 4,785 2,032 2,753 13,119 7,440 5,679 1,761 4,798 2,033 2,765 13,172 7,449 5,723 1,754 4,809 2,037 2,772 13,192 7,457 5,735 1,755 4,800 2,028 2,772 13,216 7,468 5,748 1,756 4,825 2,048 2,777 13,240 7,479 5,761 1,754 4,836 2,055 2,781 13,262 7,492 5,770 1,756 4,847 2,065 2,782 13,285 7,495 5,790 1,754 4,854 2,066 2,788 13,304 7,512 5,792 1,772 4,881 2,089 2,792 13,326 7,515 5,811 1,772 4,909 2,117 2,792 13,397 7,575 5,822 1,774 4,913 2,122 2,791 13,470 7,650 5,820 1,776 4,931 2,129 2,802 13,423 7,595 5,828 1,777 4,923 2,116 2,807 13,454 7,607 5,847 1,775 4,913 2,115 2,798 13,477 7,629 5,848 1 Includes other Industries not shown separately. p - preliminary. Note : See "Notes on the data” for a description of the most recent benchmark revision. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis M onthly Labor R eview J a n u a ry 2002 69 Current Labor Statistics: Labor Force D ata 13. A v e ra g e w e e k ly hours o f p ro d u c tio n or nonsupervisory w orkers on p riv a te nonfarm payrolls, b y industry, m onthly d a ta s easo n ally a d ju s te d Industry A nnual average 1999 2000 2000 2001 Nov. Dec. Jan. Feb. Mar. A pr. M ay June July Aug. Sept. O ct.p N ov.p P R IV A TE S E C T O R ..................................... 34.5 34.5 34.3 34.2 34.4 34.3 34.3 34.2 34.2 34.2 34.2 34.0 34.1 34.0 34.1 G O O D S -P R O D U C IN G ..................................... 41.0 41.0 40.6 40.1 40.5 40.3 40.5 40.6 40.5 4 0 .4 40.5 40.3 40.2 40.0 40.1 M IN IN G ................................................................ 43.2 43.1 43.0 42.5 43.1 43.2 43.8 44.0 43.9 4 3.3 43.3 43.4 43.5 43.0 43.1 M A N U F A C T U R IN G ......................................... O ve rtim e h o u rs......................................... 41.7 4.6 41.6 4.6 41.2 4.3 40.6 4.1 41.0 4.2 40.9 3.9 41.0 4.1 41.0 3.9 40.7 3.9 4 0.7 3.9 40.8 4.0 40.7 4.1 40.6 3.9 4 0.5 3.8 40.3 3.7 D urable goods........................................ O ve rtim e h o u rs........................................ L um b e r and w o od p ro d u cts................... Furniture a nd fixtu re s............................... S tone, clay, and g lass p ro d u cts........... P rim ary m etal in du strie s......................... B last fu rn a c e s a nd b asic steel p ro d u cts................................................... F abricated m etal p ro d u cts..................... 42.2 4.8 41.1 40.3 43.4 44.5 42.1 4.7 41.0 40.0 43.1 44.9 41.6 4.4 40.8 39.4 43.0 4 4.4 41.0 4.1 40.2 38.8 42.3 43.5 41.3 4.1 39.8 39.2 43.0 43.8 41.1 3.9 40.1 39.1 42.8 43.2 41.3 4.0 40.3 39.1 43.7 43.4 41.3 3.9 40.1 39.3 43.2 44.3 41.0 3.9 40.6 38.6 43.9 43.5 4 0.9 3.9 4 0.4 38.4 44.0 4 3.9 41.2 4.0 41.1 39.7 44.0 44.1 41.1 4.1 40.9 39.7 43.9 43.7 40.9 3.8 41.1 38.8 44.0 4 3.7 40.7 3.7 40.5 38.4 43.8 43.2 4 0.5 3.6 40.5 38.4 44.0 42.2 45.2 42.4 46.0 42.6 45.2 42.1 44.7 41.3 44.7 41.7 44.4 41.7 44.4 41.9 45.4 42.0 44.6 41.4 45.1 41.2 44.7 41.6 44.6 41.5 45.5 41.2 43.9 41.0 4 2.8 4 0.8 Industrial m a ch ine ry and equipm ent... E lectronic a nd o th e r electrical e q u ip m e n t................................................ T ra nspo rta tio n e qu ip m en t...................... M o to r veh icles and e q u ip m e n t........... In stru m e n ts and related p ro d u cts........ M isce llan e o us m a nu factu rin g ............... 42.1 42.2 41.7 41.1 41.5 41.0 41.2 41.3 40.7 4 0.4 40.8 40.2 40.3 40.5 40.1 41.2 43.8 45.0 41.3 39.8 41.1 4 3.4 4 4.4 41.3 39.0 40.5 42.5 43.2 41.2 38.4 40.3 41.5 41.5 40.7 38.1 40.3 42.0 42.1 41.0 38.3 40.3 42.0 42.0 41.1 38.2 40.1 42.0 42.3 41.0 38.2 39.8 4 2.4 43.3 41.0 38.2 39.1 42.4 43.6 41.0 37.9 39.3 4 1.9 43.0 40.8 3 8.4 38.9 42.2 43.0 40.8 38.4 39.1 42.8 44.6 40.4 38.2 39.1 41.5 42.3 41.1 37.6 39.0 4 1.3 42.0 4 0.7 37.4 38.9 41.3 42.1 40.7 37.2 N o n d u rab le g o o d s ....................................... O ve rtim e h o u rs........................................ Food and kindred p ro d u cts.................... Te xtile mill p ro d u cts.................................. A pp a rel a nd other textile p ro d u cts...... P aper a nd a llied p ro d u cts...................... 40.9 4.4 41.8 40.9 37.5 43.4 40.8 4.4 41.7 41.2 37.8 42.5 40.5 4.2 41.4 40.5 37.6 42.2 40.1 4.1 40.9 40.5 37.2 41.7 40.6 4.3 41.3 40.7 37.6 41.9 40.4 4.0 41.1 40.4 37.6 41.7 40.5 4.1 41.2 40.5 37.5 41.8 40.5 3.9 41.3 40.3 38.0 42.0 40.3 4.0 41.1 40.3 37.8 41.6 4 0.4 3.9 41.2 4 0.4 37.5 4 1.7 40.3 4.0 40.9 39.7 37.7 41.9 40.1 4.1 41.1 39.8 36.9 41.2 40.2 4.1 41.0 39.8 36.9 41.6 40.2 4.1 41.1 39.7 36.7 41.5 40.0 3.9 40.6 39.7 36.6 41.2 P rinting a nd p ub lish ing ............................ C h em icals a nd allied p ro d u cts.............. R ubber and m iscellaneous plastics p ro d u cts..................................... L ea the r and le athe r p ro d u cts................ 38.1 43.0 38.3 4 2.5 38.2 42.1 3 7 .0 42.1 38.4 42.6 38.4 42.3 38.6 42.3 38.2 42.6 38.0 42.4 38.0 42.2 38.2 42.7 38.0 42.1 38.1 42.2 38.0 42.3 37.8 42.2 41.7 37.4 41.4 37.5 41.0 37.3 40.4 36.8 41.0 36.9 40.9 36.4 41.0 36.1 40.8 36.6 40.6 35.9 40.7 36.2 40.6 35.7 40.5 36.4 40.8 36.3 40.5 36.0 40.8 35.8 S E R V IC E -P R O D U C IN G ................................... 32.8 32.8 32.8 32.7 32.9 32.8 32.8 32.7 32.7 32.8 32.6 32.6 32.6 32.5 32.6 T R A N S P O R T A T IO N A N D P U B LIC U T IL IT IE S ..................................... 38.7 38.6 38.6 38.7 38.7 38.5 38.3 38.1 38.1 38.1 37.8 37.8 37.6 37.6 37.7 W H O L E S A L E T R A D E .................................... 38.3 38.5 38.4 38.3 38.3 38.1 38.3 38.2 38.2 38.3 38.2 38.3 38.3 38.1 38.2 R E TA IL T R A D E ................................................. 29.0 28.9 28.9 28.7 29.1 28.9 28.8 28.8 28.8 2 8.7 28.6 28.6 28.7 28.7 28.8 p = p relim inary. NOTE: S ee "N o te s on th e data" fo r a descriptio n of th e m ost recen t b en ch m a rk revision. 70 M onthly Labor R eview https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis J an u a ry 2002 14. A v e ra g e hourly earn in g s o f p ro d u c tio n or nonsupervisory w orkers on p riv a te nonfarm payrolls, b y industry, s e aso n ally a d ju s te d Industry A nnual average 1999 PRIVATE SECTOR (In current dollars).. $ 13 .24 14.83 T ra nspo rta tio n and pub lic utilitie s........ Finance, in su ra n ce , a nd real estate... PRIVATE SECTOR (in constant (1982) dollars)....................................................... 2001 2000 A pr. M ay June July A ug. Sept. O ct.p N ov.p 2000 Nov. Dec. Jan. Feb. Mar. $13 .75 $13.97 $14 .03 $14.03 $14.11 $14.17 $14.21 $14 .24 $14.31 $ 14 .34 $14.40 $14 .45 $ 14.47 $14.52 15.67 15.74 15.79 15.78 15.86 15.90 15.93 16.01 16.04 16.05 16.16 17.54 18.22 14.78 14.09 17.73 18.28 14.81 14.13 17.74 18.26 14.86 14.18 17.69 18.35 14.93 14.24 17.67 18.36 14.96 14.28 17.73 18.38 14.97 14.30 17.84 18.51 15.04 14.37 15.40 15.63 15.65 17.05 17.19 13.90 13.17 17.24 17.88 14.38 13.62 17.38 18.16 14.57 13.84 17.43 18.17 14.58 13.88 17.49 18.28 14.54 13.83 17.52 18.30 14.63 13.94 17.55 18.33 14.66 13.96 17.53 18.15 14.72 14.04 12.73 13.24 13.46 13.53 13.54 13.62 13.68 13.73 13.76 13.84 13.87 13.93 13.98 14.01 14.05 16.68 15.68 9.72 15.61 14.40 16.74 15.74 9.74 15.64 14.48 16.76 15.70 9.79 15.74 14.49 16.91 15.86 9.83 15.86 14.54 16.88 15.84 9.84 15.91 14.61 16.95 15.81 9.87 15.99 14.71 17.02 15.95 9.87 16.01 14.76 17.10 15.90 9.92 16.06 14.80 17.14 7 .95 7.94 7.93 7.95 8.00 8.03 8.02 8 .06 8.11 15.69 14.59 9.09 14.62 13.37 16.22 15.20 9.46 15.07 13.91 16.42 15.44 9.61 15.28 14.16 16.50 15.55 9.65 15.35 14.23 16.51 15.53 9.64 15.44 14.25 16.64 15.60 9.69 15.55 14.35 7.86 7.89 7.92 7.94 7.90 7.92 15.91 9.99 16.07 14.83 p » pre lim ina ry. NOTE: S ee "N o te s on the data" fo r a descriptio n of the m ost recen t ben ch m a rk revision. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis M onthly Labor R eview J a n u a ry 2002 71 Current Labor Statistics: Labor Force D a ta 15. A v e ra g e hourly earn in g s o f p ro d u c tio n or nonsupervisory w orkers o n p riv a te no n farm payrolls, b y industry Industry A nnual average 2000 2001 1999 2000 Nov. Dec. Jan. Feb. Mar. A pr. M ay June July Aug. Sept. O ct.p N ov.p P R IV A TE S E C T O R .......................................... $ 13 .24 $13.75 $ 13 .99 $ 14.04 $14.10 $ 14.16 $ 14.19 $ 14.27 $14.22 $14.22 $ 14.27 $14.28 $14.51 $14.50 $ 14 .54 17.59 17.67 17.53 17.67 17.70 17.78 M IN IN G ................................................................. 17.05 17.24 17.32 17.54 17.67 17.61 17.57 17.60 17.49 C O N S T R U C T IO N ............................................. 17.19 17.88 18.20 18.23 18.17 18.16 18.30 18.07 18.17 18.21 18.32 18.43 18.50 18.55 18.56 M A N U F A C T U R IN G ......................................... 13.90 14.38 14.60 14.67 14.59 14.61 14.65 14.74 14.75 14.79 14.84 14.89 15.01 14.97 15.06 D urable g o o d s .............................................. L um b e r and w o od p ro d u cts................... Fu rniture a nd fixtu re s ............................... S tone, clay, a nd g lass p ro d u cts........... P rim ary m etal in du strie s......................... B last fu rn aces and b asic steel p ro d u cts................................................... F abricated m etal p ro d u cts..................... 14.36 11.51 11.29 13.97 15.80 14.82 11.93 11.73 14.53 16.42 15.05 12.07 11.90 14.76 16.58 15.11 12.12 11.93 14.72 16.65 14.98 12.13 11.92 14.65 16.66 15.03 12.08 12.03 14.68 16.58 15.09 12.08 12.04 14.79 16.63 15.14 12.13 12.07 14.96 16.90 15.19 12.16 12.09 15.03 16.82 15.24 12.19 12.15 15.13 16.96 15.25 12.32 12.24 15.12 17.11 15.37 12.37 12.29 15.17 17.06 15.49 12.45 12.35 15.22 17.27 15.45 12.35 12.38 15.13 17.11 15.53 12.41 12.36 15.11 17.23 18.84 13.50 19.82 13.87 19.71 14.03 19.88 14.09 20.16 13.99 20.05 14.03 20.00 14.08 2 0.37 14.11 20.26 14.23 20.39 14.25 20.48 14.27 20.63 14.34 20.91 14.42 2 0.5 6 14.34 20.8 3 14.43 Industrial m achinery a nd equipm ent... E lectronic and oth e r electrical e q u ip m e n t................................................. T ra nspo rta tio n e q u ip m e n t....................... M otor veh icles and e q u ip m e n t........... Instrum ents and related p ro d u cts........ M isce llan e o us m a nu factu rin g ............... 15.03 15.55 15.67 15.81 15.73 15.74 15.77 15.74 15.79 15.82 15.90 15.96 16.05 16.09 16.11 13.43 17.79 18.10 14.08 11.26 13.80 18.45 18.79 14.43 11.63 14.04 19.05 19.43 14.64 11.82 14.17 19.00 19.31 14.80 11.94 14.07 18.57 18.77 14.64 11.98 14.16 18.68 18.91 14.60 11.98 14.26 18.76 19.02 14.73 12.05 14.39 18.77 19.13 14.80 12.04 14.38 18.83 19.18 14.75 12.10 14.51 18.90 19.25 14.81 12.07 14.59 18.80 19.04 14.98 12.12 14.72 19.08 19.39 15.00 12.23 14.84 19.31 19.68 15.06 12.37 14.77 19.38 19.82 15.00 12.27 14.87 19.50 19.95 15.06 12.40 13.21 12.11 19.87 10.81 8.92 15.88 13.69 12.50 21.57 11.16 9.30 16.25 13.89 12.69 21.8 5 11.27 9.33 16.50 13.97 12.71 21.76 11.27 9.37 16.61 12.97 12.70 21.34 11.32 9.39 16.53 13.97 12.65 21.49 11.27 9.36 16.54 13.97 12.68 22.63 11.31 9.46 16.56 14.12 12.79 22.59 11.30 9.44 16.74 14.07 12.83 23.01 11.29 9.39 16.72 14.11 12.86 23.1 7 11.32 9 .45 16.90 14.23 12.93 23.6 3 11.37 9.40 16.99 14.17 12.87 21.90 11.39 9 .44 16.87 14.31 12.95 21.7 0 11.40 9.56 17.12 14.27 12.93 21.70 11.36 9.48 17.12 14.37 13.14 22.4 7 11.45 9 .58 17.16 13.96 17.42 21.4 3 14.40 18.15 22.00 14.56 18.35 2 2.23 14.66 18.47 22.31 14.59 18.34 22.10 14.64 18.41 22.21 14.69 18.33 21.83 14.75 18.64 22.09 14.75 18.52 21.8 3 14.74 18.55 21.78 14.83 18.69 22.02 14.87 18.54 22.20 15.01 18.86 2 2.27 14.96 18.62 2 2 .3 5 14.93 18.63 22.2 9 12.40 9.71 12.85 10.18 13.10 10.32 13.20 10.37 13.24 10.51 13.31 10.35 13.19 10.46 13.33 10.37 13.30 10.26 13.30 10.30 13.38 10.25 13.44 10.35 13.51 10.25 13.48 10.17 13.53 10.28 T R A N S P O R T A T IO N A N D P U B LIC U T IL IT IE S ...................................... 15.69 16.22 16.43 16.53 16.56 16.68 16.65 16.78 16.70 16.83 16.89 16.97 ' 17.07 17.10 17.14 W H O L E S A L E T R A D E ................................... 14.59 15.20 15.45 15.58 15.56 15.62 15.58 15.86 15.66 15.77 15.88 15.75 16.03 15.86 15.91 R E T A IL T R A D E ................................................ 9.09 9.46 9.61 9.65 9.69 9.72 9 .74 9 .78 9.78 9.77 9.77 9.79 9.92 9 .94 9.99 F IN A N C E , IN S U R A N C E , A N D R E A L E S T A T E .................................... 14.62 15.07 15.25 15.32 15.45 15.63 15.67 15.81 15.74 15.75 15.85 15.84 16.05 15.97 16.04 S E R V IC E S ........................................................... 13.37 13.91 14.20 14.33 14.39 14.47 14.48 14.58 14.46 14.39 14.46 14.46 14.78 14.79 14.88 N o n d u rab le g o o d s ....................................... Food a nd kindred p ro d u cts .................... Te xtile mill p ro d u cts.................................. A pp a rel a nd other te xtile p ro d u cts...... P aper a nd allied p ro d u cts...................... P rinting a nd p ub lish ing ........................... C hem icals a nd allied p ro d u cts.............. P etroleum a nd coal p ro d u cts................ R ubber and m iscellaneous plastics p ro d u cts...................................... L eather a nd le athe r p ro d u cts ................ p = pre lim ina ry. NOTE: S ee "N o te s on the data" fo r a descriptio n of the m ost recen t ben ch m a rk revision. M onthly Labor R eview 72 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis J a n u a ry 2002 16. A verag e w eekly earnings of production or nonsupervisory workers on private nonfarm payrolls, by industry In d u s try A n n u a l a v e ra g e 1999 PRIVATE SECTOR Current dollars............................... $456.78 Seasonally adjusted................. Constant (1982) dollars.............. 271.25 2000 2000 2001 Nov. D ec. Jan. Fe b . M a r. A p r. M ay June J u ly Aug. S e p t. O c t.p N o v .p 272.16 $479.86 479.17 272.03 $480.17 479.83 272.51 $477.99 482.63 269.74 $481.44 483.97 270.62 $482.46 486.03 270.89 $486.61 485.98 271.70 $484.90 487.01 269.39 $489.17 489.40 271.46 $493.74 490.43 275.22 $491.23 489.60 273.82 $497.69 492.75 275.88 $493.00 491.98 274.50 $495.05 495.13 276.10 $474.38 - MINING................................................ 736.56 743.04 743.03 747.20 750.98 751.95 757.27 765.60 769.56 768.68 772.18 764.31 777.48 771.72 762.76 CONSTRUCTION.............................. 672.13 702.68 704.34 694.56 692.28 682.82 702.52 695.70 728.62 728.40 740.13 739.04 736.30 730.87 725.70 MANUFACTURING Current dollars.............................. Constant (1982) dollars............... 579.63 344.20 598.21 343.21 607.36 344.31 607.34 344.69 596.73 336.76 591.71 332.61 597.72 335.61 588.13 328.38 600.33 333.52 603.43 334.87 598.05 333.36 607.51 338.63 615.41 341.14 609.28 340.15 612.94 342.08 605.99 473.06 454.99 623.92 489.13 469.20 633.61 494.87 474.81 630.09 486.01 476.01 615.68 477.92 464.88 613.22 473.54 461.95 620.20 483.20 467.15 607.11 483.99 457.45 624.31 497.34 462.22 626.36 498.57 468.99 617.63 502.66 481.03 633.24 509.64 491.60 639.74 517.92 489.06 631.91 503.88 479.11 635.18 503.85 478.33 606.30 703.10 626.24 737.26 637.63 746.10 624.13 735.93 613.84 731.37 610.69 716.26 631.53 718.42 638.79 730.08 665.83 731.67 670.26 744.54 669.82 742.57 676.58 743.82 686.42 766.79 670.26 737.44 669.37 737.44 851.57 572.40 911.72 590.86 902.72 597.68 890.62 596.01 901.15 581.98 882.20 580.84 884.00 585.73 920.72 567.22 899.54 589.12 919.59 589.95 919.55 582.22 920.10 595.11 959.77 598.43 898.47 590.81 899.86 595.96 632.76 656.21 658.14 662.44 655.94 648.49 651.30 628.03 644.23 640.71 640.77 640.00 648.42 650.04 650.84 553.32 779.20 567.18 800.73 575.64 821.06 585.22 807.50 567.02 772.51 566.40 775.22 568.97 789.80 554.02 765.82 559.38 804.04 570.24 799.47 558.80 765.16 577.02 814.72 584.70 809.09 580.46 808.15 585.88 815.10 814.50 834.28 852.98 826.47 778.96 786.66 808.35 791.98 840.08 839.30 780.64 858.98 844.27 842.35 849.87 581.50 488.15 595.96 453.57 607.56 457.43 621.72 460.88 603.17 454.04 605.90 454.04 605.40 461.52 594.96 450.30 602.48 458.59 602.77 463.49 605.19 458.14 606.00 468.41 618.97 467.59 609.00 461.35 617.46 463.76 540.29 506.20 763.01 442.13 558.55 521.25 877.90 459.79 569.49 534.25 895.85 460.94 569.98 528.74 892.16 462.07 565.79 520.70 832.26 459.59 560.20 509.80 831.66 449.67 561.59 513.54 893.89 458.06 559.15 510.32 885.53 444.09 564.21 522.18 906.59 454.99 568.63 528.55 956.92 458.46 569.20 528.84 952.29 444.57 571.05 535.39 878.19 456.74 582.42 543.90 885.36 458.28 576.51 539.18 881.02 450.99 581.99 542.68 907.79 458.00 334.50 689.19 351.54 690.63 352.67 706.20 353.25 705.93 349.31 697.57 352.87 683.10 355.70 687.24 346.45 688.01 355.88 690.54 357.21 701.35 349.68 708.48 350.22 695.04 350.85 722.46 346.97 715.62 351.59 717.29 531.88 749.06 908.63 551.52 771.38 932.80 564.93 778.04 955.89 564.41 788.67 952.64 555.88 781.28 987.87 557.78 778.74 957.25 565.57 773.53 936.51 554.60 790.34 965.33 556.08 783.40 910.31 557.17 782.81 934.36 563.54 790.59 953.47 568.03 778.68 954.60 577.89 797.78 955.38 571.47 787.63 938.70 573.31 793.64 931.72 517.08 363.15 531.99 381.75 539.72 390.10 543.84 Leather and leather products.... 382.65 544.16 384.67 543.05 373.64 538.15 375.51 529.20 369.17 539.98 370.39 543.97 378.01 535.20 360.80 544.32 379.85 556.61 377.20 548.64 368.15 554.73 372.14 TRANSPORTATION AND PUBLIC UTILITIES........................ 607.20 626.09 632.56 638.06 632.59 637.18 362.70 641.00 632.93 642.91 650.27 646.56 648.66 642.96 644.46 W HOLESALE TRADE...................... 558.80 585.20 593.28 596.71 589.72 590.44 592.04 607.44 598.59 603.99 611.38 603.23 620.36 604.27 607.76 RETAIL TRADE................................. 263.61 273.39 274.85 278.89 273.26 276.05 276.62 281.66 280.69 283.33 288.22 286.85 285.70 283.29 284.72 FINANCE, INSURANCE, AND REAL ESTATE..................... 529.24 547.04 549.00 553.05 556.20 567.37 564.12 580.23 565.78 570.15 581.70 571.82 589.04 573.32 579.04 SERVICES........................................... 435.86 454.86 462.92 467.16 464.80 471.72 472.05 476.77 469.95 471.99 478.63 474.29 483.31 479.20 483.60 Durable goods................................... Lumber and w ood products...... Furniture and fixtures................. Stone, clay, and glass products............... ...................... Primary metal industries............ Blast furnaces and basic steel products.......................... Fabricated metal products........ Industrial machinery and Electronic and other electrical Transportation equipm ent......... Motor vehicles and equipm ent............................... Instruments and related products..................................... Miscellaneous manufacturing... Nondurable goods......................... Food and kindred products....... Apparel and other textile Printing and publishing............... Chemicals and allied products.. Petroleum and coal products.... Rubber and miscellaneous p - preliminary. NOTE: See "Notes on the data" for a description of the most recent benchmark revision. Dash indicates data not available. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis M onthly Labor R eview J a n u a ry 2002 73 C urrent Labor Statistics: 17. Labor Force Data Diffusion in d exes o f e m p lo y m e n t c h a n g e , s e a s o n a lly a d ju s te d [In p e rc e n t] T im esp an and year Jan. Feb. M ar. Apr. M ay June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov Dec. Private nonfarm payrolls, 356 industries O ve r 1-m on th span: 1998........................................................ 1999........................................................ 2 0 0 0 ........................................................ 2 0 0 1 ........................................................ 63.2 55.1 55.7 53.7 56.2 59.6 59.3 50.4 59.3 52.8 61.0 55.8 60.2 57.2 54.2 45.0 58.9 58.2 47.7 46.6 57.1 54.2 60.5 44.3 55.4 57.1 57.8 45.5 58.4 54.4 55.1 43.5 54.8 55.2 52.0 45.3 55.0 57.9 54.8 39.4 58.2 59.9 55.1 39.2 56.4 56.8 54.2 - O ve r 3 -m o n th span: 1 99 8 ........................................................ 1 9 9 9 ........................................................ 2 0 0 0 ........................................................ 2 0 0 1 ........................................................ 65.3 60.8 61.6 51.7 66.1 57.8 63.3 54.1 64.6 58.5 61.9 48.6 65.7 55.8 56.2 49.2 62.2 58.1 55.1 42.5 57.9 57.9 57.9 42.4 57.5 57.2 61.5 40.7 58.4 59.2 56.4 41.5 59.1 59.8 54.1 39.0 59.2 59.1 53.3 36.4 59.3 61.0 55.7 - 59.2 60.6 53.3 O ve r 6-m o n th span: 199 8 ........................................................ 199 9 ........................................................ 2 0 0 0 ........................................................ 2 0 0 1 ........................................................ 70.4 59.8 63.5 52.0 67.4 59.8 60.6 50.6 65.0 58.2 62.6 48.6 62.5 60.3 63.7 45.3 63.6 56.7 61.5 43.5 60.5 59.2 55.5 39.4 59.2 61.8 56.1 37.4 58.6 60.8 58.6 36.1 57.9 62.2 54.2 - 59.6 61.2 54.8 - 60.6 62.3 51.8 - 59.9 64.9 54.2 - O ve r 12-m onth span: 1998........................................................ 199 9 ........................................................ 2 0 0 0 ........................................................ 2 0 0 1 ........................................................ 69.7 61.2 62.5 49.6 67.6 60.2 63.0 47.5 67.4 58.2 61.8 44.8 66.0 60.8 59.5 42.4 64.0 60.8 58.4 39.7 62.7 61.6 56.8 - 61.9 62.2 55.7 - 62.0 61.3 56.5 - 60.9 63.9 54.2 - 59.3 63.0 53.4 - 60.8 61.3 53.0 - 58.8 60.9 51.8 - - Manufacturing payrolls, 139 industries O ve r 1-m on th span: 199 8 ........................................................ 1999........................................................ 2 0 0 0 ........................................................ 2 0 0 1 ........................................................ 57.4 46.9 44.9 37.9 51.5 44.5 56.6 32.4 53.7 43.0 55.5 41.5 53.3 42.3 46.7 31.3 43.8 50.4 41.2 29.4 48.2 39.3 54.8 33.1 38.2 51.5 53.7 39.0 51.5 39.3 38.6 28.3 41.9 45.2 34.6 37.5 41.5 46.3 41.5 30.9 41.2 53.3 43.8 25.4 43.4 46.7 44.1 - O ve r 3 -m o n th span: 199 8 ........................................................ 199 9 ........................................................ 2 0 0 0 ........................................................ 2 0 0 1 ........................................................ 59.6 41.2 50.0 28.3 59.6 39.0 54.0 29.4 55.9 38.2 52.9 24.6 50.4 41.8 42.3 26.5 46.7 40.8 43.0 22.4 37.9 45.2 48.5 24.6 41.5 39.0 48.2 21.3 41.5 45.2 33.6 22.4 41.9 40.8 28.7 21.0 38.2 44.9 30.5 22.4 36.8 46.3 39.0 - 40.8 46.0 35.7 - O ve r 6-m o n th span: 1 99 8 ........................................................ 1 99 9 ........................................................ 2 0 0 0 ........................................................ 2 0 0 1 ........................................................ 63.2 36.0 51.5 26.8 54.4 38.2 44.5 25.4 50.4 37.5 48.5 19.9 40.4 41.2 55.1 20.6 44.5 36.8 43.8 20.6 40.1 39.7 34.9 16.2 37.5 43.0 33.5 15.1 36.4 41.5 34.6 14.7 34.9 46.0 30.1 - 40.1 40.4 29.4 - 37.1 46.3 25.0 - 34.2 51.5 27.9 O ve r 12-m onth span: 1 99 8 ........................................................ 199 9 ........................................................ 2 0 0 0 ........................................................ 2 0 0 1 ........................................................ 54.8 38.6 46.3 19.1 52.2 34.6 45.2 16.9 51.8 32.4 41.2 15.1 46.7 36.0 37.9 16.9 40.4 37.9 33.8 14.0 40.1 39.0 31.3 - 38.2 40.1 31.3 - 37.5 40.4 31.3 - 36.4 44.5 27.6 - 34.6 46.0 25.4 - 35.7 44.9 24.3 - 34.2 44.5 21.3 - Dash in dica te s d ata not available. N O TE: Fig ure s a re th e p erce n t o f industries w ith em plo ym e n t in crea sin g plus one -h alf of th e industries w ith unchanged e m plo ym e n t, w h e re 50 p erce n t indicates an equal balance betw e en in du strie s w ith in ceasing and decreasing e m ploym ent. 74 M onthly Labor R eview https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis J an u ary 2002 - Data fo r th e 2 m ost recen t m onths show n in each span are prelim inary. S ee the "D efinitions" in th is section. S ee "N otes on th e d ata ” fo r a descriptio n of th e m ost recen t benchm ark revision. 18. E stab lish m en t size and em p lo ym en t covered under Ul, p rivate ow nersh ip, by m ajor industry division, first q u arter 2000 S ize of e stablishm ents In d u stry , esta b lis h m e n ts, and e m p lo y m e n t Total Few er than 5 w o rk ers' 5 to 9 w orkers 10 to 19 w o rk ers 20 to 49 w orkers 50 to 99 w o rkers 100 to 249 w orkers 250 to 499 w o rk ers 5 00 to 999 w o rk ers 1,000 or m ore w o rk ers T o ta l, all in d u strie s 2 E stablishm ents, first q u a rte r .................... E m ploym ent, M arch .................................... 7,544,641 108,219,163 4,425,855 6,833,324 1,302,659 8,617,085 850,579 11,473,999 590,880 17,884,776 206,465 14,216,170 119,188 17,898,597 31,316 10,659,869 11,724 7,9 7 2,44 3 5,975 12,662,900 A g ricu ltu re , fo restry, a n d fishing E stablishm ents, first qua rte r .................... E m ploym ent, M arch .................................... 200,532 1,702,575 124,113 179,162 37,651 249,010 22,736 302,609 11,185 326,736 2,875 196,672 1,472 216,446 370 126,193 106 6 9,476 24 36,271 M ining E stablishm ents, first qua rte r .................... E m ploym ent, M arch .................................... 27,286 524,551 14,100 22,081 4,325 28,9 73 3,730 51,207 3,202 97,241 1,023 69,762 591 89,714 2 14 74,836 76 52,916 25 37,821 C on s tru c tio n E stablishm ents, first q ua rte r .................... E m ploym ent, M arch .................................... 750,528 6,311,433 480,477 703,351 126,855 831,472 76,279 1,025,169 46,546 1,389,882 13,238 898,511 5,748 846,989 1,054 3 47,872 272 182,570 59 85,617 M a nufacturing E stablishm ents, first qua rte r .................... E m ploym ent, M arch .................................... 406,405 18,433,652 147,552 251,162 67,397 453,495 61,163 842,917 61,505 1,922,856 30,575 2 ,145,098 24,258 3,738,404 8,644 2 ,976,720 3,601 2,447,483 1,710 3,655,517 T ra n s p o rta tio n and public utilities E stablishm ents, first qua rte r .................... E m ploym ent, M arch .................................... 315,711 6,679,170 174,930 2 72,359 49,171 325,336 36,484 498,681 30,723 945,921 12,953 895,020 7,916 1,190,918 2,126 726,378 892 618,762 516 1,205,795 W h o le s a le tra d e E stablishm ents, first q u a rte r .................... E m ploym ent, M arch .................................... 665,681 6,949,297 401,881 621,889 110,078 729,677 77,360 1,047,490 52,159 1,565,494 15,193 1,035,485 7,023 1,035,929 1,477 496,162 4 14 274 ,98 8 96 142,183 R etail tra d e E stablishm ents, first qua rte r .................... E m ploym ent, M arch .................................... 1,460,044 2 2,811,016 624,884 1,154,935 329,245 2,204,437 235,862 3,188,875 179,189 5,441,488 58,004 3,944,499 26,385 3,881,052 4,982 1,659,908 1,170 764,717 323 571,105 F in ance, in surance, an d real estate E stablishm ents, first qua rte r .................... E m ploym ent, M arch .................................... 671,901 7,385,176 438,944 714,241 114,369 751,347 62,167 827,113 35,553 1,065,414 11,632 798,270 6,021 912,146 1,803 622,912 900 616,408 512 1,077,325 S ervice s E stablishm ents, first qua rte r .................... E m ploym ent, M arch .................................... 2,893,865 37,121,452 1,882,763 2,772,286 451,723 2,967,726 271,232 3,644,616 169,884 5,103,419 60,870 4,226,235 39,747 5,983,290 10,644 3 ,628,294 4,292 2 ,944,320 2,710 5 ,851,266 ' Includes esta b lishm e n ts th a t reported no w o rkers in M arch 2000. N O TE: D ata fo r 2000 are prelim inary and sub ject to revision. not add to totals d ue to rounding. D etail m ay 2 Includes d ata fo r n onclassifiable e stablishm ents, not show n separately. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis M onthly Labor R eview J a n u a ry 2002 75 Current Labor Statistics: 19. Labor Force D a ta A n n u al data: establishm en ts, em ploym ent, and w ages covered under Ul and UCFE by ow nersh ip Y ear A verage establishm ents A verage annual em ploym ent Total annual w ages (in thousands) A verag e annual w ages per em ployee A verag e w eekly w age Total covered (Ul and UC FE) 1991 ............................................................. 1 9 9 2 ............................................................. 1 9 9 3 ............................................................. 1994 ............................................................. 1 9 9 5 ............................................................. 1996 ............................................................. 1 9 9 7 ............................................................. 1 9 9 8 ............................................................. 1999 ............................................................. 2 0 0 0 ............................................................. 6,382,523 6,532,608 6,679,934 6,826,677 7,040,677 7,189,168 7,369,473 7,634,018 7,820,860 7,899,243 106,884,831 107,413,728 109,422,571 112,611,287 115,487,841 117,963,132 121,044,432 124,183,549 127,042,282 129,925,813 $2,626,972,030 2,781,676,477 2,884,472,282 3,033,676,678 3,215,921,236 3,414,514,808 3,674,031,718 3,967,072,423 4 ,235,579,204 4,585,814,470 $ 24,578 25,897 26,361 26,939 27,846 28,946 30,353 31,945 33,340 35,296 $473 498 507 518 536 557 584 614 641 679 $24,335 25,622 26,055 26,633 27,567 28,658 30,058 31,676 33,094 35,049 $468 493 501 512 530 551 578 609 636 674 $24,178 2 5,547 25,934 26,496 27,441 28,582 30,064 31,762 33,244 35,305 $465 491 499 510 528 550 578 611 639 679 $27,132 27,789 28,643 29,518 30,497 31,397 32,521 33,605 34,681 36,296 $522 534 551 568 586 604 625 646 667 698 $ 24,595 25,434 26,095 26,717 27,552 28,320 29,134 30,251 31,234 32,382 $473 489 502 514 530 545 560 582 601 623 $32,609 35,066 36,940 38,038 38,523 40,414 42,732 43,688 44,287 46,231 $627 674 710 731 741 777 822 840 852 889 Ul covered 1991 ............................................................. 1992 ............................................................. 1 9 9 3 ............................................................. 1994 ............................................................. 1 9 9 5 ............................................................. 1 9 9 6 ............................................................. 1 9 9 7 ............................................................. 1 9 9 8 ............................................................. 1999 ............................................................. 2 0 0 0 ............................................................. 6,336,151 6,485,473 6,632,221 6,778,300 6,990,594 7,137,644 7,317,363 7,586,767 7,771,198 7,849,064 103,755,832 104,288,324 106,351,431 109,588,189 112,539,795 115,081,246 118,233,942 121,400,660 124,255,714 127,055,641 $2,524,937,018 2,672,081,827 2,771,023,411 2,918,684,128 3,102,353,355 3,298,045,286 3,553,933,885 3,845,494,089 4 ,112,169,533 4 ,453,123,123 P rivate industry covered 1991 ............................................................. 1 9 9 2 ............................................................. 1 9 9 3 ............................................................. 1994 ............................................................. 1 9 9 5 ............................................................. 1996 ............................................................. 1 9 9 7 ............................................................. 1 9 9 8 ............................................................. 1999 ............................................................. 2 0 0 0 ............................................................. 6,162,684 6,308,719 6,454,381 6,596,158 6,803,454 6,946,858 7,121,182 7,381,518 7,560,567 7,642,451 89,007,096 89,349,803 91,202,971 94,146,344 96,894,844 99,268,446 102,175,161 105,082,368 107,619,457 110,064,902 $ 2,152,021,705 2,282,598,431 2 ,365,301,493 2,494,458,555 2,658,927,216 2 ,837,334,217 3,071,807,287 3,337,621,699 3,577,738,557 3,885,818,913 S tate g overnm ent covered 1991 ............................................................. 1992 ............................................................. 1993 ............................................................. 1994 ............................................................. 1 9 9 5 ............................................................. 1996 ............................................................. 1 9 9 7 ............................................................. 1 9 9 8 ............................................................. 1999 ............................................................. 2 00 0 ............................................................. 58,499 58,801 59,185 60,686 60,763 62,146 65,352 67,347 70,538 65,106 4,005,321 4,044,914 4,088,075 4,162,944 4,201,836 4,191,726 4,214,451 4,240,779 4,296,673 4,370,562 $ 108,672,127 112,405,340 117,095,062 122,879,977 128,143,491 131,605,800 137,057,432 142,512,445 149,011,194 158,632,362 Local govern m e nt covered 1991 ............................................................. 1 9 9 2 ............................................................. 1 9 9 3 ............................................................. 1 9 9 4 ............................................................. 1 9 9 5 ............................................................. 1996 ............................................................. 1997 ............................................................. 1998 ............................................................. 1999 ............................................................. 2 0 0 0 ............................................................. 114,936 117,923 118,626 121,425 126,342 128,640 130,829 137,902 140,093 141,507 10,742,558 10,892,697 11,059,500 11,278,080 11,442,238 11,621,074 11,844,330 12,077,513 12,339,584 12,620,177 $264,215,610 277,045,557 288,594,697 301,315,857 315,252,346 329,105,269 345,069,166 365,359,945 385,419,781 4 08,671,848 Federal G overn m ent covered (U C FE ) 1991 ............................................................. 1992 ............................................................. 1 9 9 3 ............................................................. 1 9 9 4 ............................................................. 1 9 9 5 ............................................................. 1996 ............................................................. 1 9 9 7 ............................................................. 1998 ............................................................. 1999 ............................................................. 2 0 0 0 ............................................................. 46,372 47,136 47,714 48,377 50,083 51,524 52,110 47,252 49,661 50,178 3,128,999 3,125,404 3,071,140 3,023,098 2,948,046 2,881,887 2,810,489 2,782,888 2,786,567 2,870,173 $102,035,012 109,594,650 113,448,871 114,992,550 113,567,881 116,469,523 120,097,833 121,578,334 123,409,672 132,691,347 N O TE: Data fo r 2000 are prelim inary and subject to revision. Detail m ay not add to totals due to rounding. 76 M onthly Labor R eview https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis J an u ary 2002 20. A nnual data: establishm en ts, em ploym ent, and w ages covered under Ul and U CFE, by S tate A verage establishm ents State 2000 A verag e annual em ploym ent 19992000 change 2000 Total annual w ages (in thousands) 19992000 change 2000 A v erag e w eekly w age 19992000 change 2000 19992000 change T otal U nited S tates ............................................... 7,899,243 78,383 129,925,813 2,883,531 $4,585,814,470 $350 ,2 3 5,2 66 $679 $38 A la b a m a ..................................................................... A la s k a ......................................................................... A riz o n a ........................................................................ A rkan sa s .................................................................... C a lifo rn ia .................................................................... 113,816 18,848 115,922 72,335 1,038,090 1,942 60 3,340 501 -21,749 1,877,787 275,766 2,221,413 1,130,822 14,887,118 6,735 6,833 70,875 17,681 493,044 54,525,432 9,686,168 72,431,416 2 9,748,658 6 13,261,503 1,957,806 533,535 6 ,786,654 1,506,781 7 2,373,274 558 675 627 506 792 18 21 40 18 69 C o lora d o .................................................................... C o n n e c tic u t............................................................... D e la w a re .................................................................... D istrict of C o lu m b ia ................................................ F lo rid a ......................................................................... 148,477 107,903 24,711 28,380 4 45,738 6,276 1,812 544 1,445 10,141 2,186,703 1,676,740 408,933 635,811 7,063,073 81,451 24,375 6,793 20,107 218,424 81,272,401 7 6,199,312 14,998,631 33,709,739 2 15 ,772,868 9,291,399 5,672,870 860,702 2,3 7 9,90 4 17,723,960 715 874 705 1,020 587 57 53 29 41 31 G e o r g ia ...................................................................... H aw aii ......................................................................... Id a h o ........................................................................... Illin o is .......................................................................... In d ia n a ........................................................................ 227,630 34,022 45,411 322,342 152,947 9,218 1,559 1,140 2,739 -988 3,896,423 553,124 563,015 5,940,495 2,936,489 101,668 15,379 20,607 89,976 29,633 133,188,119 16,941,939 15,600,609 2 26,000,387 91,075,756 10,496,682 920,213 1,473,980 13,651,771 3,790,545 657 589 533 732 596 35 16 32 34 19 I o w a ............................................................................. K ansas ........................................................................ K e n tu c k y .................................................................... L o u is ia n a .................................................................... M a in e .......................................................................... 97,118 80,523 107,838 117,427 44,865 2,506 1,082 2,501 760 956 1,442,785 1,313,069 1,762,549 1,869,453 590,818 11,803 14,272 31,082 21,551 17,005 4 0,294,107 38,547,821 50,812,110 52,115,533 16,344,365 1,725,399 2,1 4 0,62 7 2,707,022 1,822,492 9 16,386 537 565 554 536 532 19 26 20 13 15 M aryland .................................................................... M a s s a c h u s e tts ......................................................... M ic h ig a n ..................................................................... M in n e s o ta .................................................................. M is s is s ip p i................. ............................................... 146,555 187,401 263,191 155,404 64,109 1,113 354 4,550 4,625 368 2,406,502 3,274,924 4,587,071 2,607,997 1,137,236 59,623 83,282 84,305 57,205 -1,948 87,530,844 145,163,150 169,793,373 92,369,487 28,6 54 ,6 6 4 6,588,302 16,375,342 8,817,850 6,952,226 868,342 699 852 712 681 485 36 76 24 37 16 M is s o u ri...................................................................... M o n ta n a ..................................................................... N e b ra s k a .................................................................... N evada ........................................................................ N ew H am pshire ...................................................... 162,765 38,370 52,456 48,961 46,020 1,988 1,606 622 1,029 590 2,676,614 379,122 884,025 1,017,912 606,061 31,191 7,883 17,415 41,985 14,836 8 4,007,364 9,199,101 2 4,454,268 32,853,672 2 1,049,033 4,7 3 3,26 5 564,255 1,374,587 2,392,199 2,0 4 6,60 6 604 467 532 621 668 28 20 20 21 50 N ew J e r s e y ............................................................... N ew M exico .............................................................. N ew Y ork ................................................................... North C a ro lin a .......................................................... North D a k o ta ............................................................ 269,672 48,013 528,370 222,892 23,281 -16,049 719 4,064 7,928 224 3,878,717 717,395 8,475,567 3,861,729 309,221 86,340 16,491 183,025 57,360 3,261 169,464,775 19,726,620 380,908,938 120,011,633 7,630,932 13,834,368 1,315,800 3 1,139,715 7,926,195 364,043 840 529 864 598 475 51 24 53 31 18 O hio ............................................................................. O k la h o m a ................................................................... O re g o n ........................................................................ P e n n s y lv a n ia ............................................................. R hode Is la n d ............................................................ 281,502 89,227 110,196 315,172 33,337 1,587 1,297 -150 13,155 631 5,514,414 1,451,870 1,607,997 5,560,251 467,542 63,287 29,061 31,995 100,777 10,706 179,272,488 39,171,359 52,686,533 189,040,902 15,250,403 8,134,650 2,4 4 4,58 6 4,032,231 10,540,425 1,011,138 625 519 630 654 627 21 23 36 25 28 S outh C a ro lin a ......................................................... S outh D a k o ta ........................................................... Te n ne sse e ................................................................ T exas .......................................................................... Utah ............................................................................ 109,330 27,147 125,665 488,114 66,182 -2,033 439 367 6,744 2,320 1,821,033 364,095 2,667,270 9,287,230 1,044,343 28,888 8,310 40,226 270,589 26,719 5 1,303,078 9,030,576 81,507,681 324,566,175 30,522,121 2,678,327 574,769 4,0 6 8,33 6 2 7,938,668 2,135,151 542 477 588 672 562 20 20 21 39 26 V erm o n t ..................................................................... V ir g in ia ........................................................................ W ashington ............................................................... W e st V ir g in ia ............................................................ W is c o n s in ................................................................... W y o m in g .................................................................... 23,900 193,285 220,904 46,823 145,792 20,869 835 3,752 8,764 14 898 246 296,354 3,429,323 2,708,125 686,717 2,735,929 230,843 8,365 102,201 64,395 6,109 44,478 5,878 8,570,480 120,543,345 100,360,839 18,463,946 83,984,601 6,195,215 622,830 10,665,369 5,8 8 3,35 6 755,682 4,299,145 425 ,50 5 556 676 713 517 590 516 25 41 26 17 21 23 P uerto R ic o ............................................................... V irgin Islands ........................................................... 52,159 3,191 -10 -32 1,027,554 42,220 25,164 1,282 19,314,130 1,166,654 716,892 97,695 361 531 4 29 NO TE: D ata fo r 2000 are prelim inary and sub ject to revision. Detail m ay not add to totals due to rounding. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis M onthly Labor R eview J a n u a ry 2002 77 Current Labor Statistics: Labor Force Data 21. A nnual data: E m ploym ent and average annual pay fo r all w orkers covered under Ul and UCFE in th e 316 largest U.S. counties A verag e annual pay E m ploym ent P ercent change, 19 99-20003 R anked by percent change, 1999-20004 20002 P ercent change, 1999-20003 United S tates5 ...................... 129,925,813 2.3 - 35,296 5.9 Jefferson, A L ........................ M adison, A L .......................... M obile, A L .............................. M ontgom ery, A L ................. T uscaloosa, A L .................... A nchorage, A K .................... M aricopa, A Z ....................... P im a, A Z ................................ P ulaski, A R ........................... S ebastian, A R ...................... 384,552 154,344 169,477 132,028 76,436 129,828 1,545,451 328,582 243,137 75,188 .5 1.7 -.1 .2 .7 2.1 3.6 3.2 .4 1.0 269 187 292 285 252 157 47 68 275 234 34,015 35,827 28,611 28,893 29,067 36,619 35,099 29,204 30,796 27,025 3.8 4.9 2.4 3.2 2.5 2.6 7.8 3.5 3.8 4.9 W ashington, A R .................. A lam eda, C A ........................ C ontra C osta, C A ............... Fresno, CA ........................... K ern, C A ................................ Los A ngeles, C A ................. M arin, C A ............................... M onterey, C A ....................... O range, C A ........................... P lacer, C A ............................ 80,009 696,859 337,177 323,438 238,788 4,101,907 112,007 164,623 1,396,170 107,066 3.2 3.1 3.2 2.1 2.3 1.8 2.4 2.5 3.7 8.8 69 83 70 158 139 178 123 115 43 3 26,406 45,062 42,326 26,197 28,536 39,671 42,669 29,986 39,208 33,476 3.8 9.7 3.7 5.0 5.6 5.0 8.6 5.2 4.7 5.5 Riverside, C A ........................ S acram ento, C A ................. S an B ernardino, C A ........... S an Diego, C A ..................... S an Francisco, C A .............. S an Joaquin, C A ................. S an Luis O bispo, C A ......... S an M ateo, C A .................... S anta B arbara, C A ............ S an ta C lara, C A .................. 470,044 5.4 574,101 2.6 528,842 1,197,997 609,626 201,320 94,926 379,195 177,197 1,035,451 3.0 3.3 3.7 3.2 3.7 5.5 3.2 6.6 12 107 86 61 44 71 45 11 72 8 29,1 13 37,725 29,920 37,516 57,626 29,250 28,067 66,943 32,518 76,076 4.7 7.1 3.9 8.0 12.2 4.8 6.1 30.2 8.0 24.5 S an ta Cruz, C A .................... S olano, C A ........................... S onom a, C A ......................... S tanislaus, C A ..................... Tulare, C A ............................ V entura, C A .......................... Y olo, C A ................................ A dam s, C O ........................... A rapahoe, C O ...................... B oulder, C O .......................... 101,822 117,379 191,062 162,064 133,264 287,744 84,687 144,793 284,254 179,721 3.2 3.9 3.2 2.4 3.8 3.5 1.6 3.5 4.0 8.2 73 38 74 124 41 51 196 52 37 4 35,826 31,646 35,796 28,202 23,722 37,102 33,395 33,427 46,250 45,565 15.5 8.4 11.5 4.4 4.5 9.2 3.2 4.8 7.8 13.9 Denver, C O ........................... El Paso, C O .......................... Jefferson, C O ...................... Larim er, C O .......................... F airfield, C T .......................... Hartford, C T .......................... New Haven, C T .................. New London, C T ................. New Castle, DE ................... W ashington, DC ................. 469,163 237,761 210,529 119,151 4 28,235 501,880 367,661 123,056 284,540 635,811 3.2 3.4 2.6 5.1 1.3 1.2 1.2 .6 .3 3.3 75 57 108 18 216 224 225 259 282 62 44,340 33,036 36,194 32,394 61,105 43,626 38,331 36,727 40,660 53,018 11.6 7.7 5.2 7.9 8.4 6.2 5.3 3.7 5.0 4.2 A lachua, FL .......................... Brevard, F L ........................... Brow ard, F L .......................... C ollier, F L .............................. Duval, F L ............................... E scam bia, F L ........................ H illsborough, F L ................. Lee, FL ................................... Leon, FL ................................ M anatee, FL ......................... 117,619 181,273 644,526 103,355 434,284 125,606 588,773 162,425 141,887 (6) 2.5 3.3 3.4 7.0 4.1 .9 2.5 4.5 2.1 ( 6) 116 63 58 5 32 242 117 24 159 ( 6) 26,150 32,107 33,232 29,941 32,737 26,698 31,694 28,138 29,245 <è ) 3.9 7.2 6.5 6.9 4.5 4.4 4.8 6.3 4.0 (6) M arion, FL ............................ M iam i-D ade, F L ................... O range, FL ........................... Palm Beach, F L ................... Pinellas, F L ........................... Polk, FL ................................. S arasota, F L ......................... S em inole, FL ........................ V olusia, F L ............................ Bibb, G A ................................ 83,350 980,123 611,261 481,712 437,531 183,212 ( 6) 139,595 141,793 89,011 1.7 2.3 3.2 4.1 188 140 76 33 28 109 ( 6) 23 204 305 24,938 33,328 31,122 35,219 31,166 28,023 ( è) 30,842 25,052 29,2 64 3.2 3.9 4.6 7.3 5.1 4.1 (6) 7.0 5.4 3.1 C hatham , G A ....................... C layton, G A .......................... C obb, G A ............................... 123,110 116,606 302,080 205 297 197 29,568 36,734 38,714 1.6 6.6 5.2 C o u n ty 1 20002 S ee footnotes a t end of table. 78 M onthly Labor R eview https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Jan u a ry 2002 4.4 2.6 ( 6) 4.6 1.5 -.9 1.5 -.4 1.6 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 21. C ontinued— A nnual data: E m ploym ent and average a nnual pay for all w o rkers covered under Ul and U C FE in the 316 larg est U.S. counties E m ploym ent C o u n ty 1 20002 A verag e annual pay P ercent change, 19 99-20003 R anked by p ercent change, 1999-20004 20002 P ercent change, 19 99-20003 Dekalb, G A ........................... Fulton, G A ............................ G w innett, G A ....................... M uscogee, G A ..................... Richm ond, G A ..................... H onolulu, H I .......................... Ada, I D .................................... 311,673 756,094 282,618 98,516 106,391 406,865 177,684 -.3 2.9 4.5 .1 -.5 2.3 6.5 295 92 25 290 298 141 9 38,517 47,034 39,096 27,727 28,594 31,871 34,470 4.7 8.4 6.1 3.6 3.6 2.8 10.0 C ham paign, I L ..................... Cook, I L ................................. Du Page, I L ........................... Kane, I L ................................. Lake, I L ................................... M cH enry, IL .......................... M cLean, I L ............................ M adison, I L ........................... Peoria, i L ............................... Rock Island, I L ..................... 90,527 2,687,504 582,104 193,452 310,654 87,243 84,371 94,659 102,860 80,252 2.9 1.3 1.6 3.0 3.0 1.9 .7 .5 .2 .8 93 217 198 87 88 170 2 53 270 286 246 29,158 42,904 42,587 32,184 42,619 32,000 34,226 28,932 31,352 33,538 4.1 5.9 3.6 .1 6.7 2.0 4.0 2.8 1.5 4.6 St. C lair, I L ............................ S angam on, I L ...................... W ill, I L ..................................... W innebago, IL ..................... Allen, I N ................................. Elkhart, I N .............................. Ham ilton, I N .......................... L a k e ,IN ................................. M arion, I N .............................. St. Joseph, I N ...................... 89,992 144,408 142,294 143,761 189,403 122,481 77,431 199,418 605,976 129,574 2.2 4.5 3.5 .5 .2 .6 3.0 -.6 1.6 .5 146 26 53 271 287 260 89 299 199 272 26,8 57 34,730 32,315 31,478 32,280 30,353 37,937 31,564 36,465 29,649 2.5 1.6 2.1 1.9 3.1 2.4 7.9 4.0 3.2 3.5 Tippecanoe, IN .................... V anderburgh, IN ................. Linn, IA .................................. Polk, IA .................................. S cott, I A ................................. Johnson, K S ......................... S edgw ick, KS ...................... S haw nee, K S ........................ W yandotte, K S ..................... Fayette, K Y ........................... 77,379 109,918 121,966 263,705 86,879 287,637 249,819 100,237 79,585 171,938 1.1 .7 2.1 1.2 -.7 2.7 .0 2.4 1.6 1.7 231 254 160 226 302 103 291 125 200 189 31,084 29,5 64 34,109 33,662 29,101 37,254 32,692 29,373 34,553 30,686 4.0 3.2 4.9 2.5 4.0 6.7 2.9 3.2 2.7 3.7 Jefferson, K Y ........................ C addo, L A .............................. C alcasieu, LA ...................... E ast Baton R ouge, L A ...... Jefferson, LA ....................... Lafayette, LA ....................... O rleans, L A ........................... C um berland, M E ................. A nne A rundel, M D .............. B altim ore, M D ...................... 438,853 119,404 84,060 246,800 214,949 113,933 263,385 166,757 193,861 358,087 1.3 .2 .2 2.9 -.6 2.2 1.9 3.7 5.3 1.2 218 288 289 94 300 147 46 13 227 33,405 28,786 28,179 29,199 28,048 29,932 31,681 30,752 35,454 34,071 4.1 3.2 .7 1.4 2.1 5.6 1.3 1.1 7.3 4.6 Frederick, M D ...................... How ard, M D .......................... M ontgom ery, M D ................ Prince G eorges, M D .......... B altim ore City, M D .............. B arnstable, M A .................... Bristol, M A ............................ E ssex, MA ............................ Ham pden, M A ...................... M iddlesex, M A ..................... 77,415 128,741 447,885 303,380 386,497 88,527 221,519 305,311 204,300 846,989 5.1 3.2 5.2 3.3 .8 3.6 1.3 2.4 1.9 3.1 19 77 17 64 2 47 48 219 126 172 84 30,814 37,861 43,583 37,032 38,584 29,718 30,790 39,155 32,217 52,086 5.8 5.0 5.5 6.8 4.5 .0 4.6 8.9 4.8 11.8 Norfolk, M A ........................... P lym outh, M A ...................... S uffolk, M A ........................... W orcester, M A ..................... G enesee, M l ......................... Ingham , M l ............................ K alam azoo, M l ..................... K ent, Ml ................................. M acom b, M l .......................... O akland, Ml .......................... 325,002 166,481 608,277 321,060 165,615 173,904 118,174 349,719 337,308 768,590 2.4 1.3 3.3 2.4 -1.2 1.7 -.3 2.2 .3 1.0 127 220 65 128 311 190 296 148 283 235 43,371 33,930 56,682 37,659 36,418 34,997 32,652 33,971 40,924 44,469 10.4 6.3 11.5 10.8 1.7 5.7 2.3 2.6 3.6 4.2 O ttaw a, M l ............................ S aginaw , M l .......................... W ashtenaw , M l .................... W ayne, Ml ............................ Anoka, M N ............................ Dakota, M N ........................... Hennepin, M N ...................... O lm sted, M N ......................... 118,812 95,531 195,836 867,244 108,984 153,432 874,606 82,632 1.9 -.7 .6 1.3 3.8 2.7 2.1 3.9 173 303 261 221 42 104 161 39 31,914 34,657 40,182 4 2,424 33,930 34,402 4 3,818 36,111 3.4 2.4 5.3 3.5 4.5 4.9 7.1 3.1 171 S ee footnotes at end of table. M onthly Labor R eview J a n u a ry 2002 79 Current Labor Statistics: Labor Force D a ta 21. C o n tinued— A nnual data: E m ploym ent and a verage annual pay for all w o rk e rs covered under Ul and U C FE in th e 316 largest U.S. counties A verag e annual pay E m ploym ent C o u n ty 1 20002 80 20002 P ercent change, 1999-20003 Ram sey, M N ......................... St. Louis, M N ........................ 333,173 94,950 1.7 1.4 191 211 39,063 28,911 5.8 4.6 S tearns, M N .......................... H arrison, M S ......................... Hinds, M S .............................. Boone, M O ........................... Clay, M O ................................ G reene, M O .......................... Jackson, M O ......................... St. C harles, M O ................... St. Louis, M O ........................ St. Louis C ity, M O ............... 76,326 89,737 136,833 75,775 84,076 142,525 393,792 96,010 646,535 250,737 3.2 .4 -1.3 2.8 -.1 2.4 .4 3.4 .8 .4 78 276 312 98 293 129 277 59 2 48 278 27,582 25,443 30,570 27,366 32,228 26,974 36,059 29,538 38,145 38,605 4.2 4.8 4.6 3.1 6.5 3.2 6.2 3.8 5.6 4.1 Douglas, NE ......................... Lancaster, N E ...................... C lark, NV ............................... W ashoe, NV ......................... H illsborough, NH ................ R ockingham , NH ................ A tlantic, NJ ........................... B ergen, N J ............................ B urlington, N J ...................... C am den, N J .......................... 330,999 146,267 697,580 189,119 193,312 129,521 140,139 449,031 180,181 199,911 2 .4 1.7 5.3 3.2 2.5 4.1 -.2 .6 .9 -1.0 130 192 14 79 118 34 2 94 262 243 307 32,294 28,511 32,131 32,747 39,198 35,805 31,062 4 6,255 37,664 35,108 3.9 3.9 3.4 4.4 9.0 9.8 3.4 6.9 4.9 3.1 Essex, NJ .............................. G loucester, N J ..................... H udson, N J ........................... M ercer, NJ ............................ M iddlesex, N J ...................... M onm outh, NJ ..................... M orris, NJ .............................. O cean, N J .............................. P assaic, N J ........................... S om erset, N J ........................ 364,395 86,734 238,580 209,727 392,932 233,217 2 75,593 129,024 178,441 173,343 1.7 .8 3.5 3.1 .7 2.5 2.8 2.4 1.2 3.9 193 249 54 85 2 55 119 99 131 228 40 44,685 32,048 47,5 14 44,576 4 6,464 39,835 60,503 30,368 37,581 54,840 3.6 2.8 10.4 5.0 5.8 5.8 19.0 4.3 1.5 5.2 Union, N J ............................... B ernalillo, NM ...................... A lbany, N Y ............................ B ronx, N Y .............................. B room e, N Y .......................... Dutchess, N Y ........................ Erie, N Y ................................. K ings, N Y ............................... M onroe, NY .......................... Nassau, N Y .......................... 235,578 307,817 231,009 213,023 99,594 109,946 4 59,906 4 41,804 399,544 599,477 1.5 2.7 1.4 2.2 1.1 1.8 1.0 2.3 .9 1.8 2 06 105 212 149 232 179 236 142 2 44 180 45,5 95 30,183 35,787 32,846 2 9,603 36,063 31,482 30,561 35,440 40,001 5.6 4.1 6.0 2.7 3.4 2.2 3.0 3.1 1.8 4.4 New Y ork, N Y ...................... Niagara, N Y .......................... O neida, N Y ........................... O nondaga, N Y ..................... O range, N Y ........................... Q ueens, N Y .......................... Richm ond, N Y ..................... Rockland, N Y ........................ S uffolk, N Y ............................ W estchester, N Y ................. 2,383,948 78,351 110,870 252,481 119,607 4 80,695 88,268 106,360 578,530 405,524 3.3 .4 1.6 .7 1.6 1.3 2.0 1.4 2.3 2.4 66 279 201 256 202 222 166 213 143 132 71,115 31,063 2 7,474 32,497 29,340 34,980 32,140 37,588 37,844 47,043 8.1 3.5 4.0 3.4 4.6 4.4 4.2 5.3 6.5 8.2 B uncom be, NC .................... C ataw ba, N C ........................ C um berland, N C ................. D urham , N C .......................... Forsyth, NC .......................... G aston, N C ........................... G uilford, N C .......................... M ecklenburg, N C ................ New Hanover, N C ............... W ake, NC .............................. 106,108 101,347 109,927 167,190 181,682 77,271 2 79,867 512,693 87,193 383,827 .6 2.6 1.3 2.9 1.8 -3.5 .6 3.5 .6 3.3 263 110 223 95 181 314 2 64 55 2 65 67 27,651 28,205 26,098 49,370 33,960 28,298 32,209 40,677 28,552 35,357 3.8 4.0 3.9 12.6 6.1 3.9 2.5 5.7 4.2 7.3 C ass, ND ............................... Butler, O H .............................. C uyahoga, O H ..................... Franklin, O H ......................... H am ilton, O H ........................ Lake, OH ............................... Lorain, OH ............................. Lucas, O H .............................. M ahoning, O H ..................... M ontgom ery, O H ................ 81,831 126,289 817,577 702,098 566,563 102,231 106,155 238,457 112,504 303,551 2.2 2.7 .9 2.3 .7 1.4 2.4 .6 -.6 .4 150 106 245 144 257 2 14 133 266 301 280 27,803 31,520 36,530 35,001 37,590 30,746 32,007 32,291 25,9 85 34,518 4.1 1.8 4.2 4.7 3.9 2.1 1.9 2.4 3.0 2.6 Stark, O H .............................. S um m it, O H ......................... 175,740 266,421 1.8 .5 182 2 73 28,498 32,679 2.1 4.1 S ee footnotes a t e nd of table. M onthly Labor R eview https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis P ercent change, 1999-20003 R anked by percent change, 1999-20004 J an u a ry 2002 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 21. C ontinued— A nnual data: E m ploym ent and a verage annual pay for all w o rkers covered under Ul and UCFE in th e 316 larg est U.S. counties A verag e annual pay E m ploym ent C o u n ty ' 20002 P ercent change, 1999-20003 R anked by percent change, 19 99-20004 20002 P ercent change, 19 99-20003 T rum bull, OH ........................ O klahom a, O K ..................... Tulsa, O K ............................... C lackam as, OR .................. Lane, O R ............................... M arion, O R ........................... M ultnom ah, O R .................. W ashington, O R ................. 94,574 414,012 340,565 132,715 139,742 127,506 453,025 224,091 -1.1 2.8 2.4 1.9 1.1 2.0 2.0 4.3 309 100 134 174 233 167 168 29 32,734 29,189 31,173 32,469 27,867 28,115 36,788 44,395 .8 4.5 3.7 4.0 3.5 2.9 6.2 13.2 A llegheny, P A ...................... Berks, P A ............................... B ucks, P A ............................. C hester, P A .......................... C um berland, P A ................. Dauphin, PA ......................... D elaw are, P A ........................ Erie, PA ................................. Lackaw anna, P A ................. Lancaster, P A ...................... 711,401 168,431 244,368 216,913 124,070 172,575 2 12,554 131,635 98,426 218,529 1.2 2.1 2.5 2.6 -1.3 2.1 1.0 2.5 -.7 1.9 229 162 120 111 313 163 237 121 304 175 36,743 31,995 34,033 43,768 32,806 33,677 36,831 28,372 27,651 30,711 2.5 3.2 3.3 7.0 3.1 2.2 5.5 1.8 7.4 4.3 Lehigh, P A ............................ Luzerne, P A .......................... M ontgom ery, P A ................. N ortham pton, P A ................ P hiladelphia, P A ................. W estm oreland, P A .............. York, PA ................................ P rovidence, R l ..................... C harleston, SC .................... G reenville, SC ..................... 171,288 143,212 481,287 87,857 668,955 134,440 167,817 290,755 182,872 233,035 2.1 2.4 2.4 3.0 1.5 1.0 2.2 1.7 1.4 2.5 164 135 136 90 207 238 151 194 2 15 122 35,258 27,839 43,800 30,813 39,605 27,9 95 30,924 33,411 27,668 31,278 2.4 2.7 6.4 3.3 4.2 1.3 3.3 4.0 4.7 4.0 Horry, S C ............................... Lexington, S C ...................... Richland, S C ......................... S partanburg, S C ................. M innehaha, S D .................... Davidson, T N ........................ H am ilton, T N ......................... Knox, T N ................................ R utherford, T N ..................... S helby, T N ............................ 99,134 81,324 207,461 119,717 105,822 434,823 188,112 202,718 77,068 500,289 1.7 1.9 .6 .5 3.2 1.5 1.8 3.4 2.6 1.0 195 176 267 274 80 208 183 60 112 239 22,881 2 7,505 29,636 30,595 28,216 34,876 30,581 30,089 31,127 34,358 5.4 3.5 4.1 3.4 3.7 5.4 4.1 4.1 3.6 2.5 Bell, T X ................................... B exar, T X ............................... B razoria, T X .......................... C am eron, T X ........................ C ollin, T X ............................... Dallas, TX .............................. D enton, TX ........................... El Paso, T X ........................... Fort Bend, T X ...................... G alveston, T X ...................... 87,858 648,757 75,415 109,044 167,768 1,566,821 119,606 251,466 87,697 86,822 2.2 2.2 2.8 5.3 5.8 4.1 3.6 1.5 2.3 -1.1 152 153 101 15 10 35 49 209 145 310 25,182 30,061 34,361 21,561 40,499 44,401 29,296 25,067 35,810 29,531 4.0 5.7 3.3 2.7 5.8 7.7 4.0 3.2 5.2 4.0 Harris, TX .............................. Hidalgo, T X ........................... Jefferson, TX ........................ Lubbock, TX ......................... M c Lennan, TX .................... M ontgom ery, T X ................. Nueces, T X ........................... Potter, TX .............................. Sm ith, T X ............................... T arrant, TX ........................... 1,841,672 163,060 120,759 115,376 98,049 76,837 142,277 75,570 83,392 702,884 2.8 6.9 1.0 1.9 1.0 5.0 .8 .7 2.9 3.5 102 6 240 177 241 21 250 258 96 56 41,8 43 21,695 31,281 26,302 27,032 32,115 28,185 26,552 29,485 35,434 7.6 2.8 .8 6.4 2.1 9.6 4.7 2.8 3.5 5.0 Travis, T X .............................. W illiam son, T X ..................... Davis, U T ............................... S alt Lake, U T ........................ Utah, U T ................................ W eber, U T ............................ C hittenden, V T ..................... A rlington, V A ......................... C hesterfield, V A .................. Fairfax, V A ............................ 538,098 76,582 84,638 531,434 142,352 86,412 95,283 158,007 107,846 538,044 5.1 9.5 3.2 2.6 4.5 .4 5.0 4.2 2.0 6.8 20 2 81 113 27 281 22 31 169 7 41,330 50,413 27,482 32,216 27,910 26,641 34,302 52,816 31,860 51,464 7.0 -4.5 6.3 5.1 5.1 2.5 4.2 7.0 3.4 10.1 Henrico, V A .......................... Loudoun, V A ......................... Prince W illiam , V A .............. A lexandria, V A ..................... C hesapeake, V A ................. N ew port News, VA ............ Norfolk, V A ........................... 165,582 87,323 78,175 91,988 81,308 93,624 145,181 2.4 12.0 4.3 5.3 2.1 1.8 .3 137 1 30 16 165 184 284 36,123 54,178 28,964 42,007 26,052 30,250 32,169 5.8 3.6 5.4 5.8 4.1 5.3 4.9 S ee footnotes at end o f table. M onthly Labor R eview J a n u a ry 2002 81 Current Labor Statistics: Labor Force D a ta 21. C on tin u ed — A nnual data: E m ploym ent and a v erag e annual pay for all w o rk e rs covered under Ul and U C FE in th e 316 largest U.S. counties A v erag e a nnual pay E m ploym ent C o u n ty 1 20002 P ercent change, 1999-20003 R anked by percent change, 19 99-20004 20002 P ercent change, 1999-20003 R ichm ond, V A ...................... R oanoke City, V A ............... V irg in ia B each, V A .............. 167,023 75,909 165,536 1.5 3.0 3.6 210 91 50 38,641 29,497 25,397 5.1 4.6 4.3 Clark, W A .............................. King, W A ................................ P ierce, W A ............................. S nohom ish, W A ................... S pokane, W A ........................ T hurston, W A ........................ Y akim a, W A .......................... K anaw ha, W V ...................... Brown, W l .............................. Dane, W l ................................ 113,933 1,168,342 2 37,055 2 10,054 188,025 84,466 94,173 112,963 142,442 274,354 1.6 3.2 2.2 -1.0 2.4 1.8 1.8 .8 2.2 2.6 2 03 82 154 308 138 185 186 251 155 114 32,151 4 7,245 30,161 35,055 29,771 31,722 23,2 45 30,149 31,520 32,817 6.0 2.6 5.3 3.4 8.0 6.8 3.8 3.1 2.9 5.5 M ilw aukee, W l ..................... O utagam ie, W l ..................... Racine, W l ............................. W a ukesha, W l ..................... W innebago, W l .................... 528,947 94,319 79,153 222,780 90,213 .6 2.9 -.9 1.2 2.2 268 97 306 230 156 34,746 30,782 32,538 35,768 33,633 3.1 4.4 -.6 5.2 2.8 S an Juan, PR ...................... 328,105 4.1 36 21,239 3.2 1 Includes areas not officially designated as counties. S ee N otes on C u rre n t Labor S tatistics. 6 T otals fo r the United S tates do not include data fo r Puerto Rico. 8 D ata are not ava ila b le fo r release. 2 Data a re prelim inary. N ote: D ata pertain to w o rkers covered by U n em ploym ent Insurance (Ul) and U nem p lo ym e nt C o m pensation fo r Federal E m ployees (U C FE) program s. T he 315 U.S. counties co m p rise 70.8 p ercent of the total covered w o rkers in the U nited S tates 3 P ercent changes w e re com puted from a nnual em plo ym e n t and pay data adjusted fo r noneconom ic co u nty reclassifications. See Notes on C u rre n t Labor S tatistics. 4 R ankings fo r perce n t change in e m ploym ent a re based on the 3 1 4 co u nties that are co m parable o ve r th e year. 22. A n n u a l d a ta : E m p lo y m e n t status o f th e p o p u la tio n [Numbers in thousands] 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 C ivilian nonin stitution a l p o p u la tio n ............. 192,805 194,838 196,814 198,584 200,591 205,220 C ivilian la bo r fo rc e ....................................... Labor fo rce participa tio n ra te ................ 128,105 66.4 129,200 66.3 131,056 66.6 132,304 66.6 133,943 66.8 203 ,13 3 136,297 67.1 137,673 67.1 207 ,75 3 139,368 67.1 2 0 9 ,69 9 140,863 67.2 E m plo ye d .................................................. E m ploym e n t-po p u la tio n ra tio ........... 118,492 120,259 123,060 124,900 N o na g ricultura l in d u strie s.............. 61.5 3,247 115,245 61.7 3,115 117,144 62.5 3,409 119,651 62.9 3,440 121,460 126,708 63.2 3,443 123,264 129,558 63.8 3,399 126,159 131,463 64.1 3,378 128,085 133,488 64.3 3,281 130,207 135,208 64.5 3,305 131,903 U n e m p lo ym e nt ra te ............................. N ot in the la bo r fo rc e ................................... 9,613 7.5 64,700 8,940 6.9 65,6 38 7,996 6.1 65,758 7,404 5.6 66,280 7,236 5.4 66,647 6,739 4.9 66,837 6,210 4.5 67,5 47 5,880 4.2 68,385 5,655 4.0 68,8 36 E m ploym ent status 82 M onthly Labor R eview https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis J an u a ry 2002 23. A n n u a l d a ta : E m p lo y m e n t levels b y industry [In th o u s a n d s ] Industry 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 Total employment................................................ Private sector..................................................... Goods-producing.......................................... Mining............................................................ Construction................................................ Manufacturing............................................. 108,601 89,956 23,231 635 4,492 18,104 110,713 91,872 23,352 610 4,668 18,075 114,163 95,0 36 23,908 601 4,986 18,321 117,191 97,885 24,2 65 581 5,160 18,524 119,608 100,189 2 4,493 580 5,418 18,495 122,690 103,133 24,962 596 5,691 18,675 125,865 106,042 25,4 14 590 6,020 18,805 128,916 108,709 2 5,5 07 539 6,415 18,552 131,759 111,079 25,7 09 543 6,698 18,469 Service-producing......................................... Transportation and public utilities......... W holesale trade......................................... Retail trade.................................................. Finance, insurance, and real estate.... Services........................................................ 85,370 5,718 5,997 19,356 6,602 29,052 87,361 5,811 5,981 19,773 6,757 30,197 90,256 5,984 6,162 2 0,507 6,896 31,579 92,925 6,132 6,378 21,1 87 6,806 33,117 95,115 6,253 6,482 2 1,597 6,911 34,454 9 7,727 6,408 6,648 21,966 7,109 36,040 100,451 6,611 6,800 22,2 95 7,389 37,533 103,409 6 ,834 6,911 22,8 48 7,555 39,0 55 106,050 7,019 7,024 23,307 7,560 40,460 G overnm ent................................................ Federal...................................................... State.......................................................... Local.......................................................... 18,645 2,969 4,408 11,267 18,841 2,915 4,488 11,438 19,128 2,870 4,576 11,682 19,305 2,822 4,635 11,849 19,419 2,757 4,606 12,056 19,557 2,699 4,582 12,276 19,823 2,6 8 6 4,612 12,525 2 0,2 06 2,669 4,709 12,829 20,681 2,7 7 7 4,7 8 5 13,119 NOTE: See "N otes on the data" fo r a description of the m ost recen t b en ch m a rk revision. 24. A n n u a l d a ta : A v e ra g e hours a n d earnings of p ro d u c tio n or nonsupervisory w orkers on nonfarm payrolls, b y industry Industry 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 Private sector: https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis A verage w e ekly h ou rs........................................................ A verage hourly e arn in gs (in d o lla rs)............................. A verage w e ekly earn in gs (in d o lla rs)........................... 34.4 10.57 363.61 34.5 10.83 373.64 34.7 11.12 385.86 34.5 11.43 394.34 34.4 11.82 406.61 34.6 12.28 424 .89 34.6 12.78 442 .19 34.5 13.24 456 .78 34.5 13.75 474 .38 43.9 14.54 638.31 44.3 14.60 646.78 44.8 14.88 666.62 44.7 15.30 683.91 45.3 15.62 707.59 45.4 16.15 733.21 43.9 16.91 742.35 43.2 17.05 736.56 43.1 17.24 743 .04 38.0 14.15 537.70 38.5 14.38 553.63 38.9 14.73 573.00 38.9 15.09 587.00 39.0 15.47 603.33 39.0 16.04 625.56 38.9 16.61 646.13 39.1 17.19 672.13 39.3 17.88 702.68 41.0 11.46 469.86 41.4 11.74 486.04 42.0 12.07 506.94 41.6 12.37 514.59 41.6 12.77 531.23 42.0 13.17 5 53.14 41.7 13.49 562.53 41.7 13.90 5 79.63 41.6 14.38 598.21 38.3 13.43 514.37 39.3 13.55 532.52 39.7 13.78 547.07 39.4 14.13 556.72 39.6 14.45 572.22 39.7 14.92 592.32 39.5 15.31 604 .75 38.7 15.69 607.20 38.6 16.22 626 .09 38.2 11.39 435.10 38.2 11.74 448.47 38.4 12.06 463.10 38.3 12.43 476.07 38.3 12.87 492.92 38.4 13.45 516.48 38.3 14.07 538.88 38.3 14.58 558.80 38.5 15.20 585.20 28.8 7.12 205 .06 28.8 7.29 209.95 28.9 7.49 216.46 28.8 7.69 221 .47 28.8 7.99 230.11 28.9 8.33 240 .74 29.0 8.74 253 .46 29.0 9.09 263.61 28.9 9.46 273 .39 35.8 10.82 387.36 35.8 11.35 406 .33 35.8 11.83 423.51 35.9 12.32 442 .29 35.9 12.80 459.52 36.1 13.34 481.57 36.4 14.07 512.15 36.2 14.62 529 .24 36.3 15.07 547 .04 32.5 10.54 342.55 32.5 10.78 350.35 32.5 11.04 358.80 32.4 11.39 369.04 32.4 11.79 382.00 32.6 12.28 4 00.33 32.6 12.84 4 18.58 32.6 13.37 4 35.86 32.7 13.91 4 54.86 Mining: A verage w e ekly h ou rs..................................................... A verage hourly e arn in gs (in d o lla rs).......................... A ve ra g e w e ekly e arn in gs (in d o lla rs)......................... Construction: A verage w e ekly h ou rs..................................................... A verage hourly e arn in gs (in d o lla rs).......................... A verage w e ekly e arn in gs (in d o lla rs)......................... Manufacturing: A verage w e ekly h o u rs..................................................... A verage hourly e arn in gs (in d o lla rs).......................... A ve ra g e w e ekly e arn in gs (in d o lla rs)......................... Transportation and public utilities: A ve ra g e w e ekly h o u rs..................................................... A verage hourly e arn in gs (in d o lla rs)........................... A verage w e ekly earnings (in d o lla rs)......................... Wholesale trade: A ve ra g e w e ekly h ou rs..................................................... A verage hourly earn in gs (in d o lla rs)........................... A verage w e ekly e arn in gs (in d o lla rs)......................... Retail trade: A verage w eekly h ou rs..................................................... A verage hourly earn in gs (in d o lla rs)........................... A verage w e ekly earn in gs (in d o lla rs).......................... Finance, insurance, and real estate: A verage w e ekly h ou rs..................................................... A ve ra g e hourly e arn in gs (in d o lla rs)........................... A verage w e ekly earn in gs (in d o lla rs).......................... Services: A verage w e ekly h ou rs..................................................... A verage hourly e arn in gs (in d o lla rs)........................... A verage w e ekly earn in gs (in d o lla rs).......................... M onthly Labor R eview J a n u a ry 2002 83 Current Labor Statistics: 25. C om pensation & Industrial Relations E m p lo ym en t Cost In d e x , c o m p e n s a tio n ,1 b y o c c u p a tio n a n d industry g ro u p [June 1989 = 100] 2000 1999 2001 Series Sept. C ivilian w o rk ers 2.................................................................................. Dec. Mar. June Sept. Dec. Mar. June Sept. Percent change 12 3 m onths m onths ended ended Sept. 2001 143.3 144.6 146.5 148.0 149.5 150.6 152.5 153.8 155.6 1.2 4.1 145.0 143.9 147.3 144.7 139.5 143.1 146.3 145.3 148.6 146.1 140.6 144.8 148.4 146.7 150.5 148.6 142.7 146.0 149.9 148.3 151.9 150.1 144.1 147.1 151.5 150.0 153.7 151.8 145.6 148.5 152.5 151.3 154.6 152.8 146.5 150.0 154.4 153.2 156.6 155.3 148.2 152.0 156.0 154.3 158.6 156.8 149.3 153.3 157.7 156.7 159.6 158.8 151.1 155.0 1.1 1.6 .6 1.3 1.2 1.1 1.1 4.5 3.8 4.6 3.8 4.4 P ublic a dm in istra tio n 3.................................................................... N o nm a n u fa ctu ring ............................................................................ 141.2 142.1 144.0 145.1 142.7 143.4 144.6 142.4 143.4 142.5 143.6 145.3 146.5 144.3 145.0 145.8 144.4 144.7 144.9 146.0 147.1 148.0 145.9 146.3 146.5 145.7 146.6 146.6 147.5 148.4 149.3 147.5 147.7 146.8 146.1 148.0 148.0 148.7 150.1 151.2 149.0 149.5 149.7 146.9 149.6 148.8 149.3 151.1 152.4 150.7 151.3 150.6 148.3 150.7 150.7 151.3 153.0 154.3 152.5 153.2 151.7 150.6 152.6 152.2 152.6 155.4 155.4 154.6 155.6 152.2 151.9 154.0 153.3 153.3 156.4 158.1 156.7 158.2 156.1 153.8 156.0 .7 .5 1.3 1.7 1.4 1.7 2.6 1.3 1.3 3.5 3.1 4.2 4.6 5.2 5.8 4.3 4.7 4.3 P rivate in d u stry w o rk e rs ................................................................ E xcluding sales o ccu p a tio n s.................................................... 143.3 143.2 144.6 144.5 146.8 146.5 148.5 148.2 149.9 149.8 150.9 150.9 153.0 153.0 154.5 154.4 155.9 156.0 .9 1.0 4.0 4.1 Precision p roduction, craft, and repair o ccu p a tio n s........ M achine o perators, asse m b le rs, and in sp ecto rs.............. T ra nspo rta tio n and m aterial m oving o ccu p a tio n s............ H andlers, e q u ip m en t cleaners, helpers, a nd laborers.... 145.6 146.0 145.2 147.7 144.1 145.0 139.4 139.6 139.9 134.4 143.2 146.9 147.3 146.7 149.1 145.3 146.2 140.5 140.6 141.4 135.2 144.4 149.3 149.4 148.4 151.1 148.9 149.0 142.6 142.3 144.0 137.5 146.4 151.1 151.3 150.7 152.7 150.3 150.6 144.1 144.1 145.0 138.6 148.1 152.6 152.9 152.2 154.4 151.2 152.3 145.5 145.8 146.0 139.9 149.4 153.6 154.1 153.7 155.3 151.4 153.4 146.4 146.7 146.8 141.1 150.4 155.7 156.5 156.3 157.3 152.3 156.1 148.2 148.7 148.3 142.6 152.2 157.4 158.1 157.5 159.4 154.5 157.7 149.3 149.7 149.1 143.9 153.4 158.7 159.6 159.2 160.2 155.0 159.5 151.0 151.8 150.4 145.6 154.9 .8 ,9 1.1 .5 .3 1.1 1.1 1.4 .9 1.2 1.0 4.0 4 .4 4.6 3.8 2.5 4.7 3.8 4.1 3.0 4.1 3.7 S ervice o ccu p a tio n s...................................................................... 141.0 142.6 143.9 145.4 146.6 148.1 150.0 , 151.3 152.6 .9 4.1 141.9 143.1 145.3 146.9 148.4 149.5 151.4 152.7 154.3 1.0 4.0 141.1 140.5 143.9 142.5 139.4 137.9 142.1 144.3 142.5 140.5 142.3 141.5 142.5 141.8 145.5 143.9 140.7 138.7 143.6 145.8 143.8 142.1 144.0 142.8 144.8 144.2 148.1 146.5 142.8 140.8 146.0 148.2 146.2 144.4 146.5 144.9 146.6 145.9 150.1 148.4 144.4 143.2 147.5 150.2 148.2 145.6 148.3 146.0 147.9 147.2 151.3 149.6 145.8 145.1 148.7 151.4 149.3 146.7 149.4 147.5 148.8 148.2 151.9 150.5 146.8 146.7 149.3 151.5 149.7 147.8 150.1 147.7 150.7 150.1 154.5 153.0 148.2 148.2 151.3 154.2 152.2 149.1 151.8 150.4 152.1 151.5 156.5 155.0 149.3 150.3 152.6 156.0 154.0 150.0 153.1 151.6 153.1 152.5 156.8 155.3 150.8 151.7 152.2 156.0 153.8 151.3 154.0 152.0 .7 .7 .2 .2 1.0 .9 .5 .0 -.1 .9 .6 .3 3.5 3.6 3.6 3.8 3.4 4.5 3.1 3.0 3.0 3.1 3.1 3.1 144.1 144.6 145.8 147.0 139.1 140.8 141.8 138.7 145.7 146.1 145.1 142.2 142.8 146.3 145.8 140.0 137.2 137.0 145.3 145.9 147.0 148.3 139.8 142.4 142.3 139.5 146.1 146.0 146.1 143.5 144.3 148.5 147.4 140.7 138.3 138.1 147.4 147.7 149.3 150.3 141.8 143.6 143.9 140.4 148.6 148.4 148.9 145.6 146.4 150.0 149.6 143.2 139.7 140.1 149.1 149.4 151.0 152.1 143.1 145.1 145.7 141.8 150.9 150.9 151.0 147.3 148.1 151.8 151.1 144.8 141.0 142.5 150.6 151.1 152.6 153.9 144.5 146.3 147.4 142.8 153.5 153.9 152.9 148.3 149.6 152.1 152.7 146.2 142.2 143.4 151.7 152.2 153.7 155.1 145.3 147.9 148.3 143.9 154.1 154.7 153.4 149.4 150.6 154.4 154.9 146.6 144.4 144.5 153.8 154.6 155.8 157.5 147.7 149.6 150.5 145.4 157.3 158.3 156.0 151.0 152.6 155.1 156.9 148.7 147.3 146.1 155.3 156.0 157.4 159.1 148.7 150.8 152.4 146.9 159.8 161.1 158.1 152.6 153.9 157.8 158.5 149.7 149.4 148.2 156.9 157.8 159.0 160.9 150.9 152.2 153.5 148.2 160.7 162.8 158.1 153.7 155.4 158.6 160.0 150.9 149.7 149.7 1.0 1.2 1.0 1.1 1.5 .9 .7 .9 .6 1.1 .0 .7 1.0 .5 .9 .8 .2 1.0 4.2 4.4 4.2 4.5 4.4 4.0 4.1 3.8 4.7 5.8 3.4 3.6 3.9 4.3 4.8 3.2 5.3 4.4 W orkers, by occu p ation a l group: W h ite -colla r w o rk e rs........................................................................ P rofessional specialty and te ch n ica l....................................... E xecutive, adm in itra tive , and m a na g e ria l.............................. A dm in istra tive support, including c le ric a l............................... B lu e -co lla r w o rk e rs ........................................................................... S ervice o ccu p a tio n s......................................................................... W orkers, by indu stry division: G oo d s-p ro d u c ln g .............................................................................. M a nu factu rin g ................................................................................. S ervice -p ro d u cing ............................................................................. S e rvice s............................................................................................. Health se rvice s............................................................................. H o sp ita ls...................................................................................... E ducational se rvice s................................................................... W o rkers, by occu p ation a l group: W h ite -colla r w o rk e rs...................................................................... E xcluding sales o ccu p a tio n s................................................. P rofessional sp e cialty and te chnical o ccu p a tio n s............ E xecutive, adm initrative, and m anagerial occu p ation s.. S ale s o ccu p a tio n s....................................................................... A dm in istra tive su p p o rt o ccu p ation s, including cle ric a l... 4 P roduction and n on supervisory o c c u p a tio n s .................... W o rkers, by in du stry division: G oo d s-pro d ucin g ............................................................................ E xcluding sales o ccu p a tio n s............................................. E xcluding sales o ccu p ation s............................................. C o n s tru ctio n ................................................................................. M a nu factu rin g ............................................................................... E xcluding sales o ccu p ation s............................................. S ervice o ccu p ation s................................................................. T ra nspo rta tio n and public u tilitie s.......................................... P ublic u tilitie s............................................................................. E lectric, gas, and san ita ry se rvice s ................................ W h ole sa le and retail tra d e ....................................................... E xcluding sales o ccu p a tio n s............................................. W h ole sa le tra d e ....................................................................... Retail tra d e ................................................................................. Food sto re s.............................................................................. S ee fo o tn o te s a t end of table. 84 M onthly Labor R eview https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis J an u a ry 2002 25. C o n tin u e d — E m p lo y m e n t Cost In d e x , c o m p e n s a tio n ,1 b y o c c u p a tio n a n d industry g ro u p [June 1989 = 100]______________________________________________________________________________ 2001 2000 1999 Series Sept. Dec. Mar. June Sept. Dec. Mar. June Sept. P ercent change 12 3 m onths m onths ended ended Sept. 2001 Finance, insu ra n ce , a nd real e sta te ...................................... 147.6 148.3 152.0 153.1 155.2 155.7 157.9 159.5 160.9 0.9 3.7 E xcluding sales o ccu p a tio n s............................................. B anking, sa vin gs and loan, a nd oth e r cre d it agencies. In su ra nce ...................................................................................... S ervice s........................................................................................... B usiness se rvice s..................................................................... H ealth se rvice s........................................................................... H o sp ita ls.................................................................................... E ducational se rvice s ............................................................... C o lle g e s and u n iv e rsitie s..................................................... 151.0 159.3 144.5 146.1 150.7 142.6 143.0 152.2 152.6 151.6 159.8 145.8 147.6 151.9 144.2 144.6 153.0 153.3 154.2 162.7 149.9 149.4 154.2 145.8 145.8 154.0 154.6 155.5 164.2 151.3 151.2 156.3 147.5 147.5 154.9 155.5 157.4 165.8 154.8 152.9 157.5 149.0 149.2 158.8 158.6 158.4 166.5 155.2 154.1 158.4 150.6 151.1 159.9 159.2 161.2 170.8 157.6 156.5 160.5 152.7 153.5 162.3 162.2 163.1 172.7 159.3 157.8 163.0 154.7 155.9 162.6 162.6 164.7 175.4 159.9 160.0 165.2 156.8 158.4 166.4 166.2 1.0 1.6 .4 1.4 1.3 1.4 1.6 2.3 2.2 4.6 5.8 3.3 4.6 4.9 5.2 6.2 4.8 4.8 N o n m a n u fa ctu rin g ....................................................................... 143.4 144.5 146.7 148.4 150.0 151.1 153.1 154.7 156.3 1.0 4.2 W h ite -colla r w o rk e rs ................................................................. E xcluding sales o ccu p a tio n s ............................................ B lu e -co lla r o ccu p a tio n s........................................................... S ervice o ccu p a tio n s................................................................. 145.6 146.8 138.0 140.7 146.9 148.1 138.7 142.3 149.2 150.2 140.6 143.5 151.0 152.0 142.3 145.1 152.6 153.8 143.9 146.3 153.7 155.1 144.8 147.8 155.8 157.5 146.9 149.5 157.5 159.1 148.1 150.7 159.0 160.9 150.2 152.1 1.0 1.1 1.4 .9 4.2 4.6 4.4 4.0 State and local government workers..................................... 143.1 144.6 145.5 145.9 147.8 148.9 150.3 151.2 154.3 2.1 4.4 142.6 142.0 144.5 143.0 140.9 144.0 143.2 146.1 145.0 142.5 144.9 144.1 147.0 145.9 143.7 145.3 144.5 147.2 146.5 144.2 147.3 146.6 149.2 148.3 145.9 148.3 147.4 150.7 149.4 147.2 149.5 148.4 152.4 150.7 148.6 150.4 149.2 153.7 151.6 149.0 153.7 152.8 156.4 154.2 151.5 2.2 2.4 1.8 1.7 1.7 4.3 4.2 4.8 4.0 3.8 143.2 142.6 144.2 144.8 143.1 143.5 142.9 144.8 142.4 144.5 143.8 145.8 146.3 144.4 144.7 144.1 146.5 144.4 145.2 145.2 147.3 147.9 145.0 145.3 144.5 147.4 145.7 145.5 145.8 147.9 148.4 145.2 145.5 144.7 147.6 146.1 148.0 147.6 150.0 150.7 147.9 148.2 147.3 150.5 146.9 148.9 148.8 151.6 152.0 148.7 149.0 148.1 151.7 148.3 149.9 150.1 152.1 152.2 149.6 149.9 148.5 153.7 150.6 154.4 150.6 154.5 151.9 154.4 157.1 154.7 157.4 154.1 150.1 154.4 150.5 149.0 152.8 154.3 9.0 1 53 .8 151.9 151.9 2.5 1.7 1.7 1.7 2.7 2.6 2.6 3.0 1.3 4.3 4.7 4.7 4.4 4.2 4.2 3.7 5.6 4.7 W orkers, by occu p ation a l group: W h ite -c o lla r w o rk e rs ........................................................................ P rofessional sp e cialty and te ch n ica l....................................... E xecutive, adm in istra tive , and m a n a g e ria l........................... W o rkers, by Industry division: S e rvice s............................................................................................. S ervices exclu din g sch o o ls5..................................................... H ealth se rvice s........................................................................... H o sp ita ls.................................................................................... E ducational se rvice s................................................................ S ch o o ls...................................................................................... E le m e n ta ry a nd s e co n d a ry ............................................. C o lle g e s and u n iv e rsitie s ................................................. P ublic a dm in istra tio n 3.................................................................... 1 C o st (cents p er h our w orked) m easured in th e E m plo ym e n t C o st Index consists of w ages, salaries, a nd e m plo ye r co st of em plo ye e benefits. 2 C o nsists o f p rivate indu stry w o rkers (excluding farm and household w orkers) and S tate a nd local g ov e rn m e n t (excluding Federal G overnm ent) w orkers. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 3 C onsists of legislative, judicial, adm in istra tive , and reg u la to ry activities. 4 This series has the sa m e industry and occu p ation a l co ve rag e as th e H ourly E arnings index, w hich w a s d iscontinued in Ja n ua ry 1989. 5 Includes, for exa m ple , library, social, and health services. M onthly Labor R eview J a n u a ry 2002 85 C urrent Labor Statistics: Com pensation & Industrial Relations 26. E m ploym ent Cost Index, w a g e s a n d salaries, by o c c u p a tio n a n d industry group [June 1989 = 100] _____________________________________ 1999 2000 2001 Series Sept. C ivilian w orkers1............................................................................... Dec. Mar. June Sept. Dec. Mar. June Percent change 3 12 months months Sept. __ ended ended Sept. 2001 141.3 142.5 144.0 145.4 147.0 147.9 149.5 150.8 152.3 1.0 3.6 143.3 142.6 145.9 142.3 137.0 140.1 144.6 144.0 147.2 143.5 137.9 141.7 146.2 144.9 148 6 145.5 139.2 143 0 147.6 146.4 149 9 146 9 140.6 144 0 149.2 148.3 151 6 148 5 142.0 145.7 150.2 149.6 152 4 149 6 142.9 147 1 151.7 151.1 154 0 151 6 144.7 148.6 153.1 152.155 8 152 7 146.0 149.7 154.5 154.2 .9 1.4 3.6 4.0 147.6 151.2 1.1 1.0 3.9 3.8 W orkers, by industry division: Q oods-producing........................................................................... M anufacturing.............................................................................. Service-producing......................................................................... S ervices......................................................................................... Health services.......................................................................... Hospitals................................................................................... Educational services............................................................... 138.6 140.2 142.3 144.1 140.9 140.1 143.7 139.7 141.5 143 5 145.5 142.5 141.6 144.7 141.3 142.9 145 0 146.6 143.8 142.6 145.3 143.0 144.4 146 3 147.9 145.3 143.8 145.6 144.3 145.7 148 0 149.9 146.7 145.6 148.9 145.3 146.5 148 9 151.0 148.3 147.3 149.6 147.0 148.5 150 5 152.6 149.8 148.8 150.5 147,6 150.0 151 7 153.6 151.8 151.2 151.0 149.5 150.7 .6 ,5 3.6 3.9 156.2 153.7 15.5 154.6 1.7 1.3 1.5 2.4 4.2 4.8 5.4 3.8 Public adm inistration2................................................................. N onm anufacturing......................................................................... 139.5 141.5 141.5 142.6 142.5 144.2 142.9 145.5 144.6 147.2 146.1 148.1 147.6 149.7 148.7 149.7 150.3 152.6 1.1 1.1 3.9 3.7 Private industry w orkers.............................................................. Excluding sales o ccupations................................................. 141.0 140.8 142.2 142.0 143.9 143.5 145.4 145.1 146.8 146.5 147.7 147.6 149.4 149.5 150.9 150.8 152.1 152.2 .8 .9 3.6 3.9 W orkers, by occupational group: W hite-collar w orkers................................................................... Excluding sales o ccupations............................................... Professional specialty and technical occupations........... Executive, adm initrative, and m anagerial occupations.. Sales o ccupations.................................................................... A dm inistrative support occupations, including clerical... Blue-collar w o rkers..................................................................... Precision production, craft, and repair occupations....... M achine operators, assem blers, and inspectors............. Transportation and m aterial moving occupations............ Handlers, equipm ent cleaners, helpers, and laborers.... 143.5 143.9 142.6 146.4 142.1 142.7 136.8 136.7 138.3 131.9 139.4 144.8 145.2 144.1 147.6 143.3 143.8 137.7 137.5 139.5 132.7 140.4 146.6 146.7 145.1 149.2 146.7 146.0 139.1 138.9 140.7 134.1 141.8 148.3 148.5 147.3 150.7 147.9 147.5 140.5 140.6 141.6 135.2 143.6 149.7 149.9 148.6 152.3 149.0 149.1 141.9 142.0 142.9 136.5 145.0 150.6 151.1 150.2 153.0 148.7 150.1 142.8 142.8 143.7 137.6 146.2 152.3 153.0 152.1 154.7 149.2 152.3 144.6 144.6 145.6 139.5 148.0 153.8 154.4 153.2 156.5 151.5 153.6 145.9 145.7 146.9 140.7 149.8 154.8 155.7 154.8 157.2 151.2 155.3 147.5 147.7 148.1 142.1 151.0 .7 .8 1.0 .4 - .2 1.1 1.1 1.4 .8 1.0 .8 3.4 3.9 4.2 3.2 1.5 4.2 3.9 4.0 3.6 4.1 4.1 Service occupations................................................................... 138.0 139.6 141.0 142.5 143.5 144.9 146.4 147.5 148.7 .8 3.6 Production and nonsupervisory occupations3................... 139.3 140.4 142.1 143.7 145.0 146.0 147.7 149.0 150.3 .9 3.7 138.5 137.8 141.7 140.1 136.6 133.0 140.2 142.7 140.8 138.4 140 4 139.7 139.7 138.9 143.0 141.3 137.6 133.6 141.5 144.0 142.0 139.7 141 8 140 9 141.3 140 5 145 0 143 2 139 0 136.0 142.9 145.8 143.7 140 8 143 0 142.7 143.0 142 1 146 8 144 9 140 5 138.0 144.4 147.7 145.6 142 0 144 7 143 9 144.3 143.4 147 9 146 0 142 0 139.4 145.7 148.7 146 6 143 4 146 1 145 0 145.2 144 6 148 7 147 2 143 1 140.7 146.5 149.2 147 5 144 6 147 3 145 4 147.0 146 3 150 5 148 9 144 7 142.1 148.5 151.1 149 9 146 4 149 0 147 5 148.6 147 8 152 3 150 5 146 1 143.9 150.0 152.7 150 5 147 8 150 5 149 0 149.5 148 7 162 6 .6 6 3.6 147 4 145.1 150.7 152.8 160 6 149 1 9 .8 .5 .1 o 9 142 1 142.6 143 8 145.1 137.0 138.0 137.5 134.4 141.5 141.9 140.9 140.7 141.8 144.3 144.8 138.9 135.6 133.9 143 3 143.8 145 0 146.4 137.8 139.6 137.9 134.9 141.8 142.2 141.3 142.0 143.3 146.5 146.4 139.6 136.7 134.9 145 0 145.3 146 9 147 8 139.1 141.1 138 5 134.9 143.2 143.4 143.0 143.8 145.2 147.4 147.9 142.1 137.8 136.7 146 5 146.9 148 5 149 6 140 3 142.5 140 0 136.2 144.9 145.0 144.7 145.5 146.8 149.4 149.7 143.5 138.5 139.5 147 9 148 3 150 0 151 2 141 6 143 5 141.3 137.4 146.4 146.7 145.9 146.4 148.2 149.6 151.3 144 8 139.7 140.2 148 9 149 4 150 9 152 3 142 2 144 8 142 3 138.6 147.1 147.4 146.6 147.4 149.0 151.6 153.2 145 2 142.2 141.6 150 5 151 3 152 5 154 3 144 3 146 1 143 7 139.8 148.7 149.2 148.1 148.4 150.7 151.6 154.9 146 9 143.8 143.3 152 fi 154 0 155 6 145 3 147 2 145 7 141.6 151.0 151.8 149.9 150.1 151.9 154.5 156.5 147 8 145.5 144.5 W orkers, by occupational group: W hite-collar w orkers..................................................................... Professional specialty and technical...................................... Blue-collar w o rkers....................................................................... W orkers, by industry division: G oods-producing......................................................................... C onstruction............................................................................... M anufacturing............................................................................ W hite-collar occupations...................................................... W hite-collar occupations...................................................... Transportation........................................................................ Public utilities........................................................................... C om m unications................................................................ . Electric, gas, and sanitary services............................... W holesale and retail tra d e ..................................................... Excluding sales occupations........................................... W holesale tra d e ...................................................................... Excluding sales occupations........................................... G eneral m erchandise stores............................................ Food stores............................................................................ See footnotes at end of table. 86 M onthly Labor R eview https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis J an u ary 2002 4.1 3.4 2.8 149 3 154 ? 167 2 147 6 10 142.6 152.0 153.3 150.4 150.6 153.1 154.1 157.4 148 8 145.7 145.7 .7 .7 1.0 .3 .3 .8 - .3 .6 .7 .1 .8 3.8 3.8 4.5 3.1 2.9 3.3 3.0 4.0 4.3 3.9 26. C o n tin u e d — E m p lo y m e n t Cost In d e x , w a g e s a n d salaries, b y o c c u p a tio n a n d industry g ro u p [June 1989 = 100] ___________________________________________________ 1999 2000 2001 P ercent change 3 12 m onths m onths ended ended S ept. 2001 Series Sept. Dec. Mar. June Sept. Dec. Mar. June Sept. F inance, insurance, and real e sta te ...................................... E xcluding sales o ccu p a tio n s............................................. B anking, sa vin gs a nd loan, and o th e r cre dit agencies. In su ra nce ...................................................................................... S e rvice s........................................................................................... B usin e ss se rvice s..................................................................... Flealth se rvice s.......................................................................... Flospitals.................................................................................... E ducational se rvice s............................................................... C o lle g e s a nd u niversitie s..................................................... 144.5 147.5 159.2 140.2 144.5 148.5 140.6 139.3 147.5 147.2 145.2 148.0 159.6 141.5 146.0 149.8 142.2 140.9 148.2 147.9 148.7 150.2 162.0 145.5 147.4 152.0 143.5 141.8 148.9 148.9 149.5 151.5 163.3 146.6 149.1 154.1 145.3 143.3 149.6 149.4 151.7 153.3 165.0 150.7 150.6 155.3 146.6 144.9 153.4 152.5 151.7 154.1 165.7 150.8 151.8 156.0 148.1 146.8 154.3 152.9 153.9 156.6 169.4 152.4 153.8 158.2 149.8 148.5 155.4 154.1 154.6 157.6 170.8 153.3 155.0 160.8 151.8 151.0 156.1 155.0 155.8 159.1 173.2 153.6 157.1 162.8 153.6 153.3 159.6 158.4 0.8 1.0 1.4 .2 1.4 1.2 1.2 1.5 2.2 2.2 2.7 3.8 5.0 1.9 4.3 4.8 4.8 5.8 4.0 3.9 N o nm a n u fa ctu ring ....................................................................... W h ite -c o lla r w o rk e rs ................................................................ E xcluding sales o ccu p ation s............................................ B lu e -co lla r o ccu p a tio n s........................................................... S ervice o ccu p a tio n s................................................................. 141.0 143.5 144.6 135.1 137.9 142.1 144.7 145.9 135.8 139.5 143.9 146.5 147.4 137.4 140.9 145.5 148.2 149.1 138.9 142.4 146.9 149.6 150.7 140.3 143.4 147.9 150.6 151.9 140.9 144.7 149.5 152.3 153.9 142.8 146.0 150.9 153.8 155.3 143.9 147.1 152.2 155.0 156.9 145.8 148.2 .9 .8 1.0 1.3 .7 3.6 3.6 4.1 3.9 3.3 State and local government workers.................................... 142.2 143.5 144.3 144.7 147.2 148.3 150.2 151.2 154.3 1.9 3.9 W orkers, by occu p ation a l group: W h ite -colla r w o rk e rs........................................................................ P ro fessional specialty and te ch n ica l....................................... E xecutive, adm inistrative, a nd m a na g e ria l........................... A dm in istra tive support, in cluding c le ric a l.............................. B lu e -co lla r w o rk e rs .......................................................................... 142.1 142.5 142.7 139.6 139.4 143.4 143.6 144.3 141.7 140.7 144.1 144.3 144.9 142.4 141.5 144.5 144.7 145.1 143.0 142.1 147.1 147.4 147.3 145.0 143.9 148.0 148.2 148.8 146.2 145.1 149.0 149.1 150.1 147.0 146.0 149.8 149.8 151.5 147.6 146.5 152.7 153.0 153.9 149.8 149.1 1.9 2.1 1.6 1.5 1.8 3.8 3.8 4.5 3.3 3.6 W orkers, by indu stry division: S ervice s............................................................................................. 142.9 144.0 144.6 144.9 147.9 148.7 149.5 150.2 153.7 2.3 3.9 S ervice s exclu din g sch o o ls4..................................................... H ealth se rvice s.......................................................................... H o sp ita ls................................................................................... E ducational se rvice s................................................................ S ch o o ls...................................................................................... E le m e n ta ry and se co n d a ry............................................. C o lle g e s a nd u niversitie s................................................. 142.1 142.8 142.8 142.9 143.1 143.1 142.6 143.2 144.2 144.1 144.0 144.2 144.1 144.4 144.3 145.3 145.3 144.5 144.7 144.5 144.9 144.8 145.7 145.6 144.8 144.9 144.6 145.6 146.7 147.7 147.7 148.0 148.1 147.9 148.3 147.9 149.3 149.2 148.7 148.9 148.5 149.5 149.1 149.9 149.5 149.5 149.7 149.0 151.4 150.7 151.9 151.8 150.0 150.2 149.5 151.8 153.2 154.2 154.2 153.6 153.8 152.8 156.5 1.7 1.5 1.6 2.4 2.4 2.2 3.1 4.4 4.4 4.4 3.8 3.8 3.3 5.5 P ublic a dm in istra tio n 2.................................................................... 139.5 141.5 142.5 C onsists of p rivate industry w o rkers (excluding farm and household w orkers) and S tate and local g overn m e nt (excluding Federal G overnm ent) w orkers. 2 C onsists of le gislative, ju dicia l, a dm inistrative, and reg u la to ry activities. 27. 142.9 144.6 146.1 148.7 147.6 150.3 1.1 3.9 3 This series has th e sam e industry and occu p ation a l co ve rag e as th e H ourly E arnings index, w h ich w a s d iscontinued in Ja n ua ry 1989. 4 Includes, fo r exam ple, library, social, and health services. E m p lo ym e n t Cost In d e x , benefits, p riv a te industry w orkers b y o c c u p a tio n a n d industry g ro u p [June 1989 = 100]____________________________________________ 1999 2000 2001 P ercent change 3 12 m onths m onths ended ended Sept. Series Sept. Dec. Mar. June Sept. Dec. Mar. June Sept. Private industry workers......................................................... 148.6 150.2 153.8 155.7 157.5 158.6 161.5 163.2 165.2 1.2 4.9 W o rkers, b y occu p ation a l group: W h ite -colla r w o rk e rs ........................................................................ B lu e -co lla r w o rk e rs .......................................................................... 151.0 144.8 152.5 146.2 156.3 150.0 158.5 151.6 160.4 153.1 161.5 154.1 165.2 155.7 167.4 156.7 169.5 158.3 1.3 1.3 5.7 3.4 W o rkers, b y in du stry division: G oo d s-pro d uc in g .............................................................................. S ervice -p ro d u cing ............................................................................ M a nu factu rin g .................................................................................... N o n m a n u fa ctu ring ........................................................................... 146.3 149.4 145.7 149.4 148.2 150.7 147.8 150.7 152.3 154.0 152.3 154.0 154.2 156.0 153.9 156.1 155.7 157.9 154.9 158.1 156.2 159.4 154.8 159.7 158.5 162.6 157.1 162.9 159.6 164.6 157.9 164.9 160.8 167.1 158.5 167.4 .8 1.5 .4 1.5 3.3 5.8 2.3 5.9 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis M onthly Labor R eview J a n u a ry 2002 87 C urrent Labor Statistics: 28. Com pensation & Industrial Relations E m p lo y m e n t Cost In d e x , p riv a te nonfarm w orkers b y b a rg a in in g status, region, a n d a r e a size [June 1989 = 100] 2001 2000 1999 Series Sept. Dec. Mar. June Sept. Dec. M ar. June Sept. P ercent change 12 3 m onths m onths ended ended Sept. 2001 COMPENSATION W o rk e rs , b y b a rg a in in g s ta tu s ’ 140.2 139.2 141.0 139.1 140.3 141.2 140.8 141.4 141.0 140.8 143.0 143.3 142.5 144.5 141.7 144.4 144.8 143.9 145.4 143.4 146.1 146.8 145.2 147.1 145.0 146.9 147.3 146.4 147.4 146.2 147.9 147.9 147.6 147.9 147.3 149.5 149.3 149.5 148.8 149.4 151.0 150.6 151.2 149.9 151.1 1.0 .9 1.1 .7 1.1 3.4 2.6 4.1 1.9 4.2 143.8 141.8 144.4 143.0 143.8 145.2 143.1 145.7 144.4 145.1 147.4 145.4 148.0 146.5 147.4 149.1 147.2 149.6 148.2 149.1 150.6 148.4 151.2 149.2 150.7 151.6 149.3 152.3 149.9 151.8 153.8 151.6 154.4 152.4 153.9 155.3 153.1 155.9 153.7 155.4 156.7 154.0 157.5 154.4 157.0 .9 .6 1.0 .5 1.0 4.1 3.8 4.2 3.5 4.2 143.2 141.8 145.0 143.3 144.3 143.0 146.3 144.7 146.3 145.0 148.9 147.0 147.6 146.7 150.7 148.8 149.3 147.6 152.2 150.8 150.3 148.6 153.3 151.8 151.6 151.1 154.8 154.3 153.7 152.3 156.0 156.0 155.2 153.5 157.4 157.6 1.0 .8 .9 1.0 4.0 4.0 3.4 4.5 143.3 143.1 144.7 143.6 146.9 146.0 148.6 147.7 150.1 148.8 151.0 150.3 153.1 152.1 154.6 153.7 156.0 154.8 .9 .7 3.9 4.0 135.7 134.9 136.8 135.8 135.6 136.5 136.1 137.2 137.5 135.9 137.2 137.2 137.6 138.8 136.4 138.5 138.4 138.9 139.7 137.8 140.0 140.2 140.1 141.4 139.2 141.2 141.3 141.5 142.6 140.4 142.1 142.4 142.2 143.9 141.1 143.7 144.2 143.7 145.5 142.7 145.1 145.3 145.4 146.7 144.3 1.0 .8 1.2 .8 1.1 3.6 3.6 3.8 3.7 3.7 142.0 140.0 142.6 141.7 141.8 143.3 141.1 143.9 142.9 143.0 145.1 142.9 145.8 144.4 145.0 146.7 144.7 147.3 146.1 146.6 148.1 145.8 148.7 147.2 148.0 149.0 146.8 149.6 148.0 148.9 150.8 148.8 151.4 150.1 150.7 152.2 150.3 152.7 151.6 152.0 153.4 151.1 154.1 152.2 153.3 .8 .5 .9 .4 .9 3.6 3.6 3.6 3.4 3.6 139.9 140.2 142.4 141.3 140.9 141.5 143.6 142.6 142.3 143.0 145.3 144.7 143.7 144.6 147.1 146.3 145.3 145.3 148.6 148.2 146.0 146.3 149.6 149.2 147.3 148.3 150.9 151.3 149.2 149.3 152.3 152.9 150.6 150.2 153.6 154.3 .9 .6 .9 .9 3.6 3.4 3.4 4.1 141.2 139.8 142.5 140.2 144.1 142.2 145.7 143.7 147.1 144.7 148.0 146.0 149.8 147.4 151.2 148.8 152.4 149.7 .8 .6 3.6 3.5 W o rk e rs , b y r e g io n 1 W o rk e rs , b y a re a s iz e ’ WAGES AND SALARIES W o rk e rs , b y b a rg a in in g s ta tu s ’ W o rk e rs , b y re g io n ’ W o rk e rs , b y a re a s iz e ’ O th e r a re a s............................................................................................. 1 T h e in de xe s a re calculated diffe re ntly from th o se fo r th e occu p ation and industry groups. For a detailed descriptio n of the index ca lculation, see th e Monthly Labor R eview T e ch n ical Note, "E stim a tio n pro ce d u re s fo r th e E m plo ym e n t C o st Index," M ay 1982. 88 M onthly Labor R eview https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Jan u a ry 2002 29. Percent of full-tim e e m p lo y e e s participating in em p lo y e r-p ro v id e d benefit plans, a n d in s e le c te d features within plans, m ed iu m a n d larg e private establishments, sele c te d years, 1980-97 Item Scope of survey (in 0 00 's)................................................ Num ber of em ployees (in 0 00’s): W ith m edical ca re ............................................................ W ith life insurance........................................................... 1980 1982 1984 1986 1988 1989 1991 1993 1995 1997 21,352 21,043 21,013 21,303 31,059 32,428 31,163 28,728 33,374 38,409 20,711 20,498 17,936 20,412 20,201 17,676 20,383 20,172 17,231 20,238 20,451 16,190 27,953 28,574 19,567 29,834 30,482 20,430 25,865 29,293 18,386 23,519 26,175 16,015 25,546 29,078 17,417 29,340 33,495 19,202 10 75 - 9 25 76 25 9 26 73 26 10 27 72 26 88 3.2 99 10.0 25 3.7 100 70 11 29 72 26 85 3.2 96 9.4 24 3.3 98 69 33 16 10 26 71 26 84 3.3 97 9.2 22 3.1 97 68 37 18 8 30 67 28 80 3T 92 10.2 21 3.3 96 67 37 26 9 29 68 26 83 80 81 3.0 3.3 3.7 91 9.4 21 3.1 97 89 9.1 22 3.3 96 58 89 9.3 20 3.5 95 56 84 93 Time-off plans Participants with: Paid lunch tim e ................................................................... A verage minutes per d a y.............................................. Paid rest tim e ...................................................................... A verage m inutes per d ay.............................................. A verage days per occurrence..................................... Paid holidays....................................................................... Average days per ye a r.................................................. Paid personal leave.......................................................... A verage days per ye a r.................................................. Paid vacations.................................................................... U npaid fam ily le a v e ......................................................... - - - 99 10.1 20 100 62 99 10.0 24 3.8 99 67 _ _ 97 97 97 95 90 92 83 82 77 76 58 - 62 - 46 62 8 66 70 18 76 79 28 75 80 28 81 80 30 86 82 42 78 73 56 85 78 63 26 46 - 27 51 - 36 $11.93 58 $35.93 43 $12.80 63 $41.40 44 $19.29 64 $60.07 47 $25.31 66 $72.10 51 $26.60 69 $96.97 61 $31.55 76 $107.42 67 $33.92 78 $118.33 69 $39.14 80 $130.07 96 96 96 96 92 94 94 91 87 87 69 72 - - - 64 74 64 72 10 59 78 8 49 71 7 42 71 6 44 76 5 41 77 7 37 74 6 33 42 43 53 55 99 9.8 23 3.6 99 67 65 60 53 “ Insurance plans P articipants in m edical care plans.................................. Percent of participants with coverage for: Home health ca re ........................................................... Extended care fa cilitie s................................................ Physical exam ................................................................. Percent of participants w ith em ployee contribution required for: Self coverage................................................................... A verage m onthly contribution.................................... Fam ily coverage............................................................. A verage m onthly contribution.................................... Percent of participants with: Accidental death and dism em berm ent insurance.......................................................................... Survivor incom e b enefits............................................... Retiree protection available........................................... P articipants in long-term disability insurance p lan s................................................................ Participants in sickness and accident - 40 43 47 48 42 45 40 41 54 51 51 49 46 43 45 44 Participants in short-term disability plans ' ................... Retirement plans Participants in defined benefit pension plans............. Percent of participants with: Normal retirem ent prior to age 6 5 .............................. Ad hoc pension increase in last 5 ye a rs.................. Term inal earnings form ula........................................... Benefit coordinated with Social S ecurity................... Participants in defined contribution plans...................... Participants in plans with tax-deferred savings arrangem ents.................................................................... 84 84 82 76 63 63 59 56 52 50 55 98 58 97 59 98 26 55 62 62 97 22 64 63 52 95 4 10 56 54 52 95 6 61 48 52 96 52 45 64 98 35 57 62 55 53 45 63 97 47 54 56 58 51 56 49 - - - 60 45 48 48 49 55 57 - - - 33 36 41 44 43 54 55 2 5 5 12 9 23 10 36 12 52 12 38 13 32 5 7 98 7 Other benefits Em ployees eligible for: Premium conversion plans............................................. The definitions for paid sick leave and short-term disability (previously sickness and accident insurance) w ere changed for the 1995 survey. Paid sick leave now includes only plans that specify either a m axim um num ber of days per year or unlimited days. Shortterm s disability now includes all insured, self-insured, and S tate-m andated plans available on a per-disability basis, as well as the unfunded per-disability plans previously reported as sick leave. Sickness and accident insurance, reported in years prior to this survey, included only insured, self-insured, and S tate-m andated plans providing per-disability bene https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis fits at less than full pay. 2 Prior to 1995, reim bursem ent accounts included prem ium conversion plans, which specifically allow m edical plan participants to pay required plan prem ium s w ith pretax dollars. Also, reim bursem ent accounts that w ere part of flexible benefit plans w ere tabulated separately. NOTE: Dash indicates data not available. M onthly Labor R eview J a n u a ry 2002 89 C urrent Labor Statistics: Com pensation & Industrial Relations 30. P ercent of full-tim e e m p lo y e e s participating in e m p lo y e r-p ro v id e d benefit plans, a n d in s e le c te d features within plans, small private establishm ents a n d State a n d lo c a l governm ents, 1987, 1990, 19 9 2 ,1 9 9 4 , a n d 1996 Small private establishments Item 1992 1990 Scope of survey (in 000's)................................................ N um ber of em ployees (in 000’s): With medical care............................................................ W ith life insurance........................................................... W ith defined benefit plan............................................... Tim e-off plans P articipants w ith: Paid lunch tim e ................................................................... A verage minutes per d ay.............................................. Paid rest tim e ..................................................................... A verage minutes pier d ay............................................. Average days per occurrence..................................... Paid holidays....................................................................... A verage days per year1................................................. Paid personal leave.......................................................... Paid vacations.................................................................... U npaid le ave ....................................................................... 1994 Percent of participants w ith employee contribution required for: Self coverage................................................................... A verage m onthly contribution.................................... Fam ily coverage............................................................. Average m onthly contribution.................................... P articipants in life insurance plans................................. Percent of participants with: Accidental death and dism emberm ent insurance.......................................................................... S urvivor incom e benefits............................................... Retiree protection available........................................... P articipants in long-term disability insurance plans................................................................ P articipants in sickness and accident insurance plans................................................................. P articipants in short-term disability p la n s 2................... Retirem ent plans P articipants in defined benefit pension plans............. Percent of participants with: Normal retirem ent prior to age 6 5 .............................. Early retirem ent available............................................. Ad hoc pension increase in last 5 years................... Term inal earnings form ula........................................... Benefit coordinated w ith Social S ecurity.................. Participants in defined contribution plans..................... P articipants in plans with tax-deferred savings arrangem ents.................................................................... 1996 1987 1990 1992 1994 32,466 34,360 35,910 39,816 10,321 12,972 12,466 12,907 22,402 20,778 6,493 24,396 21,990 7,559 23,536 21,955 5,480 25,599 24,635 5,883 9,599 8,773 9,599 12,064 11,415 11,675 11,219 11,095 10,845 11,192 11,194 11,708 8 37 48 27 47 2.9 84 9 37 49 26 50 3.0 82 50 3.1 82 51 3.0 80 17 34 58 29 56 3.7 81 11 36 56 29 63 3.7 74 _ _ 62 3.7 73 9.5 11 2.8 88 47 9.2 12 2.6 88 53 7.5 13 2.6 88 50 7.6 14 30 86 50 10.9 38 27 72 97 13.6 39 29 67 95 10 34 53 29 65 3.7 75 14.2 38 29 67 95 17 8 18 7 _ _ 57 30 51 33 59 44 47 48 U npaid fam ily leave.......................................................... Insurance plans P articipants in m edical care plans.................................. Percent of participants with coverage for: Home health ca re ............................................................ State and local governm ents 11.5 38 30 66 94 93 69 71 66 64 93 93 90 87 79 83 26 80 84 28 - - 76 78 36 82 79 36 87 84 47 84 81 55 42 $25.13 67 $109.34 47 $36.51 73 $150.54 52 $40.97 76 $159.63 52 $42.63 75 $181.53 35 $15.74 71 $71.89 38 $25.53 65 $117.59 43 $28.97 72 $139.23 47 $30.20 71 $149.70 64 64 61 62 85 88 89 87 78 76 1 25 79 2 20 77 67 67 74 13 55 64 2 46 22 31 27 28 30 14 21 22 21 _ _ _ _ 1 19 1 1 1 45 1 46 19 23 20 6 26 26 _ _ _ 20 22 15 15 93 90 87 91 54 95 7 58 49 50 95 4 54 46 - 47 92 53 44 92 90 33 100 18 89 88 16 100 8 92 89 10 100 10 92 87 13 99 49 31 33 34 38 9 9 9 9 17 24 23 28 28 45 45 24 5 31 5 50 5 64 _ 29 O ther benefits Em ployees eligible for: Flexible benefits p lans..................................................... Reim bursem ent a cco u n ts3............................................ Prem ium conversion plans .......................................... 1 2 3 4 5 8 14 19 12 5 1 M ethods used to calculate the average num ber of paid holidays w ere revised in 1994 to count partial days more precisely. Average holidays for 1994 are not com parable with those reported in 1990 and 1992. 2 The definitions fo r paid sick leave and short-term disability (previously sickness and accident insurance) w ere changed for the 1996 survey. Paid sick leave now includes only plans that specify either a m axim um num ber of days pier year or unlim ited days. S hort-term disability now includes all insured, selfinsured, and State-m andated plans available on a pier-disability basis, as well as the unfunded per-disability plans previously reported as sick leave. 90 M onthly Labor R eview https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Jan u a ry 2002 7 Sickness and accident insurance, reported in years prior to this survey, included only insured, self-insured, and State-m andated plans providing pierdisability benefits at less than full pay. 3 Prior to 1996, reim bursem ent accounts included prem ium conversion plans, which specifically allow m edical plan participants to pay required plan prem ium s w ith pretax dollars. Also, reim bursem ent accounts that w ere part of flexible benefit plans w ere tabulated separately. N o t e : Dash indicates data not available. 31. W ork stoppages involving 1,000 workers or m ore M easure Annual totals 1999 1999 Dec. 2000 2000 Jan.p Feb.p Mar.p A pr.p Mayp Junep Julyp Aug.p Sept.p O ct.p Nov.p Dec.p N um ber of stoppages: Beginning in period.................................. In effect during period............................ 17 21 39 40 0 1 0 1 1 2 2 4 6 7 2 4 5 8 3 6 6 8 5 10 7 12 0 3 2 3 W orkers involved: Beginning in period (in thousands).... In effect during period (in thousands). 73 80 394 397 .0 3.0 .0 3.0 17.0 20.0 5.7 25.7 26.7 29.7 136.9 141.3 11.4 150.8 7.2 146.9 99.2 237.2 17.8 167.8 60.3 211.6 .0 4.5 8.7 10.3 Days idle: 64.5 58.9 272.2 3,095.3 3,134.0 2,804.4 4,186.6 3,029.3 3,088.6 327.6 298.0 63.0 60.0 1,995 20,419 .11 .13 .11 .10 .10 .10 .01 (2) (2) .01 .01 .06 .01 (2) <2) Percent of estim ated workina tim e 1.... 1 Agricultural and governm ent em ployees are included in the total em ployed and total working tim e; private household, forestry, and fishery em ployees are excluded. An explanation of th e m easurem ent of Idleness as a percentage of the total tim e worked is found i n " ’Total econom y' m easures of strike Idleness,” Monthly Labor Review, O ctober 1968, pp. 5 4 -5 6 . 2 Less than 0.005. p = prelim inary. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis M onthly Labor R eview J a n u a ry 2002 91 C u rren t Labor S tatistics: Price Data 32. Consumer Price Indexes for All Urban Consumers and for Urban W age Earners and Clerical Workers: U.S. city average, by expenditure category and com m odity or service group [1 9 8 2 - 8 4 = 100, u n le s s o th e rw is e in d ica te d ]___________________________ Annual average Series 1999 CONSUMER PRICE INDEX FOR A LL URBAN CONSUMERS All items....................................................................... All Items (1967= 100).................................................... Food and beverages...................................................... Food................................................................................. Food at hom e.............................................................. Cereals and bakery products................................. Meats, poultry, fish, and eggs................................ 166.6 499.0 164.6 164.1 164.2 185.0 147.9 2000 2000 Nov. 2001 Dec. Jan. 172.2 515.8 168.4 167.8 167.9 188.3 154.5 160.7 204.6 174.1 521.5 169.5 168.9 168.8 189.0 155.5 161.4 207.3 174.0 521.1 170.5 170.0 170.2 190.7 156.6 175.1 524.5 171.4 170.9 171.3 191.1 158.0 161.5 215.1 137.8 155.6 154.0 147.4 172.2 137.9 156.0 153.0 146.5 173.3 165.1 105.2 169.7 107.5 169.0 109.0 174.7 110.0 170.4 111.0 176.4 163.9 187.3 177.5 112.3 192.9 101.3 128.8 113.5 91.4 120.9 126.7 169.6 193.4 183.9 117.5 198.7 103.7 137.9 122.8 129.7 128.0 128.2 131.3 131.1 123.3 129.0 125.7 144.4 140.5 100.1 142.9 152.0 100.7 100.1 100.5 171.9 197.7 250.6 230.7 255.1 229.2 299.5 102.1 100.7 101.2 129.6 129.7 121.5 130.6 123.8 153.3 149.1 100.8 142.8 155.8 129.3 128.6 101.5 177.3 209.6 260.8 238.1 266.0 237.7 317.3 107.0 261.7 308.4 96.0 95.5 100.1 other than teleDhone services1,4.................... Personal computers and peripheral equipment1,2................................................. Other goods and services............................................. Tobacco and smoking products................................ Dairy and related products1................................... Fruits and vegetables.............................................. Nonalcoholic beverages and beverage m aterials.................................................................. Other foods at home................................................ Sugar and sweets.................................................. Fats and oils............................................................ Other foods............................................................. Other miscellaneous foods1,2........................... Food away from home1............................................... Other food away from hom e1,2............................. Alcoholic beverages.................................................... Housing............................................................................. Shelter........................................................................... Rent of primary residence...................................... Lodging away from hom e........................................ Owners’ equivalent rent of primary residence3... Tenants’ and household insurance1, .................. Fuels and utilities..................................................... Fuels.......................................................................... Fuel oil and other fuels........................................ Gas (piped) and electricity.................................. Household furnishings and operations................. A pp a rel............................................................................. Men's and boys' apparel.......................................... W omen's and girls' apparel.................................... Infants' and toddlers’ apparel1................................ Footwear..................................................................... Transportation................................................................. Private transportation................................................. New and used motor vehicles2............................... New vehicles............................................................ Used cars and trucks1........................................... Motor fuel.................................................................... Gasoline (all types)................................................. Motor vehicle parts and equipment....................... Motor vehicle maintenance and repair................. Public transportation................................................... Medical care..................................................................... Medical care commodities......................................... Medical care services................................................. Professional services................................................ Hospital and related services.................................. Recreation2...................................................................... Video and audio1,2................................................. Education and communication2.................................. Education2................................................................. Educational books and supplies.......................... Tuition, other school fees, and child care.......... Communication1,2....................................................... Information and information processing1,2........ Telephone services1,2......................................... Information and information processing Personal care1.............................................................. Personal care pro d u cts'......................................... Personal care services1.......................................... 92 M onthly Labor R eview Mar. Apr. May 163.6 212.6 175.8 526.7 171.8 171.3 171.8 191.9 159.5 163.6 211.5 176.2 528.0 172.2 171.7 172.0 191.9 160.1 163.2 211.5 176.9 529.9 172.4 171.9 172.2 192.5 160.7 163.4 213.3 177.7 532.2 172.9 172.5 172.8 193.2 160.8 164.7 213.1 136.7 156.3 153.5 150.2 172.7 139.4 157.8 155.7 153.0 173.8 139.9 157.9 155.8 152.6 174.0 138.9 157.6 154.0 151.5 174.4 171.6 195.2 186.8 108.9 170.8 111.1 176.5 171.9 195.1 187.6 113.9 201.2 108.8 201.8 104.5 142.7 127.7 140.3 132.7 128.9 131.8 131.3 124.8 104.7 145.3 130.6 144.9 135.6 128.6 127.8 128.0 119.7 108.7 171.8 111.4 177.7 174.7 197.6 188.9 119.1 105.4 105.1 152.3 138.0 144.6 144.0 129.1 128.4 126.6 121.0 130.7 125.4 155.2 151.1 128.2 123.8 154.4 150.3 109.0 171.4 111.3 177.2 174.1 196.4 188.2 114.1 202.4 105.0 153.8 139.8 149.1 145.7 128.8 125.4 125.5 115.5 127.4 121.4 154.4 150.3 139.5 158.6 155.7 153.1 175.1 108.4 129.3 122.6 154.9 150.7 101.5 142.7 159.3 133.0 132.2 102.5 179.9 209.1 264.1 240.0 269.8 239.8 324.7 103.7 100.9 103.2 102.1 143.6 160.2 127.8 127.0 103.1 179.9 209.5 264.8 241.1 270.4 240.3 325.3 103.7 100.7 103.6 102.3 143.7 160.4 126.6 125.8 103.6 180.6 210.2 267.1 242.3 273.0 242.6 328.5 104.1 101.2 103.9 102.2 143.3 160.4 127.5 126.8 104.0 181.5 212.1 268.9 243.8 274.9 244.1 331.0 104.3 101.6 104.0 112.5 279.9 324.0 93.6 92.8 98.5 115.4 284.8 332.5 92.3 115.5 285.4 332.7 93.0 91.5 97.5 92.2 98.4 115.8 289.2 333.3 93.3 92.4 98.8 30.5 25.9 24.2 23.8 53.5 258.3 355.8 161.1 151.8 171.4 41.1 271.1 394.9 37.3 276.2 411.0 165.6 153.7 178.1 167.4 153.9 180.6 36.5 274.0 396.6 167.8 155.5 181.3 159.6 203.1 134.3 153.5 152.3 148.3 168.9 104.9 103.3 101.0 102.5 See footnotes at end of table. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Feb. J an u a ry 2002 172.3 111.6 177.8 175.4 198.9 189.6 124.2 203.6 105.4 150.8 136.3 138.1 142.6 129.1 108.5 172.7 111.8 178.1 175.4 199.2 190.2 121.8 204.2 105.5 149.7 135.1 134.4 141.6 129.1 132.2 127.5 127.8 1316.0 125.2 153.9 149.7 131.9 128.2 127.0 131.4 124)9 156.1 152.1 101.8 142.7 159.7 133.6 132.8 104.2 181.9 208.3 270.8 245.7 276.8 245.6 333.6 105.0 101.7 104.1 116.0 290.4 333.7 93.2 92.2 98.7 101.9 142.8 159.9 124.1 123.3 104.7 181.7 210.0 270.0 244.9 275.9 244.8 332.8 104.3 101.6 104.3 116.1 290.8 334.0 93.7 92.7 99.4 23.2 22.9 35.0 275.9 404.3 168.2 155.3 181.6 June 178.0 533.3 173.4 173.0 173.3 194.2 161.7 July 166.9 211.8 177.5 531.6 174.0 173.5 173.9 194.9 162.3 168.3 210.7 138.1 159.6 155.8 154.7 176.4 138.6 159.5 155.7 156.7 175.7 108.8 107.7 173.6 112.6 179.1 177.3 200.7 191.6 123.7 205.7 173.1 112.4 178.5 175.9 199.6 191.0 120.0 204.9 106.8 151.3 136.8 131.9 143.8 128.9 129.8 129.1 122.3 130.6 124.4 159.2 155.3 101.4 142.3 159.1 146.8 146.0 104.4 182.5 209.3 271.4 246.6 277.3 245.8 335.1 107.Ò 155.7 141.6 129.6 149.4 129.2 126.3 125.8 117.5 127.3 122.1 158.3 154.0 101.1 141.7 158.9 142.0 141.3 104.4 182.7 216.3 272.5 248.1 278.3 246.5 336.6 104.8 101.3 104.4 Aug. 177.5 531.8 174.4 173.9 174.2 195.9 162.4 Sept. Nov. 168.9 208.8 174.6 174.1 174.3 195.1 162.4 169.4 212.1 177.7 532.2 175.3 174.9 175.2 195.2 163.5 170.8 213.5 171.2 212.9 138.9 160.4 156.1 157.8 176.8 140.0 161.0 156.1 158.5 177.6 139.2 160.2 156.6 158.5 176.2 139.9 160.9 156.4 159.5 177.0 139.5 160.3 154.9 155.6 177.6 109.6 174.1 113.8 179.7 109.5 174.7 114.3 180.0 178.0 202.4 193.1 125.2 207.3 106.6 152.7 138.0 122.1 146.0 129.1 108.9 175.1 115.3 180.4 177.4 202.0 193.9 116.8 208.1 106.7 150.6 135.7 125.3 143.1 129.4 126.8 123.7 120.3 108.9 175.6 115.4 180.8 176.7 202.4 194.7 114.5 209.0 106.9 144.6 129.1 121.5 135.9 129.0 129.5 127.5 122.1 110.6 175.8 115.4 181.2 131.5 124.9 152.3 148.1 100.6 141.0 157.8 116.3 115.6 105.5 186.0 209.1 275.9 250.2 282.0 248.4 344.8 105.3 101.3 107.1 119.5 298.0 343.9 93.5 92.4 99.6 129.3 122.9 155.5 151.2 100.2 140.2 157.3 131.4 130.7 105.2 185.1 212.7 275.0 249.6 281.0 247.9 342.6 105.2 101.3 106.6 121.7 305.4 350.0 93.1 92.0 99.2 122.2 307.2 351.5 93.6 92.5 99.9 122.3 304.7 352.0 93.3 92.2 99.6 177.6 201.4 192.3 124.0 206.3 106.6 154.8 140.5 123.8 148.6 129.2 122.6 122.5 111.6 124.5 121.3 154.4 149.9 122.6 121.4 112.1 126.3 121.9 153.3 148.8 100.5 140.3 158.0 121.9 121.2 104.9 184.0 213.7 274.4 249.1 280.5 247.7 341.2 105.1 101.7 178.3 534.0 Oct. 177.4 531.3 175.2 174.6 174.7 194.9 162.7 176.9 202.9 195.5 111.6 210.1 106.9 143.5 127.8 118.3 134.7 129.1 128.0 127.4 119.4 132.4 123.7 150.2 146.1 101.3 142.6 157.4 104.5 103.8 105.8 186.4 205.1 276.7 250.6 283.0 248.8 347.1 116.1 290.8 334.1 93.3 92.3 99.0 105.0 101.6 104.0 116.4 290.7 335.0 92.9 91.8 98.7 116.9 293.9 336.2 93.1 92.1 99.0 100.8 141.2 158.3 125.6 124.9 105.1 183.4 216.1 273.1 248.5 278.9 246.8 337.9 105.0 101.7 104.8 117.2 295.1 337.2 93.6 92.5 99.6 22.5 22.1 21.7 21.4 21.3 20.7 20 3 20.2 20.0 33.9 277.2 408.5 32.4 277.7 407.7 31.7 277.7 424.2 30.4 281.3 418.7 169.6 155.8 183.4 169.5 153.2 184.1 27.8 283.3 424.6 171.2 154.7 185.2 26.7 287.8 444.0 171.9 155.5 185.5 25.8 289.2 446.7 169.1 155.7 182.2 29.3 285.8 441.2 170.7 155.1 184.8 26.4 285.6 429.9 168.6 155.3 181.9 29.8 281.2 421.0 170.0 154.6 184.1 172.3 155.4 185.9 172.6 155.4 186.8 105.8 105.5 101.4 107.0 32. Continued— Consumer Price Indexes for All Urban Consumers and for Urban W age Earners and Clerical Workers: U.S. city average, by expenditure category and com m odity or service group [1982-84 = 100, unless otherwise indicated] Series Miscellaneous personal services...................... Commodity and service group: Commodities................................................................ Food and beverages................................................ Commodities less food and beverages............... Nondurables less food and beverages............. A p p a re l................................................................. Nondurables less food, beverages, and apparel......................................................... Durables.................................................................. Services........................................................................ Transporatation services...................................... Other services......................................................... Special indexes: All items less food................................................... All items less shelter.............................................. All items less medical care................................... Commodities less food.......................................... Nondurables less food........................................... Nondurables less food and apparel.................... Nondurables............................................................ Services less rent of shelter3................................ Services less medical care services................... Energy....................................................................... All items less energy.............................................. All items less food and energy........................... Commodities less food and energy................ Energy commodities....................................... Services less energy......................................... Annual average 1999 2000 2001 2000 Nov. Dec. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Sept. Aug. Oct. Nov. 243.0 252.3 255.7 255.7 257.3 258.6 259.5 260.2 261.0 261.8 263.2 265.5 266.4 267.3 268.0 144.4 164.6 132.5 137.5 131.3 149.2 168.4 137.7 147.4 129.6 150.6 169.5 139.3 150.2 131.8 150.0 170.5 137.8 147.2 127.8 150.0 171.4 137.4 146.4 125.4 150.6 171.8 138.1 147.7 128.4 150.7 172.2 138.0 147.9 132.2 151.9 172.4 139.7 151.0 131.9 152.9 172.9 140.8 153.5 129.8 152.1 173.4 139.4 151.3 126.3 150.4 174.0 136.5 146.3 122.6 149.8 174.4 135.4 144.8 122.6 151.5 174.6 138.0 149.6 126.8 150.5 175.3 136.1 146.0 129.5 149.5 175.2 134.6 142.8 128.0 146.0 126.0 188.8 162.5 125.4 195.3 165.7 125.5 197.6 163.1 125.9 198.0 163.2 125.9 200.2 161.9 125.5 201.8 170.4 124.5 204.0 164.5 124.2 204.5 162.1 123.6 205.2 167.5 123.4 204.9 160.4 123.6 204.7 156.2 124.2 205.1 201.3 196.1 229.9 203.2 198.0 232.4 203.1 198.3 233.0 204.5 199.1 234.1 207.2 200.2 235.4 167.0 125.4 201.9 207.4 200.1 236.2 172.0 124.9 202.5 195.0 190.7 223.1 163.7 125.9 201.0 205.7 200.3 234.8 207.8 200.4 236.4 209.0 202.0 236.7 209.7 202.6 237.7 210.8 202.7 239.4 210.3 202.8 240.6 210.8 203.4 241.4 211.3 204.2 241.9 167.0 160.2 162.0 134.0 139.4 147.5 151.2 173.0 165.7 167.3 139.2 149.1 162.9 158.2 175.0 167.7 169.2 140.8 151.8 166.0 160.2 174.7 167.5 169.0 139.3 149.0 163.6 159.1 175.9 168.6 170.1 139.0 148.3 163.9 159.1 176.6 169.1 170.8 139.7 149.6 164.3 160..0 177.1 169.2 171.2 139.6 149.8 162.7 160.3 177.8 170.1 171.8 141.2 152.8 167.4 162.0 179.0 171.0 172.9 141.0 153.1 170.6 162.7 179.0 170.9 173.0 139.7 151.5 168.0 162.3 178.2 169.9 172.4 137.8 148.1 161.5 160.8 177.8 169.3 172.0 136.4 145.1 157.7 159.1 202.9 188.9 124.6 178.6 181.3 144.9 129.5 202.1 205.9 191.1 129.0 180.3 183.0 146.0 133.8 204.2 206.9 191.5 128.1 180.2 182.8 145.1 129.3 204.4 210.0 193.6 132.5 181.0 183.5 144.8 128.6 205.7 210.5 194.3 132.0 181.8 184.4 145.9 129.1 206.8 210.6 195.1 129.5 182.6 185.3 146.2 125.4 207.7 210.6 195.2 133.1 182.9 185.6 146.6 133.8 208.0 213.3 197.2 140.5 183.3 185.9 144.9 141.1 209.4 178.2 170.0 172.3 138.2 148.3 165.2 160.3 213.7 197.8 132.4 183.6 186.2 144.4 125.6 210.1 178.2 169.7 172.3 137.2 146.9 163.0 159.7 195.8 182.7 106.6 174.4 177.0 144.1 100.0 195.7 178.6 170.9 172.6 142.4 155.1 172.0 163.6 211.4 195.7 140.1 182.9 185.5 145.7 145.6 208.4 214.0 198.4 129.4 184.1 186.6 143.8 122.0 211.2 213.9 198.1 132.5 184.5 187.1 145.2 131.0 211.2 213.0 197.8 122.1 185.1 187.6 145.6 116.9 211.7 213.3 198.2 116.0 185.4 188.1 146.0 105.8 212.3 163.2 486.2 163.8 163.4 163.0 184.7 147.6 159.4 201.8 168.9 503.1 167.7 167.2 166.8 188.0 154.1 170.7 508.5 169.8 169.3 169.1 190.4 156.3 161.5 213.3 171.7 511.6 170.8 170.3 170.3 190.9 157.9 163.8 210.9 172.4 513.4 171.2 170.8 170.8 191.7 159.2 163.5 210.1 172.6 514.2 171.6 171.1 171.1 191.7 160.0 173.5 516.7 171.9 171.4 171.3 192.2 160.7 173.8 517.8 173.4 173.0 173.0 194.5 162.1 173.8 517.6 173.8 173.4 173.3 195.6 162.0 163.5 211.7 166.9 210.5 168.3 209.5 168.9 208.0 174.8 520.6 174.0 173.5 173.4 194.3 162.3 169.4 211.0 174.0 518.3 174.8 174.3 174.3 195.1 163.2 163.1 209.8 172.3 171.9 171.8 192.9 160.6 164.7 211.5 174.6 520.0 172.8 172.4 172.4 193.9 161.4 160.5 203.4 170.9 509.0 168.8 168.3 167.8 188.6 155.3 161.4 205.8 170.8 212.2 173.7 517.3 174.5 174.1 173.7 194.7 162.6 171.2 211.5 133.2 152.8 152.2 147.9 168.8 104.6 136.9 155.1 153.9 147.2 172.3 107.1 137.1 155.4 152.7 146.3 173.4 109.6 135.8 155.8 153.3 149.9 173.0 108.6 139.3 157.3 155.6 152.4 174.1 138.8 158.2 155.6 153.0 175.4 108.5 108.5 138.2 157.1 153.7 151.4 174.6 108.4 137.2 159.1 155.8 154.3 176.5 108.7 139.3 160.5 156.1 158.0 177.9 109.7 138.4 159.8 156.2 158.1 176.5 109.2 139.2 160.4 156.2 159.1 177.3 109.5 169.0 109.2 173.8 165.4 187 4 183.4 117.3 180.8 103.9 137.4 121.8 128.8 127.5 125.5 128.3 129.7 119.3 132.3 124.2 152.8 150.1 101.4 170.5 111.2 175.6 167.6 189.5 186.2 113.9 183.0 104.7 142.0 126.5 139.3 132.1 126.0 130.5 131.3 122.6 132.7 125.7 154.9 152.2 102.2 170.8 111.4 175.8 168.1 189.6 187.0 108.7 183.5 104.9 144.6 129.3 144.1 134.8 125.6 126.6 128.0 117.5 130.0 124.0 153.9 151.2 102.8 171.8 111.6 177.0 170.5 191.5 188.3 118.5 184.5 105.3 151.5 136.6 145.0 143/0 125.9 127.0 126.9 118.4 172.3 111.8 177.2 171.0 192.6 189.0 123.8 185.2 172.7 112.0 177.6 171.0 192.9 189.6 121.2 185.7 105.6 149.9 134.8 138.0 141.5 125.9 130.6 127.6 125.2 133.3 125.2 153.3 150.5 102.5 105.8 148.8 133.6 133.9 140.4 126.0 130.5 128.3 124.7 133.2 125.2 155.8 153.2 102.4 173.1 112.5 178.0 171.7 193.5 190.4 119.9 186.3 106.9 150.8 135.7 131.5 142.9 125.7 128.5 129.2 120.2 132.0 124.5 159.2 156.6 102.0 137.8 159.1 155.5 156.4 176.0 108.0 173.5 112.8 178.4 173.0 194.4 191.0 123.2 187.0 107.2 155.2 140.5 129.2 148.5 125.9 125.2 126.3 115.6 128.6 122.1 157.9 155.1 101.7 138.0 160.0 156.0 157.4 177.2 109.9 165.0 105.1 168.8 160.0 181.6 177.1 122.2 175.7 101.6 128.7 113.0 91.7 120.4 124.7 130.1 131.2 121.3 130.3 126.2 143.4 140.7 100.4 138.7 157.3 155.4 152.8 174.0 108.5 171.4 111.5 176.5 170.2 190.6 187.7 113.8 184.1 105.2 153.2 138.6 150.1 144.8 125.7 124.1 125.8 113.2 129.0 121.5 154.0 151.2 102.9 174.0 114.0 179.2 173.3 195.0 191.7 123.7 187.5 106.7 154.4 139.5 123.1 147.8 125.8 121.9 122.9 110.2 126.2 121.4 153.4 150.4 101.4 174.7 114.4 179.7 173.5 195.9 192.4 124.4 188.5 106.8 152.2 137.0 121.5 145.2 125.7 121.6 121.6 110.1 128.3 122.0 152.5 149.5 101.0 175.0 115.6 180.1 173.2 196.0 193.3 116.8 189.2 106.8 150.1 134.7 125.3 142.2 126.0 125.6 123.7 118.3 131.1 123.0 155.1 152.3 100.7 175.6 115.7 180.5 172.5 196.6 194.0 114.8 190.0 107.0 144.0 127.9 121.4 135.0 125.5 128.3 127.3 120.2 133.5 124.9 151.4 148.6 101.1 CONSUMER PRICE INDEX FOR URBAN W AGE EARNERS AND CLERICAL WORKERS All items......................................................................... All items (1 9 6 7 - 100)................................................. Food and beverages.................................................. Food.............................................................................. Food at home........................................................... Cereals and bakery products............................. Meats, poultry, fish, and eggs............................ Dairy and related products’ ................................ Fruits and vegetables........................................... Nonalcoholic beverages and beverage materials............................................................... Other foods at hom e............................................ Sugar and sweets.............................................. Fats and oils......................................................... Other foods.......................................................... Other miscellaneous foods1,2....................... Food away from home1.......................................... Other food away from home1,2......................... Alcoholic beverages................................................. Housing........................................................................ Shelter........................................................................ Rent of primary residence................................... Lodqinq away from home2.................................. Owners’ equivalent rent of primary residence3 Fuels and utilities................................................. Fuel oil and other fuels.................................... Gas (piped) and electricity............................. Household furnishings and operations............. Private transportation............................................. New and used motor vehicles2.......................... See footnotes at end of table. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 131.0 122.4 154.5 151.7 102.8 174.4 519.4 M onthly Labor R eview J a n u a ry 2002 138.7 159.7 154.7 155.1 177.8 110.8 175.8 115.8 180.8 172.8 197.2 194.9 111.8 190.9 107.1 142.8 126.7 118.5 133.7 125.6 127.2 127.3 118.0 134.3 124.2 149.2 146.4 101.7 93 C u rren t Labor S tatistics: Price Data 32. Continued—Consumer Price Indexes for All Urban Consumers and for Urban W age Earners and Clerical Workers: U.S. city average, by expenditure category and com m odity or service group [1 9 8 2 -8 4 = 100, u n le s s o th e rw is e in d ica te d ]_________________________________________________ Series Annual average 1999 2000 2000 Nov. 2001 Dec. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. New vehicles....................................................... 144.0 143.9 143.7 144.6 144.8 144.5 143.8 143.8 143.4 142.7 142.3 141.4 141.3 142.1 143.8 Used cars and trucks1........................................ Motor fuel................................................................ Gasoline (all types)............................................. Motor vehicle parts and equipm ent................... Motor vehicle maintenance and repair............. Public transportation................................................ Medical care................................................................. Medical care commodities...................................... Medical care services............................................. Professional services............................................ Hospital and related services............................. 153.3 100.8 100.2 100.0 173.3 193.1 249.7 226.8 254.9 230.8 295.5 101.3 100.5 157.1 129.5 128.8 100.9 178.8 203.4 160.7 133.2 132.4 101.8 181.4 203.2 161.6 127.7 126.9 102.3 181.5 203.7 263.8 236.5 270.1 242.3 320.9 102.6 100.3 103.7 161.1 124.1 123.4 104.0 183.3 204.2 269.1 240.2 275.7 247.0 328.3 103.0 101.0 104.4 160.9 134.0 133.3 103.5 183.4 202.7 269.9 241.0 276.5 247.8 329.1 103.7 101.2 160.2 147.4 146.7 103.6 184.1 203.5 270.4 241.7 277.0 248.0 330.6 103.7 101.1 104.1 160:0 142.1 141.1 103.6 184.4 209.5 271.5 243.2 278.0 248.7 332.0 103.5 100.7 104.5 159.3 124.9 124.2 104.3 185.0 209.5 272.0 243.6 278.5 249.0 333.5 103.7 101.1 104.9 159.0 122.0 121.3 104.1 185.6 207.7 273.4 244.1 280.2 249.9 337.0 103.9 101.0 '105.8 158.2 132.4 131.7 104.4 186.7 207.0 273.9 244.6 280.7 250.1 338.3 103.8 100.6 101.5 263.1 235.5 269.4 241.7 320.3 102.7 100.6 103.2 161.7 127.8 127.1 103.4 183.1 205.8 268.1 239.1 274.7 246.4 326.6 103.1 101.2 104.1 106.5 158.7 116.2 115.5 104.7 187.5 203.7 274.9 245.2 281.7 250.5 340.5 103.8 100.6 107.1 158.3 104.4 103.8 105.0 187.8 200.4 259.9 233.6 265.9 239.6 313.2 102.4 100.7 102.7 161.7 126.9 126.2 103.0 182.1 204.3 266.3 237.8 272.8 244.9 323.9 103.0 100.8 104.0 107.2 264.1 302.8 96.9 112.8 283.3 318.2 94.6 115.6 288.6 326.3 93.3 115.7 289.2 326.5 94.1 116.0 292.9 327.0 94.4 116.2 294.1 327.4 94.4 116.3 294.7 327.9 94.8 116.4 294.7 328.2 94.4 117.2 298.2 330.3 94.3 117.6 299.3 331.3 94.8 119.6 302.2 337.3 94.7 121.7 309.8 342.9 94.3 122.3 311.7 344.4 94.9 122.3 308.9 344.9 94.5 96.5 100.2 94.1 98.7 92.6" 97.6 93.6 98.6 93.8 99.0 93.7 98.9 94.1 99.5 93.8 99.2 116.7 294.5 329.1 94.0 93.4 98.8 93.6 99.2 94.0 99.7 94.0 99.8 93.6 99.4 94.2 100.1 93.8 99.7 31.6 26.8 25.1 24.6 24.0 23.8 23.3 22.8 22.4 22.2 22.0 21.5 21.2 21.0 20.8 53.1 261.9 356.2 40.5 276.5 395.2 34.3 281.5 404.6 168.1 155.7 182.1 257.0 31.1 288.2 424.8 169.4 156.0 183.9 260.0 29.9 286.8 419.8 169.3 153.8 184.7 260.7 29.4 287.9 421.6 169.9 155.4 184.8 261.6 170.6 155.9 185.4 263.2 27.4 290.0 425.6 170.9 155.5 185.9 264.9 26.6 295.5 444.7 168.5 155.7 182.4 258.4 31.8 283.5 408.5 169.0 155.9 182.8 258,3 28.7 293.8 441.9 165.5 154.2 178.6 251.9 35.9 279.2 396.9 167.7 155.8 181.7 255.3 33.4 283.2 409.2 161.3 152.5 171.7 243.1 36.7 282.3 411.3 167.1 154.2 181.1 255.1 171.4 156.1 186.1 265.6 26.1 292.4 430.9 171.9 156.1 186.5 266.8 25.5 297.3 448.3 172.3 156.1 187.4 267.5 144.7 163.8 133.2 138.1 130.1 149.8 167.7 139.0 149.1 128.3 151.4 168.8 140.8 152.1 130.5 150.6 169.8 139.1 148.6 126.6 150.8 170.8 138.8 148.1 124.1 151.4 171.2 139.5 149.4 127.0 151.4 171.6 139.3 149.3 130.6 152.8 171.9 141.2 153.1 130.5 153.9 172.3 142.6 156.2 128.5 153.0 172.8 141.1 153.6 125.2 151.2 173.4 138.0 148.2 121.9 150.5 173.8 136.9 146.5 121.6 152.5 174.0 139.8 152.0 125.6 151.2 174.8 137.4 147.4 128.3 150.1 174.5 135.9 144.2 127.2 147.2 126.0 185.3 165.3 125.8 191.6 168.8 126.2 194.0 165.5 126.6 194.5 166.0 126.6 196.6 164.4 126.2 197.8 170.5 126.0 198.0 176.3 125.5 198.7 182.5 195.0 228.1 182.6 195.2 228.9 183.6 196.0 229.9 185.5 197.2 231.2 185.8 197.2 231.9 186.3 197.6 232.2 167.3 124.8 200.6 187.8 199.5 233.6 164.8 124.3 201.2 188.7 199.8 235.1 171.4 124.1 201.1 188.7 200.1 235.9 158.2 124.8 201.4 180.5 192.9 225.9 174.1 125.2 200.1 187.2 198.9 232.6 162.7 124.3 201.0 174.9 187.9 219.6 166.5 126.6 197.2 184.4 197.2 230.6 189.3 200.9 236.8 189.9 202.3 237.2 163.1 158.1 159.2 134.6 140.0 148.4 151.3 174.1 179.5 106.1 171.1 173.1 144.3 100.3 192.6 169.1 163.8 164.7 140.4 150.7 165.4 158.9 180.1 185.4 124.8 175.1 177.1 145.4 129.7 198.7 171.3 165.7 166.6 142.2 153.6 168.8 161.0 182.8 187.7 129.0 176.8 179.0 146.7 133.8 200.8 170.9 165.5 166.4 140.6 150.3 165.8 159.7 183.7 188.3 127.6 176.8 178.7 145.8 128.9 201.1 171.9 166.5 167.4 140.3 149.9 166.3 159.9 186.6 190.3 131.8 177.4 179.3 145.5 128.5 202.2 172.5 167.0 168.0 141.0 151.1 166.8 160.8 186.9 190.8 131.3 178.2 180.1 146.2 129.1 203.1 172.8 167.0 168.2 140.8 151.1 164.9 160.9 187.0 191.4 128.6 178.8 180.9 146.8 125.1 204.0 173.8 168.0 169.1 142.7 154.7 170.5 163.0 187.0 191.6 132.9 179.2 181.3 147.3 134.2 204.4 174.7 169.1 170.0 144.1 157.6 175.9 164.8 187.8 192.3 140.6 179.2 181.2 146.4 146.6 204.8 174.9 169.0 170.2 142.6 155.3 173.9 163.8 189.6 193.6 140.3 179.5 181.4 145.6 141.5 205.7 173.9 167.8 169.4 139.6 150.1 167.7 161.2 189.9 194.2 131.3 179.8 181.7 145.4 125.0 206.3 173.7 167.5 169.3 138.5 148.5 165.4 160.5 190.1 194.7 128.6 180.1 181.9 144.6 122.1 207.3 174.9 168.8 170.3 141.3 153.8 171.5 163.5 189.9 194.6 132.6 180.7 182.6 146.0 132.1 207.6 173.8 167.6 169.5 139.0 149.4 163.5 161.5 189.0 194.4 121.2 181.3 183.2 146.3 116.7 208.3 173.4 166.9 169.1 137.6 146.4 159.5 159.7 189.3 194.8 114.8 181.8 183.8 146.9 105.5 209.0 Recreation2................................................................. Education and communication2.............................. Education2................................................................ Educational books and supplies...................... Tuition, other school fees, and child care...... Communication1,2.................................................. Information and information processing1,2.... Telephone services1,2..................................... Information and information processing other than telephone services1,4................ Personal computers and peripheral equipment ’ ............................................ Other goods and services......................................... Tobacco and smoking products........................... Personal care1......................................................... Personal care products1.................................... Personal care services1..................................... Miscellaneous personal services...................... Commodity and service group: Food and beverages............................................... Commodities less food and beverages.............. Nondurables less food and beverages............. A p p a re l................................................................. Nondurables less food, beverages, and apparel........................................................ Durables.................................................................. Services....................................................................... Rent of shelter3...................................................... T ra nspo rta tio n services...................................... Other services......................................................... Special indexes: All items less shelter............................................. All items less medical care................................... Commodities less food.......................................... Nondurables less food.......................................... Nondurables less food and apparel................... Nondurables............................................................ Services less rent of shelter3............................... Services less medical care services.................. Energy....................................................................... All items less energy............................................. All items less food and energy.......................... Commodities less food and energy................ Energy commodities....................................... Services less energy......................................... 4 Indexes on a December 1988 = 100 base. Dash indicates data not available. NOTE: Index applied to a month as a whole, not to any specific date. 1 Not seasonally adjusted. 2 Indexes on a December 1997 = 100 base. 3 Indexes on a December 1982 = 100 base. 94 M onthly Labor R eview https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 104.2 Jan u a ry 2002 275.6 245.6 282.6 250.9 342.7 104.0 100.7 106.9 33. C onsum er Price Index: U.S. city a v e ra g e a n d a v a ila b le lo cal a re a data: all items [1982-84 = 100, unless otherwise indicated]_______________________________________________________ Area Oct. U.S. city a verage...................................................................... Urban W age Earners All Urban Consumers 2001 2000 Nov. July Aug. Sept. 2000 Oct. Nov. Oct. 2001 Nov. July 174.0 174.1 177.5 177.5 178.3 177.7 177.4 181.2 182.1 108.8 170.1 171.5 108.8 181.5 182.4 108.9 170.3 171.7 185.1 186.5 110.5 173.0 174.8 185.1 186.5 110.4 174.6 176.1 185.0 185.0 186.1 110.9 172.5 174.2 110.3 166.8 171.5 172.3 109.8 170.1 181.9 184.1 110.0 166.3 171.0 172.2 109.4 169.9 182.5 184.6 112.1 168.9 182.3 184.3 112.0 168.8 172.7 172.7 107.9 168.6 172.8 172.7 111.2 111.6 168.8 172.2 173.2 110.2 169.7 182.5 184.7 111.7 186.3 110.6 172.6 174.5 110.0 166.9 171.7 173.1 109.7 108.9 109.1 177.8 111.0 170.6 170.9 173.8 178.0 178.4 178.0 108.4 166.4 178.3 108.6 166.8 167.2 181.8 182.1 110.1 168.4 Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. 173.8 174.8 174.0 181.7 181.9 182.4 109.9 170.8 171.3 111.8 167.1 170.3 170.9 110.0 181.8 181.8 182.0 110.2 168.4 169.4 109.7 164.9 169.8 170.7 109.4 110.8 170.8 177.6 178.1 111.4 170.8 177.8 178.0 111.8 181.9 110.5 168.2 169.1 109.8 164.1 169.0 169.6 109.0 169.9 M l.6 177.7 173.7 Region and area size2 Northeast urban............................................................................... 164.9 168.5 168.6 108.1 167.6 177.2 179.0 109.0 167.3 177.2 178.8 109.2 185.0 186.2 110.7 172.5 174.3 111.0 166.1 171.6 172.5 109.8 170.1 182.0 184.2 111.4 158.1 108.5 168.7 158.2 108.7 168.6 161.8 110.3 171.0 161.9 110.2 171.2 162.5 110.8 172.0 162.0 110.3 171.5 161.7 110.2 170.8 156.6 108.3 168.1 156.8 108.6 168.1 160.2 109.9 169.8 160.1 109.8 170.0 160.9 110.6 171.1 160.3 110.0 170.4 160.0 109.9 169.7 C h ica go -G a ry-K e n o sh a, IL—IN—W l........................................... Los A ng e les-R ive rsid e-O ran g e County, C A ........................... 175.4 173.8 176.0 173.5 177.7 178.3 178.1 178.4 179.7 178.8 178.1 178.3 177.4 178.1 169.8 166.9 170.4 166.6 171.7 171.3 172.0 171.1 173.7 171.5 171.9 171.0 171.2 170.7 New York, N Y -N orthern N J-L on g Island, N Y -N J -C T -P A .. 184.6 184.6 187.8 188.1 188.0 187.8 187.8 180.2 180.1 183.5 183.5 183.6 - 187.4 169.4 166.8 108.5 192.1 173.4 171.5 110.8 - - 192.7 - 186.2 161.6 166.6 108.4 191.3 164.9 171.6 110.6 - - 192.7 174.6 172.8 111.7 192.0 166.5 172.6 111.6 183.3 - 183.3 B osto n-B rockto n -N a sh u a, M A -N H -M E -C T ......................... C le veland-A kron, O H ..................................................................... D a lla s-F t W orth, T X ....................................................................... - - 176.9 175.1 158.6 173.5 - - 174.8 159.4 174.2 - - - - - 182.9 191.7 - - - 182.8 191.0 186.8 - 187.9 - Size A— More than 1,500,000................................................. Size B/C— 50,000 to 1,500,000s............................................ Size A— More than 1,500,000................................................. Size B/C— 50,000 to 1,500,000s............................................ Size D— Nonm etropolitan (less than 50,000)..................... South u rban...................................................................................... Size A— More than 1,500,000................................................. Size B/C— 50,000 to 1,500,000s............................................ Size D— Nonm etropolitan (less than 50,000)...................... W est urban....................................................................................... Size A— More than 1,500,000................................................. Size B/C— 50,000 to 1,500,000s............................................ 108.9 165.0 168.6 168.5 108.2 166.9 108.7 163.4 166.8 166.3 107.9 109.1 163.7 166.9 166.2 169.3 109.8 164.2 169.7 170.3 109.5 170.8 177.2 182.2 109.8 168.9 169.8 110.1 164.9 169.4 169.8 109.3 170.7 176.9 177.4 111.8 Size classes: A5..................................................................................................... B/C3................................................................................................ D ...................................................................................................... Selected local areas6 W ashinqton-B altim ore, D C -M D -V A -W V 7.............................. Atlanta, G A ........................................................................................ D etroit-A nn A rb o r-F lin t, M l.......................................................... H o uston-G alveston-B razoria, T X ............................................... M ia m i-F t. Lauderdale, F L ............................................................. P hiladelphia-W ilm ington-A tlantic City, P A -N J -D E -M D ...... San Francisco -O a klan d -S a n Jose, C A ................................... S eattle-T a co m a -B rem e rto n , W A ................................................ 171.9 171.9 157.1 169.6 177.9 183.4 182.1 - 1 Foods, fuels, and several other items priced every month in all areas; most other goods and services priced as indicated: M— Every month. 1— January, March, May, July, S eptem ber, and November. 2— February, April, June, August, O ctober, and December. 2 Regions defined as the four Census regions. - 172.3 171.5 110.9 176.7 - 169.6 166.5 155.4 167.1 177.2 179.3 177.5 - - 174.2 169.4 - - - - 157.0 170.9 182.2 186.7 - - 181.5 - 191.9 164.0 171.1 110.7 - 169.6 - _ 169.1 157.8 171.7 _ - _ - - 182.3 187.5 183.1 - _ - M O -K S ; M ilw aukee-R acine, W l; M inneapolis-St. Paul, M N -W I; Pittsburgh, PA; Portland-S alem , O R -W A ; St Louis, M O -IL; San Diego, CA; T a m p a-S t. Petersburg-C learw ater, FL. 7 Indexes on a Novem ber 1996 = 100 base. Dash indicates data not available. 3 Indexes on a Decem ber 1996 = 100 base. 4 The "North Central" region has been renam ed the "M idwest" region by the Census Bureau. It is com posed of th e same geographic entities. 5 Indexes on a Decem ber 1986 = 100 base. 6 In addition, the following m etropolitan areas are published semiannually and appear in tables 34 and 39 of the January and July issues of the c p i Detailed Report : Anchorage, AK; C incinnati-H am ilton, O H -K Y -IN ; D e nver-B oulder-G reeley, CO; Honolulu, HI; Kansas City, https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis NOTE: Local area CPI indexes are byproducts of the national CPI program . Each local index has a sm aller sam ple size and is, therefore, subject to substantially m ore sam pling and other m easurem ent error. As a result, local area indexes show greater volatility than the national index, although their long-term trends are sim ilar. Therefore, the Bureau of Labor Statistics strongly urges users to consider adopting the national average CPI for use in their O Rcalatnr rla iiR fiR InrlAY anniiAR tn a m o n th a s a w h n lo n n t to a n v R n a n ifir d a ta M onthly Labor R eview J a n u a ry 2002 95 C u rren t Labor S tatistics: 34. Price Data A n n u a l d a ta : C o n s u m e r Price In d e x , U.S. c ity a v e r a g e , all item s a n d m a jo r groups [1982-84 = 100] Series 1992 C o nsum e r Price Index fo r All U rban C onsum ers: A ll item s: In d e x..................................................................... P erce n t ch a n g e ................................................ Food and beverages: In d e x..................................................................... P erce n t ch a n g e ............................................................... H ousing: In d e x...................................................................... P erce n t ch a n g e .................................................................... A pparel: In d e x.............................................................................. P erce n t ch a n g e ................................................ T ra nspo rta tio n : In d e x................................................................. P erce n t ch a n g e ........................................................... M edical care: In d e x................................................................ P erce n t ch a n g e ........................................................... O th er g oods and services: In d e x.................................................................. P erce n t ch a n g e ................................................... C o nsum e r P rice Index fo r Urban W age E arners a nd C lerical W orkers: A ll item s: In d e x...................................................... P erce n t ch a n g e ...................................................... 96 M onthly Labor R eview https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 1993 1994 1995 140.3 3.0 144.5 3.0 148.2 2.6 152.4 2.8 138.7 1.4 141.6 2.1 144.9 2.3 148.9 2.8 137.5 2.9 141.2 2.7 144.8 2.5 131.9 2.5 133.7 1.4 126.5 2.2 1996 1997 I J o .y 1998 1999 2000 163.0 1.6 166.6 2.2 172.2 3.4 3.2 161.1 2.2 164.6 2.2 168.4 2.3 148.5 2.6 2.9 160.4 2.3 163.9 2.2 169.6 3.5 133.4 - .2 132.0 - 1 .0 - .2 133.0 .1 131.3 - 1 .3 129.6 - 1 .3 130.4 3.1 134.3 3.0 139.1 3.6 2.8 141.6 - 1 .9 144.4 2.0 153.3 6.2 190.1 7.4 2 01.4 5.9 211.0 4.8 220 .5 4.5 3.5 242.1 3.2 250.6 3.5 260.8 4.1 183.3 6.8 192.9 5.2 198.5 2.9 206 .9 4.2 5.7 258.3 8.7 271.1 5.0 138.2 2.9 142.1 2.8 145.6 2.5 2.9 159.7 1.3 163.2 2.2 168.9 3.5 J an u ary 2002 __ ___ Ä 2.9 2.3 35. Producer Price Indexes, by stage of processing [1982 = 100] Grouping Annual average 1999 Finished goods................................................. Finished consum er g oods............................ Finished consum er foods.......................... Finshed consum er goods excluding foods.......................................... Nondurable goods less food.................. Durable goods........................................... Capital equipm ent........................................ 2000 2000 2001 Nov. Dec. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. 133.0 132.0 135.1 138.0 138.2 137.2 140.0 140.5 138.2 139.7 140.1 137.9 141.2 141.9 138.4 141.5 142.5 139.5 141.0 141.9 140.9 141.7 142.7 141.6 142.5 143.8 141.8 142.1 143.3 141.9 140.7 141.5 141.2 141.1 142.0 142.6 141.7 142.9 142.9 139.6 139.9 141.8 138.4 138.4 140.5 130.5 127.9 133.0 137.6 138.4 138.7 133.9 138.8 141.3 142.1 135.4 139.9 140.8 141.5 135.3 139.9 143.3 144.9 135.2 140.2 143.6 145.9 134.2 139.7 142.1 143.8 134.1 139.7 142.9 144.9 134.2 140.0 144.5 147.3 133.8 139.7 143.7 146.5 133.2 139.6 141.4 143.1 133.2 139.8 141.6 143.5 133.0 139.5 142.7 145.1 133.2 139.4 139.0 139.2 134.4 139.8 137.3 136.8 134.5 139.9 123.2 129.2 130.5 130.6 131.5 131.3 130.8 130.6 131.2 131.4 130.3 129.8 130.1 127.6 126.7 124.6 128.0 118.9 133.3 127.5 126.5 128.1 119.8 133.5 128.0 126.1 128.6 120.4 135.0 127.2 126.4 128.8 120.3 136.1 127.0 126.2 128.9 122.3 135.8 126.7 126.4 128.7 122.3 135.2 126.0 126.6 128.6 124.6 134.2 126.9 126.4 128.3 125.7 133.4 126.5 126.4 127.5 126.1 131.9 125.3 126.2 126.9 128.1 130.1 124.6 126.2 126.6 127.5 129.9 124.2 125.9 125.9 126.1 128.7 123.4 125.9 125.2 123.9 127.4 150.7 150.1 108.8 153.0 138.0 149.9 108.3 153.0 138.1 149.6 111.4 153.0 138.9 150.0 109.9 153.0 138.5 150.2 106.9 152.8 138.7 150.4 105.9 153.2 139.0 151.6 108.1 153.9 139.0 151.7 154.1 138.8 151.0 106.8 153.6 138.8 151.0 106.0 153.2 138.7 150.8 108.4 153.0 138.6 150.4 97.4 152.4 138.3 150.3 94.7 152.2 138.3 Interm ediate m aterials, supplies, and com ponents........................ Materials and com ponents for m anufacturing........................................... M aterials for food m anufacturing.............. Materials for nondurable manufacturing.. Materials for durable m anufacturing........ Com ponents for m anufacturing.................. 124.9 125.1 125.7 128.1 119.2 132.6 129.0 126.2 M aterials and com ponents for construction............................................... Processed fuels and lubricants..................... C ontainers........................................................... S upplies.............................................................. 148.9 84.6 142.5 134.2 151.6 136.9 Crude m aterials for further processing....................................................... Foodstuffs and feedstuffs............................... Crude nonfood m aterials................................ 98.2 98.7 94.3 120.6 100.2 130.4 128.4 100.4 143.0 136.2 103.9 153.5 155.0 105.3 183.5 133.2 104.5 148.2 131.5 108.9 142.2 132.9 109.1 144.5 130.9 110.3 140.4 109.7 127.4 116.1 109.6 116.3 113.4 108.9 112.4 108.0 108.5 103.8 97.7 104.7 89.4 104.8 98.3 105.5 132.3 78.8 143.0 145.2 146.1 138.1 94.1 144.9 147.4 148.0 140.4 98.9 146.1 148.7 149.2 140.1 97.9 145.9 148.5 149.1 141.9 101.9 146.7 149.4 150.0 142.0 103.6 146.6 149.5 149.4 140.9 99.7 147.1 150.2 149.5 141.6 142.6 104.1 147.7 151.6 150.0 142.0 102.7 147.6 150.9 149.9 140.5 97.0 147.5 150.7 149.9 140.5 97.8 147.7 151.1 149.7 141.3 147.5 150.6 149.8 147.9 151.4 149.8 138.8 90.1 147.9 151.3 150.4 137.7 85.5 147.7 151.0 150.6 151.7 154.0 155.4 155.3 156.5 155.9 156.1 156.4 156.9 156.7 156.8 156.6 156.8 157.5 157.8 166.3 169.8 171.2 171.0 173.2 173.2 173.5 174.0 175.4 175.5 175.5 175.3 175.6 175.8 176.4 123.9 131.5 111.7 107.6 135.2 131.5 113.5 107.9 135.3 132.4 115.1 110.9 135.8 132.3 113.6 109.5 135.8 131.7 114.1 106.4 136.0 131.6 114.0 105.5 136.0 132.1 114.9 107.6 136.1 132.3 116.3 109.7 135.9 131.0 117.1 106.3 135.3 130.4 119.4 105.6 134.9 130.7 118.7 107.9 134.7 128.2 117.3 97.1 134.2 127.3 115.5 94.3 133.7 Special groupings: Finished goods, excluding foods.................. Finished energy goods.................................... Finished goods less energy.......................... Finished consum er goods less energy....... Finished goods less food and energy........ Finished consum er goods less food and energy....................................................... Consum er nondurable goods less food and energy..................................................... 120.8 102.0 101.2 110.2 122.8 100.1 122.8 125.9 Interm ediate m aterials less foods and feeds.......................................................... Interm ediate foods and feeds........................ Interm ediate energy goods............................ Interm ediate goods less energy................... Interm ediate m aterials less foods and energy....................................................... 84.3 131.7 130.1 111.7 101.7 135.0 133.1 136.6 136.8 136.8 137.1 137.3 137.4 137.4 137.5 137.2 136.5 136.0 135.8 135.3 134.9 C rude energy m aterials................................... Crude m aterials less energy.......................... Crude nonfood m aterials less energy......... 78.5 107.9 135.2 122.1 140.9 109.9 137.8 154.7 112.4 137.5 193.4 113.7 138.7 148.3 112.4 136.1 141.0 115.2 134.6 145.2 114.3 130.8 139.8 115.3 130.9 123.1 114.8 130.6 109.0 114.3 129.4 104.2 113.6 128.4 93.1 113.3 128.5 75.2 109.8 125.8 96.5 104.8 124.5 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 111.1 111.7 145.2 M onthly Labor R eview J an u a ry 2002 97 C u rren t Labor S tatistics: 36. Price D ata Producer Price Indexes for the net output of m ajor industry groups [December 1984 = 100, unless otherwise indicated] Annual average Industry S IC - 10 12 13 14 1999 T o ta l m in in g in d u s trie s ......................................... Coal mining (12/85 = 100).................................. Oil and gas extraction (12/85 = 100)............... Mining and quarrying of nonmetallic minerals, except fuels........................................ 78.0 70.3 87.3 78.5 2000 113.5 73.8 84.8 126.8 2000 2001 Nov. Dec. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. 128.9 73.3 84.1 147.7 139.6 73 5 84.8 162.0 170.8 73 5 83.6 204.4 138.2 72 4 90.8 159.4 130.7 73 1 90.3 149.3 132.2 7n n 90.6 151.5 127.5 115.5 103.4 100.4 92.6 78.8 93.2 92.2 144.9 87.7 129.6 90.9 112.9 89.9 109.4 92.5 98.3 92.7 79.7 95.5 98.8 134.0 137.0 138.0 138.2 139.3 140.1 140.8 140.8 140.7 141.8 141.6 141.2 141.4 141.9 141.8 T otal m a n u fa ctu rin g in d u s trie s .......................... Food and kindred products................................. Tobacco manufactures........................................ Textile mill products.............................................. Apparel and other finished products made from fabrics and sim ilar materials....... Lumber and wood products, except furniture................................................... Furniture and fixtures........................................... Paper and allied products................................... 128.3 126.3 325.7 116.3 133.5 128.5 345.8 116.7 134.9 128.8 351.6 117.0 134.4 129.6 351.8 117.5 134.7 130.1 372.4 117.4 134.7 130.4 372.4 117.9 134.6 131.7 372.3 117.0 135.4 132.5 372.1 117.0 136.3 133.2 391.2 117.1 136.0 133.8 391.7 117.2 134.6 133.9 391.1 116.9 134.8 134.7 391.0 116.6 135.6 134.7 391.1 116.5 133.6 133.9 391.1 116.2 132.8 132.4 398.3 116.2 125.3 125.7 125.7 125.9 125.7 125.7 125.7 125.9 125.8 125.7 125.9 126.1 125.9 125.9 125.9 161.8 141.3 136.4 158.1 143.3 145.8 154.5 143.8 147.5 154.2 143.8 147.0 153.2 144.2 147.4 153.8 144.3 147.0 154.5 144.8 147.0 154.7 144.7 147.0 160.5 144.9 146.9 161.3 145.2 146.8 158.2 145.3 146.4 157.5 145.2 145.4 156.9 145.3 145.5 154.3 145.8 145.1 153.8 145.8 144.4 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 Printing, publishing, and allied industries........ Chemicals and allied products........................... Petroleum refining and related products......... Rubber and m iscellaneous plastics products. Leather and leather products............................. Stone, clay, glass, and concrete products...... Primary metal industries..................................... Fabricated metal products, except m achinery and transportation equipm ent................................. 177.6 149.7 76.8 182.9 156.7 185.0 158.3 121.9 126.5 138.8 134.3 119.0 185.1 159.0 114.4 124.8 138.9 134.1 119.2 186.8 160.4 112.5 126.0 139.1 134.4 118.5 187.2 161.6 126.1 140.6 135.0 118.0 187.6 161.9 107.3 126.8 140.9 135.4 117.4 188.4 161.4 114.1 127.4 142.8 135.6 116.8 188.8 160.4 120.9 126.6 142.9 136.0 116.9 188.4 160.0 116.9 126.4 142.6 135.7 116.5 188.6 158.8 103.8 126.5 141.9 135.9 116.1 188.9 156.3 106.8 126.0 142.1 135.9 115.8 188.8 156.4 1154 125.2 141.3 136.4 115.2 189.2 156.0 93.8 125.6 141.0 136.7 114.7 189.6 155.4 87.2 125.3 140.2 137.1 114.3 129.1 130.3 130.5 130.5 130.6 130.7 130.8 131.2 131.1 131.1 131.1 131.1 131.1 131.0 131.0 35 36 Machinery, except electrical.............................. Electrical and electronic machinery, equipment, and supplies................................... Transportation....................................................... Measuring and controlling instruments; photographic, medical, and optical goods; w atches and clocks.............................. Miscellaneous manufacturing industries industries (12/85 - 100).................................... 117.3 117.5 117.7 117.7 117.7 117.8 117.8 118.0 118.0 118.1 118.1 118.0 117.8 117.7 117.8 109.5 134.5 108.3 136.8 107.9 138.6 107.7 138.4 107.7 138.7 107.6 137.6 107.5 137.9 107.5 138.1 107.4 137.4 107.3 137.1 106.9 137.3 106.4 137.2 106.4 137.2 106.5 138.5 106.6 138.5 - 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 37 38 39 122.2 136.5 132.6 115.8 112.8 124.6 137.9 134.6 119.8 112.0 125.7 126.2 121.8 126.4 126.9 127.1 126.9 126.9 127.3 127.4 127.2 127.4 127.5 127.1 127.6 130.3 130.9 131.2 131.3 131.7 131.9 132.3 132.2 132.5 132.5 132.7 132.3 132.6 132.6 132.1 114.8 135.3 113.0 130.8 98.3 119.4 135.2 121.8 121.5 135.2 126.1 154.2 102.7 121.9 141.3 125.8 154.7 109.1 122.5 141.3 127.8 154.0 109.1 122.6 122.7 141.3 125.9 155.4 108.9 123.0 141.3 125.6 156.4 109.0 123.2 141.3 130.3 156.6 109.0 123.3 145.4 131.8 157.6 110.9 123.4 145.4 132.0 159.1 123.6 145.4 140.9 158.6 111.3 123.8 145.4 134.0 159.8 111.5 124.0 145.4 131.2 158.5 111.3 S e rvice in d u s trie s : 42 43 44 45 46 98 Motor freight transportation and warehousing (06/93 - 100)....................... U.S. Postal Service (06/89 = 100)..................... W ater transportation (12/92 = 100).................... Transportation by air (12/92 = 100)................... Pipelines, except natural qas (12/92 = 100).... M onthly Labor R eview https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 122.6 147.7 102.3 J an u a ry 2002 135.2 124.2 152.7 102.7 141.3 126.8 155.4 108.9 111.2 3 7. A n n u a l d a ta : P ro d u cer Price In d e x e s , b y s ta g e o f processing [1982 = 100] Index 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1999 1998 2000 Finished goods 123.2 123.3 77.8 134.2 124.7 125.7 78.0 135.8 125.5 126.8 77.0 137.1 127.9 129.0 78.1 140.0 131.3 133.6 83.2 142.0 131.8 134.5 83.4 142.4 130.7 134.3 75.1 143.7 133.0 135.1 78.8 146.1 138.0 137.2 94.1 148.0 114.7 113.9 84.3 118.5 118.5 83.0 127.1 124.9 119.5 84.1 135.2 125.7 125.3 89.8 134.0 125.6 123.2 89.0 134.2 123.0 123.2 80.8 133.5 123.2 122.0 116.2 115.6 84.6 123.8 129.2 119.2 101.7 136.6 100.4 105.1 78.8 94.2 102.4 108.4 76.7 94.1 101.8 102.7 105.8 69.4 105.8 113.8 121.5 85.0 105.7 111.1 112.2 96.8 103.9 87.3 103.5 84.5 98.2 98.7 78.5 91.1 Intermediate materials, supplies, and components Crude materials for further processing O th e r............................................................................................ https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 106.5 72.1 97.0 M onthly Labor R eview 68.6 120.8 84.3 133.1 120.6 100.2 122.1 118.0 J a n u a ry 2002 99 C u rren t Labor S tatistics: 38. Price Data U.S. export price indexes by Standard International Trade Classification [1995 = 100] SITC Rev. 3 2000 Industry 2001 Nov. Dec. Jan. Feb. Food and live anim als................................................................ Meat and meat preparations.................................................. 04 C ereals and cereal preparations........................................... Vegetables, fruit, and nuts, prepared fresh or dry............ 05 88.5 107.6 74.0 89.8 88.7 105.9 75.8 88.9 89.8 105.4 78.8 86.9 107.1 76.4 2 21 22 82.2 102.1 72.2 90.6 76.2 82.6 103.3 85.0 85.9 85.9 73.2 90.6 74.7 162.1 93.1 193.4 59.0 0 01 24 25 26 27 28 Crude m aterials, inedible, except fuels............................... Hides, skins, and furskins, raw .............................................. O ilseeds and oleaginous fruits............................................... Cork and w ood........................................................................... Pulp and waste paper............................................................... Textile fibers and their w aste................................................. Crude fertilizers and crude m inerals.................................... Metalliferous ores and metal scrap...................................... 3 M ineral fuels, lubricants, and related products.............. 32 Coal, coke, and briquettes...................................................... Petroleum, petroleum products, and related materials.... 33 79.3 86.5 88.6 4 Mar. Apr. 109.8 74.7 89.5 110.8 86.2 89.1 107.1 77.2 87.8 82.0 105.6 83.9 85.2 85.8 70.4 90.9 74.1 80.9 106.5 78.1 84.3 83.6 70.6 90.9 74.7 79.7 107.5 79.0 83.5 82.3 67.6 89.9 72.5 78.4 119.2 75.0 81.6 80.6 64.8 89.4 73.0 77.5 123.2 76.0 80.9 75.2 64.1 89.2 72.2 157.4 93.0 183.6 157.5 93.1 181.1 159.5 93.1 185.2 152.4 93.6 172.4 156.0 58.7 61.0 60.8 60.6 92.9 99.6 103.2 91.5 96.5 98.5 88.6 88.6 May June 87.9 87.8 110.7 73.5 88.4 74.7 87.4 138.8 178.4 153.7 102.5 180.0 61.6 65.0 67.1 69.1 77.9 77.9 93.4 99.4 103.4 92.7 96.7 98.5 92.8 99.7 103.0 91.2 96.8 98.6 91.6 99.6 102.9 89.9 96.1 98.3 91.0 99.7 102.9 89.1 96.5 98.5 89.8 100.4 102.3 86.5 97.1 98.0 99.9 104.0 99.7 104.1 99.3 104.8 87.6 106.6 85.0 107.0 98.5 100.2 101.0 100.6 104.4 104.3 100.4 104.7 100.1 103.8 89.6 105.9 103.4 89.1 105.6 104.9 88.6 106.2 109.1 88.4 106.2 108.1 87.8 106.0 106.5 87.7 106.5 103.1 101.6 87.0 107.0 99.5 97.4 113.7 106.5 97.4 113.7 106.6 97.5 115.2 106.8 97.6 115.2 107.1 97.9 14.7 106.8 97.8 115.0 106.7 97.8 115.0 106.7 97.6 115.0 106.6 108.4 67.8 108.5 67.6 108.6 67.1 108.8 67.1 109.2 109.5 66.7 109.5 ' 66.2 Road vehicles............................................................................ 96.5 85.3 103.9 96.3 85.4 104.0 96.5 85.2 104.1 96.4 85.2 104.1 96.4 85.2 104.1 96.5 84.8 104.1 87 Professional, scientific, and controlling instrum ents and apparatu s................................................... 106.9 106.6 107.0 107.0 107.0 106.8 J an u ary 2002 71.7 88.9 74.5 77.3 70.9 56.8 91.4 63.8 68.0 100.4 M onthly Labor R eview Digitized for 100 FRASER https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 72.3 88.3 75.0 77.9 71.0 58.5 91.1 64.9 145.1 101.7 165.4 100.5 104.1 77 78 87.7 103.5 75.3 89.6 144.0 100.7 162.8 103.2 90.0 98.3 99.9 7 M achinery and transport equipm ent.................................... Power generating machinery and equipm ent................... 71 72 M achinery specialized for particular industries................. 74 G eneral industrial m achines and parts, n.e.s., and m achine parts.................................................................. C om puter equipm ent and office m achines........................ 75 Telecom m unications and sound recording and 76 89.2 112.5 74.4 91.5 153.6 100.7 177.0 103.3 91.2 98.3 99.1 66 68 89.8 112.5 76.2 90.4 159.0 100.4 184.4 93.1 99.7 103.4 90.5 96.6 98.4 Rubber manufactures, n.e.s................................................... Paper, paperboard, and articles of paper, pulp, and paperboard....................................................................... Nonm etallic mineral manufactures, n .e.s............................ N onferrous m etals..................................................................... 74.8 91.8 Nov. 79.9 80.6 73.6 63.0 89.4 71.7 93.0 M anufactured goods classified chiefly by m aterials..... 89.2 111.0 Oct. 74.4 94.5 82.7 78.3 70.6 60.8 91.1 67.1 100.1 6 Sept. 75.7 90.3 87.2 80.7 69.9 61.8 90.5 94.0 62 64 88.5 ‘ 110.4 73.2 91.2 Aug. 76.8 104.3 85.7 81.1 71.4 62.6 90.4 69.2 77.0 111.0 100.2 5 Chem icals and related products, n.e.s................................ 54 Medicinal and pharm aceutical products.............................. Essential oils; polishing and cleaning preparations......... 55 57 Plastics in prim ary fo rm s ........................................................ Plastics in nonprimary form s.................................................. 58 59 Chem ical m aterials and products, n .e.s.............................. July 66.8 104.0 89.0 88.8 131.3 102.6 102.6 153.3 140.4 74.1 75.0 88.7 88.5 101.3 102.3 84.0 96.3 98.4 101.1 102.2 101.0 102.1 84.6 95.1 98.0 84.1 95.0 98.1 98.5 98.4 105.3 105.3 97.5 105.3 96.8 105.2 85.0 107.2 94.5 85.4 107.3 91.6 85.1 107.3 88.3 84.9 107.6 83.1 97.5 115.1 105.9 97.4 115.5 105.8 97.3 115.7 105.9 97.0 115.8 106.9 97.0 117.0 106.9 109.6 65.5 110.1 110.1 110.1 110.0 110.1 65.3 64.8 64.7 64.6 64.3 96.5 84.8 104.1 96.5 84.5 104.1 96.5 84.0 104.1 95.4 84.0 104.1 95.2 83.8 104.1 94.7 82.2 104.2 94.7 82.2 104.1 106.9 107.1 106.9 106.9 107.1 107.1 107.1 101.0 102.2 85.3 96.0 98.0 39. U.S. im port price indexes by Standard International Trade Classification [1995= 100] SITC Industry Rev. 3 0 01 Food and live anim als............................................................... Meat and meat preparations................................................. Fish and crustaceans, mollusks, and other 03 aquatic invertebrates............................................................ 05 Vegetables, fruit, and nuts, prepared fresh or d ry............ 07 Coffee, tea, cocoa, spices, and manufactures thereof...................................................................................... 1 11 Beverages.................................................................................. 2 Crude materials, inedible, except fuels............................. 2001 2000 Nov. Dec. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. 90.8 90.2 95.7 92.4 97.3 92.8 95.5 91.3 96.1 93.0 100.4 109.3 96.8 109.1 104.5 107.4 106.1 105.6 101.7 102.2 100.1 109.5 102.3 102.6 July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. May June 89.8 104.4 88.5 104.3 87.7 107.4 87.5 107.0 87.7 111.5 112.8 87.5 116.0 99.7 100.5 98.8 97.1 95.6 97.8 95.3 97.7 94.8 97.9 92.9 98.5 90.0 101.3 87.4 51.9 50.8 50.5 51.1 51.1 52.1 50.8 49.8 47.2 45.8 46.5 44.9 44.9 113.3 110.7 113.2 113.2 110.5 113.3 113.0 110.4 113.2 110.7 114.8 112.5 114.4 114.4 114.9 114.9 112.2 112.2 112.2 115.5 112.4 93.7 132.7 68.3 95.4 98.6 87.9 117.6 65.5 95.9 85.7 87.3 119.0 . 62.2 94.6 112.2 88.0 115.5 112.4 86.2 83.6 106.9 61.2 91.4 98.9 153.5 149.4 143.3 141.3 170.0 110.6 110.8 87.5 95.6 84.3 86.1 86.6 100.8 102.0 88.9 97.6 82.9 100.9 115.3 97.5 80.4 98.1 97.7 102.9 76.8 98.1 91.8 89.5 114.1 72.5 97.0 100.7 Crude animal and vegetable materials, n.e.s.................... 99.1 88.5 101.7 83.4 98.8 97.1 3 33 34 Petroleum, petroleum products, and related materials... Gas, natural and m anufactured........................................... 188.4 183.3 249.3 180.2 163.9 331.8 177.1 152.0 401.0 169.9 153.9 316.9 154.1 144.7 244.5 153.1 143.5 244.4 158.2 150.6 233.5 5 52 53 54 55 57 58 59 Inorganic chem icals................................................................. Dying, tanning, and coloring m aterials................................ Medicinal and pharmaceutical products............................. Essential oils; polishing and cleaning preparations......... Plastics in primary form s........................................................ Plastics in nonprimary form s................................................. Chemical materials and products, n.e.s............................. 94.7 93.7 86.9 95.7 87.2 95.9 79.5 100.4 • 95.0 94.2 86.9 95.7 86.9 95.8 78.6 95.8 98.5 95.1 87.1 95.5 80.3 96.3 98.9 89.6 94.9 96.6 97.9 89.1 94.6 96.3 95.0 88.4 94.0 88.6 88.1 95.5 84.5 100.6 101.8 101.6 95.8 84.4 101.9 95.8 83.2 101.4 95.7 92.4 87.9 93.8 87.7 95.7 83.1 100.5 93.8 87.4 96.8 82.1 100.3 93.6 90.8 86.5 96.0 87.1 96.8 80.7 99.6 97.2 91.5 97.3 91.8 98.2 91.8 98.7 91.9 97.3 91.8 96.3 91.6 95.5 91.5 95.3 91.2 94.1 91.0 92.4 90.9 92.2 90.9 91.2 90.7 89.9 90.1 92.8 100.5 116.4 94.9 93.7 100.3 110.9 95.7 92.8 100.3 107.0 95.7 100.0 100.0 91.0 101.7 94.9 89.4 99.8 92.9 94.9 88.8 106.1 95.6 99.9 91.6 95.0 88.3 98.2 87.6 95.3 87.3 97.9 82.4 95.2 24 25 28 29 Cork and w ood.......................................................................... Pulp and waste paper............................................................. 87.7 97.7 83.4 100.1 6 Manufactured goods classified chiefly by m aterials..... Rubber manufactures, n.e.s.................................................. Paper, paperboard, and articles of paper, pulp, and paperboard..................................................................... 66 Nonmetallic mineral manufactures, n.e.s........................... 68 Nonferrous metals.................................................................... 69 M anufactures of metals, n.e.s............................................... 62 64 88.8 88.2 200.0 94.7 91.5 86.1 114.3 60.3 93.1 99.1 145.3 144.1 166.1 145.6 145.3 159.8 122.6 122.1 92.7 89.5 94.3 87.1 95.2 80.7 99.5 92.6 89.7 84.5 94.1 88.5 94.4 79.6 99.4 93.1 90.8 85.2 94.6 88.7 94.5 81.4 99.6 92.2 90.4 84.9 94.4 86.6 134.4 112.1 107.5 155.2 88.6 94.5 81.0 99.1 92.2 100.2 100.2 92.1 100.7 114.3 94.9 114.4 95.0 121.0 95.3 92.6 100.5 124.0 95.0 89.1 95.4 89.0 95.3 88.9 95.9 88.8 88.8 88.1 96.3 88.4 96.0 88.2 96.6 95.8 95.7 87.9 95.1 87.8 95.2 87.7 95.7 87.7 95.8 87.6 95.6 95.3 58.8 95.4 58.7 95.9 58.3 95.9 57.8 95.6 57.5 95.1 56.5 94.7 56.4 94.6 56.2 94.4 55.3 92.4 55.1 94.4 54.1 95.1 53.5 94.5 53.3 Electrical machinery and equipm ent................................... Road vehicles........................................................................... 83.7 82.5 102.9 83.6 82.2 102.9 83.0 82.1 102.9 82.1 82.1 82.0 82.0 102.4 82.0 81.7 85 Footwear.................................................................................... 100.7 100.6 88 Photographic apparatus, equipment, and supplies, and optical goods, n.e.s...................................................... 91.0 90.7 7 Machinery and transport equipm ent................................... 72 M achinery specialized for particular industries................ 74 General industrial machines and parts, n.e.s., and machine parts................................................................ 75 Computer equipment and office machines....................... 76 Telecom m unications and sound recording and 77 78 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 91.9 82.8 81.8 101.0 102.8 101.2 91.2 91.3 82.8 82.5 102.8 101.5 102.6 101.1 91.4 90.6 91.9 86.0 121.9 60.6 94.3 88.9 82.1 81.8 102.4 81.9 81.6 102.4 81.7 81.5 102.7 81.4 81.6 103.0 81.3 81.5 102.9 101.0 102.6 100.8 100.9 101.2 101.1 100.6 100.7 90.6 90.3 89.7 89.7 90.0 90.4 90.3 M onthly Labor R eview J a n u a ry 2002 101 C u rren t Labor S tatistics: Price D ata 40. U.S. e x p o rt p ric e in d e x e s b y e n d -u s e c a te g o ry [1995 = 100]________________________________________________ 2000 C ategory Nov. 2001 Aug. Sept. 96.5 96.3 96.5 96.5 96.2 96.1 95.9 95.6 95.3 95.1 95.2 94.5 94.1 Foods, feeds, and b e v e ra g e s ............................................. A gricu ltu ral foods, feeds, a nd b e v e ra g e s................... N ona g ricultura l (fish, b everages) food p ro d u cts ...... 86.7 85.7 98.2 87.4 86.7 96.3 88.2 86.6 86.6 86.2 86.8 85.7 97.0 85.9 95.3 85.9 91.0 86.5 90.9 87.9 87.5 93.1 88.7 87.3 98.6 87.3 86.4 97.6 87.4 87.3 90.2 86.2 86.1 88.5 88.7 88.5 91.2 Industrial supplies and m a te ria ls....................................... 95.8 95.0 95.0 94.9 93.9 93.8 93.1 92.3 90.8 90.0 90.5 88.8 87.7 A gricu ltu ral Industrial supplies and m a te ria ls............ 82.0 82.9 82.4 82.6 80.7 80.7 81.0 78.8 78.1 77.1 76.8 74.4 73.0 Fuels a nd lu b rica n ts ........................................................... N ona g ricultura l supplies and m aterials, exclu din g fuel and b uilding m a te ria ls......................... S ele cted build ing m a te ria ls............................................. 150.7 146.2 145.2 147.1 139.8 144.8 147.7 143.2 135.0 136.0 143.8 129.6 122.6 90.7 89.0 90.1 89.0 90.4 90.1 89.2 88.2 88.0 85.7 88.8 89.8 87.4 85.5 85.7 85.2 85.3 84.6 85.6 C a pital g o o d s ........................................................................... E lectric and electrical g e n e rating e q u ip m e n t............ N one le ctrica l m a ch ine ry................................................... 96.2 99.6 91.5 96.3 99.7 91.5 96.4 100.0 91.5 96.5 100.5 91.5 95.8 100.7 89.9 A utom o tive ve hicles, parts, a nd e n g in e s ....................... 104.4 104.4 104.6 104.5 C o nsum e r g oods, e xcluding a u to m o tiv e ........................ 102.0 102.0 101.1 102.1 102.0 102.0 D urables, m a nu factu re d .................................................. 102.2 102.2 101.2 A gricu ltu ral co m m o d itie s...................................................... N ona g ricultura l co m m o d itie s............................................. 84.7 97.8 85.7 97.5 J an u ary 2002 Jan. 101.3 86.1 97.7 Feb. M ar. A L L C O M M O D IT IE S ................................................................. M onthly Labor R eview 102 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Dec. Apr. M ay June July 88.8 Oct. Nov. 89.3 86.8 86.3 87.6 87.0 86.4 87.2 96.6 100.9 91.1 96.4 100.9 90.9 96.3 100.9 90.7 96.1 96.1 100.8 100.8 915.0 96.6 100.5 91.3 90.4 90.4 95.7 100.7 90.0 104.6 104.7 104.7 104.7 104.7 104.7 104.7 104.8 104.7 101.8 101.2 101.7 102.1 102.0 102.1 101.4 101.4 101.5 101.5 101.7 101.3 101.2 101.0 101.8 101.0 101.3 101.2 101.2 101.7 101.3 101.7 101.5 101.5 101.9 101.3 101.5 101.8 101.8 84.9 97.7 85.1 97.5 84.7 97.4 84.7 97.1 84.8 96.9 85.5 96.4 86.4 96.1 84.6 95.7 83.4 95.3 96.7 100.1 86.8 86.1 96.3 4 1 . U.S. im p o rt p ric e in d e x e s b y e n d -u s e c a te g o ry [1995 = 100]______________________________________________ 2000 C ategory 2001 Nov. Dec. Jan. Feb. Mar. A LL C O M M O D IT IE S ................................................................. 100.6 100.0 100.0 99.3 97.8 97.2 97.5 97.1 95.6 95.4 95.5 93.2 91.9 Foods, feeds, a nd b e v e ra g e s............................................ A gricultural foods, feeds, and b ev e ra g e s................... N ona g ricultura l (fish, beverages) food p ro d u cts...... 89.4 81.9 109.5 91.0 84.2 109.1 90.8 84.3 107.9 89.8 83.4 106.7 90.6 85.6 103.9 88.9 83.8 102.4 88.7 83.5 86.5 81.9 98.6 86.6 87.1 82.9 98.1 86.6 102.1 87.6 82.2 101.4 87.1 84.3 94.3 Industrial sup plie s a nd m a te ria ls....................................... 126.9 124.5 124.4 122.3 116.1 115.4 116.7 115.6 110.5 110.1 110.1 101.9 97.3 Fuels and lu b rica n ts............................................................ P etroleum and p etroleum p ro d u cts.......................... 186.8 183.6 178.7 165.6 176.7 155.7 169.3 156.1 153.3 145.9 152.3 144.2 157.4 151.0 153.1 149.5 142.8 141.4 144.8 144.0 145.1 144.9 122.7 122.7 112.4 108.7 P aper and p a p e r base sto c ks........................................ M aterials a ssociated w ith nondurable sup plie s and m a te ria ls.................................................... S ele cted b uilding m a te ria ls.............................................. U nfinished m etals asso cia te d w ith dura b le goo d s.. N onm etals asso cia te d w ith dura b le g o o d s................ 90.6 91.0 91.0 91.2 90.8 91.1 89.0 87.1 85.3 82.8 81.7 81.0 80.3 92.6 97.2 104.1 87.1 93.3 99.1 103.7 87.2 94.1 95.3 107.2 87.8 94.3 96.0 108.7 88.7 94.4 96.2 103.8 93.9 98.3 93.1 104.8 98.2 92.1 116.3 97.6 88.0 90.0 107.7 91.2 87.6 89.9 108.6 90.9 87.8 90.0 104.6 87.4 100.7 85.8 86.5 C a pital g o o d s........................................................................... E lectric and electrical gen e rating e q u ip m e n t............ N o nelectrical m a ch in e ry.................................................. 80.1 93.1 76.3 80.0 93.1 76.1 79.9 93.1 76.0 79.7 92.9 75.8 68,7 95.2 75.6 79.2 94.7 75.0 88.2 68,1 90.5 107.9 95.3 87.5 94.9 74.8 79.0 94.9 74.7 78.7 94.7 74.3 78.6 94.4 74.1 78.3 94.6 73.8 78.2 94.7 73.7 78.1 94.4 73.6 A utom o tive ve hicles, parts, and e n g in e s........................ 102.7 102.7 102.7 102.6 102.6 102.5 102.3 102.3 102.2 102.1 102.4 102.6 102.5 C o nsum e r goo d s, e xcluding a u to m o tiv e ........................ N ondurables, m a n u fa ctu re d ........................................... D urables, m a n u fa ctu re d .................................................. N onm a n u fa ctu re d co n su m er g o o d s ............................. 96.5 99.8 92.8 99.1 96.4 99.6 92.8 98.8 96.6 92.9 92.9 99.5 96.6 99.8 92.8 101.5 96.6 96.4 96.4 100.0 100.0 92.8 99.1 92.5 98.0 92.3 99.4 96.1 99.9 91.9 97.4 96.1 100.1 96.2 99.8 92.1 99.0 96.0 99.6 92.1 97.7 95.8 99.6 91.8 95.7 95.7 99.6 91.7 95.5 88.8 A pr. 101.1 88.5 M ay June July Aug. Sept. 82.1 98.4 100.0 92.0 97.2 Oct. 82.8 96.6 88.8 Nov. 88.8 4 2. U.S. in tern atio n al p ric e In d e x e s for s e le c te d c a te g o rie s of services [1995= 100] 1999 C ategory Sept. 2000 Dec. Mar. A ir fre igh t (inb o u nd )................................................................... A ir fre ig h t (ou tbo u nd )................................................................ 87.9 92.7 90.7 91.7 A ir passe ng e r fa re s (U.S. c a rrie rs)...................................... 114.2 108.6 148.0 139.4 136.3 O cean liner fre ig h t (inb o u nd )................................................. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis June 2001 Sept. Dec. Mar. June Sept. 88.9 91.7 88.4 92.8 88.5 92.6 87.4 92.6 86.5 92.6 84.0 90.5 83.7 90.1 106.8 107.3 102.2 102.6 113.3 107.9 143.0 115.5 109.1 142.8 111.9 103.2 142.8 114.2 106 4 145.1 119.2 109 7 142.3 116 4 138.0 M onthly Labor R eview J a n u a ry 2002 120.6 103 C urrent Labor S tatistics: 4 3. Productivity Data In d e x e s of p rodu ctivity, hourly c o m p e n s a tio n , a n d unit costs, qu a rte rly d a ta seas o n a lly a d ju s te d [1992 = 100]_______________________________________ 1998 Item III 1999 IV 2000 2001 1 II III IV I II III IV I 112.5 123.0 106.4 109.3 115.1 111.4 112.7 124.3 106.8 110.4 114.2 114.0 125.9 107.4 110.5 114.4 111.9 116.1 127.1 107.6 109.5 116.9 115.0 129.0 108.1 117.1 131.7 109.6 112.5 115.2 113.5 117.4 133.8 110.3 114.0 113.9 113.9 118.2 136.8 115.7 118.2 138.2 112.3 117.2 118.9 140.4 113.0 118.1 119.5 141.8 113.9 118.6 112.1 111.8 111.6 112.0 114.4 115.2 115.7 116.2 123.4 106.0 113.4 125.0 106.6 114.5 128.4 107.6 110.2 115.8 116.1 112.4 116.0 113.5 116.3 130.7 108.8 112.4 116.7 114.0 116.7 133.0 109.7 114.0 115.4 114.5 117.4 135.9 111.3 115.8 113.5 114.9 117.4 137.6 111.5 117.2 113.1 115.7 118.0 139.2 110.2 115.6 126.3 107.0 109.3 118.6 112.7 118.8 140.7 113.0 118.5 113.3 116.6 118.3 123.0 104.2 103.9 104.0 103.4 147.0 114.5 107.5 117.7 124.7 104.5 105.9 106.0 105.5 134.3 112.9 108.3 119.7 127.2 105.8 106.0 106.2 105.3 137.8 113.6 108.7 120.9 129.3 106.6 106.6 106.9 105.6 133.8 108.9 121.4 132.3 108.3 108.2 109.0 106.0 118.5 109.2 109.0 121.5 134.1 108.7 109.6 110.3 107.5 109.2 107.9 109.5 135.0 124.1 105.2 91.9 135.2 125.9 105.5 93.2 137.3 128.1 106.6 93.3 139.4 131.2 108.3 94.1 141.3 135.2 110.7 95.7 140.0 137.2 111.3 98.0 II III Business O utpu t per hour of all p e rso n s ............................................... C o m pe n sa tio n p er h o u r........................................................... Real com p en sa tio n per h o u r.................................................. U nit la bo r c o sts............................................................................ U nit non la bo r p a y m e n ts........................................................... Im plicit price d e fla to r................................................................. 110.8 120.3 105.0 108.6 114.5 110.7 111.8 121.6 105.7 108.8 114.6 110.9 111.8 112.2 112.1 114.2 112.9 112.0 Nonfarm business O utpu t per hour of all p e rso n s............................................... C o m pe n sa tio n p er h o u r........................................................... Real com p en sa tio n p er h o u r.................................................. U nit labor c o sts............................................................................ U n it n on la bo r p a y m e n ts ........................................................... Im p licit price d e fla to r................................................................. 112.0 110.5 119.8 104.5 108.4 115.7 111.4 120.9 105.1 108.6 115.8 111.0 111.2 111.8 112.2 113.1 116.7 113.7 117.8 102.4 103.2 103.6 115.3 120.3 103.3 103.7 104.3 111.9 122.1 105.6 109.0 116.7 112.1 112.0 117.9 113.0 116.1 Nonfinancial corporations O utpu t per h our o f all e m p lo ye e s......................................... C o m pe n sa tio n p er h o u r........................................................... Real com p en sa tio n per h ou r................................................... T o ta l u n it c o sts............................................................................ U nit labor c o sts......................................................................... U n it non la bo r c o sts.................................................................. U nit p ro fits..................................................................................... U nit non la bo r p a y m e n ts ........................................................... Im p licit price d e fla to r................................................................. 102.5 103.2 100.7 152.0 113.8 106.7 145.3 113.1 106.8 114.6 119.0 103.0 103.2 103.9 101.3 150.6 113.9 107.2 125.7 118.0 103.0 93.9 126.8 119.0 103.4 93.9 128.9 119.9 103.7 93.0 101.8 102.1 102.2 148.6 114.0 107.5 116.6 121.8 103.9 104.0 104.5 102.9 144.4 113.5 107.5 112.8 109.3 105.6 108.4 _ _ _ _ - 110.2 - 140.3 139.3 140.7 141.1 113.3 100.3 122.6 136.1 109.5 110.6 111.1 Manufacturing O utpu t p er h our of all p e rso n s............................................... C o m pe n sa tio n per h o u r........................................................... R eal com p en sa tio n p er h o u r.................................................. U nit labor c o sts............................................................................ 104 M onthly Labor R eview https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis J an u ary 2002 130.2 131.9 121.2 122.8 104.1 93.1 104.7 93.1 112.1 99.3 44. A n n u a l in d e x e s of m ultifactor p rodu ctivity a n d re la te d m easures, s e le c te d years [1996 = 100, unless otherwise indicated] Item 1960 1970 1980 1990 1992 1991 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 Private business P roductivity: O u tp u t p er h our of all p e rso n s............................................. O u tp u t p e r u nit of capital se rvice s..................................... M u ltifa cto r p ro d u ctivity........................................................... O u tp u t............................................................................................. Inputs: Labor in p u t.................................................................................. C a pital se rvice s........................................................................ C apital p er hour of all p erso n s............................................... 91.3 96.1 94.4 82.6 94.8 97.7 96.6 85.7 95.4 98.5 97.1 88.5 96.6 100.3 98.1 92.8 97.3 99.7 98.4 95.8 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 88.3 86.0 89.3 87.7 87.5 95.0 97.0 91.8 89.8 91.1 96.8 95.6 92.6 94.6 96.3 98.0 96.0 97.3 97.6 95.6 83.5 91.4 96.6 94.7 82.5 94.8 97.9 96.6 85.5 95.3 98.8 97.1 88.4 96.5 100.3 98.1 92.6 70.7 56.4 65.9 73.1 89.2 83.5 87.3 90.3 88.0 85.4 87.1 94.7 89.0 87.3 88.4 96.8 91.8 89.5 91.0 96.5 54.2 116.5 84.4 56.5 70.1 100.9 75.3 99.3 97.3 95.0 97.5 98.3 9 5.4 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 101.9 101.6 104.2 48.5 85.4 44.8 48.8 67.0 107.5 74.7 92.5 75.0 73.7 87.0 104.8 95.8 99.9 92.5 92.5 98.0 100.4 97.9 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 80.0 42.0 75.8 101.5 88.3 59.4 90.2 99.3 95.3 83.6 54.0 24.9 42.3 41.3 61.0 37.8 52.4 56.7 71.9 58.6 67.3 74.7 89.4 84.2 87.7 90.8 48.7 64.9 118.3 82.6 41.9 77.3 105.7 90.5 59.6 39.3 40.5 59.3 35.5 50.7 54.8 41.8 124.3 72.7 38.5 92.0 30.9 51.3 38.2 28.2 52.9 45.6 110.4 65.2 27.5 63.0 111.1 88.8 102.0 104.8 105.2 100.1 102.6 110.6 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 103.7 104.7 104.0 101.5 106.4 110.4 107.7 104.7 97.5 99.9 98.6 95.8 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 101.7 104.5 99.8 102.4 95.4 92.3 94.4 96.3 97.8 95.9 97.2 97.6 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 103.8 104.9 104.2 101.5 108.0 104.7 101.1 105.0 104.0 112.8 100.4 103.3 108.7 109.0 105.0 105.0 113.4 104.5 106.1 116.9 117.1 105.6 109.8 123.5 124.3 106.5 113.2 130.7 105.5 116.9 103.9 120.4 114.2 112.5 105.2 100.5 101.1 P rivate no n farm bus in e s s P roductivity: O utpu t per unit of capital se rvice s..................................... M ultifa cto r p ro d u ctivity........................................................... O u tp u t............................................................................................. Inputs: Labor in p u t................................................................................. C apital se rvice s........................................................................ 120.1 69.1 27.2 50.1 22.6 90.3 100.0 100.2 100.9 105.1 110.6 106.6 110.8 M a n u fac tu rin g (1992 = 100) Productivity: O u tp u t p er hour o f all p e rso n s............................................ M ultifa cto r p ro d u ctivity ........................................................... O u tp u t............................................................................................. Inputs: H ours of all p e rso n s................................................................ C a pital se rvice s........................................................................ E ne rg y.......................................................................................... P urchased b usiness se rvice s.............................................. C om bin e d units of all fa cto r in p u ts.................................... https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 86.6 92.8 100.1 93.6 92.1 97.0 101.4 102.2 103.7 105.7 103.0 102.9 102.6 103.6 104.5 107.3 111.3 105.1 106.0 104.0 108.0 109.5 112.8 110.0 107.9 M onthly Labor R eview 103.7 111.9 107.0 120.4 108.9 110.2 Jan u a ry 2002 122.8 109.2 127.2 116.8 115.5 105 C urrent Labor Statistics: 4 5. Productivity data A n n u a l in d e x e s of p rodu ctivity, hourly c o m p e n s a tio n , unit costs, a n d prices, s e le c te d years [1992 = 100] Item 1960 1970 1980 1990 1991 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 Business O u tp u t p er hour o f all p e rso n s............................................. C o m pe n sa tio n p er h o u r...................................... Real co m p en sa tio n per h o u r.................................. U nit la bo r co sts.......................................... U nit nonlabor p a y m e n ts..................................................... Im p licit price d e fla to r........................................................... 48.8 13.7 60.0 28.0 25.2 27.0 67.0 23.5 78.9 35.1 31.6 33.9 80.4 54.2 8 9.4 67.4 61.5 65.2 95.2 90.7 96.5 95.3 93.9 94.8 96.3 95.0 97.5 98.7 97.0 98.1 51.9 14.3 62.8 27.5 24.6 26.5 68.9 23.7 79.5 34.4 31.3 33.3 82.0 54.6 90.0 66.5 60.5 64.3 95.3 90.5 96.3 95.0 93.6 94.5 96.4 95.0 97.5 98.5 97.1 98.0 55.4 15.6 68.3 26.8 28.1 23.3 50.2 30.2 28.8 70.4 25.3 84.7 34.8 35.9 31.9 44.4 35.1 35.6 81.1 56.4 93.1 68.4 69.6 65.1 97.7 95.3 97.8 98.8 97.5 68.4 95.4 90.8 96.7 95.9 95.2 98.0 94.3 97.1 95.8 41.8 14.9 65.2 35.6 26.8 30.2 54.2 23.7 79.5 43.8 29.3 34.9 70.1 55.6 91.7 79.3 80.2 79.8 92.8 90.8 96.6 97.8 99.7 99.0 100.5 102.5 99.9 101.9 102.5 102.2 101.9 104.5 99.7 102.6 106.4 104.0 102.6 105.4 106.7 99.3 104.1 109.4 106.0 110.1 107.8 113.5 99.7 104.5 113.3 107.7 105.3 117.1 109.7 100.6 110.8 119.6 104.6 108.0 115.1 113.8 125.1 107.1 109.9 115.1 110.6 111.8 113.6 113.9 113.7 110.4 119.0 104.0 107.7 116.3 113.2 124.2 106.4 109.7 116.8 112.3 116.2 132.0 109.4 113.6 115.4 114.2 116.2 119.9 128.3 106.4 106.7 107.0 105.6 131.0 116.9 132.8 110.1 Nonfarm business O u tp u t p er hour of all p e rso n s......................................... C o m pe n sa tio n per h o u r........................................ Real co m pensation p er h o u r..................................... U n it labor c o sts................................................ U nit non la bo r p a y m e n ts ......................................... Im plicit price d e fla to r..................................................... 100.5 102.2 99.6 101.7 103.0 102.2 101.8 102.8 104.3 99.5 102.5 106.9 104.1 106.6 99.2 103.7 110.4 106.1 105.4 109.8 99.4 104.2 113.5 107.6 103.1 104.2 99.4 104.2 106.2 98.8 107.5 109.0 98.7 101.1 101.0 102.0 101.2 108.4 110.3 97.8 101.5 101.9 101.4 101.8 103.2 100.9 156.9 115.2 106.2 148.9 113.4 106.6 107.5 113.1 100.2 105.2 118.0 109.8 110.8 Nonfinancial corporations O utpu t per hour of all e m p lo ye e s........................................ C o m pe n sa tio n per h o u r.................................... Real com p en sa tio n p er h o u r....................................... T otal u n it c o sts................................................... U n it la bo r co sts................................................. U nit non la bo r co sts ......................................... U nit p ro fits....................................................... U nit non la bo r p a y m e n ts........................................ Im p licit price d e fla to r............................................. 68.8 66.0 100.7 102.0 99.5 101.0 101.3 102.1 100.2 93.0 99.7 98.3 113.2 103.5 102.1 101.3 131.7 109.0 103.7 101.9 102.7 105.0 105.6 102.2 100.6 139.0 152.2 113.8 105.5 111.6 105.1 112.3 115.9 101.3 102.6 101.2 121.1 103.7 103.7 104.2 102.5 147.6 114.0 107.4 112.1 108.7 Manufacturing O u tp u t p er h our of all p e rso n s............................................. C o m pe n sa tio n per h ou r..................................................... Real com p en sa tio n p er h o u r......................................... U nit la bo r c o sts............................................. U nit non la bo r p a y m e n ts .................................................. Im plicit price d e fla to r....................................... Dash indicates data not available. 106 M onthly Labor R eview https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis J an u ary 2002 95.0 95.6 98.1 100.6 100.2 100.8 99.0 99.6 100.9 100.9 100.8 100.7 102.8 102.0 109.0 107.9 100.4 99.0 106.9 103.9 112.8 109.3 99.0 96.9 109.9 104.9 117.1 111.4 98.8 95.1 109.6 104.0 124.3 117.3 129.6 102.6 104.5 94.1 105.5 94.4 104.4 100.5 122.0 101.1 46.3 130.1 107.8 94.1 - 46. A nnual in dexes of o u tp u t per hour fo r selected 3 -digit s ic industries [1987 = 100] Industry SIC 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 M ining C o p p e r o re s .......................................................................... G old and silve r o re s .......................................................... B itu m in o u s coal and lignite m in in g ............................... C rud e p etroleum a nd natural g a s ................................. C rushe d a nd broken sto n e .............................................. 102 104 122 131 142 126.0 160.8 148.1 112.4 108.7 117.2 144.2 155.9 119.4 105.4 116.5 138.3 168.0 123.9 107.2 118.9 158.5 176.6 125.2 118.3 187.6 188.0 127.4 105.0 118.1 159.8 141.2 105.9 103.6 112.6 110.2 99.6 108.3 99.2 104.9 90.6 104.6 111.4 100.5 107.8 93.8 104.3 109.6 106.8 109.2 94.4 101.2 111.8 102.3 116.4 109.1 115.4 97.3 97.4 116.0 109.2 108.0 95.6 102.5 119.3 110.7 118.2 99.1 102.3 119.3 117.8 126.2 100.8 130.4 107.5 103.2 118.1 117.0 99.2 113.2 102.0 120.1 120.0 99.8 114.1 127.1 101.5 104.5 106.2 112.6 111.8 111.6 126.4 105.2 106.5 130.1 100.9 126.6 123.0 137.3 136.4 112.7 152.2 130.0 156.1 132.4 116.3 135.8 103.1 111.3 96.5 107.5 83.4 111.2 110.3 126.2 112.9 119.3 78.6 117.8 131.7 111.4 127.9 79.3 122.1 116.2 99.6 114.0 79.9 136.2 168.6 117.7 135.9 99.1 138.7 171.9 122.4 144.8 89.2 111.4 104.6 108.4 104.3 96.1 119.6 106.5 109.1 109.4 97.1 126.6 110.4 108.4 113.7 91.1 91.8 100.7 102.6 117.4 93.6 91.3 107.5 108.1 98.0 113.1 103.0 110.5 107.1 99.9 109.4 103.1 114.2 110.5 102.7 122.3 118.7 97.0 115.2 141.6 133.0 102.2 100.5 127.4 122.4 97.9 99.8 97.1 107.3 95.6 105.4 92.7 102.1 M anufacturing M e at p ro d u cts...................................................................... Dairy p ro d u cts...................................................................... P reserved fru its and ve g etab le s.................................... G rain m ill p ro d u cts............................................................. B akery p ro d u cts................................................................. 201 202 S ug a r and con fe ctio n ery p ro d u cts ............................... Fats and o ils ......................................................................... B e vera g es............................................................................. M iscellaneous food and kindred p ro d u cts ................ C ig a re tte s............................................................................. 206 207 208 209 B roadw oven fa b ric m ills, co tto n ..................................... B roadw oven fa b ric m ills, m a nm a d e ............................ N arrow fa b ric m ills.............................................................. K nitting m ills......................................................................... Te xtile finishing, e xce p t w o o l.......................................... 221 222 C a rp e ts and ru g s................................................................ Y arn a nd th re ad m ills........................................................ M isce llan e o us textile g o o d s ........................................... M en's and boys' fu rn is h in g s........................................... W o m en 's and m isses' o ute rw e a r.................................. 227 228 2 29 232 233 W o m en 's and childre n 's u nd e rg a rm e n ts................... Hats, caps, and m illin e ry.................................................. M isce llan e o us a pparel a nd a cce sso rie s.................... M isce llan e o us fa b ricated textile p ro d u cts.................. S aw m ills and planing m ills.............................................. 2 34 235 238 239 242 M illw ork, plyw ood, and stru ctura l m e m b e rs............. W ood c o n ta in e rs................................................................ W o od buildings and m obile h o m e s.............................. M isce llan e o us w ood p ro d u cts........................................ H ousehold fu rn itu re ........................................................... 2 43 2 44 245 249 251 203 204 205 211 2 24 225 226 O ffice fu rn itu re .................................................................... P ublic building and related fu rn itu re ............................ P artitions and fixtu re s....................................................... M isce llan e o us fu rn itu re and fix tu re s ............................ P ulp m ills............................................................................... 252 253 2 54 2 59 261 Paper m ills............................................................................ P aperboard m ills................................................................ P aperboard co n ta ine rs and b o x e s ............................... M isce llan e o us co nverted paper p ro d u cts.................. N e w sp ap e rs......................................................................... 262 263 265 267 271 B oo ks...................................................................................... M iscellaneous p u b lish in g ................................................ M anifold busine ss fo rm s ................................................. B lankbooks and b o o kb in d in g ........................................ Industrial in org a nic ch e m ica ls....................................... D rug s...................................................................................... S oaps, cleaners, and to ile t g o o d s ............................... Industrial o rg a n ic ch e m ica ls........................................... A gricultural c h e m ica ls..................................................... S ee fo o tn o te s a t end of table. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 93.2 110.2 109.2 102.1 104.1 102.1 89.2 90.6 99.9 99.8 98.0 111.2 103.1 107.7 104.5 95.0 119.8 95.6 103.5 116.7 102.3 100.6 101.3 101.4 90.6 272 2 73 2 74 275 276 93.9 96.6 92.2 102.5 93.0 277 278 279 281 282 100.6 99.4 99.3 106.8 100.9 283 2 84 285 286 287 103.8 103.8 106.3 101.4 104.7 101.7 107.6 94.1 107.6 108.4 96.4 108.3 120.3 133.5 102.9 142.9 113.8 116.7 110.1 120.2 135.0 109.1 147.2 135.5 104.1 147.2 137.3 147.6 126.3 150.3 79.2 131.2 162.2 134.1 81.2 134.0 145.3 118.9 138.3 78.5 121.8 93.3 130.7 118.5 111.7 127.4 95.8 137.4 123.7 123.4 135.5 147.4 123.1 134.7 141.6 124.5 87.2 94.0 108.5 101.9 138.0 77.7 105.5 107.8 103.3 161.3 84.3 116.8 109.2 97.0 94.5 100.9 98.3 100.1 103.8 115.3 110.6 142.5 120.1 111.8 112.5 128.3 102.5 140.6 102.7 99.5 137.3 103.2 161.0 107.4 103.6 122.5 99.2 101.4 103.4 105.3 85.8 103.3 104.4 105.2 105.5 81.5 102.4 108.4 107.9 107.9 79.4 89.5 92.9 97.7 105.8 108.0 94.5 89.5 103.5 104.5 106.9 91.1 81.9 103.0 97.5 106.5 82.0 91.4 98.7 115.3 105.6 89.0 105.4 120.2 93.0 102.1 100.8 95.9 102.0 89.1 92.7 96.1 96.7 103.6 100.6 112.0 109.7 100.0 109.7 107.5 104.5 105.3 104.3 95.8 99.5 99.5 104.4 102.9 94.6 99.5 112.0 99.7 108.7 108.8 92.2 103.8 100.5 157.4 98.9 104.7 128.9 110.2 114.9 108.4 110.6 79.9 111.0 102.3 125.3 104.6 111.2 116.7 99.9 105.0 110.2 100.2 174.5 82.2 120.1 105.6 115.6 110.8 138.0 94.3 105.5 200.0 192.2 132.3 104.8 102.2 114.1 120.0 101.0 100.3 150.4 118.7 162.1 149.9 102.3 153.0 174.7 151.9 97.8 169.5 127.0 187.0 174.5 208 .9 87.1 101.4 119.2 116.9 216 .4 99.5 107.7 117.2 118.7 293.0 108.7 105.8 129.2 125.4 89.1 106.2 100.3 123.4 121.3 91.3 106.6 99.2 131.2 125.8 90.7 105.0 96.8 141.3 128.7 118.3 214.9 113.1 207.6 125.6 121.9 86.6 109.8 2 10.9 127.0 122.7 88.4 120.1 92.7 106.1 97.0 115.4 116.9 92.4 106.7 96.7 114.4 101.1 131.9 106.4 181.5 97.5 113.2 132.6 118.6 119.5 105.1 113.3 79.0 111.6 112.0 118.0 106.3 113.6 77.4 126.7 109.7 119.5 79.0 114.9 127.8 113.5 122.9 83.6 122.7 131.0 113.5 127.3 86.3 89.1 99.3 93.6 108.3 75.2 100.1 102.6 115.0 101.0 114.5 108.8 77.9 119.5 109.9 76.7 115.1 105.4 128.3 115.2 73.6 92.2 114.2 123.3 116.8 135.4 104.2 116.4 126.7 145.8 142.2 103.9 123.3 120.5 170.7 145.7 112.5 120.9 125.6 99.0 112.4 126.4 126.4 110.0 119.8 104.3 122.7 126.8 105.7 117.5 104.8 116.8 125.6 111.3 106.9 173.3 101.2 110.0 87.8 101.6 94.8 107.2 76.9 92.5 108.7 116.7 109.3 128.3 108.7 118.6 118.0 98.6 108.5 121.6 90.8 114.5 126.2 110.1 125.3 M onthly Labor R eview 121.1 110.7 82.3 111.2 J a n u a ry 2002 107 Current Labor Statistics: Productivity Data 46. C o n tin u ed — A nnual in dexes of output per hour fo r selected 3 -digit s ic in dustries [1987 = 100]__________________ Industry S IC 1990 M isce llan e o us ch e m ical p ro d u cts............................... Petroleum refining.............................................................. A sp ha lt p aving and roofing m a te ria ls......................... M iscellaneous p etroleum and coal p ro d u cts............ T ires and Inner tu b e s ....................................................... 289 291 295 2 99 301 97.3 109.2 98.0 94.8 103.0 96.1 106.6 94.1 90.6 102.4 101.8 107.1 111.3 100.4 101.5 107.8 120.1 108.0 104.2 116.5 H ose and b elting and g aske ts a nd p a c kin g ............. F abricated rub b e r p roducts, n .e .c............................... M isce llan e o us plastics products, n .e .c...................... F ootw ear, e xce p t ru b b e r................................................. Flat g la s s............................................................................... 305 306 308 314 321 96.1 109.0 105.7 97.8 115.2 114.4 104.2 92.7 99.7 123.1 116.7 105.2 97.7 120.8 121.0 84.5 92.4 109.9 108.3 94.4 83.6 113.0 97.6 117.1 99.6 G lass and glassw are , p ressed o r b lo w n ................... P roducts of p urchased g la s s......................................... C e m en t, h yd ra u lic.............................................................. S tructu ral cla y p ro d u cts .................................................. P ottery and related p ro d u cts.......................................... 322 323 324 325 326 104.8 92.6 112.4 109.6 98.6 102.3 97.7 108.3 109.8 95.8 108.9 101.5 115.1 111.4 99.5 108.7 106.2 119.9 106.8 100.3 112.9 105.9 125.6 114.0 108.4 115.7 106.1 124.3 C oncrete, gypsum , and p laster p ro d u cts.................. M iscellaneous nonm etallic m ineral p ro d u cts............ B last fu rn ace and b asic steel p ro d u cts ...................... Iron a nd steel fo u n d rie s.................................................. P rim ary n on ferro us m e ta ls.............................................. 327 329 331 332 333 102.3 95.4 109.7 106.1 102.3 101.2 94.0 107.8 104.5 110.7 102.5 104.3 117.0 107.2 101.9 104.6 104.5 133.6 101.5 106.3 142.4 113.0 105.3 N o nfe rro u s rolling and d ra w in g ..................................... N o nfe rro u s fo u n drie s (ca stin g s).................................... M isce llan e o us prim a ry m etal p ro d u cts...................... M etal ca n s and shipping c o n ta in e rs............................ C utle ry, handtools, and h ard w a re ................................. 335 336 339 341 342 92.7 104.0 113.7 117.6 97.3 91.0 103.6 109.1 122.9 96.8 P lum bing a nd heating, exce p t e le c tric........................ F abricated stru ctura l m etal p ro d u cts........................... M etal fo rg in g s a nd sta m p in g s........................................ M etal services, n .e .c.......................................................... O rd n a nce and a cce sso ries, n .e .c................................. 343 344 346 347 348 102.6 102.0 100.0 M isce llan e o us fab ricated m etal p ro d u cts .................. E ngines and tu rb in e s........................................................ Farm and garden m a ch in e ry......................................... C onstru ctio n and related m a ch in e ry............................ M e talw orking m a ch in e ry.................................................. 349 351 352 353 354 97.5 106.5 116.5 107.0 S pecial industry m a ch in e ry............................................ G en e ral industrial m a ch ine ry.......................................... C o m pu ter and o ffice e q u ip m e n t.................................... R efrigeration and se rvice m a ch in e ry........................... Industrial m achinery, n .e .c.............................................. 355 356 357 358 359 107.5 101.5 138.1 103.6 107.3 108.3 106.0 101.6 101.6 149.6 100.7 109.0 E lectric distrib utio n e q u ip m e n t....................................... E lectrical industrial a pp a ratus H o usehold a p p lia n c e s....................................................... E lectric lighting and w iring e q u ip m e n t......................... C o m m un ica tio n s e q u ip m e n t........................................... 361 362 363 364 366 106.3 107.7 105.8 99.9 123.8 E lectronic co m p on e n ts and a cce sso rie s ................... M isce llan e o us electrical e q u ip m e n t & su p p lie s........ M otor veh icles and e q u ip m e n t...................................... A ircra ft and p a rts................................................................ S hip and boat building and re p a irin g .......................... 367 369 371 372 373 R ailroad e q u ip m e n t............................................................ M otorcycles, b icycles, and p a rts ................................... G uid e d m issiles, space ve hicles, p a rts...................... S ea rch and navigation e q u ip m e n t............................... M easuring a nd con tro llin g d e v ice s ............................... 374 375 376 381 382 M edical in stru m en ts and su p p lie s................................. O ph th a lm ic g o o d s.............................................................. P ho to g rap h ic e qu ip m en t & su p p lie s ............................ Jew elry, silverw are, and plated w a re ........................... M usical in stru m e n ts ........................................................... 384 385 386 391 393 S ee footn o te s a t end of table. M onthly Labor R eview Digitized for108 FRASER https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis J an u ary 2002 101.1 98.8 95.6 104.7 82.1 1991 92.9 99.4 81.5 1992 1993 112.1 107.9 1994 1995 1996 110.1 105.7 123.8 104.9 96.3 124.1 107.8 132.3 87.4 131.1 142.0 113.1 87.1 138.8 102.7 119.1 104.6 121.5 121.0 111.2 107.4 124.7 126.1 101.5 121.4 122.0 109.3 128.7 119.6 119.3 104.5 107.8 142.6 112.7 107.3 110.4 147.5 116.2 112.6 120.3 149.2 123.1 96.5 149.1 155.7 124.7 98.5 144.2 128.1 169.5 115.7 90.7 145.5 113.5 125.3 129.9 121.4 107.6 112.7 132.3 133.8 110.9 114.0 114.0 140.8 141.2 131.6 127.7 128.3 125.1 133.1 111.9 123.2 135.2 143.6 134.0 139.6 124.0 122.0 134.1 114.8 127.1 112.8 107.6 114.6 155.0 114.7 151.0 120.8 110.8 120.8 112.0 125.8 104.0 122.3 149.6 155.2 118.2 111.3 127.0 136.2 160.3 114.6 115.2 131.5 140.0 163.8 115.7 122.7 130.8 150.4 160.3 123.9 127.3 111.9 126.9 112.7 130.3 127.9 92.2 121.1 101.2 112.1 100.1 98.3 108.5 111.3 132.3 104.0 134.5 140.9 109.2 99.2 117.8 152.2 144.2 111.3 98.4 103.9 103.7 102.0 104.8 108.7 109.1 107.7 108.5 123.0 83.6 109.2 105.8 109.3 127.7 87.6 118.6 106.5 113.6 128.4 87.5 124.4 93.7 130.3 112.7 125.9 127.3 96.6 106.6 122.7 134.7 114.8 108.3 136.6 137.2 123.3 114.9 107.7 136.9 141.2 132.5 119.2 111.5 145.9 148.5 137.5 119.8 110.3 151.2 125.5 137.2 123.5 132.3 109.0 469.4 112.7 138.8 134.0 109.4 681.3 114.7 141.4 131.7 125.1 110.0 111.2 143.0 150.8 127.3 113.7 275.3 96.0 103.6 114.5 127.8 101.1 102.0 103.3 113.9 109.2 118.6 108.2 107.4 103.2 122.3 125.0 117.7 109.9 195.7 104.9 117.0 113.6 104.8 258.6 108.6 118.5 106.7 328.6 110.7 127.4 106.5 107.1 106.5 97.5 129.1 119.6 117.1 115.0 105.7 154.9 132.9 123.4 107.8 163.0 131.8 134.9 131.4 113.4 186.4 200.6 143.9 154.3 127.4 116.9 229.5 133.4 90.6 102.4 98.9 103.7 154.7 98.6 96.6 108.2 96.3 189.3 101.3 104.2 112.3 102.7 217.9 108.2 106.2 115.2 106.2 274.1 110.5 108.8 109.6 103.8 401.5 114.1 106.7 107.9 98.0 514.9 123.1 107.2 113.0 99.2 141.1 93.8 116.5 112.7 106.4 146.9 99.8 110.5 118.9 113.1 147.9 108.4 110.5 151.0 130.9 150.0 120.3 119.9 129.1 124.0 152.5 125.1 118.9 132.1 133.8 116.9 121.2 118.7 125.1 107.8 99.3 97.1 95.8 96.9 123.5 144.5 116.4 96.7 96.0 127.3 157.8 126.9 96.7 95.6 126.7 160.6 132.7 99.5 88.7 110.2 120.6 1999 111.0 120.6 101.1 1998 114.4 114.6 148.9 126.2 131.2 111.6 88.6 97.4 105.8 112.9 99.1 96.4 1997 102.0 104.3 122.1 84.6 122.2 122.1 121.2 122.1 120.2 960.2 115.0 129.3 1350.6 121.4 127.5 139.3 111.4 1840.2 123.2 134.3 142.8 164.2 142.9 147.5 162.3 150.3 129.2 276.0 146.6 162.9 150.2 132.4 327.1 613.4 128.3 116.3 114.7 105.3 768.0 135.3 125.2 140.1 107.0 140.7 136.5 139.6 102.0 112.6 149.5 146.4 148.3 125.5 129.4 142.2 150.5 184.2 120.4 136.5 149.5 142.4 189.1 127.7 142.4 149.1 143.5 205.1 121.4 158.2 139.7 152.9 131.5 167.2 129.5 139.8 188.2 128.7 100.2 102.6 86.9 78.8 147.4 196.3 121.5 114.2 82.9 158.6 199.1 124.8 113.1 81.4 160.2 229.5 147.2 133.9 86.4 121.0 121.8 46. C o n tin u e d — A nnual in dexes of output per hour fo r selected 3 -digit SIC in dustries [ 1987 = 100]__________________________________ Industry SIC To ys and spo rting g o o d s ............................................... Pens, pencils, office, and a rt su p p lie s........................ C o stu m e je w e lry and n o tio n s........................................ M isce llan e o us m a n u fa ctu re s........................................ 394 395 396 399 1990 1991 1992 108.1 118.2 105.3 106.5 109.7 116.8 106.7 109.2 118.5 127.8 116.9 103.7 92.5 139.6 123.4 104.5 96.9 119.8 106.1 87.6 113.4 109.6 127.7 108.3 88.5 115.2 1993 104.9 111.3 114.2 110.8 115.8 107.7 109.5 111.6 1994 1995 I0 9 .7 129.9 129.0 106.1 113.6 135.2 143.7 108.1 119.9 144.1 142.2 4011 4213 431 4 512,13,22 (pts.) 111.1 104.0 92.9 U titlities T e lep h o ne co m m u n ica tio n s........................................... Radio a nd tele visio n b ro a d ca stin g .............................. C able a nd o th e r pay TV se rvice s................................. E lectric u tilitie s .................................................................... G as u tilitie s.......................................................................... 481 483 484 491,3 (pt.) 492,3 (pt.) 105.8 Lum b e r and o th e r building m aterials d e a le rs .......... Paint, glass, and w a llp a p er sto re s............................... H ardw are sto re s................................................................. Retail nurseries, lawn and g arden supply store s... D e pa rtm e n t sto re s............................................................. 521 523 525 526 531 104.3 106.8 115.3 84.7 96.8 102.0 V arie ty sto re s....................................................................... M iscellaneous g eneral m e rchandise s to re s ............. G ro ce ry sto re s.................................................................... M e at and fish (seafood) m a rk e ts.................................. Retail b a k e rie s.................................................................... 533 539 541 542 546 154.4 118.6 96.6 98.9 91.2 N ew a nd used car d e a le rs.............................................. A uto and hom e su p ply sto re s........................................ G asolin e se rvice s ta tio n s................................................. M en's and b oy's w e ar sto re s.......................................... W o m en 's clo th ing s to re s ................................................. 551 553 554 561 562 106.7 103.6 103.0 115.6 106.6 Fam ily clothing sto re s ...................................................... S hoe sto re s.......................................................................... Furniture and hom e furn ish in g s sto re s........................ H ousehold applia nce sto re s........................................... Radio, tele visio n, com puter, and m usic sto re s........ 565 566 571 572 573 107.8 107.9 104.6 104.3 E ating and d rinking p la c e s.............................................. Drug and p ro p rietary s to re s ........................................... Liquor s to re s ......................................................................... Used m e rchandise sto re s................................................ M isce llan e o us sho pp in g g oods sto re s ........................ N onstore re ta ile rs............................................................... Fuel d e a le rs.......................................................................... Retail stores, n .e .c............................................................. 113.3 104.9 92.6 110.1 Trade 102.3 100.4 108.7 89.3 111.1 106.4 107.6 115.2 145.4 126.6 107.1 150.3 129.5 106.6 105.7 100.2 135.5 106.7 85.3 142.2 120.6 121.8 110.1 83.4 126.8 125.6 112.8 156.2 125.4 106.5 108.6 167.0 130.9 104.7 169.8 132.4 108.3 111.1 111.6 173.3 129.9 109.7 110.7 182.3 131.6 110.3 108.3 148.1 109.6 84.5 135.0 137.1 159.5 105.8 81.9 146.5 145.9 84.7 150.5 158.6 121.6 121.8 133.5 119.5 136.4 123.5 134.8 119.0 127.5 128.8 105.4 117.0 113.4 158.8 124.8 96.3 90.8 96.7 173.7 140.4 96.5 99.2 96.5 191.5 164.2 96.0 97.7 86.5 197.4 164.8 95.4 95.7 85.3 2 11.3 167.3 93.9 94.4 83.0 2 38.4 167.6 92.1 86.4 75.9 104.9 107.4 108.6 100.2 101.6 110.2 100.8 109.7 105.3 121.2 1999 124.0 129.3 150.2 117.8 130.9 115.5 117.4 115.9 101.2 1998 131.6 132.5 131.2 108.5 111.4 114.2 113.9 107.1 110.4 118.9 127.8 1997 125.7 127.5 118.0 109.4 Transportation R ailroad tra n sp o rta tio n .................................................... Tru ckin g, e xce p t lo c a l1 .................................................. U.S. postal s e rv ic e 2 ........................................................ A ir tra n s p o rta tio n ' ........................................................... 1996 160.9 101.1 170.3 100.7 83.5 160.1 144.4 111.2 189.1 101.8 81.5 162.7 145.0 134.2 163.5 137.8 133.7 135.5 142.3 163.2 149.3 151.2 147.4 257 .7 170.3 91.7 90.8 67.6 268.7 185.7 92.2 95.7 68.1 319.5 195.2 95.4 99.3 83.8 109.1 108.2 126.1 129.8 154.2 108.8 108.1 126.1 136.3 157.3 108.7 113.0 133.9 145.2 176.1 111.9 116.0 140.6 154.6 190.5 111.2 122.3 123.6 115.9 119.5 130.0 130.4 108.1 109.1 127.2 121.4 139.9 121.1 111.5 107.8 105.4 106.7 129.8 118.6 115.5 113.9 115.5 139.9 121.5 117.3 113.3 118.0 154.5 127.7 130.7 114.7 121.5 179.1 141.8 139.2 117.4 138.4 199.3 146.9 151.9 123.6 140.7 208.1 150.2 148.4 124.2 153.5 218 .4 153.1 145.0 127.2 181.4 2 60.3 156.5 151.1 134.1 183.9 314.6 581 591 592 593 594 104.5 106.3 105.9 103.0 107.2 103.8 108.0 106.9 102.3 109.0 103.4 107.6 109.6 115.7 107.5 103.8 109.5 102.1 101.6 102.0 101.8 100.1 102.0 111.1 100.6 109.9 116.8 111.5 119.5 117.1 123.1 113.9 113.8 132.7 125.3 119.7 109.9 140.3 129.1 125.6 116.5 163.6 138.8 104.3 129.8 114.6 181.9 145.2 596 598 599 111.1 84.5 114.5 112.5 85.3 104.0 126.5 84.2 112.5 132.2 91.8 118.1 149.0 99.0 125.8 152.4 111.4 127.0 173.3 112.4 140.2 186.5 109.0 147.8 208.0 105.8 157.3 222.2 C o m m ercia l b a n ks............................................................. H otels and m o te ls............................................................... Laundry, cleaning, and g a rm e n t se rvice s .................. P ho to g rap h ic studios, p o rtra it........................................ B eauty sh o p s....................................................................... 602 701 721 722 723 107.7 96.2 102.3 98.2 97.5 110.1 111.0 121.7 109.9 105.0 108.3 126.4 110.5 106.6 116.2 104.8 135.2 113.5 109.8 110.7 107.6 133.0 108.2 109.0 114.1 108.5 132.6 108.0 99.3 95.8 100.9 118.5 106.5 99.9 129.7 99.3 99.9 92.1 95.8 B arber sh o p s....................................................................... Funeral services and cre m a to rie s................................. A utom o tive rep a ir sh o p s .................................................. M otion p icture th e a te rs ..................................................... 724 726 753 783 100.7 91.2 107.9 118.1 94.9 89.9 113.2 103.8 105.1 114.8 128.8 97.6 116.1 104.1 150.4 101.9 117.2 103.4 104.8 121.9 Finance and services ' R efers to o utp ut per e m ployee 100.1 118.2 101.8 121.1 121.8 97.0 101.1 121.9 98.7 105.7 113.8 118.8 104.3 114.3 110.4 104.7 120.6 115.7 100.2 121.6 105.0 110.0 111.6 116.2 121.6 115.1 161.0 121.8 110.5 105.1 113.3 157.4 104.2 124.9 106.1 138.0 99.7 127.6 110.5 n.e .c . = not e lse w he re cla ssifie d Refers to o u p u t per fu ll-tim e e q u iva le n t e m ployee year on fiscal basis. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis M onthly Labor R eview Jan u a ry 2002 109 C urrent Labor Statistics: International Comparison 4 7. U n e m p lo y m e n t rates, a p p ro x im a tin g U.S. c o n c e p ts , in nine countries, q u a rte rly d a ta s e aso n ally a d ju s te d Annual average C ountry 1999 2000 1999 I II 2000 III IV I II III IV U nited S ta te s ........ 4.2 4.0 4.3 4.3 4.2 4.1 4.1 4.0 4.0 4.0 C a n a d a .................... A u s tra lia .................. Ja o a n 1..................... F ra nc e 1.................... G e rm a n y1............... Ita lv1,2...................... S w e d e n 1.................. U nited K in n d n m 1.. 6.8 5.8 7.1 7.5 4.7 11.4 7.1 7.4 4.8 11.3 6.8 6.2 7.1 4.8 7.0 4.7 6.0 6.8 5.8 6.7 4.7 9.7 5.8 6.3 4.7 9.6 5.7 6.5 4.8 9.2 8.8 11.8 8.8 8.3 8.2 10.6 8.1 10.1 5.6 5.4 5.2 - 7.2 4.7 11.2 8.7 11.5 7.1 6.1 6.6 4.8 9.7 8.3 10.7 5.9 - 7.1 6.2 11.7 7.0 6.1 1P relim inary fo r 2000 fo r Japan, France, G erm a ny (unified), Italy, and S w eden and fo r 1999 onw a rd fo r the U nited Kingdom . 2Q ua rte rly rates are fo r th e first m onth of the quarter. NOTE: Q ua rte rly fig u re s fo r France and G erm a ny are ca lcu lated by a pplying a nnual a d ju stm en t fa ctors to cu rre n t p ublished data, and th e refore should be view ed as less p recise in no M onthly Labor R eview https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis J an u ary 2002 11.2 8.8 11.5 7.1 5.9 4.8 10.8 10.2 8.7 8.4 11.3 6.7 5.8 11.2 7.1 5.9 10.8 6.0 5.5 dica to rs of u ne m p loym en t u nd e r U.S. con ce pts than th e annual figures. S ee "N otes on the d ata" fo r inform ation on b reaks in series. For fu rth e r qualifica tio n s and historical data, see Com parative Civilian Labor Force Statistics, Ten Coun tries, 1 9 5 9 -2 0 0 0 (Bureau o f Labor S tatistics, M ar. 16, 2001). Dash indicates data n ot available. 48. A nnual d a ta : Em ploym ent status of the w o rk in g -a g e population, a pproxim ating U.S. concepts, 10 countries [Numbers in thousands]______________________________________________________________________ E m p lo y m e n t s ta tu s a n d c o u n try 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 126,346 14,128 8,490 64,280 128,105 14,168 8,562 65,040 129,200 14,299 8,619 65,470 131,056 14,387 8,776 65,780 132,304 24 570 39,040 24 640 39,140 24 780 39,210 133,943 14,650 9,127 66,450 ?5 090 39,180 136,297 14,936 9,221 67,200 ?5 p m 39,480 137,673 15,216 9,347 67,240 P5 540 39,520 139,368 15,513 9,470 67,090 P5 «fin 39,630 140,863 15,745 9,682 66,990 24 470 39,130 14,500 9,001 65,990 ?4 880 39,100 22,940 6,780 4,591 28,610 22,910 6,940 4,520 28,410 22,570 7,050 4,443 28,310 22,450 7,200 4,418 28,280 22,460 7,230 4,460 28,480 22,570 7,440 4,459 28,620 22,680 7,510 4,418 28,760 22,960 7,670 4,402 28,870 23,130 7,750 4,430 29,090 Civilian labor force United S ta te s1.......................................................................... C anada....................................................................................... A ustralia..................................................................................... Ja p an .......................................................................................... G erm any2................................................................................... Italy.............................................................................................. N etherlands............................................................................... S w eden...................................................................................... United Kingdom ........................................................................ _ - - Participation rate3 1InitoH C anada....................................................................................... A ustralia..................................................................................... Ja pan.......................................................................................... fio r m a n t/ Italy.............................................................................................. N etherlands............................................................................... S w eden .................................................................................. . United Kinqdom ........................................................................ Employed United S tates1.......................................................................... C anada....................................................................................... A ustralia..................................................................................... Ja pan........................................................................................... France........................................................................................ i^orm ani/^ Italy.............................................................................................. Netherlands............................................................................... S w eden....................................................................................... United K ingdom ........................................................................ 66.2 66.7 64.1 63.2 55.9 58.9 47.7 56.8 67.0 63.7 117,718 12,747 7,676 62,920 22,120 36,920 21,360 6,380 4,447 26,090 66.4 65.9 63.9 63.4 55 8 58.3 47.5 57.7 65.7 63.1 66.3 65.5 63.6 63.3 55 6 58.0 47.9 58.2 64.5 62.8 118,492 120,259 12,672 7,637 63,620 22,020 36,420 21,230 6,540 4,265 25,530 12,770 7,680 63,810 21,740 36,030 20,270 6,590 4,028 25,340 66.6 65.2 63.9 63.1 55 5 57.6 47.3 59.0 63.7 62.5 123,060 13,027 7,921 63,860 21,730 35,890 19,940 6,680 3,992 25,550 66.6 64.9 64.6 62.9 55 8 57.3 47.1 58.9 64.1 62.7 124,900 13,271 8,235 63,890 21,910 35,900 19,820 6,730 4,056 26,000 66.8 64.7 64.6 63.0 55 5 57.4 47.1 60.3 64.0 62.7 67.1 65.0 64.3 63.2 55 3 57.7 47.2 60.6 63.3 62.8 67.1 65.4 64.4 62.8 67.1 65.8 64.2 62.4 67.2 65.9 64.7 62.0 57.7 47.6 61.4 62.8 62.7 57.9 47.8 61.5 63.2 62.9 _ 126,708 13,380 8,344 64,200 21,960 35,680 19,920 6,970 4,019 26,280 129,558 13,705 8,429 64,900 22,090 35,570 19,990 7,110 3,973 26,740 131,463 14,068 8,597 64,450 22,520 35,830 20,210 7,360 4,034 27,050 133,488 14,456 8,785 63,920 22,970 36,170 20,460 7,490 4,117 27,330 63.8 59.7 58.8 61.0 64.1 60.4 59.2 60.2 64.3 61.3 59.6 59.4 - 135,208 14,827 9,043 63,790 - _ - - Em ploym ent-population ratio4 United S ta te s1.......................................................................... C anada....................................................................................... A ustralia..................................................................................... Ja pan........................................................................................... G erm any2................................................................................... N etherlands............................................................................... S w eden....................................................................................... United Kinqdom ....................................................................... Unem ployed 61.7 60.2 57.9 61.8 50.6 55.5 61.5 58.9 57.0 62.0 50.0 54.4 61.7 58.5 56.6 61.7 49 0 53.4 62.5 59.0 57.7 61.3 48 7 52.8 62.9 59.4 59.1 60.9 48 8 52.6 63.2 59.1 59.1 60.9 52.2 52.0 52.3 52.8 - 44.5 53.4 64.9 58.0 44.0 54.4 62.0 56.7 43.0 54.4 58.5 56.2 42.0 54.8 57.6 56.5 41.5 54.9 58.3 57.2 41.6 56.5 57.7 57.6 41.6 57.4 56.9 58.3 41.9 58.9 57.6 58.7 42.3 59.4 58.7 59.1 _ G erm any2................................................................................... 8,628 1,381 814 1,360 2,350 2,210 9,613 1,496 925 1,420 2,550 2,620 8,940 1,530 939 1,660 2,900 3,110 7,996 1,359 856 1,920 3,060 3,320 7,404 1,229 766 2,100 2,920 3,200 7,236 1,271 783 2,250 3,130 3,500 6,739 1,230 791 2,300 3,130 3,910 Netherlands............................................................................... S w eden....................................................................................... United Kingdom ........................................................................ 1,580 400 144 2,520 1,680 390 255 2,880 2,300 460 415 2,970 2,510 520 426 2,730 2,640 510 404 2,480 2,650 470 440 2,340 2,690 400 445 2,020 United S tates1.......................................................................... C anada....................................................................................... A ustralia...................................................................................... Ja pan........................................................................................... France........................................................................................ 6,210 1,148 750 2,790 3,020 3,690 2,750 310 368 1,820 5,880 1,058 685 3,170 2,890 3,460 2,670 260 313 1,760 64.5 62.1 60.4 59.0 - _ 5,655 918 638 3,200 _ _ _ - Unem ploym ent rate United S tates1.......................................................................... C anada....................................................................................... A ustralia...................................................................................... Ja p an ........................................................................................... France......................................................................................... G erm any2................................................................................... Italy.............................................................................................. Netherlands............................................................................... S w eden....................................................................................... United Kinqdom ........................................................................ 6.8 9.8 9.6 2.1 9.6 5.6 7.5 10.6 10.8 2.2 10.4 6.7 6.9 10.7 10.9 2.5 11.8 7.9 6.1 9.4 9.7 2.9 12.3 8.5 5.6 8.5 8.5 3.2 11.8 8.2 5.4 8.7 8.6 3.4 12.5 8.9 4.9 8.2 8.6 3.4 12.4 9.9 4.5 7.5 8.0 4.1 11.8 9.3 4.2 6.8 7.2 4.7 11.2 8.7 4.0 5.8 6.6 4.8 9.7 - 6.9 7.3 10.2 11.8 11.7 11.2 11.9 12.0 11.5 10.7 5.9 5.6 6.5 7.2 7.1 6.3 5.3 3.4 4.0 3.1 5.6 9.3 9.6 9.1 8.4 9.9 10.1 7.1 5.9 8.8 10.1 10.5 9.7 8.7 8.2 7.0 6.3 6.1 ' Data for 1994 are not directly com parable with data for 1993 and earlier years. For 3 Labor force as a percent of the working-age population, additional inform ation, see the box note under "Em ploym ent and U nem ploym ent 4 Employment as a percent of the working-age population. Data" in the notes to this section. NOTE: See Notes on the data for Information on breaks in series for th e United States, France, Germ any, Italy, the N etherlands, and Sweden. 2 Data from 1991 onward refer to unified G erm any. See Comparative Civilian Labor Dash indicates data are not available, Force Statistics, Ten Countries, 195 9 -20 0 0 , Mar. 16, 2001, on the Internet at p = prelim inary. h ttp ://s ta ts .b ls .g o v /fls d a ta .h tm . https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis M onthly Labor R eview J a n u a ry 2002 111 C urrent Labor Statistics: international Comparison 49. Annual indexes of manufacturing productivity and related measures, 12 countries [1 9 9 2 = 100] Ite m a n d c o u n tr y 1960 1 98 0 1970 1988 1989 1990 1991 1993 199 4 1995 199 7 199 6 1998 1999 O utput per hour 38.7 14.0 18.0 29.9 21.8 29.2 20.2 18.6 36.7 27.3 31.2 56.6 38.0 32.9 52.7 43.0 52.0 37.9 38.1 57.8 52.2 44.7 70.5 75.1 63.9 65.4 90.3 66.5 77.2 65.9 69.2 76.7 73.1 56.1 96.9 90.9 84.8 92.0 94.1 87.5 91.5 86.7 93.7 92.1 90.5 82.3 95.7 93.7 89.5 96.9 99.6 91.9 94.6 89.4 97.1 94.6 93.2 86.2 96.9 95.7 95.4 96.8 99.1 93.5 99.0 92.5 98.6 96.6 94.6 88.3 97.8 95.3 99.4 99.1 99.6 96.9 99.0 95.2 99.6 97.5 95.5 92.2 102.1 104.5 100.5 102.5 104.5 100.6 101.6 102.9 101.4 100.6 107.3 104.0 107.3 109.9 101.8 108.4 108.5 110.1 105.6 112.7 101.4 119.4 106.8 114.5 113.2 109.3 117.7 102.0 121.9 104.8 115.0 116.8 109.5 119.7 102.0 124.5 103.2 122.6 122.4 111.5 125.7 103.0 133.0 104.0 124.0 126.7 111.1 127.8 103.9 135.6 104.6 134.8 115.2 124.1 124.5 128.9 128.5 112.9 103.9 139.5 109.2 - 34.2 10.7 30.7 40.8 31.0 41.5 21.9 31.7 56.5 45.9 67.7 60.6 38.8 57.6 68.0 64.1 70.9 45.8 59.5 89.1 80.7 90.3 75.8 86.0 59.9 78.2 91.3 88.7 85.3 80.4 77.4 103.6 90.7 87.2 103.2 110.1 84.6 93.3 100.8 92.2 90.9 94.5 92.8 105.3 109.8 101.4 102.4 112.6 90.2 99.1 104.3 97.2 94.0 98.1 96.9 101.3 110.9 105.4 101.6 108.6 96.3 101.0 102.7 99.1 99.1 99.6 100.1 100.2 110.1 105.3 98.3 99.0 101.4 100.7 101.7 99.8 102.3 99.2 100.6 98.3 104.1 100.0 103.5 104.6 96.0 97.0 99.0 95.7 92.5 96.4 98.2 102.7 101.9 101.4 111.1 113.2 95.4 101.4 109.3 100.3 95.2 102.2 104.2 106.7 117.1 106.1 118.4 118.1 100.6 104.2 114.7 104.9 95.3 107.2 107.8 109.0 128.4 107.8 121.3 119.8 106.7 105.1 109.7 104.6 93.5 105.6 108.4 110.1 131.1 108.2 127.7 128.1 111.1 109.9 112.6 109.7 96.3 108.3 114.1 115.7 138.6 109.6 133.5 133.1 103.6 111.8 115.3 111.5 100.9 110.3 116.6 117.6 144.6 109.9 139.3 141.3 103.9 113.8 111.5 114.2 102.2 111.4 114.0 150.7 109.7 United States............................................................... Canada......................................................................... Japan............................................................................ Belgium........................................................................ Denmark....................................................................... France.......................................................................... Germany....................................................................... Italy................................................................................ Netherlands................................................................. Norway......................................................................... Sweden........................................................................ United Kingdom.......................................................... 92.1 88.3 76.3 170.7 136.5 142.3 142.3 108.7 170.6 154.0 168.3 217.3 104.4 107.1 102.3 174.7 129.0 149.0 136.3 120.9 156.2 154.3 154.7 202.1 107.5 114.6 93.8 119.7 101.1 133.3 110.5 122.0 111.8 135.0 124.0 155.3 106.6 121.2 99.8 101.5 107.2 105.4 99.3 108.9 99.0 114.3 121.4 123.2 107.1 120.2 100.8 102.3 104.7 105.8 99.3 109.7 99.8 107.1 119.0 122.3 104.8 113.5 100.9 104.3 103.7 105.9 100.1 107.7 101.5 103.7 116.4 119.2 100.4 103.9 102.0 101.5 102.1 103.0 103.3 104.2 101.0 100.8 109.0 108.5 101.4 100.1 95.6 94.7 94.8 95.1 91.0 93.6 96.9 102.1 94.9 97.5 103.6 103.0 93.7 93.6 104.0 106.4 92.0 92.0 91.6 84.2 98.0 91.6 106.9 105.3 102.9 105.5 113.5 91.5 89.8 89.5 78.7 97.1 90.8 112.3 104.2 105.4 105.2 118.3 86.1 90.5 89.9 79.6 99.3 91.2 113.2 106.6 105.0 103.3 122.7 83.8 91.5 92.4 86.5 96.7 92.4 105.2 98.1 99.4 103.7 109.4 92.2 91.0 91.0 80.1 96.5 90.5 107.9 105.3 104.8 Com pensation per h our United States.............................................................. Canada......................................................................... Japan............................................................................ Belgium......................................................................... Denmark...................................................................... France.......................................................................... Germany...................................................................... Italy................................................................................ Netherlands................................................................. Norway......................................................................... Sweden........................................................................ United Kingdom.......................................................... 14.9 9.9 4.3 5.4 4.6 4.3 8.1 1.6 6.4 4.7 4.1 3.1 23.7 17.0 16.5 13.7 13.3 10.3 20.7 4.7 20.2 11.8 10.7 6.3 55.6 47.7 58.6 52.5 49.6 40.8 53.6 28.4 64.4 39.0 37.3 33.2 84.0 77.8 79.2 81.1 82.9 81.6 79.1 69.3 87.7 83.3 71.8 67.7 86.6 82.5 84.2 85.9 87.7 86.0 83.2 75.9 88.5 87.2 79.4 72.9 90.8 89.5 90.7 90.1 92.7 90.6 89.4 84.4 90.8 92.3 87.8 80.9 95.6 94.7 95.9 97.3 95.9 96.2 92.1 93.6 95.2 97.5 95.5 90.5 102.7 99.6 104.6 104.8 104.6 103.0 106.1 107.5 103.7 101.5 97.2 104.3 105.6 100.4 106.7 106.1 105.6 112.3 107.8 108.2 104.4 99.8 106.5 107.9 103.6 109.5 109.2 108.4 118.5 112.8 110.6 109.2 106.3 107.4 109.3 102.8 110.9 112.0 110.2 125.2 120.3 113.2 113.6 114.2 108.2 111.4 106.7 113.9 115.2 113.0 128.0 125.4 115.8 118.7 119.7 111.4 117.3 110.8 115.8 116.0 114.9 128.9 123.0 118.3 126.2 123.3 117.0 123.2 110.8 117.7 116.0 119.3 130.8 126.5 133.4 127.4 122.6 25.6 30.9 30.1 15.4 19.5 27.8 7.9 34.4 12.9 15.0 9.8 30.1 43.3 41.7 25.2 24.0 39.8 12.4 52.9 20.4 20.6 14.1 78.8 63.2 91.7 80.3 55.0 61.3 69.4 43.1 93.0 50.8 51.0 59.1 86.7 85.2 93.4 88.1 88.2 93.3 86.5 79.9 93.6 90.4 79.4 82.2 90.5 88.0 94.0 88.7 88.1 93.6 87.9 84.9 91.1 92.2 85.1 84.6 93.7 92.3 95.0 93.0 93.6 96.8 90.3 91.3 92.1 95.6 92.8 91.6 97.7 99.7 96.5 98.1 96.3 99.3 93.1 98.4 95.5 100.0 100.0 98.2 100.6 97.6 104.1 102.3 100.1 102.4 104.5 104.4 102.3 100.9 90.6 100.3 98.5 94.3 104.9 97.9 93.0 97.3 102.0 102.1 96.0 102.9 83.6 99.7 94.8 95.5 100.1 96.4 93.8 94.7 104.7 103.2 94.0 107.1 87.2 102.5 93.5 95.9 95.8 95.6 100.9 95.9 107.2 109.9 94.6 111.4 91.7 104.8 92.0 95.9 93.8 93.3 102.0 92.2 104.6 112.4 92.2 115.2 90.0 107.1 92.4 98.8 96.2 93.7 102.8 92.7 101.8 110.8 92.5 121.5 90.9 111.9 91.4 98.1 94.9 93.4 108.9 92.6 101.8 112.0 128.5 91.3 112.3 78.8 65.3 51.3 88.3 58.9 76.8 59.6 62.0 82.3 63.9 70.3 77.8 86.7 83.6 92.4 77.0 79.0 82.9 76.9 75.6 83.2 86.1 75.4 82.9 90.5 89.8 86.3 72.3 72.6 77.6 73.0 76.2 75.5 82.9 76.8 78.5 93.7 95.6 83.1 89.5 91.3 94.1 87.3 93.8 88.9 95.0 91.3 92.5 97.7 105.1 90.9 92.3 90.8 93.1 87.5 97.6 89.8 95.7 96.3 98.2 100.6 91.4 118.8 95.1 93.2 95.6 98.6 81.8 96.8 88.3 67.7 85.3 98.5 83.4 130.1 94.2 88.3 92.9 98.2 78.1 92.8 90.7 63.1 86.5 94.8 84.1 135.1 105.2 101.1 100.6 114.1 78.0 103.0 105.0 71.2 91.6 93.5 85.0 111.7 99.3 105.0 99.2 111.3 87.8 98.6 107.1 79.7 92.6 92.0 83.6 98.3 83.7 93.1 83.6 94.1 81.3 83.0 101.1 68.6 99.3 92.4 80.5 93.1 83.0 92.6 83.2 90.3 78.6 82.0 100.0 66.6 105.0 91.4 79.8 105.7 79.3 94.1 79.6 86.6 75.9 United States.............................................................. Canada........................................................................ Japan............................................................................ Belgium......................................................................... Denmark....................................................................... France.......................................................................... Germany....................................................................... Italy................................................................................ Netherlands................................................................. Nonway.......................................................................... Sweden......................................................................... United Kingdom.......................................................... - - - 113.8 111.0 109.3 113.2 - 117.0 109.5 115.8 115.5 - 121.1 112.8 121.4 122.4 - 127.0 112.5 120.4 123.6 - O utput United States............................................................... Canada......................................................................... Japan............................................................................ Belgium......................................................................... Denmark...................................................................... France.......................................................................... Germany...................................................................... Italy................................................................................ Netherlands................................................................. Norway......................................................................... Sweden......................................................................... United Kingdom.......................................................... Total hours - - - - 88.6 79.5 98.6 109.8 108.0 100.5 U n it labor costs: National currency basis Canada......................................................................... Japan........................................................................... Denmark....................................................................... France.......................................................................... Germany..................................................................... Italy................................................................................ Netherlands................................................................. Norway......................................................................... United Kingdom.......................................................... U nit la bo r costs: U.S. dollar basis United States.............................................................. Canada......................................................................... Japan........................................................................... Belgium........................................................................ Denmark...................................................................... France.......................................................................... Germany..................................................................... Italy............................................................................... Nonway......................................................................... United Kingdom......................................................... - 32.0 10.9 19.4 13.5 21.1 10.4 15.6 16.0 11.3 16.9 15.6 - 34.8 15.3 27.0 20.3 23.0 17.1 24.4 25.7 17.8 23.1 19.2 NOTE: Data for Germany for years before 1992 are for the former West Germany. Data for 1992 onward are for unified Germany. Dash indicates data not available. 112 M onthly Labor R eview https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis J an u ary 2002 _ 102 2 64.3 102.8 50. O c c u p a tio n a l injury a n d illness rates by industry,' United States In d u s t r y a n d t y p e o f c a s e P R IV ATE S EC TO R 5 Total c a s e s ......................................................................................... Lost w orkday ca se s................................................................................ Lost w o rk da ys................................................................ Incidence rates per 100 full-tim e w orkers3 1988 1989 1 1990 1991 1992 1993 4 1994 4 19954 1996 4 1997 4 1998 4 1999 4 8.6 4.0 76.1 8.6 4.0 78.7 8.8 4.1 84.0 8.4 3.9 86.5 8.9 3.9 93.8 8.5 3.8 - 8.4 3.8 - 8.1 3.6 7.4 3.4 - 7.1 3.3 6.7 3.1 6.3 3.0 A gricu lture, forestry, and fis h in g 5 Total c a s e s ..................................................................... Lost w o rkda y ca se s........................................................ Lost w o rk da ys................................................................ 10.S 5.6 101.8 10.9 5.7 100.9 11.6 5.9 112.2 10.8 5.4 108.3 11.6 5.4 126.9 11.2 5.0 - 10.0 4.7 - 9.7 4.3 - 8.7 3.9 - 8.4 4.1 - 7.9 3.9 7.3 3.4 M ining Total c a s e s ...................................................................................... Lost w orkday ca se s............................................................ Lost w o rk da ys.................................................................. 8.8 5.1 152.1 8.5 4.8 137.2 8.3 5.0 119.5 7.4 4.5 129.6 7.3 4.1 204.7 6.8 3.9 - 6.3 3.9 - 6.2 3.9 - 5.4 3.2 _ 5.9 3.7 _ 4.9 2.9 4.4 2.7 C onstruction Total c a s e s ................................................................................... Lost w orkday cases............................................................ Lost w o rk da ys............................................................. 14.6 6.8 142.2 14.3 6.8 143.3 14.2 6.7 147.9 13.0 6.1 148.1 13.1 5.8 161.9 12.2 5.5 - 11.8 5.5 - 10.6 4.9 _ 9.9 4.5 _ 9.5 4.4 _ 8.8 4.0 8.6 4.2 G eneral building contractors: Total c a s e s ............................................................................................... Lost w o rkda y ca se s................................................................. Lost w o rk da ys......................................................... 14.0 6.4 132.2 13.9 6.5 137.3 13.4 6.4 137.6 12.0 5.5 132.0 12.2 5.4 142.7 11.5 5.1 10.9 5.1 9.8 4.4 9.0 4.0 8.5 3.7 8.4 3.9 8.0 3.7 H eavy construction, except buildlnq: Total c a s e s ........................................................................ Lost w orkday cases................................................ Lost w o rkda ys............................................................. 15.1 7.0 162.3 13.8 6.5 147.1 13.8 6.3 144.6 12.8 6.0 160.1 12.1 5.4 165.8 11.1 5.1 10.2 5.0 9.9 4.8 9.0 4.3 8.7 4.3 8.2 4.1 7.8 3.8 S pecial trades contractors: Total c a s e s ......................................................................................... Lost w orkday cases............................................. Lost w o rkda ys............................................................. 14.7 7.0 141.1 14.6 6.9 144.9 14.7 6.9 153.1 13.5 6.3 151.3 13.8 6.1 168.3 12.8 5.8 12.5 5.8 11.1 5.0 10.4 4.8 10.0 4.7 9.1 4.1 8.9 4.4 13.1 5.7 107.4 13.1 5.8 113.0 13.2 5.8 120.7 12.7 5.6 121.5 12.5 5.4 124.6 12.1 5.3 - 12.2 5.5 - 11.6 5.3 - 10.6 4.9 - 10.3 4.8 _ 9.7 4.7 _ 9.2 4.6 14.2 5.9 111.1 14.1 6.0 116.5 14.2 6.0 123.3 13.6 5.7 122.9 13.4 5.5 126.7 13.1 5.4 - 13.5 5.7 - 12.8 5.6 _ 11.6 5.1 _ 11.3 5.1 10.7 5.0 10.1 4.8 Lum ber and w ood products: Total c a s e s ............................................................................ Lost w orkday ca se s............................................................ Lost w orkda ys.......................................................................... 19.5 10.0 189.1 18.4 9.4 177.5 18.1 8.8 172.5 16.8 8.3 172.0 16.3 7.6 165.8 15.9 7.6 - 15.7 7.7 - 14.9 7.0 - 14.2 6.8 _ 13.5 6.5 _ 13.2 6.8 13.0 6.7 Furniture and fixtures: Total c a s e s ................................................................. Lost w orkday cases................................................................. Lost w orkda ys................................................................... 16.6 7.3 115.7 16.1 7.2 15.9 7.2 14.8 6.6 128.4 14.6 6.5 - 15.0 7.0 - 13.9 6.4 _ 12.2 5.4 _ 12.0 5.8 11.4 5.7 11.5 5.9 - 16.9 7.8 - S tone, clay, and qlass products: Total c a s e s ........................................................................... Lost w orkday cases.............................................. Lost w orkda ys.......................................................... 16.0 7.5 141.0 15.5 7.4 149.8 15.4 7.3 160.5 14.8 6.8 156.0 13.6 6.1 152.2 13.8 6.3 - 13.2 6.5 _ 12.3 5.7 _ 12.4 6.0 _ 11.8 5.7 11.8 6.0 10.7 5.4 Prim ary m etal industries: Total c a s e s ............................................................ Lost w orkday cases......................................................... Lost w o rkda ys.................................................................. 19.4 8.2 161.3 18.7 8.1 168.3 19.0 8.1 180.2 17.7 7.4 169.1 17.5 7.1 175.5 17.0 7.3 - 16.8 7.2 - 16.5 7.2 _ 15.0 6.8 _ 15.0 7.2 _ 14.0 7.0 12.9 6.3 Fabricated m etal products: Total c a s e s .............................................................. Lost w orkday cases.................................................................. Lost w o rkda ys......................................................... 18.8 8.0 138.8 18.5 7.9 147.6 18.7 7.9 155.7 17.4 7.1 146.6 16.8 6.6 144.0 16.2 6.7 15.8 6.9 _ 14.4 6.2 _ 14.2 6.4 13.9 6.5 12.6 6.0 - 16.4 6.7 - Industrial m achinery and equipm ent: Total c a s e s .......................................................................... Lost w orkday cases........................................................... Lost w orkda ys..................................................................... 12.1 4.7 82.8 12.1 4.8 86.8 12.0 4.7 88.9 11.2 4.4 86.6 11.1 4.2 87.7 11.1 4.2 - 11.6 4.4 - 11.2 4.4 - 9.9 4.0 _ 10.0 4.1 _ 9.5 4.0 8.5 3.7 E lectronic and other electrical equipm ent: Total c a s e s .................................................................. Lost w orkday ca se s................................................................. Lost w orkda ys........................................................................ 8.0 3.3 64.6 9.1 3.9 77.5 9.1 3.8 79.4 8.6 3.7 83.0 8.4 3.6 81.2 8.3 3.5 _ 8.3 3.6 _ 7.6 3.3 _ 6.8 3.1 _ 6.6 3.1 _ 5.9 2.8 5.7 2.8 Transportation equipm ent: Total c a s e s .............................................................................. Lost w orkday ca se s................................................................. Lost w orkda ys.................................................................... 17.7 6.6 134.2 17.7 6.8 138.6 17.8 6.9 153.7 18.3 7.0 166.1 18.7 7.1 186.6 18.5 7.1 - 19.6 7.8 - 18.6 7.9 - 16.3 7.0 _ 15.4 6.6 _ 14.6 6.6 13.7 6.4 Instrum ents and related products: Total c a s e s ........................................................................ Lost w orkday ca se s ........................................................ Lost w orkda ys........................................................................... 6.1 2.6 51.5 5.6 2.5 55.4 5.9 2.7 57.8 6.0 2.7 64.4 5.9 2.7 65.3 5.6 2.5 - 5.9 2.7 - 5.3 2.4 _ 5.1 2.3 _ 4.8 2.3 _ 4.0 1.9 4.0 1.8 M iscellaneous m anufacturlnq Industries: Total c a s e s .................................................................................. Lost w orkday cases........................................................................ Lost w o rkda ys.................................................................... 11.3 5.1 91.0 11.1 5.1 97.6 11.3 5.1 113.1 11.3 5.1 104.0 10.7 5.0 108.2 10.0 4.6 - 9.9 4.5 - 9.1 4.3 - 9.5 4.4 - 8.9 4.2 - 8.1 3.9 - 8.4 4.0 M anufacturing Total c a s e s ........................................................................... Lost w orkday ca se s...................................................... Lost w o rk da ys............................................................... Durable goods: Total c a s e s ................................................................. Lost w orkday ca se s....................................................... Lost w o rk da ys........................................................... - S ee footnotes a t end of table. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis M onthly Labor R eview J an u a ry 2002 113 C urrent Labor Statistics: Injury and Illness Data 50. Continued— O ccupatio nal injury a nd illness rates by industry,' United States Incidence rates per 100 full-time workers3 in d u s try a n d ty p e o f c a s e 1988 Nondurable goods: Total c a s e s .............................................................................................. Lost workday cases................................................................................. Lost w orkdays............................................................................................ Food and kindred products: Total c a s e s ............................................................................................ Lost workday cases.............................................................................. Lost w orkdays........................................................................................ Tobacco products: T otal c a s e s ............................................................................................ Lost workday cases.............................................................................. Lost w orkdays........................................................................................ Textile mill products: Total c a s e s ............................................................................................ Lost w orkday cases.............................................................................. Lost w orkdays........................................................................................ Apparel and other textile products: Total c a s e s ............................................................................................ Lost w orkday cases.............................................................................. Lost w orkdays........................................................................................ Paper and allied products: Total c a s e s ............................................................................................ Lost workday cases.............................................................................. Lost w orkdays........................................................................................ Printinq and publishinq: Total c a s e s ............................................................................................ Lost w orkday cases.............................................................................. Lost w orkdays........................................................................................ Chemicals and allied products: Total c a s e s ............................................................................................ Lost workday cases.............................................................................. Lost w orkdays........................................................................................ Petroleum and coal products: Total c a s e s ............................................................................................ Lost workday cases.............................................................................. Lost w orkdays........................................................................................ Rubber and miscellaneous plastics products: Total c a s e s ............................................................................................ Lost workday cases.............................................................................. Lost w orkdays........................................................................................ Leather and leather products: Total c a s e s ............................................................................................ Lost workday cases.............................................................................. Lost w orkdays........................................................................................ T ra n s p o rta tio n a nd p u b lic u tilitie s Total c a s e s ............................................................................................... Lost workday cases.................................................................................. Lost w orkdays............................................................................................ 1989 1 1990 1991 1992 1 9 9 3 4 1994 4 1 9 9 5 4 1996 4 1997 4 1998 4 1999 4 11.4 5.4 101.7 11.6 5.5 107.8 11.7 5.6 116.9 11.5 5.5 119.7 11.3 5.3 121.8 10.7 5.0 - 10.5 5.1 - 9.9 4.9 - 9.2 4.6 - 8.8 4.4 - 8.2 4.3 - 7.8 4.2 - 18.5 9.2 169.7 18.5 9.3 174.7 20.0 9.9 202.6 19.5 9.9 207.2 18.8 9.5 211.9 17.6 8.9 - 17.1 9.2 - 16.3 8.7 - 15.0 8.0 - 14.5 8.0 - 13.6 7.5 - 12.7 7.3 - 9.3 2.9 53.0 8.7 3.4 64.2 7.7 3.2 62.3 6.4 2.8 52.0 6.0 2.4 42.9 5.8 2.3 - 5.3 2.4 - 5.6 2.6 - 6.7 2.8 - 5.9 2.7 - 6.4 3.4 - 5.5 2.2 - 9.6 4.0 78.8 10.3 4.2 81.4 9.6 4.0 85.1 10.1 4.4 88.3 9.9 4.2 87.1 9.7 4.1 - 8.7 4.0 - 8.2 4.1 - 7.8 3.6 - 6.7 3.1 - 7.4 3.4 - 6.4 3.2 - 8.1 3.5 68.2 8.6 3.8 80.5 8.8 3.9 92.1 9.2 4.2 99.9 9.5 4.0 104.6 9.0 3.8 - 8.9 3.9 - 8.2 3.6 - 7.4 3.3 - 7.0 3.1 - 6.2 2.6 - 5.8 2.8 - 13.1 5.9 124.3 12.7 5.8 132.9 12.1 5.5 124.8 11.2 5.0 122.7 11.0 5.0 125.9 9.9 4.6 - 9.6 4.5 - 8.5 4.2 - 7.9 3.8 - 7.3 3.7 - 7.1 3.7 - 7.0 3.7 - 6.6 3.2 59.8 6.9 3.3 63.8 6.9 3.3 69.8 6.7 3.2 74.5 7.3 3.2 74.8 6.9 3.1 - 6.7 3.0 - 6.4 3.0 - 6.0 2.8 - 5.7 2.7 - 5.4 2.8 - 5.0 2.6 - 7.0 3.3 59.0 7.0 3.2 63.4 6.5 3.1 61.6 6.4 3.1 62.4 6.0 2.8 64.2 5.9 2.7 - 5.7 2.8 - 5.5 2.7 - 4.8 2.4 - 4.8 2.3 - 4.2 2.1 - 4.4 2.3 - 7.0 3.2 68.4 6.6 3.3 68.1 6.6 3.1 77.3 6.2 2.9 68.2 5.9 2.8 71.2 5.2 2.5 - 4.7 2.3 - 4.8 2.4 - 4.6 2.5 - 4.3 2.2 - 3.9 1.8 - 4.1 1.8 - 16.3 8.1 142.9 16.2 8.0 147.2 16.2 7.8 151.3 15.1 7.2 150.9 14.5 6.8 153.3 13.9 6.5 - 14.0 6.7 - 12.9 6.5 - 12.3 6.3 - 11.9 5.8 - 11.2 5.8 - 10.1 5.5 - 11.4 5.6 128.2 13.6 6.5 130.4 12.1 5.9 152.3 12.5 5.9 140.8 12.1 5.4 128.5 12.1 5.5 - 12.0 5.3 - 11.4 4.8 - 10.7 4.5 - 10.6 4.3 - 9.8 4.5 - 10.3 5.0 - 8.9 5.1 118.6 9.2 5.3 121.5 9.6 5.5 134.1 9.3 5.4 140.0 9.1 5.1 144.0 9.5 5.4 - 9.3 5.5 - 9.1 5.2 - 8.7 5.1 - 8.2 4.8 - 7.3 4.3 - 7.3 4.4 - 7.8 3.5 60.9 8.0 3.6 63.5 7.9 3.5 65.6 7.6 3.4 72.0 8.4 3.5 80.1 8.1 3.4 - 7.9 3.4 - 7.5 3.2 - 6.8 2.9 - 6.7 3.0 - 6.5 2.8 _ 6.1 2.7 - 7.7 3.8 7.5 3.6 6.6 3.4 6.5 3.2 6.5 3.3 - 6.3 3.3 _ W hole sa le and retail trade Total c a s e s ............................................................................................... Lost w orkday cases.................................................................................. Lost workdays............................................................................................ W holesale trade: Total c a s e s ............................................................................................... Lost workday cases.................................................................................. Lost workdays............................................................................................ Retail trade: Total c a s e s ............................................................................................... Lost w orkday cases.................................................................................. Lost workdays............................................................................................ 7.6 3.8 69.2 7.7 4.0 71.9 7.4 3.7 71.5 7.2 3.7 79.2 7.6 3.6 82.4 7.8 3.7 7.9 3.4 57.6 8.1 3.4 60.0 8.1 3.4 63.2 7.7 3.3 69.1 8.7 3.4 79.2 8.2 3.3 - 7.9 3.3 - 7.5 3.0 - 6.9 2.8 - 6.8 2.9 - 6.5 2.7 - 6.1 2.5 - F inance, in su ra n ce , a nd real estate Total c a s e s ............................................................................................... Lost w orkday cases.................................................................................. Lost w orkdays............................................................................................ 2.0 .9 17.2 2.0 .9 17.6 2.4 1.1 27.3 2.4 1.1 24.1 2.9 1.2 32.9 2.9 1.2 - 2.7 1.1 - 2.6 1.0 - 2.4 .9 2.2 .9 .7 .5 1.8 .8 - - S ervice s Total c a s e s ............................................................................................... Lost workday cases.................................................................................. Lost w orkdays............................................................................................ 5.4 2.6 47.7 5.5 2.7 51.2 6.0 2.8 56.4 6.2 2.8 60.0 7.1 3.0 68.6 6.7 2.8 - 6.5 2.8 - 6.4 2.8 - 6.0 2.6 - - - - - - - - 5.6 2.5 - 5.2 2.4 - 4.9 2.2 - 1 Data for 1989 and subsequent years are based on the Standard Industrial Class ification Manual, 1987 Edition. For this reason, they are not strictly comparable with data for the years 1985-88, which were based on the Standard Industrial Classification Manual, 1972 Edition, 1977 Supplement. N = num ber of injuries and illnesses or lost workdays; EH = total hours worked by all em ployees during the calendar year; and 200,000 = base for 100 full-time equivalent workers (working 40 hours per week, 50 weeks per year). 2 Beginning with the 1992 survey, the annual survey measures only nonfatal injuries and illnesses, while past surveys covered both fatal and nonfatal incidents. To better address fatalities, a basic element of workplace safety, BLS implemented the Census of Fatal Occupational Injuries. 4 Beginning with the 1993 survey, lost workday estim ates will not be generated. As of 1992, BLS began generating percent distributions and the median number of days away from w ork by industry and for groups of w orkers sustaining sim ilar w ork disabilities. 3 The incidence rates represent the number of injuries and illnesses or lost workdays per 100 full-time w orkers and w ere calculated as (N/EH) X 200,000, where: 114 M onthly Labor R eview https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Jan u a ry 2002 5 Excludes farm s with fewer than 11 em ployees since 1976. Dash indicates data not available. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 51. Fatal o c c u p a tio n a l injuries b y e v e n t or exp o su re, 199 4 -2 00 0 F a t a lit ie s E v e n t o r e x p o s u re 1 1 9 9 4 -9 8 19992 A v e ra g e N um ber 2000 N um ber P e rc e n t T o ta l.................................................................... T ra n s p o rta tio n in c id e n ts ................................................................ H ighw ay in cid e n t.................................................................... C ollision betw een vehicles, m obile e q u ip m e n t.............................. M oving in sam e d ire ction ............................................................ M oving in opp o site directions, o n c o m in g .................................. M oving in in te rsectio n .............................................. V ehicle stru ck stationary object or e q u ip m e n t................................ N oncollision in cide n t................................................. Jackknifed or o verturned— no c o llisio n .................................... N onhighw ay (farm , industrial prem ises) in cide n t............................... O ve rtu rn e d .................................................... A ircra ft............................................................ W o rker stru ck by a ve h icle ....................................................... W ater vehicle in cide n t.................................................. R a ilw a y....................................................................... 2 fu n 1,374 662 113 240 138 272 368 280 387 2 15 A s s a u lts a n d v io le n t a c ts ........................................................ H o m icide s............................................................. S ho o tin g ..................................................................... S ta bb in g ............................................................... O ther, including b om b in g .................................................. S elf-inflicted in ju rie s............................................................... 1,496 714 1,363 23 270 2 43 4 334 2 79 5 322 352 206 399 2 13 7 4 _ 382 104 78 102 56 84 71 1 1 1,168 923 748 68 107 215 909 651 509 62 80 2 18 929 677 533 66 78 220 16 11 9 1 1 4 C o n ta c t w ith o b je c ts a n d e q u ip m e n t............................................ S truck by o b je ct......................................................... S truck by falling o b je ct.............................................. S truck by flying o b je ct................................................. C a ug h t in or co m pressed by e q u ip m en t o r o b je cts................. C a ug h t in running e qu ip m en t or m a ch ine ry............................. C a ug h t in o r crushed in collapsing m a te ria ls.................................... 984 564 364 60 281 148 124 1,030 585 358 55 302 163 129 1,005 570 357 61 2 94 157 123 17 10 6 1 5 3 2 F a lls ....................................................................................... Fall to low er le ve l.......................................................... Fall from la d d e r................................................................. Fall from ro o f....................................................... Fall from scaffold, sta g in g ................................. Fall on sam e le ve l............................................................. 686 609 101 146 89 53 721 634 96 153 92 70 7 34 659 110 150 85 56 12 11 2 3 2 1 E xpo sure to harm ful s u b stan ces o r e n v iro n m e n ts ......................... C o nta ct w ith electric cu rre n t............................................. C o nta ct w ith overhead pow er line s............................................ C o nta ct w ith tem p e ra tu re e xtre m es............................................ E xposure to caustic, noxious, or alle rg en ic su b sta n ce s.................. Inhalation of su b sta n ce s.......................................................... O xygen d eficie n cy................................................................ D row ning, su b m e rsio n ............................................................ 583 322 136 45 118 66 96 77 533 280 125 51 108 55 92 75 480 2 56 128 29 100 48 93 74 8 4 2 Fires an d e x p lo s io n s .................................................................... 199 216 177 3 21 27 19 - O th e r e v e n ts o r e xp o su re s 3..................................... ' B ased on the 1992 C lassification S tructures. b ls O ccupational Injury and Illness 2 T he bls new s release issued A ug u st 17, 2000, reported a total o f 6,023 fatal w o rk injuries fo r ca le nd a r year 1999. S ince then, an additional 31 job-re la te d fata litie s w e re identified, bringing th e total jo b-re la te d fatality co u n t fo r 1999 to 6,054. 3 2 1 2 1 Includes th e ca te g ory "B odily rea ction and exertion." NOTE: T o ta ls fo r m ajor ca te g orie s m ay include su b ca te g orie s not show n separately. P erce n ta g es m ay not add to totals because of rounding. Dash in dica te s less th a n 0.5 percent. M onthly Labor R eview J a n u a ry 2002 115 6. S e le c te d u n e m p lo y m e n t indicators, m o n th ly d a ta s e a s o n a lly a d ju s te d [Unemployment rates] Annual average 1999 2000 2000 2001 Oct. Nov. Dec. Jan. Feb. M ar. Apr. M ay June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Characteristic To ta l, 16 ye a rs a nd o v e r................................. B oth sexes, 16 to 19 ye a rs........................ M en, 20 ye a rs a nd o ve r.............................. W o m en , 20 ye a rs a nd o ve r........................ 4.2 13.9 3.5 3.8 4.0 13.1 3.3 3.6 3.9 12.6 3.3 3.4 4.0 13.0 3.4 3.4 4.0 13.1 3.4 3.4 4.2 13.8 3.6 3.6 4.2 13.6 3.5 3.7 4.3 13.8 3.8 3.6 4.5 14.2 4.0 3.8 4.4 13.6 3.9 3.8 4.5 14.3 4.0 3.8 4.5 14.8 3.9 3.9 4.9 16.1 4.4 4.2 4.9 14.7 4.3 4.4 5.4 15.5 4.8 4.8 W hite, to ta l...................................................... B oth sexes, 16 to 19 y e a rs .................. M en, 16 to 19 y e a rs ........................... W o m en , 16 to 19 ye a rs..................... M en, 20 ye a rs and o v e r........................ W o m en , 20 ye a rs a nd o v e r................. 3.7 12.0 12.6 11.3 3.0 3.3 3.5 11.4 12.3 10.4 2.8 3.1 3.4 11.2 11.8 10.5 2.9 3.0 11.5 11.7 12.4 10.9 3.0 3.0 3.5 11.5 12.2 10.7 2.9 3.1 3.6 11.7 13.3 9.8 3.2 3.0 3.7 10.9 12.6 9.2 3.2 3.3 3.7 11.6 11.8 11.2 3.3 3.1 4.0 11.8 12.8 10.8 3.5 3.5 3.8 11.8 13.1 10.5 3.3 3.4 4.0 12.6 14.5 10.6 3.6 3.3 4.0 13.3 13.7 13.0 3.4 3.5 4.3 14.3 15.8 12.7 3.8 3.6 4.3 12.7 13.5 11.9 3.8 3.8 4.8 13.1 14.8 11.5 4.4 4.1 B lack, to ta l...................................................... Both sexes, 16 to 19 ye a rs.................. M en, 16 to 19 ye a rs............................ W om en, 16 to 19 y e a rs ..................... M en, 20 ye a rs a nd o v e r........................ W om en, 20 ye a rs and o v e r................. 8.0 27.9 30.9 25.1 6.7 6.8 7.6 24.7 2 6.4 23.0 7.0 6.3 7.4 23.9 27.0 21.2 7.0 5.8 7.5 21.9 22.5 21.3 6.9 6.2 7.6 26.7 30.1 23.4 7.3 5.7 8.4 27.9 26.9 28.9 6.9 7.3 7.5 28.8 31.7 25.7 6.6 5.8 8.6 28.9 27.7 30.2 8.5 6.3 8.2 31.6 34.9 28.6 8.2 5.5 8.0 25.1 30.0 2 0.3 7.6 6.4 8.4 28.2 30.7 26.0 7.8 6.8 7.9 25.5 26.9 24.3 7.9 6.0 9.1 30.4 32.5 28.1 9.0 6.9 8.7 2 7.7 30.5 24.8 7.6 7.7 9.7 30.1 31.2 29.0 8.0 8.9 H ispanic o rigin, to ta l................................ 6.4 5.7 5.0 6.0 5.7 6.0 6.3 6.3 6.5 6.2 6.6 6.0 6.3 6.4 7.2 M arried m en, spouse p re se n t............... M arried w o m en , spouse p re se n t.......... 2.2 2.7 6.4 4.1 5.0 2.0 2.7 5.9 3.9 4.8 2.1 2.5 5.4 3.8 4.5 2.2 2.5 5.2 3.9 4.5 2.2 2.6 5.1 3.9 4.6 2.3 2.5 6.4 4.1 4.9 2.3 2.6 6.1 4.0 4.8 2.5 2.7 6.2 4.2 4.8 2.5 2.9 6.3 4.3 5.5 2.6 2.9 6.2 4.3 4.6 2.6 3.0 6.3 4.4 5.3 2.6 2.8 6.2 4.4 5.1 2.7 3.0 6.7 4.8 5.6 2.7 3.3 7.0 5.0 4.5 3.1 3.7 6.9 5.4 5.6 4.3 5.7 7.0 3.6 3.5 3.9 3.0 5.2 2.3 4.1 2.2 8.9 4.1 3.9 6.4 3.6 3.4 4.0 3.1 5.0 2.3 3.8 2.1 7.5 4.0 7.1 6.5 4.0 3.8 4.3 2.8 4.8 2.3 3.6 2.0 8.8 4.0 3.5 6.9 3.6 3.5 3.9 2.6 4.7 1.9 3.7 2.3 9.4 4.0 3.6 6.5 3.6 3.4 4.0 3.2 4.8 2.1 3.6 2.2 8.9 4.3 2.2 6.8 4.2 4.2 4.3 2.8 5.0 2.3 4.0 2.2 9.0 4.5 4.6 7.0 4.5 4.2 5.0 2.9 5.1 2.5 4.2 1.5 9.2 4.5 3.5 6.2 5.0 5.0 5.0 3.1 5.3 2.6 4.1 2.1 11.3 4.6 5.1 7.1 4.6 4.3 5.1 4.1 5.3 2.7 4.1 2.3 9.2 4.5 5.5 6.6 4.8 4.9 4.7 3.8 5.3 2.3 3.9 2.0 8.2 4.8 6.8 6.7 5.0 5.0 4.9 4.4 5.3 2.6 4.4 2.0 9.6 4.7 3.7 6.8 5.1 4.7 5.7 3.3 5.2 3.2 4.3 2.1 10.9 5.1 4.3 7.5 5.7 5.8 5.5 3.5 5.6 2.7 4.9 2.1 10.2 5.2 4.8 7.6 5.6 5.6 5.4 3.9 5.9 2.8 4.8 2.1 7.1 5.9 7.0 8.4 6.2 6.9 5.2 6.0 6.1 2.7 5.7 2.4 8.9 6.7 3.5 6.4 3.5 6.4 3.5 6.6 3.5 6.3 3.4 6.8 3.8 7.7 3.8 6.9 3.9 6.6 3.8 6.5 3.9 6.8 3.9 6.6 4.1 7.3 4.4 7.8 4.3 7.7 4.7 2.8 1.8 2.7 1.7 2.4 1.6 2.7 1.6 2.7 1.6 3.0 1.6 2.7 1.6 2.7 2.0 3.0 2.3 3.0 2.1 3.2 2.2 3.0 2.1 3.2 2.1 3.5 2.4 4.1 2.7 Full-tim e w o rk e rs ...................................... P art-tim e w o rk e rs ...................................... In d u s try N ona g ricultura l w a g e a nd salary w o rk e rs ................................................................ C o n s tru ctio n ................................................... M a n u fa ctu rin g ............................................... N o ndurable g o o d s ................................... T ra nspo rta tio n and p ublic u tilitie s.......... W hole sa le and retail tra d e ........................ Finance, insurance, and real e sta te ..... S e rvice s........................................................... A gricu ltu ral w a ge and sa la ry w o rk e rs........ E d u c a tio n a l a tta in m e n t1 Less than a high sch o o l d ip lo m a .................. H igh school g raduates, no co lle g e .............. S om e college, less than a bache lo r’s C o lle g e g ra d u a te s............................................. ' D ata refer to perso n s 25 ye a rs and over. Due to production error, table 6 was omitted from the Decem ber 2001 issue. 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