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January 2001 L.S. Department of Labof ___ * _________________ ». * , bor >rkers’ comp< lemployment https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis ureau of Labor S t U.S. Department of Labor Alexis M. Herman, Secretary Bureau of Labor Statistics Katharine G. Abraham, Commissioner The Monthly Labor Review (usps 98 7 -8 0 0 ) is published monthly by the Bureau o f Labor Statistics o f the U.S. Department o f Labor. The Review w elcom es articles on the labor force, labor-management relations, business conditions, industry productivity, compensation, occupational safety and health, demographic trends, and other economic developments. Papers should be factual and analytical, not polemical in tone. 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Box 3766 San Francisco, CA 94119-3766 Phone: Fax: (415) 975^1350 (415) 975^1371 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW Volume 124, Number 1 January 2001 The em ploym ent-at-w ill doctrine: three m ajor exceptions U.S. workers without an employment contract can be fired “at will”; judicial exceptions to the rule seek to prevent wrongful termination 3 C h a rle s J. M u h l Changes in State law s during 2000: Labor Minimum wage rates, overtime, child labor, and employment discrimination were among major legislation enacted or revised during the year 12 R ic h a rd R. N e lso n W orkers’ com pensation About half of all States changed their laws to some extent, with most of them increasing benefits paid for disability and death 25 G len n W h ittin g to n U nem ploym ent insurance 29 Some States modified their voluntary quit provision for situations involving domestic abuse R o b e r t K en y o n , Jr. and L o ry n L a n c a ste r Departm ents Labor month in review Précis Book review Current labor statistics 2 35 36 37 Editor-in-Chief: Deborah P. Klein • Executive Editor: Richard M. Devens • Managing Editor: Anna Huffman Hill • Editors: Brian I. Baker, Bonita L. Boles, Richard Hamilton, Leslie Brown Joyner, Lawrence H. Leith, • Book Reviews: Roger A. Comer, Ernestine Patterson Leary • Design and Layout: Catherine D. Bowman, Edith W. Peters • Contributors: Eugene Coyle https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Labor Month in Review The January Review We were very pleased to have Charles J. Muhl, formerly our workplace law editor and now a Chicago-based attorney, con tribute a full-length article. He surveys the growing exceptions to the “employment-at-will” doctrine. Employment-atwill asserts that workers and employers should be able to enter specific employ ment contracts of any (or no) fixed dura tion, but that there is no obligation on either side if an employee was hired with out such a contract. Exceptions to this assumption began to become a visible part of common law in the 1950s. How ever, it was not until the 1980s that the bulk of the exceptions were developed in both statutory and common law. The most common exception to employment-at will is for public policy. This holds that an employee is wrongfully dis charged if the termination is counter to an explicit policy of the government. One example is the discharge of an employee for filing a workers ’ compensation claim. Another exception is an implied contract. Here, the usual case involves an em ployee handbook or similar document that states, for example, that discipline or termination will only be for “just cause.” The most expansive (and least widespread) exception is the “covenantof-good-faith” exception. Under this doctrine, a covenant of good faith is as sumed in every employment relationship, thus broadening the prohibition of wrongful discharge beyond the narrow boundaries of the public policy excep tion or cases where an implicit contract could be adduced. Richard R. Nelson continues his longrunning series of annual reports on de velopments in State labor law. Although he avers that enactments were less nu merous last year, the Northern corners of the Nation managed to break new le gal ground. Washington passed the first indexed State minimum wage and Maine is the first State to place limits on the amount of mandatory overtime an em ployer may require. 2 Monthly Labor Review January 2001 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Glenn Whittington looks at changes in workers’ compensation laws and finds that several States have increased their maximum benefits for disability or death. In addition, some States extended cov erage to new or more clearly defined classes of injury or concepts of em ployee. R obert K enyon, Jr., and Loryn Lancaster team up to summarize legisla tion affecting unemployment insurance. In this arena, some actions were in re sponse to Federal enactments. The La bor Department issued a rule allowing States to provide benefits when employ ees take leave or otherwise suspend em ployment following the birth or adop tion of a child. The Victims of Traffick ing and Violence Protection Act of 2000 addresses separations due to circum stances of domestic violence. Four States passed legislation making excep tions to the voluntary quit provisions of their unemployment insurance sys tems for such separations. Most students work Working a job while enrolled in school is the norm among older high school stu dents. Nearly three out of every five stu dents who were 16 years old when the 1997-98 school year began worked for an employer at some point during the academic year. Among all students who were 16 at the start of the 1997-98 school year, 58 percent had an employee job during the academic year. Among female students, the proportion with an employee job was 60 percent, while among male students the proportion was slightly lower (57 percent). Students in Grade 11 were consider ably more likely to work for an employer during the school year than those in Grade 10. Of students who were 16 at the start of the fall term, 63 percent of those in Grade 11 held an employee job, com pared with 50 percent of those in Grade 10. Note that jobs such as babysitting or yard work done on an as-needed basis or for multiple employers are considered to be “freelance” jobs rather than “em ployee” jobs. Additional information is available from “Employment Experience of Youths: Results from a Longitudinal Survey,” news release usdl 00-353. Multifactor productivity gains Multifactor productivity—measured as output per unit of combined labor, capi tal, and intermediate purchases inputs— increased between 1987 and 1996 in 63 of the 108 industries for which the Bu reau of Labor Statistics publishes data. Most of the gains were at relatively mod est rates. Average annual increases of between 0.1 and 1.0 percent were re corded in 32 industries. In another 21 in dustries, multifactor productivity rose by between 1.1 and 2.0 percent. Ten indus tries had productivity growth rates ex ceeding 2.0 percent. Two industries whose average annual gains far exceeded those of all other manufacturers were elec tronic components and accessories (14.8 percent) and computers and office equip ment (14.4 percent). San Jose again tops pay list In 1999, San Jose, California, led the na tion in highest average annual pay among metropolitan statistical areas ( m s a s ). Annual pay in the San Jose area aver aged $61,110, well above the national average of $34,868. New York, New York, had the second highest pay level at $52,351, followed by San Francisco, California ($50,169), New Haven-Bridgeport-Stamford-WaterburyDanbury, Connecticut ($47,142), and Seattle-B ellevue-Everett, W ashington ($43,921). The first four of these five MSAs occupied the same slots last year. Seattle moved up from sixth to fifth. Find addi tional information in “Average Annual Pay Levels in Metropolitan Areas, 1999,” news release usd l 00-349. □ Employment at Will The employment-at-will doctrine: three major exceptions In the United States, employees without a written employment contract generally can be fired for good cause, bad cause, or no cause at all; judicial exceptions to the rule seek to prevent wrongful terminations Charles J. Muhl Work joyfully and peacefully, knowing that right thoughts and right efforts will inevitably bring about right results —James Allen ing in terms of bargaining power. Thus, the employment-at-will doctrine reflected the belief that people should be free to enter into employment contracts of a specified duration, but that no ob ligations attached to either employer or employee See only that thou work and thou canst if a person was hired without such a contract. not escape the reward Because employees were able to resign from po —Ralph Waldo Emerson sitions they no longer cared to occupy, employ ers also were permitted to discharge employees ike Allen and Emerson, many workers in at their whim. the United States believe that satisfactory The Industrial Revolution planted the seeds job performance should be rewarded with, for the erosion of the employment-at-will doctrine. among other benefits, job security. However, this When employees began forming unions, the col expectation that employees will not be fired if lective bargaining agreements they subsequently they perform their jobs well has eroded in recent negotiated with employers frequently had provi decades in the face of an increased incidence sions in them that required just cause for adverse of mass layoffs, reductions in com panies’ employment actions, as well as procedures for workforces, and job turnover. In legal terms, arbitrating employee grievances.2 The 1960s though, since the last half of the 19th century, marked the beginning of Federal legislative pro employment in each of the United States has been tections (including Title VII of the 1964 Civil “at will,” or terminable by either the employer or Rights Act) from wrongful discharge based on employee for any reason whatsoever. The em race, religion, sex, age, and national origin.3 ployment-at-will doctrine avows that, when an These protections reflected the changing view of employee does not have a written employment the relationship between employer and employee. contract and the term of employment is of indefi Rather than seeing the relationship as being on nite duration, the employer can terminate the equal footing, courts and legislatures slowly be employee for good cause, bad cause, or no cause gan to recognize that employers frequently have at all.1 structural and economic advantages when nego Traditionally and as recently as the early tiating with potential or current employees. The 1900s, courts viewed the relationship between recognition of employment as being central to a employer and employee as being on equal foot person’s livelihood and well-being, coupled with L Charles J. Muhl, formerly an economist with the Bureau of Labor Statistics, Washington, dc , is an attorney in Chicago, Illinois. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Monthly Labor Review January 2001 3 Employment at Will the fear of being unable to protect a person’s livelihood from unjust termination, led to the development of common-law, or judicial, exceptions to the employment-at-will doctrine begin ning in the late 1950s. The bulk of the development of these exceptions did not take place until the 1980s, but as we enter the new millennium, the employment-at-will doctrine has been significantly eroded by statutory and common-law protec tions against wrongful discharge. This article focuses on the three major exceptions to the employment-at-will doctrine, as developed in common law, including recognition of these exceptions in the 50 States. The exceptions principally address terminations that, although they technically comply with the employment-at-will require ments, do not seem just. The most widespread exception pre vents terminations for reasons that violate a State’s public policy. Another widely recognized exception prohibits termi nations after an implied contract for employment has been established; such a contract can be created through employer representations of continued employment, in the form of ei ther oral assurances or expectations created by employer handbooks, policies, or other written assurances. Finally, a minority of States has read an implied covenant of good faith and fair dealing into the employment relationship. The goodfaith covenant has been interpreted in different ways, from meaning that terminations must be for cause to meaning that terminations cannot be made in bad faith or with malice in tended. Only six western States—Alaska, California, Idaho, Nevada, Utah, and Wyoming—recognize all three of the ma jor exceptions.4 Three southern States—Florida, Georgia, and Louisiana—and Rhode Island do not recognize any of the three major exceptions to employment at will. (See exhibit 1.) Public-policy exception Under the public-policy exception to employment at will, an employee is wrongfully discharged when the termination is against an explicit, well-established public policy of the State. For example, in most States, an employer cannot terminate an employee for filing a workers’ compensation claim after being injured on the job, or for refusing to break the law at the re quest of the employer. The majority view among States is that public policy may be found in either a State constitution, statute, or administrative rule, but some States have either restricted or expanded the doctrine beyond this bound. The public-policy exception is the most widely accepted ex ception, recognized in 43 of the 50 States. (See map 1.) Although the significant development of exceptions to em ployment at will occurred in the 1980s, the first case to recog nize a public-policy exception occurred in California in 1959. In Petermann v. International Brotherhood o f Teamsters,5 Peter Petermann was hired by the Teamsters Union as a busi- 4 Monthly Labor Review https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis January 2001 E x h ib it 1. jn itio n o f e m p lo y m e n t-a t-w ill e x c e p tio n s , b y Sta ite, a s o f O c t. 1 , 2 0 0 0 Publicpolicy exception Implied-contract exception 43 38 11 Alabama............... Alaska................... Arizona.................. Arkansas............... California.............. no yes yes yes yes yes yes yes yes yes yes yes yes no yes Colorado............... Connecticut........... Delaware............... District of Columbia Florida................... yes yes yes yes no yes yes no yes no no no yes no no Georgia................. Hawaii................... Idaho..................... Illinois................... Indiana.................. no yes yes yes yes no yes yes yes no no no yes no no Iowa....................... Kansas.................. Kentucky............... Louisiana.............. Maine.................... yes yes yes no no yes yes1 yes no yes no no no no no Maryland............... Massachusetts..... Michigan............... Minnesota............. Mississippi............ yes yes yes yes yes' yes no yes yes yes no yes no no no Missouri................. Montana................ Nebraska.............. Nevada.................. New Hampshire..... yes yes no yes yes no1 no yes yes yes no yes no yes no1 New Jersey........... New Mexico.......... New York............... North Carolina....... North Dakota........ yes yes no yes yes yes yes yes no yes no no no no no Ohio....................... Oklahoma............. Oregon.................. Pennsylvania......... Rhode Island........ yes1 yes yes yes no yes yes yes no no no no no no no South Carolina...... South Dakota....... Tennessee............ Texas..................... Utah....................... yes yes yes yes yes yes yes yes no yes no no no no yes Vermont................. Virginia.................. Washington........... West Virginia........ Wisconsin............. Wyoming............... yes yes yes yes yes yes yes no yes yes yes yes no no no no no yes State Total................. Covenant of good faith and fair dealing 1Overturned previous decision that was contrary to current doctrine. S ource: Data are from David J. Walsh and Joshua L. Schwarz, “State Common Law Wrongful Discharge Doctrines: Up-date, Refine ment, and Rationales,” 33 Am. Bus. L.J. 645 (summer 1996). Case law was shepardized (verified) to update the recognition of exceptions through Oct. 1,2000. M a p 1. Public-policy exception to employment at will I Yes, based on public policy from State constitution and statutes, as well as broader notions of public good and civic duty j j Yes, based strictly on public policy from State constitution and statutes I No SOURCE: Based on data from David J. Walsh and Joshua L. Schwartz, “State Common Law Wrongful Discharge Doctrines: Up-date, Refinement, and Rationales,” 33 Am.Bus.L.J. 645 (summer 1996). ness agent and was told by its secretary-treasurer that he would be employed for as long as his work was satisfactory. During his employment, Petermann was subpoenaed by the California legislature to appear before, and testify to, the As sembly Interim Committee on Governmental Efficiency and Economy, which was investigating corruption inside the Team sters Union. The union directed Petermann to make false statements to the committee during his testimony, but he in stead truthfully answered all questions posed to him. He was fired the day after his testimony. In recognizing that an employer’s right to discharge an employee could be limited by considerations of public policy, the California appellate court found that the definition of pub lic policy, while imprecise, covered acts that had a “tendency to be injurious to the public or against the public good.”6 The court noted that, in California as elsewhere, perjury and the solicitation of perjury were criminal offenses and that false testimony in any official proceeding hindered the proper ad ministration of both public affairs and justice. Even though employer and employee could otherwise be prosecuted under the criminal law for perjury or solicitation of perjury, the court https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis found that applying the public policy exception in this con text would more fully effectuate California’s declared policy against perjury. Holding otherwise would encourage criminal conduct by both employer and employee, the court reasoned. Courts in other States were slow to follow California’s lead. No other State considered adopting such an exception until after 1967, and only 22 States had considered the exception by the early 1980s.7 Courts clearly struggled with the mean ing of the phrase “public policy,” with some finding that a policy was public only if it was clearly enunciated in a State’s constitution or statutes and others finding that a public policy could be inferred from a statute even where the statute neither required nor permitted an employee to act in a manner that subsequently resulted in the employee’s termination. The courts that refused to recognize the exception generally found that, given the vagueness of the term “public policy,” such exceptions to employment at will should be created by legisla tive, not judicial, act.8 In 1981, one of the broadest definitions of “public policy” was adopted by the Illinois Supreme Court in Palmateer v. International H arvester C om pany.9 In this case, Ray Monthly Labor Review January 2001 5 Employment at Will Palmateer alleged that he was fired from his job with Interna tional Harvester after he provided information to local law enforcement authorities about potential criminal acts by a coworker and indicated that he would assist in any criminal investigation and subsequent trial. The court noted that the traditional employment-at-will rule was grounded in the no tion that the employment relationship was based on recipro cal rights, and because an employee was free to end employ ment at any time for any condition merely by resigning, the employer was entitled to the same right in return. Rejecting this “mutuality theory,” the court pointed to the rising num ber of large corporations that conduct increasingly special ized operations, leading their employees’ skills to become more specialized in turn and, hence, less marketable. These changes made it apparent to the court that employer and em ployee are not on equal footing in terms of bargaining power. Thus, the public-policy exception to the employment-at-will doctrine was necessary to create a “proper balance...between the employer’s interest in operating a business efficiently and profitably, the employee’s interest in earning a livelihood, and society’s interest in seeing its public policies carried out.”10 The Illinois court found that matters of public policy “strike at the heart of a citizen’s social rights, duties, and responsi bilities” and could be defined in the State constitution or stat utes.11 Beyond that, when the constitution and statutes were silent, judicial decisions could also create such policy, the court said in creating a broad scope for its exception. In this case, nothing in the Illinois Constitution or statutes required or permitted an employee to report potential criminal activity by a coworker. However, the court found that public policy favored citizen crime fighters and the exposure of criminal activity. Thus, Palmateer brought an actionable claim for retal iatory discharge. Two years after Palmateer, the Wisconsin Supreme Court rejected such an expansive definition of public policy and limited the application of this employment-at-will exception in its State to cases in which the public policy was evidenced by a constitutional or statutory provision. In Brockmeyer v. Dun & Bradstreet,12 the court found that the public-policy excep tion should apply neither to situations in which actions are merely “consistent with a legislative policy” nor to “judicially conceived and defined notions of public policy.”13 In Brockmeyer, the plaintiff worked for Dun & Bradstreet from August 1969 to May 1980, the last 3 years as district manager of the Credit Services Division in Wisconsin. Brockmeyer had an above-average performance record, but in February 1980, his immediate supervisors learned that he was vacationing with his secretary when it was understood by others that he was performing his normal duties as district manager. The supervisors also learned that Brockmeyer had smoked marijuana in the presence of other employees. The supervisors confronted him with the allegations and stated 6 Monthly Labor Review https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis January 2001 unequivocally that he would be terminated or reassigned if his performance did not improve. They also suggested that either he or his secretary would have to find a reassignment within Dun & Bradstreet so that they would not continue to work together. When Brockmeyer tried unsuccessfully to find another position for his secretary, the supervisors sought and obtained her resignation. After leaving, the former secretary filed a sex discrimination claim against Dun & Bradstreet; Brockmeyer indicated to his supervisors that he would tell the truth if called to testify at a trial regarding this complaint. Dun & B radstreet settled the sex discrim ination suit, and Brockmeyer was fired 3 days later. Brockmeyer contended that his termination violated Wis consin statutes that prohibited (1) perjury, (2) willful and ma licious injuring of another in his or her reputation, trade, busi ness, or profession, and (3) the use of threats, intimidation, force, or coercion to keep a person from working. Rejecting these claims, the Wisconsin Supreme Court found that Dun & Bradstreet did not engage in any behavior that violated these statutes. Dun & Bradstreet had legitimate reasons for termi nating Brockmeyer, and no evidence demonstrated that Dun & Bradstreet had asked him to lie in the event that the sex discrimination action by his secretary went to trial. The court held that it was not the State’s public policy to prevent dis charge of an employee because the employee may testify in a manner contrary to his employer’s interests. The court in Brockmeyer decided to limit the application of the public-policy exception to “fundamental and well-defined public policy as evidenced by existing law” and held that a wrongful-discharge claim should not be actionable merely because an “employee’s conduct was praiseworthy or be cause the public may have derived some benefit from it.”14 The court justified its limitation by saying that it would safe guard employee job security interests against employer ac tions that undermine fundamental policy preferences, while still providing employers with flexibility to make personnel decisions in line with changing economic conditions. Later, the court issued a clarification to the effect that public policy could support a wrongful-termination suit in cases where an explicit constitutional or legislative statement did not evidence that policy, as long as the policy was evident from “the spirit as well as the letter” of the constitutional and legislative pro visions.15 The court also now permits public policy to be evidenced by administrative rules and regulations.16 Seven States have rejected the public-policy exception in its entirety: Alabama, Florida, Georgia, Louisiana, Nebraska, New York, and Rhode Island.17 In Murphy v. American Home Products Corporation,18 the Court of Appeals of New York (the State’s highest court) forcefully argued that such excep tions to the employment-at-will doctrine were the province of legislators, not judges. While recognizing that many other jurisdictions had created a public-policy exception, the court found that legitimacy of the principal justification for such adoption—namely, inadequate bargaining power on the part of employees— was better left to the New York legislature to evaluate. The court found that legislators have “greater re sources and procedural means to discern the public will” and “elicit the view of the various segments of the community that would be directly affected”.19 Because the recognition of such an exception requires some sort of principal scheme for its application, the configuration of that scheme must be deter mined by the legislature after the public has had its opportu nity to communicate its views, according to the court. Finally, the court found that any such change in the employment-atwill doctrine would fundamentally alter rights and obligations under the employment relationship and thus should be ap plied prospectively by the legislature, rather than retrospec tively by the court.20 To summarize, the vast majority of States do recognize some form of a public-policy exception to the employment-at-will doctrine. Such a regulation prevents employees from being terminated for an action that supports a State’s public policy. The definition of public policy varies from State to State, but Map 2. most States either narrowly limit the definition to clear state ments in their constitution or statutes, or permit a broader definition that enables judges to infer or declare a State’s pub lic policy beyond the State’s constitution or statutes. Implied-contract exception The second major exception to the employment-at-will doc trine is applied when an implied contract is formed between an employer and employee, even though no express, written in strument regarding the employment relationship exists. Al though employment is typically not governed by a contract, an employer may make oral or written representations to em ployees regarding job security or procedures that will be fol lowed when adverse employment actions are taken. If so, these representations may create a contract for employment. This exception is recognized in 38 of the 50 States. (See map 2.) A common occurrence in the recent past was courts find ing that the contents and representations made in employee handbooks could create an implied contract, absent a clear and express waiver that the guidelines and policies in such Implied-contract exception to employment at will, oral assurances and written assurances (handbook) | Yes, including oral and written assurances by employers; disclaimers not per se defense H | Yes, limited to written assurances; disclaimers nullify employer representation if unambiguous and prominent No SOURCE: Based on data from David J. Walsh and Joshua L. Schwartz, “State Common Law Wrongful Discharge Doctrines: Up-date, Refinement, and Rationales,” 33 Am.Bus.L.J. 645 (summer 1996). https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Monthly Labor Review January 2001 7 Employment at Will handbooks did not create contract rights. The typical situa tion involves handbook provisions which state that employ ees will be disciplined or terminated only for “just cause” or under other specified circumstances, or provisions which in dicate that an employer will follow specific procedures before disciplining or terminating an employee.21 A hiring official’s oral representations to employees, such as saying that em ployment will continue as long as the employee’s performance is adequate, also may create an implied contract that would prevent termination except for cause. The leading case having to do with the implied-contract exception is Toussaint v. Blue Cross & Blue Shield o f Michi gan, decided by the Supreme Court of that State in 1980.22 Charles Toussaint had been employed in a middle manage ment position with Blue Cross for 5 years before his employ ment was terminated. When he was hired, he asked his hiring official about his job security and was told that his employ ment would continue “as long as [he] did [his] job.” Toussaint also was provided with a manual of Blue Cross personnel policies some 260 pages long; within the manual were state ments that disciplinary procedures would be applied to all Blue Cross employees who completed their probationary pe riod and that it was Blue Cross’ policy to terminate employees only for “just cause.” The court ruled that, even if employment is not for a defi nite term, a provision indicating that an employee would be fired only for just cause was enforceable and that such a pro vision could create an implied contract if it engendered legiti mate expectations of job security in the employee. If the em ployee is arbitrarily fired thereafter, then a claim for wrongful discharge is actionable. The court noted that Blue Cross could have established a policy giving it the right to terminate em ployees for no cause at all, but chose instead to follow a “just cause” termination policy. The court argued that employer policies and practices create a “spirit of cooperation and friend liness” in the workforce, making employees “orderly, coop erative, and loyal” by giving them peace of mind regarding job security and the belief that they will be treated fairly when termination decisions are made.23 If an employer’s actions lead an employee to believe that the policies and guidelines of the employer are “established and official at any given time, purport to be fair, and are applied consistently and uniformly to each employee,” then the employer has created an obliga tion.24 That obligation is created even though the parties may not have mutually agreed that contract rights would be estab lished by the policies. An implied contract for employment cannot be disregarded at the employer’s whim, but the employer can prevent the contract from being created by including in its policies and provisions a clear and unambiguous disclaimer stating that its policies and guidelines do not create contractual rights.25 If a company does this, no employee could reasonably expect 8 Monthly Labor Review https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis January 2001 that the policies and guidelines provided a contractual right to job security or any other benefit described therein. In Pine River State Bank v. Mettilee,26 the Minnesota Supreme Court agreed with the rationale behind Touissant. In Pine River, an employee handbook was given to an employee after he had been working for the bank for several months. The handbook contained two sections that the employee claimed created contract rights. The first was a section titled “Job Security” that described employment in the banking in dustry (though not the specific bank) as secure. The second involved the bank’s “Disciplinary Policy,” which outlined spe cific procedures, including reprimands and opportunities to correct one’s behavior, that would be followed if an employee was alleged to have violated a company policy. The court found that the “Job Security” section was insufficient to cre ate contract rights, but that the “Disciplinary Policy” section was sufficient. The court analyzed that provision according to traditional requirements for the creation of a contract: offer, acceptance, and consideration for the contract. The court found that the employer offered employment subject to the terms in the employee handbook; the employee accepted the employment offer by showing up for work. The employee’s labor was the consideration in support of the contract. Thus, argued the court, the employer breached the employment con tract by terminating the employee without following the spe cific procedures outlined in the handbook that created the implied contract. The court reasoned that, when an employer chooses to prepare and distribute a handbook, the employer is choosing to “implement or modify its existing contracts with all employees covered by the handbook.”27 Among the States rejecting the application of an impliedcontract exception to employment at will are Florida, Pennsyl vania, and Texas. In Muller v. Stromberg Carlson Corpora tion,28 a Florida appellate court rejected the exception because of fear that it would lead to uncertainty in the application of the law. Walter H. Muller sued Stromberg Carlson following his termination and alleged that, pursuant to the company’s merit pay plan that required an annual review of an employee’s performance and a recommendation as to pay increases based on that performance, he had an annual implied-employment contract. The Florida court rejected Muller’s claim, finding no justification to depart from the “long established principles that an employment contract requires definiteness and cer tainty in its terms.”29 The court reasoned that, if indefinite terms or assurances were used to imply an employment con tract, the courts in Florida would be “flooded with claims that judicial discretion be substituted for employer discretion.”30 Addressing the arguments made by the Michigan Supreme Court in Toussaint, the court said that the longstanding view in Florida, contrary to that in Michigan, was that beneficial social or economic policy should not be advanced by judicial decisions. The Florida court believed the judicial function to be advancing certainty in business relationships by provid ing meaningful criteria that lead to predictable consequences. The court had “serious reservations as to the advisability of relaxing the requirements of definiteness in employment con tracts considering the concomitant uncertainty which would result in the employer-employee relationships.”31 The court added that the inequality of bargaining power between em ployers and their employees was not a sufficient basis to cre ate implied contracts of employment based on oral or written assurances. Texas refused to recognize the implied-contract exception in the 1986 case Webber v. M. W. Kellogg Company.12 In that case, the court found that a letter offering a position of employ ment, the classification of an employee as “permanent” rather than “temporary,” and the identification in company docu ments of a scheduled retirement date for the employee some 22 years after employment was initiated in company docu ments were insufficient in sum to create an implied contract of Map 3. employment for a specific duration. Likewise, in Richardson v. Charles Cole Memorial Hospital,33 the Supreme Court of Pennsylvania rejected the implied-contract exception, finding that policies published in an employee handbook did not cre ate a “meeting of the minds,” one of the traditional standards for evaluating whether a contract has been created between two parties. Because the terms of the handbook were not bar gained for in the traditional sense, the court reasoned, the benefits conferred upon the parties by the handbook were mere gratuities and not rights that were contracted for. To summarize, then, employers’ oral or written assurances regarding job tenure or disciplinary procedures can create an implied contract for employment under which the employer cannot terminate an employee without just cause and cannot take any other adverse employment action without following such procedures. Employers can prevent written assurances from creating an implied contract by including a clear and unambiguous disclaimer characterizing those assurances as Covenant-of-good-faith-and-fair-dealing exception to employment at will | Yes, plaintiff can sue in tort or contract, or otherwise broader application □ Yes, limited to contractual remedies or narrower application | No SOURCE: Based on data from David J. Walsh and Joshua L. Schwartz, “State Common Law Wrongful Discharge Doctrines: Up-date, Refinement, and Rationales,” 33 Am.Bus.LJ. 645 (summer 1996). https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Monthly Labor Review January 2001 9 Employment at Will company policies that do not create contractual obligations. Oral assurances must create a reasonable expectation in the employee in order for an implied contract to be created. Covenant-of-good-faith exception Recognized by only 11 States (see map 3), the exception for a covenant of good faith and fair dealing represents the most significant departure from the traditional employment-at-will doctrine.34 Rather than narrowly prohibiting terminations based on public policy or an implied contract, this exception— at its broadest—reads a covenant of good faith and fair deal ing into every employment relationship. It has been interpreted to mean either that employer personnel decisions are subject to a “just cause” standard or that terminations made in bad faith or motivated by malice are prohibited.35 As with the public-policy exception, California courts were the first to recognize an implied covenant of good faith and fair dealing in the employment relationship. In Lawrence M. Cleary v. American Airlines, Inc.,36 an American Airlines employee who had worked satisfactorily for the company for 18 years was terminated without any reason given. A Califor nia appellate court held that, in virtue of the airline’s express policy of adjudicating personnel disputes and the longevity o f the employee’s service, the employer could not fire the em ployee without good cause. The court stated that “Termina tion of employment without legal cause after such a period of time offends the implied-in-law covenant of good faith and fair dealing” and that, from the covenant, “a duty arose on the part of...American Airlines...to do nothing which would d ep riv e...th e em ployee...of the benefits of the employment...having accrued during [the employee’s] 18 years of employment.”37 This California appellate case was decided in 1980, and the factual situation included an implied employment contract. However, the court did not hold that a covenant of good faith and fair dealing was actionable only if an employee had an express or implied employment contract from which the covenant could arise. Rather, the appellate court found that a tort action could be maintained for breach of the covenant of good faith and fair dealing in every em ployment relationship, not just those covered by an express or implied contract. The California Supreme Court subse quently rejected this formulation and eliminated the tort action.38 Later, however, in Kmart Corporation v. Ponsock, the Su preme Court of Nevada permitted a cause of action in tort for breach of an implied covenant of good faith and fair dealing in every employment relationship.39 Ponsock was a tenured em ployee at Kmart, hired until retirement or as long as economi cally possible. At trial, the jury found that Kmart terminated Ponsock to avoid having to pay him retirement benefits. As part of his case, he claimed that Kmart’s discharge was in 10 Monthly Labor Review https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis January 2001 “bad faith” and that, even without a contract,40 such a termi nation gave rise to tort liability. The court agreed, citing the employer-employee relationship as one of the “rare and ex ceptional cases that the duty [of law] is of such a nature as to give rise to tort liability.”41 In its opinion, the court recognized the changes that many feel have occurred in the employment relationship: We have become a nation of employees. We are dependent upon others for our means of livelihood, and most o f our people have become completely dependent upon wages. If they lose their jobs they lose every resource except for the relief supplied by the various forms of social security. Such dependence of the mass of the people upon others for all of their income is something new in the world. For our genera tion, the substance o f life is in another man’s hands.42 The court found that Ponsock was dependent on Kmart’s commitment to extended employment and to retirement ben efits based on that employment and that the “special relation ships of trust” required a tort remedy in addition to any avail able contractual remedy if the employer conducts an “abusive and arbitrary” dismissal. Providing such a remedy, the court reasoned, would deter employers from engaging in such mali cious behavior. Because the termination in Ponsock was mo tivated by the company’s desire to serve its own financial ends, the employee was entitled to recover for a bad-faith agreement. The vast majority of courts have rejected reading such an implied covenant into the employment relationship. The rea soning used by a Florida appellate court in Catania v. East ern Airlines, Inc.,43 is representative. Four employees alleged that Eastern had wrongfully discharged them and claimed, among other things, that they were entitled to a good-faith review of the discharge. The court summarized the plaintiffs’ argument as follows: To require employers to demonstrate valid grounds and meth ods for an employee’s discharge does not unduly restrict em ployers; it merely provides some balance o f power. It is ap parent that there is not truly freedom of contract between an employer and employee; the individual employee has no power or ability at all to negotiate an employment contract more favorable to himself. And the traditional common law [the employment-at-will doctrine] totally subordinates an in terest o f the employee to the employer’s freedom. Rejecting the “plaintiff’s invitation to be a Taw giver’” and applying reasoning that had been accepted by the Nevada Supreme Court, the Florida court found that the burden on courts of having to determine an employer’s motive for termi nating an employee was too great an undertaking. forever evolving . Additional statutory and common-law exceptions to the employment-at- T he employment relationship is will doctrine may be developed in the future, but the tradi tional doctrine has already been significantly eroded by the public-policy and implied-contract exceptions. In addition to the three exceptions detailed in this article, other common-law limitations on employment at will have been developed, in cluding actions based on the intentional infliction of emo tional distress, intentional interference with a contract, and promissory estoppel or detrimental reliance on employer rep resentations. Suits seeking damages for “constructive dis charge,” in which an employee alleges that he or she was forced to resign, and for “wrongful transfer” or “wrongful demotion” have increased in recent years. Accordingly, nowa days employers must be wary when they seek to end an em ployment relationship for good cause, bad cause, or, most importantly, no cause at all. D Notes 1 Shane and Rosenthal, Employment Law Deskbook, § 16.02 (1999). 2 Jeanne Duquette Gorr, The Model Employment Termination Act: Fruitful Seed or Noxious Weed? 31 duqlr 111 (fall 1992); see also Robert W. Fisher, “When workers are discharged— an overview ,” Monthly Labor Review, June 1973, pp. 4-17. 3 42 U.S.C. § 2000e et seq. This article does not address statutory exceptions to employment at will. Many such exceptions have been enacted at both the Federal and State level. For example, Federal law prevents employment discrimination, including termination for engag ing in lawful union activities (see National Labor Relations Act, 29 U.S.C. § 201-219, 1978) and for safety and health violations at the workplace (see Occupational Safety and Health Act, 29 U.S.C. § 651678, 1985), among others. Certain States have laws preventing em ployers from terminating employees for whistle-blowing (reporting potential violations o f law committed by the employer); other State laws prohibit employers from terminating employees who file a worker’s compensation claim or serve on a jury. (See, generally, Shane and Rosenthal, Employment Law Deskbook.) However, only two States— Arizona and Montana— have enacted comprehensive wrongful termi nation legislation. Montana passed the Wrongful Discharge from Em ployment Act in 1987, and Arizona enacted its Employment Protec tion Act in 1996. Of the two, the Montana statute is broader in the scope o f its protections for employees. 4 Courts in Arizona had recognized all three exceptions until passage o f the Employment Protection Act. 5 174 Cal.App.2d 184 (1959). 6 174 Cal.App.2d at 188. 7 Deborah A. Ballum, “Employment-at-will: The Impending Death of a Doctrine,” 37 Am. Bus. L.J. 653, 660 (summer 2000). 8 See, for example, Pacheo v. Raytheon, 623 A.2d 464 (R.I. 1993); and Murphy v. American Home Products Corp., 58 N.Y.2d 293, 448 N.E.2d (1983). 9 85 I11.2d 124, 421 N.E.2d 876 (1981). 10 Id. at 878. 11 Id. 12 113 Wis.2d 561, 335 N.W.2d 834 (1983). 13 Id. at 839-40. 14 Id. at 840, citing Palmateer v. International Harvester Co., 421 N.E.2d at 883. 15 See Wandry v. Eye Credit Union, 129 Wis.2d 37, 384 N.W.2d 325 (1986). 16 See Winkelman v. Beloit Memorial Hosp., 168 Wis.2d 12, 483 N.W.2d 211 (1992). https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 17 At this time, it is unclear how Maine views the public-policy exception, as no decision has addressed it directly. 18 58 N.Y.2d 293, 448 N.E.2d 86 (1983). 19 Id. at 302. 20 One year after the decision was rendered, the New York legislature enacted the Retaliatory Action by Employers Act, amending the State's labor law so that it would protect whistle-blowers from wrongful termi nation. See n.y. lab. law § 740 (Gould's New York Consolidated Laws Unannotated, 1988). 21 Shane and Rosenthal, Employment Law Deskbook, § 16.03[5]. 22 408 Mich. 579, 292 N.W.2d 880 (1980). 23 Id. at 644. 24 Id. 25 The following is a sample disclaimer, which must be clear and unambiguous in the handbook or policy in order to be effective: “This policy is not intended as a contractual obligation of the company. The company reserves the right to amend this policy from time to time at its discretion and in accordance with applicable law.” 26 333 N.W.2d 622 (1983). 27 Id. at 626-27. 28 427 So.2d 266 (1983). 29 Id. at 268. 30 Id. at 269. 31 Id. at 270. 32 720 S.W.2d 124 (1986). 33 320 Pa.Super. 106, 466 A.2d 1084 (1983). 34 Shane and Rosenthal, Employment Law Deskbook, § 16.03[8]. 35 Id. 36 111 Cal.App.3d 443 (1980). 37 Id. at 455. 38 See Foley v. Interactive Data Corp., 47 Cal.3d 654, 765 P.2d 373 (Cal. 1988). 39 103 Nev. 39, 732 P.2d 1364 (1987). 40 In the trial, the court did find that an employment contract existed that Kmart had breached. 41 Id. at 49. 42 Id. at 51, quoting F. Tannenbaum, A Philosophy o f Labor (1951). 43 381 So.2d 265 (1980). Monthly Labor Review January 2001 11 State Labor Laws, 2000 State labor legislation enacted in 2000 Increases in minimum wage rates, overtime requirement changes, child labor revisions, bans on employment discrimination, and protection from workplace harassment and violence were major subjects of State labor legislation Richard R. Nelson he volume of State labor legislation enacted in 2000 was lighter than in recent years. Six State legislatures did not meet in regular session and some States met only for budget purposes.1 Despite this lower volume, there were clusters of activity in some important labor standards areas. Activity was concentrated in the traditional subjects of minimum wage protection, regulation of child labor, and bans on employment discrimination. Trends continued from pre vious years with additional States granting employers im munity from civil liability for disclosure of work performance information and authorizing reciprocal agreements for the collection of wage claims. New laws enacted address work place harassment and violence, and protect whistleblowers. A first-in-the-Nation law enacted places limits on mandatory overtime; also, for the first time, an indexed State minimum wage rate took effect. This article summarizes significant State labor legisla tion passed in 2000. It does not, however, cover legislation on occupational safety and health, employment and train ing, labor relations, employee background clearance, eco nomic development, and local living wage ordinances. Changes in unemployment insurance and workers’ compen sation laws appear elsewhere in this issue. T Wages. Again this year, minimum wage was an important area of legislation and activity, with bills to increase rates introduced in several States and at the Federal level. New Richard R. Nelson is a State standards advisor in the D ivision of External Affairs, Wage and Hour D ivision, Employment Standards Administration, U.S. Department o f Labor. 12 Monthly Labor Review January 2001 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis legislation increased minimum wage rates in California, Con necticut, and Rhode Island; rates also increased in Connecti cut, Delaware, Massachusetts, and New York as the result of previous laws. On January 1,2001, as the result of a 1998 ballot measure, Washington became the first State in the Nation to have a rate that is annually adjusted for inflation. Bills proposing increases in the minimum wage were ve toed in Maine and New Mexico., and a bill to increase the Federal minimum wage rate by $1 over 2 years failed to be adopted as well. As of January 1,2001, minimum wage rates were higher than the Federal standard in Alaska, California, Connecti cut, Delaware, the District of Columbia, Hawaii, Massachu setts, Oregon, Rhode Island, Vermont, and Washington. Provisions that allow employers to use tips received by employees to meet a portion of the minimum wage, were revised in New York and Rhode Island; and a lower mini mum wage for certain tipped employees was authorized in Connecticut. In Hawaii, employers are to notify customers if service charges added to the sale of food or beverages are used to pay for costs or expenses other than wages and tips of employees. Certain computer software professionals and certified nurses are now exempted from the overtime requirements of California’s minimum wage law; and Maine is the first State to place limits on the amount of mandatory overtime that employees can be required to work. Prevailing wage laws pertaining to public works projects currently exist in 31 States and the Federal Government. Only a few major amendments to these existing laws were enacted in 2000. California passed measures expanding cov erage, amending the administrative hearing process, and holding contractors and subcontractors jointly and sever ally liable for amounts due to employees; the Maryland law now covers certain school construction projects that were previously exempted; Wisconsin administratively increased the dollar threshold amount for coverage for State and mu nicipal public works contracts; threshold amounts also in creased in Ohio; and New Jersey implemented the registra tion of public works contractors, as provided for in 1999 legislation. Other significant wage legislation authorized the Vermont labor commissioner to collect unpaid wages, and raised the maximum size of a wage claim that may be accepted in Alaska. The Iowa wage collection law now specifies that rights and obligations provided for in the law continue until they are fulfilled, even if the employer-employee relation ship has been severed. In a case brought by farmworkers, the California Supreme Court held that workers who are required to ride employerowned vehicles to and from their jobs must be paid for that particular type of travel time. New Jersey became the 30th State to adopt legislation authorizing reciprocal agreements with other States for the collection of claims for wages, benefits, and penalties. Family issues. A few States attempted to pass legislation that would have provided unemployment benefits for indi viduals on family and medical leave, but these all failed to pass into law. One of these, however, a New Hampshire bill, was amended and adopted as a measure to create a study committee to examine the use of these types of benefits. A resolution was adopted in Tennessee urging employ ers to excuse employees from work to attend parent/teacher conferences, and a committee in South Carolina was assigned to develop recommendations for the use of employer tax credits as incentives to provide paid time off for employees to attend school functions. Puerto Rico provided paid time off upon adoption of a child. Child labor. Again this year, a number of child labor laws were enacted, with some adding more restrictions on work by children and others permitting children to work at younger ages, for longer hours, or in additional occupations. The Nevada labor commissioner banned employing chil dren under age 16 in youth peddling (or door-to-door sales), adding to the number of States that have addressed this is sue in recent years. New, more restrictive hours limitations were adopted in Alabama. In addition, the Alabama Build ing Commission will expand its building site inspection du ties to include investigation of child labor law violations. Administrative penalties were increased for violations of the Colorado, Minnesota, and Pennsylvania laws. Kansas enacted restrictions on the employment of in https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis fants under age 1 month on any motion picture set or lo cation. Kansas also adopted a requirement for placing in trust a portion of the earnings of all minors having enter tainment industry contracts. California State agencies are not to purchase equip ment, materials, or supplies produced by using abusive forms of child labor or the exploitation of children in sweatshop labor. Restrictions were eased on work by minors around alco hol in Alabama, Maryland, and Pennsylvania. Children were also provided with expanded employment opportunities in Connecticut, South Carolina, and Wisconsin. Minors under age 16 in Vermont may now work later in the evening as bat girls or bat boys. Exceptions from hours restrictions for mi nors under age 16 who are employed by their parents were adopted in Oregon. The Massachusetts attorney general was authorized to suspend the application of the child labor law in emergency or hardship situations. Equal employment opportunity. The trend to enact legisla tion banning employment discrimination against individu als based on genetic characteristics, genetic information, or test results continued this year, with new laws passed in Mas sachusetts and Michigan. Among other measures that were enacted, banning vari ous forms of employment discrimination, Tennessee repealed a prohibition on the employment of public school teachers past age 70, and an Executive Order was issued in Mary land establishing a special commission to study sexual ori entation discrimination. Measures addressing workplace harassment were enacted in Arizona and California. C ali fornia also revised definitions of m ental and physical disability and medical condition as applicable to prohibited employment discrimination in the State civil service system. An Executive Order was issued in Wyoming adopting an antidiscrimination policy in State government, including a specific prohibition on sexual harassment. Drug and alcohol testing. Virginia now requires that all public bodies include in every contract they let over $10,000, a statement that the contractor agrees to provide a drug-free workplace. In Tennessee, each employer with five or more employees who contracts with the State or any local govern ment to provide construction services must submit an affi davit stating that the employer has a drug-free workplace program in effect at the time of submission of a bid. Worker privacy. Virginia continued a recent trend by adopt ing legislation providing immunity from civil liability to employers who furnish information about a current or former employee’s job performance to a prospective or current employer. Protection from civil liability for providing cerMonthly Labor Review January 2001 13 State Labor Laws, 2000 tain employment information was also extended to escrow agents in Arizona. Two laws were enacted in California pertaining to em ployee access to their personnel files. The Iowa law per mitting the use of polygraph examinations for certain law enforcement officers was amended to apply to additional occupations. Tennessee made it unlawful to sell medical information that directly identifies an employee. Private employment agencies. Private employment agen cies operating in Kentucky will no longer be regulated or licensed. The California law regulating advance-fee tal ent services was amended to remove certain activities from coverage. Whistleblowers. New whistleblower laws were enacted in California, applicable to school and community college employees, and in Wisconsin, applicable to health care work ers. These laws bar reprisal against an employee who dis closes an unlawful workplace act or practice. The Rhode Island whistleblower law was amended to specify that it covers at-will employees, contract employees, and indepen dent contractors, and the Tennessee law was amended to provide that, in the event of violation, employees may re cover reasonable attorney fees and costs. Violence. A Victims of Domestic Violence Employment Leave Act was adopted in California. Also, in California, employers who employ community health care workers are to keep a record of any violence committed against them. In Georgia, an employer, where there has been violence or a threat of violence against an employee at the workplace, may seek a temporary restraining order and an injunction pro hibiting further violence. The 1999 Maine Employment Leave for Victims of Violence law was amended to clarify Alabama Wages. A resolution urges business and industry in the State to adopt and enforce an equal pay for equal work policy for women. Child labor. The Governor issued Execu tive Order 13, requiring that the Depart ment of Industrial Relations, while remain ing by statute responsible for the State’s child labor law, transfer the day-to-day operation and administration of the law to the Department of Labor. Implementing legislation was enacted. Executive Order 23 requires the De partment of Labor and the Building Com mission to enter into any necessary agree ments that will allow them to exchange in formation so as to maximize enforcement 14 Monthly Labor Review January 2001 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis that it applies to all public and private sector employers. Other laws. Among other laws of interest, California estab lished a Farm Labor Contractor Special Enforcement Unit and revised farm labor vehicle regulation and safety provi sions. California also provided job protection for employ ees who take off work to perform emergency duty as reserve peace officers or emergency rescue personnel, and made it unlawful to use State funds to assist, promote, or deter union organizing. Maine Department of Labor rules were approved governing administrative civil money penalties for labor law violations. In Nebraska, a position of Meatpacking Industry Worker Rights Coordinator was established within the De partment of Labor. A number of significant initiatives made their way to the ballot or through the legislature, but were not enacted. They are as follows: (1) two measures in the November general election would have amended the Oregon State constitution to prohibit the use of payroll deductions from employee wages for political purposes; (2) a bill was vetoed in Cali fornia that would have expanded the family leave law to include unpaid leave to care for a grandparent, sibling, or domestic partner with a serious health condition; (3) for the second consecutive year, California’s Governor vetoed a bill that would have made it unlawful for an employer to secretly monitor the electronic mail or other personal computer records of an employee; and (4) the Maine legislature adopted an act adding discrimination in employment, housing, pub lic accommodations, and credit, on the basis of sexual orientation, to the forms of unlawful discrimination pro hibited under the State Human Rights Act, but the voters rejected it on the November ballot. The following is a summary, by jurisdiction, of labor leg islation enacted in 2000. of child labor laws. The Building Commis sion will expand its building site inspec tion duties to include investigation of child labor law violations. The Department of Labor will oversee all child labor related inspections undertaken by Building Com mission personnel. The child labor law was amended to re strict the work hours of 18-year-olds en rolled in school to no later than 10 p .m . on any night preceding a school day and to no earlier than 5 a .m . These restrictions pre viously applied only to 16- and 17-yearolds enrolled in school. The law prohibiting the employment of persons under age 21 to serve alcoholic beverages was amended to permit persons who are 19 years or older and working as a waiter, waitress, or server to serve alcoholic beverages during normal dining hours in a restaurant which holds an Alcoholic Bev erage Control Board restaurant retail li cense. An employer who employs a person between the ages of 19 and 21 to serve al coholic beverages must be a licensee of the board, who has been annually certified as a responsible vendor under the Alabama Responsible Vendor Act. Other laws. April 28, 2000, will be recog nized as Workers’ Memorial Day to remem ber those who have suffered and died on the job and to renew the fight for safe work places. Alaska Wages. The maximum size of a claim for wages that may be accepted by the Depart ment of Labor and Workforce Development increased from $7,500 to an amount of up to $20,000, exclusive of costs, interest, and attorney fees. The department may file ac tions in small claims court if necessary to effectuate enforcement. The requirement for payment to terminated employees within 3 working days after termination was amended. Now, if the employment is ter minated by the employer, regardless of the cause, payment is due within 3 working days, but, if the employment is terminated by the employee, payment is due at the next regular pay day that is at least 3 days after the employer received notice of the employee’s termination of services. An employer found liable for failing to pay within the deadlines will be required to pay a waiting time penalty. Arizona Hours. Longer hours of uninterrupted work are now permitted for certain drivers trans porting agricultural commodities or farm supplies. To qualify, the work must be lim ited to an area within a 100-mile radius from the source of the commodities or the distribution point for the farm supplies; must be limited to the planting and harvest ing seasons; and is from the field to cooling facilities to the first point of processing or packing. With limited exceptions, these drivers are not to drive for any period after having been on duty 16 hours following 8 consecutive hours off duty or for any pe riod after having been on duty for 112 hours in any consecutive 7-day period. Equal employment opportunity. An em ployer, or an authorized agent of an em ployer, may now file a written verified petition with a magistrate, justice of the peace, or superior court judge for an in junction prohibiting workplace harassment. If the court grants the injunction, it also may restrain the defendant from coming near the employer’s property or place of business, contacting the employer or other person while that person is on or at the employer’s place of business, or perform ing official work duties, and grant any other relief necessary for the protection of the employer, the workplace, the employer’s employees, or any other person who is on or at the employer’s property or place of business or who is performing official work duties. The court may not issue a tempo rary restraining order or injunction that prohibits speech or other activities that are protected by law, including actions involv ing organized labor disputes. Worker privacy. Escrow agents were added to coverage of the law protecting banks, https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis savings and loan associations, and credit unions from civil liability when providing a written employment reference that reports an applicant’s involvement in a theft, em bezzlement, or misappropriation that has been reported to Federal authorities or to the Arizona Banking Department. In order for the immunity from civil liability to ap ply, a copy of the written reference must be sent to the applicant, and the information cannot be knowingly false or provided with malice. California Wages. The State minimum wage rate in creased to $6.25 from $5.75 per hour on January 1, 2001, as the result of action by the State Industrial Welfare Commission. A further increase to $6.75 is scheduled for January 1, 2002. Certain computer software profession als are exempted from the overtime require ments of the State’s minimum wage law. These computer professionals are exempt if they (1) are primarily engaged in work that is intellectual or creative and that re quires the exercise of discretion and inde pendent judgment, (2) are highly skilled and proficient in the theoretical and practical application of highly specialized information to computer systems analysis, programming, and software engineering, and (3) their hourly rate of pay is not less than $41. Certified nurse midwives, certi fied nurse anesthetists, and certified nurse practitioners who are engaged in perform ing duties for which their certifications are required also are exempted. Several changes were made to the law relating to public works contracts. Among these, the awarding body now is required to report promptly any suspected violations of the laws regulating public works con tracts to the labor commissioner and to re tain all amounts required to satisfy any civil wage and penalty assessment issued by the labor commissioner. Significant changes were made in the administrative hearing process where a contractor or subcontrac tor is alleged by the labor commissioner or an awarding body to have violated the law and has been issued a civil wage and pen alty assessment. Contractors and subcon tractors will be held jointly and severally liable for all amounts due pursuant to a fi nal order, but the labor commissioner shall collect amounts due from the subcontrac tor before pursuing the claim against the contractor. Wages for workers who cannot be located are to be placed in the Industrial Relations Unpaid Wage Fund. Penalties are to be paid into the General Fund. Project sponsors under the Downtown Rebound Program and the Multifamily Housing Program, administered by the Department of Housing and Community Development, must now pay prevailing wages on construction projects assisted through the programs. The department must require, as a condition of loan closing, a certification that prevailing wages have been or will be paid. The definition of “construction” for purposes of coverage under the public works prevailing wage law was amended to now include work that is performed dur ing the design and preconstruction phases of construction including, but not limited to, inspection and land surveying work. The prevailing wage law previously provided that whenever a contractor or sub contractor performing a public works project wa^ found by the labor commis sioner to be either in violation of certain provisions of the law relating to payment of prevailing wages, with intent to defraud, or in willful violation, then the contractor or subcontractor or a firm, corporation, partnership, or association in which the contractor or subcontractor had a substan tial interest was ineligible to bid on or re ceive a public works contract for up to 3 years. The law was amended to delete the requirement that the contractor or subcon tractor have a substantial interest in an en tity in order for it to be ineligible to bid or contract. Now, any interest in an entity may render it ineligible. Amendments were made to a number of statutes that regulate wages and hours, including administrative and enforcement procedures. Among these changes, an em ployer who is in the process of appealing a decision by the labor commissioner must post an appeal bond to guarantee the pay ment of wages; the penalties levied on em ployers in the building and construction industry who issue insufficient funds pay roll checks were extended to apply to all employers; case law regarding the award ing of attorney’s fees for unpaid wages was codified; employers must now include piece rate and hourly wage information on item ized wage statements and penalties were increased for employers who knowingly and intentionally are in violation; penalties were established in the Labor Code for vio lations of meal and rest periods in accor dance with Industrial Welfare Commission wage orders; and the right of certain em ployees to retain their tips was protected. The law requiring an employer to in demnify his or her employees for all that the employee necessarily expends or loses as the result of performing the employee’s duties or as a result of obeying the employer’s directions was amended to deMonthly Labor Review January 2001 15 State Labor Laws, 2000 fine necessary expenditures to include all reasonable costs, including attorney’s fees incurred by the employee in enforcing his or her rights. In a case brought by farm workers (Morillion v. Royal Packing), the Califor nia Supreme Court, on March 27, held that workers who are required to ride employerowned vehicles to and from their jobs must be paid for that particular type of travel time. A resolution adopted declares May 11, 2000, to be “Equal Pay Day” and urges the citizens of the State to recognize the full value of women’s skills and significant contributions to the labor force. May 11 symbolizes the day on which the wages paid to American women so far in 2000, when added to women’s earnings for all of 1999, equal the 1999 earnings of American men. Hours. The requirement that employers provide a 30-minute meal period after 5 hours of work was amended to permit the Industrial Welfare Commission to adopt working-condition orders permitting a meal period to start after 6 hours of work if the commission determines that the order is consistent with the health and welfare of the affected employees. Family issues. A Victims of Domestic Violence Employment Leave Act adopted prohibits employers from discharging, dis criminating, or retaliating against an em ployee who takes time off from work to receive social services related to domestic violence. Victims of domestic violence may take either paid or unpaid time off to seek medical attention for injuries resulting from domestic violence; seek legal assistance or participate in legal proceedings; seek assistance or services from a domestic vio lence shelter, program, or rape crisis cen ter; obtain psychological counseling; or participate in activities designed to ensure a victim’s safety and well being, such as relocation. The new law applies to employ ers with 25 or more employees and limits the amount of time to that provided in the Family Medical Leave Act (12 weeks). Child labor. State agencies are to provide in every procurement contract, other than in public works contracts, that no equip ment, materials, or supplies provided un der the contract shall have been produced, in whole or in part, by the use of abusive forms of child labor or the exploitation of children in sweatshop labor. Violation may result in a civil penalty and removal from the bidder’s list for up to 360 days. The Department of Industrial Relations is to contract with a coordinator to estab 16 Monthly Labor Review January 2001 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis lish a statewide young worker health and safety resource network. The resource net work will assist in increasing the ability of young workers and their communities state wide to identify and address workplace hazards in order to prevent young workers from becoming injured or ill on the job. Agriculture. The labor commissioner was authorized to establish and maintain a Farm Labor Contractor Special Enforcement Unit within the Division of Labor Standards Enforcement of the Department of Indus trial Relations to enforce provisions of law relating to farm workers by revoking, sus pending, or refusing to renew farm labor contractors’ licenses. Other changes in crease the annual licensing fee for farm la bor contractors to $500 from $350, and increase to quarterly from annually the fre quency with which the labor commissioner shall submit a list of licensees to the State Highway Patrol. Farm labor contractors are required to deposit a surety bond with the labor commissioner based on the size of the person’s annual payroll. They are also required to pass a written test on current laws and regulations pertaining to farm labor contractors. The State Vehicle Code was amended to add provisions relating to the safety of farm labor vehicles. Among these provi sions are: a requirement that all cutting tools or tools with sharp edges carried in the passenger compartment of a farm labor vehicle be placed in securely latched con tainers that are attached to the vehicle; a prohibition on transporting farm workers on flatbed trucks for more than one mile on a highway; and a prohibition, after March 21, 2002, on transporting any person in a farm labor vehicle that lacks passenger seats or seating systems in compliance with Fed eral regulations. It is now unlawful to operate a farm labor vehicle that has been determined to be unsafe except to return it, without pas sengers, to the owner’s property or to take it to a repair facility. Equal employment opportunity. The Fair Employment and Housing Act was amended to expressly provide that employees of any covered entity are personally liable for any prohibited harassment that is perpetuated by the employee, regardless of whether the employer or covered entity knows or should have known of the conduct and fails to take immediate and appropriate correc tive action. Under the act, employers, la bor organizations, and apprenticeship and employment training programs are civilly liable for harassment of an employee, an applicant for employment, or a person pro viding services under a contract, on the basis of race, religious creed, color, national origin, ancestry, physical disability, men tal disability, medical condition, marital status, sex, age, or sexual orientation. Several changes were made relating to the rights of workers with disabilities. Among these changes, definitions of men tal and physical disability and medical con dition were revised and made uniform across different State civil rights statutes, including employment in the State civil service system. It is now an unlawful employment practice for an employer or employment agency to make any medical, psychological, or disability-related inquiry of any job applicant or, with regard to an employee, to make such an inquiry unless it is job-related and consistent with busi ness necessity. It is also an unlawful em ployment practice for an employer or other covered entity to fail to engage in a timely, good faith, interactive process to determine and provide reasonable accom modations at the request of disabled appli cants and employees. Worker privacy. State law pertaining to employee access to personnel files was unified by eliminating an exemption for some public employers from a general re quirement that employers make employee personnel files available for inspection and bringing public and private employers un der the same records-access provisions of the Labor Code with the exception of pub lic safety officers and employees of agen cies subject to the Information Practices Act of 1977. Employers are to make the con tents of personnel files available to an em ployee at reasonable intervals and times. Records relating to the investigation of a criminal offense, letters of reference, and specified ratings and reports are exempt. A new measure requires employers of public safety officers to permit an officer to inspect his or her personnel file, or a copy thereof, during usual business hours, with no loss of compensation. If the officer be lieves that any portion of the material is mistakenly or unlawfully placed in the file, he or she may request, in writing, that the mistaken or unlawful portion be corrected or deleted. Within 30 calendar days of re ceipt of a request, the employer must ei ther grant the officer’s request or notify him or her of the decision to refuse to grant the request. In the event of a refusal, the em ployer must state in writing the reasons for refusing the request, and the written state ment will become part of the officer’s per sonnel file. The law providing that peace officer personnel records are confidential and may not be disclosed in a criminal or civil proceeding, except by discovery pursu ant to law, was amended to specify that the prohibition against disclosure refers to disclosure by the department or agency that employs the peace officer. Private employment agencies. The law regulating advance-fee talent services will no longer cover activities performed for the artist, including registering or listing an artist for employment in the entertainment industry or as a customer of the advancefee talent service; creating or providing photographs, filmstrips, videotapes, audi tion tapes, demonstration reels, or other reproductions of the artist, or casting or talent brochures or other promotional ma terials; creating or providing costumes, providing lessons, coaching, or similar training; and providing auditions. These ac tivities were deleted from the definition of “advance-fee talent service.” Whistleblowers. A Reporting by School Employees of Improper Governmental Activities Act and a Reporting by Com munity College Employees of Improper Governmental Activities Act were adopted protecting these employees who, among other things, make disclosures of infor mation that may evidence an improper governmental activity, refusal to obey an illegal order, or any condition that may sig nificantly threaten the health or safety of employees or the public if the disclosure is made for the purpose of remedying the con dition. A person who intentionally engages in acts of reprisal, retaliation, threats, co ercion, or similar acts against a protected employee or applicant for employment is subject to a fine of up to $ 10,000 and up to a year in jail. Other laws. Employers who employ com munity health care workers must keep a record of any violence committed against these workers. They are to file a copy of that record with the Division of Labor Sta tistics and Research within the Department of Industrial Relations. The existing law which provides that an employer is not to discharge, refuse to promote, or otherwise discriminate against an employee for taking time off to perform emergency duty as a volunteer firefighter was amended to extend those protections to reserve peace officers and emergency rescue personnel. Public agencies in the State, recipients of State grants, and contractors that receive https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis more than $50,000 in State funds are now prohibited from using the State funds to assist, promote, or deter union organizing. Violators will be subject to civil penalties. Colorado Wages. The law stipulating when final pay ment shall be made to a terminated em ployee was amended to provide that, if the accounting unit of the employer is located off the work site, the employer shall de liver the final paycheck to the separated employee no later than 24 hours after the start of the employer’s next regular work day to either the work site, the employer’s local office, or the employee’s last known address. Hours. A law provision was repealed which had limited work in and about ce ment manufacturing plants and plaster manufacturing plants to no more than 8 hours within any 24-hour period. Child labor. The child labor law was amended to increase the administrative pen alties for employers who violate restrictions on the times that minors under age 16 are permitted to work. If an hours-of-work vio lation is found, the director of the division of labor will give the employer written notice of the violation. Within 10 days of receipt of the notice of violation, the em ployer may file a request for a hearing on the issue of whether the violation exists. After a hearing or 20 days after the issu ance of a notice of violation during which the employer has neither requested a hear ing nor ceased the unlawful conduct, the director may issue a final cease-and-desist order. At any time thereafter, the director may order the employer to pay a penalty of from $200 to $500 for a first offense; of $500 to $ 1,000 for a second offense within 6 months of the first offense; or of $ 1,000 to $ 10,000 for a third or subsequent offense within 6 months of the first offense. Or ders issued by the director of labor are to be posted at the work site and are to in clude information on permitted hours of work, notice and appeal provisions, and possible penalties for violation. Connecticut Wages. As the result of previous legisla tion, the State minimum wage rate rose to $6.15 from $5.65 per hour on January 1, further increase to $6.70 scheduled for January 1, 2002. During the period from January 1,2001 to December 31,2002, the minimum wage for persons employed in the hotel and restaurant industry, including hotel restaurants, who regularly receive tips will be $4.74 per hour, and the minimum wage for bartenders who regularly receive tips will be $6.15 per hour. Child labor. The child labor law was amended to allow 15-year-old minors to be employed as baggers, cashiers, or stock clerks in retail food stores on any Saturday during the year. Previously, this work was limited to periods of school vacation dur ing which school was not in session for 5 consecutive days or more. Delaware Wages. As the result of previous legisla tion, the State minimum wage rate in creased to $6.15 from $5.65 per hour on October 1, 2000. Child labor. Beginning in 2001, the Sec retary of Education shall submit an annual education outcome report to the governor and general assembly. The report is to show the dropout rate among seniors in Delaware high schools and the enrollment and/or employment status of students who com plete the 12th grade. Equal employment opportunity. An Execu tive Order was issued declaring that no State agency or department shall discrimi nate against an employee or job applicant because of race, color, religion, union af filiation, age, gender, marital status, sexual orientation, handicap or disability in hir ing, job appointment, promotions, tenure, or compensation. Georgia Other laws. An employer, whose employee has suffered unlawful violence or a cred ible threat of violence at the workplace, may seek a temporary restraining order and an injunction prohibiting further violence or threats of violence at the workplace or while the employee is acting within the course and scope of his or her employment. On July 1,2001, the Division of Reha bilitation Services will be transferred from the Department of Human Resources to the Department of Labor. 2000. New legislation was enacted increasing the State minimum wage rate to $6.40 from $6.15 per hour on January 1, 2001, with a Hawaii Wages. Any hotel or restaurant, which ap- Monthly Labor Review January 2001 17 State Labor Laws, 2000 plies a service charge for the sale of food or beverage services, must either distribute the service charge directly to its employees as tip income or else clearly disclose to the custom ers that the service charge is being used to pay for costs or expenses other than wages and tips of employees. A resolution was adopted requesting the Legislative Reference Bureau to compile data on the number and percentage of em ployees of private companies on contract with the State who may be affected by the implementation of a living wage law; con tact other jurisdictions that have enacted living wage laws for information relating to their experience with the implementa tion of these laws; and submit proposed legislation, prior to the start of the 2001 session of the legislature, for a living wage law for employees of private companies on contract with the State. Idaho Wages. A resolution was adopted autho rizing the Legislative Council to appoint an interim committee to study the issues of whether to repeal the exemption of farm workers from the State minimum wage law and whether farm labor contractors should be licensed. A report of findings, recom mendations, and proposed legislation, if any, shall be made to the 2001 session of the legislature. Inmate labor. The law relating to the es cape of prisoners was amended to specify that escape will be deemed to include aban donment of a job site or work assignment without the permission of an employment supervisor or officer. Illinois Wages. The Illinois Income Tax Act was amended to add the tax-exempt amount contributed to a medical savings account to the information that must be provided to employees on an income-withholding in formation statement. Indiana Hours. Contract carriers that transport rail road employees are now required to limit the hours of service by the contract carri ers’ drivers. Drivers are to be limited to 12 hours of vehicle operation per day; 15 hours of on duty service per day; and 70 hours of on duty service in 7 consecutive days. A driver who has 12 hours of vehicle opera tion per day or 15 hours of on duty service 18 Monthly Labor Review January 2001 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis per day must have at least 8 consecutive hours off duty before operating a vehicle again. the result of the repeal of authorizing leg islation. This repealed legislation had also provided for an Employment Advisory Council. Iowa Maine Wages. The Wage Payment Collection law was amended by adding a section specify ing that the rights and obligations provided for in the law continue until they are ful filled, even diough the employer-employee relationship has been severed. Worker privacy. The law permitting the use of polygraph examinations for candidates for employment as peace officers or cor rections officers was amended to also permit these examinations for appli cants for positions with a public law en forcement agency where the employee filling the position has direct access to prisoner funds, any other cash assets, and confidential information. Kansas Child labor. The child labor law exempts from coverage those children employed outside of school hours as actors, ac tresses, or performers in motion pictures, theatrical, radio, or television produc tions. An exception to this exemption was adopted providing that no infant under age 1 month may be employed on any motion picture set or location unless a licensed physician and surgeon who is board-certi fied in pediatrics provides written certifi cation that the infant is at least 15 days old and was carried to full term, was of normal birth weight, is physically capable of han dling the stress of filmmaking, and the infant’s lungs, eyes, heart and immune sys tem are sufficiently developed to withstand the potential risks. In addition, a new re quirement provides that 15 percent of the gross earnings of all minors with entertain ment industry contracts be set aside by the minor child’s employer and preserved for the benefit of the minor child, either in a trust fund or other savings plan approved by the district court. The Department of Human Resources was authorized to adopt rules and regulations setting out standards for minor children on motion picture sets as may be necessary to protect their safety and well being. Kentucky Private employment agencies. Private employment agencies operating in the State will no longer be regulated or licensed as Wages. A new law places limits on the amount of mandatory overtime that em ployees can be required to work. Employ ers may not require employees to work more than 80 hours of overtime in any con secutive 2-week period. Employers and employees may agree to limit mandatory overtime to fewer than the 80 hours. The limit will not apply to work performed in response to an emergency declared by the governor; to an employee who performs essential services for the public such as util ity service or road maintenance; to an em ployee whose work is necessary to protect the public health or safety; to an individual exempt from the State minimum wage law; to a salaried employee who works in a bona fide executive capacity and whose regular compensation, when converted to an an nual rate, exceeds 3,000 times the State’s minimum hourly wage; to an employee of a seasonal employer; to a medical intern or resident engaged in an approved graduate educational program; or to certain employ ees who work for an employer who shuts down an operation for annual maintenance or work performed in the construction, rebuilding, maintenance, or repair of pro duction machinery and equipment. Other laws. The legislature approved rules adopted by the Department of Labor gov erning administrative civil money penalties for labor law violations. The Employment Leave for Victims of Violence law, enacted in 1999, was amended to clarify that it applies to all pub lic and private sector employers, including the State and its political subdivisions. Maryland Wages. The prevailing wage law was amended to remove an exemption for the construction of elementary or secondary schools for which 75 percent or more of the money used for construction is State money. This school construction will now be treated the same as other public work and be covered by the prevailing wage law if 50 percent or more of the funding is State money. Another change requires that consideration be given to the bidder’s plans for the utilization of minority con tractors in letting contracts for school buildings, improvements, supplies, or other equipment. Child labor. The law regulating the sale of alcoholic beverages was amended to pro vide that a person 18 years or older may be employed as a lottery ticket terminal op erator in an establishment holding a Class A alcoholic beverages license. Equal employment opportunity. An Execu tive Order was issued establishing a Special Commission to Study Sexual Orientation Discrimination in the State. The Commis sion will examine the characteristics, cov erage, and exclusion of existing laws that prohibit discrimination in employment, housing, and public accommodations based on sexual orientation. It is to gather infor mation on complaints filed, lawsuits brought and potential employer liability; solicit input from the business community, nonprofit organizations, religious groups, advocacy groups, government entities, and State citizens; and develop recommendations to eliminate sexual orientation discrimina tion, including legislative proposals for in troduction during the 2001 session of the General Assembly, as well as any propos als for executive action that the commis sion deems appropriate. Massachusetts Wages. As the result of prior legislation, the State minimum wage rate increased to $6.00 from $5.25 per hour on January 1, 2000, and to $6.75 per hour on January 1, 2001. The $2.63-per-hour cash wage that was required to be paid to employees who receive part of their compensation from tips was frozen at that level. Child labor. Following a hearing where it has been shown that an emergency exists or that a hardship exists in an industry or individual establishment, the attorney general was authorized to sus pend the application or operation of the child labor law or any rule or regulation made under that law which regulates, lim its, or prohibits the employment of mi nors over the age of 16. This authority is limited to the time periods: (1) May 26, 2000, to June 21, 2000, and May 25, 2001, to June 21, 2001, on Friday and Saturday evenings only; (2) June 21, 2000, to September 4, 2000, inclusive and June 21, 2001, to September 3,2001, inclusive; and (3) September 5, 2000, to October 31,2000, and September 4,2001 to October 31, 2001, on Friday and Sat https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis urday evenings only. Equal employment opportunity. It was made an unlawful discriminatory practice for any employer, employment agency, la bor organization, or licensing agency to refuse to hire, represent, grant membership to, or license a person on the basis of that person’s genetic information, or to solicit or require a genetic test or disclosure of genetic information from any person as a condition of employment, membership, or obtaining a license. It is also unlawful to offer a person an inducement to un dergo a genetic test or otherwise disclose genetic information; to question a person about their genetic information or genetic information concerning their family members; to inquire about previous ge netic testing; or to use the results of a genetic test or other genetic informa tion to affect the terms, conditions, com pensation, or privileges of a person’s employment, representation, membership, or the ability to obtain a license. Michigan Equal employment opportunity. It was made unlawful for an employer to require an individual to submit to a genetic test or to provide genetic information as a condi tion of employment or promotion. Genetic information, which is unrelated to the abil ity to perform job duties, also may be nei ther the basis for an employer’s refusal to hire or promote an individual, nor the ba sis for discharging or otherwise discrimi nating against an individual with respect to compensation or the terms, conditions, or privileges of employment. Plant closing. A resolution was adopted urging approval of trade adjustment assis tance for terminated workers of Kellogg’s Battle Creek South Plant. Minnesota Child labor. A section in the State’s bud get bill provided for an increase in the fines that may be recovered in civil actions for violations of the child labor law. The fine for employing minors without proof of age was increased from $25 to $250 for each employee. Fines were increased from $50 to $500 (each employee) for employment of minors under the age of 14; employment of minors under the age of 16 during school hours while school is in session; or employ ment of minors under the age of 16 before 7 a .m ., after 9 p.m ., over 8 hours a day, or over 40 hours a week. Fines were increased from $100 to $1,000 (each employee) for employment of a high school student un der the age of 18 in violation of hours re strictions on work before schooldays and for employment of minors in occupations hazardous or detrimental to their well-be ing. The fine for minors under the age of 18 injured in hazardous employment was increased from $500 to $5,000 for each employee. An employer who refuses to make certificates or lists available as re quired by law will be assessed a $500 fine. Other laws. The Department of Economic Security is, to have as a goal, to process completed applications for certification for permanent alien laborers within 60 days of receipt of the completed application. Missouri Child labor. The child labor law was amended in 1999 to exempt children 12 years of age or older participating in a youth sporting event as a player, referee, coach, or other position necessary to the sporting event. A new amendment elimi nates the exemption for the specific act of playing. Other laws. A permanent memorial for workers who were killed on the job in Mis souri or who suffered an on-the-job injury that resulted in a permanent disability is to be established and located on the grounds of the State capitol. Nebraska Other laws. As part of a law relating to immigrant workers, a position of Meatpacking Industry Worker Rights Co ordinator was established within the State Department of Labor. The coordinator shall inspect and review the practices and pro cedures of meatpacking operations in the State as they relate to the provisions of the Governor’s Meatpacking Industry Workers Bill of Rights. These rights are: (1) the right to organize; (2) the right to a safe work place; (3) the right to adequate facilities and the opportunity to use them; (4) the right to complete information; (5) the right to understand the information provided; (6) the right to existing State and Federal ben efits and rights; (7) the right to be free from discrimination; (8) the right to continuing training including supervisor’s training; (9) the right to compensation for work per formed; and (10) the right to seek State Monthly Labor Review January 2001 19 State Labor Laws, 2000 help. The coordinator will annually submit a report to the legislature and the Gover nor regarding any recommended actions deemed necessary or appropriate to provide for the fair treatment of workers in the meatpacking industry. Nevada Child labor. The labor commissioner banned youth peddling, or the employment of children under age 16 in door-to-door sales, under the authority provided by the child labor law to declare employment to be dangerous to the lives or limbs, or inju rious to the health or morals of children under age 16. It is now unlawful to employ any person under 16 years of age in the practice of door-to-door sales, including but not limited to candy sales, or otherwise soliciting for commercial purposes prod ucts, goods, or services, including the sell ing of subscription contracts for books, magazines or other periodical publications other than newspapers, unless permitted by written authorization of the labor commis sioner. Door-to-door sales will not include the activities of individuals who, as volun teers without compensation, sell products, goods, or services on behalf of not-forprofit organizations such as the Girl Scouts, schools, and churches. It also will not include the delivery of newspapers to the customer’s residence or place of business, nor 14- and 15-year-olds em ployed in compliance with the Federal Fair Labor Standards Act at fixed retail locations. New Hampshire Wages. A procedure was established for hearings and appeals of decisions by the labor department concerning equal pay claims. Employers will be served with a copy of claims by the labor commissioner and will have 10 days from receipt to file any objections. If requested, a hearing will be held, at which time any party may ap pear and present evidence and cross-exam ine opposing witnesses. A written decision will be made within 30 days after the hear ing. If wages are found to be due, an order for payment will be issued. Any party ag grieved by the decision may appeal to the superior court within 20 days. The court may affirm, vacate, or modify the decision of the commissioner or may remand the matter to the commissioner for further find ings. In the absence of a reasonable appeal, the decision and order will be final, will be entered upon the docket of the superior court at the request of the prevailing party, 20 Monthly Labor Review January 2001 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis may be enforced as judgement of the court, and will be a lien upon the property of the employer for three years from the date of the decision. An employee, who incurs work-related expenses at the request of the employer which are not paid for by wages, cash ad vance, or other means from the employer, shall be reimbursed for these expenses within 30 days of the presentation of proof of payment. This does not apply to those expenses normally borne by the employee as a precondition of employment. Family issues. A committee was established to study the feasibility of implementing a paid family and medical leave insurance program and potential funding sources to support it. Findings and any recommenda tions for proposed legislation were to have been reported to the legislature and gover nor by December 1, 2000. A committee was established to study the workplace policies and practices in small businesses of 50 or fewer employees that enable employees to balance work re sponsibilities with family commitments. These may include workplace policies such as flexible schedules, jobsharing, cafeteria benefit plans, use of sick leave to care for family members with extended illnesses, and leave banks. The committee also may examine possible changes to statutes or rules that would allow for greater flexibility on the part of small businesses to accommodate the changing needs of employees and their families. A report of findings and any rec ommendations for proposed legislation was to have been sent to the legislature by November 1, 2000. New Jersey Wages. A new law was adopted in response to a 1999 U.S. Court of Appeals decision (Keeley v. Loomis Fargo & Co.) that held that the New Jersey Commissioner of La bor exceeded his statutory authority when he promulgated a regulation that excluded certain trucking industry employees from the State’s statutory overtime pay require ment. The new law codifies the substance of the regulation, explicitly requiring drivers, helpers, loaders, and mechanics employed by motor carriers, who are subject to re quirements for maximum hours prescribed by the U.S. Secretary of Transportation under the Federal Motor Carrier Act, to be paid an overtime wage rate not less than one and one-half times the State’s minimum wage rate and permitting these employees to be excluded from the State overtime re quirement otherwise applicable. The State Commissioner of Labor was authorized to enter into reciprocal agree ments with the labor department or other corresponding agency of any State for the collection of claims and judgments for wages, administrative fees, or penalties based on claims arising in each others’ States. Child labor. Minors under the age of 18 who have successfully reached the ninth or higher grade level and who have the approval of a parent or guardian to partici pate or work in any educational program in science will be exempt from the prohib ited employment sections of the child labor law. A school student may not participate or work in the program more than 20 hours a week during the school year. Private employment agencies. Provisions were repealed which had prohibited em ployees from obtaining money or property from a person in payment for procuring em ployment for that person; had prohibited offering money or property to an employee in payment for securing employment; and which had made violation of these provi sions a misdemeanor. An exception had provided that these provisions would not affect the right to hire laborers, or accept apprentices in the ordinary course of busi ness, or in any way abridge the right to obtain and exercise licenses to conduct employment offices. Equal employment opportunity. Executive Order Number 112 established the Governor’s Study Commission on Discrimination in State Employment and Contracting. The study commission will investigate, research and report on the nature and scope of any past or present discrimination in State em ployment and contracting. Where evidence of such discrimination is found, the study commission is to identify and evaluate rem edies, consistent with legal guidelines. Findings and recommendations are to be reported to the governor by April 16,2001. Other laws. The commissioner of labor, in consultation with the commissioner of health and human services, shall adopt rules to protect health care workers from occu pational exposure to blood or other poten tially infectious materials. Wages. As the result of a law enacted in late December 1999, the State minimum wage rate rose to $5.15 from $4.25 per hour on March 31,2000. In a departure from prior practice, this increase applied to both nonagricultural and agricultural workers on the New York same date. The law also provides for adopt ing any higher Federal rate that may be es tablished in the future. Legislation was enacted creating a new employee classification for certain tipped employees in the restaurant and hotel in dustries. The classification “food service worker” includes any employee primarily engaged in the serving of food or bever ages to guests, patrons, or customers in the hotel or restaurant industries, including, but not limited to, wait staff, bartenders, cap tains, and bussing personnel who regularly receive tips. These employees may be paid a cash wage of $3.30 per hour provided that their tips added to the cash wage equal or exceed the State minimum wage. If the cash wage payable under the Federal Fair Labor Standards Act is increased, the cash wage payable under State law will automatically be increased proportionately. Within 6 months of enactment of any change in the State minimum wage, the la bor commissioner must appoint a wage board to recommend any changes to wage orders governing wages payable to food service workers. The rate at which State agencies or pub lic benefit corporations, entering into public works contracts, are required to contribute to the Public Work Enforcement Fund, for labor law enforcement by the labor depart ment, was increased from 0.0334 to 0.05 of the cost of the contract. The duration of a lien for labor done or materials provided for a public improve ment project was extended from 6 months to 1 year from the time of the filing of the notice of the lien. Other laws. The section of the racing, pari mutuel waging, and breeding law relating to licenses for participants and employees at harness race meetings was amended to provide that licenses will not be required for seasonal employees hired solely to work for no longer than 6 weeks during the sum mer meet at the Syracuse mile. Ohio Wages. By law, threshold amounts for contract coverage under the State prevail ing wage law are adjusted every 2 years according to the change in the Bureau of the Census Implicit Price Deflator for Construction, provided that no increase or decrease exceeds 6 percent for the 2year period. As a result, effective Janu ary 1,2000, the threshold amount for new construction rose from $55,574 to $58,958, and the threshold amount for reconstruction, remodeling, or renovation https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis increased from $16,672 to $17,687. Equal employment opportunity. A resolu tion was adopted recognizing the State’s State Use Program as a necessary, viable, and valuable means for carrying out the State’s policy of promoting gainful em ployment for citizens of Ohio with severe disabilities. Other laws. Employers are prohibited from terminating employees who are volunteer firefighters of volunteer providers of emer gency medical services, if they miss or are late to work, because of responding to a medical emergency. Oklahoma Wages. Payroll deductions for a college sav ings account administered under the Okla homa College Savings Plan Act will now be permitted under the law regulating voluntary payroll deductions by State employees. Drug and alcohol testing. The definition of “testing facility,” for purposes of the Standards for Workplace Drug and Alco hol Testing Act, was amended to specify that the administration of onsite drug screening tests to applicants or employees to screen out negative test results are not considered to be laboratory services under the law if the onsite tests used are cleared by the Federal Food and Drug Administra tion for commercial marketing, and all posi tive results of such tests are confirmed by a testing facility in accordance with the Standards for Workplace Drug and Alco hol Testing Act. Oregon Child labor. Amended child labor rules allow the Wage and Hour Commission to grant exceptions to the work-hour restric tions for minors under age 16 who are employed by their parents, and authorizes these minors to work as late as 9 p .m . if the commission determines that the employ ment will not adversely affect the health, safety, or education of the children. Pennsylvania Child labor. In late 1999, the section of the child labor law restricting the employ ment of minors in establishments where alcoholic beverages are brewed, bottled, sold, or served was amended to specifically permit minors 14 and 15 years of age to be employed at ski resorts, golf courses, and amusement parks, as long as they are not permitted to serve or handle alcoholic bev erages, and as long as they do not work in any room in which alcohol is being served or stored. Fines for any violation of the child labor law were increased. The fine for a first violation was increased from a range of $100 to $300 to a range of $200 to $400. The fine for a subsequent viola tion was increased from a range of $250 to $ 1,000 to a range of $750 to $ 1,500 and/or imprisonment of up to 10 days at the dis cretion of the court. Other laws. The law governing military affairs was amended to provide that an employee who has been granted a military leave of absence may receive pay from his or her civilian employer while on the leave. Another amendment eliminated the posi tion of Veterans’ Ombudsman. Puerto Rico Wages. The process for collection of wage claims was clarified by providing that when any employee files a claim against his or her employer for wages, overtime hours, vacation, or medical leave, penalty for working during rest or meal periods, and other benefits, the prescriptive period for all wage claims is 3 years. A 1999 enactment authorized employ ers, with employee consent, to make pay roll deductions for negotiated payments of income tax owed to the Department of Finance. Another 1999 law provides that all employers of health care employees who require the employees to wear uniforms are to pay for the uniforms. Coverage includes nurses, lab technicians, and therapists. Family issues. The Working Mothers Act which provides for paid time off from work before and after the birth of a child was amended to also allow paid time off upon the adoption of a child under 5 years old who is not enrolled in school. Equal employment opportunity. A Law that Guarantees Equal Work Opportunities for both Genders was passed in 1999. This law reaffirms the public policy of the Govern ment of Puerto Rico of eliminating work place discrimination based on gender. It will be administered by the Commission for Women’s Affairs in the Office of the Gov ernor. All public agencies, with the assis tance of the commission, are to develop and implement affirmative action plans in or der to guarantee that no one is discrimi nated against, who is working or who seeks employment, because of gender. Monthly Labor Review January 2001 21 State Labor Laws, 2000 The commission will develop and offer training to agencies to help them enforce the law, and will offer, to other government agencies, assessment of processes dealing with recruitment, selection, nomination, ex ams, transferring, promotions, seniority, and other terms and conditions of employ ment. The commission has the authority to assess administrative fines if agencies do not comply. tract employees, and independent con tractors. Other laws. The governor is to issue an nually a proclamation recognizing March 31st as “César Chávez Day,” in remem brance of the accomplishments of César Chávez on behalf of our nation’s farm workers. South Carolina Drug and alcohol testing. The Law to Regulate Tests for the Detection and Pre vention of Controlled Substances in the Private Sector permits employee drug testing in the event of a workplace acci dent. The definition of “accident” for purposes of this law was amended to now cover any unexpected event or action re sulting from an action of the employee that jeopardizes health, safety, or prop erty. Previously, “accident” was more narrowly defined, referring to an incident that resulted in serious damage or physi cal harm. Rhode Island Wages. Legislation was adopted raising the State minimum wage rate to $6.15 from $5.65 per hour on September 1, 2000. The minimum cash wage that must be paid to employees receiving gratuities will remain at $2.89 per hour. Hours. The law regulating work performed on Sundays and holidays was amended to exempt those manufacturers who operate for 7 continuous days per week from the requirement that they not penalize em ployees for refusing to work on a Sun day or holiday. Equal employment opportunity. A resolu tion was adopted urging the President and the Secretary of State to place the United Nations Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women in the highest category of prior ity in order to accelerate the treaty’s pas sage through the Senate Foreign Relations Committee. Employee leasing. The responsibility for bonding of employee leasing companies was transferred from the Department of Labor and Training to the Division of Taxation within the Department of Administration. Whistleblowers. The definition section of the Whistleblowers’ Protective Act was amended to specify that coverage of the law includes at-will employees, con 22 Monthly Labor Review January 2001 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Family issues. As part of a new compre hensive Parental Involvement in Their Children’s Education Act, an Education Oversight Committee, in cooperation with the Department of Commerce, the Depart ment of Revenue, and the South Carolina Chamber of Commerce, shall develop recom mendations for employer tax credits as in centives to provide parent-employee release time for parent-teacher conferences or atten dance at their children’s academic-related events without loss of pay, and to develop workplace policies which enable parents to improve their literacy, assist their children with academics, and become more involved in their child’s education as a result of em ployers working with local school officials. Recommendations are to be reported to the legislature by January 1, 2001. Child labor. The law relating to election poll managers was amended to allow any person at least 16 years of age, who has completed the necessary training and who is not otherwise disqualified by law, to be appointed as a poll manager’s assistant by the appropriate county election com mission. No polling place may employ more than one 16- or 17-year-old assis tant poll manager. South Dakota Wages. A resolution was adopted urging all employers in the State to abide by the equal pay for equal work law. This law pro hibits employers from paying wages to any employee in any occupation at a rate less than the rate at which the employer pays any employee of the opposite sex for comparable work. Tennessee Wages. A resolution was adopted urging the governor to recognize May 9, 2000, as “Equal Pay Day” in the State. May 9 sym bolizes the day in which the wages paid to American women to that date in the year 2000, when added to women’s earnings for all of 1999, equal the 1999 earnings of American men. Family issues. A resolution was adopted urging all employers doing business in the State to excuse employees from work to attend parent-teacher conferences when given 24 hours notice. Equal employment opportunity. The sec tion of law prohibiting the continued em ployment of public school teachers past age 70 was repealed. Drug and alcohol testing. Each employer with five or more employees who contracts with, or is awarded a contract by, the State or any local government to provide construc tion services or who provides construction services to the State or local government is to submit an affidavit stating that the em ployer has a drug-free workplace program in effect at the time of submission of a bid. The program must comply with State law to the extent required of governmental entities. No local government or State governmental entity shall enter into any contract or award a contract for construction services with an employer who is not in compliance. Employers in violation may be barred from future contracts for varying periods of time, including not less than one year in the event of a third violation. Worker privacy. It was made unlawful for any employer, or an agent, contractor, or employee of an employer, to market or sell medical information that directly identifies an employee, unless the employee has au thorized the release. Violation will be pun ished as a Class C misdemeanor. Whistleblowers. Any employee, terminated in violation of the law protecting employ ees from discharge for refusing to partici pate in, or for refusing to remain silent about, illegal activities, who prevails in a cause of action against an employer for re taliatory discharge for such actions will be entitled to recover reasonable attorney fees and costs. State employees are not to be dis charged, demoted, suspended, reassigned, transferred, disciplined, threatened, or oth erwise discriminated against regarding thenevaluation, promotion, compensation, terms, conditions, location, or privileges of employment because they report violations of State or Federal laws, rules or regula tions; acts which constitute fraud against the State, the Federal government, the pub lic, or any fellow employee; the willful misappropriation of State or Federal re sources; acts which pose an unreasonable and specific danger to health or safety; or acts constituting gross mismanagement. A State employee injured by a violation of the law may maintain an action in circuit or chancery court within 1 year of the alleged violation for actual damages, in junctive relief, reinstatement, back pay, or other remedies. Where the court finds that the employee was injured by a will ful and malicious violation, by a crimi nal violation, or by a violation based upon an effort to obtain personal gain, the court may award damages of up to 3 times the amount of actual damages plus costs and attorney’s fees. by November 1,2000, the Department of Labor and Industry was to present writ ten recommendations to the legislature for updating the child labor laws. that the protection applies to any court. The penalty against an employer who violates the law was increased from a Class 4 mis demeanor to a Class 3 misdemeanor. Virginia Washington Child labor. The law governing those child day centers operated by religious institu tions, and thereby exempt from licensure, was amended to change staff ratios to per mit 16- and 17-year-olds to count as staff as long as they are under the supervision of an adult. Adult staff members are to su pervise no more than two staff members under 18 years of age at any given time. Wages. As the result of Initiative 688, ap proved by voters in the November 1998 general election, the State minimum wage rate for employees over age 18 increased to $6.50 from $5.70 per hour on January 1, 2000, and to $6.72 on January 1, 2001. Beginning with the rate for January 1,2001, and annually hereafter, the rate will be ad justed for inflation by a calculation using the Consumer Price Index for Urban Wage Earners and Clerical Workers, or a succes sor index, for the previous year. Utah Equal employment opportunity. The name of the Antidiscrimination Advisory Coun cil, under the labor commission, was re named the Antidiscrimination and Labor Advisory Council. Vermont Wages. As part of an act, which relates to assuring a livable income for all working residents of the State, the Commissioner of Labor and Industry was authorized to collect unpaid wages that are owed to employees by an employer. Previously, col lection was by a State’s Attorney. If it is found that the unpaid wages were willfully withheld by the employer, the commis sioner is now authorized to collect an ad ditional amount of up to twice the amount of unpaid wages, one-half of which will be given to the employee and one-half of which will be retained by the commissioner to offset estimated administrative and col lection costs. The commissioner will en force an order for collection in superior court. Other sections of the law require the joint fiscal office to report on baseline data on the cost of living in Vermont and the current wage levels within various sectors of the economy, and require the Commis sioner of Employment and Training to pro vide the General Assembly with detailed wage and employee benefit information maintained by the department and by the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. Child labor. The section of the child la bor law pertaining to hours and nightwork restrictions on the employment of children under age 16 was amended to allow baseball bat girls or bat boys of this age to be employed until midnight or af ter midnight if a parent or guardian and the Commissioner of Labor and Industry have consented in writing. In addition, https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Drug and alcohol testing. The Public Pro curement Act was amended to require that all public bodies include, in every contract they let over $10,000, a statement that the contractor agrees to provide a drug-free workplace for the employees. The contrac tor is also to post in conspicuous places a statement notifying employees of the pro hibition of any drug violations and speci fying the actions that will be taken for such violations; to specify in all solicitations or advertisements for employees that the con tractor maintains a drug-free workplace; and to include these requirements in every subcontract or purchase order of over $ 10,000, so that the provisions will be bind ing on each subcontractor or vendor. Worker privacy. An employer who fur nishes information about a person’s pro fessional conduct, reasons for separation or job performance, upon request by the person’s prospective or current employer, is presumed to be acting in good faith and is immune from civil liability for disclos ing the information unless it is shown that the employer knowingly provided false in formation, provided information with reck less disregard for whether it is false or not, or provided information with the intent to deliberately mislead. Inmate labor. The penalty for a prisoner leaving his or her work release program, without authorization, or failing to return to such a program was increased from a Class 2 to a Class 1 misdemeanor. A pris oner found guilty of such a violation will be ineligible for further participation in a work-release program during his or her current term of confinement. Jury duty. The law protecting employees from discharge or other adverse personnel actions because of required jury service or court appearance was amended to clarify West Virginia Other laws. A Veterans Employment Train ing Priority article was enacted requiring all Federal and State funded employment and training programs administered through the State to adopt a written policy providing priority of service to veterans of the United States military over other individuals seeking employment and training services. Wisconsin Wages. Effective January 1, 2000, the threshold amount for coverage under the State prevailing wage laws for State and municipal contracts was changed admin istratively from $ 164,000 to $ 168,000 for contracts in which more than one trade is involved and from $33,000 to $34,000 for contracts in which a single trade is involved. Prevailing wage law amendments made language consistent in the three State pre vailing wage laws (municipal public works projects, State building, and other public works projects except bridges and high ways, and State bridge and highway projects). Other changes codified the ex isting policies for determining the jurisdic tion of truck drivers hauling goods to and from prevailing wage projects, and changed the procedures concerning information sub mitted by individuals appealing prevailing wage rates set by the Department of Workforce Development. Previously, per sons were asked to submit statistical infor mation based on calendar years. Now, in formation is to be submitted based on the survey year in question (June 1 through May 31) to match the annual surveying pro cess adopted by the department in 1996. Monthly Labor Review January 2001 23 State Labor Laws, 2000 Child labor. Labor permits issued to mi nors aged 14 to 18 will no longer show the place of birth of the minor. In promulgat ing rules governing the proof of age of minors who apply for labor permits, the De partment of Workplace Development must include a requirement that it and its per mit officers will accept as evidence of a minor’s age a duly-attested birth certifi cate, a verified baptismal certificate, or either a valid operator’s license that con tains a photograph of the licensee holder or an identification card issued by the De partment of Transportation. These evi dences of age are also to be accepted by the Department of Workplace Development in issuing certificates of age to those age 18 and older. The child labor law was amended to provide that, to the extent permitted under the Federal Fair Labor Standards Act, mi nors 12 and 13 years of age may be em ployed, under direct adult supervision, as officials for athletic events sponsored by private, nonprofit organizations in which the minor would be eligible to participate or in which the participants are the same age or younger than the minor. 24 Monthly Labor Review January 2001 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Whistleblowers. Under a new health care worker protection act, health care facilities, health care providers, and their employees may not take disciplinary action against, or threaten to take disciplinary action against, any person because he or she reported in good faith any information concerning violation of any State of Federal law or regu lation, or reported in good faith any situa tion in which the quality of any health care service provided by the health care facility or health care provider violates any estab lished standard and poses a potential risk to public health or safety. The law estab lishes complaint procedures and civil pen alties in the event of violation. tional origin, age, or disability. Sexual harassment is defined and prohibited. Violation of the policy is grounds for dis cipline, up to and including dismissal. The policy prohibits retaliation against any employee who opposes a practice prohib ited by the policy or who has filed a charge, testified, or assisted, or participated in any manner in an investigation under the policy. Procedures for complaints, inves tigations, and corrective action are estab lished. This Order repeals and replaces Executive Order 1993-4. □ Wyoming Notes Equal employment opportunity. An Execu tive Order was issued adopting an antidis crimination policy applicable to all employ ees and elected officials of the executive branch of the State government. Barred are any forms of discrimination or harassment that violate applicable State law including discrimination or harassment related to an individual’s race, religion, color, sex, na 1The Arkansas, Montana, Nevada, North Da kota, Oregon, and Texas legislatures did not meet in regular session in 2000. The District of Columbia, Florida, Louisiana, Mississippi, New Mexico, and North Carolina did not enact sig nificant legislation in the fields covered by this article. Information about Guam and the Virgin Islands was not received in time to be included in the article, which is based on information received by November 10, 2000. Workers’ Compensation, 2000 Changes in workers’ compensation laws during 2000 About half o f all States changed their workers' compensation laws to some extent, with most of them increasing benefits for both disability and death Glenn Whittington number of States increased their maximum work ers’ compensation rates for disability and /or death in 2000. For example, Alaska’s maximum weekly compensation ben efit for disability or death changed to 120 percent of the State’s average weekly wage from $700, and the maximum permanent impairment compensation benefits increased to $177,000 from $135,000 to be multiplied by the employee’s percentage of per manent impairment of the whole person. In Georgia, the weekly maximum benefit for temporary total disability increased to $375 and the minimum to $37.50 (up from $350 and $35 respec tively). Also in Georgia, the weekly maximum benefit for tem porary partial disability increased to $250 from $233.33, and the maximum death benefit to $125,000 from $100,000. In Indi ana, the maximum compensation, exclusive of medical ben efits, that may be paid for an injury on and after July 1,2000, and before July 1,2001, may not exceed $254,000. On October 1,2000, Minnesota’s maximum weekly compensation increased to $750 per week from $615, and the minimum increased to $ 130 per week from $104. In Rhode Island the maximum rate for Alaska An employer must have paid its assessed annual service fees before receiving a selfinsurance certificate. Glenn Whittington is Chief, Branch of Planning Policy and Standards, O ffice o f Workers’ Compensation Programs, Employment Standards Administration, U.S. Department of Labor. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis weekly compensation for total disability changed to 110 per cent (previously 100 percent) of the State’s average weekly wage. Examples of coverage changes included extending pre sumptions of coverage for certain diseases suffered by law enforcement officers or firefighters, or both, in California, Maryland, and Virginia; and redefining the term “employee” in Arizona, Georgia, Rhode Island, and Virginia. In Nebraska, the Second Injury Fund was renamed the Workers’ Compensation Trust Fund, and all monies in the Sec ond Injury Fund were transferred to the Workers’ Compensa tion Trust Fund. The Second Injury Fund had previously been eliminated for injuries occurring on or after December 1, 1997. An Uninsured Employers’ Fund was established in Ten nessee to ensure the timely provision of workers’ compensa tion benefits to workers injured during periods when an em ployer has no insurance. Maximum burial allowances increased to $5,000 in Alaska, to $7,000 in Colorado, and to $15,000 in Minnesota. The following is a State-by-State summary of significant changes to workers’ compensation laws. Upon notification of eligibility, an em ployee now has 15 days (formally, 10 days) to give written notice, to the employer that he or she has selected a rehabilitation special ist. Failure to give such notice constitutes noncooperation. A reemployment plan must require continuous participation by the em ployee and must maximize the use of the employee’s transferable skills. Compensa tion paid before completion or termination of a reemployment plan, but after exhaustion of temporary total and permanent impair ment benefits, increased to 70 percent from 60 percent of the employee’s weekly wages. The maximum amount allowable is now 105 percent of the average weekly wage, up from $525. The maximum allowed under a reem ployment plan increased to $13,300 from $10,000. The maximum weekly compensa tion rate for disability or death changed to 120 percent of the State’s average weekly wage (previously, it was $700). If an Monthly Labor Review January 2001 25 Workers' Compensation, 2000 employee’s spendable weekly wages are less than 22 percent of the maximum compensa tion rate (previously $154), the employee will receive his/her spendable weekly wage. Permanent impairment compensation ben efits increased to $ 177,000 from $ 135,000 to be multiplied by the employee’s percentage of permanent impairment of the whole per son. The maximum burial allowance is now $5,000, up from $2,500. The percentage of death benefits to a widow or widower and children also increased. A death benefit pay ment of $5,000 is now made to a surviving widow or widower, or equally divided among surviving children of the deceased if there is no widow or widower. The period a widow or widower may receive death benefits is now 12 years (previously 10 years) following death of the deceased employee. Arizona Persons placed in level three or four of the Arizona works program or the temporary assistance for needy families program now are considered employees for workers’ com pensation purposes. California A physician seeking appointment as a quali fied medical evaluator on or after January 1, 2001, must complete, prior to the appoint ment, a course on disability evaluation re port writing approved by the Industrial Medical Board. For certain State and local firefighting and law enforcement personnel, the term “injury” now includes hepatitis that develops or mani fests itself while the person is in the service of that office, division, department, or unit. The presumption is extended to a covered person following termination of service for a period of 3 months for each full year of ser vice, but not to exceed 60 months in any cir cumstance, commencing with the last date actually worked in the specified capacity. The provision allowing certain peace of ficers, firefighters, and other specified State and local public employees to a leave of ab sence without loss of salary while disabled, in lieu of temporary disability payments, was extended to specified airport law enforcement officers, harbor and port police officers, war dens, and special officers. 26 Monthly Labor Review https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Colorado The reference to a specific age of retirement for purposes of an offset against permanent total disability benefits was deleted. Persons who provide host home services to persons with developmental disabilities, pursuant to a contract with a communitycentered board, or a contract with a service agency, are not considered employees of the community-centered board or the service agency. The maximum burial allowance increased to $7,000 from $4,000 for deaths occurring on or after February 1, 2000. In a death claim where the deceased is a minor with no persons either wholly or par tially dependent upon the deceased, the em ployer or insurance carrier pays to the par ents of the deceased $15,000, not to exceed 100 percent of the death benefit. In the event that there are no surviving parents, the money is paid to the Division of Workers’ Compen sation for credit to the Subsequent Injury Fund. In the event there are persons only partially dependent upon the deceased, ben efits will first be paid to such partially de pendent persons and the balance will be paid to the surviving parents, or in the event there are no surviving parents, the Division for credit to the Subsequent Injury Fund. Florida The Division of Workers’ Compensation may specify by rule the amount of the quali fying security deposit required prior to au thorizing an employer to self-insure and the amount of net worth required for an em ployer to qualify for authorization to selfinsure. A Task Force on Workers’ Compensa tion Administration was established to ex amine the way in which the workers’ com pensation system is funded and adminis tered. Georgia The parties to a claim may, by agreement and with the approval of the State Board of Workers’ Compensation, enter into a com promise lump-sum settlement resolving all issues which prorates the lump-sum settle January 2001 ment over the life expectancy of the injured worker. Benefits may be paid by electronic funds transfer if agreed to by the parties. The weekly maximum for temporary total disability benefits increased to $375 and the minimum, to $37.50 (previously, $350 and $35 respectively). The weekly maximum for temporary partial disability benefits in creased to $250, from $233.33. The total for maximum death benefits is now $125,000, previously $100,000. For purposes of workers’ compensation coverage, members of the State Defense Force are considered employees of the State. An injury arising in the course of employ ment includes any injury incurred by a mem ber of the Georgia National Guard or State Defense Force while on active duty in the State or when traveling to and from active duty. Indiana If the treatment or travel to or from the place of treatment causes a loss of work time to the employee, the employer shall reimburse the employee for the loss of wages, using the basis of the employee’s average daily wage. Benefits for permanent impairment for injuries occurring on and after July 1, 2000, and July 1, 2001, increased in incre ments depending on the degree of impair ment. The maximum compensation, exclu sive of medical benefits, that may be paid for an injury may not exceed $254,000 on and after July 1, 2000, and before July 1, 2001; $274,000 on and after July 1, 2001, and before July 1, 2002; and $294,000 on and after July 1, 2002. Iowa Every corporation, individual, personal rep resentative, partnership, or association that has the necessary minimum contact with the State shall be subject to the jurisdiction of the workers’ compensation commissioner. If an employee was absent from employ ment for personal reasons during part of the 13 calendar weeks preceding an injury, that employee’s weekly earnings is the amount that would have been earned had he or she worked when work was available to other employees of a similar occupation. Kansas Maryland A list of drugs and their percentage of concentration are now provided, which, if found in an employee, conclusively presumes the employee is impaired due to drugs, thus relieving the employer of liability for injury, disability, or death. The definition of a health care provider now includes a person licensed to prac tice audiology. In case of death, there is an initial payment of $40,000 made to the surviving legal spouse or a wholly de pendent child or children, or both. The provision which stipulated that death benefits for a surviving spouse be dis continued upon remarriage was repealed, and the total maximum death benefits in creased to $250,000 from $200,000, which include the initial payment of $40,000. The presumption of compensability for heart disease or hypertension was extended to Prince George’s County Correction Of ficers. which authorizes and provides group selfinsurance of workers’ compensation liabil ity, or with approval of the Nebraska Work ers’ Compensation Court, the employer may self-insure his or her workers’ compensa tion liability. Minnesota New Hampshire A managed care program under workers’ compensation is required to maintain a busi ness office in the State and to have a suffi cient number of resident injury management facilitators. Any employee receiving work ers’ compensation benefits has a duty to report any changes in his or her employ ment status or earnings, or both, to the car rier or self-insured. The threshold for considering a case for commuted lump-sum payment increased to $100 from $10 per week. The maxi mum for attorney’s fees changed from 20 percent of an award not to exceed $2,000 to the following sliding scale: 20 percent of the first $25,000; 15 percent of the next $10,000; and 5 percent of the award’s remainder, not to exceed a maxi mum of $12,000. The lump-sum pay ment made to a deceased’s estate, from which the cost of burial and cost of trans portation of the body to the employee’s place of residence is to be made, increased to $50,000 from $25,000. The amount of this lump sum now will be adjusted an nually based on the State’s average weekly wage. Beginning October 1, 2000, the maximum weekly compensation payable increased to $750 from $615 per week, and the minimum increased to $130 from $104 per week or the employees’ actual weekly wage, which ever is less. After an employee has been paid 52 weeks of temporary total compen sation, the employer or insurer must notify the employee in writing, with a copy to the Workers’ Compensation Division, of the 104-week limitation on payment of tempo rary total compensation. The benefit amounts specified in the impairment ratings for permanent partial disability increased. For injuries occurring after October 1,2000, an employee who receives any other ser vice-based Government retirement pension is presumed retired from the labor market. The term “service-based government retire ment pension” does not include disabilitybased government pensions. The time limit for filing a request for retraining increased to 156 weeks from 104 weeks. The minimum amount of dependency compensation that must be paid to entitled persons is $60,000. The maximum burial allowance increased to $15,000 from $7,500. In every case of an employee death arising out of and in the course of employment where there are no persons entitled to monetary benefits of dependency compensation, the employer shall pay $60,000 to the estate of the de ceased employee. Maine Nebraska Employers of agricultural or aquacultural laborers are not liable for securing com pensation payment if the employer has six or fewer laborers or the employer has more than six such laborers, but the total number of hours they worked in a week does not exceed 240, and has not exceeded 240 hours at any time during the 52 weeks immediately preceding the injury. The Second Injury Fund was renamed the Workers’ Compensation Trust Fund, and all monies in the Second Injury Fund were transferred to the Workers’ Compensation Trust Fund. The age of a child who qualifies as a dependent was increased from age 18 to 19. An employer, for purposes of obtaining workers’ compensation coverage, now may be a member of a risk management pool Kentucky New Jersey The coverage previously provided to em ployees of horse trainers was eliminated. New York Criteria were established for the perfor mance of independent medical examinations. Oklahoma All requests made to the Workers’ Com pensation Court for information on claims involving a worker, including written inquir ies about prior claims and requests to ac cess a worker’s claim file, must be in writ ing on a form prescribed by the workers’ compensation Administrator. Rhode Island https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis For workers’ compensation purposes, newspaper carriers are considered employ ees, effective September 1,2000. The addi tional benefit for dependent children in death claims increased to $40 from $20 per week. Effective September 1,2000, the maximum rate for weekly compensation for total dis ability increased to 110 percent of the State average weekly wage (previously, it was 100 percent). Monthly Labor Review January 2001 27 Workers' Compensation, 2000 Tennessee An Uninsured Employers Fund has been established to ensure the timely provision of workers’ compensation benefits to work ers injured during periods of employer noncompliance. The Fund will be financed by penalties assessed and collected from em ployers who fail to provide workers’ com pensation coverage or who fail to qualify as a self-insurer. Permanent total disability benefits is now paid until the employee is, by age, eli gible for full benefits in the old-age insur ance benefit program under the Social Secu rity Act (previously, benefits were paid un til employee reached age 65). The Commis sioner of Labor and Workforce Development is authorized to refer an employer to the Tennessee Bureau of Investigation for in vestigation and for appropriate referral for possible prosecution if the commissioner becomes aware the employer had prior knowledge that its employee was subject to the workers’ compensation law and the em ployer failed to secure payment of compen sation as required by the workers’ compen sation law. If an employee suffers a back injury, the list of three or more physicians from which the employee can choose shall be expanded to four, one of whom must be a chiropractic doctor. However, no more than 12 visits to a chiropractor shall be approved per back injury. If an employer or insurer fails to reim burse an employee for medical expenses in 28 Monthly Labor Review https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis curred within 60 days of a settlement, judg ment, or decree, the employer or insurer can be liable for up to an additional 25 percent of such expenses. Vermont If a worker receives a personal injury off the workplace premises while engaged in a rec reational activity encouraged by the em ployer, the injury will not be considered to have occurred in the course of employment, unless the employer derived substantial ben efit from the activity, the activity was rea sonably a part of the employee’s regular duties or undertaken to meet expectations of employer, or the activity was undertaken at the request of the employer. An injury arising from an on-premises recreational ac tivity will be presumed compensable unless the activity is shown to be not reasonably related to employment duties, requirements, or a regular incident of employment. Virginia All members of any panel or committee re quired to interpret or classify a chest x-ray for purposes of diagnosing a coal worker’s pneumoconiosis must be B-readers ap proved by the National Institute for Occu pational Safety and Health. The list of cancers causing the death of, or any health condition or impairment re sulting in total or partial disability of, any January 2001 volunteer or salaried firefighter or hazard ous materials officer who, having completed 12 years of continuous service, has contact with a toxic substance encountered in the line of duty, now includes ovarian or breast cancer. The term “employee” now includes vol unteer members of regional hazardous mate rials emergency response teams, and also includes aliens and minors, whether lawfully or unlawfully employed. The time limit for filing an application for review before the full Commission in creased to 45 days, from 20. Any health care provider attending an injured employee shall, upon request of a certified rehabilitation provider, furnish a copy of any medical report to such provider. Wyoming If the employer objects to a division deter mination that an injury is compensable and the employee’s health care provider has cer tified the employee as temporarily totally disabled, the injured worker may request an interim benefit while the case is under ap peal. The interim benefit will be paid for up to 3 months until a final compensability de cision is issued or until the expiration of the period of certified temporary disability, whichever occurs first. The experience rat ing of the employer against whom a claim is made shall not be charged for the interim benefit if the injury is determined after a hearing to not be compensable. Q Unemployment Insurance Laws, 2000;® Changes in unemployment insurance legislation in 2000 Some States increased their maximum weekly benefit amounts and others modified the voluntary quit provision for situations involving domestic abuse; in the Federal arena, there were two legislative enactments and one rule issued Robert Kenyon, Jr. and Loryn Lancaster uring 2000, there were two Federal legislative enact ments that affected the Federal-State unemployment insurance program. The “Consolidated Appropria tions Act, 2001” ( p.l . 106-554) amends Federal law to treat Indian tribes similar to State and local governments. Briefly, services performed in the employ of tribes generally will no longer be subject to the Federal Unemployment Tax Act tax and, with some specified exceptions, will be required to be covered under State unemployment insurance laws. Further, tribes must be offered the reimbursement option and if a tribe fails to make required payments to the State’s unemployment insurance fund or payments of interest or penalty, then the tribe will become liable for the Federal unemployment tax and the State may remove tribal services from State coverage. States also will lose the Federal share of extended benefits with respect to services performed for tribes. States with Indian tribes will be required to amend their laws to implement these requirements which were effective December 21,2000. The “Victims of Trafficking and Violence Protection Act of 2000” (P.L. 106-386) requires the Secretary of Labor, in con sultation with the Attorney General, to conduct a national study to identify State unemployment insurance laws that address the separation from employment due to circum stances resulting from domestic violence and the receipt (or nonreceipt) of unemployment compensation, and to report to the Congress the results of the study along with recommen dations in October 2001. D Robert Kenyon, Jr. and Loryn Lancaster are unemployment insurance program specialists in the Division of Legislation, Office of Workforce Security, Employment and Training Administration, U.S. Department of Labor. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis The U.S. Department of Labor issued the Birth and Adop tion-Unemployment Compensation ( ba a - uc ) final rule, which was effective August 14,2000. This ruling allows States (that choose to do so or on an experimental basis) to provide un employment insurance as a partial wage replacement to em ployees who desire to take approved leave or otherwise leave their employment following the birth or placement for adop tion of a child. States will have the latitude to define eligibility requirements for work history and benefit levels. While 15 State legislatures addressed the Birth and Adoption-Unem ployment Compensation ruling in some manner during 2000, none had enacted the experimental effort by the year’s end. However, several States have indicated that they may take up this issue in 2001. Some States made significant changes to their unemploy ment insurance laws during 2000. For instance, Maryland, Utah, and Virginia increased their maximum weekly benefit amounts through legislation; in some other States, the weekly benefit amounts increase automatically. Delaware, Nebraska, New Jersey, and Rhode Island have made an exception to the voluntary quit provision for a separation from work in situa tions caused by domestic abuse. Michigan moved up its wage record system conversion date to October 2000 from December 2001. Tennessee, Vermont, and Virginia amended their waiting week provisions. Colorado, Kentucky, and South Carolina amended their pension deduction provisions. Refer ence to the Standard Industrial Classification system has been replaced by the North American Industry Classification Sys tem in three States—Alaska, Washington, and South Dakota. Following is a summary of some significant changes in State unemployment insurance laws during 2000. Monthly Labor Review January 2001 29 Unemployment Insurance Laws, 2000 Alabama California Administration. Excess revenue generated by disclosing information to a consumer reporting agency will be deposited into the Employment Security Administration Fund, rather than the unemployment trust fund, with continuous appropriation for the administration of the State law. Nonprofit organizations may place es crow funds into interest bearing accounts, which are used by the Department of In dustrial Relations, for payment of unem ployment insurance. Coverage. Services performed by an indi vidual in a national service program, funded by the Federal Government (such as AmeriCorps), will be excluded. Financing. The termination date of a spe cial assessment of 0.06 percent of all wages has extended from March 31, 2002, to March 31, 2004. The 0.06-percent reduc tion in regular contribution rates has ex tended to March 31, 2004. Alaska Administration. References to the Stan dard Industrial Classification system are re placed by the North American Industry Classification System. The provision that defines what consti tutes that an individual is in State-approved training in order to not be denied benefits is now under the Workforce Investment Act. Benefits. Disqualification for misconduct connected with work is now limited to the insured worker’s last work. Arizona Taxation. Beginning January 1, 2001, through December 31, 2007 (or, if earlier, when the Federal unemployment tax is re duced to 6 percent), the required income rates will decrease by 0.1 percent; the re quired income rate is used to adjust em ployer tax rates. Beginning January 1,2001, through De cember 31, 2007, a job training employer tax will be imposed on employers. This tax replaces State general fund monies as the funding source for the existing Arizona job training program. The monies will be col lected by the Department of Economic Se curity and deposited in the job training fund. Unexpended or unencumbered monies in the job training fund, upon repeal of the job training program in 2008, will revert to the unemployment compensation fund if the monies were attributable to the job training employer tax. The provision related to the non-charging of employers’ accounts for benefits attribut able to former welfare recipients is deleted. 30 Monthly Labor Review https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Colorado Benefits. The amount of benefit deduction due to receipt of a Social Security pension has changed from 100 percent to 50 percent of the Social Security payment and other wise clarifies the pension provisions. Financing. Credits to the unemployment revenue fund shall incorporate the follow ing: penalties collected from employers for late report filings; claimant penalties col lected and all investigative costs awarded in connection with overpayments established, due to an individual’s false representation or willful failure to disclose a material fact (re paid benefits will be deposited into the un employment trust fund); and money remain ing in the Federal advance interest repay ment fund after interest charges and admin istrative costs have been paid. A 20-percent tax credit is established for employers for calendar years 2001 and 2002, provided the unemployment compensation fund balance is at least 1.1 percent of the total amount of insured wages for the pre ceding year. Employers who have not filed required reports or paid taxes due, and those who have a negative balance or who reim burse the fund rather than pay contributions would not be eligible for the tax credit. Delaware Administration. The Department of La bor will now have the same right to appeal from determinations by the Unemploy ment Insurance Appeal Board concerning employer assessments as it has with re spect to determinations regarding eligibil ity for benefits. Parties have 10 days from the mailing of the Unemployment Insurance Appeal Board’s decision to file an appeal to the Superior Court. Benefits. Provided certain conditions are met, an individual is permitted to receive benefits if the individual left employment because of domestic abuse. In such cases, the individual is required to provide a writ ten statement issued by an independent party addressing his or her status in at tempting to seek assistance for domestic abuse. January 2001 Hawaii Financing. The Employment Training Fund assessment will be extended from De cember 31,2000, to December 31,2003, for all contributing employers except those pay ing a zero-minimum rate or a 5.4-percent maximum rate. The assessment decreases each year as follows; 0.05 percent for 2000, 0. 03 percent for 2001, 0.01 percent for 2002, and no assessment for 2003 and all subsequent years. Idaho Benefits. The disqualification that is re lated to making a false statement or failing to report a material fact is applicable only to claimants who willfully do so. Illinois Coverage. The conditions under which an individual (under a contract between an em ployee leasing company and a client em ployer) is considered an employee of either the employee leasing company or the client employer are now specified. Indiana Benefits. The maximum level of quarterly wage credits increases over a 3-year period to compute benefits as follows: after July 1, 2000 and prior to July 1, 2001: $6,700; after July 1, 2001 and prior to July 1, 2002: $7,300; and after July 1, 2002 and prior to July 1, 2003: $7,900. Financing. A new rate schedule decreases the contribution rates for certain employ ers. Rates for employers with a positive balance range from 0.15 percent to 2.4 per cent, and for employers with a negative bal ance, the rates range from 3.6 to 5.4 percent for calendar year 2001. Employer rates will be set according to the next higher schedule for calendar year 2002. Kentucky Benefits. Effective January 1, 2001, the weekly benefit amount increases from 1.235 percent to 1.3078 percent of base-period wages, subject to specified maximums. Benefits. The requirement to reduce the ben efit amount for receipt of a pension (includ ing Social Security) is eliminated if the claim ant contributed to the pension. Financing. Effective 2001, the tax rates for employers with a positive balance are re- duced when the trust fund balance reaches a specified level. Maine Administration. The Bureau of Employ ment Security shall review and evaluate all proposed legislation containing an unem ployment compensation “benefit change” prior to the public hearing on the proposal. Benefit change is defined as any change in law that will cause a change in the number of people eligible, as well as any increase or decrease in the dollar amount, maximum amount, or duration of benefits payable. The bureau’s review and evaluation must address the potential impact on the unem ployment compensation trust fund, on groups of individuals, employer taxes, and anything else the bureau considers appro priate. Once the review and evaluation are completed, the joint standing committee of the legislature, with jurisdiction over the proposal, will review the bureau’s findings. Benefits. Unless inconsistent with Federal law, acceptance of training opportunities available through the Federal Workforce In vestment Act of 1998 is deemed to be ac ceptance of training with the approval of the State within the meaning of any other provision of Federal or State law relating to unemployment benefits. Financing. The procedure for determining the rate schedule and planned yield-in-ef fect for a given year is now provided. Not withstanding the procedure, a planned yield of 1.1 percent is in effect for calendar year 2000. Maryland Benefits. The maximum weekly benefit amount increases from $250 to $280. The law now reflects permanent Federal authorization of the Self-Employment As sistance (sea) program, and the requirement by the U.S. Department of Labor that States submit a plan for approval by the Secretary prior to implementing the sea program is eliminated. Michigan Benefits. The conversion date is changed to a wage record system from December 31, 2001, to October 1, 2000. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Minnesota Administration. The program name is changed from “reemployment compensa tion” to the “unemployment compensation program” and, where applicable, the term “benefit” is changed to “unemployment benefit.” Benefits. Individuals are exempt from the between-terms denial provision if they earned wage credits during the school year from a private employer performing work under a contract between the employer and an elementary or secondary school and the employment was related to food services provided to the school by the employer. This exemption expires December 31,2001. Effective May 16,2000, until January 1, 2001, individuals may receive additional benefits of up to 26 weeks if they were laid off from Hennepin Paper Company due to lack of work and if certain eligibility require ments are met. Benefit amount is the same as for the regular State program. Effective May 16,2000, individuals may receive additional benefits of up to 13 weeks if they were laid off from Evtac Mining Com pany between June and August 1999, due to lack of work and if certain eligibility re quirements are met. The benefit amount is the same as that for the regular State pro gram. Individuals who, prior to September 1,2000, receive or have an agreement to re ceive a retirement pension financed in whole or in part by the Evtac Mining Company are not eligible. Effective retroactively to August 1, 1999, 50 percent of primary Social Secu rity disability benefits the applicant has re ceived, has filed for, or intends to file for with respect to a week will be deducted from the weekly benefit amount. Regard less of this deduction provision, ineligibil ity for benefits for any week the applicant is receiving, has received, or has filed for, primary Social Security disability benefits shall not apply if the Social Security Ad ministration approved the collecting of pri mary Social Security disability benefits each month the applicant was employed during the base period. Financing. The period for which a non profit organization is bound when it elects to change from taxable to reimbursable sta tus has changed from 3 years to 2 years. The conditions under which nonprofit organizations can switch their taxable status to reimbursable status have changed. These organizations can now switch if they paid an amount of taxes that exceeded the ben efits to its employees by 25 percent over the past 5 years. Previously, an employer either had to have no benefit charges or had to pay down its experience rating to zero. The commissioner of economic security may apply the compromise authority (that is, to change, in whole or in part, any action, determination, or decision), which is appli cable to all other employers, to nonprofit organizations. Mississippi Administration. The filing of lien provi sions is modified to require that the com mission deliver a copy of the warrant issued to the sheriff on employers failing to pay contributions and assessments to the clerk of the circuit court. The lien provisions are modified further. Among other changes, the provisions specify that a judgment not be a lien upon the property of the employer for more than 7 years from the filing date of the tax lien notice. However, action can be brought be fore the expiration of the 7 years or the com mission refiles the tax lien notice before the expiration of such time. The judgment is a lien upon the property of the employer for 7 years from the date of refiling the tax lien notice, unless action is brought before the expiration time or unless the commission refiles (without limit to the number of times), the notice before the expiration time. The commission is permitted to issue the warrant directly to the circuit clerk of any county of the State for enrollment, upon the judgment rolls of the county. Nebraska Benefits. An individual is deemed to have left employment for good cause if abuse is the reason. Also, the individual is not dis qualified from benefits for voluntarily leav ing work, provided all reasonable efforts to preserve the employment were made. No benefits will be charged to an employer’s experience account for benefits paid based on the claimant voluntarily leav ing work with good cause to escape abuse. New Hampshire Administration. The composition and ap pointment operating procedures of the ap pellate board of the department of employ ment security include the following changes: • Increase number of appellate board members from five to eight; • Increase number of business represen tatives, organized labor representatives, and Monthly Labor Review January 2001 31 Unemployment Insurance Laws, 2000 representatives of the public from one to two each; • Increase length of terms from 3 to 4 years, but limit consecutive years of ser vice to 8; • Decrease duration of appointments of additional members (allowable during peri ods of increased workload) to 1 year; • Require that, when the board is in ses sion, none of the three members be from the same category of representation. An employer or employing unit may re quest that the commissioner reconsider his or her decision, or request a new hearing, if done within 20 days of mailing of the commissioner’s decision. Appeals are permitted to the appellate board of decisions of the commissioner. Coverage. The exemption for services performed by an individual who, on a tem porary, part-time, contractual basis, does not apply to such service performed for the State or any of its political subdivisions or nonprofit organizations. Effective January 1,2000, the following services are exempt from the definition of “employment” when these services are done on a temporary, part-time, or contractual basis (either in the field or over the tele phone) on premises not used or controlled by the person for whom such contract ser vices are being provided: demonstrating company products; offering samples of products or promotional materials to cus tomers; conducting store audits; mystery shopping as part of an advertising or sales promotion for the products. Financing. Employers are now exempt from obligation to pay contributions of less than $ 1. New Jersey Benefits. No otherwise eligible individual shall be denied benefits because the indi vidual left work or was discharged due to circumstances resulting from being a victim of domestic violence. No charge shall apply to the employer’s account for benefits paid to an individual who quit to escape domestic violence. New Mexico Administration. The requirements for the risk management advisory board to annu ally determine and transfer balances of the State government unemployment compen 32 Monthly Labor Review https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis sation reserve fund are deleted. Money from the State government un employment compensation reserve fund may be used to establish and maintain a re serve fund for reimbursing State agencies for benefits paid to their former employees. Benefits. Eligibility conditions require that an unemployed individual have wages in at least 2 quarters of his base period rather than wages equal to 1-1/4 of his or her high quar ter wages. Eligibility conditions for subsequent benefit years are modified to require that an individual must have performed services in employment and earned remuneration for such services equal to at least 5 times his or her weekly benefit amount in his or her prior benefit year rather than remuneration equal to the lesser of 3/13 of the individual’s high quarter wages and 6 times his weekly ben efit amount. The provision in which no charge shall apply to the employer’s account for ben efits based on work performed in a work release program (designed to give an inmate of a correctional institution an opportunity to work while serving a term of incarcera tion) if the inmate’s separation was caused by his release from prison is eliminated. The requirement that wages be in insured work to qualify for subsequent benefit years is deleted. Coverage. Exclusion from employment for services performed in the employ of a hospi tal, if the service is performed by a patient of the hospital, or services performed by an in mate of a custodial or penal institution, is ex panded from only governmental and non profit entities to any employer. Financing. The factors used for determin ing rate schedules applicable in a given year, are changed, effectively reducing employer contribution rates. New York Administration. The termination date for requiring the appeal board to establish quali fications and procedures for the registra tion of agents authorized to represent cer tain claimants and other requirements is now extended for 2 years through Decem ber 31,2002. The termination date for requiring the appeal board to maintain lists of authorized agents and attorneys, available to represent claimants, and requiring the availability of the lists to claimants on request is extended for 2 years through December 31,2002. The January 2001 law requires that monies credited with re spect to Federal fiscal years 2000, 2001, and 2002 be transferred to the unemploy ment administration fund and be used only for expenses incurred by the State for the administration of the unemployment insur ance law and not be used for the payment of unemployment compensation or for the administration of State public employment offices, effective March 2, 2000. An unemployment insurance control fund is established that will consist of all penalties imposed and collected for failure to file a combined withholding, wage re porting and unemployment insurance re turn, and other funds. The law requires monies in the unemployment insurance control fund to be kept separate from, and not commingled, with any other monies and to be used for the location and prevention of fraud and abuse, collection and enforce ment activities, benefit payment control activities, and other quality control activi ties related to the unemployment insurance program, effective January 1, 2001. The amount of time an employer has to file a return or to file a corrected or insuffi cient return is changed from 20 days to 30 days, effective December 31,2000. The law now specifies the penalties (with waivers for good cause or subse quent compliance) for employer failure to provide complete and correct wage re porting information on the return. It also requires the penalties imposed and col lected to be credited to the special fund, effective January 1, 2001. The definition of the term “qualified employer” is modi fied to include any employer who has had an amount of contributions due or an amount of wages paid, or both, deter mined by the commissioner, effective De cember 31,2000. The penalty for failure to file required returns is modified to impose a penalty of 5 percent of the amount of contributions required (including assessment or modifi cation) if failure to file return is less than 1 month, with an additional 5 percent for each additional month or fraction thereof, during which such failure continues, not exceeding 25 percent in the aggregate, with not less than $ 100 for each occurrence. The employer tax rate schedule is re vised, changing the range of rates from 0.0 percent to 8.5 percent to 0.0 percent to 8.9 percent, effective January 1, 2001. The law now specifies that for any calendar year when contributions paid into the re-employment service fund equals $35 million, excess contri butions will be credited to the general account, effective February 15,2000. Benefits. Effective March 2, 2000: the term “week of employment” is clarified to mean a Monday-Sunday period; the earn ings in the high calendar quarter of the base period in determining a valid original claim is limited to 22 times the maximum benefit rate; and a reconsideration of the weekly benefit amount may be requested to the commissioner by the claimant if certain con ditions are met. Effective February 15, 2000, the law modifies the conditions related to the pre vailing wage under which a claimant must accept employment. Effective February 15, 2000, the pen sion offset provision dealing with benefit reductions, is modified to make it consistent with the Federal Unemployment Tax Act. Financing. Effective March 2, 2000, the law requires that monies from the re-em ployment service fund be deposited in the unemployment insurance fund. Ohio Administration. The law now requires ap propriate charging and crediting to a sus pense account when claimant eligibility de terminations are pending (not final), rather than to a contributing employer’s account. The director is authorized to reduce, in whole or in part, the amount of interest, for feiture, or fines required to be paid if the director determines that the reduction is in the best interest of the unemployment com pensation fund. The conditions that a contributing em ployer must meet to qualify for an experi ence rate are modified, specifying that the employer qualifies only if there have been 4 consecutive quarters, ending on June 30, immediately prior to the computation date, throughout which, the employer’s account was chargeable with benefits. The law eliminates all provisions regard ing the joint certification and expedited deci sion procedure related to 500 similarly situ ated claimants whose claims are pending a redetermination or appeal. An individual who is provided tempo rary work assignments under agreed terms and conditions (which require the individual to contact the employer upon the comple tion of assignments) is not eligible for ben efits if the individual fails to contact the employer about future assignments. The director is authorized to disclose wage information to a consumer- reporting agency to verify an individual’s income un der a written agreement when certain require ments are met. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Benefits. The unemployment insurance agency is required to notify the State or local child support enforcement agency (enforcing a child support obligation) of the claimant who owes the obligation only if the claimant is determined eligible for ben efits. The unemployment insurance agency is required to deduct and withhold from benefits payable to a claimant owing child support obligations the appropriate amount as specified in the State’s unem ployment insurance law. To determine whether an individual has had sufficient employment since the begin ning of the individual’s previous benefit year to file for a subsequent benefit year, the law specifies that employment means the performance of services for which re muneration is payable. Implementation of the requirement that a claimant be free from certain separation disqualifications to qualify for benefits is de layed until March 3, 2002. The provision exempting employers of individuals engaged in the commercial can ning or freezing of fruits and vegetables to furnish separation notices prior to separa tion is now eliminated. A written notice of an individual filing for benefit rights does not need to be sent to the individual’s most recent separating em ployer if: • The administrator is prohibited by law from revising a previous determination concerning a disqualification from benefits; • The individual’s employer indicates the notice is not needed; • The individual’s separation is 1 among 50 or more individuals separated by the same employer due to a lack of work, the administrator received information regard ing the separations, and the reason for the separation is not disputed. Coverage. The following services are ex cluded from the definition of employment: • Service performed by an individual work ing as an election official or election worker if the amount of remuneration received by the individual during the calendar year for services as an election official or election worker is less than $1,000; • Service performed for an elementary or secondary school that is operated prima rily for religious purposes, and exempt from Federal income taxation as provided by Federal law; • Service performed by a person commit ted to a penal institution. Determinations of employment of an authorized provider of a type B family day care home for unemployment insurance pur poses are to be determined under the rules and regulations under the State’s unemploy ment insurance law. Rhode Island Benefits. An individual is eligible for wait ing-period-credit or benefits if the individual voluntarily leaves work due to domestic abuse and the individual meets the following criteria: fears domestic abuse at or on route to or from place of employment; wishes to relocate to another geographical location to avoid future domestic abuse against the in dividual or the individual’s family; or be lieves that leaving work is necessary for future safety of individual or the individual’s family. In such domestic abuse cases, the indi vidual also must provide documentation of domestic abuse, such as police or court records, or other documentation from a shel ter worker, attorney, clergy member, or medi cal or other professional from which assis tance was sought. Also, confidentiality of evidence docu mentation is required unless the individual gives consent for disclosure. Financing. A 0.03-percent employment security reemployment assessment is now imposed on all contributory employers for tax years 2001,2002, and 2003. A pilot research and demonstration rapid reemployment program is established. An employment security reemployment fund is established to deposit the assess ment and other monies. This funding is to be used, among other things, to pay adminis trative expenses incurred to implement and operate a 3-year pilot research and demon stration rapid reemployment program. Each contributory employer’s unem ployment insurance tax rate is reduced by 0. 03 percent. The required job development assess ment paid by employers increases from 0.19 percent to 0.21 percent, beginning January 1, 2001. The 0.02-percent will be used to support necessary core services in the un employment insurance and employment services programs by the Department of Labor and Training. The unemployment insurance tax reduc tion, applicable to contributory employers, increases from 0.19 percent to 0.21 percent. Monthly Labor Review January 2001 33 Unemployment Insurance Laws, 2000 South Carolina Vermont Benefits. The requirement that Social Secu rity benefits be deducted from an individual’s weekly benefit amount is deleted. Benefits. The disqualification related to holiday pay is now deleted. Effective July 1, 2000, the requirement that an individual serve a 1-week waiting period to be eligible for benefits is repealed. South Dakota Financing. After December 31,2000, new employer rates will be assigned based on the North American Industry Classification System, rather than the Standard Industrial Classification system. Tennessee Benefits. For benefit years established on or after July 2, 2000, the law allows payment of benefits for the waiting period, and in each of the 3 consecutive weeks immedi ately following such waiting period, pro vided the claimant made a claim for benefits and is determined eligible and certified for benefits in the waiting period. Utah Administration. The requirement for a re corded hearing in cases of unemployment insurance fraud is now eliminated. There fore, determinations regarding fraud are ap pealable in the same manner as appeals from other benefit determinations. Benefits. The maximum weekly benefit payable increases from 60 percent to 65 percent of the “insured average fiscal year weekly wage” during the preceding fiscal year for individuals whose benefit year be gins on or after January 1, 2001. Coverage. The definition of “wages” changes to conform with the Federal Unem ployment Tax Act, with some modifications. Financing. Beginning January 1,2000, the social contribution is at a fixed amount of 0.1 percent rather than a calculated amount, provided the reserve factor is 1.000 or less. The current procedures are retained when the reserve factor is greater than 1.000. So cial costs for the previous 4 years are di vided by total taxable wages. The determination of the reserve factor is modified to set it at a rate that sustains an adequate reserve. An “adequate reserve” is defined as “between 17 and 19 months of benefits at the average of the five highest benefit cost rates in the last 25 years.” 34 Monthly Labor Review https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Virginia Benefits. Effective November 28,1999: the benefit increase, scheduled to occur July 1, 2000 is retroactive to November 28,1999; the maximum weekly benefit amount increased from $230 to $232; the waiting week for claims filed effective November 28,1999, and after, is waived for any individual whose un employment was caused by his or her em ployer terminating the company’s operations, closing its business, or declaring bankruptcy without paying the final wages earned by the individual; the final wages, if paid late by an employer who terminates operations, closes his or her business, or declares bankruptcy, will not be offset against an individual’s un employment benefits or cause an individual to be declared overpaid in benefits. Effective April 7, 2000: a shift worker shall not be deemed unavailable for work if the worker is currently enrolled in one or more classes of education related to employ ment or is continuing in a certificate or de gree program at an institution of higher edu cation, if the enrollment would only limit the individual’s availability for one shift and the individual is otherwise available to work any of the other shifts. Coverage. The services provided in the home by an individual pursuant to an agree ment among a service recipient, a public hu man services agency and such individual constitute “employment” when coverage of such services is required by the Federal Un employment Tax Act. Washington Administration. A legislative task force is established to review and make recommen dations regarding the changes needed to en sure the unemployment insurance system meets the needs of employers and workers in the twenty-first century. A workforce training and education co ordinating board shall review and analyze the program that provides additional unem ployment benefits. Benefits. Effective for rate years begin January 2001 ning on or after January 1, 2000 the com putation of “average annual wage for con tribution purposes” changes from a single year to a 3-year average. Effective for weeks of unemployment beginning February 13,2000, the disquali fication period increases when an individual leaves work voluntarily without good cause or because of marital or domestic responsi bilities, being discharged for misconduct, or refusing suitable work; from 5 weeks and until re-employed and having earned 5 times the weekly benefit amount, to 7 weeks and until re-employed and having earned 7 times the weekly benefit amount. The exception to the voluntary quit dis qualification for individuals who leave work to relocate for a spouse’s employment now only applies when, among other conditions, it is due to an employer-initiated, manda tory transfer. Subject to availability to funds, the State provides additional unemployment com pensation for certain individuals who have exhausted their regular unemployment compensation and who are in an approved training program. The maximum number of weeks is 26, except for workers in aero space, forestry, and fishing, for those, the maximum is 48 weeks until June 30, 2002. The provision authorizing the Employ ment Security Department to deduct a pro cessing fee when intercepting or deducting child support from unemployment insur ance benefits is deleted. Financing. The amount available for ad ditional unemployment compensation for trainees is limited to $60 million for the 2year period from June 30, 2000 to June 30, 2002, and thereafter $20 million annually, plus any carryover funds. Training benefits paid may not be charged to contributing employers. References to the Standard Industrial Clas sification system are replaced by the North American Industry Classification System. Effective for rate years beginning on or after January 1,2000: the taxable wage base is lowered from $26,500 to $24,300 for rate year 2000; the fund balance ratio triggers are lowered for various tax schedules and the tax rates for employers are lowered before the maximum rate Sixty percent of tax collected to fund ad ministration of additional benefits for train ees who have exhausted regular unemploy ment insurance benefits must be deposited in the unemployment trust fund. □ Précis Internet promises The prospect of a new economy has been one of the great opinion generators of the times. Optimists, according to Robert E. Litan and Alice M. Rivlin’s Brookings In stitution conference report The Economy and the Internet: What Lies Ahead, are of the opinion that the Internet will enhance productivity and generate more prosper ity. Pessimists doubt it will have any fun damental effect on the economy. The papers Litan and Rivlin summarize are generally of the optimistic persuasion. Patricia Danzon and Michael Furukawa, for example, see large, Internet-driven cost savings in transactions processing, par ticularly in the healthcare sector, and Jane Fountain notes the vast potential savings for disseminating Government information on-line. Charles Fine and Daniel Raff not only find significant potential cost sav ings, but suggest that cars may one day be purchased much like the “Dell model” in computers: “ .. .customers specify ex actly what features they want and buy a product that is built to suit their tastes.” Litan and Rivlin also note that “in the longer run, the increasing transparency of prices and the widening reach of mar kets provided by the Internet [are] likely to be a continuing global force for greater efficiency,” but that such efficiencies might show up more as a larger range of choices offered consumers and greater convenience in shopping for one’s choice. The skeptics made three points in re buttal. First, e-commerce may total about $120 billion in transactions, but this ac counts for only a small fraction of a $6 trillion total in private economic activity. Second, what baseline of productivity growth should be used to evaluate the effect of the Internet? “[E]ven if the Internet makes an identifiable contribution to productivity growth, it is quite possible that this will not produce an acceleration in the growth that is already occurring.” Third, some empirical research supports the more conservative view. Indeed, Rob ert Gordon ranks the Internet only thir teenth among the major economic inno vations of the century. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Litan and Rivlin avoid extremes when summing up the conference report: “The economic impact of the Internet will likely not be as insignificant as the pessimists claim, and not as overwhelming as many cyber-enthusiasts suggest.” They do conclude, however, that the Internet will produce important cost savings, faster productivity growth, lower prices, higher living standards, saved time, added con venience, and custom products. Perhaps just not as much of these as the more op timistic project. Internet rust No matter whether the optimistic or pessi mistic view of the Internet is true, Charles Babcock, writing in MSNBC.com’s Tech nology page, is concerned that the progress of the new economy comes at a cost: “ ...someone, somewhere gets crowded out.” In his article, “Do you live in the Internet’s Rust Belt?” Babcock cites traditional middlemen who have relied on their understanding and control of nichebased information as being particularly vulnerable. Specific mention is made of car and software sales people, stock bro kers, real estate agents, and wholesalers. Babcock quotes one California observer as saying that “sales forces could easily be done away with” because they are typically suppliers of information to cus tomers and one of the major impacts of the Internet is to make information much more available at a much lower cost. Internet w a g e g a p One old economy issue that appears to have carried over into the Internet economy has been a wage gap between men and women. Laura Carr, writing in The Industry Standard on the results of their Internet Workforce Compensation Survey 2000, reports that the median base salary for women working in the Internet economy was 24 percent lower than that of men. Although many tangible factors such as industry, educational attainment, and, quite significantly, job level, account for some of the gap, Carr concludes that the discrepancy persists after these are con sidered. Carr also notes that women in the survey reported slightly shorter work days, that they were somewhat less likely than men to work weekends, and that they were slightly more likely to be compen sated for extra work. “But,” she adds, “these factors are not enough to account for the gender wage gap [in the Internet workforce].” W hat m a ke s an entrepreneur? Ever wonder whether an entrepreneurial mindset exists? And if it does, is it differ ent for men and women who choose selfem ploym ent as a career? Yannis Georgellis and Howard Wall find that yes, different mindsets may be evident, with differences marked by such elements as gender, education, age, and region in “Who are the Self-Employed?” (Review, Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis, November/December 2000). Using data from the CPS March 1998 supplement, the au thors examine why such differences may exist and the various choices men and women make as they work on their own. Georgellis and Wall find that gender is particularly important. While self-em ployed workers of both genders were con centrated in a small number of occupa tions, “nearly a quarter of self-employed men were in precision production,” an occupation where very few women were found. In contrast, “large shares of women were in service or administrative support occupations, where self-em ployed men were not likely to be.” Other elements, such as education (the authors find it is instructive to look at self-employ ment rates within a given educational group) and age (self-employment tends to rise with age) affected the analysis, as well. The authors conclude “because of these many differences questions arise whether policies designed to spur selfemployment have different effects on the various categories,” and the questions which emerge beget a need for increased research into the topic. □ Monthly Labor Review January 2001 35 Book Reviews Work-time reduction Sharing the Work, Sparing the Planet. By Anders Hayden. New York, St. Martin’s Press, 2000, 234 pp. $65, cloth; $22.50, paper. Canadian author Anders Hayden adds a powerful new dimension to the array of arguments for reducing hours of work. Sharing the Work, Sparing the Planet stands out for that reason from the recent stream of books advocating cutting the hours of work. Hayden shares the concerns of many writers— job creation, improved quality of life for the employed, balancing work and family, and equity between North and South—but adds a compelling environ mental basis for cutting working time. It is among the very best books on the subject of working time. Many recent books have offered work-time reduction as a single solu tion for multiple problems. Unemploy ment, declining quality of life, and stress on the family and individuals have each been the focus of books adv o cating cuttin g hours of work. Hayden’s is a more encompassing vi sion, taking in all these issues and more, and his voice adds a rich new dimen sion to the symphony. The book focuses on the role of re ducing time in achieving ecologically sustainable development, addressing at the same time equity between the North and the South. Hayden demonstrates a wide-ranging command of the multiple issues that reduction of working time can address, and adds a mastery of the literature. Hayden begins by recalling that since the beginning of the Industrial Revolution, people have had two mo tives for a reduction in working time, getting more hours away from work, and creating more jobs through a bet ter distribution of the available work. These remain every bit as pertinent, he says, but this focus is on the eco logical gains to be achieved by work 36 Monthly Labor Review January 2001 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis time reduction. The stress that consumption in the North puts on the earth’s ecology is the main concern of the book, and Hayden develops a powerful thesis to address it. Acknowledging a rift in the environ mental community about how to deal with ecological problem s, Hayden draw s a d istin ctio n betw een two camps—“sufficiency” and “efficiency.” The latter group, he argues, believes that environmental impacts can be re duced by better use of inputs, so that material sacrifice is unnecessary, and unlimited economic growth is possible. In contrast, the “sufficiency” camp of the green movement, to which Hayden clearly belongs, believes that reducing inputs per unit of goods and services, while good in itself, must ultimately fail to save the earth. He asserts that “al though the ecological crisis does clearly call for a more efficient use of non-hu man nature, this response has serious limitations. Growth in GNP without in put growth is little more than a theo retical possibility at present, and in any case zero input growth is not enough. Significant reductions in in put in the North are necessary.” The author argues that achieving that end can come through reductions in work ing time. Make no mistake, this book is about work-time reduction, though sparing the earth is a main goal. The headings of the remaining chapters make the book’s scope clear: “Working Less, Consuming Less, and Living More”; “Work-time Reduction and an Expan sionary Vision”; “Why It’s So Hard to Work Less”; “Work-time Policy and Practice, North and South”; “Europe’s New Movement for Work-time Reduc tion”; and “With or without Loss of Pay? With or without Revolution?” It is outside the scope of the book to provide a history of the struggle for the shorter work day— for that, in the United States, see Roediger and Foner’s Our Own Time: A History o f American Labor and the Working Day (pp. 44- 49.) But Hayden does trace some im portant voices who have spoken out for work-time reduction over the past two centuries. This enriches his argument and provides a brief background for the reader new to the issue of work time reduction. For readers more conversant with the issue, the long chapter on steps taken by European countries for reduc ing hours of work will be very useful, as it goes into great detail on what is happening now outside the United States. France, where a series of laws over the past 10 years have made real changes in work time, gets 11 pages of reporting. Germany, where changes have come more through collective bar gaining, also gets full coverage, as do the Netherlands, Denmark, and other European countries. In short, Sharing the Work is engag ing reading for both specialists and neo phytes. And as concern with global warming takes its place on the interna tional agenda, Hayden’s book provides an input to the discussion from a dif ferent perspective than the usual tax and carbon-trading schemes being put for ward. Not that Hayden ignores environ mental taxes as an alternative to his pre ferred solution, for he covers those as well. The final chapter, “With or with out Loss of Pay? With or without the Revolution” is a very thoughtful analy sis of the conflicts between labor and capital, and offers ways to reduce those conflicts while still achieving the reduc tion in working hours that Hayden ad vocates. This is a very rich book, the product of a writer steeped in the literature and the political debates about work-time reduction, a writer who treats gener ously those with whom he disagrees by carefully and fairly making their argu ments before offering his own. The book has extensive notes and a useful, though not exhaustive, bibliography. —Eugene Coyle Eco-Economics Current Labor Statistics Notes on labor statistics .................. 38 Comparative indicators 1. Labor market indicators................................................. 48 2. Annual and quarterly percent changes in compensation, prices, andproductivity...................... 49 3. Alternative measures of wages and compensation changes................................................ 49 Labor force data 4. Employment status of the population, seasonally adjusted................................................... 5. Selected employment indicators, seasonally adjusted................................................... 6. Selected unemployment indicators, seasonally adjusted................................................... 7. Duration of unemployment, seasonally adjusted................................................... 8. Unemployed persons by reason for unemployment, seasonally adjusted................................................... 9. Unemployment rates by sex and age, seasonally adjusted.................................................... 10. Unemployment rates by States, seasonally adjusted................................................. 11. Employment of workers by States, seasonally adjusted.................................................... 12. Employment of workers by industry, seasonally adjusted.................................................... 13. Average weekly hours by industry, seasonally adjusted.................................................... 14. Average hourly earnings by industry, seasonally adjusted.................................................... 15. Average hourly earnings by industry.............................. 16. Average weekly earnings by industry............................. 17. Diffusion indexes of employment change, seasonally adjusted................................................... 18. Annual data: Employment status of the population....... 19. Annual data: Employment levels by industry................ 20. Annual data: Average hours and earnings levels by industry.................................. 50 51 52 53 53 54 55 55 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 26. Participants in benefits plans, small firms and government......................................................... 71 27. Work stoppages involving 1,000 workers or more.......... 72 Price data 28. Consumer Price Index: U.S. city average, by expenditure category and commodity and service groups............... 29. Consumer Price Index: U.S. city average and local data, all items..................................................... 30. Annual data: Consumer Price Index, all items and major groups....................................................... 31. Producer Price Indexes by stage of processing.............. 32. Producer Price Indexes for the net output of major industry groups......................................................... 33. Annual data: Producer Price Indexes by stage of processing............................................ 34. U.S. export price indexes by Standard International Trade Classification................................................... 35. U.S. import price indexes by Standard International Trade Classification................................................... 36. U.S. export price indexes by end-use category............... 37. U.S. import price indexes by end-use category............... 38. U.S.international price indexes for selected categories of services.................................................. 73 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 84 56 58 59 60 61 62 63 63 64 Labor compensation and collective bargaining data 21. Employment Cost Index, compensation, by occupation and industry group.............................. 22. Employment Cost Index, wages and salaries, by occupation and industry group.............................. 23. Employment Cost Index, benefits, private industry workers, by occupation and industry group............... 24. Employment Cost Index, private nonfarm workers, by bargaining status, region, and area size.................. 25. Participants in benefit plans, medium and large firms..... Labor compensation and collective bargaining data—continued 65 Productivity data 39. Indexes of productivity, hourly compensation, and unit costs, data seasonally adjusted..................... 40. Annual indexes of multifactor productivity.................... 41. Annual indexes of productivity, hourly compensation, unit costs, and prices................................................. 42. Annual indexes of output per hour for selected industries................................................................... 85 86 87 88 International comparisons data 43. Unemployment rates in nine countries, data seasonally adjusted............................................. 91 44. Annual data: Employment status of the civilian working-age population, 10 countries......................... 92 45. Annual indexes of productivity and related measures, 12 countries.............................. 93 67 Injury and illness data 68 46. Annual data: Occupational injury and illness incidence rates........................................................... 94 47. Fatal occupational injuries by event or exposure.................................. ................................. 96 69 70 Monthly Labor Review January 2001 37 N o te s o n C u rre n t L ab o r Statistics This section of the Review presents the prin cipal statistical series collected and calcu lated by the Bureau of Labor Statistics: series on labor force; employment; unem ployment; labor compensation; consumer, producer, and international prices; produc tivity; international comparisons; and injury and illness statistics. In the notes that follow, the data in each group of tables are briefly described; key definitions are given; notes on the data are set forth; and sources of addi tional information are cited. General notes The following notes apply to several tables in this section: S ea so n a l a d ju stm e n t. Certain monthly and quarterly data are adjusted to eliminate the effect on the data of such factors as cli matic conditions, industry production sched ules, opening and closing of schools, holi day buying periods, and vacation practices, which might prevent short-term evaluation of the statistical series. Tables containing data that have been adjusted are identified as “seasonally adjusted.” (All other data are not seasonally adjusted.) Seasonal effects are es timated on the basis of past experience. When new seasonal factors are computed each year, revisions may affect seasonally adjusted data for several preceding years. Seasonally adjusted data appear in tables 1-14,16-17,39, and 43. Seasonally adjusted labor force data in tables 1 and 4-9 were re vised in the February 2000 issue of the Re view. Seasonally adjusted establishment sur vey data shown in tables 1, 12-14 and 1617 were revised in the July 2000 Review and reflect the experience through March 2000. A brief explanation of the seasonal adjust ment methodology appears in “Notes on the data.” Revisions in the productivity data in table 45 are usually introduced in the September issue. Seasonally adjusted indexes and per cent changes from month-to-month and quarter-to-quarter are published for numer ous Consumer and Producer Price Index se ries. However, seasonally adjusted indexes are not published for the U.S. average AllItems cpi. Only seasonally adjusted percent changes are available for this series. A d ju stm e n ts fo r p ric e ch a n g es. Some data—such as the “real” earnings shown in table 14—are adjusted to eliminate the ef fect of changes in price. These adjustments are made by dividing current-dollar values by the Consumer Price Index or the appro priate component of the index, then multi plying by 100. For example, given a current hourly wage rate of $3 and a current price 38 Monthly Labor Review https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis index number of 150, where 1982 = 100, the hourly rate expressed in 1982 dollars is $2 ($3/150 x 100 = $2). The $2 (or any other resulting values) are described as “real,” “constant,” or “1982” dollars. Sources of information Data that supplement the tables in this sec tion are published by the Bureau in a variety of sources. Definitions of each series and notes on the data are contained in later sec tions of these Notes describing each set of data. For detailed descriptions of each data series, see b l s Handbook of Methods, Bul letin 2490. Users also may wish to consult Major Programs of the Bureau of Labor Sta tistics, Report 919. News releases provide the latest statistical information published by the Bureau; the major recurring releases are published according to the schedule appear ing on the back cover of this issue. More information about labor force, em ployment, and unemployment data and the household and establishment surveys under lying the data are available in the Bureau’s monthly publication, Employment and Earn ings. Historical unadjusted and seasonally adjusted data from the household survey are available on the Internet: http://stats.bls.gov/cpshome.htm Historically comparable unadjusted and sea sonally adjusted data from the establishment survey also are available on the Internet: http://stats.bis .gov/ceshome .htm Additional information on labor force data for areas below the national level are pro vided in the bls annual report, Geographic Profile of Employment and Unemployment. For a comprehensive discussion of the Employment Cost Index, see Employment Cost Indexes and Levels, 1975-95, BLS Bul letin 2466. The most recent data from the Employee Benefits Survey appear in the fol lowing Bureau of Labor Statistics bulletins: Employee Benefits in Medium and Large Firms; Employee Benefits in Small Private Establishments; and Employee Benefits in State and Local Governments. More detailed data on consumer and pro ducer prices are published in the monthly periodicals, The c p i Detailed Report and Producer Price Indexes. For an overview of the 1998 revision of the CPI, see the Decem ber 1996 issue of the Monthly Labor Review. Additional data on international prices ap pear in monthly news releases. Listings of industries for which produc tivity indexes are available may be found on the Internet: http://stats.bls.gov/iprhome.htm For additional information on interna January 2001 tional comparisons data, see International Comparisons of Unemployment, BLS Bulle tin 1979. Detailed data on the occupational injury and illness series are published in Occupa tional Injuries and Illnesses in the United States, by Industry, a BLS annual bulletin. Finally, the Monthly Labor Review car ries analytical articles on annual and longer term developments in labor force, employ ment, and unemployment; employee com pensation and collective bargaining; prices; productivity; international comparisons; and injury and illness data. Symbols n.e.c. = not elsewhere classified, n.e.s. = not elsewhere specified. p = preliminary. To increase the time liness of some series, preliminary figures are issued based on repre sentative but incomplete returns, r = revised. Generally, this revision reflects the availability of later data, but also may reflect other ad justments. Comparative Indicators (Tables 1-3) Comparative indicators tables provide an overview and comparison of major BLS sta tistical series. Consequently, although many of the included series are available monthly, all measures in these comparative tables are presented quarterly and annually. L a b o r m a r k e t in d ic a to rs include em ployment measures from two major surveys and information on rates of change in com pensation provided by the Employment Cost Index (ECi) program. The labor force partici pation rate, the employment-to-population ratio, and unemployment rates for major de mographic groups based on the Current Population (“household”) Survey are pre sented, while measures of employment and average weekly hours by major industry sec tor are given using nonfarm payroll data. The Employment Cost Index (compensation), by major sector and by bargaining status, is cho sen from a variety of bls compensation and wage measures because it provides a com prehensive measure of employer costs for hiring labor, not just outlays for wages, and it is not affected by employment shifts among occupations and industries. Data on ch an ges in com pen sation, p rices, a n d p ro d u c tiv ity are presented in table 2. ceding 4 weeks. Persons who did not look for work because they were on layoff are also counted among the unemployed. T h e u n em p lo ym en t ra te represents the number unem ployed as a percent of the civilian labor force. The c iv ilia n la b o r fo rc e consists of all employed or unemployed persons in the civilian noninstitutional population. Persons n ot in th e la b o r force are those not classified as employed or unemployed. This group includes discouraged workers, defined as persons who want and are available for a job and who have looked for work sometime in the past 12 months (or since the end of their A lte rn a tiv e m ea su res o f w a g e an d co m last job if they held one within the past 12 p e n sa tio n ra te s o f c h a n g e, which reflect the overall trend in labor costs, are summarized months), but are not currently looking, in table 3. Differences in concepts and scope, because they believe there are no jobs related to the specific purposes of the series, available or there are none for which they contribute to the variation in changes among would qualify. The c iv ilia n n o n in s tit u tio n al p o p u la tio n comprises all persons 16 the individual measures. years of age and older who are not inmates of penal or mental institutions, sanitariums, Notes on the data or homes for the aged, infirm, or needy. The Definitions of each series and notes on the c iv ilia n la b o r fo rce p a rtic ip a tio n rate is the data are contained in later sections of these proportion of the civilian noninstitutional population that is in the labor force. The notes describing each set of data. e m p lo y m e n t-p o p u la tio n r a tio is employ ment as a percent of the civilian nonin stitutional population. Employment and Measures of rates of change of compensa tion and wages from the Employment Cost Index program are provided for all civil ian nonfarm workers (excluding Federal and household workers) and for all private nonfarm workers. Measures of changes in consumer prices for all urban consumers; producer prices by stage of processing; overall prices by stage of processing; and overall export and import price indexes are given. Measures of productivity (output per hour of all persons) are provided for major sectors. Unemploym ent Data Notes on the data (Tables 1; 4-20) Household survey data Description of the series E mployment data in this section are ob tained from the Current Population Survey, a program of personal interviews conducted monthly by the Bureau of the Census for the Bureau of Labor Statistics. The sample con sists of about 50,000 households selected to represent the U.S. population 16 years of age and older. Households are interviewed on a rotating basis, so that three-fourths of the sample is the same for any 2 consecutive months. Definitions include (1) all those who worked for pay any time during the week which includes the 12th day of the month or who worked unpaid for 15 hours or more in a family-operated enterprise and (2) those who were temporarily absent from their regu lar jobs because of illness, vacation, indus trial dispute, or similar reasons. A person working at more than one job is counted only in the job at which he or she worked the greatest number of hours. U n e m p lo y e d p e rso n s are those who did not work during the survey week, but were available for work except for temporary ill ness and had looked for jobs within the pre E m p lo y e d p e rso n s https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis From time to time, and especially after a decennial census, adjustments are made in the Current Population Survey figures to correct for estimating errors during the intercensal years. These adjustments affect the comparability of historical data. A de scription of these adjustments and their ef fect on the various data series appears in the Explanatory Notes of Employment and Earnings. Data beginning in 2000 are not strictly comparable with data for 1999 and earlier years because of the introduction of revised population controls. Additional information appears in the February 2000 issue of Em ployment and Earnings. Labor force data in tables 1 and 4-9 are seasonally adjusted. Since January 1980, national labor force data have been season ally adjusted with a procedure called X-ll arima which was developed at Statistics Canada as an extension of the standard X11 method previously used by bls . A de tailed description of the procedure appears in the X -ll a r i m a Seasonal Adjustment Method, by Estela Bee Dagum (Statistics Canada, Catalogue No. 12-564E, January 1983). At the beginning of each calendar year, historical seasonally adjusted data usually are revised, and projected seasonal adjust ment factors are calculated for use during the January-June period. The historical sea sonally adjusted data usually are revised for only the most recent 5 years. In July, new seasonal adjustment factors, which incorpo rate the experience through June, are pro duced for the July-December period, but no revisions are made in the historical data. For additional information on na tional household survey data, contact the Division ofLabor Force Statistics: (202) 691— 6378. Establishment survey data Description of the series E mployment, hours , and earnings data in this section are compiled from payroll records reported monthly on a voluntary ba sis to the Bureau of Labor Statistics and its cooperating State agencies by about 300,000 establishments representing all industries except agriculture. Industries are classified in accordance with the 1987 Standard In dustrial Classification (SIC) Manual. In most industries, the sampling probabilities are based on the size of the establishment; most large establishments are therefore in the sample. (An establishment is not necessar ily a firm; it may be a branch plant, for ex ample, or warehouse.) Self-employed per sons and others not on a regular civilian payroll are outside the scope of the sur vey because they are excluded from estab lishment records. This largely accounts for the difference in employment figures be tween the household and establishment surveys. Definitions An estab lish m e n t is an economic unit which produces goods or services (such as a fac tory or store) at a single location and is en gaged in one type of economic activity. E m p lo y e d p e rs o n s are all persons who received pay (including holiday and sick pay) for any part of the payroll period in cluding the 12th day of the month. Per sons holding more than one job (about 5 percent of all persons in the labor force) are counted in each establishment which reports them. P r o d u c tio n w o r k e r s in manufacturing include working supervisors and nonsupervisory workers closely associated with pro duction operations. Those workers men tioned in tables 11-16 include production workers in manufacturing and mining; con struction workers in construction; and nonsupervisory workers in the following in dustries: transportation and public utilities; wholesale and retail trade; finance, insurance, and real estate; and services. These groups ac count for about four-fifths of the total em- Monthly Labor Review January 2001 39 Current Labor Statistics ployment on private nonagricultural payrolls. E a r n in g s are the payments production or nonsupervisory workers receive during the survey period, including premium pay for overtime or late-shift work but exclud ing irregular bonuses and other special payments. R e a l e a r n in g s are earnings adjusted to reflect the effects of changes in consumer prices. The deflator for this series is derived from the Consumer Price Index for Urban Wage Earners and Clerical Workers (CPi-W). H o u r s represent the average weekly hours of production or nonsupervisory work ers for which pay was received, and are dif ferent from standard or scheduled hours. O v e r tim e h o u rs represent the portion of av erage weekly hours which was in excess of regular hours and for which overtime premi ums were paid. The D iffu sio n In d ex represents the per cent of industries in which employment was rising over the indicated period, plus one-half of the industries with unchanged employment; 50 percent indicates an equal balance between industries with increasing and decreasing em ployment. In line with Bureau practice, data for the 1-, 3-, and 6-month spans are season ally adjusted, while those for the 12-month span are unadjusted. Data are centered within the span. Table 17 provides an index on pri vate nonfarm employment based on 356 in dustries, and a manufacturing index based on 139 industries. These indexes are useful for measuring the dispersion of economic gains or losses and are also economic indicators. Beginning in June 1996, the bls uses the X - 12 arima methodology to seasonally ad just establishment survey data. This proce dure, developed by the Bureau of the Cen sus, controls for the effect of varying survey intervals (also known as the 4- versus 5-week effect), thereby providing improved mea surement of over-the-month changes and un derlying economic trends. Revisions of data, usually for the most recent 5-year period, are made once a year coincident with the bench mark revisions. In the establishment survey, estimates for the most recent 2 months are based on in complete returns and are published as pre liminary in the tables (12-17 in the Review). When all returns have been received, the es timates are revised and published as “final” (prior to any benchmark revisions) in the third month of their appearance. Thus, De cember data are published as preliminary in January and February and as final in March. For the same reasons, quarterly establish ment data (table 1) are preliminary for the first 2 months of publication and final in the third month. Thus, fourth-quarter data are published as preliminary in January and Feb ruary and as final in March. For additional information on estab lishment survey data, contact the Division of Monthly Industry Employment Statistics; (202) 691-6555. Unemployment data by State Description of the series Notes on the data Establishment survey data are annually ad justed to comprehensive counts of employ ment (called “benchmarks”). The latest ad justment, which incorporated March 1999 benchmarks, was made with the release of May 2000 data, published in the July 2000 issue of the Review. Coincident with the benchmark adjustment, historical seasonally adjusted data were revised to reflect updated seasonal factors. Unadjusted data from April 1999 forward and seasonally adjusted data from January 1996 forward are subject to revision in future benchmarks. In addition to the routine benchmark revi sions and updated seasonal factors introduced with the release of the May 2000 data, all esti mates for the wholesale trade division from April 1998 forward were revised to incorpo rate a new sample design. This represented the first major industry division to convert to a probability-based sample under a 4-year phase-in plan for the establishment survey sample redesign project. For additional infor mation, see the the June 2000 issue of Employ ment and Earnings. Revisions in State data (table 11) occurred with the publication of January 2000 data. 40 Monthly Labor Review https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Data presented in this section are obtained from the Local Area Unemployment Statis tics (LAUS) program, which is conducted in cooperation with State employment security agencies. Monthly estimates of the labor force, employment, and unemployment for States and sub-State areas are a key indicator of lo cal economic conditions, and form the basis for determining the eligibility of an area for benefits under Federal economic assistance programs such as the Job Training Partner ship Act. Seasonally adjusted unemployment rates are presented in table 10. Insofar as possible, the concepts and definitions under lying these data are those used in the national estimates obtained from the CPS. Notes on the data Data refer to State of residence. Monthly data for all States and the District of Columbia are derived using standardized procedures established by bls. Once a year, estimates are revised to new population controls, usually with publication of January estimates, and benchmarked to annual average CPS levels. For additional information on data in January 2001 this series, call (202) 691-6392 (table 10) or (202) 691-6559 (table 11). Compensation and W age Data (Tables 1-3; 21-27) Compensation and wage data are gathered by the Bureau from business establishments, State and local governments, labor unions, collective bargaining agreements on file with the Bureau, and secondary sources. Employment Cost Index Description of the series The E m p lo y m en t C o s t In d e x (ECl) is a quar terly measure of the rate of change in com pensation per hour worked and includes wages, salaries, and employer costs of em ployee benefits. It uses a fixed market basket of labor—similar in concept to the Consumer Price Index’s fixed market basket of goods and services—to measure change over time in employer costs of employing labor. Statistical series on total compensation costs, on wages and salaries, and on benefit costs are available for private nonfarm work ers excluding proprietors, the self-employed, and household workers. The total compensa tion costs and wages and salaries series are also available for State and local government workers and for the civilian nonfarm economy, which consists of private industry and State and local government workers combined. Fed eral workers are excluded. The Employment Cost Index probability sample consists of about 4,400 private non farm establishments providing about 23,000 occupational observations and 1,000 State and local government establishments provid ing 6,000 occupational observations selected to represent total employment in each sector. On average, each reporting unit provides wage and compensation information on five well-specified occupations. Data are col lected each quarter for the pay period includ ing the 12th day of March, June, September, and December. Beginning with June 1986 data, fixed employment weights from the 1980 Census of Population are used each quarter to calculate the civilian and private indexes and the index for State and local govern ments. (Prior to June 1986, the employment weights are from the 1970 Census of Popu lation.) These fixed weights, also used to derive all of the industry and occupation series indexes, ensure that changes in these indexes reflect only changes in compensa tion, not employment shifts among indus- tries or occupations with different levels of wages and compensation. For the bargaining status, region, and metropolitan/non-metropolitan area series, however, employment data by industry and occupation are not available from the census. Instead, the 1980 employment weights are reallocated within these series each quarter based on the cur rent sample. Therefore, these indexes are not strictly comparable to those for the aggre gate, industry, and occupation series. Definitions costs include wages, salaries, and the employer’s costs for em ployee benefits. W a g e s a n d s a la rie s consist of earnings before payroll deductions, including produc tion bonuses, incentive earnings, commis sions, and cost-of-living adjustments. B e n e fits include the cost to employers for paid leave, supplemental pay (includ ing nonproduction bonuses), insurance, retire ment and savings plans, and legally required benefits (such as Social Security, workers’ compensation, and unemployment insurance). Excluded from wages and salaries and em ployee benefits are such items as payment-inkind, free room and board, and tips. T o ta l c o m p e n sa tio n Notes on the data The Employment Cost Index for changes in wages and salaries in the private nonfarm economy was published beginning in 1975. Changes in total compensation cost—wages and salaries and benefits combined—were published beginning in 1980. The series of changes in wages and salaries and for total compensation in the State and local govern ment sector and in the civilian nonfarm economy (excluding Federal employees) were published beginning in 1981. Histori cal indexes (June 1981=100) are available on the Internet: http://stats.bls.gov/ecthome.htm F or additional information on the Employment Cost Index, contact the Office of Compensation Levels and Trends: (202) 691-6199. Employee Benefits Survey Description of the series data are obtained from the Employee Benefits Survey, an annual survey of the incidence and provisions of selected benefits provided by employers. The survey collects data from a sample of approximately 9,000 private sector and State and local government establishments. The data are presented as a percentage of em E m p lo y e e b e n e fits https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis ployees who participate in a certain benefit, or as an average benefit provision (for example, the average number of paid holidays provided to employees per year). Selected data from the survey are presented in table 25 for medium and large private establishments and in table 26 for small private establishments and State and local government. The survey covers paid leave benefits such as holidays and vacations, and personal, funeral, jury duty, military, family, and sick leave; short-term disability, long-term dis ability, and life insurance; medical, dental, and vision care plans; defined benefit and defined contribution plans; flexible benefits plans; reimbursement accounts; and unpaid family leave. Also, data are tabulated on the inci dence of several other benefits, such as severance pay, child-care assistance, well ness programs, and employee assistance programs. Definitions are benefits that are financed either wholly or partly by the employer. They may be sponsored by a union or other third party, as long as there is some employer financing. However, some benefits that are fully paid for by the em ployee also are included. For example, long term care insurance and postretirement life insurance paid entirely by the employee are included because the guarantee of insurabil ity and availability at group premium rates are considered a benefit. P articip an ts are workers who are covered by a benefit, whether or not they use that benefit If the benefit plan is financed wholly by employers and requires employees to complete a minimum length of service for eligibility, the workers are considered participants whether or not they have met the requirement. If workers are required to contribute towards the cost of a plan, they are considered participants only if they elect the plan and agree to make the required contributions. D efin ed ben efit pension p lan s use prede termined formulas to calculate a retirement benefit (if any), and obligate the employer to provide those benefits. Benefits are generally based on salary, years of service, or both. D e fin e d c o n trib u tio n p la n s generally specify the level of employer and employee contributions to a plan, but not the formula for determining eventual benefits. Instead, individual accounts are set up for partici pants, and benefits are based on amounts credited to these accounts. T ax -d eferred savings p lan s are a type of defined contribution plan that allow par ticipants to contribute a portion of their sal ary to an employer-sponsored plan and defer income taxes until withdrawal. E m p lo y e r-p ro v id e d b e n e fits F lexib le ben efit p la n s allow employees to choose among several benefits, such as life insurance, medical care, and vacation days, and among several levels of coverage within a given benefit. Notes on the data Surveys of employees in medium and large establishments conducted over the 1979-86 period included establishments that employed at least 50, 100, or 250 workers, depending on the industry (most service industries were excluded). The survey conducted in 1987 covered only State and local governments with 50 or more employees. The surveys conducted in 1988 and 1989 included medium and large establishments with 100 workers or more in private industries. All surveys conducted over the 1979-89 period excluded establishments in Alaska and Hawaii, as well as part-time employees. Beginning in 1990, surveys of State and local governments and small private establishments were conducted in evennumbered years, and surveys of medium and large establishments were conducted in oddnumbered years. The small establishment survey includes all private nonfarm establishments with fewer than 100 workers, while the State and local government survey includes all governments, regardless of the number of workers. All three surveys include full- and part-time workers, and workers in all 50 States and the District of Columbia. F or additional information on the Employee Benefits Survey, contact the Of fice of Compensation Levels and Trends on the Internet: h ttp ://sta ts.b ls.g o v /eb sh o m e.h tm Work stoppages Description of the series Data on work stoppages measure the num ber and duration of major strikes or lockouts (involving 1,000 workers or more) occurring during the month (or year), the number of workers involved, and the amount of work time lost because of stoppage. These data are presented in table 27. Data are largely from a variety of pub lished sources and cover only establish ments directly involved in a stoppage. They do not measure the indirect or secondary effect of stoppages on other establishments whose employees are idle owing to material shortages or lack of service. Definitions The number of strikes and lockouts involving 1,000 work ers or more and lasting a full shift or longer. N u m b e r o f s to p p a g e s : Monthly Labor Review January 2001 41 Current Labor Statistics W o r k e r s in v o lv e d : The number of workers directly involved in the stoppage. N u m b e r o f d a y s id le: The aggregate number of workdays lost by workers in volved in the stoppages. D ays o f idleness as a percent o f estimated w o rkin g time: Aggregate workdays lost as a percent of the aggregate number of standard workdays in the period multiplied by total employment in the period. Notes on the data This series is not comparable with the one terminated in 1981 that covered strikes in volving six workers or more. For additional information on work stoppages data, contact the Office of Com pensation and Working Conditions: (202) 691-6282, or the Internet: h ttp ://sta ts.bIs.gov/cb ah om e.htm force. The CPI is based on prices of food, cloth ing, shelter, fuel, drugs, transportation fares, doctors’ and dentists’ fees, and other goods and services that people buy for day-to-day living. The quantity and quality of these items are kept essentially unchanged be tween major revisions so that only price changes will be measured. All taxes directly associated with the purchase and use of items are included in the index. Data collected from more than 23,000 re tail establishments and 5,800 housing units in 87 urban areas across the country are used to develop the “U.S. city average.” Separate estimates for 14 major urban centers are pre sented in table 29. The areas listed are as in dicated in footnote 1 to the table. The area indexes measure only the average change in prices for each area since the base period, and do not indicate differences in the level of prices among cities. Price Data Notes on the data (Tables 2; 28-38) In January 1983, the Bureau changed the way in which homeownership costs are meaured for the cpi-u . A rental equivalence method replaced the asset-price approach to homeownership costs for that series. In January 1985, the same change was made in the CPi-w. The central purpose of the change was to separate shelter costs from the investment component of home-owner ship so that the index would reflect only the cost of shelter services provided by owneroccupied homes. An updated cpi-u and CPIw were introduced with release of the Janu ary 1987 and January 1998 data. F or additional information on con sumer prices, contact the Division of Con sumer Prices and Price Indexes: (202) 691-7000. P rice data are gathered by the Bureau of Labor Statistics from retail and pri mary markets in the United States. Price indexes are given in relation to a base pe riod— 1982 = 100 for many Producer Price Indexes, 1982-84 = 100 for many Con sumer Price Indexes (unless otherwise noted), and 1990 = 100 for International Price Indexes. Consumer Price Indexes Description of the series The C o n s u m e r P r ic e I n d e x (CPI) is a mea sure of the average change in the prices paid by urban consumers for a fixed market bas ket of goods and services. The CPI is calcu lated monthly for two population groups, one consisting only of urban households whose primary source of income is derived from the employment of wage earners and clerical workers, and the other consisting of all ur ban households. The wage earner index (CPIW) is a continuation of the historic index that was introduced well over a half-century ago for use in wage negotiations. As new uses were developed for the CPI in recent years, the need for a broader and more representa tive index became apparent. The all-urban consumer index (CPi-U), introduced in 1978, is representative of the 1993-95 buying hab its of about 87 percent of the noninstitutional population of the United States at that time, compared with 32 percent represented in the CPI-W. In addition to wage earners and cleri cal workers, the CPI-U covers professional, managerial, and technical workers, the selfemployed, short-term workers, the unem ployed, retirees, and others not in the labor 42 Monthly Labor Review https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Producer Price Indexes Description of the series measure av erage changes in prices received by domes tic producers of commodities in all stages of processing. The sample used for calcu lating these indexes currently contains about 3,200 commodities and about 80,000 quo tations per month, selected to represent the movement of prices of all commodities pro duced in the manufacturing; agriculture, for estry, and fishing; mining; and gas and elec tricity and public utilities sectors. The stageof-processing structure of PPI organizes products by class of buyer and degree of fabrication (that is, finished goods, interme diate goods, and crude materials). The tradi tional commodity structure of ppi organizes products by similarity of end use or mate rial composition. The industry and product P r o d u c e r P r ic e In d e x e s (PPi) January 2001 structure of ppi organizes data in accordance with the Standard Industrial Classification (SIC) and the product code ex tension of the sic developed by the U.S. Bu reau of the Census. To the extent possible, prices used in calculating Producer Price Indexes apply to the first significant commercial trans action in the United States from the pro duction or central marketing point. Price data are generally collected monthly, pri marily by mail questionnaire. Most prices are obtained directly from producing com panies on a voluntary and confidential ba sis. Prices generally are reported for the Tuesday of the week containing the 13th day of the month. Since January 1992, price changes for the various commodities have been averaged together with implicit quantity weights representing their importance in the total net selling value of all commodities as of 1987. The detailed data are aggregated to obtain indexes for stage-of-processing groupings, commodity groupings, durability-of-product groupings, and a number of special composite groups. All Producer Price Index data are subject to revision 4 months after original publication. F or additional information on pro ducer prices, contact the Division of In dustrial Prices and Price Indexes: (202) 691-7705. International Price Indexes Description of the series The In te rn a tio n a l P r ic e P r o g r a m produces monthly and quarterly export and import price indexes for nonmilitary goods traded between the United States and the rest of the world. The export price index provides a measure of price change for all products sold by U.S. residents to foreign buyers. (“Resi dents” is defined as in the national income accounts; it includes corporations, busi nesses, and individuals, but does not require the organizations to be U.S. owned nor the individuals to have U.S. citizenship.) The import price index provides a measure of price change for goods purchased from other countries by U.S. residents. The product universe for both the import and export indexes includes raw materials, agricultural products, semifinished manufac tures, and finished manufactures, including both capital and consumer goods. Price data for these items are collected primarily by mail questionnaire. In nearly all cases, the data are collected directly from the exporter or importer, although in a few cases, prices are obtained from other sources. To the extent possible, the data gathered refer to prices at die U.S. border for exports and at either the foreign border or the U.S. border for imports. For nearly all products, the prices refer to transactions completed dur ing the first week of the month. Survey re spondents are asked to indicate all discounts, allowances, and rebates applicable to the re ported prices, so that the price used in the cal culation of the indexes is the actual price for which the product was bought or sold. In addition to general indexes of prices for U.S. exports and imports, indexes are also published for detailed product categories of exports and imports. These categories are defined according to the five-digit level of detail for the Bureau of Economic Analysis End-use Classification (SiTC), and the four digit level of detail for the Harmonized System. Aggregate import indexes by coun try or region of origin are also available. publishes indexes for selected catego ries of internationally traded services, calcu lated on an international basis and on a balance-of-payments basis. bls Notes on the data The export and import price indexes are weighted indexes of the Laspeyres type. Price relatives are assigned equal importance within each harmonized group and are then aggregated to the higher level. The values as signed to each weight category are based on trade value figures compiled by the Bureau of the Census. The trade weights currently used to compute both indexes relate to 1990. Because a price index depends on the same items being priced from period to period, it is necessary to recognize when a product’s speci fications or terms of transaction have been modified. For this reason, the Bureau’s ques tionnaire requests detailed descriptions of the physical and functional characteristics of the products being priced, as well as information on the number of units bought or sold, dis counts, credit terms, packaging, class of buyer or seller, and so forth. When there are changes in either the specifications or terms of trans action of a product, the dollar value of each change is deleted from the total price change to obtain the “pure” change. Once this value is determined, a linking procedure is em ployed which allows for the continued repric ing of the item. For the export price indexes, the preferred pricing is f.a.s. (free alongside ship) U.S. port of exportation. When firms report export prices f.o.b. (free on board), production point information is collected which enables the Bureau to calculate a shipment cost to the port of exportation. An attempt is made to collect two prices for imports. The first is the import price f.o.b. at the foreign port of exportation, which is consistent with the basis for valua tion of imports in the national accounts. The second is the import price c.i.f.(costs, insur ance, and freight) at the U.S. port of importa https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis tion, which also includes the other costs as sociated with bringing the product to the U.S. border. It does not, however, include duty charges. For a given product, only one price basis series is used in the construction of an index. For additional information on inter national prices, contact the Division of In ternational Prices: (202) 691-7155. Productivity Data (Tables 2; 39-42) Business sector and major sectors Description of the series The productivity measures relate real output to real input. As such, they encompass a fam ily of measures which include single-factor input measures, such as output per hour, out put per unit of labor input, or output per unit of capital input, as well as measures of mul tifactor productivity (output per unit of com bined labor and capital inputs). The Bureau indexes show the change in output relative to changes in the various inputs. The mea sures cover the business, nonfarm business, manufacturing, and nonfinancial corporate sectors. Corresponding indexes of hourly com pensation, unit labor costs, unit nonlabor payments, and prices are also provided. Definitions O u tp u t p e r h o u r o f a ll p e rso n s (labor pro ductivity) is the quantity of goods and ser vices produced per hour of labor input. O u t p u t p e r u n it o f c a p ita l se rvices (capital pro ductivity) is the quantity of goods and ser vices produced per unit of capital services input. M u ltifa c to r p ro d u ctiv ity is the quan tity of goods and services produced per com bined inputs. For private business and pri vate nonfarm business, inputs include labor and capital units. For manufacturing, in puts include labor, capital, energy, non-en ergy materials, and purchased business ser vices. C o m p en sa tio n p e r h o u r is total compen sation divided by hours at work. Total com pensation equals the wages and salaries of employees plus employers’ contributions for social insurance and private benefit plans, plus an estimate of these payments for the self-employed (except for nonfinancial cor porations in which there are no self-em ployed). R e a l c o m p e n sa tio n p e r h o u r is compensation per hour deflated by the change in the Consumer Price Index for All Urban Consumers. U n it la b o r costs are the labor compen sation costs expended in the production of a unit of output and are derived by dividing compensation by output. U n it n o n la b o r p a y m e n ts include profits, depreciation, interest, and indirect taxes per unit of out put. They are computed by subtracting com pensation of all persons from current-dollar value of output and dividing by output. U n it n o n la b o r c o s ts contain all the components of unit nonlabor payments ex cept unit profits. U n it p r o fits include corporate profits with inventory valuation and capital con sumption adjustments per unit of output. H o u rs o f all p e rso n s are the total hours at work of payroll workers, self-employed persons, and unpaid family workers. L a b o r in p u ts are hours of all persons ad justed for the effects of changes in the edu cation and experience of the labor force. C a p ita l se rv ic e s are the flow of services from the capital stock used in production. It is developed from measures of the net stock of physical assets—equipment, structures, land, and inventories—weighted by rental prices for each type of asset. C o m b in e d u n its o f la b o r a n d c a p ita l in puts are derived by combining changes in labor and capital input with weights which represent each component’s share of total cost. Combined units of labor, capital, energy, materials, and purchased business services are similarly derived by combining changes in each input with weights that represent each input’s share of total costs. The indexes for each input and for combined units are based on changing weights which are averages of the shares in the current and preceding year (the Tomquist index-number formula). Notes on the data Business sector output is an annually-weighted index constructed by excluding from real gross domestic product (gdp) the following outputs: general government, nonprofit institutions, paid employees of private households, and the rental value of owner-occupied dwellings. Nonfarm business also excludes farming. Pri vate business and private nonfarm business further exclude government enterprises. The measures are supplied by the U.S. Department of Commerce’s Bureau of Economic Analy sis. Annual estimates of manufacturing sectoral output are produced by the Bureau of Labor Statistics. Quarterly manufacturing output in dexes from the Federal Reserve Board are ad justed to these annual output measures by the bls . Compensation data are developed from data of the Bureau of Economic Analysis and the Bureau of Labor Statistics. Hours data are developed from data of the Bureau of Labor Statistics. The productivity and associated cost mea sures in tables 39-42 describe the relation- Monthly Labor Review January 2001 43 Current Labor Statistics ship between output in real terms and the labor and capital inputs involved in its pro duction. They show the changes from period to period in the amount of goods and ser vices produced per unit of input. Although these measures relate output to hours and capital services, they do not mea sure the contributions of labor, capital, or any other specific factor of production. Rather, they reflect the joint effect of many influences, including changes in technology; shifts in the composition of the labor force; capital invest ment; level of output; changes in the utiliza tion of capacity, energy, material, and research and development; the organization of produc tion; managerial skill; and characteristics and efforts of the work force. FOR ADDITIONAL INFORMATION on this productivity series, contact the Division of Productivity Research: (202) 691-5606. Industry productivity measures Description of the series The bls industry productivity data supplement the measures for the business economy and major sectors with annual measures of labor productivity for selected industries at the three- and four-digit levels of the Standard Industrial Classification system. In addition to labor productivity, the industry data also include annual measures of compensation and unit labor costs for three-digit industries and measures of multifactor productivity for three-digit manufacturing industries and railroad transportation. The industry measures differ in methodology and data sources from the productivity measures for the major sectors because the industry measures are developed independently of the National Income and Product Accounts framework used for the major sector measures. put. L a b o r c o m p e n sa tio n includes pay roll as well as supplemental payments, in cluding both legally required expenditures and payments for voluntary programs. M u lt ifa c t o r p r o d u c tiv ity is derived by dividing an index of industry output by an index of the combined inputs consumed in producing that output. C o m b in e d in p u ts include capital, labor, and intermediate pur chases. The measure of c a p ita l in p u t used represents the flow of services from the capital stock used in production. It is devel oped from measures of the net stock of physical assets—equipment, structures, land, and inventories. The measure of in te rm e d ia te p u rc h a s e s is a combination of purchased materials, services, fuels, and electricity. Notes on the data The industry measures are compiled from data produced by the Bureau of Labor Statis tics and the Bureau of the Census,with addi tional data supplied by other government agencies, trade associations, and other sources. For most industries, the productivity indexes refer to the output per hour of all employees. For some trade and services in dustries, indexes of output per hour of all persons (including self-employed) are con structed. For some transportation indus tries, only indexes of output per employee are prepared. FOR ADDITIONAL INFORMATION on this se ries, contact the Division of Industry Produc tivity Studies: (202) 691-5618. International Comparisons (Tables 43-45) Labor force and unemployment Definitions O u tp u t p er hour is derived by dividing an index of industry output by an index of labor input. For most industries, o u tp u t indexes are de rived from data on the value of industry out put adjusted for price change. For the remain ing industries, output indexes are derived from data on the physical quantity of production. The la b o r in p ut series consist of the hours of all employees (production workers and non production workers), the hours of all persons (paid employees, partners, proprietors, and unpaid family workers), or the number of em ployees, depending upon the industry. U n it l a b o r c o s ts represent the labor compensation costs per unit of output pro duced, and are derived by dividing an index of labor compensation by an index of out 44 Monthly Labor Review https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Description of the series Tables 43 and 44 present comparative meas ures of the labor force, employment, and un employment—approximating U.S. con cepts—for the United States, Canada, Aus tralia, Japan, and several European countries. The unemployment statistics (and, to a lesser extent, employment statistics) published by other industrial countries are not, in most cases, comparable to U.S. unemployment statistics. Therefore, the Bureau adjusts the figures for selected countries, where neces sary, for all known major definitional differ ences. Although precise comparability may not be achieved, these adjusted figures pro vide a better basis for international compari January 2001 sons than the figures regularly published by each country. Definitions For the principal U.S. definitions of the la b o r force, em ploym en t, and u nem ploym ent, see the Notes section on Employment and Unem ployment Data: Household survey data. Notes on the data The adjusted statistics have been adapted to the age at which compulsory schooling ends in each country, rather than to the U.S. stan dard of 16 years of age and older. Therefore, the adjusted statistics relate to the popula tion aged 16 and older in France, Sweden, and the United Kingdom; 15 and older in Canada, Australia, Japan, Germany, Italy from 1993 onward, and the Netherlands; and 14 and older in Italy prior to 1993. The insti tutional population is included in the denomi nator of the labor force participation rates and employment-population ratios for Japan and Germany; it is excluded for the United States and the other countries. In the U.S. labor force survey, persons on layoff who are awaiting recall to their jobs are classified as unemployed. European and Japanese layoff practices are quite different in nature from those in the United States; therefore, strict application of the U.S. defi nition has not been made on this point. For further information, see Monthly Labor Re view, December 1981, pp. 8-11. The figures for one or more recent years for France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, and the United Kingdom are calculated using adjustment factors based on labor force sur veys for earlier years and are considered pre liminary. The recent-year measures for these countries, therefore, are subject to revision whenever data from more current labor force surveys become available. There are breaks in the data series for the United States (1990, 1994, 1997, 1998), France (1992), Italy (1991,1993), the Neth erlands (1988), and Sweden (1987). For the United States, the break in series reflects a major redesign of the labor force survey questionnaire and collection method ology introduced in January 1994. Revised population estimates based on the 1990 cen sus, adjusted for the estimated undercount, also were incorporated. In 1996, previously published data for the 1990-93 period were revised to reflect the 1990 census-based population controls, adjusted for the un dercount. In 1997, revised population con trols were introduced into the household sur vey. Therefore, the data are not strictly conparable with prior years. In 1998, new composite estimation procedures and minor revisions in population controls were intro- duced into the household survey. Therefore, the data are not strictly comparable with data for 1997 and earlier years. See the Notes sec tion on Employment and Unemployment Data of this Review. For France, the 1992 break reflects the substitution of standardized European Union Statistical Office (eurostat) unemployment statistics for the unemployment data esti mated according to the International Labor Office (ilo) definition and published in the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (oecd) annual yearbook and quarterly update. This change was made be cause the eurostat data are more up-to-date than the oecd figures. Also, since 1992, the eurostat definitions are closer to the U.S. definitions than they were in prior years. The impact of this revision was to lower the un employment rate by 0.1 percentage point in 1992 and 1993, by 0.4 percentage point in 1994, and 0.5 percentage point in 1995. For Italy, the 1991 break reflects a revi sion in the method of weighting sample data. The impact was to increase the unemploy ment rate by approximately 0.3 percentage point, from 6.6 to 6.9 percent in 1991. In October 1992, the survey methodol ogy was revised and the definition of unem ployment was changed to include only those who were actively looking for a job within the 30 days preceding the survey and who were available for work. In addition, the lower age limit for the labor force was raised from 14 to 15 years. (Prior to these changes, bls adjusted Italy’s published unemploy ment rate downward by excluding from the unemployed those persons who had not actively sought work in the past 30 days.) The break in the series also reflects the in corporation of the 1991 population census results. The impact of these changes was to raise Italy’s adjusted unemployment rate by approximately 1.2 percentage points, from 8.3 to 9.5 percent in fourth-quarter 1992. These changes did not affect employment significantly, except in 1993. Estimates by the Italian Statistical Office indicate that em ployment declined by about 3 percent in 1993, rather than the nearly 4 percent indi cated by the data shown in table 44. This dif ference is attributable mainly to the incorpo ration of the 1991 population benchmarks in the 1993 data. Data for earlier years have not been adjusted to incorporate the 1991 cen sus results. For the Netherlands, a new survey ques tionnaire was introduced in 1992 that al lowed for a closer application of ilo guide lines. EUROSTAT has revised the Dutch series back to 1988 based on the 1992 changes. The 1988 revised unemployment rate is 7.6 per cent; the previous estimate for the same year was 9.3 percent. There have been two breaks in series in https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis the Swedish labor force survey, in 1987 and 1993. Adjustments have been made for the 1993 break back to 1987. In 1987, a new questionnaire was introduced. Questions re garding current availability were added and the period of active workseeking was re duced from 60 days to 4 weeks. These changes lowered Sweden’s 1987 unemploy ment rate by 0.4 percentage point, from 2.3 to 1.9 percent. In 1993, the measurement period for the labor force survey was changed to represent all 52 weeks of the year rather than one week each month and a new adjustment for population totals was intro duced. The impact was to raise the unem ployment rate by approximately 0.5 per centage point, from 7.6 to 8.1 percent. Sta tistics Sweden revised its labor force survey data for 1987-92 to take into account the break in 1993. The adjustment raised the Swedish unemployment rate by 0.2 percent age point in 1987 and gradually rose to 0.5 percentage point in 1992. Beginning with 1987, bls has adjusted the Swedish data to classify students who also sought work as unemployed. The impact of this change was to increase the adjusted un employment rate by 0.1 percentage point in 1987 and by 1.8 percentage points in 1994, when unemployment was higher. In 1998, the adjusted unemployment rate had risen from 6.5 to 8.4 percent due to the adjustment to include students. The net effect of the 1987 and 1993 changes and the bls adjustment for students seeking work lowered Sweden’s 1987 unem ployment rate from 2.3 to 2.2 percent. FORADDITIONAL INFORMATION On this se ries, contact the Division of Foreign Labor Statistics: (202) 691-5654. and Sweden, and to all employees (wage and salary earners) in the other countries. Definitions in general, refers to value added in manufacturing from the national accounts of each country. However, the output series for Japan prior to 1970 is an index of indus trial production, and the national accounts measures for the United Kingdom are essen tially identical to their indexes of industrial production. The 1977-97 output data for the United States are the gross product originating (value added) measures prepared by the Bureau of Economic Analysis of the U.S. Department of Commerce. Comparable manufacturing output data currently are not available prior to 1977. U.S. gross product originating is a chaintype annual-weighted series. (For more in formation on the U.S. measure, see Robert E. Yuskavage, “Improved Estimates of Gross Product by Industry, 1959-94,” Survey of Current Business, August 1996, pp. 133— 55.) The Japanese value added series is based upon one set of fixed price weights for the years 1970 through 1997. Output series for the other foreign economies also employ fixed price weights, but the weights are updated periodically (for example, every 5 or 10 years). To preserve the comparability of the U.S. measures with those for other economies, bls uses gross product originating in manufac turing for the United States for these com parative measures. The gross product origi nating series differs from the manufacturing output series that bls publishes in its news releases on quarterly measures of U.S. pro ductivity and costs (and that underlies the measures that appear in tables 39 and 41 in Manufacturing productivity this section). The quarterly measures are on and labor costs a “sectoral output” basis, rather than a valueadded basis. Sectoral output is gross output Description of the series less intrasector transactions. Table 45 presents comparative indexes of T otal la b o r h o u rs refers to hours worked manufacturing labor productivity (output per in all countries. The measures are developed hour), output, total hours, compensation per from statistics of manufacturing employment hour, and unit labor costs for the United and average hours. The series used for France States, Canada, Japan, and nine European (from 1970 forward), Norway, and Sweden countries. These measures are trend compari are official series published with the national sons—that is, series that measure changes accounts. Where official total hours series are over time—rather than level comparisons. not available, the measures are developed by There are greater technical problems in com BLS using employment figures published with paring the levels of manufacturing output the national accounts, or other comprehen among countries. sive employment series, and estimates of bls constructs the comparative indexes annual hours worked. For Germany, BLS uses from three basic aggregate measures—out estimates of average hours worked developed put, total labor hours, and total compensa by a research institute connected to the Min tion. The hours and compensation measures istry of Labor for use with the national ac refer to all employed persons (wage and sal counts employment figures. For the other ary earners plus self-employed persons and countries, bls constructs its own estimates unpaid family workers) in the United States, of average hours. Canada, Japan, France, Germany, Norway, Denmark has not published estimates of O u tp u t, Monthly Labor Review January 2001 45 Current Labor Statistics average hours for 1994-97; therefore, the bls measure of labor input for Denmark ends in 1993. T otal com p en satio n (lab o r cost) includes all payments in cash or in-kind made directly to employees plus employer expenditures for legally required insurance programs and con tractual and private benefit plans. The mea sures are from the national accounts of each country, except those for Belgium, which are developed by bls using statistics on employ ment, average hours, and hourly compensa tion. For Canada, France, and Sweden, com pensation is increased to account for other sig nificant taxes on payroll or employment. For the United Kingdom, compensation is reduced between 1967 and 1991 to account for em ployment-related subsidies. Self-employed workers are included in the all-employed-per sons measures by assuming that their hourly compensation is equal to the average for wage and salary employees. 1970. Self-employed individuals, farms with fewer than 11 employees, employers regulated by other Federal safety and health laws, and Federal, State, and local government agencies are excluded from the survey. The survey is a Federal-State coopera tive program with an independent sample selected for each participating State. A stratified random sample with a Neyman al location is selected to represent all private industries in the State. The survey is strati fied by Standard Industrial Classification and size of employment. Definitions Survey of Occupational Injuries and Illnesses Under the Occupational Safety and Health Act, employers maintain records of nonfatal work-related injuries and illnesses that in volve one or more of the following: loss of consciousness, restriction of work or motion, transfer to another job, or medical treatment other than first aid. O ccu p ation al in ju ry is any injury such as a cut, fracture, sprain, or amputation that re sults from a work-related event or a single, in stantaneous exposure in the work environment. O c cu p a tio n a l illness is an abnormal con dition or disorder, other than one resulting from an occupational injury, caused by exposure to factors associated with employment. It in cludes acute and chronic illnesses or disease which may be caused by inhalation, absorp tion, ingestion, or direct contact. L o s t w o r k d a y in ju rie s a n d illn esses are cases that involve days away from work, or days of restricted work activity, or both. L o s t w o r k d a y s include the number of workdays (consecutive or not) on which the employee was either away from work or at work in some restricted capacity, or both, because of an occupational injury or illness, bls measures of the number and incidence rate of lost workdays were dis continued beginning with the 1993 survey. The number of days away from work or days of restricted work activity does not include the day of injury or onset of illness or any days on which the employee would not have worked, such as a Federal holiday, even though able to work. I n c id e n c e r a te s are computed as the number of injuries and/or illnesses or lost work days per 100 full-time workers. Description of the series Notes on the data The Survey of Occupational Injuries and Ill nesses collects data from employers about their workers’ job-related nonfatal injuries and ill nesses. The information that employers provide is based on records that they maintain under the Occupational Safety and Health Act of The definitions of occupational injuries and illnesses are from Recordkeeping Guidelines for Occupational Injuries and Illnesses (U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Sta tistics, September 1986). Estimates are made for industries and em ployment size classes for total recordable cases, Notes on the data In general, the measures relate to total manu facturing as defined by the International Stan dard Industrial Classification. However, the measures for France (for all years) and Italy (beginning 1970) refer to mining and manu facturing less energy-related products, and the measures for Denmark include mining and exclude manufacturing handicrafts from 1960 to 1966. The measures for recent years may be based on current indicators of manufactur ing output (such as industrial production in dexes), employment, average hours, and hourly compensation until national accounts and other statistics used for the long-term measures become available. For additional information on this se ries, contact the Division of Foreign Labor Statistics: (202) 691-5654.____________ O ccupational Injury and Illness Data (Tables 46-47) 46 Monthly Labor Review https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis January 2001 lost workday cases, days away from work cases, and nonfatal cases without lost work days. These data also are shown separately for injuries. Illness data are available for seven cat egories: occupational skin diseases or disorders, dust diseases of the lungs, respiratory condi tions due to toxic agents, poisoning (systemic effects of toxic agents), disorders due to physi cal agents (other than toxic materials), disor ders associated with repeated trauma, and all other occupational illnesses. The survey continues to measure the num ber of new work-related illness cases which are recognized, diagnosed, and reported dur ing the year. Some conditions, for example, long-term latent illnesses caused by exposure to carcinogens, often are difficult to relate to the workplace and are not adequately recog nized and reported. These long-term latent ill nesses are believed to be understated in the survey’s illness measure. In contrast, the over whelming majority of the reported new ill nesses are those which are easier to directly relate to workplace activity (for example, con tact dermatitis and carpal tunnel syndrome). Most of the estimates are in the form of incidence rates, defined as the number of in juries and illnesses per 100 equivalent full time workers. For this purpose, 200,000 em ployee hours represent 100 employee years (2,000 hours per employee). Full detail on the available measures is presented in the annual bulletin, Occupational Injuries and Illnesses: Counts, Rates, and Characteristics. Comparable data for more than 40 States and territories are available from the BLS Office of Safety, Health and Working Condi tions. Many of these States publish data on State and local government employees in ad dition to private industry data. Mining and railroad data are furnished to bls by the Mine Safety and Health Adminis tration and the Federal Railroad Administra tion. Data from these organizations are in cluded in both the national and State data published annually. With the 1992 survey, bls began publish ing details on serious, nonfatal incidents re sulting in days away from work. Included are some major characteristics of the injured and ill workers, such as occupation, age, gender, race, and length of service, as well as the cir cumstances of their injuries and illnesses (na ture of the disabling condition, part of body affected, event and exposure, and the source directly producing the condition). In general, these data are available nationwide for de tailed industries and for individual States at more aggregated industry levels. For additional information on occu pational injuries and illnesses, contact the Office of Occupational Safety, Health and Working Conditions at (202) 691-6180, or access the Internet at: h ttp ://w w w .b ls.go v/osh h om e.h tm Census of Fatal Occupational Injuries The Census of Fatal Occupational Injuries compiles a complete roster of fatal job-re lated injuries, including detailed data about the fatally injured workers and the fatal events. The program collects and cross checks fatality information from multiple sources, including death certificates, State and Federal workers’ compensation reports, Occupational Safety and Health Administra tion and Mine Safety and Health Adminis tration records, medical examiner and au topsy reports, media accounts, State motor vehicle fatality records, and follow-up ques tionnaires to employers. In addition to private wage and salary workers, the self-employed, family mem bers, and Federal, State, and local govern ment workers are covered by the program. To be included in the fatality census, the decedent must have been employed (that is working for pay, compensation, or profit) at the time of the event, engaged in a legal work activity, or present at the site of the incident as a requirement of his or her job. Definition A fatal work injury is any intentional or un intentional wound or damage to the body re sulting in death from acute exposure to energy, such as heat or electricity, or kinetic energy from a crash, or from the absence of such es sentials as heat or oxygen caused by a specific event or incident or series of events within a single workday or shift. Fatalities that occur during a person’s commute to or from work are excluded from the census, as well as work-re lated illnesses, which can be difficult to identify due to long latency periods. Notes on the data Twenty-eight data elements are collected, coded, and tabulated in the fatality program, including information about the fatally in jured worker, the fatal incident, and the ma chinery or equipment involved. Summary worker demographic data and event charac teristics are included in a national news re lease that is available about 8 months after the end of the reference year. The Census of Fatal Occupational Injuries was initiated in 1992 as a joint Federal-State effort. Most States issue summary information at the time of the national news release. F or additional information on the Census of Fatal Occupational Injuries con tact the bls Office of Safety, Health, and Working Conditions at (202) 691-6175, or the Internet at: h ttp ://w w w .b ls.go v/osh h om e.h tm Bureau of Labor Statistics Internet The Bureau of Labor Statistics World Wide Web site on the Internet contains a range of data on consumer and producer prices, employment and unemployment, occupational com pensation, employee benefits, workplace injuries and illnesses, and productivity. The homepage can be accessed using any Web browser: http://stats.bls.gov Also, some data can be accessed through anonymous FTP or Gopher at stats.bls.gov https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Monthly Labor Review January 2001 47 Current Labor Statistics: Comparative Indicators 1. Labor market indicators Selected indicators 1998 1998 1999 III 1999 IV 1 II 2000 III IV 1 II III E m p lo y m e n t d a ta Employment status of the civilian noninstitutionalized population (household survey):' Labor force participation rate............................................... Employment-population ratio............................................... Unemployment rate............................................................ Men............................................................................... 16 to 24 years............................................................... 25 years and over.......................................................... Women.......................................................................... 16 to 24 years............................................................... 25 years and over.......................................................... Employment, nonfarm (payroll data), inthousands:1 Total................................................................................. Private sector.................................................................. Goods-producing........................................................... Manufacturing............................................................ Service-producing.......................................................... Average hours: Private sector.................................................................. Manufacturing.................................................. Overtime.................................................................... 67.1 64.1 4.5 4.4 11.1 3.2 4.6 9.8 3.6 67.1 64.3 4.2 4.1 10.3 3.0 4.3 9.5 3.3 67.0 64.0 4.5 4.5 11.5 3.2 4.5 9.9 3.5 67.1 64.1 4.4 4.3 10.6 3.1 4.6 9.4 3.6 67.2 64.3 4.3 4.2 10.4 3.0 4.4 9.8 3.4 67.1 64.2 4.3 4.2 10.4 3.0 4.4 9.2 3.4 67.0 64.2 4.2 4.1 10.0 3.0 4.4 9.5 3.3 125,865 106,042 25,414 18,805 100,451 128,786 108,616 25,482 18,543 103,304 126,180 106,321 25,408 18,765 100,772 126,967 107,016 25,469 18,716 101,498 127,800 107,741 25,488 18,632 102,312 128,430 108,319 25,454 18,543 102,976 129,073 108,874 25,459 18,516 103,614 129,783 109,507 25,524 18,482 104,259 130,626 110,195 25,680 18,481 104,946 131,552 110,725 25,703 18,488 105,849 131,619 111,089 25,670 18,448 105,949 34.6 41.7 4.6 34.5 41.7 4.6 34.6 41.7 4.6 34.6 41.7 4.5 34.5 41.6 4.5 34.5 41.7 4.6 34.5 41.8 4.6 34.5 41.7 4.7 34.5 41.7 4.6 34.5 41.7 4.7 34.4 41.4 4.5 3.4 3.5 2.8 3.8 3.0 3.4 3.4 3.4 3.4 3.4 1.2 1.1 .7 1.3 1.5 .6 .6 .5 .6 .6 .4 .4 .8 .3 .5 1.0 1.1 .7 1.3 .4 1.1 .9 .9 .9 1.5 .9 .9 1.0 .8 1.0 1.3 1.5 1.6 1.4 .6 1.0 1.2 1.2 1.2 .3 1.0 .9 .9 1.0 1.3 .7 1.0 1.3 1.5 1.0 1.2 1.2 1.0 67.0 64.3 4.1 4.0 10.4 2.9 4.2 9.4 3.1 67.5 64.7 4.1 4.0 9.7 2.9 4.2 9.6 3.2 67.3 64.6 4.0 3.9 9.7 2.8 4.1 9.0 3.2 67.0 64.3 4.0 3.9 9.7 2.8 4.2 8.5 3.3 E m p lo y m e n t C o s t In d e x 2 Percent change in the ECI, compensation: All workers (excluding farm, household and Federal workers).... Private industry workers.................................................... Goods-producing-5........................................................ Service-producing-5....................................................... State and local government workers................................... Workers by bargaining status (private industry): Union................................................................................ 3.0 2.7 1.1 .4 .5 .7 .9 Nonunion........................................................................... 3.5 3.6 1.1 .6 .5 1.2 .9 1 Quarterly data seasonally adjusted. 2 Annual changes are December-to-December changes. Quarterly changes are calculated using the last month of each quarter. 3 Goods-produclng Industries include mining, construction, and manufacturing. Service-producing industries include all other private sector industries. 48 Monthly Labor Review https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis January 2001 2. Annual and quarterly percent changes in compensation, prices, and productivity Selected m easures 1998 1999 1998 1999 III IV I 2000 III II IV I II III C o m p e n s a t io n d a t a 1’2 Employment Cost Index—compensation (wages, salaries, benefits): Civilian nonfarm........................................................... Private nonfarm....................................................... Employment Cost Index—wages and salaries: Private nonfarm....................................................... 3.4 3.5 3.4 3.4 1.2 1.1 0.6 .6 0.4 .4 1.0 1.1 1.1 .9 0.9 .9 1.3 1.5 1.0 1.2 1.0 .9 3.7 3.9 3.5 3.5 1.3 1.3 .7 .6 .5 .5 1.0 1.2 1.1 .9 .8 .9 1.1 1.2 1.0 1.0 1.1 1.0 1.6 2.7 .4 .2 .7 .7 1.0 .2 1.7 .7 1.0 .0 .0 .0 -3.3 -16.7 2.9 3.8 .3 3.7 15.3 -.1 .0 -.4 -.5 -5.6 .4 .2 .9 -1.6 -2.5 .0 .0 -.1 -.2 -.1 1.2 1.8 -.4 1.9 9.4 1.5 2.2 -.4 1.9 10.2 .1 -.2 1.2 .1 -3.5 1.4 1.8 .1 1.9 9.1 1.2 1.5 .0 1.5 7.8 1.0 1.0 .0 1.0 -.6 2.7 2.6 3.3 3.1 2.9 4.0 2.1 1.8 5.2 3.9 3.6 3.4 3.3 2.6 4.4 .9 .6 3.8 4.9 5.2 5.1 7.7 8.0 6.1 1.6 1.9 2.9 6.9 6.1 5.4 2.8 3.3 4.9 P r ic e d a t a 1 Consumer Price Index (All Urban Consumers): All Items.... Producer Price Index: Finished goods............................................................. Capital equipment...................................................... Intermediate materials, supplies, and components............ Crude materials............................................................. P r o d u c t iv ity d a t a 3 Output per hour of all persons: Business sector............................................................. Nonfarm business sector................................................ Nonfinancial corporations4............................................. Annual changes are December-to-December changes. Quarterly changes are calculated using the last month of each quarter. Compensation and price data are not seasonally adjusted, and the price data are not compounded. 2 Excludes Federal and private household workers. 3 Annual rates of change are computed by comparing annual averages. Quarterly per cent changes reflect annual rates of change in quarterly indexes. The data are seasonally adjusted. 4 Output per hour of all employees. 3 . A lte r n a tiv e m e a s u re s o f w a g e a n d c o m p e n s a tio n c h a n g e s Quarterly average C om ponents 1999 II Average hourly compensation:1 All persons, business sector................................................... Employment Cost Index—compensation: Civilian nonfarm2.................................................................. Union............................................................................... Nonunion.......................................................................... Employment Cost Index—wages and salaries: Civilian nonfarm2.................................................................. III Four quarters ending— 2000 IV I II 1999 III II III 2000 IV > I III 5.0 5.0 5.3 5.5 3.8 4.2 3.5 3.9 7.0 5.9 5.7 6.3 5.0 4.8 5.1 4.8 4.8 4.8 4.4 4.6 4.9 4.9 5.0 5.1 1.0 1.1 .7 1.2 .4 1.1 .9 .9 .9 1.5 .9 .9 .7 1.0 1.0 1.3 1.5 1.3 1.5 .6 1.0 1.2 1.0 1.2 .3 1.0 .9 1.2 1.0 1.3 3.2 3.3 2.7 3.4 3.0 3.1 3.1 2.5 3.2 2.9 3.4 3.4 2.7 3.6 3.4 4.3 46 3.6 4.7 3.6 4.4 46 3.9 4.6 3.5 4.3 46 4.2 4.7 3.3 1.1 1.2 .5 1.3 .6 1.0 1.0 .9 1.1 .3 1.1 1.0 1.1 1.0 1.7 3.6 3.6 3.1 3.7 3.1 3.3 3.2 2.5 3.3 3.3 3.5 3.5 2.6 3.6 3.6 4.0 4.2 2.7 4.4 3.8 4.0 4.1 2.8 4.3 3.7 4.0 4.1 3.2 4.3 3.5 1.0 1.1 .8 .9 1.2 .9 Union............................................................................... .8 .7 .6 Nonunion......................................................................... 1.2 .9 .9 State and local governments............................................... .4 1.9 .9 1 Seasonally adjusted. "Quarterly average" is percent change from a quarter ago, at an annual rate. 2 Excludes Federal and household workers. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Monthly Labor Review January 2001 49 Current Labor Statistics: Labor Force Data 4. Em ploym ent status of the population, by sex, a g e , ra c e , a n d Hispanic origin, m onthly d a ta seasonally adjusted [Numbers in thousands] Employment status Annual average 1998 1999 2000 1999 Nov. Dec. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. TO TAL Civilian noninstitutional population1.................... Civilian labor force.......... Participation rate....... Employed.................. Employment-population ratio2.......... Unemployed............... Unemployment rate.... Not inthe labor force...... 205,220 207,753 208,666 208,832 208,782 208,907 209,053 209,216 209,371 209,543 209,727 209,935 210,161 210,378 210,577 137,673 139,368 139,834 140,108 140,910 141,165 140,867 141,230 140,489 140,762 140,399 140,742 140,639 140,918 141,052 67.1 67.2 67.1 67.1 67.1 67.4 67.5 66.9 67.0 66.9 67.0 67.0 67.5 67.6 67.0 131,463 133,488 134,098 134,420 135,221 135,362 135,159 135,706 134,715 135,179 134,749 134,912 135,161 135,422 135,373 64.1 6,210 4.5 67,547 64.3 5,880 4.2 68,385 64.3 5,736 4.1 68,832 64.4 5,688 4.1 68,724 64.8 5,689 4.0 67,872 64.8 5,804 4.1 67,742 64.7 5,708 4.1 68,187 64.9 5,524 3.9 67,986 64.3 5,774 4.1 68,882 64.5 5,583 4.0 68,781 64.2 5,650 4.0 69,329 64.3 5,829 4.1 69,193 64.3 5,477 3.9 69,522 64.4 5,496 3.9 69,460 64.3 5,679 4.0 69,525 90,790 69,715 76.8 67,135 91,555 70,194 76.7 67,761 91,986 70,388 76.5 68,037 92,052 70,529 76.6 68,197 92,057 70,917 77.0 68,585 92,092 71,120 77.2 68,691 92,145 70,822 76.9 68,480 92,303 70,761 76.7 68,481 92,408 70,603 76.4 68,230 92,546 70,714 76.4 68,430 92,642 70,702 76.3 68,440 92,754 71,067 76.6 68,757 92,863 71,002 76.5 68,699 92,969 71,128 76.5 68,743 93,061 71,122 76.4 68,646 73.9 Agriculture............... 2,350 Nonagricultural industries.............. 64,785 Unemployed............... 2,580 Unemployment rate.... 3.7 74.0 2,244 74.0 2,262 74.1 2,227 74.5 2,303 74.6 2,309 74.3 2,232 74.2 2,213 73.8 2,217 73.9 2,269 73.9 2,296 74.1 2,288 74.0 2,350 73.9 2,196 73.8 2,103 65,517 2,433 3.5 65,775 2,351 3.3 65,970 2,332 3.3 66,282 2,332 3.3 66,382 2,429 3.4 66,249 2,342 3.3 66,269 2,280 3.2 66,013 2,373 3.4 66,161 2,284 3.2 66,144 2,263 3.2 66,469 2,309 3.2 66,349 2,303 3.2 66,547 2,385 3.4 66,543 2,476 3.5 M e n , 2 0 y e a rs a n d o v er Civilian noninstitutional population1.................... Civilian labor force.......... Participation rate....... Employed.................. Employment-pop- W o m e n , 2 0 y e a rs a n d o v er Civilian noninstitutional Civilian labor force.......... Participation rate....... Employed.................. Employment-pop- 98,786 100,158 100,573 100,666 100,579 100,666 100,713 100,809 100,929 101,007 101,111 101,209 101,321 101,448 101,533 59,702 60,840 61,052 61,154 61,576 61,575 61,671 61,920 61,614 61,596 61,508 61,260 61,386 61,481 61,561 60.4 60.7 60.7 60.7 61.2 61.4 61.0 61.0 60.8 60.5 60.6 61.2 61.2 60.6 60.6 57,278 58,555 58,838 58,958 59,280 59,398 59,422 59,757 59,248 59,278 59,222 58,949 59,268 59,417 59,456 58.5 803 58.5 768 58.6 791 58.9 826 59.0 871 59.0 894 59.3 899 58.7 864 58.7 834 58.6 792 58.2 824 58.5 744 58.6 734 58.6 778 57,752 2,285 3.8 58,070 2,214 3.6 58,167 2,196 3.6 58,454 2,297 3.7 58,526 2,178 3.5 58,528 2,249 3.6 58,858 2,163 3.5 58,383 2,367 3.8 58,444 2,318 3.8 58,430 2,286 3.7 58,125 2,311 3.8 58,524 2,118 3.5 58,683 2,065 3.4 58,677 2,105 3.4 15,644 8,256 52.8 7,051 16,040 8,333 52.0 7,172 16,107 8,394 52.1 7,223 16,114 8,425 52.3 7,265 16,147 8,416 52.1 7,356 16,149 8,470 52.4 7,273 16,196 8,374 51.7 7,257 16,104 8,549 53.1 7,467 16,034 8,271 51.6 7,237 15,991 8,452 52.9 7,471 15,974 8,189 51.3 7,087 15,972 8,415 52.7 7,206 15,977 8,251 51.6 7,195 15,960 8,309 52.1 7,262 15,983 8,370 52.4 7,272 45.1 261 44.7 234 44.8 280 45.1 261 45.6 242 45.0 228 44.8 233 46.4 243 45.1 217 46.7 218 44.4 211 45.1 232 45.0 247 45.5 304 45.5 272 6,790 1,205 14.6 6,938 1,162 13.9 6,943 1,171 14.0 7,004 1,160 13.8 7,114 1,060 12.6 7,046 1,197 14.1 7,024 1,117 13.3 7,224 1,082 12.7 7,020 1,034 12.5 7,253 981 11.6 6,876 1,101 13.4 6,974 1,209 14.4 6,948 1,056 12.8 6,958 1,047 12.6 7,000 1,098 13.1 58.0 Agriculture............... 768 Nonagricultural industries.............. 56,510 2,424 Unemployed............... Unemployment rate.... 4.1 B o th s e x e s , 16 to 19 y e a rs Civilian noninstitutional Civilian labor force.......... Participation rate....... Employed.................. Employment-popAgriculture............... Nonagricultural industries.............. Unemployed............... Unemployment rate.... W h ite Civilian noninstitutional 171,478 173,085 173,709 173,821 173,812 173,886 173,983 174,092 174,197 174,316 174,443 174,587 174,745 174,899 175,034 Civilian labor force.......... 115,415 116,509 116,703 117,008 117,716 117,821 117,832 117,988 117,097 117,451 117,258 117,551 117,535 117,500 117,507 Participation rate....... 67.3 67.2 67.3 67.3 67.7 67.8 67.7 67.8 67.2 67.4 67.2 67.3 67.3 67.2 67.1 Employed.................. 110,931 112,235 112,611 112,951 113,704 113,634 113,630 113,915 112,988 113,484 113,156 113,352 113,450 113,516 113,359 Employment-pop64.7 64.8 65.4 64.8 65.0 65.3 65.3 65.4 64.9 64.9 64.9 65.1 64.9 64.9 64.8 Unemployed............... 4,484 4,273 4,092 4,057 4,187 4,011 4,202 4,073 4,108 3,967 3,984 4,103 4,199 4,085 4,148 Unemployment rate.... 3.9 3.7 3.4 3.5 3.5 3.6 3.6 3.5 3.4 3.5 3.5 3.6 3.4 3.5 3.5 B la c k Civilian noninstitutional Civilian labor force.......... Participation rate....... Employed.................. Employment-popUnemployed............... Unemployment rate.... See footnotes at end of table. 50 24,373 15,982 65.6 14,556 24,855 16,365 65.8 15,056 25,019 16,508 66.0 15,187 25,051 16,513 65.9 15,204 25,047 16,622 66.4 15,254 25,076 16,785 66.9 15,471 25,105 16,572 66.0 15,356 25,135 16,636 66.2 15,444 25,161 16,596 66.0 15,261 25,191 16,557 65.8 15,275 25,221 16,456 65.2 15,190 25,258 16,512 65.4 15,190 25,299 16,403 64.8 15,246 25,339 16,593 65.5 15,380 25,376 16,755 66.0 15,509 59.7 1,426 8.9 60.6 1,309 8.0 60.7 1,321 8.0 60.7 1,309 7.9 60.9 1,368 8.2 61.7 1,314 7.8 61.2 1,216 7.3 61.4 1,191 7.2 60.7 1,335 8.0 60.6 1,302 7.9 60.2 1,266 7.7 60.1 1,322 8.0 60.3 1,156 7.0 60.7 1,213 7.3 61.1 1,245 7.4 Monthly Labor Review https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis January 2001 4. C o n tin u e d — E m p lo y m e n t status o f th e p o p u la tio n , b y sex, a g e , ra c e , a n d H ispanic origin, m o n th ly d a ta s e aso n ally adju s te d [Numbers in thousands] Employment status Annual average 1999 2000 1998 1999 Nov. Dec. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. 21,070 14,317 67.9 13,291 21,650 14,665 67.7 13,720 21,947 14,887 67.8 13,979 22,008 14,984 68.1 14,095 22,047 15,251 69.2 14,395 22,108 15,249 69.0 14,382 22,166 15,313 69.1 14,355 22,231 15,355 69.1 14,524 22,292 15,322 68.7 14,432 22,355 15,325 68.6 14,461 22,422 15,188 67.7 14,339 22,488 15,248 67.8 14,371 22,555 15,536 68.9 14,666 22,618 15,496 68.5 14,728 22,687 15,599 68.8 14,646 63.1 1,026 7.2 63.4 945 6.4 63.7 908 6.1 64.0 889 5.9 65.3 856 5.6 65.1 868 5.7 64.8 958 6.3 65.3 831 5.4 64.7 890 5.8 64.7 864 5.6 64.0 849 5.6 63.9 876 5.7 65.0 871 5.6 65.1 767 5.0 64.6 954 6.1 H is p a n ic o rig in Civilian noninstitutional population1..................... Civilian labor force........... Participation rate....... Employment-popUnemployed................ Unemployment rate.... 1 The population figures are not seasonally adjusted. 2 Civilian employment as a percent of the civilian noninstitutional population. NOTE: Detail for the above race and Hispanic-origin groups will not sum to totals because data for the "other races" groups are not presented and Híspanles are included in both the white ancl black population groups. 5. S e le c te d e m p lo y m e n t indicators, m o n th ly d a ta seaso nally a d ju sted [In thousands] Selected categories 1999 Annual average 1998 1999 Nov. 2000 Dec. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. C h a r a c te r is t ic Employed, 16 years and over.. 131,463 Men................................ 70,693 Women............................ 60,771 Married men, spouse present.......................... 42,923 Married women, spouse present.......................... 32,872 Women who maintain 7,904 families.......................... 133,488 134,098 134,420 135,221 135,362 135,159 135,706 134,715 135,179 134,749 134,912 135,161 135,422 135,373 71,446 71,732 71,927 72,358 72,473 72,313 72,307 71,948 72,217 72,063 72,407 72,352 72,378 72,286 62,042 62,366 62,493 62,863 62,889 62,846 63,399 62,767 62,962 62,686 62,505 62,809 63,044 63,087 43,254 43,273 43,283 43,951 43,535 43,297 43,272 43,216 43,357 43,284 43,372 43,324 43,363 43,210 33,450 33,635 33,762 34,166 33,882 33,780 33,877 33,786 33,824 33,618 33,413 33,402 33,604 33,621 8,229 8,526 8,375 8,362 8,220 8,082 8,307 8,301 8,280 8,483 8,519 8,548 8,441 8,501 1,944 1,297 40 2,049 1,216 41 2,018 1,211 36 2,024 1,320 38 2,025 1,344 51 2,043 1,292 42 2,054 1,272 43 2,006 1,252 38 2,059 1,175 50 2,079 1,182 40 2,056 1,258 37 2,010 1,288 39 2,044 1,171 31 1,964 1,164 24 C la s s o f w o r k e r Agriculture: Wage and salary workers.... 2,000 1,341 Self-employed workers....... Unpaid family workers........ 38 Nonagricultural industries: Wage and salary workers.... 119,019 18,383 100,637 962 Private households...... Other......................... 99,674 Self-employed workers...... 8,962 Unpaid family workers....... 103 121,323 121,965 122,426 122,823 123,166 123,169 123,623 122,860 123,002 122,681 122,773 122,992 123,367 123,514 18,903 18,902 18,959 19,013 19,394 19,598 19,280 19,169 18,777 18,497 18,496 18,979 19,047 19,092 102,420 103,063 103,467 103,810 103,772 103,571 104,343 103,691 104,225 104,184 104,277 104,013 104,320 104,422 933 944 952 957 807 716 812 793 812 948 1,016 998 1,019 953 101,487 102,119 102,519 102,858 102,756 102,573 103,324 102,783 103,268 103,377 103,561 103,201 103,527 103,610 8,662 8,802 8,704 8,714 8,790 8,686 8,793 8,750 8,665 8,609 8,590 8,799 8,550 8,488 95 108 98 92 74 107 82 144 134 103 71 80 116 105 P e r s o n s a t w o r k p a r t t im e 1 All industries: Part time for economic 3,665 3,357 3,274 3,320 3,219 3,139 3,124 3,124 3,248 3,117 3,071 3,164 3,189 3,200 3,477 2,095 1,968 1,930 1,951 1,893 1,807 1,820 1,844 1,962 1,811 1,846 1,997 2,101 1,900 2,221 1,258 1,079 1,032 1,025 1,012 1,023 953 1,016 978 1,022 900 855 815 973 877 18,530 18,758 18,651 18,618 18,889 19,031 18,770 18,474 18,409 18,308 18,558 18,709 18,456 18,704 18,917 3,501 3,189 3,105 3,157 3,066 2,985 3,003 3,021 3,096 2,967 2,940 3,038 3,021 3,031 3,325 1,997 1,861 1,815 1,843 1,801 1,705 1,766 1,782 1,840 1,713 1,750 1,924 1,983 1,810 2,119 922 962 994 1,228 1,056 1,013 1,018 966 1,005 989 Part time for noneconomic reasons........................ 17,954 18,197 18,083 18,061 18,347 18,406 18,184 17,943 17,853 17,743 ’ Excludes persons "with a job but not at work" during the survey period for such reasons as vacation, illness, or industrial disputes. 881 838 804 945 867 18,041 18,190 17,879 18,158 18,318 Slack work or business conditions.................. Could only find part-time Part time for noneconomic reasons......................... Nonagricultural industries: Part time for economic reasons.......................... Slack work or business conditions................... Could only find part-time https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Monthly Labor Review January 2001 51 Current Labor Statistics: 6. Labor Force Data S e le c te d u n e m p lo y m e n t in d ic a to rs , m o n th ly d a t a s e a s o n a lly a d ju s te d [Unemployment rates] 1999 A n n u a l a v e ra g e 2000 Selected categories 1998 1999 Nov. Dec. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. C h a r a c t e r is t ic Total, 16 years and over......................... Both sexes, 16 to 19 years................. Men, 20 years and over...................... Women, 20 years and over................. 4.5 14.6 3.7 4.1 4.2 13.9 3.5 3.8 4.1 14.0 3.3 3.6 4.1 13.8 3.3 3.6 4.0 12.6 3.3 3.7 4.1 14.1 3.4 3.5 4.1 13.3 3.3 3.6 3.9 12.7 3.2 3.5 4.1 12.5 3.4 3.8 4.0 11.6 3.2 3.8 4.0 13.4 3.2 3.7 4.1 14.4 3.2 3.8 3.9 12.8 3.2 3.5 3.9 12.6 3.4 3.4 4.0 13.1 3.5 3.4 White, total....................................... Both sexes, 16 to 19 years............. Men, 16 to 19 years.................... Women, 16 to 19 years............... Men, 20 years and over................. Women, 20 years and over............ 3.9 12.6 14.1 10.9 3.2 3.4 3.7 12.0 12.6 11.3 3.0 3.3 3.5 12.0 12.8 11.2 2.8 3.1 3.5 12.2 13.3 10.9 2.8 3.0 3.4 10.8 12.4 9.1 2.8 3.1 3.6 12.5 14.4 10.4 2.9 3.1 3.6 11.7 11.3 12.1 2.9 3.2 3.5 11.6 13.0 10.0 2.8 3.1 3.5 10.6 10.7 10.5 2.8 3.3 3.4 9.4 11.2 7.4 2.8 3.2 3.5 11.5 12.6 10.3 2.7 3.3 3.6 12.2 13.3 11.0 2.7 3.3 3.5 11.5 12.2 10.7 2.9 3.1 3.4 11.1 11.5 10.6 2.9 2.9 3.5 11.9 12.6 11.1 3.0 3.0 Black, total....................................... Both sexes, 16 to 19 years............. Men, 16 to 19 years.................... Women, 16 to 19 years............... Men, 20 years and over................. Women, 20 years and over............ 8.9 27.6 30.1 25.3 7.4 7.9 8.0 27.9 30.9 25.1 6.7 6.8 8.0 28.4 31.0 25.9 7.0 6.6 7.9 25.3 27.5 23.0 7.0 6.7 8.2 23.9 24.0 23.8 7.4 7.2 7.8 24.3 22.3 26.6 7.1 6.5 7.3 25.1 21.3 28.9 6.4 6.1 7.2 22.2 22.0 22.4 6.6 5.8 8.0 23.9 27.7 20.2 7.2 7.0 7.9 25.4 32.0 18.2 6.9 6.6 7.7 26.6 25.0 27.9 6.7 6.4 8.0 27.8 33.7 22.5 7.4 6.3 7.0 23.9 26.7 21.5 6.3 5.8 7.3 24.2 28.0 21.0 7.0 5.6 7.4 20.9 20.9 21.0 6.8 6.3 Hispanic origin, total....................... 7.2 6.4 6.1 5.9 5.6 5.7 6.3 5.4 5.8 5.6 5.6 5.7 5.6 5.0 6.1 Married men, spouse present........... Married women, spouse present...... 2.4 2.9 7.2 4.3 5.3 2.2 2.7 6.4 4.1 5.0 2.1 2.5 6.0 3.9 4.9 2.2 2.5 6.2 3.9 4.9 2.0 2.6 6.2 3.9 4.6 2.1 2.6 6.1 3.9 4.9 2.0 2.7 6.8 3.8 5.1 1.8 2.6 6.3 3.8 4.6 1.9 2.9 6.5 3.9 5.3 1.9 2.6 6.1 3.8 4.8 2.0 2.8 5.6 3.7 5.3 2.0 2.9 6.0 4.0 5.0 2.1 2.8 5.3 3.8 4.6 2.0 2.4 5.4 3.8 4.4 2.3 2.4 5.1 3.9 4.5 4.6 3.2 7.5 3.9 3.4 4.7 3.4 5.5 2.5 4.5 2.3 8.3 4.3 5.7 7.0 3.6 3.5 3.9 3.0 5.2 2.3 4.1 2.2 8.9 4.2 4.6 5.7 3.7 3.7 3.7 3.3 5.3 2.3 3.9 2.0 8.3 4.1 4.1 6.6 3.6 3.6 3.5 3.0 5.2 2.1 3.8 2.1 7.1 4.2 2.6 6.4 3.2 2.8 3.9 3.7 5.1 2.5 4.2 2.1 5.0 4.2 4.0 7.5 3.3 3.0 3.8 3.2 5.3 2.9 3.7 2.2 6.5 4.3 2.5 6.9 3.9 3.0 5.2 3.1 5.4 2.4 4.0 1.7 5.6 4.0 2.8 5.2 4.0 3.9 4.1 2.9 4.9 2.6 3.7 1.7 8.4 4.2 4.2 5.8 3.7 3.6 3.7 3.2 5.1 2.4 4.1 2.0 7.6 4.0 3.5 5.9 3.4 3.5 3.1 2.7 5.2 2.3 3.8 2.5 7.3 4.1 5.1 5.9 3.6 3.3 4.0 3.2 5.0 2.1 4.0 2.1 7.0 4.1 4.6 6.5 3.5 3.1 4.3 3.1 5.1 2.5 3.8 2.4 8.5 4.0 5.8 6.4 3.6 3.1 4.4 3.3 4.7 2.0 3.6 2.0 7.8 4.0 7.1 6.5 4.1 3.8 4.5 2.7 4.7 2.4 3.5 2.0 9.2 4.0 3.2 7.3 3.6 3.5 3.8 2.5 4.6 1.8 3.8 2.3 10.2 7.1 4.0 6.7 3.5 6.5 3.3 6.0 3.5 6.6 3.5 6.0 3.5 6.9 3.4 6.1 3.4 7.0 3.6 6.4 3.4 6.4 3.3 6.1 3.7 6.1 3.3 6.4 3.5 6.7 3.6 3.0 1.8 2.8 1.8 2.7 1.7 2.5 1.8 2.6 1.8 2.9 1.6 2.7 1.6 2.6 1.5 2.5 1.6 2.9 1.5 2.8 1.7 2.9 1.8 2.6 1.9 2.4 1.6 2.7 1.5 Part-time workers............................ In d u s try Nonagricultural wage and salary Construction..................................... Manufacturing.................................. Transportation and public utilities....... Wholesale and retail trade................. Finance, insurance, and real estate.... Services........................................... Agricultural wage and salary workers..... E d u c a t io n a l a t t a in m e n t 1 Less than a high school diploma............. High school graduates, no college........... Some college, less than a bachelor's degree............................................... College graduates................................ 1 Data refer to persons 25 years and over. 52 Monthly Labor Review https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis January 2001 7. D u ra tio n o f u n e m p lo y m e n t, m o n th ly d a t a s e a s o n a lly a d ju s te d [Numbers in thousands] W eeks of unem ploym ent 1998 2000 1999 A nnual average 1999 Nov, Dec. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June Aug. July Sept Oct. Nov. 5 to 14 weeks.............................. 15 weeks and over....................... 15 to 26 weeks......................... 27 weeks and over.................... 2,622 1,950 1,637 763 875 2,568 1,832 1,480 755 725 2,601 1,760 1,401 725 676 2,620 1,694 1,388 693 695 2,447 1,754 1,372 667 705 2,603 1,864 1,277 673 604 2,824 1,719 1,295 657 637 2,455 1,868 1,250 670 580 2,531 1,953 1,337 677 660 2,595 1,759 1,242 593 649 2,470 1,812 1,331 654 677 2,594 1,846 1,384 679 705 2,487 1,717 1,226 602 624 2,497 1,703 1,320 715 605 2,547 1,783 1,331 735 596 Mean duration, in weeks.............. Median duration, in weeks............ 14.5 6.7 13.4 6.4 13.0 6.2 12.9 5.9 13.2 5.7 12.5 6.1 12.8 6.0 12.4 6.0 12.6 5.8 12.4 5.8 13.3 6.0 13.0 6.2 11.9 5.2 12.4 6.2 12.4 6.1 July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. 2,417 856 1,561 799 1,961 402 2,615 940 1,674 782 1,919 514 2,428 791 1,637 837 1,842 383 2,492 871 1,621 768 1,961 430 8. U n e m p lo y e d p erson s b y re a s o n for u n e m p lo y m e n t, m o n th ly d a t a s e a s o n a lly a d ju s te d [Numbers in thousands] Reason for unem ploym ent Job losers1.................................. On temporary layoff................... Not on temporary layoff............. Job leavers................................. Reentrants.................................. New entrants............................... Annual average 1998 1999 2,822 866 1,957 734 2,132 520 2,622 848 1,774 783 2,005 469 2000 1999 Nov. Dec. Jan. 2,493 851 1,642 821 1,935 485 2,401 795 1,606 825 2,036 453 2,477 739 1,739 776 2,043 393 Feb. Mar. Apr. May 2,616 838 1,778 759 1,975 387 2,541 781 1,759 824 1,979 434 2,306 703 1,602 883 1,961 408 2,483 894 1,589 774 2,093 500 June 2,450 959 1,491 671 2,076 343 2,511 823 1,688 746 1,774 411 P e r c e n t o f u n e m p lo y e d Not on temporary layoff............. Job leavers................................. New entrants............................... 45.5 13.9 31.5 11.8 34.3 8.4 44.6 14.4 30.2 13.3 34.1 8.0 43.5 14.8 28.6 14.3 33.7 8.5 42.0 13.9 28.1 14.4 35.6 7.9 43.5 13.0 30.6 13.6 35.9 6.9 45.6 14.6 31.0 13.2 34.4 6.7 44.0 13.5 30.5 14.3 34.3 7.5 41.9 12.8 29.1 15.1 35.6 7.4 42.4 15.3 27.2 13.2 35.8 8.5 44.2 17.3 26.9 12.1 37.5 6.2 43.3 15.3 28.0 14.3 35.1 7.2 44.8 16.1 28.7 13.4 32.9 8.8 46.2 15.1 31.0 13.7 32.6 7.5 44.2 14.4 29.8 15.3 33.5 7.0 44.1 15.4 28.7 13.6 34.7 7.6 1.9 .6 1.4 .3 1.8 .6 1.4 .3 1.7 .6 1.5 .3 1.8 .6 1.4 .3 1.9 .5 1.4 .3 1.8 .6 1.4 .3 1.6 .6 1.4 .3 1.8 .6 1.5 .4 1.7 .5 1.5 .2 1.7 .6 1.4 .3 1.9 .6 1.4 .4 1.8 .5 1.4 .4 1.7 .6 1.3 .3 1.8 .5 1.4 .3 P e r c e n t o f c iv ilia n la b o r fo r c e 2.1 .5 1.5 .4 New entrants.............................. 1 Includes persons who completed temporary jobs. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Monthly Labor Review January 2001 53 Current Labor Statistics: 9. Labor Force Data U n e m p lo y m e n t ra te s b y s e x a n d a g e , m o n th ly d a t a s e a s o n a lly a d ju s te d [Civilian workers] S ex and age A nnual average 1998 1999 1999 Nov. 2000 Dec. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Total, 16 years and over............... 16 to 24 years.......................... 16 to 19 years....................... 16 to 17 years..................... 18 to 19 years..................... 20 to 24 years....................... 25 years and over..................... 25 to 54 years..................... 55 years and over............... 4.5 10.4 14.6 17.2 12.8 7.9 3.4 3.5 2.7 4.2 9.9 13.9 16.3 12.4 7.5 3.1 3.2 2.8 4.1 10.0 14.0 16.5 12.3 7.7 3.0 3.1 2.6 4.1 9.8 13.8 16.5 12.1 7.4 3.0 3.0 2.7 4.0 9.3 12.6 14.0 11.4 7.4 3.0 3.1 2.8 4.1 10.0 14.1 15.9 12.8 7.5 3.0 3.0 3.0 4.1 9.7 13.3 15.3 12.1 7.6 3.0 3.0 2.7 3.9 9.3 12.7 14.6 11.4 7.2 2.9 3.0 2.4 4.1 9.8 12.5 16.0 10.4 8.2 3.0 3.1 2.4 4.0 9.0 11.6 13.1 10.6 7.5 3.0 3.1 2.3 4.0 9.2 13.4 16.5 11.5 6.8 3.0 3.2 2.4 4.1 9.4 14.4 17.1 12.6 6.4 3.1 3.2 2.6 3.9 8.7 12.8 15.7 11.2 6.4 3.0 3.0 2.8 3.9 8.9 12.6 14.9 11.3 6.8 2.9 3.0 2.9 4.0 9.1 13.1 15.5 11.5 6.8 3.0 3.1 2.9 Men, 16 years and over.............. 16 to 24 years........................ 16 to 19 years...................... 16 to 17 years................... 18 to 19 years................... 20 to 24 years...................... 25 years and over................... 25 to 54 years................... 55 years and over.............. 4.4 11.1 16.2 19.1 14.1 8.1 3.2 3.3 2.8 4.1 10.3 14.7 17.0 13.1 7.7 3.0 3.0 2.8 4.0 10.2 14.9 16.9 13.6 7.5 2.8 2.9 2.6 4.0 10.6 15.2 17.7 13.5 7.8 2.8 2.9 2.5 3.9 9.7 14.0 14.3 13.7 7.2 2.8 2.9 2.5 4.1 10.3 15.5 17.3 13.9 7.3 2.9 2.9 2.8 3.8 9.2 12.4 15.1 10.5 7.4 2.8 2.8 2.8 3.8 9.6 13.6 15.8 12.4 7.3 2.7 2.7 2.7 3.9 10.0 13.1 16.9 10.8 8.3 2.8 2.8 2.6 3.9 9.5 14.1 15.6 13.3 6.8 2.8 2.9 2.2 3.8 9.6 14.0 17.4 11.9 7.1 2.8 2.8 2.4 4.0 10.1 16.0 16.9 15.5 6.7 2.8 2.9 2.7 3.8 9.3 13.6 17.4 11.0 6.9 2.8 2.8 2.6 3.9 9.4 13.2 17.7 10.3 7.4 2.9 2.9 2.9 4.1 9.6 13.8 17.5 11.3 7.3 3.0 3.0 3.0 Women, 16 years and over.......... 16 to 24 years........................ 16 to 19 years...................... 16 to 17 years................... 18 to 19 years................... 20 to 24 years...................... 25 years and over................... 25 to 54 years................... 55 years and over.............. 4.6 9.8 12.9 15.1 11.5 7.8 3.6 3.8 2.6 4.3 9.5 13.2 15.5 11.6 7.2 3.3 3.4 2.8 4.2 9.8 13.0 16.1 10.8 7.9 3.1 3.3 2.6 4.1 8.9 12.2 15.1 10.5 7.0 3.2 3.2 2.9 4.2 8.9 11.1 13.7 8.9 7.6 3.2 3.3 3.1 4.1 9.6 12.6 14.3 11.6 7.8 3.0 3.0 3.3 4.3 10.2 14.4 15.4 13.7 7.7 3.2 3.3 2.7 4.0 8.9 11.6 13.3 10.4 7.2 3.0 3.2 2.0 4.3 9.5 11.8 15.0 9.9 8.2 3.3 3.5 2.3 4.1 8.5 8.9 10.4 7.8 8.2 3.2 3.4 2.4 4.3 8.9 12.8 15.5 11.0 6.5 3.3 3.5 2.3 4.3 8.6 12.6 17.3 9.4 6.2 3.5 3.6 2.6 4.0 8.0 11.9 13.9 11.5 5.7 3.2 3.2 3.1 3.9 8.4 12.0 12.2 12.3 6.2 3.0 3.0 2.9 4.0 8.6 12.4 13.4 11.7 6.3 3.1 3.1 2.8 54 Monthly Labor Review https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis January 2001 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 10. U n e m p lo y m e n t ra tes b y S ta te , s e a s o n a lly a d ju s te d Oct. State 1999 Mississippi........................................... Sept. OCt. 2000 2000p State Oct. Sept. Oct. 1999 2000 2000p 4.7 6.0 4.3 42 5.0 4.4 6.3 3.5 3.8 4.8 4.4 6.0 3.7 3.7 4.7 Missouri............................................... Montana.............................................. Nebraska............................................. Nevada................................................ New Hampshire.................................... 2.9 5.0 2.8 4.5 2.5 3.1 5.0 2.6 4.0 2.4 3.7 4.8 2.8 4.2 2.5 2.9 31 3.5 5.8 38 2.7 2.4 3.9 5.8 3.8 3.5 2.0 3.8 6.0 3.7 New Jersey.......................................... New York............................................ North Carolina..................................... North Dakota....................................... 4.5 5.6 5.1 3.2 3.2 3.8 5.5 4.6 3.6 2.5 3.8 5.5 4.4 3.7 2.4 3.8 53 4.8 4.3 3.0 3.8 4.4 4.6 4.4 2.3 3.6 3.9 4.7 3.9 2.4 Ohio................................................... Oklahoma........................................... Oregon................................................ Pennsylvania....................................... Rhode Island....................................... 4.2 3.2 5.4 4.3 4.0 4.2 3.0 5.1 4.0 3.8 4.0 3.0 5.4 4.2 3.3 2.3 3.0 4.3 4.8 3.9 2.3 3.4 3.8 5.0 3.5 2.5 3.5 3.9 5.3 3.4 South Carolina..................................... South Dakota....................................... Tennessee........................................... Texas.................................................. Utah................................................... 4.6 2.8 3.9 4.6 3.3 3.6 2.3 3.8 4.4 3.0 2.5 2.4 3.7 4.3 3.1 3.4 3.3 3.7 27 5.1 3.5 2.4 3.7 2.7 4.7 3.6 2.4 3.6 2.8 5.2 Vermont.............................................. Virginia................................................ Washington......................................... West Virginia....................................... Wisconsin............................................ Wyoming............................................ 2.9 2.8 4.5 6.5 2.9 4.7 2.8 2.4 4.7 5.3 3.6 4.4 2.7 2.4 4.7 5.5 3.0 3.8 p= preliminary 11. E m p lo y m e n t o f w o rk e rs o n n o n fa rm p ay ro lls b y S ta te , s e a s o n a lly a d ju s te d [In thousands] State Oct. Sept. O ct 1999 2000 2000p 2,738.3 384.1 894.1 1,001.4 606.6 2,773.2 393.6 887.4 1,040.9 613.3 2,769.1 392.0 886.6 1,043.9 611.7 North Carolina......................... North Dakota............................ 3,894.6 733.1 8,496.0 3,879.2 325.5 3,936.4 750.7 8,649.9 3,922.6 325.6 3,943.9 749.0 8,662.9 3,907.0 326.4 4,003.4 546.3 561.9 6,020.6 2,990.6 Ohio....................................... Oklahoma................................ Oregon.................................... Pennsylvania........................... Rhode Island............................ 5,566.6 1,470.1 1,583.0 5,583.0 467.7 5,591.0 1,492.1 1,593.0 5,602.9 473.1 5,599.2 1,495.4 1,593.5 5,605.7 472.3 1,494.6 1 354.4 1,835.4 1,912.4 595.2 1,498.1 1,359.5 1,838.7 1,913.8 596.3 South Carolina......................... 1,843.9 376.3 2,684.4 9,212.6 1,059.4 1,880.5 377.6 2,713.8 9,442.5 1,082.3 1,881.6 378.5 2,709.3 9,465.1 1,083.6 2 449.7 3 302.6 4 606.3 2 661.2 1,144.6 2,452.6 3,307.2 4,616.2 2,668.4 1,142.0 291.0 3,432.4 2,653.7 726.2 2,787.7 233.3 296.6 3,493.3 2,697.0 735.0 2,830.4 236.8 296.6 3,491.4 2,702.9 732.6 2,835.2 238.2 Oct. Sept. Oct. 1999 2000 2000p 1 935.7 278 7 2 188 0 1 149 1 14,083.9 1,950.0 281.7 2,274.3 1,172.0 14,490.0 1,946.9 283.2 2,279.3 1,175.3 14,529.5 2 156 4 1 674.7 415 3 618.1 6 965 4 2 216 0 1 697.4 422.4 622.1 7 227.1 2,219.4 1,698.4 423.7 623.8 7,233.8 3,932.8 537 1 547.9 5 972.9 2 982.1 4,018.5 550.5 564.0 6,010.0 3,001.2 1 466.9 1 333 2 1 804.2 1 904.8 590 2 2 401 2 3 255 6 4 570 8 2 623 9 1,160.3 State Missouri................................... Nebraska................................. Nevada................................... New Hampshire....................... New Mexico............................. Tennessee............................... Texas...................................... Utah....................................... Vermont.................................. Washington............................. West Virginia........................... Wisconsin................................ Wyoming................................ p= preliminary NOTE: Some data in this table may differ from data published elsewhere because of the continual updating of the data base. Monthly Labor Review January 2001 55 Current Labor Statistics: Labor Force Data 12. Employment of workers on nonfarm payrolls by industry, monthly data seasonally adjusted [In thousands] In d u s try Annua a v e ra g e 1999 1998 1999 Nov. TOTAL......................... 125,865 128,786 129,788 PRIVATESECTOR............. 106,042 108,616 109,517 GOODS-PRODUCING............. 25,414 25,482 25,527 Mining ...................... 590 535 527 Metal mining....................... 49 45 45 Oil and gas extraction........... 339 293 288 Nonmetallic minerals, except fuels...................... 110 112 112 Construction....................... 6,020 6,404 6,516 General building contractors... 1,377 1,450 1,470 Heavy construction, except building........................... 840 869 876 Special trades contractors...... 3,804 4,084 4,170 Manufacturing..................... 18,805 18,543 18,484 Production workers.......... 12,952 12,739 12,702 Durable goods.................... 11,205 11,103 11,085 Production workers.......... 7,666 7,590 7,579 Lumber and wood products.... 814 828 831 Furniture and fixtures.......... 533 548 553 Stone, clay, and glass products........................ 562 563 564 Primary metal Industries...... 715 700 698 Fabricated metal products.... 1,509 1,517 1,520 Industrial machinery and equipment...................... 2,206 2,141 2,131 Computer and office equipment.................... 382 370 370 Electronic and other electrical equipment...................... 1,707 1,670 1,670 Electronic components and accessories................... 660 636 638 Transportation equipment..... 1,893 1,884 1,870 Motor vehicles and equipment...................... 995 1,019 1,022 Aircraft and parts............... 525 495 473 Instruments and related products........................ 873 856 850 Miscellaneous manufacturing industries........................ 395 395 398 Nondurable goods.............. 7,600 7,440 7,399 Production workers.......... 5,287 5,149 5,123 Food and kindred products.... 1,683 1,677 1,675 Tobacco products............... 41 39 38 Textile mill products............. 598 560 552 Apparel and other textile products......................... 766 692 672 Paper and allied products...... 677 668 665 Printing and publishing......... 1,565 1,553 1,549 Chemicals and allied products. 1,043 1,034 1,031 Petroleumand coal products... 139 134 132 Rubber and miscellaneous plastics products............... 1,005 1,006 1,009 Leather and leather products... 84 78 76 SERVICE-PRODUCING............ 100,451 103,304 104,261 Transportation and public utilities............................ 6,611 6,826 6,898 Transportation..................... 4,273 4,409 4,453 Railroad transportation......... 231 230 226 Local and interurban passenger transit............... 469 485 490 Trucking and warehousing.... 1,744 1,805 1,823 Water transportation............ 181 187 190 Transportation by air............ 1,227 1,181 1,246 Pipelines, except natural gas... 14 13 13 Transportation services....... 454 463 465 Communications and public utilities............................. 2,338 2,416 2,445 Communications................. 1,477 1,552 1,581 Electric, gas, and sanitary services......................... 861 865 864 Wholesale trade.................... 6,800 6,924 6,989 Retail trade.......................... 22,295 22,788 22,893 Building materials and garden supplies........................... 948 989 1,008 General merchandise stores... 2,730 2,771 2,752 Department stores............... 2,415 2,431 2,406 See footnotes at end of table. 56 Monthly Labor Review https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 2000 Dec. Jan. Feb. M a r. A p r. M ay June J u ly Aug. S e p t. O c t .p Novp 130,038 130,387 130,482 131,009 131,419 131,590 131,647 131,607 131,528 131,723 131,800 131,894 109,730 110,036 110,088 110,462 110,752 110,578 110,845 111,001 111,018 111,232 111,306 111,454 25,561 25,677 25,624 25,738 25,725 25,684 25,700 25,756 25,644 25,639 25,660 25,656 530 530 533 536 539 539 539 538 537 539 541 542 45 45 45 45 45 44 44 43 44 44 44 43 291 293 296 300 303 305 306 306 304 307 309 311 111 6,552 1,474 111 6,652 1,498 111 6,618 1,491 111 6,726 1,508 111 6,694 1,497 110 6,666 1,497 110 6,668 1,498 110 6,670 1,498 109 6,675 1,505 108 6,720 1,510 109 6,742 1,516 109 6,736 1,519 882 4,196 18,479 12,701 11,087 7,579 831 552 892 4,262 18,495 12,713 11,099 7,592 830 553 885 4,242 18,473 12,697 11,088 7,592 832 553 905 4,313 18,476 12,683 11,094 7,580 830 555 899 4,298 18,492 12,689 11,104 7,584 830 557 888 4,281 18,479 12,682 11,106 7,584 828 558 877 4,293 18,493 12,683 11,120 7,593 827 558 881 4,291 18,548 12,741 11,161 7,629 825 564 882 4,288 18,432 12,630 11,087 7,567 818 555 885 4,325 18,380 12,585 11,052 7,541 816 556 891 4,335 18,377 12,582 11,053 7,540 812 554 884 4,333 18,378 12,578 11,068 7,552 809 553 565 698 1,521 568 699 1,523 567 699 1,525 568 701 1,528 567 699 1,534 566 699 1,535 568 699 1,540 571 698 1,539 566 695 1,539 565 691 1,534 565 692 1,533 563 692 1,536 2,132 2,130 2,131 2,124 2,126 2,125 2,130 2,137 2,133 2,121 2,123 2,129 370 369 368 366 364 360 360 361 363 361 360 362 1,673 1,679 1,684 1,682 1,691 1,693 1,697 1,719 1,718 1,714 1,719 1,724 640 1,867 642 1,871 645 1,855 646 1,865 651 1,859 654 1,863 661 1,864 670 1,863 675 1,818 681 1,813 686 1,813 694 1,817 1,023 470 1,027 469 1,029 453 1,028 467 1,026 461 1,026 463 1,030 460 1,029 460 993 456 993 457 991 456 990 455 849 847 844 844 844 845 844 849 849 847 847 851 399 7,392 5,122 1,674 38 549 399 7,396 5,121 1,681 38 548 398 7,385 5,105 1,672 37 549 397 7,382 5,103 1,671 35 549 397 7,388 5,105 1,678 37 548 394 7,373 5,098 1,675 37 545 393 7,373 5,090 1,679 37 542 396 7,387 5,112 1,680 37 544 396 7,345 5,063 1,670 34 542 395 7,328 5,044 1,661 37 539 395 7,324 5,042 1,671 36 536 394 7,310 5,026 1,672 37 530 669 665 1,548 1,030 132 666 664 1,549 1,031 132 665 663 1,550 1,031 132 665 662 1,551 1,031 132 665 662 1,554 1,030 132 660 661 1,552 1,028 132 652 663 1,558 1,028 132 656 662 1,561 1,026 131 644 660 1,560 1,024 132 639 660 1,560 1,024 132 633 660 1,559 1,023 131 630 658 1,559 1,024 130 1,011 1,011 1,010 1,010 1,007 1,008 1,008 1,014 1,005 1,002 1,002 998 76 76 76 76 75 75 74 76 74 74 75 72 104,477 104,710 104,858 105,271 105,694 105,906 105,947 105,851 105,884 106,084 106,140 106,238 6,911 4,459 226 6,925 4,470 225 6,937 4,479 225 6,953 4,492 222 6,970 4,509 221 6,962 4,501 219 6,985 4,510 217 7,010 4,536 219 6,941 4,549 221 7,037 4,549 219 7,046 4,550 220 7,062 4,561 218 491 1,818 192 1,253 13 466 493 1,827 192 1,256 13 464 494 1,828 196 1,259 12 465 494 1,833 197 1,268 12 466 498 1,839 200 1,270 12 469 498 1,834 200 1,269 12 469 493 1,834 202 1,279 12 473 502 1,846 199 1,282 13 475 503 1,845 204 1,288 12 476 500 1,845 206 1,291 12 476 499 1,843 206 1,295 12 475 500 1,842 206 1,305 12 478 2,452 1,588 2,455 1,591 2,458 1,598 2,461 1,602 2,461 1,604 2,461 1,606 2,475 1,619 2,474 1,618 2,392 1,537 2,488 1,632 2,496 1,640 2,501 1,646 864 7,002 22,936 864 7,005 22,973 860 7,011 22,987 859 7,017 23,027 857 7,055 23,197 855 7,048 23,064 856 7,049 23,122 856 7,050 23,196 855 7,062 23,191 856 7,070 23,179 856 7,088 23,190 855 7,102 23,236 1,012 2,766 2,416 1,016 2,765 2,419 1,020 2,762 2,417 1,034 2,756 2,409 1,032 2,791 2,443 1,025 2,744 2,388 1,018 2,741 2,386 1,018 2,727 2,373 1,021 2,740 2,393 1,019 2,739 2,389 1,021 2,738 2,389 1,019 2,776 2,427 January 2001 12. Continued—Employment of workers on nonfarm payrolls by industry, monthly data seasonally adjusted [In thousands]_________________________________________________________________________________________ A n n u a l a v e ra g e 2000 1999 In d u s try 1998 1999 Nov. Dec. Jan. Feb. M a r. A p r. M ay. June J u ly Aug. S e p t. O c t.p N o v .p 3,484 3,495 3,498 3,501 3,501 3,503 3,502 3,522 3,516 3,515 3,519 3,522 3,522 3,521 3,517 2,332 1,047 1,141 2,369 1,079 1,174 2,380 1,092 1,190 2,386 1,094 1,182 2,399 1,097 1,176 2,394 1,100 1,184 2,407 1,105 1,188 2,410 1,106 1,195 2,408 1,107 1,195 2,412 1,110 1,197 2,411 1,111 1,206 2,418 1,115 1,202 2,424 1,118 1,209 2,430 1,120 1,205 2,433 1,122 1,209 1,025 7,768 1,082 7,940 1,091 7,966 1,098 7,986 1,099 7,998 1,102 7,992 1,111 8,000 1,113 8,097 1,113 8,028 1,118 8,071 1,119 8,132 1,121 8,099 1,122 8,076 1,128 8,068 1,132 8,085 2,868 2,969 3,008 3,005 3,019 3,021 3,029 3,037 3,035 3,050 3,064 3,068 3,068 3,079 3,065 7,389 3,588 2,046 1,472 256 658 7,569 3,691 2,061 1,476 252 710 7,604 3,707 2,061 1,473 250 704 7,613 3,710 2,059 1,471 248 704 7,612 3,709 2,058 1,470 247 699 7,624 3,717 2,057 1,469 245 699 7,621 3,713 2,054 1,466 243 692 7,610 3,709 2,052 1,464 243 686 7,600 3,703 2,044 1,456 243 684 7,588 3,705 2,042 1,454 242 682 7,586 3,708 2,036 1,449 240 683 7,608 3,717 2,037 1,450 240 683 7,622 3,729 2,038 1,450 239 687 7,637 3,733 2,034 1,446 238 689 7,648 3,741 2,035 1,447 238 690 647 688 709 713 716 723 728 732 736 741 748 753 759 766 767 238 2,335 1,591 231 2,371 1,611 233 2,375 1,608 234 2,378 1,610 236 2,372 1,606 238 2,373 1,606 239 2,373 1,605 239 2,365 1,597 239 2,361 1,594 240 2,359 1,593 241 2,354 1,585 244 2,358 1,587 245 2,353 1,582 248 2,354 1,581 249 2,358 1,586 744 761 1,507 1,465 S e r v ic e s 1......................................... 37,533 39,027 Agricultural services.............. 708 766 Hotels and other lodging places 1,789 1,848 1,201 1,233 Personal services................. 8,618 9,267 Business services................. Services to buildings............ 950 985 3,601 Personnel supply services..... 3,278 Help supply services.......... 2,956 3,228 Computer and data processing services........... 1,615 1,831 Auto repair services and parking...................... 1,184 1,145 377 Miscellaneous repair services... 376 610 576 Motion pictures.................... Amusement and recreation 1,594 1,660 Health services.................... 9,853 9,989 Offices and clinics of medical doctors............................ 1,806 1,877 Nursing and personal care 1,772 facilities........................... 1,785 3,982 Hospitals........................... 3,930 Home health care services.... 666 636 971 997 Legal services..................... 2,276 Educational services............. 2,178 Social services.................... 2,646 2,800 621 695 744 Residential care.................. 775 Museums and botanical and 94 zoological gardens............. 98 2,372 2,425 Membership organizations...... Engineering and management 3,254 3,139 Engineering and architectural 908 953 Management and public relations......................... 1,000 1,036 19,823 20,170 2,686 2,669 Federal, except Postal 1,819 1,796 Service.......................... 4,612 4,695 State................................. 1,922 1,968 Other State government....... 2,727 2,690 Local................................. 12,525 12,806 Education......................... 7,085 7,272 5,534 Other local government........ 5,440 1 Includes other industries not shown separately. 767 1,522 39,606 782 1,868 1,252 9,502 998 3,734 3,343 768 1,525 39,707 782 1,868 1,257 9,538 997 3,748 3,358 766 1,531 39,844 806 1,866 1,263 9,571 997 3,753 3,361 767 1,534 39,914 796 1,868 1,265 9,615 1,000 3,773 3,382 768 1,535 40,090 812 1,885 1,265 9,681 1,004 3,817 3,418 768 1,536 40,195 801 1,902 1,272 9,735 1,001 3,885 3,485 767 1,536 40,220 790 1,904 1,262 9,715 996 3,855 3,440 766 1,524 40,401 788 1,922 1,271 9,773 997 3,873 3,444 769 1,524 40,403 794 1,925 1,273 9,768 1,002 3,851 3,433 771 1,533 40,572 799 1,921 1,285 9,800 1,000 3,865 3,436 771 1,540 40,685 801 1,923 1,285 9,853 1,001 3,891 3,463 773 1,546 40,685 807 1,923 1,284 9,821 1,000 3,852 3,424 772 1,549 40,750 810 1,932 1,285 9,823 1,006 3,843 3,414 1,880 1,888 1,896 1,906 1,915 1,927 1,929 1,933 1,950 1,951 1,955 1,967 1,978 1,191 379 625 1,192 382 624 1,194 382 626 1,195 384 623 1,192 384 630 1,195 383 634 1,192 383 632 1,191 384 635 1,194 384 634 1,198 384 636 1,200 385 631 1,206 385 630 1,206 386 6,630 1,701 10,041 1,703 10,053 1,721 10,066 1,723 10,078 1,729 10,091 1,752 10,093 1,755 10,104 1,789 10,116 1,795 10,143 1,808 10,161 1,785 10,178 1,786 10,192 1,771 10,209 1,898 1,903 1,910 1,914 1,920 1,925 1,928 1,928 1,930 1,935 1,945 1,950 1,951 1,785 3,992 637 1,005 2,305 2,868 721 795 1,787 3,997 637 1,007 2,309 2,884 729 800 1,788 4,001 638 1,008 2,308 2,905 737 803 1,790 4,002 639 1,007 2,309 2,912 740 807 1,791 4,004 639 1,007 2,329 2,929 749 810 1,789 3,999 641 1,004 2,329 2,940 753 812 1,788 4,005 641 1,006 2,356 2,946 758 816 1,786 4,008 642 1,009 2,374 2,945 760 820 1,787 4,018 645 1,012 2,374 2,919 768 826 1,793 4,021 646 1,014 2,395 2,955 774 827 1,791 4,029 645 1,014 2,388 3,001 779 833 1,793 4,032 645 1,016 2,362 3,021 786 838 1,794 4,047 643 1,014 2,380 3,035 790 838 99 2,434 99 2,438 100 2,439 100 2,439 101 2,440 102 2,439 101 2,438 103 2,441 103 2,429 103 2,433 103 2,445 103 2,446 104 2,450 3,310 3,327 3,344 3,354 3,369 3,368 3,390 3,415 3,411 3,435 3,449 3,459 3,471 969 974 982 984 985 987 995 1,005 1,007 1,010 1,012 1,014 1,016 1,058 20,271 2,646 1,068 20,308 2,646 1,074 20,351 2,663 1,077 20,394 2,700 1,085 20,547 2,816 1,088 20,667 2,885 1,096 21,012 3,238 1,110 20,802 3,092 1,107 20,606 2,819 1,118 20,510 2,657 1,123 20,491 2,627 1,130 20,494 2,625 1,137 20,440 2,612 1,780 4,723 1,980 2,743 12,902 7,323 5,579 1,780 4,727 1,983 2,744 12,935 7,343 5,592 1,797 4,725 1,981 2,744 12,963 7,356 5,607 1,835 4,728 1,981 2,747 12,966 7,355 5,611 1,951 4,733 1,982 2,751 12,998 7,373 5,625 2,022 4,744 1,990 2,754 13,038 7,408 5,630 2,374 4,737 1,983 2,754 13,037 7,395 5,642 2,230 4,716 1,967 2,749 12,994 7,361 5,633 1,954 4,774 1,994 2,750 13,043 7,394 5,649 1,790 4,765 2,002 2,763 13,088 7,411 5,677 1,764 4,776 2,009 2,767 13,088 7,396 5,692 1,762 4,772 2,004 2,768 13,097 7,403 5,694 1,758 4,765 1,995 2,770 13,063 7,387 5,676 Food stores......................... Automotive dealers and service stations.................. New and used car dealers..... Apparel and accessory stores... Furniture and home furnishings stores.............................. Eating and drinking places...... Miscellaneous retail establishments.................. F in a n c e , in s u ra n c e , a n d real e s ta te ..................................... Finance.............................. Depository institutions.......... Commercial banks............. Savings institutions............ Nondepository institutions..... Security and commodity brokers........................... Holding and other investment offices............................ Insurance............................ Insurance carriers............... Insurance agents, brokers, and service...................... Real estate.......................... p= preliminary. Note: See "Notes on the data" for a description of the most recent benchmark revision. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Monthly Labor Review January 2001 57 Current Labor Statistics: 13. Labor Force Data A v e r a g e w e e k ly hours o f p ro d u c tio n o r n o n su p e rv iso ry w o rk e rs o n p riv a te n o n fa rm p ayro lls, b y industry, m o n th ly d a t a s e a s o n a lly a d ju s te d Annual average 1999 2000 Industry 1998 1999 Nov. Dec. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. O ct.p Nov.p P R IV A T E S E C T O R ........................................... 3 4 .6 3 4 .5 3 4 .5 3 4 .5 3 4 .5 3 4 .6 3 4 .5 3 4 .6 3 4 .4 3 4 .5 3 4 .4 3 4 .3 3 4 .4 3 4 .4 3 4 .3 G O O D S - P R O D U C I N G ........................................... 4 1 .0 4 1 .0 4 1 .3 4 1 .0 41.1 4 1 .3 4 1 .2 4 1 .5 4 0 .9 4 0 .9 4 1.1 4 0 .8 4 0 .7 4 0 .9 4 0 .5 M I N I N G ........................................................................ 4 3 .9 4 3 .8 4 4 .2 4 4 .3 4 4 .7 4 4 .7 4 4 .7 4 5 .3 4 4 .1 4 4 .7 4 5 .3 4 4 .6 4 5 .2 4 5 .6 4 4 .8 M A N U F A C T U R I N G .............................................. 4 1 .7 4 1 .7 4 1 .7 4 1 .7 4 1 .7 4 1 .8 4 1 .7 4 2 .2 4 1 .4 4 1 .6 4 1 .7 4 1 .4 4 1 .3 4 1 .4 4 1 .1 Overtime hours............................... 4 .6 4 .6 4 .7 4 .7 4 .6 4 .7 4 .6 4 .9 4 .5 4 .6 4 .6 4 .5 4 .4 4 .5 4 .3 D u r a b le g o o d s ..................................................... 4 2 .3 4 2 .2 4 2 .2 4 2 .2 4 2 .3 4 2 .3 4 2 .3 4 2 .8 4 2 .0 4 2 .2 4 2 .4 4 1 .9 4 1 .8 4 1 .9 4 1 .6 Overtime hours.............................. Lumber and wood products.............. Furniture and fixtures....................... Stone, clay, and glass products......... Primary metal industries.................... Blast furnaces and basic steel products...................................... Fabricated metal products................ Industrial machinery and equipment.... Electronic and other electrical equipment.................................... Transportation equipment................. Motor vehicles and equipment......... Instruments and related products...... Miscellaneous manufacturing............ N o n d u r a b l e g o o d s ........................................... Overtime hours.............................. Food and kindred products............... Textile mill products......................... Apparel and other textile products..... Paper and allied products................. Printing and publishing...................... Chemicals and allied products........... Rubber and miscellaneous plastics products............................ Leather and leather products............. S E R V I C E - P R O D U C IN G ........................................ 4 .8 4 .8 4 .8 4 .8 4 .8 4 .9 4 .8 5.1 4 .7 4 .8 4 .7 4 .6 4 .5 4 .6 4 .4 4 1 .1 4 1 .2 4 1.1 4 1 .0 41.1 4 1 .0 4 0 .9 4 1 .2 4 0 .7 4 0 .8 4 1 .1 4 0 .4 4 0 .5 4 0 .7 4 0 .6 4 0 .5 4 0 .3 3 9 .9 4 0 .2 4 0 .2 4 0 .3 4 0 .2 4 0 .6 4 0 .3 3 9 .9 3 9 .7 3 9 .4 3 9 .4 3 9 .6 3 9 .6 4 3 .5 4 3 .5 4 3 .8 4 3 .5 4 3 .6 4 3 .5 4 3 .4 4 3 .6 4 3 .0 4 2 .9 4 3 .7 4 3 .2 4 3 .1 4 3 .2 4 2 .5 4 4 .2 4 4 .2 4 4 .3 4 4 .4 4 4 .5 4 4 .5 4 4 .4 4 4 .9 4 3 .8 4 3 .9 4 4 .3 4 3 .7 4 3 .7 4 3 .7 4 3 .5 4 4 .6 4 4 .8 4 5 .3 4 5 .4 4 5 .3 4 5 .4 4 5 .2 4 5 .0 4 4 .7 4 5 .0 4 5 .2 4 4 .4 4 4 .5 4 4 .2 4 3 .4 4 2 .3 4 2 .2 4 2.1 4 2.1 4 2 .4 4 2 .4 4 2 .5 4 3 .0 4 2 .3 4 2 .4 4 2 .6 4 2 .1 4 2 .0 4 2 .1 4 1 .7 4 2 .8 4 2 .2 4 2 .2 4 2 .2 4 2 .3 4 2 .3 4 2 .3 4 2 .9 4 2 .2 4 2 .5 4 2 .6 4 2 .2 4 2 .1 4 2 .1 4 1 .7 4 1 .4 4 1 .4 4 1 .4 4 1 .5 4 1 .6 4 1 .6 4 1 .8 4 2 .2 4 1 .3 4 1 .4 4 1 .9 4 1 .0 4 1 .2 4 1 .1 4 0 .9 4 3 .4 4 3 .8 4 3 .6 4 3 .4 4 3 .8 4 4 .0 4 3 .7 4 4 .3 4 3 .2 4 4 .0 4 3 .9 4 3 .4 4 2 .9 4 3 .1 4 3 .0 4 3 .5 4 5 .0 4 4 .7 4 4 .5 4 5 .0 4 5 .0 4 4 .6 4 5 .5 4 4 .2 4 5 .3 4 4 .5 4 4 .5 4 3 .6 4 4 .0 4 3 .4 4 1 .3 4 1 .5 4 1 .5 4 1 .5 4 1 .3 4 1 .2 4 1 .2 4 1 .6 4 1 .2 4 1 .3 4 1 .6 4 1.1 4 1.1 4 1 .2 4 0 .9 3 9 .9 3 9 .8 3 9 .7 3 9 .7 3 9 .5 3 9 .5 3 9 .4 3 9 .8 3 9 .3 3 9 .4 3 9 .7 3 9 .4 3 9 .3 3 9 .3 3 9 .0 4 0 .9 4 0 .9 4 1 .0 4 0 .9 4 0 .9 4 1 .0 4 0 .9 4 1 .3 4 0 .6 4 0 .7 4 0 .7 4 0 .6 4 0 .6 4 0 .6 4 0 .4 4 .3 4 .4 4 .5 4 .5 4 .4 4 .5 4 .3 4 .6 4 .3 4 .3 4 .3 4 .2 4 .3 4 .3 4.1 4 1 .7 4 1 .8 4 1 .8 4 1 .7 4 1 .6 4 1 .6 4 1 .6 4 1 .9 4 1 .2 4 1 .5 4 1 .2 4 1 .5 4 1 .4 4 1 .4 4 1 .1 4 1 .0 4 0 .9 4 1 .3 4 1 .2 4 1.1 4 1 .7 4 1 .6 4 1 .9 4 1 .1 4 1.1 4 1 .2 4 0 .7 4 1 .0 4 0 .9 4 0 .6 3 7 .3 3 7 .5 3 7 .4 3 7 .5 3 7 .6 3 7 .7 3 7 .8 3 8 .0 37.1 3 7 .0 3 7 .3 3 6 .9 3 6 .8 3 6 .8 3 6 .6 4 3 .4 4 3 .5 4 3 .4 4 3 .3 4 3 .3 4 3 .5 4 3 .2 4 3 .6 4 2 .8 4 2 .8 4 2 .4 4 2 .4 4 2 .7 4 2 .5 4 2 .5 3 8 .3 3 8 .2 3 8 .3 3 8 .3 3 8 .3 3 8 .3 3 8 .2 3 8 .5 3 8 .0 3 8 .2 3 8.1 3 7 .9 38.1 3 8.1 3 7 .9 4 3 .2 4 3 .0 4 3 .0 4 3 .0 4 2 .9 4 2 .7 4 2 .6 4 2 .9 4 2 .7 4 2 .9 4 3 .4 4 3 .0 4 2 .9 4 3 .0 4 2 .6 4 0 .9 4 1 .7 4 1 .7 4 1 .5 4 1 .5 4 1 .6 4 1 .6 4 1 .5 42.1 4 1 .3 4 1 .4 4 1 .4 4 1 .2 4 1.1 4 1 .1 3 7 .6 3 7 .8 3 7 .7 3 7 .4 3 7 .8 3 8.1 3 8 .0 3 8 .9 3 8 .2 3 7 .8 3 7.1 3 7.1 3 7 .4 3 7 .4 3 8 .7 3 2 .9 3 2 .8 3 2 .8 3 2 .9 3 2 .9 3 2 .8 3 2 .8 3 2 .8 3 2 .7 3 2 .9 3 2 .7 3 2 .7 3 2 .8 3 2 .8 3 2 .8 3 9 .5 3 8 .7 3 8 .3 3 8 .4 3 8 .4 3 8 .3 3 8 .3 3 8 .7 3 8 .4 3 8 .4 3 8 .8 3 8 .2 3 8 .5 3 8 .6 3 8 .5 T R A N S P O R T A T IO N A N D P U B L IC U T IL IT IE S .......................................... W H O L E S A L E T R A D E ......................................... 3 8 .3 3 8 .3 3 8 .4 3 8 .5 3 8 .6 3 8 .5 3 8 .6 3 8 .6 3 8 .6 3 8 .6 3 8 .5 3 8 .3 3 8 .6 3 8 .5 3 8 .5 R E T A IL T R A D E ...................................................... 2 9 .0 2 9 .0 2 9 .0 2 9 .1 2 9 .1 2 9.1 2 9 .0 2 8 .8 2 8 .8 2 9 .0 2 8 .8 2 8 .8 2 8 .8 2 8 .9 2 8 .9 p= preliminary. NOTE: See "Notes on the data" for a description of the most recent benchmark revision. 58 Monthly Labor Review https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis January 2001 14. A v e r a g e h o u rly e a rn in g s o f p ro d u c tio n o r n o n su p e rv iso ry w o rk e rs o n p riv a te n o n fa rm p ayro lls, b y industry, s e a s o n a lly a d ju s te d ______________________ Annual average 2000 1999 Industry 1998 P R IV A T E S E C T O R (in c u r r e n t d o lla r s ).. G o o d s - p r o d u c i n g ........................................... 1999 Nov. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. O ct.p Nov.p $ 12.78 $ 13.24 $13.41 $13.44 $13.49 $13.54 $13.58 $13.64 $13.66 $13.70 $13.75 $13.80 $13.83 $13.88 $13.94 14.34 14.84 15.03 15.05 15.13 15.69 14.58 9.08 14.62 13.36 7.75 7.86 15.45 15.46 15.57 15.67 17.23 17.90 14.39 13.64 17.05 17.93 14.43 13.69 17.09 17.96 14.43 13.73 17.10 18.00 14.56 13.82 17.14 18.21 14.64 13.91 13.01 13.05 13.11 13.15 13.19 13.23 13.28 13.33 13.36 13.41 16.00 14.89 9.32 14.87 13.66 16.04 14.98 9.35 14.95 13.69 16.12 15.03 9.39 14.98 13.74 16.22 15.02 9.39 15.01 13.79 16.28 15.16 9.43 15.05 13.82 16.17 15.22 9.45 15.03 13.89 16.26 15.24 9.49 15.12 13.87 16.30 15.32 9.54 15.19 13.97 16.38 15.34 9.56 15.17 14.00 16.41 15.41 9.59 15.24 14.07 7.88 7.87 7.83 7.87 7.87 7.85 7.86 7.90 7.87 7.89 7.91 7.87 12.73 15.31 14.07 8.74 14.07 12.84 15.40 15.92 14.90 9.26 14.86 13.61 7.87 12.27 Transportation and public utilities..... Wholesale trade.............................. 15.34 17.24 17.77 14.36 13.60 12.97 12.93 15.94 14.83 9.25 14.78 13.57 S e r v i c e - p r o d u c i n g .......................................... 15.29 17.25 17.75 14.27 13.53 15.84 14.76 9.21 14.76 13.53 17.00 17.37 14.07 13.33 15.30 17.26 17.78 14.28 13.49 12.89 17.09 17.18 13.91 13.18 15.25 17.27 17.67 14.23 13.47 17.09 17.50 14.15 13.41 16.91 16.61 13.49 12.79 15.20 17.14 17.60 14.21 13.45 17.04 17.44 14.10 13.36 Construction................................... Manufacturing................................ Excluding overtime....................... Finance, insurance, and real estate.... Services......................................... Dec. P R IV A T E S E C T O R (in c o n s t a n t (1 9 8 2 ) d o l l a r s ) .................................................................... p= preliminary. NOTE: See "Notes on the data" for a description of the most recent benchmark revision. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Monthly Labor Review January 2001 59 Current Labor Statistics: 15. Labor Force Data A v e r a g e h o u rly e a rn in g s o f p ro d u c tio n o r n o n su p e rv iso ry w o rk e rs o n p riv a te n o n fa rm p ayro lls, b y industry Annual average 1999 2000 Industry P R IV A T E S E C T O R ............................................. 1998 1999 $12.78 $13.24 Nov. Dec. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. M I N I N G ...................................................................... 16.91 17.09 17.01 17.19 17.30 17.20 16.61 17.18 17.42 17.47 17.39 17.42 17.54 17.66 M A N U F A C T U R I N G ............................................. 13.49 13.91 14.08 14.20 14.19 14.19 14.22 14.28 13 98 11.10 10.90 13.59 15.48 14 40 11.47 11.23 13.87 15.83 14 58 11.60 11.36 14.04 16.12 14 73 11.64 11.47 13.97 16.17 14 72 11.67 11.47 13.94 16.20 14 73 11.63 11.51 13.96 16.28 14 76 11.62 11.59 14.03 16.34 14 82 11.73 11.64 14.23 16.51 18.42 13.07 18.81 13.48 19.11 13.59 19.09 13.72 19.16 13.71 19.32 13.67 19.49 13.69 14.47 15.02 15.22 15.36 15.39 15.40 13.10 17.51 17.84 13.81 10.88 13.46 18.04 18.41 14.17 11.30 13.61 18.39 18.80 14.34 11.41 13.73 18.72 19.22 14.41 11.54 13.77 18.57 18.99 14.38 11.52 12.76 11.80 18.56 10.39 8.52 15.50 13.16 12.09 19.07 10.71 8.86 15.94 13.31 12.19 18.02 10.80 8.98 16.08 13.39 12.28 18.03 10.84 9.04 16.12 13.46 17.09 20.91 13.84 17.38 21.39 14.02 17.64 21.76 11.89 9.35 12.36 9.77 Blast furnaces and basic steel products..................................... Fabricated metal products............... Industrial machinery and equipment... Electronic and other electrical equipment................................... Transportation equipment................ Motor vehicles and equipment........ Instruments and related products..... N o n d u r a b l e g o o d s .......................................... Food and kindred products.............. Textile mill products........................ Apparel and other textile products.... Paper and allied products................ Chemicals and allied products.......... Petroleum and coal products............ Rubber and miscellaneous plastics products........................... Leather and leather products............ June July Aug. Sept. O ct.p Nov.p $13.43 $13.46 $13.58 $13.58 $13.59 $13.69 $13.64 $13.62 $13.68 $13.67 $13.88 $13.95 $13.96 C O N S T R U C T I O N ................................................. Furniture and fixtures....................... Stone, clay, and glass products........ May 17.09 17.13 16.94 17.05 17.04 17.07 17.71 17.74 17.95 18.04 18.16 18.21 18.17 14.27 14.34 14.37 14.37 14.50 14.53 14.63 14 80 11.74 11.69 14.28 16.40 14 90 11.82 11.73 14.36 16.52 14 86 11.87 11.80 14.42 16.68 14 93 11.83 11.82 14.41 16.57 16 07 11.88 11.88 14.53 16.65 16 11 11.92 11.91 14.57 16.56 16 22 11.90 11.88 14.50 16.65 19.72 13.75 19.46 13.75 19.62 13.82 19.78 13.82 19.56 13.90 19.58 14.02 19.28 14.04 19.26 14.08 15.43 15.42 15.45 15.51 15.61 15.66 15.84 15.80 15.98 13.72 18.58 19.03 14.41 11.53 13.70 18.70 19.17 14.40 11.55 13.70 18.82 19.36 14.40 11.58 13.65 18.79 19.35 14.44 11.59 13.72 19.01 19.62 14.49 11.60 13.79 18.66 19.07 14.65 11.65 13.81 19.02 19.58 14.65 11.60 13.84 19.30 19.87 14.80 11.70 13.87 19.52 20.19 14.84 11.77 13.93 19.79 20.52 14.90 11.81 13.37 12.23 17.21 10.84 9.03 16.02 13.36 12.23 17.48 10.85 9.03 15.99 13.37 12.27 19.10 10.86 9.05 16.00 13.45 12.36 19.71 10.94 9.05 16.15 13.43 12.36 20.40 10.91 9.05 16.12 13.48 12.39 20.87 10.91 9.07 16.18 13.61 12.46 21.08 10.97 9.06 16.29 13.52 12.40 20.95 10.97 9.09 16.18 13.63 12.50 18.51 11.05 9.16 16.31 13.63 12.46 17.90 11.02 9.15 16.35 13.72 12.61 18.54 11.04 9.18 16.36 14.12 17.67 21.76 14.10 17.70 21.62 14.13 17.67 22.03 14.18 17.63 22.24 14.20 17.77 21.77 14.15 17.80 21.34 14.15 17.91 21.19 14.29 18.17 21.24 14.29 17.94 21.01 14.48 18.07 21.14 14.48 18.05 21.09 14.53 18.10 21.28 12.46 9.93 12.57 10.01 12.61 10.08 12.57 9.96 12.58 10.01 12.67 10.13 12.65 10.05 12.72 10.08 12.84 10.08 12.81 10.15 12.87 10.25 12.90 10.19 12.98 10.07 17.28 17.29 17.19 T R A N S P O R T A T IO N A N D P U B L IC U T I L I T I E S ......................................... 15.31 15.69 15 90 15 96 15.98 16 05 16 02 16 15 16 13 16 17 16 19 16 22 16 31 16 38 16 42 W H O L E S A L E T R A D E ....................................... 14.07 14.58 17.76 14.85 14.99 14.91 14.83 15.14 14.99 15.04 15.25 15.17 15.32 15.43 15.41 R E T A IL T R A D E .................................................... 8 74 9.08 9.22 9.26 9.33 9.35 9.37 9.42 9.39 9.38 9.38 9.40 9.57 9.58 9.59 A N D R E A L E S T A T E ....................................... 14.07 14.62 14.74 14.76 14.99 14.93 14.97 15.12 15.02 14.93 15.01 14.99 15.12 15.23 15.22 S E R V IC E S ............................................................... 12.84 13.36 13.57 13.65 13.78 13.77 13.77 13.83 13.76 13.68 13.74 13.70 13.96 14.07 14.12 F IN A N C E , IN S U R A N C E , p= preliminary. NOTE: See "Notes on the data" for a description of the most recent benchmark revision. 60 Monthly Labor Review https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis January 2001 16. A verage w eekly earnings of production or nonsupervisory workers on private nonfarm payrolls, by industry 1998 1999 2000 1999 Annual average Nov. Dec. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. Oct.p Nov.p P R IV A T E S E C T O R Current dollars........................ $442.19 $456.78 $463.34 $465.72 $467.15 $464.44 $464.78 $473.67 $467.85 $471.25 $477.43 $474.35 $478.86 $484.07 $478.83 462.65 463.68 465.41 468.48 468.51 471.94 469.90 472.65 473.00 473.34 475.75 477.47 478.14 Seasonally adjusted............. Constant (1982) dollars.......... 268.32 271.25 271.91 273.31 273.35 270.34 268.19 273.17 269.50 269.90 273.13 271.52 272.23 274.88 271.45 M IN IN G ..................................................... 742.35 748.54 758.65 763.24 766.39 758.52 758.59 776.32 763.24 770.76 775.99 762.30 784.30 785.54 766.44 C O N S T R U C T IO N ................................. 646.13 671.74 688.09 677.84 664.04 674.15 680.55 692.27 701.32 702.50 723.39 725.21 726.40 730.22 699.55 Current dollars....................... Constant (1982) dollars........... 562.53 341.34 580.05 344.45 594.18 348.70 603.50 354.17 590.30 345.41 588.89 342.78 590.13 340.53 595.48 343.41 590.78 340.31 597.98 342.49 590.61 337.88 594.92 340.54 604.65 343.75 604.45 343.24 607.15 344.19 D u ra b le g o o d s .................................... 591.35 456.21 441.45 607.68 472.56 452.57 622.57 480.24 458.94 634.86 480.73 471.42 621.18 474.97 459.95 620.13 469.85 458.10 622.87 470.61 462.44 628.37 482.10 464.44 623.08 480.17 465.26 630.27 485.80 468.03 618.18 483.11 462.56 625.57 483.85 470.44 635.95 485.89 477.58 634.62 488.72 474.02 639.24 483.14 474.01 591.17 684.22 603.35 699.69 620.57 720.56 604.90 732.50 591.06 722.52 591.90 722.83 596.28 723.86 614.74 734.70 621.18 721.60 624.66 728.53 631.60 725.58 631.16 720.80 637.87 730.94 638.17 720.36 620.60 729.27 821.53 552.86 842.69 568.86 865.68 580.29 878.14 594.08 867.95 579.93 875.20 576.87 875.10 577.72 891.34 583.00 873.75 581.63 882.90 587.35 888.12 576.29 866.51 585.19 871.31 594.45 844.46 593.89 841.66 592.77 619.32 633.84 646.85 663.55 654.08 652.96 654.23 655.35 653.54 659.18 654.06 657.72 666.86 665.18 669.56 542.34 759.93 557.24 790.15 572.98 811.00 582.15 838.66 572.83 811.51 569.38 815.66 571.29 819.06 569.92 829.96 561.02 817.37 569.38 836.44 566.77 781.85 566.21 819.76 575.74 839.55 572.83 847.17 578.10 858.89 776.04 828.45 849.76 887.96 850.75 856.35 860.73 880.88 866.88 888.79 800.94 861.52 880.24 890.38 898.78 570.35 434.11 588.06 449.74 600.85 459.82 612.43 466.22 595.33 450.43 595.13 453.13 593.28 456.23 594.72 456.25 592.04 454.33 596.99 458.20 600.65 453.19 600.65 458.20 608.28 464.49 609.92 467.27 615.37 466.50 521.88 492.06 710.85 425.99 538.24 505.36 762.80 438.04 551.03 518.08 774.86 449.28 557.02 520.67 793.32 453.11 544.16 505.10 672.91 443.36 542.42 500.21 685.22 448.11 542.82 501.84 741.08 450.69 548.76 506.76 782.49 456.20 543.92 506.76 811.92 448.40 549.98 512.95 836.89 451.67 549.84 513.35 832.66 450.29 548.91 517.08 842.19 448.67 558.83 527.50 764.46 454.16 556.10 520.83 716.00 452.92 559.78 525.84 730.48 452.64 317.80 672.70 332.25 693.39 337.65 704.30 343.52 712.50 335.92 695.27 339.53 687.57 342.09 686.40 341.19 696.07 336.66 686.71 339.22 692.50 333.41 687.44 336.33 681.18 338.00 701.33 337.64 699.78 336.91 703.45 515.52 738.29 911.68 528.69 747.34 921.91 543.98 765.58 935.68 550.68 772.18 937.86 534.39 757.56 933.98 536.94 750.98 956.10 540.26 749.28 969.66 542.44 757.00 966.59 533.46 756.50 919.75 534.87 768.34 923.88 540.16 779.49 955.80 543.02 769.63 926.54 557.48 778.82 957.64 554.58 779.76 963.81 557.95 780.11 955.47 495.81 351.56 515.41 369.31 523.32 378.33 532.97 375.75 523.32 372.96 520.40 375.49 520.81 379.38 528.34 388.99 523.71 384.92 529.15 387.07 522.59 365.90 525.21 383.67 532.82 388.48 530.19 383.14 533.48 391.72 604.75 607.20 608.97 612.86 612.03 611.51 608.76 626.62 616.17 622.55 634.65 627.71 631.20 638.82 632.17 579.04 591.70 581.01 589.82 597.14 591.74 M A N U F A C T U R IN G Lumber and wood products.... Furniture and fixtures............. Stone, clay, and glass products........................... Primary metal industries......... Blast furnaces and basic steel products................... Fabricated metal products...... Industrial machinery and equipment........................ Electronic and other electrical equipment......................... Transportation equipment....... Motor vehicles and equipment....................... Instruments and related products........................... Miscellaneous manufacturing... Food and kindred products..... Apparel and other textile Printing and publishing.......... Chemicals and allied products.. Petroleum and coal products.... Rubber and miscellaneous Leather and leather products... T R A N S P O R T A T IO N A N D P U B L IC U T IL IT IE S .......................... W H O L E S A L E T R A D E ....................... 538.88 558.41 566.78 570.24 578.61 568.07 566.51 588.95 575.62 R E T A IL T R A D E .................................... 253.46 263.32 264.61 271.32 265.91 266.48 267.98 272.24 270.43 274.83 279.52 277.30 275.62 277.82 274.27 512.15 529.24 530.64 534.31 551.63 538.97 537.42 554.90 539.22 540.47 550.87 539.64 545.83 557.42 546.40 418.58 435.54 443.74 444.99 450.61 448.90 447.53 453.62 445.82 p= preliminary. N o t e : See "Notes on the data" for a description of the most recent benchmark revision. Dash indicates data not available. 447.34 453.42 450.73 453.70 462.90 461.72 F IN A N C E , IN S U R A N C E , A N D R E A L E S T A T E ....................... S E R V IC E S .............................................. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Monthly Labor Review January 2001 61 Current Labor Statistics: Labor Force Data 17. Diffusion in d e x e s o f e m p lo y m e n t c h a n g e , s e a s o n a lly a d ju s te d [In percent] Tim espan and year Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov Dec. Private nonfarm payrolls, 356 industries Over 1-month span: 1998 ....... 1999 ....... 6 3 .2 5 6 .6 6 0 .5 5 8 .7 5 8 .3 5 9 .7 5 3 .9 58.1 5 6 .2 5 3 .8 5 9 .0 5 7 .4 ..... 5 4.1 5 8 .8 5 3 .9 5 9 .6 5 2 .8 5 7 .9 5 8 .8 5 3 .8 5 7 .3 6 0 .7 6 0 .8 5 9 .0 6 0 .8 54.1 6 0 .7 5 6 .5 4 5 .9 5 6 .2 5 8 .7 5 1 .4 5 3 .7 55.1 53.1 - Over 3-month span: 1998 ....... 1999 ....... 6 4 .3 6 6 .6 6 3 .2 6 6 .3 6 3 .6 5 8 .0 5 7 .4 5 7 .9 5 9 .7 5 8.1 5 8 .6 5 9 .4 ..... 5 8 .3 5 7 .3 5 8 .4 5 4 .4 5 7 .3 5 8 .8 58.1 6 0 .7 5 9 .6 6 3 .5 6 4 .3 6 3.1 6 1 .0 6 2 .6 6 1 .9 5 7 .4 5 6 .7 5 8 .3 5 7 .9 5 8 .4 5 1 .4 5 2 .5 - - Over 6-month span: 1998 ....... 1999 ....... 6 9 .8 6 7 .4 6 5 .2 6 1 .8 6 2 .9 6 1 .4 5 9 .0 5 8 .4 5 7 .4 5 9 .7 5 9 .3 5 9.1 6 0 .0 5 8 .0 5 7 .6 5 8 .6 5 4 .4 5 9 .7 6 0 .4 62.1 6 4 .0 6 2 .8 6 5 .2 6 4 .6 6 5 .6 6 0 .8 6 1 .0 6 1 .9 5 9 .3 5 6 .0 5 4 .8 5 8 .0 - - - - 2000 2000 2000 ..... Over 12-month span: 1998 ........ 1999 ........ 2000 ...... 6 9 .7 6 7 .3 6 7 .3 6 5 .9 6 3 .9 6 2 .5 6 1 .5 62.1 6 1 .0 5 9 .8 5 9 .8 58.1 6 0 .3 5 8 .3 5 7 .6 5 9 .4 5 9 .6 6 0 .5 6 1 .9 6 1 .0 6 2 .6 6 2 .9 6 2 .5 6 3 .2 6 4 .9 6 3 .8 6 0 .8 5 9 .7 5 8 .4 - - - - - - - Manufacturing payrolls, 139 industries Over 1-month span: 1998 ....... 1999 ....... 2000 ...... Over 3-month span: 1998 ....... 1999 ....... 5 7 .9 5 0 .7 5 3 .6 5 0 .7 4 7 .1 5 0 .0 3 7 .8 5 0 .0 4 5 .7 3 9 .9 4 1 .7 4 3 .9 4 5 .0 4 1 .0 4 2 .8 4 6 .4 4 0 .3 4 6 .4 5 4 .7 3 8.1 4 6 .4 5 1 .8 5 1 .4 5 0 .4 5 2 .2 4 7 .8 5 1.1 5 1.1 4 5 .7 51.1 5 7 .6 3 6 .3 3 8 .8 4 5 .7 4 6 .0 - 5 6 .8 5 6 .8 5 2 .2 5 2 .2 4 8 .6 4 1 .4 3 9 .2 4 0 .3 4 3 .2 3 7.1 3 6 .7 4 0 .6 ..... 3 6 .7 3 7.1 3 7.1 3 4 .5 3 7 .8 4 3 .5 3 9 .9 4 5 .0 4 2 .1 5 0 .4 51.1 5 0 .7 4 7 .8 5 2 .5 4 9 .3 4 8 .9 4 9 .6 5 3 .6 4 4 .2 3 6 .3 2 9 .5 3 6 .7 - - Over 6-month span: 1998 ....... 1999 ....... 6 0.1 5 4 .3 5 0 .4 3 9 .9 4 3 .5 4 2 .1 3 8 .8 3 6 .7 3 6 .0 3 9 .9 3 4 .5 3 2 .7 ...... 3 5 .6 3 3 .5 3 3 .5 3 7.1 3 2 .7 3 8 .8 4 1 .0 4 5 .7 4 8 .2 4 3 .2 4 8 .6 5 1.1 5 1 .4 4 7 .5 5 0 .4 5 3 .6 4 5 .0 38.1 3 3 .8 37.1 - - - - Over 12-month span: 1998 ........ 1999 ........ 5 5 .0 5 1 .8 5 1 .8 4 6 .8 4 0 .6 3 9 .9 3 7 .8 3 8.1 37.1 3 6 .0 3 4 .2 3 3 .5 3 7 .4 3 2 .4 3 1 .7 3 5 .3 3 6 .0 3 7 .1 3 8 .8 3 9 .6 4 2 .4 4 2 .4 4 2 .4 4 6 .0 4 7 .8 4 4 .6 3 9 .2 2 9 .2 3 5 .3 - - - - - - - 2000 2000 2000 ...... - Data not available. NOTE: Figures are the percent of industries with employment increasing plus one-half of the industries with unchanged employment, where 50 percent indicates an equal balance between industries with increasing and 62 Monthly Labor Review https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis January 2001 decreasing employment. Data tor the 2 most recent months shown in each span are preliminary. See the "Definitions" in this section. See "Notes on the data" for a description of the most recent benchmark revision. 18. A n n u a l d a ta : E m p lo y m e n t status o f th e p o p u la tio n [Numbers in thousands] Em ploym ent status 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 196,814 131,056 66.6 198,584 132,304 66.6 200,591 133,943 66.8 203,133 136,297 67.1 205,220 137,673 67.1 207,753 139,368 67.1 Civilian noninstitutional population......... Civilian labor force............................ Labor force participation rate............ 190.925 126,346 66.2 192,805 128,105 66.4 194,838 129,200 66.3 Employed.................................... Employment-population ratio........ 117,718 61.7 3,269 114,499 118,492 61.5 3,247 115,245 120,259 61.7 3,115 117,144 123,060 62.5 3,409 119,651 124,900 62.9 3,440 121,460 126,708 63.2 3,443 123,264 129,558 63.8 3,399 126,159 131,463 64.1 3,378 128,085 133,488 64.3 3,281 130,207 8,628 6.8 64,578 9,613 7.5 64,700 8,940 6.9 65,638 7,996 6.1 65,758 7,404 5.6 66,280 7,236 5.4 66,647 6,739 4.9 66,837 6,210 4.5 67,547 5,880 4.2 68,385 Nonagricultural industries.......... Unemployed................................ Not in the labor force......................... 19. A n n u a l d a ta : E m p lo y m e n t le v e ls b y industry [In thousands] Industry Transportation and public utilities...... Finance, insurance, and real estate.... 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 108,249 89,847 23,745 689 4,650 18,406 108,601 89,956 23,231 635 4,492 18,104 110,713 91,872 23,352 610 4,668 18,075 114,163 95,036 23,908 601 4,986 18,321 117,191 97,885 24,265 581 5,160 18,524 119,608 100,189 24,493 580 5,418 18,495 122,690 103,133 24,962 596 5,691 18,675 125,865 106,042 25,414 590 6,020 18,805 128,786 108,616 25,482 535 6,404 18,543 84,504 5,755 6,081 19,284 6,646 28,336 85,370 5,718 5,997 19,356 6,602 29,052 87,361 5,811 5,981 19,773 6,757 30,197 90,256 5,984 6,162 20,507 6,896 31,579 92,925 6,132 6,378 21,187 6,806 33,117 95,115 6,253 6,482 21,597 6,911 34,454 9 7 ,7 2 7 6,408 6,648 21,966 7,109 36,040 100,451 6,611 6,800 22,295 7,389 37,533 103,304 6,826 6,924 22,788 7,569 39,027 18,402 2,966 4,355 11,081 18,645 2,969 4,408 11,267 18,841 2,915 4,488 11,438 19,128 2,870 4,576 11,682 19,305 2,822 4,635 11,849 19,419 2,757 4,606 12,056 19,557 2,699 4,582 12,276 19,823 2,686 4,612 12,525 20,170 2,669 4,695 12,806 Local........................................... NOTE: See "Notes on the data" for a description of the most recent benchmark revision. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Monthly Labor Review January 2001 63 Current Labor Statistics: 20. Labor Force Data A n n u a l d a ta : A v e r a g e hours a n d e a rn in g s o f p ro d u c tio n o r n o n su p erviso ry w o rk e rs o n n o n fa rm p ay ro lls , b y industry Industry 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 P riv a te sector: Average weekly hours......................................... Average hourly earnings (in dollars)..................... Average weekly earnings (in dollars).................... 34.3 10.32 353.98 34.4 10.57 363.61 34.5 10.83 373.64 34.7 11.12 385.86 34.5 11.43 394.34 34.4 11.82 406.61 34.6 12.28 424.89 34.6 12.78 442.19 34.5 13.24 456.78 44.4 14.19 630.04 43.9 14.54 638.31 44.3 14.60 646.78 44.8 14.88 666.62 44.7 15.30 683.91 45.3 15.62 707.59 45.4 16.15 733.21 43.9 16.91 742.35 43.8 17.09 748.54 38.1 14.00 533.40 38.0 14.15 537.70 38.5 14.38 553.63 38.9 14.73 573.00 38.9 15.09 587.00 39.0 15.47 603.33 39.0 16.04 625.56 38.9 16.61 646.13 39.1 17.18 671.74 40.7 11.18 455.03 41.0 11.46 469.86 41.4 11.74 486.04 42.0 12.07 506.94 41.6 12.37 514.59 41.6 12.77 531.23 42.0 13.17 553.14 41.7 13.49 562.53 41.7 13.91 580.05 38.1 13.20 502.92 38.3 13.43 514.37 39.3 13.55 532.52 39.7 13.78 547.07 39.4 14.13 556.72 39.6 14.45 572.22 39.7 14.92 592.32 39.5 15.31 604.75 38.7 15.69 607.20 38.1 11.15 424.82 38.2 11.39 435.10 38.2 11.74 448.47 38.4 12.06 463.10 38.3 12.43 476.07 38.3 12.87 492.92 38.4 13.45 516.48 38.3 14.07 538.88 38.3 14.58 558.41 28.6 6.94 198.48 28.8 7.12 205.06 28.8 7.29 209.95 28.9 7.49 216.46 28.8 7.69 221.47 28.8 7.99 230.11 28.9 8.33 240.74 29.0 8.74 253.46 29.0 9.08 263.32 35.7 10.39 370.92 35.8 10.82 387.36 35.8 11.35 406.33 35.8 11.83 423.51 35.9 12.32 442.29 35.9 12.80 459.52 36.1 13.34 481.57 36.4 14.07 512.15 36.2 14.62 529.24 32.4 10.23 331.45 32.5 10.54 342.55 32.5 10.78 350.35 32.5 11.04 358.80 32.4 11.39 369.04 32.4 11.79 382.00 32.6 12.28 400.33 32.6 12.84 418.58 32.6 13.36 435.54 M ining: Average weekly hours....................................... Average hourly earnings (in dollars)................... Average weekly earnings (in dollars).................. C o n s tru c tio n : Average weekly hours....................................... Average hourly earnings (in dollars)................... Average weekly earnings (in dollars).................. M a n u fa c tu rin g : Average weekly hours....................................... Average hourly earnings (in dollars)................... Average weekly earnings (in dollars).................. T ra n s p o rta tio n a n d p u b lic utilities: Average weekly hours....................................... Average hourly earnings (in dollars).................... Average weekly earnings (in dollars).................. W h o le s a l e t r a d e : Average weekly hours....................................... Average hourly earnings (in dollars).................... Average weekly earnings (in dollars).................. Retail trade: Average weekly hours....................................... Average hourly earnings (in dollars).................... Average weekly earnings (in dollars)................... F in a n c e , in s u ra n c e , a n d real estate: Average weekly hours....................................... Average hourly earnings (in dollars).................... Average weekly earnings (in dollars).................. S e rv ices : Average weekly hours....................................... Average hourly earnings (in dollars).................... Average weekly earnings (in dollars)................... 64 Monthly Labor Review https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis January 2001 21. Employment Cost Index, com pensation,1 by occupation and industry group [J u n e 1 9 8 9 = 1 0 0 ] 1998 1999 2000 Percent change Series Sept. Dec. Mar. June Sept. Dec. Mar. June Sept. 3 12 months months ended ended Sept. 2000 Civilian workers2........................................................ Workers, by occupational group: White-collar workers................................................. Professional specialty and technical........................... Executive, adminitratlve, and managerial.................... Administrative support, including clerical.................... Blue-collar workers.................................................. Service occupations................................................. Workers, by Industry division: Goods-producing..................................................... Manufacturing....................................................... Service-producing.................................................... Services............................................................... Hospitals........................................................... Educational services............................................. Public administration3.............................................. Nonmanufacturing.................................................... Private industry workers............................................ Excluding sales occupations................................... Workers, by occupational group: Excluding sales occupations................................. Professional specialty and technical occupations........ Executive, adminitrative, and managerial occupations.. Sales occupations................................................ Administrative support occupations, including clerical... Blue-collar workers................................................. Precision production, craft, and repair occupations...... Transportation and material moving occupations........ Handlers, equipment cleaners, helpers, and laborers.... Service occupations................................................ Production and nonsupervisory occupations4............. 139.0 139.8 140.4 141.8 143.3 144.6 146.5 148.0 149.5 1.0 4.3 140.6 140.0 141.7 140.4 135.3 139.4 141.4 141.0 141.8 141.3 136.1 140.0 141.9 141.3 143.5 142.5 137.1 141.3 143.3 142.2 145.4 143.4 138.3 142.4 145.0 143.9 147.3 144.7 139.5 143.1 146.3 145.3 148.6 146.1 140.6 144.8 148.4 146.7 150.5 148.6 142.7 146.0 149.9 148.3 151.9 150.1 144.1 147.1 151.5 150.0 153.7 151.8 145.6 148.5 1.1 1.1 1.2 1.1 1.0 1.0 4.5 4.2 4.3 4.9 4.4 3.8 137.2 138.2 139.6 140.8 139.1 139.4 140.2 138.9 139.0 139.0 138.8 137.9 138.9 140.4 141.7 139.1 140.2 141.0 139.9 139.9 139.8 139.4 139.0 139.9 140.9 142.3 140.5 141.3 141.3 140.8 140.5 140.4 140.5 140.0 140.9 142.4 143.2 141.4 142.2 141.7 141.5 141.9 142.0 141.9 141.2 142.1 144.0 145.1 142.7 143.4 144.6 142.4 143.4 143.3 143.2 142.5 143.6 145.3 146.5 144.3 145.0 145.8 144.4 144.7 144.6 144.5 144.9 146.0 147.1 148.0 145.9 146.3 146.5 145.7 146.6 146.8 146.5 146.6 147.5 148.4 149.3 147.5 147.7 146.8 146.1 148.0 148.5 148.2 148.0 148.7 150.1 151.2 149.0 149.5 149.7 146.9 149.6 149.9 149.8 1.0 .8 1.1 1.3 1.0 1.2 2.0 .5 1.1 .9 1.1 4.8 4.6 4.2 4.2 44 4.3 3.5 3.2 4.3 4.6 4.6 141.1 141.3 141.6 141.9 140.4 140.6 135.2 135.4 135.7 130.7 138.5 142.0 141.9 142.6 141.8 142.6 141.4 135.9 136.1 136.8 130.7 139.2 142.4 143.0 142.9 143.7 139.6 142.6 136.9 137.2 137.3 131.6 141.0 144.1 144.5 144.1 145.8 142.6 143.7 138.2 138.4 138.4 133.6 142.3 145.6 146.0 145.2 147.7 144.1 145.0 139.4 139.6 139.9 134.4 143.2 146.9 147.3 146.7 149.1 145.3 146.2 140.5 140.6 141.4 135.2 144.4 149.3 149.4 148.4 151.1 148.9 149.0 142.6 142.3 144.0 137.5 146.4 151.1 151.3 150.7 152.7 150.3 150.6 144.1 144.1 145.0 138.6 148.1 152.6 152.9 152.2 154.4 151.2 152.3 145.5 145.8 146.0 139.9 149.4 1.0 1.1 1.0 1.1 .6 1.1 1.0 1.2 .7 .9 .9 4.8 4.7 4.8 4.5 4.9 5.0 4.4 4.4 4.4 4.1 4.3 137.3 138.0 139.5 140.6 141.0 142.6 143.9 145.4 146.6 .8 4.0 138.0 139.0 139.3 140.8 141.9 143.1 145.3 146.9 148.4 1.0 4.6 Workers, by industry division: Goods-producing.................................................... Excluding sales occupations.............................. White-collar occupations...................................... Excluding sales occupations.............................. Blue-collar occupations........................................ Construction........................................................ Manufacturing...................................................... White-collar occupations...................................... Excluding sales occupations.............................. Blue-collar occupations........................................ Durables............................................................. Nondurables....................................................... 137.1 136.5 139.7 138.3 135.5 133.4 138.2 140.1 138.3 136.8 138.5 137.6 137.8 137.2 140.2 138.8 136.3 134.3 138.9 140.5 138.7 137.7 139.2 138.2 138.9 138.3 141.7 140.4 137.1 135.6 139.9 141.8 140.1 138.5 139.9 139.6 139.9 139.3 142.7 141.3 138.3 136.9 140.9 143.0 141.3 139.4 141.0 140.4 141.1 140.5 143.9 142.5 139.4 137.9 142.1 144.3 142.5 140.5 142.3 141.5 142.5 141.8 145.5 143.9 140.7 138.7 143.6 145.8 143.8 142.1 144.0 142.8 144.8 144.2 148.1 146.5 142.8 140.8 146.0 148.2 146.2 144.4 146.5 144.9 146.6 145.9 150.1 148.4 144.4 143.2 147.5 150.2 148.2 145.6 148.3 146.0 147.9 147.2 151.3 149.6 145.8 145.1 148.7 151.4 149.3 146.7 149.4 147.5 .9 .9 .8 .8 1.0 1.3 .8 .8 .7 .8 .7 1.0 4.8 4.8 5.1 5.0 4.6 5.2 4.6 4.9 4.8 4.4 5.0 4.2 Service-producing................................................... Excluding sales occupations.............................. White-collar occupations...................................... Excluding sales occupations.............................. Blue-collar occupations........................................ Service occupations............................................ Transportation and public utilities............................ Transportation.................................................... Public utilities..................................................... Communications.............................................. Electric, gas, and sanitary services...................... Wholesale and retail trade...................................... Excluding sales occupations.............................. Wholesale trade.................................................. Excluding sales occupations.............................. Retail trade....................................................... General merchandise stores................................ Food stores...................................................... 139.6 140.0 141.2 142.2 134.3 137.0 138.5 136.7 140.7 140.5 141.0 137.6 138.1 140.8 140.0 135.9 133.2 133.7 140.5 140.6 142.2 142.8 134.8 137.8 139.3 137.3 141.9 141.7 142.1 138.2 138.8 142.8 141.2 135.6 134.0 132.7 140.9 141.7 142.3 143.8 136.2 139.3 139.7 136.8 143.4 143.3 143.4 138.9 139.9 142.7 142.4 136.8 135.0 134.3 142.8 143.3 144.3 145.5 137.8 140.5 140.9 138.1 144.6 144.9 144.2 141.1 141.9 144.6 144.0 139.1 135.6 135.7 144.1 144.6 145.8 147.0 139.1 140.8 141.8 138.7 145.7 146.1 145.1 142.2 142.8 146.3 145.8 140.0 137.2 137.0 145.3 145.9 147.0 148.3 139.8 142.4 142.3 139.5 146.1 146.0 146.1 143.5 144.3 148.5 147.4 140.7 138.3 138.1 147.4 147.7 149.3 150.3 141.8 143.6 143.9 140.4 148.6 148.4 148.9 145.6 146.4 150.0 149.6 143.2 139.7 140.1 149.1 149.4 151.0 152.1 143.1 145.1 145.7 141.8 150.9 150.9 151.0 147.3 148.1 151.8 151.1 144.8 141.0 142.5 150.6 151.1 152.6 153.9 144.5 146.3 147.4 142.8 153.5 153.9 152.9 148.3 149.6 152.1 152.7 146.2 142.2 143.4 1.0 1.1 1.1 1.2 1.0 .8 1.2 .7 1.7 2.0 1.3 .7 1.0 .2 1.1 1.0 .9 .6 4.5 4.5 4.7 4.7 3.9 3.9 3.9 3.0 5.4 5.3 5.4 4.3 4.8 4.0 4.7 4.4 3.6 4.7 See footnotes at end of table. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Monthly Labor Review January 2001 65 Current Labor Statistics: Compensation & Industrial Relations 2 1 . C o n tin u e d — E m p lo y m e n t C o st In d e x , c o m p e n s a tio n ,1 b y o c c u p a tio n a n d industry g ro u p [June 1989 = 100] 1998 1999 2000 Percent change Series Sept. Dec. Mar. June Sept. Dec. Mar. June Sept. 3 12 m onths m onths ended ended Sept. 2000 Finance, insurance, and real estate........................... Excluding sales occupations................................. Banking, savings and loan, and other credit agencies. Insurance.............................................................. Services.................................................................. Business services.................................................. Health services...................................................... Hospitals............................................................. Educational services.............................................. Colleges and universities...................................... 141.0 143.2 148.4 141.9 141.8 143.5 139.0 139.1 147.0 147.8 Nonmanufacturing................................................... White-collar workers............................................... Excluding sales occupations................................ Blue-collar occupations........................................... Service occupations............................................... S t a t e a n d lo c a l g o v e r n m e n t w o r k e r s ............................................. Workers, by occupational group: White-collar workers.................................................... Professional specialty and technical............................ Executive, administrative, and managerial.................... Administrative support, including clerical...................... 141.5 145.6 148.8 141.7 143.5 147 5 140.5 141.2 148.3 149.2 145.8 148.8 155.4 144.0 144.6 148 7 141.4 142.1 148.7 149.6 147.6 151.0 159.3 144.5 146.1 150 7 142.6 143.0 152.2 152.6 148.3 151.6 159.8 145.8 147.6 151 9 144.2 144.6 153.0 153.3 138.9 141.1 142.0 133.4 136.9 142.5 143.3 146.7 141.7 142.7 145.9 139.0 139.9 147.7 148.5 139.7 142.0 142.7 134.0 137.7 140.3 142.3 143.7 135.2 139.2 142.0 144.1 145.3 136.8 140.4 143.4 145.6 146.8 138.0 140.7 139.0 139.8 140.5 141.0 138.4 137.7 140.4 139.5 136 8 139.3 138.5 141.6 140.3 137.8 139.8 138.8 142.6 141.4 138.8 Workers, by industry division: Services.................................................................... 139.0 139.7 140.0 Services excluding schools5....................................... 138.7 138.8 139.6 Health services...................................................... 140.3 140.7 141.2 Hospitals............................................................ 140.7 141.2 141.7 Educational services............................................... 138.8 139.6 139.9 Schools.............................................................. 139.1 139.9 140.2 Elementary and secondary................................. 138.8 139.3 139.6 Colleges and universities.................................... 140.4 141.5 141.7 Public administration3.................................................. 138.9 139.9 140.8 1 Cost (cents per hour worked) measured in the Employment Cost Index consists of wages, salaries, and employer cost of employee benefits. 2 Consists of private industry workers (excluding farm and household workers) and State and local government (excluding Federal Government) workers. 66 Monthly Labor Review https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis January 2001 153.1 155.5 164.2 151.3 151.2 156 3 147.5 147.5 154.9 155.5 155.2 157.4 165.8 154.8 152.9 157 5 149.0 149.2 158.8 158.6 1.4 1.2 1.0 2.3 1.1 8 1.0 1.2 2.5 2.0 4.5 4.3 4.3 3.9 144.5 146.9 148.1 138.7 142.3 152.0 154.2 162.7 149.9 149.4 154 2 145.8 145.8 154.0 154.6 146.7 149.2 150.2 140.6 143.5 148.4 151.0 152.0 142.3 145.1 150.0 152.6 153.8 143.9 146.3 1.1 1.1 1.2 1.1 .8 4.6 4.8 4.8 4.3 4.0 143.1 144.6 145.5 145.9 147.8 1.3 3.3 140.2 139.3 142.8 141.3 139.5 142.6 142.0 144.5 143.0 140.9 144.0 143.2 146.1 145.0 142.5 144.9 144.1 147.0 145.9 143.7 145.3 144.5 147.2 146.5 144.2 147.3 146.6 149.2 148 3 145.9 1.4 1.5 1.4 1.2 1.2 3.3 3.2 3.3 37 3.5 140.5 140.3 142.0 142.7 140.3 140.6 140.0 142.1 141.5 143.2 142.6 144.2 144.8 143.1 143.5 142.9 144.8 142.4 144.5 143.8 145.8 146.3 144.4 144.7 144.1 146.5 144.4 145.2 145.2 147.3 147.9 145.0 145.3 144.5 147.4 145.7 145.5 145.8 147.9 148.4 145.2 145.5 144.7 147.6 146.1 148.0 147.6 150.0 150.7 147.9 148.2 147.3 150.5 146.9 1.7 1.2 1.4 1.5 1.9 1.9 1.8 2.0 .5 3.4 3.5 4.0 4.1 3.4 3.3 3.1 3.9 3.2 5.1 4.2 4.1 7.1 4.7 3 Consists of legislative, judicial, administrative, and regulatory activities. 4 This series has the same industry and occupational coverage as the Hourly Earnings index, which was discontinued in January 1989. 5 Includes, for example, library, social, and health services. 22. E m plo ym en t Cost In d e x , w a g e s a n d salaries, b y o c c u p a tio n a n d industry g ro up [June 1989 = 100] 1998 1999 2000 Percent change Series Sept. Dec. Mar. June Sept. Dec. Mar. June Sept. 3 12 months months ended ended Sept. 2000 C iv ilia n w o r k e r s 1.................................................................................... 136.8 137.7 138.4 139.8 141.3 142.5 144.0 145.4 147.0 1.1 4.0 Workers, by occupational group: White-collar workers.................................................. Professional specialty and technical........................... Executive, adminitrative, and managerial.................... Administrative support, including clerical..................... Blue-collar workers................................................... Service occupations.................................................. 138.8 138.5 140.5 137.5 132.6 136.1 139.7 139.4 140.3 138.6 133.3 137.0 140.1 140.1 141.6 140.0 134.5 138.3 141.6 141.0 143.8 140.9 135.8 139.4 143.3 142.6 145.9 142.3 137.0 140.1 144.6 144.0 147.2 143.5 137.9 141.7 146.2 144.9 148.6 145.5 139.2 143.0 147.6 146.4 149.9 146.9 140.6 144.0 149.2 148.3 151.6 148.5 142.0 145.7 1.1 1.3 1.1 1.1 1.0 1.2 4.1 4.0 3.9 4.4 3.6 4.0 Workers, by industry division: Goods-producing...................................................... Manufacturing........................................................ Service-producing.................................................... Services................................................................ Health services..................................................... Hospitals........................................................... Educational services.............................................. Public administration^............................................... Nonmanufacturing.................................................... 134.4 136.0 137.8 139.6 137.6 136.4 139.1 134.8 137.0 135.2 136.8 138.7 140.5 137.6 137.1 140.0 135.9 137.8 136.3 137.9 139.2 141.5 138.8 138.1 140.2 136.9 138.4 137.4 139.0 140.7 142.3 139.7 138.8 140.6 137.8 139.9 138.6 140.2 142.3 144.1 140.9 140.1 143.7 139.5 141.5 139.7 141.5 143.5 145.5 142.5 141.6 144.7 141.5 142.6 141.3 142.9 145.0 146.6 143.8 142.6 145.3 142.5 144.2 143.0 144.4 146.3 147.9 145.3 143.8 145.6 142.9 145.5 144.3 145.7 148.0 149.9 146.7 145.6 148.9 144.6 147.2 .9 .9 1.2 1.4 1.0 1.3 2.3 1.2 1.2 4.1 3.9 4.0 4.0 4.1 3.9 3.6 3.7 4.0 136.6 136.3 137.4 136.9 138.1 138.2 139.7 139.6 141.0 140.8 142.2 142.0 143.9 143.5 145.4 145.1 146.8 146.5 1.0 1.0 4.1 4.0 Precision production, craft, and repair occupations..... Machine operators, assemblers, and inspectors......... Transportation and material moving occupations........ Handlers, equipment cleaners, helpers, and laborers.... 139.0 139.1 138.7 140.9 138.8 137.9 132.4 132.3 133.8 127.6 135.1 139.9 139.7 139.7 140.5 141.3 138.9 133.2 133.0 134.9 127.8 135.8 140.3 141.0 140.7 141.9 137.3 140.4 134.3 134.3 135.7 129.1 137.3 142.1 142.5 141.8 144.3 140.5 141.4 135.6 135.6 136.7 131.0 138.3 143.5 143.9 142.6 146.4 142.1 142.7 136.8 136.7 138.3 131.9 139.4 144.8 145.2 144.1 147.6 143.3 143.8 137.7 137.5 139.5 132.7 140.4 146.6 146.7 145.1 149.2 146.7 146.0 139.1 138.9 140.7 134.1 141.8 148.3 148.5 147.3 150.7 147.9 147.5 140.5 140.6 141.6 135.2 143.6 149.7 149.9 148.6 152.3 149.0 149.1 141.9 142.0 142.9 136.5 145.0 .9 .9 .9 1.1 .7 1.1 1.0 1.0 .9 1.0 1.0 4.3 4.2 4.2 4.0 4.9 4.5 3.7 3.9 3.3 3.5 4.0 Service occupations................................................ Production and nonsupervisory occupations3.............. 134.4 135.3 136.7 137.8 138.0 139.6 141.0 142.5 143.5 .7 4.0 135.2 136.4 136.8 138.2 139.3 140.4 142.1 143.7 145.0 .9 4.1 134.3 133.6 137.4 135.7 132.3 128.5 136.0 138.3 136.3 134.3 135.9 136.0 135.2 134.4 138.2 136.4 133.3 129.3 136.8 139.0 137.1 135.3 136.9 136.8 136.3 135.5 139.4 137.8 134.3 130.7 137.9 140.1 138.3 136.3 137.9 138.0 137.3 136.6 140.5 138.8 135.4 131.9 139.0 141.4 139.6 137.2 139.1 138.7 138.5 137.8 141.7 140.1 136.6 133.0 140.2 142.7 140.8 138.4 140.4 139.7 139.7 138.9 143.0 141.3 137.6 133.6 141.5 144.0 142.0 139.7 141.8 140.9 141.3 140.5 145.0 143.2 139.0 136.0 142.9 145.8 143.7 140.8 143.0 142.7 143.0 142.1 146.8 144.9 140.5 138.0 144.4 147.7 145.6 142.0 144.7 143.9 144.3 143.4 147.9 146.0 142.0 139.4 145.7 148.7 146.6 143.4 146.1 145.0 .9 .9 7 .8 1.1 1.0 .9 .7 .7 1.0 1.0 .8 4.2 4.1 4.4 4.2 4.0 4.8 3.9 4.2 4.1 3.6 4.1 3.8 137.6 137.9 139.2 140.2 132.4 134.2 134.3 132.4 136.5 136.7 136.3 136.6 137.6 139.3 139.6 135.2 132.2 131.7 138.4 138.5 140.1 140.7 132.9 135.2 135.1 132.9 137.8 138.0 137.4 137.0 138.2 141.3 140.8 134.8 133.0 130.5 138.9 139.8 140.3 142.0 134.4 136.7 135.4 132.3 139.2 139.4 138.9 137.7 139.5 140.7 141.9 136.2 133.7 131.8 140.8 141.4 142.3 143.7 135.9 137.8 136.8 133.7 140.6 141.1 140.0 139.6 141.1 142.3 143.0 138.3 134.3 132.8 142.1 142.6 143.8 145.1 137.0 138.0 137.5 134.4 141.5 141.9 140.9 140.7 141.8 144.3 144.8 138.9 135.6 133.9 143.3 143.8 145.0 146.4 137.8 139.6 137.9 134.9 141.8 142.2 141.3 142.0 143.3 146.5 146.4 139.6 136.7 134.9 145.0 145.3 146.9 147.8 139.1 141.1 138.5 134.9 143.2 143.4 143.0 143.8 145.2 147.4 147.9 142.1 137.8 136.7 146.5 146.9 148.5 149.6 140.3 142.5 140.0 136.2 144.9 145.0 144.7 145.5 146.8 149.4 149.7 143.5 138.5 139.5 147.9 148.3 150.0 151.2 141.6 143.5 141.3 137.4 146.4 146.7 145.9 146.4 148.2 149.6 151.3 144.8 139.7 140.2 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.1 .9 .7 .9 .9 1.0 1.2 .8 .6 1.0 .1 1.1 .9 .9 .5 4.1 4.0 4.3 4.2 3.4 4.0 2.8 2.2 3.5 3.4 3.5 4.1 4.5 3.7 4.5 4.2 3.0 4.7 P riv a te in d u s tr y w o r k e r s ................................................................. Excluding sales occupations................................... Workers, by occupational group: White-collar workers................................................ Excluding sales occupations.................................. Professional specialty and technical occupations........ Executive, adminitrative, and managerial occupations.. Sales occupations................................................. Administrative support occupations, including clerical... Workers, by industry division: Goods-producing.................................................... Excluding sales occupations............................... White-collar occupations...................................... Excluding sales occupations............................... Blue-collar occupations........................................ Construction......................................................... Manufacturing...................................................... White-collar occupations....................................... Excluding sales occupations............................... Durables............................................................. Nondurables........................................................ Service-producing................................................... Excluding sales occupations............................... Service occupations............................................. Transportation and public utilities............................. Transportation..................................................... Public utilities...................................................... Communications............................................... Electric, gas, and sanitary services...................... Wholesale and retail trade...................................... Wholesale trade.................................................. Retail trade........................................................ General merchandise stores................................ Food stores...................................................... See footnotes at end of table. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Monthly Labor Review January 2001 67 Current Labor Statistics: 22. Compensation & Industrial Relations C o n tin u e d — E m p lo y m e n t C o st In d e x , w a g e s a n d salaries, b y o c c u p a tio n a n d industry g ro u p [June 1989 = 100] 1998 2000 1999 Percent change Series Sept. Dec. Mar. June Sept. Dec. Mar. June Sept. 3 12 m onths m onths ended ended Sept. 2000 Insurance.............................................................. Services.................................................................. Business services.................................................. Health services...................................................... Hospitals............................................................. Educational services.............................................. Colleges and universities...................................... 138.1 139.7 147.0 138.7 140.0 141.8 137.5 135.8 142.8 142.8 139.8 139.6 144.4 138.5 140.8 144.1 137.4 136.5 143.5 143.6 137.2 141.0 146.1 137.4 142.2 145.4 138.7 137.6 143.9 144.1 142.4 144.8 154.5 139.8 143.2 146.3 139.6 138.3 144.2 144.4 144.5 147.5 159.2 140.2 144.5 148.5 140.6 139.3 147.5 147.2 145.2 148.0 159.6 141.5 146.0 149.8 142.2 140.9 148.2 147.9 148.7 150.2 162.0 145.5 147.4 152.0 143.5 141.8 148.9 148.9 149.5 151.5 163.3 146.6 149.1 154.1 145.3 143.3 149.6 149.4 151.7 153.3 165.0 150.7 150.6 155.3 146.6 144.9 153.4 152.5 1.5 1.2 1.0 2.8 1.0 .8 .9 1.1 2.5 2.1 5.0 3.9 3.6 7.5 4.2 4.6 4.3 4.0 4.0 3.6 Nonmanufacturing................................................... White-collar workers............................................... Excluding sales occupations................................ Blue-collar occupations........................................... Service occupations............................................... 136.5 138.9 139.8 130.5 134.1 137.4 139.8 140.3 131.1 135.1 137.9 140.1 141.6 132.4 136.5 139.7 142.0 143.2 134.0 137.7 141.0 143.5 144.6 135.1 137.9 142.1 144.7 145.9 135.8 139.5 143.9 146.5 147.4 137.4 140.9 145.5 148.2 149.1 138.9 142.4 146.9 149.6 150.7 140.3 143.4 1.0 .9 1.1 1.0 .7 4.2 4.3 4.2 3.8 4.0 S t a t e a n d lo c a l g o v e r n m e n t w o r k e r s ............................................. 137.6 138.5 139.0 139.6 142.2 143.5 144.3 144.7 147.2 1.7 3.5 137.6 137.9 138.0 135.4 135.1 138.5 138.7 139.3 136.5 136.0 138.9 138.9 140.1 137.4 136.9 139.3 139.4 140.5 137.5 137.6 142.1 142.5 142.7 139.6 139.4 143.4 143.6 144.3 141.7 140.7 144.1 144.3 144.9 142.4 141.5 144.5 144.7 145.1 143.0 142.1 147.1 147.4 147.3 145.0 143.9 1.8 1.9 1.5 1.4 1.3 3.5 3.4 3.2 3.9 3.2 138.4 139.2 138.2 139.2 139.1 139.3 139.5 139.3 139.6 139.5 139.0 139.7 139.7 139.5 139.6 139.5 139.6 139.9 139.6 140.4 140.6 139.8 140.0 139.9 139.8 142.9 142.1 142.8 142.8 142.9 143.1 143.1 142.6 144.0 143.2 144.2 144.1 144.0 144.2 144.1 144.4 144.6 144.3 145.3 145.3 144.5 144.7 144.5 144.9 144.9 144.8 145.7 145.6 144.8 144.9 144.6 145.6 147.9 146.7 147.7 147.7 148.0 148.1 147.9 148.3 2.1 3.5 3.2 3.4 3.4 3.6 3.5 3.4 4.0 Finance, insurance, and real estate........................... Excluding sales occupations................................. Workers, by occupational group: White-collar workers.................................................... Professional specialty and technical............................ Workers, by industry division: Services................................................................... Services excluding schools4....................................... Health services...................................................... Hospitals............................................................ Schools............................................................. Elementary and secondary................................. Colleges and universities.................................... Public administration^.................................................. 137.8 138.7 138.6 138.4 138.5 138.7 137.7 1.3 1.4 1.4 2.2 2.2 2.3 1.9 1.2 3.7 134.8 135.9 136.9 137.8 139.5 141.5 142.5 142.9 144.6 1 Consists of private industry workers (excluding farm and household workers) and 3 This series has the same industry and occupational coverage as the Hourly State and local government (excluding Federal Government) workers. Earnings index, which was discontinued in January 1989. 2 Consists of legislative, judicial, administrative, and regulatory activities. 4 Includes, for example, library, social, and health services. 23. E m p lo y m e n t C o s t In d e x , b en e fits , p riv a te industry w o rk e rs b y o c c u p a tio n a n d industry g ro u p [June 1989 = 100] Percent change 2000 1999 1998 Series Sept. Dec. Mar. June Sept. Dec. Mar. June Sept. 3 12 m onths m onths ended ended Sept. 2000 P rivate in d u s try w o rk e rs .................................................................. Workers, by occupational group: White-collar workers.................................................... Workers, by industry division: Goods-producing......................................................... Service-producing........................................................ Manufacturing............................................................. Nonmanufacturing....................................................... 68 Monthly Labor Review https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 144.5 145.2 145.8 147.3 148.6 150.2 153.8 155.7 157.5 1.2 6.0 146.6 141.0 147.4 141.6 147.9 142.2 149.4 143.6 151.0 144.8 152.5 146.2 156.3 150.0 158.5 151.6 160.4 153.1 1.2 1.0 6.2 5.7 143.0 144.9 142.6 145.0 143.2 145.7 142.7 145.8 144.3 146.1 143.6 146.3 145.2 147.9 144.5 148.0 146.3 149.4 145.7 149.4 148.2 150.7 147.8 150.7 152.3 154.0 152.3 154.0 154.2 156.0 153.9 156.1 155.7 157.9 154.9 158.1 1.0 1.2 .6 1.3 6.4 5.7 6.3 5.8 January 2001 24. E m p lo y m e n t C o s t In d e x , p riv a te n o n fa rm w o rk e rs b y b a r g a in in g status, re g io n , a n d a r e a size [June 1989 = 100] Series Sept. Dec. Mar. June P ercent change 2000 1999 1998 Dec. Sept. Mar. June Sept. 3 12 m onths m onths ended ended Sept. 2000 C O M P E N S A T IO N W o r k e r s , b y b a r g a in in g s ta t u s 1 Union.............................................................................. Goods-producing.......................................................... Service-producing........................................................ Manufacturing.............................................................. Nonmanufacturing........................................................ 136.8 135.6 138.0 136.0 136.9 137.5 136.5 138.5 136.9 137.4 138.0 136.8 139.2 137.0 138.1 139.0 138.2 139.7 138.1 139.2 140.2 139.2 141.0 139.1 140.3 141.2 140.8 141.4 141.0 140.8 143.0 143.3 142.5 144.5 141.7 144.4 144.8 143.9 145.4 143.4 146.1 146.8 145.2 147.1 145.0 1.2 1.4 .9 1.2 1.1 4.2 5.5 3.0 6.8 3.3 Nonunion........................................................................ Goods-producing.......................................................... Service-producing........................................................ Manufacturing.............................................................. Nonmanufacturing........................................................ 139.3 137.7 139.7 138.9 139.1 140.1 138.3 140.6 139.4 140.0 140.8 139.7 141.1 140.7 140.6 142.5 140.5 143.0 141.7 142.4 143.8 141.8 144.4 143.0 143.8 145.2 143.1 145.7 144.4 145.1 147.4 145.4 148.0 146.5 147.4 149.1 147.2 149.6 148.2 149.1 150.6 148.4 151.2 149.2 150.7 1.0 .8 1.1 .7 1.1 4.7 4.7 4.7 4.3 4.8 138.7 137.6 140.9 138.5 139.5 138.1 141.4 140.0 140.5 139.1 141.7 140.3 141.5 140.7 143.6 142.1 143.2 141.8 145.0 143.3 144.3 143.0 146.3 144.7 146.3 145.0 148.9 147.0 147.6 146.7 150.7 148.8 149.3 147.6 152.2 150.8 1.2 .6 1.0 1.3 4.3 4.1 5.0 5.2 139.1 138.2 139.8 139.4 140.4 140.5 142.0 141.8 143.3 143.1 144.7 143.6 146.9 146.0 148.6 147.7 150.1 148.8 1.0 .7 4.7 4.0 132.4 131.0 134.1 132.2 132.4 133.1 131.7 134.8 133.0 133.1 133.6 132.3 135.4 133.6 133.7 134.7 133.8 135.8 134.7 134.6 135.7 134.9 136.8 135.8 135.6 136.5 136.1 137.2 137.5 135.9 137.2 137.2 137.6 138.8 136.4 138.5 138.4 138.9 139.7 137.8 140.0 140.2 140.1 141.4 139.2 1.1 1.3 .9 1.2 1.0 3.2 3.9 2.4 4.1 2.7 137.4 135.7 137.9 137.3 137.1 138.3 136.5 138.8 138.2 138.0 139.0 137.8 139.3 139.4 138.6 140.7 138.8 141.3 140.5 140.5 142.0 140.0 142.6 141.7 141.8 143.3 141.1 143.9 142.9 143.0 145.1 142.9 145.8 144.4 145.0 146.7 144.7 147.3 146.1 146.6 148.1 145.8 148.7 147.2 148.0 1.0 .8 1.0 .8 1.0 4.3 4.1 4.3 3.9 4.4 135.4 136.5 137.5 136.7 136.4 136.7 138.0 138.4 137.1 137.9 138.9 138.2 138.2 139.4 141.0 140.2 139.9 140.2 142.4 141.3 140.9 141.5 143.6 142.6 142.3 143.0 145.3 144.7 143.7 144.6 147.1 146.3 145.3 145.3 148.6 148.2 1.1 .5 1.0 1.3 3.9 3.6 4.4 4.9 W o r k e r s , b y r e g io n 1 Northeast....................................................................... South............................................................................. Midwest (formerly North Central)...................................... West.............................................................................. W o r k e r s , b y a r e a s iz e 1 Metropolitan areas........................................................... W A G E S A N D S A L A R IE S W o r k e r s , b y b a r g a in in g s ta t u s 1 Union.............................................................................. Goods-producing......................................................... Service-producing........................................................ Nonmanufacturing........................................................ Nonunion........................................................................ Goods-producing......................................................... Service-producing........................................................ Manufacturing............................................................. W o r k e r s , b y r e g io n 1 Midwest (formerly North Central)...................................... W o r k e r s , b y a r e a s iz e 1 4.2 1.0 145.7 147.1 141.2 142.5 144.1 136.9 137.7 138.3 139.9 Metropolitan areas.......................................................... 3.5 .7 143.7 144.7 142.2 140.2 138.4 139.8 134.7 136.0 137.1 Other areas................................................................... 1 The indexes are calculated differently from those for the occupation and industry groups. For a detailed description of the index calculation, see the Monthly Labor Review Technical Note, "Estimation procedures for the Employment Cost Index," May 1982. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Monthly Labor Review January 2001 69 Current Labor Statistics: Compensation & Industrial Relations 25. P e rc e n t o f fu ll-tim e e m p lo y e e s p a rtic ip a tin g in e m p lo y e r-p ro v id e d b e n e fit plans, a n d in s e le c te d fea tu re s w ithin plans, m e d iu m a n d la rg e p riv a te establishm ents, s e le c te d years, 1 9 8 0 -9 7 Item 1980 Scope of survey (in 000's)................................... Number of employees (in 000's): With medical care........................................... With life insurance........................................... With defined benefit plan................................ Percent of participants with employee contribution required for: Self coverage................................................. Average monthly contribution.......................... Family coverage............................................. Average mummy uoniriuuuon.......................... Participants in life insurance plans........................ Percent of participants with: Accidental death and dismemberment insurance...................................................... Survivor income benefits.................................. Retiree protection available............................... Participants in long-term disability insurance plans......................................... Participants in sickness and accident insurance plans........................................ Participants in short-term disability plans1............ Retirement plans Participants in detinea benefit pension plans......... Percent of participants with: Normal retirement prior to age 65.................. Early retirement available................................. Ad hoc pension increase in last 5 years.............. Terminal earnings formula................................ Benefit coordinated with Social Security.............. Participants in defined contribution plans................ Participants in plans with tax-deferred savings arrangements........................................ 1986 Monthly Labor Review https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 1989 1991 1993 1995 1997 21,352 21,043 21,013 21,303 31,059 32,428 31,163 28,728 33,374 38,409 20,711 20,498 17,936 20,412 20,201 17,676 20,383 20,172 17,231 20,238 20,451 16,190 27,953 28,574 19,567 29,834 30,482 20,430 25,865 29,293 18,386 23,519 26,175 16,015 25,546 29,078 17,417 29,340 33,495 19,202 10 75 - g 25 76 25 9 26 73 26 99 10.1 20 100 62 - _ 99 10.0 24 3.8 99 67 - 99 9.8 23 3.6 99 67 10 27 72 26 88 3.2 99 10.0 25 3.7 100 70 - 11 29 72 26 85 3.2 96 9.4 24 3.3 98 69 33 16 10 26 71 26 84 3.3 97 9.2 22 3.1 97 68 37 18 8 30 67 28 80 3.3 92 10.2 21 3.3 96 67 37 26 9 29 68 26 83 3.0 91 9.4 21 3.1 97 65 60 53 - - - - - - - 97 97 97 95 90 92 58 62 46 62 8 66 70 18 76 79 28 26 46 96 27 51 - 36 $11.93 58 $35.93 43 $12.80 63 $41.40 96 96 69 72 - - - 3.3 89 9.1 22 3.3 96 58 81 3.7 89 9.3 20 3.5 95 56 - 84 93 83 82 77 76 75 80 28 81 80 30 86 82 42 78 73 56 85 78 63 44 $19.29 64 $60.07 47 $25.31 66 $72.10 51 $26.60 69 $96.97 61 $31.55 76 $107.42 67 $33.92 78 $118.33 69 $39.14 80 $130.07 96 92 94 94 91 87 87 64 74 _ 64 72 10 59 78 8 49 71 7 42 71 6 44 76 5 41 77 7 37 74 6 33 40 43 47 48 42 45 40 41 42 43 54 51 51 49 46 43 45 44 - - - - - - - - 53 55 84 84 82 76 63 63 59 56 52 50 55 98 53 45 58 97 52 45 63 97 47 54 56 - - - 64 98 35 57 62 60 59 98 26 55 62 45 62 97 22 64 63 48 55 98 7 56 54 48 52 95 6 61 48 49 52 96 4 58 51 55 52 95 10 56 49 57 33 36 41 44 43 54 55 2 5 5 12 9 23 10 36 12 52 12 38 5 13 32 7 _ - Other benefits Employees eligible for: _ _ Flexible benefits plans....................................... _ _ _ Reimbursement accounts2............................. _ Premium conversion plans................................. _ _ The definitions for paid sick leave and short-term disability (previously sickness and accident insurance) were changed for the 1995 survey. Paid sick leave now includes only plans that specify either a maximum number of days per year or unlimited days. Shortterms disability now includes all insured, self-insured, and State-mandated plans available on a per-disabllity basis, as well as the unfunded per-disability plans previously reported as sick leave. Sickness and accident insurance, reported in years prior to this survey, included only insured, self-insured, and State-mandated plans providing per-disability bene- 70 1988 January 2001 o Insurance plans Participants in medical care plans......................... Percent of participants with coverage for: Home health care........................................... Extended care facilities..................................... Physical exam................................................ 1984 CO Time-off plans Participants with: Paid lunch time................................ Average minutes per day................................. Paid rest time................................................... Average minutes per day................................. Paid funeral leave................................... Average days per occurrence........................... Paid holidays................................................... Average uays per year..................................... Paid personal leave.......................................... Average days per year..................................... Paid vacations................................................. Paid sick leave '.......................................... Unpaid maternity leave...................................... Unpaid paternity leave....................................... Unpaid family leave.......................................... 1982 fits at less than full pay. 2 Prior to 1995, reimbursement accounts included premium conversion plans, which specifically allow medical plan participants to pay required plan premiums with pretax dollars. Also, reimbursement accounts that were part of flexible benefit plans were tabulated separately. NOTE: Dash indicates data not available. 26. Percent of full-time em ployees participating in em ployer-provided benefit plans, and in selected features within plans, small private establishments and State and local governments, 1987, 1990, 1992, 1994, 1996, and 1998 S t a t e a n d lo c a l g o v e r n m e n t s S m a ll p r iv a t e e s t a b lis h m e n t s Ite m 32,466 Number of employees (in 000's): 1994 1992 1990 34,360 35,910 22,402 20,778 6,493 24,396 21,990 7,559 23,536 21,955 5,480 8 37 48 27 47 2.9 84 9.5 11 2.8 88 47 17 8 9 37 49 26 50 3.0 82 9.2 12 2.6 88 53 18 7 _ _ _ 39,816 25,599 24,635 5,883 1998 1994 1992 1990 1987 1996 10,321 12,972 12,466 12,907 14,351 9,599 8,773 9,599 12,064 11,415 11,675 11,219 11,095 10,845 11,192 11,194 11,708 12,308 12,777 12,983 17 34 58 29 56 3.7 81 10.9 38 2.7 72 97 57 30 11 36 56 29 63 3.7 74 13.6 39 2.9 67 95 51 33 10 34 53 29 65 3.7 75 14.2 38 2.9 67 95 59 44 Time-off plans Participants with: 50 3.1 82 7.5 13 2.6 88 50 _ _ _ _ _ 51 3.0 80 7.6 14 3.0 86 50 _ _ Percent of participants with employee contribution required for: - - - 65 3.7 73 11.4 38 3.1 67 96 62 3.7 73 11.5 38 3.0 66 94 - - - 47 48 _ _ - 93 9.5 69 71 66 64 93 93 90 87 8.6 79 83 26 80 84 28 - - - - 76 78 36 82 79 36 87 84 47 84 81 55 90 78 67 42 $25.13 67 $109.34 64 47 $36.51 73 $150.54 64 52 $40.97 76 $159.63 61 52 $42.63 75 $181.53 62 35 $15.74 71 $71.89 85 38 $25.53 65 $117.59 88 43 $28.97 72 $139.23 89 47 $30.20 71 $149.70 87 51 $31.94 75 $152.46 89 78 1 19 76 1 25 79 2 20 77 1 13 67 1 55 67 1 45 74 1 46 64 2 46 58 1 31 27 28 30 34 Percent of participants with: Accidental death and dismemberment Participants inlong-termdisability - - _ Insurance plans Percent of participants withcoverage for: - 19 23 20 6 26 26 Participants insickness and accident 22 14 21 22 _ 29 - - - 21 - - 15 93 90 87 91 90 47 92 92 90 33 100 18 9 89 88 16 100 8 9 92 89 10 100 10 9 92 87 13 99 4 9 77 87 Retirement plans Percent of participants with: 20 22 15 54 95 7 58 49 31 50 95 4 54 46 33 _ _ _ _ 34 53 44 38 17 24 23 28 28 45 45 24 35 1 8 2 14 3 19 4 12 5 5 5 31 5 50 5 64 5 42 9 Participants inplans withtax-deferred savings Other benefits Employees eligible for: Premiumconversion plans ............................ 1 Methods used to calculate the average number of paid holidays were revised In 1994 to count partial days more precisely. Average holidays for 1994 are not comparable with those reported in 1990 and 1992. 2 The definitions for paid sick leave and short-term disability (previously sickness and accident insurance) were changed forthe 1996 survey. Paid sick leave now includes only plans that specify either a maximum number of days per year or unlimited days. Short-termdisability now includes all insured, selfinsured, and State-mandated plans available on a per-disability basis, as well as the unfunded per-disability plans previously reported as https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis - 7 - 99 7 14 sick leave. Sickness and accident insurance, reported in years prior to this survey, included only insured, self-insured, and State-mandated plans providing per-disability benefits at less than full pay. 3 Prior to 1996, reimbursement accounts included premiumconversion plans, which specifically allow medical plan participants to pay required plan premiums with pretax dollars. Also, reimbursement accounts that were part of flexible benefit plans were tabulated separately. Note: Dash indicates data not available. Monthly Labor Review January 2001 71 Current Labor Statistics: Compensation & Industrial Relations 27. W o rk s to p p a g e s in v o lv in g 1,000 w o rk e rs o r m o re Measure Annual totals 1998 1999 1999 Apr. May June July 2000 Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Jan.p Feb.p M ar.p Apr.P Number of stoppages: Beginning in period......................... In effect during period..................... 34 34 17 21 2 4 3 6 2 6 1 6 1 3 2 5 0 2 1 2 0 1 0 1 1 2 2 4 6 7 Workers involved: Beginning in period (in thousands).... In effect during period (in thousands). 387 387 73 80 19.0 23.4 9.6 22.0 2.2 21.6 1.7 16.3 11.0 15.4 19.1 34.5 .0 10.1 2.0 5.0 .0 3.0 .0 3.0 17.0 20.0 5.7 25.7 26.7 29.7 Days idle: Number (in thousands)................... 5,116 1,995 272.4 314.8 309.4 266.4 118.8 176.2 67.1 63.6 63.0 60.0 298.0 327.6 272.2 .02 .01 Percent of estimated workina time1.... .01 .01 .01 .01 .01 (2) Ô (2) .01 (2) .01 (2) .01 Agricultural and government employees are Included in the total employed and total working time; private household, forestry, and fishery employees are excluded. An explanation of the measurement of idleness as a percentage of the total time worked is found in"'Total economy' measures of strike idleness," Monthly Labor Review, October 1968, pp. 54-56. 2 Less than 0.005. p= preliminary. 72 Monthly Labor Review https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis January 2001 28. Consumer Price Indexes for All Urban Consumers and for Urban W age Earners and Clerical Workers: U.S. city average, by expenditure category and com modity or service group [1982-84 = 100, unless otherwise indicated] A n n u a l a v e ra g e 2000 1999 S e r ie s 1998 1999 Nov. D ec. Jan. Feb. M a r. A p r. M ay June J u ly Aug. S e p t. O c t. Nov. C O N S U M E R P R I C E IN D E X FO R ALL URBAN C O N SU M ER S All items........................................................... All items (1967= 100)....................................... Food and beverages........................................ Food............................................................. Food at home............................................... Cereals and bakery products....................... Meats, poultry, fish, and eggs....................... Dairy and related products'.......................... Fruits and vegetables.................................. Nonalcoholic beverages and beverage materials.................................................. Other foods at home.................................... Sugar and sweets...................................... Fats and oils............................................. Other foods............................................... Other miscellaneous foods1,2................... Food away from home'.................................. Other food away from home' 2 Alcoholic beverages....................................... Housing.......................................................... Shelter......................................................... Rent of primary residence............................ Lodging away from home............................ Owners' equivalent rent of primary residence3 Tenants' and household insurance1'2............ Fuels and utilities....................................... Fuels........................................................ Fuel oil and other fuels............................. Gas (piped) and electricity........................ Household furnishings and operations.......... Apparel.......................................................... Men’s and boys’ apparel.............................. Infants' and toddlers' apparel'..................... Transportation................................................. New and used motor vehicles2..................... Used cars and trucks'............................... Gasoline (all types)................................... Motor vehicle parts and equipment............... Motor vehicle maintenance and repair.......... Public transportation..................................... Medical care................................................... Medical care commodities.............................. Medical care services.................................... Professional services.................................. Education and communication2....................... Education2.................................................. Educational books and supplies.................. Tuition, other school fees, and child care.... Communication1,2........................................ Information and information processing1,2.... Telephone services1,2............................. Information and Information processing other than telephone services1,4............ Personal computers and peripheral Other goods and services................................ Personal care services'.............................. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 163.0 488.3 161.1 160.7 161.1 181.1 147.3 150.8 198.2 166.6 499.0 164.6 164.1 164.2 185.0 147.9 159.6 203.1 168.3 504.1 165.7 165.2 165.1 184.8 150.5 164.6 201.2 168.3 504.1 165.9 165.4 165.4 185.9 149.8 162.1 204.5 168.8 505.8 166.6 166.1 166.3 185.6 150.2 160.4 208.4 169.8 508.7 166.8 166.3 166.3 186.0 151.3 160.9 203.0 171.2 512.8 167.1 166.5 166.4 186.1 152.4 159.1 201.7 171.3 513.2 167.2 166.6 166.5 187.2 152.9 160.6 201.6 171.5 513.6 167.8 167.3 167.5 188.6 153.9 159.6 204.3 172.4 516.5 167.9 167.3 167.3 187.7 154.9 159.5 199.9 172.8 517.5 168.7 168.1 168.3 189.6 155.8 160.5 201.0 172.8 517.6 169.2 168.7 168.9 189.9 156.8 161.0 202.5 173.7 520.3 169.4 168.9 169.0 188.6 156.9 161.6 204.6 174.0 521.2 169.6 169.1 169.1 190.1 156.8 161.9 206.2 174.1 521.5 169.5 168.9 168.8 189.0 155.5 161.4 207.3 133.0 150.8 150.2 146.9 165.5 102.6 161.1 101.6 165.7 160.4 182.1 172.1 109.0 187.8 134.3 153.5 152.3 148.3 168.9 104.9 165.1 105.2 169.7 163.9 187.3 177.5 112.3 192.9 133.9 153.0 152.1 145.3 169.0 103.9 166.5 106.9 171.2 164.9 188.6 179.8 108.5 194.9 134.7 153.3 152.3 145.1 169.4 105.7 166.8 106.9 171.8 164.8 188.6 180.3 105.8 195.2 102.2 129.6 114.1 106.3 120.3 126.4 130.1 131.5 121.8 133.0 123.7 148.3 144.4 101.1 143.6 155.0 112.2 111.5 100.8 173.8 201.2 254.2 234.6 258.5 231.7 306.3 102.0 100.1 102.3 109.3 256.0 316.3 95.9 95.4 100.7 137.6 154.0 152.4 144.8 170.7 105.2 168.1 108.0 173.6 167.9 192.3 182.3 119.4 197.2 103.1 131.7 116.1 123.7 121.0 128.2 133.3 131.6 126.7 132.3 126.7 152.9 148.7 100.8 143.5 154.0 128.7 127.9 101.0 175.9 209.2 258.8 237.0 263.9 236.6 312.7 102.9 100.3 101.8 110.7 276.7 318.7 93.8 93.1 98.6 137.3 155.4 153.7 147.0 172.1 106.4 168.3 108.1 173.8 168.1 192.4 182.7 117.5 197.6 103.8 132.4 116.8 121.6 122.0 128.1 132.2 132.6 124.4 131.7 126.1 153.1 148.8 101.0 143.3 155.4 128.3 127.6 101.1 176.3 210.4 259.4 237.5 264.4 237.1 313.5 103.1 101.3 101.8 110.9 276.8 319.2 93.7 93.0 98.5 137.5 156.2 154.0 146.6 173.4 108.4 168.6 108.1 174.4 169.6 193.3 183.2 120.5 198.2 103.9 138.9 124.0 120.9 130.2 128.1 128.3 129.4 119.2 130.5 123.9 155.7 151.4 100.8 142.9 155.7 139.0 138.3 101.2 176.8 212.6 260.5 238.2 265.6 237.9 315.6 103.4 101.5 101.5 111.5 277.5 320.9 92.6 91.8 97.2 138.5 156.6 154.1 148.1 173.5 108.8 169.1 108.7 175.2 170.6 194.1 183.9 122.8 198.6 104.2 141.3 126.5 120.8 133.0 128.6 124.5 126.4 113.9 128.1 120.3 155.0 150.6 100.6 142.5 155.3 136.1 135.4 101.5 177.2 213.7 261.4 238.6 266.7 238.3 318.1 103.7 101.3 102.0 111.8 278.1 321.7 93.3 92.5 98.2 138.2 156.9 154.6 148.9 173.7 109.5 169.5 109.3 175.6 170.9 194.7 184.6 123.0 199.2 104.0 140.9 125.9 120.8 132.4 128.6 125.3 126.8 115.6 126.7 120.7 153.2 148.6 100.4 141.9 155.2 128.4 127.7 101.5 178.2 215.7 262.6 239.2 268.0 238.9 321.3 103.9 101.6 102.8 113.0 280.2 325.4 93.7 93.0 98.9 137.9 156.0 153.0 146.5 173.3 110.0 170.4 111.0 176.4 171.6 195.2 186.8 113.9 201.2 102.1 130.0 114.6 100.7 121.4 126.4 133.6 133.2 126.6 132.6 126.4 147.6 143.6 100.9 143.1 156.1 109.3 108.7 101.2 173.6 202.2 253.3 233.7 257.7 231.4 303.9 101.9 100.1 102.2 109.3 255.7 316.3 95.9 95.3 100.6 138.5 155.1 154.6 145.9 171.6 107.0 167.9 107.9 173.5 167.8 192.2 182.0 120.9 196.9 102.6 131.8 116.3 130.1 120.7 127.9 132.5 131.5 125.9 133.9 124.7 153.4 149.2 100.4 143.3 153.0 131.7 130.9 101.4 175.7 209.8 258.1 236.3 263.2 236.1 311.5 102.9 100.9 102.0 110.6 276.9 318.3 94.3 93.6 98.9 137.4 155.8 153.9 149.7 172.0 106.8 170.3 110.5 175.9 171.7 195.2 186.1 118.5 200.5 101.3 128.8 113.5 91.4 120.9 126.7 131.3 131.1 123.3 129.0 125.7 144.4 140.5 100.1 142.9 152.0 100.7 100.1 100.5 171.9 197.7 250.6 230.7 255.1 229.2 299.5 102.1 100.7 101.2 107.0 261.7 308.4 96.0 95.5 100.1 138.4 154.4 154.4 145.6 170.5 106.4 167.6 107.9 173.0 167.1 191.0 181.5 115.1 196.6 102.4 132.9 117.6 147.2 120.6 127.2 129.2 130.0 120.0 133.1 122.1 149.7 145.6 100.3 143.0 153.0 118.1 117.3 100.9 175.2 204.2 257.0 235.5 262.0 234.9 310.5 102.5 100.8 102.2 110.6 278.3 318.0 94.7 94.1 99.4 138.0 156.7 154.6 148.7 173.4 107.7 170.0 110.0 175.5 171.4 194.6 185.3 118.1 199.9 99.8 128.5 113.7 90.0 121.2 126.6 133.0 131.8 126.0 126.1 128.0 141.6 137.9 100.1 143.4 150.6 92.2 91.6 101.1 167.1 190.3 242.1 221.8 246.8 222.2 287.5 101.1 101.1 100.3 102.1 250.8 294.2 98.7 98.5 100.7 137.1 154.3 154.8 147.0 169.8 104.3 167.2 107.5 172.4 166.0 190.1 181.1 111.3 196.2 102.4 129.9 114.3 114.4 119.8 127.0 126.8 129.2 116.0 133.3 121.6 148.3 144.4 100.8 143.3 153.9 112.6 111.9 100.8 174.6 199.5 255.5 235.2 260.1 233.1 308.4 102.3 100.5 102.7 110.2 273.9 317.3 96.0 95.5 100.9 104.2 143.8 129.1 133.7 134.8 129.0 130.4 129.1 124.2 127.4 124.9 154.7 150.4 100.4 141.4 156.2 135.2 134.3 101.7 178.7 213.0 263.1 239.4 268.7 239.3 322.5 103.8 101.5 102.9 114.9 284.8 330.8 92.1 91.3 97.0 104.2 143.1 128.3 137.6 133.6 128.7 132.8 130.4 127.9 130.8 125.3 154.4 150.4 100.8 141.6 157.9 133.1 132.3 101.7 179.4 208.0 263.7 239.6 269.4 239.7 323.6 103.8 101.0 103.6 115.3 285.2 332.1 93.1 92.3 98.3 104.5 142.7 127.7 140.3 132.7 128.9 131.8 131.3 124.8 130.7 125.4 155.2 151.1 101.5 142.7 159.3 133.0 132.2 102.5 179.9 209.1 264.1 240.0 269.8 239.8 324.7 103.7 100.9 103.2 115.4 284.8 332.5 92.3 91.5 97.5 39.9 30.5 28.2 28.2 28.0 27.6 27.2 26.7 26.6 26.0 25.7 25.2 25.0 24.7 24.2 78.2 237.7 274.8 156.7 148.3 166.0 53.5 258.3 355.8 161.1 151.8 171.4 47.0 263.0 369.8 162.8 153.3 173.9 47.2 263.0 369.1 162.9 152.5 174.3 46.4 264.7 375.1 163.4 152.8 174.9 45.1 266.7 383.0 163.8 152.6 175.6 44.2 268.0 387.3 164.3 153.5 176.2 42.7 271.9 404.4 164.8 153.4 176.2 42.4 270.2 393.5 165.1 153.0 177.3 41.2 269.6 388.5 165.4 153.6 177.9 40.3 272.2 400.7 165.7 153.7 178.2 39.5 271.6 394.1 166.2 154.3 179.3 38.9 274.7 408.0 166.6 154.3 179.9 38.3 273.0 396.7 167.0 153.4 180.3 37.3 276.2 411.0 167.4 153.9 180.6 Monthly Labor Review January 2001 73 Current Labor Statistics: 28. Price Data Continued— Consumer Price Indexes for All Urban Consumers and for Urban W age Earners and Clerical Workers: U.S. city average, by expenditure category and com m odity or service group [1982-84 = 100, unless otherwise indicated] A n n u a l a v e ra g e 1999 2000 S e r ie s 1998 Miscellaneous personal services.................. Commodity and service group: Commodities.................................................. Food and beverages..................................... Commodities less food and beverages........... Nondurables less food and beverages.......... Apparel.................................................... Nondurables less food, beverages, 1999 Nov. D ec. Jan. Feb. M a r. A p r. M ay June J u ly Aug. S e p t. O c t. Nov. 234.7 243.0 246.0 246.6 247.6 248.9 249.4 250.9 251.7 252.0 252.9 253.6 254.0 255.1 255.7 141.9 161.1 130.5 132.6 133.0 144.4 164.6 132.5 137.5 131.3 146.2 165.7 134.6 141.3 133.6 146.1 165.9 134.4 140.9 130.1 146.2 166.6 134.0 140.5 126.8 147.4 166.8 135.7 143.9 129.2 149.2 167.1 138.4 148.5 132.5 149.3 167.2 138.4 148.5 133.3 149.2 167.8 138.0 147.6 132.2 149.7 167.9 138.6 149.1 128.3 149.3 169.4 137.7 147.5 124.5 148.6 169.2 136.4 145.6 125.3 150.3 169.4 138.8 149.9 130.4 150.4 169.6 138.9 149.9 132.8 150.6 169.5 139.3 150.2 131.8 137.4 127.6 184.2 189.6 187.9 216.9 146.0 126.0 188.8 195.0 190.7 223.1 150.7 126.0 190.5 196.3 192.7 226.0 152.1 125.9 190.5 196.3 192.8 226.5 153.1 125.7 191.6 198.0 193.0 227.4 157.2 125.3 192.4 198.9 193.7 227.4 162.7 125.6 193.3 200.1 195.0 227.8 162.3 125.6 193.5 200.2 195.2 228.0 161.5 125.8 193.8 200.3 195.7 228.4 165.8 125.4 195.3 201.2 196.1 228.7 165.4 125.2 196.3 202.1 196.5 229.9 162.0 124.7 197.0 202.7 197.4 231.3 165 9 124.8 197.2 202.6 197.2 231.5 164 7 125.0 197.6 203.3 197.0 232.6 165 7 125.5 197.6 203.2 198.0 232.4 163.4 157.2 158.6 132.0 134.6 139.2 146.9 191.8 178.4 102.9 170.9 173.4 143.2 92.1 190.6 167.0 160.2 162.0 134.0 139.4 147.5 151.2 195.8 182.7 106.6 174.4 177.0 144.1 100.0 195.7 168.8 162.1 163.6 136.1 143.1 151.9 153.7 197.9 184.3 111.2 175.8 178.4 145.0 108.7 197.5 168.8 162.1 163.6 135.9 142.8 153.2 153.6 198.0 184.3 112.2 175.7 178.2 144.2 111.8 197.7 169.3 162.3 164.1 135.6 142.4 154.2 153.7 198.6 185.3 112.5 176.3 178.8 143.6 112.8 198.9 170.5 163.3 165.0 137.2 145.7 158.0 155.6 199.2 186.0 116.7 176.9 179.5 144.2 120.6 199.7 172.0 164.8 166.4 139.9 150.1 163.0 158.1 199.9 186.9 122.2 177.8 180.5 145.3 131.7 200.7 172.2 164.9 166.5 139.9 150.1 162.7 158.2 200.2 187.1 120.7 178.1 180.9 145.9 128.4 200.9 172.2 165.1 166.6 139.4 149.3 161.9 158.0 200.9 187.4 121.0 178.2 180.9 145.5 127.9 201.2 173.3 166.0 167.6 140.1 150.7 166.0 158.8 202.9 188.9 129.6 178.3 181.0 144.5 137.6 201.9 173.6 166.2 167.9 139.2 149.3 165.7 158.4 204.2 189.9 129.7 178.7 181.3 143.8 135.0 202.7 173.5 166.0 167.9 138.0 147.5 162.6 157.6 205.0 190.5 125.9 179.1 181.7 143.7 127.9 203.5 174.6 167.4 168 8 140.3 151.5 166.2 160.0 205.7 190.7 130.6 179.6 174.9 167.5 169 1 140.4 151.6 165.1 160.1 205.8 191.1 129.3 180 1 175.0 167.7 145.1 135.2 203.5 145.6 133.6 204.1 146.0 133 8 204.2 159.7 475.6 160.4 160.0 160.0 180.9 147.0 150.4 197.0 163.2 486.2 163.8 163.4 163.0 184.7 147.6 159.4 201.8 165.1 491.7 164.9 164.5 164.0 184.5 150.1 164.6 199.8 165.1 491.8 165.2 164.7 164.2 185.7 149.4 161.9 202.8 165.6 493.2 165.9 165.4 165.1 185.5 149.8 159.9 207.0 166.5 495.9 166.1 165.6 165.1 185.8 150.8 160.4 201.7 167.9 500.0 166.4 165.9 165.3 185.9 152.0 158.7 200.5 168.0 500.4 166.5 166.0 165.4 186.9 152.5 160.2 200.5 168.2 501.1 167.2 166.7 166.4 188.4 153.5 159.3 203.1 169.2 504.1 167.3 166.8 166.3 187.3 154.6 159.4 198.9 169.4 504.7 168.0 167.6 167.3 189.2 155.4 160.5 200.0 169.3 504.2 168.6 189.9 156.8 161.0 202.5 138.2 201.5 170.4 507.6 168.8 168.3 168.1 188.4 156.6 161.6 203.6 170.6 508.2 169.0 168.5 168.1 189.9 156.4 161.9 204.7 170.9 509.0 168.8 168.3 167.8 188.6 155.3 161.4 205.8 133.2 152.8 152.2 147.9 168.8 104.6 165.0 105.1 168.8 160.0 181.6 177.1 122.2 175.7 101.6 128.7 113.0 91.7 120.4 124.7 130.1 131.2 121.3 130.3 126.2 143.4 132.7 152.3 152.0 144.9 168.8 103.4 166.5 106.8 170.4 161.1 183.1 179 3 108.4 177.4 102.3 129.8 114.0 100.7 120.9 124.2 132.3 133.3 124.4 134.3 126.9 146.9 133.5 152.7 152.3 144.7 169.4 105.2 166.8 106.9 171.0 161.1 183.3 179 9 105.7 177.8 102.4 129.2 113.5 106.0 119.8 124.2 129.0 131.6 119.8 134.8 124.2 147.6 136.0 153.7 154.8 146.8 169.8 103.9 167.1 107.4 171.6 162.0 184.5 180 7 110.8 178.6 102.6 129.5 113.6 114.0 119.4 124.5 125.9 129.3 114.2 134.9 122.3 147.7 137.6 153.8 154.3 145.2 170.5 106.2 167.6 107.8 172.2 162.9 185.2 137.8 154.5 154.5 145.7 171.6 106.7 167.9 107.8 172.8 163.4 186.0 136.7 153.4 152.3 144.5 170.7 104.7 168.1 108.3 172.9 163.6 186.2 136.4 154.9 153.6 146.9 172.2 106.1 168.3 108.5 172.9 163.9 186.5 136.7 155.6 153.9 146.4 173.4 108.0 168.6 108.4 173.6 165.5 187.2 137.5 156.0 154.2 147.9 173.5 108.4 169.1 108.8 174.4 166.4 187.9 137.4 156.2 154.4 148.6 173.6 109.0 169.5 109.6 174.7 166.6 188.4 137.1 156.1 154.4 148.5 173.5 107.5 170.0 110.4 174.4 167.3 188.7 136.6 155.3 153.8 149.4 172.0 106.3 170.3 110.9 174.8 167.5 189.3 137.1 155.4 152.7 146.3 173.4 109.6 170.5 111.2 175.6 167.6 189.5 114.5 179.0 102.6 132.0 116.3 144.5 120.1 124.6 127.9 129.9 118.0 134.7 122.6 149.1 119.9 179.2 102.8 131.2 115.4 129.6 120.2 125.3 131.0 131.5 123.5 135.7 124.7 152.9 118.7 179.6 103.3 131.1 115.2 123.0 120.5 125.6 131.8 131.5 117.8 179.9 104.0 131.9 116.0 120.9 121.6 125.5 130.9 132.7 120.9 180.4 104.1 138.7 123.3 120.2 129.9 125.3 127.3 129.5 123.1 180.8 104.4 141.0 125.7 120.1 132.5 125.7 123.6 126.6 122.5 181.3 104.2 140.4 125.0 120.1 131.8 125.7 124.0 126.8 118.3 181.9 104.4 143.4 128.2 133.1 134.4 126.1 128.7 128.8 118.6 182.4 104.4 142.5 127.2 136.7 133.0 125.8 131.3 130.3 113.9 183.0 104.7 142.0 126.5 139.3 132.1 126.0 130.5 131.3 134.1 127 1 152.2 133.4 126 6 152.5 132.0 124 6 155.5 129.8 128.4 129.0 132.6 132.7 Transportation................................................. 131.8 150.2 150.1 146.5 165.4 102.6 161.1 101.6 164.6 156.7 176.6 171.7 109.0 171.1 100.0 128.4 113.3 90.3 120.8 125.0 131.6 131.4 123.9 126.7 128.7 140.5 154.4 152.3 154.2 154.0 154.9 New and used motor vehicles2..................... 100.3 100.4 101.5 101.5 101.2 100.7 100.8 101.2 101.5 101.4 101.1 100.9 101.0 101.4 102.2 Durables..................................................... Services......................................................... Transporatation services............................... Special indexes: All items less shelter..................................... Commodities less food.................................. Nondurables less food.................................. Nondurables less food and apparel................ Nondurables................................................ Services less rent of shelter3......................... Services less medical care services............... Energy......................................................... Commodities less food and energy............ 140.8 151.8 166.0 160.2 205.9 191.1 129.0 C O N S U M E R P R I C E IN D E X F O R U R B A N W A G E E A R N E R S A N D C L E R IC A L W O R K E R S All Items (1967 - 100)....................................... Food and beverages........................................ Fruits and vegetables................................... Nonalcoholic beverages and beverage materials.................................................. Other foods at home................................... Sugar and sweets..................................... Fats and oils.............................................. Other foods............................................... Other miscellaneous foods1,2................... Food away from home1................................... Other food away from home1,2..................... Housing........................................................... Shelter.......................................................... Owners' equivalent rent of primary residence3 Fuels and utilities....................................... Fuels........................................................ Fuel oil and other fuels............................. Gas (piped) and electricity....................... Household furnishings and operations........... Apparel.......................................................... Men's and boys' apparel................ ............. Infants' and toddlers’ apparel1...................... 74 Monthly Labor Review https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis January 2001 28. C o n tin u ed — C o nsu m er Price In d exes for All Urban Consum ers a n d for Urban W a g e Earners a n d C le ric a l Workers: U.S. c ity a v e ra g e , b y e x p e n d itu re c a te g o ry a n d c o m m o d ity or service group [1982-84 = 100, unless otherwise indicated]___________________________ Annual average 2000 1999 Series 1998 Miscellaneous personal services................ Commodity and service group: Commodities.............................................. Nondurables less food and beverages.......... Apparel................................................ Nonauraoies less rood, beverages, Durables................................................. Services.................................................... Transportation services............................ Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. 159.3 133.1 132.3 101.0 180.9 202.4 262.8 235.2 269.2 241.8 319.2 102.8 100.7 103.7 115.4 289.0 325.7 94.2 93.8 98.6 143.7 160.7 133.2 132.4 101.8 181.4 203.2 263.1 235.5 269.4 241.7 320.3 102.7 100.6 103.2 115.6 288.6 326.3 93.3 92.8 97.6 26.6 26.1 25.9 25.5 25.1 40.7 274.5 388.7 165.3 154.0 178.3 251.4 39.8 277.9 400.9 165.5 154.1 178.6 252.2 39.1 276.8 394.2 166.1 155.0 179.7 253.0 38.5 280.9 408.2 166.5 155.1 180.3 253.4 37.8 278.2 397.0 166.8 153.9 180.8 254.5 36.7 282.3 411.3 167.1 154.2 181.1 255.1 149.9 167.2 139.3 149.4 130.9 150.6 167.3 140.3 151.5 127.3 150.1 168.0 139.2 149.7 123.6 149.3 168.6 137.7 147.2 124.0 151.0 168.8 140.2 151.8 128.7 151.0 169.0 140.2 151.6 131.3 151.4 168.8 140.8 152.1 130.5 165.2 126.0 189.4 179.3 192.0 224.2 164.4 126.2 189.8 179.6 192.4 224.6 169.6 125.9 191.2 180.3 192.6 224.7 168.7 125.6 192.2 181.0 193.0 225.9 164.6 125.2 193.0 181.5 193.8 227.3 169.3 125.3 193.4 181.7 193.7 227.3 167.6 125.6 193.9 182.3 193.9 228.4 168.8 126.2 194.0 182.5 195.0 228.1 168.2 163.0 163.8 141.0 151.7 165.3 158.9 177.7 183.3 121.0 174.5 176.7 146.4 128.3 197.1 168.3 163.1 164.0 140.7 150.9 164.5 158.8 178.2 183.7 121.5 174.6 176.7 146.0 128.3 197.5 169.5 164.3 165.0 141.7 152.9 169.4 159.9 180.2 185.1 130.9 174.6 176.6 145.0 139.1 198.0 169.6 164.3 165.1 140.6 151.2 168.7 159.4 181.3 186.0 130.1 174.9 176.8 144.5 135.4 198.8 169.4 163.9 165.0 139.1 148.9 164.9 158.3 181.9 186.6 125.7 175.3 177.2 144.2 127.7 199.5 170.7 165.4 166.2 141.6 153.3 169.2 160.8 182.5 187.2 130.9 176.0 178.0 145.7 135.4 200.0 170.9 165.5 166.4 141.6 153.1 167.7 160.8 182.7 187.6 129.3 176.5 178.6 146.1 133.5 200.6 171.3 165.7 166.6 142.2 153.6 168.8 161.0 182.8 187.7 129.0 176.8 179.0 146.7 133.8 200.8 144.1 157.1 140.1 139.4 100.5 178.3 205.5 259.7 233.7 265.6 239.9 311.7 102.5 101.2 101.7 111.8 280.9 315.4 93.6 93.0 97.4 143.1 156.6 136.2 135.5 100.8 178.7 206.9 260.6 234.2 266.6 240.3 314.2 102.7 100.9 102.2 112.1 281.5 316.2 94.3 93.9 98.4 29.3 29.3 28.9 28.6 28.2 27.6 27.5 27.0 53.1 261.9 356.2 161.3 152.5 171.7 243.1 46.9 267.4 370.4 163.0 154.0 174.4 245.9 46.9 267.3 369.7 163.1 153.1 174.7 246.7 45.7 269.3 375.7 163.5 153.4 175.3 247.6 44.5 271.7 383.6 163.9 153.2 176.1 248.9 43.6 273.3 387.8 164.3 154.1 176.6 249.4 42.0 278.0 404.9 164.6 153.9 176.6 250.4 41.8 275.4 393.7 164.9 153.4 177.7 251.2 141.8 160.4 130.6 132.1 131.6 144.7 163.8 133.2 138.1 130.1 146.6 164.9 135.6 142.2 132.3 146.6 165.2 135.4 142.0 129.0 146.6 165.9 135.1 141.7 125.9 147.8 166.1 136.8 145.1 127.9 149.8 166.4 139.6 150.2 131.0 149.9 166.5 139.6 150.2 131.8 137.0 127.3 181.0 170.1 185.4 213.7 147.2 126.0 185.3 174.9 187.9 219.6 152.5 126.4 187.1 176.3 189.8 222.3 153.9 126.3 187.2 176.5 189.9 222.9 155.0 126.0 187.9 177.7 190.2 223.8 159.3 125.6 188.5 178.4 190.8 223.7 165.7 125.8 189.2 179.1 191.8 224.0 159.5 155.0 155.8 132.0 134.1 138.7 146.5 170.7 175.4 102.1 167.6 169.6 142.7 92.3 187.7 163.1 158.1 159.2 134.6 140.0 148.4 151.3 174.1 179.5 106.1 171.1 173.1 144.3 100.3 192.6 165.1 160.1 161.1 137.0 144.0 153.4 154.0 175.8 181.1 111.0 172.6 174.7 145.4 109.1 194.4 165.1 160.1 161.1 136.8 143.8 154.7 154.0 175.9 181.2 112.1 172.5 174.5 144.6 112.1 194.7 165.4 160.3 161.4 136.5 143.6 155.8 154.2 176.4 181.9 112.5 172.8 174.8 144.1 113.1 195.5 166.4 161.3 162.3 138.2 146.8 159.8 156.0 176.9 182.4 116.7 173.3 175.3 144.6 120.4 196.2 168.0 162.8 163.6 141.0 151.7 165.7 158.8 177.4 183.1 122.9 174.1 176.2 145.6 132.0 196.9 152.0 92.2 91.7 100.5 168.2 187.1 241.4 218.6 246.6 223.7 283.6 100.9 101.1 100.4 102.1 253.1 288.5 99.1 99.0 100.7 144.3 157.3 109.5 108.9 100.6 175.1 197.0 252.5 229.5 257.6 233.1 299.8 101.0 99.9 102.5 109.4 256.5 310.4 96.9 96.6 100.8 41.2 31.6 77.9 236.1 274.8 156.8 149.3 166.3 234.0 144.7 142.7 Nov. 156.5 128.0 127.3 100.7 179.6 208.7 261.7 234.6 267.9 240.9 317.1 102.9 101.3 103.0 113.2 283.6 319.2 94.8 94.4 99.1 144.5 156.8 128.5 127.9 100.5 177.8 203.9 258.5 232.9 264.4 239.0 309.5 102.3 101.0 102.1 111.3 280.0 313.8 94.7 94.3 98.7 143.7 156.3 112.3 111.7 100.2 175.2 196.0 253.2 230.2 258.4 233.4 302.1 101.2 99.8 102.5 109.4 256.9 310.4 97.0 96.6 100.9 144.7 155.4 128.5 127.8 100.6 177.4 202.9 258.0 232.4 263.8 238.6 308.7 102.0 100.0 102.1 111.1 279.9 313.4 94.8 94.4 98.8 144.0 153.3 100.8 100.2 100.0 173.3 193.1 249.7 226.8 254.9 230.8 295.5 101.3 100.5 101.5 107.2 264.1 302.8 96.9 96.5 100.2 Oct. 142.5 157.5 135.3 134.6 100.9 180.2 206.4 262.2 235.0 268.5 241.3 318.2 102.8 101.1 102.9 115.1 288.6 324.7 93.1 92.6 97.1 144.5 154.4 132.0 131.2 100.9 177.2 203.4 257.3 231.8 263.1 238.0 307.5 102.0 100.6 102.2 111.0 280.0 312.8 95.3 94.8 99.1 Used cars and trucks1............................. Motor fuel................................................ Gasoline (all types).................................. Motor vehicle parts and equipment.............. Motor vehicle maintenance and repair.......... Public transportation................................... Medical care................................................ Medical care commodities............................ Medical care services.................................. Professional services................................ Hospital and related services...................... Other goods and services............................... Dec. 144.2 154.4 118.6 117.9 100.5 176.6 198.8 256.2 231.0 261.9 236.7 306.4 101.6 100.4 102.5 110.9 281.3 312.7 95.7 95.3 99.6 144.6 Information and information processing1,2... Telephone services1,2........................... Information and information processing other than telephone services1,4............ Personal computers and peripheral 12 Nov. 144.5 155.3 112.9 112.3 100.3 176.1 194.8 254.5 230.7 259.9 234.8 304.1 101.4 100.2 103.0 110.5 276.6 311.7 97.1 96.7 101.1 New vehicles.......................................... Recreation2................................................ Video and audio1,2.................................... Education and communication2...................... Education2............................................... Educational books and supplies................ Tuition, other school fees, and child care..... 1999 Special indexes: All items less shelter................................. Commodities less food.............................. Nondurables............................................ Energy................................................... All Items less energy................................. All items less food and energy................... Commodities less food and energy........... Services less energy.............................. 1 Not seasonally adjusted. 2 Indexes on a December 1997 = 100 base. 3 Indexes on a December 1982 = 100 base. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 4 Indexes on a December 1988 = 100 base. NOTE: Index applies to a month as a whole, not to any specific date. Monthly Labor Review January 2001 75 Current Labor Statistics: Price Data 29. C o n s u m e r Price In d e x : U.S. c ity a v e r a g e a n d a v a ila b le lo c a l a r e a d a ta : all item s [1982-84 = 100, unless otherwise indicated] All Urban Consumers Pricing sched- Area ule1 U.S. city average................................................... 1999 Sept Oct. Urban Wage Earners 2000 June July Aug. 1999 Sept. Oct. Sept. Oct. 2000 June July Aug. Sept. Oct. M 167.9 168.2 172.4 172.8 172.8 173.7 174.0 164.7 165.0 169.2 169.4 169.3 170.4 170.6 M M M M M M M M M M M M M M 174.8 175.7 105.1 164.3 165.7 105.1 158.6 163.2 162.7 104.8 164.1 170.0 171.2 105.2 175.5 176.4 105.3 164.3 165.7 105.0 158.7 163.6 163.2 105.1 164.1 170.4 171.6 105.5 179.0 179.7 107.7 169.7 171.3 108.4 163.1 167.5 167.2 107.6 167.1 174.3 175.8 107.7 179.8 179.9' 180.5 180.8' 108.2 108.0 168.8 168.2 170.5 170.0 107.7 107.1 163.2 162.5 168.0 168.0 167.9 167.9 107.8 107.8 167.7 167.8 175.2 175.9 176.8 177.6 108.1 108.3 180.7 181.7 108.3 170.0 171.5 108.6 164.5 168.5 168.4 108.1 168.2 176.6 178.4 108.8 181.2 182.1 108.8 170.1 171.5 108.8 164.9 168.5 168.6 108.1 167.6 177.2 179.0 109.0 171.9 171.8 104.7 160.6 161.1 105.1 157.1 161.9 160.4 104.6 164.8 165.8 165.3 105.1 172.5 172.5 105.0 160.6 161.1 105.0 157.2 161.9 160.9 104.9 164.8 166.2 165.6 105.4 175.9 172.5 107.3 166.2 166.9 108.7 161.8 165.8 165.0 107.4 168.1 169.9 169.6 107.4 176.7 176.5 107.7 165.1 165.9 107.7 161.7 166.3 166.7 107.6 168.6 170.8 170.6 107.9 176.6 176.7 107.4 164.3 165.3 106.9 160.9 166.1 166.5 107.5 168.7 171.2 171.2 108.0 177.6 177.7 107.9 166.4 167.0 108.7 163.0 166.8 166.1 107.9 169.2 172.1 172.1 108.6 178.0 178.0 108.4 166.4 166.9 108.7 163.4 166.8 166.3 107.9 168.8 172.7 172.7 108.9 M M M 152.2 105.0 163.7 152.6 105.2 163.8 156.4 107.8 167.5 156.8 107.9 167.8 157.0 107.8 167.6 157.8 108.3 168.7 158.1 108.5 168.7 150.8 104.8 163.0 151.2 105.0 163.1 155.1 107.7 166.8 155.4 107.7 167.0 155.4 107.4 166.8 156.4 108.2 167.9 156.6 108.3 168.1 M M M 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 169.7 167.2 178.2 176.8 164.2 159.8 105.4 169.7 167.2 178.9 166.5 165.9 151.2 164.1 174.4 175.2 174.7 176.0 171.0 182.0 171.3 170.9 154.1 168.0 176.6 179.1 179.2 174.6 171.7 182.8 183.2 168.3 166.2 108.4 173.7 172.2 183.1 172.1 170.1 154.4 168.4 177.5 181.7 180.3 174.8 173.3 184.4 184.3 170.5 166.9 108.7 175.4 173.8 184.6 171.9 171.9 157.1 169.6 177.9 183.4 182.1 164.1 160.7 173.9 175.2 156.4 159.6 105.3 164.0 170.4 160.7 164.3 174.5 177.6 164.0 168.9 160.4 165.8 149 9 153 1 161 9 165 7 174.3 176.1 171.2 175 2 170.2 174..5 168.9 165.0 178.4 182.3 160.5 166.2 108.2 168.0 165.3 178.5 169.6 164.6 153 1 165 8 177.1 177 8 175.4 169.2 166.3 179.9 183.2 162.8 166.8 108.7 169.8 166.9 180.2 169.6 166.5 155 4 167 1 177.2 179 3 177.5 R e g io n a n d a re a s iz e 2 Northeast urban.......................................................... Size A—More than 1,500,000.................................... Size B/C—50,000 to 1,500,0003................................ Size A—More than 1,500,000.................................... Size B/C—50,000 to 1,500,0003................................ Size D—Nonmetropolitan (less than 50,000)................ South urban.............................................................. Size A—More than 1,500,000.................................... Size B/C—50,000 to 1,500,0003................................ Size D—Nonmetropolitan (less than 50,000)............... West urban............................................................... Size A—More than 1,500,000.................................... Size B/C—50,000 to 1,500,0003................................ Size classes: A5................................................ B/C3...................................................................... D.......................................................................... S e le c t e d lo c a l a r e a s 6 Chicago-Gary-Kenosha, IL— IN— Wl............................... Los Angeles-Riverside-Orange County, CA................... New York, NY-Northern NJ-Long Island, NY-NJ-CT-PA.. Boston-Brockton-Nashua, MA-NH-ME-CT.................. Cleveland-Akron, OH.................................................. Dallas-Ft Worth, TX.................................................... Washington-Baltimore, DC-MD-VA-WV7..................... Detroit-Ann Arbor-Flint, Ml.......................................... Philadelphia-Wilmington-Atlantic City, PA-NJ-DE-MD.... Seattle-Tacoma-Bremerton, WA................................... - - 1 Foods, fuels, and several other items priced every month in all areas; most other goods and services priced as indicated: M—Every month. 1— January, March, May, July, September, and November. 2— February, April, June, August, October, and December. 2 Regions defined as the four Census regions. 3 Indexes on a December 1996 = 100 base. 4 The "North Central" region has been renamed the "Midwest" region by the Census Bureau. It is composed of the same geographic entities. 5 Indexes on a December 1986 = 100 base. 6 In addition, the following metropolitan areas are published semiannually and appear in tables 34 and 39 of the January and July issues of the CPI Detailed Report: Anchorage, AK; Cincinnati-Hamilton, OH-KY-IN; Denver-Boulder-Greeley, CO; Honolulu, HI; Kansas City, 76 Monthly Labor Review https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis January 2001 - - - - - - - - - - - MO-KS; Milwaukee-Racine, Wl; Minneapolis-St. Paul, MN-WI; Pittsburgh, PA; Portland-Salem, OR-WA; St Louis, MO-IL; San Diego, CA; Tampa-St. Petersburg-Clearwater, FL. 7 Indexes on a November 1996 = 100 base. - Data not available. NOTE: Local area CPI indexes are byproducts of the national CPI program. Each local index has a smaller sample size and is, therefore, subject to substantially more sampling and other measurement error. As a result, local area indexes show greater volatility than the national index, although their long-term trends are similar. Therefore, the Bureau of Labor Statistics strongly urges users to consider adopting the national average CPI for use in their escalator clauses. Index applies to a month as a whole, not to any specific date. 30. A n n u a l d a ta : C o n s u m e r P rice In d e x , U.S. c ity a v e r a g e , a ll item s a n d m a jo r g ro u p s [ 1982- 8 4 = 100] Series 1991 1992 Consumer Price Index for All Urban Consumers: All items: 1993 1996 1997 1998 1999 140.3 3.0 144.5 3.0 148.2 2.6 152.4 2.8 156.9 3.0 160.5 2.3 163.0 1.6 166.6 2.2 136.8 3.6 138.7 1.4 141.6 2.1 144.9 2.3 148.9 2.8 153.7 3.2 157.7 2.6 161.1 2.2 164.6 2.2 133.6 4.0 137.5 2.9 141.2 2.7 144.8 2.5 148.5 2.6 152.8 2.9 156.8 2.6 160.4 2.3 163.9 2.2 128.7 3.7 131.9 2.5 133.7 1.4 133.4 -.2 132.0 -1.0 131.7 -.2 132.9 .9 133.0 .1 131.3 -1.3 123.8 2.7 126.5 2.2 130.4 3.1 134.3 3.0 139.1 3.6 143.0 2.8 144.3 0.9 141.6 -1.9 144.4 2.0 177.0 8.7 190.1 7.4 201.4 5.9 211.0 4.8 220.5 4.5 228.2 3.5 234.6 2.8 242.1 3.2 250.6 3.5 171.6 7.9 183.3 6.8 192.9 5.2 198.5 2.9 206.9 4.2 215.4 4.1 224.8 4.4 237.7 5.7 258.3 8.7 134.3 4.1 138.2 2.9 142.1 2.8 145.6 2.5 149.8 2.9 154.1 2.9 157.6 2.3 159.7 1.3 163.2 2.2 Housing: Apparel: Transportation: Medical care: Other goods and services: Consumer Price Index for Urban Wage Earners and Clerical Workers: All items: https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 1995 136.2 4.2 Food and beverages: Percent change................................................. 1994 Monthly Labor Review January 2001 77 Current Labor Statistics: 31. Price Data P ro d u cer Price In d e x e s, b y s ta g e o f processing [1982 = 100] Grouping Annual average 1998 F in is h e d g o o d s ..................................................... Finished consumer goods................... Finished consumer foods.................. Finshed consumer goods excluding foods............................... Nondurable goods less food............. Durable goods............................... Capital equipment............................. 1999 1999 2000 Nov. Dec. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. 139.2 139.9 137.1 140.0 140.5 137.8 139.9 140.4 138.1 139.0 139.9 132.7 138.4 140.8 142.7 132.5 138.4 141.5 142.4 135.1 139.8 141.2 142.1 135.0 139.8 130.1 129.9 131.0 130.8 130.5 128.6 120.6 133.7 129.4 126.2 129.0 120.5 135.0 129.3 126.2 128.6 119.1 134.2 129.1 126.2 128.5 118.9 133.6 129.4 126.3 128.5 119.1 133.8 129.2 126.2 128.1 118.8 133.7 127.7 126.2 151.1 96.7 152.8 136.6 151.2 103.3 153.3 137.1 150.5 103.9 153.3 137.3 150.3 104.6 153.1 136.9 150.3 110.0 153.5 137.3 150.2 108.9 153.4 137.6 149.9 108.3 153.2 137.6 111.3 103.4 112.7 115.4 104.6 118.6 125.6 101.9 137.3 120.8 99.4 131.1 119.2 95.4 131.2 124.8 97.6 139.1 128.3 99,5 143.5 125.5 100.5 138.2 136.9 90.9 144.3 146.7 147.5 136.4 89.2 144.6 147.2 147.5 137.2 91.5 145.0 147.6 147.8 138.8 97.7 144.7 147.3 147.5 138.4 96.2 144.7 147.2 147.5 138.4 96.3 144.5 147.0 147.4 139.6 100.6 144.6 147.1 147.5 140.5 99.7 145.8 148.3 149.0 140.3 99.3 145.9 148.4 148.9 153.6 153.6 153.5 153.8 153.6 153.5 153.4 153.6 155.1 155.0 167.3 169.0 169.1 168.9 169.4 169.4 169.4 169.8 170.3 170.8 170.7 127.8 110.0 94.5 133.9 128.8 111.0 97.1 134.5 128.9 111.9 95.4 135.1 129.2 113.2 96.5 135.2 130.7 113.4 103.0 135.5 131.0 112.7 103.6 135.7 131.0 110.2 104.3 135.3 132.1 111.2 109.6 135.4 131.8 111.6 108.5 135.4 131.5 111.6 107.9 135.2 130.7 128.9 134.3 133.0 132.0 135.1 134.9 134.3 135.4 134.9 134.3 135.6 134.7 133.9 135.0 136.0 135.7 136.0 136.8 136.7 136.0 136.7 136.5 137.3 137.5 137.6 138.0 138.6 139.1 137.6 138.3 138.6 137.4 138.1 138.5 136.9 126.4 122.2 132.9 137.6 130.5 127.9 133.0 137.6 133.6 131.6 134.6 138.3 133.6 131.7 134.4 138.3 133.3 131.4 134.1 138.4 135.4 134.3 133.9 138.5 136.8 136.4 133.8 138.5 136.0 135.3 133.9 138.5 137.2 136.9 134.0 138.7 139.6 140.5 133.4 138.5 139.0 139.7 133.2 138.6 123.0 123.2 125.2 125.4 125.9 126.9 127.8 128.0 128.3 129.8 126.1 123.2 126.7 128.0 125.9 124.6 120.8 124.9 125.1 125.7 125.9 120.9 127.8 126.7 125.7 125.9 118.2 128.2 127.2 125.8 126.4 117.6 128.6 128.6 125.9 127.0 117.5 129.7 129.6 125.9 127.6 118.1 131.3 129.7 126.0 128.2 119.6 132.3 130.0 126.1 128.4 120.6 133.2 129.6 126.0 146.8 81.1 140.8 134.8 148.9 84.6 142.5 134.2 149.4 90.2 146.5 135.0 149.8 90.6 146.5 135.1 150.4 91.5 147.2 135.2 150.8 94.8 147.2 135.6 151.3 97.4 148.1 136.0 151.6 95.7 151.6 136.4 96.8 103.9 88.4 98.2 98.7 94.3 109.2 99.5 111.9 103.5 96.9 104.3 105.8 96.5 108.3 110.3 97.6 115.1 112.9 101.4 116.7 129.5 75.1 141.1 142.5 143.7 132.3 78.8 143.0 145.2 146.1 134.7 83.6 144.0 146.3 147.4 134.6 83.6 144.0 146.4 147.4 134.5 83.8 143.6 145.8 147.0 135.9 87.5 144.3 146.7 147.5 147.7 151.7 153.4 153.4 152.8 159.1 166.3 168.2 168.2 In te r m e d ia te m a te r ia ls , s u p p lie s , a n d c o m p o n e n ts .......................... Materials and components for manufacturing............................... Materials for food manufacturing.......... Materials for nondurable manufacturing.. Materials for durable manufacturing...... Components for manufacturing............. Materials and components for construction.................................. Processed fuels and lubricants............... Containers........................................... Supplies............................................. C r u d e m a te r ia ls f o r f u r t h e r p r o c e s s in g ........................................................... Foodstuffs and feedstuffs...................... Crude nonfood materials....................... S p e c ia l g r o u p in g s : Finished goods, excluding foods............. Finished energy goods.......................... Finished goods less energy.................... Finished consumer goods less energy..... Finished goods less food and energy....... Finished consumer goods less food and energy........................................ Consumer nondurable goods less food and energy...................................... Intermediate materials less foods and feeds.......................................... Intermediate foods and feeds................. Intermediate energy goods..................... Intermediate goods less energy.............. Intermediate materials less foods and energy........................................ 123.4 116.2 80.8 132.4 123.9 111.1 84.6 131.7 126.0 111.6 89.9 133.0 126.2 109.7 90.3 133.0 126.8 109.3 91.2 133.5 133.5 133.1 134.4 134.6 135.1 135.5 136.1 136.6 136.7 137.0 137.2 137.0 137.0 137.0 136.7 Crude energy materials......................... Crude materials less energy................... Crude nonfood materials less energy....... j 68.6 113.6 142.1 78.5 107.9 135.2 98.9 110.5 142.6 87.9 109.5 146.0 92.0 110.2 149.8 100.2 111.5 151.3 102.5 114.1 150.9 97.9 115.1 149.2 105.8 115.8 148.5 130.6 113.4 146.7 123.4 110.9 144.2 124.2 107.4 142.3 134.3 109.1 142.6 140.5 110.1 141.2 134.8 109.9 137.7 78 Monthly Labor Review https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis January 2001 32. Producer Price Indexes for the net output of m ajo r industry groups [December 1984 = 100, unless otherwise indicated] A n n u a l a v e ra g e 2000 1999 In d u s try S IC 1998 T o ta l m in in g in d u s trie s ........................................... 10 12 13 14 _ 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 Metal mining.......................................... Coal mining (12/85 = 100)........................ Oil and gas extraction (12/85 - 100)........... Mining and quarrying of nonmetallic minerals, except fuels............................ T o ta l m a n u fa c tu rin g in d u s trie s ........................... Food and kindred products....................... Tobacco manufactures............................ Textile mill products................................ Apparel and other finished products made fromfabrics and similar materials..... Lumber and wood products, except furniture.................................... Furniture and fixtures.............................. Paper and allied products......................... Printing, publishing, and allied industries..... Chemicals and allied products................... Petroleum refining and related products....... Rubber and miscellaneous plastics products. Leather and leather products.................... Stone, clay, glass, and concrete products.... Primary metal industries........................... Fabricated metal products, except machinery and transportation transportation equipment....................... 1999 Nov. D ec. Jan. M ay 95.8 75.3 84.7 102.6 98.9 73.3 84.8 107.0 95.7 71.8 85.9 102.7 100.0 71.7 86.0 108.3 118.4 73.7 85.1 133.1 114.8 72.8 85.4 128.3 137.9 138.0 138.1 138.1 133.6 129.3 342.3 116.8 133.4 128.2 350.5 116.8 134.6 128.4 350.5 116.7 134.8 128.6 351.6 116.6 134.9 128.8 351.6 117.0 125.6 125.8 125.6 125.6 125.9 125.9 159.0 143.3 146.9 158.7 143.5 147.3 157.2 143.7 147.3 155.8 143.6 147.3 155.4 143.5 147.6 155.3 143.6 147.6 154.3 143.8 147.3 182.0 155.5 105.6 123.7 137.6 135.0 120.3 181.7 156.9 111.4 123.3 137.5 134.8 120.5 183.1 156.5 119.9 124.4 137.2 135.1 120.2 183.0 158.0 112.6 124.8 137.5 134.9 119.9 183.1 157.5 112.8 125.0 138.0 134.6 120.1 183.2 158.4 124.8 124.9 138.3 134.9 120.5 184.0 159.3 121.3 124.6 138.2 134.4 120.4 184.8 158.5 122.5 124.8 138.2 134.1 130.3 130.4 130.3 130.3 130.3 130.4 130.5 130.5 130.5 117.4 117.4 117.5 117.5 117.6 117.5 117.6 117.6 117.7 108.6 136.5 108.6 136.4 108.6 136.5 108.6 136.1 108.5 136.0 108.6 136.0 108.1 135.6 108.0 135.5 108.1 138.4 107.8 138.4 126.0 126.2 126.0 126.0 126.3 126.2 126.5 126.6 126.5 126.4 126.3 130.5 130.7 131.1 130.8 130.9 131.3 130.7 131.0 131.1 130.7 131.0 131.2 115.8 135.2 116.1 134.2 98.2 116.5 135.2 116.4 141.0 102.1 117.0 135.2 117.0 141.6 101.9 118.1 135.2 117.8 144.3 101.9 I 118.2 135.2 118.6 145.4 101.9 118.8 135.2 119.8 149.6 101.9 119.0 135.2 124.1 147.2 102.1 118.8 135.2 124.8 147.6 102.5 120.1 135.2 128.1 148.3 102.5 120.6 135.2 126.6 151.3 102.4 I 121.4 135.2 126.5 151.2 102.7 I 121.6 135.2 127.8 153.1 102.7 135.0 135.3 135.7 136.7 137.5 137.2 128.3 126.3 325.7 116.3 130.5 126.7 345.0 116.1 130.8 126.7 329.4 116.2 132.2 127.2 348.6 116.4 132.9 127.4 347.3 116.5 132.6 128.1 341.8 116.5 133.4 129.1 347.1 116.3 134.2 129.4 342.2 116.6 124.8 125.3 125.4 125.3 125.2 125.2 125.6 125.7 125.6 157.0 139.7 136.2 161.8 141.3 136.4 159.6 142.0 140.2 160.6 142.1 140.4 161.4 142.4 141.0 161.6 142.5 141.5 162.1 143.0 143.2 161.7 143.2 145.4 174.0 148.7 66.3 122.1 137.1 129.3 120.9 177.6 149.7 76.8 122.2 136.5 132.6 115.8 179.1 153.0 89.5 123.3 137.0 133.7 117.1 179.2 152.9 91.8 123.4 137.0 133.5 117.4 180.4 153.6 94.0 123.5 137.5 134.4 118.6 180.8 154.5 104.1 123.5 137.5 134.6 119.5 181.1 155.2 111.0 123.5 137.4 134.7 120.0 128.7 129.1 129.6 129.7 129.9 130.0 117.7 117.3 117.1 117.0 117.1 117.3 110.4 133.6 109.5 134.5 109.1 136.2 108.9 136.2 108.7 136.3 126.0 125.7 125.3 125.6 129.7 130.3 130.2 111.6 132.3 105.6 124.5 99.2 114.8 135.3 113.0 130.8 98.3 115.5 135.2 116.7 133.4 98.2 134.0 126.2 126.3 243.1 118.6 Nov. 138.4 134.4 130.3 127.1 344.5 115.9 132.2 O c t. 128.7 74.7 83.9 147.3 134.4 95.1 73.4 86.1 101.6 S e p t. 122.6 73.6 83.9 139.3 89.5 73.9 85.3 94.2 78.0 70.3 87.3 78.5 Aug. 115.4 72.8 83.5 129.6 86.7 72.6 85.4 90.4 70.8 73.2 89.5 68.3 J u ly Feb. A p r. Electrical and electronic machinery, Measuring and controlling instruments; photographic, medical, and optical goods; watches and clocks..................... Miscellaneous manufacturing industries June M a r. 124.6 72.5 83.1 142.3 S e rv ic e in d u s trie s ; 42 43 44 45 46 Motor freight transportation and warehousing (06/93 - 100)................ Water transportation (12/92 - 100)............. Transportation by air (12/92 - 100)............ https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Monthly Labor Review January 2001 79 Current Labor Statistics: 33. Price Data A n n u a l d a ta : P ro d u c e r P rice In d e x e s , b y s ta g e o f p ro ce s s in g [1982 = 100] In d e x 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 F in is h e d g o o d s Total...................................................................... Foods.................................................................. Energy.................................................................. Other.................................................................... 121.7 124.1 78.1 131.1 123.2 123.3 77.8 134.2 124.7 125.7 78.0 135.8 125.5 126.8 77.0 137.1 127.9 129.0 78.1 140.0 131.3 133.6 83.2 142.0 131.8 134.5 83.4 142.4 130.7 134.3 75.1 143.7 133.0 135.1 78.8 146.1 114.4 115.3 85.1 121.4 114.7 113.9 84.3 122.0 116.2 115.6 84.6 123.8 118.5 118.5 83.0 127.1 124.9 119.5 84.1 135.2 125.7 125.3 89.8 134.0 125.6 123.2 89.0 134.2 123.0 123.2 80.8 133.5 123.2 120.8 84.3 133.1 101.2 105.5 80.4 97.5 100.4 105.1 78.8 94.2 102.4 108.4 76.7 94.1 101.8 106.5 72.1 97.0 102.7 105.8 69.4 105.8 113.8 121.5 85.0 105.7 111.1 112.2 87.3 103.5 96.8 103.9 68.6 84.5 98.2 98.7 78.5 91.1 In te rm e d ia te m a te ria ls , s u p p lie s , and c o m p o n e n ts Total....................................................................... Foods................................................................... Energy.................................................................. Other................................................................... C ru d e m a te ria ls fo r fu rth e r p ro ce ssin g Total...................................................................... Foods.................................................................. Energy................................................................. Other................................................................... 80 Monthly Labor Review https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis January 2001 34. U.S. e x p o rt p ric e in d e x e s b y S tan d ard In tern atio n al T rade Classification [1995 = 100, unless otherwise indicated] S IT C Oct. 0 01 04 05 F o o d a n d liv e a n im a ls ..................................................................... 2 21 22 24 25 26 27 28 C r u d e m a te r ia ls , in e d ib le , e x c e p t f u e ls ................................ 3 32 33 Meat and meat preparations.................................... Cereals and cereal preparations............................... Vegetables, fruit, and nuts, prepared fresh or dry........ Hides, skins, and furskins, raw................................. Oilseeds and oleaginous fruits.................................. Cork and wood...................................................... Textile fibers and their waste................................... Petroleum, petroleum products, and related materials... 4 5 54 55 57 58 59 6 62 64 66 68 7 71 72 74 75 76 77 78 87 Medicinal and pharmaceutical products...................... Essential oils; polishing and cleaning preparations....... Chemical materials and products, n.e.s...................... M a n u fa c tu r e d g o o d s c la s s ifie d c h ie fly b y m a te r ia ls ..... Rubber manufactures, n.e.s..................................... Paper, paperboard, and articles of paper, pulp, and paperboard................................................... Nonmetallic mineral manufactures, n.e.s.................... Nonferrous metals.................................................. M a c h in e r y a n d t r a n s p o r t e q u ip m e n t....................................... Power generating machinery and equipment.............. Machinery specialized for particular industries............ General industrial machines and parts, n.e.s., Computer equipment and office machines................. Telecommunications and sound recording and Road vehicles....................................................... 2000 1999 Industry R ev. 3 Nov. Dec. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. 86.4 97.4 69.5 96.6 86.3 97.7 70.1 94.3 85.6 100.9 68.5 91.2 86.3 100.1 71.0 90.9 86.9 98.0 74.1 89.0 86.8 99.4 74.4 88.6 87.5 102.2 74.0 90.6 88.3 105.1 75.0 90.1 87.5 109.5 71.6 87.8 85.8 108.2 66.9 91.3 83.6 103.7 64.0 88.6 85.9 105.2 67.8 91.9 87.3 107.9 70.8 89.7 78.1 88.6 82.3 83.5 77.1 64.5 93.1 75.1 77.8 87.8 78.1 83.8 78.7 63.4 93.8 77.3 78.9 90.5 79.6 85.0 80.9 62.5 94.1 78.4 80.0 91.1 80.5 86.4 84.3 61.2 94.3 80.0 82.2 89.5 84.8 86.5 88.3 65.7 94.0 80.7 83.2 87.7 86.0 87.2 90.0 68.6 93.5 80.9 84.2 85.5 88.3 87.4 93.8 68.9 93.0 80.4 85.2 86.5 89.1 86.7 99.0 69.0 93.0 79.6 84.4 86.7 86.3 86.7 97.6 69.6 93.3 78.2 82.9 89.7 80.3 86.5 95.9 67.7 93.3 78.0 82.9 95.4 78.0 88.4 91.7 70.7 93.1 78.7 83.7 100.5 83.8 87.0 90.7 72.2 91.5 78.7 83.7 104.7 81.3 88.2 89.8 72.2 90.7 79.6 119.5 97.6 131.3 121.4 97.6 133.4 126.6 97.5 140.1 129.5 96.1 143.6 138.5 96.1 159.6 152.1 96.1 179.2 137.2 94.7 152.0 142.3 94.5 163.1 144.9 93.8 168.2 151.2 93.8 178.3 147.6 93.1 172.3 166.3 93.1 203.3 157.1 93.3 188.8 81.9 79 0 78 0 75 8 74 3 70 8 71 6 70.1 67.1 64.6 63.2 61.7 60.5 93.3 99.8 102.3 94.4 97.9 98.9 93.3 99.8 103.5 94.9 97.8 98.8 93.6 100.3 103.4 95.0 98.0 99.1 93.8 100.2 103.4 94.8 97.8 99.2 94.2 100.4 103.3 94.8 98.6 99.9 94.4 100.2 103.0 95.5 100.1 99.6 95.8 99.9 103.2 97.7 100.2 99.4 95.8 100.0 103.1 98.4 99.8 99.3 95.5 99.7 102.9 98.1 99.3 99.1 94.7 100.5 103.3 97.0 99.4 99.3 94.6 100.3 103.3 95.4 99.4 99.2 94.1 100.2 103.3 92.8 99.3 99.2 94.5 100.2 103.4 92.9 98.6 99.1 97.8 108.2 98.0 108.2 98.3 108.5 98.3 104.7 99.0 103.7 99.7 103.6 99.9 103.7 100.1 104.6 100.4 104.4 100.7 104.8 100.9 104.7 101.1 104.7 100.8 104.6 87.2 106.0 90.2 87.6 106.0 90.7 87.2 105.8 92.3 87.6 105.8 93.4 87.8 106.0 98.8 88.4 106.2 101.9 89.1 106.4 100.3 90.5 106.4 98.1 89.8 106.5 100.1 90.4 106.3 103.0 90.3 106.3 105.1 90.0 106.1 105.0 89.9 105.8 105.2 97.4 110.2 106.0 97.5 111.0 106.1 97.2 111.0 104.7 97.4 111.8 106.2 97.3 111.8 106.3 97.3 111.8 106.1 97.3 111.9 106.2 97.4 112.0 106.2 97.3 112.0 106.5 97.3 112.4 106.4 97.3 112.3 106.5 97.4 112.4 106.3 97.3 112.4 106.4 107.7 70.5 107.7 70.4 107.9 70.2 107.5 70.1 107.6 68.7 108.0 68.7 108.2 68.5 108.2 68.5 108.2 68.2 108.3 68.3 108.1 67.8 108.2 67.8 108.3 67.8 96.6 87.4 103.1 96.6 87.3 103.1 96.7 86.7 103.1 96.4 86.4 103.5 97.0 86.6 103.6 96.6 86.3 104.0 96.4 86.4 103.9 97.0 86.3 103.9 96.9 85.7 103.9 96.9 85.7 103.9 96.7 85.8 103.9 96 8 85.7 104.0 96.5 85.2 103.9 105.5 105.6 105.3 105.2 105.4 105.7 105.7 105.7 105.8 106.4 106.4 106.5 106.6 P ro fe s s io n a l, s c ie n tific , a n d c o n tr o llin g in s t r u m e n t s a n d a p p a r a tu s ....................................................... https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Monthly Labor Review January 2001 81 Current Labor Statistics: 35. Price Data U.S. im p ort p ric e in d e x e s b y S ta n d a rd In tern atio n al T rade C lassification [1995 = 100, unless otherwise indicated] S IT C Nov. 0 01 03 05 07 Meat and meat preparations.................................... Fish and crustaceans, mollusks, and other aquatic invertebrates............................................. Vegetables, fruit, and nuts, prepared fresh or dry........ Coffee, tea, cocoa, spices, and manufactures thereof................................................................ 107.5 97.2 106.8 103.6 106.8 102.0 Apr. May 93.6 98.2 93.1 99.1 94.0 100.2 92.3 100.2 91.3 99.1 91.5 98.1 91.5 98.9 91.2 98.9 91.4 95.5 90.1 95.7 107.9 102.1 108.0 101.2 111.0 100.7 109.6 96.8 109.1 95.7 110.7 97.2 113.5 97.6 112.5 97.8 110.7 100.7 108.6 96.7 Feb. Mar. June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. 70.6 67.2 64.7 61.0 61.1 59.8 59.5 56.8 55.8 54.5 54.0 52.0 111.2 107.9 111.4 108.2 111.7 108.5 111.9 108.7 112.4 109.4 113.0 110.1 112.5 109.4 112.9 109.9 113.6 110.7 113.6 110.6 113.4 110.7 Metalliferous ores and metal scrap............................ Crude animal and vegetable materials, n.e.s............... 90.3 114.9 66.8 98.0 106.5 92.2 118.7 68.2 99.0 111.9 93.6 117.7 70.5 101.4 121.1 94.7 117.0 72.0 105.7 124.3 94.3 118.6 72.4 104.0 111.9 93.8 117.6 75.1 101.7 110.1 91.9 112.9 77.0 99.6 106.7 90.7 110.1 80.1 100.7 92.7 90.7 107.0 80.7 101.2 101.8 89.6 102.2 81.4 102.1 101.3 88.8 99.5 82.0 101.6 103.0 89.8 101.6 83.4 102.2 104.3 87.6 97.5 83.4 100.1 99.1 Petroleum, petroleum products, and related materials... Gas, natural and manufactured................................ 134.7 132.6 161.5 141.2 141.4 150.2 145 2 146.1 147.8 165.7 167.9 161.4 165.4 166.6 170.5 148.5 147.1 171.5 154.3 154.2 167.5 172.0 171.0 195.4 170.6 168.5 202.9 172.1 170.0 205.4 189 8 188.9 218.1 185 2 180.9 239.4 190.2 184.6 254.6 92.1 87.7 91.4 97.8 92.3 93.9 79.4 98.4 92.0 88.0 89.7 97.3 90.2 94.0 79.7 99.5 92.2 88.3 88.9 98.2 89.6 93.7 79.3 100.0 92.7 89.0 89.3 98.2 89.6 93.0 79.0 101.6 92.8 88.8 88.4 97.3 89.7 93.9 80.4 100.6 93.4 89.8 88.0 97.3 89.4 93.9 80.3 100.0 94.3 90.7 87.4 97.3 89.9 94.0 80.8 100.9 94.1 91.5 86.1 96.8 89.6 94.3 80.8 99.7 95.5 92.5 87.6 97.5 89.9 95.5 81.5 100.2 95.9 92.6 88.6 97.3 89.4 95.4 80.9 100.0 95.4 92.5 87.9 96.8 88.9 95.3 80.8 101.1 95.1 93.1 87.0 96.0 87.6 96.0 80.0 100.7 94.7 92.9 86.9 95.9 87.3 95.9 79.5 100.6 93.9 94.4 93.9 94.4 94.5 92.7 95.5 92.8 98.0 92.3 97.5 92.4 97.1 92.5 97.6 91.8 98.0 92.1 98.7 91.9 97.9 91.7 97.6 91.7 97.2 91.6 87.4 101.6 95.4 95.9 86.2 101.2 95.6 95.9 86.6 100.8 98.9 95.7 86.9 101.2 104.4 96.1 87.1 100.8 115.1 96.1 88.8 100.9 110.3 95.9 89.6 100.7 106.9 95.9 89.1 100.5 110.7 95.7 89.5 100.9 112.5 95.8 89.4 100.9 118.6 95.4 91.4 100.8 114.5 95.5 91.6 100.2 115.7 95.2 91.9 100.2 113.8 95.0 89.8 98.2 89.7 97.8 89.8 97.7 89.8 97.9 89.6 97.3 89.7 97.1 89.8 97.0 89.6 96.1 89.6 96.7 89.5 96.6 89.3 95.9 89.2 95 7 89.1 95 5 97.3 61.4 97.0 61.7 97.0 61.5 96.7 61.4 97.0 61.0 96.9 60.5 96.7 60.2 96.2 60.0 96.7 59.9 96.4 59.9 96.1 59.7 95.5 58.8 95.4 58.8 85.9 82.2 102.4 100.8 85.6 82.1 102.3 100.8 85.2 82.4 102.4 100.8 85.2 82.2 102.6 100.9 84.9 82.2 102.6 100.7 84.5 83.0 102.7 100.5 84.7 83.5 102.7 100.7 84.6 83.3 102.8 100.3 84.3 82.8 102.8 100.9 84.2 82.7 102.7 101.0 84 1 82.6 102.6 100.9 83 8 82.7 102.9 100.8 83 8 82 5 102.9 100.7 92.5 92.5 92.2 91.7 91.8 91.8 91.9 91.6 92.5 92.1 91.4 91.4 91.1 Beverages............................................................. Cork and wood....................................................... 5 52 53 54 55 57 58 59 C h e m ic a ls a n d r e la te d p ro d u c ts , n .e .s .................................. 6 62 64 M a n u fa c tu r e d g o o d s c la s s ifie d c h ie fly b y m a te r ia ls ..... 77 78 85 88 93.7 97.8 112.0 108.7 C r u d e m a te r ia ls , in e d ib le , e x c e p t fu e ls ................................ 75 76 Jan. 94.7 98.4 66.0 2 24 25 28 29 7 72 74 Dec. 92.4 97.7 111.5 108.5 B e v e r a g e s a n d t o b a c c o ................................................................. 66 68 69 82 F o o d a n d liv e a n im a ls ..................................................................... 1 11 3 33 34 2000 1999 Industry R ev. 3 Inorganic chemicals................................................ Dying, tanning, and coloring materials....................... Medicinal and pharmaceutical products...................... Essential oils; polishing and cleaning preparations....... Plastics in primary forms (12/92 - 100)...................... Plastics in nonprimary forms (12/92 - 100)................. Chemical materials and products, n.e.s...................... Rubber manufactures, n.e.s..................................... Paper, paperboard, and articles of paper, pulp, and paperboard................................................... Nonmetallic mineral manufactures, n.e.s.................... Nonferrous metals.................................................. Manufactures of metals, n.e.s................................... M a c h in e r y a n d tr a n s p o r t e q u ip m e n t....................................... General industrial machines and parts, n.e.s., Computer equipment and office machines................. Telecommunications and sound recording and Road vehicles........................................................ Footwear............................................................... Photographic apparatus, equipment, and supplies, and optical goods, n.e.s........................................ Monthly Labor Review https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis January 2001 36. U.S. e x p o rt p ric e in d e x e s b y e n d -u s e c a te g o r y [1995 = 100] C ategory 1999 Nov. 2000 Dec. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May A L L C O M M O D IT I E S ...................................................................... 95.3 95.2 95.4 95.8 96.3 96.2 96.4 Foods, feeds, and beverages................................ Agricultural foods, feeds, and beverages.............. Nonagricultural (fish, beverages) food products.... 86.7 85.6 99.2 86.0 84.9 99.5 86.3 85.4 98.3 87.2 86.0 100.9 87.1 86.2 97.8 87.8 87.1 97.0 88.3 87.7 96.6 93.6 95.2 94.6 95.2 Industrial supplies and materials........................... June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. 96.3 96.2 96.0 96.6 96.5 96.5 87.1 86.2 98.1 85.1 84.0 97.9 82.8 81.3 99.7 85.3 84.3 97.9 85.8 84.6 99.5 86.7 85.7 98.6 95.2 95.5 95.3 96.6 96.1 95.9 91.1 91.7 92.1 Agricultural industrial supplies and materials......... 76.6 76.7 75.2 76.9 77.7 78.2 78.2 78.2 77.9 80.3 81.9 82.3 82.3 Fuels and lubricants........................................... Nonagricultural supplies and materials, excluding fuel and building materials.................. Selected building materials................................ 115.9 120.4 122.7 131.3 143.6 127.8 132.9 135.6 141.2 137.9 155.0 146.9 150.7 89.1 87.7 89.3 88.6 89.7 89.2 90.4 89.5 91.0 90.1 91.9 90.4 92.1 90.0 91.9 89.9 91.7 89.6 91.6 90.5 91.3 89.5 91.5 90.3 90.9 89.5 Capital goods...................................................... Electric and electrical generating equipment......... Nonelectrical machinery..................................... 96.3 98.4 92.5 96.0 98.5 92.1 96.1 98.3 92.1 96.0 98.8 91.9 96.0 98.8 91.8 96.1 98.7 91.9 96.1 98.9 91.9 96.1 99.2 91.7 96.1 99.1 91.6 96.1 99.7 91.6 96.2 99.9 91.5 96.1 99.5 91.4 96.2 99.5 91.4 Automotive vehicles, parts, and engines................. 103.9 103.8 103.9 103.8 104.2 104.2 104.2 104.1 104.4 104.4 104.5 104.5 104.4 Consumer goods, excluding automotive.................. Nondurables, manufactured............................... Durables, manufactured..................................... 102.2 102.5 100.9 102.4 102.9 100.8 102.4 102.8 101.0 102.5 102.6 101.4 102.3 102.4 101.0 102.4 102.3 101.3 102.4 102.4 101.3 102.3 102.1 101.3 102.5 102.4 101.5 102.4 102.4 101.4 102.2 102.2 101.3 102.2 102.3 101.2 102.2 102.2 101.2 Agricultural commodities....................................... Nonagricultural commodities.................................. 83.7 96.6 83.1 96.6 83.2 96.8 84.0 97.2 84.4 97.6 85.1 97.4 85.6 97.7 84.4 97.6 82.6 97.8 80.9 97.7 83.5 98.0 83.9 97.9 84.8 97.8 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Monthly Labor Review January 2001 83 Current Labor Statistics: 37. Price Data U.S. im p o rt p ric e in d e x e s b y e n d -u s e c a te g o r y [1995 = 100] 2000 1999 C ategory Nov. A L L C O M M O D IT I E S ...................................................................... Foods, feeds, and beverages................................. Agricultural foods, feeds, and beverages.............. Nonagricultural (fish, beverages) food products.... Dec. Jan. Mar. Feb. Apr. May June July Aug. Oct. Nov. 99.2 99.3 97.9 98.3 99.6 99.7 99.9 101.0 100.5 100.7 94.8 89.8 107.7 93.6 88.4 107.2 93.3 87.6 108.1 92.5 86.6 108.3 93.3 86.7 110.8 91.9 85.2 109.8 91.1 84.1 109.7 91.1 83.7 110.5 91.3 83.2 112.9 90.7 82.5 112.5 90.6 82.8 111.2 89.2 81.7 109.0 96.8 93.0 87.2 108.2 Industrial supplies and materials............................ 106.9 109.4 111.0 118.6 119.8 114.3 115.9 121.8 121.8 122.8 127.6 126.3 127.4 Fuels and lubricants........................................... 134.3 132.5 140.7 140.9 144.2 145.8 164.7 167.5 163.7 166.2 147.7 147.4 153.3 154.0 170.6 170.4 169.2 168.0 170.9 169.6 187.3 187.0 183.4 181.0 188.3 184.6 81.8 81.2 82.1 82.8 83.1 85.6 86.8 87.0 87.5 87.6 89.8 90.4 90.6 88.8 108.3 94.4 87.5 89.1 111.1 94.8 87.4 89.2 110.5 97.4 87.2 89.7 110.1 100.3 88.0 90.4 112.1 107.1 87.6 91.2 111.9 104.3 87.8 92.1 109.1 102.0 87.8 91.7 105.0 105.0 87.0 92.7 103.4 106.5 87.7 93.4 100.2 109.5 87.5 92.8 98.7 106.0 87.2 92.9 99.3 105.6 87.0 92.7 97.1 104.0 86.7 81.8 91.8 78.5 81.7 91.1 78.4 81.7 91.8 78.3 81.6 91.8 78.2 81.3 92.1 77.9 81.4 93.9 77.7 81.2 94.2 77.5 80.9 94.3 77.1 80.9 94.1 77.1 80.7 93.7 77.0 80.6 93.6 76.8 80.2 93.4 76.4 80.1 93.3 76.3 102.0 102.0 102.1 102.2 102.2 102.3 102.6 102.7 102.8 102.6 102.5 102.6 102.7 97.6 100.7 94.2 98.8 97.5 100.6 94.1 99.8 97.5 100.4 94.1 101.5 97.4 100.4 93.8 102.0 97.1 100.3 93.5 100.1 97.1 100.3 93.4 100.3 97.0 100.1 93.4 99.7 96.5 99.5 93.2 98.0 96.8 99.8 93.4 99.5 96.8 100.0 93.2 99.2 96.6 99.8 93.0 99.6 96.6 99.8 92.8 99.8 96.5 99.9 92.8 99.1 Mar. June Materials associated with nondurable supplies and materials...................................... Selected building materials................................ Unfinished metals associated with durable goods.. Nonmetals associated with durable goods............ Consumer goods, excluding automotive.................. Nondurables, manufactured............................... Durables, manufactured..................................... Nonmanufactured consumer goods..................... 38. U.S. in te rn a tio n a l p r ic e In d e x e s for s e le c te d c a te g o r ie s o f s e rv ic e s [1990 = 100, unless otherwise indicated] Dec. 2000 1999 1998 C ategory Mar. June Sept. Dec. Sept. Air freight (inbound) (9/90 - 100).............................. Air freight (outbound) (9/92 - 100)............................ 87.4 95.2 88.0 92.7 86.2 92.8 87.9 92.7 90.7 91.7 88.9 91.7 88.4 92.8 88.5 92.6 Air passenger fares (U.S. carriers)............................ Air passenger fares (foreign carriers)........................ Ocean liner freight (inbound).................................... 103.1 101.1 104.2 104.5 98.9 102.6 112.3 106.3 133.7 114.2 108.6 148.0 106.8 102.2 139.4 107.3 102.6 136.3 113.3 107.9 143.0 115.5 109.1 142.8 84 Sept. 97.2 96.2 Monthly Labor Review https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis January 2001 39. In d e x e s o f p ro d u c tiv ity , h o u rly c o m p e n s a tio n , a n d unit costs, q u a rte rly d a t a s e a s o n a lly a d ju s te d [1992 = 100]__________________________________________________________________________________________ _ Quarterly indexes Ill IV 1 II 2000 1999 1998 Item III IV I II III IV 1 II III B u s in e s s Output per hour of all persons.................................. Compensation per hour........................................... Real compensation per hour.................................... Unit labor costs....................................................... Unit nonlabor payments........................................... Implicit price deflator............................................... 108.3 113.5 100.4 104.8 118.5 109.9 108.5 115.3 101.5 106.3 116.8 110.2 109.7 117.1 102.9 106.7 116.4 110.3 110.0 118.5 103.8 107.7 115.1 110.5 110.6 120.0 104.7 108.5 114.6 110.7 111.6 121.4 105.5 108.8 114.6 110.9 112.6 123.0 106.4 109.3 115.1 111.4 112.8 124.5 106.9 110.4 114.1 111.8 114.2 126.1 107.6 110.5 114.3 111.9 116.3 127.3 107.8 109.5 116.8 112.2 116.7 128.4 107.7 110.0 118.2 113.0 118.7 130.6 108.5 110.0 120.0 113.7 119.5 132.4 109.2 110.8 119.9 114.1 108.0 113.0 100.0 104.7 119.5 110.1 108.1 114.7 101.0 106.1 117.8 110.4 109.3 116.4 102.3 106.5 117.4 110.5 109.8 117.9 103.2 107.5 116.3 110.7 110.3 119.4 104.2 108.3 115.8 111.0 111.2 120.8 104.9 108.5 115.8 111.2 112.0 122.1 105.7 109.0 116.7 111.8 112.1 123.6 106.1 110.2 115.7 112.2 113.6 125.2 106.8 110.3 116.1 112.4 115.8 126.5 107.2 109.3 118.6 112.7 116.3 127.8 107.1 109.8 120.1 113.6 118.1 129.6 107.7 109.7 121.8 114.1 119.1 131.6 108.5 110.5 121.9 114.7 110.8 112.1 99.2 101.1 101.2 100.8 160.3 116.0 106.1 111.6 113.7 100.1 101.5 101.9 100.4 156.5 114.7 106.1 112.3 115.2 101.2 102.0 102.6 100.5 150.4 113.2 106.1 113.4 116.6 102.1 102.3 102.8 100.9 147.2 112.7 106.1 114.9 118.0 103.0 102.1 102.7 100.2 151.4 113.3 106.2 115.8 119.3 103.7 102.6 103.0 101.6 144.5 112.5 106.2 117.1 120.9 104.6 102.5 103.2 100.7 149.7 113.2 106.5 118.2 122.4 105.1 103.0 103.5 101.4 147.5 113.2 106.7 119.7 124.0 105.8 103.2 103.6 102.1 143.3 112.6 106.6 121.5 125.3 106.1 103.0 103.1 102.5 145.7 113.5 106.6 121.3 126.1 105.8 104.0 1-4/104.2 152.2 116.4 108.1 122.9 128.0 106.4 104.3 104.2 104.9 156.3 118.0 108.8 124.4 129.9 107.1 104.7 104.4 105.5 154.1 117.9 108.9 118.7 111.5 98.6 93.9 120.1 113.3 99.8 94.4 121.3 115.2 101.2 95.0 122.7 116.6 102.1 95.1 125.1 118.1 103.0 94.4 126.8 119.4 103.7 94.1 128.9 120.7 104.4 93.6 130.4 122.4 105.1 93.8 131.9 124.1 105.9 94.1 135.1 125.5 106.4 92.9 138.4 127.0 106.5 91.8 140.3 128.2 106.6 91.4 142.8 130.3 107.5 91.2 N o n f a r m b u s in e s s Output per hour of all persons.................................. Real compensation per hour..................................... Unit labor costs....................................................... Unit nonlabor payments........................................... Implicit price deflator............................................... N o n f in a n c ia l c o r p o r a t io n s Compensation per hour........................................... Real compensation per hour..................................... Unit labor costs..................................................... Unit nonlabor costs................................................ Unit nonlabor payments........................................... Implicit price deflator............................................... M a n u f a c tu r in g Output per hour of all persons.................................. Compensation per hour........................................... Real compensation per hour................................... Unit labor costs....................................................... https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Monthly Labor Review January 2001 85 Current Labor Statistics: 40. Productivity Data A n n u a l in d e x e s o f m u ltifa c to r p ro d u c tiv ity a n d r e la te d m e a s u re s , s e le c te d y e a rs [1996 = 100, unless otherwise indicated] Ite m 1960 1970 1980 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 P rivate b u s in e s s Productivity: Output per hour of all persons................................ Output per unit of capital services........................... Multifactor productivity........................................... Output.................................................................... Inputs: Labor input........................................................... Capital services..................................................... Combined units of labor and capital input................ Capital per hour of all persons.................................. 45.6 110.4 65.2 27.5 63.0 111.1 80.0 42.0 75.8 101.5 88.3 59.4 90.2 99.3 95.3 83.6 91.3 96.1 94.4 82.6 94.8 97.7 96.6 85.7 95.4 98.5 97.1 88.5 96.6 100.3 98.1 92.8 97.3 99.7 98.4 95.8 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 102.0 100.5 101.1 105.2 104.8 100.1 102.6 110.6 54.0 24.9 42.3 41.3 61.0 37.8 52.4 56.7 71.9 58.6 67.3 74.7 89.4 84.2 87.7 90.8 88.3 86.0 87.5 95.0 89.3 87.7 88.8 97.0 91.8 89.8 91.1 96.8 95.6 92.6 94.6 96.3 98.0 96.0 97.3 97.6 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 103.7 104.7 104.0 101.5 106.4 110.4 107.7 104.7 48.7 120.1 69.1 27.2 64.9 118.3 82.6 41.9 77.3 105.7 90.5 59.6 90.3 100.0 95.6 83.5 91.4 96.6 94.7 82.5 94.8 97.9 96.6 85.5 95.3 98.8 97.1 88.4 96.5 100.3 98.1 92.6 97.5 99.9 98.6 95.8 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 101.7 100.2 100.9 105.1 104.5 99.8 102.4 110.6 50.1 22.6 39.3 40.5 59.3 35.5 50.7 54.8 70.7 56.4 65.9 73.1 89.2 83.5 87.3 90.3 88.0 85.4 87.1 94.7 89.0 87.3 88.4 96.8 91.8 89.5 91.0 96.5 95.4 92.3 94.4 96.3 97.8 95.9 97.2 97.6 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 103.8 104.9 104.2 101.5 106.6 110.8 108.0 104.7 41.8 124.3 72.7 38.5 54.2 116.5 84.4 56.5 70.1 100.9 86.6 75.3 92.8 101.6 99.3 97.3 95.0 97.5 98.3 95.4 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 101.9 101.1 100.4 103.3 105.0 104.0 102.6 108.7 109.0 105.0 105.0 113.4 112.8 104.5 106.1 116.9 117.1 105.6 109.8 123.5 124.3 106.5 113.2 130.7 92.0 30.9 51.3 38.2 28.2 52.9 104.2 48.5 85.4 44.8 48.8 67.0 107.5 74.7 92.5 75.0 73.7 87.0 104.8 95.8 99.9 92.5 92.5 98.0 100.4 97.9 100.1 93.6 92.1 97.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 101.4 102.2 103.7 105.7 103.0 102.9 103.6 104.5 107.3 111.3 105.1 106.0 104.0 108.0 109.5 112.8 110.0 107.9 103.7 111.9 107.0 120.4 108.9 110.2 105.5 116.9 103.9 120.4 114.2 112.5 105.2 122.8 109.2 127.2 116.8 115.5 P rivate n o n fa rm b u s in e s s Productivity: Output per hour of all persons................................ Output per unit of capital services........................... Multifactor productivity........................................... Output.................................................................... Inputs: Labor input........................................................... Capital services..................................................... Combined units of labor and capital input................ Capital per hour of all persons.................................. M a n u fa c tu rin g (1992 = 100) Productivity: Output per hour of all persons................................. Output per unit of capital services........................... Multifactor productivity........................................... Output.................................................................... Inputs: Hours of all persons............................................... Capital services..................................................... Energy................................................................. Nonenergy materials............................................. Purchased business services.................................. Combined units of all factor inputs........................... 86 Monthly Labor Review https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis January 2001 41. A n n u a l in d e x e s o f p ro d u c tiv ity , h ou rly c o m p e n s a tio n , unit costs, a n d p ric e s, s e le c te d y e a rs [1992 = 100] Item 1960 1970 1980 1989 1990 1991 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 B u sin ess Output per hour of all persons.................................. Compensation per hour........................................... Real compensation per hour..................................... Unit labor costs....................................................... Unit nonlabor payments........................................... Implicit price deflator............................................... 48.8 13.7 60.0 28.0 25.2 27.0 67.0 23.5 78.9 35.1 31.6 33.9 80.4 54.2 89.5 67.4 61.5 65.2 93.9 85.8 95.9 91.3 91.8 91.5 95.2 90.7 96.5 95.3 93.9 94.8 96.3 95.0 97.5 98.7 97.0 98.1 100.5 102.5 99.9 101.9 102.5 102.2 101.9 104.5 99.7 102.6 106.4 104.0 102.6 106.7 99.3 104.1 109.4 106.0 105.4 110.1 99.7 104.5 113.3 107.7 107.6 113.3 100.4 105.3 117.1 109.7 110.5 119.3 104.3 107.9 115.2 110.6 114.0 125.2 107.3 109.9 115.1 111.8 51.9 14.3 62.8 27.5 24.6 26.5 68.9 23.7 79.5 34.4 31.3 33.3 82.0 54.6 90.0 66.5 60.5 64.3 94.2 85.8 95.9 91.1 91.3 91.2 95.3 90.5 96.3 95.0 93.6 94.5 96.4 95.0 97.5 98.5 97.1 98.0 100.5 102.2 99.6 101.7 103.0 102.2 101.8 104.3 99.5 102.5 106.9 104.1 102.8 106.6 99.2 103.7 110.4 106.1 105.4 109.8 99.5 104.2 113.5 107.6 107.3 112.9 100.0 105.1 118.0 109.8 110.2 118.6 103.8 107.7 116.3 110.8 113.4 124.4 106.5 109.7 116.8 112.3 55.4 15.6 68.3 26.8 28.1 23.3 50.2 30.2 28.8 70.4 25.3 84.7 34.8 35.9 31.9 44.4 35.1 35.6 81.1 56.4 93.1 68.4 69.6 65.1 68.8 66.0 68.4 94.6 86.2 96.3 92.0 91.1 94.6 97.3 95.3 92.5 95.4 90.8 96.6 95.9 95.2 98.0 94.3 97.1 95.8 97.6 95.2 97.8 98.8 97.5 102.1 93.0 99.7 98.3 100.8 102.1 99.6 101.0 101.3 100.2 113.2 103.5 102.1 103.2 104.3 99.5 101.1 101.0 101.3 131.7 109.0 103.7 104.3 106.2 98.9 102.0 101.9 102.2 139.0 111.6 105.1 107.6 109.1 98.8 101.2 101.4 100.6 152.2 113.8 105.5 110.2 112.0 99.3 101.4 101.6 100.8 156.7 115.0 106.1 114.2 117.4 102.7 102.2 102.8 100.8 148.3 112.9 106.1 119.2 123.2 105.5 102.9 103.4 101.7 146.5 113.1 106.6 41.9 14.9 65.2 35.5 26.8 30.2 54.3 23.7 79.5 43.7 29.4 34.9 70.3 55.6 91.7 79.1 80.2 79.8 90.5 86.6 96.8 95.8 95.4 95.5 92.9 90.8 96.6 97.7 99.6 98.9 95.0 95.6 98.1 100.6 98.9 99.6 102.0 102.7 100.2 100.7 101.0 100.9 105.2 105.6 100.8 100.4 102.9 101.9 109.3 107.9 100.4 98.7 107.2 103.9 113.1 109.3 99.0 96.6 110.1 104.9 117.6 111.4 98.8 94.8 109.7 103.9 123.9 117.3 102.6 94.6 104.6 100.7 131.6 123.2 105.5 93.6 - N o n fa rm b u s in e s s Output per hour of all persons.................................. Compensation per hour........................................... Real compensation per hour..................................... Unit labor costs....................................................... Unit nonlabor payments........................................... Implicit price deflator............................................... N o n fin a n c ia l c o rp o ra tio n s Output per hour of all employees.............................. Compensation per hour........................................... Real compensation per hour..................................... Unit labor costs...................................................... Unit nonlabor costs................................................ Unit nonlabor payments........................................... Implicit price deflator................................................ M an u fa c tu rin g Output per hour of all persons.................................. Real compensation per hour.................................... Unit labor costs...................................................... Unit nonlabor payments.......................................... Implicit price deflator............................................... ______ 1 - Data not available. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Monthly Labor Review January 2001 87 Current Labor Statistics: 42. Productivity Data Annual indexes of output per hour for selected 3-digit SIC industries [1987 = 100] Industry SIC 1988 104 122 131 142 101.5 111.7 101.0 101.3 113.3 117.3 98.0 98.7 122.3 118.7 97.0 102.2 127.4 122.4 97.9 99.8 141.6 133.0 102.1 105.0 159.8 141.2 105.9 103.6 160.8 148.1 112.4 108.7 144.2 155.9 119.4 105.4 138.3 168.0 123.9 107.2 159.0 176.6 125.2 114.0 186.3 187.3 128.7 111.9 Meat products.................................................. Dairy products................................................. Preserved fruits and vegetables........................ Grain mill products........................................... Bakery products............................................. 201 202 203 204 205 100.1 108.4 97.0 101.3 96.8 99.2 107.7 97.8 107.6 96.1 97.1 107.3 95.6 105.4 92.7 99.6 108.3 99.2 104.9 90.6 104.6 111.4 100.5 107.8 93.8 104.3 109.6 106.8 109.2 94.4 101.2 111.8 107.6 108.4 96.4 102.3 116.4 109.1 115.4 97.3 97.4 116.0 109.1 108.0 95.6 103.2 119.5 111.7 118.7 99.3 102.8 119.7 116.5 128.7 102.1 Sugar and confectionery products...................... Fats and oils.................................................... Beverages....................................................... Miscellaneous food and kindred products............ Cigarettes.................................................... 206 207 208 209 211 99.5 108.9 105.6 107.0 101.2 101.8 116.4 112.2 99.1 109.0 103.2 118.1 117.0 99.2 113.2 102.0 120.1 120.0 101.7 107.6 99.8 114.1 127.1 101.5 111.6 104.5 112.6 126.4 105.2 106.5 106.2 111.8 130.1 100.9 126.6 108.3 120.3 133.5 102.9 142.9 113.8 110.1 135.0 109.1 147.2 117.1 120.0 135.5 103.9 147.2 123.2 138.3 137.4 113.2 152.2 Broadwoven fabric mills, cotton......................... Broadwoven fabric mills, manmade.................... Narrow fabric mills........................................... Knitting mills.................................................. Textile finishing, except wool............................. 221 222 224 225 226 99.6 99.2 108.4 96.6 90.3 99.8 106.3 92.7 108.0 88.7 103.1 111.3 96.5 107.5 83.4 111.2 116.2 99.6 114.0 79.9 110.3 126.2 112.9 119.3 78.6 117.8 131.7 111.4 127.9 79.3 122.1 142.5 120.1 134.1 81.2 134.0 145.3 118.9 138.3 78.5 137.3 147.6 126.3 150.3 79.2 130.9 161.9 107.7 149.9 94.0 135.1 167.3 114.1 149.9 100.5 Carpets and rugs............................................. Yarn and thread mills........................................ Miscellaneous textile goods............................... Men's and boys' furnishings.............................. Women's and misses' outerwear........................ 227 228 229 232 233 98.6 102.1 101.6 100.1 101.4 97.8 104.2 109.1 100.1 96.8 93.2 110.2 109.2 102.1 104.1 89.2 111.4 104.6 108.4 104.3 96.1 119.6 106.5 109.1 109.4 97.1 126.6 110.4 108.4 121.8 93.3 130.7 118.5 111.7 127.4 95.8 137.4 123.7 123.4 135.5 100.2 147.4 123.1 134.7 141.6 100.3 150.1 117.9 152.4 151.5 103.0 154.2 120.3 166.9 153.1 Women's and children's undergarments.............. Hats, caps, and millinery................................... Miscellaneous apparel and accessories.............. Miscellaneous fabricated textile products............. Sawmills and planing mills................................. 234 235 238 239 242 105.4 99.0 101.3 96.6 100.7 94.6 96.4 88.4 95.7 99.6 102.1 89.2 90.6 99.9 99.8 113.6 91.1 91.8 100.7 102.6 117.4 93.6 91.3 107.5 108.1 124.5 87.2 94.0 108.5 101.9 138.0 77.7 105.5 107.8 103.3 161.3 84.3 116.8 109.2 110.2 174.5 82.2 120.1 105.6 115.6 196.3 83.5 105.2 117.0 117.5 215.2 99.4 109.8 118.0 120.4 Millwork, plywood, and structural members......... Wood containers.............................................. Wood buildings and mobile homes..................... Miscellaneous wood products........................... Household furniture.......................................... 243 244 245 249 251 98.8 103.1 97.8 95.9 99.4 97.1 108.8 98.8 102.4 102.0 98.0 111.2 103.1 107.7 104.5 98.0 113.1 103.0 110.5 107.1 99.9 109.4 103.1 114.2 110.5 97.0 100.1 103.8 115.3 110.6 94.5 100.9 98.3 111.8 112.5 92.7 106.1 97.0 115.4 116.9 92.4 106.7 96.7 114.4 121.6 89.9 106.6 101.1 123.1 121.8 92.5 107.0 99.7 132.3 127.5 Office furniture.......................................... Public building and related furniture.................... Partitions and fixtures.................................... Miscellaneous furniture and fixtures.................... Pulp mills............................................. 252 253 254 259 261 94.3 109.6 95.7 103.6 99.6 97.5 113.7 92.4 101.9 107.4 95.0 119.8 95.6 103.5 116.7 94.1 120.2 93.0 102.1 128.3 102.5 140.6 102.7 99.5 137.3 103.2 161.0 107.4 103.6 122.5 100.5 157.4 98.9 104.7 128.9 101.1 173.3 101.2 110.0 131.9 106.4 181.5 97.5 113.2 132.6 117.9 186.5 121.4 102.2 104.4 113.8 205.3 127.7 123.1 108.9 Paper mills......................................... Paperboard mills..................................... Paperboard containers and boxes...................... Miscellaneous converted paper products............. Newspapers................................... 262 263 265 267 271 103.9 105.5 99.7 101.1 96.9 103.6 101.9 101.5 101.6 95.2 102.3 100.6 101.3 101.4 90.6 99.2 101.4 103.4 105.3 85.8 103.3 104.4 105.2 105.5 81.5 102.4 108.4 107.9 107.9 79.4 110.2 114.9 108.4 110.6 79.9 118.6 119.5 105.1 113.3 79.0 111.6 118.0 106.3 113.6 77.4 107.0 124.2 110.1 121.7 79.0 110.8 127.6 114.4 124.8 83.0 Periodicals............................................. Books.................................... Miscellaneous publishing................................... Commercial printing................................. Manifold business forms................................... 272 273 274 275 276 97.9 99.1 96.7 100.0 98.7 98.3 94.1 89.0 101.1 89.7 93.9 96.6 92.2 102.5 93.0 89.5 100.8 95.9 102.0 89.1 92.9 97.7 105.8 108.0 94.5 89.5 103.5 104.5 106.9 91.1 81.9 103.0 97.5 106.5 82.0 87.8 101.6 94.8 107.2 76.9 89.1 99.3 93.6 108.3 75.2 100.1 102.2 114.5 109.2 78.9 97.6 97.1 114.2 110.7 76.4 Greeting cards...................................... Blankbooks and bookbinding........................... Printing trade services.................................. Industrial inorganic chemicals............................. Plastics materials and synthetics........................ 277 278 279 281 282 100.1 95.6 99.9 105.7 98.8 109.1 94.2 94.3 104.3 99.7 100.6 99.4 99.3 106.8 100.9 92.7 96.1 100.6 109.7 100.0 96.7 103.6 112.0 109.7 107.5 91.4 98.7 115.3 105.6 112.0 89.0 105.4 111.0 102.3 125.3 92.5 108.7 116.7 109.3 128.3 90.8 114.5 126.2 110.1 125.3 92.2 115.3 124.2 116.1 133.8 104.5 124.7 127.6 145.7 142.6 Drugs....................................................... Soaps, cleaners, and toilet goods....................... Paints and allied products.................................. Industrial organic chemicals............................... Agricultural chemicals....................................... 283 284 285 286 287 101.0 102.0 101.4 109.9 103.7 102.8 100.6 103.3 110.4 104.3 103.8 103.8 106.3 101.4 104.7 104.5 105.3 104.3 95.8 99.5 99.5 104.4 102.9 94.6 99.5 99.9 108.7 108.8 92.2 103.8 104.9 111.2 116.7 99.9 105.0 108.7 118.6 118.0 98.6 108.5 112.1 120.9 125.6 99.0 110.0 112.6 130.4 127.2 112.9 120.4 105.3 129.2 128.8 111.3 117.0 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 Mining Gold and silver ores........................................ Bituminous coal and lignite mining..................... Crude petroleum and natural gas....................... Crushed and broken stone................................ Manufacturing See footnotes at end of table. 88 Monthly Labor Review https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis January 2001 42. C o n tin u e d -A n n u a l indexes of output per hour for selected 3-digit SIC industries [1987 = 100] 1989 1990 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 SIC Miscellaneous chemical products........................ Petroleum refining............................................. Asphalt paving and roofing materials.................. Miscellaneous petroleum and coal products......... Tires and inner tubes......................................... 289 291 295 299 301 95.4 105.3 98.3 98.4 102.9 95.2 109.6 95.3 101.9 103.8 97.3 109.2 98.0 94.8 103.0 96.1 106.6 94.1 90.6 102.4 101.8 111.3 100.4 101.5 107.8 107.1 120.1 108.0 104.2 116.5 105.7 123.8 104.9 96.3 124.1 107.8 132.3 111.2 87.4 131.1 110.1 142.0 113.1 87.1 138.8 120.2 149.2 120.8 97.2 148.5 120.9 155.8 129.5 100.7 145.2 Hose and belting and gaskets and packing.......... Fabricated rubber products, n.e.c........................ Miscellaneous plastics products, n.e.c................. Footwear, except rubber.................................... Flat glass......................................................... 305 306 308 314 321 103.7 104.2 100.5 101.3 91.9 96.3 105.5 101.8 101.1 90.7 96.1 109.0 105.7 101.1 84.5 92.4 109.9 108.3 94.4 83.6 97.8 115.2 114.4 104.2 92.7 99.7 123.1 116.7 105.2 97.7 102.7 119.1 120.8 113.0 97.6 104.6 121.5 121.0 117.1 99.6 107.4 121.0 124.7 126.1 101.5 112.4 125.5 130.2 129.4 107.6 111.7 133.2 134.6 111.6 114.0 Glass and glassware, pressed or blown............... Products of purchased glass.............................. Cement, hydraulic............................................. Structural clay products..................................... Pottery and related products.............................. 322 323 324 325 326 100.6 95.9 103.2 98.8 99.6 100.2 90.1 110.2 103.1 97.1 104.8 92.6 112.4 109.6 98.6 102.3 97.7 108.3 109.8 95.8 108.9 101.5 115.1 111.4 99.5 108.7 106.2 119.9 106.8 100.3 112.9 105.9 125.6 114.0 108.4 115.7 106.1 124.3 112.6 109.3 121.4 122.0 128.7 119.6 119.3 128.2 125.3 133.1 116.1 116.1 135.1 120.0 134.1 115.4 127.6 Concrete, gypsum, and plaster products.............. Miscellaneous nonmetallic mineral products......... Blast furnace and basic steel products................ Iron and steel foundries..................................... Primary nonferrous metals................................. 327 329 331 332 333 100.8 103.0 112.6 104.0 107.8 102.4 95.5 108.1 105.4 106.1 102.3 95.4 109.7 106.1 102.3 101.2 94.0 107.8 104.5 110.7 102.5 104.3 117.0 107.2 101.9 104.6 104.5 133.6 112.1 107.9 101.5 106.3 142.4 113.0 105.3 104.5 107.8 142.6 112.7 111.0 107.3 110.4 147.5 116.2 110.8 109.2 112.7 155.0 121.7 116.0 113.4 117.1 152.3 121.7 125.0 Nonferrous rolling and drawing........................... Nonferrous foundries (castings).......................... Miscellaneous primary metal products................. Metal cans and shipping containers.................... Cutlery, handtools, and hardware....................... 335 336 339 341 342 95.5 102.6 106.6 106.5 97.8 93.6 105.1 105.0 108.5 101.7 92.7 104.0 113.7 117.6 97.3 91.0 103.6 109.1 122.9 96.8 96.0 103.6 114.5 127.8 100.1 98.3 108.5 111.3 132.3 104.0 101.2 112.1 134.5 140.9 109.2 99.2 117.8 152.2 144.2 111.3 104.0 122.3 149.6 155.2 118.2 112.3 126.4 140.9 160.8 113.1 115.0 131.1 139.7 155.8 115.2 Plumbing and heating, except electric................. Fabricated structural metal products................... Metal forgings and stampings............................. Metal services, n.e.c.......................................... Ordnance and accessories, n.e.c........................ 343 344 346 347 348 103.7 100.4 101.5 108.3 97.7 101.5 96.9 99.8 102.4 89.8 102.6 98.8 95.6 104.7 82.1 102.0 100.0 92.9 99.4 81.5 98.4 103.9 103.7 111.6 88.6 102.0 104.8 108.7 120.6 84.6 109.1 107.7 108.5 123.0 83.6 109.2 105.8 109.3 127.7 87.6 118.6 106.5 113.6 128.4 87.5 127.2 110.0 120.2 123.5 100.5 131.3 112.5 125.9 128.5 94.6 Engines and turbines......................................... Farm and garden machinery.............................. Construction and related machinery................... Metalworking machinery..................................... 349 351 352 353 354 101.4 106.8 106.3 106.5 101.0 95.9 110.7 110.7 108.3 103.5 97.5 106.5 116.5 107.0 101.1 97.4 105.8 112.9 99.1 96.4 101.1 103.3 113.9 102.0 104.3 102.0 109.2 118.6 108.2 107.4 103.2 122.3 125.0 117.7 109.9 106.6 122.7 134.7 122.1 114.8 108.3 136.6 137.2 123.3 114.9 106.2 134.2 141.0 131.8 118.6 112.4 142.8 148.7 137.1 120.2 Special industry machinery................................ General industrial machinery.............................. Computer and office equipment.......................... Refrigeration and service machinery................... Industrial machinery, n.e.c................................. 355 356 357 358 359 104.6 105.9 121.4 102.1 106.5 108.3 101.5 124.2 106.0 107.1 107.5 101.5 138.1 103.6 107.3 108.3 101.6 149.6 100.7 109.0 106.0 101.6 195.7 104.9 117.0 113.6 104.8 258.6 108.6 118.5 121.2 106.7 328.6 110.7 127.4 132.3 109.0 469.4 112.7 138.8 134.0 109.4 681.3 114.7 141.4 130.1 110.1 937.0 114.8 129.7 125.9 112.4 1345.8 121.3 127.6 Electric distribution equipment............................ Electrical industrial apparatus Household appliances....................................... Electric lighting and wiring equipment................. Communications equipment............................... 361 362 363 364 366 105.4 104.6 103.0 101.9 110.5 105.0 107.4 104.7 100.2 107.2 106.3 107.7 105.8 99.9 121.4 106.5 107.1 106.5 97.5 124.5 119.6 117.1 115.0 105.7 146.7 122.2 132.9 123.4 107.8 150.3 131.8 134.9 131.4 113.4 166.0 143.0 150.8 127.3 113.7 170.9 143.9 154.3 127.4 116.9 190.3 143.9 163.9 138.1 121.4 221.0 147.8 162.6 151.7 129.3 228.4 Electronic components and accessories.............. Miscellaneous electrical equipment &supplies..... Motor vehicles and equipment............................ Aircraft and parts.............................................. Ship and boat building and repairing................... 367 369 371 372 373 109.0 102.8 103.2 100.6 99.4 119.8 99.6 103.3 98.2 97.6 133.4 90.6 102.4 98.9 103.7 154.7 98.6 96.6 108.2 96.3 189.3 101.3 104.2 112.3 102.7 217.9 108.2 106.2 115.2 106.2 274.1 110.5 108.8 109.6 103.8 401.5 114.1 106.7 107.9 98.0 514.9 123.1 107.2 113.0 99.2 610.5 124.6 116.5 114.1 104.3 764.4 130.5 125.7 140.4 101.6 Railroad equipment........................................... Motorcycles, bicycles, and parts......................... Guided missiles, space vehicles, parts................ Search and navigation equipment...................... Measuring and controlling devices...................... 374 375 376 381 382 113.5 92.6 104.1 104.8 103.7 135.3 94.6 110.6 105.8 101.7 141.1 93.8 116.5 112.7 106.4 146.9 99.8 110.5 118.9 113.1 147.9 108.4 110.5 122.1 119.9 151.0 130.9 122.1 129.1 124.0 152.5 125.1 118.9 132.1 133.8 150.0 120.3 121.0 149.5 146.4 148.3 125.5 129.4 142.2 150.5 183.2 120.6 126.6 148.9 143.0 191.7 127.8 132.1 148.8 147.3 Medical instruments and supplies...................... Ophthalmic goods............................................. Photographic equipment &supplies.................... Jewelry, silverware, and plated ware.................. Musical Instruments.......................................... 384 385 386 391 393 105.2 112.6 105.6 100.1 101.8 107.9 123.3 113.0 102.9 96.1 116.9 121.2 107.8 99.3 97.1 118.7 125.1 110.2 95.8 96.9 123.5 144.5 116.4 96.7 96.0 127.3 157.8 126.9 96.7 95.6 126.7 160.6 132.7 99.5 88.7 131.5 167.2 129.5 100.2 86.9 139.8 188.2 128.7 102.6 78.8 146.3 202.6 121.6 117.2 83.9 159.4 211.7 125.9 111.7 83.5 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 1988 1991 Industry Monthly Labor Review January 2001 89 Current Labor Statistics: Productivity Data 42. C o n tin u e d -A n n u a l indexes of output per hour for selected 3-digit SIC industries [1987 = 100] Industry SIC Toys and sporting goods.................................... Pens, pencils, office, and art supplies................. Costume jewelry and notions............................. Miscellaneous manufactures.............................. 394 395 396 399 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 104.8 108 3 102 0 102.1 106.0 112 9 93 8 100.9 108.1 118 2 10S 3 106.5 109.7 116 8 106 7 109.2 104.9 1113 110 8 109.5 114.2 111 6 115 6 107.7 108.4 105.2 99.9 99.5 114.6 109.3 99.7 95.8 118.5 111.1 104.0 92.9 127.8 116.9 103.7 92.5 139.6 123.4 104.5 96.9 481 483 484 491 3 (pt ) 492,3 (pt.) 106.2 103.1 102.0 104 9 108.3 111.6 106.2 99.7 107 7 111.2 113.3 104.9 92.5 110 1 105.8 119.8 106.1 87.5 113 4 109.6 127.7 108.3 88.3 Lumber and other building materials dealers....... Paint, glass, and wallpaper stores....................... Hardware stores............................................... Retail nurseries, lawn and garden supply stores.... Department stores............................................ 521 523 525 526 531 101.0 102.8 108.6 106.7 99.2 99.1 101.7 115.2 103.4 97.0 103.6 106.0 110.5 83.9 94.2 Variety stores.................................................... Miscellaneous general merchandise stores.......... Grocery stores.................................................. Meat and fish (seafood) markets......................... Retail bakeries.................................................. 533 539 541 542 546 101.9 100.8 98.9 99.0 89.8 124.4 109.8 95.4 97.6 83.3 New and used car dealers................................. Auto and home supply stores............................. Gasoline service stations................................... Men's and boy's wear stores.............................. Women's clothing stores.................................... 551 553 554 561 562 103.4 103.2 103.0 106.0 97.8 Family clothing stores........................................ Shoe stores...................................................... Furniture and homefurnishings stores................. Household appliance stores............................... Radio, television, computer, and music stores...... 565 566 571 572 573 Eating and drinking places................................. Drug and proprietary stores................................ Liquor stores..................................................... Used merchandise stores................................... Miscellaneous shopping goods stores................. Nonstore retailers.............................................. Fuel dealers...................................................... Retail stores, n.e.c............................................ 1994 109.7 1995 1996 1997 1998 113.6 135 P 119.9 125.1 134.8 106.1 108.1 112.8 109.3 109.5 145.4 126.6 107.1 100.2 150.3 129.5 106.6 105.7 156.2 125.4 106.5 108.6 167.0 130.9 104.7 111.1 170.1 132.4 108.3 111.6 130.1 109.5 108.5 142.2 110.1 85.6 148.1 109.6 86.7 159.5 105.8 84.4 160.9 101.1 87.6 171.2 100.8 88.0 111.1 135.5 106.7 86.7 i?n 6 121.8 125.6 137.1 145.9 158.6 153.4 101.3 99.4 102.5 88.5 98.2 105.4 106.5 107.2 100.4 100.9 110.5 114.7 105.8 106.6 105.7 118.3 130.2 112.7 116.6 108.6 117.6 135.3 108.5 117.2 110.9 121.7 140.2 112.1 136.6 118.4 122.2 143.8 111.2 128.1 123.5 133.0 166.0 125.3 136.1 129.4 151.2 116.4 94.6 96.8 89.7 154.2 121.8 93.7 88.4 94.7 167.7 136.1 93.3 95.8 94.0 184.7 159.7 92.8 93.7 86.5 190.1 160.9 92.5 91.1 87.2 203.2 163.9 91.2 89.1 86.8 229.2 164.9 89.4 81.1 81.7 247.6 168.2 89.2 84.7 75.4 262.5 189.9 90.2 89.9 65.0 102.5 101.6 105.2 109.6 99.5 106.1 102.7 102.6 113.7 101.5 104.1 99.0 104.3 119.2 103.0 106.5 100.0 109.7 118.2 112.2 107.6 98.7 115.2 115.5 118.4 108.7 102.6 120.4 117.9 119.3 107.1 105.7 126.3 117.5 128.5 108.2 104.6 125.1 125.7 142.3 107.8 104.2 125.0 132.2 145.8 108.0 107.0 130.6 145.5 154.8 102.0 102.7 98.6 98.5 118.6 104.9 107.2 100.9 103.5 114.6 104.5 106.1 101.8 102.8 119.6 106.4 105.1 101.5 105.2 128.3 111.7 111.5 108.4 113.9 137.8 114.5 113.2 107.6 117.0 152.7 120.4 126.3 108.8 121.2 177.0 133.8 134.5 112.0 138.7 196.7 138.8 146.9 118.6 141.8 204.6 142.1 143.5 119.4 155.5 215.1 145.6 136.4 121.6 184.5 258.9 581 591 592 593 594 102.8 101.9 98.2 105.3 100.7 102.2 102.5 101.1 104.9 104.2 104.0 103.6 105.2 100.3 104.2 103.1 104.7 105.9 98.6 105.0 102.5 103.6 108.4 110.4 102.7 102.8 105.4 100.7 112.1 106.5 101.1 105.7 99.1 115.4 111.9 100.9 106.9 103.7 117.3 117.8 99.5 109.6 112.8 129.8 120.0 100.5 115.4 108.9 138.0 123.7 101.1 117.7 113.9 158.4 131.5 596 598 599 105.6 95.6 105.9 110.8 92.0 103.1 108.8 84.4 113.7 109.3 85.3 103.2 122.1 84.4 111.6 127.5 92.7 117.3 143.3 100.7 125.0 146.1 114.2 126.2 165.5 115.8 139.5 177.2 113.4 147.3 193.5 112.0 157.6 Commercial banks............................................ Hotels and motels.............................................. Laundry, cleaning, and garment services............. Photographic studios, portrait............................. Beauty shops.................................................... 602 701 721 722 723 102.8 97.6 97.2 100.1 95.1 104.8 95.0 99.7 94.9 99.6 107.7 96.1 101.8 96.6 96.8 110.1 99.1 99.2 92.8 94.8 111.0 107.8 98.3 97.7 99.6 118.5 106.2 98.9 105.9 95.7 121.7 109.6 104.0 117.4 99.8 126.4 110.1 105.5 129.3 103.5 129.7 109.7 108.7 126.6 106.3 133.0 107.9 108.0 133.7 107.5 133.0 108.8 113.5 153.4 108.4 Barber shops.................................................... Funeral services and crematories........................ Automotive repair shops..................................... Motion picture theaters....................................... 724 726 753 783 108.8 102.5 105.7 107.1 111.6 97.9 108.1 114.3 100.2 90.9 106.9 115.8 94.1 89.5 98.7 116.0 112.1 103.2 103.3 110.8 120.8 98.2 104.0 109.8 117.7 103.8 112.3 106.5 114.6 99.7 119.5 101.4 127.6 97.1 114.1 100.5 149.0 101.3 115.2 99.8 153.0 107.0 121.2 101.3 1 pq Q i ?q n Transportation Railroad transportation....................................... 4011 Trucking, except local1..................................... 4213 U.S. postal service ^.......................................... 431 Air transportation ' ........................................... 4512,13,22 (pts.) - Utitlities Telephone communications............................... Radio and television broadcasting....................... Cable and other pay TV services........................ Gas utilities....................................................... Trade Finance and Services 90 Refers to output per employee. n.e.c. = not elsewhere classified Refers to ouput per full-time equivalent employee year on fiscal basis. - Data not available. Monthly Labor Review https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis January 2001 43. U n e m p lo y m e n t rates, a p p ro x im a tin g U.S. c o n c e p ts , in n in e co u n trie s , q u a rte rly d a t a s e a s o n a lly a d ju s te d C ountry 1998 Annual average 1998 1999 III 2000 1999 IV I III II IV II I United States................................. Canada.......................................... Australia........................................ Japan........................................... 4.5 8.3 8.0 4.1 4.2 7.6 7.2 4.7 4.5 8.2 8.1 4.3 4.4 8.1 7.7 4.5 4.3 7.9 7.5 4.7 4.3 7.8 7.4 4.8 4.2 7.6 7.1 4.8 4.1 7.0 7.0 4.7 4.1 6.8 6.8 4.9 4.0 6.7 6.7 4.8 France.......................................... Germany....................................... Italy1............................................. 11.8 9.3 12.0 8.4 6.3 11.1 8.7 11.5 7.1 6.1 11.8 9.1 12.0 8.5 6.3 11.6 8.9 12.0 7.6 6.2 11.3 8.8 11.9 7.2 6.3 11.2 8.8 11.6 7.0 6.1 11.0 8.8 11.6 7.0 5.9 10.6 8.7 11.1 7.1 5.9 10.2 8.4 11.2 6.8 5.8 9.8 8.3 10.8 6.0 5.5 United Kinqdom.............................. 1 Quarterly rates are for the first month of the quarter. NOTE: Quarterly figures for France, Germany, and the United Kingdom calculated by applying annual adjustment factors to current published data, and therefore should be viewed as less precise indicators of https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis unemployment under U.S. concepts than the annual figures. See Notes on the data" for information on breaks in series. For further qualifications and historical data, see Comparative Civilian Labor Force Statistics, Ten Countries, 1959-1998 (Bureau of Labor Statistics, Oct. 22,1999). Monthly Labor Review January 2001 91 Current Labor Statistics: 44. International Comparison Annual data: Employment status of the working-age population, approximating U.S. concepts, 10 countries [Numbers in thousands] E m p lo y m e n t s ta tu s a n d c o u n tr y 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 C iv ilia n la b o r f o r c e United States1................................................... Canada........................................................... Australia.......................................................... Japan........................................................... France........................................................... Germany2........................................................ Italy................................................................ Netherlands...................................................... Sweden........................................................... United Kingdom................................................. P a rtic ip a tio n ra te 125,840 14,241 8,444 63,050 24,300 29,410 22,670 6,640 4,597 28,730 126,346 14,330 8,490 64,280 24,490 39,130 22,940 6,750 4,591 28,610 128,105 14,362 8,562 65,040 24,550 39,040 22,910 6,950 4,520 28,410 129,200 14,505 8,619 65,470 24,650 39,140 22,570 7,090 4,443 28,310 131,056 14,627 8,776 65,780 24,760 39,210 22,450 7,190 4,418 28,280 132,304 14,750 9,001 65,990 24,820 39,100 22,460 7,270 4,460 28,480 133,943 14,900 9,127 66,450 25,090 39,180 22,570 7,370 4,459 28,620 136,297 15,153 9,221 67,200 25,180 39,450 22,680 7,530 4,418 28,760 137,673 15,418 9,347 67,240 25,360 39,430 22,960 7,720 4,402 28,870 139,368 15,721 9,470 67,100 25,590 66.5 67.1 64.6 62.6 56.0 55.3 47.2 56.1 67.4 64.1 66.2 66.5 64 1 63.2 56 0 58.9 47.7 56.5 67.0 63.7 66.4 65.7 63 9 63.4 66.3 65.4 66.6 65.2 66.6 64.9 66.8 64.7 67.1 64.9 63.3 63.1 62.9 63.0 63.2 58.3 47.5 57.8 65.7 63.1 67.1 65.6 64 62.4 55 7 58.0 47.9 58.5 64.5 62.8 57.6 47.3 59.0 63.7 62.5 57.3 47.1 59.3 64.1 62.7 57.4 47.1 59.8 64.0 62.7 57.6 47.2 60.7 63.3 62.8 67.1 65.1 64 4 62.8 55 4 57.6 47.6 62.0 62.8 62.7 117,718 12,851 7,676 62,920 22,140 36,920 21,360 6,350 4,447 26,090 118,492 12,760 7,637 63,620 21,990 36,420 21,230 6,560 4,265 25,530 120,259 12,858 7,680 63,810 21,740 36,030 20,270 6,620 4,028 25,340 123,060 13,112 7,921 63,860 21,710 35,890 19,940 6,670 3,992 25,550 124,900 13,357 8,235 63,890 21,890 35,900 19,820 6,760 4,056 26,000 126,708 13,463 8,344 64,200 21,960 35,680 19,920 6,900 4,019 26,280 129,558 13,774 8,429 64,900 22,060 35,540 19,990 7,130 3,973 26,740 131,463 14,140 8,597 64,450 22,390 35,720 20,210 7,410 4,034 27,050 133,488 14,531 8,785 63,930 22,760 20,460 _ 4,117 27,330 62.8 61.7 60.1 61.3 50.9 52.6 43.9 52.6 66.1 59.6 61.7 59.7 57.9 61.8 50.6 55.5 44.5 53.2 64.9 58.0 61.5 58.4 57.0 62.0 49.9 54.4 44.0 54.5 62.0 56.7 61.7 58.0 56.6 61.7 49.0 53.4 43.0 54.7 58.5 56.2 62.5 58.4 57.7 61.3 48.7 52.8 42.0 54.7 57.6 56.5 62.9 58.8 59.1 60.9 48.7 52.6 41.5 55.1 58.3 57.2 63.2 58.5 59.1 60.9 48.5 52.2 41.6 55.9 57.7 57.6 63.8 59.0 58.8 61.0 48.4 51.9 41.6 57.5 56.9 58.3 64.1 59.7 59.2 60.2 48.9 52.2 41.9 59.5 57.6 58.7 64.3 60.6 59.6 59.4 49.6 42.3 _ 58.7 59.1 7,047 1,157 585 1,340 2,210 1,460 1,590 410 84 1,990 8,628 1,480 814 1,360 2,350 2,210 1,580 400 144 2,520 9,613 1,602 925 1,420 2,560 2,620 1,680 390 255 2,880 8,940 1,647 939 1,660 2,910 3,110 2,300 470 415 2,970 7,996 1,515 856 1,920 3,050 3,320 2,510 520 426 2,730 7,404 1,393 766 2,100 2,920 3,200 2,640 510 404 2,480 7,236 1,437 783 2,250 3,130 3,500 2,650 470 440 2,340 6,739 1,379 791 2,300 3,120 3,910 2,690 400 445 2,020 6,210 1,277 750 2,790 2,980 3,710 2,750 310 368 1,820 6,210 1,190 685 3,170 2,830 2,670 _ 313 1,760 3 United States1.................................................. Canada............................................................ Australia.......................................................... Japan............................................................. France............................................................ Germany2......................................................... Italy................................................................ Netherlands...................................................... Sweden........................................................... United Kingdom................................................. _ 23,130 _ 4,430 29,090 - 47.8 _ 63.2 62.9 E m p lo y e d 118,793 United States1................................................ Canada........................................................... 13,084 Australia.......................................................... 7,859 Japan.............................................................. 61,710 France............................................................ 22,100 Germany2......................................................... 27,950 Italy................................................................ 21,080 Netherlands...................................................... 6,230 Sweden........................................................... 4,513 United Kingdom................................................. 26,740 E m p lo y m e n t-p o p u la tio n ra tio 4 United States1................................................... Canada........................................................... Australia.................................................... ...... Japan.............................................................. France............................................................ Germany2...................................................... Italy................................................................ Netherlands...................................................... Sweden........................................................... United Kingdom.......................................... U n e m p lo y e d United States1............................................ Canada........................................................... Australia........................................................... Japan.............................................................. France............................................................. Germany2......................................................... Netherlands.............................................. Sweden............................................................ United Kingdom................................................. U n e m p lo y m e n t ra te 5.6 6.8 7.5 6.9 6.1 5.6 5.4 4.9 4.5 4.2 8.1 10.3 11.2 11.4 10.4 9.4 9.6 9.1 8.3 7.6 6.9 9.6 10.8 10.9 9.7 8.5 8.6 8.6 8.0 7.2 2.1 2.1 2.2 2.5 2.9 3.2 3.4 3.4 4.1 4.7 9.1 9.6 10.4 11.8 12.3 11.8 12.4 12.5 11.8 11.1 5.0 5.6 6.7 7.9 8.5 8.2 8.9 9.9 9.4 9.0 7.0 6.9 7.3 10.2 11.2 11.8 11.7 11.9 12.0 11.5 Netherlands................................................... _ 6.2 5.9 5.6 6.6 7.2 6.4 7.0 5.3 4.0 Sweden................................................... 1.8 3.1 5.6 9.3 9.6 9.1 9.9 10.1 8.4 7.1 United Kinadom................................................. 6.9 8.8 10.1 10.5 9.7 8.7 8.2 7.0 6.3 6.1 1Data for 1994 are not directly comparable with data for 1993 and earlier yes rs. For 3 Labor fo ce as a percent of the »/orking-age population. additional information, see the box note under "Employment and Unemployment Data" 4 Employment as a percent of the working-age population, inthe notes to this section. 2 Data from 1991 onward refer to unified Germany. See Comparative Civilian Labor N o t e : See "Notes on the data”for information on breaks in series for the United Force Statistics, Ten Countries, 1959-1998, October 22, 1999, on the Internet at States, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, and Sweden. Dash indicates h ttp ://s ta ts .b ls .g o v /f ls d a ta .h tm . data not available. United States1................................................. Canada....................................................... Australia........................................................... Japan.............................................................. France............................................................. Germany2........................................................ 92 Monthly Labor Review https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis January 2001 45. A nn ual indexes of m anu facturing productivity a n d re la te d m easures, 12 countries Ite m a n d c o u n tr y O u tp u t p e r h o u r Belgium.............................................................. Denmark............................................................ Netherlands........................................................ United Kingdom.................................................. O u tp u t Denmark............................................................ France............................................................... Germany............................................................ Netherlands........................................................ Norway.............................................................. Sweden.............................................................. United Kingdom.................................................. 1960 1980 1970 _ _ 40.7 14.0 18.0 29.9 21.8 29.2 19.6 18.6 36.7 27.6 31.2 59.2 38.0 32.9 52.7 43.1 52.0 36.8 38.1 57.8 52.8 44.7 1987 1988 1990 1989 1991 1993 1994 1997 1996 1995 1998 122.1 111.0 121.4 121.8 127.9 111.7 120.4 122.6 114.9 115.1 110.3 119.7 102.0 125.4 103.2 123.2 121.8 113.4 125.7 101.9 133.6 104.0 127.4 127.1 113.6 127.8 104.1 136.5 105.1 71.9 75.3 63.9 65.4 90.3 66.7 77.2 64.1 69.2 76.7 74.0 56.1 94.4 91.3 81.2 88.9 90.6 81.8 88.1 85.1 91.6 93.3 90.1 79.4 98.0 91.1 84.8 92.0 94.1 87.4 91.5 86.7 93.7 92.1 90.8 82.3 97.1 92.4 89.5 96.9 99.6 91.9 94.6 89.4 97.1 94.6 93.8 86.2 97.8 95.3 95.4 96.8 99.1 93.5 99.0 92.5 98.6 96.6 95.0 88.3 98.3 95.1 99.4 99.1 99.6 96.9 101.9 95.2 99.6 97.5 95.0 92.2 102.1 102.5 100.5 102.5 104.5 100.6 100.6 102.9 101.4 100.6 106.7 104.0 108.3 106.2 101.8 108.4 114.9 108.9 109.3 113.2 117.3 107.3 115.8 114.7 108.5 107.9 105.6 112.7 101.4 116.1 106.8 114.4 111.2 109.3 117.7 102.0 122.4 104.8 “ “ _ _ 34.2 10.7 30.7 40.8 31.0 41.5 21.4 31.7 56.5 46.5 67.7 60.5 38.8 57.6 68.0 64.1 70.9 44.7 59.5 89.1 81.7 90.3 77.3 85.4 59.9 78.2 91.3 88.7 85.3 78.4 77.4 103.6 91.8 87.2 97.9 103.2 78.4 88.8 99.3 87.2 88.0 88.2 89.5 110.7 107.7 94.4 104.5 109.3 84.6 93.3 100.8 92.2 90.9 94.5 92.8 105.3 110.2 101.4 104.0 110.8 90.2 99.1 104.3 97.2 94.0 98.1 96.9 101.3 111.6 105.4 102.5 106.6 96.3 101.0 102.7 99.1 99.1 99.6 100.1 100.2 110.6 105.3 98.7 98.8 101.4 100.7 101.7 99.8 102.8 99.2 100.6 98.3 103.6 100.0 103.5 105.1 96.0 97.0 99.0 95.7 91.8 96.4 98.2 102.7 101.3 101.4 112.2 113.2 95.4 101.4 109.3 100.3 93.5 102.2 104.2 106.7 115.7 106.1 119.6 118.8 100.6 104.2 114.7 104.8 93.7 107.2 107.8 109.0 130.1 107.8 121.6 120.2 106.7 104.2 117.8 104.5 92.5 106.7 108.4 110.1 132.9 108.2 128.8 128.0 111.1 109.0 120.3 110.2 95.8 110.4 114.1 113.3 140.3 109.6 135.0 133.0 103.6 111.8 126.5 114.6 100.7 112.5 116.6 116.4 146.4 110.0 92.1 84.1 76.3 170.7 136.5 142.1 142.3 109.0 170.6 154.0 168.3 217.3 104.4 102.1 102.3 174.7 129.0 148.7 136.3 121.2 156.2 154.3 154.7 202.1 107.5 113.5 93.8 119.7 101.1 133.1 110.5 122.4 111.8 135.0 124.0 155.3 103.8 113.0 96.6 100.0 109.6 106.6 99.9 103.6 97.7 118.6 119.5 118.9 106.6 120.0 99.8 101.5 107.2 105.5 99.3 108.9 99.0 114.3 121.4 123.2 107.1 119.9 100.8 102.3 104.7 105.8 99.3 109.7 99.8 107.1 119.0 122.3 104.8 111.9 100.9 104.3 103.7 105.9 100.1 107.7 101.5 103.7 116.4 119.2 100.4 103.8 102.0 101.5 102.1 103.0 100.9 104.2 101.0 100.8 109.0 108.5 101.4 102.6 95.6 94.7 94.8 95.1 91.3 93.6 96.9 102.1 94.9 97.5 103.6 106.6 93.7 93.6 104.0 109.1 92.0 92.0 103.7 112.0 92.2 90.8 105.5 115.4 91.5 89.5 105.6 119.0 86.1 91.2 - - - - - 92.4 86.7 96.7 92.4 105.2 99.6 99.4 91.6 84.3 98.0 91.6 106.9 106.3 102.9 91.0 80.4 96.7 90.5 107.9 106.0 104.8 89.5 78.6 97.4 90.8 111.1 105.0 105.4 89.9 79.3 99.0 91.2 111.9 107.3 104.7 14.9 10.4 4.3 5.4 4.6 4.3 8.1 1.6 6.4 4.7 4.1 3.1 23.7 17.8 16.5 13.7 13.3 10.3 20.7 4.7 20.2 11.8 10.8 6.3 55.6 47.7 58.6 52.5 49.6 40.8 53.6 28.2 64.4 39.0 37.4 33.2 80.7 75.3 77.9 79.7 80.1 78.6 76.0 66.7 87.8 78.5 67.3 64.8 84.0 77.8 79.2 81.1 82.9 81.6 79.1 69.3 87.7 83.3 71.7 67.7 86.6 82.5 84.2 85.9 87.7 86.0 83.2 75.9 88.5 87.2 79.4 72.9 90.8 89.5 90.7 90.1 92.7 90.6 89.4 84.4 90.8 92.3 87.6 80.9 95.6 94.7 95.9 97.3 95.9 96.2 95.1 93.6 95.2 97.5 95.4 90.5 102.7 99.6 104.6 104.8 104.6 102.8 105.9 107.5 103.7 101.5 98.0 104.3 105.6 100.4 106.7 106.1 105.0 111.7 107.8 108.2 104.4 101.1 106.5 107.9 103.6 109.5 109.2 107.6 117.7 112.8 110.6 109.2 106.2 107.4 109.3 102.8 110.9 112.0 109.5 123.7 120.9 113.2 113.6 113.4 108.2 113.4 106.7 113.9 115.2 112.3 126.6 125.9 115.8 119.1 118.3 111.4 119.4 110.8 115.8 116.0 113.9 127.6 124.8 118.3 126.4 121.5 117.8 25.5 30.9 30.1 15.4 19.5 27.8 8.0 34.4 12.9 14.9 9.8 30.0 43.3 41.7 25.2 24.0 39.8 12.7 52.9 20.4 20.5 14.1 77.2 63.3 91.7 80.3 55.0 61.2 69.4 44.0 93.0 50.8 50.6 59.1 85.5 82.5 96.0 89.7 88.4 96.2 86.3 78.3 95.9 84.1 74.7 81.6 85.7 85.5 93.4 88.1 88.2 93.4 86.5 79.9 93.6 90.4 79.0 82.2 89.2 89.2 94.0 88.7 88.1 93.6 87.9 84.9 91.1 92.2 84.7 84.6 92.8 93.9 95.0 93.0 93.6 96.8 90.3 91.3 92.1 95.6 92.3 91.6 97.2 99.6 96.5 98.1 96.3 99.3 93.3 98.4 95.5 100.0 100.4 98.2 100.6 97.2 104.1 102.3 100.1 102.2 105.3 104.4 102.3 100.9 91.8 100.3 97.6 94.5 104.9 97.9 93.0 96.8 103.6 102.1 96.0 102.9 87.0 99.7 93.9 95.2 100.1 96.4 93.8 94.1 105.9 103.2 94.0 107.1 86.8 102.5 93.2 95.8 95.8 97.6 92.7 95.3 107.5 109.6 94.6 111.4 90.4 104.8 92.9 96.2 93.8 94.6 95.9 91.2 103.9 111.1 92.2 116.9 88.5 107.1 93.4 99.2 96.2 94.7 94.0 89.4 100.4 109.8 92.5 121.4 89.0 112.1 31.8 10.£ 19.4 13.8 21.1 10.4 16.C 16.C 34.7 15.3 27.0 20.3 23.C 17.1 24.8 25.7 17.8 23.C 19.2 77.2 65.4 51.3 88.3 58.9 76.7 59.6 63.3 82.3 63.2 69.6 77.6 85.5 75.2 84.2 77.2 77.2 84.7 74.2 85.7 83.9 92.4 77.C 79.C 82.2 76.2 75.6 83.2 86. 75.C 82.2 89.2 91.0 86.3 72.3 72.6 77.7 73.C 76.2 75.6 82.2 92.8 97.2 83.1 89.6 91.3 94.1 87.3 93.8 88.2 95.C 90.6 92.6 97.2 105.0 90.9 92.3 90.8 93.1 87.6 97.6 89.8 95.' 96.6 98.2 100.6 91.1 118.8 95.1 93.2 95.6 99.4 81.8 96.8 88.C 68.6 85.C 97.6 83.6 130.1 94.2 88.3 92.4 99.8 78.1 92.8 90." 65.' 86.8 93.9 83.8 135.1 105.2 101.1 99.8 115.E 78.C 103.C 105.C 70.8 91.8 93.2 84.9 111.7 101.4 96.5 98.6 111.6 87.6 98.8 107.1 78.6 95.6 92.S 83.£ 98.3 84.£ 87.6 82.6 93.6 93.4 80.8 93.1 83.8 84.7 80.2 89.1 77.9 82.0 99.9 65.2 105.2 T o ta l h o u r s United States...................................................... Canada.............................................................. Japan................................................................. Belgium.............................................................. Denmark............................................................ Germany............................................................. Italy.................................................................... Norway.............................................................. United Kingdom.................................................. C o m p e n s a tio n p e r h o u r Canada.............................................................. Japan................................................................. Denmark............................................................ France............................................................... Italy.................................................................... Norway.............................................................. Sweden............................................................. United Kingdom.................................................. U n it l a b o r c o s t s : National currency basis France............................................................... Germany............................................................ Sweden............................................................. U n it l a b o r c o s t s : U.S. dollar basis Japan................................................................ Belgium............................................................ il.: United Kingdom................................................. 16.8 15.8 74.4 83.2 77.6 68.6 75.' 76.4 78.6 so.: 83.C 102.5 67.6 99.: - Data not available. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Monthly Labor Review January 2001 93 Current Labor Statistics: 46. Injury and Illness O c c u p a tio n a l injury a n d illness rates b y in dustry,1 U nited States In c id e n c e r a te s p e r 1 0 0 fu ll-tim e w o r k e r s 3 In d u s try a n d ty p e o f c a s e 2 1988 P R IV A T E S E C T O R 1989 1 1990 1991 1992 1993 4 1994 4 1995 4 1996 4 1997 4 1998 4 1999 4 8.4 3.8 8.1 3.6 7.4 3.4 7.1 3.3 6.7 3.1 6.3 3.0 8.7 3.9 8.4 4.1 7.9 3.9 7.3 3.4 - - 5.4 3.2 5.9 3.7 4.9 2.9 4.4 2.7 - - 0 Total cases........... Lost workday cases.. Lost workdays........ 8.6 4.0 76.1 8.6 4.0 78.7 8.8 4.1 84.0 8.4 3.9 86.5 8.9 3.9 93.8 8.5 3.8 Total cases................................................ Lost workday cases...................................... . Lost workdays............................................. 10.9 5.6 101 .E 10.9 5.7 100.9 11.6 5.9 112.2 10.8 5.4 108.3 11.6 5.4 126.9 11.2 5.0 Total cases. Lost workday cases.... Lost workdays.......... 8.8 5.1 152.1 8.5 4.8 137.2 8.3 5.0 119.5 7.4 4.5 129.6 7.3 4.1 204.7 6.8 3.9 14.6 6.8 142.2 14.3 6.8 143.3 14.2 6.7 147.9 13.0 6.1 148.1 13.1 5.8 161.9 12.2 5.5 11.8 5.5 14.0 6.4 132.2 13.9 6.5 137.3 13.4 6.4 137.6 12.0 5.5 132.0 12.2 5.4 142.7 11.5 5.1 15.1 7.0 162.3 13.8 6.5 147.1 13.8 6.3 144.6 12.8 6.0 160.1 12.1 5.4 165.8 14.7 7.0 141.1 14.6 6.9 144.9 14.7 6.9 153.1 13.5 6.3 151.3 13.1 5.7 107.4 13.1 5.8 113.0 13.2 5.8 120.7 14.2 5.9 111.1 14.1 6.0 116.5 19.5 10.0 189.1 A g ric u ltu re , fo re s try , a n d fis h in g Total cases............... Lost workday cases..... Lost workdays........... General building contractors: Total cases.................... Lost workday cases.......... Lost workdays................. Heavy construction, except building: Total cases............................. Lost workday cases....... Lost workdays.............. Special trades contractors: Total cases. Lost workday cases.. Lost workdays........ - - 5 10.0 4.7 - 9.7 4.3 - 6.3 3.9 - 6.2 3.9 - - 10.6 4.9 9.9 4.5 9.5 4.4 8.8 4.0 8.6 4.2 10.9 5.1 9.8 4.4 9.0 4.0 8.5 3.7 8.4 3.9 8.0 3.7 11.1 5.1 10.2 5.0 9.9 4.8 9.0 4.3 8.7 4.3 8.2 4.1 7.8 3.8 13.8 6.1 168.3 12.8 5.8 12.5 5.8 11.1 5.0 10.4 4.8 10.0 4.7 - - - 12.7 5.6 121.5 12.5 5.4 124.6 12.1 5.3 12.2 5.5 11.6 5.3 14.2 6.0 123.3 13.6 5.7 122.9 13.4 5.5 126.7 13.1 5.4 18.4 9.4 177.5 18.1 8.8 172.5 16.8 8.3 172.0 16.3 7.6 165.8 15.9 7.6 15.7 7.7 14.9 7.0 16.6 7.3 115.7 16.1 7.2 16.9 7.8 15.9 7.2 14.8 14.6 6.5 15.0 7.0 13.9 6.4 16.0 7.5 141.0 15.5 7.4 149.8 15.4 7.3 160.5 14.8 6.8 156.0 13.6 6.1 152.2 13.8 6.3 19.4 8.2 161.3 18.7 8.1 168.3 19.0 8.1 180.2 17.7 7.4 169.1 17.5 7.1 175.5 17.0 7.3 18.8 8.0 138.8 18.5 7.9 147.6 18.7 7.9 155.7 17.4 7.1 146.6 16.8 6.6 16.2 6.7 16.4 6.7 15.8 6.9 14.4 6.2 14.2 6.4 144.0 - - - - - 12.1 4.7 82.8 12.1 4.8 86.8 12.0 4.7 88.9 11.2 11.1 11.1 11.6 11.2 9.9 4.4 4.2 4.4 4.4 4.0 10.0 4.1 86.6 4.2 87.7 - - - - - 8.0 9.1 3.8 79.4 8.6 3.7 83.0 8.4 3.6 81.2 8.3 3.5 8.3 3.6 7.6 6.8 3.1 6.6 3.1 64.6 9.1 3.9 77.5 - - - - - 17.7 6.6 134.2 17.7 6.8 138.6 17.8 6.9 153.7 18.3 7.0 166.1 18.7 7.1 186.6 18.5 7.1 19.6 7.8 18.6 7.9 16.3 7.0 15.4 6.6 - - - - - 6.1 2.6 51.5 5.6 2.5 55.4 5.9 2.7 57.8 6.0 2.7 64.4 5.9 2.7 65.3 5.6 2.5 5.9 2.7 5.3 2.4 5.1 2.3 4.8 2.3 - - - - - 11.3 5.1 91.0 11.1 11.3 5.1 113.1 10.7 5.0 108.21 10.0 4.6 9.9 4.5 9.1 4.3 9.5 5.1 97.6 11.3 5.1 104.0 4.4 8.9 4.2 - - - - - - - 9.1 4.1 8.9 4.4 9.7 4.7 9.2 4.6 - - M a n u fa c tu rin g Total cases. Lost workday cases........... Lost workdays.................. Durable goods: Total cases..................... Lost workday cases........... Lost workdays.................. Lumber and wood products: Total cases. Lost workday cases... Lost workdays......... Furniture and fixtures: Total cases. Lost workday cases.. Lost workdays........ Stone, clay, and glass products: Total cases........................ Lost workday cases.............. Lost workdays..................... Primary metal industries: Total cases. Lost workday cases.. Lost workdays....... Fabricated metal products: Total cases................ Lost workday cases....... Lost workdays............. Industrial machinery and equipment: Total cases. Lost workdaycases.. Lost workdays....... Electronic and other electrical equipment: Total cases. Lost workday cases...... Lost workdays............. Transportation equipment: Total cases. Lost workday cases.. Lost workdays........ Instruments and related products: Total cases. Lost workday cases.. Lost workdays........ Miscellaneous manufacturing indus Total cases. Lost workday cases.. Lost workdays........ 3.3 See footnotes at end of table. 94 Monthly Labor Review https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis January 2001 “ 6.6 128.4 - - - 13.5 5.7 - - 12.8 5.6 - - - - - - 13.2 6.5 - 16.8 7.2 - - 12.3 5.7 16.5 7.2 - 3.3 10.6 4.9 - 11.6 5.1 - 14.2 6.8 - 12.2 5.4 - 12.4 6.0 - 15.0 6.8 - 10.3 4.8 - 11.3 5.1 - 10.7 5.0 10.1 4.8 13.2 6.8 13.0 6.7 11.4 5.7 11.5 5.9 11.8 6.0 10.7 5.4 14.0 7.0 12.9 6.3 13.9 6.5 12.6 6.0 9.5 4.0 8.5 3.7 5.9 2.8 5.7 2.8 14.6 6.6 13.7 6.4 4.0 1.9 4.0 1.8 8.1 3.9 8.4 4.0 13.5 6.5 12.0 5.8 - 11.8 5.7 - 15.0 7.2 - 46. C o n tin u e d — O c c u p a tio n a l injury a n d illness rates b y industry,1 U nited States In d u s try a n d ty p e o f c a s e 2 Nondurable goods: Total cases.................................................................. Lost workday cases......................................................... Lost workdays............................................................... . Food and kindred products: Total cases................................................................ Lost workday cases...................................................... Lost workdays............................................................. Tobacco products: Total cases................................................................ Lost workdaycases...................................................... Lost workdays............................................................. Textile mill products: Total cases................................................................ Lost workday cases...................................................... Lost workdays............................................................................ Apparel and other textile products: Total cases............................................................................... Lost workday cases................................................................... Lost workdays............................................................................ Paper and allied products: Total cases................................................................ Lost workday cases...................................................... Lost workdays............................................................. Printing and publishing: Total cases............................................................................... Lost workday cases................................................................... Lost workdays............................................................................ Chemicals and allied products: Total cases............................................................................... Lost workday cases................................................................... Lost workdays............................................................................ Petroleumand coal products: Total cases............................................................................... Lost workday cases...................................................... Lost workdays............................................................. Rubber and miscellaneous plastics products: Total cases................................................................ Lost workdaycases...................................................... Lost workdays............................................................. Leather and leather products: Total cases................................................................ Lost workday cases...................................................... Lost workdays............................................................. 1 98 8 1 98 9 1 1991 1 99 0 199 2 1993 4 1994 4 1995 4 1 99 6 4 1997 4 1998 4 1999 4 9.2 4.6 8.8 4.4 8.2 4.3 7.8 4.2 ” * - 14.5 8.0 13.6 7.5 12.7 7.3 “ - - 5.9 2.7 - 6.4 3.4 5.5 2.2 - - 6.7 3.1 “ 7.4 3.4 6.4 3.2 - - 7.0 3.1 - 6.2 2.6 5.8 2.8 - - 7.3 3.7 “ 7.1 3.7 7.0 3.7 - - 5.7 2.7 “ 5.4 2.8 5.0 2.6 - - 11.4 5.4 101.7 11.6 5.5 107.8 11.7 5.6 116.9 11.5 5.5 119.7 11.3 5.3 121.8 10.7 5.0 10.5 5.1 9.9 4.9 - - - 18.5 9.2 169.7 18.5 9.3 174.7 20.0 9.9 202.6 19.5 9.9 207.2 18.8 9.5 211.9 17.6 8.9 17.1 9.2 16.3 8.7 - - - 9.3 2.9 53.0 8.7 3.4 64.2 7.7 3.2 62.3 6.4 2.8 52.0 6.0 2.4 42.9 5.8 2.3 5.3 2.4 5.6 2.6 - - - 9.6 4.0 78.8 10.3 4.2 81.4 9.6 4.0 85.1 10.1 4.4 88.3 9.9 4.2 87.1 9.7 4.1 8.7 4.0 8.2 4.1 7.8 3.6 - - - “ 8.1 3.5 68.2 8.6 3.8 80.5 8.8 3.9 92.1 9.2 4.2 99.9 9.5 4.0 104.6 9.0 3.8 8.9 3.9 7.4 3.3 - - 8.2 3.6 - 11.0 5.0 125.9 9.9 4.6 9.6 4.5 7.9 3.8 - - 8.5 4.2 - 7.3 3.2 74.8 6.9 3.1 6.7 3.0 6.4 3.0 - 6.0 2.8 5.7 2.8 5.5 2.7 4.8 2.4 4.8 2.3 4.2 2.1 4.4 2.3 4.7 2.3 4.8 2.4 4.6 2.5 4.3 2.2 3.9 1.8 4.1 1.8 14.0 6.7 12.9 6.5 13.1 5.9 124.3 12.7 5.8 132.9 12.1 5.5 124.8 11.2 5.0 122.7 6.6 3.2 59.8 6.9 3.3 63.8 6.9 3.3 69.8 6.7 3.2 74.5 6.0 2.8 64.2 5.9 2.7 5.9 2.8 71.2 5.2 2.5 7.0 3.3 59.0 7.0 3.2 63.4 6.5 3.1 61.6 6.4 3.1 62.4 7.0 3.2 68.4 6.6 3.3 68.1 6.6 3.1 77.3 6.2 2.9 68.2 - 15.0 8.0 6.7 2.8 - - - - - - - 12.3 6.3 - 16.3 8.1 142.9 16.2 8.0 147.2 16.2 7.8 151.3 15.1 7.2 150.9 14.5 6.8 153.3 13.9 6.5 11.4 5.6 128.2 13.6 6.5 130.4 12.1 5.9 152.3 12.5 5.9 140.8 12.1 5.4 128.5 12.1 5.5 8.9 5.1 118.6 9.2 5.3 121.5 9.6 5.5 134.1 9.3 5.4 140.0 9.1 5.1 144.0 9.5 5.4 9.3 5.5 9.1 5.2 8.7 5.1 8.2 4.8 7.3 4.3 7.3 4.4 7.8 3.5 60.9 8.0 3.6 63.5 7.9 3.5 65.6 7.6 3.4 72.0 8.4 3.5 80.1 8.1 3.4 7.9 3.4 7.5 3.2 6.8 2.9 6.7 3.0 6.5 2.8 6.1 2.7 7.6 3.8 69.2 7.7 4.0 71.9 7.4 3.7 71.5 7.2 3.7 79.2 7.6 3.6 82.4 7.8 3.7 7.7 3.8 7.5 3.6 6.6 3.4 6.5 3.2 6.5 3.3 6.3 3.3 7.S 3.4 57.6 8.1 3.4 60.0 8.1 3.4 63.2 7.7 3.3 69.1 8.7 3.4 79.2 8.2 3.3 7.S 3.3 7.5 3.0 6.Ê 2.8 6.8 2.9 6.5 2.7 6.1 2.5 2.0 .9 17.2 2.0 .9 17.6 2.4 1.1 27.3 2.4 1.1 24.1 2.9 1.2 32.9 2.S 1.2 2.7 1.1 2.6 1.0 2.Í 2.2 .9 .7 .5 1.8 8 5.4 2.6 47.7 5.5 2.7 51.2 6.0 2.8 56.4 6.2 2.8 60.0 7.1 3.0 68.6 6.7 2.8 11.9 5.8 11.2 5.8 - - 10.6 4.3 9.8 4.5 10.3 5.0 12.0 5.3 11.4 4.8 10.7 4.5 10.1 5.5 - T r a n s p o r ta tio n a n d p u b lic u tilitie s Lost workday cases........................................................ _ W h o le s a le a n d re ta il tr a d e Lost workday cases........................................................ Lost workdays............................................................... Wholesale trade: Lost workdays............................................................... Retail trade: Lost workdays............................................................... - F in a n c e , in s u r a n c e , a n d re a l e s ta te Lost workday cases........................................................ Lost workdays............................................................... .9 - S e rv ic e s Lost workday cases........................................................ Lost workdays............................................................... 1 Data tor 1989 and subsequent years are based on the Standard Industrial Class ification Manual, 1987 Edition. For this reason, they are not strictlycomparable withdata for the years 1985-88, which were based on the Standard Industrial Classification Manual, 1972 Edition, 1977 Supplement. 2 Beginning with the 1992 survey, the annual survey measures only nonfatal injuries and illnesses, while past surveys covered both fatal and nonfatal incidents. To better address fatalities, a basic element of workplace safety, BLS implemented the Census of Fatal Occupational Injuries. 3 The incidence rates represent the number of injuries and illnesses or lost workdays per 100 full-time workers and were calculated as (N/EH) X200,000, where: https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 6.5 2.8 6.< 2.8 6.C 2.6 5.6 2.5 5.2 2.4 4.9 2.2 “ N= number of injuries and illnesses or lost workdays; EH=total hours worked by all employees during the calendar year; and 200,000 = base for 100 full-time equivalent workers (working 40 hours per week, 50 weeks per year). 4 Beginning with the 1993 survey, lost workday estimates will not be generated. As of 1992, BLS began generating percent distributions and the median number of days away fromwork by industry and for groups of workers sustaining similar workdisabilities. 5 Excludes farms withfewer than 11 employees since 1976. - Data not available. Monthly Labor Review January 2001 95 Current Labor Statistics: Injury and Illness 4 7 . F ata l o c c u p a t io n a l injuries b y e v e n t o r e x p o s u re , 1 9 9 3 -9 8 Fatalities Event or exposure1 Total............................................................... 1993-97 19972 Average Number 1998 Number 6,335 6,238 6,026 Transportation incidents........................................................ Highway incident.......................................................... Collision between vehicles, mobile equipment....................... Moving in same direction.................................................. Moving in opposite directions, oncoming............................ Moving in intersection................................................ Vehicle struck stationary object or equipment........................ Noncollision incident.............................................. Jackknifed or overturned—no collision............................... Nonhighway (farm, industrial premises) incident....................... Overturned..................................................................... Aircraft.................................................................... Worker struck by a vehicle..................................................... Water vehicle incident............................................................ Railway............................................................... 2,611 1,334 652 109 234 132 249 360 267 388 214 315 373 106 83 2,630 1,431 701 Assaults and violent acts..................................................... Homicides............................................................ Shooting....................................................... Stabbing............................................................... Other, including bombing.................................................... Self-inflicted injuries............................................................... 1,241 995 810 75 110 215 2,605 1,393 640 103 230 142 282 387 298 377 216 261 367 109 93 1,111 860 708 73 79 216 Contact with objects and equipment...................................... Struck by object.......................................................... Struck by falling object..................................................... Struck by flying object......................................................... Caught in or compressed by equipment or objects................... Caught in running equipment or machinery........................... Caught in or crushed in collapsing materials............................. Falls...................................................................... Fall to lower level................................................................ Fall from ladder..................................................... Fall from roof....................................................... Fall from scaffold, staging.......................................... . Fall on same level............................................................. 1,005 573 369 65 290 153 124 Exposure to harmful substances or environments.................. Contact with electric current...................................... Contact with overhead power lines....................................... Contact with temperature extremes....................................... Exposure to caustic, noxious, or allergenic substances.............. Inhalation of substances.................................................... Oxygen deficiency.............................................. Drowning, submersion........................................ F ir e s a n d e x p l o s i o n s ..................................................................................... O t h e r e v e n t s o r e x p o s u r e s 3....................... Percent 100 44 24 271 4 306 373 300 384 216 223 413 112 60 5 6 5 6 4 4 7 2 1 16 12 9 1 1 4 1,035 579 384 54 320 189 118 716 653 116 154 87 44 960 709 569 61 79 223 941 517 317 58 266 129 140 702 623 111 156 97 51 16 9 5 1 4 2 2 12 10 2 3 2 1 586 320 128 43 120 70 101 80 199 554 298 138 40 123 59 90 72 572 334 153 46 104 48 87 75 9 6 3 1 2 1 1 1 196 205 3 26 21 16 - 668 591 94 139 83 52 Based on the 1992 BLS Occupational Injury and Illness 3 Includes the category "Bodily reaction and exertion." Classification Structures. NOTE: Totals for major categories may include sub 2 The BLS news release issued August 12, 1998, reported a total of 6,218 fatal work injuries for calendar year 1997. Since categories not shown separately. Percentages may not add to then, an additional 20 job-related fatalities were identified, totals because of rounding. Dash indicates less than 0.5 percent. bringing the total job-related fatality count for 1997 to 6,238. 96 Monthly Labor Review https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis January 2001 Where are you publishing your research ? The Monthly Labor Review welcomes articles on the labor force, labor-management relations, business conditions, industry productivity, compensation, occupational safety and health, demographic trends and other economic developments. Papers should be factual, and analytical, not polemical in tone. Potential articles, as well as comments on n.§ material published in the Review, should be submitted to: Editor-in-Chief Monthly Labor Review Bureau of Labor Statistics Washington, DC 20212 Telephone: (202)691-5900 E-mail: mlr@bls.gov Need more research, facts, and analysis? Subscribe to M onthly Labor R eview today! United States G overnm ent IN F O R M A T IO N C r e d it c a r d o r d e r s a r e w e lc o m e ! 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