Full text of Monthly Labor Review : January 1962, Vol. 85, No. 1
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Monthly
Labor
Review
JANUARY 1962 VOL. 85 N O .
Supplementary Pay Practices in Manufacturing, 1959
American Labor in 1961
Labor Turnover in the Soviet Union
East-West Conference on Labor Productivity
KALAMAZOO PUBLIC LIBRARY
UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF LABOR
BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF LABOR
Arthur J. Goldberg , Secretary
BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS
*
E wan C lague , Commissioner
R obert J. M y ers , Deputy Commissioner
H erman B. B yer , Assistant Commissioner
W. D uane E vans , Assistant Commissioner
P e t e r H e n l e , Assistant Commissioner
P aul R . K erschbaum , Assistant Commissioner
Arnold E . C hase, Chief, Division of Prices and Cost of Living
H. M. D otjty, Chief, Division of Wages and Industrial Relations
R ay S. D unn, J r ., Acting Chief, Office of Management
J oseph P. G oldbebg, Special Assistant to the Commissioner
H arold G oldstein, Chief, Division of Manpower and Employment Statistics
L eon G reenberg , Chief, Division of Productivity and Technological Developments
R ichard F. J ones, Deputy Assistant Commissioner (Management)
W alter G. K eim , Deputy Assistant Commissioner (Field Service)
L awrence R. K lein , Chief, Office of Publications
H yman L. L ewis, Chief, Office of Labor Economics
F rank 8. M cE lboy, Chief, Division of Industrial Hazards
Abe R othman, Chief, Office of Statistical Standards
W rliam C. Shelton, Chief, Division of Foreign Labor Conditions
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Monthly Labor Review
UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF LABOR • BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS
O-1 * *
L aw rence R. K l e in , Editor-in-Chief
M ary S. B e d e l l , Executive Editor
CONTENTS
Special Articles
1
9
17
20
24
A Review of American Labor in 1961
Special Labor Force Report: Marital and Family Characteristics of Workers,
March 1961
Labor Turnover in the Soviet Union
International Conference on Labor Productivity
Retraining the Unemployed: IV—The Bridgeport Program
Summaries of Studies and Reports
30
37
42
44
51
Supplementary Remuneration for Factory Workers, 1959
Scientists and Engineers Employed at Colleges and Universities, 1958
Wages in Paint and Varnish Manufacturing, May 1961
Wage Chronology: Bethlehem Atlantic Shipyards—Supplement No. 3—
1956-62
Wage Chronology: Aluminum Company of America—Supplement No. 5—
1958-61
Technical Note
59
The 1961 Revision of the BLS Payroll Employment Statistics
Departments
hi
63
69
71
77
85
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The Labor Month in Review
Significant Decisions in Labor Cases
Chronology of Recent Labor Events
Developments in Industrial Relations
Book Reviews and Notes
Current Labor Statistics
B 3 —1 3 j 413
January 1962 • Voi. 85 • No. 1
Working Wives . . .
and Family Incomes
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In half of the families
where the wife worked during
1960, her earnings accounted
m
for at least 20 percent of
the fam ily’s income.
Her
earnings represented close to
m -
30 percent of the total in
families with incomes between
$7,000 and $15,00 0.
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..................................................................................ij.................................
Family Incarnais; . '
J ö -':- • À • •
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The article, “ M arita! and Fam ily Characteristics of Workers, M arch 1 9 6 1 ,“ begin
ning on p. 9 of this issue, discusses the contribution of various family members to the
fam ily’s income, as well as their personal characteristics and their employment
status.
The Labor Month
in Review
P r e s i d e n t K e n n e d y on January 11 included in his
State of the Union Message a six-point program
to stabilize the economy and promote employment
opportunities: retraining of displaced workers,
special job help and training for young workers,
tax credits to stimulate plant modernization,
authority to lower personal income rates under
certain conditions, authority to speed up public
works when unemployment reaches a specified
level, and permanent strengthening of the un
employment insurance system.
The President’s Advisory Committee on LaborManagement Policy on the same day approved a
report which rejected “the too common assumption
that continuing unemployment is an inherent cost
of automation.” A comprehensive program to
prevent or alleviate any ill effects included pro
motion of economic growth, improved educational
facilities for training and basic education, liberal
ization and private supplementation of unemploy
ment insurance, protection of displaced workers’
job and pension equities, revision of seniority
systems, public funds to transfer displaced
workers, improvement of the employment service,
public works, and other stimulation of the
economy. Members Arthur Burns and Henry
Ford entered vigorous dissents to the approach,
assumptions, and certain specifics of the report,
although agreeing with the basic aims of the
committee. Text of the report and the dissents
will appear in the next issue.
I n a d d i t i o n to the Presidential message and
committee report, there was a legacy of late 1961
plans, proposals, and programs from various
scholars on unemployment and other labor
matters. These are presented in capsule form.
Richard C. Wilcock and Walter H. Franke, of
the University of Illinois, told a joint meeting of
the Industrial Relations Research Association and
the American Economic Association that an aver
age quarterly growth rate in gross national
product of 2.5 to 3.0 percent might be necessary
“in the next 5 or 6 quarters to reduce unemploy
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ment to a 4-percent level.” The Joint Economic
Committee, in a study paper, stated: “labor
market symptoms that would indicate that higher
unemployment has been due to structural causes
are almost totally absent,” and this “confirms . . .
the aggregate demand theory. Indications of
inadequate demand are present. . . .” The paper
contended that the unemployment rate could
probably be brought to 4.0 to 4.2 percent “before
running into structural resistance of output and
employment.” Victor R. Fuchs, of the Ford
Foundation, reported to the American Statistical
Association that it “would be much easier to apply
a policy of strong aggregate demand if the labor
force were more mobile, . . . and if other limita
tions on supply were reduced.” Under such con
ditions, “there would be less likelihood of infla
tionary pressures developing short of full employ
ment. . . .”
Ewan Clague, Commissioner of Labor Statis
tics, also at an ASA meeting, commented that
“too much attention has been given to rather
unrewarding attempts to quantify the impact of
. . . the unemployment total. . . . we need to
know . . . not w t^ they lost their jobs, but why
they cannot find other jobs. . . . [W]e need to
[to match] our . . . comprehensive data on the
supply side with information about the demand
side.”
But there were numerous suggestions nontheless
on how further to quantify or refine unemploy
ment data. Stanley Lebergott, of Stanford Uni
versity, suggested to a joint IRRA-AEA meeting
that the Monthly Report on the Labor Force be
done weekly. He proposed further a tabulation
showing for the current month those who last
month had factory jobs, other non-farm jobs,
were not in the labor force, or were unemployed.
Factory workers in the current month would be
classified as to number jobless last month, not in
the labor force, or in other work last month.
In addition, he would like mobility studies of the
long-term unemployed.
Lazare Teper, of the International Ladies’ Gar
ment Workers’ Union, recommended to the ASA
that a “useful distinction could be drawn between
. . . unemployment continued from the prior sur
vey . . . and those whose work activity began
subsequently through the end of the current sur
vey week.” He would also classify separately
those who lost jobs during the survey week and the
reasons why they lost them. James W. Knowles,
in
IV
of the staff of the Joint Economic Committee,
expressed to the same meeting the hope that
means would be found “not merely to increase
the ability of the monthly sample of 35,000 house
holds [of the MRLF] to reveal detail . . . but
also to take advantage of opportunities . . . for
crossing the household survey with other employ
ment information sources” to provide more data
on work experience.
O b s e r v a t i o n s c o n c e r n i n g the content and prob
lems of collective bargaining, as well as trade union
activities, were examined. A study group spon
sored by the Committee for Economic Develop
ment admonished the parties to bargaining to
“reexamine their own interests in the wage deter
mination process” to determine if they have not
been “too narrowly and mechanically” construed.
Some settlements may have “adversely” affected
employment.
Frank Pierson, of Swarthmore College, in an
IRRA paper, asserted that “a small number of
very large unions” have been able to push wage
levels in some industries to a level higher than eco
nomic circumstances can explain, carrying other
industries along. A pamphlet published by the
United Steelworkers of America contended that
productivity increases, “even with a significant
rise in steel demand,” would create an unemploy
ment situation that only shorter working hours
could alleviate, and that the very increase in unit
output made the shortened hours feasible. Counter
to this thesis, the American Iron and Steel Insti
tute, in its own pamphlet, argued that increased
employment in steel “depends on . . . ability to
expand sales,” which requires a better competitive
position. Most displacement is due to temporary
declines in output and sales.
Jack Stieber, of Michigan State University, pre
dicted before the IRRA, that bargaining in 1962
probably would not emphasize work rules, “neither
in steel nor in most other mass production indus
tries,” but rather would center on income stability
and adjustment to technological change.
Sol Barkin, of the Textile Workers Union of
America, in a report sponsored by the Fund for
the Republic, sounded a tocsin for the trade union
movement to abandon the “old remedies, the old
approaches” if it is to meet the challenge of a
“new, different, vastly larger work force.” Philip
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MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JANUARY 1962
Taft, of Brown University, in his presidential
address to the IRRA, felt that the “crisis” in the
labor movement was “the intellectual creation of
the old leftwinger. . . .” Claims of lack of de
mocracy have involved “many charges but not
much proof.” Racketeering “is endemic to cer
tain . . . industrial environments.” The idea of
a national wage policy based on overall annual
productivity rates rests on a “statistical mirage.”
A union leader’s “primary interest” should not
be to weigh “the effect his bargains may have on
price levels” and other factors “emphasized by
economists.”
J a c k B a r b a s h , of the University of Wisconsin,
in an IRRA address, hoped for improved inter
disciplinary research in the study of unionism.
Currently, he notes “the rendering of the same
facts in different semantic systems.”
Taking the long historical view, Maurice Neufeld, of Cornell University, criticized the develop
ing practices of some labor experts and labor
economists. Of the former, he said:
. . . Year in, year out, they rove from one collective
bargaining racetrack to another, gathering tips, speculat
ing about the winners, and masterminding the results
once announced. Away from the course, they delight in
administrative orders, arbitral awards, and judicial deci
sions. They prefer the domestic scene, but when abroad,
on occasion, follow routine by also playing the horses
there. When this round turns monotonous, some venture
into the theory of games, while others fashionably weave,
out of recent industrialism and industrial man, the web
of rules, convinced that they repeal the rule of the Webbs.
All of them attain the summit of speculative inquiry when
they argue the virtues of free collective bargaining.
Of the latter:
Labor economists . . . accepted history as an indispen
sable asset. Today, some who follow that tradition, at
least in part, pursue narrow interests in order to garner
fresh knowledge. . . . Insensitive to broad change, they
virtually ceded to the general economists the task of deal
ing with wage-push inflation and the role of unions in
emergent economies—two central issues in labor econom
ics during the postwar decades. Other labor economists
draw deserved admiration for their attempts to devise
large concepts of integrative character. But they too
usually ignore history since its waywardness might tend
to ruffle the formal elegance of their typologies. Still
other labor economists have turned, almost full-face, from
institutional analysis to seek neo-classical certainty once
more. For all too many labor economists . . . the course
of economic thought, let alone the sweep of human affairs,
remains quite simply a course, taught or taken.
A Review of
American Labor
in 1961
P hyllis Groom*
T h e p r o f o u n d e f f e c i of our changing technology
upon labor-management relations and union affairs
was demonstrated by many of the developments
in collective bargaining and in the decisions of
various branches of the Government during 1961.
Organized labor made some headway at the
AFL-CIO convention in organizing and in finding
ways to minimize jurisdictional disputes. Labor
did not resolve the issue of how fast to move
toward full equality in union membership for
Negroes but governmental action did make pos
sible expanded employment opportunities for
minority groups. Principal areas of concern in
the economy were persistent unemployment and
foreign trade. The number of persons who had
been unemployed 15 weeks or more reached a peak
of 2.1 million in April. By November, this group
had dropped to 1.1 million, but it was 150,000
more than a year earlier.
Labor-Management Relations
Labor, Management, and the Public. A third
force in labor-management relations was evoked
in more than one situation in 1961. There were
the activities of public representatives chosen
by the parties themselves, as in the Kaiser Corp.
committee proposal. There was mediation by
Government officials who entered situations both
at the parties’ requests and upon their own initia
tive, as exemplified by the assistance given by the
Secretary of Labor and the Federal Mediation
and Conciliation Service in the job security agree
ment between the Southern Pacific Railroad and
the Order of Railroad Telegraphers. Finally,
there was the appointment, in mid-February, of
the President’s Advisory Committee on Labor-
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Management Policy. The President’s Committee
was established as a result of a suggestion made in
August 1960 by Arthur J. Goldberg, prior to his
appointment as Secretary of Labor.
In January 1961, the tripartite committee set
up by the 1959 contract between the Kaiser Steel
Corp. and the United Steelworkers of America to
develop a long-range plan for sharing economic
progress made some proposals, which were ap
proved by the union and the company, to promote
“collective bargaining which is not imposed but
agreed upon.” So as to minimize reliance on
contract deadline pressures, the committee agreed
to meet on a regular basis. If necessary, the
committee proposed that it be convened no later
than 30 days prior to the expiration of the current
agreement to review the status of negotiations.
Upon the basis of the review, the public members
of the committee would then be authorized to:
take no action or postpone action pending further
bargaining; observe bargaining sessions; engage in
mediation efforts; report privately to the parties,
summarizing their positions, defining the disputed
issues, and making nonbinding recommendations;
and, finally, issue a public report either before or
after the contract term date but not until the
company and the union have had every reasonable
opportunity to come to an agreement.
The 21 members of the Labor-Management
Policy Committee represent the top levels of
Government, business, unions, and public life;
the chairmanship is held alternately by the Sec
retary of Commerce and the Secretary of Labor,
with Secretary Goldberg serving for the first year.
In July, the Committee divided into five groups
to study (1) free and responsible collective bar
gaining and industrial peace, (2) economic growth
and unemployment, (3) automation, technological
advance, industrial productivity, and higher
standards of living, (4) policies to ensure that
American products are competitive in world
markets, and (5) sound wage and price policies.
Reports on collective bargaining and automation
were submitted to the full Committee in Novem
ber, but they had not been published by the end
of the year.
After 3 years of bargaining, the Railroad Teleg
raphers and the Southern Pacific Railroad agreed
upon a method for the protection of employees as
* Of the Office of Publications, Bureau of Labor Statistics.
1
2
jobs are abolished as a result of technological
change and other factors. The agreement, reached
after mediation efforts helped avert a scheduled
strike, sets a level of 1,000 jobs from which there
can be a 2-percent reduction each year provided
there are at least this many vacancies caused by
normal turnover. The 2-percent reduction does
not apply to jobs abolished because of the intro
duction of new central traffic control systems or
line abandonment, but workers affected by these
conditions are to be offered other jobs.
Collective Bargaining. Among the major collec
tive bargaining demands during 1961, as in other
recent years, were the maintenance of jobs and
income and the reduction of the impact of loss of
jobs in industries affected by technological change
or plant relocation. The most significant achieve
ments were in the automobile and meatpacking
agreements.
In the auto industry, changes in the supplemen
tal unemployment benefits (SUB) programs sub
stantially improved benefits for the unemployed
and extended coverage to those on short work
weeks. The maximum duration of benefits was
doubled and now runs for a year. Benefits,
including State unemployment compensation,
were changed from 65 percent of take-home pay
to 62 percent of regular straight-time pay before
taxes. Maximum weekly payments from the
SUB fund were raised from $30 to $40, plus $1.50
for each dependent up to four. Under the short
workweek provision, employees are to be paid
50 percent of the regular hourly rate for each
hour lost below 40 in the event of unscheduled
short weeks and 65 percent for most scheduled
short weeks. At American Motors, improved job
security provisions, as well as other benefits, were
to be financed from a “ progress sharing” fund
into which the company agreed to pay 10 percent
of profits before taxes (computed on the balance
remaining after an amount equal to 10 percent
of the stockholders’ equity has been set aside).
At Chrysler, where the SUB fund was depleted by
heavy layoffs earlier in the year, a maximum of 5
cents of the wage increase was to be diverted to
the fund as well as the amount saved by not making
the first raise retroactive.
Among related improvements in the auto
industry were an increase in pensions to $2.80
a month for each year of credited service,1 a
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MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JANUARY 1962
25-percent increase in the separation allowance
payable from the SUB trust fund (except at
American Motors), and a provision for a moving
allowance of $55 to $580 for employees who can
qualify for transfer to another plant 50 miles or
more distant.
The Armour and Co. agreements with the
Meat Cutters and the Packinghouse Workers
unions provided for 90-day notice of plant shut
downs, with guaranteed earnings during this
period and technological adjustment pay for those
with 5 years’ service who are subsequently laid
off. Workers who apply for transfer to other
plants organized by the same union will be paid
$65 a week (including unemployment compensa
tion and earnings from any other work) until
they are transferred or their eligibility for transfer
expires, up to a maximum of 26 to 39 weeks,
depending on length of service. Eligible em
ployees who do not want to transfer will receive
severance pay, which was increased by this year’s
contract.
The new Armour contract ended contributions
to the automation fund established under the
1959 negotiations. Of the money remaining in
the fund, up to $50,000 a year was allocated for
the expenses of the automation fund committee,
and the remainder is to be used for allowances for
retraining and for moving expenses of transferred
employees, as provided by the committee.
The Meat Cutters concluded companywide
seniority agreements with Swift & Co., which
give workers laid off because of a plant shutdown
the right to transfer to another plant provided
they qualify for jobs there. A moving allowance
up to $500 was provided and separation pay was
increased.
Indicators of Labor's Welfare. The economy rose
sharply after the turning point of the 1960-61 re
cession in February, although the upswing in em
ployment lagged as usual. Total employment in
November reached 67.3 million, 167,000 higher
than a year earlier. The gain occurred mostly in
services and government. Manufacturing em
ployment gained a half million between February
and November, but was still a half million below
the prerecession peak. Unemployment hovered
i
The first. 1-cent increase in the cost-of-living allowance is to be applied to
the increased cost of pensions.
A REVIEW OF AMERICAN LABOR IN 1961
around 6.8 percent of the labor force (seasonallyadjusted) during most of the year, but it dropped
abruptly to 6.1 percent in November.2 Total
unemployment benefits paid during the first
9 months amounted to $2.9 billion, $848 million
more than was paid during the comparable
period in 1960. Other economic indicators began
to show recovery in March. Hours of work in
manufacturing increased during most of the year,
reaching in November the third highest level for
that month in the postwar period. Total wage
and salary disbursements rose strongly after
February and, by October, had reached $287 bil
lion, 5 percent higher than the prerecession peak
in July 1960. Factory average hourly earnings in
creased 7 cents an hour—to $2.36—from January
to November. The Consumer Price Index re
mained relatively stable over the year, rising
slightly from 127.4 in January to 128.4 in October.
Almost 3.4 million workers received wage in
creases under major collective bargaining con
tracts3 negotiated during 1961. In terms of
workers affected, the most common -wage in
creases were 2% to 3 percent and 1%to 2 percent.4
Most of these workers also received increased sup
plementary benefits. Some 250,000 received sup
plementary benefits but no wage increases; most
were employed in the cotton garment industry,
where pension and insurance benefits were im
proved. The median increase for the 2.4 million
workers covered by deferred increases in 1961
amounted to 8 cents an hour.
At the end of 1961, an estimated 2.5 million
workers were covered by major collective bargain
ing contracts containing cost-of-living clauses—about the same as at the beginning of the year.
Increases gained under these clauses were about
the same or slightly lower than those of 1960—
{Ti As a result of discussion on the high level of unemployment, questions had
been raised concerning methods, procedures, and concepts of obtaining and
analyzing employment and unemployment data. On November 10, the
President appointed a committee of technical experts “ to appraise the status
of [Government] information available on employment and unemployment,
and to make recommendations for any changes or improvements that current
conditions seem to require.”
s Those affecting 1,000 or more workers in all industries except construction,
service, trade, finance, and government.
* Most workers in this range were employed by the General Motors Corp.
under United Auto Workers contracts in which the annual improvement
increase of 2)4 percent was reduced by 2 cents an hour the first year to offset
some of the company’s cost of assuming the entire health insurance bill.
The Ford and Chrysler contracts signed in October and November were
similar to the General Motors contract, but the reduction in the annual im
provement increase was 3 cents an hour at Chrysler.
s The October report was an elaboration of recommendations published
in preliminary form on M ay 25,1961.
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3
owing both to the relative stability of the Con
sumer Price Index during the year and to restric
tions in many 1959-60 contracts on the operation
of the clause. They ranged from 1 cent in auto
and related industries to 3 cents in meatpacking.
Strikes. According to preliminary Bureau of
Labor Statistics estimates, total strike idleness
in 1961 amounted to 16.5 million man-days, about
the 1957 level and lower than all other years since
World War II. The highest strike level during
the year occurred when the UAW struck against
Ford and General Motors for varying periods
between September 11 and October 11.
A strike by five maritime unions that began
on June 16 and affected all U.S. coasts was halted
when the President invoked the national emer
gency provisions of the Taft-Hartley Act on June
26 by appointing a board of inquiry to study
the dispute. The organizing of “runaway”
shipping, a major issue in the dispute, was handled
in various ways by the contracts that were
reached. The National Maritime Union agree
ments provided for a board appointed by the
Secretary of Labor to study the problem.
Another group submitted the matter to arbi
tration. The Seafarers and the Marine Engi
neers won the right of access to organize crews
of foreign flag vessels from 58 companies operating
both U.S. and foreign flag ships from South
Atlantic and Gulf ports.
The Flight Engineers February strike against
seven airlines was triggered by a National Media
tion Board report which found that with the
advent of jet planes, the engineers’ duties coin
cided with many of those of the pilots. The
Board had therefore recommended that the flight
engineers and the pilots of United Airlines choose
one union to represent them, thus bringing to
a head the jurisdictional conflict between the
3,500-member Flight Engineers and the 13,700member Air Line Pilots Association at a time
when many pilots were on furlough because big
ger planes were making fewer flights necessary and
when all but four airlines had agreed on three-man
pilot-trained crews for jets. In mid-November,
the Flight Engineers president, Ronald A. Brown,
said that his union would agree to negotiate on the
basis of the recommendations made in late Octo
ber 6 by a Commission appointed by President
John F. Kennedy to study the dispute. The Com-
4
mission, headed by Professor Nathan Feinsinger,
recommended bringing the number of crewmen
down to three on all lines, requiring all engineers
hired in the future to be pilots, and the safeguard
ing of present pilots and engineers from any loss in
pay as a result of the first recommendation for up
to 4 years. The Commission also recommended
that during the transition period, engineers be
given a certain amount of flight training by the air
lines. Finally, it advised merger of the two unions.
Shortly after congressional hearings which re
vealed delays and excessive costs in the missile
and space programs, early in May the President
established a tripartite Missile Sites Labor Com
mission, of which Secretary Goldberg is chairman.
The purpose of the Commission is to develop poli
cies and procedures of adjustment of labor prob
lems and to insure the economical operation of
programs at missile and space sites.
Unions and companies involved in the missile
program promised support to the Commission and
gave no-strike, no-lockout pledges as evidence of
their cooperation. In the following 3 months,
only 768 man-days were lost as a result of strikes,
according to a report the Secretary submitted to
President Kennedy in mid-October. In Novem
ber, a 3-day jurisdictional strike that idled an
estimated 2,000 workers ended after Secretary
Goldberg ordered a return to work and the unions
agreed to submit the dispute to the construction
industry’s National Joint Board for the Settlement
of Jurisdictional Disputes.
Union Affairs
1961 brought neither sizable advances nor major
reversals within organized labor; such modest gains
as it did obtain outside the area of collective bar
gaining were largely in the field of legislation.
This was apparent not only at the Federation level
but also in the affairs of individual unions.
The AFL-CIO. Facing the delegates to the
biennial convention of the AFL-CIO which
opened on December 7 in Miami were problems
that had been with the Federation since the merger
6 years earlier. Building upon earlier schemes to
resolve jurisdictional conflicts, the convention
adopted a plan which involved concessions from
both the building trades and the industrial union
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MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JANUARY 1962
factions. At the first level, complaints are to be
handled by mediators selected from within the
labor movement by AFL-CIO President George
Meany. If a complaint is not settled within 14
days after the appointment of a mediator or
mediators, an impartial umpire will hear and
determine the case, basing his decision on the
established collective bargaining and work relation
ships of the parties. His decision may be appealed
to the president, who is to refer it to a subcom
mittee of the Executive Council. The sub
committee may either disallow the appeal or refer
it to the Executive Council, which may overturn
the umpire’s decision by majority vote. The plan
specifically prohibits recourse to the courts and
provides its own penalties for failure to comply
with a decision. Decisions are to be limited to
specific disputes and may not determine the
general jurisdiction of any affiliate. Boycotts are
not covered under the procedure. The only
dissent to the new procedure came from the
International Typographical Union which fears
it will interfere with the ITU’s autonomy.
Among the numerous customary resolutions was
a call for a major organizing effort. To carry
out the Federation’s organizing and other pro
grams the convention raised the monthly per cap
ita tax by 2 cents to 7 cents a member. The
convention also promised to revive the organiz
ing campaign among the West Coast farm work
ers which was dropped during the summer of
1961. Any hope of a membership gain through
reentry of the Teamsters was deflated by a reso
lution on reaffiliation of '‘cleansed” unions that
was interpreted as requiring James R. Hoffa’s
removal from the Teamsters’ presidency as a con
dition of readmission. However, late in the fall,
several former Teamster locals in Cincinnati re
ceived charters from the Federation after having
voted to disaffiliate from the Teamsters.
A major theme of convention speeches by both
Fresident John F. Kennedy and Secretary of Labor
Arthur J. Goldberg was the necessity for improv
ing the Nation’s foreign trade policies and the
concomitant adjustments by business and labor.
A convention resolution supported the Administra
tion’s trade proposals, but the collective bargain
ing resolution failed to reflect the “wage restraint”
policy which was proposed as an aid in increasing
the Nation’s exports.
A REVIEW OF AMERICAN LABOR IN 1961
Under pressure from A. Philip Randolph, an
AFL-CIO vice president and president of the
Negro American Labor Council, the delegates
adopted a resolution calling for faster action in
advancing Negroes to a position of full equality
within the labor movement, but Mr. Randolph
and his supporters were unable to win specific
sanctions, including expulsion, against unions
which lag in revising their policies.
The International Unions. The formal dissolution
of the Teamster board of monitors on February 28
opened the way for a Teamster convention which
was held in Miami early in July. President
James R. Hoffa and his slate of officers were re
elected. The convention delegates revised the
union constitution in an attempt to bring it into
conformity with the Labor-Management Report
ing and Disclosure Act. They also made various
changes which weakened the powers residing in
the membership and correspondingly heightened
the influence of the area conferences and the inter
national leadership, both in internal affairs and in
collective bargaining. Minimum monthly dues
were raised to $5 and per capita fees to the inter
national were set at $1, a 60-cent increase. Part
of the additional money will be used to finance
higher weekly strike benefits and a pension plan
for officers, business agents, and employees of the
union.
The National Maritime Union, the Inter
national Longshoremen’s Association, and the
Teamsters on May 12 announced a mutual assist
ance pact, but the ILA withdrew 4 days later.
The ILA’s readmission to the AFL-CIO in 1959
was conditioned on its continued adherence to the
Federation’s standards, and AFL-CIO policy
forbids formal alliances with the Teamsters. NMU
President Joseph Curran, who is also a member of
the AFL-CIO Executive Council, has supported
the readmission of the Teamsters to the Federa
tion.
The Teamsters and the Mine, Mill and Smelter
Workers (Ind.) signed a mutual assistance pact
that went into effect on August 18. It provides
for joint organizing projects, mutual support in
collective bargaining, and cooperation in legis
lative efforts.
The entente between the Seafarers and the
NMU, which had resulted in their sponsorship of
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
5
the International Maritime Workers Union to
organize "runaway” shipping, broke down pub
licly during this year’s negotiations with the
shipping industry. The IMWU was formally dis
solved early in May. On April 18, the Seafarers’
International Union was suspended from the
International Transportworkers’ Federation, be
cause the Canadian District of the Seafarers had
continued to support a wildcat strike by British
seamen in 1959 despite a warning from the IT F ’s
executive committee to cease interfering in the
affairs of the National Union of Seamen of Great
Britain. Four U.S. maritime unions withdrew
from the ITF as a result of the suspension of
the Seafarers.
During the early part of the year, mergers
among tbe postal unions continued. Effective
July 1, the National Postal Transport Association
united with two other unions that had recently
formed the United Federation of Post Office
Clerks. The resulting organization has a member
ship of about 160,000.
The 2,500 member Glove Workers Union and
the 385,000 member Amalgamated Clothing Work
ers of America approved a merger agreement at
Miami in December that will join the two former
organizing rivals in the glove industry. The new
organization will retain the name of the ACWA.
On August 30, an announcement of an agreement
to merge the independent Order of Railway Con
ductors and Brakemen with the Brotherhood of
Railroad Trainmen was made. The new organi
zation, which will retain the Trainmen name, will
have a membership of 225,000.
The International Association of Machinists
sponsored a conference on international trade late
in November to develop support of liberal trade
policies and to find ways "to meet unfair compe
tition based on exploitation of foreign labor.”
Described as the first of its kind in the labor
movement, the conference recommended machin
ery to prevent the "flooding” of U.S. markets
with foreign goods and the exploitation of labor
abroad; trade adjustment protection; the raising
of labor standards throughout the world through
the International Labor Organization and the
General Agreement on Trade and Tariffs; and
legal changes to deny tax deferment to firms pro
ducing goods abroad under lower taxes and to
require management to compete more freely.
6
Legislation and Executive Actions
President John F. Kennedy sent to the Congress
his first detailed economic proposals in January.
The measures he advocated to counteract the
recession and raise the rate of economic growth
included an increase in the Federal minimum
wage, as well as coverage of unprotected workers;
a temporary extension in the duration of unem
ployment compensation; an increase in minimum
social security benefits; and grants and loans for
chronically depressed areas.
In November, the administration made a
tentative decision to present its foreign trade
proposals to the Congress in January 1962. In
preliminary form, they included broader and more
flexible authority to negotiate tariff reductions
and Federal aid to industries, workers, and
communities hurt by foreign competition.
Federal and State Legislation. On March 24,
the President signed a bill extending unemploy
ment insurance pajunents to jobless persons who
exhaust their regular benefits between July 1,
1960, and April 1 , 1962, under a federally financed
and State-administered program. Benefits were
extended by one-half the duration to which
workers are entitled under State law, up to 13
weeks in any benefit year.
During 1961, 15 States raised their maximum
weekly unemployment benefits,6 and 8 of them
also raised minimum benefits. Eleven States,
with 20.8 percent of all covered workers, now
have maximums amounting to 50 percent or
more of their State’s average weekly wage in
covered employment. Six States that increased
minimum weekly benefits also required higher
earnings, or earnings over a longer period, to
qualify claimants for any benefit.
The Area Redevelopment Act became law on
May 1 , 1961. Areas which meet criteria estab
lished by the law may receive (a) grants for the
purchase or development of land and facilities
for industrial or commercial use, (b) loans and
grants to assist in financing the purchase or
development of land for public facilities, and the
construction, rehabilitation, or improvement of
such facilities, (c) technical assistance, such as
help in evaluating the skills of the labor force of a
community, and (d) assistance in occupational
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MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JANUARY 1962
training.7 Although funds were not available
until the 30th of September, 826 localities had
been designated as redevelopment areas and 10
projects had been approved, 2 involving the
retraining of unemployed workers, by the end of
November.
Reflecting the widespread interest in retraining,
nine States amended their unemployment insur
ance laws to specifically authorize payment of
unemployment compensation to an otherwise
eligible claimant who is attending a training
course approved by the appropriate State agency.
The laws of 14 States and the District of Columbia
now contain such provisions.
Amendments to the Fair Labor Standards Act
raised the Federal minimum wage for all except
newly covered workers to $1.15 an hour on Sep
tember 3, 1961, and $1.25 in September 1963.
Other amendments extended coverage of the
minimum wage and overtime provisions gradually
to about 3.6 additional workers, most of whom
are employed either in retail trade or construction.
Washington and Connecticut raised their statu
tory minimum wage rates to $1.15 an hour,
effective June 30 and October 1, respectively. In
Washington, the minimum rate will become $1.25
an hour on January 1, 1962, and in Connecticut,
it will rise to $1.25 on October 1, 1963. Penn
sylvania adopted a statutory minimum wage law
of $1 an hour (retaining its former wage board
procedure as well) and extended coverage to men.
Twelve of 19 States with a statutory minimum
now set the minimum rate at $1 an hour or more.
Minimum primary social security benefits were
increased from $33 to $40 a month on August 1,
1961. Other social security amendments lowered
the age at which men may retire to 62 (with a
reduced annuity), shortened the period of employ
ment required to qualify for benefits, raised
widows’ benefits, and increased the earnings
permitted a retired person before his benefits are
reduced.
The emphasis on gradual liberalization of the
workmen’s compensation laws continued during
1961. Twelve States and the District of Columbia
amended their laws to raise maximum weekly or
• In two States—Maine and Texas—higher benefits are not effective until
1962.
7 See Monthly Labor Review, September 1961. pp. 940-941.
A REVIEW OF AMERICAN LABOR IN 1961
monthly benefits for death and all types of dis
ability, and five additional States raised weekly
or total maximum benefits for some injuries.
Eighteen States and the District of Columbia now
set maximum weekly benefits for temporary total
disability at $50 or more a week; six of these and
the District of Columbia have a maximum of $70
or more.
Laws prohibiting discrimination in employment
were enacted in Idaho, Illinois, and Missouri, and
the Kansas law was amended to make compliance
mandatory. Wisconsin amended its fair employ
ment practice law to prohibit discrimination
according to sex, while California, Ohio, and
Washington enacted prohibitions on discrimina
tion against older workers.
Some improvements for farmworkers were
gained through State laws, and the Federal law
regulating the Mexican farm labor program was
amended to require employers to offer the same
working conditions to domestic workers as to
Mexicans. In Wisconsin, workmen’s compensa
tion now covers a farmer who employs at least
six workers for 20 days during a calendar year.
California amended its temporary disability insur
ance law to cover farmworkers and issued a
minimum wage order of $1 an hour for women and
minors working in agriculture. Illinois became
the 25th State to adopt a mandatory farm labor
camp code. Under this law, Illinois camps must
be inspected and licensed by the Department of
Health.
North Dakota enacted a labor relations act,
making a total of 14 jurisdictions with laws
guaranteeing the right to organize and bargain
collectively and setting forth unfair labor practices.
Nebraska amended its “ right-to-work” law to
prohibit the agency shop. In California, public
employees were specifically granted the right to
join unions and their employers are required to
confer with the representatives of such employees
upon request.
Laws prohibiting the recruiting of strikebreakers
were enacted in Delaware, Maryland, New Jersey,8
and Washington. (In 1960, Massachusetts had
passed a law requiring those who import strike
breakers from other States to file a report with the
8 The New Jersey law was passed by the 1960 legislature but not approved
until February 15,1961.
* N L R B v. Radio and Television Broadcast Engineers Union, Local ISIS,
IBEW (U.S. Sup. Ct.. Jan. 9,1961).
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
7
State Commissioner of Labor and Industries. It
also prohibited importing certain categories of
criminals.) The impetus for these laws comes in
part from the campaign of the printing and paper
industry unions for such legislation in all States.
Presidential Committees. In mid-November, Pres
ident Kennedy announced the appointment of a
White House Committee on Youth Employment.
The committee of 21 includes cabinet officers, busi
ness and union officials, and civic leaders. Secre
tary of Labor Arthur J. Goldberg was named
chairman. The President’s Committee on Equal
Employment Opportunity, established on March 6
to prevent discrimination in Government employ
ment and in hiring and terms and conditions of
employment by holders of Government contracts,
negotiated an agreement with the Lockheed Air
craft Co. in May. By the end of November, 22
additional companies, employing about 1% million
workers, had agreed upon formal plans for fair em
ployment practices.
The Courts and the NLRB
The year’s most significant legal rulings ap
peared in U.S. Supreme Court decisions which re
versed National Labor Relations Board doctrines
of several years’ standing and in NLRB rulings on
issues arising out of the 1959 amendments to the
Taft-Hartley Act.
The Courts. The Supreme Court settled a conflict
in the courts of appeals in ruling that the NLRB
is required to decide jurisdictional disputes under
section 10 (k) of the Taft-Hartley Act by assigning
the work in question to one of the contending
unions.9 The Court, rejecting the Board’s con
tention that Congress did not intend to provide
for compulsory determination of jurisdictional dis
putes, found that the Congress had intended by
the words of section 10(k) “ hear and determine the
dispute” to provide a method to settle jurisdic
tional disputes and that this normally would re
quire a decision as to which of the parties is en
titled to the work.
Among other far-reaching Supreme Court deci
sions were the four which ruled that the NLRB had
gone beyond the intent of the Taft-Hartley Act in
regulating union security arrangements. The
Court nullified the Mountain Pacific doctrine
8
which set forth the rule that hiring-hall agreements
to be legal must include prescribed clauses guaran
teeing fair treatment to nonunion members.10 It
also denied the Brown-Olds dues refund remedy in
a case where there was no evidence that workers
had been coerced by an illegal hiring agreement
into paying union dues and fees, saying that dues
refund in such a case was punitive and beyond the
Board’s power.’1 The other two decisions 12 in
volved the relationship between the International
Typographical Union’s general laws and its col
lective bargaining contracts. One upheld a pro
vision incorporating into the contract those gen
eral laws which were not in conflict with Federal
law. The other held that it was not illegal to
strike for such a provision, but on a collateral point
of whether a strike to obtain a clause requiring
that hiring be done by foremen who were union
members was illegal, the Court divided equally and
thus affirmed the lower court’s ruling that a strike
over obtaining the latter clause was illegal.
The Supreme Court construed 13the 1951 unionshop amendment to the Railway Labor Act as
forbidding a union to use dues and fees—exacted
from a member who is required to maintain mem
bership as a condition of employment—for polit
ical purposes to which the member objects.
However, the Court emphasized that its decision
neither outlawed the union shop nor prohibited
the use of union funds for political purposes.
The National Labor Relations Board. The NLRB,
in four cases decided on February 20, set out some
guideposts as to what kind of picketing is illegal
under the recognition and organizational picketing
provisions (section 8(b) (7)(C)) of the 1959 amend
ments to the Taft-Hartley Act. The Board ruled
that the section permits only a union “currently
certified” to engage in recognition picketing and
makes no exception for a majority union lacking
such certification.14 Picketing to inform the
public was held to be illegal unless that is its sole
purpose,15 and even then it is illegal if it results
in the halting of deliveries to a struck firm.16
Finally, picketing to compel hiring of a predeces
sor’s employees was held to be illegal when the
union is not certified to represent those currently
employed and is not seeking an election.17
The NLRB first asserted jurisdiction in a “run
away shipping” case with its West India Fruit
and Steamship Co. decision on February 16,18 in
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JANUARY 1062
which the ship was owned by a corporation whose
officers and stockholders were U.S. citizens, but
was registered in another country and was manned
by nonresident foreign nationals.
Reversing a ruling it had handed down in Feb
ruary, the Board in late September held that the
agency shop is a lawful form of union security
under the Labor Management Relations Act and
therefore a mandatory bargaining issue in Indiana,
where State courts have interpreted the “right-towork” law to permit the agency shop.19 Under
the September decision, the General Motors Corp.
was required to bargain the agency shop issue for
its Indiana plants with the United Auto Workers,
which had requested reconsideration of the case.
In October, the Board reversed its earlier deci
sion in the Calumet case.20 Although again find
ing that the objective of the union’s picketing was
to force the employer to meet the prevailing con
ditions of employment in his area, the Board held
that this was not tantamount to an objective of
recognition or bargaining and was, therefore, legal.
On November 22, the NLRB overturned the
Keystone doctrine and held that only a union secu
rity clause clearly unlawful on its face or one which
has been found unlawful in an unfair labor practice
proceeding will be held no bar to an election
requested by a union rival to the one holding the
current contract.21 The Board said that the for
mer rule gave a presumption of illegality with
respect to any contract containing a security
clause which did not expressly reflect the precise
language of the law.
10 Local 857, International Brotherhood of Teamsters v. N L R B (U.S. Sup. Ct.,
Apr. 17, 1961).
11 Local 60, United Brotherhood of Carpenters v. N L R B (U.S. Sup. Ct.,
Apr. 17,1961).
12 News Syndicate Co. v. N L R B (U.S. Sup. Ct., Apr. 17,1961) and Locals 38
and 165, International Typographical Union v. N L R B (U.S. Sup. Ct., Anr.
17, 1961.)
13 International Association of Machinists v. Street (U.S. Sup. Ct., June 19,
1961).
14 Local 840, International Hod Carriers and C. A . Blinne Construction Co.
(130 NLRB No. 69).
15 Local Joint Executive Board of Hotel and Restaurant Employees and Crown
Cafeteria (130 NLRB No. 68).
46 Local 89 and Local 1, Hotel and Restaurant Employees and Stork Restaurant
(130 NLRB No. 67).
47 Local 705, International Brotherhood of Teamsters and Cartage and Ter
minal Management Corp. (130 NLRB No. 70).
78 West India Fruit and Steamship Co. and Atlantic & Cuff District, Sea
farers’ International Union (130 NLRB No. 46).
19 General Motors Corp. and United Automobile Workers (133 NLRB No.
21, Sept. 29,1961).
20 Local 41, International Hod Carriers and Calumet Construction (133 NLRB
No. 57).
27 Paragon Products Corp. and District 50, United Mine Workers (134 NLRB
No. 86).
Special Labor Force Report
E ditor ’s N ote .— Other
articles in this series cover such subjects as the work ex
perience of the population, multiple jobholders, and the employment of high
school graduates, and include the annual report of the labor force. Reprints
of all articles in the series, including in most cases additional detailed
tables and an explanatory note, are available upon request to the Bureau or
to any of its regional offices {listed on the inside front cover of this issue).
Marital and Family Characteristics
of Workers, March 1961
Jacob Schiffman*
P ersistently high unem ploym ent during 1961
has focused increasing attention on the charac
teristics of the unemployed: their age, marital
status, and sex, the areas, industries, and occu
pations in which they worked, and the duration
of their joblessness. This information is essential
for an evaluation of the social cost of unemploy
ment. For example, the unemployment of mar
ried men, with family responsibilities, is obviously
a much more serious problem then the unemploy
ment of high school and college students seeking
summer work—though finding a job is nonetheless
very important to them.
While considerable data on the characteristics
of the unemployed are collected and published
each month, additional detailed information on
the marital and family status of the unemployed—
and the employed—are made available once a
year, recently in March, permitting a closer look
at these important characteristics of the country’s
work force.
The March 1961 survey showed that out of a
total of 5.5 million unemployed persons, 2.1
million, or nearly 40 percent, were married men 1
(table 1). About three-fifths of these men had
no other family member employed and contribut
ing to the family income. Married women
accounted for 17 percent of the national jobless
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
total; nearly one-fourth had husbands who were
either unemployed or were not in the labor force
because of reasons such as disability or retirement.
Another 30 percent of the unemployed were
either widowed, divorced, or separated persons
or were single adults 20 years of age and over.
Many of these persons, too, help support their
families. Single teenagers, who are less likely to
have these family responsibilities, accounted for
14 percent of the jobless total.
All marital groups had higher rates of unem
ployment in March 1961 than a year earlier and
considerably higher rates than in March 1957,
prior to the 1958 recession. The widespread na
ture of these increases indicates that the rise in the
overall rate of unemployment since 1957 resulted
primarily from unsatisfactory business conditions,
which affected all groups in the working popula
tion, and not from changes in the composition of
the working population. Available data do not
*Of the Division of Manpower and Employment Statistics, Bureau of
Labor Statistics.
1
The analysis is based primarily on information from supplementary
questions in the March 1961 monthly survey of the labor force, conducted
for the Bureau of Labor Statistics by the Bureau of the Census through
its Current Population Survey.
An article based on the 1960 survey appeared in the April 1961 issue of the
Monthly Labor Review (issued as Special Labor Force Report No. 13). Earlier
surveys on the marital and family characteristics of workers were summarized
in the March and August 1960 issues of the Review (Special Labor Force
Reports Nos. 2 and 7, respectively) and in the Bureau of the Census Current
Population Report», Series P-50, Nos. 5, 11, 22, 29, 39, 44, 50, 62, 73, 76, 81,
and 87. Additional related information can be found in Current Population
Reports, Series P-20.
Data presented here relate primarily to the population 14 years of age and
over, including inmates of institutions. Members of the Armed Forces
living off post or with their families on post (1,055,000 in March 1961) are
included, but all other members of the Armed Forces are excluded.
References to married persons relate to those living in the same household
as the spouse, unless otherwise stated. The discussion on families relates
only to husband-wife families.
9
10
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JANUARY 1962
support the opinion that the rise resulted from the
addition to the labor force of young people and
other persons with customarily high rates of un
employment. If nothing but the composition and
size of the labor force had changed between
(March) 1957 and 1961, and each marital, age,
and sex group had the same rate of unemployment
as in 1957, the overall rate of unemployment would
have shown no significant change over this period.
Unemployment of Married Men
Married men, who more than other workers are
concentrated in manufacturing and related in
dustries, were more seriously affected by the 196061 recession. Although the rate of unemployment
(5.7 percent) in March 1961 for married men who
were heads of families was, as usual, lower than for
other persons, it had risen more sharply over the
year (table 2). Increases in long-term unemploy
ment and involuntary part-time work were also
relatively greater for married men. The number
of .these married men unemployed for 15 weeks or
more rose by 60 percent over the year to about
three-quarters of a million in March 1961. An
other three-quarters of a million who usually
worked full time (35 hours or more a week) on
nonfarm jobs were working part time because of
T able 1. U nem ployed P er so n s , by M arital S tatus
and S e x , M arch 1957-61
[Percent distribution]
Marital status and sex of unemployed per 19611 19601 1959
sons and employment status of spouse
1958
Total: Number (thousands)_______ 5,495 4,206 4,362 5,198
Percent___________________ 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
Married, spouse present:
Male, total- _______________________
Wife employed___________________
Wife unemploved_________________
Wife not in labor force_____________
Female, total_______________________
Husband employed 2____________ Husband unemployed_____________
Husband not in labor force_________
Widowed, divorced, and spouse absent:
Male _______________ ___________
Female____________________________
Single:
Male*___ - __________-__ ____________
14 to 19 years. ___________________
20 years and over__________________
F em ale___________________________
14 to 19 years_____________________
20 years and over__________________
1957
2,882
100.0
38.9
12.7
3.1
23.1
16.9
12.9
3.1
.9
37.2
12.9
1.9
22.3
15.8
13.3
1.9
.5
36.3
12.4
2.0
21.9
15.8
13. 0
2.0
.8
43.6
13.4
3.4
26.8
16.0
11.7
3.4
.9
35.5
12. 5
1.8
21.2
17.1
13. 9
1.8
1.3
5.9
7.8
6.6
7.3
7.0
8.5
6.8
6.5
7.3
6.9
22.7
9.3
13.4
7.8
4.3
3.5
25.4
10. 5
14.8
7.7
4.5
3.2
24.8
9. 0
15.8
7.6
3.8
3.7
21.6
7.8
13.8
5. 5
2.6
2.9
24.8
11.0
13.8
8.3
4.2
4.1
1 Data include Alaska and Hawaii and are therefore not strictly comparable
with previous years.
2 Includes members of the Armed Forces living off post or with their families
on post.
N ote: Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal totals.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
T able 2. S elected E conomic D ata on H eads of
H usband -W if e F am ilies and O t h e r P erson s , M arch
1959-61
[Numbers in thousands]
Economic data and
family relationship
Unemployed:
Head of husband-wife family
Num ber____________________ _____
Percent of labor force2______________
Other persons
Num ber______ ____________________
Percent of labor force 2____ _____ ____
Unemployed 15 weeks or more:
Head of husband-wife family__________
Other persons.............................................
Nonfarm workers on part time for economic
reasons, who usually work full time:
Head of husband-wife family__________
Other persons.................... -....................... -
March
1961
Percent increase
from—
March
1960
March
1959 *
2,025
5.7
39
36
37
33
3,470
9.5
26
20
20
14
749
1,113
59
49
42
9
764
745
55
30
48
40
1 Data for 1959 exclude Alaska and Hawaii.
2 Includes members of the Armed Forces living off post or with their fami
lies on post.
economic reasons such as slack work, 55 percent
more than in March 1960.
Two-fifths of all the married men had a wife or
other family member employed at the time of the
March 1961 survey. The proportion with second
ary jobholders in the family was no higher for un
employed or part-time workers than for workers
with full-time jobs (table 3). However, it was
lower for men not in the labor force. Most of the
men not in the labor force were of retirement age,
and their wives were also more likely to have
passed their prime working years.
Although about the same proportion of unem
ployed and employed married men who were
family heads had someone else in the family em
ployed, about 10 percent of the unemployed men
had another family member unemployed (and
none employed) compared with only 3% percent
for men who were employed. Among the men
who had been jobless 15 weeks or longer, the
ratio was 14 percent. The unemployment rate
for wives of unemployed family heads was 19 per
cent, or about three times as high as for wives of
employed heads. The higher incidence of unem
ployment for relatives of unemployed men resulted
from a number of factors. Presumably, relatives of
unemployed men were more likely to have those
characteristics of the family head which are closely
associated with high unemployment, such as
lower levels of education and occupational skills.
It is also possible that some family members who
had been out of the labor force began to look for
11
MARITAL AND FAMILY CHARACTERISTICS OF WORKERS
Not only is the wife most often the secondary
worker, but her income is also higher than that of
other secondary workers in the family. The
median income of wives in 1960 was $1,260, com
pared with $920 for other relatives of family
heads. Furthermore, the average income of
wives has been rising somewhat while that of
other relatives has tended to decline (table 4).
The decrease in average income of other family
members over the past decade has probably
resulted from increasing proportions of teenagers
and older relatives, whose incomes are compara
tively small. Moreover, the number of persons
with income has increased much more sharply
among wives than among other members. About
70 percent more married women but only 25 per
cent more other members had incomes in 1960
than in 1950. The increase for married men was
only 16 percent.
Although a greater proportion of wives are
working and their average income has increased
somewhat, their income is much lower than for
husbands and has not kept pace with the rise in
the husbands’ income. The average income in
1960 for wives ($1,260) was only about one-fourth
that of husbands ($4,920). Among year-round
full-time workers, wives had an average income
of $3,240, or less than three-fifths that of hus
bands. In the last 10 years, the average income
of all wives rose by only $330, or 36 percent, while
work when the family head lost his job. More
over, employment opportunities for other family
members were undoubtedly dampened by the
economic conditions in the area which caused the
layoff of the family head.
Married Women as Secondary Earners
In families where someone was employed in
addition to the husband it was most often the
wife (table 3); the number of families with working
wives outnumbered those with other secondary
earners about 2 to l.2 The proportion was even
greater for families where the head was unem
ployed, reflecting the fact that these families are
less likely to have other members of working age.
Unemployed family heads are more concentrated
in the younger ages, when their children, if any,
are not yet of working age, and in the older ages,
when most of their children have already reached
marriageable age and started their own families.
In families with husbands not in the labor force
the secondary earner was less likely to be the wife
than in other families since, as mentioned earlier,
these wives were more apt to have reached an age
when few work.
» Comparisons in this section of the article apply to families only, and not
to individuals. Since some families with other members (other than wife
or husband) employed Include two or more such members, the number of
other members employed obviously exceeds the number of families with
other members employed.
T a ble 3.
E m ploym ent S tatus op W i f e and O th e r F amily M e m b e r s , by E m ploym ent S tatus of H ead of H usband
W if e F amily , M arch 1961
Employment status of family head
Employed
Employment status of wife and other family members
Nonagriculture
Total
family
heads
Total
Agricul
ture
Unem
ployed
Full time >
Total
P art time
for eco
nomic
reasons
N ot in
labor force
P art tim e2
Total: Number (thousands)__________________
Percent---------------------------------------------
39,624
100.0
33.428
100.0
2,862
100.0
29.386
100.0
764
100.0
1,180
100.0
2,025
100.0
4,171
100.0
Wife or other member 3 employed— .................................
Wife only. __________________________________
Wife and other member------------------------------------Other member o n ly ................. ........ ...................... .
Wife or other member 3 unemployed; none employed---Neither wife nor other member in labor force....................
40.0
25.5
5.0
9.5
3.7
56.3
41.2
26.4
5.4
9.4
3.5
55.4
45.4
23.4
7.9
14.1
2.3
52.2
40.8
26.6
5.2
8.9
3.5
55.7
41.5
25.4
5.0
11.1
4.3
54.2
40.8
27.5
3.9
9.3
4.7
54.6
41.5
28.6
4.4
8.4
9.9
48.6
29.8
16.4
2.5
10.9
3.0
67.2
i includes members of the Armed Forces living off post or with
their families on post, as well as persons who worked 35 hours or more during
the survey week, or worked 1 to 34 hours but usually worked 35 hours or
more, or had a job but were not at work.
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» Includes persons who worked 1 to 34 hours and usually worked 1 to 34
hours.
3 Includes 1 or more other members.
N ote: Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal totals
12
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JANUARY 1962
husbands’ incomes increased by about $1,930, or
64 percent. The relatively small increase in
income of married women is related to their
greater proportion in part-time jobs (table 5),
particularly in such industries as trade and serv
ice, where wages are comparatively low. How
ever, the overall effect on their incomes of recent
changes in their patterns of full-time and parttime work and in full-year and part-year employ
ment is not known. Relatively fewer married
women were employed full time for part of the
year in 1960 than in 1950, but the proportion
working full time all year was larger. Even
among year-round full-time workers, income of
wives has not risen as rapidly as that of husbands
(20 percent between 1955 and 1960 versus 28 per
cent) .
Furthermore, changes in occupational distribu
tion during this period indicate that married men
fared better in moving toward higher paying occu
pations than did married women. A much larger
proportion of married men than in 1951 are
professionals, who have the highest income of any
major occupational group, and a much smaller
proportion are farmers, who usually have small
cash incomes. Among married women, relatively
more are in professional and office work and fewer
are farm laborers but, on the other hand, more
are in comparatively low-paying service occupa
tions.
T able 4.
M ed ia n T otal M oney I ncome of F amily
M em bers in S elected Y ears
D a t e 1 a n d t y p e o f r e c ip ie n t
H ead
(m arried ,
w ife
p resen t)
W ife o f
h ead
O th er
r e la tiv e
of h ea d 2
A ll P ersons W ith I ncome
N u m b e r o f p erson s ( th o u s a n d s ):
M a r ch 19613_________________________
M a r c h 19603___________ ____________
A p r il 1951_____ __________ __________
M e d ia n in com e :
I960 3_______________ ________
1959 3___________________
1 9 5 0 - .- ......................................
39,440
39,141
34,099
18,280
17,149
10, 782
18,541
17,383
14, 747
$4,920
4,715
2,9 9 4
$1,260
1 ,2 1 3
926
$919
909
1,049
$5, 656
5, 477
4,403
$3,244
3,119
2,6 9 9
$3,430
3,391
2,901
Y ear -R ound F ull-T ime W orkers
M e d ia n in c o m e :
I960 3__________ ________ ________
1959 3___________________ _______
1955..................................................................
1 The number and characteristics of persons with income relate to the
month of the survey; income data refer to the preceding calendar year.
2 Data relate to relatives living with all types of family heads, including
heads living with a spouse and not living with a spouse.
3 Data include Alaska and Hawaii and are therefore not strictly comparable
with previous years. This inclusion has no significant effect on median
incomes.
S ource : U.S. Bureau of the Census.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
T able 5. W ork E x p e r ie n c e of M arried W om en ,
H usband P r e se n t , 1950 and 1955-60 1
[Percent distribution]
Year
1960..............
1959......... .
1958_______
1957— .........
1956_______
1955......... .
1950_______
Total with
work
experience
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
Worke d at full-tim e jobs2
50 to 52
weeks
33.0
32.5
33.0
32.5
32.6
32.5
29.9
27 to 49
weeks
15.8
17.2
16.1
17.1
17.2
17.4
18.6
1 to 26
weeks
16.9
17.7
18.0
17.8
18.6
18.4
21.1
Worked at
part-time
jobs3
34.3
32.7
32.9
32.5
31.7
31.7
30.5
1 Data for 1956 to 1960 relate to the civilian noninstitutional population 14
years of age and over in January of the following year, and data for 1950 and
1955 refer to persons in February.
2 Worked 35 hours or more per week during a majority of the weeks worked.
3 Worked less than 35 hours per week during a majority of the weeks
worked.
N ote : Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal
totals.
An important consideration in estimating the
value of a wife’s income to her family is the expen
ses incidental to her employment, such as deduc
tions for income taxes and social security, cost of
transportation, and additional expenses for eating
away from home, paid help, and clothing. No
information of this type has as yet been collected
on a national scale for all working women, but
some limited data have been obtained. Results
of a special survey conducted in Georgia by the
U.S. Department of Agriculture showed that
working wives in paid employment for 1,000 or
more hours in 1957 had average earnings of
$2,200 and had job related expenses of about $900,
or about 40 percent of their earnings.3 Although
the group of wives included in the sample was not
characteristic of all wives, the results of this sur
vey indicate that a considerable part of the $1,260
average income of all wives in 1960 was not avail
able for family use.
Although the average amount of the wife’s
income available for family use is relatively small,
the size of her income is often a key factor in the
family’s standard of living. Today, a large pro
portion of families with above average income owe
their position in no small part to the wife’s earnings.
3 Emma G. Holmes, Job-Related Expenditures of Working Wives, U.S. De
partm ent of Agriculture, 1958. The survey on which this report is based was
conducted in four small (mill-type) cities in Georgia in the spring of 1958.
Responses were obtained from 186 wives in paid employment for 1,000 or more
hours during 1957 and from an almost equal number of wives without any
employment during the year. The following additional sample requirements
were met: (1) the family included both a husband and wife and had been in
existence during all of 1957; (2) the husband worked a minimum of 2,000 hours
during 1957; (3) the household included a maximum of 6 members; (4) the
wife was under 55 years of age; and (5) the sum of husband’s and wife’s
income was less than $15,000.
MARITAL AND FAMILY CHARACTERISTICS OF WORKERS
For example, in over half of all families with 1960
incomes of $7,000 to $15,000, the wife worked
some time during the year and nearly half of the
working^ wives had full-time jobs for a full year
(table 6). On the other hand, in families with
incomes of $3,000 to $5,000, only two-fifths of the
wives worked and fewer than a fourth of those
who worked had full-time jobs all year. The
median percent of family income contributed by
wife’s earnings was 13 percent in these families,
as compared with 28 percent in families in the
$7,000 to $15,000 class.
It is also significant that relatively few nonwhite
families were able to attain high income levels
without considerable assistance from the wife.
Among nonfarm families with incomes of $7,000
to $10,000 nearly three-fourths of the nonwhite
wives, as compared with one-half of the white
wives, worked some time during the year. Nearly
three-fifths of the nonwhite working wives had
full-time jobs the year round, as against two-fifths
of the white wives.
period. This substantial increase, as pointed out
in earlier reports, resulted primarily from the
increasing propensity of married women of all ages
to work outside the home. It occurred despite
the fact that a large proportion of the married
women today have passed their prime working
years, and more women have children to restrict
their outside work activity. In fact, if the labor
force participation rates (proportion of population
in the labor force) for specific groups of married
women, by their age and by presence and age of
children, had remained unchanged over the 10-year
period, the total number of married women in the
labor force would have stayed at the same general
magnitude—about 9.4 million compared with the
1951 figure of 9.1 million—despite a 4.5-million
increase in their numbers in the population.
While labor force increases during this period
were widespread among married women of dif
ferent ages, the most striking gains occurred
among women over 35 years of age, particularly
those over 45 years (table 7). The number of
married women 45 years old and over in the labor
force nearly doubled during these 10 years as
their labor force participation rate rose sharply
(from 21 percent to 32 percent). They repre
sented close to 40 percent of all married women
in the work force in March 1961, compared with
30 percent in April 1951. The median age of all
working married women rose from 38 years to
41 years.
The substantial labor force increase among
older married women was reflected in a large
gain of about 1 million in the number of working
wives with no children under 18. However, the
most striking labor force increase for all married
Labor Force Growth of Married Women
An estimated 13.3 million married women were
working or looking for work in March 1961,
representing nearly one-fifth of the Nation’s labor
force. As in most other recent years, they
accounted for a large part—two-fifths—of the
country’s labor force increase over the preceding
year.
Between April 1951 and March 1961, the
number of married women in the work force rose
by 4.2 million, accounting for almost one-half (45
percent) of the total labor force growth during this
T a b l e 6.
I
ncom e
of
H
u sb a n d -W if e
13
F a m il ie s ,
by
W
ork
E x p e r ie n c e
of
W i f e , 1960 1
[Percent distribution]
Family income
Work experience of wife
Total
Total...... ......................................
Under
$2,000
$2,000 to
$2,999
$3,000 to
$4,999
$5.000 to
$6,999
$7,000 to $10,000 to $15,000
$9,999
$14,999 and over
Median
family
income
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
$5,873
Worked during the year________
50 to 52 weeks, full time 2____________
27 to 49 weeks, full time 2___________
1 to 26 weeks, full time,2 or 1 to 52 weeks, part time 3___
43.3
14.1
6.9
22.4
39.5
5.8
2.9
30.8
36.2
5.5
4.2
26.5
39.5
8.9
5.7
24.9
39.8
10.8
6.8
22.3
50.6
21.1
9.3
20.3
55.1
29.8
10.2
15.1
35.1
16.3
6.0
12.8
6,396
8. 048
6,977
5,358
Did not work during the year...........................
56.7
60.5
63.8
60.5
60.2
49.4
44.9
64.9
5,681
1 D.ata J elate t0 tlie civilian noninstitutional population 14 years of age and
over in March 1961. The proportion of wives with work experience is slightly
understated by the exclusion of a relatively small number of wives with work
experience whose earnings and/or family income were not reported.
2 Worked 35 hours or more per week during a majority of the weeks worked.
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3 Worked less than 35 hours per week during a majority of the weeks
worked.
,T
N ote: Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal totals.
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JANUARY 1962
14
Since relatively fewer married women worked
in the recession-affected goods producing in
dustries, they shared in only a small part of the
substantial increase in unemployment (total
unemployment rose by 3.5 million between April
1951 and March 19G1 compared with an employ
ment increase of 5.7 million), but they continued
to find employment opportunities in the expand
ing service industries, including such shortage
areas as education and health services. The
number of married women employed in the
service industries alone rose by an estimated
2% million and accounted for approximately 45
percent of the country’s total employment growth
over the 10 years. Another 15 percent of the
women in terms of the presence and age of their
children was among those with children of school
age only (6 to 17 years), whose numbers rose by
2 million. This gain was shared about equally
by women 35 to 44 years of age and those over
45 years. Among women with children of pre
school age the increase was 1 million, or about
the same as for those without children under 18.
The role of married women in the employment
developments of recent years has been even
more impressive than their role in labor force
changes. While they accounted for close to
one-half of the Nation’s labor force expansion
between 1951 and 1961, they contributed nearly
two-thirds of the total gain in employment.
T a ble 7.
P opulation and L abor F orce of M ar ried W om en , H usband P r e se n t , by A ge and P r e sen c e and A ge
of C h il d r e n , M arch 1961 and A pr il 1951
March 1961 1
Age of women and presence and age of children
A ge op W omen
Population
(thousands)
Change, April 1951 to March 1961
Labor Force
Number
Percent
Percent of
(thousands) distribution population
Population
(thousands)
Labor Force
Number
Percent
Percent of
(thousands) distribution population
13,266
100.0
32. 7
4,526
4,180
13,868
4,419
9, 449
26. 656
10,203
16, 453
8,124
8,329
4,150
1,394
2, 750
9,116
3,920
5,196
3, 445
1,751
31.3
10.5
20.8
68.7
29.5
39.2
26.0
13.2
29.9
31.5
29.2
34.2
38.4
31.6
42.4
21.0
-244
119
-363
4, 770
1,425
3,345
1,492
1,853
468
228
240
3,712
1,246
2,466
1, 563
903
41.1
41.4
1.7
3.2
40, 524
13,266
100.0
32.7
4, 526
4,180
No children under 18 years____________ ____________
16,606
6,186
46.6
37.3
426
1,170
-8 .6
6.3
14 to 34 years..........................................................................
14 to 24 years-----------------------------------------------------25 to 34 vears......................................................................
35 years and over_________________________________
35 to 44 years----------------------------------------------------45 years and over_______________________________
45 to 54 years...................................................................
55 years and over______________________________
2, 212
1,311
901
14,394
1,841
12, 553
4,635
7,918
1,381
791
590
4,805
1,063
3, 742
2,121
1,621
10.4
6.0
4.4
36.2
8.0
28.2
16.0
12.2
62.4
60.3
65.5
33.4
57.7
29.8
45.8
20.5
-1,196
-271
-925
1,622
-507
2,129
357
1,772
-455
-2 3
-432
1,625
-3
1,628
795
833
- 9 .8
-3 .0
- 6 .8
1.2
-3 .7
4.9
1.4
3.5
8.5
8.8
9.5
8.5
12.3
9.5
14.8
7.7
Children 6 to 17 years only_________________________
10, 596
4,419
33.3
41.7
2,668
2,019
6.9
11.4
14 to 34 years..................... ................... ........... ....................
35 years and o v er..________________________________
35 to 44 years----------------------------------- ----------------45 years and over________________________________
1,864
8, 732
5,086
3,646
840
3, 579
2,176
1,403
6.3
27.0
16.4
10.6
45.1
41.0
42.8
38.5
148
2, 520
1,332
1,188
240
1,779
962
817
- 0 .3
7.2
3.0
4.2
10.1
12.0
10.5
14.7
Children under 6 years____________________________
13,322
2,661
20.1
20.0
1,432
991
1.7
6.0
14 to 34 years.......................................... .............................
14 to 24 years___________________________________
25 to 34 years----------------------------------------------------35 years and over_________________________________
35 to 44 years___________________________________
45 years and over...............................................................
9,792
3,073
6,719
3, 530
3,276
254
1,929
590
1,339
732
681
51
14.5
4.4
10.1
5.5
5.1
.4
19.7
19.2
19.9
20.7
20.8
20.1
804
401
403
628
600
28
683
258
425
308
287
21
0.8
.7
0
.8
.8
.1
5.8
6.8
5.4
6.1
6.1
6.8
Total .
___________________________________
14 to 34 years------------ ------- -- --- ------------ ----------14 to 24 years.—...........-....................................................
25 to 34 years------------ -----------...............—....................
35 years and over______________ - _________________
35 to 44 years___________________________________
45 years and over_______________________________
45 to 54 years--------------------- ----------- ------ ------ ----55 years and over______________________________
ATorlinn nee (years'!
40, 524
7.5
- 9 .2
- 2 .3
- 6 .9
9.2
.1
9.2
5.3
3.9
3.8
4.4
3.6
9.5
7.9
10.8
14.0
7.9
A ge op W omen and P resence and A ge of C hildren
Total
i Data for 1961 include Alaska and Hawaii and are therefore not strictly
comparable with data for 1951. This inclusion has resulted in a population
increase of about 150,000 and a labor force increase of about 50,000; it has not
significantly affected the percent of population in the labor force.
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7.5
N o t e : Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal
totals,
MARITAL AND FAMILY CHARACTERISTICS OF WORKERS
T
8 . F u l l - T im e a n d P a r t - T im e W o r k e r s i n N o n AGRICULTURAL INDUSTRIES, BY MARITAL STATUS AND
S e x , M a r c h o f 1956 a n d 1961 1
able
[N u m b e r s in th o u sa n d s]
Part-time workers3
Year, marital status, and sex
Total at Full-time
work
workers2
Number
Percent
of total
at work
M arch 1961
Total__________________
58, 724
50, 688
8,036
Male. _________________
37, 738
34, 791
2,946
7.8
Single.............................................
Married, wife present_________
Other marital status 4_________
5,531
30,332
1,875
4,023
29, 083
1,685
1,508
1,249
189
27.3
4.1
10.1
20,986
15, 897
5,090
24.3
5,063
11,412
4,511
3,819
8,484
3,594
1,244
2,928
918
24.6
25.7
20.4
3,066
967
2,099
3.0
Female________________
Single_______________________
Married, husband present.........
Other marital status 4. . . ....... ......
13.7
C hange B e t w e e n M arch
1956 and M arch 19615
Total......... ..........................
Male.....................................
622
-39
661
1.6
Single__ ____________________
Married, wife present.................
Other marital status *...................
-262
1,111
-227
-435
673
-277
173
438
50
4.3
1.3
3.5
2,444
1,006
1,438
4.6
279
1,612
553
-128
859
275
407
753
278
7.1
3.5
4.2
Female________________
Single---------------------------- -----Married, husband present_____
Other marital status 1_________
1 D a t a re late to th e civilian noninstitutional p o p u la tio n 14 y ea r s o f age a n d
over.
2 I n c lu d e s p erson s w h o w o r k e d 35 h o u r s or m ore d u r in g th e s u r v e y w e e k or
w o r k e d 1 to 34 h ou r s b u t u s u a lly w o r k e d 35 h ours or m ore.
3 I n c lu d e s p erson s w h o w o r k e d 1 to 34 h o u r s a n d u s u a lly w o r k e d 1 to 34
h ours.
4 Includes widowed, divorced, and married, spouse absent.
3 A llo w a n c e h as b e e n m a d e for in c lu s io n o f A la s k a a n d H a w a ii in th e 1961
figu res.
N ote : B e c a u s e o f ro u n d in g , s u m s o f in d iv id u a l ite m s m a y n o t e q u a l to ta ls .
employment gain was among married women in
trade. The number in manufacturing jobs in
1961 was virtually the same as in 1951.
As would be expected in view of these industry
changes, the most striking employment gains
among married women in recent years were in
professional, office, and service occupations.
Between April 1952 and March 1961, about twofifths of their increase was in clerical jobs, about
one-fourth in service occupations other than in
private households, and about one-fifth in pro
fessional jobs. The number of married women
who were operatives—their second largest major
occupational group—was unchanged over this
period.
While discussions of employment trends of
married women have usually emphasized parttime rather than full-time work, married women
actually accounted for a greater proportion of the
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15
recent increase among full-time workers than
among part-time workers. In the 5-year period
ending March 1961, the total number of full-time
workers rose by about 1 million—about half as
much as for part-time workers (table 8). About
850,000 of the total full-time gain was among
married women, compared with an estimated
increase of 675,000 for married men. (Fewer
single persons were working full time.) On the
other hand, the gains in part-time employment
were distributed among all marital and sex
groups, with approximately one-third of the
expansion among married women.
Working Married Women-Jobless Married Men
The large and growing number of married
women at work and the relatively large number
of unemployed married men with family respon
sibilities are frequently cited in arguments that
these women should yield their jobs to unem
ployed married men. Some married men would
undoubtedly find jobs under these circumstances,
but probably fewer than some people might ex
pect. One of the reasons for this conclusion is the
big difference in the occupational distribution of
employed married women and unemployed mar
ried men. Most married women have whitecollar jobs whereas most unemployed married men
are from blue-collar occupations (table 9). At the
time of this survey, about 1 million, or nearly onehalf of the unemployed married men, were crafts
men or nonfarm laborers. As would be expected,
only a very small number of married women were
employed in these two broad occupational groups
and their specific jobs were probably very dif
ferent—-for example, tailors and decorators, in
stead of carpenters, plumbers, and bricklayers.
Nearly 700,000, or another one-third, of the job
less married men were operatives, compared with
1.8 million married women with full-time jobs in
this broad occupation group, but here again most
of these jobs are not likely to match. A large
proportion of the married women operatives are
employed in such industries as textiles, apparel,
and food processing, and in laundry and dry
cleaning establishments but relatively few of them
are in the metals, machinery, and transportation
equipment industries, where the layoffs of male
operatives in recent years have been heavy.
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JANUARY 1962
16
T a ble 9. U nem ployed M a rried M en and E mployed
M ar ried W om en , by M ajor O ccupation G r o u p ,
M arch 1961
[In thousands]
Major occupation group
Total________________________
Professional, technical, and kindred
workers _ _ _ _ _ _ ____ _________
Farmers and farm managers_________
Managers, officials, and proprietors,
except farm— ______ _________ . __
Clerical and kindred workers_________
Sales workers______________________
Craftsmen, foremen, and kindred work
ers_________ ____________________
Operatives and kindred workers______
Private household workers___________
Service workers, except private house
hold _________ _________ ________
Farm laborers and foremen__________
Laborers, except farm and mine ____
Tnpxpprionoed nnp.mplnyp.fi
Unemployed
married men,
wife present
Employed married
women, husband
present
Total
Full
time 1
2,137
12,337
9,127
55
11
1,597
59
1,211
35
94
74
51
659
3,616
1,138
574
2,976
682
617
672
132
2,062
772
110
1,814
280
136
63
353
12
1,813
428
61
1,228
171
46
1 Includes persons who worked 35 hours or more during the survey week,
persons who worked 1 to 34 hours but usually worked 35 hours or more, and
persons with a job but not at work.
N ote: Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal totals.
It is also likely that very few married men would
be interested in taking married women’s jobs even
if they were available. Not only do the occupa
tions and industries in which the women are em
ployed generally have lower pay scales than those
to which men are accustomed but also the women
are more likely to be working at jobs which pro
vide only a few hours’ work each week. The
number of these jobs that married men would
take would also be limited by such factors as dif
ferences in geographic location of the unemployed
men and suitable job openings and the ability of
the men to meet specific job qualifications. In
addition, many men would undoubtedly hesitate
to take a job which not only might be unsatisfac
tory but which would also interfere with their
looking for a more suitable position. If men did
take these jobs, they would probably work only
until a more desirable job became available and
employers would soon have to replace them—one
of the many practical difficulties entailed in such
a proposal. Furthermore, the men who expect to
be rehired shortly would probably not be in
terested in taking a new job, which would entail
the loss of seniority on their former job.
About 1.6 million married women in March 1961
had jobs which were unsuitable for the unemployed
because they were in unpaid family work or in
self-employment, and 1.5 million were supporting
husbands who were not in the labor force (800,000)
or who were unemployed (700,000). Thus, about
one-third of all unemployed married men would
have no grounds to claim the jobs of wives of
employed men if they expected to have their
own wives continue working.
Stabilization of employment agreements are [older than] the organized
labor movement. In 1647, in Providence, R.I., domestic workers enjoyed job
security protection 129 years before the American Revolution. A Rhode
Island law, designed to curb unemployment, prohibited an employer from
firing a servant without reasonable cause and without the written approval
of the chief officer of the town and “ three or four able and discreet men of
the Common Council.” Even earlier, in 1642, Georgia’s Governor Oglethorpe
issued a decree providing for severance pay for domestic workers.
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—Railway Labor Executives’ Association, News from the RLEA, November 14,
1961. d . 3.
Labor Turnover
in the
Soviet Union
Arcadius Kahan*
F or the first time in a quarter of a century, the
authorities of the Soviet Union have raised the
curtain over labor turnover a bit, with the publi
cation of an article in the April 1961 issue of the
monthly magazine Trud i Zarabotnaia Plata
{Labor and Wage Payment)} Soviet industry
suffered from very high rates of labor turnover in
the early 1930’s according to the last data officially
reported.2 This, coupled with the outbreak of
World War II, led to the issuance of the decree of
June 26, 1940, under which prison sentences could
be imposed on workers who left their jobs or
changed jobs without management’s advance per
mission, which could be given only in a few
specified circumstances. After the war, however,
the Soviet press occasionally carried reports of
extensive labor turnover in certain industries as
well as of the relaxation of penalties for leaving
a job without permission.3 These accounts ap
parently foreshadowed the moderation of labor
discipline regulations, in the decree of April 25,
1956, which permits workers to quit after giving
2 weeks’ notice, but still requires the graduates of
vocational schools, technicums, and universities to
work at assigned jobs for 3 or 4 years. Until the
recent article was published, there had been few
official indications of the practical effects of the
new decree. This first trickle of information per
mits the drawing of some tentative conclusions
about the extent and cost of labor turnover. It
also throws some light on why Kussian workers
change jobs and provides some revealing informa
tion on the characteristics of the labor force. But
perhaps the most significant fact about the article
is that it was published.
The article presents data for 232 industrial
plants located in 10 regions, which constitute
part of a study undertaken to determine the causes
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of job-quitting and the motivation of workers
requesting transfers. The total study will be
based upon 64,000 questionnaires completed by
industrial workers who had changed employment.
These questionnaires, completed during the au
tumn of 1958 and the summer of 1960, encompassed
workers in 550 industrial plants, under the ju
risdiction of 20 regional Councils of National
Economy.4 These plants employed 910,000
workers, or 7 percent of the workers employed in
industries under such Councils. In addition,
interviews were held with 2,500 family members of
the permanent sample of workers’ budget studies
of the Central Statistical Administration, who
had changed employment during 1958-59.5 No
information is given on the procedure, representa
tiveness, or weighting of the questionnaire sample
chosen for the study, nor is there any indication
about the combination of material from the
questionnaires with that from the interviews.
Extent and Cost of Labor Turnover
Since no hard figures are presented—only per
centages of unknown bases are given—the article
does not convey a clear picture of the extent of
the problem. For example, we are told that the
number of workers who changed jobs was 5 per
cent smaller in 1960 than in 1957.6 However, it
does state that in 3 out of the investigated 20
regional Councils (Azerbaidzhán, Karelia, and
Sverdlovsk), the number of workers changing jobs
in 1960 was approximately 36 percent of the aver
age number of workers on the employment rolls
(srednespisochnoe kolichestvo) and in one (Mol
davia), it was 60 percent. On the basis of accepted
Soviet practice in presenting such data, it would
be reasonable to assume that the range is between
* Assistant Professor of Economics, The University of Chicago.
11. Kaplan, “ Anketnoe Obsledovanie Priehin Tekuchesti Kadrov v
Promysklennosti Sovnarkhozov,” Biulleten’ Nauchnoi Informatsii, Trud i
Zarabotnaia Plata. No. 4, 1961, pp. 33-39.
2
The reported quit rate, as a percentage of the average number of workers
on payrolls, was as follows: 1929, 115.2; 1930, 132.4; 1931, 136.8; 1932, 135.3;
1933, 122.4; 1934, 96.7; and 1935, 86.1. See TsUNKhU SSSR, Stetalist Con.
struction in the U SSR (Moscow, 1936), p. 388.
J See Notes on Labor Abroad, No. 4, October 1947 (U.S. Department of
Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics), p. 32; and Jerzy G. Gliksman, “ Recent
Trends in Soviet Labor Policy,” Monthly Labor Review, July 1956, pp. 767-775.
* If the choice of the 232 plant data out of the 550 available was made at
random, the results should not be greatly affected, but this we are in no
position to affirm.
5 The entire workers’ budget sample consists of about 25,000 families.
6 Actually a decrease in the number of workers changing jobs of 5 percent
should decrease the rate of turnover even more, since the industrial labor
force has increased since 1957.
17
18
36 percent and 60 percent. Other data indicate
that the national average might be closer to the
lower end of the range, as will be shown.
Apparently, a majority of the job transfers took
place within the industrial sector. In 7 out of 12
regional councils, for which data are presented, the
transfers within the industrial sector accounted
for over 50 percent of the total.7 About 20 percent
of the turnover was accounted for by new entrants
or persons who returned to industrial employment
after a considerable period of absence and about
25-30 percent by transfers from occupations classi
fied as nonindustrial (construction, agriculture,
transportation, communications, trade, and other
services). Very few of the job changers had left an
agricultural job in their most recent move. Even
if we would assume that the road from agriculture
to industrial employment had led through army
service and perhaps employment in construction,
the total entering industrial employment from
these sources would probably not exceed 10-12 per
cent of the total turnover. This low proportion in
dicates a profound change in the social origin and
changing composition of the industrial labor force.8
The data on labor turnover also point up spe
cifically the interindustry migration of workers.
There were fewer interindustry transfers in regions
where employment was concentrated in a partic
ular industry branch than in regions where em
ployment was industrially diversified. Thus, in
coal mining and machine building regions and oil
production areas, more than half of the turnover
took place within the dominant industry. Of
course, the economic effects of intraindustry mi
gration are quite different from interindustry turn
over, both for the workers and for the economy.9
The article also discusses the economic effect
of labor turnover upon industrial output. On
the basis of scattered evidence in the article, the
average duration of unemployment per worker
changing jobs can be estimated at 28-31 days.10
With respect to the output losses entailed for
the Soviet industry under the jurisdiction of the
National Economy Councils, the author of the
article estimated them at 18.6 billion rubles in
1958 and over 20 billion rubles in 1959.11 These
estimates were compiled by the author as the
sum of the value of output lost as a result of
unemployment incident to job changing, of the
value of output lost as result of the inability of
the workers to fulfill their output-norms on their
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MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JANUARY 1962
new jobs during the current year, and of the
additional expenditures on retraining of workers
who have switched to new occupations.12 Since
the output lost as a result of unemployment
represented about 80 percent of the accounted
total in a calculation involving about 70-75
percent of the total losses, perhaps the direct
loss from this form of unemployment could be
estimated at about 15-16 billion rubles for the
years 1958-59. This would constitute about 1.5
percent of the gross output, or about 3 percent
of national income generated by the industries
under the supervision of the Councils of National
Economy.13
Using the estimates of the average duration of
unemployment, the estimates of average output
per worker in industry, and the estimated losses
incurred as a result of unemployment, we would
arrive at a rate of labor turnover of somewhat
less than 40 percent.14
Since the foregoing calculations are based on
estimates and data derived from different sources,
they must be used with caution. Nevertheless,
they are based upon an official admission that
frictional unemployment exists in the Soviet
Union and upon some clues as to the magnitude
of losses that it causes to the national income.
7
Since the Soviet classification singles out construction as a separate cate
gory, it actually tends to decrease the transfers within the industrial sector.
If construction were counted in the industry category, transfers within the
industrial sector would be most prevalent in 11 of the 12 councils.
9
Similar conclusions can be supported by the reported prevalence of urban
background in the schools of vocational training. But the results might also
imply that workers with an agricultural background are loss subjected to
interindustry turnover as a result of inferior skills, lack of information, or a
higher degree of satisfaction with their industrial employment versus
their previous occupation.
11The author reported that even in the case of intraindustry migration 45
percent of the job changers involved changed either their speciality or their
position, which involves training and retraining.
i« The duration of unemployment, on the basis of data from 12 of the 20
surveyed regions, ranged between 21.4 and 42.9 days for workers who left
their jobs and between 14.6 and 41.7 days for newly hired workers, with an
average of 31 days for the first and 28 days for the second group, when weighted
by the number employed in the particular regions.
» The rubles are those prior to the reform of January 1,1961.
12 The author of the article estimated, on the basis of materials available,
that under the prevailing conditions of the technical preparation of the labor
force, newly hired workers need between 2 and 5 months on the job before
they can fulfill their work norm. The output of workers hired during the
year was independently estimated by the author as being 3-4 percent short
of the expected yearly output.
13 Speech by N. Khrushchev, May 5, 1960, and TsSU: Narodnoe Khoziaistvo SSSR v 1959 godu (Moscow, 1960), pp. 78,135. The share of industrial
output of factories under supervision of the Councils of National Economy
was derived from the reported total social product and national income
generated by industry.
h Obviously such a rough calculation has its shortcomings and would
probably tend to underestimate the number of workers changing jobs since
the average output per worker in industry was derived by dividing the gross
output by the total number employed in industry.
LABOR TURNOVER IN THE SOVIET UNION
Characteristics and Motives of Job Changers
The vast majority of labor turnover, we are
told, was concentrated in the age group of 18-30
and involved persons with an average of 3-3 %
years of working experience, placing most of the
job changers in the 18-25 age bracket. These
findings would indicate that turnover is much
higher among young workers than among older
ones and that, as in other countries, mobility
decreases with age and change in family status or
size of the family. In the case of the Soviet
Union, housing facilities might be tied to job
seniority—another reason for an inverse correla
tion between mobility and age. On the other hand,
the high mobility among the younger workers
reported by the preliminary report of the survey
might in part reflect the initial moves following
the expiration of the legal restrictions imposed
upon graduates of various schools and training
establishments. In general one would expect that
the younger workers, enjoying greater educational
advantages than the older generation, would feel
that mobility works in their favor.
Some insight can be gained from the reported
data on workers’ motives involved in voluntary
job changes, which the author estimated as ac
counting for 60 percent of the total turnover.15
However, we should be cautious of the preliminary
survey findings on the motives for job changing.16
Under a dictatorship, state employees (all in
dustrial workers in the Soviet Union are state
employees) filling out a government questionnaire
on this subject might give so-called “neutral”
motives in preference to those which might reflect
upon their attitudes. But even taking this into
account, the classification and distribution of the
motives is revealing. For example, the reason
given more than any other was “departure to the
place of residence of relatives.” This may in
dicate that Russian family ties are still very strong
despite systematic attempts by Soviet authorities
toward the atomization of Soviet society. On the
other hand, it might merely suggest that there
are some tangible economic advantages in being
attached to a family which acts either as a pro15
In fo r m a tio n a b o u t t h e n a tu r e a n d ca u ses o f in v o lu n t a r y tu r n o v e r w o u ld
p r o b a b ly re v e a l m u c h t h a t is o th e r w ise o b scure a b o u t in d u str ia l re la tio n s in
th e S o v ie t U n io n .
n T h e r e su lts w ere r e p o r te d se p a r a te ly for 7 o u t o f th e 20 re g io n a l C o u n c ils
of N a tio n a l E c o n o m y . T h e a t t e m p t m a d e h ere to a g g re g a te th e repo rted
p e rc en ta g e d is tr ib u tio n s u se d to ta l in d u str ia l e m p lo y m e n t for th e r e sp e c tiv e
re g io n s a s w e ig h ts .
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
19
duction or consumption unit. Whatever the case
may be, one-third of all the workers gave family
ties as the motive for quitting their jobs.
Existing economic conditions in their most di
rect expression, low wages and lack of housing,
were cited by 20 percent of the workers (with 11
percent emphasizing wages and over 8 percent
emphasizing housing) as their motive of abandon
ing their place of work. It is significant that
changes in family status, like marriage and child
bearing, accounted for just 4 percent of the total,
and study (school, etc.) for over 7 percent.
Apart from the motivations listed and a large
unexplained residual (about 22 percent), concern
about working and living conditions played a
dominant role in the workers’ decisions to change
jobs. About 13 percent gave their reasons as (1)
dissatisfaction with the conditions of work, (2)
distance between place of work and residence, or
(3) lack of nurseries, kindergartens, etc. When
this last group is added to those dissatisfied with
the wage level and lack of housing, it appears that
about one-third of the workers blamed certain
social features of Soviet life for the temporary
loss of income associated with their unemployment.
Another category of motives appeared to be
associated generally with deficiencies in either the
planning of the vocational training program or the
personal choice of profession or both. These
subgroups are not mutually exclusive and both
reflect lack of information by the decisionmakers.
On the part of the individual, it would be expressed
by the wrong choice of a profession to the extent
that the decision was his. In the case of the
vocational training authorities, lack of information
with regard to the supply of and demand for labor
for various industries would be the cause. Perhaps
the distribution of the trainees among various
regions was also to blame. As a result, about 11
percent of the voluntary job changers reported
they had quit because of lack of satisfaction with
their profession or lack of work in the area of their
specialty. This group of workers appears to be
paying the costs of their own and the planners’
mistakes, with a resultant loss to the nation’s
potential output.
It would be of interest to follow both the more
extensive future reporting of results of this
particular survey and the likely development of
government policies to decrease the existing level
of labor turnover.
International
Conference on
Labor Productivity
Leon Greenberg*
of productivity in
raising economic well-being has, since World
War II, resulted in several international confer
ences in which the United States and countries
of Western Europe participated. But there have
been only two general conferences in which the
United States and countries of Eastern Europe
participated. The most recent of these, spon
sored by the International Economic Association,
was held at Cadenabbia, Lake Como, Italy, from
August 31 to September 8, 1961. Most of the
participants were from university institutes; a
few were from government.1
Four major subject areas were covered at the
conference: Concepts and Measurement of Pro
ductivity; International Comparisons; Wages and
Productivity; and Technical, Managerial, and
Organizational Factors Affecting Productivity.
It was agreed that the discussions would be con
fined to labor productivity, that is, output per
unit of labor input.
Papers prepared by 15 Western and 16 Eastern
participants on various aspects of the four major
headings were circulated prior to the conference
and served as the basis for discussion. Major
attention was given to concepts, methodology,
and techniques. Even in those cases where
empirical work was described, the discussions
tended to center around methods and data prob
lems.
It is expected that the papers will be reproduced
almost in their entirety in a scheduled book about
the conference. Consequently, this article deals
mostly with highlights of the discussion. It is
not an official report, although it presents some of
R ecognition op the role
20
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the conclusions agreed upon; rather, it represents
the impressions of one participant.
Discussions of the Conference
Productivity and Wages. Some of the most in
teresting discussions occurred during the review
of the relationship of productivity and wages.
Here the Soviet Bloc tended to stress the different
objectives and advantages of a “planned socialist
economy versus a capitalist economy/’ They
stated, or implied, that workers in their countries
shared more fully in the gains of increased pro
ductivity than did those of the capitalist countries
and that their system resulted in a more rational
industry wage structure.
However, the alleged advantages tended to
dissolve during the discussion. For example, a
Soviet participant asked about recent trends in
the relationship between productivity and wages
in the United States (assuming that productivity
had moved faster than real earnings). In reply,
it was pointed out that the real wages (actual
wages adjusted for changes in consumer prices)
of all employees in the nonfarm economy had
about kept pace with output per man-hour in the
United States in the postwar period, going up
faster in some years, more slowly in others.
In contrast, a Czechoslovakian paper said,
“ wages should rise in connection with increased
productivity of labor, not, however, at the same
rate but slower than productivity of labor.”
Wage increases in Czechoslovakia are controlled
in accordance with this principle. This view
of the relationship of wages to productivity
aroused some curiosity among the American
delegates, since unions in the United States would
regard this principle as an inequitable distribution
of the benefits of rising productivity. The Czech
delegate commented that the real benefits of
Czech workers actually went up more because
of expenditures by the government for education,
culture, hospitalization, and other such activities.
(Many benefits of this and other types are, of
course, also made available to American workers,
* C hief, D iv is io n o f P r o d u c t iv it y a n d T e c h n o lo g ic a l D e v e lo p m e n ts , B u r e a u
o f L a b o r S ta tistic s.
1
C o u n tries re p r ese n te d w ere C ze c h o slo v a k ia , F r a n c e, H u n g a r y , I t a ly , P o
la n d , R o m a n ia , S w e d e n , th e U n io n o f S o v ie t S o c ia list R e p u b lic s, th e U n ite d
K in g d o m , a n d th e U n ite d S ta te s. O r ig in a lly , 20 p a r tic ip a n ts fro m W e s te r n
c o u n tr ie s a n d 20 fro m E a ste r n E u r o p e w ere s c h e d u le d ; h o w e v e r , th r e e orig
in a lly s c h e d u le d E a s te r n d ele g a tes, in c lu d in g th e tw o from E a s t G e r m a n y
d id n o t a tte n d
INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON LABOR PRODUCTIVITY
but evaluating them would involve complex
analysis of tax systems, measurement of govern
ment services to the individual, and other factors.)
It was acknowledged that the restriction on wage
increases was also part of a plan for maintaining
or increasing the share of national income going to
investment versus the share going to consumption.
Papers from Czechoslovakia and Poland noted
that economic planning and control enabled the
government to establish a rational system of
wages, designed to attract workers to those in
dustries which were most important to the
economic development of the country. Data were
presented showing differential wages by industry.
However, comparisons of the industry wage
structure of the free enterprise economy of the
United States with those of the other two countries
showed a striking parallel in the ranking of most
of the industries. In summary, the discussion
indicated that interindustry wage rate differentials,
the experience with incentive methods of pay, and
the concern with increasing technical and man
agerial manpower among countries showed a
number of resemblances, taking into account,
however, differences arising out of variations in
social system.
Several questions were raised by the Eastern
members dealing with social and economic trends
in the capitalist countries. One, for example,
asked about the lower wages for women than men
and for Negroes than whites in the United States.
This was answered by a brief review of the history
of employment of women and Negroes in the
United States, an acknowledgment of the existence
of certain discriminatory practices, a description of
the important progress that has taken place, par
ticularly in the postwar period, and some examples
of the current employment situation of women and
Negroes.
Measurement oj Productivity. The Communist
countries apparently make extensive use of produc
tivity measurement for operations and manage
ment control by government. Such measurement,
therefore, appears to play a more important role
2 T h is c o n c e p t w a s also d is c u ss e d a t le n g th a t a G e n e v a m e e tin g o f W e s te r n
a n d E a s t E u r o p e a n c o u n tr ie s in J a n u a r y 1861. H o w e v e r , a t t h a t m e e tin g ,
d isc u ssio n ce n ter ed a rou n d a d iffer en t te c h n iq u e — t h a t o f u sin g n e t o u tp u t as
t h e n u m e r a to r o f t h e p r o d u c tiv ity ratio, e x c lu d in g th e v a lu e of d ep rec ia tio n .
T h e tw o m e th o d s h a v e sim ila r, b u t n o t id e n tic a l, o b je c tiv e s a n d do n o t y ie ld
id e n tic a l re su lts.
3 S ee “ L a b o r T u r n o v e r in th e S o v ie t U n i o n ,” p p . 17-19 o f th is issu e .
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
21
in those countries than in the United States, where
it is used primarily for economic analysis. How
ever, the report to the conference prepared by the
Program Committee contained the following con
clusions:
Labor productivity represents a complex economic con
cept, expressing the degree to which labor is utilized effec
tively. The discussion reflected that there are a number of
different concepts and measures of productivity entailing
different definitions of labor inputs and definitions of out
put. Moreover, measures differ according as the interest is
an enterprise, an industry, or any economy as a whole.
The necessity for a well-rounded study of labor produc
tivity requires the use not of one single measure or index,
but of a whole system of mutually supporting measures of
levels and changes in labor productivity. These indexes
should include measurement in physical output and money
terms, calculated for different groups of employees and
different periods of working time.
The Soviet Bloc countries prepare the familiar
type of labor productivity measures, e.g., industry
output per unit of labor employed in the industry
(which they refer to as “live” labor). However,
they believe that some account should also be
taken of the change in volume of equipment uti
lized by the industry. For this reason, they also
advocate the preparation of measures of output
per unit of live plus embodied labor. The em
bodied labor represents the products of past labor
or, in other terms, that part of equipment which is
used up in the production of goods.2
Some questions were raised concerning the limi
tations of productivity indexes which (as in the
United States) do not include the entire labor
force, both employed and unemployed. The East
ern delegates said that workers in their countries
are guaranteed employment, so there is no un
employment, and this puts their countries at an
unfair disadvantage in making productivity com
parisons. This issue was brought up several times
during the conference and at informal after-dinner
meetings, with Eastern Bloc members contrasting
their lack of unemployment with the high level of
unemployment in the United States. The Ameri
cans pointed out that the contrast is not as great
as it appears, since the U.S. figures include persons
changing jobs, new entrants seeking their first job,
and others whom the Communist countries do not
consider as unemployed.3
In discussing unemployment, the Eastern rep
resentatives said that when the job of a socialist
worker is abolished, he is offered another job.
22
If one is not available in the same locality, he
is offered a job in a different locality, with reloca
tion expenses provided. If he does not like the
job offered, he does not have to take it. What
happens if he refuses? This never happens; the
worker always accepts!
When it came to the measurement of national
output, the Eastern economists indicated that
they were concerned only with “socially useful”
production—a Marxist concept. For this reason,
they exclude trade and service activities from their
national accounts. The Western economists, of
course, regard all activities as a contribution to
national output.
A question was raised by an American delegate
about Soviet publication of current indexes of
production based on 1926-27 price weights (i.e.,
in 1926-27 rubles), although the authorities
apparently have prepared indexes based on more
recent weights. Price relationships and productmix both change over time, so that eventually
early-year weights become somewhat unrealistic.
Therefore, most countries periodically revise and
bring up to date the weighting scheme for their
production indexes. Current-year weights usually
yield indexes which show a lower rate of production
gain than that shown by indexes with base-year
weights. The American delegate noted that an
index of Soviet production based on recent-year
weights would show a substantially lower increase
since the 1920’s and 1930’s than their currently
published index, because of the enormous change
in the character of Soviet production as the
country became industrialized after 1926. Such
an index would also be more comparable with
those now published by the Western countries.
On this point, the report of the Program Commit
tee said:
In considering the growth of productivity of an economy
as a whole over a period of time, it is necessary to combine
the changes in productivity in the various segments of
an economy by means of appropriate weights. The
discussion reflected th at both weights of a base year and
a current year provide significant measures of productivity
for international comparisons.
International Comparisons. Productivity com
parisons were presented for different industries
in the United Kingdom, the United States, and
the Soviet Union. Relative performance varied
quite widely among industries, and the Russians
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JANUARY 1962
estimated their overall level of industrial pro
ductivity (output per man-hour) to be about
40-50 percent that of the United States—but
they expected to catch up rapidly.
The authors of the papers on international
comparisons emphasized the many difficulties
they encountered because of lack of detailed data
and of adequate definitions and explanations.
They cautioned that, as a result of these diffi
culties, their estimates in many cases should be
considered only as approximations. They hoped
that eventual improvement in data would lead to
more accurate estimates.
Representatives from both the Eastern and
Western countries complained about the paucity
of statistical information. Offers of assistance
from this writer to one of the more critical Soviet
delegates were ignored although some of the other
Eastern representatives asked for copies of U.S.
publications. Both the Americans and Russians
indicated that more diligent research into official
publications would show that the situation was not
quite as bad as depicted.
The discussion of international comparisons of
productivity did not wind up in an impasse over
the superiority of one type of measure over another.
Rather, it was agreed that meaningful interna
tional comparisons require various kinds of
measures, accompanied by careful definition and
explanation of their content and meaning.
Specifically:
In international comparisons, it is desirable, for the
purpose of arriving at objective conclusions—
a. Not to confine the comparison to isolated and partial
measurements, but to make the comparisons on the basis
of an entire system of measurements. In particular, in
addition to comparing productivity in physical terms, it is
desirable to compare output in terms of gross or net output
per employed person (per annum, per day, per hour) as
well as comparing indices of utilization of energy and
electric power.
b. In utilizing figures in money terms, output of the
countries being compared should be expressed in the
prices of both countries.
c. There should be taken into account the qualitative
aspects of the comparisons. This includes not only
qualitative differences in the commodities produced, but
also qualitative differences in the composition of the labor
force.
Factors Affecting Productivity. The discussion on
technical managerial, and organizational factors
affecting productivity was probably the least con-
INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON LABOR PRODUCTIVITY
troversial of the conference. There was, for ex
ample, almost unanimous agreement that the
single most important factor affecting labor pro
ductivity was the amount and type of technology
used in production. Other factors discussed in
cluded high level (executive) manpower, electric
energy consumption, research and discover}^, and
specialization of labor.
It was noted that complex modern technology
leads to greater emphasis on centralization.
Because of this, delegates from the Soviet Union
said they have found it necessary to put more man
agement control at the top levels, that is, in the
ministries. In the United States, of course,
management control resides primarily with the
enterprise, and decisions about decentralization or
centralization are made by company executives.
Commentary
This meeting was a conference of professional
economists on technical and other problems related
to the four main agenda items. At such a meeting,
it is, of course, inevitable that different opinions,
methods, and problems will arise if the economists
come from countries with vastly different economic
systems. However, it seemed to this observer
that the East European economists tended to
stray off the path of straightforward professional
exposition and presentation of factual information.
Their methods were to extol the virtues of a
planned socialist economy or to critize, directly
or implicitly alleged weaknesses of the free
enterprise system. Some examples have been
indicated in this report.
Any conference with nearly 40 active partici
pants can be difficult. There is not enough time
for adequate questions and answers, and the give-
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
23
and-take exchange which may be possible in a
small group is not feasible in a large one. At an
international conference, the differences in lan
guage add an additional handicap (this one was
conducted in English and Russian with simultane
ous translation). Nuances, idioms, and colloqui
alisms are frequently lost in translation, sometimes
resulting in serious misinterpretation. For exam
ple, a Russian’s comment about one of the Ameri
can papers was translated as “obstructionist” :
later it was learned that what he had said was
“abstract.”
But on the whole, there seemed to be a genuine
desire for an exchange of views on the technical
matters of the conference. With few exceptions,
attentiveness and respect were accorded to the
speakers from both groups. The personal atti
tudes, during the meetings and at the informal
after-dinner get-togethers, were friendly. At the
concluding session of the conference, hope was
expressed that the meetings would lead to a greater
exchange of information and that future confer
ences might be held to explore related subjects.
They included the measurement of output and
national income, as well as of service-type activ
ities, the index number problem, the meaning of
employment and turnover of the labor force, the
relation of working hours to productivity, the role
of decentralization and centralization, the influ
ence of international specialization on productiv
ity, the experience with incentives for both workers
and management personnel, the measurement of
the specific contribution of particular factors in
the growth of productivity, the role of scientific
research and invention in increasing productivity,
and the special problems involved in raising the
productivity of labor in the underdeveloped
nations.
Retraining the Unemployed
E d it o r ’s N o t e .— This
is the fourth of a series of articles on retraining. The
first three, in the August, September, and October issues, covered legal pro
visions for retraining in two European countries, legal provisions in the
United States, and two union skill improvement programs for journeymen.
A final article will summarize the considerations involved in developing a
Government program of retraining for the long-term unemployed.
IV—The Bridgeport Program
Phyllis Groom*
A scarcity of w orkers trained in certain occu
pations coupled with a rate of unemployment
hovering ]ust under 9 percent early in 1961 made
Bridgeport, Conn., a likely prospect for a retrain
ing program for unemployed members of the labor
force. In May 1961, jobless workers in Bridge
port began attending a pilot course in machine
shop skills; by fall, five classes had graduated and
the program was expanding to cover other occu
pations and other localities. This article describes
the genesis of the program, some of the charac
teristics of the trainees, and their selection, train
ing, and placement. In addition, some evaluation
of the project is attempted.1 Among the factors
considered in choosing Bridgeport for study were
that it had conducted a survey of its labor re
sources and needs, that the retraining program
involved various government and community
groups, and that the training was to give the
long-term unemployed actual industrial skills
leading to permanent employment.
Evolution of the Program
The Bridgeport training program is part of
Connecticut’s Community Action Plan to raise
the skill level of the work force. The plan calls
for surveys to determine the skilled manpower
and training needs of each labor market area,
establishment of more apprentice programs in all
levels of skill, establishment of related courses in
vocational schools, improved guidance for direct24
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
ing youths toward industrial skills, concerted
efforts from such community organizations as
manufacturers associations and labor unions,
and the short-term single skill training courses to
be described. Connecticut has developed this pro
gram without specific retraining legislation, such
as that recently enacted in Ohio, Pennsylvania,
and West Virginia.
On January 24, 1961, Connecticut’s Governor
John N. Dempsey recommended in his first
message to the legislature “a pilot program in the
State vocational-technical schools for retraining
workers whose present skills are no longer in
demand.” He spoke also of his intention “to
direct the Departments of Education and Labor
to work more closely in evaluating the State’s
present and future vocational-technical educa
tional needs and developing training programs
more suitable to the needs of our economy.”
Shortly after the Governor’s address, the
Commissioner of Labor set up a departmental
retraining committee, composed of the directors
of research, apprenticeship, and the employment
service, to investigate the possibilities of con
ducting a retraining program for the Bridgeport
unemployed. The committee explored the local
employment situation and the business outlook
•O f th e O ffice o f P u b lic a tio n s , B u r e a u o f L a b o r S ta tis tic s .
i T h e s t u d y is b a se d p r im a r ily o n in te r v ie w s a n d s ta tis tic a l d a ta o b ta in e d
fro m S ta te a n d lo c a l o ffic ia ls o f th e C o n n e c tic u t D e p a r tm e n t o f L a b o r, t h e
d irecto r a n d t h e a s sis ta n t d ire cto r o f t h e B u lla r d -H a v e n s T e c h n ic a l S c h o o l
in B r id g e p o r t, a n d th e e x e c u tiv e d irecto r o f th e B r id g e p o r t M a n u fa c tu r e r s
A sso c ia tio n .
RETRAINING THE UNEMPLOYED
with a few members of the Manufacturers Associa
tion of Bridgeport. Concluding that a more
precise view of the labor market was necessary
in order to evaluate the area’s trained manpower
requirements, the group undertook cooperatively
a formal assessment of Bridgeport’s manufactur
ing industries, labor supply, and employment
needs, based on area skill survey procedures
developed by the U.S. Department of Labor’s
Bureau of Employment Security. The Manu
facturers Association received almost full response
from the 700 local firms to which it mailed ques
tionnaires in March. The report which resulted 2
may be summarized as follows:
The Bridgeport Labor Market. Bridgeport is
primarily a manufacturing center; in April 1961,
factory employment comprised 53 percent (64,200
workers) of the 120,500 employees in nonagricultural establishments. Seventy-four percent of
the Bridgeport factory workers were employed
in metalworking plants, whose products include
helicopters, aircraft engines, home appliances,
brass and copper sheets and tubing, and machine
tools. Manufacturing employment had fallen
from 77,160 in June 1947 to 66,310 in June
1960—both periods of relatively high employment.
The largest decline occurred in electrical equip
ment, but machinery, primary metals, and fabri
cated metals also had large losses, partially
offset by a rise in transportation equipment.
In contrast, construction, commercial, and govern
ment activities employed 57,250 workers in
June 1960, compared with 43,490 in 1947. Thus
on a long-term basis, Bridgeport is following
the trend of the country as a whole, in its loss
of manufacturing jobs and gain in nonfactory
employment.
During the recession of 1958-59 and from
November 1960 to October 1961, Bridgeport was
listed by the Federal Bureau of Employment
Security as an area of substantial unemployment.
In April 1961, there were 12,000 jobseekers in the
total labor force of 148,600. Half of the jobless
were classified as unskilled and 22 percent as
semiskilled (table 1). The reasons given most
frequently for these large proportions of unskilled
and semiskilled unemployed are that companies
which had employed large numbers of workers at
s Connecticut Labor Department and Bridgeport Manufacturers Asso
ciation, Skills Jot the Future (Hartford, Conn., June 15, 1961).
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
25
the operative level had left town and the newly
established firms require a greater proportion of
skilled workers.
Although there were 12,000 unemployed workers
in Bridgeport, employers reported in the survey
that their current expansion plans were being
delayed because of the lack of workers with certain
skills. They expected to expand their employ
ment by about 5,500 within the next 2 years if
the current rate of economic growth continued
and the necessary trained workers were available.
In 29 key occupations, primarily those requiring
skills and training in the metal trades, the survey
revealed a need for about 2,900 additional trained
workers in the next 2 years. These 29 jobs em
ployed 16,750 workers in April 1961. The greatest
need was for machine operators and assemblers—•
between 500 and 600 in each occupation. Other
workers needed were skilled inspectors, preci
sion grinders, and machinists, 100 to 150 each;
secretary-stenographers, 160; tool and die makers,
185; and sewing machine operators, 210.
Planning the Training Program. Based upon
the foregoing data, those interested in a retraining
program for the unemployed decided to begin with
a course in semiskilled machine shop work. It
was decided to train workers who had the capacity
for further on-the-job training and to endeavor to
place the trainees with firms which had formal
training programs. After careful review of the
course content needed to prepare unemployed
workers for entry on the job, the school which
conducted the training decided on a 6-week
course.
T a b l e 1.
U n em ploy ed
W orkers
in
B r id g e p o r t ,
C o n n ., b y O c c u p a t io n a n d A g e , A p r i l 1961
O c c u p a tio n a n d age
A ll u n e m p lo y e d w o rk ers____________ _______ _
T o ta l
M en
W om en
12,000
6 ,9 0 0
5,1 0 0
460
1,8 0 0
1,2 4 0
2 ,6 3 0
5 ,8 7 0
390
550
1,1 7 0
1,5 3 0
3 ,2 6 0
70
1 ,2 5 0
70
1,1 0 0
2 ,6 1 0
1,9 6 0
2 ,5 3 0
3 ,1 0 0
2, 690
1,0 3 0
690
990
1,390
1,770
1,5 5 0
610
590
970
1,1 4 0
1,3 3 0
1,1 4 0
420
100
Occupation
P r o fe ssio n a l a n d m a n a g e r ia l w o r k e r s_______
C le r ic a l a n d sa le s w o r k e r s ___________________
S k ille d w o r k e r s____ ____________________ _____
S e m is k ille d w o r k e r s ____ ____________________
U n s k ille d a n d se r v ic e w o r k e r s______________
A oe
U n d e r 25 y e a r s- ____________ . ____________
25 to 34 y e a r s _____________ ___________________
35 to 44 y e a r s . _____________________________
45 to 54 y e a r s ............ ......................................................
55 to 64 y e a r s _________________________________
65 y e a r s a n d o v e r _________ ___________________
S ource : Connecticut Labor Department and Bridgeport Manufacturers
Association, Skills for the Future (Hartford, Conn., June 15, 1961), tables
B and C, p. 11.
26
Employment Service Functions
Selecting candidates for the retraining program
in machine shop operations was the responsibility
of the Bridgeport office of the Employment Secu
rity Division of the Connecticut Labor Depart
ment. The office formulated selection standards
and then, in a period of about 3 weeks, screened,
tested, and counseled applicants for the first class.
The original standards and procedures have been
maintained for the selection of four subsequent
classes, although the local office staff considered
at one time whether it would be necessary to
lower the standards for selection to insure enough
candidates to satisfy the demand. The data on
trainees in the remainder of this article relate to
the 97 students who started in the five classes,
except where otherwise noted. The fifth class was
in progress at the time of the study.
In the initial screening, three staff members
reviewed the records of the 3,500 job applicants
in the semiskilled category3 and selected 2,143
men (including 879 “ walk-ins” making their first
application for employment at the time of screen
ing) for interview. Following the interview, 589
survivors were scheduled for the B-217 test for
machinist aptitude.4 Of the 338 who took the
test, 140 qualified and were again interviewed by
the counseling staff. Although screening and
testing were done by several members of the staff,
final responsibility for the selection of all trainees
was given to one interviewer. Finally, those
notified of acceptance were asked to register at
the school 3 days before the beginning of class.
This was done to permit the replacement of those
who did not appear. Dropouts were replaced
during the first week of school. Of the 140
selected, 43 failed to start training or dropped out
during the first week. (The placement counselor
visited the school daily to ascertain attendance.)
The following tabulation shows the number of
candidates eliminated at various steps of the
selection procedure:
Application cards reviewed------------------------------- 3, 500
Cards selected for interview------------------------------ 1, 264
Walk-ins selected for interview 1-----------------------879
Total interviewed 2------------------------------------------ 1, 550
Rejected as unsuitable------------------------------560
Not interested___________________________
401
Selected for testing----------------------------------589
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MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JANUARY 1962
Failed to come for testing--------------------------------Failed test__________________________________
201
248
Passed test and scheduled for training----------------Failed to start training or dropped out during first
week_____________________________________
140
Trainees____________________________________
97
43
i U n e m p lo y e d w o rk ers w h o a p p lie d for jo b s a t t h e e m p lo y m e n t office
d u r in g th e sc r e e n in g p ro ce d u re .
s Of th o se in te r v ie w e d , 816 a lso r e c e iv e d c o u n se lin g .
As in the selection procedure, one staff member
had charge of all placements from the retraining
program. He visited the class daily during its
first and last weeks of instruction and several
times a week in between. Thus he acquired a
personal knowledge of the qualifications of each
student by the time he set up referrals to employ
ers during the last week of the course.
A major factor in the successful placing of the
trainees has been the cooperation of many groups
and organizations in the community. The Bridge
port Manufacturers Association was a sponsor of
the program and encouraged its members to
participate. The Bullard Co., a local machine
tool firm which has employed a number of the
graduates, invited the first class to tour its plant
and observe on-the-job practices. This also fur
nished an opportunity for potential employer and
employee to have a look at each other. In addi
tion, the Bridgeport AFL-CIO council announced
its support for the program.
Profile of the Trainees
Although the records of the trainees were not
set up to provide data for a case study, a limited
amount of information on their characteristics
was available from the Bridgeport Employment
Office and the Bullard-Havens Regional Voca
tional Technical School. Because of the nature
of the retraining to be conducted, the trainees
were all men. Connecticut has a fair employment
practices law, so no record of race was kept;
however, inquiry revealed that many of the
trainees were Negroes.
s M a jo r O c c u p a tio n a l G r o u p s 6 a n d 7 o f th e o c c u p a tio n a l c la ss ific a tio n s in
t h e Dictionary of Occupational Titles, Vol. II (U .S . D e p a r tm e n t o f L a b o r ,
U .S . E m p lo y m e n t S e r v ic e , 1949).
‘ T h is t e s t w a s d e v e lo p e d b y th e U .S . E m p lo y m e n t S erv ice in c o o p er a tio n
w it h th e E m p lo y m e n t S e r v ic e s of M ic h ig a n a n d W a s h in g to n , I t m e a su r e s
in te llig e n c e , n u m e r ic a l a p t it u d e , s p a tia l a p t it u d e , a n d m a n u a l d e x te r ity .
T r a in e e c a n d id a te s w ere a lso g iv e n th e G e n e ra l A p t it u d e T e s t B a t t e r y , but
th e ir t e s t sco res w e r e n o t u s e d i n s e le c tio n .
RETRAINING THE UNEMPLOYED
Slightly more than four-fifths of the 89 trainees
for whom records were available were less than 35
years of age (table 2), compared with about a
third of the male jobseekers in Bridgeport. How
ever, the double class of 28 which began on
July 5 was formed mostly from June 1961 high
school graduates. Over half the trainees were
high school graduates, but this figure too is
weighted by the July 5 class. Yet only 5 of the
trainees had completed less than 9 years of school.
Over half of the trainees had been unemployed
15 weeks or more; a third had been out of work
over 26 weeks. A fifth had been jobless under 5
weeks.
From the job titles which the trainees listed on
their employment office applications, it is not possi
ble to determine how many used the skills they
claimed to have in their last job, but as shown by
the following list, at least a fifth reported they had
most recently been employed in machine opera
tions. Many of these were unemployed because
their skills or training were not applicable to the
jobs that were available. Jobs in metalworking
were open, but these workers had been employed
in the manufacture of such items as phonograph
records, plastics, and wood products.
Number
Number
Occupation listed
Occupation listed
of trainees
of trainees
Assembler___________ _____
4
3
P a in te r.____________ ___
Burner. ____________ _____
1
Paint sprayer______ ._____
1
Burrer ......... .............. _____
I
Plater________
__ _____
2
Furnace operator_____ _____
1
Plumber's helper_____ ..........
2
Grinder_____________ _____
1
Polisher____________ _____
1
Inspector_________________
3
3
P o rte r_____________ _____
Laborer_____________ _____
Printer_____________ _____
1
5
1
1
Liquor store operator..._____
Record pressman_____ _____
Machine operator____ _____
Salesman___________ _____
12
2
1
1
Machine repairman________
Setup m an______ ____
Machinist___________ _____
2
Student _________ ... _____
20
Maintenance m an ... .._____
Tow motor operator.. .
1
2
Material h andler.........
2
Truckdriver_________ _____
6
Military service______ ____
6
Weigher____________ _____
1
Molder_____________ ____
1
W elder.._____ _______ _____
1
S ource : Bridgeport Employment Office.
Almost half of the trainees had been last em
ployed in manufacturing—thus an industrial en
vironment was not completely foreign to them.
They listed the industries in which they had last
been employed as follows:
Number
Number
of
of
Industry listed
Industry listed
trainees
trainees
1
Military service....... . ____
6
City government............ ___
5
Construction_________ ___
3
Retailing____________ ____
Educational in stitution..___
2
Service work_________ ____
3
1
Student_____________ ____
20
Finance______________ ___
1
3
Transportation....... ...... ____
Food service__________ ___
Manufacturing_______ ___
Wholesaling___ _____ ____
1
42
1
Marine work________ . ___
S ource : Bridgeport Employment Office.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
27
During the five classes, 3 persons were dropped
for disciplinary reasons, and 10 others failed to
complete their courses for other reasons. Five left
because they found employment—two located
machine shop work and three took jobs in other
fields. Two persons attended only the first class
session; another dropped out later because of lack
of interest; and a fourth left because he found
working with machinery made him “ too nervous.”
One man was hospitalized because of an injury
incurred at home. Of the 13 persons who failed
to complete the course, 8—including the 3 who
were asked to leave—were in the class that began
September 6.
The Machine Shop Course
The machine shop course is taught at the
Bullard-Havens Regional Vocational Technical
School—1 of 14 vocational-technical schools oper
ated by the State Department of Education.
The school has all the basic machine tools usually
found in the standard machine shop, and since
they are made by various manufacturers, students
become familiar with the tools of more than one
firm. The entrance tests taken by the trainees
showed that all had difficulty with shop mathe
matics and blueprint reading, and the majority
could not use basic measuring tools such as microm
eters and height gages. Few showed proficiency
in machine shop work at the beginning.
The course outlined is adapted from other
machine shop courses given at Bullard-Havens.
The first 2 hours of the day are spent in class work
in shop mathematics and blueprint reading, and
the trainees are given 2 hours’ homework daily
in these subjects. Four hours a day are spent in
the shop working on 1 of 11 individual assign
ments, which range from a simple lathe turning
project involving 3 operations to making a special
V-block and clamp, which includes some 18 oper
ations.
Classes are held from 4 p.m. to 10 p.m.—after
the daily high school program has ended. The
180-hour course (6 hours daily for six 5-day weeks)
is directed by the assistant director of adult educa
tion at Bullard-Havens. There are four instruc
tors, three employed full time during the day at
Bullard-Havens and the other full time in indus
try. Two instructors teach 4 hours each night,
jointly supervising the shop work, and the other
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JANUARY 1962
28
T able 2.
A g e , E ducational A tta in m en t , and L en gth
of U nem ploy m ent of T r a in e e s
Age, years of school completed, and length of unemployment
All trainees
Number
of trainees
197
_ __
A ge
21
26
26
12
4
17 to 70 years
20 t.o 24 y pars
25 to 34 yp,ars
35 to 44 y pars
45 veflrs'flrwi nver
Y ears
of
School C ompleted
5
8
11
13
43
9
3 y pars or less
9 y pars
10 ypars
11 y pars __ ________
12 y pars
_________
Ovpr 12 vp.fl.rs
L ength
of
U nemployment
Less*than 5 weeks
Ato 14 weeks
15 tn 20 weeks
Over 70 weeks
17
23
18
31
i Data were unavailable for 8 trainees.
S ource : Bridgeport Employment Office.
two, on alternate evenings, teach the class work.
The first four classes started with 14 to 17 members
each; the fifth was increased to 35, as experience
with the program gave its directors assurance of
success.
The course is financed from State funds allotted
the Bullard-Havens School, and trainees pay no
fee for the course. (State funds for vocational
education are supplemented by the Federal pro
gram of matching State funds for certain voca
tional education purposes.) School officials found
it difficult to estimate the cost of the retraining
course in dollars per student-hour. Texts, tools,
and equipment are the same as those used by the
day students, and materials are not segregated.
The retraining program is not charged for over
head expenses of administration and maintenance.
Instructors were paid $4 an hour until September
1, 1961, when they received an increase of $1 an
hour.
Unemployment Benefits
In his capacity as administrator of the Connect
icut unemployment compensation law, the Com
missioner of Labor on July 19, 1961, specifically
ruled that unemployment compensation claimants
attending retraining courses “sponsored and
approved’’ by the Connecticut Labor Department
as promoting future employment prospects of
such individuals be considered available for work
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and making reasonable efforts to secure work
within the meaning of section 31-235(2) of the
unemployment compensation law.5 The com
missioner also ruled that benefits may not be
denied anyone who refuses to take a training
course or who drops such a course.
Of the 89 trainees for whom records were avail
able, 51 drew unemployment compensation while
attending classes;6 20 of the remaining 38 were
recent high school graduates with no wage credits.
Those trainees ineligible for unemployment com
pensation could not receive retraining payments
under the Federal Area Redevelopment Act either,
since Bridgeport is not an area of “substantial
and persistent unemployment” under the criteria
established by that act.
Employment of Trainees
At the end of September, records of the first four
classes that completed training (the last two on
August 11) indicated that 33 firms have hired 53
of the 57 trainees who had completed the course.
One man went to Norwalk Technical School for a
2-year course in technician training, one entered
the armed services, one left the area, and one was
reported a “problem case.” The graduates were
hired as trainees in the following occupations, and
their rates of pay ranged from $1.50 to $1.90 an
hour:
Aircraft assembler
Engine lathe operator
Forming press setup man
Heavy machine assemblyman
Injection and compression molding
machine operator
Machine operator
Machinist apprentice
Milling machine operator
Offset press operator
Packaging machine operator and
setup man
Planer operator
Precision grinder operator
Radial drill press operator
Roller operator
Tool and die maker apprentice
Turret lathe operator
The trainees were employed by machine shops,
metal fabricators, a rolling mill, and manufac
turers of machinery, electronic components, elec
trical equipment, helicopters, and plastics.
Three trainees made an unsatisfactory record
on their first job. One was a disciplinary problem
and two were discharged for sleeping on the job.
s Conn. Stats. Anno., Title 31. sec. 31-235(2) states that an unemployed
individual shall be eligible to receive benefits with respect to any week only
if it has been found that “ he is physically and mentally able to work and is
available for work and has been and is making reasonable effort to obtain
work. . . .”
o
The average weekly unemployment benefit payment in August 1961
was $34.57.
RETRAINING THE UNEMPLOYED
Secondary Results. The employment office refers
any employer inquiries about in-plant training
programs to the apprenticeship and training rep
resentatives of the State Department of Labor
and the Federal Bureau of Apprenticeship and
Training. As a result, several companies have
started training programs of their own. (Inci
dentally, some of the Bullard-Havens graduates
are under 18 years of age and, therefore, under Con
necticut law and the hazardous occupations pro
visions of the Fair Labor Standards Act, cannot
be hired for certain machine shop jobs unless they
are placed in formal plant training programs.)
As the program has become better known, em
ployers have begun to tell job applicants who
appear at the plant gate to apply at the Bridge
port employment service office for entrance to a
training class. Some persons have heard about
the program and apply for it at the employment
office on their own initiative.
Taking Stock
From the initial evidence, Bridgeport’s approach
to retraining is succeeding. The lack of substantial
improvement in the labor market between April
and August 1961 and the fact that over half the
trainees had been unemployed 15 weeks or more
before attending the course lead one to conclude
the few of the group would have been hired with
out the training. As indicated earlier, a high pro
portion of the trainees have remained with their
first employer. The local employment office man
ager says that under the prevailing economic con
ditions, employers seem willing to absorb the
current output of trainees indefinitely.
The essential factors for a retraining program
that will put people back to work are present in
the Bridgeport program: a group of unemployed
workers willing to spend time and effort in train
ing, a method of selection that predicts reasonably
well that those trainees who successfully complete
the course will be able to hold a job, a training
program that gives unemployed workers needed
skills, and a group of employers who need these
skills and who are participating enthusiastically
in the program.
Because of the success of the Bridgeport pro
gram, Connecticut officials are accepting the re
quests of other localities for the development of
622604— 62------3
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29
similar programs and courses preparing for other
occupations. A 3-week power sewing machine
course for unemployed residents of Bridgeport
and nearby Ansonia is in the planning stage.
The program was more difficult to organize than
the machine tool course, not only because BullardHavens did not have the necessary space or equip
ment, but also because it was felt that the training
would be more realistic if it were conducted on a
manufacturer’s premises. Therefore, the prob
lems of arranging for workmen’s compensation,
insurance, rental of a loft, etc., all had to be solved.
The Federal Area Redevelopment Administrator
has approved the retraining program submitted
by Ansonia as part of its economic development
plan after it had been designated as a redevelop
ment area. In addition to the sewing machine
course, Ansonia has a machine shop program
conducted by the Bullard-Havens school under
which trainees receive retraining payments from
the U.S. Department of Labor and transportation
costs from the Department of Health, Education,
and Welfare. An area skill survey has been under
taken in Bristol, also designated as a redevelop
ment area, and retraining classes are to start
early in 1962. New Haven has announced a plan
to retrain 500 unemployed members of its labor
force. The Connecticut Labor Department and
the Northeastern Connecticut Personnel Associa
tion are cooperating on an area skill survey of 10
towns in the northeastern section of the State in
preparation for training programs there.
The Bridgeport program not only provides
some guidelines for those concerned with retraining
the unemployed but also suggests several areas
of further research. Of primary concern is the
adequacy of the basic education of prospective
trainees and its corollary, the length of time that
must be devoted to such subjects as mathematics
in the training program. To what extent can
workers who are laid off be reemployed at other
firms which have a need for the skills they possess
without entering retraining programs? On the
other hand, how can the unemplo3red who do
not possess skills needed in the labor market be
persuaded to take advantage of retraining pro
grams? And finally, what is the desirable balance
between a lengthy and very careful selection
procedure and the risk of some failures in the
training course?
Summaries of Studies and Reports
Supplementary Remuneration
for Factory W orkers, 1959 *
T he dynamics of wage determination in this
country have been radically altered by the rapid
and extensive growth of supplementary remunera
tion practices. Two or three decades ago, em
ployer expenditures for such practices as paid
leave, premium pay, legally required insurance,
and the many private welfare plans currently
existing were relatively unimportant for produc
tion workers in manufacturing as a whole-—although a number of individual employers have
contributed to such programs for years. The di
versified system of wage supplements which now
exists, however, has so substantially altered the
framework of wage measurement that data relat
ing solely to wages are inadequate for many types
of analysis, as measures of employee remuneration.
For the year 1959, the Bureau of Labor Statistics
conducted a survey in manufacturing which repre
sents its first appraisal of the magnitude of em
ployer expenditures for supplementary employee
remuneration practices on a national basis.1 The
results of this survey, briefly, indicated that gross
factory payrolls for production workers included
6.0 percent for paid leave and 4.3 percent for
premium pay for overtime and work on holidays
and late shifts. Manufacturers spent additional
amounts, not included in payroll, equal to 4.5 per
cent for legally required payments such as social
security, unemployment compensation, and work
men’s compensation, and 5.4 percent for private
welfare plans such as pensions and health, acci
dent, and life insurance. In terms of total hours
paid for, these expenditures amounted to 13.5
cents an hour for paid leave, 9.7 cents for pre
mium pay, 10.1 cents for legally required pay
ments, and 12.1 cents for private welfare plans.
The survey was conducted principally by mail,
using a highly stratified sample of manufacturing
30
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
establishments selected in accordance with indus
try, location, and establishment size. The sample
was designed to permit presentation of data for
major industry groups on a national level, and for
four broad regions on the all-manufacturing level.
Data were obtained from approximately 4,400
establishments employing some 3.5 million work
ers. The data from each sampling unit were
weighted in accordance with its probability of
selection and then aggregated and adjusted to
gross hours paid for in 1959 derived from the
revised Bureau of Labor Statistics monthly series
on hours and earnings (table C -l, p. 100 of this
issue).
Each respondent to the survey provided the
annual (1959) aggregates of payroll (comparable
to the amounts reported on the W-2 withholding
tax form) and the establishment’s expenditures
for each of the selected items of supplementary
remuneration shown in table 1. In addition, the
aggregate hours related to the gross pajHoll and
to each of the leave categories were provided.
These aggregates permitted the calculation of ex
penditures as a percent of gross payroll and as
cents per hour paid for and of the proportion of
leave hours (or, conversely, plant hours—gross
hours minus leave hours) to total hours paid for.
Plant hours include such nonwork time as paid
rest periods, lunch periods, and standby or re
porting time and leave hours were defined as the
number of hours for which pay was given rather
than the time spent away from the plant. The
data also permitted calculation of expenditures
as a percent of straight-time payroll (gross pay
minus premium pay) and as cents per plant hour.
Each establishment was also asked to report
♦This article summarizes BLS Bull. 1308, Employer Expenditures for Selected
Supplementary Remuneration Practices for Production Workers in Manufac
turing Industries, 1969, to be published in 1962.
i
The Bureau has long recognized the need for such data. This study was
preceded by a methodological study published as Bull. 1186, Problems in
Measurement of Expenditures on Selected Items of Supplementary Employee
Remuneration, Manufacturing Establishments, 1963 (1956).
SUPPLEMENTARY REMUNERATION FOR FACTORY WORKERS
whether a majority of its production workers
were covered by union agreements.
Although some of the practices surveyed have
a longer history, most of them did not become
prominently identified with production worker
remuneration until World War II, when wage
control policy permitted, within limits, a variety
of “fringe adjustments.” By 1959, contributions
were made for some form of legally required in
surance on behalf of all production workers in
manufacturing. Establishments employing 96
percent of the production workers reported expend
itures for paid leave, those employing 94 percent
for premium pay, and 92 percent for private wel
fare plans. These proportions indicate only the
production worker employment in establishments
that reported expenditures for such practices in
1959. If an establishment with provisions for
overtime premium pay scheduled no overtime in
1959, for example, its employees would not be
included in these figures. Conversely, the figures
include some production workers in the establish
ments reporting expenditures who did not actually
receive the supplementary remuneration for such
reasons as failure to meet eligibility requirements
for vacations, sick leave, or participation in the
pension plan.
The survey covers only the itemized supplemen
tary remuneration practices and is confined to
expenditures for production and related workers
only, although such expenditures are common for
nonproduction workers as well. Among the ex
cluded practices were in-plant nonwork time paid
for (rest periods, etc.), stock bonus plans, sugges
tion plans, and some other irregular payments.
Generally, the omitted practices either were not
commonly applicable to production workers or
were largely on an informal basis which precluded
valid measurement. Although some of the omit
ted practices may occasion important expenditures
in particular plants, those covered constitute the
the major elements of supplementary employee
remuneration practices in the broad industry
groups for which they are presented.
These expenditures cannot be used with wages
to measure labor costs, since they do not account
for a variety of employment expenses such as
2
These laws exist in four States. The employer must contribute in New
Jersey and may, under certain circumstances, contribute in New York and
California. In Rhode Island, the program is employee financed.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
31
recruitment and training costs or provision for
parking, in-plant medical, and other facilities.
Neither do the expenditures take into account
possible offsetting savings. The money costs of
vacations, for example, might be offset, at least in
part, by increased productivity during the re
mainder of the year, lower labor turnover, and
less absenteeism.
Although subject to the foregoing limitations,
the survey represents a significant advance in
statistics of employee compensation. It provides
measures useful in making productivity estimates,
international comparisons of labor compensation,
and analyses of domestic wage movements.
Relation to Hours Paid For and Gross Payroll
Each of the major categories of supplementary
remuneration studied included several major and
minor components. The definitions of the com
ponents and the levels of employer expenditures
for each in relation to gross production worker
payroll are summarized in this section.
Paid Leave. Paid leave was defined to include
only company payments made directly to workers;
employer payments to vacation and holiday funds
which in turn disburse benefits to workers were
included among private welfare plans. Similarly,
company payments to insurance carriers or special
funds which pay sickness and accident benefits to
workers were classified as private welfare plans
rather than paid sick leave. In the few States
where temporary disability insurance is required
by law, company payments made directly to the
worker under self-insurance provisions of the law
were considered legally required payments rather
than sick leave.2
The 6.0 percent of production worker gross
payroll expended for leave by all establishments
in manufacturing consisted primarily of 3.6 per
cent for paid vacations and 2.1 percent for paid
holidays (table 1). Paid sick leave accounted for
0.2 percent and military, jury, witness, voting,
and personal leave for the remainder. These
leave expenditures, when related to production
worker hours paid for, came to 8.0 cents for
vacations, 4.8 cents for holidays, 0.5 cent for sick
leave, and 0.1 cent for the miscellaneous leave
categories.
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JANUARY 1962
32
excluded the straight-time pay for the work
performed and any holiday pay the worker would
have received if he had not worked; only the extra
pay above these was considered premium pay.
Shift differential included only the extra pay above
the regular hourly rates for the day shift.
Premium pay included 2.6 percent of gross pro
duction worker payroll for overtime, 0.1 percent
for work on paid holidays, 0.9 percent for shift
differential, and 0.7 percent for premiums not re
ported separately (primarily for overtime and
holiday work), for a total of 4.3 percent. For
each hour paid for, these expenditures amounted
to: overtime premiums, 5.9 cents; premium pay
for holiday work, 0.2 cent; shift differential, 1.9
cents; and premiums not reported separately, 1.7
cents. The ratios for the individual practices,
particularly those for overtime premiums would be
higher if the expenditures not reported separately
could be allocated properly.
By region, expenditures for premium pay varied
very little. They averaged 4.1 percent of gross
payroll in the Northeast, 4.2 percent in the West,
and 4.5 percent in both the South and North
Central regions.
Paid leave expenditures were almost identical
in the Northeast and North Central regions,
averaging 6.3 and 6.2 percent, respectively, of
gross payroll, compared with 6 percent for the
country as a whole. In the West, such expendi
tures averaged 5.8 percent and in the South, 5.0
percent. These regional variations were largely
due to differences in industrial composition.
By industry group, paid leave expenditure ratios
tended to vary directly with the level of average
hourly earnings; they ranged from 3.1 percent of
gross payroll for the lumber industries and 3.5 per
cent for the apparel industries to 7.7 percent for
ordnance and 10.4 percent for petroleum. (See
table 2.) Contributions to union vacation and
holiday funds by plants employing about 18 per
cent of the apparel production workers were
counted in private welfare plan expenditures
rather than in paid leave.
Premium Pay. Premium pay for overtime was
defined to include only the pay above regular
straight-time rates. Thus, if overtime was paid
at time and one-half, only the halftime was con
sidered. Premium pay for work on a paid holiday
T able 1.
A verage E x p e n d it u r e s for S elected S u pplem en tary E m ployee R em u n era tion P ractices in M anu
factu ring I n d u stries , U n ited S tates and R eg io ns ,1 1959
Percent of straight-time payroll 2
Percent of gross payroll
Practice
South
North
Central
6.6
5.3
6.5
6.0
3.8
.3
2.5
.1
3.3
.3
1.6
.1
4.0
.2
2.3
(3)
3.4
.4
2.2
(3)
West
United
States
North
east
6.2
5.8
6.3
3.8
.2
2.2
(3)
3.2
.4
2.1
(3)
3.7
.2
2.2
(3)
South
North
Central
6.3
5.0
3.6
.2
2.4
.1
3.2
.3
1.6
.1
West
United
States
North
east
Paid leave----------- ---------------------------------------------------
6.0
Vacations-------- ---------------- ------ --------------------------Sick leave_____ _____ _________________ ________
Holidays—............ -...........-....................... .....................
Military, jury, witness, voting, and personal leave------
3.6
.2
2.1
(3)
Premium pay......... — ,........... .............. ........... —....................
4.3
4.1
4.5
4.5
4.2
4.5
4.3
4.7
4.7
4.4
Daily overtime, weekly overtime, and weekend w ork..
Holiday work........................................ ............................
Shift differential ---------- ----------------------- ------- -----Premiums not reported separately---------------------------
2.6
.1
.9
.7
2.7
.1
.8
.6
3.1
.2
.7
.5
2.4
.1
1.0
1.0
2.6
.2
.8
.6
2.7
.1
.9
.8
2.8
.1
.8
.6
3.3
.2
.7
.5
2.5
.1
1.0
1.1
2.7
.2
.9
.6
Legally required payments......................................... —-........
4.5
4.8
4.5
4.0
5.0
4.7
5.0
4.7
4.2
5.3
Old-age, survivors’, and disability insurance (social
security)------------------------- -----------------------------Unemployment compensation_________ . ------------Workmen’s compensation_________ _______ _______
Other, including temporary disability insurance---------
2.2
1.4
.8
(3)
2.2
1.7
.8
.1
2.2
1.4
.8
(3)
2.1
1.2
.7
(3)
2.2
1.6
1.2
.1
2.3
1.5
.9
2.3
1.8
.9
.i
2.3
1.4
.9
(3)
2.2
1.3
.7
(3)
2.3
1.7
1. 2
.i
Private welfare plans------------------------------------------ ------
5.4
5.5
4.8
5.8
4.4
5.6
5.7
5.1
6.1
4.6
Health, accident, and life insurance------------------------Pension and retirement plans----------- ------------------—
Vacation and holiday fu n d s... ----------------------Supplemental unemployment benefits---------------------Severance or dismissal pay------------------------------------Savings and thrift p la n s ---------------------------------- . . .
Yearend and Christmas bonuses----------------------------Plans not reported separately................ — .................. —
2.1
2.4
(3)
.1
(3)
.1
.5
.2
2.0
2.3
(3)
.2
(3)
.1
.6
.3
1.7
2.2
(3)
.1
.1
.2
.5
.1
2.4
2.7
(3)
.2
(3)
(3)
.4
.1
2.1
1.7
.1
.1
(3)
.1
.3
(3)
2.2
2.5
(3)
.1
(3)
.1
.5
.2
2.1
2.4
(3)
.2
(3)
.1
.6
.3
1.7
2.3
(3)
.1
.1
.2
.5
.i
2.5
2.8
(3)
.2
(3)
(3)
.4
,i
2.2
1.8
.1
.1
(3)
.1
.5
.2
See footnotes at end of table.
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«
33
SUPPLEMENTARY REMUNERATION FOR FACTORY WORKERS
T a b l e 1.
A verage E
x p e n d it u r e s fo r S e l e c t e d S u p p l e m e n t a r y
f a c t u r in g I n d u s t r i e s , U n it e d S t a t e s a n d
E m p l o y e e R e m u n e r a t io n P r a c t ic e s
R e g i o n s ,1 1959— Continued
Paid leave _____________ ________ _____ ___________
United
States
M anu
Cents per plant hour 4
Cents per hour paid for
Practice
in
North
east
South
North
Central
West
United
States
North
east
South
North
Central
14.0
9.2
15.3
14.5
14.3
14.9
9.7
16.3
15.4
8.1
1.0
6.2
.1
8.5
.6
5.1
.1
8.5
.6
5.6
.1
6.1
.5
3.0
.1
10.0
.4
5.8
.1
8.6
1.1
5.5
.1
13.5
West
Vacations__________ _______________ __________
Sick leave_____ _____ _______________ __________
Holidays___________ _________ __________________
Military, jury, witness, voting, and personal leave------
8.0
.5
4.8
.1
8.0
.6
5.3
.1
5.8
.5
2.9
.1
9.4
.4
5.4
.1
Premium pay......... ................ ................................................ -
9.7
9.2
8.2
11.0
10.5
10.3
9.8
8.6
11.7
11.1
Daily overtime, weekly overtime, and weekend w ork..
Holiday w o rk .._______________________________ -Shift differential-------- ------- ------- ------ ------------------Premiums not reported separately.......... .........................
5.9
.2
1.9
1.7
5.9
.2
1.8
1.3
5.7
.3
1.3
.8
5.8
.2
2.5
2.6
6.5
.4
2.1
1.5
6.3
.2
2.1
1.8
6.3
.3
1.9
1.4
6.2
.3
1.4
.9
6.0
.2
2.6
2.7
6.9
.4
2.2
1.6
Legally required pay m en ts--------- --------------- ---------------
10.1
10.7
8.2
9.9
12.6
10.7
11.4
8.5
10.6
13.3
Old-age, survivors’, and disability insurance (social
security)____________________- .................................
Unemployment compensation--------------- ------ - ..........
Workmen’s compensation_________________ ______
Other, including temporary disability insurance.......—
4.9
3.2
1.9
.1
4.8
3.7
1.9
.2
4.1
2.5
1.5
(3)
5.2
3.0
1.7
(3)
5.4
4.1
2.9
.2
5.2
3.4
2.0
.1
5.1
4.0
2.0
.3
4.3
2.6
1. G
(3)
5.6
3.2
1. 9
(s)
5.7
4.3
3.1
.2
Private welfare plans________________________ ______
12.1
12.2
8.9
14.3
11.1
12.9
13.0
9.3
15.3
11.8
4.7
5.4
.1
.3
.1
.1
1.1
.4
4.4
5.2
.1
.3
.1
.1
1.3
.6
3.0
4.1
(3)
.2
.1
.3
.9
.3
5.8
6.6
(3)
.4
(3)
.i
1.0
.3
5.3
4.4
.2
.2
.1
.2
.8
.1
5.0
5.7
.1
.3
.1
.2
1.2
.4
4.7
5. 6
.i
.4
.1
.1
1.4
.6
3.2
4. 3
(3)
.2
.1
•3
1.0
.3
6.2
7.1
(*)
.4
(3)
.1
1.1
.4
5.6
4.6
.2
.2
.1
.2
.9
.1
Health, accident, and life insurance...............................Pension and retirement plans------- ------------------------Vacation and holiday funds. ___________________
Supplemental unemployment benefits---------------------Severance or dismissal pay-----------------------------------Savings and thrift plans_____________________ _____
Yearend and Christmas bonuses--------------------- ------ Plans not reported separately.-------- -----------------------
1 The regions used in this study are: Northeast—Connecticut, Maine,
Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania,
Rhode Island, and Vermont; South—Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, Distriet
of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi,
North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and
West Virginia; North Central—Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan,
Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and
Wisconsin; and West—Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho,
Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming.
* Straight-time payroll amounts to gross pay less premium pay.
3 Less than 0.05 percent or 0.05 cent.
<Plant hours are the total hours paid for less leave hours.
N ote: Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal totals.
Premium pay expenditures were highest in the
paper; printing; stone, clay, and glass; and rubber
industries, where they averaged 6.9, 5.9, 5.3, and
5.2 percent, respectively. The lowest expenditure
ratios were found in the tobacco industries (2.5
percent), apparel (1.8 percent), and leather (1.7
percent). The industry ratios for premium pay
are a product of various factors—the rates at which
the work is paid, the production processes, the
industry’s levels of activity, etc. In some printing
crafts, for example, the overtime rate is double
time, whereas in many industries it seldom goes
above time and one-half. The nature of opera
tions within the continuous process industries
would tend to make holiday and shift work more
prevalent and overtime less prevalent than in
other industries and produce industry differences
in expenditure ratios even where there are no
material differences in the rates. Similarly, the
level of economic activity within an industry
would affect the amount of overtime scheduled
during the year and could produce year-to-year
differences in the expenditure ratios for the in
dustry and for all manufacturing, without any
changes in the overtime rates.
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Legally Required Payments. Social security con
stituted about half (2.2 percent) of the 4.5 percent
of gross production worker payroll contributed by
employers for legally required payments. The
remainder was made up of 1.4 percent for unem
ployment insurance taxes, 0.8 percent for work
men’s compensation, and a relatively minor pro
portion for other legally required payments, almost
entirely temporary disability insurance. For each
payroll hour, the employer contributions were 4.9
cents for social security, 3.2 cents for unemploy
ment insurance, 1.9 cents for workmen’s compensa
tion, and 0.1 cent for other payments, or a total of
10.1 cents.
Among the regions, variation in expenditures
for legally required programs ranged from 4.0
percent in the North Central region to 5.0 percent
in the West. The higher expenditure ratio in the
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JANUARY 1962
34
is passed, the expenditure ratio declines. The
expenditure ratios for unemployment insurance
taxes were influenced by both statutory maxi
mums on the earnings base (generally $3,000) and
contribution rates (which in some States depend
on the individual employer’s unemployment
experience rating), and the ratios for workmen’s
compensation were probably determined by the
nature of the industry. The lowest ratios for the
sum of the legally required benefits were reported
by the higher paying industries—3.0 percent of
gross payroll in petroleum refining and 3.3 percent
in printing. The lower paying lumber and wood
West was primarily due to relatively high work
men’s compensation expenditures. Differences
among the regions tor the other benefits were
smaller.
There were indications of an inverse relationship
between industry expenditure ratios for the sum
of legally required payments and average hourly
earnings in the respective industries, reflecting a
decided inverse relationship in the principal
component, social security. Contributions for
old-age, survivors’, and disability insurance are
based on the first $4,800 earned by each worker
during the year, and once the statutory maximum
T able 2.
A verage E x p e n d it u r e s for S elected S u pplem en tar y E m ployee R em u n era tion P ractices in M anu
fa ctu ring I n d u str ies , U n ited S ta tes , by I ndustry G r o u p , 1959
Percent of straight-time payroll2
Percent of gross payroll
Industry group1
Paid Premium
pay
leave
Legally
required
payments
Private
welfare
plans
Paid
leave
Premium
pay
Legally
required
payments
Private
welfare
plans
All industries3------------------------------------------------------------------
6.0
4.3
4.5
5.4
6.3
4.5
4.7
5.6
Ordnance and accessories________________________________________
Food and kindred products----- ------------------ -----------------------------Tobacco manufactures___________________ _______________ _____
Textile mill products---------------------- ------- -----------------------------------Apparel and related products_________ ______ ______ _____________
Lumber and wood products, except furniture----- ----------------------------Furniture and fixtures-------------------------- --------------------- ----------- - -Paper and allied products___________________________ ________ ___
Printing, publishing, and allied industries. -----------------------------------Petroleum refining and related industries ------- ----------- -------------------Rubber and miscellaneous plastics products________________________
Leather and leather products------------ ------------------------------------------Stone, clay, and glass products--------------- -------------------------------------Primary metal industries------------ _ _______________ _______ _____
Fabricated metal products----------- ------------------------ -------------------Machinery, except electrical------------------------- -----------------------------Transportation equipment_______________________________________
Instruments and related products_________________________________
Miscellaneous manufacturing industries------------------------------------------
7.7
6.0
5.6
3.6
3.5
3.1
4.6
6.0
6.4
10.4
6.4
5.2
5.0
7.4
5.6
6.3
6.9
6.6
5.2
3.3
4.2
2.5
4.1
1.8
3.7
3.6
6.9
5.9
3.5
5.2
1.7
5.3
4.9
4.5
4.3
4.5
4.1
3.7
3.7
4.7
4.7
4.9
5.3
6.4
5.0
4.1
3.3
3.0
4.2
5.1
4.9
4.3
4.7
4.0
4.3
3.9
5.0
6.1
5.2
5.6
3.0
3.2
2.4
3.8
5.0
4.1
12.2
6.4
3.4
5.3
6.8
5.5
5.9
6.0
7.4
4.6
8.0
6.3
5.8
3.7
3.5
3.2
4.7
6.5
6.8
10.8
6.7
5.2
5.3
7.8
5.9
6.6
7.2
6.9
5.4
3.4
4.4
2.5
4.3
1.8
3.8
3.7
7.4
6.2
3.7
5.5
1.7
5.6
5.2
4.7
4.5
4.7
4. 2
3.9
3.8
5.0
4.8
5.1
5. 4
6. 7
5. 2
4. 4
3. 5
3.1
4. 4
5. 2
5.1
4. 5
4.9
4.2
4. 5
4.1
5.2
6.3
5.4
5.7
3.2
3.3
2. 5
3.9
5.3
4. 4
12. 6
6.8
3.4
5. 6
7.1
5.8
6.1
6.3
7. 8
4.8
Cents per plant hour 4
Cents per hour paid for
Industry group1
Paid Prem ium
leave
pay
Legally
required
payments
Private
welfare
plans
Paid
leave
Premium
pay
Legally
required
payments
Private
welfare
plans
All industries 3____________________________________________
13.5
9.7
10.1
12.1
14.3
10.3
10.7
12.9
Ordnance and accessories................... ...................................... ..................
Food and kindred products___________________ ______ ___________
Tobacco manufactures____ _____________ _____________ ______ ____
Textile mill products___________________________________________
Apparel and related products___ . . ------------------------ -------------Lumber and wood products, except furniture----------------------------------Furniture and fixtures____ __________
_____________ - ............
Paper and allied products___
.
. ------------------ ------- ----------Printing, publishing, and allied industries________________ ____ _____
Petroleum refining and related industries---------------------------------------Rubber and miscellaneous plastics products-----------------------------------Leather and leather products-------- ----------------------------------------------Stone, clay, and glass products------ ------------------- ---------------------------Primary metal industries------------- --------------------------------------------Fabricated metal products___________ . --------------------------- -----Machinery, except electrical_____________________________________
Transportation equipm ent_______ . . . -------------------- ------------Instruments and related products________ . --------------------- - .............
Miscellaneous manufacturing industries---------------- -------------------------
21.0
12.6
9.2
5.7
5.5
5.7
8.7
13.5
17.2
31.6
15.0
8.6
11.1
20.9
13.6
16.3
18.2
15.6
9.7
9.0
8.9
4.0
6.6
2.8
6.7
6.9
15.4
15.9
10.7
12.3
2.8
11.8
14.0
10.9
11.1
11.8
9.6
7.0
10.1
10.0
7.7
7.9
8.4
11.7
9.5
9.2
9.0
9.0
9.9
8.6
10.8
12.1
11.3
10.4
11.4
9.2
9.3
16.7
10.8
9.1
4.9
5.1
4.3
7.2
11.1
11.1
37.0
15.2
5.6
11.8
19.2
13.2
15.2
16.0
17.5
8.7
22.7
13.4
9.7
5.9
5.7
5.8
9.1
14.4
18.4
35.4
16.0
9.1
11.7
22.6
14.4
17.4
19.5
16.7
10.2
9.8
9.4
4.3
6.8
2.9
6.9
7.2
16.5
17.0
12.0
13.1
2.9
12.4
15.2
11.6
11.8
12.7
10.3
7.4
11.0
10.6
8.2
8.2
8.7
12.1
10.0
9.8
9.6
10.0
10.6
9.0
11.4
13.1
12.0
11.1
12.3
9.9
9.8
18.1
11.5
9.6
5.0
5.3
4. 5
7.5
11.9
11.9
41.4
16.2
5.9
12.4
20.7
14.1
16.3
17.2
18.8
9.1
1 The classification is based on the 1957 edition of the Standard Industrial
Classification Manual, prepared by the U.S. Bureau of the Budget.
2 Straight-time payroll amounts to gross pay less premium pay.
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3 Includes the chemicals and the electrical machinery and equipment
industries which are not shown separately.
4 Plant hours are the total hours paid for less leave hours.
SUPPLEMENTARY REMUNERATION FOR FACTORY WORKERS
products industries had the highest ratio—6.4
percent—but this was also influenced by their
higher ratio for workmen’s compensation (2.4
percent of gross payroll). The next highest
ratios were 5.3 and 5.1 percent reported by the
apparel and the leather industries, both of which
are among the relatively lower paying groups.
Private Welfare Plans. Most of the 5.4 percent of
gross payroll contributed for private welfare plans
went into health, accident, and life insurance
(2.1 percent) and pension and retirement plans
(2.4 percent). Of the remaining 0.9 percent,
yearend and Christmas bonuses accounted for
more than half, with the rest spread over vacation
and holiday funds, supplemental unemployment
benefits, severance or dismissal pay, and savings
and thrift plans. On a cents-per-hour-paid-for
basis, these contributions totaled 12.1 cents, with
4.7 cents going into health, accident, and life
insurance, 5.4 cents into pensions, 1.1 cents into
bonuses, and less than 1 cent into the remaining
five plans.
Industry expenditures for private welfare plans
were for the most part related to the level of
average hourly earnings, possibly reflecting differ
ences in industry’s ability to pay and workers’
willingness to accept supplementary benefits in
lieu of direct wage increases. The expenditure
ratios ranged from 2.4 to 3.4 percent of production
worker gross payroll in the lumber, textiles,
apparel, and leather industries to 12.2 percent in
the petroleum refining group. Petroleum’s expend
iture rate was raised well above that of the other
groups by its relatively high expenditures for
pensions and savings and thrift plans.
Variations by region were confined within much
narrower limits, ranging from 4.4 percent in the
West to 5.8 percent in the North Central region.
Expenditures averaged 4.8 percent of gross pay
in the South and 5.5 in the Northeast.
Other Expenditure Ratios
Expenditures for the several supplements were
also tabulated as percentages of the straight-time
payroll for production workers and in terms of
cents per plant hour. Compared with the ratios
based on gross payrolls, those based on straight-
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
35
P er c en t of G ross P ayroll S pe n t for Se
lected S u pplem en tar y E m ployee R em u n era tio n
P ractices for P roduction W orkers in M an ufactur
in g I n d u str ies , by S elected E sta blish m ent C har
a c teristics , 1959
T able 3.
Establishment characteristic
All establishments......................................
Establishments with:
Under 100 employees____ _________
100 to 499 employees______________
500 employees and over___________
Establishments with average hourlyearnings:
Under $1.60- ____________________
$1.60 but under $2.20_____ ________
$2.20 and over._____ _____________
Establishments in:
Metropolitan areas_______________
Nonmetropolitan areas____________
Establishments with:
A majority of employees covered by
collective bargaining agreem ents...
None or a minority covered................
Paid Premi Legally Private
leave um pay required welfare
payments plans
6.0
4.3
4.5
5.4
4.3
5.3
7.0
3.7
4.1
4.7
5.2
4.8
4.1
3.4
4.6
6.6
3.4
5.1
6.8
3.2
4.0
4.7
5.5
5.0
4.1
2.7
4.3
6.3
6.3
5.1
4.3
4.4
4.4
4.7
5.7
4.6
6.5
4.5
4.4
4.1
4.4
4.8
5.8
4.3
time payroll, which more nearly indicate the
relationship between the several expenditures and
the regular pay of workers, were, of course,
slightly higher, averaging 6.3 percent for paid
leave, 4.5 percent for premium pay, 4.7 percent
for legally required payments, and 5.6 percent
for private welfare plans. Rates per plant hour
relate the expenditures only to those hours the
worker was under the establishment’s immediate
supervision. They amounted to : paid leave, 14.3
cents; premium pay, 10.3 cents; legally required,
10.7 cents; and private welfare plans, 12.9 cents.
Influence of Establishment Characteristics
To determine what relationships existed be
tween expenditures and certain establishment
characteristics, expenditure-payroll ratios were
computed for each supplement for all establish
ments with the given characteristic (whether or
not they had expenditures). For most supple
ments, average expenditure ratios were higher for
the classes of establishments (1) with higher
average hourly earnings, (2) with larger numbers
of employees, (3) with a majority of employees
covered by collective bargaining agreements, and
(4) with a metropolitan area location. (See
table 3.) The principal exception was expendi
tures for legally required payments, where the
opposite relationships generally held true. It is
difficult to ascertain the relative contribution of
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JANUARY 1962
36
the individual characteristic to the level of
expenditures because these relationships are the
results of the interplay of these and other factors.
Three average hourly earnings groups, each
containing approximately one-third of the estab
lishments, were used in examining the relationships
between expenditure ratios and earnings. In the
lower paying establishments, paid leave expendi
tures averaged 3.4 percent of gross payroll; in
the middle third, the average was 5.1 percent;
and in the top third, 6.8 percent. For premium
pay, the expenditure ratios rose from 3.2 to 4.0
to 4.7 percent of production worker payroll as
average hourly earnings increased; for private
welfare plans, the ratios were 2.7, 4.3, and 6.3
percent, respectively. In contrast, the lower
paying establishments’ expenditures of 5.5 percent
for legally required insurance were 0.5 percentage
points above those for the middle third and 1.4
percentage points above those for the higher
paying ones.
Three categories were also used to examine the
relationships between expenditure ratios and
establishment size. Paid leave expenditures were
4.3 percent of the gross payroll of establishments
with under 100 employees. Those with 100 to 499
employees had expenditures of 5.3 percent, and
T able 4.
those with at least 500 employees, 7.0 percent.
As size of establishment increased, expenditures
for premium pay rose from 3.7 to 4.1 to 4.7 percent
and for private welfare plans from 3.4 to 4.6 to 6.6
percent, but employers’ contributions for legally
required insurance declined (5.2, 4.8, and 4.1
percent). Premium pay for late shift work was
the principal element in the rise in the expenditure
ratio for premium pay as establishment size in
creased; in fact, the ratio for this item was almost
six times greater in the largest establishments
than in the smallest. Although the ratio for each
of the legally required items had some tendency
to decline with increases in size of establishment,
the overall decline was attributable primarily to
workmen’s compensation, which was less than
half as much in the largest firms as in the smallest.
Classifying establishments by metropolitan and
nonmetropolitan area location produced average
paid leave expenditures of 6.3 percent of the gross
payroll of production workers in metropolitan
areas and 5.1 percent for those in nonmetropolitan
areas. A similar relationship existed for private
welfare plans, with establishments in the metro
politan areas averaging 5.7 percent of gross payroll,
or 1.1 percentage points more than those in the
nonmetropolitan areas. There was virtually no
P e r cen t D istr ib u tio n of P roduction W o r k er , H ours P aid F or in M anufacturing I n d u stries ,
R egion 1 a n d I ndustry G ro u p ,2 1959
Region and industry group
United States 5_______________
________________________ - Northeast______ ___- __ -- - ______________________ ___
South___________________________________ __
________
North Central _______________________________ __________
West
___________________ ___________________
Ordnance and accessories________ ______________________ - Food and kindred products____ ______ __________________
Tobacco manufactures_______________________________________
Textile mill products____________________ _ _ _____ - _________
Apparel and related p roducts__
- - ___________ - Lumber and wood products, except furniture-- __ ____ ____
Furniture and fixtures_______________________ _____ ____
Paper and allied products.. .. . .
_____ ____________ ___ ___
Printing, publishing, and allied industries__ ______ _______
Petroleum refining and related industries __ _________________
Rubber and miscellaneous plastics pro d u cts________ - - _______
Leather and leather products__________________________________
Stone, clay, and glass p ro d u cts_______________________________
Primary metal industries_____________________________________
Fabricated metal products________ _____ _ ______________ _
Machinery, except electrical--________ ____________ ______
Transportation equipm ent.. ____ ____ __________________ Instruments and related products______________ ______________
Miscellaneous manufacturing industries_______________ ________
1 For definition of regions, see footnote 1, table 1.
2 See footnote 1, table 2.
3 See footnote 4, table 1.
* Includes military, jury, witness, voting, and personal leave.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Total hours
paid for
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
Plant
hours 8
94.1
93.8
95.5
93.6
94.3
92.2
94.2
94.5
96.4
96.4
97.1
95.4
93.7
93. 7
89.3
93.6
94.8
94.9
92.5
94.2
93.4
93.0
93.2
94.8
by
Paid leave hours
Total
5.9
6.2
4.5
6.4
5.7
7.8
5.8
5.5
3.6
3.6
2.9
4.6
6.3
6.3
10.7
6.4
5.2
5.1
7.5
5.8
6.6
7.0
6.8
5.2
Vacation
3.4
3.5
2.8
3.8
3.2
. 3.8
3.4
3.3
2.5
1.9
1.8
2.7
3.9
4.0
5.5
4.0
2.9
3.1
4.8
3.4
4.0
4.0
3.6
2.9
Sick leave
0.2
.2
.2
.2
.4
1.1
.4
.2
(«)
(6)
(8)
(8)
(8)
.1
.2
2.2
.1
.1
.1
.1
.1
.4
.5
.1
Holiday
2.2
2.4
1.4
2.3
2.1
2.7
2.0
2.0
1.0
1.7
1.0
1.8
2.3
2.2
2.8
2.3
2.2
1.9
2.6
2.3
2.4
2.6
2.6
2.2
Other 4
(6)
(6)
(8)
(8)
(8)
(8)
(8)
(6)
(8)
(8)
(8)
(6)
(8)
(8)
(8)
(8)
(8)
(8)
0.1
.1
.2
.1
.1
.1
5 See footnote 3, table 2.
8 Less than 0.05 percent.
N ote: Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal totals.
SCIENTISTS AND ENGINEERS EMPLOYED AT COLLEGES
difference in expenditures for premium pay—4.3
percent for metropolitan areas versus 4.4 for non
metropolitan—but expenditures for legally re
quired benefits were greater in nonmetropolitan
areas (4.7 percent) than in the metropolitan areas
(4.4 percent). The last relationship probably
reflects lower earnings levels in nonmetropolitan
areas.
A considerably greater proportion of production
worker gross payroll was expended for paid leave
and private welfare plans by establishments with
a majority of workers covered by collective bar
gaining agreements than by those which had none
or a minority covered. For paid leave, the ratios
were 6.5 versus 4.5 percent and for private welfare
plans, 5.8 versus 4.3 percent. The organized
establishments also had larger expenditures for
premium pay—4.4 percent, compared with 4.1
percent for those with none or a minority under
agreements. The opposite relationship existed
for legally required benefits, where those with a
majority under agreement averaged 4.4 percent
of production worker gross payroll, or 0.4 percent
age points more than those with none or a minority
covered.
Composition of Payroll Hours
As paid leave has increased in prevalence and
scope, a growing gap has developed between hours
paid for and hours spent at the plant. In 1959,
of the hours paid for in all manufacturing establish
ments, 94.1 percent were hours at the plant and
5.9 percent were hours away from the plant,
including 3.4 percent for vacations, 0.2 percent
for sick leave, 2.2 percent for holidays, and the
remainder for military, jury, witness, voting, and
personal leave. (See table 4.) Variations in
plant hours by region were limited; the averages
for three of the four broad economic regions were
about equal to that for the United States, with
the average for the South 1.4 percentage points
higher. The plant hour ratios by industry group
ranged from 89.3 percent (petroleum) to 97.1
percent (lumber and wood products). Only in
the petroleum group did leave hours account for
more than 10 percent of hours paid for.
— E nzo A. P u g l isi
Division of Wages and Industrial Relations
622604— 62------ 4
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
37
Scientists and Engineers Employed
at Colleges and Universities, 1958
E d it o r ’s N o t e .— The
following is the third in a
series of summary reports on the employment of
scientific and technical personnel in the United
States, based on surveys sponsored by the Na
tional Science Foundation. It is based on sta
tistics collected for the N SF by the U.S. Office
of Education. The two preceding articles,
which appeared in the October and December
1961 issues of the Review, coverea scientists,
engineers, and technicians in State Governments
and private industry.
the 311,000 professional personnel
employed by the Nation’s colleges and univer
sities in 1958 were scientists and engineers,
according to the National Science Foundation.1
More than half of both faculty and nonfaculty
professional personnel in specialties worked in
large universities. About 70,000 of the science
and engineering staff were reported as spending
at least some of their time on research activities;
a majority of these research workers had no faculty
status and about one-fourth were employed by
less than one-tenth of the reporting institutions.2
A bout h a l f of
Employed Professional Personnel
A total of 157,000 professional personnel were
employed in the life and physical sciences, engi1 “ Scientists and Engineers Employed at Colleges and Universities, 1958”
(NSF Scientific Manpower Bull. 13, July 1961). The study was based on
a survey of scientific research and development at institutions of higher edu
cation in 1957-58, conducted for the NSF by the U.S. Office of Education,
Additional data from the survey are reported in Reviews of Data on Research
and Development (NSF Bull. 27, 1961), which concentrates on the research
activities of personnel employed by the 377 institutions which reported
separately budgeted research expenditures. A comprehensive report on the
survey will be issued later.
The difference between the figure of 311,000 for professional personnel,
appearing in this article, and that of 345,000 reported by the Office of Education
in Faculty and Other Professional Staff in Institutions of Higher Education,
First Term, 1957-58 (OE Circular 596, September 1959) is due to a slightly
different definition of “other” professional personnel and to coverage of
different time periods within the 1957-58 academic year.
2 The universe of the survey was the 1,937 institutions reported in the U.S.
Office of Education’s Education Directory, 1957-58, Part III, Higher Education.
Two agricultural experiment stations (not part of any institution) were added
to this list. A total of 23 institutions were excluded from the survey. The
remaining 1,916 institutions were surveyed by means of mail questionnaires.
Of the institutions questioned, 1,480 returned usable manpower information,
making a response rate of 72.5 percent. The Office of Education, using data
from its own surveys and those obtained from the American Council of Edu
cation, was able to develop reasonably accurate estimates for the nonrespond
ing institutions.
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JANUARY 1962
38
T a b l e 1.
F aculty
and
N
o n fa cu lty
P er so n n el E
m plo y ed at C o l l e g e s a n d
M a r c h 1958
U
n iv e r s it ie s , b y
Number
Other
fields
Science and
engineering
Total
I n s t it u t io n ,
Percent
Percent
Number of
institutions
of
Nonfaculty
Faculty
Type of institution
T ype
Number
Total
Science and
engineering
Other
fields
All types.......................... ..................
1,916
211,100
100.0
47.4
52.6
100,100
100.0
57.0
43.0
Universities _______________________
Liberal arts colleges__________________
Teachers colleges
__________________
Technological schools _______ _________
Theological and religious schools________
Junior colleges
___________________
Technical institutes
_ __
ftemiprofessional schools. _____________
O th e r__________ ___________________
143
730
186
37
153
500
25
20
122
105, 600
53,400
15,100
6,100
3,100
18, 700
1,100
600
7,400
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
56.7
37.8
26.7
78.9
7.0
37.3
56.3
20.4
45.4
43.3
62.2
73.3
21.1
93.0
62.7
43.7
79.6
54.6
80, 000
8,000
1,600
5,600
500
2,100
200
300
1,800
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
61.5
19.7
10.0
88.1
1.4
10.8
10.2
6. 5
54.0
38.5
80.3
90.0
11.9
98.6
89.2
89.8
93. 5
46.0
N ote: Percentages computed from unrounded data and their sums may not equal 100.
all institutions reporting, but employed nearly
50 percent of the faculty in all fields (table 1).
Only one other type of institution employed more
than 10 percent of all faculty—the liberal arts
colleges, which reported 25 percent of the faculty
and accounted for nearly 40 percent of the institu
tions. Junior colleges represented about 25 per
cent of all institutions of higher education but
employed less than 10 percent of all faculty. All
other types of institutions combined employed
only about 15 percent.
Forty-seven percent of the reported faculty
were employed as scientists and engineers. Only
three types of institutions had more than half of
their faculty members employed in science and
engineering—universities, technological schools,
and technical institutes.
A much higher degree of concentration in uni
versities was found for nonfaculty personnel than
neering, and the social sciences and the rest in
other academic disciplines. Over three-fifths of
all professional personnel in the sciences and engi
neering were faculty members (i.e., they held the
rank of instructor or above), as were almost threefourths of the personnel in other academic fields.
As shown in the following tabulation, scientists
and engineers outnumbered the other academic
fields in nonfaculty positions, while the reverse
was true in faculty positions.
Professional personnel employed at colleges and
universities, March 1958
Science and
engineering
A ll fields
Other fields
All types of personnel,
311, 200
157, 200
154, 000
Faculty____________
Nonfaculty___ _____
211,100
100, 100
100,100
57, 100
111,000
43, 000
At least in part reflecting their enrollment size,
universities accounted for less than 10 percent of
T able 2.
F aculty and N onfaculty P erso n n el E mployed at C olleges and U n iv er sities , by E nrollment S iz e ,
M arch 1958
Nonfaculty
Faculty
Enrollment-size category
Number of
institutions
Percent
Percent
Number
Total
Science and
engineering
Other
fields
Number
Total
Science and
engineering
Other
fields
43.0
All categories.........................
1,916
211,100
100.0
47.4
52.6
100,100
100.0
57.0
Less than 200_________________
200-499...______ ______________
500-999_____ _____ ___________
1,000-2,499____________________
2,500-4,999____________________
5,000-9,999................................. ......
10,000-19,999............. - .................. .
20,000 and over_______________
378
464
409
301
198
99
52
15
7, 200
14,200
19,900
23, 800
33,200
40,400
40, 900
31, 500
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
29.5
36.9
34.7
39.1
46.0
54.0
53.1
56.3
70.5
63.1
65.3
60.9
54.0
46.0
46.9
43.7
1,300
2, 000
3,300
5,000
7,600
24,000
28, 000
28, 900
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
14.5 ü
85.5
. -T*; 79. 0
21.0
26.3 ■&T0 73. 7
34.9 'fpy 65.1
49.4
50.6
69.9 **r»4 30. i
53.8 7*»?# 46.2
>
■ ' f 36.9
63.1
■¡MPTm"
N ote : Percentages computed from unrounded data and their sums may not equal 100.
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SCIENTISTS AND ENGINEERS EMPLOYED AT COLLEGES
T able 3. S cien ce and E n g in eer in g F aculty P erson
nel E mployed at C olleges and U n iv e r sit ie s , by
T ype op I n s tit ution and F ie l d , M arch 1958
Type of institution
T o ta l1
Engi
neering
Physical
sciences
Life
sciences
Social
sciences
Number
All types......... .
Universities___ _____
Liberal arts colleges___
Teachers colleges______
Technological schools...
Theological and religious
schools. .............. ........
Junior colleges________
Technical institutes___
Semiprofessional schools.
Other_______________
100,100
15,100
23,700
38, 000
23,300
59. 900
20, 200
4,000
4, 800
9, 500
1,200
100
2, 500
1, 000
300
100
400
28,600
4, 500
900
200
(2)
1,200
(2)
(2)
2, 500
10,200
8,200
1, 700
500
200
6, 900
600
100
400
11, 600
6,300
1,300
1,500
(2)
2, 500
200
(2)
300
2,200
100
(2)
300
P ercent1
All types...............
100.0
Universities__________
Liberal arts colleges____
Teachers colleges______
Technological schools__
Theological and religious
schools__________
Junior colleges________
Technical in stitu te s___
Semiprofessional schools.
Other. ............................
59.8
20.2
4.0
4.8
.2
6.9
.6
.1
3.4
100.0
62.9
8.1
.5
16.7
6.8
2.2
.4
2.4
100.0
100.0
100.0
75.1
11.8
2.4
.6
43.7
35.1
7.1
2. 2
2
10.4
.7
3.3
.1
1.1
9.6
.3
(2)
6.5
49.0
26.5
5.6
6.4
.1
,i
1.2
1 Because of rounding, the sum of individual items may not equal totals.
2 Less than 50; less than 0.05 percent.
39
of the faculty members and represented about
one-fourth of the institutions. The three largestsized categories each employed between about
one-sixth and one-fifth of all faculty—a total well
over half—and together accounted for less than
one-tenth of the institutions.
The distribution of faculty by enrollment size
and field indicates a concentration in and empha
sis upon science and engineering at the larger
institutions. The 15 institutions with enrollments
over 20,000 employed over 55 percent of thenfaculties in these fields. In the smallest enroll
ment-size category, the institutions reported only
30 percent of their faculties employed in the
sciences and engineering.
The nonfaculty personnel exhibited the same
pattern of size distribution except that its con
centration was more pronounced. The largest
15 schools reported nearly 30 percent of the
nonfaculty personnel, whereas the smallest enroll
ment-size category, with one-fifth of the institu
tions, reported less than 2 percent of the persons
in this category.
N ote: Percentages computed from unrounded data and their sums may
not equal 100.
Science and Engineering Personnel
was true for faculty members. Universities re
ported 80 percent of all nonfaculty personnel.
Only two other types of institutions employed
more than 5 percent of the total; liberal arts
colleges reported 8 percent, and technological
schools reported 6 percent.
Since the majority of the nonfaculty group was
composed of researchers, it is not surprising to
find 57 percent of them employed in the fields of
science and engineering. Further, more than 60
percent of nonfaculty personnel in universities and
nearly 90 percent in technological schools were in
science and engineering disciplines.
The distribution of faculty members by institu
tional enrollment size was relatively even, increas
ing in proportion to the enrollment size, while
that of the institutions ran in a reverse order
and was concentrated at small-sized categories.
Hence, a small number of large institutions ac
counted for a great proportion of faculty members.
Institutions with enrollments below 1,000 em
ployed one-fifth of all faculty and accounted for
nearly two-thirds of all responding institutions
(table 2). The institutions with enrollments be
tween 1,000 and 4,999 reported about one-fourth
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Employment Distribution. As was shown in the
previous section, the science and engineering
faculties at institutions of higher education tend
to be concentrated in the larger institutions, and
this concentration is even greater with respect to
nonfaculty.
About 40 percent of all professional science and
engineering personnel were life scientists; physical
scientists accounted for approximately 25 percent,
and engineers and social scientists each repre
sented less than 20 percent. Slightly over
three-fifths of all scientists and engineers held
faculty rank; only in the social sciences was the
proportion as high as four-fifths. The numbers of
professional science and engineering personnel
employed by field, are shown in the following
tabulation :
Type of personnel
A ll types
Faculty
All fields___________
157, 200
100, 100
Nonfaculty
57, 100
Engineering------------Physical sciences____
Life sciences________
Social sciences______
25, 500
40, 900
61, 800
29,000
15, 100
23, 700
38, 000
23, 300
10, 400
17, 200
23, 800
5,700
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JANUARY 1962
40
T able 4.
S cien ce and E n g in e e r in g F aculty and N onfaculty P er so n n el E mployed at C olleges and U n i
v e r s it ie s , by E nrollm ent S ize and F ie l d , M arch 1958
Nonfaculty
Faculty
Enrollment-size category
Total
Engi
neering
Physical
sciences
Life
sciences
Social
sciences
T o ta l1
Engi
neering
Physical
sciences
Life
sciences
Social
sciences
Number
All categories....................
100,100
15,100
23, 700
38.000
23,300
57,100
Less than 200_________ _____
200-499____________________
500-999____________________
1,000-2,499__________________
2,500-4,999_________________
5,000-9.999__________________
10,000-19,999________________
20,000 and over________ ___
2,100
5,200
6, 900
9,300
15,300
21,900
21.700
17, 700
400
200
400
1,200
2,500
4,000
3,700
2,700
600
1,200
2.000
3, 000
4,100
5,100
3, 800
3, 900
600
2,100
1,700
2,000
4,800
8,200
10, 400
8,200
500
1,600
2,800
3,200
3,900
4,600
3,800
2,900
200
400
900
1,700
3,700
16, 800
15,100
18,300
10, 400
17,200
800
600
4, 500
2,200
2,200
100
100
600
300
5,100
3, 500
6,400
100
300
700
300
300
5,500
7,500
8,000
0
0
0
«
5,700
23,800
0)
0
0
100
500
1,600
1,800
1,600
Percent1
All categories__________
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100 .0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
Less than 200..............................
200-499____ ________________
500-999____________________
1,000-2,499__________________
2,500-4,999__________________
5,000-9,999_________________
10,000-19,999________________
20,00 and over........................
2.1
5.2
6.9
9.3
15.2
21.8
21.7
17.7
2.7
1.6
2.5
8.0
16.4
26.4
24.2
18.1
2.5
5.2
8.6
12.5
17.1
21.6
16.1
16.4
1.5
5.6
4.5
5.3
12.7
21.5
27.4
21.5
2.3
6.9
11.9
13.5
16.7
19.6
16.4
12.6
0.3
.8
1.5
3.0
6.6
29.4
26.4
32.0
0.3
.2
.1
7.6
6.0
43.6
21.2
21.0
0.2
.5
.8
3.3
7.8
29.6
20.4
37.4
0.5
1.2
2.8
1.1
5.5
23.3
31.7
33.8
0.1
.6
.8
1.8
8.0
28.0
32.1
28.5
1 Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal totals.
3 Less than 50.
Of all types of institutions studied, the uni
versities had the greatest number of faculty
scientists and engineers in each separate field,
although the concentration was most notable in
the life sciences and engineering—the two fields
where there are large, separately organized pro
fessional schools (schools of engineering, medicine,
agriculture, etc.). (See table 3.) In every field
except engineering, liberal arts colleges were the
second largest employers; this was particularly
true in the social sciences, where over one-third
of all faculty were reported by liberal arts colleges.
The only other types of institutions reporting more
than 10 percent of the faculty in a specific field
were technological schools, with approximately
15 percent of the engineers, and junior colleges,
with 10 percent of the physcial scientists.
Employment of scientific personnel as non
faculty was negligible except in universities
(49,100) and technological schools (4,900). Uni
versities reported over 85 percent of all personnel
of this type and accounted for over 90 percent or
more in the life and social sciences. Technologi
cal schools reported 28 percent of the engineers
and 10 percent of the physcial scientists among
the nonfaculty personnel.
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N ote: Percentages computed from unrounded data and their sums may
not equal 100.
The concentration at institutions of larger size,
observed previously, was also found among the
faculty of each of the science and engineering
fields (table 4). The concentration was highest
in the life sciences, where less than 5 percent of
the institutions reported almost 50 percent of the
faculty. The greatest dispersion of faculty was
in the social sciences, where no single enrollmentsize category had as much as 20 percent of all
faculty reported. The distribution of nonfaculty
personnel shows an even higher concentration in
schools with an enrollment of over 5,000.
Research and Development.3 Data on the research
activities of professional personnel employed by
colleges and universities were obtained only for
staff members in science and engineering who
were reported as spending at least some time
(frequently less than half of their time) on research
and development. Over 45 percent of these
personnel were reported in the life sciences, 26
percent were in the physical sciences, 18 percent
in engineering, and 10 percent in the social
sciences. Their numbers were as shown on the
following page.
3 See Reoiews of Data on Research and Development (NSF Bull. 27), op.clt.
SCIENTISTS AND ENGINEERS EMPLOYED AT COLLEGES
Type of Personnel in research and
__________ development___________
A ll types
Faculty
Nonfaculty
All fields______________
70, 400
33, 200
37, 200
Engineering____________
12, 400
4, 800
Physical sciences_______
18, 200
6, 700
Life sciences___________
32, 700
17,400
Social sciences____________
7,100
4, 300
7,600
11,500
15, 300
2,800
More than half of all scientific and engineering
personnel spending time on research were non
faculty personnel. In the life sciences, more than
half of those engaged in research held faculty
appointments, as did three-fifths of the social
scientists. Conversely, in both engineering and
the physical sciences, less than two-fifths of the
staff engaged in research were members of the
faculty. However, it should be mentioned that
in most institutions faculty members are the
principal research investigators, and most non
faculty personnel work under their broad direc
tion.
Research and development personnel were more
highly concentrated at universities than was the
case with all personnel studied (table 5). Of all
T
5.
able
S c ie n c e a n d E n g i n e e r i n g P r o f e s s io n a l P e r «
s o n n e l E n g a g e d i n R e s e a r c h a n d D e v e l o p m e n t at
C o l l e g e s a n d U n i v e r s i t i e s , b y T y p e o f I n s t it u t io n
a n d F ie l d , M a r c h
1958
[Percent distribution]
Type of institution
Total
Engi
neering
Physical
sciences
Life
sciences
Social
sciences
F aculty
All types________
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
Universities__________
Liberal arts colleges____
Teachers colleges--------Technological schools__
Theological and religious schools________
Junior colleges________
Technical institutes__.
Semiprofessional schools.
Other_______________
85.5
6.1
.4
5.7
75.7
.3
20.4
79.7
8.6
.6
10.9
90.7
4.8
.1
.5
84.8
11.6
1.0
2.2
.1
.6
.1
2.2
.8
.1
100.0
100.0
85.6
1.9
65.6
1.0
(i)
(9
2.2
(9
(9
3.8
.2
100.0
100.0
100.0
85.4
1.9
94.9
1.8
12.6
.8
92.0
4.8
.2
2.9
2.5
.1
N onfaculty
All types___ _
Universities.. ________
Liberal arts colleges... .
Teachers colleges___ . .
Technological schools__
Theological and religious schools______ _
Junior colleges
Technical institutes.. .
Semiprofessional schools.
O th e r...........................
(i)
11.3
(>)
1.1
33.1
(i)
.1
(9
.2
(9
1 Less than 0.05 percent.
N ote: Percentages computed from unrounded data and their sums may
not equal 100.
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41
T a b l e 6.
S c i e n c e a n d E n g i n e e r i n g P r o f e s s io n a l P e r
s o n n e l E n g a g ed in R e s e a r c h a n d D e v e l o p m e n t of
C o l l e g e s a n d U n iv e r s it ie s , b y E n r o l l m e n t S iz e a n d
F ie l d , M a r c h
1958
[Percent distribution]
Enrollment-size
category
Total
Engi
neering
Physical
sciences
Life
sciences
Social
sciences
F aculty
All categories.........
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
Less than 200_________
200-499______________
500-999______________
1,000-2,499____________
2,500-4,999____________
5,000-9,999____________
10,000-19,999__________
20,000 and over________
0.3
1.5
1.1
2.7
11.3
24.2
30.6
28.3
0.5
.4
4.0
11.0
27.9
28.5
27.7
0.5
.4
1.5
5.1
13.4
22.9
23.4
32.8
0.3
2.5
1.0
1.4
10.4
24.1
34.1
26.2
0. l
1.9
2.4
12.3
22.3
30.2
30.1
All categories........
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
Less than 200___ _____
200-499____ „_________
500-999...___ ________
1,000-2,499____________
2,500-4,999____________
5,000-9,999____________
10,000-19,999__________
20,000 and over________
0.1
.5
.7
3.1
6.4
32.0
22.5
34.7
0.2
.1
8.6
5.6
50.6
13.4
21.5
0.1
.2
.3
2.6
7.1
31.8
15.6
42.3
0.3
.9
1.3
1.1
6.1
22.3
31.2
36.8
0.1
.1
.6
7.8
33.5
29.6
28.3
.6
N onfaculty
N ote: Percentages computed from unrounded data and their sums may
not equal 100.
scientists and engineers engaged in research, 86
percent of both faculty and nonfaculty personnel
were employed by universities. The only other
institutional types reporting more than 5 percent
of personnel engaged in research were tech
nological schools (for faculty and nonfaculty)
and liberal arts colleges (for faculty only).
The distribution of faculty and nonfaculty
engaged in research by size of institutional enroll
ment (table 6) show the extent of concentration of
research activities in institutions with enrollments
of 2,500 students and over; altogether, institutions
with lower enrollments did not report as much as
10 percent of the research personnel in any field.
For faculty personnel, the distribution of scientists
and engineers among the three largest enrollmentsize categories was relatively even. This was not
the case for nonfaculty personnel: about 50 percent
of the engineers were reported by schools enrolling
5.000 to 9,999, and only 13 percent in schools of
10.000 to 19,999; also, over 40 percent of the
physical scientists were reported by schools with
enrollments over 20,000, and 16 percent of them
by schools with 10,000 to 19,999 enrollments.
— R ichard J. P etersen
National Science Foundation
42
Wages in Paint and Varnish
Manufacturing, May 1961
S traight - time hourly earning s of production
workers in paint and varnish manufacturing
establishments averaged $2.23 in May 1961,
according to a survey conducted by the Bureau
of Labor Statistics.1 Variations around this
average were found by region and occupation and
for men and women. Of the supplementary
benefits studied, paid vacations and holidays, as
well as several types of insurance plans, were
provided to a substantial majority of the workers.
Earnings
In comparison with the national average of
$2.23, straight-time hourly earnings averaged
$2.27 in both the Great Lakes and Middle Atlantic
regions,2 which accounted for approximately
one-third and three-tenths, respectively, of the
28,340 production workers. (See accompanying
table.) Highest regional average earnings among
the eight regions studied were recorded for the
Pacific region ($2.59) and lowest for the South
east ($1.68).3
Among the 18 areas studied separately, which
accounted for two-thirds of the workers in the
survey, average hourly earnings ranged from
$1.73 in Atlanta and Baltimore to $2.80 in San
Francisco-Oakland.4
Average earnings were higher in establishments
employing 100 or more workers than in smaller
establishments, and higher in establishments in
which a majority of the workers were covered by
labor-management contracts than in plants where
none or a minority were covered by such contracts.
However, because of the interrelationship of these
and other characteristics such as location and
size of community, their exact influence on wage
levels cannot be determined.5
Earnings of individual workers ranged from $1
to more than $3.50 an hour, with the middle half
receiving between $1.93 and $2.55. Seven per
cent of the workers earned between $1 and $1.50
an hour and 4 percent received $3 or more. As
indicated in the following tabulation, the propor
tion of workers at the various wage levels differed
among regions.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JANUARY 1962
Percent of production workers
United Middle Great
States 2 Atlantic Lakes Pacific
Average hourly earnings 1
$1.00
$1.50
$2.00
$2.50
$3.00
and
and
and
and
and
7. 1 4. 7 4. 1
under $1.50____
under $2.00___ . . . 21. 2 22. 3 17. 9
under $2.50___ ___ 41. 8 38. 7 48. 7
under $3.00___ ___ 25. 9 29. 3 27. 1
___ 4.0
5. 0 2. 1
over _
Total ________
_ _ _
100. 0 100. 0 100. 0
1. 3
3. 6
33. 0
49. 7
12. 4
100. 0
1 Excludes premium pay for overtime and for work on weekends, holidays,
and late shifts.
2 Includes data for regions in addition to those shown separately.
N ote: Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal 100
More than nine-tenths of the workers within
the scope of the survey were men and averaged
$2.25 an hour, compared with $1.78 for women.
The 12 occupational classifications for which
separate data were obtained accounted for threefifths of the production workers within the scope
of the survey. Among these classifications, fillers,
labelers and packers, and mixers were numerically
most important; these workers averaged $2.07,
$2.01, and $2.24 an hour, respectively. Averages
among all occupations studied ranged from $2.01
an hour for labelers and packers to $2.57 for
technicians.
The occupations shown in the table are repre
sentative of different types of activity and indicate
variations in earnings levels among regions.
Women accounted for approximately one-tenth of
the 3,208 hand or machine fillers and three-tenths
of the 2,308 labelers and packers; all or practically
all of the workers in the other four occupations
shown were men.
1 A more comprehensive account of this study will be presented in BLS
Bull. 1318, Industry Wage Survey: Paints and Varnishes, May 1961.
The study covered establishments employing eight or more workers and
primarily engaged in manufacturing paints, varnishes, lacquers, enamels,
and shellac (industry 2851 as defined in the 1957 edition of the Standard
Industrial Classification Manual prepared by the U.S. Bureau of the Budget).
The straight-time hourly earnings for production and related workers
presented in this report differ in concept from the gross average hourly earn
ings published in the Bureau’s monthly hours and earnings series. Unlike
the latter, the estimates presented here exclude premium pay for overtime
and for work on weekends, holidays, and late shifts. Average earnings
in this survey are calculated by summing individual hourly earnings and
dividing by the number of such individuals. In the monthly series, the
sum of the man-hour totals reported by establishments in the industry is
divided into the reported payroll totals.
2 Eor definition of regions, see footnote 2 of the accompanying table.
3 Detailed oamings data are presented in Bull. 1318, op. cit., for eight
regions but are limited in the table appearing in this article to the three
regions employing the largest numbers of workers. Average earnings for
the other regions were: Middle West, $2.31; Southwest, $2.04; New England,
$1.98; and Border States, $1.86.
4 The other ereas studied were Boston, Chicago, Cleveland, Dallas, Detroit,
Houston, Kansas City, Los Angeles-Long Beach, Louisville, New York City,
Newark and Jersey City, Paterson-Clifton-Passaic, Philadelphia, Pitts
burgh, and St. Louis. Individual area releases are available upon request.
3 Data were not tabulated for metropolitan and nonmetropolitan areas since
more than nine-tenths of the workers were employed in metropolitan areas.
WAGES IN PAINT AND VARNISH MANUFACTURING
N
43
u m b e r a n d A v e r a g e S t r a ig h t - T im e H o u r l y E a r n i n g s 1 o f
u f a c t u r in g E s t a b l is h m e n t s , b y S e l e c t e d C h a r a c t e r is t ic s ,
United S tates3
Item
All production workers_____ _______________
___
Men________________________________ __ _____
"Women______________________ ______________
Size of establishment:
8-99 workers_________ _________ ___________
100 or more workers__ __________________ ______
Labor-management contracts:
Establishments with—
Majority covered__________________________
None or minority covered___________________
Selected occupations:
Fillers, hand or machine________________________
Labelers and packers.. . ______________________
Maintenance men, general utility________________
Millers______________________ ____ ______ ___
Mixers____________________ ___________ _____
Technicians_____________________ _____ ______
Number of
workers
P r o d u c t io n W o r k e r s i n P a i n t a n d V a r n i s h M a n
U n it e d S t a t e s a n d S e l e c t e d R e g i o n s ,2 M a y 1961
Middle Atlantic
Great Lakes
Pacific
Average Number of Average Number of Average Number of Average
hourly
workers
hourly
workers
hourly
hourly
workers
earnings 1
earnings 1
earnings 1
earnings 1
28,340
26, 819
1,521
$2.23
2.25
1.78
7,919
7,503
416
$2.27
2.30
1.72
10,303
9,610
693
$2.27
2.30
1.79
2,964
2,887
77
$2.59
2.60
2.33
13,903
14,437
2.03
2.42
3,990
3,929
2.05
2.50
3,738
6, 565
1.99
2.42
1,783
1,181
2. 51
2.72
17,946
10,394
2.37
1.99
6,005
1,914
2.36
2.00
6,780
3,523
2.33
2.13
2,312
652
2.65
2.37
3,208
2, 308
843
1.481
2, 554
778
2.07
2. 01
2.49
2. 29
2.24
2. 57
867
552
226
307
627
207
2.01
2. 04
2.56
2.30
2.25
2. 58
1,155
932
317
605
883
280
2.14
2.00
2. 53
2.34
2.32
2.37
373
193
52
194
348
88
2. 46
2.47
3.18
2. 56
2.58
3.00
1 Excludes premium pay for overtime and for work on weekends, holidays,
and late shifts.
2 The regions shown include: Middle Atlantic—New Jersey, New York,
and Pennsylvania; Great Lakes—Illinois, Indiana, Michigan, Minnesota,
Ohio, and Wisconsin; and Pacific— California, Nevada, Oregon, and
Washington.
3 Includes data for regions in addition to those shown separately.
Establishment Practices
were eligible for 1 week’s vacation after 1 year of
service, four-fifths for 2 weeks after 3 years, and
almost three-tenths for 4 weeks after 25 years of
service.
Life, hospitalization, and surgical insurance,
for which employers paid at least part of the cost,
were available to approximately nine-tenths of
the production workers. Half or more of the
workers were eligible for insurance covering ac
cidental death and dismemberment, sickness and
accident, and medical services.
Establishments employing almost two-thirds of
the production workers provided retirement pen
sions (other than benefits available under Federal
old age, survivors, and disability insurance).
Almost two-fifths of the production workers
were employed in establishments which provided
nonproduction bonuses, usually paid at Christmas
or yearend.
Data were also obtained on certain establish
ment practices such as work schedules and
supplementary benefits.
A work schedule of 40 hours a week was in
effect in establishments employing 93 percent of
the production workers in May 1961. Approxi
mately 7 percent of the workers were employed
on second-shift operations and most commonly
received 10 cents an hour above day-shift rates.
Third-shift operations accounted for 2 percent of
the workers.
Paid holidays were provided by establishments
employing nearly all production workers. The
most common provisions wrere 6, 7, or 8 full days
annually, with additional half days in several
instances. Establishments with one-fourth of the
workers provided 9 or more days a year.
Paid vacations after qualifying periods of
service were provided by all establishments
studied. Three-fourths of the production workers
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— F red
D
iv i s i o n o f
W ages
and
W. M ohr
I n d u s t r ia l R
e l a t io n s
44
Wage Chronology:
Bethlehem Atlantic Shipyards1
Supplement No. 3—1956-62
N egotiations between the Industrial Union of
Marine and Shipbuilding Workers of America and
the Bethlehem Steel Co. Shipbuilding Division
for a new agreement began on July 13, 1956, after
the union’s notification of its intent to reopen the
existing contract, which was to expire on July 31.
When agreement on new terms seemed unlikely
by the expiration date of the contract, the union
notified the company on July 16 that it would not
strike prior to August 26.
Work continued on a day-to-day basis after this
date, with the Federal Mediation and Conciliation
Service assisting in the negotiations, and agree
ment on the terms of a 3-year contract was reached
by the parties on November 3, 1956.
The November settlement provided for wagerate increases averaging 16 cents an hour effective
October 29, 1956 (with retroactive payment for
the period from August 1 through August 26,
when the union’s no-strike pledge had been in
effect), additional increases averaging 8.5 cents an
hour effective on August 1 of both 1957 and 1958,
and two cost-of-living wage escalator reviews.
Changes in supplementary benefits, effective at
various dates throughout the contract period,
included a seventh paid holiday and liberalized
vacation, insurance, and pension benefits.
The contract was to be in force from Novem
ber 3, 1956, through July 31, 1959.
Negotiations on union proposals for revisions
in the existing agreement began on July 7, 1959.
The company presented counterproposals the
following day. With agreement unlikely by the
expiration date, the union proposed a 30-day con
tract extension. The company rejected this pro
posal and, on August 1, the day the agreement
expired, discontinued some union-security con
tract provisions. On August 13, the company
put into effect the terms and conditions of employ
ment it had proposed as modifications of the
previous contract. Although union members
authorized a strike call, work continued and
negotiations proceeded with the assistance of the
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MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JANUARY 1962
Federal Mediation and Conciliation Service follow
ing the expiration of the contract.
An authorized work stoppage at two of the
company’s yards began on January 22, 1960, and
by the 28th of the month, the strike had spread
to all eight Bethlehem East Coast shipyards.
Among the issues were rates of pay, seniority,
call-in pay, grievance machinery, and other con
ditions of work.2
Hearings on union charges that the company
had engaged in unfair labor practices began on
February 8, 1960, before the National Labor
Relations Board.
In the interval between the initiation of the
strike and the final agreement, the company’s
request for an injunction against mass picketing
was rejected by the Massachusetts State courts,
but a Federal district court, on April 11, enjoined
the union from resuming mass picketing and re
quired the company to bargain in good faith.
After the Federal injunctions had been issued,
negotiations continued, and tentative agreement
was reached on June 20—21 weeks after the strike
started. By June 23, following ratification of the
contract by union members, work had resumed
at all eight yards.
On October 25, 1961, the National Labor Rela
tions Board ruled that, with one exception relating
to grievance procedures, the company was not
guilty of unfair labor practices and that there was
insufficient evidence to show that the company
failed to bargain in good faith. Early in Decem
ber 1961, the union asked the Board to reconsider
its decision, and on December 8, the NLRB Gen
eral Counsel asked the Board for clarification of
its ruling. At press time, the Board had not
ruled on either motion.
The new 3-year contract, effective through
May 31, 1963, provided for a wage package of
25 cents an hour to be spread over the term of
the agreement. The parties also agreed to incor
porate the existing 17-cent cost-of-living allowance
into basic rates and to discontinue the escalator
clause. The employment and operating provi1 See Monthly Labor Review, September 1951 (pp. 287-292), September 1953
(pp. 963-965), and April 1956 (pp. 435-438).
2 Discussion of bargaining regarding seniority, grievance machinery, work
assignments, etc., is outside the scope of the chronology series; these have
been mentioned here only because they were among the major issues in
dispute.
WAGE CHRONOLOGY: BETHLEHEM ATLANTIC SHIPYARDS
sions of the new agreement were similar to those
in the previous contract. In addition, separate
agreements provided for a number of improve
ments in the pension plan, effective January 1,
1960, and liberalized insurance benefits as of
June 23 of that year.
A joint Human Relations Research Committee
was established to plan and oversee studies and
to recommend solutions of problems relating to
45
wage incentives and such other overall problems
as the parties by agreement might refer to the
committee.
The following tables present the wage changes
at the eight East Coast shipyards of Bethlehem
Steel Co. provided through August 1, 1962, and
the revisions in supplementary benefits provided
by the agreements of November 3, 1956, and
June 23, 1960.
A—General Wage Changes
Effective date
Provision
Applications, exceptions, and other related
matters
Oct. 29, 1956 (agreement
dated Nov. 3, 1956).
9 to 22 cents an hour increase, averag
ing 16 cents.
Aug. 1, 1957 (agreement
dated Nov. 3, 1956).
7 to 10 cents an hour increase, averag
ing 8.5 cents.
July 1958 (first pay period
beginning in month).
Aug. 1, 1958 (agreement
dated Nov. 3, 1956).
16 cents an hour increase___________
18 cents an hour increase for first-class me
chanics, applicable to a majority of the covered
employees. Specialists’ rates were increased
by amounts up to 22 cents an hour.
Retroactive for the period Aug. 1 through Aug.
26, 1956.
Deferred increases ranging from 7 to 10 cents an
hour effective Aug. 1 of 1957 and 1958.
New agreement provided for cost-of-living ad
justments, effective July 1958 and Jan. 1959,
of 1 cent an hour, added to straight-time
hourly earnings, for each alternating 0.4- and
0.5-point change in the Bureau of Labor Sta
tistics Consumer Price Index above a level of
116.2 (1947-49—100). No reduction in costof-living allowance unless decline in the index
warranted wage decrease of at least 2 cents.1
Deferred increase.
9 cents an hour increase for first-class mechanics.
Specialists’ rates increased by amounts up to
lO cents an hour.
First semiannual adjustment of cost-of-living
allowance.
Deferred increase.
9 cents an hour increase for first-class mechanics.
Specialists’ rates increased by amounts up to
10 cents an hour.
Second semiannual adjustment of cost-of-living
allowance.
January 1959 (first pay
period
beginning
in
month).
June 23, 1960 (agreement
of same date).
Aug. 1, 1960 (agreement
dated June 23, 1960).
Aug. 1, 1961 (agreement
dated June 23, 1960).
Aug. 1, 1962 (agreement
dated June 23, I960).
7 to 10 cents an hour increase, averag
ing 8.5 cents.
1 cent an hour increase_____________
4 cents an hour increase.
5 cents an hour increase.
11 cents an hour increase.
Do.
5 cents an hour increase.
Do.
1 The new agreement provided that cost-of-living adjustments be based on
the Bureau of Labor Statistics Consumer Price Index for May and November
1958 to be effective in July 1958 and January 1959, respectively, as follows:
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Deferred increases of 5, 11, and 5 cents an hour
effective Aug. 1 of 1960, 1961, and 1962, re
spectively.
Previous 17-cent cost-of-living allowance incor
porated into basic hourly rates and escalator
clause discontinued.
Deferred increase.
Consumer Price Index (1947-49—100)
Cost-of-living allowance
116.5 or less___________________________ None.
116.6 to 117.0----------------------------------------1 cent an hour.
117.1 to 117.4__________________________ 2 cents an hour.
117.5 to 117.9----------------------------------------3 cents an hour.
118.0 to 118.3__________________________ 4 cents an hour.
and so forth, with 1-cent adjustments in straight-time hourly earnings for
alternating 0.4- and 0.5-point changes in the index and with downward adjust
ments occurring only when the index declines sufficiently to warrant a 2-cent
decrease.
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JANUARY 1962
46
B—Basic Wage Rates by Grade and Class at Bethlehem East Coast Shipyards in Boston, New York,
and Baltimore, 1955-62 1
Effective date
Classification 2
Standard mechanics: 5
Class 1__ - _____
Class 2 _
______
Class 3______ ____
Handymen:
First 90 days______
Thereafter__ __ __
Helpers:
First 60 days____ _
Thereafter _ ____
Laborers:
First 30 days___ __
Thereafter
__
July 23,
1955
Oct. 29,
1956
Aug. 1,
1957
Aug. 1,
1958 3
June 23,
1960 4
Aug. 1,
1960 4
Aug. 1,
1961 4
Aug. 1,
1962 4
$2. 27
2. 17
2. 07
$2. 45
2. 33
2. 21
$2. 54
2. 42
2. 29
$2. 63
2. 51
2. 37
$2. 84
2. 72
2. 58
$2. 89
2. 77
2. 63
$3. 00
2. 88
2. 74
$3. 05
2. 93
2. 79
1. 78
1. 97
1. 98
2. 09
2. 05
2. 17
2. 12
2. 25
2. 33
2. 46
2. 38
2. 51
2. 49
2. 62
2. 54
2. 67
1. 775
1. 83
1. 865
1. 94
1. 935
2. 01
2. 005
2. 08
2. 215
2. 29
2. 265
2. 34
2. 375
2. 45
2. 425
2. 50
1. 67
1. 73
1. 82
(6)
1. 89
(9)
1. 96
(6)
2. 17
(6)
2. 22
(8)
2. 33
(9)
2. 38
(6)
'r
1 The 8 yards at which the rates shown here are effective include 2 in the
Boston harbor area, 4 in the New York harbor area, and 2 in the Baltimore
harbor area. Employees paid under existing group incentive or piecework
plans generally earn more than the basic hourly rate. The basic hourly
rate, however, serves as a guaranteed minimum to these workers.
2 Generally, the occupational structure at these shipyards is composed of
5 major grades, 4 of which are presented here. Within the standard mechanic
grade are 3 classes which, in effect, are differentiated by degree of skill. In
the other grades, the lowest class generally is a starting rate from which
satisfactory employees progress after a specified period. Slightly less than
the skilled rate is paid for occupations that, at their highest level, require
less skill than mechanics but more than handymen. Laborers are paid pre
mium rates while engaged in scaling or wire brushing, as are all employees
working on ground blown glass or other hazardous types of insulation, sand
blasting, etc.
Bates paid specialists are not shown in this table; the various occupations
classified as specialists are paid rates higher than those of standard mechanics.
Specified specialist occupations include anglesmiths (heavy fire), blacksmiths
(heavy fire), coppersmiths, coremalcers, crane operators (special), powe,
engineers, layer out men, loftsmen, molders, patternmakers, rivet testers
sheet metal sketchers, sign painters, tool and die makers, and toolsmiths.
In addition, there are specialists in all mechanics trades.
3 Does not include the 16-cent cost-of-living adjustment then in effect.
4 Rates include the 17-cent cost-of-living allowance, which was incorporated
into basic hourly rates on June 23, 1960.
8 The occupations included vary among the 8 yards. The following occu
pations are classed in the standard mechanic grade whenever they are found
at any of the yards: Anglesmiths (light fire), auto mechanics (except at
Quincy yard), blacksmiths (light fire), boilermakers, burners, carpenters,
caulkers (wood), chippers and caulkers, compressor men, dockhands, drillers,
electricians, erectors' (except in New York yards), joiners, launch operators,
layout men, locomotive engineers, machinists, markers (welding), masons,
outside machinists, painters, pipe coverers, pipefitters, pressmen and rollmen, riggers, riveters, sheetmetal workers, shipfitters, tool repairmen, and
welders.
8 Single rate for laborers, regardless of service, established on Oct. 29,1956.
C—Related Wage Practices
Effective date
Provision
Applications, exceptions, and other related
matters
Paid Holidays
Nov. 3, 1956 (agreement of
same date).
July 1, 1957 (agreement
dated Nov. 3, 1956).
July 1, 1958 (agreement
dated Nov. 3, 1956).
Added: 7th paid holiday__ _____
__ _ Holiday was Washington’s Birthday.
Increased to: Double time and one-tenth
(total) for all work performed on 7 speci
fied holidays.
Increased to: Double time and one-fourth
(total) for all work performed on 7 speci
fied holidays.
Paid Vacations
Jan. 1, 1957 (agreement
dated Nov. 3, 1956).
See footnotes on p. 51.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Added: Minimum of 40 hours’ base rate
vacation pay for each week of vacation
after 1,000 hours’ work in preceding cal
endar year.
No change in length of vacation period.
In effect and continued: Eligible employee
laid off or granted leave of absence after
January 1 of any calendar year and before
taking vacation to receive allowance equal
to vacation pay computed as if vacation
had begun on date of layoff or leave of
absence. Amount of allowance to be de
ducted from pay for any subsequent vaca
tion taken in that year.
WAGE CHRONOLOGY: BETHLEHEM ATLANTIC SHIPYARDS
47
C—Related Wage Practices—Continued
Effective date
Provision
Applications, exceptions, and other
related matters
Paid Vacations—Continued
Jan. 1, 1957 (agreement
dated Nov. 3, 1956).—
Continued
Jan. 1, 1958 (agreement
dated Nov. 3, 1956).
Added: Additional half week’s vacation
pay (1 percent of earnings) for 3 but less
than 5, 10 but less than 15, and 25 or
more years’ service.1
For purposes of computing vacation pay,
earnings to include (a) temporary total
disability payments under workmen’s com
pensation law and (b) sickness and acci
dent insurance benefits, in addition to
compensation for work performed.
Added: Minimum of 20 hours’ base rate pay
for each half week of vacation pay.
Call-in Pay
Nov. 3, 1956 (agreement of
same date).
Added: 4 hours’ pay guarantee extended to
employees called in or reporting to work
without contrary notification by company.
Not applicable if employee did not (1) report
for work or (2) complete 4 hours’ work
because of (a) a labor dispute, (b) utility
failure beyond the control of management,
(c) an act of God (other than bad weather),
or (d) personal reasons.
Jury-Duty Pay
Nov. 3, 1956 (agreement of
same date).
June 23, 1960 (agreement
of same date).
Employee to receive difference between 8
hours’ average straight-time earnings and
payment for jury service for each day of
service on which he otherwise would have
worked.
Changed to: Employee to receive difference
between 8 times regular hourly base rate
of pay and payment for jury service for
each day of service on which he other
wise would have worked.
Added: Employee to receive holiday pay
in addition to jury pay for each day of
jury service on which he would have been
entitled to holiday pay.
Employee to present proof of service and
amount of pay received.
Death and Sickness Benefits
Nov. 1, 1956 (agreement
dated Nov. 3, 1956).
See footnotes on p. 51.
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Changed to : Contributions — Employee
monthly contributions increased to $7.50$9 for employees without dependents and
$9.50-$ll for employees with dependents.
Company to match employee contribu
tions 2 instead of limiting payment to
4.5 cents per man-hour, plus administra
tive costs.
Benefits applicable to participating employ
ees actively at work on or after Nov. 1,
1956. Benefits of the plan in effect prior
to that date were continued for partici
pating employees not actively at work on
Nov. 1, 1956, until their return to active
employment.
Any increase in cost of insurance program
during period of agreement to be shared
equally by employees and employer.
All insurance continued for employees
disabled because of (a) nonoccupational
disability (excluding pregnancy)—up to 6
months following month last worked; (b)
occupational sickness or injury—up to 1
month following end of month in which
statutory compensation payments termi
nated, except sickness and accident cover
age, which continued up to 6 months
following month last worked.
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JANUARY 1962
C—Related Wage Practices—Continued
Effective date
Provision
Applications, exceptions, and other
related matters
Death and Sickness Benefits—Continued
Face value of policy (a) reduced to $1,300$1,550 for employees retiring at or after
age 65, and continued without cost to
employee; (b) continued to age 65 for
employees retiring between ages of 60 and
$6,000.3
65; (c) continued to age 65 with no em
ployee contribution, for employees totally
disabled more than 6 months if disability
began prior to age 60.
Accident and sickness benefits: Changed from Same benefits to be provided for employees
insured under New Jersey and New York
a flat benefit of $40 a week to graduated
temporary disability insurance laws.
benefits ranging from $42 to $57 a week.3
Hospitalization (room and board): Benefits Added: Hospital benefits for (a) dental care
if hospitalization certified as necessary;
under Blue Cross plan improved and
and (b) inpatient diagnostic study when
allowance for private room and board
directed toward diagnosis of definite con
increased to $12 a day. Benefits up to
dition of disease or injury, and the follow
30 days during any 12-month period for
ing diagnostic services when provided by
mental or nervous disorders or pulmonary
outpatient department of hospital: radia
tuberculosis. Benefits up to $25 for the
tion therapy, diagnostic X-ray examina
first day and $10 for up to 119 additional
tions with films, basal metabolism tests,
days’ hospitalization provided in non
electrocardiograms and electroencephalo
member hospitals not covered under Blue
grams, when directed toward a definite
Cross arrangement.
condition of disease or injury.
Changed to: Hospital benefits for emergency
outpatient treatment as a result of nonoccupational accident, within 48 hours (was
24); maximum of $25 (was $18) in non
member hospital.
Benefits not available for sickness or injury
covered by workmen’s compensation or
other liability law, convalescent or rest
cures, ambulance service, doctor’s or
special nurse’s charges, blood or blood
plasma: services not furnished by hospital,
or hospitalization primarily for diagnostic
study or dental processes, not specifically
provided for in the plan.
Surgical benefits: Benefits under Blue Shield Added: Oral surgery and doctor’s charges,
as follows: (a) anesthesia services—-min
plan increased to a maximum of $300
imum $15, maximum 20 percent of pay
during any one period of hospitalization.
ment for surgical procedures; (b) radiation
therapy benefits—up to $7.50 per treat
ment, maximum $200; (c) diagnostic
X-ray services, in or out of hospital,
required in diagnosis of disease or in ju r y up to $40 per treatment, maximum $75 in
any 12-month period; and (d) certain
diagnostic examinations, in or out of hos
pital, made or ordered by licensed doctor—
maximum $75 for all examinations during
any 12-month period.
Benefits not available for doctor’s services
covered by workmen’s compensation or
other liability law; hospital or laboratory
services; plastic surgery for cosmetic or
beautifying purposes except as a result of
injury or accident sustained while cover
age was in effect; payment to assistants;
and nonsurgical or dental treatment or
X-ray services not specifically mentioned.
Radiation therapy, diagnostic X-ray, and
examination benefits not available for
examinations covered by hospitalization
benefits and those in connection with preg-
Nov. 1, 1956 (agreement Life insurance: New schedule of group term
insurance based on higher wage scales—
dated Nov. 3,1956)—Con
minimum insurance increased from $3,000
tinued
to $3,500 and maximum from $5,500 to
See footnotes on p. 51.
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WAGE CHRONOLOGY: BETHLEHEM ATLANTIC SHIPYARDS
49
C—Related Wage Practices—Continued
Effective date
Provision
Applications, exceptions, and other related
matters
Death and Sickness Benefits—Contiiîued
Nov. 1, 1956 (agreement
dated Nov. 3, 1956)—
Continued
June 23, 1960 (agreement
of same date).
Maternity benefits—
Added: Hospital benefits up to 120 days
for complications arising out of pregnancy.
Changed to: Obstetrical benefits, maxi
mum $150 (was $100).
In effect and continued: Sickness benefits:
6 weeks at regular rate.
Hospital room and board: Maximum 10
days for normal delivery.
Changed to: Revised plan providing ben
efits previously in effect plus the follow
ing changes, at no additional cost to
employee:
Life insurance: Increased by $500, raising
minimum from $3,500 to $4,000 and maxi
mum from $6,000 to $6,500.6
Accident and sickness benefits: Increased
$11 a week, minimum from $42 to $53
and maximum from $57 to $68 a week.6
nancy, dental care, research studies, screen
ing, routine physical examinations or
checkups, premarital examinations, hos
pital admission procedures, and fluoros
copy without films.
In effect: Retiree could authorize deduction
of premiums for converted policy from
policy check.
Revised benefits applicable upon return to
work, to employees actively at work, or
absent because of layoff, leave of absence,
or disability, on day prior to beginning
of strike at their respective yards.
Benefits and contributions of prior plan con
tinued until return to work for employees
absent on June 23, 1960, because of layoff,
leave of absence, or disability.
Employees to pay contributions advanced
for insurance coverage while on strike
in I960.4
In event of strike after May 31, 1963, in
surance, except sickness and accident
benefits, to continue for 30 days at em
ployees’ expense and parties to discuss
arrangement for further continuation.5
Existing optional benefits continued at ex
pense of employees.
Insurance upon retirement remained at
$1,300 to $1,550.
Same benefits to be provided for employees
insured under New Jersey and New York
temporary disability insurance laws.
Pension Plans
Nov. 1, 1957 (agreement
dated Nov. 3, 1956).
Minimum monthly pension at age 65 increased to company payment of $2.40 a
month for each year of service prior to
Nov. 1, 1957, and $2.50 a month for each
year of service thereafter, up to 30 years—
plus social security benefits.
Monthly pension prior to age 65 for perma
nent incapacity changed to the larger of
(1) $90 a month less any social security
disability benefits payable; (2) minimum
pension specified in preceding entry; or
(3) amount under basic 1-percent formula
less flat $85 offset for social security or, in
workmen’s compensation cases, actual so
cial security if less than $85. Normal
minimum after age 65.
See footnotes on p. 51.
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Minimum monthly pension of employees who
retired prior to Feb. 29, 1948, changed to
$1.75 for each year of service up to 30; for
those retired under the 1949 plan,7changed
to $2 for each year of service up to 30; for
those under the 1954 plan, changed to
$2.25 a month per year of service up to 30
(plus social security benefits).
Minimum monthly pension for pensioners
already retired for disability as follows:
Those entitled to social security disability
benefits to receive minimum pensions speci
fied in preceding entry; those ineligible
for social security disability benefits, $50 a
month if retired prior to Feb. 29, 1948, $60
a month if retired under the 1949 plan,7
and $80 a month if retired under the 1954
plan.
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JANUARY 1962
50
C— Related Wage Practices—Continued
Effective date
Provision
Applications, exceptions, and
other related matters
Pension Plans—Continued
Nov. 1, 1957 (agreement
dated Nov. 3, 1956)—
Continued
Jan. 1, 1960 (agreement
dated June 23, I960).8
Added: Early retirement—Employees aged
60 but less than 65 with 15 years’ contin
uous service permitted to retire at own op
tion; could elect (1) deferred normal pen
sion starting at age 65 or (2) an immediate
pension, actuarially reduced.
Added: Deferred vested rights—Employees
laid off for more than 2 years or termi
nated as a result of a permanent shutdown
of a plant, department, or a subdivision
and who at the end of such 2 years or upon
such termination had reached age 40 with
at least 15 years’ continuous service to
receive deferred monthly pension at age
65 based on years of continuous service
and on average monthly compensation
during the 120 months prior to the expira
tion of such 2 years or such termination.
Minimum monthly pension at age 65 in Company increased pensions for retired
employees by amounts up to $5 a month.10
creased to company payment of $2.50 a
month for each year of service prior to
Jan. 1, 1960, and $2.60 a month for each
year of service thereafter, up to 35 years—
plus social security benefits.9
Amount deducted for social security bene
fits from pension benefits as computed by
basic 1-percent formula, reduced to $80.
Minimum monthly pension prior to age 65
for permanent incapacity increased to
$100 less any social security disability
benefits payable. Alternatives of mini
mum normal pension or amount under
1-percent formula continued.
Early retirement: Added—full pension based In case of pensions based on 1-percent for
mula, $80 to be deducted as for normal
on continuous service to date of retire
retirement.
ment for (1) employees aged 60 but less
than 65 with 15 year’s, continuous service, Employee must have reached age 53 with
18 years’ continuous service on date of
retired under mutually satisfactory con
shutdown, layoff, or disability.11 Com
ditions, and (2) employees aged 55 with
pany could at its option grant a pension
20 or more years’ service, terminated
prior to the date absence due to layoff or
because of permanent shutdown, layoff,
physical disability would otherwise result
or sickness resulting in break in service.9
in break in service if in its judgment there
Amount of pension either minimum
was little likelihood that employee would
normal pension or amount under 1-perbe recalled to work.
cent formula.
Not applicable to those receiving disability
or deferred vested pensions.
Added: Special retirement benefit, providing
lump-sum payment equal to 13 weeks’ Regular monthly pension payments to com
mence after 3 months. Employee who has
vacation pay reduced by pay for vacation
not taken vacation in calendar year not
previously taken in calendar year in which
required to take vacation and not en
retirement occurred or, if employee was
titled to vacation pay in that year.11
not eligible for vacation in the year of
retirement, by pay for vacation in last
year in which he was eligible.
Pay for Trial Trips
June 23, 1960 (agreement of
same date).
See footnotes on p. 51.
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Changed to: Pay for a holiday to be the
greater of (a) 16 hours at regular hourly
rate, or (b) 2 times regular hourly rate on
holiday other than 1 of 7 specified holidays,
or (c) 2% times regular hourly rate on 1 of
7 specified holidays.
WAGE CHRONOLOGY : ALUMINUM COMPANY OF AMERICA
51
Footnotes to table C appearing on pp. 46-50.
1 Vacation provisions effective Jan. 1, 1958, were as follows:
Years of service
Duration of vacation Extra vacation pay
1 but less than 8______________ 1 week
None.
3 but less than 5_.......................... 1 week
Vi week.
2 weeks
None.
5 but less than 10.............
10 but less than 15_...........
2 weeks
H week.
15 but less than 25____________ 3 weeks
None.
25 or more___________________ 3 weeks
week.
2
Excluded amount of employee’s contribution toward cost of additional
benefits under the New York State Disability Benefits Law and the New
Jersey Temporary Disability Benefits Law for employees working in those
jurisdictions.
2 Schedule of benefits—in addition to the national Blue Cross 120-day
hospitalization plan and national Blue Shield surgical plan—and employee
contributions revised as follows:
Life
insurance
Employee’s hourly base
rate*
Before
retire
ment
After
retire
ment
Less than $1.94------- ---- $3,500
$1.94 but less than $2.32---- 4, 000
$2.32 but less than $2.70___ 4, 500
$2.70 but less than $3.14___ 5,000
$3.14 but less than $3.52___ 5, 500
$3.52 and over..................... 6,000
$1,300
1,350
1,400
1,450
1,500
1,550
Weekly
accident
and
sickness
benefit
$42
45
48
51
54
57
Employee’s
monthly
contribution**
With
No
depend depend
ents
ents
$7. 50
7.80
8.10
8.40
8. 70
9. 00
$9.50
9.80
10.10
10.40
10.70
11.00
* On basis of Nov. 1, 1956, wage scale, excluding incentive earnings.
** Contributions of employees in New York andNew Jersey included
amounts required by State laws, resulting in monthly contributions
higher by 30 cents in New York and 15 cents in New Jersey than those
paid by employees in other States. The company assumed approxi
mately'one-half of the cost of the accident and sickness coverage for these
employees.
* In accordance!with letter of understanding betweeiYthe parties dated
Feb. 13,1960.
W age Chronology:
Aluminum Company of America 1
Supplement No. 5—1958-61
1959—just prior to the expiration of
their existing contracts 2—the Aluminum Com
pany of America and the United Steelworkers of
America and the Aluminum Workers Interna
tional Union agreed to extend their agreements
until November 1 or 30 days after settlement of a
nationwide steel strike then taking place, which
ever was earlier. The parties also agreed that any
benefits that would be effective in the first year of
the contract resulting from their negotiations were
to be retroactive to August 1, 1959, except pension
benefits, which were not to be effective until
January 1, 1960. In November 1959, the con
tract extension was automatically continued, since
neither of the parties terminated the agreement
O n J uly 28,
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5 This provision was included in an insurance agreement dated June 23,
1960.
6 Schedule of benefits—in addition to the national Blue Cross 120-day
hospitalization plan and national Blue Shield surgical plan—revised as
follows:
Life
insurance
Employee’s hourly base
rate*
Before
retire
ment
After
retire
ment
Less than $2.29_________ $4, 000
$2.29 but less than $2.71___ 4, 500
$2.71 but less than $3.11___ 5,000
$3.11 but less than $3.55___ 5,500
$3.55 but less than $3.93___ 6,000
$3.93 and over______ ____ 6,500
$1,300
1,350
1,400
1,450
1,500
1,550
Weekly
accident
and
sickness
benefit
$53
56
59
62
65
68
Employee’s
monthly
contribution**
With
No
depend depend
ents
ents
$7. 50
7. 80
8.10
8. 40
8. 70
9. 00
$9.50
9.80
10.10
10. 40
10. 70
11.00
* On basis of July 1, 1960, wage scale, excluding incentive earnings.
**For contributions of employees in New Jersey and New York, see
footnote ** under footnote 3.
7 Amendments became effective Mar. 1,1950.
8 In a letter to the union from the company dated June 23, 1950, it was
agreed that in the event pension benefits in effect at the company’s basic
steel plants were changed prior to June 1, 1963, pursuant to agreement be
tween the company and the United Steelworkers of America, the same
changes in benefits would be made applicable simultaneously to employees
in the company’s Atlantic coast shipyards division.
8 Definition of continuous service was changed to extend the period which
could elapse before a break in service up to 5 years (was 2 years) after layoff,
depending on length of service. Previous practice of crediting up to 2 years
of layoff as years of service for purposes of computing retirement benefits
continued.
10
Included in a letter to the union from the company dated June 23, 1960.
The $5 increase was provided for all pensioners except those electing to receive
a reduced amount under a pension option, for whom the increase was prorated
accordingly.
71 Included in a letter to the union from the company dated June 23, 1960
by the 10-day notice required in the original
document.
Tentative agreement on the economic terms of
new contracts was reached on December 19, 1959,
about 2y2 weeks before the steel settlement. The
new wage and fringe benefit package was valued
by the parties at between 28.5 and 30 cents an
hour over the 3-year contract period. The agree
ments provided for one retroactive as well as two
deferred wage increases.
Differences among plants in the wage and job
increment increases agreed to during the 1959
negotiations apparently were directed toward the
establishment of a uniform wage-rate structure in
all of the company’s plants covered by agreements
with the two unions. As in some earlier contracts,
7 For basic chronology and previous supplements, see Monthly Labor
Review, December 1950 (pp. 688-692), July 1951 (pp. 56-57), February 1953
(pp. 153-154), August 1954 (pp. 880-881), and June 1958 (pp. 634-642), or Wage
Chronology Series 4, No. 11. The basic chronology and its supplements
cover only plants organized by the United Steelworkers of America and the
Aluminum Workers International Union.
2 Contracts remained in force through July 31, and pension agreements
through December 31, 1959.
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JANUARY 1962
52
general wage and increment increases were larger
at plants with lower wage rates or increments.
Over the 3-year period covered by the agreements,
there will be a narrowing of the rate differences
that existed in the plants represented by each of
the unions. By the time the final increase due
under the 1959 agreements becomes effective, the
majority of plants represented b}^ both unions will
have the same hourly rate for labor grade 1.
The net effect of the increases was to reduce, but
not eliminate, differences in wage rates for the
same occupational class by the end of the con
tract term.
Under the terms of the new agreements, the
cost-of-living formula provided in the previous
agreements was continued, the allowance was
frozen at 17 cents until August 1, 1960, and limits
were established on further increases in the allow
ance after that date. The company also agreed
to assume the entire cost of the dependents’
hospital and surgical insurance, part of which had
been borne by the employees. In addition, some
of the supplementary benefits, including supple
mental unemployment and sickness and accident
benefits, were liberalized; hospital, surgical, and
life insurance coverage was extended for laid-off
and disabled employees, and these benefits were
also made available to pensioners and their wives.
The new agreements, covering about 17,400
USA members in 13 plants 3 and 9,700 AWU
members in 9 plants,4 are to be in force through
July 31, 1962. Discussions on pensions may be
opened July 1, 1962, but any changes in the
program shall not be effective until January 1,
1963.
The following tables bring the wage changes of
the Aluminum Company of America chronology
through February 1962 and show agreement pro
visions on related wage practices negotiated in
1959.
3 The plant in Torrence, Calif., was included in the master USA agreement
for the first time in 1959.
4 Including plants at Vancouver and Wenatchee, Wash., where the AWU
negotiates in conjunction with other unions through a trades council.
A—General Wage Changes
Effective date
Provision
Applications, exceptions, and other related
matters
Aug. 1, 1958 (AWU memo
randum of settlement
dated July 31, 1956, and
USA agreement dated
Aug. 9, 1956).
8 cents an hour general increase plus 0.2cent increase in increments between job
classes, resulting in added increases up
to 5.4 cents for top grade. Total in
crease estimated to average 9.8 cents an
hour in base rates.
First pay period beginning
in Aug. 1958 (AWU
memorandum of settle
ment dated July 31, 1956,
and
USA agreement
dated Aug. 9, 1956).
First pay period beginning
in February 1959 (AWU
and USA).
Aug. 1, 1959 (USA and
AWU agreements dated
Dec. 19, 1959).
4 cents an hour allowance added to straighttime hourly earnings.
Deferred increase. Proportionate increase
in incentive earnings.
AWU—Increments at the Chillicothe (Ohio)
and Cressona (Pa.) plants, were increased
0.5 cent and 0.3 cent, respectively.
Increase in increments between job classes
at all AWU plants resulted from com
pletion of wage-study program under
terms of July 31, 1956, memorandum of
settlement, which provided for final con
tribution to fund of 1.5 cents.
Semiannual adjustment of cost-of-living
allowance.
See footnote at end of table.
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1 cent an hour allowance added to straighttime hourly earnings.
Do.
Increases, estimated to average 4.8 cents an
hour.
Agreements also provided deferred increases
on Aug. 1 of 1960 and 1961. See pro
visions reported below under these dates.
Agreements contained the following pro
visions regarding cost-of-living allowance:
(1) continued the 17-cents-an-hour allow
ance, (2) froze allowance until Aug. 1,
1960, (3) provided for review on Aug. 1,
1960, Feb. 1 and Aug. 1, 1981, and Feb.
1, 1962, and (4) continued existing formula
but limited increase to 6 cents, of which
maximum of 3 cents could be effective
Aug. 1, 1960, to July 31, 1961.1
WAGE CHRONOLOGY : ALUMINUM COMPANY OF AMERICA
53
A—General Wage Changes—Continued
Effective date
Aug. 1, 1959 (USA and
AWU agreements dated
Dec. 19, 1959)—Con
tinued.
Provision
Applications, exceptions, and other
related matters
USA—At 11 of 13 plants, 5 cents an hour
general increase.
Hourly rates at the Edgewater (N.J.) plant
were increased 3.1 cents plus an 0.1 centincrease in increments between job classes;
rates at the Detroit (Mich.) plant were
increased 1.1 cents plus an 0.2-cent in
crease in job increments.
“Red-circle” rates increased by amount
applicable increment increase exceeded
differential; where differential exceeded
increment increase, it was reduced by
amount of such increase.
Hourly rates at the East St. Louis (111.)
and Davenport (Iowa) plants were in
creased 3 cents, and at the Vancouver and
Wenatchee (Wash.) plants, 3 cents plus
an 0.3-cent increase in increments between
job classes.
Workers in red-circle (out-of-line) jobs did
not receive increment increases. In effect,
increases in increments applied toward
reduction of differentials between out-of
line rates and evaluated job rates.
Deferred increase.
AWU—At 5 of 9 plants, 5 cents an hour
general increase plus 0.1-cent increase
in increments between job classes, re
sulting in added increases up to 2.7 cents
for top grade.
Aug. 1, 1960 (USA and
AWU agreements dated
Dec. 19, 1959). j
Increases, estimated to average 7.1 cents
an hour.
USA—At 11 of 13 plants, 7.3 cents an hour
general increase.
AWU—General increases of 4 to 7.1 cents
an hour and increases in increments be
tween job class rates of 0.1 and 0.2 cent,
resulting in increases of 2.7 and 5.4 cents
for top job grades.
First pay period beginning
in August 1960 (USA
and AWU).
First pay period beginning
in February 1961 (USA
and AWU).
Aug. 1, 1961 (USA and
AWU agreements dated
Dec. 19, 1959).
First pay period beginning
in August 1961 (USA
and AWU).
First pay period beginning
in February 1962 (USA
and AWU).
3 cents an hour allowance added to straighttime hourly earnings.
No change____________________________
Increases, estimated to average 8.9 cents
an hour.
USA—At 11 of 13 plants, 7.4 cents an hour
general increase plus 0.2-cent increase
in increments between job classes, re
sulting in added increases up to 5.4 cents
for top grade.
AWU—At 4 plants, 8 cents an hour general
increase plus 0.2-cent increase in incre
ments between job classes, resulting in
added increases up to 5.4 cents for top
grade.
3 cents an hour allowance added to straighttime hourly earnings.
No change____________________________
1 For the schedule of cost-of-living adjustments of the previous contracts,
which was continued, see “ Wage Chronology No. 4, Aluminum Company
of America,” Monthly Labor Review, June 1958, p. 638. The new contracts
provided that the maximum total adjustment in effect between the first
payroll period on or after Aug. 1,1960, and July 31,1962, was to be as follows:
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Hourly rates were increased 6.3 cents at the
Edgewater plant and 6 cents at the
Detroit plant.
Hourly rates were increased 7.1 cents plus
increases in increments of 0.2 cent at
Chillicothe, Cressona, and Lancaster (Pa.)
plants, 7.1 cents plus 0.1 cent at Lafayette
(Ind.) and Massena (N.Y.), 6 cents plus
0.1 cent at East St. Louis, 4 cents plus 0.2
cent at Vancouver and Wenatchee, and 4
cents plus 0.1 cent at Davenport.
Adjustment of cost-of-living allowance.
Maximum allowance permissible at this
time already in effect as result of August
1960 review.
Deferred increase.
Hourly rates were increased 6 cents at the
Edgewater and Detroit plants, plus 0.2cent increase in increments.
Hourly rates were increased 8 cents plus 0.3
cent at Cresonna, 7.5 cents plus 0.2 cent
at East St. Louis, and 4.5 cents plus 0.2
cent at Davenport, Vancouver, and
Wenatchee.
Adjustment of cost-of-living allowance.
Maximum allowance permissible at this
time already in effect as result of August
1961 review.
For the period—
The maximum total adjustment would be—
Aug. 1, 1960 to July 31, 1961______________________________20 cents
Aug. 1, 1961 to July 31, 1962________________________ _____23 cents
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JANUARY 1962
54
B—Related Wage Practices
Effective date
Provision
Applications, exceptions, and other related
matters
Premium Pay for Weekend Work
Added: For purpose of computing consecu
tive days worked, days on which employee
received jury-duty pay considered a day
worked. Practice of considering holiday
a day worked whether or not work was
actually performed continued.
Aug. 1, 1959 (USA agree
ment dated Dec. 19,
1959).
Jan. 9, 1960
(AWU agreement dated
Dec. 19, 1959).
Paid Vacations
Changed to: Vacation pay to be based on
employee’s average straight-time hourly
earnings and average weekly hours worked
during the first 4 of the last 6 weeks
(excluding any week in which a paid
holiday was observed) in which employee
worked prior to (a) the date the vacation
began (or 14 days preceding that date if
employee requested advance vacation
pay) or (b) the date the vacation was
considered as starting.
Changed to: Vacation pay to be based on
employee’s average straight-time hourly
earnings and average weekly hours worked
during last completed calendar quarter
(excluding any week in which a paid
holiday was observed) in which employee
worked prior to (a) the date the vacation
began (or 14 days preceding that date if
employee requested advance vacation
pay) or (b) the date the vacation was
considered as starting.
Aug. 1, 1959 (USA agree
ment dated Dec. 19,
1959).
Jan. 9, 1960 (AWU agree
ment dated Dec. 19,
1959).
Sickness, Accident, and¿Death Benefits
Aug. 1, 1959 (USA and
AWU agreements dated
Dec. 19, 1959).
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Changed to: For employees and depend
ents, company-paid plan providing bene
fits previously in effect plus changes
described below:
Employees’ contributions for dependents’
coverage for pay periods beginning Aug. 3,
1959, and thereafter, to be refunded.
Benefits of revised plan applicable to all
employees actively at work on or after
Aug. 1, 1959, and their dependents.
Benefits of prior plan continued until
return to active employment for employees
not actively at work on Aug. 1, 1959,
subject to maximum periods provided in
prior plan.
All insurance continued for employees dis
abled because of sickness or injury up to 1
year from last day worked or until retire
ment or termination of seniority, which
ever was earlier.
Hospital room and board, special hospital
services (including maternity benefits), and
surgical benefits continued up to 6 months
for laid-off employees with 2 or more years’
continuous service at date of layoff, unless
seniority was terminated, and their de
pendents. Benefits continued up to 31
days for laid-off employees with less than
2 years’ continuous service at date of
layoff and their dependents.
WAGE CHRONOLOGY : ALUMINUM COMPANY OF AMERICA
55
B—Related Wage Practices—Continued
Effective date
Provision
Applications, exceptions, and other related
maters
Sickness, Accident, and Death Benefits—Continued
Aug. 1, 1959 (USA and
AWU agreements dated
Dec. 19, 1959)—Con.
Hospitalization (room and board)—Up to
semiprivate room charge for a maximum
of 120 days.
Special hospital services—Up to charges
made by hospital, for the period of
hospitalization.
Maternity benefits—Hospital room and
board and special hospital services as pro
vided for other disabilities.
Aug. 1, 1960 (USA and
AWU agreements dated
Dec. 19, 1959).
See footnote at end of table.
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For employees only:
Life insurance—On retirement, before age
65, $5,000.
Sickness and accident benefits—Graduated
range from $53 to $68 a week, depending
on job grade,1 up to 26 weeks; 6 weeks
for maternity. Practice of supplement
ing workmen’s compensation up to week
ly benefit amount continued.
Added: For pensioners and wives—Group
insurance including hospital room and
board and special hospital services as
provided active employees, outpatient
hospital charges for minor surgery and
accidental injury, and surgical operations
insurance up to $200 ; life time maximum
of $2,500 per insured individual.
Up to $15 a day allowance provided toward
cost of private room, but not more than
actual charge.
Benefits not available for injury or sickness
covered by workmen’s compensation,
charges for physicians, surgeons, or special
nurses, and services not furnished by
hospital.
Added: The following services when provided
by the outpatient department of a hospital:
minor surgery, treatment for an accident
which begins within 48 hours following
accident, and radiation therapy, diagnos
tic X-ray examinations with films, basal
metabolism tests, electrocardiograms, and
electroencephalograms, when directed to
ward a definite condition of disease or
injury.
Added: Surgical—Oral surgery and physi
cian’s charges, as follows: (a) Anesthesia
services—minimum $15, maximum 20
percent of payment for surgical procedure;
(b) radiation therapy benefits—up to $7.50
per treatment, maximum $200, for condi
tions not covered by hospitalization
benefits; (c) diagnostic X-ray services—in
or out of hospital, required in diagnosis of
disease or injury, up to $40 per treatment,
maximum $75 in any 1 year; and (d)
diagnostic examinations—in or out of
hospital, made or ordered by licensed
physician, maximum $75 for all examina
tions during 1 year.
Diagnostic X-ray and examination benefits
not available for examinations covered by
hospitalization benefits and those in
connection with pregnancy, dental care,
research studies, screening, routine physi
cal examinations or checkups, premarital
examinations, hospital admission proce
dures, and fluoroscopy without films.
Insurance to continue during layoff up to 2
years, with employees paying $3 per
month after first 6 months.
Not available to deferred vested pensioners.
Benefits to cease for wife upon receipt of
$2,500 paid on her behalf or the death of
husband, whichever was earlier.
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JANUARY 1962
56
B—Related Wage Practices--Continued
Effective date
Provision
Applications, exceptions, and other related
matters
Pensions
Jan. 1, 1960 (USA and
AWU agreements dated
Dec. 19, 1959).
Aug. 3, 1960 (company
letter of same date).
Jan. 1, 1961 (company
letter dated Aug. 3,
1960).
Minimum monthly pension at age 65
increased to company payment of $2.50
a month for each year of service prior to
Jan. 1, 1960, and $2.60 a month for each
year of service thereafter, up to 40 years—
plus social security benefits.
Amount deducted for social security bene
fits from pension benefits, as computed
by basic 1.25-percent formula, reduced
to $80.
Disability retirement—Minimum monthly
pension to be larger of (1) $100 including
public pension payments but excluding
workmen’s compensation or (2) minimum
normal pension described above ($2.50
or $2.60 times years of service) or (3)
amount under basic 1.25-percent formula.
Early retirement: Added—Full pension
based on continuous service to date of
retirement for (a) employees age 60 with
30 years’ continuous service, retired
under mutually satisfactory conditions,
(b) employees age 55 with 15 years’
service terminated (1) because of perma
nent shutdown or (2) after 5 years’ con
tinuous absence due to layoff, sickness,
or accident, and (c) employees age 50
with 15 or more years’ service laid off with
little likelihood of being recalled, and
retired under mutually satisfactory con
ditions. Alternatives of minimum nor
mal pension or amount under 1.25-percent
formula continued.
Added: Special retirement benefit, providing
lump-sum payment equal to 13 weeks’
vacation pay reduced by amount of
vacation pay received for year of retire
ment.
Added: Special retirement benefit, to be
reduced by amount of vacation pay
receivable in year retirement occurred.
Pensions of retired employees increased $5
a month.
In case of pensions based on basic 1.25percent formula, $80 to be deducted as
for normal retirement.
Not applicable to employees receiving dis
ability or deferred vested pensions.
Regular monthly pension payment to com
mence after 3 months.
For special retirement benefit purposes, em
ployee not taking vacation in calendar
year of retirement not required to take
vacation and not entitled to vacation pay
in that year.
Supplemental Unemployment Benefit Plan 2
Aug. 1, 1959 (USA and
AWU agreements dated
Dec. 19, 1959).
See footnotes at end of table.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Changed: Size of weekly benefit—Computa Added: Employee with sufficient earnings to
tion of average straight-time hourly earn
be ineligible for State unemployment in
ings based on last calendar quarter ending
surance to have regular supplemental un
1 month or more prior to beginning of em
employment benefit reduced by amount
ployee’s benefit year under State system .*
earnings from any source exceeded State
benefit for total unemployment plus
amount of earnings disregarded by State
for unemployment benefit purposes (up to
$10) or 20 percent of earnings from com
pany, whichever was greater.
WAGE CHRONOLOGY : ALUMINUM COMPANY OF AMERICA
57
B—Related Wage Practices—Continued
Effective date
Provision
Applications, exceptions, and
other related matters
Supplemental Unemployment Benefit Plan —Continued
Aug. 1, 1959 (USA and
AWU agreements dated
Dec. 19, 1959)—Con.
When benefit was reduced by less than onehalf as a result of earnings that would dis
qualify employee for State unemployment
benefit—three-quarter week’s eligibility
credit to be deducted; if benefit was re
duced by one-half or more, one-quarter
week’s credit to be deducted.
Employee with less than a full week’s eligi
bility to receive proportionately reduced
benefit for that week.
Employee not eligible for supplemental un
employment benefits at time State unem
ployment benefits were exhausted to re
ceive, on becoming eligible, supplemental
unemployment benefits for a number of
weeks equal to number of weeks State
benefits were received less number of
weeks between dates of exhaustion and
eligibility.
1 S c h e d u le o f b e n e fits a s follow s:
Job grade
1 -4 ...........................................................
5 -8 ...........................................................
9 - 1 2 . ......................................................
13-16......................................................
17-20......................................................
2 1 -24.......................................................
25 a n d a b o v e .................................—
T able C.
Sta n d a rd H
1
B e n e fits c o n tin u e d to b e re d u ce d b y 25 to 85 p e r c e n t, d e p e n d in g u p o n
r a tio o f th e “ a v a ila b le b e n e fit li m it ” (m a x im u m b e n e fit lim it m in u s b e n e fits
p a id ) to th e “ m a x im u m b e n e fit li m it ,” in a n y m o n th in w h ic h su c h ra tio
wa,s less th a n 75 p e r c e n t. T h e a p p lic a b le ra tio w a s re d u ce d in 10 p erc e n ta g e
p o in t ste p s ra th er th a n 5 p erc en ta g e p o in t s te p s a s p r e v io u s ly , h o w e v e r .
3 In a n y S ta te in w h ic h s u p p le m e n ta tio n w a s n o t p e r m itte d , e m p lo y e e n o
lo n g er re q u ir ed to a p p ly for S ta te u n e m p lo y m e n t b en efits. A m o u n t o f S ta te
u n e m p lo y m e n t b e n e fit e m p lo y e e w o u ld h a v e r e c e iv e d a d d e d to c o m p u te d
b e n e fit, a n d to ta l a m o u n t o f s u c h a d d itio n s s u b tr a c te d from “ a v a ila b le b en efit
li m it .”
Weekly benefit
$53
56
59
62
64
66
68
ourly
R
ates
1
in
P lants
o f A l u m in u m C o m p a n y o f
w o r k e r s o f A m e r ic a ,
A m e r ic a O r g a n iz e d
by
U n it e d S t e e l
1958-61
Job
grade
1....... .
2 - ____
3..........
4____
5_____
>_____
7
8
)_____
0 .............
1_____
2_____
3 .............
L_____
)-------i _____
r_____
3_____
)______
) _____
___
Ì ______
►-----
.......
►- _ _
'_____
_____
Effective August 1,1958
Edgewater,
N.J.
Detroit,
Mich.
Other
plants
$2.079
$2.119
2.126
2.165
2.173
2.211
2.220
2.267
2.267
2.303
2.314
2.349
....................
2.361
2.395
....................
2.408
2.441
2. 455
2.487
2. 502
2.533
2. 549
2. 579
2. 596
2.625
2.643
2.671
2.690
2.717
2.737
2. 763
2.784
2.809
2.831
2.855
2.878
2.901
2.925
2. 947
2.972
2.993
3.019
3.039
3.066
3.085
3.113
3.131
3.160
3.177
3.207
3.223
3.254
3.269
3.301
3.315
3.348
3.361
$1.994
2.043
2.092
2.141
2.190
2. 239
2.288
2.337
2.386
2. 435
2.484
2.533
2. 582
2. 631
2. 680
2. 729
2.778
2. 827
2.876
2.925
2. 974
3.023
3.072
3.121
3.170
3. 219
3. 268
3.317
Effective August 1,1959
Edgewater,
N.J.
$2.110
2.158
2.206
2.254
2.302
2.350
2. 398
2.446
2.494
2. 542
2. 590
2. 638
2. 686
2. 734
2.782
2.830
2. 878
2. 926
2.974
3.022
3.070
3.118
3.166
3. 214
3.262
3.310
3.358
3.406
Detroit,
Mich.
Other
plants 2
$2.130
2.178
2.226
2.274
2.322
2. 370
2.418
2.466
2.514
2. 562
2.610
2.658
2.706
2. 754
2.812
2.850
2.898
2.946
2. 994
3.042
3.090
3.138
3.186
3. 234
3.282
3. 330
3.378
3.426
1 Excludes cost-of-living allowances.
2 T h e U S A c o n tr a c t d a te d D e c e m b e r 19, 1959, in c lu d e d w o r k e r s a t T o r
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Effective August 1, 1960
$2.044
2.093
2.142
2.191
2.240
2.289
2.338
2.387
2. 436
2. 485
2.534
2.583
2. 632
2. 681
2. 730
2. 779
2. 828
2. 877
2. 926
2.975
3.024
3.073
3.122
3.171
3.220
3.269
3.318
3. 367
Edgewater,
N.J.
$2.173
2. 221
2. 269
2.317
2.365
2.413
2.461
2. 599
2.557
2.605
2. 653
2.701
2.749
2.797
2.845
2.893
2.941
2.989
3.037
3.085
3.133
3.181
3. 229
3.277
3.325
3.373
3.421
3. 469
Detroit,
Mich.
$2.190
2.238
2.286
2.334
2.382
2.430
2.478
2. 526
2.574
2.622
2.670
2.718
2.766
2. 814
2.862
2.910
2. 958
3. 006
3.054
3.102
3.159
3.198
3.246
3. 294
3.342
3.390
3.438
3.486
Other
plants 2
$2.117
2.166
2.215
2.264
2.313
2. 362
2. 411
2.469
2. 5 )9
2. 558
2.607
2.656
2. 705
2.754
2.803
2. 852
2.901
2.950
2.999
3.048
3.097
3.146
3.195
3.244
3.293
3.342
3. 391
3.440
Effective August 1,1961
Edgewater,
N.J.
$2.233
2. 283
2.333
2.383
2. 433
2. 483
2.533
2. 583
2.633
2. 683
2.733
2. 783
2. 833
2. 883
2.933
2.983
3.033
3.083
3.133
3.183
3.233
3.283
3. 333
3. 383
3.433
3. 483
3.533
3. 583
Detroit,
Mich.
$2.25
2.30
2.35
2. 40
2. 45
2. 59
2.55
2. 60
2. 65
2. 70
2. 75
2.80
2. 85
2.90
2. 95
3.00
3.05
3.10
3.15
3.29
3.25
3.30
3.35
3. 40
3. 45
3. 59
3. 55
3.69
Other
plants 2
$2.191
2. 242
2.293
2.344
2.395
2. 446
2. 497
2. 548
2.599
2. 660
2. 701
2. 752
2.803
2. 854
2.905
2.956
3.007
3.058
3.109
3.160
3.211
3.262
3.313
3.364
3.415
3. 466
3.517
3. 568
ra n ce , C a lif. (R o m e C a b le C o r p ., a s u b s id ia r y o f A lu m in u m C o m p a n y of
A m e r ic a ).
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JANUARY 1962
58
T a ble D .
Sta n d a rd H
ourly
R
ates
W
1
i n P l a n t s o f A l u m in u m C o m p a n y o f
o r k e r s I n t e r n a t io n a l U n io n , 1958-61
A m e r ic a O r g a n iz e d
i ______
2______
3.......... 4______
5______
6.........8______
9______
10_____
11_____
12_____
1 3-.......
14_____
15_____
16..........
17_____
18_____
19_____
2 0 -.......
21_____
22_____
23_____
24_____
25_____
26_____
27_____
28_____
Lafayette,
Ind., and
Massena,
N.Y.
$1.990
2.036
2.082
2.128
2.174
2.220
2.266
2.312
2.358
2.404
2. 450
2.496
2. 542
2.588
2.634
2. 680
2.726
2. 772
2. 818
2.864
2.910
2.956
3.002
3.048
3.094
3.140
3.186
3.232
Lancaster,
Pa., and
Chillicothe,
Ohio
East
St. Louis,
111.
Cressona,
Pa.
1______
2______
3.........4______
5........ 6______
7______
8______
9______
10_____
11_____
12_____
13_____
14_____
15..........
16_____
1 7-........
18_____
19_____
20_____
21..........
22..........
23..........
24_____
25..........
26...........
27_____
28..........
East St.
Louis, 111.
$2.075
2.122
2.169
2.216
2.263
2.310
2.357
2.404
2.451
2.498
2.545
2. 592
2.639
2.686
2.733
2. 780
2.827
2. 874
2.921
2.968
3.015
3.062
3.109
3.156
3.203
3.250
3.297
3.344
Davenport,
Iowa
$2.195
2.242
2.289
2.336
2.383
2.430
2.477
2.524
2. 571
2.618
2.665
2. 712
2. 759
2.806
2.853
2.900
2.947
2.994
3.041
3.088
3.135
3.182
3.229
3.276
3.323
3.370
3. 417
3.464
1 Excludes cost-of-living allowances.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Vancouver,
and
Wenatchee,
Wash.
$2.195
2.241
2.287
2.333
2.379
2.425
2.471
2. 517
2.563
2.609
2.655
2.701
2.747
2.793
2.839
2.885
2.931
2.977
3.023
3.069
3.115
3.161
3.207
3.253
3.299
3.345
3.391
3.437
Vancouver,
and
Wenatchee,
Wash.
$2.165
2.208
2. 251
2.294
2.337
2.380
2. 423
2.466
2.509
2. 552
2.595
2.638
2.681
2. 724
2. 767
2. 810
2.853
2.896
2. 939
2.982
3.025
3.068
3.111
3.154
3.197
3.240
3.283
3.326
$2,165
2.212
2.259
2.306
2.353
2.400
2. 447
2.494
2.541
2. 588
2.635
2.682
2. 729
2. 776
2.823
2. 870
2.917
2.964
3.011
3. 058
3.105
3.152
3.199
3. 246
3.293
3.340
3.387
3.434
Lafayette,
Ind.,
Massena,
N.Y.,
Lancaster,
Pa., and
Chillicothe,
Ohio
$2. I ll
2.159
2.207
2.255
2.303
2.351
2.399
2.447
2.495
2.543
2. 591
2.639
2.687
2.735
2.783
2.831
2.879
2.927
2.975
3.023
3.071
3.119
3.167
3.215
3.263
3.311
3.359
3.407
Cressona,
Pa.
$2. Ill
2.158
2.205
2.252
2.299
2.346
2.393
2.440
2.487
2.534
2. 581
2.628
2.675
2.722
2. 769
2.816
2.863
2.910
2. 957
3.004
3.051
3.098
3.145
3.192
3.239
3.286
3.333
3.380
East St.
Louis, 111.
$2.135
2.183
2.231
2. 279
2.327
2.375
2.423
2.471
2. 519
2.567
2.615
2.663
2. 711
2.759
2.807
2.855
2.903
2. 951
2.999
3.047
3.095
3.143
3.191
3.239
3.287
3.335
3.383
3.431
Lancaster,
Pa., and
Chillicothe,
Ohio
Lafayette,
Ind., and
Massena,
N.Y.
$2.040
2. 087
2.134
2.181
2.228
2.275
2.322
2.369
2.416
2.463
2. 510
2. 557
2.604
2.651
2.698
2.745
2. 792
2. 839
2.886
2. 933
2.980
3.027
3.074
3.121
3.168
3.215
3.262
3.309
Cressona,
Pa.
$2.040
2.086
2.132
2.178
2.224
2.270
2.316
2.362
2.406
2.454
2.500
2. 546
2. 592
2. 638
2.684
2.730
2. 776
2.822
2.868
2. 914
2.960
3.006
3.052
3.098
3.144
3.190
3.236
3.282
$2.040
2.085
2.130
2.175
2. 220
2.265
2.310
2.355
2.400
2.445
2.490
2.535
2. 580
2.625
2.670
2.715
2. 760
2. 805
2. 850
2.895
2. 940
2.985
3.030
3.075
3.120
3.165
3.210
3.255
Effective August 1,1961
Effective August 1,1960
Effective August 1,1959—Continued
Job
grade
Davenport,
Iowa
$2.045
2.092
2.139
2.186
2.233
2. 280
2.327
2.374
2.421
2.468
2. 515
2. 562
2.609
2.656
2.703
2.750
2. 797
2.844
2.891
2.938
2. 985
3.032
3.079
3.126
3.173
3.220
3.267
3.314
$1.990
2.034
2.078
2.122
2.166
2.210
2.254
2.298
2.342
2.386
2.430
2. 474
2. 518
2. 562
2.606
2.650
2.694
2.738
2.782
2.826
2.870
2. 914
2. 958
3.002
3.046
3.090
3.134
3.178
$1.990
2.035
2.080
2.125
2.170
2.215
2.260
2.305
2.350
2.395
2.440
2.485
2. 530
2. 575
2.620
2. 665
2.710
2. 755
2.800
2. 845
2. 890
2.935
2.980
3.025
3.070
3.115
3.160
3.205
A l u m in u m
Effective August 1,1959
Effective August 1,1958
Job
grade
by
Davenport,
Iowa,
Vancouver,
and
Wenatchee,
Wash.
$2.235
2.283
2.331
2.379
2.427
2.475
2.523
2.571
2.619
2.667
2.715
2.763
2. 811
2.859
2.907
2.955
3.003
3.051
3.099
3.147
3.195
3.243
3.291
3.339
3.387
3. 435
3. 483
3.531
Lafayette,
Ind.,
Massena,
N.Y., Chil
licothe, Ohio,
Lancaster,
and
Cressona, Pa.
$2.191
2.241
2.291
2.341
2.391
2.441
2.491
2.541
2. 591
2.641
2.691
2. 741
2. 791
2.841
2.891
2.941
2.991
3. 041
3.091
3.141
3.191
3.241
3. 291
3.341
3.391
3.441
3.491
3.541
East St.
Louis, 111.
$2.21
2.26
2.31
2.36
2.41
2.46
2. 51
2. 56
2.61
2.66
2.71
2.76
2. 81
2.86
2. 91
2.96
3.01
3.06
3.11
3.16
3. 21
3.26
3.31
3.36
3.41
3.46
3.51
3.56
Davenport,
Iowa,
Vancouver,
and
Wenatchee,
Wash.
$2.28
2.33
2.38
2.43
2.48
2.53
2. 58
2.63
2. 68
2.73
2. 78
2.83
2.88
2.93
2. 98
3.03
3.08
3.13
3.18
3.23
3.28
3.33
3.38
3.43
3.48
3. 53
3.58
3.63
Technical Note
The 1961 Revision of the
BLS Payroll Employment Statistics
W ith tub publication of data for October 1961,
the Bureau of Labor Statistics revised its statis
tical series on employment, hours, earnings, and
labor turnover in nonagricultural establishments
to March 1959 benchmarks and to the 1957
Standard Industrial Classification. At the same
time, many of the series were significantly im
proved through the introduction of stratification
by establishment size and/or region and the
development of new sources of benchmark data.
A new method of computing seasonally adjusted
series was also introduced.
All of these changes are reflected in revised data
from January 1958 forward with the exception of
stratification, which affects the data beginning in
January 1959. Comparable series for earlier
periods have been developed where feasible.
Finally, the revision also incorporated data for
Alaska and Hawaii beginning in January 1959.
As a result of the various changes, data are now
available for many more industries than formerly
in all series except hours and earnings. The level
of many of the revised series also differs appreci
ably from previously published figures.
Nature of the Revision
New Benchmarks. The new benchmarks 1 were
derived principally from a national summary, by
industry, of employment data for the first quarters
of 1958 and 1959, as derived from reports by
establishments to State employment security
agencies under unemployment insurance programs.
For small firms not subject to the unemployment
insurance laws in 34 States, the materials were
supplemented with data from the U.S. Bureau of
f Old-Age and Survivors’ Insurance. For industries
or activities which are largely exempted on other
grounds, other benchmark data were used.2
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Data made available after the last (1957)
benchmark adjustment permitted construction of
greatly improved benchmarks for several impor
tant activities not covered by the unemployment
insurance program. For charitable and certain
other types of nonprofit organizations, bench
marks were derived from statistics on employ
ment in organizations which elected coverage
under old-age, survivors, and disability insurance.
Estimates of employment in religious organizations
were based on a recent study by the National
Council of Churches,3 which gave figures on the
geographic distribution of churches and church
membership in the major denominations. This
material was supplemented by data from several
studies on employment by churches in selected
areas, made by State agencies cooperating in the
BLS employment statistics program. The OASDI
program provided employment figures from which
to develop improved benchmarks for insurance
agents operating on a straight commission basis.
1957 Standard Industrial Classification. Adop
tion of the 1957 SIC system increases the com
parability between the BLS payroll statistics
series and industry statistics prepared by other
Federal agencies and State agencies. In the
BLS series, the new system, which is based on
the 1957 edition of the Standard Industrial
Classification Manual issued by the Bureau of
the Budget, replaces the 1945 SIC structure in
manufacturing industries and the 1942 Social
Security Board system in nonmanufacturing.
The industrial coding of all 120,000 reporting
units in the current employment and payroll
1 The employment series are compiled by carrying forward counts of total
employment (benchmarks) in each industry according to the percent changes
revealed by a sample of plants reporting monthly. Periodically, these
estimates are compared with a new count of the total, and appropriate adjust
ments are made In the estimates.
2 For example, for railroads, Interstate Commerce Commission data; for
private nonprofit hospitals, American Hospital Association data; and for
private schools, colleges, and universities, data from the U.S. Office of
Education and the National Catholic Welfare Conference.
3 National Council of Churches of Christ in the U.S.A., Churches and
Church Membership in the United States, Series A , Nos. 1-i, Series B, Nos.
1-8, Series D, Nos. 1-6 (New York, 1956-57).
59
60
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JANUARY 1962
sample had to be reviewed, as well as the 30,000
in the labor turnover sample. Although some
industry definitions are identical under the two
systems, others are completely without earlier
counterparts. Between these extremes, there are
series with every degree of industrial compara
bility. The major changes are indicated in the
discussion on the effects of the revision.
Stratification oj Employment Data. The BLS
monthly series on average hourly earnings have
differed significantly from the average earnings
shown by some of the Bureau’s industry wage
surveys, particularly in retail trade. These dis
crepancies appeared to be due primarily to the
use—in the wage surveys but not in the monthly
series—of samples stratified by size and/or region.
For the monthly series, however, there were no
satisfactory comprehensive benchmark data strati
fied by size for use as weights. This deficiency
was removed when the Bureau of Employment
Security, through the State employment security
agencies, began to compile employment data by
size of reporting unit for the first quarter of each
year, starting with 1959.
These data for 1959 were studied, in conjunction
with the BLS reports, to determine which indus
tries required stratification and what stratums
were appropriate to the industry’s particular
geographic and size distribution of establish
ments. In the manufacturing division, size strati
fication was necessary in slightly more than half
of the industries. For the contract construction
and trade divisions, on the other hand, complex
patterns of size, region, or size and region combined
were usually necessary. Typically, stratification
gave greater weight to employment reports from
the small establishments in the sample.
Effects of the Revision
Employment Levels. As a result of the revision,
the estimate of total employment in nonagricultural establishments for March 1959 was adjusted
upward by nearly 1 million, or about 2 percent.
(See table 1.) Of this amount, nearly 700,000
was due to the development of new benchmark
sources for nonprofit institutions and for insurance
agents operating on a straight commission basis.
These additions accounted for the major portion
of the adjustments in the finance, insurance, and
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
\
1959
T a b l e 1.
A d j u s t m e n t o f O r ig i n a l M a r c h
E s t i
m a t e s o f E m p l o y m e n t in N o n a g r ic u l t u r a l E st a b
l is h m e n t s to M a r c h
B en c h m a r k s, by I n d u stry
D i v is io n
1959
[In thousands]
Net change resulting
from—
Industry division
OrigiNet
nal
Benchadjust1959
estiIntromark
All
ment benchmates 1 duction data not other
marks 1
of 1957 previ- adjustSIC
ously m ents2
included
Total___ _____
51,093
0
+670
Mining____________
Contract construetion ........................
Manufacturing...........
Transportation and
public utilities____
Wholesale and retail
trade____________
Finance, insurance,
and real estate____
Services and ndscellaneous__ ..................
Government...............
689
+15
0
+27
+42
731
2,435
15,995
+1
+286
0
+15
+126
+145
+127
+446
2,562
16,441
+330 +1,000
52,093
3,883
+84
0
-8
+76
3,959
11,134
-287
+13
-8 9
-363
10,771
2,393
0
+125
+30
+155
2, 548
6,409
8,155
—99
0
+517
0
+98
+1
+516
+3
0,925
8,156
! Includes data for Alaska and Hawaii.
2 Includes adjustments necessitated by such causes as changes in the level
of employment in small establishments not covered by unemployment
insurance programs, changes in industrial codes other than those due to
the SIC revision, and sampling variation.
real estate and the service and miscellaneous
divisions.
The adoption of the 1957 SIC system produced
no change in the level of total employment, but
it affected the manufacturing and trade divisions
strongly. The nearly 300,000 employees of fluidmilk dealers and ready-mixed concrete plants,
shifted from trade to manufacturing, accounted
for a substantial portion of the 446,000 increase in
manufacturing and of the 363,000 drop in trade.
The other important change at the industry
division level was the shift of approximately
90.000 employees in radio and television broad
casting from the service division to the trans
portation and public utilities division.
Within manufacturing, the major group most
sharply affected by the adoption of the 1957
SIC system was food and kindred products, where
282.000 employees were added, principally be
cause of the reclassification of fluid-milk plants
from retail and wholesale trade. (See table 2.)
Another significant shift within the manufacturing
division was that of almost 100,000 employees in
the plastic products industry from miscellaneous
manufacturing to the rubber products group. g
Nearly all of the remaining major groups were
affected to some extent by the change to the 1957
SIC structure, in particular the machinery and
1961 REVISION OF BLS PAYROLL STATISTICS
electrical equipment groups. There were also
many shifts among the component industries
within each group. In about half of the 21
major groups, the shifts due to the adoption of
the new SIC were largely confined to transfers
among industries within groups and did not
significantly affect the major group totals.
The other 300,000 increase in total employment
in nonagriculatural establishments resulted pri
marily from the correction of estimating errors
inherent in projecting benchmark totals on the
basis of reports from a sample. Another source
of differences in particular industry groups was
changes in the industrial classification of individual
establishments resulting from shifts in product
or activity.
By June 1961, the revised series was 1.3 million
higher than the old series on total employment.
Among the divisions, manufacturing was nearly
350,000 higher and services over 800,000 higher,
while trade was about 220,000 lower.
61
trade, they were increased by 0.7 hour to 38.6
hours. In all manufacturing, average weekly hours
were unchanged; an increase of 0.1 hour due to
stratification was offset by a decrease due to other
causes. In 16 of the 21 major groups, the net
change was 0.2 hour or less.
Detail of Publication. The revision afforded an
opportunity to expand the number of series and
to attain greater consistency among the series.
Estimates of total employment are now published
for 365 industrial categories—almost 50 percent
more than the 246 formerly published. Employ
ment series for production and nonsupervisory
workers are now available for every industry for
which hours and earnings averages are published—
an increase of about 120 series. In addition, estiT
2.
1959
a ble
A d j u s t m e n t o f O r ig i n a l M a r c h
E s t i
m a t e s o f E m p l o y m e n t in
M a n u f a c t u r in g E s t a b
l is h m e n t s to M a r c h
B en c h m a r k s, by I n d u stry
G roup
1959
[In th o u s a n d s]
Hours and Earnings Estimates. The adoption of
the 1957 SIC structure and the introduction of size
and/or regional stratification produced some sub
stantial differences in the levels of average hourly
earnings (table 3). In the mining division, the
new SIC pattern lowered the level by 2 cents, and
stratification reduced it another 8 cents. Of the
21-cent reduction in the average hourly earnings in
contract construction, stratification accounted for
19 cents. The average for retail trade was reduced
by 19 cents, with 17 cents due to stratification.
The effect on manufacturing as a whole was
slight, with average hourly earnings dropping by
only 3 cents, entirely as a result of stratification.
Considering the combined effect of the factors, 15
of the 21 major groups had revisions of 3 cents or
less. Only the rubber products group was affected
markedly by the adoption of the 1957 SIC, show
ing a reduction of 15 cents as a result of the inclu
sion of the relatively low-wage plastic products in
dustry. Stratification had the greatest effect on
the lumber and wood products and the printing
and publishing industries, which comprise large
numbers of small establishments hitherto inade
quately represented in the averages.
Stratification and changes in industrial classifi
cation had less effect on average weekly hours. In
contract construction, average weekly hours were
raised by 0.2 hour to 36.1 hours, while in retail
622604— 62------ 5
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Industry group
Manufacturing- __ _____ _
Durable goods_____________
Ordnance and accessories..
Lumber and wood products, except furniture__
Furniture and fixtures.......
Stone, clay, and glass
products_____________
Primary metal industries..
Fabricated metal products________________
Machinery____________
Electrical equipment and
supplies______________
T ran sp o rtatio n equipm ent__ ______ ___
Instruments and related
products________ _____
Miscellaneous manufacturing industries______
Nondurable goods__________
Food and kindred products_______ _________
Tobacco manufactures___
Textile-mill products____
Apparel
and
related
products__________ . . .
Paper and allied products.
Printina', publishing, and
allied industries___ . . .
Chemicals and allied
products______ ______
Petroleum refining and related industries_______
Rubber and miscellaneous
plastic products_______
Leather and leather products_________________
Net change re
sulting from—
Original
Net
March
esti
adjust 1959
mates 1 Intro
All
ment 3 bench
duction other
mark 3
of 1957 adjust
SIC ments 2
15, 969
+286
+186
+472
16,441
9,217
138
-39
0
+ 138
+29
+79
+29
9,296
167
618
378
+3
-7
-4
+7
-1
0
617
378
531
1,231
+37
+44
+10
+2
+47
+46
578
1,277
1,063
1,577
+15
-144
+36
-10
+51
-151
1,114
1,423
1,184
+106
+40
+146
1,330
1,702
+6
-5
+1
1,703
329
+4
+3
+7
336
466
-103
+10
-93
373
6, 752
+325
+68
+393
7,145
1,383
82
958
+282
0
-22
+24
+4
+1
+306
+4
-21
1,6S9
86
937
1,214
4 550
+H
-2
-4
+25
+23
1,221
573
858
+2
+19
+21
879
838
-33
—2
-35
803
236
-15
-4
-1 9
217
261
+99
+7
+106
367
372
+3
-2
+1
373
1 E x c lu d e s d a ta for A la sk a a n d H a w a ii.
2 See fo o tn o te 2, ta b le 1.
3 In c lu d e s 26,000 e m p lo y e e s in A la sk a a n d H a w a ii.
* R o u n d e d d o w n from 550.6 th o u s a n d so th a t s u m s o f in d iv id u a l ite m s w ill
e q u a l to ta ls .
62
mates of the employment of women are published
for all manufacturing industries for which other
employment series are available.
Labor turnover rates are published for 223 cate
gories, nearly double the former total of 121.
The number of industries for which average
weekly overtime hours are published has been in
creased sixfold (from 24 to 143) to include all
manufacturing except those at the finest level of
detail. On the other hand, the number of series
on gross hours and earnings has been decreased
from 364 to 323, because some of them no longer
met publication standards.
In addition, seasonally adjusted labor turnover
rates for all manufacturing and seasonally ad
justed average weekly hours for major groups in
manufacturing are being published for the first
time. These, as well as the seasonally adjusted
series on employment (total and production
worker), are now derived by a method which is
an adaptation, recently developed by the Bureau,
of the standard ratio-to-moving average technique,
with provision for “moving” adjustment factors
to take care of changing seasonal patterns.4
The coverage of these series in the Monthly
Labor Review (Current Labor Statistics, pp. 86-115
of this issue) generally spans 13 months but omits
the finest industrial detail, as well as some of the
less widely used series. Employment and Earnings
covers all of them generally for the last 3 months.
All of the primary series as well as those derived
from them (aggregate man-hours and payrolls in
manufacturing, for example) have been recom
puted for 1958, 1959, 1960, and January-September 1961. These figures now constitute the
“official” series. In many instances, comparable
“replacement” series were also developed for
periods prior to 1958.5 Such replacement series
were constructed whenever the difference between
a new series and its counterpart under the old sys
tem due to the adoption of the new SIC structure
was relatively small or when the change involved
the shift of an entire industry (as previously
classified) to a different category. Such series on
employment are available for 151 of the 365 in
dustry categories: for industry divisions, back to
4 Morton S. Raff and Robert L. Stein, “New Seasonal Adjustment Factors
for Labor Force Components,” Monthly Labor Review, August 1960, pp.
822-827. This article, together with supplementary material, was also
published as Reprint 2349.
5 All the series resulting from the revision, from June 1961 back to the
earliest date available, are contained in BLS Bull. 1312, Employment and
Earnings Statistics for the United States, 1909-60 (1961).
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JANUARY 1962
T able 3.
R ev isio n of O rigin al M arch 1959 E sti
mates of A verage H ourly E arnings of P roduction
W orkers 1 U sing S tr a tified S am ple B ased o n
M arch 1959 E mploym ent B enchm arks , 2 S elected
I ndustry G roups and D iv isio n s
Net change
resulting from—
Industry group or division
Mining....................... ...............
Contract construction_________
Manufacturing.............. ..............
Durable goods.........................
Ordnance and accessories__
Lumber and wood products
(except furniture)...............
Furniture and fixtures..........
Stone, clay, and glass products____ ______________
Primary metal industries__
Fabricated metal products..
Machinery_____________
Electrical equipment and
supplies__________ _____
Transportation equipm ent..
Instruments and related
products............................ .
Miscellaneous manufacturing in d u stries............ ......
Nondurable goods___________
Food and kindred products.
Tobacco manufactures_____
Textile-mill products....... .
Apparel and related products.___ _______ _______
Paper and allied products...
Printing, publishing, and
allied industries_________
Chemicals and allied products__________ ________
Petroleum refining and related industries—................
Rubber and miscellaneous
plastic products_________
Leather and leather products.................................... .
Wholesale trade____________
Retail trade 4________________
Origi
nal
esti
mates
Intro
Net Revised
duction adjust esti
Strati of 1957 ment mates
fication SIC
and
other
causes3
$2.66 -$ 0 .08 -$ 0 .02 - $ 0 .10
3.08
-.1 9
-.0 2
-.2 1
$2.56
2.87
2.22
2.38
2.52
-.0 3
-.0 3
0
0
+.01
+.03
-.0 3
-.0 2
+.03
2.19
2.36
2.55
1.91
1.81
- . 16
0
+.05
+.01
-.1 1
+.01
1.80
1.82
2.20
2.82
2.35
2.48
-.0 2
-.0 1
-.0 3
-.0 4
+ . 03
-.0 2
+.02
+.02
+.01
-.0 3
-.0 1
-.0 2
2. 21
2.79
2.34
2.46
2.21
2.63
-.0 2
-.0 1
0
-.0 1
- . 02
-.0 2
2.19
2.61
2.26
-.0 5
+.01
-.0 4
2.22
1.89
-.0 5
-.0 1
-.0 6
1.83
2.00
2.10
1.69
1. 57
-.0 3
-.0 6
0
0
0
-.0 2
-.0 1
-.0 2
-.0 3
-.0 8
-.0 1
-.0 2
1.97
2.02
1.68
1. 55
1.53
2.17
+.02
-.0 2
+ . 01
0
+.03
-.0 2
1.56
2.15
2.58
2.68
-.1 0
0
-.1 0
2.37
-.0 5
+ . 03
-.0 2
2.35
2.87
0
-.0 1
-.0 1
2.86
2.47
-.0 4
-.1 5
-.1 9
2.28
1.60
0
-.0 1
-.0 1
1.59
2.22
1.74
-.1 0
-.1 7
+ . 05
-.0 2
-.0 5
-.1 9
2.17
1.55
1 For mining and manufacturing, data refer to production and related
workers; for contract construction, to construction workers; and for whole
sale and retail trade, to nonsupervisory workers—all as defined in footnote
1, table A-3, p. 91 of this issue.
2 As published in tables 1 and 2 of this article.
3 See footnote 2, table 1.
4 E x c lu d e s e a tin g a n d d r in k in g p la ce s.
1919; for major manufacturing groups, back to
1947 (and in most instances to 1939); and for
individual industries in both manufacturing and
nonmanufacturing, generally back to 1947. Re
placement series have also been prepared for 179
of 323 hours and earnings series, usually back to
either 1951 or 1947. Comparable labor turnover
rates have been prepared for the pre-1958 period
for manufacturing as a whole, but not for indi
vidual industries. In the case of average over
time hours, the replacement series extend to 1956,
when these particular figures were first collected.
—J ohn P. W ymer
Division of Manpower and Employment Statistics
Significant Decisions
in Labor Cases*
state of mind. While in some circumstances, the
Board might properly consider certain acts, by
themselves, to be violations of section 8(a)(5),
these acts must be such that they clearly manifest
bad faith. The court found that the association’s
actions were not of such a nature. Therefore, it
remanded the case to the Board for consideration
of all the evidence concerning the association’s
intent.
Labor Relations
Hot Cargo. The National Labor Relations Board,
in ruling 3 that section 8(e) of the Labor Manage
ment Relations Act as amended does not bar all
collective bargaining agreements which prohibit
an employer from subcontracting work, asserted
that it would scrutinize each contract in order to
determine whether it violates section 8(e). In
making such determinations, the Board declared
its intention to scrutinize the language used, the
intention of the parties, and the scope of the
restriction. The Board held further that the pro
vision which had occasioned its decision was so
ambiguous as an expression of the intent of the
parties that it could not be said to violate sec
tion 8(e).
The contract in question provided: “All future
retail sales promotions and soliciting of customers
shall be done by regular employees of the com
pany or members of the contracting union. It is
agreed that no product shall be sold for resale to
peddlers or so-called independent milkmen unless
they have been working in the same capacity for
2 years or over with the same distributor; they
to pay sic dues and work under the same conditions
as all other employees.”
To the extent that the clause was intended to
preclude the employer from subcontracting or
dealing with independent distributors, the Board
had insufficient evidence for a finding that the
parties intended the provision to restrict these
relationships in violation of 8(e). In any event,
Refusal To Bargain. The U.S. Court of Appeals
for the 9th Circuit held 1 that an NLRB finding 2
that an employers’ association had caused its
members unilaterally to change certain working
conditions after the expiration of the old contract
was not, by itself, sufficient to justify a holding
that the association had illegally refused to bar
gain. In deciding whether the association had
bargained in good faith, the Board ought to have
examined the totality of the evidence concerning
the association’s ‘‘state of mind.”
The association in this case, among other
functions, represented member firms in the
negotiation of union agreements. In the course of
negotiations for a new contract, it became evident
that the association and the union were far apart
on several major issues and accordingly, the
association sent its members a memorandum
advising them that negotiations were likely to
continue beyond the expiration date of the old
contract. It suggested that members unilaterally
institute certain of the association’s proposed
working conditions after the old contract expired,
and several of the members did so. These changes
were: (1) the introduction of a flat wage rate,
which resulted in wage cuts of varying amounts for
employees in different occupations; (2) the sub
stitution of the association’s welfare plan for that
of the union; and (3) the discontinuance of pay
ments to the union’s pension fund. The Board
found that the association had caused its members
to adopt the changes and had thereby violated
section 8(a)(5) of the Labor Management Rela
tions Act by refusing to bargain in good faith with
the legally authorized representative of the
employees.
The court held that in determining whether the
association bargained in good faith, the Board was
bound to consider all evidence of the association’s
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•Prepared in the U.S. Department of Labor, Office of the Solicitor. The
cases covered in this article represent a selection of the significant decisions
believed to be of special interest. No attem pt has been made to reflect all
recent judicial and administrative developments in the field of labor law or
to indicate the effect of particular decisions in jurisdictions in which contrary
results may be reached based upon local statutory provisions, the existence of
local precedents, or a different approach by the courts to the issue presented.
1 National Labor Relations Board v. Cascade Employers Association, Inc.
(C.A. 9, Oct. 20, 1961).
2 Cascade Employers Association, Inc., and General Teamsters, Local Union
324, International Brotherhood of Teamsters, 126 NLRB 1014 (Mar. 8, 1960).
3 M ilk Drivers and Dairy Employees Union, Local 646 , International
Brotherhood of Teamsters and Minnesota M ilk Co., 133 N R L B No. 123 (Oct.
25, 1961).
63
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JANUARY 1962
64
illegal use of the provision would be prevented by
the Board’s order which prohibited the enforce
ment or attempted enforcement of any express or
implied “hot cargo” agreement. The Board had
found such agreement in other clauses of the
contract.
The only evidence of alleged illegal use of the
disputed provision involved a successful union
attempt to force a milk distributor to join the
union or pay union dues. The distributor had
been working under an oral agreement with the
employer, so that the terms of his employment
were not those provided in the collective bargain
ing agreement in question. When the union
threatened to strike, claiming that the arrangement
violated the disputed contract clause, the dis
tributor joined the union and was made a regular
employee. After an analysis of the original agree
ment between the employer and the distributor,
the Board concluded that he was an employee
rather than an independent contractor, and that
the union’s conduct therefore did not violate
section 8(e).
Dissenting Members Rogers and Leedom agreed
with the majority that 8(e) does not prohibit all
agreements barring employers from subcontract
ing, but concluded that the disputed provision of
the collective bargaining agreement did violate
that section. The dissenters would have held
that the distributor was an independent contrac
tor rather than an employee. The clear purpose
of the clause, according to the dissenters, was to
limit the class of persons with whom the employer
might contract to members of the union or those
paying union dues. They argued that even if
the clause was unclear, the conduct of the union
in this case was evidence of such an unlawful
purpose behind the provision. In these circum
stances, the dissenters said, the clause violated
section 8(e).
Picketing for Recognition. A divided panel of the
National Labor Relations Board ruled4 that
picketing solely for the purpose of securing the
reinstatement of a discharged employee did not
violate the ban on recognitional picketing in the
1959 amendments to the Labor Management
Relations Act because the picketing would have
stopped if the employer, without recognizing the
union, had reinstated the employee. In so
holding, the Board overruled its decision in the
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Lewis Food case 5 that such picketing is neces
sarily intended to compel recognition or bargaining
and is therefore illegal.
In the present case, after an employee had been
dismissed for participating in attempts to organize
fellow employees, the union established picket lines
at the employer’s premises. The Board found
that the union’s sole purpose was to protest the
discharge of the employee and to have him re
turned to work. In some situations, picketing
for the purpose of securing an employee’s rein
statement may be used by a union as a pretext for
attaining recognition as the collective bargaining
representative of all employees in a given unit,
and would therefore be illegal. The Board said,
however, that there was not enough affirmative
evidence in this case to find such a motive. The
evidence showed that the union made no de
mand for recognition and filed no petition with
the Board for certification. The picket signs
and statements by union representatives referred
only to the employee’s discharge. Therefore, the
union’s conduct did not violate the provisions of
section 8(b)(7) of the Labor Management Re
lations Act which prohibits recognitional picket
ing. The Board thereby rejected the Lewis
doctrine that such picketing is per se illegal.
Member Rodgers refused to concur in the
majority’s overturning of the Lewis case.
Unfair Labor Practice Strike. The National Labor
Relations Board ruled 6 that 39 employees who
struck to protest the illegal discharge of another
employee were lawfully dismissed under a general
“ no-strike” contract provision because the unfair
labor practice which they were protesting was
a minor one subject to fairly rapid settlement
under the contract’s grievance procedure.
The employee whose discharge had triggered the
strike had been elected chief steward of the incum
bent union. Subsequently she became dissatisfied
with the union because she could seldom get advice
or help on processing grievances and participated
in activities designed to replace the union by a rival
4
Local 269, United Automobile Workers
and
Fanelli Ford Sales, Inc.,
N L R B N o . 163 (O c t. 27, 1961).
s Local 626, Meat and Provision Drivers Union, International Brotherhood
of Teamsters, a n d Lewis Food Co., 115 N L R B 890 (M a r . 22, 1956), w h ic h
arose u n d e r se c tio n 8 (b )(4 )(C ) o f t h e L a b o r M a n a g e m e n t R e la tio n s A c t,
p rio r to t h e 1959 a m e n d m e n ts . S ee Monthly Labor Review, J u n e 1956, p p .
690-691.
e Arlan's Department Store of Michigan, Inc., and Evelyn Helaers; Central
States Joint Board, Amalgamated Clothing Workers, 133 N L R B N o . 56 (Oct.
10, 1961).
133
DECISIONS IN LABOR CASES
union. In discussions with employees, the incum
bent union’s business agent said that persons
bringing rival authorization cards into the em
ployer’s store and those signing them would lose
their jobs if they refused to repudiate their connec
tions with the rival union. The employee later
filed a decertification petition and prepared a
petition to get the necessary supporting signatures.
The company discharged her “for activities which
have disrupted the management of [the] store.”
On hearing of her discharge, 39 employees walked
out in protest, despite the store manager’s warning
that the strike was illegal under their contract. The
39 employees were subsequently reinstated. This
case involved their rights to back pay.
The collective bargaining agreement between the
union and the employer provided that no employee
might be discharged except for just cause, that there
be no strikes by the union or its members, and that
grievances with respect to the discharge of an
employee which could not be settled by mutual
consent be submitted to arbitration. There was
no provision in the contract expressly permitting
or prohibiting strikes against unfair labor practices.
A majority of the Board panel which heard
the case agreed that the employee’s dismissal
was immediately due to her circulation of the
decertification petition and therefore a dis
criminatory act which interfered with her rights
under the Labor Management Relations Act.
The Board agreed that the 39 employees were
nevertheless subject to dismissal for their protest
strike because the employee’s discharge was not
a sufficiently serious unfair labor practice to
excuse compliance with the readily available
grievance procedures of the contract. Moreover,
the discharge was not intended to constitute a
broad warning to all employees against seeking
to change their bargaining status.
In so holding, the majority found the issue here
outside the scope of the Supreme Court’s Mastro
Plastics decision.7 That case had upheld the
right of certain employees to strike in protest
against unfair labor practices despite a general
“no-strike” provision which did not specifically
ban strikes against unfair labor practices. The
7 Mastro Plastics Corp. v. N L R B , 350 U.S. 270 (1956); see Monthly Labor
Review, May 1956, pp. 573-574.
8 Mid- West Metallic Products, Inc., and Bobby G. Lyke, 121 NLRB 1317
(Oct. 14, 1958).
9 National Electric Products Corp. and United Electrical, Radio, and
Machine Workers, 80 NLRB 995 (Dec. 1, 1948).
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
65
majority ruled that that decision allowed strikes
only against flagrant unfair labor practices.
The majority found that the Board’s decisions
in the Mid-West Metallics 8 and National Electric
Products 9 cases applied to the facts of the instant
case. In Mid-West Metallics, where a contract
provision required use of the grievance procedures
before a strike might be called but did not pro
hibit strikes protesting unfair labor practices,
the Board had held that the employees had no
right to strike against the discriminatory suspen
sion of a fellow employee. According to the
majority, that decision established the principle
that the seriousness of unfair labor practices must
be weighed in determining whether a protest strike
violates a general “no-strike” provision.
Member Fanning disagreed with the majority’s
conclusion that the 39 protest strikers were
properly subject to dismissal in the absence of a
specific clause barring strikes arising out of
unfair labor practices. While conceding that
the Court had branded the unfair labor practices
in Mastro Plastics as flagrant, Member Fanning
doubted that the decision turned on their serious
ness. His interpretation was that it protected
strikes against all unfair labor practices in the
absence of a clause specifically prohibiting such
strikes. He expressed the view that the Board,
by establishing as its criterion the seriousness of
the unfair labor practice, was adopting a standard
which would be very difficult to apply.
He contended that even under the Board’s test,
the unfair practice in the present case might
properly be regarded as sufficiently serious. He
argued that the discharge of a leader in a rival
union movement might be seen by other employees
as a broad warning that they too might suffer the
same fate should they attempt to change their
bargaining status. He pointed out that 39 em
ployees considered the discharge serious enough
to strike.
In the opinion of Member Fanning, the Board’s
decisions in National Electric Products and MidWest Metallics were not appropriate precedents.
According to Member Fanning, the reason for the
holding in National Electric that employees who
struck against an unfair labor practice might be
discharged was not that the violation was slight
but that the particular unfair labor practice was a
matter dealt with in the contract and therefore
subject to its general no-strike provisions. In
66
Mastro Plastics and in the present case, the strike
was over matters outside the scope of the con
tract. Mid-West Metallics was distinguishable,
according to Member Fanning, on the ground that
the general no-strike provision in that contract
barred a strike only for the 5-day grievance pro
cedure period and not for the entire term of the
contract as in the instant case.
Member Fanning rejected the Board’s reliance
on the availability of speedy arbitration proce
dures. Similar procedures were also available in
Mastro Plastics, but the Court had treated them
like a general no-strike clause, saying that they
applied only to disputes over contract economic
terms and not to disputes arising out of unfair
labor practices.
Finally, Member Fanning argued that the ma
jority’s present holding ran directly contrary to
the Board’s recent decision in the Ford Motor Co.
case.10 In Ford, employees who struck in protest
over the unlawful suspension of an employee en
gaged in rival union activity were held to be
protected under the Mastro Plastics decision de
spite a general no-strike provision in the contract.
The only difference between the two cases, accord
ing to Member Fanning, was that the unfair labor
practice in the Ford case was of a less serious
nature than in the present case, where the em
ployee was actually dismissed.
Reporting and Disclosure
Constitutionality oj Embezzlement Provision. The
U.S. District Court for the Northern District of
New York upheld 11 a union officer’s indictment
for embezzling union funds, under section 501(c)
of the Labor Management Reporting and Dis
closure Act of 1959, on the ground that the
provision was a constitutional exercise of con
gressional authority.
In moving for dismissal of the indictment, in
which he was charged with embezzling $770 in
violation of section 501(c), the union officer con
tended that that provision was an improper inter
ference by Congress in internal union matters and
an encroachment upon the police powers of the
States.
The court rejected both these theories. It held
that the constitutional basis for the challenged
legislation was the commerce clause of the United
States Constitution, which empowers the Congress
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JANUARY 1962
to regulate commerce among the States and to
make all laws necessary and proper for that pur
pose. The controlling question in this case, ac
cording to the court, was not whether the LMRDA
deals with internal matters of labor unions, but
whether the integrity of union funds and assets
has a substantial effect upon interstate commerce
and is, therefore, within the commerce power.
The court pointed out that the declaration of
findings, purpose, and policy in the LMRDA as
serts the congressional belief that labor organiza
tions and their officials must adhere to the highest
standards of responsibility and ethical conduct in
administering union affairs if a free flow of com
merce is to be assured. The court found that the
statute bore “a reasonable relationship to the evil
which it was designed to reach” since a union’s
ability to bargain effectively in matters affecting
commerce is diminished by the abuse and misuse
of its funds. The Congress, therefore, has power
to protect the integrity of these funds under the
broad provisions of the commerce clause.
Nor was the law an invasion of powers reserved
to the States by the Constitution, the court ruled.
It found that the authority of the States to en
force their own criminal laws against the conduct
alleged in this case was neither impaired nor dimin
ished by the congressional enactment.
Union Election Procedures. The U.S. District
Court for the Western District of Pennsylvania
set aside 12 the election of a district director of an
international union on the ground that the union’s
constitution did not provide nominating proce
dures compatible with the rights of union mem
bers set forth in section 101 of the LMRDA.
The constitution of the United Steelworkers—
the union in this case—provided for the nomina
tion of candidates for district director by each
local within a district. District directors were
considered officers of the international union. The
constitution required nomination by five locals for
a candidate to be placed on the district ballot and
set up notice requirements for the conduct of local
union nominations. Local unions were also to
follow the instructions sent to them by the inter
national secretary-treasurer. The constitution,
10 Ford. Motor Co. and United Automobile Workers, 131 N LRB No. 174
(June 30, 1961).
11 U.S. v. Haverlick, 195 F. Supp. 331 (1961).
12 Mamula v. United Steelworkers (W.D. Pa., Oct. 11,1961).
DECISIONS IN LABOR CASES
however, did not set np specific procedures for the
conduct of nominations by the locals, nor did it
require them to use the same procedures employed
in local elections. It did provide specific pro
cedures for the ultimate election of the district
director.
The election in this case was challenged by an
unsuccessful candidate for the office of director of
District 20 of the Steelworkers, who alleged that
his name had been placed in nomination in several
local meetings, that none of these meetings had
been called for the specific purpose of nominating
a candidate for district director, and that no secret
ballot was used in most of the meetings. He was
defeated in all the local meetings and consequently
his name did not appear on the district ballot.
The court agreed with the union’s contention
that section 101 did not require a secret ballot or
any other particular procedure. It asserted, how
ever, that the failure of the international consti
tution to indicate any orderly procedure for the
conduct of such nominations left unprotected the
rights guaranteed to all union members by that
section. The court concluded that some of the
nomination procedures actually used fostered the
domination of the meetings by incumbent officers.
In fact, all the locals in the district nominated the
incumbent district director. The constitutional
provision for a secret ballot in the actual election
did not rectify the situation. The court regarded
that right as useless when there was only one
candidate on the ballot.
The court rejected the union’s contention that
the present complaint dealt with union elections
and was therefore governed by section 401 of the
act, which does not permit suit by a union mem
ber in the first instance. Under that section, the
Secretary of Labor brings the action if he finds
that an election procedure violates the statute.
The court held that the situation in this case did
not involve any particular procedure in any speci
fied election. Rather, it was the fundamental
13 Lillard v. Michigan Employment Security Commission, 110 N.W . 2d 910
(1961).
14 Linski v. Appeal Board of the Michigan Employment Security Commission,
358 Mich. 239, 99 N.W. 2d 582 (1959).
ls Cassar v. Appeal Board of the Michigan Employment Security Commission,
343 Mich. 380, 72 N.W . 2d 254 (1955).
16
Sec. 29. (1) An individual shall be disqualified for benefits: (a) For
the duration of his unemployment in all cases where the individual has:
. . . (2) been discharged for misconduct connected with his work or for
intoxication while at work, . . . (b) For any week with respect to which
his total or partial unemployment is due to a stoppage of work existing
because of a labor dispute in the establishment in which he is or was last
employed. . . .
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
67
rights of the candidate under section 101 to nom
inate and be nominated which -were violated by
the failure of the union constitution to provide
adequate nominating procedures.
Unemployment Insurance
Labor Dispute Disqualification. The Michigan
Supreme Court held 13 that a worker discharged
for participation in a wildcat strike was dis
qualified from receiving unemployment insurance
under the labor dispute disqualification provision
of the Michigan Employment Security Act,
rather than under the provision for disqualifica
tion for misconduct connected with his work.
Disqualification under the labor dispute provision
is for the period of the relevant work stoppage,
while disqualification for misconduct is for the
duration of the claimant’s unemployment. The
court rejected the application of the misconduct
provision as an attempt to use the unemployment
insurance law to insure compliance with the terms
of a collective bargaining agreement. The deci
sion in this case elaborated on the court’s 1959
decision in the Linski case 14 which specifically
overruled an earlier holding 15 that the discharge
for participation in an unauthorized walkout was
a discharge for misconduct connected with work.
A dissenting opinion was filed in this case.
The company in this case instituted a new
operation which would efiminate one job on each
line of each shift. Some workers of the second
shift walked out in protest and later picketed.
The claimant, employed in another group, joined
in these activities which were not sanctioned by
the union. None of the workers filed a grievance
before walking out on a Monday. The employer
notified union officials, and on Thursday of the
same week normal operations were resumed and
a grievance was submitted. By terms of the
bargaining agreement, the company reserved the
right to discipline workers involved in unauthor
ized work stoppages. About 50 workers were
disciplined—most were temporarily laid off for
periods ranging from a few days to a month.
Four, including the claimant, were discharged.
When the claimant applied for unemployment
insurance, the company argued that he should be
disqualified under the misconduct provision of the
Michigan law, instead of under the labor dispute
disqualification provision.16
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JANUARY 1962
It was initially determined by the State Em
ployment Security Commission that the claimant
was discharged for misconduct, in line with the
holding in the Cassar17 case. On appeal, the
Referee reversed the determination and applied
the labor dispute disqualification. The Com
mission’s Appeal Board, also relying on Cassar,
reinstated the Commission’s determination.
However, about 2 months after the Board’s de
cision, the Linski18 case was handed down by the
Michigan Supreme Court, overruling Cassar.
The court in the Linski case said:
. . . The labor dispute disqualification is specific.
The misconduct disqualification is more general. The
most ordinary rule of statutory construction demands
application of the specific section . . . We do not hold
th at a finding th at a labor dispute exists necessarily ex
cludes application of the misconduct penalty. What
would be misconduct is not cured by the fact th at it
occurred in the course of a labor dispute.
When the present case was appealed to the
courts, both the trial and the appellate tribunals
relied on the holding in the more recent Linski
case and their decisions were affirmed by the
Michigan Supreme Court. The majority of the
supreme court reasoned that a labor dispute over
job elimination and work standards existed and
some workers struck even though the union did
not sanction the work stoppage. Therefore, the
labor dispute disqualification should be applied
to the worker’s claim for unemployment insurance
benefits.
The majority pointed out that each party
claimed that the other had violated the union
agreement. The company charged the claimant
with violating it by participating in a wildcat
strike and he countered that the company had
failed to notify the union or the employees affected
of its study of work standards. The company
then stated that the type of study made and intro
duction of the new operation were outside the
scope of the contract. In view of these dis
agreements, if the court were to consider the
merits of the misconduct charge in relation to
requirements of the contract, it must so consider
the company’s conduct. However, it stated that
a review of the merits of the labor dispute was not
within the scope of the employment security
program or the courts in this case. Such a re
view would in effect be using the unemployment
insurance law “as a disciplinary measure to en
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
force a private collective bargaining agreement,”
and the court stated th a t:
No such purpose is spelled out in the Michigan employ
ment security act. Further, . . . the full measure of
discipline provided by the collective bargaining agreement
has been applied to this claimant. As far as the private
collective bargaining agreement is concerned, claimant has
lost his job and his case.
Two justices concurred in a dissent. They
agreed that claimant was disqualified but that the
disqualification should be under the misconduct
provisions of the law instead of the labor dispute
provisions.
Relying on an opinion of the U.S. Supreme
Court,19 the dissent pointed out that the hiring
agreement between the company and each in
dividual worker was subject to the terms of the
bargaining agreement which covered the employ
ment relation between the company and its
workers. It also stated that in the present case,
the employee acted without regard to the restric
tions imposed on him by the bargaining agreement.
The dissenting justices stated that the labor
dispute disqualification provision is not applicable
to the instant case, since the unemployment for
which benefits were claimed followed a discharge
and there was no claim for lost wages during the
period of the labor dispute. The dissent also
argued that on procedural grounds, the decision
of the Appeal Board to deny benefits due to mis
conduct should be reinstated because the Board’s
finding of fact that the discharge was for miscon
duct could not be reversed by the court unless it
were “contrary to the great weight of the evi
dence.”
The dissent then examined the basic purpose of
the unemployunent insurance law, stating that the
fund was created “for the benefit of persons un
employed through no fault of their own.” The
dissent reasoned that the claimant in this case
must recognize the consequences of his acts, one
of which would be denial of unemployment in
surance benefits for misconduct connected with
work. It concluded: “otherwise employers lose
the benefits to which they are entitled under the
collective bargaining agreement and, in effect, are
required to contribute to those who have sought
to interrupt and interfere with the continuance of
their business operations.”
17 See footnote 15.
78 See footnote 14.
1» J. I. Case Co. v. N L R B , 321 U.S. 322, 334-35 (1944).
Chronology of
Recent Labor Events
against a local fuel oil company because the Board could
not establish its jurisdiction by finding that the company’s
volume of business met its jurisdictional standards in the
absence of a finding as to the actual or potential effect of a
work stoppage on interstate commerce. The case was
N L R B v. Reliance Fuel Oil Corp.
November 14
T h e C h r y s l e r C o r p . and the United Auto Workers tenta
tively agreed to a 3-year contract covering about 60,000
employees. Although terms were similar to those of the
General Motors and Ford settlements (Chron. items for
Sept. 26 and Oct. 11, 1961, MLR, Nov. and Dec. 1961,
respectively), the parties agreed to divert a maximum of 5
cents from wage increases to bolster the supplemental un
employment benefits fund and to apply the amount saved
by not making the first raise retroactive (about $2 million)
to the fund.
A C a l i f o r n i a district court of appeal, reversing a lower
court’s decision, ruled that a union unjustly expelled two
members for advocating a proposed State “right-to-work”
law which the union considered “seriously inimical to its
interests.” Reasoning t hat much of the union’s power over
members stems “from government which makes it exclu
sive bargaining agent” and that the union’s position, al
though “not unreasonable,” was “debatable,” the court
concluded that where the member’s actions are “not pat
ently in conflict with the union’s best interests, the union
should not be permitted to use its power . . . to curb the
advocacy of his political views.” The case was Mitchell v.
International Association of Machinists.
November 3
November 15
AFL-CIO P r e s i d e n t G e o r g e M e a n t announced that the
surcharge on the bonds required for faithful discharge of
duty by union officers and employees under the LandrumGriffin Act had been reduced from 50 to 25 percent because
the Security Association of America reported that “few, if
a n y /’ faithful discharge claims have been filed.
P r e s i d e n t K e n n e d y established a 23-member President’s
Committee on Youth Employment. The Committee,
“with the task of carrying on an active drive to help our
young people who seek jobs,” will be headed by Secretary
of Labor Arthur J. Goldberg.
November 2, 1961
A m in im u m w a g e of $1.05 an hour (previously $1) became
effective in the 100,000-emplovee New York State hotel in
dustry. The rate will increase to $1.15 in 1962 and 1963
for year-round and resort hotel workers, respectively.
November 6
of a 3-year contract with the Caterpillar
Tractor Co. by members of Local 974 of the United Auto
Workers ended an 8-day strike of about 12,600 workers in
plants in Peoria, 111. The contract included economic terms
similar to those in the union’s settlement with the Inter
national Harvester Co. (Chron. item for Oct. 1, 1961, MLR,
Dec. 1961; see also p. 72 of this issue).
R
On t h e s a m e d a y , the President suspended the appli
cation of the 8-hour day law to laborers and mechanics
employed by the National Aeronautics and Space Admin
istration, because of “extraordinary emergency,” and
ordered that work in excess of 8 hours a day be paid for
at the rate of at least time and one-half.
November 17
a t i f ic a t io n
November 10
P r e s i d e n t J o h n F. K e n n e d y designated a committee of
six outstanding economists and statisticians to study the
“procedures . . . concepts . . . and analysis” of the em
ployment and unemployment statistics of the Department
of Labor. The President stated that his objective was “to
maintain and enhance the quality of our statistics . . . so
that the public may have the highest degree of confidence
in them.”
November 13
T h e U.S. Court of A p p e a l s in New York City refused to
enforce an order of the National Labor Relations Board
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
E n d in g a 2-day convention, representatives of 58 affiliates
of the AFL-CIO Industrial Union Department adopted
resolutions calling on the Federation’s convention in
December to provide for final and binding arbitration in
its constitution to settle internal disputes, to ask all
affiliates to contribute to a fund for national organizing
programs, to establish a Fair Union Practices Board
with authority “over all matters of racial discrimination
and segregation,” and to support legislation lifting re
strictions on jobsite picketing by both building trades and
industrial unions. (See also pp. 71-72 of this issue.)
T he U.S. D i s t r i c t C o u r t in Atlanta ruled th at “man
agement has the right to liquidate and go out of business
without . . . bargaining with its employees concerning
its liquidation.” Therefore, the court denied a request
by the National Labor Relations Board for an injunction
against the liquidation of a textile plant in Rossville, Ga.,
which had begun to close down 1 month after a union won
a representation election among its employees, citing
financial losses and a shrinking market. The case was
Phillips v. Burlington Industries, Inc.
69
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JANUARY 1962
70
November 20
W age a n d w elfa re in c r ea ses totaling 23 and 7 cents an
hour, respectively, were included in a 3-year pact agreed
to by the Puerto Rico Steamship Association and the
International Longshoremen’s Association. The con
tract, retroactive to October 1, affects 6,000 workers.
either voluntarily or by injunction, since the Congress
clearly intended “to protect the employer and his em
ployees from harassment” for 1 full year. These decisions
found application in Local 692, Retail Store Employees’
Union, Retail Clerks International Association and Irvins,
Inc.
November 28
November 22
its Keystone decision (Chron. item for Sept.
17, 1958, MLR, Nov. 1958), the NLRB held th at hence
forth, unless a union-security clause is "clearly unlawful on
its face, or . . . has been found to be unlawful in unfair
labor practice proceedings” it will bar an election sought by
another union. Instead of the model clause set forth in
Keystone, the Board listed as standards the no-discrimina
tion, grace-period, and dues-payment requirements pre
scribed in section 8(a)(3) of the Taft-Hartley Act. The
case was Paragon Products Corp. and District 50, United
O v e r r u l in g
T h e Federal District Court for Southern California granted
a “discretionary” injunction under section 10 (j) of the
Labor Management Relations Act, pending unfair labor
practice proceedings before the NLRB. The case, Kennedy
v. Telecomputing Corp., involved a company which com
bined two plants as an economy measure and then, when
the union refused to negotiate a new contract, ignored the
existing agreement. The court held th at the company
“could not unilaterally abrogate the existing contract . . .
and determine unilaterally the ‘appropriate’ representa
tion.”
Mine Workers.
T h e S h e e t M eta l W orkers defeated the Steelworkers
(by 1,721 to 864) in a representation election at the
Syracuse plant of the Carrier Corp. The Sheet Metal
Workers had been ordered by the AFL-CIO Executive
Council in June 1961 to “cease and desist” seeking bargain
ing rights at the plant, where the Steelworkers had been
on strike for a contract since March 1960—2 months
after it defeated the Sheet Metal Workers in a representa
tion election.
T h e D ana C o r p ., an auto and truck parts manufacturer,
and the United Automobile Workers agreed to a 3-year
contract th at deviated somewhat from the auto pattern.
Terms included wage increases totaling 15 cents an hour,
a short workweek benefit for less than 24 hours’ work,
elimination of the 1-week waiting period for supplemental
unemployment benefits, and liberalization of pensions.
(See also p. 72 of this issue.)
November 24
T h e NLRB ruled th at the 12-month period after a valid
election during which picketing for recognition is unlawful
under section 8(b)(7)(B) of the Landrum-Griffin Act
commences on the date of certification of results and not
on the balloting date. Furthermore, the Board decided
to prohibit unions which violate this rule from picketing
for 12 months after they cease their illegal picketing
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
November 29
E nding a 3- day m eetin g , some 300 delegates to the First
International Association of Machinists Conference on
World Trade recommended that the reciprocal trade law
be expanded to provide Federal aid for communities, firms,
and workers adversely affected by foreign trade and to
permit further gradual reductions in tariffs. Other
recommendations included denial of tax deferment to
U.S. firms producing goods elsewhere, prevention of the
exploitation of foreign labor and the “flooding” of U.S.
markets with imports, vigorous Government action to
insure competition, and raising living standards throughout
the world.
November 30
T h e AFL-CIO Building and Construction Trades Depart
ment, ending a 2-day convention, supported a voluntary
plan for settling internal disputes (preceding Chron. item
for Nov. 17) on a case basis and urged the Teamsters to
seek readmission into the AFL-CIO, subject to compliance
with the Federation’s codes of ethics. (See also p. 71 of
this issue.)
T h e Amalgamated Clothing Workers and the International
Glove Workers’ Union, with a combined membership of
387,500, announced they were merging.
Developments in
Industrial Relations*
Conventions
T he I ndustrial U n io n D epartm ent and the
Building and Construction Trades Department of
the AFL-CIO held their biennial conventions in
November. Primary issues related to longstand
ing problems of labor unity and jurisdictional
disputes. At the IUD convention in Washington,
D.C., November 16 and 17, a report by IUD
President Walter P. Reuther (also president of the
United Automobile Workers) declared that after
6 years of merger, the AFL-CIO was “united in
name only,” charging “an almost total lack of
progress” toward narrowing areas of disagreement.
“Interunion disputes,” the report declared, “have
not abated, they have increased. Jurisdictional
conflict persists. AFL-CIO unions still boycott
the products of other AFL-CIO unions, affiliates
raid each other, one department of the Federation
continues to compete organizationally against
affiliated unions, and unethical organizational
literature still provides comfort for the antiunion
employer.”
In his keynote address, Mr. Reuther said it was
vital that the Federation, at its convention be
ginning December 7, agree on effective machinery
to solve internal disputes. “Two more years of
this,” he said, “will jeopardize the very existence
of the American labor movement.” The conflict
was primarily between the building trades and
industrial unions over job rights and stemmed,
he charged, from the unwillingness of the former
unions to accept machinery for compulsory arbi
tration of internal disputes. The convention
adopted a resolution urging that the AFL-CIO
constitution be amended to incorporate provision
for binding arbitration if disputes cannot be settled
any other way.
At the 3-day convention of the Building and
Construction Trades Department, which began on
November 29 in Bal Harbour, Fla., President
C. J. Haggerty accused Mr. Reuther and the IUD
of reneging on a jurisdictional compromise agree
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
ment made in February 1958,1 in favor of a new
dispute plan “rigged to favor the industrial unions
over the craft unions.” He said Mr. Reuther was
trying to “kidnap” craft jurisdiction by incorpo
rating into agreements with manufacturers re
strictive clauses on outside contracting. Mr.
Haggerty insisted, however, that agreement could
be reached, but it would “take good will and good
faith on both sides before we can find a reasonable
and workable solution. We have tried to point
the right approach toward constructive settlement
of our differences. We hope they will take that
approach. If they do, we will meet them
halfway.”
In another action, delegates unanimously
adopted a resolution calling for readmission of the
Teamsters union to the AFL-CIO. The resolu
tion stipulated that the truckdrivers would have
to show compliance with the Federation’s constitu
tion, standards, and policies.
In Bal Harbour, several days prior to the open
ing of the AFL-CIO convention, Federation
President George Meany remarked that since the
AFL and CIO merged in 1955, the only source of
dissatisfaction to him had been the failure of the
larger industrial and craft unions to conduct
effective organizing campaigns. He hoped the
convention would be able to work out an
arrangement that would “ get the larger unions
organizing and out of each other’s hair.”
Rulings and Decisions
In reversing a policy established in 1958, the
National Labor Relations Board on November 22
ruled that henceforth a union security clause in a
contract would act as a bar to a representation
election sought by another union unless it was
clearly illegal on its face or had been previously
found illegal by the Board.2 Illegal clauses (as
specified in the Taft-Hartley Act) would include
those which discriminate against nonmembers,
lack provision for a 30-day grace period for joining
the union, or require payments other than regular
fees and dues. The Board’s former rule barred an
* Prepared in the Division of Wages and Industrial Relations, Bureau of
Labor Statistics, on the basis of available information.
1 See Monthly Labor Review, April 1958, p. 421.
2 The present case was Paragon Products Corp. and District 50, United Mine
Workers, 134 NLRB No. 86. The 1958 ruling was issued in Keystone Coat,
Apron and Towel Supply Co. and Local S97, International Brotherhood of
Teamsters, 121 NLRB No. 125 (Sept. 17, 1958); see Monthly Labor Review,
December 1958, pp. 1399-1400.
71
72
election only if the provision was clearly legal on its
face and specifically reflected the terms of a model
union security clause which the Board had
advanced as representing the maximum permitted
under the law.
Two days later, the Board unanimously decided3
that the 1-year ban on recognitional and organi
zational picketing by a union that has lost a
representation election will begin when such illegal
picketing stops, whether voluntarily or through
court action, rather than when the election results
are certified. The Board reasoned that the
Congress, in banning such picketing, had intended
“ to protect the employer and his employees from
harassment’’ for 1 full year.
On the same day, however, the Board upheld,4
by a vote of 3 to 2, a union’s right to picket after
losing an election in order to publicize allegedly
unfair practices. There was no evidence to
impugn the purported purpose of the picketing,
and the union involved had neither solicited em
ployees before or during the picketing nor picketed
for recognition when it could have done so legally.
The minority Board members contended the
picketing was an illegal demand for recognition,
since it began after the Board had already disposed
of the unfair practices charges.
In Los Angeles, a California district appeals
court, reversing a lower court’s decision, ruled 5
that it was illegal for a local of the International
Association of Machinists to expel two of its
members because they actively supported a
proposed State “right-to-work” law, contrary to
the union’s official position. Judge W. Turney
Fox ruled that, although the union’s position on
right-to-work legislation was not unreasonable,
its “interest in subduing public dissent among
union members” was outweighed by “the [indi
vidual member’s] right to speak freely on political
matters. . . .” Expulsion had not cost them
their jobs (since the local did not have a union
shop contract), but it had caused them, the judge
said, “to suffer a detriment, the apprehension of
which would no doubt have a coercive effect” on
other union members.
Wages and Collective Bargaining
Farm Equipment and Automotive Parts. Members
of UAW Local 974, representing about 12,600
production and maintenance employees at the
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JANUARY 1962
Peoria, 111., area plants of the Caterpillar Tractor
Co., on November 6 ratified a 3-year contract
with the company, ending a strike which began
on October 30. Terms were similar to the union’s
settlement reached in October with the Inter
national Harvester Co.6 Annual wage increases
ranged from 6 to 9 cents an hour, with the first
raise retroactive to October 2. The provision for
cost-of-living escalation was also continued. (One
cent of the current cost-of-living allowance is
to be diverted to help pay for increased pension
and health insurance benefits.) The supplemental
unemployment benefit program was improved,
separation pay was increased, and the night-shift
differential was raised to 14 from 12 cents an hour.
Agreements that followed in general the settle
ments of the major automobile companies 7 were
reached in November by the United Automobile
Workers and several companies in related in
dustries. Among these were the Bendix Corp.
(for 15,000 workers), Budd Co. (12,000), Eaton
Manufacturing Co. (3,500), and Kelsey-Hayes
Co. (3,000).
Settlements differing in several respects from
the automobile pattern were negotiated by the
UAW with the Dana Corp. and Detroit tool and
die manufacturers. The 3-year Dana contract,
affecting about 5,500 workers at the automotive
and truck parts company’s plants in six cities, calls
for hourly wage increases of 4 cents in 1961, 5 cents
in November 1962, and 6 cents in 1963. The SUB
program was liberalized to eliminate the waiting
week provision. A short workweek benefit (rang
ing from $17 a week for single workers and to $30
for married employees with children) was also in
cluded but was to apply when the workweek fell
below 24 hours (instead of 40 as at the automobile
firms). Pension benefits were liberalized for both
those already retired and for future retirees;
retirement is now permitted at age 62 without
reduction in benefits; and mandatory retirement
was lowered to age 65 from 68.
The contract between the UAW and Detroit
tool and die manufacturers, affecting about 7,000
3 Local 692, Retail Store Employees’ Union, Retail Clerks International
Association and Irvins, Inc., 134 NLRB No. 53.
4 Teamsters “General” Local 200 and Bachman Furniture Co., 134 NLRB
No. 54.
« Mitchell v. International Association of Machinists (Calif. Dist. Ct. App.,
2d Dist., Nov. 14, 1961).
6 See Monthly Labor Review, December 1961, p. 1378.
7 Ibid., pp. 1377-1378.
DEVELOPMENTS IN INDUSTRIAL RELATIONS
workers at 57 companies, changed the cost-ofliving review from a quarterly to an annual basis
and reportedly eliminated the annual improvement
factor raises of 2% percent a year. The parties
agreed to establish a pooled SUB fund into which
the companies will start paying 6 cents per man
hour in 1963. Compulsory retirement age was
reduced from 68 to 65. Provisions improving pen
sion benefits and increasing hospital, medical,
and surgical benefits reportedly were in line with
the automobile contracts.
Other Metalworking. Wage increases ranging from
6 to 11 cents an hour for about 23,000 production
workers were agreed to in mid-November by the
United Aircraft Corp. and the International Asso
ciation of Machinists. The increases, effective
December 4, were provided under wage reopening
clauses of 2-year contracts expiring in November
1962. They apply to the Pratt and Whitney Air
craft Division at various locations in Connecticut
and the Connecticut Nuclear Engine Laboratory.
Raises of 3 percent for 10,000 nonunion salaried
employees of Pratt and Whitney were put into
effect on December 1.
Members of the Machinists employed at the
machine shop of the American Can Co. in Geneva,
N.Y., on November 30 voted to forgo wage in
creases averaging 12 cents an hour (a 3-cent costof-living increase and a deferred increase averaging
about 9 cents) that was scheduled for December 1
under terms of an existing 3-year contract. In
addition, employees also agreed to take a 25-centan-hour pay cut to be effective in 2 steps—15
cents on February 1, 1962, and 10 cents on April
15. The shops produce equipment used in manu
facturing and filling of cans. The agreement was
necessitated, the company said, because of a de
cline in orders which, in a highly competitive
market, had “drastically affected the shop’s vol
ume, cost, and profit position.” The new agree
ment—to run until March 1, 1965—reportedly
will reduce average hourly earnings from $3.10 to
$2.85; the contract may be reopened on wages in
1963 and 1964. About 500 emplojmes are affected.
About the same time, it was reported that IAM
members of the company’s San Francisco machine
shop had voted earlier to forego their increases
scheduled for December 1; no reduction in pay,
however, was involved. The contract, affecting
about 160 workers, was extended 5 months to
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
73
May 1963. Subsequently, on December 8, the
company announced it would close its machine
shop in Cincinnati on March 1, 1962, and transfer
the operation to the Geneva and San Francisco
shops. According to a company vice president,
the shutdown—affecting about 500 employees—
was necessitated by lack of work “which can be
done here economically enough to justify remain
ing open.”
Meanwhile, under the existing contract with
the Machinists at the company’s 14 can manu
facturing plants, deferred wage increases plus a 3cent-an-hour cost-of-living increase went into
effect on December 1 for about 2,200 workers.
The Boeing Co. and the Professional Engineer
ing Employees’ Association (Ind.) in early Novem
ber agreed to contracts providing a 3 )2-percent pay
increase retroactive to May 1, 1961, for about
12,100 employees in Seattle, Wash., and Wichita,
Kans. The engineers had been working without
contracts since May 1960, when previous agree
ments expired; during this period, the company
had put into effect a 3-percent raise retroactive to
May 1960. This increase was incorporated in the
new rates. Protracted negotiations had centered
on layoff procedures-—whether layoffs should be
based on seniority or on individual skills and com
petence. Under the new contract, the union
said, layoff procedures “will focus the company’s
attention on the individual’s skills and compe
tence of performance [instead of the more con
ventional layoff criteria of seniority], resulting
in the most competent [being] retained in time of
layoff.”
Beckman Instruments, Inc., on October 11
announced pay increases of up to 3 percent for
about 4,000 unorganized hourly and salaried
employees at seven plants in California, Illinois,
and New Jersey.
Other Manufacturing. The Libbey-Owens-Ford
Glass Co. and the United Glass and Ceramic
Yorkers on October 25 reached agreement on a
new 2-year contract affecting about 7,200 workers
in Illinois, Louisiana, Ohio, and West Virginia.
The settlement provided an immediate 6-cent
increase for incentive workers and 10 cents for
other workers. An additional 6-cent general in
crease for all employees is scheduled for October
1962 and at that time the sum of $150,000, which
the union said was equivalent to another 1 cent
74
an hour, is to be used for additional inequity and
grievance adjustments of wages. Because of
substantial layoffs, the parties agreed to liberalize
the early retirement provision, to provide approxi
mately double normal retirement benefits for
employees retiring upon mutual agreement be
tween the ages of 62 and 65. After age 65,
benefits would revert to the normal level (based
on $2.50 a month benefit for each year of service
since January 1, 1959, and smaller amounts for
earlier years). Other changes included an addi
tional half week’s vacation for 25-year service
employees; the previous maximum was 3 weeks’
vacation after 15 years.
A settlement between the Teamsters union and
milk dealers in the New York City area ended a
2-week strike on November 6. The issue that
had deadlocked negotiations—checking and re
cording overtime worked by delivery men—is to
go to arbitration. The 2-year contract—covering
about 10,000 drivers and plant workers—called
for wage increases of $4.30 a week for all commis
sion employees and $6.50 for other workers.
According to the union, pension and health and
welfare provisions were liberalized, with the com
panies contributing an additional $2.30 a week (to
a maximum of $12) for pensions and $2.90 a week
more (to $8.40) for health and welfare.
The American Tobacco Co., Inc., and six locals
of the Tobacco Workers International Union in
late October signed a 3-year contract providing a
7K~percent, minimum 13-cent-an-hour, wage in
crease for about 6,000 workers in Richmond, Va.,
and Reidville and Durham, N.C. Other contract
provisions included a fourth week of vacation for
25-year service employees and increased sickness
and accident benefits for regular employees. For
seasonal workers, a paid holiday was added,
bringing their total to two a year, and night dif
ferential pay and a $4,000 company-paid life
insurance policy were established.
At the Philip Morris Co., the Tobacco Workers
agreed to the same wage increases for about 3,200
workers in Richmond and Louisville. These
increases were also put into effect automatically
under existing contracts covering about 4,600
employees of the Liggett & Myers Tobacco Co. in
Richmond, Durham, St. Louis, and Lexington.
Beaunit Mills, Inc., in Elizabethton, Tenn., and
the United Textile Workers Union of America
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JANUARY 1962
reached a new 1-year agreement, affecting ap
proximately 2,000 employees. The contract did
not provide for a general wage increase but did
improve the company-paid health insurance bene
fits.
Trade. A $2.50-a-week general pay increase,
retroactive to March 1, 1961, was provided in an
arbitration award in late October for more than
3.000 employees of Bloomingdale Brothers de
partment store in New York City. The award
resulted from an impasse in negotiations under a
wage reopener clause between the company and
the Retail, Wholesale and Department Store
Union. The decision also increased all minimums and brought the minimum weekly starting
rate to $52 for a 40-hour week.
Members of 10 Teamster locals in the Chicago
area on November 5 ratified a 1-year agreement
with about 150 wholesale, refinery, distribution,
and tank-transportation petroleum firms. The
agreement, preceded by a 2-day strike, provided
for an immediate 10-cent-an-hour wage increase
and an employer payment of an additional 50
cents a man-week, for a total of $4.50, to the union’s
pension fund. About 3,500 truckdrivers were
affected.
In northern California, the Amalgamated Meat
Cutters and Butcher Workmen agreed to a 3-year
contract with employers represented by the San
Francisco Retail Meat Dealers Association and
the Bay Area Council of Employers, and with
individual companies in the retail and wholesale
meat industry. The settlement, affecting about
8.000 workers, calls for weekly wage increases of
$7 retroactive to October 1, 1961, $4 next October,
and $3 in October 1963. The initial increase
brought weekly pay to $133.40 for journeymen
meat cutters on a 40-hour week. Other contract
terms included a cost-of-living escalator clause,
with the first adjustment to be in 1963; increased
employer contributions to health and welfare,
effective March 1962; and 4 weeks’ vacation after
15 instead of 18 years’ service.
Other Nonmanujacturing. Wage increases for
15.000 kitchen, bar, and dining room employees
in the San Francisco, Calif., area were agreed to in
November by The Golden Gate Restaurant Asso
ciation and independent companies with the
DEVELOPMENTS IN INDUSTRIAL RELATIONS
Hotel & Restaurant Employees and Bartenders
Union. The settlement, negotiated under a
reopening clause of an existing 5-year contract,
calls for a 5-percent increase effective December 1,
and an additional 4 percent effective September 1,
1962. Holiday and sick leave provisions were
also liberalized. The contract, which may also
be reopened in 1963, expires on August 31, 1964.
The International Longshoremen and Ware
housemen’s Union and employers in the Hawaiian
stevedoring industry agreed in principle to a
mechanization and stabilization fund, covering
approximately 1,600 employees, to which em
ployers would contribute $550,000 annually over
a 5-year period. In addition, a total of $365,000
remaining from a previous fund would go into
the new fund. Wages were not an issue. The
agreement, which expires in June 1966, was
subject to ratification by union members and
approval by Federal tax authorities. The basis
for the settlement was the contract between the
ILWU and the Pacific Maritime Association which
had set up a mechanization fund for West Coast
longshoremen in October I960.8
In Detroit, about 40,000 construction workers
represented by six building trades unions were
affected by agreements signed in mid-November
with five employer associations. Negotiations
centered on employer payments to the jointly
managed Detroit and Vicinity Construction
Workers Insurance Fund; wages were not a
bargainable issue. Under the 2 -year health and
welfare agreement, contractors are to pay 3 cents
a manhour more to the fund, bringing their total
to 13 cents. Unions involved were the Carpenters,
Bricklayers, Cement Masons, Laborers, Iron
Workers, and Operating Engineers. Employer
groups were the Associated General Contractors
(Detroit Chapter), the Builders Association of
Metropolitan Detroit, the Carpenter Contractors
Association, the Associated Underground Con
tractors, and the Mason Contractors.
Pay raises ranging up to 60 cents an hour over
a 3-year period are to go into effect under terms of
a new contract ratified on November 14 by mem
bers of the Plumbers union with the Plumbing
Contractors Association in Chicago and Cook
8
See “Working Rules in West Coast Longshoring,” Monthly Labor Review,
January 1961, pp. 1-10.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
75
County, 111. The settlement, affecting about
6,000 workers, was negotiated 6 months in ad
vance of a contract scheduled to expire May 31,
1962. Beginning June 1, 1962, it provides annual
wage increases of 20 cents an hour in each of 3
years for journeymen, bringing their hourly scale
to $4.80 on June 1, 1964. Increases totaling
30-60 cents an hour were provided for appren
tices. Retirement age for employees covered by
the pension plan was reduced from 65 to 62. Ac
cording to the union’s business manager, a major
union concession relating to working conditions
will permit contractors to have pipe cut and
threaded in shops instead of at job sites.
The Prudential Insurance Co. announced on
November 1 general salary increases ranging from
$1.50 to $4 a week for about 20,000 office employ
ees. The increases—applying to employees
earning less than $200 a week—were the first
since June 1959, when employees received weekly
raises of $2 to $5. Office employees are not or
ganized.
These increases were preceded on October 20
by an agreement between the company and the
Insurance Workers International Union on a 2year contract covering 17,000 insurance agents
in 34 States and the District of Columbia. The
agreement, retroactive to September 19, provided
pay increases averaging about $5.50 a week. In
creases resulted from a $2-a-week raise in the
agents’ allowance covering operating expenses
(to $9 a week) and from liberalized commission
rates on policy renewals.
New York State Industrial Commissioner M. P.
Catherwood approved a unanimous recommenda
tion of a nine member tripartite wage board to
increase the State’s minimum wage for 100,000
hotel workers. Effective November 3, 1961, the
hourly minimum was increased from $1 to $1.05
an hour for all employees. The rate is to go to
$1.15 for year-round employees on November 3,
1962, and for resort hotel employees on June 3,
1963.
Other Developments
Officials of twelve major defense contractors on
November 30 signed “plans for progress” with the
President’s Committee on Equal Employment
Opportunity, giving Negroes and other minorities
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JANUARY 1962
76
equal access to jobs and promotions.9 Nine other
companies have already signed similar pledges.
About 1.25 million workers are employed by the
21 companies. Companies signing the latest
agreements are:
Aerojet-General Corp., Azusa, Calif.; Aerospace Corp.,
Los Angeles; American Bosch Arma Corp., Hempstead,
N.Y.; Avco Corp., New York; General Dynamics Corp.,
San Diego; General Precision Equipment Corp., New York
City; Hughes Aircraft Co., Culver City, Calif.; KaiserRaymond-Macco-Puget Sound, Oakland, Calif.; MerrittChapman & Scott Corp., New York; Northrop Corp.,
Beverly Hills, Calif.; Thompson Ramo Wooldridge, Inc.,
Cleveland; and Westinghouse Electric Corp., Pittsburgh.
The Flight Engineers’ International Association
on November 13 notified President John F.
Kennedy that it would accept as a basis for nego
tiations the recommendations made in October
by a Presidential Commission concerning a dis
pute involving the Engineers, the Air Line Pilots
Association, and several airlines.10 The Commis
sion’s major recommendations were that the two
unions merge and that the four-man cockpit crews
on turbo-jet flights of four airlines be reduced
gradually to three. The Engineers urged that
industry-wide negotiations with the airlines and
the ALPA be held forthwith.
On November 30, the Amalgamated Clothing
Workers and the International Glove Workers’
Union announced that they would merge. A
joint statement expressed the hope that their
agreement would ‘‘set an example for other
unions.” The Clothing Workers’ membership is
about 385,000, and the Glove Workers, about
2,500.
s See Monthly Labor Review, September 1961, p. 1012.
10 See Monthly Labor Review, December 1961, pp. 1376-1377.
. . . The “ either or” or “ slot machine” theory of jurisprudence cannot be
applied to labor relations. In this field, lines between the licit and illicit can
rarely be drawn clearly in advance. And in the penumbral areas which are
omnipresent, there is no substitute for niceties of judgment. As the Supreme
Court recently observed . . ., “ However difficult the drawing of lines more
nice than obvious, the statute compels the task.”
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
—Opinion of Frank W. McCulloch and Boyd Leedom, National Labor Relations
Board, in Arlan’s Department Store of Michigan, Inc., 133 NLRB No. 56, October
10, 1961.
Book Reviews
and Notes
E ditor ’s N ote .—Listing
of a publication in this
section is jor record and reference only and does
not constitute an endorsement of point of view
or advocacy of use.
Special Reviews
Governmental Regulation of Industrial Relations:
A Comparative Study of United States and
British Experience. By Hywell Evans. Ith
aca, N.Y., Cornell University, New York
State School of Industrial and Labor
Relations, 1961. 116 pp. $2.50.
Mr. Evans is a civil servant in the British
Ministry of Labor. As a Commonwealth Fund
Fellow, he spent the fall semester of the 1957-58
academic year at Cornell and then traveled
extensively throughout the country. He has
written a shrewd and remarkably well-balanced
appraisal of the role of government in labormanagement relations in the United States.
Much of Mr. Evans’ discussion is organized
around the concept of bargaining equality, which
the Wagner Act sought to promote. He points
out that not only is this concept difficult to define,
but also that in a dynamic society the relative
status of the two sides is never constant. Flence,
when the balance seems appreciably to shift,
reliance upon the legislative approach to equality
tends to increase governmental intervention,
although this is not inevitably the case. Mr.
Evans suggests that the ends sought in 1947 by
Taft-Hartley might have been achieved by
abandoning some of the restrictions imposed on
employers in 1935. However, he notes that
“The extension of the realm of government is
often more attractive to those who govern than is
the relaxation of controls.”
Mr. Evans concludes that, on balance, TaftHartley did tend to weaken the position of the
unions. But he rejects completely the extreme
union attacks on the act and points out that
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
“most unions would still prefer to have TaftHartley to no act at all.” His analysis does not
extend to the recent amendments to the TaftHartley Act or to the regulation of internal union
affairs, provided for in the Labor-Management
Reporting and Disclosure Act (1959).
A substantial part of Mr. Evans’ monograph is
necessarily devoted to national labor policy as
expressed in the Wagner and Taft-Hartley Acts.
For background, this discussion is placed against
the extensive use of injunctions in labor disputes
prior to the passage of the Norris-LaGuardia
Act. He also considers the role in industrial
relations of Federal minimum wage policy, exist
ing machinery for the mediation of disputes, and
the use of private arbitration.
There are points of governmental intervention
in industrial relations in Great Britain, but not on
a systematic and comprehensive scale, as in the
United States. This divergence largely reflects
differences in historical circumstances and not, as
Mr. Evans makes clear, differences in virtue.
This appraisal of our own system by an intelligent
outsider should not be neglected in the continuing
debate over the immensely difficult problem of the
proper role of government in labor-management
relations.
—H. M. D outy
Chief, Division of Wages and Industrial Relations
Bureau of Labor Statistics
Small Business and Pattern Bargaining. By
Walter H. Carpenter, Jr. and Edward Handler.
Babson Park, Mass., Babson Institute Press,
1961. 243 pp. $3.
This monograph, prepared under the Manage
ment Research Grant Program of the Small
Business Administration, has as its objectives:
(1) “to determine the extent to which the terms
or patterns set by large unions and large companies
permeate to small firms in the rubber tire and
meatpacking industries” ; (2) “to ascertain how
small businessmen conduct their bargaining with
large unions” ; and (3) “to formulate policy guides
for collective bargaining in a pattern atmosphere.”
The merits of the monograph are found in the
case studies of the rubber tire and meatpacking
industries and in the discussion of the concept,
process, and impact of pattern bargaining. These
aspects constitute the bulk of the monograph.
On the other hand, the maxims regarding collective
77
78
bargaining policy guides for small business that
emerge at the conclusion are of such a common
sense nature—for example, “sincere recognition
of the union movement/’ “adoption of the longrun view,” or “the need for flexibility in negotia
tions”—that they have general (rather than
small business or pattern bargaining) relevance
and require no extensive research documentation.
This monograph deals with that variant of the
cluster of pattern bargaining phenomena referred
to as “key bargaining”—namely, the use of the
contract of a dominant firm (or group of firms)
as the basis or standard for negotiations among a
group of firms with a common product-market
orientation. The authors attempt to go further
than other authors in ascertaining the range of
contractual items that constitute the key bargain.1
Thus, for the purposes of these case studies, the
key bargain is not restricted to wage increments,
wage level and structure, direct money fringes
(e.g., paid holidays and vacations) and deferred
payments (e.g., pensions); it also attempts to give
explicit consideration to such strategic elements
as incentive plan provisions, workload practices,
and seniority terms. Attention is focused on the
extent to which deviation or conformity is ex
perienced with respect to a particular contractual
element over the decade of the 1950’s.
The empirical analysis is carried on within the
framework of the rubber tire and meatpacking
industries. For both, the authors note the
importance of the type of issues involved in the
degree of conformity with or deviation from the
key bargain. Thus, the “ strongest” pattern
tendency is reported for general wage increases.
On the other hand, “ the most prominent de
viations occur in pension and health and welfare
plans” among the rubber tire firms and “ wide
gaps” are noted for deferred fringes between the
major packers and the independents. Moreover,
in matters like seniority provisions, the finding is
that pattern bargaining plays a negligible role.
Overall, the authors find manifest “ tendencies
toward diversity as well as conformity” in both
* George Seltzer, “ Pattern Bargaining and the United Steelworkers,”
The Journal of Political Economy, August 1951, pp. 319-332; Harold M.
Levinson, “ Pattern Bargaining: A Case Study of the Automobile Workers,”
The Quarterly Journal of Economics, May 1960, pp. 296-317; and George
Seltzer, “ The United Steelworkers and Unionwide Bargaining,” Monthly
Labor Review, February 1961, pp. 129-136.
* I b id .
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JANUARY 1962
industries. These findings, allowing for dif
ferences in approach, are generally consistent
with the pattern bargaining studies previously
reported for basic steel, steel “ fabrication,” and
automotive suppliers.2
The hazard of regarding key bargaining in
automatic and rigid terms is additionally evi
denced by the significant contractural differences
reported among the reputed pattern-setters (i.e.,
the respective Big 4’s) and by the reverse influence
of the pattern-followers upon the so-called patternsetter noted in the 1959 meatpacking negotations.
Pattern bargaining emerges not simply as a
phenomenon of power, as is popularly alleged,
but as a process whose contours of conformity
and deviation are significantly affected by the
competitive position of the company (which is
related to size of firm) and local labor market
considerations.
Finally, the authors undertake an evaluation of
the impact of pattern bargaining. With respect
to the freedom of small firms to bargain, they
note that the “ Scope for negotiations is limited but
not foreclosed. . . . ” So far as the continuance
of local union autonomy is concerned, they find
pattern bargaining “ to be quite compatible.”
And with respect to the impact of pattern bargain
ing on small business mortality, they hold the
view that “ insufficient evidence exists to
suggest . . . an increasing rate because of it.”
Their overall assessment of the impact of pattern
bargaining is that “ pattern bargaining as operated
by the parties accommodates itself pragmatically
to the requirements of small business.”
This monograph, therefore, may be of interest
to two groups of readers. For business managers,
it should place in perspective the myth of pattern
bargaining as an immutable, inflexible process.
For analysts of labor-management relations, it
underscores once more the diversity and com
plexity of employment practices, plus the variety
exhibited by the collective bargaining process.
It is a reminder of the dangers of facile generali
zation and the need for taking into account
economic and institutional differences within
and among “ industrial” groupings.
— G e o r g e S eltzer
Professor, School of Business Administration
University of Minnesota
BOOK REVIEWS AND NOTES
Chicago and the Labor Movement: Metropolitan
Unionism in the 1930’s. By Barbara Warne
Newell. Urbana, University of Illinois Press,
1961. 288 pp., bibliography. $6.
Labor-Management Relations in Colorado. By
Harry Seligson and George E. Bard well.
Denver, Sage Books, Alan Swallow, Publisher,
1961. 330 pp. $6.
Our knowledge of regional union growth is
advanced considerably by these two new studies.
Barbara Newell has written a carefully docu
mented report of the trials and tribulations of the
Chicago unions during their great organizing
drives of the troublous Thirties, highlighted by the
depression, the National Recovery Act, the
Wagner Act, CIO severance, gangsterism, factional
fights, and the Memorial Day Massacre. The
author was able to amplify her account from
interviews with more than 80 Chicagoans who
played a part in the drama of the turbulent decade.
Mrs. Neweb/s first thesis is that union growth in
a metropolis is based upon the controls that can
be maintained by workers in industries that sell
only in the local market. Once this core is
firmly established, the organizing of other workers
is helped. Least success is achieved among
workers in industries selling to a national market.
Using the Chicago history, she contends that the
strength of metropolitan unions is in the building
trades, needed to build the city, the building
service workers, essential to maintain the buildings
of a city, and the teamsters, vital to the movement
of goods to and from all industries. Examples of
the failures during part of the 1930’s to organize
workers in industries selling to national markets
are those in steel, meatpacking, and printing and
publishing.
Mrs. Newell’s second thesis is that each metrop
olis has its own “mold” which influences the way
in which its unions develop. She believes that the
personality of union growth in Chicago was shaped
by ethnic patterns, the role played by the social
workers, the stand of the Catholic Church, the
ward bosses, and labor history in the city.
Labor-Management Relations in Colorado was
written primarily for union members, although
they will find some chapters difficult to follow.
The writing is somewhat uneven, as four of the
chapters were written by individuals other than
the two listed authors. Some sections are well
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
T9
documented; others are not. Unfortunately, there
is no index.
A discussion of the economic, social, and political
influences that have encouraged or hampered
union growth and union-management relationships
over the years is followed by a brief treatment of
the development of unionization in Colorado
between 1880 and 1940 and a tabulation of the
changes in membership from 1939 to 1959. There
is also a “how-to” section on collective bargaining
and arbitration, illustrated by the activities of the
Oil, Chemical and Atomic Workers (AFL-CIO).
The other half of the book presents in detail the
Colorado and Federal protective legislation and
legal framework of union-management relation
ships. State, union, and management organiza
tions and agencies involved in industrial relations
are described.
Mrs. Newell’s thesis on metropolitan union
growth is not borne out by the Denver story,
where the unions’ strength developed in the rail
road and mining industries before it did among
the building trades.
— P hilomena M arquardt M ullady
Associate Professor of Industrial Relations
Loyola University
Union Government and the Law: British and
American Experiences. By Joseph R. Grodin.
Los Angeles, University of California, Insti
tute of Industrial Relations, 1961. 209 pp.
(Monograph Series, 8.) $3.
An excellent and unique comparative analysis
of British and American law on the internal af
fairs of trade unions has been written by Mr.
Grodin, a noted labor attorney. His study indi
cates that there is less inclination to intervention
in union affairs by the judicial and legislative
branches of government in Great Britain, but
suggests that the trend toward increased interven
tion is manifest there as well as in the United
States.
An interesting feature of the book is the dis
cussion of the current effect of the once held view
that the union is an illegal association. There is
also an excellent analysis of the various underlying
concepts of contract, tort, quasi-public utility,
and government which the judiciary have utilized
in formulating the basic doctrine in this field.
Mr. Grodin also analyzes the British and American
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JANUARY 1962
80
cases and statutory developments in the following
areas which are of great interest to scholars and
practitioners: Exhaustion of Remedies; Union
Discipline; Judicial Control Over Union Finan
cial Affairs; and Union Democracy: Majority
Rule and Minority Rights.
The analysis and citation of the numerous
decisions of the British and American courts will
prove of particular value to the practitioner—
although the style employed should make this
book readily understandable by the lay reader.
Mr. Grodin cites more than 500 leading Ameri
can and British judicial decisions on internal union
affairs. This fact is, in the judgment of the re
viewer, a refutation of the popular theory in the
United States that there was little or no controlling
law on the subject prior to the Landrum-Griffm
Act. It also indicates the scope and complexity
of the problems which will arise from the approach
taken in that act of negating the doctrine of
Federal preemption.
It is a truism that the basic social problems
and conflicts in the labor field do not lend them
selves to the development of precise and certain
rules of law. This is particularly true with respect
to the law applicable to internal union affairs.
That there should be disagreement on the resolu
tion of many of the specific legal issues which
arise in this field is therefore understandable.
For example, the reviewer considers the phrase
“reasonable rules and regulations in [a labor]
organization’s constitution and bylaws” in section
101(a)(1) of the Landrum-Griffm Act a key pro
vision in establishing the congressional intent to
recognize the need for reasonable limitations on
individual rights in the interest of the trade union
as an entity. The extensive legislative history on
this and other provisions of the substitute bill
introduced by Senator Kuchel shows also that the
Bill of Rights of the Landrum-Griffin Act is limited
in its application to “members” of the trade union.
An understanding of the internal union problem
and the concepts utilized in reaching decisions is
more helpful, in the judgment of the reviewer,
than the actual results of the decided cases. This
basic material is fully explored and developed in
Union Government and the Law.
—Louis S h er m a n
General Counsel
International Brotherhood of Electrical Workers
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Roleplaying in Business and Industry. By
Raymond J. Corsini, Malcolm E. Shaw,
Robert R. Blake. New York, The Free
Press, 1961. ix, 246 pp., bibliography. $6.
Numerous books and articles have appeared, in
recent years, which attempt to explain and define
the use and abuse of roleplaying. Roleplaying is
not a new technique, but its application appears
to be gathering momentum in more and more
fields. This book describes the use of the process
in business and industrial settings.
Roleplaying is here defined as “a method of
human interaction that involves realistic behavior
in imaginary situations.” The authors assert
that it provides a psychologically real device for
diagnostic, informative, and training processes.
Problems of authority relations, group meetings,
intergroup and intradepartmental relations, and
organization are responsive to study through this
technique. Its application to instruction and
evaluation of managerial personnel, to under
standing of human behavior, and to developing
skill in dealing with human situations is
emphasized.
The authors are particularly interested in the
process as a method for helping people to under
stand each other and for bringing about changes
in personal behavior. They contend that the
technique enables a study of human problems
under laboratorylike conditions.
One of the most provocative chapters in the
volume deals with the use of roleplaying in testing
and evaluating individual abilities. While the
authors admit that this application is not too
well understood, the reviewer feels that here,
certainly, is an area where more adequate material
would be welcome.
Because of general misunderstanding of the
relation of the psychodrama for therapeutic
purposes and roleplaying lor training purposes,
the book could have provided a clearer exposition
of the differences between psychodrama, socio
drama and roleplaying.
The treatment of spontaneity training lacks
useful integration with the rest of the book.
That chapter attempts to show that spontaneity
training is different from the previously discussed
methods. The book actually does not adequately
demonstrate this.
In spite of shortcomings, the book is clear and
concise. It represents one of the better manuals
BOOK REVIEWS AND NOTES
on the technique, covering a range of procedures
and their variations useful in training settings.
Properly used, it can be a practical and usable
guide to the application of roleplaying in the
training processes. After reading the book, one
should not immediately launch out with the
direction of a roleplaying session, however.
Nothing can teke the place of careful instruction
and practice in the procedures.
—J ohn W. K eltner
Training Officer,
Federal Mediation and Conciliation Service
Trade Union Officers: A Study of Full-Time Offi
cers, Branch Secretaries and Shop Stewards in
British Trade Unions. By H. A. Clegg, A.
J. Killick, Rex Adams. Cambridge, Mass.,
Harvard University Press, 1961. 273 pp.
$ 6.
Despite differences between American and Brit
ish unions in structure and administration, and
even wider differences in the collective bargaining
area, many problems of union leadership are
similar for the two countries. This volume, how
ever, moves the British well ahead of their Amer
ican colleagues in the study of these problems.
This book is based upon an investigation of the
records of 18 major unions (with special emphasis
on the “Big Six” of British unionism), upon local
surveys, and upon questionnaries nationally dis
tributed.
Clegg and his colleagues have collected, for
each of three classes of union functionaries (full
time officers, branch secretaries, and shop stew
ards), a mass of data which has been analyzed
intensively and with considerable acumen. The
analysis tests generalizations the authors have
noted in sections of the British press and serves
as the foundation for recommendations by the
authors for improvements in union structure and
administration, compensation and selection of
officers, and so forth.
The volume presents brief descriptions of the
six largest unions, followed by a typology of these
and the other unions studied, for purposes of
comparison. Five types are recognized: general
unions, single-industry unions, skilled unions, ex
craft unions, and white-collar unions. Turning-
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
81
next to the three types of union officers, the
authors face problems of definition which students
of American unionism will find intriguing. The
distinction between “officer” and “staff” is quite
sharp in this country because of the prevalence of
election procedures in selecting almost every union
functionary (except for clericals and professionals).
In many British unions, however, appointment to
office is quite common below the very top ranks
and the distinction between officer and staff be
comes difficult when comparing one union with
appointive traditions with another which uses
elective practices. The authors frankly explain
their problems of this sort and in other areas of
methodology and procedures—even to the point
of explaining a false start and retrieval.
Part II of the book follows these introductory
chapters and contains data for each of five types
of union official. The information includes num
bers in each type, differences in officer structure
between unions, duties, methods of selection, sal
aries, expenses, promotion policies, and turnover.
The authors do not as a whole share the view of
those who believe that the expansion of the British
educational system will cut off or seriously curtail
the sources of future leadership. They feel rather
that those unions which already have this diffi
culty have the means of solving the problem and
need only the will to use them.
Some intriguing points are likely to be raised
for the American reader. While some American
observers perceive a diminishing role for the shop
steward in this country, as a consequence of
centralization of bargaining, others question this.
In Great Britain, where bargaining is already
more centralized, the role of the steward seems to
be growing. The British experience may well
provide a clue as to which American viewpoint
will prove to be correct.
A study on this scale and of such excellent
quality for the American scene would be most
welcome. One word of caution—readers unfa
miliar with British union structure and bargaining
would do well to first acquire some knowledge in
these areas.
—H erbert J. L ahne
Division of Research and Statistics
Bureau of Labor-Management Reports
82
Education and Training
The Role of the Federal Government in Financing Higher
Education.
By Alice M. Rivlin.
Washington,
Brookings Institution, 1961. 179 pp. $3, cloth; $2,
paper.
Higher Education in the USSR. By M. A. Prokofiev,
M. G. Ghilikin, S. I. Tulpanov. Paris, United
Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organi
zation, 1961. 59 pp. (Educational Studies and
Documents, 39.) $1, International Documents Serv
ice, Columbia University Press, New York.
Oregon Pilot Program for the Education of Migrant Children.
By Ronald G. Petrie. Salem, Oreg., Department of
Education, [1961]. 95 pp.
Research Conference on Workmen’s Compensation and
Vocational Rehabilitation Conducted at Columbia
University, November 29-December 2, 1960. Edited
by A. J. Jaffe. New York, Columbia University,
Bureau of Applied Social Research, 1961. 148 pp.
Rehabilitation: Concept and Practice. By J. A. L. Vaughan
Jones. (In British Journal of Industrial Medicine,
London, October 1961, pp. 241-249, bibliography.
17s. 6d.)
Occupational Outlook Handbook: Employment Information
on Major Occupations for Use in Guidance. Washing
ton, U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor
Statistics, 1961. 830 pp. (Bull. 1300; revision of
Bull 1255.) $4.50, Superintendent of Documents,
Washington.
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JANUARY 1962^
Tennessee Valley Authority, 1961.
raphy.
39 pp., bibliog
Safety in Industry: Environmental and Chemical Hazards,
3— Respiratory Protective Equipment. Washington,.
U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Stand
ards, 1961. 34 pp. (Bull. 226.) 20 cents, Super
intendent of Documents, Washington.
Safety in Industry: Mechanical and Physical Hazards, 3—
Personal Protective Equipment. Washington, U.S.
Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Standards,
1961. 26 pp. (Bull. 231.) 15 cents, Superintendent of
Documents, Washington.
The Role of Emotions in Industrial Accidents. By Stanford
G. Rogg, M.D. (In Archives of Environmental
Health, Chicago, November 1961, pp. 519-522. $1.)
Industrial Relations
Implications of Psychology in Labor-Management Rela
tions—-A Symposium. (In Personnel Psychology,
Durham, N.C., Autumn 1961, pp. 239-284. $2.50.)
Partners in Production: A New Role for Management and
Labor. By Henry Lightfoot Nunn. Englewood
Cliffs, N.J., Prentice Hall, Inc., 1961. xviii, 221 pp.,
bibliography. $4.95.
Labor-Management Relations in Tunisia. By No6 Ladhari. (In International Labor Review, Geneva,
September 1961, pp. 175-197. 60 cents. Distrib
uted in United States by Washington Branch of ILO.)
Executive Careers for Women. By Frances Maule. New
York, Harper & Brothers, 1961. 240 pp. Rev. ed.
$3.95.
Analysis of Work Stoppages, 1960. By Loretto R. Nolan
and Julian Malnak. Washington, U.S. Department
of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, 1961. 36 pp.
(Bull. 1302.) 30 cents, Superintendent of Docu
ments, Washington.
Our World of Work. By Seymour L. Wolfbein and Harold
Goldstein. Chicago, Science Research Associates,
Inc., 1961. 48 pp. (Guidance Series Booklets, 152.)
Rev. ed.
Work Stoppages— Basic Steel Industry, 1901-60. Wash
ington, U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor
Statistics, 1961. 10 pp. (BLS Report 206.) Free.
[Occupational Guide for] Electronics Technicians. [Balti
more), Maryland State Employment Service, [1961].
15 pp.
Your Future in the Foreign Service. By Robert F. Delaney.
New York, Richards Rosen Press, Inc., 1961. 158 pp.
$2.95.
Careers in: Community Organization Work; Jewish Edu
cation; Vocational Service in Jewish Agencies. Wash
ington, B’nai B’rith Vocational Service, 1961. 11, 8,
12 pp., respectively. (Occupational Brief Series,
Pamphlets 201, 204, 208.) Rev. 35 cents each.
Health and Safety
Annual Report of the [Tennessee Valley Authority] Division
of Health and Safely, Fiscal Year 1961. Chattanooga,
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Recent Labor Disputes Over “Restrictive” Practices and
“Inflationary” Wage Increases. By Irwin L. Herrnstadt and Benson Soffer. (In Journal of Business,
University of Chicago, Graduate School of Business,
Chicago, October 1961, pp. 453-470. $2.25.)
Seniority Rights Held to Survive Termination of Collective
Bargaining Agreement and Relocation of Plant. (In
Columbia Law Review, New York, November 1961,
pp. 1363-1369. $1.50.)
Labor Legislation and Collective Bargaining in the Americas.
(In International Labor Review, Geneva, October
1961, pp. 269-291. 60 cents. Distributed in United
States by Washington Branch of ILO.)
Labor Law. By Carl Rachlin. New York, Oceana Pub
lications, Inc., 1961. 97 pp. (Legal Almanac Series,
7.) 3d rev. ed. $2, cloth; $1, paper.
83
BOOK REVIEWS AND NOTES
Labor Force
Employment Trends in Great Britain, 1950-1960. {In
Ministry of Labor Gazette, London, July 1961, pp.
281-283. 2s. 6d., H.M. Stationery Office, London.)
Employment Developments in Switzerland in 1960. {In
Industry and Labor, Geneva, September 15, 1961, pp.
206-210. 25 cents. Distributed in United States by
Washington Branch of ILO.)
Le Statistiche Correnti dell’Occupazione e della Disoccupazione in Italia {II). By Renato Curatolo. {In
Rassegna di Statistiche del Lavoro, Confederazione
Generale della Industria Italiana, Rome, May-June
1961, pp. 101-123.)
Survey of High-Level Manpower in Ghana, 1960. Accra,
Ghana, Ministry of Information, 1961. 62 pp. 8s.,
Government Printing Department, Accra.
Miller and Mary Ann Coghill. Ithaca, N.Y., Cornell
University, New York State School of Industrial and
Labor Relations, 1961. 110 pp. (Bibliography
Series, 5.) $1.
Redefining the Personnel Office’s Job. By Kenneth K.
Henning and Thomas R. Masterson. {In Personnel
Administration, Washington, November-December
1961, pp. 11-16. $1.25.)
Turnover, Absence, and Transfer Rates as Indicators of
Employee Dissatisfaction with Repetitive Ifork. By
Maurice D. Kilbridge. {In Industrial and Labor
Relations Review, Ithaca, N.Y., October 1961,
pp. 21-32. $1.75.)
Creativity in Industrial Scientific Research: A Critical
Survey of Current Opinion, Theory, and Knowledge.
By John R. Hinrichs. New York, American Man
agement Association, 1961. 39 pp., bibliography.
(Bull. 12.) $2.25; $1.50 to AM A members.
Labor Organizations
Production and Productivity
The Decline of the Labor Movement and What Can Be Done
About It. By Solomon Barkin. Santa Barbara,
Calif., Center for the Study of Democratic Institu
tions, 1961. 75 pp. Single copies free.
How to Make Trade Unions More Responsible. By George
Cyriax. {In Political Quarterly, London, OctoberDecember 1961, pp. 319-327. 8s. 6d.)
Local Independent Unionism: Two Case Studies. By Leo
Troy. New Brunswick, N.J., Rutgers-The State
University, Institute of Management and Labor
Relations, 1961. 32 pp. $1.
Building the Local Union Education Program. By John J.
Flagler. Iowa City, State University of Iowa, Bureau
of Labor and Management, 1961. 28 pp., bibli
ography. (Information Series, 4.) 50 cents.
2,000 Casualties: A History of the Trade Unions and the
Labor Movement in the Union of South Africa. By
Ivan L. Walker and Ben Weinbren. Johannesburg,
South African Trade Union Council, 1961. 387 pp.,
bibliography.
Report of the Indian National Trade Union Congress,
April 1960 to March 1961. New Delhi, Indian
National Trade Union Congress, 1961. 183 pp.
Rs 2.
Personnel Management
Factory Productivity and Efficiency [in Fractional HorsePower Electric Motor Industry]: I I I , Direct Labor
Productivity. By H. J. D. Cole, D. G. Holland,
M. V. Posner. {In Bulletin of the Oxford University
Institute of Statistics, Oxford, August 1961,|[pp.
197-270. 10s. 6d.)
Symposium on Profit Sharing and Productivity Motivation,
Wingspread, Racine, Wis., February 23-2J), 1961.
Madison, University of Wisconsin, School of Com
merce, Center for Productivity Motivation, 1961.
60 pp.
Social Security
Social Welfare Expenditures, 1959-60. By Ida C. Merriam. {In Social Security Bulletin, U.S. Department
of Health, Education, and Welfare, Social Security
Administration, Washington, November 1961, pp.
3-11. 25 cents, Superintendent of Documents,
Washington.)
Temporary Extended Unemployment Compensation Act of
1961— A Legislative History. By Philip Booth. {In
Labor Law Journal, Chicago, October 1961, pp. 909921. $1.)
Twenty-fifth Annual Report of the State of Vermont on
Employment Security Administration and Operation,
Calendar Year Ending December 31, 1960. Mont
pelier, Vt., Department of Employment Security,
1961. 59 pp.
Personnel Management— New Perspectives: Addresses on
Industrial Relations. Edited by Albert W. Schrader
and George S. Odione. Ann Arbor, University of
Michigan, Bureau of Industrial Relations, 1961.
192 pp. (Bull. 29.) $4.50.
Financing Unemployment Insurance in Kentucky. [Frank
fort, Ky.], Department of Economic Security, Re
search and Statistics Service, [1961]. 74 pp. Free.
The Historical Sources of Personnel Work: A n Annotated
Bibliography of Developments to 1923. By Frank B.
Workmen’s Compensation Problems: Proceedings of the 46th
Annual Convention of the International Association of
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Industrial Accident Boards and Commissions Held in
Edmonton, Alberta, August 21-25, 1960. Washington,
U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Stand
ards, 1961. 275 pp. (Bull. 229.) 75 cents, Super
intendent of Documents, Washington.
Social Security in Switzerland. (In Bulletin of the In
ternational Social Security Association, Geneva,
September 1961, pp. 457-520.)
Social Security in Africa South of the Sahara. (In Inter
national Labor Review, Geneva, September 1961,
pp. 144-174. 60 cents. Distributed in United
States by Washington Branch of ILO.)
Social Security Policy in Japan. (In International
Labor Review, Geneva, October 1961, pp. 292-301.
60 cents. Distributed in United States by Washing
ton Branch of ILO.)
Wages and Hours
National Survey of Professional, Administrative, Technical
and Clerical Pay, Winter 1960-61. Washington, U.S.
Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics,
1961. 53 pp. (Bull. 1310.) 40 cents, Superintendent
of Documents, Washington.
State Salary Ranges of Selected Classes of Positions in
Employment Security, Public Welfare, Public Health,
Mental Health, Vocational Rehabilitation as of July
1, 1961. Washington, U.S. Department of Health,
Education, and Welfare, Office of Field Administra
tion, 1961. 36 pp.
Salaries and Salary Schedules of Urban School Employees,
1960-61. Washington, National Education Associa
tion, 1961. 91 pp. (Research Report 1961-R17.)
Wage Chronology: International Harvester Co., 1946-61—
Basic Chronology and Supplements 1-3 (BLS Report
202, 28 p p .); North American Aviation, 1941-61—
Basic Chronology and Supplements 1-3 (BLS Report
203, 20 pp.); Commonwealth Edison Co. of Chicago,
1945-61— Basic Chronology and Supplement 1 (BLS
Report 205, 16 pp.). Washington, U.S. Department
of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, 1961. Free.
pp. (Labor Management Research Series, 2.)
cents, Queen’s Printer, Ottawa.
25
Earnings of Employees in Manufacturing Industries [in
India ] During 1959. (In Indian Labor Journal,
Government of India, Labor Bureau, Delhi, October
1961, pp. 915-946. 3sh.)
Miscellaneous
American Economic History. Edited by Seymour E.
Harris. New York, McGraw-Hill Book Co., Inc.,
1961. 560 pp. $7.95.
The Future of Underdeveloped Countries: Political Implicartions of Economic Development. By Eugene Staley.
New York, Council on Foreign Relations, Inc., 1961.
483 pp., bibliography. Rev. ed. $2.50, paper,
Frederick A. Praeger, Inc., New York.
Small-Scale Industry in the Modern Economy. By Marcel
Laloire. (In International Labor Review, Geneva,
October 1961, pp. 246-268. 60 cents. Distributed
in United States by Washington Branch of ILO.)
Costs and Competition: American Experience Abroad. By
Theodore R. Gates and Fabian Linden. New York,
National Industrial Conference Board, Inc., 1961.
226 pp. (Studies in Business Economics, 73.)
Chartbook of Current Business Trends. New York, Na
tional Industrial Conference Board, Inc., 1961. 28
pp. Rev. ed.
Walter P. Reuther— Selected Papers. Edited by Henry M.
Christman. New York, Macmillan Co., 1961. 330
pp. $4.
Labor Law and Practice in Honduras. By Anna-Stina
Ericson. Washington, U.S. Department of Labor,
Bureau of Labor Statistics, 1961. 37 pp., bibliog
raphy. (BLS Report 189.) 30 cents, Superin
tendent of Documents, Washington.
The Effects of Imported Mexican Farm Labor in a California
County. By James F. Rooney. (In American Jour
nal of Economics and Sociology, New York, October
1961, pp. 513-521. $1.)
Wages and Hours in Children's Gamps, New York State,
Summer 1960. New York, State Department of
Labor, Division of Research and Statistics, 1961.
75 pp. (Publication B-121.)
High Spots in State School Legislation, January 1-August 1,
1961— An Annual Compilation. Washington, Na
tional Education Association, 1961. 86 pp. (Re
search Report 1961-R18.) 50 cents.
Review of Man-Hours and Hourly Earnings [in Canada]
with Average Weekly Wages, 1945-60. Ottawa, Do
minion Bureau of Statistics, Labor Division, 1961.
47 pp. 75 cents, Queen’s Printer, Ottawa.
The Changing Social Position of Women in Japan. By
Takashi Koyama. Paris, United Nations Educa
tional, Scientific and Cultural Organization, 1961.
152 pp. $2.
Shift work and Shift Differentials in Canadian Manufac
turing Industries. Ottawa, Canadian Department of
Labor, Economics and Research Branch, 1961. 20
Statisticki Godisnjak FNRJ, 1961. Belgrade, Federal
People’s Republic of Yugoslavia, Federal Statistical
Office, 1961. 798 pp.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Current Labor Statistics
TABLES
A. —Employment
86
87
91
95
A -l. Estimated total labor force classified by employment status and sex
A-2. Employees in nonagricultural establishments, by industry
A-3. Production workers in nonagricultural establishments, by industry
A-4. Employees in nonagricultural establishments, by industry division and selected
groups, seasonally adjusted
95 A-5. Production workers in manufacturing industries, by major industry group, seasonally
adjusted
96 A-6. Unemployment insurance and employment service program operations
B. —Labor Turnover
97 B—1. Labor turnover rates, by major industry group
C. —Earnings and Hours
100
C -l. Gross hours and earnings of production workers, by industry
C-2. Average weekly hours, seasonally adjusted, of production workers in selected industries
C-3. Average hourly earnings excluding overtime of production workers in manufacturing,
by major industry group
113 G-4. Average overtime hours of production workers in manufacturing, by industry
115 C-5. Indexes of aggregate weekly man-hours and payrolls in industrial and construction
activities
115 C-6. Gross and spendable average weekly earnings of production workers in manufacturing
112
112
D. —Consumer and Wholesale Prices
116 D -l.
Consumer Price Index—All city average: All items, groups, subgroups, and special
groups of items
117 D-2. Consumer Price Index—All items and food indexes, by city
118 D-3. Indexes of wholesale prices, by group and subgroup of commodities
120 D-4. Indexes of wholesale prices for special commodity groupings
121 D-5. Indexes of wholesale prices, by stage of processing and durability of product
E. —Work Stoppages
122 E -l.
Work stoppages resulting from labor-management disputes
F. —Work Injuries
123 F -l.
Injury-frequency rates for selected manufacturing industries 1
1 This table is Included in the January, April, July, and October issues of the Review.
N ote : With the exceptions noted, the statistical series here are from the Bureau of Labor Statistics in Techniques of Preparing Major B L S Statistical Series
(BLS Bull. 1168,1954), and cover the United States without Alaska and Hawaii.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
85
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JANUARY 1962
86
A.—Employment
T able A -l. Estimated total labor force classified by employment status and sex
[In thousands]
Estimated number of persons 14 years of age and over1
1960
1961
Employment status
1959
1958
1
Total labor force...................................... 74,096 174,345 73, 670 75,610 76,153 76,790 74,059 73,216 73,540 72,894 72,361 73,079 73,746
71, 946
71,284
.71,759 171,123 73,081 73,639 74,286 71,546 70,696 71,011 70,360 69,837 70,549 71,213
3, 934 4,085 4,542 5,140 5,580 4, 768 4,962 5,495 5,705 5,385 4,540 4,031
69, 394
3, 813
68,647
4,681
6.8
6.2
6.9
6.6
6.8
6.9
6.8
6.9
6.8
6.9
6.8
6.8
1, 723 1,814 1,683 1,995 2,857 1,672 1,600 1,729 2,063 2,200 2,107 1,840
1,243
994
847
725
845
1,097
1,281
1.046
851
827
1,408
638
564
357
303
330
407
424
246
374
373
268
806
610
488
647
1,205
696
516
517
527
608
1,008
1,063
950
497
499
499
923
674
643
723
913 1,026
928
799
760
907
67,824 67,038 68, 539 68,499 68,706 66,778 65,734 65,516 64,655 64,452 66,009 67,182
61,800 61,372 62,215 62,046 62,035 61,234 60,734 60,539 59.947 59, 818 61,059 61,510
47,679 47,473 46,080 44,981 47,803 47,927 47,650 47,301 45,341 47.132 47,675 41,598
8,380 7,785 6,644 6,837 7,081 7,533 7, 536 7, 522 8,952 7,414 8,044 14, 484
3,560 3,369 3,071 3,067 3,466 3,858 3,736 3,900 3,722 3,483 3,589 3,687
2,240 2,747 6,421 7,162 3,688 1.916 1,811 1.818 1,933 1, 789 1,752 1,746
5,964 5,666 6,325 6,453 6,671 5,544 5,000 4,977 4,708 4.634 4,950 5,066
4, 212 3,835 4,279 4,364 4,405 3.700 3; 139 3,122 2,842 2, 745 3,015 3,666
1,189 1,243 1,345 1,385 1,577 1,341 1,200 1,195 1,121 1,126 1,163 1,341
492
505
507
449
517
537
393
453
432
535
405
509
167
114
1&3
150
111
228
256
237
181
195
209
240
5.5
1,658
778
335
469
571
65, 581
59, 745
45,068
8, 531
3,172
2,974
5,836
3', 852
1,356
442
186
6.8
1,833
959
438
785
667
63, 906
58,122
44, 873
7, 324
3,047
2, 876
5, 844
3, 827
1.361
457
199
Nov.
Oct.
Sept.
Aug.
July
June
May
Mar.
Apr.
Feb.
Jan.»
Dec.
Nov.
Annual average
Total, both sexes
Civilian labor force............. .................... 71,339
Unemployment.............. ................. 3,990
Unemployment rate, seasonallv adjusteds......... —
6.1
Unemployed 4 weeks or less__ 1,725
782
Unemployed 5-10 weeks-------Unemployed 11—
14 w eeks------347
Unemployed 15-26 w eeks.........
448
Unemployed over 26 w eeks---689
Employment___________ _____ - 67,349
Nonagricultural_____________ 62,149
Worked 35 hours or m ore... 48, 896
Worked 15-34 hours......... . 7,301
Worked 1-14 hours....... — 4,027
With a job but not at work 4_ 1,928
Agricultural____—__ - _____- 5.199
Worked 35 hours or m ore... 3,180
Worked 15-34 hours...........- 1,271
Worked 1-14 hours....... ......
479
With a job but not at work *.
262
Males
Total labor force...................................... 49, 563 49,612 '49,621 51,281 51, 540 51,614 49, 753 49,299 19,309 49,109 49,031 49,186 49,506
49,081
48,802
47,005
2,496
44, 509
39,881
29,346
7,993
1,424
1,120
4,629
3,260
843
369
156
46, 562
2,473
44,089
39,340
31,715
4,405
1,378
1,840
4.749
3, 421
823
336
170
46,197
3,155
43, 042
38,240
31,390
3,736
1,329
1,784
4, 802
3,413
857
353
179
Civilian labor force------------------------- 46,841
Unemployment....................... ........ 2,422
Employment__________________ 44,418
N onagri cu ltural___ _________ 40,078
Worked 35 hours or more_ 33,902
Worked 15-34 hours........... 3,356
Worked 1-14 hours_______ 1.573
With a job but not at work *. 1,250
Agricultural................................ 4,340
Worked 35 hours or more_ 2,819
Worked 15-34 hours.......... 917
Worked 1-14 hours.............
366
With a job but not at work4.
236
47,059
2,307
44, 751
40,127
33,422
3. 855
1,434
1.415
4,625
3, 520
713
292
100
47,107
2,393
44, 713
40,117
33.192
3,739
1,436
1,751
4,597
3,344
800
302
150
48,784
2,816
45.968
40,904
32,819
3,280
1,381
3, 425
5,064
3,716
843
361
144
49,058
3,092
45,966
40,874
32,182
3,344
1,344
4,004
5,092
3, 768
813
351
170
49,142
3,303
45,839
40,598
33, 758
3,388
1,485
1,967
5,241
3,804
921
379
138
47,272
3,033
44,238
39,686
33,286
3,603
1,638
1,160
4, 553
3,325
843
289
96
46,812
3,270
43, 542
39', 244
32,895
3,629
1,596
1,123
4,298
2,889
831
384
194
46,812
3,709
43,103
38,845
32, 508
3, 609
1,624
1,107
4,258
2,849
841
356
213
46,608
3,887
42,721
38,627
31,531
4,356
1,652
1,188
4,094
2,609
832
438
217
46, 539
3, 717
42, 822
38,796
32,698
3,534
1,460
1,105
4, 027
2,530
813
450
233
46,688
3,092
43, 590
39,337
32,888
3,806
1,472
1,173
4,259
2,747
839
455
217
Females
Total labor force.—------------------------- 24, 534 24,733 24,048 24,329 24,612 25,176 24,306 23,916 24,232 23,785 23,330 23,893 24,240
22,865
22,482
23,861 24.208
1,448 1,536
22,413 22,672
21,722 21,636
Hi 788 12; 255
4,238 6,490
2,117 2,264
626
579
692 1,037
406
268
497
324
123
80
11
20
22, 832
1,340
21,492
20, 405
13,352
4,120
1,794
1,134
1,087
431
533
106
17
22,451
1, 526
20, 924
19,882
13,483
3, 589
1,718
1,093
1,042
414
504
104
20
Civilian labor force. ................... ........... 24,499
Unemployment................................. 1,568
Employment- ........................ ........ 22,930
Nonftgrinnltnrsl...... ................. 22,071
Worked 35 hours or more-- 14; 993
Worked 15-34 hours______ 3,946
Worked 1-14 hours_______ 2,454
With a job but not at work U
678
Agricultural-- _____________
859
Worked 35 hours or more-368
Worked 15-34 hours______
354
Worked 1-14 hours______
113
With a job but not at work 4_
26
24,700
1,627
23,073
21.733
14, 258
4, 525
2,126
825
1,339
693
476
157
15
24,016
1,692
22, 325
21, 256
14,282
4, 046
1,934
996
1,069
491
442
103
32
24,297
1,726
22,571
21,311
13,262
3,364
1,691
2,995
1,261
562
502
156
39
24,580
2,048
22,533
21,172
12,798
3,493
1,723
3,158
1,361
607
572
158
26
>Estimates are based on Information obtained from a sample of households
and are subject to sampling variability. Data relate to the calendar week
ending nearest the 15th day of the month. The employed total Includes all
wage and salary workers, self-employed persons, and unpaid workers In
family-operated enterprises. Persons In institutions are not included.
Because of rounding, sums of individual Items do not necessarily equal
totals.
»Beginning In I960, data Include Alaska and Hawaii and are therefore not
directly comparable with earlier data. The levels of the civilian labor force,
the employed, and nonagricultural employment were each Increased by more
than 200,000. The estimates for agricultural employment and unemploy
ment were affected so slightly that these series can be regarded as entirely
comparable with pre-1960 data
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
25,144
2,277
22,867
21,437
14; 044
3,693
1,980
1,721
1, 430
602
656
159
13
24,274
1,734
22, 540
21,549
14; 641
3,930
2,220
756
091
375
499
103
14
23,884
1,692
22,192
21,490
IL 754
3,007
2,141
688
701
250
369
69
15
24,199
1,786
22,413
21,695
Hi 794
3, 913
2, 276
709
718
273
354
76
15
23,752
1,818
21,934
21.321
13,809
4,596
2,170
744
61S
235
289
67
24
23, 298
1,669
21,630
21, 023
14,434
3,880
2,023
684
807
215
314
57
22
» Unemployment as a percent of labor force.
4 Includes persons who had a job or business but who did not work during
the survey week because of illness, bad weather, vacation, or labor dispute.
Prior to January 1957, also included were persons on layoff with definite
instructions to return to work within 30 days of layoff and persons who had
new jobs to which they were scheduled to report within 30 days. Most of
the persons In these groups have, since that time, been classified as unem
ployed.
N ote ; For a description of these series, see Explanatory Notes (in Employ
ment and Earnings, U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics
current Issues).
87
A.—EMPLOYMENT
Table A-2. Employees in nonagricultural establishments, by industry 1
[in th o u sa n d s]
Revised series; see box, p. 94.
1960
1961
A nnual
a v er a g e
I n d u s tr y
N o v .’
T o t a ll e m p lo y e e s - ...................................... .................
O c t.’
S e p t.
A ug.
J u ly
June
M ay
A pr.
M ar.
Feb.
Ja n .
D ec.
N ov.
I960
1959
55,077 55,101 54,978 54, 538 54,227 54,429 53, 708 53,171 52,785 52,523 52,864 54, 706 54, 595 54, 347 53,380
M i n i n g ________________________ _______ _____ _
M e ta l m in in g ............................................................
I r o n o r e s________________________________
C o p p e r o r e s________________ ___________
6G5
85.2
667
85.6
27.9
27.8
676
88.2
28.3
29.5
677
85.8
26. 5
29.6
672
88.4
28.0
29.3
678
88.5
27.8
29.5
668
87.1
27.4
29.0
657
85.8
26.6
28.3
654
86.3
27.0
28.2
658
86.2
26.6
28.3
666
89.9
28.3
30.0
682
91.0
29.8
30.3
695
90.7
29.5
30.4
709
93.3
33.2
28.3
731
83.6
27.7
23.3
C o a l m in in g _______________________________
B it u m in o u s _____________________________
157.0
147.6
158.0
146.3
155.4
145.2
153.9
143.7
142.9
132.8
153.5
143.2
153.2
143.0
153.3
142.4
157.5
147.4
163.2
151.6
163.9
152.0
167.1
155.2
170.7
158.0
182.2
168.2
190.8
178.3
304.6
175.1
129.5
310.6
177.8
132.8
314.9
180.6
134.3
318.0
180.2
137.8
314.4
178. 2
136.2
309.9
175.4
134.5
306.1
175.3
130.8
304.5
175.4
129.1
304.4
176.9
127.5
306.3
177.6
128. 7
310.5
178.8
131.7
311.9
179.4
132.5
313.9
181.7
132.2
330.9
186.4
144. 5
C r u d e p e tr o le u m a n d n a tu r a l g a s _______
C r u d e p e tr o le u m a n d n a tu r a l g a s fie ld s .
O il a n d gas fie ld s e r v ic e s _______________
Q u a r r y in g a n d n o n m e ta llic m in in g ..............
120.4 121.7 122.3 122.5 121.7 117.6 112.2 106.0 102.3 106.2 113.6 121.6 119. 5 119.6
2,976 3,021 3,075 3,023 2,971 2,775 2,619 2,454 2,342 2,457 2,630 2,942 2,882 2,955
922.0 935.8 961.4 940.8 923.1 860.0 816.6 766.9 728.0 774.6 831.4 922.7 911.7 960.1
653.3 671.3 679.9 668.8 653.8 589.6 515.5 446.0 413.9 438.7 493.4 613.2 581.3 585.8
372.9 384.3 392.0 383. 5 370.5 320.5 262.7 211.3 185.5 199.7 234.8 324.8 302.4 312.7
280.4 287.0 287.9 285.3 283.3 269.1 252.8 234.7 228.4 239.0 258.6 288.4 278.9 273.0
1,400. 3 1,413. 4 1,433.5 1,413.4 1,394.0 1,325.8 1,286.6 1,241.0 1,199. 0 1,243.4 1,305.5 1,405.9 1,388.8 1,409.5
16,6.36 16,616 16,646 16,531 16,268 16,320 16,076 15,904 15,886 15,838 15,933 16,213 16,538 16,762 16,667
9,322 9, 212 9,189 9,083 9,051 9,1Ò6 8,996 8,836 8,775 8,769 8,867 9,03.6 9,224 9,441 9,369
7.314 7,404 7,457 7,448 7,217 7,214 7,080 7,068 7,091 7,069 7,066 7,177 7, 314 7,321 7,298
116.3
C o n tr a c t c o n s t r u c t io n .. . . ______________
2,818
G e n e ra l b u ild in g c o n tr a c to r s_____________
H e a v y c o n s tr u c tio n _____________________
H ig h w a y an d s tr e e t c o n s tr u c tio n ___ __
O th er h e a v y c o n s tr u c tio n __________ . . .
S p e c ia l tr a d e c o n tr a c to r s____________________ —
M a n u fa c tu r in g ___ ________________________
D u r a b le g o o d s .. ......................... ........................
N o n d u r a b le g o o d s ______________________
Durable goods
O r d n a n ce and a c c e sso r ie s...................................
A m m u n itio n , e x c e p t for s m a ll a r m s____
S ig h tin g a n d fire c o n tr o l e q u ip m e n t ___
O th er o r d n a n c e a n d a cc esso ries________
L u m b e r a n d w o o d p r o d u c ts, e x c ep t
f u r n it u r e ... __________________________
L o g g in g c a m p s a n d lo g g in g c o n tr a c to r s.
S a w m ills a n d p la n in g m il ls _____________
M ill w ork ,
p ly w o o d ,
and
r e la te d
p r o d u c ts ______________________________
W o o d e n c o n ta in e r s _____________________
M isc e lla n e o u s w o o d p r o d u c ts __________
205.5
205.9
104.9
52.5
48.5
204.1
104.0
52.3
47.8
202.1
103.9
51.3
46.9
201.6
104.0
51.1
46.5
199.2
103.0
50.2
46.0
197.6
102.4
49.5
45.7
196.0
102.8
49.6
43.6
196.6
101.5
50.0
45.1
195.8
100.4
50.5
44.9
195.2
99.0
51.6
44.6
194.7
98.4
52.1
44.2
192.9
96.9
52.3
43.7
187.3
93.9
50.0
43.4
173.0
86.5
45.0
41.5
613. 5
618.8
99.0
276.3
630.0
103.2
279.3
634.0
105.4
278.6
628.9
104.5
278.6
630.9
104.3
278.9
602.8
89.5
271.6
581.1
80.9
263.6
558.8
73.6
254.6
557.4
76.2
252.4
568.3
77.7
259.9
583.0
80.8
267.5
611.8
89.4
283.0
636.8
92.6
294.7
660.9
94.4
306.9
144.4
40.3
58.8
147.5
41.2
58.8
149.5
41.7
58.8
145.8
41.7
58.3
146.3
42.6
58.8
141.7
42.2
57.8
138.3
40.9
57.4
134.0
39.9
56.7
132.1
39.6
57.1
133.9
39.5
57.3
137.0
40.3
57.4
139.4
41.6
58.4
146.6
43.2
59.6
156.1
43.8
59.8
—
F u r n itu r e an d fix tu r e s _________________ __
H o u s e h o ld fu r n itu r e ____________________
O ffice fu r n itu r e _________________________
P a r titio n s ; office a n d sto re fix tu r e s _____
O th er fu r n itu r e a n d fix tu r e s ____________
377.9
378.6 377.6
269.9 267.7
28.1
28.3
35.4 1 35.6
46.2
45.0
374.0
262.7
28.1
37.4
45.8
363.1
254.9
27.0
36.3
44.9
364.3
255.4
27.2
36.5
45.2
359.1
252.6
26.5
35.7
44.3
359.5
255.2
26.6
34.6
43.1
357.7
252.8
26.7
36.0
42.2
357.2
252.8
26.6
35.9
41.9
356.5
251.1
27.3
36.0
42.1
366.5
257.8
27.8
36.9
44.0
378.7
267.6
28.4
38.2
44.5
383.4
271.1
28.3
39.0
45.1
384.9
277.5
26.7
36.6
44.2
S to n e , c la y , a n d g la ss p r o d u c ts ___________
F la t g la s s ________________________________
G la ss a n d g la ssw a r e, p ressed or b l o w n ...
C e m e n t, h y d r a u lic ______________________
S tr u c tu r a l c la y p r o d u c ts ................................
P o t t e r y a n d r e la te d p r o d u c ts ___________
C oncrete, g y p su m , a n d p laster p r o d u c ts.
O th er s to n e a n d m in e r a l p r o d u c ts ______
581.2
583.0
29.5
101.4
40.4
71.7
44.8
157. 7
122.3
589.7
29.2
103.8
41.1
73.8
44.6
159.9
122.3
590.6
28.6
103.4
41.7
74.1
43.7
162.0
122.5
583.5
27.7
101.7
42.4
74.1
41.6
160.3
121.1
581.7
26.5
101.7
42.2
73.1
42.9
159.5
121.5
569.3
26.7
101.0
40.9
71.7
42.9
153.0
118.9
555.6
25.7
99.8
40.1
69.9
42.9
145.8
117.4
541.7
26.7
99.4
37.5
67.1
42.8
138.3
115.6
531.2
26.7
98.1
36.5
64.8
43.1
133.1
114.5
539.1
28.8
96.3
38.0
66.1
43.2
137.4
115.4
559.9
30.2
98.6
39.5
69.7
43.7
143.9
118.6
582.1
29.3
101.3
41.0
72.9
45.4
154.3
121.9
595.3
31.1
102.9
42.8
76.1
47.1
155.4
124.0
601.7
33.7
99.4
43.9
77.7
47.8
157.9
124. 6
P r im a r y m e ta l in d u s t r ie s _________________
B la s t fu rn a ce an d b asic s te e l p r o d u c ts -Ir o n a n d s te e l fo u n d r ie s________________
N o n fe r r o u s s m e ltin g an d r e fin in g ______
N o n fe r r o u s r o llin g , d r a w in g ,
and
e x t r u d i n g ........................................ .......... ..
N o n fe r r o u s fo u n d r ie s ........... ................... ........
M isc e lla n e o u s p r im a r y m e ta l in d u s tr ie s .
F a b r ic a te d m e ta l p r o d u c ts ...............................
M e ta l c a n s _____________________________
C u tle r y , h a n d to o ls, a n d gen er a l h a rd
w a re___________________________________
H e a tin g e q u ip m e n t a n d p lu m b in g fix
tu r e s ___________ _______________________
F a b r ic a te d str u c tu r a l m e ta l p r o d u c t s ..
S c r e w m a c h in e p r o d u c ts, b o lts , e t c ......... ..
M e ta l s ta m p in g s .................. ..............................
C o a tin g , en g r a v in g , an d a llied s e r v ic e s ..
M is c e lla n e o u s fa b ric a ted w ire p r o d u c ts.
M iscellaneous fab ric a ted m e ta l p r o d u c ts.
S e e fo o tn o te s a t e n d o f ta b le .
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
1,183. 5 1,183.2 1,181.4 1,168.4 1,155.5 1,154.0 1,130.6 1,099.1 1,088.4 1,085.8 1,095.3 1,110.6 1,131.6 1, 228. 7 1,181.9
627.0 631.0 621.7 616.8 609.9 596.8 575.0 563.4 556.9 555.1 560. 7 576.1 652.5 587.5
190.9 187.5 187.4 186.2 187.0 184.2 179.9 180.8 182.5 186.9 191.3 193.8 203.6 211.6
68.3
68.5
70.8
68.0
66.0
68.0
65.5
65.0
65.7
67.6
67.8
68.0
60.8
68.3
176.4 174.2 171.8 166.7 169.1 166.1 164.4 164.1 164.9 167.4 170.5 171.7 175.6 184.5
62.5
65.1
68.0
61.8
60.7
59.3
58.7
58.9
60.4
61.8
62.6
61.3
60.0
63.0
62.3
57.2
58.0
59.0
61.1
66. 2
55.9
55.9
57.4
58.4
58.5
57.8
57.9
57.9
1,110. 9 1,105.6 1,097. 2 1,088. 6 1,067.1 1,082.3 1,071.4 1,044.7 1, 034.1 1,039.6 1,061.5 1,083. 7 1,109.3 1,128.6 1.120.8
62.5
58.4
62.5
57.1
57.9
57.9
60.6
59.1
61.8
62.6
63.6
63.3
64.3
60.0
135.4
134.3
136.0
126.4
132.8
130.0
124.6
121.6
128.3
129.2
133.9 130.1 129.5 125.5
—
76.9
76.8
334. 4 338.5
81.2
82.9
182. 4 178.6
67.9
66.9
54.9
56.3
110.9 106.9
77.4
334.0
80.7
175.5
64.9
54.2
108.1
75.1
330.3
79.4
169.4
63.5
52.9
107.4
75.6
330.0
79.9
180.0
64.6
53.4
107.0
74.6
322.5
78.5
181.9
63.8
53.0
107.0
73.0
318.1
77.3
174.6
61.9
52.0
105.6
73.3
312.8
77.6
170.0
60.3
50.8
105.6
72.4
313.5
78.6
173.8
59.5
51.8
105.7
73.9
319.1
79.3
183.7
59.6
52.2
106.6
74.4
327.4
79.4
189.7
61.8
53.1
107.2
76.7
334.3
81.8
197.3
63.8
54.3
108.4
79.0
334.3
85.6
197.7
64.2
56.9
112.4
81.0
331.9
86.7
189.1
63.2
56.5
114. 6
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JANUARY 1962
88
T able
A-2. Employees in nonagricultural establishments, by industry 1—Continued
[in thousands]
Revised series ; see box, p. 94.
1961
1960
Annual
average
Industry
Nov.8 Oct.8 Sept.
Aug.
July
June
May
Apr.
Mar.
Feb.
Jan.
Dee.
Nov.
1960
1959
Manufac turing—C ontinued
Durable goods— C o n tin u e d
M a c h in e r y __________________________ ______ 1 ,3 9 2 .7
E n g in e s a n d t u r b in e s ___________________________
F a r m m a c h in e r y an d e q u ip m e n t ..............................
C o n s tr u c tio n an d re la ted m a c h in e r y ___________
M e ta lw o r k in g m a c h in e r y a n d e q u ip
m e n t _________ _________________________________
S p e c ia l in d u s tr y m a c h in e r y ____________________
G e n e ral in d u str ia l m a c h in e r y ........................ ..........
O ffice, c o m p u tin g , a n d a c c o u n tin g
m a c h in e s ___________ __________________________
S erv ice in d u s tr y m a c h in e s ............................................
M isc e lla n e o u s m a c h in e r y _______________________
1,392. 6 1,395. 5 1,389.3 1,394.8 1,405. 3 1,406.5 1,407.3 1,404.8 1,406.3 1,404.1 1,409.3 1,415.3 1,471.4 1,450.5
77.9
80.7
80.8
79.3
78.4
80.8
80.1
81.1
81.0
80.1
82.1
82.0
86.8
89.9
104.0 104.9 102.7 108.7 113.9 120.5 124.1 123.5 120.9 116.0 112.9 108. 6 114.1 122.7
198.7 200.6 201.8 199.6 200.5 199.4 198.0 196.1 195.8 195.4 197.2 200.5 219.7 225.5
E le c tr ic a l e q u ip m e n t a n d s u p p lie s _____ 1 ,4 9 0 .7
E le c tr ic d is tr ib u tio n e q u ip m e n t ____ ___________
E le c tr ic a l in d u str ia l a p p a r a tu s _________________
H o u s e h o ld a p p lia n c e s ___________________________
E le c tr ic lig h tin g an d w ir in g e q u ip m e n t ________
R a d io a n d T V re c e iv in g s e t s ___________________
C o m m u n ic a tio n e q u ip m e n t ____________________
E le c tr o n ic c o m p o n e n ts a n d a cc esso ries__________
M isc e lla n e o u s e le c tr ic a l e q u ip m e n t an d
s u p p lie s ......... ............................................. ........................
1,476.1 1,455. 3 1,443.3 1,416.8 1,423.0 1,413.2 1,401.1 1,404.4 1,410.5 1,414.9 1,421.5 1,448.4 1,445.6 1,391.4
162.2 161.7 162.3 160.7 160.4 158.8 158. 8 159.2 160.3 161. 6 162.5 162.2 163.2 156. 8
170.9 172.9 171.7 170.7 171.2 169.5 167. 8 167.9 108.0 169.4 170.2 172.0 177.4 174. 7
155.6 153.0 150.0 148.7 150. 9 150.2 149.4 148.7 148.3 146.6 148.3 152.8 157.2 157.6
133.8 130.2 130.9 126.7 127.3 126.0 125.5 125.5 126.0 126.4 129.4 131.1 132.7 133.2
128. 2 125.8 120.6 111.7 107.9 104.2
98.5 100.3 103.4 102.9
99.5 112.0 111.5 114.4
385.6 379. 1 375.0 371.9 373.8 372.2 372.5 373. 7 375. 6 377.5 380.5 379.9 366. 9 336.1
231.0 228.6 226.9 222.9 225.8 226.8 225.9 224.8 223.3 222.0 218.8 225.3 225.2 211.3
Transportation equipment__________
Motor vehicles and equipment_____
Aircraft and parts.................................
Ship and boat building and repairing.
Railroad equipment........ ........... .........
Other transportation equipment____
242.5
167.1
212.7
243.3
167. 4
211.3
239.7
166.6
212.0
240.2
166.9
213.1
241.9
168.7
212.3
240.1
167.8
209.2
244.2
167. 6
206.4
244.8
168.6
206.9
246.8
169.5
207.7
246.2
169.7
209.9
245. 9
171.1
211.8
246.3
172.4
214.5
258.2
173.8
223.0
244.7
164.9
220.1
150. 4
90.2
146.3
149.9
90.6
146.7
150.5
89.0
147.7
149.5
93.8
145.1
149.1
95.1
145.4
147.9
98.2
142.6
148.4
96.8
140.8
147.6
96.3
140.9
147.9
96.0
141.6
148.2
95.2
142.4
148.0
95.1
145.3
148.2
96.5
146.2
145. 7
99.8
150.4
138.1
97.3
147.5
108.8
104.0
105.9
103.5
105.7
105.5
102.7
104.3
105.6
108.5
112.3
113.1
111.4
107.3
1,613. 7 1, 508.1 1, 505. 2 1,451.9 1,521.5 1,534.9 1,526. 4 1,482.4 1,484.3 1,482.2 1,533.1 1,587.0 1,605.3 1,617.3 1,670.4
620.0 628.3 587.1 660.6 670.0 658.9 613.0 610.3 614.0 664.3 715.1 728. 6 727. 6 693.2
678.1 671.9 660. 5 661.4 659.9 661.5 664.0 668.0 664. 8 663.1 663. 7 663.4 673.8 755.4
145.5 141.1 140.7 136.9 140.4 142.7 143.2 143.9 141.5 142.9 141.9 143.3 141.0 146.4
36.2
36.0
35.2
35.4
34.5
34.2
34.1
35.1
36.5
38.8
41.9
40.0
43.8
40.9
28.3
27.9
28.2
28.1
29.4
29.1
28.1
25.4
27.0
24.0
26.3
28.1
31.1
34.4
Instruments and related products______ 352. 5
Engineering and scientific instruments______
Mechanical measuring and control
devices________________________________
Optical and ophthalmic goods______________
Surgical, medical, and dental equip
m ent............................ ......................................
Photographic equipment and supplies_______
Watches and clocks___________________ ___
351.7
73.1
351.6
73.8
348.4
73.0
343.5
72.1
345.2
73.9
342.4
74.3
340.2
74.6
340.2
75.5
341.1
75.4
343.9
75.7
347.0
76.0
351.3
75.8
354.2
75.7
345.2
72.3
92.9
40.2
92.9
39.9
91.5
39.7
91.2
39.1
91.3
39.4
91.1
38.9
90.5
38.5
90.0
38.2
90.4
38.3
90.8
38.4
91.1
39.1
91.1
40.1
95.1
40.6
92.8
39.0
48.1
68.9
28.5
48.0
69.0
28.0
47.7
69.4
27.1
47.3
68.5
25.3
47.5
68.4
24.7
47.3
67.3
23.5
47.2
67.1
22.3
47.0
67.1
22.4
47.5
67.6
21.9
47.4
68.2
23.4
47.2
68.9
24.7
47.7
70.4
26.2
47.3
69.0
26.6
45.4
67.5
28.2
Miscellaneous manufacturing industries.. 400.3
Jewelry, silverware, and plated ware________
Toys, amusement, and sporting goods______
Pens, pencils, office and art materials_______
Costume jewelry, buttons, and notions______
Other manufacturing industries____________
408.5
43.0
119.9
32.4
56.7
156.5
401.6
42.5
116.0
32 0
55.8
155.3
392.4
41.8
112. 3
32.0
55.5
150.8
375.0
39.5
104.7
30.9
52.8
147.1
385.4
41.0
106.3
30.8
54.5
152.8
376.8
41.0
102.3
30.2
51.8
151.5
368.7
41.2
95.9
29.9
50.9
150.8
364.2
41.4
89.4
30.1
51.9
151.4
362.2
41.9
85.3
30.3
52.8
151.9
355.0
42.0
79.3
30.3
51.8
151.6
373.0
42.9
89.1
30.9
54.7
155.4
396.9
44.0
105. 8
31.4
56.2
159.5
392.1
43.2
102.3
31.0
57.5
158.1
388.0
43.2
98.0
30.9
59.4
156.5
Nondurable goods
Food and kindred products___________ 1,810. 9 1,878.0 1,930. 4 1,919.1 1,825.7 1,778. 2 1,707. 9 1,697.2 1,688.2 1,681.4 1,700.6 1,753.9 1,809.0 1,792.7 1,790.3
Meat products___________________________ 320.3 321.0 319.8 322.1 323.7 315.2 309.7 307. 7 307.7 313.8 319.3 328.4 321.1 316.7
Dairy products__________________________
311.6 318.3 325.2 326.1 323.4 313.9 311.1 308.2 304.9 304.6 308.2 310.2 316.6 317.5
Canned and preserved food, except
m eats.._______________________________ 303.8 371.8 352.4 264.5 222.9 195.1 196.0 189.6 183.0 186.5 202.9 235.5 241.8 245.1
Grain mill products______________________
130.8 133.4 134.2 133.8 132.2 126.7 125.0 125. 3 124.8 126.2 127.0 126.8 128. 4 133.5
Bakery products_________________________ 306.4 306.4 309.8 310.1 309.4 305.1 302.3 303.3 303.0 303.7 308.1 309.2 307.5 302.2
Sugar.....................................................................
45.9
31.0
31.1
29.7
28.7
29.0
31.4
29.7
31.2
44. 4 49.3
38.0
36.9
38.2
Confectionery and related products_________
83.2
87.6
81.5
71.9
75.9
72.6
72.4
77.7
80.4
86.9
78.7
87.5
79.6
79.0
Beverages__ _________ __________________ 222.5 223.3 225.2 227.4 221.1 212.3 210.9 208.5 206.1 207.9 214.1 217.9 218.2 215.0
Miscellaneous food and kindred prod
ucts_____________________________ _____ 149.1 142.0 139.9 140.1 140.6 138.3 138.4 138.2 140.3 141.2 143.0 146.2 142.8 143.1
Tobacco manufactures_______________
89. 8
Cigarettes_________ __ __________________
Cigars................................ ........ ............. ............
108.9
36.9
24.7
118.0
37.3
24.4
100.0
37.5
24.1
76.0
37.2
22.8
78.2
37.5
24.9
77.3
36.6
25.1
78.7
36.5
25.0
83.3
36.7
25.7
88.3
36.9
26.4
92.3
36.8
26.1
96.1
37.0
27.5
99.5
37.2
28.1
94.1
37.2
27.9
94.6
36.7
29.5
Textile mill products________________
Cotton broad woven fabrics________
Silk and synthetic broad woven fabrics.
Weaving and finishing broad woolens.
Narrow fabrics and smallwares______
Knitting........................................ ......
Finishing textiles, except wool and knit.
Floor covering____________________
Yarn and thread....................................
Miscellaneous textile goods_________
See footnotes at end of table.
892.4
251.9
70.7
52.0
27.1
217.6
70.8
33.7
102.1
66.5
891.0
250.4
70.6
53.8
27.1
216.9
70.8
33.2
102.1
66.1
889.0
249.6
70.5
53.9
26.6
217.4
70.6
32.7
102.0
65.7
874.6
248.5
68.7
54.3
26.1
212.2
69.8
31.0
99.6
64.4
887.0
250.8
69.1
55.2
26.4
216.6
70.9
32.2
101.1
64.7
877.8
249.7
68.6
53.7
26.4
212.7
70.6
32.4
99.9
63.8
871.3
250.5
68.7
52.3
26.2
209.4
70.6
32.1
98.7
62.8
865.7
251.2
68.9
51.1
25.9
204.7
70.4
33.8
98.4
61.3
864.5
252.4
69.7
51.0
26.1
200.5
70.3
34.2
98.0
62.3
864.9
254.4
70.7
49.2
26.1
197.7
70.7
34.4
97.6
64.1
877.9
255.7
71.9
49.1
26.3
203.2
72.1
35.1
99.3
65.2
892.0
256.4
72.1
50.3
26.6
212.5
72.4
35.0
100.5
66.2
914.6
260.4
73.4
56.0
27.6
214.4
74.3
35.9
103.7
69.0
942.9
264.7
74.4
60.4
28.5
219.6
76.4
37.1
108.6
73.3
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
892.2
A.—EMPLOYMENT
89
Table A-2. Employees in nonagricultural establishments, by industry l—Continued
[In th o u sa n d s]
Revised series; see box, p. 94.
1961
1960
I n d u s tr y
N o v .2
o c t.2
S ep t.
A ug.
J u ly
June
M ay
A pr.
M ar.
Feb.
Jan.
D ec.
N ov
A nnual
a v era g e
1960
1959
Manufacturing—Continued
Nondurable goods— C o n tin u e d
A p p a re l an d related p r o d u c ts ____________
M e n ’s a n d b o y s ’ s u its an d c o a ts......... ..
M e n ’s a n d b o y s ’ fu r n is h in g s ................... ..
W o m e n ’s, m is s e s ’, a n d ju n io r s ’ o u te r
w e a r ............... .................................... .............
W o m e n ’s a n d c h ild r e n ’s u n d er g a r
m e n ts ______ __________ ______________
H a t s , ca p s, an d m illin e r y _________ _____
G ir ls ’ an d c h ild r e n ’s o u te r w e a r ...............
F u r good s an d m is c e lla n e o u s a p p a r e l..
M isc e lla n e o u s fa b ric a ted te x tile p ro d
u c ts ...................................................................
1,213.8 1,218.1 1, 214. 3 1,233.9 1,167.
116.1 117.2 117.9 112.
308.6 308.8 311.1 299.
346.1
346.9
356.0
123.1
35.3
74.9
75.0
121.2
120.3
37.6
77.9
73.8
34.4
74.1
73.2
1,184. 6 1,165.3 1,178. 5 1, 213. 7 1, 203.2 1,170.1 1,186. 6 1, 224. 7 1, 228. 4 1,224.9
117.5 113.5 112.2 117.9 119.7 120.1 120.3 121.6 121. 5 118.8
303.8 298. 5 295. 7 295.9 295.7 289.0 294.7 300. 5 307.5 297.9
333.0 331.9 335.4 351.1 370.3 361.2 347.0 347.2 362.5 361.3 369.0
112.1
115.6 115.2 116.3 116.2 115.7 112.3 117.2 121.6 119.7 119.0
32.
32.5
29.2
31
40 2 40.7
36.6
34.1
33.3
36.2
37.5
77.2
76.4
72.0
69.2
73.8
75.7
72.9
70.5
73.0
76. 1 75.4
69.2
67.1
70.8
66.5
66.7
65.4
61.3
66.6
73.1
69.4
71.2
139.0
138. 5
139.3
131.8
136.1
134.4
136.1
132.7
129. 1
130.9
136.0
139. 1
136.9
136.2
596.5
225.0
65.8
597.0
226.7
588.5
225.7
593.6
227.9
583.6
222.9
67.1
581.1
221.7
67.0
580.1
67.2
578.2
220.9
67.1
581.9
66.1
595.8
228.1
67.1
593.9
225.5
67.9
593.3
224.4
69.3
584.9
217.7
70.6
126.1
179.6
126.5
177.7
125.0
175.6
123.9
172.1
123.7
173.8
122.6
122.8
171.0
169.6
122.1
121.2
169.3
122.0
123.4
177.1
124.4
175.1
123.2
173.3
932.2
933.7
340. 8
71.1
74.2
291.6
47.6
929.6
339.6
70.7
74.4
290.4
47.7
926.0
339.2
69.9
74.1
288.7
47.9
925.6
339.8
70.4
72.2
289.0
47.7
924.9
340.2
70.4
72.6
288.5
47.0
919.2
338.0
70.0
72.3
287.8
46.3
921.3
337.7
71.4
72.3
288.3
46.4
924
337.4
72.2
72.0
289.9
47.0
108.4
108.8
106 2
106.5
106.2
104.8
105.2
106.0
106.2
104.4
107.1
109.5
106.3
103.8
C h e m ic a ls an d a llie d p r o d u c ts ___________
In d u s tr ia l c h o m ic a ls ____________________
P la s tic s a n d s y n t h e t ic s , e x c e p t g la ss___
D r u g s ......................................................... ...............
S o a p , clean ers, an d to ile t g o o d s ...............
P a in ts , v a rn ish es, an d a llied p r o d u c ts ..
A g r ic u ltu r a l c h e m ic a ls __________________
O th er ch e m ic a l p r o d u c ts ................ ........
834.4
834.3
284.6
154. 4
106.7
98.
62.
42.5
84.9
834.7
286.1
153.2
107.4
98.3
63.2
42.1
84.4
838.1
288.8
153.7
108.0
98.2
64.0
40.6
84.8
833.1
288.0
152.9
107.3
97.2
64.0
40. 1
83.6
832.0 831.7
285.8 283.5
152.1 150.8
107. 1 105. 6
97.6
96.0
63.4
62.5
43.0
51.3
82.0
83.0
830.9
282.4
150.3
105.3
95.3
62.0
54.5
81.1
823.1
282.0
149.1
105.2
94.0
61.3
51. 1
80.4
815.9
282.2
149.0
105.0
93.5
61.0
45.1
80.1
817.9
283.8
149.4
106.4
93.0
61.4
43
80.0
821.1
285.3
150.9
107.0
92.3
61.9
42. 5
81.2
824.1
285. 8
151. 7
107.0
94.3
62.5
41.0
81.8
829.6
286.
153.2
107.4
92.2
63.5
44.8
81.8
809.6
279.2
149.1
104. 5
89.0
62.3
45.3
80.2
P e tr o le u m re fin in g a n d r e la ted in d u str ie s.
P e tr o le u m r e fin in g _____________________
O th er p e tr o le u m a n d coal p r o d u c ts ........
201.5
203.4
204.9
207.4
204.5
207 9
204.0 202.4
172.1 1718
31. 9 30. 6
201.5
171. 7
29.8
203.0
172.0
31.0
207.1
211. 7
35.0
205.3
171.6
33.7
204.5
34.9
31. 4
33.3
177.6
34.1
215.3
181.4
34.0
363.6
100.5
148.8
114.3
358.0
99.3
146.4
112.3
351.6
98.6
143.0
350.7
97.9
144.2
108.6
355. 5
101.3
146.6
107.6
361
102.6
110.0
349.2
99.2
141.7
108.3
149.3
109.9
367.0
104.4
149.2
113.4
374.0
106.8
153. 3
113.8
371.4
105.0
153. 2
113.3
364.0
33.2
243.0
87.8
353.4
32.9
236.4
84.1
353.5
32.5
235.1
85,
360.9
32.3
241.3
87.3
364.2
32.4
244.7
87.1
360. 5
33.4
243.2
83.9
360.
33.8
241. 2
85.8
364.1
33.9
239.1
91
365.8
34.1
242. 6
374.6
36.4
247. 5
90.6
3,945
826.5
725.5
266.0
92.2
104.9
49.6
880.3
197.3
174.4
22.7
307.0
828.5
697.1
37.2
92.3
616.4
254.7
154.3
176.4
31.0
3,891
813.3
713.0
270.4
92. 4
106.3
48.4
852.8
196.0
172.5
3,870
808.9
708.1
272.7
92.1
109.8
47.5
837.1
193. 6
171.5
3,872
807.4
706.0
278 3
92.0
116.
46.6
840.4
190.9
169. 4
3,871
810.7
708.5
282.3
92.1
3,888
811.9
710.3
283.9
92.3
3,96G
843.7
734.6
284.6
92.3
3,992
845. 1
742.6
283
93. 1
121. 1 122.6
120.7
47.7
47.0
47.3
848.7 874.5 895 8
190.5 191.3 191.4
169.8 170.9 170.
22.4
22.3
22. 5
292.8 304. 5 306. 1
830.8 835.0 836.6
698. 4 701.3 703.6
37.6
38.2
38.3
92.9
93.6
92.8
606.7 609.8 610.6
251.9 252. 7 252.7
152. 5 153.0 153.3
173.1 174.6 174.9
29.2
29. 5, 29.7
4,017
886.9
780.5
282.6
94 6
120 4
47. 2
873.8
191.0
171.6
23.1
308.0
838.7
706.0
38.3
92.4
613.0
254.3
153.4
175.0
30.3
4,010
925.2
815.2
281.1
96.8
118.9
47.6
848.2
179.7
160.9
24.3
303.4
836.6
707.1
39.0
88.9
611.6
254.3
153.7
173.7
30.0
P a p er an d a llie d p r o d u c ts ......... .......................
P a p e r an d p u lp _________________________
P a p e r b o a r d _____________________________
C o n v e r te d
p ap er a n d
p aperb oard
p r o d u c ts ......................................... ............ .
P a p er b o a r d c o n ta in e r s a n d b o x es............
594.5
P r in tin g , p u b lis h in g , a n d a llie d in d u str ie s .
N e w s p a p e r p u b lis h in g a n d p r in t in g ...
P e rio d ic a l p u b lis h in g an d p r in tin g ___
B o o k s ..................................... ................. ...............
C o m m ercia l p r in tin g ______ ________ ____
B o o k b in d in g a n d related I n d u s t r ie s ...
O th er p u b lis h in g a n d p r in tin g in d u s
tr ie s ___________________________
R u b b e r a n d m is c e lla n e o u s p la s tic p ro d
u c ts _______________ _________________
T ir e s an d in n er t u b e s _________ _____ _
O th er r u b b e r p r o d u c ts ________________
M isc e lla n e o u s p la s tic p r o d u c ts________
168.8
34.6
379.1
L e a th e r an d le a th e r p r o d u c ts ___________
L e a th e r ta n n in g an d fin is h in g _________
F o o tw e a r , e x c e p t r u b b e r _______________
O th er le a th e r p r o d u c ts _________________
365.7
Transportation and public utilities______
Railroad transportation______________
Class I railroads....................... ..............
Local and interurban passenger transit..
Local and suburban transportation__
Taxicabs............... ............ ...... .............
Intercity and rural bus lines..................
Motor freight transportation and storage.
Air transportation__________ ________
Air transportation, common carriers__
Pipeline transportation_______________
Other transportation____________ _____
Communication_____________________
Telephone communication__________
Telegraph communication........... ..........
Radio and television broadcasting........
Electric, gas, and sanitary services_____
Electric companies and systems______
Gas companies and systems_________
Combined utility systems___ _______
Water, steam, and sanitary systems__
3,943
See footnotes at end of table.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
34.5
379.8
103.4
154.0
122.4
376.6
102.7
153.9
358.8
33.2
232.3
93.3
3.9S3
822. 720.8
267.3
91.1
106.0
48.1
912.2
202.3
180.7
21.6
815.7
170.4
300.3
818.8
688.2
37.0
91.7
607.9
250. 2
152.8
175.0
29.9
171.8
35.6
66 8
169.6
361.7
120.0
369.2
100.3
150.3
118.6
360.4
33.4
235.4
91.6
369.0
33.2
243.7
92.1
359.7
32.4
240.5
3,971 3,971
825. 5 835.0
723.4 733.0
267. 9 257.1
91.6
91.2
104.7 103.7
49.4
50.0
907.0 891.0
203.0 202.9
181.1 180. 4
3,977
832.5
730.8
257.7
91.0
104.5
50.1
891.0
22.0
304.7
824.7
693.5
37.1
92.2
616.1
253.6
154.9
177.2
30.4
22.6
306.9
832.4
700.8
37.0
92.7
623.0
256.2
156.7
178.9
31.2
101.1
147.0
113.6
86.
201.2
178.9
22.8
314.9
834.5
701.8
37.1
93.7
622.5
256.0
156.9
178.5
31.1,
68.2
172. 9
22.2
303.3
824.4
693.7
37.0
91.8
608.5
251.3
152.6
174.5
30.1
22.2
303.3
827.6
695. 7
36.9
93.1
604.1
251.4
148.2
174.4
30.1
221
22.1
297.9
828.3
698.8
37.0
92.6
606.5
251.5
151.8
173.7
29.5
67.5
586.2
224.0
67.4
169.0
121.9
170.4
172.8
920.6
335.6
72.6
71.6
287.8
46.8
919.0
336.3
72.8
71.6
287.5
46.4
928.1 933 0 917.2 889.5
338.8 338.7 332.6 320.0
72. 1 71.0
72.6
69.8
72. 1 72.1
71. 1 67.0
291.4 293.0 289.2 283.5
46.1
47.6
47.0
45.4
121. 1
46.2
832.0
191.1
170.2
22.2
297.4
829
697.2
37.4
93.3
605.6
251.6
152.0
172. 9
29.1
222.1
173. 1
173. 8
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JANUARY 1962
90
Table A—
2. Employees in nonagricultural establishments, by industry
Continued
[Inthousands]
Revised series; see box, p. 94.
Annual
average
1960
1961
Industry
N ov .2 Oct.3 Sept.
Wholesale and retail trade----------- -----Wholesale trade................................
Motor vehicles and automotive equip
ment----- ----------- -— - - - - - - Drugs, chemicals, and allied products..
Dry goods and apparel--------------------Groceries and related products..............
Electrical goods...................--------—
Hardware, plumbing and heating
goods....................... - .................. .—
Machinery, equipment, and supplies..
Retail trade................................................
General merchandise stores--------------Department stores------------ ----------Limited price variety stores...............
Food stores----------------- ----------------•
Grocery, meat, and vegetable stores..
Apparel and accessories stores----------Men’s and boys’ apparel stores........
Women’s ready-to-wear stores.......... .
Family clothing stores.......................
Shoe stores------ ------------------------Furniture and appliance stores............
Eating and drinking places..................
Other retail trade------------ - ................
Motor vehicle dealers------------------Other vehicle and accessory dealers..
Drug stores.........................................
Finance, insurance, and real estate---------Banking---------------------- - — ................
Credit agencies other than banks--------Savings and loan associations----------Personal credit institutions..................
Security dealers and exchanges..............
Insurance carriers............ .............. - ........
Life insurance.......... ............. ................
Accident and health insurance.............
Fire, marine, and casualty insurance..
Insurance agents, brokers, and services..
Real estate.......— .....................................
Operative builders---------------------- Other finance, insurance, and real estate
Services and miscellaneous------------------Hotels and lodging places..................—
Hotels, tourist courts, and motels.......
Personal services:
Laundries, cleaning and dyeing plants
Miscellaneous business services:
Advertising.............................................
Motion pictures.................... -----------Motion picture filming and distributMotton picture" theaters and services. .
Medical services:
Hospitals...........................................
Government____________ ___________Federal Governm ent3............................
Executive............... ........ ......................
Department of Defense------- ------ Post Office Department— .............
Other agencies...................................
Legislative— ........................................
Judicial_______________ - ........... --State and local government *.................
State government________________
Local government..............................
Education............................................
Other State and local government—
Aug.
July
May
Apr.
Mar.
Feb.
Jan.
Dec.
Nov.
1960
1959
11,162 11,101 11,040 11,233 12,146 11,608 11,412 11,125
11,583 11,467 11,378 11,342 11,327 11,354 11,238
,941
,044 Ì, 009
,955 2,964 2,974 Ï, 995 Ì, 057
959
055 3,053 3,035 1,044 3,013 2,990
206.9
213.6
215.2
215.0
211.8 213.1
217.2 217.1 216.7 217.5 215.0 213.6 213.7 211.9
185.1 184.7 184.0 184.6 186.2 183.8 176.8
190.3 189.5 190.8 190.5 188.4 186.0 185.3
125.9
133.7
130.8
131.2
129.1 130.7 130.2
131.4 131.0 132.4 131.5 130.6 129.3 129.2 489.9
495.2 498.0 504.8 501.9 494.0 486.8
484.8
497.2 486.1 481.7 487.3 493.1 486. 7 203.2
201.2
208.1
208.1
204.3 205.0 206.2 207.9
204.8 204.6 205.1 204.8 203.6 202.4
142.1 141.6 141.5 142.2 143.2 144.2 145.1 146.0
143.1 143.2 143.9 143.6 142.0 142.3 476.8
477.4 475.6 476.8 477.6 478.0 479.1 458.6
488.8 489.0 489.2 488.6 484.5 478.9
,279 3,207 3,137 3,066 3,238 9,089 i, 564 3,403 3,184
528 ;,414 ;, 343 8,298 8,314 8,364
1,420. 7 ., 500. 7 2,036. 7 L, 683.1 1, 563.1 1,531.1
1,463.9
l,
468.6
,
488.1
1,501.
5
649.4 , 571.5 , 526.5 1,488. 8 1.480.0
857.7 833.4 889.2 1,221.9 990.2 914.4 896.2
915.0 880.3 861.0 858.5 874.4 866.3 ' 859. 5 311.1
299.1 313.4 443.2 355.9 335.4 324.8
313.5
322.2
333.2 328.8 317.3 311.4 320.0
t, 349.2 1,352.5 l, 360. 7 [,361.5 1,394.5 l, 372.8 1,356.1 1,305.0
,361.3 355.4 , 342.7 1,346.1 1.355.0 1,358.9 ,353.7 1,180.1
l,
187.2 L, 191.1 [, 208. 5 1,195.8 1,181.6 1,134. 0
1,181.
7
;
181
.
o
, 186.4 , 174.2 1,174.9 1,184.9 1,187.3
9 630.7 593.8 633.0 766.0 662.2 637.2 608.7
674.4 654.3 643.1 612.1 616.5 644.1 ' 637. 5 ' 625.
97.9
101.9 110.4 135.9 108.3 104.3
102.8
101.5
102.6
105.7 103.2 102.1 103.4 109.5
240.0 225.9 238.7 286.7 253.1 243.1 235.7
249.2 247.5 236.3 234.7 243.7 245.8 241.1
89. 5
97.8
94.7
95.7
1
2
0
.6
89.4
92.8
91.8
93.3
95.1
93.7
90.7
95.3
97.6
115.9 105.0 113.9 132.4 119.8 119.0 112.8
118.1 117.6 109.0 111.5 117.5 117.4 114.7 400.2
409.2
398.0
424.4
414.7
406.1
401.3
399.4
396.8
401.8
414.6 410.5 405.4 403.7 402.7
1, 548. 5 1, 565. 5 1, 593.1 1,613.4 1,626. 5 1, 596.2
, 625. 7 1,634.6 1,649.7 1,658. 6 1,662.5 1,667. 6 , 637.2 1,617.3 1, 558.2 2,740.8
2, 771. 5 2,874. 7 2,817. 7 2,811.1 2, 744.9
!, 802.3 2,787.3 2,775.3 2, 788. 9 2,797. 7 2, 790.0 i, 765.8 2, 746. 5 2,731.8
667.9 670.7 672.7 674.6 656.1
651.4 648.9 657.1 659.1 655.7 ' 653.4 ' 656. 0 657.1 661.2
130.7 144.7 142.6 142.8 140.5
129.4
134.5
129.9
136.8
142.5
142.0 140.4 140.2 142.1
369.5 355.2
373.9 373.0 372.3 370.4 371.2 368.3 366.6 367.3 367.0 373.0 389.6 372.1
2, 757 2, 770 2,801 2,795 2,766 2,734
697.2 699.6 707.6 704.7 696.3 688.2
261.7 263.1 264.6 264.3 261.3 259.5
76.5
78.7
80.7
80.4
80.1
80.7
141.8 144.1 145.2 144.7 144.4 145.1
126.9
130.5
132.5
130.4 131.0 133.2
861.2 866.9 863.9 857.3 853.2
855.
467.5 470.1 473.2 471.7 467.4 467.0
51.5
52.0
52.0
52.3
51.8
51.4
298.0 295.7 293. 5
295.1 297.1 298.
200.3 200.7 203.4 204.0 201.9 200.0
536.7 538.8 548.8 548.6 542.3 529.8
33.6
34.4
34.7
34.5
33.9
32.9
75.9
76.2
76.5
76.7
75.9
75.2
7,510
7,598
7,631
7,606
7,
612
7,582 7,625
570.3 615.3 702.9 700. ' 619. ‘ 559.8
509.6
559.
597.6 597.
559.
523.
514.2
522.
518.
510.9
512.
514.
2,752
2,724 2,710 2,706 2,702 2,709
688.0 687.9 686.6 684.5 686.7
262.2 261.4 261.1 261.8 260.8
74.4
75.8
75.3
75.6
76.6
147.5 147.8 147.8 148.0 148.5
123.3 119.7 117.1 115.1 115.0
853.8 853. 4 850.8 846.2 848.3
467.8 467.3 465.8 463.2 463.7
51.3
50.8
51.0
51.2
51.5
293.6 293.9 293.3 291.4 292.1
197.9
196.2
197.0
198.5 197.9
522.5 513.6 518.0 521.7 523.9
32.1
30.5
29.5
31.6
32.6
75.9
76.0
75.8
76.2
76.0
7,448 7,359 7,333 7,313 7,380
551.8 537.3 536.3 532.1 534.6
506.6 495.6 495.3 491.0 492.0
2,705
684. 7
258.4
73.3
147.2
115.0
846.6
463.0
51.2
291.2
197. 2
527.2
33.1
76.0
2,684 2,597
674.7 641. 7
256.2 242.4
66.9
72.4
146.0 138.5
114.2 106.7
839.0 818.2
459.0 450. 0
49.9
50.9
287.3 277. 7
196.2 189.7
527.3 521.4
43.3
36.1
76.4
76.7
7,416
535.2
491.4
7,361
567.7
511.1
7,105
547.3
490.8
506.8
504.6
500.8
507.2
509.3
515. 7
521.0
529.1
110.
109.4
190.2
110.
111.
193.4
192.
109.8
189.0
110.7
187.9
110.5
181.5
111.4
178.3
109.2
179.6
110.6
182.3
110.8
182.
109.7
189.1
184. £
109.9
189.3
105.5
194.9
42.
140.
42.2
146.9
41.7
148.5
43.1
150.3
43.3
148.8
42.4
146.0
42.
145.1
45.
135.0
46. £
131.4
47.6
131.7
48.3
134.0
46.7
138.
43.
145.8
44.8
150.2
1,154. 1,148.9 1,149. 6 1,152.8 1,142.8 1,132.
9,100 9,040 8, 904 8,535 8,534 8,797 8, Sit
2,288 2,283 2,281 2,300 2,294 2,277 2,240
2,254.2 2,252.6 2,271.2 2,265. 0 2,248.1 2, 212.
954.3 948.9 950.0 944.2 942.9 ' 938.
579.1 584.2 587.0 586.7 581.1 573.'
720.8 719.5 734.2 734.1 724.1 700.
23.
23.5
23.6
23.6
23.5
23.4
5.
5.1
5.1
5.1
5.1
5.3
6,812 6,757 6,623 6,235 6,240 6,520 6, 576
L
680.
1, 713.9 1,665.4 1, 623. 5 1,613. 1, 664.
5.043.0 4.957.1 4,611.4 4,626.0 4,855.4 4,896.
3', 233.
3.394.0 3.194.2 2,738.1 2,750. '
3,343.
3,362.9 3.428.3 3,496.8 3,489.0
1Beginning with the December 1961 issue, figures differ from those pre
viously published for three reasons. The industry structure has been con
verted to the 1957 Standard Industrial Classification; the series have been
adjusted to March 1959 benchmark levels indicated by data from government
social insurance programs; and, beginning with January 1959, the estimates
are prepared from a sample stratified by establishment size and, in some cases,
region. Statistics from April 1959 forward are subject to further revision
when new benchmarks become available.
.
In addition, data include Alaska and Hawaii beginning in January 1959.
This inclusion increased the nonagricultural total by 212,000 (0.4 percent) for
the March 1959 benchmark month, with increases for industry divisions
ranging from 0.1 percent in mining to 0.8 percent in government.
These series are based upon establishment reports which cover all nul- ana
part-time employees in nonagricultural establishments who worked during,
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
June
1,130.
1,130. 1,126. 1,119. 1,119.2 1,119.
1,105. 1,062.0
8,78' 8,761 8,73' 8,672 8, 98(j 8,69i 8,52C 8,190
2,233 2,221 2,213 2,2Ó8 2,506 2,216 2,270 2,233
2,205. 2,193. 2,185. 2,180. 2,478. 2,188.' 2,242. 2,205.2
966. 2
940.
931.2 932.
931.
932.
933.
'935.
574. 5
586.
571.
864.
566.
565.
567.
572.
664. 5
715.
684.
682.
681.
687.
691.
697.
22.5
22.
22.
22.
22.
22.
22.
22.
4. 8
4.
5.
5.
5.
5.
5.
5.
5,957
6, 554 6,548 6, 524 6,464 6, 474 6,483 6,250
1,668. 1,661. 1, 654. 1, 638. 1,637. 1, 637. 1, 592. 1, 541.1
4. 885. 4,886. 4,869. i 4,825. 3 4,837. 4,845. 5 4,657. 0 4,416.2
3.232. 0 3.234. 3,228. 3 3,185. 3,197. 3,195. 2,983. 2,776. 8
3,321.8J3,313. 3, 295. 9 3,278. 2 3,277. 3,286. 3 3,266. 4 3,180.6
or received pay for, any part of the pay period ending nearest the 15th of the
month. Therefore, persons who worked in more than 1 establishment dur
ing the reporting period are counted more than once. Proprietors, seifemployed persons, unpaid family workers, and domestic servants are
excluded.
3 Preliminary.
, ,
,
, ,,
3 Data relate to civilian employees who worked on, or received pay for, tfie
last day of the month.
. ,
,
. . ,
4 State and local government data exclude, as nominal employees, elected
officials of small local units and paid volunteer firemen.
Source : U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics for all
series except those for the Federal Government, which is prepared by tne
U.S. Civil Service Commission, and that for Class I railroads, which is pren n 'r o j >nt7 t i m tt q Tnt.pr«t?it.A P ,n m n ip ,r r ,fi Commission.
A.—EMPLOYMENT
91
T a ble A-3. Production workers in nonagricultural establishments, by industry 1
[In thousands]
Revised series; see box, p. 94.
1961
1960
A nnual
a v er a g e
Industry
Nov.2
M in in g _________
M e ta l m in in g .
Iro n o r e s___
C o p p e r o r e s.
O c t.2
S ep t.
A ug.
J u ly
June
M ay
A pr.
M ar.
F eb.
Jan.
D ec.
N ov.
1960
1959
527
7 0 .3
2 3 .2
2 2 .8
536
7 2 .5
2 3 .6
2 4 .2
536
70.1
2 1 .8
2 4 .3
530
7 2 .8
2 3 .4
2 4 .1
539
7 2 .8
23. C
2 4 .4
529
71 .9
2 2 .8
2 3 .9
518
7 0 .2
21. £
23 .1
514
7 0 .6
2 2 .2
2 3 .0
517
7 0 .5
2 1 .8
23 .1
526
7 3 .8
23.4
2 4 .5
541
7 4 .5
2 4 .9
2 4 .6
553
7 3 .9
2 4 .4
2 4 .6
567
7 6 .9
2 8 .6
2 2 .6
589
6 7 .2
2 3 .0
18.5
Coal mining_______ ____________ ___
Bituminous........................_...... ..............
Crude petroleumand natural gas__________
Crude petroleumand natural gas fields...........
Oil and gas field services______________
137.7
129.1
137.1
128.0
135.2
126.2
123.8
114.8
135.0
126.0
134.4
125.5
134.6
124.9
137.9
129.3
143.8
133.5
144.3
133.6
146.1
135.4
150.4
139.2
161.2
148.9
175.7
159.2
217.9
106.4
111.5
224 .2
109.0
115.2
228 .2
111.3
116.9
230 .7
111.1
119.6
228.8
110.5
118.3
22 4 .2
107.7
116.5
220 .7
107.6
113.1
219 .4
107.6
111.8
21 9 .9
108.9
111.0
222 .0
110.0
112.0
2 2 6 .5
111.1
115.4
227 .3
111.7
115.6
229.1
113.8
115.3
2 4 5 .2
118. 5
126.7
Q u a r r y in g a n d n o n m e ta llic m in in g .
101.1
102.3
102.6
102.7
101.9
9 8 .0
9 2 .6
8 6 .4
8 2 .9
8 6 .3
9 3 .6
101.6
9 9 .6
100.5
Contract construction________________________
General building contractors_________________
Heavy construction............................... .................
Highway and street construction........................
Other heavy construction.............. .....................
2,562
2,603
2,655
2,602
2,550
2,3 5 5
2,203
2,0 4 2
802 .7
815.1
840 .0
819 .3
800.9
739.1
695 .9
647.7
581.4
597.1
605.2
595.3
579.6
513.5
442 .9
3 7 4 .9
341.1
352.0
359 .2
351 .3
338 .0
288.7
23 1 .0
180.4
240.3
245.1
246.0
244 .0
241 .6
2 2 4 .8
211.9
194.5
S p e c ia l tr a d e c o n tr a c to r s __________________________ 1 ,1 7 7 .6 1 ,1 9 0 .4 1 ,2 0 9 .8 1 ,1 8 7 .5 1 ,1 6 9 .1 1 ,1 0 2 .5 1 ,0 6 3 .8 1 ,0 1 9 .2
Manufacturing_______
Durable goods___
N o n d u r a b le go o d s
12,385
6,869
5,516
12,382 12,407
6, 775 6, 753
5,607
5,654
1,931
2,043
2,213
2,519
2,458
2,535
6Ó9.1
654.6
8Ò0.4
710.3
78 8 .3
8 3 5 .4
343 .0
36 8 .2
421 .2
540.4
509.0
516 .5
155.7
169.3
203 .4
293 .2
2 7 0 .6
2 8 1 .9
187.3
198.9
217 .8
247 .2
238 .4
234 .6
978 .6 1 ,0 2 0 .5 1 ,0 8 1 .2 1 ,1 7 8 .3 1 ,1 6 0 .7 1 ,1 8 3 .1
12,274
6,641
5,633
12,023
6,6 1 6
6,407
12,090
6,678
5,412
11,875
6,582
5,293
11,712
6,426
5,2 8 6
11,666
6,358
5,308
11,642
6,351
5,291
11,740
6,449
5,291
12,005
6,6 1 3
5,3 9 2
12,324
6,7 9 7
5,527
12,562
7,021
5,541
12,596
7¡ 031
5,5 6 5
Durable goods
Ordnance and accessories...........................
98.0
A m m u n itio n , e x c e p t for sm a ll a r m s_____________
Sighting and fire control equipment...................
Other ordnance and accessories_____________
Lumber and wood products, except fur
niture................................ ................... 549.9
Logging camps and logging contractors..............
Sawmills and planing mills................................
Millwork, plywood, and related prod
ucts......................................................................
Wooden containers_______________________
M isc e lla n e o u s w o o d p r o d u c ts ......................................
98 .3
41.1
2 3 .5
3 3 .7
96 .7
40 .3
2 3 .2
3 3 .2
94 .1
3 9 .5
2 2 .2
3 2 .4
9 3 .8
39 .1
2 2 .6
32.1
93 .1
3 9 .0
2 2 .2
3 1 .9
9 2 .9
39 .1
2 1 .9
3 1 .9
9 0 .9
3 9 .4
2 1 .7
2 9 .8
9 2 .2
3 8 .9
2 2 .0
3 1 .3
9 1 .3
3 8 .6
2 1 .6
3 1 .1
9 1 .6
3 7 .9
2 2 .9
3 0 .8
91 .7
3 8 .2
2 3 .2
3 0 .3
9 1 .6
3 8 .0
2 3 .7
2 9 .9
8 9 .4
3 7 .0
2 2 .7
2 9 .7
8 4 .4
3 4 .5
2 1 .3
2 8 .6
554.3
93 .3
251.1
565.2
97.6
253.9
567.8
9 9 .5
253 .0
563.3
9 8 .8
25 3 .2
564.8
9 8 .3
253.1
536.6
8 2 .4
246 .5
513.5
7 3 .5
237 .5
492.0
66.1
22 8 .8
490.3
68 .9
2 2 6 .6
501.7
7 1 .6
233 .6
51 8 .0
75 .6
241 .7
545.3
8 3 .7
256 .7
570.3
87.1
2 6 8 .5
594.3
8 8 .5
2 8 1 .5
122.6
3 6 .4
50 .9
125. 6
3 7 .3
5 0 .8
127.3
3 7 .4
5 0 .6
123.5
3 7 .7
50.1
123.9
3 8 .8
5 0 .7
119.8
3 8 .3
4 9 .6
116.4
3 6 .8
4 9 .3
112.4
3 6 .0
4 8 .7
110.4
3 5 .6
4 8 .8
112.0
3 5 .5
4 9 .0
115.1
3 6 .3
4 9 .3
117.3
3 7 .5
50.1
124.1
39 .1
5 1 .4
133.6
3 9 .7
5 1 .7
F u r n itu r e a n d fix tu r e s ______________
H o u s e h o ld fu r n itu r e ______________
O ffice fu r n itu r e ___________ ________
P a r titio n s; office a n d s to re fixtu res.
O th er fu r n itu r e a n d fix tu r e s........... .
313.8
314.7
231.4
2 2 .6
2 6 .0
3 4 .7
313.6
229.3
2 2 .4
26.1
3 5 .8
310 .8
224 .9
2 2 .3
2 8 .0
3 5 .6
2 9 9 .8
217.1
2 1 .3
2 6 .8
3 4 .6
30 1 .0
2 1 7 .6
21 .5
2 6 .9
3 5 .0
295 .7
214 .8
2 0 .8
2 6 .0
34 .1
296 .6
217 .5
2 1 .0
2 5 .0
33 .1
294.1
214.7
2 1 .0
26 .3
3 2 .1
29 4 .2
21 5 .2
2 1 .0
2 6 .2
3 1 .8
2 9 3 .8
213 .8
2 1 .7
2 6 .4
3 1 .9
302 .3
219 .4
2 2 .2
2 7 .2
3 3 .5
31 4 .5
22 9 .3
2 2 .9
2 8 .4
3 3 .9
318 .9
232.3
2 2 .8
2 9 .2
3 4 .5
3 2 1 .0
2 3 8 .3
2 1 .7
2 7 .3
3 3 .7
S to n e , c la y , a n d g la ss p r o d u c ts .................... .
F la t g l a s s ................. ........................................... .
G la ss a n d g la ssw a r e , p ressed or b l o w n ..
C e m e n t, h y d r a u lic ............................................
S tr u c tu r a l c la y p r o d u c ts _______ ________
P o t t e r y a n d r e la te d p r o d u c ts .....................
C o n c r e te , g y p s u m a n d p la s te r p r o d u c ts.
O th er s to n e a n d m in e r a l p r o d u c ts _____
467.1
470.1
25 .3
85 .3
32 .7
61 .4
3 8 .2
124.5
90.1
477.1
2 5 .0
8 7 .9
3 3 .3
6 3 .4
38 .0
127.2
89 .9
477.4
2 4 .5
8 7 .3
3 3 .8
6 3 .7
3 7 .0
129.2
8 9 .8
470 .6
2 3 .6
8 5 .6
3 4 .5
6 3 .6
35 .1
127.7
8 8 .5
469 .9
2 2 .5
8 5 .6
3 4 .4
62 .8
3 6 .5
127.0
8 9 .4
458.1
22 .7
8 4 .9
33 .1
6 1 .4
3 6 .4
121.2
8 6 .9
444 .2
2 1 .7
8 3 .5
3 2 .3
59 .7
3 6 .3
114.0
8 5 .3
431.2
2 2 .7
8 3 .4
2 9 .8
56 .8
3 6 .3
106.9
8 3 .7
42 1 .2
2 2 .6
82 .1
2 8 .8
54 .4
3 6 .5
102.3
8 2 .7
428 .9
2 4 .7
8 0 .2
3 0 .3
56.1
3 6 .4
106.4
8 3 .6
448 .8
2 6 .0
8 2 .5
3 1 .7
5 9 .5
3 6 .9
112.8
8 6 .4
47 0 .4
2 5 .0
8 5 .2
3 3 .1
6 2 .8
3 8 .5
122.7
8 9 .9
483 .2
2 7 .0
8 6 .9
3 4 .9
6 5 .9
4 0 .3
123.5
9 1 .8
4 9 4 .0
2 9 .6
8 4 .0
3 6 .2
6 7 .6
41 .1
127.9
9 3 .4
P r im a r y m e ta l in d u s t r ie s ...................................
954.8
B la s t fu r n a c e a n d b a sic s te e l p r o d u c ts ......................
Ir o n a n d s te e l fo u n d r ie s_________________________
N o n fe r r o u s s m e lt in g a n d r e fin in g _______________
N o n fe r r o u s r o llin g , d r a w in g , a n d
e x tr u d in g ______________________________________
N o n fe r r o u s fo u n d r ie s ____________________________
M isc e lla n e o u s p r im a r y m e t a l in d u s t r i e s _______
954.3
508.1
160.7
52 .4
954.6
513.3
157.8
52 .0
904 .2
503.5
157.3
5 2 .5
927 .2
498.0
156.2
52 .2
926.1
491 .8
157.1
52.1
90 4 .3
479.4
154.6
50 .3
872 .6
458 .0
150.0
4 9 .6
861.0
446.3
150.7
4 9 .8
858 .5
439.7
152.4
50 .4
866.5
437.5
156.4
5 2 .2
880 .0
441 .9
160.7
5 2 .6
899 .8
455 .9
163.1
52 .9
992 .0
529.3
172.4
5 4 .9
953 .2
4 7 1 .0
181.3
5 1 .9
135.4
52.1
4 5 .6
133.5
51.8
4 6 .2
131.0
5 0 .5
4 5 .4
126.1
4 9 .4
4 5 .3
128.3
5 0 .8
4 6 .0
125.2
4 9 .6
4 5 .2
123.5
4 7 .8
4 3 .7
123.0
4 7 .6
4 3 .6
124.0
4 8 .1
4 3 .9
126.3
4 9 .4
44 .7
129.1
50 .4
4 5 .3
130.1
5 1 .4
4 6 .4
133.6
53 .7
4 8 .2
142 .9
56 .6
4 9 .5
F a b r ic a te d m e ta l p r o d u c ts ___________ ____
850.0
M e ta l c a n s ...............................................................................
C u tle r y , h a n d to o ls , a n d g en er a l h a r d
w a r e ........................................................................................
H e a t in g e q u ip m e n t a n d p lu m b in g
fix tu r e s ________________________________________
F a b r ic a te d s tr u c tu r a l m e ta l p r o d u c ts ___________
S c r e w m a c h in e p r o d u c ts , b o lt s , e t c ...........................
M e ta l s t a m p in g s ________________________ ________
C o a tin g , e n g r a v in g , a n d a llie d s e r v ic e s ..................
M isc e lla n e o u s fa b r ic a te d w ir e p r o d u c t s . . _______
M isc e lla n e o u s fa b ric a ted m e ta l p ro d u c ts________
846.6
51.1
839 .2
5 4 .2
831 .3
55.1
809.4
5 4 .6
825 .4
53 .7
816.4
5 3 .2
78 9 .6
5 2 .0
780.4
5 0 .6
784.4
4 9 .3
804.4
4 8 .5
826 .5
4 9 .4
849.7
4 9 .9
8 6 9 .0
54 .1
867.1
6 4 .5
105.4
101.8
100.9
97.1
101.1
100.4
9 3 .5
9 6 .4
9 8 .0
101.7
104.3
105.7
107.3
107 .5
5 6 .9
238 .4
65.1
145.5
5 6 .8
4 4 .8
8 2 .6
57 .0
242.0
6 3 .4
142.6
5 5 .8
4 3 .5
78.9
5 7 .2
237 .9
63 .0
140.9
53 .7
4 2 .6
8 0 .0
5 5 .2
234.1
6 1 .5
134.0
5 2 .5
4 1 .3
7 9 .2
5 5 .4
234 .1
6 2 .1
144.7
5 3 .6
4 2 .0
7 8 .7
5 4 .6
227 .2
6 0 .8
146.5
5 3 .0
4 1 .7
7 9 .0
52 .9
2 2 3 .0
59 .7
139.1
5 1 .3
4 0 .6
7 7 .5
5 3 .6
21 8 .3
6 0 .0
134.6
4 9 .7
3 9 .4
7 7 .8
5 2 .5
219 .3
6 0 .9
137.7
4 8 .9
4 0 .3
7 7 .5
5 3 .8
2 2 4 .0
6 1 .4
146.7
4 9 .0
4 0 .8
7 8 .5
5 4 .2
23 1 .6
6 1 .6
153.2
51 .3
41 .7
7 9 .2
5 6 .3
237 .9
6 3 .6
160 .0
5 3 .2
4 2 .8
8 0 .3
5 8 .7
238 .1
6 7 .2
160.7
5 3 .8
4 5 .5
8 3 .6
6 1 .2
2 3 6 .8
69 .1
153.3
5 3 .3
4 5 .6
8 6 .0
See fo o tn o te s
a t e n d o f ta b le .
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JANUARY 1982
92
T a ble A-3. Production workers in nonagricultural establishments, by industry 1—Continued
Revised series ; see box, p. 94.
[in th o u s a n d s]
1961
A nnual
a verage
1960
I n d u s tr y
S ep t.
A ug.
J u ly
June
M ay
A pr.
M ar.
Feb.
O c t.2
958.2
M a c h in e r y ________________________________
E n g in e s an d tu r b in e s ___________________
F a r m m a c h in e r y a n d e q u ip m e n t _____
C o n str u c tio n an d r e la ted m a c h in e r y __
M e ta lw o r k in g m a c h in e r y a n d e q u ip m ent
___________________________
S p e c ia l in d u s tr y m a c h in e r y _________ .
G eneral in d u str ia l m a c h in e r y __________
O ffice, c o m p u tin g a n d a c c o u n tin g m a_____________________________
c h in e s
S e r v ic e in d u s tr y m a c h in e s _____________
M isc e lla n e o u s m a c h in e r y .............................. —
957.0
5 2 .3
71.1
129.2
959.6
52.2
71 .7
130. 7
949.9
5 0 .2
69 .0
131.4
956.7
49.0
7 5 .2
129.6
967.0
4 9 .6
79 .0
130.4
970.9
51.6
86. 1
129.6
97 1 .8
51.9
8 9 .5
127.9
968.4
50.9
88 .8
126.0
970.1
50.9
8 6 .5
125.4
967.5
51.7
81 8
124.6
971.7
52. 1
7 8 .8
126. 1
977.5 1,030. 4 1,025. 9
52 0
56. 1
59.5
74. 8
8 9 .2
79 .6
144.5
148.6
128.9
178.7
115.2
144. 5
179.9
115. 5
143.0
175. 6
115.2
143.4
176.5
115.1
144.6
178. 6
110.9
144.3
176.8
116.4
141. 5
180.9
116. 1
139.0
181.2
117.0
139.2
183. 1
117.8
140.1
182.4
118.3
142.2
182. 1
119.7
143.8
182. 7
120. 7
146.3
194.0
122.3
154.9
183.9
116.3
154.6
9 5 .2
60 .0
110.8
95 .0
6 0 .2
111.4
94.4
58.7
112.0
94. 0
6 3 .2
109.5
9 4 .4
64. 5
109.3
94. 1
6 7 .7
107.1
9 4 .2
6 6 .8
105.5
9 3 .2
6 6 .4
105.7
94 .0
66 .0
106.3
9 4 .4
65. 1
107.0
95 .0
64 .9
109.2
9 5 .4
6 6 .2
110.5
9 5 .2
6 9 .7
114.2
9 2 .6
6 8 .2
112.9
E le c tr ic a l e q u ip m e n t a n d s u p p lie s _______ 1 ,0 1 2 .7 1 ,0 0 2 .6
106. 7
E le c tr ic d is tr ib u tio n e q u ip m e n t _____
115.3
E le c tr ic a l in d u str ia l a p p a r a tu s _________
H o u s e h o ld a p p lia n c e s__________________
119. f
105.0
E le c tr ic lig h t in g a n d w ir in g e q u ip m e n tR a d io an d T V r e c e iv in g s e t s __________
97. 5
205. 1
C o m m u n ic a tio n e q u ip m e n t ___________
E le c tr o n ic c o m p o n e n ts a n d a c c e sso r ie s.
170.8
M isc e lla n e o u s e le c tr ic a l e q u ip m e n t
8 2 .6
an d s u p p lie s __________________________
982.1
106.3
116.9
117 1
102.0
95. 1
199.3
167.8
968. 3
106.0
115.4
113.8
101.8
90. 4
196. 1
165.2
943. 5
104.8
114.8
112. 6
97 .9
81 .8
193.2
161.4
950.4
104.0
115.4
114.8
9 8 .8
78. 1
195.7
163.7
942.7
103,3
113.9
114.3
9 7 .5
74.3
195. 9
164.5
930. 6
103 2
111.9
113.3
9 7 .3
68. 3
197. 1
163.5
933.5
103.8
111.9
112.8
9 7 .2
69. 1
199. 1
162. 1
938.9
104. 9
112.2
112.0
97 .5
71. 8
201.2
160.7
946 5
106. 1
113.2
110.3
9 8 .0
73 .2
204 .9
159.3
952. 1
107. 1
113.7
111. 6
100.6
70. 5
206 .0
157.3
979.4
106. 5
115.3
116. 1
102.6
82 3
207.6
162.7
986.9
108.3
121. 5
120. 7
103.6
82. 2
201.4
164.4
967.0
104. 7
122.4
122.1
104.4
85. 6
185.9
159.6
79 .6
77 .0
7 9 .3
79 .0
78 .6
81.5
85 .3
8 6 .3
84.9
8 2 .5
Jan.
D ec.
N ov.
I960
1959
N o v .2
Manufacturing—C o n tin u e d
Durable goods— C o n tin u e d
7 6 .0
77 .5
T r a n s p o r ta tio n e q u ip m e n t _______________ 1 ,114.3 1,018.1 1 .0 1 3 .0
463.8
469. 9
M o to r v e h ic le s an d e q u ip m e n t ________
384. 6 378. 7
A irc raft an d p arts
__ ___________
S h ip an d b o a t b u ild in g a n d r e p a i r in g ..
121.5
117. 1
24. 8
2 5 .3
R a ilr o a d e q u ip m e n t ____ ________ _____
2 2 .9
22. 5
O th er tr a n sp o r ta tio n e q u ip m e n t ______
961.2 1 ,0 3 2 .9 1, 049. 6 t, 043. 7 1,005. 9
514. 9 504.5
403. 8
429.8
504.8
377.4
368. 2 369. 5 371.3
373 .8
115.4
118.4
116. 1 112.5
118.7
2 3 .4
24. 5
23. 5
2 4 .2
2 3 .3
2 3 .6
22. 7
2 2 .6
2 2 .6
2 3 .8
999.0
454. 2
380.1
119.3
23 .9
21. 5
998.5 1, 047. 4 1 ,1 0 1 .0 1, 120. 8 1,132. 7 1 ,1 8 1 .0
457.4
503. 4 553.6
566. 8 566.5
538.5
379.3
380.2
392. 5 462.6
381. 7 384 0
116.0
117.8
116.9
116.6
117.8
122.0
25. 1
28 .2
32. 0
2 7 .3
30 1
2 9 .3
20. 1
18. 7
20 .6
22. 1
25. 1
2 8 .5
I n s tr u m e n t an d r e la ted p r o d u c ts _________
E n g in e e r in g an d s c ie n tific in s tr u m e n ts .
M e c h a n ic a l m ea su r in g a n d c o n tr o l dev ic e s __________________________________
O p tic a l an d o p h th a lm ic g o o d s ______ . .
S u r gical, m e d ic a l, a n d d e n ta l e q u ip _________________
m e n t _______
P h o to g r a p h ic e q u ip m e n t a n d s u p p lie s .
W a tc h e s a n d c lo c k s ___________________
226.0
M isc e lla n e o u s m a n u fa c tu r in g in d u s tr ie s .
J e w e lr y , silv e r w a r e , a n d p la te d w a r e . . .
T o y s , a m u se m e n t, a n d sp o r tin g g o o d s .
P e n s , p e n c ils, office a n d art m a t e r ia ls ._
C o stu m e je w e lr v , b u tto n s , a n d n o tio n s
O th er m a n u fa c tu r in g in d u s tr ie s ________
324.5
7 7 .6
225.7
3 8 .8
225.9
3 9 .7
222. 5
3 9 .5
217.5
3 8 .4
220.5
4 0 .5
218.9
41 .2
216.7
41.4
217.4
42.4
217.4
4 2 .0
221.0
4 2 .8
223.9
4 3 .0
227. 6
42.9
232 .0
42 .8
230.1
41.4
6 0 .8
2 9 .7
60.8
29. 5
59.1
2 9 .2
58.8
2 8 .6
5 9 .2
2 9 .2
5 8 .8
2 8 .9
58.4
28. 4
58 .3
2 8 .2
58.7
2 8 .3
59.3
28 .4
59.4
29. 1
59.4
29 .8
63 .3
30. 7
6 2 .5
2 9 .9
3 3 .4
3 9 .8
2 3 .2
33 .3
39 .9
2 2 .7
33.1
39 .8
21 .8
3 2 .5
39.1
20.1
3 2 .8
39 3
19. 5
3 2 .8
3 8 .8
18.4
32 .7
3 8 .7
17.1
3 2 .6
38 .7
17.2
3 2 .9
3 8 .9
16. 6
3 2 .9
3 9 .6
18.0
3 3 .0
40 .3
19. 1
3 3 .3
4 1 .7
20. 5
33.1
41. 1
21. 1
3 1 .8
4 1 .3
2 3 .2
333 .5
34.1
103.2
24 .0
47 .5
124. 7
326.3
3 3 .6
9 9 .2
23.7
4 6 .3
123.5
317.4
33 .0
9 5 .8
2 3 .6
46.0
119.0
30 0 .9
3 0 .8
88 .3
22 .7
4 3 .5
115.6
309 .8
3 2 .0
89 .5
2 2 .5
44 .8
121.0
301.5
32 .0
85.7
2 1 .9
4 2 .2
119.7
293.2
32. 1
79 .4
21.7
41 .3
118.7
288.7
32 .2
73. 1
22 .0
42 .3
119.1
286.4
3 2 .6
6 9 .2
2 2 .2
4 3 .0
119.4
279.6
3 2 .6
6 3 .6
22 .3
42 .0
119. 1
296.9
3 3 .6
73 3
22 .8
44 .7
122. 5
320.7
3 4 .6
90 .0
23 4
46. 1
126. 6
316.0
33 .9
86 .4
23 .0
47 .3
125.4
3 1 3.2
3 3 .8
8 2 .9
2 2 .9
49.1
124.6
Nondurable goods
F o o d a n d k in d r e d p r o d u c ts ______________ 1 ,2 1 9 .0 1 ,2 8 6 .6 1,334. 8 1 ,3 1 7 .9 1. 226. 4 1,184. 2 1,120. 7 1 ,114.1 1 ,1 0 4 .4 1, 100.6 1 ,1 2 1 .2 1 ,1 6 9 .2 1, 225. 4 1 ,2 1 1 .3 1, 222.0
252.4
M e a t p r o d u c ts ___________________ _____
260.3
244. 5 250 .3
256.2
258. 5 258. 9 257.6
259. 0
247.0
244.7
263. 0
257. 9 255.2
160.2
D a ir y p r o d u c ts _______________________ .
165.8
171.6
104.5
162.9
160.0
171. 5 172.6
158.1
158. 5
160.9
162. 6
169. 7 175.3
C a n n e d a n d p r e se r v e d fo o d , e x c e p t
________ ________________
265. 3 332. 5 313.2
226. 3
186. 1 158.4
160. 0
153. 6
147.1
149.9
209.4
m e a t s . . ___
166. 5
199. 1 206.1
G rain m ill p r o d u c ts _____________________
9 2 .2
86 .4
94 .0
9 3 .9
92 .6
88. 1
86 .7
8 6 .5
9 3 .8
8 7 .8
8 8 .4
8 8 .6
93.3
8 9 .8
176. 6
178,2
177.3
173.3
172. 5
B a k e r y p r o d u c ts ________________________
175. 6
177.8
171.3
171.7
176.4
172.0
176.0
177. 4
176 6
S u g a r . _ _________ _______________ ______
3 9 .3
22. 7
2 4 .8
2 3 .6
2 2 .9
25 .7
23. 8
25. 5
32. 5
25.1
30 3
38. 7
43. 5
31.3
C o n fe c tio n e r y a n d r e la te d p r o d u c ts ____
6 6 .4
64. 1
55. 2
5 5 .9
6 0 .2
70. 6
59. 1
55. 6
6 2 .6
6 2 .9
68 6
70. 9
63 5
6 3 .3
B e v e r a g e s ___
_ _ . . ________________
120. 5 120.1
120.8
123. 3
119.6
112.8
111.9
110.1
108.3
109.9
115. 0
118 6
118 3 118.0
M is c e lla n e o u s fo o d a n d k in d r e d p ro d u c t s ___________________________________
94 .2
9 4 .3
94 .7
9 2 .6
93 .3
103. 4
9 6 .6
9 3 .6
9 6 .0
9 6 .9
98. 7
101. 9
99. 0
99.7
T o b a c c o m a n u fa c tu r e s ________ ___________
C ig a r e tte s .............. ............. . . . __________
C ig a r s ____________________________ ______
7 8 .5
97.1
31 .4
22 .9
106.5
3 1 .7
2 2 .6
88 .7
3 2 .0
2 2 .3
6 5 .0
3 1 .6
21.1
67 .2
3 2 .0
23.1
6 6 .4
3 1 .3
2 3 .3
68 .0
31 .3
2 3 .2
7 2 .4
31. 5
2 3 .9
77 .4
31 .6
24 .6
8 1 .4
3 1 .7
24 3
85.1
31. 9
2 5 .6
8 8 .5
32 1
26. 2
8 3 .3
32 2
26. 0
8 4 .0
31. 7
27.7
T e x tile m ill p r o d u c ts ____ ___________ _____
C o tto n b road w o v e n fa b ric s____________
S ilk an d s y n t h e t ic b ro a d w o v e n fa b r ic s.
W e a v in g an d fin is h in g b ro a d w o o le n s ..
N a r r o w fab rics a n d sm a llw a r e s _________
K n i t t i n g ___
_________________
F in is h in g t e x tile s , e x c e p t w o o l an d k n i t .
F lo o r c o v e r in g __________ ______________
Y a r n an d th rea d ______________________
M isc e lla n e o u s te x tile g o o d s____________
806 .0
805. 7
235 .6
6 3 .9
45 .8
23. 8
197.1
6 0 .8
2 8 .2
94. 6
55.9
804.4
234.0
63 .8
47. 6
23. 8
196.3
6 0 .8
2 7 .9
94.8
55.4
802.2
233. 1
63 .7
47. 7
2 3 .2
196.8
60 .7
27 .4
9 4 .6
55.0
788.1
232.0
62. 1
48. 1
2 2 .8
191. 5
6 0 .0
2 5 .9
9 2 .2
53.5
800.3
234.1
6 2 .6
4 8 .9
23 .0
196.3
61.1
27 .0
93. 5
53.8
791.4
233 .4
62.1
47. 6
23 0
192.3
6 0 .8
27. 1
9 2 .3
52.8
784.9
233 .9
62. 1
46. 0
2 2 .8
189.2
6 0 .8
26. 9
91. 3
51.9
779.0
234.7
6 2 .4
45.1
2 2 .4
184.3
6 0 .6
28. 4
90. 8
50.3
778.1
236.1
63.1
44. 9
22. 6
180.4
6 0 .3
2 8 .8
90. 7
51.2
778.3
238.0
64 .2
42. 9
22 .6
177. 7
6 0 .9
29. 0
90. 2
52.8
790.8
239.3
65 .3
42 8
22. 9
182.9
62 .0
29. 7
91. 9
54.0
804 .4
240.1
6 5 .5
43 8
23 2
192 2
6 2 .3
29. 5
92 9
54.9
826.7
244.1
6 6 .9
49 5
24 1
194. 3
64.1
3 0 .4
95. 9
57.5
855.0
248.4
68.2
53. 9
24.9
199.4
66.2
31.5
100.6
61.9
See fo o tn o te s at end of table.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
93
A.—EMPLOYMENT
Table A-3. Production workers in nonagricultural establishments, by industry 1—Continued
Revised series; see box, p. 84.
[Inthousands]
1961
A nnual
a v er a g e
1960
I n d u s tr y
N o v .2
O c t.2
S e p t.
A ug.
J u ly
June
M ay
A pr.
M ar.
Feb.
Ja n .
D ec.
N ov.
I960
1959
Manufacturing—Continued
Nondurable goods—C o n tin u e d
A p p a r e l a n d r e la te d p r o d u c ts ____________ 1 ,0 8 1 .0 1,084. 8 1,081. 5 1,100. 4 1 ,0 3 3 .7 1, 050. 3 1 ,0 3 3 .3 1 ,0 4 5 .8 1, 082.1 1 ,0 7 1 .4 1 ,0 3 9 .2 1 ,0 5 5 .3 1 ,0 9 0 .3 1 ,0 9 4 .2 1 ,0 9 0 .6
105.8
100.6
105.3
101. 7
9 9 .8
105.5
107.4
107.6
107.9
106.3
104.1
105. 0
108.8
108.9
M e n ’s a n d b o y s ’ s u its a n d c o a ts ______
282.1
275.1
267.4
270.5
270.0
268.1
267.6
279.4
261.1
266.6
272.3
271.3
279.9
279 .6
M e n ’s a n d b o y s ’ fu r n is h in g s ----------------W o m e n ’s, m is s e s ’, a n d ju n io r s ’ o u te r 301.2
321 .5
296.9
316.5
297.7
335.7
326.8
31 2 .5
327 .2
311.8
312.3
312.6
325 .8
331.8
w e a r _______________ ___________________
102.2
103.4
103.4
107.1
98 .9
102.6
102.4
104.2
99 .6
108.3
106.2
109.7
107.7
105.8
W om en ’s an d c h ild r en ’s u n d e r g a r m e n ts.
2 5 .5
3 3 .8
28 .8
2 7 .5
36 .3
3 2 .9
2 9 .0
36 .9
3 2 .4
31 .5
3 0 .6
3 0 .7
2 9 .6
3 3 .6
H a t s , cap s, a n d m illin e r y ______ ________
68 .4
64.1
6 1 .5
69 .8
69.1
6 5 .8
67 .5
64 .9
6 2 .6
6 4 .5
6 7 .5
66 .9
66 .9
66.3
G ir ls ’ a n d c h ild r e n ’s o u te r w e a r ________
57.2
64 .5
6 0 .9
59 .8
57.0
5 7 .8
56 .6
52 .6
6 0 .2
65 .5
5 7 .6
6 3 .6
6 1 .9
6 4 .0
F u r g o o d s a n d m is c e lla n e o u s a p p a r e l, __
M is c e lla n e o u s fa b r ic a te d te x tile p ro d 111.4
115.8
108.1
112.3
112.7
106.2
109.5
113.1
108.0
116.0
113.6
113.1
115.9
115.7
u e t s . . . ____ ______________ __________ 476.8
182.0
53.3
476.2
183.2
53 .3
475.0
184.3
54.1
467.4
182.2
5 3 .8
473.7
184.9
55.1
464.4
180.1
54 .4
462.1
179.2
5 4 .2
460.8
178.8
54 .3
459.4
178.3
5 4 .2
462.9
179.5
54.6
466.3
180.9
5 4 .5
473.8
182.7
55.1
474.0
181.9
56.4
470.1
177.3
57 .8
9 6 .6
144.9
96 .9
142.8
9 5 .8
140.8
9 4 .2
137.2
94 .6
139.1
9 3 .6
136.3
9 3 .8
134.9
9 3 .1
134.6
9 2 .5
134.4
9 3 .2
135.6
93 .0
137.9
9 4 .3
141.7
9 5 .7
140.1
95 .7
139.4
600. 8
602.8
177.0
2 9 .9
4 5 .6
232 .4
3 8 .4
599. 2
175.5
29 .6
45 .9
231.8
38 .5
594.2
174.2
2 8 .5
45.1
230.1
3 8 .7
593.7
175.0
2 9 .0
4 3 .4
229.6
3 8 .6
593.7
176.2
29.1
44 .2
228.4
37 .9
590.3
175.4
29 .2
44 .2
227.8
37 .1
592.2
175.1
3 0 .3
4 3 .8
228 .5
3 7 .3
594.3
174.5
3 0 .7
43 .7
229.9
37 .7
591.2
173.2
3 0 .7
4 3 .6
228.1
3 7 .5
591.4
174.4
3 0 .9
43 .6
228.0
37 .2
598.7
176.6
3 0 .7
4 3 .7
231 .5
3 6 .9
603.7
176.7
3 0 .5
4 3 .6
233.1
3 8 .4
591.5
172.4
2 9 .8
43 .0
229 .5
38.1
575.6
167.1
2 8 .9
4 0 .6
22 4 .6
3 7 .0
79 .5
77.9
77 .6
78.1
77 .9
7 6 .6
77 .2
7 7 .8
78.1
77 .3
79.3
8 1 .4
78 .8
7 7 .4
509.1
510.1
164.9
104.6
5 8 .4
6 0 .2
3 5 .7
2 8 .8
57.5
509.0
165.4
103.1
58.7
60.1
3 6 .4
2 8 .2
57.1
509.2
166.5
103.4
58.8
59.6
3 6 .8
26.8
57.3
506.1
166.1
102.9
58.9
58 .9
36 .9
26.1
56 .3
507.0
164.8
102.8
58.8
5 9 .2
36 .4
2 8 .9
56.1
509.1
163.8
101.6
57.7
58.0
3 5 .8
3 7 .2
55.0
508.7
162.7
100.9
57.3
5 7 .6
3 5 .2
4 0 .5
5 4 .5
502.0
162.7
100.0
57 .4
56 .3
3 4 .2
3 7 .3
54.1
495.2
163.0
9 9 .8
57 .4
55.7
34.1
3 1 .3
53 .9
496.6
164.7
100.1
57.5
55.5
3 4 .6
3 0 .2
5 4 .0
499.5
166.3
101.2
58.1
5 5 .5
3 4 .9
2 8 .6
5 4 .9
502.4
166.9
101.8
58.0
5 7 .5
3 5 .4
2 7 .3
55 .5
510.8
169.0
103.5
5 8 .8
56.1
3 6 .7
31 .0
5 5 .6
505.9
167.5
102.2
58.3
54.7
3 6 .4
31 .7
55 .0
130.1
131.8
107.0
2 4 .8
132.7
107.9
24 .8
134.7
108.8
25 .9
131.6
106.4
2 5 .2
134.3
108.8
2 5 .5
132.1
131.0
108.0 , 108.4
24.1
2 2 .6
129.7
108.4
21 .3
129.3
108.8
2 0 .5
131.0
109.3
21 .7
132.5
110.2
2 2 .3
135.1
110.7
24 .4
137. 7
113.1
2 4 .6
139.8
115.2
24 .6
293.7
294.6
75.4
121.7
9 7 .5
291.5
74 .9
121.6
95 .0
284.1
7 2 .4
118.1
9 3 .6
277.2
73.5
114.7
8 9 .0
278.7
7 2 .6
116.7
89 .4
273.7
71.3
114.6
8 7 .8
267.8
70 .7
111.5
85 .6
265.5
71 .3
110.1
84.1
266.0
6 9 .9
112.1
84.0
271.1
73.4
114.5
8 3 .2
276.7
74 .2
117.0
8 5 .5
282 .5
75 .9
117.7
8 8 .9
288 .7
78 .2
120.8
8 9 .7
288.7
77.4
121.3
90.1
323 .8
316.9
29 .3
207.2
80 .4
318. 6
29 .3
210.3
7 9 .0
326.9
2 9 .0
218.4
79 .5
317.9
2 8 .3
215.3
74 .3
322 .2
29 .1
217.7
7 5 .4
311.4
2 8 .8
210.9
71.7
311.2
28 .3
209.4
73 .5
31 8 .2
28 .0
21 5 .4
74.8
321.9
2 8 .4
218.9
7 4 .6
317.8
29 .3
217 .2
71 .3
317.5
2 9 .7
214.8
73.0
321.1
2 9 .8
212.7
78 .6
322 .9
29 .9
216.4
76 .5
333.4
3 2 .3
86 .4
44.8
835.3
18.2
8 7 .0
46.1
831.7
18.5
86 .4
46 .8
816.2
19.1
8 6 .2
46.9
816.3
19.3
8 7 .4
4 6 .4
805.9
19.2
87 .4
45 .2
778.4
18.8
87.3
44.3
764.1
18.8
87.1
4 3 .5
763.2
18.8
8 7 .3
4 3 .3
757.8
18.8
87.4
4 4 .8
775.2
19.0
8 7 .5
44 .2
801.1
19.1
88.1
44 .5
822.0
19.1
8 9 .2
4 4 .6
801 .8
19.8
91 .5
44 .9
779.1
562.0
2 7 .0
566. 7
27 .0
78 .3
543.0
217.4
138.0
161.3
2 6 .3
574.0
2 6 .9
7 8 .8
550.0
220.2
139.9
162.8
27.1
575.5
2 7 .0
79 .6
549.9
220.1
140.0
162.7
27.1
571.1
2 7 .0
78.3
544.0
218.9
137.6
160.6
2 6 .9
568.3
26 .8
77 .5
536.6
216.0
135.9
158.7
2 6 .0
569.9
2 6 .8
7 8 .8
533.2
216.2
132.3
158.7
2 6 .0
571.3
2 6 .8
78 .0
536.0
216.6
135.3
158.4
2 5 .7
571.7
27 .0
7 8 .6
535.1
216.9
135.4
157.5
2 5 .3
573.2
2 7 .3
7 8 .2
536.7
217.5
136.2
157.7
2 5 .3
576.1
27 .6
79 .0
539.7
218.2
136.8
158.8
25 .9
578.5
27 .9
7 8 .2
540.7
218.3
137.2
159.2
2 6 .0
581.9
2 7 .9
77 .9
543.6
220 .2
137.3
159.4
2 6 .7
585.4
2 8 .4
7 4 .8
544.3
221.4
137.9
473.9
P a p e r a n d a llie d p r o d u c ts ________________
P a p e r a n d p u l p _________________________
P a p e r b o a r d --------------------------------------------C o n v e r te d p a p e r a n d p a p e rb o a rd p ro d u c ts
_________________________________
P a p e r b o a r d c o n ta in e r s a n d b o x e s ______
P r in tin g , p u b lis h in g a n d a llie d in d u str ie s _____ ____________
__________
N e w s p a p e r p u b lis h in g and p r in tin g ___
P e r io d ic a l p u b lis h in g a n d p r in tin g ____
B ooks
__________ ____________________
C o m m e r c ia l p r in tin g
__ _________ __
B o o k b in d in g * a n d r e la te d in d u s tr ie s -----O th er p u b lis h in g a n d p r in tin g in d u str ie s ___________________________________
C h e m ic a ls a n d a llie d p r o d u c ts .......................
I n d u s tr ia l c h e m ic a ls ------ ---------------- . .
P la s tic s a n d s y n t h e t ic s , e x c e p t g la ss___
D ru gs
__ _________
___________ _____
S o a p , clea n ers a n d to ile t g o o d s _________
P a in ts , v a r n is h e s a n d a llie d p r o d u c t s , _
A g r ic u ltu r a l c h e m ic a ls __________________
O th er c h e m ic a l p r o d u c ts _______________
P e tr o le u m r e fin in g a n d r e la te d in d u st r i e s _________ ___________ ________
P e tr o le u m refining _________________
O th er p e tr o le u m a n d co a l p r o d u c ts____
R u b b e r a n d m is c e lla n e o u s p la s tic p ro d u c t s ___________________________________
T ir e s a n d in n e r t u b e s ______________ - - O th e r r u b b e r p r o d u c t s ________________
M isc e lla n e o u s* p la stic p r o d u c ts ..................
L e a th e r a n d le a th e r p r o d u c t s . --------------L e a th e r t a n n in g a n d fin is h in g __________
F o o tw e a r , e x c e p t r u b b e r .. ____________
O th er le a th e r p r o d u c ts ....... ................... ..
222.6
78.5
Transportation and public utilities:
L o c a l a n d in te r u r b a n p a sse n g e r tra n sit:
L o ca l a n d s u b u r b a n tr a n sp o r ta tio n
I n te r c ity a n d ru ral b u s li n e s __ ________
M o to r freig h t tr a n sp o r ta tio n a n d sto r a g e .
P ip e lin e tr a n s p o r ta tio n ___________________
C o m m u n ic a tio n :
T e le p h o n e c o m m u n ic a t i o n ____________
T e le g r a p h c o m m u n ic a tio n s___
_____
R a d io a n d t e le v is io n b r o a d c a stin g _____
E le c tr ic , gas, a n d s a n ita r y s e r v ic e s _______
TSlftctric companies a n d s y s t e m s _______
G as c o m p a n ie s a n d s y s t e m s ____________
C o m b in e d u t ili t y s y s t e m s ______________
Water, s te a m , a n d s a n ita r y s y s t e m s ___
See footnotes at end of table.
6226 0 4 — 62
7
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
—
77.7
534.4
214.1
135.9
158.4
2 6 .0
21.0
158.6
2 6 .5
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JANUARY 1962
94
T a ble A-3. Production workers in nonagricultural establishments, by industry 1—Continued
Revised series ; see box below.
tin thousands]
1960
Nov.»
Wholesale and retail trade ___________
Wholesale trade_________ _____- ...........
Motor vehicles and automotive equipm ent__ ________________________
Drugs, chemicals, and allied products.
Dry goods and apparel______________
Groceries and related products_______
Electrical goods.......................................
Hardware, plumbing and heating
goods.. . . . ___________________
Machinery, equipment, and supplies...
Retail trade 4___ . _____________ ___
General merchandise sto re s .................
Department stores_______________
Limited price variety stores________
Food stores__________ ____________
Grocery, meat, and vegetable stores..
Apparel and accessories stores________
M e n ’s a m i h o y s ’ a p p a r e l s to r e s
W n m p n r O f t d y - to - w p a r s to r e s . __
Family clothing stores____________
Shoe s to r e s ..._____ _____________
Furniture and appliance stores_______
Other retail trade 4__ ________________
Motor vehicle dealers_______________
Other vehicle and accessory dealers__
Drug stores________________ ______
Finance, insurance, and real estate:
Banking. . ______________________
Security dealers and exchanges...............
Insurance carriers____________________
Life insurance_____________________
Accident and health insurance______
Fire, marine, and casualty insurance...
Services and miscellaneous:
Hotels and lodging places:
Hotels, tourist courts, and motels.........
Personal services:
Laundries, cleaning and dyeing plants.
Motion pictures:
Motion picture filming and distributing.
Oct.»
Sept.
Aug.
July
June
Annual
average
1961
Industry
May
Apr.
Mar.
Feb.
Jan.
Dec.
Nov.
1959
8,816 8,716 8,672 8,658 8,676 8,599 8,549 8,554 8,502 8,676 9,558 9,004 8,810 8,592
2,636 2,620 2,631 2,600 2,580 2,552 2,550 2,559 2, 569 2, 591 2,650 2,638 2, 610 2,558
183.6
160.4
110.6
440.9
179.3
183.3
159.5
110.6
430.1
179.1
182.7
160.2
112.6
425.2
180.1
182.7
160.2
111.7
431.6
179.5
181.9 180.6
158.5 157.2
111. 1 109.9
436.9 431.5
178.3 177.0
180.6
156.8
110.7
429.1
178.2
178.9
156.9
110.8
434.6
179.2
179.1
156.6
111.7
439.0
179.9
180.5
155.8
111.5
442.5
181.1
182.4
156.7
112.5
449.3
182.4
181.9
158.2
113.7
446.2
183.0
181.5
155.6
112.0
439.1
183.6
175.7
149.8
108.7
433.6
178.5
124.3 124.6 125.3 125.0 123.6 123.7 123.7 123.1 123.1 123.9 125.4 126.5 127.7 129.2
417.7 418.6 419.2 418.9 415.2 410.1 408.0 408.8 407.3 408.5 408.5 409.6 412.0 396.2
6,179 6,096 6,041 6,058 6,096 6,047 5,999 5,995 5,833 6,085 6,908 6,366 6,201 6,034
1,449.3 L 405.2 1,366. 6 1,360.5 1,378.5 1,365.0 1,347.1 1,346.9 1,303. 8 1,383. 6 1,916.9 1, 565.0 1, 447.9 1,421.1
840.3 806.6 786.9 786.4 801.7 793.9 787.9 787.1 762.6 817.9 1,148.9 917.8 843.6 828.5
312.3 308.5 297.1 291.6 297.4 299.0 291.2 292.1 279.8 294.2 423.2 336.7 316.8 307.9
1,271.0 1,257.3 1,260. 7 1,270. 4 1,272. 6 1,26S. 5 1,265. 4 1,268.4 1,276.2 1, 277.6 1,312. 1 1,289.3 1,273.1 1,219.9
1,109. 8 1,096. 8 1,097. 6 1,108.1 1,109.0 1,103. 5 1,103. 8 1,104. 7 1,110. 2 1,114.6 1,133. 5 1,119. 7 1,106. 5 1,057.0
' 592.9 582.7 553.6 558.5 583.9 579.1 568. 5 574.0 537.8 575.5 707.7 605.8 582.3 557. 2
99.0
92.9
95.6
92.5
93.7
92.0
93.2
92.6 100.4 126.6
99.2
95. 6 89.8
93.5
226.3 225.2 215.2 214.0 222.3 224.6 220.4 219.8 205.7 217.9 266. 2 232.9 223.3 217.3
88.1
84.9
90. 5 88.2
86.6
86.3
85.9
83.6
82. 7 89.2 113.4
88.1
91.3
83. 5
92.4 101.0 119. 2 106. 7 106.3 100. 8
104.7 104.2
95.9
98.2 104.1 104.7 102.0 103.1
370.2 364.4 362.5 361.6 360.8 355.7 358.1 358.9 359.8 364.9 383. 5 373.3 368.9 359.9
2,495.9 2,486. 5 2,497.9 2, 507.4 2,500.2 2,478.2 2,460. 2 2,446.9 2,455. 7 2,483. 6 2,588.1 2, 533. 0 2, 528.3 2,475.7
569.1 567.9 576.5 578. 5 575.6 573.8 576.4 578.4 582.5 588.9 591. 5 593.4 596. 2 579.6
121. 5 119. 2 118. 6 120.9 121.8 116.1 114. 5 109. 7 109.4 110.2 125. 6 122.4 123.1 121.3
349.0 348.6 348.1 346.1 347.4 344.5 342.9 344.3 343.2 348.4 367.0 349.6 347.5 336.2
593.4
122.3
774.7
427.0
46.2
264.7
596.4
122.9
780.8
430.4
46.5
266.8
604.1
125.2
787.0
433.8
47.1
268.9
602.2
124.7
784.7
432.7
46. 8
268.1
593.3
122.8
778.2
428.4
46.8
266.0
585.4
119.2
773.8
427.6
46. 4
263.6
585.0
115.7
774.6
428.5
46.3
263.8
585.1
112.1
774.1
427.6
46.1
264.4
584.0
109.6
771.8
426.0
45.8
264.2
582.5
107.6
768.1
423. 7
45. 7
262.8
586. 4
107.8
771.1
424. 3
46.4
264.2
584.9
107.7
769. £
423. 8
46.2
263.6
575.9
107.0
763 9
420. 7
46.0
260.3
547.9
99.9
746.8
412.7
45.3
252.4
496.6
530.5
568.7
568.0
533.0
482.7
480.4
469.6
469.8
465.1
466.6
466.3
485.0
465.9
380.3
379.2
379.7
385.2
388.4
381.0
374.5
373.1
370.4
376.3
378.1
384.3
389.2
396.6
27.0
27.1
27.2
28.2
28.0
27.4
27.7
29.4
30.4
31.5
31.7
31.0
29.0
30.6
J For comparability of data with those published in issues prior to Decem
ber 1961 and coverage of these series, see footnote 1, table A-2.
For mining, manufacturing, and laundries, cleaning and dyeing plants,
data refer to production and related workers; for contract construction, to
construction workers; and for all other industries, to nonsupervisory workers.
Production and related workers include working foremen and all nonsuper
visory workers (including leadmen and trainees) engaged in fabricating,
processing, assembling, inspection, receiving, storage, handling, packing,
warehousing, shipping, maintenance, repair, janitorial and watchmen
services, product development, auxiliary production for plant’s own use
(e.g., power plant), and recordkeeping and other services closely associated
with the above production operations.
Construction workers include working foremen, journeymen, mechanics,
apprentices, laborers, etc., engaged in new work, alterations, demolition,
repair and maintenance, etc., at the site of construction or working in shop
or yards at jobs (such as precutting and preassembling) ordinarily performed
by members of the construction trades.
Nonsupervisory workers include employees (not above the working super
visory level) such as office and clerical workers, repairmen, salespersons,
operators, drivers, attendants, service employees, linemen, laborers, janitors,
watchmen, and similar occupational levels, and other employees whose
services are closely associated with those of the employees listed.
2 Preliminary.
3 Data relate to nonsupervisory employees except messengers.
4 Excludes eating and drinking places.
A comprehensive description of the 1961 revision of the Bureau’s statistics on employ
ment, hours and earnings, and labor turnover in nonagricultural establishments, which
was reflected for the first time in the figures published in the December 1961 issue,
appears on pp. 59-62 of this issue.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
I960
A.—EMPLOYMENT
95
Table A-A. Employees in nonagricultural establishments, by industry division and selected groups,
seasonally adjusted 1
Revised series; see box, p. 94.
_________________________________________ [In thousands]___________
1961
Industry division and group
Total____________________________
Nov.8 Oct.8
Sept.
Aug.
July
June
1960
M ay
Apr.
Mar.
Feb.
Jan.
Dec.
Nov.
______________ 54,478 54,420 54, 304 54,333 54,335 54,182 53,894 53,663 53, 561 53,485 53,581 53, 707 53,995
Mining___ ____________________ ___________ _______
663
660
666
665
672
669
670
666
668
667
672
679
693
Contract construction....... ............................ ......................... 2,710
2,753
2,754
2,770
2,776
2,795
2,742
2,766
2,792
2,765
2,773
2,757
2,832
Manufacturing__ _________ _________________ _____
16,450 16,369 16,323 16,381 16,392 16,373 16,275 16,119 16,023 15,962 16,021 16,174 16,351
9,210
205
610
371
575
1,179
1,094
1,410
1,459
1, 573
350
384
9,123
208
600
369
574
1,178
1,090
1,411
1, 461
1,499
349
384
9,105
203
603
370
573
1,179
1,090
1.400
1,428
1,528
350
381
9,131
202
603
371
578
1,174
1,094
1,404
1,444
1,530
349
382
91,38
202
604
370
575
1,170
1,082
1,401
1,442
1,559
349
384
9,114
200
606
368
573
1,151
1,085
1,396
1,442
1, 560
347
386
9,058
199
602
366
569
1,135
1,084
1,398
1,439
1,537
346
383.
8,904
196
601
365
561
1,101
1,057
1,395
1,422
1,487
342
377
8,820
196
595
361
557
1,085
1,040
1,388
1,416
1,468
340
374
8, 797
196
591
358
551
1,084
1,041
1,394
1,411
1,455
341
375
8,863
195
596
356
556
1,092
1,055
1,401
1,405
1,491
343
373
8,988
194
594
364
564
1,107
1,073
1,414
1,402
1,553
345
378
9,111
192
608
372
576
1,127
1,092
1,433
1,417
1,565
348
381
Nondurable goods___ ___________________________ 7,240
Food and kindred products____ _______________ 1, 793
84
Tobacco manufactures___ _____ ______________
884
Textile mill products.................................................
Apparel and related products..... ........... ............ .
1,193
Paper and allied products__________ _________ _
590
924
Printing, publishing, and allied industries..............
837
Chemicals and allied products.......... ................... .
202
Petroleum refining and related industries_______
370
Rubber and miscellaneous plastic products....... .
Leather and leather products.................................. .
363
7,246
1,787
91
882
1,201
591
926
835
203
370
360
7,218
1, 769
96
880
1,194
589
927
832
202
372
357
7,250
1,770
90
882
1,213
592
929
835
205
372
362
7,254
1,773
88
887
1,208
593
932
836
203
272
362
7,259
1,775
90
887
1,210
592
929
834
206
371
365
7,217
1,772
89
884
1,196
588
925
828
206
365
364
7,215
1,787
90
877
1,204
585
924
824
205
356
363
7,203
1,794
92
870
1,201
585
925
822
204
351
359
7,165
1,785
91
869
1,182
583
922
819
204
350
360
7,158
1,785
91
870
1,171
584
920
821
205
352
359
7,186
1,788
92
876
1,180
584
922
824
206
356
358
7,240
1,791
93
884
1,203
589
925
827
208
359
361
Transportation and public u tilities...................................... 3,927
3,929
3,939
3,939
3,942
3,914
3,903
3,901
3,919
3,922
3,931
3,950
3,976
Durable goods____ ____________ ________________
Ordnance and accessories_____________ ______
Lumber and wood products, except furniture........
Furniture and fixtures___ _____________ _____
Stone, clay, and glass products________ ______ _
Primary metal industries..... .......................... .........
Fabricated metal products____________________
Machinery................... ....................... . ................
Electrical equipment and supplies___ __________
Transportation equipment.......................................
Instruments and related products______________
Miscellaneous manufacturing industries.............. .
Wholesale and retail trade............... .................................... . 11, 347 11,382 11,363 11,410 11,437 11,392 11,355 11,320 11,252 11,296 11,347 11,334 11,371
Wholesale trade................... ................... ........................ 3,019 3,026 3,020 3,020 3,022 3,011 3,001 2,988 2,991 2,989 2,992 3,003 3,008
Retail trade....... ......................................... ..................... 8,328 8,356 8,343 8,390 8,415 8,381 8,354 8,332 8,261 8,307 8,355 3,331 8,363
Finance, insurance, .and real estate.......................................
2,766
2, 763
2,756
2,757
2,748
2, 747
2,739
2,732
2,732
2,731
2,727
2,723
Service and miscellaneous___________________________
7,597
7,587
7,567
7,546
7,533
7,471
7,436
7,425
7,463
7,460
7,439
7,447
7,431
Government____________ ______ _______ ___________- 9,018
Federal_______________________________ ________ 2,320
State and l o c a l . . . ------- ----------------- ----------------- 6,698
1 For coverage of the series, see footnote 1, table A-2.
8 Preliminary.
8,977
2,320
8,936
2,313
8,865
2,309
8,835
2,301
6 , 657
6 , 534
8, 774
2,270
8,734
2,251
8, 671
2,258
8,643
2,239
8,622
2,247
6,533
6 , 504
6,483
8, 712
2,248
8,682
2,235
6,623
6 , 556
8,821
2,288
6 , 447
6,413
6 , 404
6 , 375
6 , 464
2,719
N ote : The seasonal adjustment method used is described in “ New Seasonal Adjustment Factors for Labor Force Components,” Monthly Labor
Review, August 1960, pp. 822-827.
Table A-5. Production workers in manufacturing industries, by major industry group, seasonally
adjusted 1
Revised series ; see box, p. 94.
[in thousands]
1961
Major industry group
Nov.8 Oct.8
Sept.
Aug.
July
June
1960
May
Apr.
Mar.
Feb.
Jan.
Dec.
Nov.
Manufacturing____________________________________ 12,195 12,136 12,104 12,156 12,164 12,145 12,060 11,910 11,812 11,755 11,820 11,962 12,133
Durable goods............. ................ —............................ —- 6,752
97
Ordnance and accessories_______________ _____
546
Lumber and wood products, except furniture____
308
Furniture and fixtures_______________________
461
Stone, clay, and glass products------------------------946
Primary metal industries_____________________
833
Fabricated metal products-----------------------------972
M achinery.------------------ -----------------------------983
Electrical equipment and supplies_____________
Transportation equipment. ------------ ---------------- 1,074
223
Instruments and related products---- ---------------309
Miscellaneous manufacturing industries_________
6,681
99
535
306
461
947
830
973
989
1,008
223
310
6,673
97
539
306
460
950
833
965
957
1,037
224
305
Nondurable goods..... ....................- ................................. 5,443
Food and kindred products___________________ 1,199
74
Tobacco manufactures_______________________
798
Textile mill products________________________
Apparel and related products_________________ 1,062
469
Paper and allied products........................... —..........
594
Printing, publishing, and allied industries_______
510
Chemicals and allied products................ ................
130
Petroleum refining and related industries-----------286
Rubber and miscellaneous plastic products............
321
Leather and leather products-------------- ---------1 For definition of production workers, see footnote 1, table A-3.
8 Preliminary.
5,455
1,197
80
796
1,071
471
595
509
132
286
318
5,431 5,457 5,455 5,463 5,423 5,419 5,409 5,378 5,373 5,394 5,453
1,184 1,182 1,183 1,188 1,183 1,197 1,202 1,195 1,197 1,198 1,205
85
77
79
80
78
78
81
80
80
81
83
794
795
784
783
784
800
800
798
790
789
796
1,063 1,081 1,072 1,076 1,063 1,069 1,068 1,050 1,039 1,048 1,071
469
472
472
464
464
473
468
466
466
465
469
595
594
593
596
601
597
595
595
594
593
597
507
513
510
505
499
499
510
500
497
501
503
132
132
131
134
132
131
131
133
134
130
135
287
286
279
266
267
271
275
287
287
271
267
316
321
323
322
320
320
316
318
316
315
319
N ote: The seasonal adjustment method used is described in “ New seasonal Adjustment Factors for Labor Force Components,” Monthly Labor
Review, August 1960, pp. 822-827.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
6,699
95
538
309
464
944
838
967
972
1,039
225
308
6,709
95
538
307
462
944
824
966
968
1,073
223
309
6,682
93
540
305
461
924
828
959
968
1,072
222
310
6,637
93
535
303
458
911
828
962
967
1,052
221
307
6,491
91
533
302
449
876
802
959
950
1,010
218
301
6,403
92
528
297
446
859
786
953
944
983
217
298
6,377
91
523
295
440
858
786
958
939
971
217
299
6,447
91
530
294
445
864
799
963
937
1,006
220
298
6,568
91
529
300
453
878
817
975
935
1,066
222
302
6,680
91
542
308
464
891
832
991
951
1,081
224
305
96
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JANUARY 1962
Table A-6. Unemployment insurance and employment service program operations 1
[All Items except average benefit amounts are In thousands]
1961
Item
Oct.
Employment service:s
New applications for work.................. .
Nonfarm placements................... ...............
Sept.
859
596
793
607
Aug.
845
603
July
June
818
501
1960
May
1,018
551
Apr.
873
520
Mar.
808
440
Feb.
895
417
Jan.
949
342
Dec.
1,065
365
Nov.
820
378
Oct.
881
430
858
517
State unemployment insurance programs:1
Initial claims«5.............................. .............
1, 219
1,248
1,501
1,229
1, 368 1,468
1,081
1,709
1,919
2,381
2,175
1,744
1.393
Insured unemployment9 (average weekly
1,744
1,958
1,991
volume)......... ....... ................ ................
1, 502
1,558
2,328
3,168
2,779
3.394
3, 266 2, 839 2, 039
1,678
3.7
4.3
4.8
4.9
5.7
Rate of insured unemployment L .............
3.8
7.8
6.8
6.6
8.4
8.1
5.1
4.2
5,644
8,273
9,835 10.656 13,334 11,935 11,975
Weeks of unemployment com pensated...
5. 772
7, 310 6,992
9,105
7,054
5, S61
Average weekly benefit amount for total
unemployment...................... ......... ....... $33.30 $33.12 $33.36 $32.91 $32.92 $33. 46 $34.18 $34.37 $34.45 $34. 34 $34.18 $34.01 $33. 73
Total benefits paid....... .............................. $180, 938 $185,008 $237,168 $223,978 $264,448 $320, 089 $362,539 $461, 543 $399,264 $397,609 $300,204 $231,114 $189,801
Unemployment compensation for ex-service
men: * 8
Initial claims «_______ _______ _______
Insured unemployment9(average weekly
volume)........... ............. ........ ................ .
Weeks of unemployment com pensated...
Total benefits paid_____ ____ _________
24
25
30
29
47
202
$6, 344
52
221
$6,886
58
263
$8,174
60
236
$7,271
Unemployment compensation for Federal
elvilian employees:16 8
Initial claims ---------------------------------Insured unemployment9(average weekly
volume)__________ ________ _______
Weeks of unemployment com pensated...
Total benefits paid............................ .
13
10
11
15
12
12
13
12
13
19
14
14
14
28
116
$4, 053
28
118
$4,136
31
139
$4,878
32
115
$3,932
31
142
$4,913
33
148
$5, 090
36
167
$6, 228
40
160
$5, 504
41
162
$5,534
40
164
$5,605
35
142
$4,817
33
131
$4,434
30
115
$3,834
26
26
39
36
33
29
61
71
91
83
91
86
291
326
370
355
355
380
$8,984 $10,190 $11,980 $11,618 $11,002 $11.017
71
279
$8,697
59
227
$7,016
60
190
$5,870
29
35
33
Railroad unemployment insurance:
Applications « ................ ............ . .........
9
14
19
100
6
26
6
10
13
38
21
23
20
Insured unemployment (average weekly
volume)____ ________________ _____
74
74
83
83
100
77
106
107
113
123
103
95
82
164
224
253
Number of payments 15........ ................... .
174
200
167
203
270
242
266
226
194
192
Average amount of benefit payment “ ___ $79. 72 $80.70 $80.61 $77.88 $78.43 $80.01 $79. 57 $81.60 $80.99 $82.69 $82. 46 $81.52 $77. 50
Total benefits paid H-......................... ..... _ $13, 770 $13, 558 $16,173 $12, 713 $17, 551 $20, 485 $16,273 $22,274 $19,706 $22,208 $18, 793 $16,036 $15,222
All programs:18
Insured unemployment * •........... ...... .
1, 653
1, 719
1,907
2,136
s Data relate to the United States (Including Alaska and Hawaii), except
where otherwise Indicated.
* Includes Guam, Puerto Rico, and the Virgin Islands.
* Includes data for Puerto Rico, beginning January 1961 when the Com
monwealth’s program became part of the Federal-State UI system.
« Initial claims are notices filed by workers to indicate they are starting
periods of unemployment. Excludes transitional claims.
1 Includes Interstate claims for Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands for the
entire period.
* Number of workers reporting the completion of at least l week of unem
ployment.
8 The rate Is the number of Insured unemployed expressed as a percent of
the average covered employment In a 12-month period.
8 Excludes data on claims and payments made jointly with other programs.
*Includes Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
2,175
2,543
3,046
3,403
3,638
3, 515
2,847
2,225
1, 839
1« Excludes data on claims and payments made jointly with State programs.
11 An application for benefits Is filed by a railroad worker at the beginning
of his first period of unemployment In a benefit year; no application is required
for subsequent periods In the same year.
11 Payments are for unemployment in 14-day registration periods.
11 The average amount is an average for all compensable periods, not
adjusted for recovery of overpayments or settlement of underpayments.
MAdjusted for recovery of overpayments and settlement of underpayments.
11 Represents an unduplicated count of insured unemployment under the
State, Ex-servicemen and UCFE programs and the Railroad Unemploy
ment Insurance Act.
S ource : U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Employment Security for
all items except railroad unemployment insurance, which is prepared by the
U S. Railroad Retirement Board.
B.—LABOR TURNOVER
97
B.—Labor Turnover
T a ble B -l. Labor turnover rates, by major industry group 1
[Per
100 employees]
Revised series; see box, p. 94.
1961
1960
Annual
average
Major industry group
Oct
2
Sept.2 Aug.
July
June
May
Apr.
Mar.
Feb.
Jan.
Dec.
Nov.
Oct.
I960
1959
Accessions: Total 3
Manufacturing:
Actual_____________ _____ ________
Seasonally adjusted... . . ___________
Durable goods___________________
Ordnance and accessories.________
Lumber and wood products, except furniture__________________ ____
Furniture and fixtures. ______ _____
Stone, clay, and glass products_______
Prim ary metal industries___________
Fabricated metal products.....................
Machinery_____ _________
Electrical equipment and supplies...
Transportation equipment___ _____
Instruments and related products____
Miscellaneous manufacturing industries................ ........ ..................... ...
Nondurable goods___________
Food and kindred products_____ . . .
Tobacco manufactures__
Textile mill products__ .
___
Apparel and related products________
Paper and allied products___________
Printing, publishing, and allied industries______ _________ . . .
Chemicals and allied products_______
Petroleum refining and related industries.
Rubber and miscellaneous plastic products_______ _______________
Leather and leather products_____ .
N onmanufacturing:
Metal mining______________
Coal m ining_____________________
4.0
4.1
4.7
5.7
5.3
4.1
4.4
4.0
5.0
S.9
4.2
4.2
4. 4
4.0
3.2
4. 6
3.7
40
8 8
8
2.9
/)
3.5
8 8
8 6
3.8
4.2
3.8
4.0
4.3
3.6
4.9
2.7
3.9
2.8
4.5
3.3
4.2
2.5
4.2
2.6
4.3
2.2
3.2
2.5
3.8
2.7
2.2
2.4
2.6
2.4
3.3
3.6
3.5
2. 6
4.2
3.1
3.9
5.0
2.9
2.8
4.0
3.1
4.2
4.5
3.0
5.0
5.1
3.2
3.1
5.0
3.4
4.6
4.9
3.2
5.1
5.9
4.0
3.5
5.6
3.3
4.7
7.0
3.5
5.3
5.3
3.7
3.1
4.6
3.0
3.4
4.1
2.8
8.8
4.4
4.9
4.1
4.7
3.6
4.0
4.3
3.4
7.1
3.7
4.4
4.8
4.7
2.9
3.2
4.4
2.6
7.6
3.6
4.4
4.1
4.8
3.0
3.2
5.0
2.1
5.4
3.5
5.0
4.1
5.0
3.0
2.9
6.8
1.9
4.2
3.0
3.4
2.9
3.5
2.6
2.8
3.6
1.9
5.4
3.1
3.0
3.4
4.3
3.3
3.5
4.2
2.4
2.3
2.1
1.7
2.1
2.5
2.1
2.0
2.7
1.5
2.6
2.5
1.9
2.3
2.7
2.4
2.7
3.4
1.8
3.5
3.4
2.6
2.4
3.7
2.5
3.2
4.3
2.3
4.8
3.9
3.4
2.4
3.9
2.9
3.2
4.3
2.4
5.5
4.5
4.0
3.1
4.7
3.6
4.0
4.8
2.9
4.0
2.3
6.0
6.9
7.6
6.1
5.9
5.7
5.7
5.5
4.7
5.6
2.2
3.5
4.7
5.3
5.5
4.3
6.4
3.6
3.8
5.4
5.2
8.4
15.3
4.1
5.2
2.8
3.1
2.1
1.2
3.0
3.8
2.2
1.3
5.8
9.8
22.0
4.4
6.4
2.8
5.0
7.7
6.8
3.6
6.9
2.9
5.5
8.3
2.9
3.9
6.9
4.0
4.3
5.7
4.5
4.0
6.3
2.7
3.6
4.9
1.4
3.6
4.9
2.4
3.6
4.4
2.2
3.4
5.2
2.3
3.2
3.5
1.7
2.9
5.7
2.0
3.5
3.9
5.0
2.9
5.8
2.3
2.5
3.3
5.8
1.9
3.5
1.5
3.1
3.9
3.6
2.6
4.9
1.9
3.8
5.8
3.0
2.9
4.9
2.3
4.1
6.0
5.6
3.2
5.3
2.6
4.3
6.2
5.4
3.5
5.7
2.8
3.1
2.0
1.2
3.0
2.0
1.4
4.0
3.1
2.6
2.6
2.2
1.8
2.2
2.3
1.3
2.6
2.5
1.0
2.3
1.7
.8
2.5
1.8
1.1
2.0
1.2
.6
2.5
1.3
.7
3.2
1.6
1.0
3.0
2.0
1.2
3.0
2.2
1.3
3.6
5.0
4.5
4.8
5.1
5.3
3.9
6.5
4.6
6.0
4.8
5.8
4.1
3.9
3.4
4.0
2.7
4.5
3.6
5.2
1.8
3.7
2.3
4.3
3.1
4.3
3.1
4.8
3.6
4.8
2.1
2.4
2.5
3.0
2.3
3.4
2.1
3.6
3.9
1.3
2.8
1.9
3.1
.8
1.9
1.6
2.5
1.5
3.8
1.6
1.8
1.2
1.7
1.2
2.2
1.0
3.4
1.6
3.6
2.2
Accessions: New hires
Manufacturing:
A ctual.. _____________ _________
Seasonally adjusted_____ _________ _.
Durable goods__
Ordnance and accessories_____ _____
Lumber and wood products, except
furniture_____ ________________
Furniture and fixtures______________
Stone, clay, and glass products.......... .
Primary metal industries_____ ______
Fabricated metal p ro d u cts_________
Machinery________________ .
Electrical equipment and supplies____
Transportation equipment__ _______
Instruments and related products.........
Miscellaneous
manufacturing
industries____________ _______ _.
Nondurable goods___________________
Food and kindred products_________
Tobacco manufactures. ____________
Textile mill products_____ _____ ____
Apparel and related products_______
Paper and allied products___________
Printing, publishing, and allied industries_______________________
Chemicals and allied products_______
Petroleum refining and related industries.
Rubber and miscellaneous plastic products______ ____________________
Leather and leather products_____. . .
Nonmanufacturing:
Metal mining__
Coal mining__________________ ____
See footnotes at end of table.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
2.6
2.4
3.0
3.1
2.5
2.9
8.2
2.1
2 .8
2.2
1.8
2.0
1.4
1. 7
1.5
1.9
2.1
1.9
2.2
1.8
1.8
2.6
2.1
1.6
1.9
1.0
2.1
2.4
3.1
2.6
2.7
2.6
1.9
2.1
2.1
2.4
2.6
1.8
1.8
1.6
1.8
1.4
1.5
1.2
1.6
1.3
1.9
.9
1.6
1.2
1.7
1.9
2.6
1.9
1.8
2.5
2.4
3.0
3.8
1.8
1.2
2.8
1.8
3.0
1.9
2.4
3.9
4. 1
2.1
1.3
3.0
1.8
3.1
2.2
2.4
4.3
4.4
2.5
1.4
3.2
1.8
2.9
1.9
2.2
4.1
3.6
2.2
1.0
2.4
1.5
1.9
1.5
2.0
5.8
2.9
2.9
1.3
2.7
2.1
2.2
1.8
2.3
4.7
2.2
2.1
.9
2.1
1.4
1.5
1.3
1.5
3.9
1.8
1.8
.6
1.8
1.3
1.5
1.3
1.2
2.4
2.0
1.7
.5
1.5
1.5
1.3
1.3
1.1
1.5
1.4
1.1
.4
1.3
1.1
1.2
1.1
1.1
1.9
1.4
1.0
.5
1.3
1.4
1.4
1.1
1.4
1.2
1.1
.6
.4
1.0
.9
1.0
.9
.9
1.7
1.7
.9
.4
1.3
1.1
1.5
1.3
1.2
2.6
2.5
1.5
.6
2.1
1.3
2.1
2.1
1.8
3.4
2.8
2.0
.8
2.1
1.7
2.0
1.7
1.7
4.2
3.4
2.6
1.7
2.7
2.3
2.6
1.9
2.3
1.5
4.6
5.3
5.9
3.8
3.8
3.5
2.8
2.6
2.3
2.5
1.4
2.3
3.5
3.4
3.5
2.9
4.1
2.2
2.7
3.2
2.1
3.6
5.6
9.7
2.9
3.4
2.3
3.8
6.1
13.4
3.1
4.0
2.0
3.1
4.8
2.2
2.4
3.7
1.9
3.4
5.2
1.3
2.7
3.6
2.9
2.4
3.1
1.3
2.5
3.2
1.7
1.9
2.4
.5
1.9
2.8
1.3
1.9
2.0
.6
1.6
2.9
1.2
1.6
1.5
.8
1.3
2.7
1.0
1.7
1.7
2.1
1.3
2.5
1.0
1.2
1.4
1.4
.9
1.5
.7
1.7
2.0
1.8
1.4
2.4
1.1
2.4
3.6
2.2
1.8
2.9
1.6
2.5
3.5
2.9
2.0
3.2
1.8
2.8
3.6
3.0
2.4
3.6
2.1
2.5
1.5
.8
3.0
1.5
1.0
2.4
1.4
.8
2.3
1.5
1.1
2.9
2.3
2.1
1.8
1.4
1.1
1.7
1.4
.7
1.9
1.5
.5
1.7
1.0
.5
1.9
.9
.5
1.4
.6
.4
1.9
.8
.5
2.6
1.1
.7
2.4
1.4
.8
2.4
1.6
.8
2.3
3.1
3.0
3.2
2.8
3.7
2.2
3.6
2.4
3.6
1.9
2.9
1.4
1.9
1.3
1.9
1.1
2.1
1.0
2.9
.6
2.1
1.2
2.3
1.8
2.5
1.7
2.9
2.4
3.2
1.4
1.0
1.3
.8
1.2
.7
1.1
.7
2.3
.3
1.3
.3
.9
.2
.8
.2
.9
.3
1.3
.8
1.0
.3
1.0
.3
1.5
.5
1.9
.4
1.9
.4
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JANUARY 1962
98
Table B -l. Labor turnover rates, by major industry group 1—Continued
[Per 100employees]
Revised series; see box, p. 94.
Annual
average
1960
1961
Major industry group
Oct.2
Sept.
Aug.
July
June
May
Apr.
Mar.
Feb.
Jan.
Dec.
Nov.
Oct.
I960
1959
Separations: Total >
Manufacturing:
Actual............ ...............- .........................
Durable goods..........................— .............
Ordnance and accessories. ................. .
Lumber and wood products, except
furniture____________ ___________
Furniture and fixtures............................
Stone, clay, and glass products.......... .
Primary metal industries................... .
Fabricated metal products__________
Machinery----------- ------- ---------------Electrical equipment and supplies-----Transportation equipment__________
Instruments and related products------Miscellaneous manufacturing industries___________________________
Nondurable goods_____________ _____
Food and kindred products--------------Tobacco manufactures______________
Textile mill products----------------------Apparel and related products-----------Paper and allied products----- ----------Printing, publishing, and allied industries
Chemicals and allied products...............
Petroleum refining and related industries___________________________
Rubber and miscellaneous plastic products____________________________
Leather and leather p r o d u c ts .--------Nonmanufacturing:
Metal mining_______________________
Coal mining________________________
4.1
S6
5.1
4-1
4.1
38
4.1
4.3
3.6
4.0
3.5
5.8
3.4
S.5
3.9
{.2
3.9
4.6
4.7
4.7
4.8
4.9
4.5
4.5
4.7
4.2
4.3
4.1
3.6
1.8
4.3
3.0
3.9
2.4
4.3
2.1
3.5
2.3
3.3
2.1
3.1
1.9
4.2
2.4
4.2
2.2
5.1
2.3
5.0
1.9
4.5
2.3
4.4
2.3
4.3
2.4
4.0
2.3
5.2
4.6
4.0
3.1
4.1
2.9
3.3
3.6
2.4
6.7
4.9
4.4
3.0
5.0
3.8
4.0
4.4
3.8
6.2
4.6
3.7
2.7
4.5
3.5
3. 1
4.2
2.6
5.9
4.3
2.2
2.2
4.5
3.4
3.0
8.2
2.4
4.3
3.3
3.0
2.3
4.3
3.4
3.1
4.3
2.4
4.0
4.3
2.8
2.2
3.5
3.2
2.8
4.0
2.0
3.7
3.5
3.2
2.2
3. 1
2.9
2.8
3.9
2.3
48
4.3
3.2
3.2
4.4
3.2
3.5
5.7
2.3
6.1
4.0
4.0
3.5
5.2
2.8
3.2
6.6
2.2
6.1
5.1
5.3
4.4
6.7
3.4
3.9
7.3
2.9
6.8
4.8
5.5
4.9
6.4
3.1
3.4
5.9
2.4
7.8
4.9
4.8
4. 5
4.9
3.1
3.8
4.8
2.7
6.8
5.0
4.4
4.9
5.0
3.7
3.3
4.7
2.3
6.1
4. 6
4.1
4.0
4.8
3. 4
3.5
5. 2
2.7
5. 4
4. 4
3.8
2. 5
4.7
3.1
3.2
5. 5
2.4
5.3
5.8
5.9
5.1
4.3
4.7
4.3
5.0
4.3
5.6
10.4
7.5
6.0
5. 9
5.3
3.7
4.8
2.1
3.1
5.5
2.3
3.7
4.3
2.9
3.1
6.6
2.2
3.8
4.6
6.3
3.1
6.5
2.2
3.6
4.4
5.3
3.3
5.2
2.4
3.5
4.3
7.0
3.1
5.1
2.4
4.2
5.5
3.4
3.9
6.1
2.9
4.7
6.6
6.2
3.8
6.8
2.9
4.5
6.9
13.4
3.7
5.7
2.9
5.0
7.8
10.3
4.0
6. 4
3.1
4.4
6.0
5. 9
3.7
6.1
2.9
4.2
6.1
5.1
3.5
5. 6
2.7
2.8
2.2
2.6
2.4
2.5
1.8
2.5
1.6
2.6
1.6
2.8
2.0
3.0
2.0
2.4
2.0
2.9
1.9
2.8
2.1
2.8
2.0
4.7
7.6
11.1
3.7
5.2
2.8
6.0
9.7
7.2
4.5
6.5
4.3
4. 5
6.8
3.2
3.9
5.2
2.9
3.9
5.0
2.1
3.4
6.1
2.5
2.9
2.0
4.1
3.1
3.1
2.2
2.5
1.7
1.5
2.8
2.2
1.7
1.4
1.0
1.0
1.1
1.1
1.6
1.6
1.5
2.1
1.6
1.4
3.6
5.0
4.1
6.1
3.4
5.8
3.1
5.6
3.1
4.2
2.8
4.3
2.7
5.1
4.0
5.1
4.3
4.5
4.5
4.9
4.4
5.3
4.3
4.3
4.1
5.1
3.9
5.0
3.4
4.7
2.7
2.6
4.1
1.8
2.9
1.7
2.3
5.8
1.8
1.4
2.4
2.3
2.2
2.0
2.8
3. 4
2.4
3.5
5.1
1.7
6.6
5.0
4.1
2.1
3.6
3.7
3.8
3.6
3.4
3.8
Separations: Quits
Manufacturing:
Actual
___________________
Durable goods______________________
Ordnance and accessories----------------Lumber and wood products, except
furniture________________________
Furniture and fixtures______________
Ptone, clay, and class prndnnts .
Primary metal industries___________
Fabricated metal products__________
Machinery_______________________
Electrical equipment and supplies........
Transportation equipment--------------Instruments and related products____
Miscellaneous manufacturing industries __________________________
Nondurable goods_______ ___________
Food and kindred products_________
Tobacco manufactures______________
Textile mill products..............................
Apparel and related products________
Paper and allied products......................
Printing, publishing, and allied industries
________________________
Chemicals and allied products_______
Petroleum refining arid related industries _____ ____________ ________ _
Rubber and miscellaneous plastic products___________________________
Leather and leather products_____
Nonmanufacturing:
Metal mining______________________
Coal mining__________________
See footnotes at end of table.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
1.4
13
2.3
1.3
1.7
/ 2
1.1
1.2
1.2
1.2
1. 2
1.1
1.0
1.0
0.9
1.1
0.8
1.1
0.9
1.1
0.7
0.9
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.3
1.5
1.1
.8
1. 9
1.8
1.4
1.2
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
.9
.9
.8
.9
.8
.8
.6
.8
.7
.9
.6
.7
.7
.8
1.0
1.0
1.1
1.0
1.3
1.2
1.8
1.9
1.1
.5
1.3
.8
1.4
.9
1.1
3.6
2.5
1.8
1.0
2.1
1.4
2.1
1.4
2.2
2.9
2.3
1. 5
.7
1.5
1.1
1.5
1.0
1.3
2.2
1.6
1.0
.5
1.0
.8
1.0
.7
.9
2.2
1.3
1.0
.5
1.0
.9
1.1
.8
1.0
2.0
1.4
.9
.4
.9
.7
.9
.7
.8
1.7
1.2
.8
.4
.8
.7
.9
.7
.8
1.3
1.1
.7
.4
.7
.7
.8
.7
.8
1.0
.8
.6
.3
.6
.5
.8
.6
.7
1.2
1.0
.7
.3
.6
.6
1.0
.6
.8
1.0
.9
.6
.3
.6
.5
.7
.5
.7
1.3
1.1
.7
.4
.7
.6
.9
.6
.8
1.8
1.7
1.1
.4
1.0
.7
1.1
.9
1.0
2.3
1.7
1.1
.6
1.1
.9
1.2
.9
1.1
2.6
l.i
1.4
.8
1.4
U
1.4
1. 1
1.3
2.2
3.4
2.7
1.6
1.7
1.6
1.4
1.3
1.1
1.2
1.1
1.3
1.9
1.9
1.1
1.6
2.0
.9
1.8
2.2
1. 1
2.7
3.6
2.2
2.6
2.8
2.3
2.1
2.6
1.3
2. 3
2.7
1.4
1.4
1.5
.8
1.6
2.3
.9
1.5
1.5
.7
1.6
2.1
.9
1.3
1.4
.6
1.5
2.0
.8
1.2
1.1
.9
1.3
1.8
.7
1.1
1.0
.8
1.2
1.8
.7
1.0
.9
.6
1.0
1.5
.6
1.1
1.0
.9
1.1
1.7
.7
.9
.9
.7
.9
1.3
.6
1.1
1.2
.7
1.2
1.7
.7
1.6
1.9
1.1
1.5
2.2
1.1
1.6
1.7
1.0
1.6
2.3
1.2
1.7
1.!
1.1
1.7
2.3
1.3
1. 5
.7
2. 5
1. 7
1.7
1.0
1. 4
.6
1.4
.8
1.2
.6
1.1
.6
1.1
.5
1.1
.5
1.3
.5
1.1
.4
1.1
.5
1.5
.7
1.5
.8
1. 1
A
1.1
.4
1. 1
.7
.5
.5
.4
.4
.3
.3
.4
.3
.3
.5
.5
A
1.2
2.3
2.0
3.2
1.6
2.9
1.0
2.2
1.1
2.1
1.0
1.9
.9
1.7
.8
1.7
.7
1.5
.8
1.7
.6
1.4
.8
1.6
1.1
2.2
l.i
2.2
1.3
2.
.9
.5
2.0
.5
1.6
.4
.9
.5
.9
.2
1.0
.3
.8
.2
.7
.3
.6
.2
.9
.1
.9
.2
.7
.2
.8
.3
1.6
.3
1.1
.3
B.—LABOR TURNOVER
99
Table B -l. Labor turnover rates, by major industry group 1—Continued
[Per
100
Revised series; see box, p. 94.
employees]
Major industry group
Oct.3 Sept.
Aug.
July
June
Annual
average
1960
1961
May
Apr.
Mar.
Feb.
Jan.
Dec.
Nov.
Oct.
I960
1959
2.4
2.0
Separations: Layoffs
Manufacturing:
Actual __________________________
Se.asim .nlli/ a d j u s t e d
Durable goods______________________
Ordnance and accessories___________
Lumber and wood products, except
furniture............................................
Furniture and fixtures-.........................
Stone, clay, and glass products_______
Primary metal industries___________
Fabricated metal products__________
Machinery________ _______________
Electrical equipment and supplies____
Transportation equipment..... ...............
Instruments and related products.........
Miscellaneous manufacturing industries........................................ ...........
Nondurable goods......................................
Food and kindred products_________
Tobacco m anufactures..........................
Textile mill products____ ___________
Apparel and related products...... .........
Paper and allied products___________
Printing, publishing, and allied industries._____ ____________________
Chemicals and allied products..............
Petroleum refining arid related industries___________ ___________ __
Rubber and miscellaneous plastic
products................................ ...........
Leather and leather products.................
Nonmanufacturing:
Metal mining..............................................
Coal mining________________________
2.0
2.0
1.7
2.3
1.7
1.8
1.9
2.3
2.6
3.2
3.6
3.1
2.8
1 .7
2 .2
1 .9
2 .5
2 .2
2 .0
1 .9
2 .3
2 .9
2 .9
2 .9
2 .6
2 .S
1 .7
.5
1.6
.5
1.7
.7
2.7
.7
1 .8
1 .7
.9
.8
1.7
.5
2.6
1.0
3.1
.8
3.7
.9
3.9
.7
3.2
1.0
2.8
.9
2.6
.9
2.0
.7
2.6
1.8
2.2
1.8
2.1
1.4
1.0
2.0
.6
2.1
1.7
1.8
1.2
2.2
1.6
1.0
2.2
.7
2.4
1.6
1.5
1.4
2.2
1.9
.8
2.4
.6
3.0
2.2
1.5
1.1
2.7
2.0
1.3
6.8
1.1
1.4
1.5
1.3
1.2
2.7
1.7
1.3
2.8
1.0
1.3
2.3
1.3
1.2
2.0
1.9
1.3
2.6
.6
1.4
1.7
1.8
1.2
1.7
1.5
1.3
2.6
1.0
2.8
2.6
1.9
2.3
3.2
1.8
2.0
4.5
1.0
4.5
2.5
3.0
2.6
4.1
1.8
1.9
5.6
1.0
4.3
3.4
4.1
3.5
5.5
2.1
2.2
6.1
1.4
5.4
3.3
4.5
4.2
5.4
2.1
2.1
4.9
1.3
6.0
3.2
3.5
3.7
3.6
2.0
2.2
3.7
1.4
4.3
2.6
2.7
3.9
3.4
2.4
1.5
3.1
.9
3.1
2.1
2.4
3.0
3.1
1.9
1.6
3.6
1.0
2.1
1.8
1.8
1.1
2.6
1.4
1.2
3.7
.6
2.2
1.4
2.2
2.7
1.9
2.4
2.2
3.0
2.6
3.7
8.7
5.6
3.3
3.2
2.7
2.4
4.9
9.6
1.2
2.4
.9
2.6
5.3
4.6
1.2
2.9
1.2
1.8
3.6
1.4
1.9
2.9
1.0
1.6
2.7
1.1
1.9
2.4
2.1
1.0
2.8
.8
4.0
.8
2.1
2.9
5.1
1.3
4.1
1.0
2.0
2.8
4.2
1.6
2.8
1.1
2.1
2.8
5.9
1.7
3.0
1.3
2.6
3.8
2.0
2.3
3.9
1.7
3.3
5.2
5.2
2.5
5.1
1.8
2.9
5.2
12.1
2.0
3.5
1.7
2.9
5.2
8.3
2.0
3.6
1.5
2.2
3.6
4.5
1.5
3.2
1.2
2.0
3.6
3.6
1.3
2.7
.9
.9
.7
.9
.8
.9
.7
.7
.7
.8
.9
1.0
1.4
.9
.9
1.0
.7
1.0
.8
1.1
1.0
1.5
1.2
.9
1.1
.9
.9
.9
.9
.9
.8
1.0
1.7
.8
1.2
3.1
1.0
.6
1.0
.6
.6
.4
.2
.3
.4
.4
.6
.8
.8
1.0
.6
•5
1.7
1.9
1.3
2.1
1.0
2.1
1.5
2.7
1.2
1.4
1.2
1.8
1.2
2.8
2.5
2.8
3.0
2.2
3.1
2.5
3.3
3.2
3.0
2.1
2.4
2.2
2.2
2.1
1.5
1.8
1.1
1.6
1.2
.7
.7
.9
.8
4.8
.2
.9
.8
1.7
.8
1.9
1.3
2.7
1.1
2.8
3.4
1.1
4.7
4.4
2.6
1.5
2.1
3.1
1.5
2.9
1.1
3.1
1 Beginning with the December 1961 issue, figures differ from those pre
viously published. The industry structure has been converted to the 1957
Standard Industrial Classification, and the printing and publishing industry
and some seasonal manufacturing industries previously excluded are now
included.
Data include Alaska and Hawaii beginning in January 1959; this inclusion
has not significantly affected the labor turnover rates.
Month-(o-month changes in total employment in manufacturing and non
manufacturing industries as indicated by labor turnover rates are not com
parable with the changes shown by the Bureau’s employment series for the
following reasons: (1) the labor turnover series measures changes during the
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
1.0
calendar month, while the employment series measures changes from mid
month to midmonth; and (2) the turnover series excludes personnel changes
caused by strikes, but the employment series reflects the influence of such
stoppages.
2 Preliminary.
3 Beginning with January 1959, transfers between establishments of the
same firm are included in total accessions and total separations; therefore,
rates for these items are not strictly comparable with prior data. Transfers
comprise part of “other accessions” and “other separations,” the rates for
which are not shown separately.
100
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JANUARY 1962
C.—Earnings and Hours
Table C -l. Gross hours and earnings of production workers,1 by industry
Revised series; see box, p. 94.
Annual
average
1960
1961
Industry
Oct .2
Sept.
Aug.
July
June
May
Apr.
Mar.
Feb.
Jan.
Dec.
Nov.
Oct.
I960
1959
Average weekly earnings
Mining______
____________________
Metal mining_________________ ____
Iron ores_________________ _____
Copper ores.......................................
Coal mining______________________
Bituminous.......................................
$111.87 $109. 06 $108.09 $110. 24 $108.09 $104.92 $103.49 $101.14 $104.15 $106. 27 $103.75 $102.82 $105.44 $105. 44 $103. 68
118.86 114.68 113.02 114.40 114. 24 109.62 111.25 109.35 110. 29 110.97 112.19 108.95 110.70 111. 19 102. 77
122. 71 120. 77 120.09 119. 20 117. 91 109. 66 110. 26 106.03 107. 74 110.19 109.15 106.14 109.82 114. 73 107. 34
128.65 118. 83 116.47 117.00 117.72 113. 05 117.82 116.68 117. 75 117. 21 120. 06 118. 26 119. 07 116.77 105. 90
118.11 114.19 113.83 119.32 115.18 106.91 101.35
119.18 115. 92 115. 55 120.46 117. 29 108. 26 102. 65
96.71 107. 22 110.09 107. 53 103.18 108. 54 110. 76 109.03
97.34 108. 26 110.84 108. 58 103.87 109. 59 112.77 111. 70
Crude petroleum and natural gas_____ 107.95 106. 08 104. 67 106.93 103. 75 104.00 105.75 104. 75 104. 42 106. 68 103.09 103.99 103. 66 103. 32 103. 52
Crude petroleum and natural gas
fields_____________ _________ 115.08 114. 52 110. 95 116. 33 112.19 111.35 114.11 110.95 111. 63 116. 20 108. 54 109.21 109. 35 108. 54 108.12
Oil and gas field services...... ........... 101.18 97.90 98.93 98.21 96. 48 97.81 97.78 98. 97 97. 61 97.33 97.75 98.97 98.27 98. 31 99.68
Quarrying and nonmetallic mining....... 106. 48 105.08 104. 42 103. 50 102. 60 100.34
96.10
92.99
92. 55
93. 21
92.25
95. 87 101.03
96. 58
94 57
119.13
110.23
121. 72
117. 88
127. 30
124. 02
116. 29
108.78
116. 40
109. 85
123. 91
121. 32
112. 77
105. 40
109. 92
100.66
119. 42
118.96
112.41
103. 70
mo. 48
100.10
119. 87
118. 61
114.08
106. 50
112.11
101.14
121. 27
119. 65
115.39
107. 46
113.87
104. 37
122. 09
121.00
108.07
99.33
107.51
98.10
115. 82
114. 58
110. 98
102. 76
DO. 19
104. 37
117. 87
117. 22
119.18
108.11
124.12
122.04
126.07
123.88
112.67
103.72
114. 77
110. 00
119. 60
118.11
108.41
100. 32
108. 94
105.06
113. 65
113. 62
Manufacturing------ ------------ ------ ---------- 94. 54 92.73 92.86 93.20 93.03
Durable goods_________________ 102. 66 100. 00 100. 44 100.35 101.09
84. 56 83. 74 83. 58 84.16 83. 56
Nondurable goods_____________
92.10
99. 70
82. 29
90.78
98.31
81.27
89. 54
97.17
80.88
89. 31
96.29
80. 47
89.08
96. 29
80. 47
88. 62
96.19
79.84
89. 21
96. 23
80. 52
90.12
97. 69
80. 55
89. 72
97.44
80.36
88.26
96.05
78. 61
Contract construction__________________
General building contractors.................
Heavy construction________________
Highway and street construction...
Other heavy construction----------Special trade contractors.............. ..........
122. 94
112. 98
127.08
123.84
131. 25
127.60
120. 43
109. 85
121.80
118.20
127. 75
126.25
122. 05
111.74
127.15
124. 24
131.57
126. 45
119. 76
110. 23
122. 60
120.13
126.77
125.06
Average weekly hours
41.9
42.3
40.1
45.3
41.0
41.7
40.8
42.9
41.1
41.4
40.3
42.2
41.6
41.6
39.6
42.7
41.1
42.0
39.7
43.6
40.2
40.6
37.3
42.5
39.5
40.9
37.0
43.8
38.9
40.5
35.7
43.7
39.6
41.0
36.4
44.1
40.1
41.1
37.1
43.9
39.6
41.4
37.0
44.8
39.7
40.5
36.6
43.8
40.4
42.0
40. 2
44.8
40.4
41.8
39.7
44.4
40.5
40.3
37.4
42.7
Coal mining........ ...................................Bituminous.......................................
38.1
38.2
36.6
36.8
36.6
36.8
38.0
38.0
36.8
37.0
34.6
34.7
32.8
32.9
31.5
31.4
34.7
34.7
35.4
35.3
34.8
34.8
33.5
33.4
33.9
34.1
35.5
35.8
35.4
35.8
Crude petroleum and natural gas.........
Crude petroleum and natural gas
fields------ ---------------------------Oil and gas field services_________
42.5
41.6
41.7
42.1
41.5
41.6
41.8
41.9
41.6
42.0
41.4
42.1
42.1
42.0
42.6
41.1
43.8
40.9
42.2
40.2
43. 2
41.4
42.7
40.5
42.5
40.2
42.9
40.9
42.7
40.2
43.6
40.3
43.0
41.5
42.5
40.2
42.5
40.6
43.6
40.8
43.4
40. 5
43.5
40.8
44.3
Mining------------------------------------ -------Metal mining___________________ —
Iron ores______________________
Copper ores_______________ ____
Quarrying and nonmetallic mining.......
45.7
45.1
45.4
45.0
45.2
44.4
42.9
41.7
41.5
41.8
41.0
42.8
44.8
43.7
44.4
Contract construction............... ................ .
General building contractors................ .
Heavy construction________________
Highway and street construction...
Other heavy construction________
Special trade contractors____________
38.3
36.8
42. 5
43.0
41.8
37.2
37.4
35.9
40.6
40.9
40.3
36.7
38.5
37.0
43. 1
43.9
41.9
37.3
37.9
36.5
41.7
42.6
40.5
37.0
37.7
36.5
41.4
41.8
40.8
36.8
36.8
35.9
40.0
39.8
40.1
36.0
35.8
34.9
38.3
37.7
38.9
35.3
35.8
34.8
38.9
38.5
39.3
35.3
36.1
35.5
39.2
38.9
39.5
35.4
36.4
35.7
39.4
38.8
39.9
35.8
34.2
33 0
37.2
36.2
38.1
33.9
35.8
34.6
38.8
38.8
38.9
35.2
37.7
35.9
42.4
43.7
40.5
36.7
36.7
35.4
40.7
41.2
40.0
35.9
37.«
35.7
40.8
41.2
40.3
36.3
Manufacturing..................................... ........
Durable goods... . _________
Nondurable goods..................... ......
40.4
40.9
39.7
39.8
40.0
39.5
40.2
40.5
39.8
40.0
40.3
39.7
40.1
40.6
39.6
39.7
40.2
39.0
39.3
39.8
38.7
39.1
39.5
38.7
39.0
39.3
38.5
38.9
39.3
38.5
38.7
39.1
38.2
39.3
39.6
38.9
39.6
40.0
39.2
39.7
40.1
39.2
40.3
40.7
39.7
$2. 61
2.66
2.89,
2.63
$2. 56
2. 55
2. 87
2. 48
3.12
3.15
3.08
3.12
Average hourly earnings
Mining....................................................... .
Metal mining_____________________
Iron ores___ __________________
Copper ores___________________
$2.67
2. 81
3.06
2.84
$2.66
2.75
2. 96
2. 77
$2.63
2.73
2. 98
2.76
$2. 65 $2.63
2.75
2. 72
2. 97
3.01
2. 74 2. 70
Coal mining.......................... .................
Bituminous..... ................ ................
3.10
3.12
3.12
3.15
3.11
3.14
3.14
3.17
Crude petroleum and natural gas____
Crude petroleum and natural gas
fields____________ __________
Oil and gas field services_________
2.54
2. 55
2. 51
2.80
2.31
2 80
2.32
2.76
2. 29
$2. 61
2.70
2.94
2.66
$2. 62
2.72
2.98
2. 69
$2. 60
2.70
2.97
2. 67
$2. 63
2.69
2. 96
2. 67
$2. 65
2.70
2. 97
2.67
$2. 62
2.71
2. 95
2.68
3.13
3.17
3.09
3.12
3.09
3.12
3.07
3.10
3.09
3.12
3.11
3.14
3.09
3.12
2. 54
2.50
2. 50
2.53
2. 50
2. 51
2.54
2.81
2. 30
2. 77
2. 27
2. 77
2. 28
2. 79
2.29
2. 76
2.27
2. 77
2.27
2.80
2. 29
$2,. 59 $2.61
2. 69 2. 70
2. 89
2.90
2. 70 2.70
3.08
3.11
3.11
3.14
2. 49
2. 47
2.48
2. 46
2.43
2.70
2. 30
2. 69
2.27
2. 70
2. 28
2. 68
2.26
2.65
2.25
Quarrying and nonmetallic mining___
2.33
2.33
2. 30
2. 30
2. 27
2. 26
2. 24
2. 23
2.23
2.23
2. 25
2. 24
2. 25
2. 21
2.13
Contract construction__________________
General building contractors___ ____ _
Heavy construction________________
Highway and street construction...
Other heavy construction________
Special trade contractors____________
3.21
3. 07
2. 99
2.88
3.14
3.43
3.22
3. 06
3.00
2.89
3.17
3.44
3.17
3.02
2.95
2. 83
3.14
3. 39
3.16
3.02
2.94
2.82
3.13
3.38
3.16
3.02
2. 94
2.82
3.12
3.37
3.16
3.03
2.91
2. 76
3. 09
3.37
3.15
3.02
2. 87
2.67
3.07
3.37
3.14
2. 98
2.84
2.60
3.05
3.36
3.16
3.00
2.86
2.60
3.07
3.38
3.17
3.01
2.89
2. 69
3.06
3.38
3.16
3.01
2.89
2.71
3.04
3.38
3.10
2.97
2.84
2. 69
3.03
3.33
3.12
2. 97
2.90
2.78
3.06
3. 33
3.07
2. 93
2. 82
2. 67
2.99
3.29
2.93
2.81
2.67
2 55
2. 82
3.13
Manufacturing...............................................
Durable goo ds............ ...................
Nondurable goods______________
2.34
2. 51
2.13
2.33
2.50
2.12
2.31
2.48
2.10
2.33
2.49
2.12
2.32
2.49
2.11
2.32
2. 48
2.11
2.31
2. 47
2.10
2.29
2.46
2.09
2.29
2. 45
2.09
2.29
2.45
2.09
2.29
2. 46
2.09
2.27
2.43
2.07
2.27
2. 43
2.06
2. 26
2. 43
2.05
2.19
2. 36
1.98
See footnotes at end of table.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
C.—EARNINGS AND HOURS
T able
101
C -l. Gross hours and earnings of production workers,1 by industry—Continued
.
Revised series; see box, p. 94.
1961
Annual
average
1960
Industry
Oct.^
Sept.
Aug.
July
June
May
Apr.
Mar.
Feb.
Jan.
Dec.
Nov.
Oct.
I960
1959
Average weekly earnings
Manufacturing—Continued
Durable goods—Continued
Ordnance and accessories _______ .
Ammunition, except for small
arms____ _____ _______ _____
Sighting and fire control equipm ent. ____________________
Other ordnance and accessories___
Lumber and wood products, except
furniture ______________________
Sawmills and planing mills ____
Millwork, plywood, and related
products _ _ ________
Wooden containers.. __________
Miscellaneous wood products____
$115.92 $114.11 $112.87 $111.76 $112.19 $112.19 $112.06 $112. 61 $111.50 $111.79 $109. 47 $110.30 $109.62 $108.67 $106.30
116.16 115. 75 115. 75 115.34 114.39 114. 67 114.26 114. 40 114. 26 115.65 114.54 111.52 110.84 110.29 108.05
121. 76 116. 87 116.11 116.00 117.97 117.09 117.09 115.53 111.55 112. 35 105.75 114.24 117.29 113.16 111.07
111.87 110. 27 107.18 104.94 105.46 105.20 105.59 107.98 107.98 106.37 106.66 105.59 102. 43 103.17 100.69
81.0C 81.00
72. 36 73.20
79.19
71.38
78.21
70.71
79. 79
71.20
77. 42
09.70
74.88
67.55
71.23
65.45
69.89
64.39
70.84
64.56
69.94
63.75
71.05
65.40
75.65
67. 77
73.71
67.20
74.24
67.26
85. 68
66.57
71.86
86.94
63.83
69.95
84.84
64.80
69.60
86.11
64.08
71.05
85. 27
62.87
70.12
84.24
61.86
70.12
81.59
59. 91
68.06
79.76
59.75
67.55
79.56
59. 68
67.32
80.38
58.81
66.91
79.18
60.68
68.97
81.61
62.65
70.41
81.19
62.17
69.32
82.81
61.35
68.21
Furniture and fixtures._____________ 79.71 79. 52 78.12
Household furniture____________
75.35 74.80 72.67
Office furniture________________
91.88 93. 34 91.65
Partitions; office and store fixtures . 106. 07 105.08 106.42
Other furniture and fixtures______ 81.20 80. 98 82.35
75.62
70.49
92.48
99.54
79.00
76.02
71.28
89. 28
99.63
80.19
73.53
68.17
87. 78
98.49
79.20
73.14
68.35
86.94
93. 75
78.01
73.14
68.35
87.20
94.43
80.20
72.77
67.44
87. 42
95.26
79.00
72.20
66.73
87.85
93. 65
78.80
75.43
71.06
89.47
92.79
79.40
74.26
69.74
88.40
95.74
79.19
76.17
71.33
91.24
97.27
81.19
75.20
70.45
90.42
96.72
78.78
74. 48
70.82
86.27
93.09
77.33
86.09
65.67
70. 93
Average weekly hours
Ordnance and accessories. _________
Ammunition, except for small
arms___________________ ___
Sighting and fire control equipm en t.. ____________________
Other ordnance and accessories___
41.4
40.9
40.6
40.2
40.5
40.5
40.6
40.8
40.4
40.8
40.1
40.7
40.6
40.7
41.2
40.9
40.9
40.9
40.9
41.0
41.1
41.1
41.3
41.1
41.6
41.5
41.0
40.9
41.0
41.4
41.7
41.9
40.3
41.3
39.9
40.6
40.0
39.6
40.4
40.1
40.1
40.0
40.1
40.3
39.7
40.9
38.6
40.9
39.7
40.6
37.5
40.4
40.8
40.3
41.3
39.7
41.0
40.3
41.6
40.6
Lumber and wood products, except
furniture______ _______________
40.5
Sawmills and planing mills ____
40.2
Millwork, plywood, and related *
_______ 40.8
products. ________
Wooden containers ___ ______ 40.1
Miscellaneous wood products____
40.6
40.1
40.0
40.2
40.1
39.5
39.5
40.5
40.0
39.7
39.6
38.8
38.6
38.5
38.5
38.4
38.1
38.5
38.2
37.6
37.5
38.2
38.7
39.4
39.4
39.0
39.3
39.7
39.8
40.8
39.8
40.3
41.4
40.4
40.2
40.4
40.5
40.0
41.2
40.3
40.6
40.8
40.3
40.3
40.5
39.4
40.3
39.8
38.9
39.8
39.1
38.8
39.5
39.0
38.5
39.6
39.4
37.7
38.9
39.2
38.9
40.1
40.2
39.4
40.7
39.8
39.6
40.3
41.2
40.1
40.6
Furniture and fixtures______________
Household furniture____________
Office furniture.. _____ ________
Partitions; office and store fixtures..
Other furniture and fixtures______
41.2
41.1
41.3
42.2
40.9
40.9
40.6
41.1
42.4
41.8
39.8
39.6
41.1
40.3
40.1
39.8
39.6
40.4
40.5
40.5
38.7
38.3
39.9
40.2
40.0
38.7
38.4
39.7
38.9
39.8
38.7
38.4
40.0
38.7
40.1
38.5
38.1
40.1
39.2
39.7
38.2
37.7
40.3
38.7
39.4
39.7
39.7
40.3
38.5
40.1
39.5
39.4
40.0
39.4
40.2
40.3
40.3
41.1
39.7
40.8
40.0
39.8
41.1
40.3
40.4
40.7
40.7
40.5
40.3
40.7
$2.58
41.3
41.4
40.3
42.6
40.6
Average hourly earnings
$2. 79
$2. 78
$2.78
$2. 77
$2. 77
$2.76
$2. 76
$2. 76
$2. 74
$2.73
$2. 71
$2.70
$2.67
2.83
2.83
2. 82
2.79
2.79
2. 78
2. 77
2.78
2. 78
2. 76
2. 72
2.71
2.69
2.61
2.90
2.67
2. 91
2.64
2. 90
2. 65
2. 92
2.63
2.92
2.63
2.92
2. 62
2.91
2. 64
2.89
2.64
2.83
2.62
2.82
2.64
2.80
2.62
2.84
2.58
2. 76
2.56
2.67
2.48
2. 00
1.80
2. 02
1.83
1.97
1.78
1.98
1.79
1.97
1.78
1.95
1.76
1.93
1.75
1.85
1.70
1.82
1.69
1.84
1.69
1.86
1.70
1.86
1.69
1.92
1.72
1.89
1.71
1.87
1.69
2.10
1.66
1.77
2.11
1. 65
1.76
2.10
1.58
1.74
2.10
1. GO
1.74
2.09
1.59
1.75
2.09
1.56
1.74
2. 08
1.57
1.74
2.05
1.54
1.71
2.04
1.54
1.71
2.04
1.55
1.70
2.04
1.56
1.72
2.02
1.56
1.72
2.03
1.59
1. 73
2.04
1.57
1.72
2.01
1.53
1.68
1.93
1.82
2.28
2. 49
2.00
1. 93
1.82
2. 26
2. 49
1.98
1.91
1.79
2.23
2.51
1.97
1.90
1.78
2.25
2.47
1.97
1.91
1.80
2.21
2.46
1.98
1.90
1.78
2. 20
2. 45
1.98
1.89
1.78
2.19
2.41
1.96
1.89
1.78
2.18
2.44
2.00
1.89
1.77
2.18
2.43
1.99
1.89
1.77
2.18
2.42
2.00
1. 90
1.79
2.22
2.41
1.98
1.88
1.77
2.21
2.43
1.97
1.89
1.77
2. 22
2.45
1.99
1.88
1.77
2.20
2.40
1.95
1.83
1.74
2.13
2.31
1.90
Ordnance and accessories. _________ $2. 80
Ammunition, except for small
arms____ ______ ____________
2. 84
Sighting and fire control equipm ent.
________
. . . ____
2. 92
Other ordnance and accessories___ 2. 67
Lumber and wood products, except
furniture_______ ________________
Sawmills and planing mills______
Millwork, plywood, and related
products_____ _______________
Wooden containers. __________
Miscellaneous wood p ro d u c ts___
Furniture and fixtures_____________
Household furniture____________
Office furniture. _ . . ___________
Partitions; office and store fixtures..
Other furniture and fixtures______
See footnotes at end of table.
622604— 62"
-S
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JANUARY 1962
102
T a ble C -l. Gross hours and earnings of production workers,1 by industry—Continued
Revised series; see box, p. 94.
1961
Annual
average
1960
Industry
Oct.2
Sept.
Aug.
July
June
May
Apr.
Mar.
Feb.
Jan.
Dee.
Nov.
Oct.
I960
1959
Average weekly earnings
Manufacturing—Continued
Durable goods—Continued
Stone, clay, and glass products—...........
Flat glass______________ ____ _
Glass and glassware, pressed or
blown..___ _____________ ____
Cement, hydraulic...........................
Structural clay products. —...........Pottery and related products_____
Concrete, gypsum, and plaster
products___ ______ _________
Other stone and mineral products..
$98.12 $97.47 $98.18 $97.06 $97.29 $94.83 $93.03 $91.54 $90.62 $91.08 $90.39 $93.38 $94. 94 $92.97
126. 08 128.30 127.84 125.42 126.56 124.19 118.18 122.07 122.07 124.03 130. 29 135.47 134.08 127.35
$91.46
132.29
96.72 94. 09 96.56 95.68 96.32 94.72 95.20 94.64 94.24 92.90 91.49 93.37 92.97 91.94
109.88 111.92 108. 79 109.06 107.16 105.56 103.46 102.94 100. 74 101.65 103.06 105.67 105.01 102. 87
86. 93 86. 51 86.11 85.28 86.32 85.07 83.42 81.18 79.56 80.36 79. 95 82.00 82. 62 82.21
84.15 83.38 81.49 81.38 83.00 83.44 81.59 81.43 80.25 78.97 79.45 82.64 82.86 81.37
88.36
98.98
81.19
78.90
102.96 101. 36 103.69 101.85 101.62
97. 99 99.19 97.64 97.00 97.00
93.04
93.79
92.45
93.15
Primary metal industries___________
Blast furnace and basic steel
products--------- --------------------Iron and steel foundries...................
Nonferrous smelting and refining...
Nonferrous rolling, drawing, and
extruding________ __________
Nonferrous foundries____________
Miscellaneous primary metal industries-------------- ------------------
119.29 118.19 116.11 117.68 116.58 114.16 111.25 108.49 107.26 106.69 104.90 103.60 105.36 109.59
112.19
127. 51 127.43 123. 80 126.80 125.06 121.76 118.80 114.27 112.98 112.06 108.58 105. 73 108.17 116.13
102. 94 99. 20 99.96 100. 33 100.19 98. 67 95.63 94.00 93.25 92.25 93.62 94.00 95.00 96.61
112.20 110.12 110.43 110.70 110.29 108.00 107.33 106.66 107.86 108.79 108.00 108.65 108.53 108.09
122. 71
97.04
104.81
115.75 113.42 114.90 112.67 112.94 110.92 108.77 107.30 105.59 105.59 104.15 105.97 106.63 105.01
103. 50 100.10 100.10 99.60 100.35 98.95 98. 95 98.06 98.31 97.46 97.22 97.57 98.06 97.51
105.59
96.87
120.25 121. 06 115.82 116.18 117. 74 115.60 113.47 111. 25 112.11 113.37 111.93 110.48 110.65 112.92
111.50
96.90
95.24
93.56
93.90
90. 76
92.57
87.96
91.71
89.69
92.63
87.30
91.18
93.21
92.80
97.86
94.42
Average weekly hours
Stone, clay, and glass products..............
Flat glass---- ------- -------------------Glass and glassware, pressed or
blown.......................................... .
Cement, hydraulic..... .....................
Structural clay products......... ........
Pottery and related products------Concrete, gypsum, and plaster
products____________________
Other stone and mineral products...
Primary metal industries___________
Blast furnace and basic steel
products.___ ________________
Iron and steel foundries_________
Nonferrous smelting and refining...
Nonferrous rolling, drawing, and
extruding.......................................
Nonferrous foundries.......................
Miscellaneous primary metal industries....... .................................
41.4
39.9
41.3
40.6
41.6
40.2
41.3
40.2
41.4
39.8
40.7
39.3
40.1
38.0
39.8
39.0
39.4
39.0
39.6
39.5
39.3
41.1
40.6
42.6
41.1
41.9
40.6
40.3
41.2
41.6
40.3
41.0
41.2
38.6
39.7
41.3
41.0
38.6
40.4
40.9
41.4
37.9
40.2
41.0
41.0
37.5
40.3
40.9
41.3
37.9
39.8
40.6
40.9
38.1
40.0
40.1
40.3
37.6
40.1
39.9
39.6
37.7
40.1
39.2
39.0
37.5
39.7
39.4
39.2
36.9
39.1
40.1
39.0
37.3
39.9
40.8
40.0
38.8
39.9
40.7
40.3
38.9
39.8
40.5
40.3
38.2
39.8
40.9
40.8
38.3
44.0
41.0
43.5
41.5
44.5
41.2
43.9
41.1
43.8
41.1
42.5
40.7
41.4
40.3
40.7
39.9
39.8
39.7
40.4
40.1
39.5
39.3
41.8
40.0
43.3
40.7
42.1
40.6
43.2
41.4
40.3
40.2
39.9
40.3
40.2
39.5
38.9
38.2
37.9
37.7
37.2
37.4
37.9
39.0
40.5
39.6
39.9
41.1
40.2
38.9
39.9
39.3
39.2
40.6
40.0
39.5
41.0
39.7
39.6
41.0
38.9
39.0
40.6
38.2
38.1
40.5
37.1
37.6
40.4
36.8
37.3
40.7
36.5
36.9
40.9
35.6
37.3
40.6
35.6
37.6
41.0
36.3
38.0
40.8
38.2
38.8
41.1
40.1
40.1
41.1
42.4
41.4
41.7
40.2
42.4
40.2
42.2
40.0
42.3
40.3
41.7
39.9
41.2
39.9
40.8
39.7
40.3
39.8
40.3
39.3
39.6
39.2
40.6
39.5
40.7
39.7
40.7
39.8
41.9
40.7
40.9
40.9
39.8
40.2
40.6
40.0
39.4
38.9
39.2
39.5
39.0
38. 9
39.1
39.9
40.4
Average hourly earnings
Stone, clay, and glass products_______ $2.37
Flat glass_____ _____ __________ 3.16
Glass and glassware, pressed or
blown________ ______________ 2.40
Cement, hydraulic............ ............... 2. 68
2.11
Structural clay p ro d u cts............ .
Pottery and related products...... .
2.18
Concrete, gypsum, and plaster
products____________________
2. 34
Other stone and mineral products... 2. 39
Primary metal industries.................... .
Blast furnace and basic steel
products............. ......................
Iron and steel foundries_________
Nonferrous smelting and refining...
Nonferrous rolling, drawing, and
extruding.......................................
Nonferrous foundries___________
Miscellaneous primary metal industries............... ........................ .
See footnotes at end of table.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
$2. 36
3.16
$2.36
3.18
$2.35
3.12
$2.35
3.18
$2.33
3.16
$2. 32
3.11
$2.30
3.13
$2.30
3.13
$2.30
3.14
$2.30
3.17
$2.30
3.18
$2.31
3.20
$2.29
3.16
$2.22
3.18
2.37
2.71
2.11
2.16
2.39
2.66
2.08
2.15
2.38
2.66
2.08
2.17
2. 39
2. 62
2.09
2.19
2.38
2.60
2.08
2.19
2.38
2.58
2.07
2.17
2.36
2.58
2.05
2.16
2.35
2.57
2.04
2.14
2.34
2.58
2.05
2.14
2.34
2.57
2.05
2.13
2.34
2.59
2.05
2.13
2.33
2.58
2.05
2.13
2.31
2.54
2.04
2.13
2.22
2.42
1.99
2.06
2.33
2.39
2.33
2.37
2.32
2.36
2. 32
2.36
2.28
2.34
2. 26
2.33
2. 23
2.32
2.21
2.31
2.22
2.31
2.21
2.32
2. 23
2.32
2. 26
2.32
2.21
2.31
2.14
2.25
2. 96
2. 94
2.91
2.92
2.90
2.89
2.86
2.84
2.83
2.83
2.82
2.77
2.78
2.81
2.77
3.22
2. 58
2.73
3.17
2. 55
2.76
3.15
2.55
2. 72
3.17
2.54
2.70
3.15
2.53
2.69
3.13
2.53
2.66
3.11
2.51
2.65
3.08
2.50
2.64
3.07
2.50
2.65
3.07
2.50
2.66
3.05
2.51
2.66
2.97
2.50
2.65
2. 98
2.50
2.66
3.04
2.49
2.63
3.06
2.42
2.55
2. 73
2. 50
2.72
2.49
2.71
2.49
2.67
2.49
2.67
2.49
2.66
2.48
2. 64
2.48
2.63
2.47
2.62
2. 47
2.62
2.48
2.63
2.48
2. 61
2.47
2.62
2.47
2.58
2.45
2.52
2.38
2. 94
2.96
2.91
2.89
2.90
2.89
2.88
2.86
2.86
2 87
2.87
2.84
2.83
2.83
2.76
C.—EARNINGS AND HOURS
103
Table C -l. Gross hours and earnings of production workers,1 by industry—Continued
Revised series; see box, p. 94.
1961
Oct.* | Sept.
Manufacturing—Continued
Durable goods—Continued
Fabricated metal products_____ _____
Metal cans____________________
Cutlery, hand tools, and general
hardware____________________
Heating equipment and plumbing
fixtures_____________________
Fabricated structural metal products
Screw machine products, bolts, etc.
Metal stampings __.........................
Coating, engraving, and allied
services...........................................
Miscellaneous fabricated wire products
Miscellaneous fabricated metal
products____________________
Machinery..............................................
Engines and turbines................ ......
Farm machinery and equipment. ..
Construction and related machinery.
Metalworking machinery and
equ ip m en t....................................
Special industry machinery.........
General industrial machinery____
Office, computing and accounting
machines____________________
Service industry machines..............
Miscellaneous machinery................
Fabricated metal products__________
Metal c a n s ___________________
Cutlery, hand tools, and general
hardware_____ ______________
Heating equipment and plumbing
fixtures......................... ................
Fabricated structural metal products.
Screw machine products, bolts, etc.
Metal stampings..............................
Coating, engraving, and allied
serv ices_____________________
Miscellaneous fabricated wire
products____________________
Miscellaneous fabricated metal
products____ ________________
Aug.
July
June
Annual
average
1960
Industry
May
Apr.
Mar.
Feb.
Jan.
Dec.
Nov.
Oct.
I960
1959
Average weekly earnings
$102. 75 $99. 45 $102.34 $101.75 $102.09 $100.85 $99.45 $97.81 $96.92 $96. 78 $96.68 $97.60 $99.47 $98.82 $96.12
122. 47 122.8C 128. If 128. If 126.73 120.96 118.37 115.02 116.0C 116.16 114.2£ 114.62 113.81 114.68 113.21
94. 32
84. Of
98.01
96. 8C 96.0C
94.24
92.9C 94.64
94.64
92.5C 91.34
88.47
91.1C
92.12
94.07
94.13
93.03
89.10
94.64
94.56
93.21
91.87
92.25
91.15
90.4S
92.59
91.26
91.43
95.52
90.82
105. 22 104.3C 104.24 102.47 102.66 101.40 100.4C 99.9C 99. OC 100. OC 99.6C 100. 78 101.68 99.47 95.68
102.09 101.43 99.14 98.17 99.63 97.36 94.17 94.17 93.45 93. 53 92.60 93.69 95.27 95.58 97.06
106.34 97. 5C 105.47 107.42 108.05 107.53 105. 56 102.14 100.47 99.31 101. OC 101.89 106. 71 107. 74 104.33
92. 21
92. 84
91.43
90.72
91.43
89.51
89.28
87.96
85.41
84.80
81.70
84.16
86.24
86.43
84.46
96.05
97.16
95.17
94.12
95.63
94.02
92.06
91.54
92.00
90.68
89. 54
90.63
91.08
90.50
89.21
97.27
96.96
95.82
103. 66 100. 60 101.09
108. 50
114. 62
102. 00
108. 00
107. 83
115. 60
102.40
107.86
106. 75
113.65
100.04
108.24
99.70 101.18
99.94
98.00
97.27
96.78
96.29
94.82
96.38
107.68
113.54
102. 43
107. 30
106. 75
113.03
103.20
106.63
106.49
115.87
105. 56
105.85
105.04
112.18
104.12
103.62
104.90
111. 72
104.90
103.48
104.23
110.21
103. 72
103.08
103.46
111.39
102.80
102.56
103.17
109.31
100.84
102.43
107.16
112.68
100. 62
107.30
104.19 104.55 102.92
107.09 109.69 109.48
100. 75 99.85 99.47
102.94 102. 66 103.25
117.88 115. 93 115.93 117.18 117.60 116.34 116.62 115.09 114.68 113.85 112.34 110.84 111.24 117.27 113.32
103. 66 103. 66 101.19 101.11 101.92 100.28 99.39 98.90 99.22 99.39 98.33 99.53 100.50 99.72 96.37
105. 32 104.14 105. 71 104.92 106.08 104.64 102.80 101.77 101.12 100.35 98.30 100.98 101. 75 101. 71 102.01
112.88 112. 74 111.51 113.28 112.47 110.29 108.81 108.40 108.79 108.12 107.86 107.98 109.03 106 23 101.91
97.85 96. 88 93.69 96.56 95. 34 95.91 95.20 94.72 94.72 92.98 91.96 93. 30 92.80 93.43 93.02
104. 50 106. 09 102.09 103. 75 104. 75 103. 58 102.26 102.01 101.27 101. 76 102.26 101.11 102.34 101.26 99.54
Average weekly hours
40.7
41.0
40.5
40.1
40.0
40.9
41.1
39.6
39.4
39.5
39.3
40.6
41.1
40.1
40.5
42.0
41.1
43.9
43.9
43.7
40.5
40.7
40.9
40.1
40.5
40.5
41.4
42.2
42.4
41.8
39.8
36.7
40.1
39.7
40.1
40.1
39.7
39.2
38.3
39.1
39.2
40.2
40.4
40.1
40.5
40.5
41.1
41.5
41.7
40.0
40.9
41.4
39.0
40.0
41.2
40.8
41.2
39.6
40.5
40.4
41.0
39.8
40.9
41.0
41.4
39.4
40.4
40.4
41.2
39.0
40.0
39.4
40.6
38.0
39.8
39.4
39.9
38.6
39.6
39.1
39.4
38.6
40.0
39.3
39.1
38.3
40.0
39.2
39.3
38.5
40.8
39.7
39.8
39.4
41.0
40.2
41.2
39.0
40.6
40.5
41.6
40.1
40.2
42.2
41.9
40.8
40.9
41.0
40.5
41.0
40.5
40.4
39.8
39.0
38.9
38.0
39.7
40.3
40.2
41.0
41.4
41.7
41.2
41.1
41.4
40.7
40.2
39.8
40.0
39.6
39.1
40.1
40.3
40.4
41.3
41.3
40.4
40.6
40.2
40.8
40.3
40.0
39.7
39.5
39.3
38.7
39.5
39.7
39.9
40.6
41.1
39.8
40.0
40.6
41.0
40.0
40.0
40.7
40.9
39.6
39.7
41.0
40.9
39.4
39.0
40.8
41.1
39.7
39.7
40.8
40.9
39.8
40.0
40.7
40.8
40.8
40.6
40.4
40.4
39.5
40.2
39.7
40.5
39.9
40.5
39.8
40.4
39.5
40.2
39.8
40.1
39.5
40.0
39.6
40.3
38.9
39.7
39.7
40.7
38.8
40.3
39.9
41.0
39.6
40.1
40.1
41.5
40.7
40.6
41.3
42.1
41.8
40.2
41.7
41.8
39.9
41.7
41.3
40.5
42.0
41.1
40.2
42.0
41.6
40.8
41.7
41.1
40.4
41.8
40.9
40.0
41.4
40.7
39.6
41.4
41.0
39.5
41.4
40.9
39.2
41.0
40.8
38.4
40.9
41.3
39.6
41.2
41.7
39.9
42.8
41.9
40.2
42.6
41.9
41.3
41.5
40.6
41.8
41.6
40.2
42.1
41.3
39.7
41.0
41.8
40.4
41.5
41.5
40.4
41.9
41.0
40.3
41.6
40.7
38.8
41.4
40.9
39.7
41.1
41.3
39.7
41.6
40.7
40.1
41.5
40.6
40.8
42.0
Fabricated metal products______ ____ $2.50
Metal cans____________________ 2.93
Cutlery, hand tools, and general
hardware____________________ 2.37
Heating equipment and plumbing
fixtures______ _____ _________ 2.42
Fabricated structural metal products 2.56
Screw machine products, bolts, etc. 2.46
Metal stampings ______________ 2. 55
Coating, engraving, and allied
2.26
services_____________________
Miscellaneous fabricated wire
2.32
products____________________
Miscellaneous fabricated metal
2. 51
products____________________
$2.48
2. 91
$2.49
2.92
$2.50
2.92
$2.49
2.90
40.6
40.9
40.6
40.8
40.0
39.8
39.4
39.8
41.4
41.0
41.2
41.3
Average hourly earnings
$2.49 $2.48 $2.47 $2.46 $2.45
2.88
2.88
2.84
2.85
2.84
$2.46
2.85
$2.44
2.83
$2. 45
2.81
$2.44
2. 77
$2.35
2.67
2.29
2.35
2.34
2.36
2.36
2.33
2.33
2.31
2.33
2.35
2.34
2.33
2.32
2.20
2.42
2. 55
2.45
2. 50
2.40
2.53
2.43
2. 56
2.39
2.53
2.43
2.62
2.40
2.51
2.43
2.61
2.40
2.51
2.41
2.61
2.39
2. 51
2.39
2.60
2.39
2. 51
2.39
2.56
2.38
2. 50
2.39
2.55
2.39
2. 50
2.38
2.54
2.38
2.49
2.37
2.57
2.35
2.47
2.36
2.56
2.35
2.48
2.37
2.59
2.34
2.45
2.36
2.69
2.28
2.38
2. 30
2.49
2.27
2.23
2.24
2.23
2.21
2.21
2.21
2.19
2.18
2.15
2.12
2.14
2.15
2.06
2.33
2.31
2.29
2.31
2.31
2.29
2.30
2.30
2.29
2.29
2.26
2.26
2.24
2.16
2.49
2.49
2.48
2.48
2.48
2.45
2.45
2.45
2.45
2.45
2.44
2.45
2.43
2.36
2.61
2.84
2.58
2.62
2.61
2.84
2.60
2.62
2.60
2.84
2.59
2.61
2.59
2.80
2.59
2.60
2.58
2.79
2.58
2.59
2.58
2.82
2.57
2.59
2.56
2.81
2.54
2.58
2.56
2.76
2.50
2.58
2. 55
2. 77
2.49
2.56
2.48
2.69
2.45
2.50
Machinery ...................... ....................
Engines and turbines___________
Farm machinery and equipm ent...
Construction and related machinery
Metalworking machinery and
equipm ent__________________
Special industrial machinery.
General industrial machinery____
Office, computing and accounting
machines____________________
Service industry machines_______
Miscellaneous machinery________
Machinery_____ __________________
Engines and turbines___________
Farm machinery and equipm ent...
Construction and related machinery.
Metalworking machinery and
equipm ent___________________
Special industry machinery______
General industrial machinery.........
Office, computing and accounting
machines____________________
Service industry machines_______
Miscellaneous machinery________
See footnotes at end of table.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
2.64
2.88
2. 55
2.66
2.63
2.89
2. 56
2. 65
2.61
2.87
2.52
2.64
2.62
2.86
2.58
2.63
2.62
2.86
2.58
2.63
2.80
2.48
2.62
2. 78
2. 48
2.61
2.78
2.45
2.61
2.79
2. 46
2.61
2.80
2.45
2.60
2.79
2.44
2.59
2.79
2.43
2. 57
2.78
2.43
2.57
2.77
2.42
2.56
2.75
2.43
2.56
2.74
2.41
2.56
2.71
2.41
2. 55
2.70
2.41
2.55
2.74
2.38
2.53
2.66
2.30
2.47
2. 72
2.41
2.50
2.71
2.41
2.52
2.70
2.36
2.49
2. 71
2.39
2.50
2.71
2.36
2.50
2.69
2.38
2.49
2.68
2.38
2.47
2.67
2.38
2.47
2.66
2.38
2.47
2.65
2. 36
2.47
2.65
2. 37
2.47
2.64
2. 35
2.46
2.64
2. 34
2. 46
2.61
2.33
2. 44
2. 51
3.28
2. 27
104
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JANUARY 1962
Table C -l. Gross hours and earnings of production workers,1 by industry—Continued
Revised series; see box, p. 94.
1961
1960
Annual
average
Industry
Oct.2 Sept.
Aug.
July ] June
t
May
Apr.
Mar.
Eeb.
Jan.
Dec.
Nov.
Oct.
I960
1959
Average weekly earnings
M anufacturing—0 ontinued
Durable goods— Continued
Electrical equipment and supplies____
Electric distribution equipm ent__
Electrical Industrial apparatus........
Household appliances___________
Electric lighting and wiring equipm ent........ ......................................
Radio and TV receiving sets_____
Communication equipment_____
Electronic components and accessories........... .................. .................
Miscellaneous electrical equipment
and supplies...................................
$96.29
100.90
101.02
102. 06
Transportation equipment__________
Motor vehicles and equipment___
Aircraft and parts___ ___________
Ship and boat building and
repairing____________________
Railroad equipm ent____________
Other transportation equipm ent__
116. 88 106.22 112.96 113.00 112.87 112. 87 110. 95 109. 85 108. 74 108.19 111. 60 111. 91 114.95 111. 52 107.45
119. 81 96. 84 113. 94 115.43 116. 57 116. 00 112.24 107. 80 105.46 105. 00 112. 35 114. 62 120. 25 115. 21 111.38
117. 03 115. 92 114.26 112. 88 111. 52 112. 07 113.03 114. 54 114.82 114. 68 114.40 112. 89 112. 20 110. 43 106.63
$93. 53
101. 66
101. 43
103. 73
$94.94 $93. 69 $94. 71 $93.37 $93.13 $92. 50 $92.50 $92.73 $91. 49 $91. 94 $92.29 $90.74 $89.10
101. 50 101.15 101. 00 99. 94 99.85 99. 45 99. 79 99. 79 99. 75 98. 40 96.88 97. 77 95. 65
100. 69 99. 94 99. 88 98.25 98.25 96.96 97.20 96.07 95.74 95.52 94.33 95.44 93.43
101. 00 101.96 101. 56 100. 90 100. 50 99. 00 97. 25 100. 04 97.71 95. 94 96. 96 96.23 94.87
90. 90 87. 25 88.58 87. 64 88. 98 87.47 86.63
85. 24 78. 25 83. 98 84.16 83.13 81. 66 79. 59
103. 98 104. 81 102.87 100.19 102. 72 100.00 100.25
86.63
80. 51
99. 60
86.24 84.70
82.18 83.07
99.94 100. 69
82.88 86.29 87.20
81.86 81.06 82. 56
98. 95 100.86 101. 60
84. 71
80.11
98.82
83.63
79.40
97.41
82. 82
81.61
80. 40
77.39
80.20
79. 80
79. 60
79. 60
80.00
79.40
76.03
77.81
78.00
76.24
74. 00
103. 42
77.05
98. 90
97.20
99.31
97.04
93.77
93.77
93.06
94.47
94. 95
94. 49
96.39
93.93
92.34
115.30 114. 45 112. 52 111. 60 108. 63 109.87 109. 07 107. 05 106. 90 106. 47 103. 57 104. 99 107.84 103. 75 100.47
109. 82 108. 57 107. 34 108.36 110. 32 107. 52 104. 72 106. 68 103.88 106. 03 106.88 102.86 107.86 107. 86 105. 72
86.03 88. 78 87.08 84.74 86.22 83.13 83.71 81. 66 78.38 78.12 79.63 81.06 82. 74 80.13 80.40
Average weekly hours
Electrical equipment and supplies____
Electric distribution equipm ent__
Electrical industrial apparatus____
Household appliances—- .................
Electric lighting and wiring equipm ent_______________________
Radio and TV receiving sets______
C om m unicationequipm ent...___
Electronic components and accessories_______ _
__________
Miscellaneous electrical equipment
and supplies................................. .
40.8
40.2
40.9
40.5
39.8
40.5
40.9
41.0
40.4
40.6
40.6
40.4
39.7
40.3
40.3
40.3
40.3
40.4
40.6
40.3
39.9
40.3
40.1
40.2
39.8
40.1
40.1
40.2
39.7
40.1
39.9
39.6
39.7
40.4
40 0
38.9
39.8
40.4
39.7
39.7
39.1
39.9
39.4
39.4
39.8
40.0
39.8
39.0
40.3
40.2
39.8
39.9
39.8
40.4
40.1
39.6
40.5
40.7
40.8
40.2
40.4
40.4
41.1
39.3
37.8
41.1
39.9
39.8
40.5
39.3
39.7
39.6
39.9
39.4
40.6
39.4
38.7
40.0
39.2
37.9
40.1
39.2
37.8
40.0
39.2
38.4
40.3
38.5
39.0
40.6
37.5
37.9
39.9
39.4
38.6
41.0
40.0
39.5
41.3
39.4
38.7
40.5
40.4
39.5
41.1
Transportation equipment— ......... ......
Motor vehicles and equipment___
Aircraft and parts______________
Ship and boat building and
repairing..................................... .
Railroad equipment_____________
Other transportation equipm ent. . .
41.0
40.6
40.2
38.5
40.1
39.9
40.0
40.0
40.2
40.1
38.4
39.7
40.0
39.5
40.0
41.7
33.5
40.7
40.0
40.7
40.1
39.4
39.4
39.1
39.2
39.4
39.7
40.5
39.8
40.5
41.3
41.6
41.5
37.8
34.1
41.4
40.2
39.7
41.1
40.5
40.5
40.9
40.6
40.9
40.7
40.6
40.7
40.9
40.2
39.8
41.1
39.8
38.5
41.5
39.4
37.8
41.6
39.2
37.5
41.7
40.0
39.7
41.3
40 4
40.5
41.2
41.2
41.9
41.1
40.7
41.0
40.9
40.7
41.1
40.7
40.6
38.4
40.2
40.3
38.5
41.1
39.9
38.2
40.5
40.0
38.7
39.6
39 5
39.4
40.1
40.1
38.4
39.4
40.1
37.4
39.3
39.5
38.1
38.7
39.3
37.1
37.5
39.0
37.6
37.2
37.8
37.9
38.1
38.6
37.0
38.6
39.5
38.8
39.4
39.3
38.8
38.9
39.4
39.3
40.4
Average hourly earnings
Electrical equipment and supplies____
Electrical distribution equipment—
Electrical industrial apparatus____
Household appliances___________
Electric lighting and wiring equipm ent_________________ ______
Radio and TV receiving sets...........
Communication equipm ent_____
Electronic components and accessories_______________________
Miscellaneouselectrical equipment
and supplies.......................... ........
$2.36
2.51
2. 47
2. 52
$2.35
2. 51
2. 48
2. 53
$2.35
2.50
2.48
2. 50
$2.36
2.51
2.48
2. 53
$2.35
2. 50
2. 46
2. 52
$2. 34
2. 48
2. 45
2.51
$2.34
2.49
2. 45
2. 50
$2.33
2.48
2. 43
2. 50
$2.33
2. 47
2.43
2. 50
$2.33
2. 47
2. 42
2. 52
$2.34
2. 50
2.43
2. 48
$2.31
2. 46
2. 40
2. 46
$2.29
2.41
2. 37
2.43
$2.28
2.42
2.38
2.43
$2.20
2.35
2.29
2.36
2.25
2.11
2. 53
2. 20
2. 07
2. 55
2. 22
2.11
2. 54
2.23
2.12
2.53
2.23
2.11
2. 53
2.22
2.11
2. 50
2. 21
2.10
2. 50
2.21
2.13
2. 49
2. 20
2. 14
2.48
2. 20
2.13
2. 48
2.21
2.16
2.48
2.19
2.10
2. 46
2.18
2. 09
2. 46
2.15
2. 07
2. 44
2.07
2. 01
2.37
2.02
2.01
2. 00
2. 01
2. 00
2. 00
1.99
1.99
1. 99
1. 98
1. 98
1.96
1.95
1. 93
1.85
2. 48
2.30
2. 43
2.43
2. 44
2. 42
2.38
2.38
2.38
2. 41
2. 41
2.38
2. 38
2.36
2. 28
Transportation equipment________ _
Motor vehicles and equipment___
Aircraft and parts............................
Ship and boat building and repairing______________________
Railroad equipm ent____________
Other transportation equipment- —
2. 83
2. 88
2.82
2. 81
2. 84
2. 80
2.81
2.87
2. 78
2. 79
2. 85
2. 76
2. 78
2. 85
2. 74
2. 78
2. 85
2. 74
2. 76
2. 82
2. 75
2. 76
2.80
2. 76
2. 76
2.79
2. 76
2. 76
2. 80
2. 75
2.79
2.83
2. 77
2. 77
2.83
2. 74
2. 79
2.87
2.73
2.74
2.81
2. 70
2. 64
2.71
2.62
2. 84
2. 86
2.14
2. 84
2. 82
2.16
2.82
2.81
2.15
2. 79
2. 80
2.14
2. 75
2. 80
2.15
2. 74
2. 80
2.11
2. 72
2.80
2.13
2. 71
2. 80
2.11
2.72
2. 80
2. 09
2.73
2.82
2.10
2. 74
2. 82
2. 09
2. 72
2. 78
2.10
2. 73
2. 78
2.10
2.64
2. 78
2. 06
2. 55
2.69
1. 99
See footnotes at end of table.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
C.—EARNINGS AND HOURS
105
T a ble C -l. Gross hours and earnings of production workers,1 by industry—Continued
Revised series; see box, p. 94.
1961
1960
Annual
average
Industry
Oct.2
Sept.
Aug.
July
June
May
Apr.
Mar.
Feb.
Jan.
Dec.
Nov.
Oct.
1960
1959
Average weekly earnings
M a n u fa c tu r in g — C o n tin u e d
Durable goods— C o n tin u e d
E n g in e e r in g a n d sc ie n tific in s tr u
m e n t s ....................................................... ..
M e c h a n ic a l m e a s u r in g a n d c o n tr o l
d e v ic e s ___________________________
S u r g ica l, m e d ic a l, a n d
d e n ta l
e q u ip m e n t _______________________
P h o to g r a p h ic e q u ip m e n t a n d sup_ lies
WA
a tch es a n d c lo c k s .
M is c e lla n e o u s m a n u fa c tu r in g in d u s
tr ie s ___________________________________
J e w e lr y , s ilv e r w a r e , a n d p la te d
w a r e ______________________________
T o y s , a m u s e m e n t, a n d sp o r tin g
g o o d s .................................. .........................
P e n s , p e n c ils , a n d office a n d art
m a te r ia ls _________________________
C o stu m e je w e lr y , b u tto n s , a n d
n o t io n s . ______ ____________________
$97.99 $97. 99 $97. 75 $96. 80 $97.10 $95. 75 $95. 51 $95.68 $94. 87 $95. 51 $92.90 $95.00 $95.00 $93. 73 $91.39
112 34 112.88 112.88 111.23 112.89 110.57
113.30 109.18 112.32 112.47 110. 95 107.43
96.72 96.80 96. 56 95.27 97.27 95.04 95.44 94. 80 93. 77 93. 77 90.32 93. 67 92.34 92.00
91.84
88.80 90.49 88.18 88.15 87.33 85.68 85.06 84. 66 83.41 83.39 82.95 83.20 82. 61 81.80
78.18
83. 22 83.03 82.82 81.60 81.61 81.00 80.80 79.80 81.20 80.60 77.00 81.41 82.42 80.40
78. 79
113.63 112. 94 .113.05 112.52 112.36 109.30 107. 98 106. 92 107.04 107. 59 107. 83 107.49 107. 90 106.14 102.01
85.70 81.39 79. 59 78. 54 76.58 79.59 78.98 79.76 79.40 78.19 73.68 76.44 77.41 76.83
76.63
76. 59
76.02
74. 47
74. 29
76.22
75.07
75. 27
75. 46
75.66
75.08
72.96
75.05
75.22
74. 28
73.42
87. 36
84.05
82.21
79.58
82. 21
80.17
79.75
79.17
79.39
78.80
77.14
84.04
83.84
80. 40
80.16
70. 58
69.87
69. 56
68. 92
69.78
69.81
70.20
70.80
71.00
70.82
66.04
68.46
68. 56
67.73
66. 98
74.96
74.03
70.29
71.55
72.65
72. 86
72.91
72.31
72.50
68.82
69. 52
72.50
74. 21
71.92
70.98
69. 42
82. 21
68.43
81.59
67.08
80. 59
67.42
80.39
69.60
82.19
69.52
80. 34
68.99
80.16
67.51
80. 96
67.47
80. 77
67.90
80.57
64. 73
79. 93
68.16
80.78
67.72
81.40
66.13
79. 99
66. 86
78.80
Average weekly hours
I n s tr u m e n ts a n d r e la te d p r o d u c ts_____
E n g in e e r in g a n d sc ie n tific in s t r u
m e n t s ......... .................................................
M e c h a n ic a l m e a s u r in g a n d c o n tr o l
d e v ic e s ____________________________
O p tic a l a n d o p h th a lm ic g o o d s ..........
S u r g ica l, m e d ic a l, a n d d e n ta l
e q u ip m e n t .................................................
P h o to g r a p h ic e q u ip m e n t a n d s u p
p lie s ..............................................................
W a tc h e s a n d c lo c k s ________________
M is c e lla n e o u s m a n u fa c tu r in g in d u s
tr ie s ________________ ______ ____________
J e w e lr y , s ilv e r w a r e , a n d p la te d
w a r e ______________________ _____ _
T o y s , a m u se m e n t, a n d sp o r tin g
g o o d s .......... ................... ..........................
P e n s , p e n c ils, a n d office a n d a rt
m a te r ia ls _________________________
C o stu m e je w e lr y , b u tto n s , a n d
n o t io n s ___________________________
O th er m a n u fa c tu r in g in d u s tr ie s ___
41.0
41.0
40.9
40.5
40.8
40.4
40.3
40.2
40.2
40.3
39.2
40.6
40.6
40.4
40.8
41.0
40.9
40.9
40.3
41.2
40.5
40.6
40.8
40.2
41.5
39.7
41.6
41.5
41.4
41.8
40.3
41.3
40.5
41.7
40.4
41.4
40.2
41.0
40.7
41.0
40.1
40.8
40.1
40.7
40.0
40.7
39.9
40.1
39.9
39.9
38.6
39.5
40.2
40.0
39.8
40.1
40.0
40.1
41.0
40.3
40.4
40.5
40.4
40.0
40.2
40.1
40.0
39.7
40.4
40.1
38.5
40.3
40.6
40.0
40.2
42.4
41.2
42.3
39.7
42.5
39.4
42.3
38.5
42.4
38.1
41.4
39.4
40.9
39.1
40.5
39.1
40.7
39.5
40.6
38.9
41.0
37.4
41.5
39.2
41.5
39.9
41.3
39.0
41.3
39.5
39.9
40.1
39.8
39.4
39.1
39.7
39.1
39.0
39.1
39.2
38.9
38.0
39.5
39.8
39.3
41.8
40.8
40.3
39.2
40.3
39.3
38.9
39.0
39.3
39.4
38.0
41.4
41.3
40.2
40.9
40.1
39.7
39.3
38.5
39.2
39.0
39.0
38.9
38.8
38.7
37.1
38.9
39.4
38.7
39.4
40.3
39.8
38.2
39.1
39.7
39.6
39.2
39.3
39.4
37.2
38.2
39.4
39.9
39.3
40.1
39.0
40.1
39.1
39.8
39.0
39.7
39.2
39.6
40.0
39.9
39.5
39.0
39.2
39.1
38.8
39.3
39.0
39.4
38.8
39.3
37.2
38.8
39.4
39.6
39.6
39.9
38.9
39.6
39.8
40.0
$2.24
A v e r a g e h o u r ly ea r n in g s
I n s tr u m e n ts a n d r e la te d p r o d u c ts _____
E n g in e e r in g a n d s c ie n tific in s tr u
m e n t s _____________________________
M e c h a n ic a l m e a s u r in g a n d c o n tr o l
d e v ic e s ____ _______ ________________
O p tic a l a n d o p h th a lm ic g o o d s_____
S u r gical, m e d ic a l, a n d d e n ta l
e q u ip m e n t________________________
P h o to g r a p h ic e q u ip m e n t a n d s u p
p lie s ..................... .........................................
W a tc h e s a n d c lo c k s ..................................
M isc e lla n e o u s m a n u fa c tu r in g in d u s
tr ie s _______________________________
J e w e lr y , s ilv e r w a r e , a n d p la te d
w a r e ______________________________
T o y s , a m u se m e n t, a n d s p o r tin g
g o o d s _____________________________
P e n s , p e n c ils, a n d office a n d art
m a te r ia ls __________________________
C o s tu m e je w e lr y , b u tto n s , a n d
n o t io n s _______ ______ ______ _______
O th er m a n u fa c tu r in g in d u s tr ie s ___
See footnotes at end of table,
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
$2. 39
$2.39
$2.39
$2.39
$2.38
$2.37
$2.37
$2.38
$2.36
$2.37
$2.37
$2.34
$2.34
$2. 32
2. 74
2. 76
2.76
2.76
2.74
2.73
2.73
2.76
2.73
2.73
2.75
2. 70
2. 71
2.68
2.57
2. 40
2.15
2. 39
2.17
2.39
2.13
2.37
2.15
2.39
2.13
2.37
2.10
2.38
2.09
2.37
2.08
2.35
2.08
2.35
2. 09
2.34
2.10
2.33
2.08
2.32
2.06
2.30
2.04
2.24
1.94
2.06
2. 05
2. 05
2.04
2.03
2.02
2.02
2. 01
2.01
2.01
2.00
2.02
2.03
2.01
1.96
2.68
2.08
2.67
2.05
2. 66
2.02
2. 66
2.04
2.65
2.01
2. 64
2.02
2.64
2. 02
2.64
2.04
2.63
2.01
2. 65
2.01
2.63
1.97
2.59
1.95
2.60
1.94
2. 57
1.97
2.47
1.94
1.91
1.91
1.89
1.90
1.92
1.92
1.93
1.93
1.93
1.93
1.92
1.90
1.89
1.89
1.84
2.09
2.06
2.04
2.03
2.04
2.04
2.05
2.03
2. 02
2.00
2.03
2.03
2.03
2.00
1.96
1.76
1.76
1.77
1.79
1.78
1.79
1.80
1.82
1. 83
1.83
1.78
1.76
1.74
1.75
1.70
1.86
1.86
1.84
1.83
1.83
1.84
1.86
1.84
1.84
1.85
1.82
1.84
1.86
1.83
1.77
1.78
2.05
1.75
2.05
1.70
2.03
1.72
2.03
1.74
2.06
1.76
2.06
1.76
2.05
1.74
2. 06
1.73
2.05
1.75
2.05
1.74
2.06
1.73
2.04
1.71
2.04
1.70
2.02
1.68
1.97
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JANUARY 1962
106
Table C -l. Gross hours and earnings of production workers,1 by industry—Continued
Revised series; see box, p. 94.
Industry
Oct.®
Sept.
Aug.
July
June
Apr.
May
Mar.
$89.62 $89.44 $88.60 $90.25 $90.25 $89.57 $87.20 $87.23 $87.23
100.20 98.41 95.18 98.18 98.47 97.64 94.47 95 44 93.69
93.04 95.46 92.44 94.61 93.53 92.44 91.36 91.15 90.52
72.17 74. 48 74.30 70.10 70.31 72.20 68.38 68.45 68.63
102.38 102.83 102.08 100.25 98.26 95.27 95.26 95.48 96.36
88.62 88.44 88.26 89.35 89. 57 87.89 85.57 85. 79 85.57
93. 51 98.95 99.72 101.94 96.70 100.26 94.02 97.67 97.38
Confectionery and related products. 74.70 75.70 73. 97 73. 30 74.21 73.45 72.13 71.31 70.92
Beverages.......................................... 101. 30 102.66 100.78 105.08 100.94 98.15 98. 46 96.92 94.77
Miscellaneous food and kindred
products-------------- ---------------- 88. 71 87.78 87.35 88.18 87.13 86.51 84.25 84.23 85.85
Tobacco manufactures_________ ____ 68.85 67.39 68.17 71.05 74.07 70.87 71.05 65.51 65.12
Cigarettes_____________________ 92.29 84. 50 86.65 83.85 89.82 85.02 85.89 78.86 80. 56
Cigars------------ -------- --------------- 59.49 58. 74 57.37 55.13 56.47 54.24 53.44 52.12 52.06
Textile mill products_______________ 67.08 66.09 66.02 64.64 65.12 63.99 63.18 62.86 61.99
Cotton broad woven fabrics--------- 66.88 64. 71 63.67 62.49 62.64 61.86 61.39 60. 76 59.75
Silk and synthetic broad woven
fabrics........................ .................... 70.05 69.39 70.31 68.15 68.56 67.65 66.50 65.44 65.44
and
finishing
Food and kindred products----------Meat pioducts_________________
Dairy products------------- ----------Canned and preserved food, except
meats______________________
Grain mill products_____________
Bakery products------------------Sugar.................................... ........
Confectionery and related products.
Beverages____________________
Miscellaneous food and kindred
products____________________
Tobacco manufactures___________
Cigarettes_______________ _____
Cigars________ _________ ____
Textile mill products_______________
Cotton broad woven fabrics-------Silk and synthetic broad woven
fabrics______________________
Weaving and finishing broad
woolens_____________________
Narrow fabrics and smallwares---K n ittin g ........................................ .
Finishing textiles, except wooi and
k n it________________________
Floor covering_________________
Yarn and throad_______________
Miscellaneous textile goods----------
Nov.
Oct.
I960
j
1959
$87.67 $87.10 $86.71 $86.73 $88.30
96.72 97.10 97.47 96.41 94.83
90.94 90.73 90.73 90.52 89.68
$82.82
92.29
86.50
67.34 66.25
97.90 96.79
84.32 84.74
97.65 100.80
70.71 67.55
94.86 95.89
63.54
96.80
86.03
99.97
69.13
96.87
70.49
99.41
85.44
88.83
70.88
97.04
68.71
94.15
83.81
93.70
69.34
96.72
65.28
90.85
80.00
88.64
66.59
93.56
85.65
65.22
80.60
54.17
61.18
59. 90
83.80
68.03
86.48
54.17
61.34
61.15
85.34
64.30
83.07
57.87
62.63
61.15
85.70
64.15
82.53
56.26
62.47
60.53
83.95
64.94
80.29
53.86
63.60
62. 56
81.79
64.12
80.40
52.88
63.02
60.90
65.27
65.76
67.65
67.56
68.31
66.94
67. 25
64.24
54.93
65.02
64.01
54.26
65.19
65.57
57. 53
67.99
65.02
57.61
69.83
66.07
56.93
70.64
65.69
57.13
70.88
69.21
54.83
71.97
71.06
70.27
55. 35
70.49
72.67
70.53
57.07
72.89
71.64
70.00
56.17
73.84
71.73
70.62
58.05
73.60
72.14
72.51
58.40
72.45
41.4
41.9
43.1
74.52 74.52 75.30
69. 74 69. 70 68. 64
57.51 56.92 56.02
73.84 72. 89 70.84
Average weekly hours
40.2
40.2
40.0
40.9
39.2
40.1
41.2
40.2
42.2
42.1
42.6
42.1
40.4
40.3
42.1
40.7
40.8
42.2
40.9
41.3
42.2
41.3
41.2
42.1
40.9
40.7
42.3
41.0
41.2
42.4
38.1
46.2
40.8
42.3
39.2
41.7
37.6
45.7
40.9
40.8
39.9
40.7
38.2
43.7
40.5
41.6
39.7
39.9
35.8
43.3
39.8
40.7
39.2
39.7
36.8
43.4
39.9
42.1
39.4
39.4
37.3
43.8
39.8
42.9
39.4
39.0
37.0
44.5
39.4
43.4
39.5
39.2
36.6
44.4
39.6
52.5
38.6
39.3
36.1
44.0
40.2
51.8
39.5
39.7
39.0
45.6
40.3
42.3
40.5
40.1
38.6
44.2
40.1
44.2
39.4
40.3
38.4
44.1
40.2
44.1
39.4
40.5
42.2
40.1
40.3
38.5
40.5
40.3
42.6
38.2
39.0
37.5
39.9
39.8
42.5
39.4
41.2
37.9
40.2
39.9
42.2
38.1
39.0
36.9
39.5
39.4
41.5
38.2
39.4
36.6
39.0
39.1
41.7
36.6
37.2
35.7
38.8
38.7
42.5
37.0
38.0
35.9
38.5
38.3
42.4
37.7
38.2
37.1
38.0
38.4
41.9
39.1
40.6
37.1
38.1
39.2
43.1
37.6
39.0
39.1
38.9
39.2
43.5
40.6
39.3
38.8
38.8
38.8
42.4
38.2
38.6
37.4
39.5
40.1
42.6
39.1
40.2
37.5
40.4
40.6
41.8
42.1
41.3
41.3
41.0
40.3
39.9
39.9
39.8
40.1
41.0
40.7
41.4
42.1
41.7
40.6
38.4
42.0
40.3
39.2
42.5
40.2
38.7
42.6
40.8
38.7
41.9
40.2
37.9
40.8
40.0
37.1
40.1
39.9
37.2
40.2
39.9
37.0
39.1
38.7
35.9
37.8
38.1
35.7
37.9
38. S
37.6
39.3
38.7
37.9
40.6
39.8
37.7
42.3
40.8
38.6
40.9
42.3
40.8
40.5
41.3
42.0
40.5
40.5
40.5
37.7
39.9
40.5
42.4
40.8
40.1
41.0
39.6
39.1
36.8
38.9
39.7
39.7
37.4
38.1
40.6
40.3
38.3
39.4
39.8
40.0
37.7
39.7
40.3
39.9
38.7
40.0
41.7
41.2
40.0
40.7
$2.17
2.40
2.16
$2.14
2.38
2.15
$2.12
2.36
2.15
$2.10
2.34
2.15
$2.11
2.33
2.12
$2.02
2. 24
2.04
72.22
69.08
61.94
73.81
69.83
60. 29
74.34
68.91
60.37
74.80
67.94
59.60
74.55
68.95
59.60
73.33
67.94
58.37
75.84
75.15
61. 61
77.11
73.21
74.45
62.02
76.14
73.93
73.92
61.16
76.14
72.90
67.48
59.85
76.14
76.32
72. 22
60.15
77.08
75.06
68.82
58. 71
74.99
43.1
42.1
42.1
41.6
41.7
43.0
41.4
40.5
42.6
41.4
41.6
43.4
38.8
45.3
40.1
43.9
40.6
40.2
40.7
45.7
40.2
41.4
40.7
40.9
40.6
46.4
40.3
41.9
40.2
40.8
43.7
40.5
41.2
39.4
40.9
41.8
42.2
41.6
39.3
38.9
40.3
40.7
42.2
40.8
40.4
39.2
41.9
42.7
40.8
40.8
Food and kindred products____
$2.17 $2.15 $2.14 $2.18 $2.18
2.35
2.36
2.35
2.36
Meat products_________________ 2.38
2.17
2.18
2.17
2.22
Dairy products.............. ................. 2.21
Canned and preserved food, except
1.84
1.87
1.83
1.83
meats__________________
1.86
2.15
2.20
2.17
2.25
Grain mill products_______
2.26
2.19
2.19
2.19
Bakery products__________
2.20
2.21
2.41
2.37
2.38
2.39
Sugar___________________
2.13
1.84
1.86
1.87
1.86
Confectionery and related products
1.84
2.48
2.47
2.
52
2.52
2. 51
Beverages.........................................
Miscellaneous food and kindred
2.05
2.07
2.07
2.08
products____________________
2.03
1.88
1.62
1.70
1.86
1.70
2.18
2.15
2.15
2.15
Cigarettes_________________
2.25
1.49
1.49
1.47
Cigars................ .............. ..........
1. 51 1.51
Textile mill products___________
1.62
1.62
1.63
1.64
1.64
Cotton broad woven fabrics__
1.57
1.57
1.58
1.
59
1.60
Silk and synthetic broad woven
fabrics___________________
1.67
1.65
1.66
1.66
1.66
Weaving and finishing broad
woolens__________________
1.75
1.76
1.77
1.77
1.77
Narrow fabrics and smallwares.
1.69
1. 72 1.71
1.69
1.71
K nitting.....................................
1.54
1.54
1.54
1.
57
1.
58
Finishing textiles, except wool and
k nit_____________________
1.79
1.79
1.80
1.80
1.81
Floor covering......... .................
1.79
1.77
1.76
1. 76 1.76
Yarn and thread___________
1.52
1.51
1.50
1.50
1.
51
Miscellaneous textile goods___
1.88
1.88
1.88
1.88
1.89
See footnotes at end of table.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Dec.
09.14
66.23
56. 61
broad
woolens_____________________
Narrow fabrics and smallwares.......
K nitting---------- -------- -------------Finishing textiles, except wool and
k n it________________________
Floor covering-------- ----------------Yarn and thread_______________
Miscellaneous textile goods----------
Jan.
Feb.
Average weekly earnings
Manufacturing—Continued
Nondurable good»
Food and kindred products_________
Moat products_________________
Dairy products.................... - ..........
Canned and preserved food, except
meats_______________________
Grain mill products..... ................ .
Bakery products_______________
W eaving
Annual
average
1960
1961
70.99
67.20
57.13
69.37
66.23
57.29
41.4
41.4
41.6
39.4
39.6
39.0
38.6
38.2
37.6
39.4
38.5
39.7
Averago hourly earnings
$2.19 $2.18 $2.17 $2.17
2. 39
2.35
2.38
2.37
2.15
2.17
2.16
2.17
41.7
39.1
39.4
40.1
1.89
2.18
2.17
2.41
1.85
2.46
1.91
2.20
2.15
2.31
1.84
2.48
1.86
2.20
2.15
2.32
1.81
2.46
1.84
2.20
2.15
2.27
1.80
2.43
1.82
2.20
2.14
2.25
1.79
2.42
1.81
2.18
2.14
1.92
1.75
2.44
1.76
2.20
2.14
1.93
1.75
2.44
1.78
2.18
2.12
2.10
1.75
2.42
1.78
2.13
2.09
2.12
1.76
2.40
1.70
2.06
1.99
2.01
1.69
2.31
2.05
1.86
2.18
1.47
1.62
1.57
2.03
1.86
2.18
1.46
1.62
1.57
2.02
1.79
2.12
1.46
1.62
1.57
2.02
1.76
2.12
1.45
1.61
1.56
2.02
1.73
2.11
1.46
1.61
1.56
2.00
1.74
2.13
1.46
1.61
1.56
1.98
1.71
2.13
1.48
1.61
1.56
1.97
1.58
2.10
1.45
1.61
1.56
1.98
1.70
2.08
1.44
1.61
1.56
1.92
1.64
2.00
1.41
1.56
1.50
1.65
1.65
1.64
1.64
1.64
1.64
1.65
1.66
1.65
1.59
1.75
1.69
1.54
1.74
1.68
1.54
1.73
1.66
1.54
1.72
1.66
1.53
1.72
1.66
1.53
1.72
1.68
1.52
1.72
1.69
1.53
1.73
1.68
1.52
1.72
1.68
1.51
1.67
1.61
1.48
1.80
1.76
1.49
1.87
1.80
1.77
1.49
1.86
1.80
1.76
1.49
1.85
1.81
1.76
1.49
1.84
1.79
1.77
1.49
1.85
1.79
1.77
1.48
1.85
1.79
1.75
1.49
1.85
1.80
1.75
1.49
1.86
1.78
1.77
1.50
1.84
1.73
1.76
1.46
1.78
C.—EARNINGS AND HOURS
107
Table C -l. Gross hours and earnings of production workers,1 by industry—Continued
Revised series; see box, p. 94.
1961
Industry
Oct. 2 Sept.
Aug.
July
June
May
Apr.
Mar.
Jan.
Feb.
Dec.
Nov.
Oct.
I960
1959
Average weekly earnings
Manufacturing—Continued
Nondurable goods— Continued
Apparel and related products................
Men’s and boys’ suits and coats__
Men’s and boys’ furnishings...........
Women’s, misses’, and juniors’ outerwear......................................... .
Women’s and children’s undergarments.................. ...........................
Hats, caps, and millinery................
Girls’ and children’s outerwear___
Fur goods and miscellaneous apparel________________________
Miscellaneous fabricated textile
products.......................- ........... —
Paper and allied products......................
Paper and pulp.................................
Paperboard.............. ........ ........... .
Converted paper and paperboard
products__________________
Paperboard containers and boxes...
Printing, publishing and allied industries.................. .................. .................
Newspaper publishing and printing
Periodical publishing and printing.
Books........ ........... ............................
Commercial printing____________
Bookbinding and related industries.
Other publishing and printing industries...........................................
Annual
average
1960
$59. 79 $56.93 $59.86 $58.16 $56. 64 $55. 84 $56. 51 $57. 51 $56.19 $55.06 $52. 79 $56. 35 $57.19 $56. 45
67.67 65. 43 69.84 68.40 68.32 67.71 65. 51 65.55 66.34 67.45 63.27 67. 81 69. 50 68.27
52. 88 51.52 50.92 49.08 48.91 47.75 47.30 48.06 46.90 46.71 46.15 47.03 48.24 48. 55
$56.63
65.28
49. 14
63. 74
58.66
65.05
63. 61
58.86
58. 21
61.54
63.14
59.94
57.28
54.16
59. 40
58. 97
58.76
59.68
56.85
64.26
54.16
54.90
59.19
49. 53
54.31
66.25
53.49
52. 64
66.06
53.72
52.35
62.12
53.87
52.33
57.62
51.39
53.14
59. 51
50.66
53.21
64. 42
52.69
52.04
67. 69
54.09
51.16
62.84
52.10
49. 20
55.08
46.51
53.14
58.14
51.41
53. 73
62.83
52.33
51.91
60. 54
51.54
51.97
61.90
50.84
64. 24
59.49
61.46
61.03
59.83
58.45
57. 56
58.22
56. 86
56.93
55.44
60. 86
62.24
58.74
60.62
62. 81 61.55 62.65 61.02 62.10 60.96 60.70 60.48 59.89 59.45 60. 35 62.59 62.92 60. 48
102.15 102.15 101.05 100. 58 100.39 97. 90 97.90 96.14 95.68 95.22 94. 30 95.72 96. 44 95.37
111. 51 111.51 111.13 110. 88 109. 56 108.13 108. 38 106.03 106.21 105. 29 105. 47 105. 96 106. 76 105.46
113.03 113.28 110.38 112.52 110. 88 108.50 107.57 105. 40 103. 25 105.90 105.25 105.65 107.14 105.16
89.01 88.38 88.18 87.54 87.34 85.05 85. 26 85.47 85.06 83.42 82.99 84.25 83.44 83.23
94.35 95.00 93.06 92.18 91.98 88. 75 88.34 87.08 86.24 85.39 83.10 86.30 88.19 86.10
59.75
93.30
102. 75
102.90
81.16
85.27
102. 80
105.33
109.18
95.82
103. 88
78.87
99.72
101. 84
105.60
92. 34
100.86
77.16
107. 69 108. 67 108.19 107.80 108.19 108.30 108.39 108. 57 107.80 107.42 104. 90 106.43 105. 65 106.37
Average weekly hours
34.9
33.2
35.0
35.3
35.5
35.9
35.4
35.1
34.9
34.2
36.5
35.5
Apparel and related products.............. . 35.8
34.5
34.9
36.2
36.9
36.0
35.4
35.1
35.5
33.3
35.5
36.0
34.3
34.5
Men’s and boys’ suits and coats__ 34.7
33.9
35.9
35.0
34.7
35.1
36.0
36.5
38.0
36.9
36.5
35.3
35.6
34.6
M en’s and boys’ furnishings........... 37.5
36.8
Women’s, misses’, and juniors’ out32.4
32.0
30.6
33.0
33.2
34.6
34.2
32.7
32.7
34.0
34.5
33.3
erwear______________________ 33.2
31.2
Women’s and children’s under36.4
35.4
33.7
36.8
35.8
37.2
36.3
36.1
35.6
36.4
36.2
34.8
garments........................................ 37.4
36.6
35.2
32.4
34.4
35.7
35.9 35.7
34.3
36.6
37.4
35.5
36.6
34.8
Hats, caps, and millinery________ 35.5
32.7
35.3
36.4
32.3
35.7
35.6
35.9
35.2
34.7
35.6
36.3
35.2
36.3
Girl’s and children’s outerwear___ 35.4
32.8
Fur goods and miscellaneous ap33.4
36.4
35.9
35.4
35.0
35.1
35.8
35.6
35.5
35.1
34.5
36.8
parel___________ _____ ______
35.2
36.5
Miscellaneous fabricated textile
37.4
38.4
38.6
37.8
37.9
37.7
37.2
36.7
36.8
38.2
38.1
37.8
products. ___________________ 38.3
37.3
42.2
41.4
41.0
42.3
42.2
43.0
42.9
42.2
41.6
41.8
42.8
41.8
Paper and allied products...................... 43.1
43.1
43.4
43.4
42.9
44.0
44.0
43.1
43.0
42.7
44.1
43.6
43.7
42.8
Paper and pulp................................. 43.9
43.9
43.2
43.1
43.4
42.1
42.6
44.3
44.0
43.2
42.5
41.8
42.7
43.8
Paperboard_______________ ____ 44.5
44.6
Converted paper and paperboard
39.9
40.7
40.7
40.8
41.4
41.1
41.2
40.5
40.6
40.7
40.7
40.3
41.3
41.4
products____________________
41.0
39.9
40.9
41.6
41.9
42.0
40.9
40.9
40.5
40.3
39.2
42.3
42.6
Paperboard containers and boxes... 42.5
Printing, publishing and allied indus38.0
38.0
38.0
38.0
38.5
38.6
38.5
38.4
38.3
38.1
38.2
38.1
38.2
tries------- ------------ ------ ------------- - 38.3
36.9
36.7
35.9
37.2
37.1
36.4
36.4
36.2
36.5
36.5
36.3
36.1
36.1
Newspaper publishing and printing 36.5
40.0
39.7
39.4
38.9
39.8
40.4
39.6
39.3
38.7
38.6
39.2
39.5
Periodical publishing and printing. 40.8
41.2
40.6
41.2
40.4
40.4
40.2
40.1
39.3
40.2
40.6
41.1
41.0
40.6
Books______ _________________
40.5
40.8
39.1
39.2
39.1
38.4
39.1
38.9
38.7
38.9
38.6
38.8
38.7
38.6
Commercial printing.................. ...
38.9
39.1
Bookbinding and related indus38.2
38.1
37.2
38.4
38.7
38.3
38.5
38.1
38.1
38.1
38.5
38.2
tries_____ _________________
38.3
38.2
Other publishing and printing in38.4
38.7
38.5
38.0
38.3
38.5
38.5
38.5
37.6
38.7
38.5
38.5
38.4
dustries_____________________
38.6
Average hourly earnings
Apparel and related products________ $1.67 $1. 65 $1.64 $1.62 $1.60 $1.60 $1.61 $1.62 $1.61 $1.61 $1.59 $1.61 $1.62 $1.59
1.90
1.91
1.92
1.85
1.94
1.90
1.93
1.94
1.91
1.90
1.89
1.90
Men’s and boys’ suits and coats__ 1.95
1.93
1.34
1.34
1.33
1.34
1.34
1.34
1.35
1.33
1.34
1.33
1.33
1.35
Men’s and boys’ furnishings........... 1.41
1.40
Women’s, misses’, and juniors’
1.80
1.82
1.77
1.80
1.83
1.80
1.79
1.77
1.86
1.78
1.81
1.88
outerwear____ _______________ 1.92
1.88
Women’s and children’s under1.46
1.45
1.46
1.47
1.46
1.47
1.47
1.47
1.46
1.46
1.45
1.45
garments____________________ 1.52
1.50
1.72
1.70
1.69
1.76
1.84
1.74
1.71
1.76
1.81
1.77
1.81
1.68
Hats, caps and millinery.......... ...... 1.81
1.81
1.46
1.44
1.44
1.47
1.49
1.46
1.46
1 49
1.48
1.48
1.48
1.48
Girls’ and children’s outerwear___ 1.53
1.51
F ur goods and miscellaneous ap1.71
1.65
1.64
1.64
1.66
1.70
1.67
1.70
1.69
1.67
1.62
1.65
parel................ ............................. 1.76
1.69
Miscellaneous fabricated textile
1.60
1.62
1.64
1.63
1.63
1.64
1.63
1.63
1.61
1.60
1.61
1.61
products................... ...................... 1.64
1.65
2.26
2.29
2.28
2.32
2.32
2.30
2.30
2.30
2.30
2.35
2. 35 2.34
Paper and allied products................. .
2. 37 2.37
2.47
2. 46 2. 47 2. 47 2. 46 2.43
Paper and pulp................................. 2.54
2. 54 2. 52 2. 52 2. 49 2. 48 2. 48 2.46
2.
48
2.
48
2.44
2.47
2. 48 2.50
2. 52 2. 54 2.52
2.50
2.49
2.48
Paperboard......... ................ ............ 2.54
2.54
Converted paper and paperboard
2.04
2.07
2.05
2.12
2.10
2.10
2.10
2.09
2.07
2.08
2.14
2.13
2.13
2.15
products............ ........................ .
2.12
2.10
2.12
2.11
2.20
2.16
2.15
2.14
2.14
2.19
2.17
2.20
Paperboard containers and boxes... 2. 22 2.23
Printing, publishing and allied indus2.69
2. 67
2.72
2.69
2.74
2. 74 2. 73 2.72
2. 72 2.71
2.74
dustries____ _____________ ___ 2. 76 2. 77 2.75
2.87
2 92 2.91
2.93
2.91
2. 90 2.90
2.93
2.94
2.93
2.93
2.95
2.96
Newspaper publishing and printing 2.97
2.77
2. 75
2. 74 2.77
2. 72 2.76
2.76
2. 73 2. 73 2. 72 2. 75
2. 90 2.82
Periodical publishing and printing. 2.83
2.38
2.36
2.37
2.39
2.
42
2.40
2.43
2.
41
2.
40
2. 47 2.44
2.46
2. 47 2. 47
Books________________________
2.69
2.68
2. 65
2.66
2.70
2. 72 2. 70 2. 72 2. 71
2. 76 2. 75 2. 74 2.73
Commercial printing..... ........... ...... 2.74
2.07
2.
08
2.14
2.10
2.12
2.15
2.14
2.14
2.13
2.13
2.14
2.13
2.16
Bookbinding and relatedindustries. 2.16
Other publishing and printing
2. 79 2. 75 2. 73 2. 77
2.80
2. 81 2. 85 2.83
2.82
2.80
2.79
2. 81
2.79
2.83
industries___________________
104.06
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
105. 71
108. 41
115. 46
100.04
106. 59
82. 51
106.37
107. 74
119. 48
100. 78
107.92
82.73
105.33
107.02
113.93
101. 52
106. 98
82.82
104.39
106.07
109.30
100.04
106.04
81.58
104.67
106. 95
107. 29
99. 88
105. 65
82.39
104.12
107.68
105.65
100.12
104. 99
81.53
104.01
106.36
104. 99
97.36
105.03
81.15
103. 90
105.05
107. 80
96. 96
106.35
81.15
103.36
104. 69
108.23
97.28
104.61
81.62
102.98
104.11
109.14
96.24
104. 76
82.13
103.36
109.00
105. 81
93.14
103. 30
79.61
103.57
107. 75
109.85
96.08
104.01
80.22
103.83
107.96
110. 80
96 63
104.79
79.87
36.3
37.3
37.8
34.1
36.6
36.2
35.8
36.3
38.3
42.8
44.1
43.6
41.2
41.8
38.5
36.5
39.7
40.5
39.4
38.2
38.4
$1.56
1.75
1.30
1.75
1.42
1.71
1.42
1.67
1.56
2.18
2.33
2.36
1.97
2.04
2. 59
2. 79
2.66
2.28
2.56
2.02
2.71
108
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JANUARY 1962
Table C -l. Gross hours and earnings of production workers,1 by industry—Continued
Revised series; see box, p. 94.
1961
Annual
average
1960
Industry
Oct.2
Manufacturing—Continued
Nondurable goods—Continued
Chemicals and allied products_____
Industrial chemicals____________
Plastics and synthetics, except
glass_______ ________________
Drugs............... .................................
Soap, cleaners, and toilet goods----Paints, varnishes, and allied products______________________
Agricultural chemicals__________
Other chemical products_________
Sept.
Aug.
July
June
May
Apr.
Mar.
Feb.
Jan.
Dec.
Nov.
Oct.
I960
1959
Average weekly earnings
$108.32 $107. 53 $107.49 $107.90 $108.00 $105.06 $104.24 $104.24 $103.89 $104.14 $103.38 $103.98 $103.73 $103.25 $99.36
122. 60 121. 60 121.51 122.06 121.80 119.81 119.11 118. 53 117.83 118.40 117.55 118.28 116.72 117.31 113.15
109. 25 108.05 107.90 108.94 109. 72 105. 88 105.32 104.65 103.89 103.38 104.04 103.98 103.22 104.17 100.50
95.88 95.18 93.96 93.43 94.77 93.26 92.46 92.97 92.52 92.34 89.89 92.29 91.66 90. 68 87.51
101. 68 100.28 100. 60 99.22 101.02 97.68 97. 68 96.32 96.08 96.32 94.64 95.99 96.22 94.77 90.54
98.33 98.42 99.39 100.12 100.43
86.09 84. 04 84.66 85.07 84.00
103.09 103.34 102. 75 102. 51 101.26
99.05
82.68
99.46
97. 68
81.46
98.98
96.48
84.29
98. 57
95.04
83.50
98.09
94.33
84.12
99. 53
94.64
83.75
98.40
95.91
83.50
98. 71
95. 99
83.27
98.29
95.65
82.37
97.06
92.70
80.17
94.16
Petroleum refining and related industries_________ _____ —-.................... 125. 33 126.88 122.59 126.42 126.24 123.30 124.42 121.80 121.00 123.90 118.73 119.02 118. 53 118. 78 117.42
Petroleum refining_____________ 129.34 131. 29 126. 95 131.24 130.38 128.21 129.56 127.17 126.45 129.58 123. 62 124.23 122.10 123.22 121.99
Other petroleum and coal products. 108. 58 107.93 103.81 105. 70 109. 66 101.24 99.41 95.17 91.80 96.12 95.88 95.24 103.37 99.26 97. 61
Rubber and miscellaneous plastic
97.61 98.74 97.85 98.90 97.03 95.04 93.69 91.89 91.49 92.51 91.96 92.43 93.77 92. 97 94.16
products__________________ _____
Tires and inner tubes. --------------- 124.49 127. 70 125.96 128.86 121.88 115.20 114.82 110. 56 110.11 113.24 117.21 113.92 115.92 116.33 120.64
Other rubber products . . .
9?. 57 92. 57 91.30 91.53 91.35 91.58 90. 27 88.13 87.91 87.91 86.30 88.18 89.69 87.82 88.38
Miscellaneous plastic products___
83. 23 84.26 83.44 83.03 84. 67 83.03 81.20 80.80 80.20 79. 99 78. 56 79.60 80.00 79.40 78.53
Leather and leather products_______
Leather tanning and finishing-----Footwear, except rubber________
Other leather products__________
62.59
85.57
58.76
62.81
61. 88
85.57
59.24
59.33
62. 79
85.39
60. 64
61.40
63. 58
84. 77
61.66
60.86
63.29
85.41
61.07
60. 75
61.46
83.92
58.97
59.62
59.95
84.77
56.86
59.09
61.62
82.68
59.33
60.16
61. 55
80.85
59.73
60.00
62. 75
81.06
60. 86
60.38
58.35
81.66
56.25
55.81
60.06
83.10
56.64
60.80
59.07
83. 77
55.2C
60.26
60.52
81.74
58.04
58.62
60.26
79.3t
58.28
57. Ö9
Average weekly hours
41.5
41.7
41.2
41.5
41.5
41.9
41.5
41.8
41.7
42.0
41.2
41.6
41.2
41.5
41.2
41.3
40.9
41.2
41.0
41.4
40.7
41.1
41.1
41.5
41.0
41.1
41.3
41.6
41.4
41.6
41. 7
40.8
41.5
41.4
40.5
41.1
41.5
40.5
41.4
41.9
40.1
41.0
42.2
40.5
41.4
41.2
40.2
40.7
41.3
40.2
40.7
41.2
40.6
40.3
40.9
40.4
40.2
40.7
40.5
40.3
40.8
39.6
39.6
41.1
40.3
40.5
40.8
40.2
40.6
41.5
40.3
40.5
41.7
40.7
40.6
40.3
42.2
41.4
40.5
41.4
41.5
40.9
41.5
41.6
41.2
41.7
41.5
41.5
42.0
41.5
41.1
42.4
41.1
40.7
43.1
40.9
40.2
44.6
40.9
39.6
42.6
40.7
39.8
42.7
41.3
39.6
42.3
41.0
40.3
42.6
41.3
40.5
42.7
41.3
40.7
42.9
41.3
41.2
43.1
41.3
Petroleum refining and related industries------------------ --------------- ------ Petroleum refining____ . . . _____
Other petroleum and coal products.
41. 5
40.8
44.5
41.6
40.9
44.6
41.0
40.3
43.8
42.0
41.4
44.6
41.8
41.0
45.5
41.1
40.7
42.9
41.2
41.0
42.3
40.6
40.5
41.2
40.2
40.4
39.4
41.3
41.4
40.9
40.8
40.8
40.8
40.9
41.0
40.7
41.3
40.7
43.8
41.1
40.8
42.6
41.2
40.8
43.0
Rubber and miscellaneous plastic
products________________________
Tires and inner tubes___________
Other rubber products___. . . . ._
Miscellaneous plastic products___
40.5
39.9
40.6
40.8
40.8
40.8
40.6
41.1
40.6
40.5
40.4
40.9
40.7
41.3
40.5
40.5
40.6
39.7
40.6
41.3
40.1
38.4
40.7
40.7
39.7
38.4
40.3
40.2
39.1
37.1
39.7
40.0
39.1
37.2
39.6
39.9
39.2
38.0
39.6
39.6
38.8
39.2
38.7
38.7
39.5
38.1
39.9
40.0
39.9
38.9
40.4
40.2
39.9
39.3
40.1
40.1
41.3
41.6
41.3
40.9
Leather and leather products________
Leather tanning and finishing___
Footwear, except rubber________
Other leather products__________
36.6
39.8
35.4
38.3
36.4
39.8
35.9
36.4
37.6
39.9
37.2
37.9
38.3
39.8
38.3
37.8
37.9
40.1
37.7
37.5
36.8
39.4
36.4
36.8
35.9
39.8
35.1
36.7
36.9
39.0
36.4
37.6
37.3
38.5
37.1
37.5
37.8
38.6
37.8
37.5
35.8
38.7
35.6
35.1
36.4
39.2
35.4
38.0
35.8
39.7
34.5
37.9
36.9
39.3
36.5
37.1
37.9
39.3
37.6
37.9
Chemicals and allied products_______
Industrial chemicals________ ____
Plastics and synthetics, except
glass _______________________
Drugs------------------------------------Soap, cleaners, and toilet goods___
Paints, varnishes, and allied products___________ ________ . . .
Agricultural chemicals____ ____ _
Other chemical products_______ .
Average hourly earnings
Chemicals and allied products_______ $2. 61 $2. 61
Industrial chemicals____________ 2. 94 2.93
Plastics and synthetics, except
2. 61
glass----------------- ------------ ------ 2.62
Drugs. __________________ . . . 2. 35 2.35
Soap, cleaners, and toilet goods___ 2. 45 2.44
Paints, varnishes, and allied prod2. 43
u c t s ------------------ ----------------- 2.44
2.04
2.03
Agricultural chemicals__________
2. 49
Other chemical products...............
2.49
$2. 59
2.90
$2. 60
2. 92
$2.59
2.90
$2. 55
2.88
$2. 53
2. 87
$2.53
2. 87
$2. 54
2.86
$2.54
2.86
$2.54
2.86
$2. 53
2. 85
$2. 53
2.84
$2.50
2.82
$2.40
2.72
2.60
2.32
2.43
2.60
2.33
2.42
2.60
2.34
2.44
2.57
2.32
2.40
2.55
2.30
2.40
2. 54
2.29
2.39
2.54
2.29
2.39
2.54
2.28
2.39
2.55
2.27
2.39
2.53
2.29
2.37
2.53
2.28
2.37
2.51
2.25
2.34
2.41
2.15
2.23
2.43
2.04
2.47
2.43
2.04
2.47
2.42
2.00
2.44
2.41
1.95
2.42
2.40
1.89
2.42
2.40
1.89
2.41
2.40
1.96
2.41
2.37
1.97
2.41
2.39
1.98
2.40
2.38
1.96
2.39
2.37
1.95
2.38
2.35
1.92
2.35
2.25
1.86
2.28
Petroleum refining and related industries. ___________ ______________
Petroleum refining___ ____ ..
Other petroleum and coal products.
3.02
3.05
3.17 ■ 3.21
2.44
2.42
2.99
3.15
2.37
3.01
3.17
2.37
3.02
3.18
2.41
3.00
3.15
2.36
3.02
3.16
2.35
3.00
3.14
2.31
3.01
3.13
2.33
3.00
3.13
2.35
2.91
3.03
2.35
2.91
3.03
2.34
2. 87
3.00
2.36
2. 89
3.02
2.33
2.85
2.99
2.27
Rubber and miscellaneous plastic
products________________ _______
Tires and inner tubes___________
Other rubber products.. . . . . . ..
Miscellaneous plastic products___
2. 41
3.12
2.28
2.04
2. 42
3.12
2.28
2. 05
2.41
3.11
2.26
2.04
2.43
3.12
2.26
2.05
2.39
3.07
2.25
2.05
2.37
3.00
2.25
2.04
2.36
2.99
2.24
2.02
2.35
2.98
2.22
2.02
2.34
2. 96
2.22
2.01
2.36
2.98
2.22
2.02
2.37
2.99
2.23
2.03
2.34
2.99
2.21
1.99
2.35
2.98
2.22
1.99
2.33
2. 96
2.19
1.98
2.28
2.90
2.14
1.92
1.71
2.15
1.66
1.64
1.70
2.15
1.65
1.63 1
1.67
2.14
1.63
1.62
1.66
2.13
1.61
1.61
1.67
2.13
1.62
1.62
1.67
2.13
1.62
1.62
1.67
2.13
1.62
1.61
1.67
2.12
1.63
1.60
1.65
2.10
1.61
1.60
1.66
2.10
1.61
1.61
1.63
2.11
1. 58
1.59
1.65
2.12
1.60
1.60
1.65
2.11
1.60
1.59
1.64
2.08
1.59
1.58
1.59
2.02
1.55
1.53
Leather and leather products........... .
Leather tanning and finishing____
Footwear, except rubber________
Other leather products....................
See footnotes at end of table.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
C.—EARNINGS AND HOURS
109
Table C -l. Gross hours and earnings of production workers,1 by industry—Continued
Revised series; see box, p„ 94.
1961
Oct.2
Sept.
Aug.
July
June
Annual
average
1960
May
Apr.
Mar.
Feb.
Jan.
Dec.
Nov.
Oct.
I960
1959
Average weekly earnings
Transportation and public utilities:
Railroad transportation:
Class I railroads L —____ _______ ___ $112. 71 $114.48 $111. 49 $114. 38 $113.95 $108. 27 $111.41 $115.02 $108.92 $111.04 $106. 92 $108.39 $108. 84 $101.84
Local and interurban passenger transit :
Local and suburban transportation. $98.24 98. 67 99.16 98.47 99.41 98. 06 97.16 97.13 97.16 95.34 98. 31 96.11 94.81 94.82 91.57
Intercity and rural bus lines_____ 111. 83 119.97 116. 77 117.13 112.49 108. 94 112. 58 106.14 108. 03 107.68 104.33 104.00 104. 58 105. 22 100.01
Motor freight transportation and
storage____________________ _ _ _ 111. 09 111. 14 111.19 108. 42 109.30 106. 55 104. 45 103. 53 103. 63 102. 06 103.73 103. 82 106.17 104.17 102.12
Pipeline transportation_____________ 133. 65 133. 50 130.33 137.03 124. 42 128. 95 133.06 128.16 129.03 135.29 127.08 124.12 126.14 124.53 124.14
Communication:
Telephone communication_______ 95.92 97.53 93.62 93.46 92.12 91.03 90.17 90.02 90. 71 90.48 91.64 92.92 92. 00 89. 50 85.46
Telegraph communication4 ______ 104. 33 105. 25 104.33 104.90 105. 33 106. 00 102. 51 103.17 102. 01 103. 00 100. 77 100.98 103. 70 100.01 95.99
Radio and television broadcasting. 121.98 122.29 119. 27 118. 81 117. 50 117.66 119. 58 118. 04 118. 80 120. 51 121. 28 122.61 124.09 121.13 115. 50
Electric, gas, and sanitary services___ 114. 67 114.26 112.07 112.34 110.98 110. 70 110.43 110. 30 110. 84 110. 84 112.06 111. 24 111.24 108. 65 103. 73
Electric companies and systems__ 114.39 114. 54 113. 44 113. 71 112. 20 111. 52 110.84 110. 98 110. 57 110. 84 111. 79 111.51 110. 56 109.45 104.81
Gas companies and systems______ 108. 32 105. 26 103.12 103. 94 102. 36 102.36 102. 77 102.31 103. 63 103.63 105.16 104. 08 104.49 100.69 97. 51
Combined utility systems__ _____ 123.82 124. 01 121.88 121.25 120. 66 119.48 119.07 119. 54 121. 42 120.13 121.84 120. 83 121. 01 117. 26 110. 70
Water, steam, and sanitary systems. 93. 38 94. 35 94.16 93.43 92.84 92. 89 92.16 91.08 92.80 91.53 90.58 91.62 91.02 89.84 86.11
Average weekly hours
Transportation and public utilities:
Railroad transportation:
Class I railroads 3_______________
Local and interurban passenger transit:
Local and suburban transportation.
Intercity and rural bus lines_____
Motor freight transportation and
storage_________________________
Pipeline transportation_________ . . .
Communication:
Telephone communication_______
Telegraph communication 4____ _
Radio and television broadcasting.
Electric, gas, and sanitary services___
Electric companies and systems__
Gas companies and systems______
Combined utility system________
Water, steam, and sanitary systems.
41.9
43.2
41.6
43.0
43.0
40.4
42.2
42.6
41.1
41.9
40.5
40.9
41.7
41.4
42.9
42.2
42.9
44.6
43.3
43.9
43.0
44.2
43.6
43.1
43.2
41.9
42.8
43.3
42.6
41.3
42.8
42.7
42.0
41.9
43.5
41.9
43.1
41.6
42.9
42.0
43.1
42.6
43.4
42.2
42.4
40.5
42.1
40.7
42.6
40.1
41.7
41.4
42.2
38.4
41.3
39.8
40.8
40.2
40.6
39.8
40.8
39.7
40.5
41.5
41.0
40.6
41.2
40.3
41.8
40.3
41.5
40.3
42.2
40.7
39.8
41.9
38.6
41.1
41.0
41.5
41.0
40.6
40.3
42.1
38.7
41.1
41.2
40.8
41.2
41.2
39.5
41.9
38.6
40.9
41.1
40.6
40.9
41.3
39.6
42.3
38.7
41.0
41.2
40.6
41.1
40.8
39.2
42.3
38.4
40.8
41.1
40.3
40.9
40.9
38.9
42.4
38.2
40.7
41.0
40.3
40.5
41.1
38.7
41.5
38.7
40.6
40.9
40.3
40.5
40.6
38.8
41.6
38.2
40.7
40.8
40.6
40.8
40.3
39.1
41.3
38.2
40.9
40.8
40.8
41.3
40.7
39.0
41.7
38.5
40.9
40.9
40.8
41.0
40.5
39.5
41.3
38.5
41.2
41.1
41.4
41.3
40.8
40.4
41.9
38.8
41.2
41.3
41.3
41.1
40.9
40.0
42.5
38.9
41.2
41.1
41.3
41.3
41.0
39.6
42.2
38.7
41.0
41.3
40.6
41.0
41.4
39.2
42.1
38.5
41.0
41.1
40.8
41.0
41.6
Average hourly earnings
Transportation and public utilities:
Railroad transportation:
Class I railroads 3____ __________
Local and interurban passenger transit:
Local and suburban transportation. $2.29
Intercity and rural bus lines_____
2. 65
Motor freight transportation and
storage__________ ___________
2.62
Pipeline transportation________ _____ 3.30
Communication:
Telephone communication_______ 2.41
Telegraph communication4______ 2. 49
Radio and television broadcasting. 3.16
Electric, gas, and sanitary services___ 2. 79
Electric companies and systems__ 2. 79
Gas companies and systems___ _
2. 61
Combined utility systems_______
3. 02
Water, steam, and sanitary systems. 2. 30
See footnotes at end of table.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
$2.69
$2. 65
$2.68
$2. 66
$2. 65
$2.68
$2.64
$2. 70
$2. 65
$2. 65
$2.64
$2. 65
$2. 61
$2.46
2. 30
2.69
2. 29
2. 66
2. 29
2.65
2. 28
2. 61
2.27
2.60
2.27
2. 60
2.28
2. 57
2.27
2. 53
2. 27
2. 57
2. 26
2. 49
2. 23
2. 50
2. 21
2.49
2.20
2.47
2.11
2.37
2.64
3.28
2.61
3. 25
2.60
3.31
2.59
3.24
2. 58
3.24
2. 56
3.31
2. 55
3.22
2.54
3. 25
2. 52
3. 26
2. 53
3.13
2.52
3.08
2. 54
3.13
2.51
3.09
2.42
3.05
2.42
2.50
3.16
2. 78
2. 78
2.58
3.01
2. 29
2.37
2. 49
3.09
2.74
2.76
2. 54
2. 98
2.28
2.36
2.48
3.07
2.74
2. 76
2. 56
2.95
2.29
2.35
2.49
3.06
2. 72
2. 73
2. 54
2. 95
2.27
2.34
2.50
3.08
2.72
2. 72
2. 54
2.95
2.26
2.33
2. 47
3.09
2. 72
2. 71
2. 55
2.94
2. 27
2.32
2. 48
3.09
2.71
2. 72
2.52
2.93
2.26
2.32
2.47
3.11
2.71
2.71
2.54
2.94
2.28
2. 32
2.47
3.13
2. 71
2.71
2.54
2. 93
2.26
2.32
2.44
3.15
2. 72
2.72
2. 54
2.95
2.22
2.30
2. 41
3.16
2. 70
2. 70
2.52
2.94
2.24
2.30
2.44
3.19
2.70
2.69
2. 53
2.93
2.22
2.26
2.37
3.13
2. 65
2. 65
2.48
2.86
2.17
2.18
2.28
3.00
2.53
2. 55
2.39
2.70
2.07
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JANUARY 1962
110
T able
C -l. Gross hours and earnings of production workers,1 by industry—Continued
Revised series; see box, p. 94.
1961
Industry
Oct.*
Sept.
Aug.
July
June
May
Annual
average
1960
Apr.
Mar.
Feb.
Jan.
Dec.
Nov.
Oct.
Average weekly earnings
Wholesale and retail trade *.......................... $73.34 $73. 72 $73.88 $74.07 $73. 51 $72. 37 $71.98 $71. 41 $71. 60 $71. 60 $70. 20 $71.00 $71.19
Wholesale trad e...................................... 94. 60 94. 77 93.79 94. 42 94.19 92.69 92.69 91.66 91.43 91.88 91.30 91.13 91.35
Motor vehicles and automotive
eq u ipm ent.................... ...... ........ 90.94 89.87 89.25 89. 25 88.83 88.41 88.41 87.36 87.36 87.99 87.36 87. 57 87.36
Drugs, chemicals, and allied produ cts.........................-............. ........ 95.44 95.34 93.83 95.11 93.83 93.37 93.13 93. 37 92.97 92.80 91.94 92.40 92. 86
Dry goods and apparel__________ 94.87 94.88 93. 62 92. 72 90. 62 90.99 92.10 91.99 91.20 93. 65 89.68 90.06 91 10
Groceries and related products....... 87.97 89.44 88. 61 89.46 87. 78 86.31 86.10 84.86 84. 66 84.66 85.90 85. 28 85. 90
Electrical goods —............................ 99.31 99. 55 97. 28 97. 28 97.12 95. 76 96.07 95.12 95.76 96.88 95. 51 96. 63 96.87
Hardware, plumbing, and heating
goods...........- ____________ ____ 92.03 91.17 90.32 89.69 89.91 88.66 88.88 88. 48 86.83 87.91 87.89 87.89 88. 51
Machinery, equipment, and supplies________________________ 103.48 104.30 101.68 101.84 102. 41 101.18 100. 78 99.88 99. 72 99. 55 102.16 98.98 99.39
Retail' trade *.......... ............................... 64.64 64.60 65. 23 65. 57 64.90 63. 84 63.46 62.70 62.87 63. 25 61.82 62. 48 62.65
General merchandise stores............. 50. 66 51.11 51.25 51.39 51.16 50. 22 49. 74 49. 39 49. 39 49. 74 49. 62 48.08 48. 71
Department stores.............. ...... 55.60 56.25 56.03 56.19 55.71 55. 55 54.19 53. 69 53. 51 54. 22 53.96 52. 86 53. 66
lim ited price variety stores__ 37. 56 37.79 38.08 38. 53 37.18 35. 95 36.27 36.92 36.82 36.51 35.49 35. 53 35. 20
Food stores____________________ 63.19 63.90 64.59 64.40 63. 36 61.95 61.60 61.24 61.42 61.06 61.39 61.92 61.56
Grocery, meat, and vegetable
stores............................... ........ 64.79 65.70 66.05 66. 23 65. 34 63.90 63.37 63.01 62.83 62. 83 63.18 63. 71 62.99
Apparel and accessories sto res....... 52.48 52.10 52.60 52.80 52. 55 51.60 51. 11 50. 42 51.50 51.94 52. 24 50. 91 50.91
Men’s and boys’ apparel stores. 63.92 63. 54 66. 53 66.64 65.05 63.38 62. 63 62.12 63. 75 66.00 64.47 63. 61 63.34
Women’s ready-to-wear stores . 47.04 46.31 45. 75 46.10 45. 83 45.50 45. 90 45.16 45. 02 45. 36 45.89 44.69 44.82
Family clothing stores_______ 51. 62 51. 55 52. 42 51.77 52.13 51. 47 51.10 50.96 51.94 51.05 52.26 50. 78 51.01
Shoe stores _______________ 52.64 53.46 54.32 53.88 53. 46 52.64 50.88 51.04 52.10 52.16 52. 96 51.68 52.15
Furniture and appliance stores___ 78. 50 78.06 78. 25 77. 23 77. 79 76.22 76.04 75.81 74. 62 76.67 77.38 76.04 75.99
Other retail trade,*_____________ 73.69 73.46 74. 27 74.69 74.10 72.98 72. 56 71.72 71.90 72.07 71.99 71.99 72. 24
Motor vehicle dealers.............. - 87. 90 87.23 89.49 90.17 90.78 89.04 87.96 86. 39 84.67 85. 31 86.63 87. 91 87.91
Other vehicle and accessory
dealers__________________ 78.32 78. 77 79. 20 79. 47 79. 39 78.94 77.88 77. 53 77.79 77.35 76.64 77.16 78. 40
Drug stores........................ ........ 56.09 56.24 56. 93 57.00 56.17 55.13 54. 46 54.39 54.02 54.31 54. 81 53.86 53.65
Average weekly hours
39.1
38.8
39.3
39.4
38.7
38.7
38.6
38.7
38.7
38.9
Wholesale and retail trade *_____________ 38.6
39.0
38.8
40.6
40.7
40.6
40.3
40.3
40.2
40.1
40.3
40.4
40.5
Wholesale trade___________________ 40.6 . 40.5
40.6
Motor vehicles and automotive
42.1
42.1
42.3
42.1
41.9
41.8
41.9
41.6
41.6
41.7
41.6
41.7
equipment__________________
41.6
Drugs, chemicals, and allied prod39.9
40.4
40.3
39.9
39.9
40.1
40.1
39.8
40.0
40.2
39.8
40.0
ucts____ ____________________ 40.1
37.6
37.9
38.1
37.8
37.6
38.0
37.6
37.7
38.0
38.7
Dry goods and apparel________ _
38.0
38.0
37.8
41.6
41.1
41.6
42.0
41.6
40.8
40 7 40.9
41 9 41.2
41.0
41.3
Groceries and related products___ 41.3
40.2
40.2
40.3
39.9
39.7
39.9
40.2
Electrical goods.—............................ 40.7
40.8
39.8
40.3
40.6
40.7
Hardware, plumbing, and heating
40.5
40.4
40.5
40.3
40.4
40.2
40.7
40.4
40.7
40.5
40.5
40.6
goods......... ............. ............. .......... 40.9
Machinery, equipment, and sup40.9
40.9
40.8
40.8
40.8
41.0
40.7
40.8
40.9
40.9
plies..................................... ......... 40.9
40.6
40.7
38.0
38.8
38.4
38.6
38.0
38.0
38.0
38.1
38.1
38.4
38.2
Retail trade * ______ ______________ 37.8
38.1
35.2
General merchandise stores______ 34.0
35.1
34.8
34.4
34.3
34.3
34 3 34.3
34.3
35.7
34.1
34.3
34.9
34 1 35.5
33.9
34.8
34.6
34.5
34.3
34 2 34.3
34.3
34.1
Department stores__________
34.4
32.1
32.1
32.1
33.4
33.8
32.9
32.3
32.6
Limited price variety stores__ 32.1
32.3
33.8
32 3 32.0
35.9
35.4
35.9
36.7
36.8
36.0
35.4
35.4
35.5
35.5
36.0
36.0
Food stores______ _____________ 35.5
Grocery, meat, and vegetable
36.1
36.9
36.3
35.6
stores....................................... 35.6
37.0
35.7
35.6
35.7
35.7
36.1
36.2
36.2
35.3
35.2
34.5
34.8
34.4
34.3
34.3
Apparel and accessories stores____ 34.3
34.8
34.4
35.3
34.4
34.4
37.2
37.6
38.3
37.6
37.5
37.5
Men’s and boys’ apparel stores. 37.6
37.8
37.5
37.5
37.7
37.2
37.7
33.8
34.4
34.4
34.2
33.5
33.7
33.7
33.6
33.6
34.5
33.6
Women’s ready-to-wear stores. 33.6
33.7
35.7
36.2
36.5
36.5
Family clothing stores_______ 36.1
35.8
36.4
36.4
37.1
35.7
37 6 36.8
36 7
31.9
32.1
32.6
34.6
34.1
32.8
32.0
33.4
32.2
Shoe stores.................................. 31.9
33.1
32.3
31.8
41.2
41.4
41.3
41.6
41.2
41.1
41.3
Furniture and appliance stores___ 41.1
41.0
41.0
41.6
41.1
41.3
42.2
42.1
42.2
41. 7 41.7
Other retail trade*_____________
41.4
41.5
41.7
41.8
41.9
42.1
42.1
42.0
44.3
44.2
44.2
Motor vehicle dealers________ 43.3
43.4
44.5
44.3
44.3
44.1
44.2
44.2
44.4
44.4
Other vehicle and accessory
44.9
44.6
44.5
44.3
44.2
44.2
44.0
44.5
45.0
44.6
44.3
dealers__________________
44.6
44.8
37.7
38.0
36.8
37.0
37.2
Drug stores------------------------- 36.9
37.0
37.7
37.0
37.0
37.8
37.4
37.0
Average hourly earnings
Wholesale and retail trade *........ ................ $1.90 $1.90 $1.88 $1.88 $1.88 $1.87 $1.86 $1.85 $1.85 $1.85 $1.80 $1.83 $1.83
2. 34
2. 31
2. 32 2.32
2.30
2.30
2. 28 2. 28
2. 28 2.26
Wholesale trade___________________
2.33
2. 25
2.25
Motor vehicles and automotive
2.12
2.11
2.11
2.11
2.11
2.15
2.10
2.10
2.11
2.10
equipment.......... ............. ............. 2.16
2.10
2.10
Drugs, chemicals, and allied prod2. 34
2. 34
2.36
2.34
2.36
2.34
2.34
2. 33 2. 32 2.31
2.38
ucts__ _____________________
2.31
2.31
2. 51
2. 49 2. 44 2.41
2.42
2.43
2. 44
Dry goods and apparel.................... 2.49
2 40 2.42
2. 36 2. 37 2.41
2. 11
2. 10 2.10
2.13
2.13
Groceries and related products___ 2.13
2.15
2.08
2.08
2.07
2.05
2.07
2.08
2.42
2. 42 2.41
2. 40 2. 42 2.39
Electrical goods________________ 2.44
2.44
2. 40
2.41
2.37
2.38
2.38
Hardware, plumbing, and heating
2. 22 2.20
2. 23 2.22
2.20
2.19
2.16
2.16
goods............................................. 2. 25 2.25
2.17
2.17
2.18
Machinery, equipment, and sup2.48
2.46
2. 45 2. 44 2. 51 2.42
2.47
p lies.............................................. 2. 53 2. 55 2. 48 2. 49 2. 51
2.43
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.68
Retail trade*--------------------------------- 1.71
1.70
1.67
1.65
1.65
1.66
1.61
1.64
1.64
1.49
1.49
1.46
1.46
1.47
1.46
1.45
1.44
1.44
1.45
1.39
General merchandise stores______
1.41
1.42
1.64
1.64
1.61
1.61
1.61
1.61
1.58
1.57
1.59
1.52
Department stores__________
1.56
1.55
1.56
1.12
1.14
1.14
1.13
1.15
1.14
1.12
1.17
1.13
1.05
Limited price variety stores__ 1.17
1.10
1.10
1.75
1.76
1.75
1.74
1.73
1.72
Food stores................ .................. .
1.78
1.76
1.73
1.72
1.78
1.71
1.71
Grocery, meat, and vegetable
1.82
1.79
1.79
1.79
1.80
1.78
1.77
1.76
1.75
stores....................................... 1.82
1.76
1.76
1.74
1.49
1.49
1.51
1.50
1.47
1.48
1.51
Apparel and accessories stores____ 1.53
1.51
1.50
1.48
1.48
1.48
1.73
1.69
1.69
1.76
1.74
1.67
1.67
M en’s and boys’ apparel stores. 1.70
1.70
1.76
1.71
1.71
1.68
1.33
1.34
1.34
1.35
1.37
1.37
1.34
1.34
1.35
1.33
Women’s ready-to-wear stores. 1.40
1.33
1.33
1.44
1.41
Family clothing stores_______ 1.43
1.44
1.45
1.44
1.40
1.40
1.40
1.43
1.39
1.38
1.39
1.64
1.58
1.63
1.65
1.59
1.59
1.62
Shoe stores_________________ 1.65
1.57
1.56
1.60
1.60
1.64
See footnotes at end of table.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
I960
1959
$70. 98
91.13
$69.17
88.91
86. 53
84.22
91.20
90. 68
84. 67
95.11
87.38
89.68
81. 56
93.73
86.86
84. 45
99.80
62.37
48.58
53.09
35. 53
60. 98
97.99
60. 76
47.60
52.15
34. 22
58. 72
62. 95
51.30
63. 29
44. 41
51 01
52. 33
74.98
71.57
87. 91
60.15
50.40
62.54
43.31
50. 78
51.51
73. 87
70. 22
86.08
77. 26
53. 34
74.36
51.14
39.0
40.5
39.3
40.6
41.8
41.9
40.0
38. 1
41.3
40.3
39.9
38.0
41.4
40.4
40.4
40.6
40.9
38.5
34.7
34.7
32 6
36.3
41.0
38.7
35.0
35.0
32 9
36.7
36 6
34 9
37.9
33.9
36.7
32.5
41.2
42.1
44.4
36.9
35.0
37.9
34.1
36.8
32.6
41.5
42.3
44.6
44.4
37.3
44.0
37.6
$1.82
2. 25
$1.76
2.19
2.07
2.01
2. 28
2. 38
2.05
2.36
2.19
2.36
1.97
2.32
2.15
2.08
2.44
1.62
1.40
1. 53
1.09
1.68
2. 39
1.57
1.36
1.49
1.04
1.60
1.72
1.47
1.67
1.31
1.39
1.61
1.63
1.44
1. 65
1.27
1.38
1.58
111
C —EMPLOYMENT AND HOURS
T a ble C -l. Gross hours and earnings of production workers,1 by industry—Continued
Revised series; see box, p. 94.
Annual
average
1960
1961
Industry
Oct.«
Sept.
Aug.
July
June
May
Apr.
Mar.
Feb.
Jan.
Dec.
Nov.
Oct.
1960
1959
Average hourly earnings—Continued
Wholesale and retail trade »—Continued
Retail trade »—Continued
Furniture and appliance stores....... $1.91
1.78
Other retail tr a d e _____________
Motor vehicle dealers......... ............. 2.03
Other vehicle and accessory deal1.78
crs.............................................—
Drug stores....................................... 1.52
$1.89
1.77
2.01
$1.89
1.76
2.02
$1.87
1.77
2.04
$1.87
1.76
2.04
$1.85
1.75
2.01
$1.85
1.74
1.99
$1.84
1.72
1.95
$1.82
1.72
1. 92
$1.87
1.72
1.93
$1.86
1.71
1.96
$1.85
1.71
1.98
$1.84
1.72
1.98
$1.82
1.70
1.98
$1.78
1.66
1.93
1.77
1.52
1.76
1.51
1.77
1.50
1.78
1.49
1.77
1.49
1.75
1.48
1.75
1.47
1.76
1.46
1.75
1.46
1.73
1.45
1.73
1.44
1.75
1.45
1.74
1.43
1.69
1.36
$70.12 $69.37 $69.19 $69. 56 $68. 82 $68. 63 $68. 82 $69.01 $69.01 $68. 45 $67. 52 $67. 53 $67. 89 $67.15
122.98 125.36 125.04 127. 42 143. 45 151.10 152.16 139. 38 129.37 119. 93 118.08 110. 87 114. 36 117.12
90. 26 90.26 90.34 90.05 89. 57 89.50 89. 08 88.80 88. 74 88.90 88.07 87. 85 87.99 87.41
95.83 95.61 96. 10 95.56 94.90 94. 74 93.71 93.93 93.89 94.34 93.60 93.38 93. 55 93.32
76.14 75.09 73. 68 74.14 73. 47 72.92 73.88 73.85 73.27 73.16 72.74 71.83 72.42 71.33
$65.10
124.07
85.29
91.52
68.48
Average weekly earnings
Finance, Insurance, and real estate:
Banking......... .........................................
Security dealers and e x c h a n g e s , .......... ..
Insurance carriers__________________
Life insurance...................................
Accident and health Insurance____
Fire, marine, and casualty insurance..................- ........... ...........
86.19
85.46
85.11
85.11
85.01
85.02
85.27
84.24
84.19
83.99
83.12
82.90
82.96
81.96
Services and miscellaneous:
Hotels and lodging places:
Hotels, tourist courts, and motels «. 47.08 45.31 45.21 44.88 44.75 45.20 44.85 45.08 44.97 45.08 45.31 44.57 45. 43 43.89
Personal services:
Laundries, cleaning and dyeing
plants
49. 79 49.15 48.76 49.66 50.42 50.17 48.51 48.25 47.75 48.13 47.63 48.50 49.13 48.11
Motion pictures:
Motion picture filming and distributing.......... ............................. 116.96 116.00 116.31 119. 93 119.50 114.94 115.43 119.48 117.66 115. 82 118.94 120.28 114.20 113.69
79.36
42.40
46.80
111.76
Average weekly hours
Finance, insurance, and real estate:
Banking...................................................
37.1
36.9
37.0
37.0
36.8
36.9
37.0
37.1
37.1
37.2
37.1
36.9
37.1
37.1
37.2
39.9
39.4
41.1
40.8
39.6
39.3
39.0
39.2
39.1
39.2
39.4
39.1
39.5
39.9
40.0
38.9
38.7
38.7
39.1
39.7
39.5
38.5
38.6
38.2
38.5
38.1
38.8
39.3
38.8
39.0
Fire, marine, and casualty inServices and miscellaneous:
Hotels and lodging places:
Hotels, tourist courts, and motels «.
Personal services:
Laundries, cleaning and dyeing
plants_______________________
Motion pictures:
Motion picture filming and distrib-
g
Average hourly earnings
Finance, insurance, and real estate:
Banking__________________________ $1.89
$1.88
$1.87
$1.88
$1.87
$1.86
$1.86
$1.86
$1.86
$1.84
$1.82
$1.83
$1.83
$1.81
$1.75
1.18
1.15
1.10
1.10
1.13
1.15
1.15
1.15
1.15
1.15
1.15
1.14
1.15
1.10
1.06
1.28
1.27
1.26
1.27
1.27
1.27
1.26
1.25
1.25
1.25
1.25
1. 25
1.25
1.24
1.20
Fire, marine, and casualty inServices and miscellaneous:
Hotels and lodging places:
Hotels, tourist courts,and motels®.
Personal services:
Laundries, cleaning and dyeing
p lan ts___. . . __________ ___ __
Motion pictures:
Motion picture filming and distrib-
i For comparability of data with those published in issues prior to Decem
ber 1961, see footnote 1, table A-2.
For employees covered, see footnote 1, table A-3.
* Preliminary.
s Based upon monthly data summarized in the M-300 report by the Inter
state Commerce Commission, which relate to all employees who received pay
during the month, except executives, officials, and staff assistants (ICO
Group I).
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
< Data relate to nonsupervisory employees except messengers.
» Excludes eating and drinking places.
®Money payments only; additional value of board, room, uniforms, and tips
not included.
S ource ; U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics for all
series except that for Class I railroads. (See footnote 3.)
112
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JANUARY 1962
Table C-2. Average weekly hours, seasonally adjusted, of production workers in selected industries 1
Revised series; see box, p. 94.
1961
1960
I n d u s tr y d iv is io n a n d g rou p
O c t.2
M in in g _______________________
C o n tr a c t c o n s tr u c tio n . __
_ _ _ _ _
______
________
_______________________________
M a n u fa c tu r in g __________________________
________
___
A ug.
S ep t.
J u ly
June
M ay
A pr.
M ar.
Feb.
Jan.
D ec.
N ov.
O ct.
4 1 .6
40 .8
4 0 .7
4 1 .6
< 0 .5
4 0 .3
3 9 .9
3 9 .3
4 0 .2
4 0 .4
3 9 .3
3 9 .9
40.1
3 7 .3
3 6 .7
37 .1
3 6 .9
3 6 .8
3 6 .3
3 5 .7
3 6 .9
38.1
3 7 .5
3 4 .8
3 6 .8
3 7 .2
__
4 0 .2
3 9 .6
40 .0
4 0 .0
3 9 .9
3 9 .8
3 9 .7
3 9 .3
3 9 .3
3 9 .0
3 8 .5
3 9 .3
3 9 .5
D u r a b le g o o d s ____ ___________________________________
O r d n a n ce a n d a cc esso ries___________________________
L u m b e r a n d w o o d p r o d u c ts, e x c e p t fu r n itu r e ___ __
F u r n itu r e a n d fix tu r e s____ _________________ ___
S to n e , c la y , a n d g la ss p r o d u c ts ____________
P r im a r y m e ta l in d u s tr ie s ____ ________ ______________
F a b r ic a te d m e ta l p r o d u c ts ______ ___________________
M a c h in e r y
___ _ ________________
__ ___
E le c tr ic a l e q u ip m e n t a n d s u p p lie s _________________
T r a n s p o r ta tio n e q u ip m e n t . _
______ _________ _
I n s tr u m e n ts a n d r e la te d p r o d u c t s .. __________ _
M isc e lla n e o u s m a n u fa c tu r in g in d u s tr ie s ______
4 0 .6
41 .3
3 9 .9
4 0 .3
4 0 .9
40 .5
4 0 .9
41 .2
4 0 .6
40 .9
40 .8
3 9 .6
3 9 .8
4 0 .9
3 9 .5
4 0 .4
4 1 .0
40 .1
39 .6
41.1
3 9 .4
3 8 .0
4 0 .9
3 9 .7
4 0 .5
4 1 .1
3 9 .6
40.1
4 1 .0
4 0 .2
4 0 .8
41 .1
4 0 .4
4 0 .6
4 0 .9
3 9 .4
4 0 .5
4 0 .4
3 9 .5
40.1
41.1
4 0 .5
40 .9
4 1 .0
4 0 .1
4 0 .7
4 0 .5
3 9 .6
40 .4
4 0 .7
3 9 .7
4 0 .1
4 0 .9
3 9 .7
4 0 .7
4 0 .8
40.1
4 0 .6
4 0 .7
3 9 .7
4 0 .2
40 .4
3 9 .5
3 9 .6
4 0 .4
3 9 .5
4 0 .5
4 0 .7
3 9 .9
4 0 .6
4 0 .6
3 9 .3
4 0 .0
4 0 .7
3 9 .0
3 9 .5
4 0 .3
3 8 .9
4 0 .5
4 0 .7
4 0 .2
4 0 .5
40. 5
3 9 .3
3 9 .7
4 0 .7
3 8 .9
3 9 .0
4 0 .4
3 8 .1
4 0 .0
4 0 .2
3 9 .9
3 9 .8
40 .3
3 9 .1
3 9 .6
4 0 .4
3 9 .2
3 8 .9
4 0 .2
3 8 .0
3 9 .8
4 0 .6
3 9 .9
3 9 .6
4 0 .4
3 9 .4
3 9 .3
4 0 .4
3 9 .3
3 8 .6
4 0 .2
3 7 .5
3 9 .7
40 .4
3 9 .8
3 8 .9
4 0 .3
39 .1
3 9 .0
3 9 .7
3 8 .1
3 8 .9
3 9 .7
37 .1
3 8 .9
4 0 .0
3 8 .6
39 .3
3 9 .2
3 7 .8
3 9 .7
4 0 .6
3 8 .4
3 9 .2
4 0 .4
3 7 .7
4 0 .2
4 0 .7
3 9 .7
4 0 .4
4 0 .3
3 9 .2
3 9 .9
4 0 .5
3 8 .9
3 9 .4
4 0 .6
3 8 .1
4 0 .4
4 0 .8
40.1
4 0 .8
4 0 .4
3 9 .3
N o n d u r a b le g o o d s _____________________________________
F o o d a n d k in d r e d p r o d u c ts . _ __ ______ ________
T o b a c c o m a n u fa c tu r e s _
___
___
T e x tile m ill p r o d u c ts ________________________ __ __
A p p a r e l a n d r e la te d p r o d u c t s . _____________
_ _
P a p e r a n d a llie d p r o d u c ts . _ . _____________
_ _
P r in tin g , p u b lis h in g , a n d a llie d in d u str ie s . . .
C h e m ic a ls a n d a llie d p r o d u c ts _________ __
_
P e tr o le u m re fin in g a n d r e la te d in d u s t r ie s ______
R u b b e r a n d m isc e lla n e o u s p la s tic p r o d u c ts ____ __
L e a th e r a n d le a th e r p r o d u c ts ______________ _______
3 9 .5
4 1 .1
3 9 .1
40.4
3 5 .7
4 2 .8
38.1
4 1 .6
4 1 .6
4 0 .2
3 7 .3
3 9 .2
4 0 .9
3 9 .5
4 0 .4
34 .4
4 2 .7
3 8 .1
4 1 .2
41 .0
4 0 .6
3 7 .0
3 9 .3
40 .9
3 9 .6
4 0 .2
3 5 .6
4 2 .6
3 8 .2
4 1 .6
4 1 .0
4 0 .2
3 7 .0
3 9 .5
4 1 .0
3 8 .0
4 0 .0
3 5 .7
4 2 .7
3 8 .2
4 1 .5
4 1 .4
4 0 .3
3 7 .4
3 9 .5
4 1 .3
3 8 .9
40 .1
3 5 .4
4 2 .8
3 8 .3
4 1 .5
4 1 .6
40.1
3 7 .6
3 9 .3
41.1
3 8 .3
3 9 .9
3 5 .0
4 2 .4
3 8 .0
41.1
41.1
4 0 .3
3 7 .6
3 9 .3
4 0 .7
3 9 .8
3 9 .8
3 5 .7
42. 6
3 8 .3
4 1 .2
4 1 .2
4 0 .5
3 7 .4
3 9 .1
4 0 .9
3 8 .4
3 8 .9
3 5 .6
4 2 .0
3 8 .2
4 1 .3
4 0 .8
3 9 .5
3 6 .8
3 8 .8
4 0 .9
3 8 .3
3 8 .6
3 4 .8
4 2 .0
3 8 .2
41.1
4 0 .7
3 6 .7
3 8 .7
4 0 .6
3 7 .7
3 8 .2
3 4 .4
4 1 .6
3 8 .2
4 1 .0
41. 5
3 9 .4
3 6 .9
38 .1
4 0 .5
38 .1
3 7 .8
3 3 .6
4 0 .9
3 7 .7
4 0 .4
4 1 .2
3 8 .6
3 5 .6
3 8 .7
40 .7
3 8 .1
3 8 .4
3 4 .8
4 1 .8
3 8 .4
41 .1
4 0 .9
3 9 .5
3 6 .5
3 8 .9
4 1.1
3 9 .2
3 8 .3
3 5 .2
4 2 .0
3 8 .4
41.1
4 1 .4
3 9 .6
3 6 .5
3 8 .7
40 .5
3 8 .0
3 8 .7
4 0 .4
3 8 .0
3 8 .8
4 0 .5
3 7 .9
3 8 .9
4 0 .5
3 8 .2
3 8 .9
4 0 .6
38.1
3 8 .9
4 0 .4
3 8 .3
3 8 .9
4 0 .5
3 8 .2
3 8 .8
4 0 .4
3 8 .2
3 9 .0
40 .3
3 8 .4
3 8 .9
4 0 .3
3 8 .3
3 8 .8
4 0 .2
3 8 .2
39 .1
4 0 .5
3 8 .5
3 9 .0
4 0 .5
3 8 .4
W h o le s a le a n d r e ta il tra d e 3_ _ _ ____
_________ ________ __
W h o le s a le t r a d e . ______________________________ _ . ._
R e ta il tra d e 3_____________________
_________________
1 For employees covered, see footnote 1, table A~3.
2 Preliminary.
Excludes eating and drinking places.
39.5
N ote : The seasonal adjustment method used is described in “New
Seasonal Adjustment Factors for Labor Force Components,” Monthly Labor
Review, August 1980, pp. 822-827.
Table C-3. Average hourly earnings excluding overtime of production workers in manufacturing,
by major industry group 1
Revised series; see box, p. 94.
1961
1960
Annual
average
Major industry group
Oct.2 Sept.
Aug.
July
June
May
Apr.
Mar.
Feb.
Jan.
Dec.
Nov.
Oct.
I960
1959
$2.26
$2. 25
$2.24
$2. 26
$2. 25
$2. 25
$2.25
$2.24
$2.23
$2.24
$2. 23
$2.21
$2. 20
$2.20
$2.12
Durable g o o d s_____________________
2. 43
Ordnance and accessories__ _________ 2.72
Lumber and wood products, except
furniture__ _ _ ___________
1.93
Furniture and fixtures __ _ _________ 1.86
Stone, clay, and glass products______
2. 27
Primary metal industries___________
2. 88
Fabricated metal products__________
2.42
Machinery __ _ __ ______ _
2. 55
Electrical equipment and supplies____ 2. 29
Transportation equipment. . _______ 2.74
Instruments and related products____ 2.32
Miscellaneous manufacturing industries________________________ _ 1.86
2. 41
2. 72
2. 41
2.72
2. 42
2.73
2.42
2. 72
2.42
2.72
2. 41
2. 70
2. 40
2. 69
2.39
2. 69
2.39
2.68
2. 40
2. 67
2. 37
2.64
2.36
2.64
2. 36
2.60
2.28
2.52
1.95
1.86
2. 26
2. 85
2.39
2. 55
2. 28
2. 71
2.32
1.90
1.85
2. 26
2. 84
2 41
2. 54
2.29
2.73
2. 32
1.91
1.85
2. 25
2.84
2 42
2.54
2. 31
2.72
2. 33
1. 90
1.86
2. 26
2.83
2 42
2. 54
2. 30
2. 72
2.33
1.88
1.86
2. 25
2.83
2 42
2.54
2. 30
2. 71
2.32
1.87
1. 85
2.24
2.81
2.42
2. 54
2. 29
2. 70
2.32
1.79
1. 85
2.23
2. 79
2.41
2.53
2. 29
2. 70
2.33
1. 77
1.85
2.23
2.78
2. 41
2. 53
2. 28
2.70
2.31
1.78
1.85
2.23
2 78
2. 40
2.52
2.28
2.70
2.32
1.81
1.84
2.23
2. 77
2. 40
2. 51
2.28
2. 71
2.31
1.80
1.83
2.22
2.73
2.38
2. 50
2.26
2.69
2.28
1.85
1.83
2.22
2.73
2.38
2. 48
2.23
2.69
2.28
1.82
1.82
2. 20
2. 75
2. 36
2. 47
2.23
2. 65
2. 26
1. 79
1.77
2.13
2. 68
2. 27
2. 40
2.14
2. 56
2.18
Manufacturing_______ _____
_
Nondurable goods ______________ __
Food and kindred products.. .
Tobacco manufactures______ _ _ _ _
Textile mill products_______________
Apparel and related products________
Paper and allied products... ______
Printing, publishing, and allied industries__________ . _ _ ________
Chemicals and allied products______
Petroleum refining and related industries.
Rubber and miscellaneous plastic products_______ ________________
Leather and leather products _____
2. 06
2.08
1.67
1.58
1.64
2.24
1.86
1.84
1.86
1.87
1.88
1.88
1.89
1.88
1.89
1. 87
1.85
1.83
1. 84
1.79
2.05
2.06
1.59
1.58
1.62
2.24
2.03
2. 05
1.67
1.57
1.61
2.23
2. 05
2. 09
1.83
1.57
1. 60
2.23
2.04
2.09
1.85
1.57
1.58
2.22
2. 05
2.11
1.84
1.57
1.58
2.22
2. 05
2.11
1.83
1.57
1. 59
2.21
2.04
2.10
1.77
1. 57
1. 60
2. 21
2.03
2.09
1.74
1.57
1. 59
2. 21
2.04
2. 09
1.72
1. 57
1.60
2.20
2.03
2. 06
1.72
1. 57
1.58
2.20
2. 01
2. 04
1.68
1.57
1.58
2.19
2. 00
2. 01
1.55
1. 57
1.59
2.18
1.99
2.02
1.67
1. 56
1. 56
2.15
1.91
1.94
1.62
1.50
1.53
2.07
(3)
(3)
2. 54
2. 94
2. 53
2. 95
2. 52
2.92
2. 52
2. 92
2. 51
2. 93
2.48
2.93
(3)
(3)
2. 47
2. 95
(3)
2. 46
2. 95
(3)
2. 48
2. 96
(3)
2.48
2. 94
(3)
2. 48
2.86
(3)
2.47
2.84
(3)
2. 46
2. 80
(3)
2.43
2.82
(3)
2. 33
2. 79
2. 33
1.67
2.33
1.67
2.32
1.64
2. 34
1.63
2.32
1.64
2.30
1.64
2.30
1.64
2.30
1.64
2.29
1.62
2.31
1.62
2 32
1.61
2.29
1.63
2.29
1.62
2. 26
1. 61
2.18
1.56
0)
(S)
1 For comparability of data with those published in issues prior to Decem
ber 1961, see footnote 1, table A-2. For employees covered, see footnote 1,
table A-3. Average hourly earnings excluding overtime are derived by as
suming that overtime hours are paid for at the rate of time and one-half.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
(3)
2 Preliminary.
2 Not available, because average overtime rates are significantly above
time and one-half. Inclusion of data for the group in the nondurable goods
total has little eflect.
113
O.—EMPLOYMENT AND HOURS
Table C-4. Average overtime hours of production workers in manufacturing, by industry 1
Revised series; see bos, p. 94.
Annual
average
1960
1961
Industry
Manufacturing_____________ _________ Durable goods____________________
Nondurable goods....................... ...........
Durable goods
Ordnance and accessories_____________
Ammunition, except for small arms___
Sighting and fire control equipment__
Other ordnance and accessories______
Lumber and wood products, except
* furniture___________ ____________
Sawmills and planing m ills __ ______
Millwork, plywood, and related products__. .......... ......................................
Wooden containers______________ _.
Miscellaneous wood products________
Furniture and fixtures___. ________ ._
Household furniture_______________
Office furniture__ _______ . . . _____
Partitions; office and store fixtures____
Other furniture and fixtures_________
Stone, clay, and glass products.......... ......
Flat glass_______ _________________
Glass and glassware, pressed or blown __
Cement, hydraulic....... ...................... —
Structural clay products________ ____
Pottery and related products________
Concrete, gypsum, and plaster products.
Other stone and mineral products____
Prim ary metal industries_____________
Blast furnace and basic steel products..
Iron and steel foundries_____________
Nonferrous smelting and refining_____
Nonferrous rolling, drawing, and extrading......... ....................................
Nonferrous foundries_______________
Miscellaneous primary metal industries
Fabricated metal products........................
Metal cans_____ __________________
Cutlery, handtools, and general hardw a re -------------------------------------Heating equipment and plumbing fixtures_______ ________________
Fabricated structural metal products..
Screw machine products, bolts, etc___
Metal stampings__________________
Coating, engraving, and allied services.
Miscellaneous fabricated wire products.
Miscellaneous fabricated metal products__________________________
Machinery----- --------------------------------Engines and turbines_______________
Farm machinery and equipment_____
Construction and related m achinery...
Metalworking machinery and equipm ent___________ ____________
Special industry machinery_________
General industrial machinery____ _ .
Office, computing and accounting machines--------------- --------------------Service industry m achines... _______
Miscellaneous machinery__ _________
Electrical equipment and supplies...........
Electric distribution equipment........
Electrical industrial apparatus..............
Household appliances............ ................
Electric lighting and wiring equipment.
Radio and TV receiving sets..................
Communication equipment_________
Electronic components and accessories.
Miscellaneous electrical equipment and
supplies__ ____________________
Transportation equipment____________
Motor vehicles and equipm ent............
Aircraft and parts--------------------------Ship and boat building and repairing-. .
Railroad equipment________________
Other transportation equipment...........
Instruments and related products............
Engineering and scientific instruments.
Mechanical measuring and control devices_________________________
Optical and ophthalmic goods...............
Surgical, medical, and dental equipm ent________________________
Photographic equipment and supplies.
Watches and clocks.............. ............ —
See footnotes at end of table.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
July
June
May
Apr.
Mar.
Feb.
Jan.
Dec.
Nov.
Oct.
I960
2.6
2.5*
2.8
2.5
2.3
2.6
2.4
2.3
2.6
2.2
2.1
2.3
2.1
2.0
2.2
2.0
1.8
2.2
1.9
1.8
2.1
1.9
1.8
2.1
2.1
2.0
2.2
2.2
2.1
2.3
2.5
2.5
2.5
2.4
2.4
2.5
2.7
2.7
2.7
2.0
1.3
2.7
2.4
1.8
1.3
2.4
2.1
1.4
1.2
1.8
1.5
1.5
1.2
2.0
1.4
1.5
1.3
2.0
1.4
2.0
2.4
1.7
1.6
2.0
2.3
1.7
2.0
1.9
1.8
1.5
2.3
1.8
1.8
1.4
2.0
2.1
1.8
2.1
2.4
2.0
2.1
2.0
2.0
2.0
1.8
2.6
1.7
2.0
1.7
2.7
1.8
2.1
2.0
2.5
1.8
3.1
3.0
3.2
3.1
3.3
3.3
3.2
3.3
3.2
3.3
2.9
3.0
2.7
2.6
2.4
2.4
2.4
2.4
2.5
2.6
2.3
2.2
2.6
2.8
3.0
3.0
2.9
3.0
3.2
3.3
2.8
2.5
3.2
3.3
3.3
2.4
4.3
2.7
3.6
2.4
3.7
1.6
3.0
1.5
6.1
2.5
2.2
1.4
2.6
2.6
3.1
2.5
2.7
3.2
3.3
2.4
4.1
2.9
3.7
2.7
3.8
1.9
3.0
1.7
5.9
2.9
2.5
2.1
2.2
2.7
3.4
2.7
2.6
2.8
2.7
2.3
3.1
3.7
3.6
2.2
3.7
1.7
3.0
1.6
6.0
2.7
2.1
1.5
2.3
2.6
3.1
3.2
2.7
2.2
2.1
2.0
2.3
2.8
3.6
2.3
3.7
1.9
3.1
1.6
5.9
2.5
2.1
1.7
2.3
2.8
3.1
2.6
2.7
2.1
2.1
1.8
2.0
2.4
3.5
2.2
3.6
1.8
3.1
1.6
5.6
2.5
2.1
1.6
2.2
2.6
2.8
2.7
2.6
1.6
1.6
1.5
1.6
1.9
3.1
2.2
3.3
1.6
2.7
1.2
5.0
2.3
1.6
1.0
1.9
2.3
2.9
2.4
2.6
1.7
1.7
1.3
1.4
2.1
2.8
1.8
3.2
1.3
2.6
1.2
4.5
2.2
J. 4
.9
1.7
2.2
2.3
2.1
2.4
1.6
1.5
1.7
1.1
2.3
2.6
1.5
3.5
1.1
2.3
1.2
3.9
1.8
1.3
.7
1.4
2.1
1.8
2.2
2.3
1.5
1.4
1.8
1.2
1.8
2.5
1.9
3.4
1.2
2.0
1.0
3.6
1.8
1.2
.7
1.4
2.3
1.9
2.0
2.2
1.6
1.5
1.8
1.2
1.9
2.4
2.0
3.2
1.1
2.2
1.0
3.3
1.9
1.4
.9
1.4
2.5
2.2
1.9
2.4
2.3
2.5
1.9
1.3
2.6
2.5
2.5
3.2
1.2
2.3
1.2
3.1
1.9
1.3
.7
1.6
2.9
2.4
2.2
2.5
2.2
2.2
1.7
2.0
2.4
3.1
3.5
3.7
1.5
2.5
1.5
4.7
2.0
1.3
.6
1.6
2.7
2.7
2.5
2.9
2.6
2.6
2.1
2.1
3.1
3.4
2.8
3.7
1.5
2.6
1.6
5.5
2.4
1.4
.7
1.8
2.9
2.6
2.6
2.7
2.5
2.5
2.3
2.3
2.7
3.1
2.4
3.6
1.6
2.7
1.5
4.8
2.4
1.8
1.3
2.1
3.0
3.3
2.8
2.9
2.8
2.8
2.4
2.6
2.8
3.6
3.7
3.7
3.8
3.0
1.7
5.5
3.0
2.6
2.2
2.7
3.2
3.8
2.7
2.9
2.8
3.1
3.8
2.5
2.8
3.0
4.0
3.8
2.1
2.1
2.8
4.4
3.2
2.1
2.0
2.6
4.2
3.5
2.2
2.3
2.5
3.6
2.8
2.0
2.1
2.2
3.0
2.3
2.0
1.9
2.0
2.8
2.1
1.8
1.7
1.8
2.1
1.9
2.0
1.8
1.7
2.4
2.0
1.7
1.9
1.7
2.3
2.2
2.0
2.2
1.9
2.2
2.3
1.8
1.8
2.1
2.1
2.5
2.3
2.0
2.6
2.5
2.4
2.3
2.3
2.6
2.8
3.4
2.7
2.6
2.8
3.4
2.0
2.5
2.0
1.6
1.7
1.9
1.7
1.5
1.4
1.3
1.8
2.1
2.1
2.1
2.2
2.1
2.7
3. 1
3.3
3.4
2.9
1.9
2.8
3.0
3.5
3.5
3.2
1.9
3.0
2.7
3.2
2.6
3.1
1.7
2.5
2.5
3.3
2.6
2.8
1.5
2.5
2.5
2.9
2.8
2.6
1.3
2.1
2.1
2.7
2.6
2.3
1.0
1.9
1.6
2.4
2.3
2.0
1.0
1.8
1.9
1.9
2.2
2.0
1.1
1.7
1.6
1.8
2.3
2.4
1.2
1.8
1.8
1.7
2.2
2.2
1.4
2.2
1.7
2.0
2.3
2.2
1.2
2.5
1.9
2.1
2.6
2.1
1.6
2.8
2.2
3.5
2.8
2.3
1.4
2.4
2.5
3.7
2.7
2.6
2.1
2.2
3.6
3.8
3.1
3.2
2.7
2.6
1.6
1.6
2.2
2.7
2.7
1.9
1.5
2.3
2.6
2.5
1.6
1.3
2.2
2.4
2.4
1.4
1.3
2.1
2.4
2.5
1.5
1.4
1.9
2.2
2.3
1.7
1.4
1.8
1.9
2.3
2.2
2.0
1.7
1.8
2.2
2.1
2.0
1.4
1.6
2.1
1.5
1.6
1.4
1.6
2.0
1.1
1.3
1.3
1.4
2.2
1.7
1.3
1.5
1.8
2.1
1.3
1.5
1.4
1.9
2.4
1.4
1.9
1.8
1.9
2.7
1.8
1.9
1.8
2.5
2.9
2.6
2.2
2.7
3.8
3.3
1.8
3.4
3.1
2.2
3.4
2.8
2.2
3.5
2.7
1.9
3.5
2.8
2.1
3.3
2.5
1.8
3.2
2.4
1.4
3.1
2.3
1.4
3.0
2.4
1.4
3.0
2.5
1.2
2.9
2.8
1.6
2.7
2.8
1.5
2.8
3.2
1.8
4.3
3.3
2.1
4.0
3.1
2.8
2.3
1.9
3.5
2.4
1.9
2.2
2. 1
2.3
2.2
2.6
2.6
2.5
1.9
3.7
2.3
2.0
2.2
2.5
2.2
2.1
2.8
2.0
1.9
1.7
3.5
2.0
2.0
2.2
1.8
1.7
1.8
2.2
1.7
2.4
1.8
3.3
1.7
1.9
2.0
1.7
1.5
1.7
1.6
1.6
2.3
1.7
3.4
1.8
2.0
2.0
2.0
1.5
1.4
2.0
1.6
1.9
1.4
3.2
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.7
1.3
1.0
1.4
1.4
1.8
1.5
3.4
1.5
1.6
1.6
1.6
1.2
.8
1.5
1.7
1.7
1.5
3.2
1.5
1.6
1.5
1.6
1.3
1.0
1.5
1.6
1.9
1.4
3.1
1.6
1.6
1.5
1.5
1.2
1.3
1.9
1.7
2.0
1.3
2.9
1.6
1.6
1.4
1.7
1.1
1.3
2.1
1.8
1.9
1.1
3.4
1.9
2.0
1.4
1.5
1.3
1.7
2.9
1.5
2.2
1.2
3.1
1.7
1.7
1.4
1.5
1.4
1.2
2.6
1.5
2.4
1.4
3.3
2.1
2.0
1.5
1.7
2.0
1.9
3.0
1.6
1.9
1.9
3.4
1.9
1.9
1.8
1.6
1.7
1.4
2.5
1.6
1.5
2.2
3.8
2.2
2.2
2.2
2.0
2.3
1.9
2. 5
2.0
3.1
2.9
3.4
2.4
3.2
1.1
2.3
2.5
2.3
2.2
2.7
2.9
2.4
2.9
1.0
2.9
2.6
2.3
2.4
2.3
2.5
2.2
2.4
1.1
2.4
2.3
1.9
1.7
2.2
2.3
2.0
2.4
.5
2.0
2.0
1.5
2.1
2.0
2.1
1.9
2.0
1.3
2.2
1.9
1.9
1.7
2.1
2.2
2.0
2.2
.9
1.9
1.8
1.9
1.3
1.9
1.5
2.2
2.6
.6
1.7
1.8
2.0
1.2
1.6
.8
2.6
1.9
.5
1.3
1.6
2.1
1.4
1.7
.9
2.6
2.3
.6
.7
1.8
2.1
1.6
1.6
.9
2.6
2.2
.6
.8
1.8
2.5
1.9
2.2
1.8
2.9
2.2
.8
1.1
2.0
3.4
1.9
2.4
2.6
2.4
2.3
.9
1.3
2.0
2.5
2.3
3.1
3.9
2.3
2.6
1.2
1.8
2.1
2.6
1.9
2.7
3.2
2.2
2.4
1.2
1.7
2.1
2.8
2. 5
2.6
3.1
2.1
2.3
1.6
2.8
2.3
2.8
2.0
2.2
2.5
2.9
2.2
2.3
1.9
2.2
1.7
2.1
1.4
2.0
1.6
2.1
1.4
1.2
1.6
1.4
1.5
1.3
1.5
1.4
1.9
1.8
1.7
1.5
1.9
1.8
2. 4
1.7
2.6
3.4
2.8
2.3
3.4
1.6
2.1
3.2
1.4
2.0
3.1
2.0
2.8
.8
2.0
2.4
1.5
1.9
2.2
.7
1.7
2.1
2.0
2.0
1.2
1.8
2.2
1.8
2.4
.9
2.3
2.3
.8
2.4
2.8
1.6
2.2
2.5
2.2
2.5
1.7
Oct.2
Sept.
2.8
2.7
2.8
2.8
2.7
2.9
2.3
1.4
3.2
2.9
Aug.
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1959
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JANUARY 1962
114
Table C-4. Average overtime hours of production workers in manufacturing, by industry 1— Continued
Revised series; see box, p. 94.
1961
Industry
Annual
average
1960
Oct. 3 Sept.
Aug.
July
June
May
Apr.
Mar.
Feb.
Jan.
Dec.
Nov.
Oct.
I960
2.5
4.2
2.2
2.0
1.7
2.7
2.4
3.3
2.4
2.0
1.8
2.4
2.1
3.0
2.1
1.7
1.9
2.1
1.7
2.0
1.5
1.6
1.9
1.8
2.0
2.6
1.6
1. 5
2.2
2.1
1.9
2.3
1.6
1.5
2.0
2.0
1.9
2.1
1.7
1.4
1.9
2.0
1.9
1.9
1.8
1.3
1.5
2.1
1.8
2.2
1.9
1.4
1.7
1.9
1.8
2.2
1.7
1.2
1.6
1.9
2.0
2.8
1.8
1.1
1.6
2.3
2.3
3.6
1.9
1.6
1.9
2.4
2.5
3.5
2.5
1.9
1.9
2.6
2.1
2.8
1.9
1.5
1.7
2.3
2.4
3.1
2.1
1.9
2.2
2.5
3.6
4.4
2.8
2.6
6.8
2.9
5.8
3.2
2.8
4.4
3.8
4.1
3.7
3.3
7.3
3.1
4.0
3.3
3.5
4.2
3.6
3.5
3.7
2.8
7.6
3.1
3.8
2.8
3.1
3.8
3.7
3.9
3.3
2.4
7.4
3.3
4.3
2.1
3.9
4.1
3.6
4.0
3.7
2.1
6.7
3.3
3.2
2.5
3.2
4.0
3.2
3.6
3.1
2.1
5.3
2.9
3.3
2.5
2.4
3.7
2.8
3.1
2.6
1.8
4.9
2.5
2.6
2.0
2.5
3.5
2.9
3.2
3.1
1.8
5.0
2.6
3.6
2.2
2.3
3.6
2.9
2.8
2.8
2.2
5.4
2.6
3.9
2.2
2.2
4.1
3.0
3.2
2.1
2.1
5.9
2.3
6.7
2.5
2.2
3.9
3.3
3.8
3.0
1.8
5.9
2.8
5.7
2.3
2.3
3.9
3.3
4.0
2.9
1.7
5.7
2.9
5.8
2.5
2.5
4.0
3.5
3.9
3.0
2.5
7.4
3.0
4.8
2.9
2.8
4.3
3.3
3.7
2.9
2.3
6.0
2.9
4.2
2.4
2.8
3.9
3.3
3.9
2.9
2.4
5.9
2.9
4.2
2.3
2.8
3.9
Tobacco manufactures_______________
Cigarettes________________________
Cigars_____ - _____________________
1.4
1.8
1.5
1.7
1.0
1.2
1.3
1.2
1.1
1.1
1.3
.7
1.2
1.7
.8
1.1
1.4
.8
1.0
1.4
.7
.6
.5
.6
.6
.5
.7
.7
.6
.8
1.1
1.2
1.0
1.1
1.1
1.8
1.4
1.2
1.5
1.0
1.1
1.0
1.2
1.5
.9
Textile mill products_____ ___________
Cotton broad woven fabrics..................
Silk and synthetic broad woven fabrics.
Weaving and finishing broad woolens..
Narrow fabrics and smallwares..............
Knitting ...................................... ..........
Finishing textiles, except wool and knit.
Floor covering____________________
Yarn and thread___ _______________
Miscellaneous textile goods....................
3.4
3.7
3.9
3.5
3.2
2.5
4.3
4.1
3.4
3.4
3.0
3.1
3.7
3.4
3.2
2.1
3.5
3.9
3.4
3.0
3.0
2.8
3.8
3.6
2.9
2.6
3.6
3.6
3.2
3.1
2.6
2.2
3.3
4.0
2.7
2.2
3.2
2.0
2.8
3.3
2.8
2.5
3.2
4.2
2.9
2.3
4.2
2.9
2.9
3.3
2.5
2.4
2.8
3.6
2.7
1.9
3.8
2.2
2.5
2.5
2.2
2.2
2.3
2.9
2.5
1.6
3.5
2.8
2.1
2.4
2.1
2.0
2.1
2.4
2.5
1.6
3.4
2.7
1.8
2.3
2.0
1.9
2.1
2.7
2.4
1.4
3.6
2.6
1.8
1.9
1.9
1.9
2.3
2.3
2.3
1.2
2.6
2.4
1.8
2.0
2.1
2.1
2.6
2.0
2.1
1.4
3.1
3.1
1.7
2.3
2.3
2.1
2.9
1.7
2.2
2.0
3.2
2.9
2.1
2.3
2.3
2.1
3.0
2.3
2.2
2.1
2.9
2.9
1.8
2.7
2.6
2.8
3.3
3.1
2.4
1.9
3.2
2.8
2.4
2.8
3.1
3.1
3.7
4.2
2.9
2.2
3.9
3.5
2.9
3.3
Apparel and related products__________
Men’s and boys’ suits and coats______
Men’s and boys’ furnishings..................
Women's, misses', and juniors' outer
wear---- -------- ------------------------Women’s and children’s undergarments.
Hats, caps, and millinery___________
Girls’ and children’s outerwear______
Fur goods and miscellaneous apparel ..
Miscellaneous fabricated textile products.
1.3
1.0
1.2
1.1
.8
1. 1
1.4
.9
1.4
1.1
.5
.9
1.0
.7
1.0
.9
.7
.7
1.0
.6
.6
1.2
.7
.7
1.0
.9
.6
.8
.7
.5
.8
.7
.6
1.1
.9
.7
1.2
1.3
1.1
1.2
1.4
1.0
1.3
1.3
1.2
1.2
1.6
1.6
1.3
1.6
1.9
.9
1.5
1.5
1.0
1.1
2.0
1.3
1.6
1.6
1.8
1.5
1.9
1.2
1.1
1.2
1.5
1.1
1.6
.9
1.1
1.1
1.4
.8
1.6
.9
1.1
.8
1.2
.8
1.4
1.3
1.3
1.0
1.0
.9
1.4
1.5
1.2
2.3
1.4
1.0
1.4
1.1
1.1
2.4
1.6
.8
1.4
.8
.9
1.6
1.2
.6
1.2
.6
.7
.6
.8
.9
1.6
1.1
1.4
.8
1.3
1.3
1.8
.8
1.5
1.4
1.2
1.6
2.2
1.1
1.1
1.3
1.3
1.1
1.7
1.2
1.3
1.6
1.3
1.3
1.9
4.8
5.3
6.3
4.9
5.3
6.3
4.5
5.2
5.6
4.6
6.3
6.4
4.3
5.1
6.0
3.9
4.9
6.2
3.9
5.0
5.2
3.7
4.6
4.9
3.7
4.7
4.8
3.6
4.6
5.3
3.6
4.5
4.7
3.8
4.6
5.0
4.1
4.9
5.2
4.1
5.1
5.1
4.5
5.5
5.6
3.4
4.7
3.3
4.8
3.2
4.2
3.1
4.0
2.7
3.7
2.4
3.1
2.6
3.0
2.7
2.6
2.6
2.6
2.3
2.4
2.6
2.7
2.5
3.0
2.7
3.6
2.8
3.3
3.1
4.0
2.6
2.2
2.8
3.9
2.7
2.2
2.5
2.3
2.5
3.8
2.6
2.0
2.5
2.5
2.2
4.2
2.5
1.9
2.5
2.4
2.5
3.4
2.7
1.8
2.6
2.1
2.9
3.4
3.0
1.9
2.5
2.0
3.2
3.5
2.7
1.8
2.4
2.0
3.2
3.4
2.7
2.2
2.8
2.9
3.2
2.9
3.0
2.0
3.0
3.0
3.6
3.6
3.1
2.0
3.2
3. 1
3.9
3.5
3.4
2.2
2.9
2.7
3.6
3.7
3.1
2.1
2.8
2.6
3.4
3.4
3.2
2.0
Manufacturing—Continued
Durable goods—Continued
Miscellaneous manufacturing industries..
Jewelry, silverware, and plated w are...
Toys, amusement, and sporting goods—
Pens, pencils, office and art m aterials...
Costume jewelry, buttons, and notions.
Other manufacturing industries............
Nondurable goods
Food and kindred products......... .............
Meat products____________________
Dairy products........................................
Canned and preserved food, except meats.
Grain mill products............ ....................
Bakery products___________________
Sugar____________________________
Confectionery and related products___
Beverages..................... ..........................
Miscellaneous food and kindred products
Paper and allied products_____________
Paper and pulp................ ................ ......
Paperboard_____ ________ _________
Converted paper and paperboard prod
ucts....................................................
Paperboard containers and boxes..........
1959
Printing, publishing and allied industries.
Newspaper publishing and printing__
Periodical publishing and printing.......
Books....................... ................................
Commercial printing..............................
Bookbinding and related industries___
Other publishing and printing indus
tries__________________________
2.8
2.5
4.5
3.8
2.8
2.0
3.1
2.4
4.8
4.4
3.3
2.6
3.0
2.3
3.0
4.4
3.3
2.4
2.7
2.9
2.7
2.6
2.3
2.2
2.3
2.3
2.3
2.1
2.4
2.5
2.6
2.6
2.5
Chemicals and allied products_________
Industrial chemicals________ _______
Plastics and synthetics, except glass__
Drugs......................................................
Soap, cleaners and toilet goods_______
Paints, varnishes and allied products..
Agricultural chemicals______________
Other chemical products................... .
2.5
2.6
2.2
2.1
3.2
1.7
3.6
2.8
2.5
2.6
2.2
2.1
2.9
2.0
2.9
2.8
2.4
2.5
2.0
2.0
2.9
2.2
2.7
2.7
2.4
2.6
2.2
1.7
2.5
2.6
2.8
2.7
2.4
2.3
2.3
2.0
2.9
2.6
2.8
2.6
2.2
2.1
1.9
1.7
2.2
2.3
4.6
2.3
2.2
1.9
1.7
1.7
2.1
1.8
5.2
2.3
2.2
2.0
1.5
1.9
2.0
1. 5
6.0
2.3
2.0
2.0
1.5
2.0
2.1
1.2
3.8
2.3
2.0
2.1
1.4
1.8
2.0
1.2
3.6
2.4
2.0
2.0
1.6
1.6
2.3
1.3
3.2
2.3
2.1
2.2
1.6
1.7
2.6
1.4
3.2
2.3
2.2
2.3
1.6
1.8
2.8
1.8
3.6
2.5
2.3
2.5
2.0
1.9
2.3
1.9
4.3
2.5
2.5
2.5
2.2
2.0
2.2
2.3
4.5
2.6
Petroleum refining and related industries.
Petroleum refining________________
Other petroleum and ooal products.......
2.3
1.4
6.2
2.9
2.2
6.0
1.9
1.2
4.9
2.5
1.8
5.4
2.6
1.7
6.5
1.9
1.4
4.2
1.8
1.3
4.2
1.5
1.2
2.9
1.3
1.1
2.5
1.7
1.5
2.8
1.6
1.3
3.1
2.1
1.7
3.6
2.2
1.3
5.9
2.0
1.4
4.5
1.9
1.4
4.8
Rubber and miscellaneous plastic products.
Tires and inner tubes____ __________
Other rubber products______________
Miscellaneous plastic products_______
2.9
3.1
2.6
3.2
3.1
3.3
2.8
3.5
3.1
3.5
2.6
3.3
3.0
3.6
2.6
2.9
2.6
2.2
2.6
3. 1
2.4
1.8
2.5
2.9
2.1
1.6
2.1
2.5
1.7
13
1.6
2.2
1.8
1.4
1.8
2.2
1.8
1.7
1.6
2.0
1.8
1.6
1.7
2.1
1.8
1.1
2.0
2.3
2.2
1.7
2.3
2.4
2.4
2.3
2.2
2.5
3.5
4.5
3.3
3.0
Leather and leather products__________
Leather tanning and finishing_______
Footwear, except rubber........................
Other leather products______________
1.4
2.5
1.0
2.2
1.3
2.4
1.0
1.9
1.4
2.5
1.1
1.8
1.4
2.2
1.2
1.6
1.4
2.4
1.2
1.5
1.1
2.1
1.0
1.1
1.1
2.2
.9
1.2
1.3
2.0
1.1
1.5
1.4
1.8
1.3
1.7
1.4
1.8
1.3
1.7
1.2
2.1
1.0
1.4
1.2
2.3
.8
1.9
1.3
2.4
1.2
2.1
.9
1. 1
1.9
1.4
1.4
2.1
1.3
1.6
>For comparability of data with those published in issues prior to Decem
ber 1961, see footnote 1, table A-2. For employees covered, see footnote 1,
table A-3.
These series cover premium overtime hours of production and related
workers during the pay period ending nearest the 16th of the month. Over
time hours are those paid for at premium rates because (1) they exceeded
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
either the straight-time workday or workweek or (2) they occurred on week
ends or holidays or outside regularly scheduled hours. Hours for which
only shift differential, hazard, incentive, or other similar type6 of premiums
were paid are excluded.
s Prelimary.
0.—EMPLOYMENT AND HOURS
115
Table C-5. Indexes of aggregate weekly man-hours and payrolls in industrial and construction activities1
[1957—59=100]
Revised series; see box, p. 94.
1960
1961
Annual
average
Activity
Nov.2 Oct.2 Sept.
Aug.
July
June
May
Apr.
Mar.
Feb.
Jan.
Dec.
Nov.
I960
1959
Man-hours
Total............................................................... 99.1
Mining__________ _______ __________ - 85.0
Contract construction.................................... 95.9
Manufacturing___ ____________________ 100.3
100.4
87.7
106.8
99.8
99.2
87.3
105.9
98.6
100.0
87.5
111 4
98.5
97.4
87.6
107.4
96.1
97.7
87.8
104.7
96.9
93.7
84.4
94.4
94.1
90.6
81.4
85.8
92.0
89.0
79.5
79.6
91.2
88.0
81.4
75.9
90.6
89.4
83.8
81.0
91.2
90.8
84.9
82.5
92.7
96.5
87.2
98.1
96.7
99.0
91.1
98.3
99.6
101.2
94.7
102.3
101.3
Durable goods____________________
Ordnance and accessories................
Lumber and wood products, except furniture____ ___________
Furniture and fixtures____ _____
Stone, clay, and glass products___
Primary metal industries................
Fabricated metal products_______
Machinery........................................
Electrical equipment and supplies.
Transportation equipment..............
Instruments and related products..
Miscellaneous m a n u f a c t u r i n g
industries............ ........ .................
99.8
124.3
97.8
124.9
95.4
121.0
95.0
117.0
94.1
115.7
95.7
115.8
93.3
115.3
90.3
113.2
88.6
115.3
88.2
113.2
89.4
114.6
91.2
112.8
95.1
114.4
99.4
111.7
101.0
106.6
95.6
104.2
98.8
97.8
99. 2
93.1
111.6
96.5
101.8
99.9
104. 7
99.8
97.5
98.6
92.8
110.1
84.0
101.5
100.9
103.9
101.0
97.3
95.5
92.9
105.3
76.6
101. 4
101.8
102.3
101.8
95.0
96.7
91.6
105.2
77.3
99.7
99.0
96.0
99.5
94.6
93.9
92.3
100.7
83.7
96.6
101.8
96.5
99.6
94.4
96.0
93.9
103.0
85.2
98.6
94.9
92.2
95.6
90.6
93.8
93.7
101.2
84.8
97.0
88.8
92.4
91.3
86.0
89.7
93.6
99.7
80.9
95.7
84.4
91.6
88.0
83.2
87.7
92.4
99.6
79.4
95.9
83.9
91.2
85.1
82.5
87.5
92.8
100.4
78.7
95.7
86.1
90.3
87.0
82.8
90.0
92.2
101.4
82.1
97.6
92.9
86.8
96.5 100.0
90.3
97.8
82.9
85.3
96.4
92.0
93.1
92.0
100.2 104.9
88. 1 90.5
96.3 101.3
99.2
102.6
100.4
98.0
99.9
99.7
105.8
92.1
102.8
105.1
105.0
104.3
97.7
100.6
100.4
105.3
96.0
103.0
106.4
109.2
106.0
102.2
96.1
100.5
96.3
93.5
92.1
91.6
88.9
92.1
103.5
101.4
102.1
Nondurable goods...................................
Food and kindred products....... .
Tobacco manufactures...... ...............
Textile mill products...... ............. .
Apparel and related products.........
Paper and allied products...............
Printing, publishing, and allied
industries......................................
Chemicals and allied products........
Petroleum refining and related
industries.................... .................
Rubber and miscellaneous plastic
products....... ................... .............
Leather and leather products_____
101.0
99.6
91.1
99.0
101.3
104.7
102.4
105.2
119.8
97.5
101.9
104.9
102.7
110.0
135.0
96.0
97.8
104.8
103.2
107.9
108.4
96.0
105.3
104.3
98.6
100.6
75.6
92.9
97.5
102.3
98.5
97.0
80.7
95.2
97.4
103.7
95.0
90.9
77.1
92.5
94.5
100.0
94.2
88.3
79.2
90.5
96.3
99.6
94.6
88.0
80.7
89.4
100.6
98.4
93.8
87.6
87.3
88.6
98.2
97.6
93.6
89.7
93.5
87.3
93.3
98.0
94.6
94.2
101.5
89.2
91.9
97.8
98.9
99.2
101.3
92.6
100.2
101.2
99.8
98.0
97.1
96.5
101.8
102.1
101.6
99.2
99.9
102.2
103.8
102.8
106.1
101.8
106.1
101.9
105. 7
101.1
104.6
101.7
104.0
101.0
104.2
101.8
103.2
101.1
103.6
101.0
104.2
99.6
103.3
97.4
103.2
98.0
104.4
97.8
106.7
99.5
104.4
101.6
101.7
101.0
90.0
90.4
91.2
91.2
91.4
92.8
89.7
89.2
87.0
86.0
89.4
89.3
91.4
93.5
95.0
105.4
99.2
105.1
94.7
104.8
94.8
101.6
100.5
99.4
99.6
99.6
99.8
96.6
93.7
93.7
91.4
91.4
96.1
91.5
98.2
93.5
98.3
94.6
92.9
98.2
95.5
101.5
97.5
104.9
103.2
82.9
88.6
98.9
85.8
85.0
98.0
89.0
91.0
98.9
89.3
92.4
100.5
90.7
107.9
103.9
95.2
106.9
106.6
97.1
106.1
105.1
Payrolls
Mining______________________________
Contract construction__________________
Manufacturing_______________________ 112.1
93.8
121. 5
110.5
93.2
120.7
108.5
92.2
125.0
107.6
93.0
120.3
105.7
1 For comparability of data with those published in issues prior to Decern*
her 1961, see footnote 1, table A-2.
For mining and manufacturing, data refer to production and related workers
92.6
117.1
106.4
88.3
105.6
103.0
85.6
95.9
100.3
and for contract construction, to construction workers, as defined in footnote
1, table A-3.
2 Preliminary.
Table C-6. Gross and spendable average weekly earnings of production workers in manufacturing1
[In current and 1957-59 dollars]
Revised series; see box, p. 94.
Annual
average
196»
1961
Item
Oct.2 Sept.
Aug.
July
June
May
Apr.
Mar.
Feb.
Jan.
Dec.
Nov.
Oct.
I960
1959
Manufacturing
Gross average weekly earnings:
Current dollars____________________
1957-59 dollars....................- ....................
Spendable averag weeekly earnings:
Worker with no dependents:
Current dollars________________
1957-59 dollars_________________
Worker with 3 dependents:
Current dollars________________
1957-59 dollars...................................
$94. 54 $92.73 $92. 86 $93.20 $93.03 $92.10 $90. 78 $89. 54 $89.31 $89.08 $88. 62 $89.21 $90.12 $89. 72
90.38 88.65 89.03 89.27 89.45 88. 73 87.37 86.18 85.96 85.82 85.29 85.94 86. 90 87.02
76. 36
73.00
74. 91
71.62
75.01
71.92
75.29
72.12
75.15
72.26
74.41
71.69
73.39
70.64
72.43
69. 71
72.26
69.55
72.08
69.44
71.72
69.03
72.18
69.54
72.88
70.28
72.57
70.39
71.89
70.83
83.98
80.29
82.50
78.87
82.61
79.20
82.88
79.39
82.74
79.56
81.99
78.99
80.95
77.91
79.97
76.97
79.78
76. 79
79.60
76.69
79.24
76.27
79.71
76.79
80.42
77.55
80.11
77. 70
79.40
78.23
• For comparability of data with those published in issues prior to Decem
ber 1961, see footnote 1, table A-2. For employees covered, see footnote 1,
table A-3.
Spendable average weekly earnings are based on gross average weekly
earnings as published in table C -l, less the estimated amount of the workers’
Federal social security and income tax liability. Since the amount of tax
liability depends on the number of dependents supported by the worker as
well as on the level of his gross income, spendable earnings have been com-
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
$88.26
86.96
« ------puted for 2 types of income receivers: (1) a worker with no dependents,
and (2) a worker with 3 dependents.
The earnings expressed in 1957-59 dollars have been adjusted for changes
in purchasing power as measured by the Bureau’s Consumer Price Index.
s Preliminary.
N o t e : These series are described in “ The Calculation and Uses of the
Spendable Earnings Series,” Monthly Labor Review, January 1959, pp. 50-54
116
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JANUARY 1962
D.— Consumer and Wholesale Prices
Table D-l. Consumer Price Index 1— All-city average: All items, groups, subgroups, and special
groups of items
[1947-49=100]
1961
1960
Group
Oct.
Sept.
Aug.
July
June
May
All ite m s................................... ................... 128.3
128.4
128.3
128.0
128.1
127.6
127.4
127. 5
127.5
127.5
Food a.............. ................. ...................... .
Food at home___________ __________
Cereals and bakery products.........
Meats, poultry, and fish____ ____
Dairy products_________________
Fruits and vegetables......... .
Other foods at home •.......................
120.3
116.8
140. 9
108.6
119.4
121.6
108.2
120.9
117.6
140.2
109.7
119.0
122.9
109.8
121.1
117.8
139.7
109.4
119.0
126.5
108.9
121 2
118.2
139.6
108.4
118.5
132.4
107.6
122.0
119.0
139.4
107.8
118.0
138.2
107.9
120 9
117.8
139.7
107. 4
117.3
135.4
106.0
120.7
117.7
139.7
108. 7
117. 5
132.2
105.8
121.2
118.3
139.7
110.5
117.9
131.4
106.4
121.2
118.3
139.6
111.4
118. 5
127. 8
107.6
121.4
118.6
139.4
111.8
119.0
127.2
108.6
Housing *................................... ...................
Rent........................... .............................
Gas and electricity........................... ......
Solid and petroleum fuels.....................
Housefumlshlngs__________________
Household operation_______________
132.9
144.2
125.7
139.2
103.4
139.5
132.7
144.1
125.7
138.4
103.6
139.2
132.6
143. 9
125.7
137.2
103.8
138.9
132.3
143.6
125.6
136.9
103.2
138.8
132.4
143.6
125.6
135.9
103. 6
139.1
132.4
143.5
126 3
135. 6
103.9
138.9
132.2
143. 4
126.2
136.5
103.5
138.7
132.3
143.3
125.8
139.9
103.8
138.7
132.5
143.1
125.9
141.3
103.9
138.5
Apparel...................................................... .
Men’s and boys’____ ______. . . .
Women’s and girls’..... ......... .................
Footwear.................................... ...........
Other apparelf........... ............................
111.2
112.3
101.7
142.3
93.0
111.4
112.2
102.4
141.7
93.1
111. 1
111. 9
102.1
141.5
93.4
109.9
111.1
100.2
141.2
92.9
109.9
111.5
100.0
141.0
92.9
109.6
111.4
99.4
140.8
92.6
109.6
111.7
99.3
140.8
92.8
109.5
111.7
99.1
140.8
92.8
Transportation____________ ____________ 150.5
P rivate................................................
138.0
Public.............. ................. ...... ...........
209.9
150.3
137.9
209.4
149.4
136.9
209.4
149.3
136.8
209.1
148.3
135.9
208.5
147.7
135.3
207.3
146.6
134.2
206.5
N ov.
Apr.
Mar.
Feb.
Jan.
Dec.
Nov.
127.4
127.5
121.3
118.5
139.1
111.6
119.1
126.1
109.5
121. 4
118. 7
139.0
110. 5
119.3
126.8
111.6
132.4 132.3
143.1 , 142. 9
125.9 125.9
141.3 139.6
103.7 103.6
138.3 138.3
109.8
111.4
99.9
140.9
92.6
109.6
111.3
99.5
140.9
92.9
145.8
133.4
206.5
145.7
133.4
205.7
146.2
133.9
205.7
Annual
average
1900
1959
127.4
126.5
124.6
121.1
118.4
138.6
109.9
118,9
126.2
111.6
119.7
116.9
136.8
109.3
116.8
128.3
106. 8
118.3
115.9
134.2
110.7
114.3
125.1
106.1
132.3
142.8
125. 6
137.0
103. 9
138. 3
132.1
142.7
125.7
136.3
104.0
138.3
131.5
141.8
124.8
135.6
104.2
137.4
129.2
139.7
119.8
130.8
103.9
134.3
109.4
111.4
99.1
140.3
93.0
110.6
112.0
101.1
140. 7
94.0
110.7
112.0
101.4
140.3
94.1
109. 4
110. 4
100.0
139.9
93.3
107.9
108.4
99.5
135.2
92.3
146.2
134.0
205.5
146.5 146. 5 143.2 148.3
134.5 134.4 334. 5 135,2
202.9 •202.9 9189.3 9192.7
Medical eare.................................. ........... ... 162.4
162.3
161.7
161.4
161.2
160.9
160.4
159.9
159.6
159.4
158.5
158.0
157.9
156.2
150.8
Personal c a re .......................... ..................... 134.3
134. 0
134.3
134.2
134.3
133.9
133.8
133.8
133.6
133.8
133.7
133.7
133.9
133. 3
131.2
Reading and recreation........................... ..... 125.2
125.4
125.0
124.4
124.1
123.5
123.9
124.1
123.4
122.7
122.2
122. 3
122.5
121.5
118.«
Other goods and services___ ____ _______
133.8
133.8
133.8
133.6
133.6
133.1
133.1
132.6
132. 6
132.6
132.6
132.7
132.7
132.2
129.7
Special groups:
All items less food______ ___________ 132.4
All Items less shelter......... .........
125.8
All commodities less food................ ..
116.9
132.3
126.0
117.0
132.0
125.8
116.6
131.6
125. 6
116.1
131.4
125. 7
116.0
131.2
125.2
115.6
131,0
124.9
115.3
130.8
125. 0
115.2
130.9
125.0
115.4
130.8
125.0
115.5
130.6
124.8
116.4
130.8
125.0
115.9
130.8
125.0
115.9
130.0
124.0
115. 7
127.9
122.2
115.1
All commodities..................................
Nondurables f______________
Nondurables less food............ .
Nondurables less food and
apparel............................ ........
Durables *_______________
Durables less cars......................
118.5
120.6
121.5
118.8
120.9
121.5
118.7
121.0
121.5
118.4
120.8
120.7
118.7
121.1
120.6
118.0
120.4
120.3
117.7
120.2
120.0
117.9
120.4
120.0
118.0
120.7
120.7
118.1
120.8
120.6
118.0
120.7
120.5
118.4
121.0
121.0
118.3
120.9
121.1
117. 5
119.6
120.1
118. e
130.5
112.6
102.0
130.3
112.7
102.1
130.4
111.9
102.1
130.0
111.9
102.1
129.9
111. 5
102.1
129.5
111.2
101.8
129.0
110.8
101.8
129.0
110.7
101.9
130.0
109.9
102.0
130.1
110,3
102.1
130.0
110.2
102.4
130.0
110.8
102.8
130.0
110.7
102.8
129.2
111.6
103.2
127,3
113.®
103.3
All cervices•_____ _____________
All services less rent____________
Household operation services,
gas, and electricity..................
Transportation services
Medical care services________
Other services______________
153.7
156.1
153. 4
155.8
153.2
155.6
153.0
155.4
152.8
155.2
152.7
155.0
152.5
154.9
152.3
154.7
152.2
154.6
151.9
154.2
151.7
154.0
151.4
153.6
151.3
153.6
150.0
152.1
145.6
147.6
141.2
190.3
170.8
138.6
141.0
190.0
170.5
138.3
140.8
189.9
169.8
138.2
140.6
189.8
169.5
137.9
140.7
189.4
169. 3
137.7
140.8
189.3
168.8
137.6
140.7
188.8
168.2
137.6
140.5
188.5
167.7
137.5
140.4
188.2
167.3
137.6
140.2
187.7
167.1
137.1
140.1
187. 6
165.9
137.2
140.0
186.8
165.3
136.8
140.1
187.0
165.1
136.7
139.0
184.6
162. 8
135.6
134.8
180.3
156.3
131.7
1 The Consumer Price Index measures the average change In prices of
goods and services purchased by urban wage-earner and clerical-worker
families. Data for 48 large, medium-sire, and small cities are combined for
the all-eity average.
• In addition to subgroups shown here, total food Includes restaurant meals
and other food bought and eaten away from home.
1 Includes eggs, fats and oils, sugar and sweets, beverages (nonalcoholic),
and other miscellaneous foods.
>In addition to subgroups shown here, total housing Includes the purchase
price of homes and other homeowner costs.
• Includes yard goods, diapers, and miscellaneous Items.
• Revised.
11ncludes food, house paint, solid fuels, fuel oil, textile housefumlshlngs,
household paper, electric light bulbs, laundry soap and detergents, apparel
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
118.1
118.3
(except shoe repairs), gasoline, motor oil, prescriptions and drugs, toilet
goods, nondurable toys, newspapers, cigarettes, cigars, beer, and whiskey.
* Includes water heaters, central heating furnaces, kitchen sinks, sink
faucets, porch flooring, household appliances, furniture and bedding, floor
coverings, dinnerware, automobiles, tires, radio and television sets, durable
toys, and sporting goods.
• Includes rent, home purchase, real estate taxes, mortgage Interest, prop
erty Insurance, repainting garage, repainting rooms, reshlngllng roof, reflnishing floors, gas, electricity, dry cleaning, laundry service, domestic
service, telephone, water, postage, shoe repairs, auto repairs, auto Insurance,
auto registration, transit fares, railroad fares, professional medical services,
hospital services, hospitalization and surgical insurance, barber and beauty
shop services, television repairs, and motion picture admissions.
117
D.—CONSUMER AND WHOLESALE PRICES
Table D--2. Consumer Price Index 1—All items and food indexes, by city
[1947-49=100!
Nov.
Oct.
Sept.
Aug.
July
June
Annual average
1960
1961
City
May
Apr.
Mar.
Feb.
Jan.
Dec.
Nov.
1960
1969
All items
All-dty average1____ ____
128.3
128.4
128.3
128.0
128.1
127.6
127.4
127.6
127.5
127.6
127.4
127.5
127.4
126.5
124.6
Atlanta, Ga..........................
Baltimore, M d ...................
Boston, Mass.......................
Chicago, 111____ ________
Cincinnati, Ohio............... _
0
0
(3)
130.9
(3)
(3)
(3)
130.6
131.3
(3)
128.3
129.6
0
131.1
125.4
(«)
(*)
0
130.8
0
0
0
130. 4
130. 9
0
127.4
129.8
0
129.7
124.6
0
0
0
129.9
0
0
0
130.0
130.1
0
127.7
129.5
0
130.2
124.8
0
0
0
130.5
0
0
0
129.3
130.4
0
127.7
129.3
0
130.6
125.0
0
0
0
130. 5
0
127.2
128.3
128.4
129.9
124. 4
125.4
126.8
125.8
128.1
123.1
Cleveland, Ohio...................
Detroit, Mich____ _______
Houston, Tex_____ ______
Kansas City, M o_________
laos Angeles, Calif................
128.1
125.1
128.0
(3)
131.9
(3)
125.4
(3)
129.4
131.6
0
124.9
0
0
131.3
128.7
125.8
126.3
0
131.1
0
125. 5
0
129. 8
131. 4
0
125.8
0
0
131.4
127.9
125.6
126.1
0
131.0
0
125.6
0
129.5
131.1
0
125.8
0
0
130.9
128.3
126.4
125.1
0
131.4
0
126.3
0
127.6
131.2
0
125.8
(*)
0
131.0
127.9
125.7
126.4
0
130.6
127.1
124.9
125.8
127. 5
129.8
125.6
123, 8
124.6
125.9
127.4
Minneapolis. M inn_______
New York, N .Y ................ ....
Philadelphia, P a...................
Pittsburgh, Pa___________
Portland, Oreg....................
(3)
126.8
128.8
(3)
(3)
129.2
126.9
128. 7
129.4
129.6
0
126.8
128.4
0
0
0
126.4
128.0
0
0
129. 2
126. 4
128. 3
129. 6
129. 3
0
125.8
127.8
0
0
0
125.6
127.9
0
0
129.0
125.8
128.0
129.2
128.3
0
126.1
127.7
0
0
0
126.2
127.9
0
0
127.8
126.1
127.8
129.2
128.8
0
126.3
128.0
0
0
0
126. 5
127.9
0
0
127.5
125.2
126.7
128.3
127.5
125.6
122.8
124, 5
125. 6
125.7
St. Louis, M o „ ...................
San Francisco, Calif............
Scranton, P a............ ..........
Seattle, Wash________ ____
Washington, D .C___ _____
(3)
(3)
124.8
132.9
125.4
0
0
0
0
0
129.2
134.9
0
0
0
0
0
124.3
131.8
125.2
0
0
0
0
0
129.0
133.8
0
0
0
0
0
124.1
131.7
124.3
128.9
133.8
0
0
0
0
0
123.5
130.8
124.5
127.9
133.9
0
0
0)
0
0
123.9
130.5
123.8
127.1
132.6
122.3
129.8
123.0
126.3
130. 0
120. 8
128. 2
121.7
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
c
Food
All-city average *_________
120.3
120.9
121.1
121.2
122. 0
120.9
120.7
121.2
121.2
121.4
121.3
121. 4
121.1
119.7
118 3
Atlanta, Ga_____ _____ _
Baltimore, M d.....................
Boston, Mass_____ ______
Chicago, 111....... ............. ......
Cincinnati, Ohio...... ............
117.3
121.2
120.4
118.3
120.1
119.2
122.2
120.5
118.8
121.2
119.1
121.6
120.6
119.3
120.8
118.5
122.3
121.4
119.5
122.0
118. 9
122. 9
122. 0
120. 1
123. 2
116.6
121.7
119.6
118.4
121.1
116.2
120.8
119.8
118.6
121.5
117.0
121.2
120.5
118.8
121.7
117.4
121.0
120.3
118.7
121.5
117.9
120.9
121.0
119.3
122.1
118.1
121.0
120.5
119.2
122.4
118.2
121.2
121.0
119.1
122.2
118.7
120.7
120.5
118.7
121.9
117.0
119.8
119.4
117.5
120.5
115.7
118.0
118.7
115.8
118.8
Cleveland, Ohio_________
Detroit, Mich____________
Houston, Tex___ ________
Kansas City, Mo_________
Los Angeles, C a lif..............
114.1
118.5
116.6
114.2
126.8
115.6
119.2
116.8
114.3
126.8
116.5
118.7
117.0
114.6
125.8
116.6
120.7
117. 0
115.0
125.3
116. 9
121. 8
116. 3
116 2
126. 0
116.0
121.0
115.8
115.5
126.6
115.7
121.1
116.1
114.7
127.5
116.3
121.3
116.7
115.3
128.3
115.9
121.1
116.0
115. 5
128.1
116.9
121.3
116.3
113.9
128.2
116.8
120.9
118.2
114.6
128.4
116.8
120.1
116.2
114.8
128.1
117.1
119.4
116.5
114.5
127.3
115. 8
118.7
115.0
112.9
126.1
114.1
117.5
114. 7
112.2
123.8
Minneapolis, M inn.............
New York, N .Y .............. .
Philadelphia, P a................. .
Pittsburgh, Pa....________
Portland, Oreg___ _______
116.7
122.1
122.7
121.3
123.2
117.9
122.3
123.1
121.8
123.8
117.5
122.7
122.8
122.1
124.2
117.5
122.2
123.4
122.9
123.7
119 2
122. 6
124. 3
123. 6
123. 5
118.7
121.2
122.4
122.6
122.9
118.6
121.0
122.6
121.8
122.5
118.6
121.6
123.0
122.4
123.7
119.0
122.5
123.3
122.6
122.7
119.2
122.8
123.8
123.2
122.0
119.4
122.7
123.5
123.0
122.4
119.7
122.8
123.9
122.2
122.2
119.2
123.6
123.9
122.4
121.4
118.4
122.0
122.1
121.2
121.0
118.0
120.3
120.9
119.8
120.7
St. Louis, Mo......................
San Francisco, Calif............
Scranton, P a____________
Beattie, Wash___________
Washington, D .C ________
119.9
125.1
116.5
124.5
120. 5
120.8
126.3
116.3
125.2
120.3
121.0
126.2
116.5
125.1
121.5
121.0
125.0
116.7
124.9
121.9
121. 3
126. 1
118. 5
125. 6
122. 2
121.7
126.2
116.9
125.6
121.2
121.5
126.2
116.7
125.4
120.7
121.7
126.2
116.9
125.4
121.4
121.4
126.6
117.7
124.7
121.3
121.3
126.5
117.7
124.7
121.1
121.3
126.1
117.1
124.4
121.4
121.8
126.2
117.4
124.6
121.7
120.7
125.5
117.0
123.4
121.2
119.0
124.4
115.5
122.7
120.0
118.7
122 6
ne 4
120. 8
119 0
i See footnote 1, table D -l. Indexes measure tlme-to-time changes in
prices of goods and services purchased by urban wage-earner and clericalworker families. They do not Indicate whether it costs more to live in one
city than In another«
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
s Average of 48 cities.
1 All Items indexes are computed monthly for 5 cities and onee every 3
months on a rotating cycle for 18 other cities.
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JANUARY 1962
118
Table D-3. Indexes of wholesale prices,1 by group and subgroup of commodities
[1947-49=« 100, unless otherwise specified]
1961
Commodity group
Annual
average
1960
Nov.2 Oct.
Sept.
Aug.
July
June
May
Apr.
Mar.
Feb.
Jan.
Dec.
Nov.
I9601
1959
All commodities______________________
118.8
118.7
118.8
118.9
118.6
118.2
118.7
119.4
119.9
120.0
119.9
119.5
119.6
119.6
119.5
Farm products and processed foods______
98.0
98.0
97.9
98.6
97.5
96.2
97.4
98.8
100.0
100.5
100.0
99.2
99.7
98.5
98.2
Farm products--....................................
Fresh and dried fruits and vegetables........................ .......... .........
Grains.............................................. Livestock and live poultry..............
P lant and animal fibers_________
Fluid milk....................................... .
Eggs........................... -....................Hay, hayseeds, and oilseeds.......... Other farm products___ ________
Processed foods.......................................
Cereal and bakery products-.........
Meats, poultry, and fish.................
Dairy products and Ice cream.........
Canned and frozen fruits and vegetables-....... —.................................
Sugar and confectionery..................
Packaged beverage materials-------Animal fats and oils------------------Crude vegetable oils____________
Refined vegetable oils......................
Vegetable oil end products_______
Other processed foods___________
All commodities except farm products-----All commodities except farm and foods.......
Textile products and apparel— ...........
Cotton products..............................
Wool products..................................
Manmade fiber textile products---Silk products...... ........... .................
Apparel-........................... ...........—
Other textile products......................
Hides, skins, leather, and leather prod-
87.5
U C t S - .........................................................
Hides and skins—...........................
Leather------------------------------ . . .
Footwear_____ ________________
Other leather products— ...........—
Fuel and related products, and power ‘
Coal.................................................
Coke-------------------------------------Gas fuels 5____________________
Electric power *---------- ----------Crude petroleum and natural gasoline.................................................
Petroleum products, refined--------Chemicals and allied products_______
Industrial chemicals____________
Prepared paint------------------------P aint materials-............................. .
Drugs and pharmaceuticals______
Fats and oils. Inedible....................
Mixed fertilizer________________
Fertilizer materials-------------------Other chemicals and allied products------------------------------------Rubber and rubber products.................
Crude rubber.................................. .
Tires and tubes.................................
Other rubber products....................
Lumber and wood products— ............
Lumber______________________
Mlllvrork...........................................
Plywood............................................
Pulp, paper, and allied products...........
Woodpulp...................... .................
Waste paper......................................
Paper______________ _________
Paperboard......... ..............................
Converted paper and paperboard
products................... .....................
Building paper and board........ ......
See footnotes at end of table.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
87.1
87.2
88.6
87.1
85.1
86.8
88.5
89.9
90.0
89.7
88.7
89.9
88.8
89.1
95.4 2 94.5
79.3
77.9
76.9
76.9
99.4
99.3
100.4 3100.5
79.5
80.1
79.9
81.3
129.4 130.1
107.9 108.3
125.2 125.1
92.7 3 93.7
123.8 123.6
94.9
78.0
77.6
98.7
99.6
76.6
80.0
131.2
108.1
124.3
94.3
121.9
97.3
78.1
80.3
98.4
98.4
80.7
82.9
129.3
108.1
123.9
94.8
121.0
104.3
77.8
75.5
96.7
98 1
75.5
83.7
129.3
107.5
123.9
92.5
120.4
103.3
74. 2
75. 4
96.2
94. 9
63.3
83.6
129.0
106.7
123. 7
89.9
119.7
101.4
74.8
7S. 2
95.2
95.6
63.3
92.1
129.5
107.6
123.6
91.8
119.5
100.2
73 8
82.0
93 4
97.0
66 5
96. 4
129.4
108.7
123.6
94.3
119.9
105.9
76.1
83.1
92.8
98.7
75.7
87.5
129.6
109.6
123.6
96.1
120.7
99.8
76.0
85.3
91.2
99.6
81.2
81.3
129.6
110.5
123.6
99.5
119.8
103.7
75.2
84.7
90.7
101.1
75.2
79.5
128.3
109.9
123.5
98.3
121.3
99.5
72.7
82.8
90.7
102.3
87. 7
71. 1
130.4
109.2
123.5
97.3
122.0
107.5
70.3
81.8
99.8
102 3
108 1
72.5
129.1
109.1
123 1
96.6
121 7
106.7
75.7
82.6
94 2
98.0
77 3
74.7
128.5
107. 7
121.8
96.7
118.5
102.7
77.3
85.1
98.2
94.4
65.6
76.6
132.6
107.0
119.3
98.2
114.3
108.1 3108.0
113.0 112.6
136.4 136.0
58.6 358.0
57.2
56.6
77.7
77.7
83.7
83.3
99.6 101.4
124.1 124.0
127.5 127.3
94.8
94.7
91.6
91.8
101.6 3101.6
75.1
75.5
132.9 133.3
100.8 100.8
92.9
94.7
107.3
112.8
138.6
59.8
58.2
70.1
82.3
102.3
124.1
127.5
94.4
91.0
102.1
75.1
136.2
100.7
90.5
107.4 2109.2
113.0 114.8
138.6 139.1
59. 7 57 6
59.9
59.6
67.7
68.3
83.8
82.4
102.1 102.5
124.0 123.9
127.4 127.4
93.9
94.2
89. 7
90.4
101.7 101.2
75.1
75.1
136.2 131.2
100.6 100 4
90.7
91.0
108.7
116.3
139. 1
57. 2
61.9
68.0
84.8
103. 1
123.8
127.4
93.7
89. 5
101.0
75. 1
130.8
100.4
85.7
109.0
115.8
139.1
65.0
66.9
71.
85.9
102.6
124.0
127.6
94.0
89.9
100.9
75.4
131 5
100.3
92.8
111.1
114.9
139.1
72. 2
69.4
71.9
85.0
102.4
124. 6
128.0
94.1
89.9
100.1
75.8
129. 5
100.4
93.6
111.5
115.1
139.1
70. 8
66.7
70.5
84.4
103 3
124.9
128.2
94.4
90.2
99.5
76.3
129.5
100.4
100.3
112.0
115.8
139.1
77. 4
63 2
67. 5
80.4
102.2
125.0
128.1
94.7
90.2
99.9
77.2
129.3
100.5
101.3
111.8
116. 2
139 1
65.0
57.1
64.4
77.9
102.5
124.9
128.1
94.8
90. 8
100 1
77.3
130.9
100.5
99.2
110 1
116.3
140.9
62.4
52.4
61.2
77.4
100.8
124.6
127.9
95.2
91. 2
100.8
77. 8
125.7
101.0
92.6
109. 4
117 4
140.9
66. 1
53.1
59 8
76.1
102.8
124. 6
127.9
95.4
91 7
101 3
78. 2
125.9
101.0
92.1
107.0
115.5
143. 3
58, 4
49. 1
56 7
73. 2
102. 2
124.7
128.3
96.1
94.2
102.1
79 1
122.9
100 9
85.2
109.0
115.1
146.5
54.6
53.1
58.0
74.0
96.7
124.5
128.2
95.0
91.7
101.6
81.1
113.5
100.0
76.8
113.7 3114.1
82.2
79.6
108.6 109.3
134.8 3134.7
105.5 3105.2
114.0 113.0
121.2 120.8
170.4 170.4
119.4 119.4
102.6 102.5
113.5
82.5
107.6
133.9
105.4
113.7
120.1
170.4
116.9
102.4
113.1
82.9.
106.3
133.5
105. 1
114.4
119.2
170.4
116.6
102.4
111.1
76.2
102.6
132.9
104.3
114.6
118.7
170.4
115.6
102.5
110.1
68. 1
102.6
132. 8
104.5
114.3
117.7
170. 4
115.4
102.3
110.7
71.0
104.1
132.8
104.6
113.6
117.4
170.4
118.7
102.4
109 9
68.0
102. 2
132.7
104.3
115.2
119.6
170.4
118.3
102.5
109.5
68.8
100. 2
132.7
103.6
117.5
122.8
170.4
121.8
102.4
108.0
60.5
97.3
132.7
103.9
117.7
123.4
170.4
122.3
102.2
108.3
61.7
97.8
132.7
104.2
117.2
123.4
170.4
121.1
102.3
108.8
64.9
99.4
132. 5
103.9
116.2
123.1
170.4
120.0
102.3
108.5
65 8
97. 1
132. 5
104. 2
116.1
123.0
170.4
120.2
102.4
110.3
68.1
101 5
133.0
105.8
113.8
121.8
170 4
116.6
101.9
114.3
90.7
111.8
129.5
109.0
112.7
122.6
169.8
110.9
100.8
127.4
115.0
107.9
120.3
132.2
99.3
91.0
46.0
114.2
112.3
127.4
113.3
108.0
120.3
132.2
100.0
90.8
47.0
113.6
111.9
127.2
115.1
108.1
120.6
132.4
99.9
90.7
48.7
114.4
110.2
127.2
116.8
108.4
120.8
132.4
101.1
91.3
51.1
113.6
110.0
127.2
117.4
108.9
121.1
132. 4
101.0
92 5
52.2
113.0
111.7
127.2
117.0
109.3
122.2
132.4
101.0
92.4
54. 1
112.3
112.3
127.2
115.0
109.9
122.8
132.4
101.5
92.4
61.4
112.3
112.3
127.2
117.9
110.2
123.2
132. 4
103.5
92.6
62.1
112.3
112.3
126.8
121.5
110.1
123 2
132.4
104.6
92.6
57. 7
112.3
112.3
126. 8
121.9
110.0
123.2
132. 4
104.1
92. 7
54.7
111.9
112.4
126.8
121.1
109. 7
123.0
131.7
104.8
92.7
50.2
111.6
112.4
126.8
119.3
110.2
123.6
130.3
104.4
92.8
48.5
111.8
111.9
120.8
119.1
110.1
123. 5
128.4
104.8
92.8
48.9
112.1
111.9
126.8
115.4
110.2
124.2
128.5
103 8
93.6
49.0
111 0
109. 6
127.4
114.2
109.9
123.8
128.3
101.9
93.2
56.7
109.5
106.9
105.3 105.3
138.4 139.4
134.7 137.8
137.0 138.3
141.1 141.0
114.7 114.7
114.3 3114.5
132.2 132.4
91.6 3 90.9
129.9 130.4
114.4 114.4
86.9 100.2
145.4 145.4
122.4 122.4
105.3
139.6
139.1
138.3
141.0
115.7
115.3
132.4
93.7
129.5
114.4
76.6
145.3
122.4
105.3
139.4
137.9
138.3
141.1
115.9
115.8
130.7
95.3
126.3
114.4
76.6
145.9
122.8
105.8
139.0
136.2
138.3
140.9
117.2
116.8
132.0
97.2
126.4
114.4
76.6
145.9
123.0
105.8
139.6
137.4
138.5
141.6
117.8
117.0
134.0
97.2
126.5
114.4
65.0
145.9
128.9
105.8
140.2
140. 8
138.4
111.6
117.6
117.0
133 4
97.2
126.1
114. 4
62.1
145.4
128.9
105.6
140.1
138.2
138.4
142.5
118.0
116.5
134.8
99.1
131.0
114.4
62.1
145.4
129.1
105.6 »105. 5 3105.4
139.9 139.6 139.7
138.0 136.2 135.7
137.1 137.1 137.2
143.3 143.3 143.6
115.4 114.7 115.7
114.4 113.5 111.5
134.7 134.9 135. 8
92.0
90.8
91.7
131.5 132.2 132.2
114.5 114.5 114.5
62.1
72.4
67.8
145.7 145.7 145.7
129.9 130.1 132.4
107.2
141.2
136.5
137.1
146.8
116.5
115.0
135.5
95.1
132.3
114.5
67.8
145.7
132.4
107.4
143.6
140.3
141.3
146.8
116.9
115.1
135. 8
96. 1
133.1
121. 2
77.4
145.7
132.4
106.7
144.7
155.7
13,8.4
145.6
121.3
121.4
136.6
96.1
133 2
120.6
83.7
145.4
135.3
106.6
144.5
152.0
143.4
142.2
125.8
127.1
135.9
101.2
132.2
121.2
112.5
143.4
136.1
127.3
143.9
127.3
144.8
121.2
144.8
121.2
144.9
121.2
144.9
120.9
144.6
129.7
145.3
130.3
145.8
131.1
145.4
131.1
145.4
130.6
145.7
127.6
146.4
127.3
144.8
130.9
146.0
130.9
145.6
119
D.—CONSUMER AND WHOLESALE PRICES
Table D-3. Indexes of wholesale prices,1by group and subgroup of commodities— Continued
{1947-49=100, unless otherwise specified]
Oct.
Sept.
Aug.
July
June
May
Apr.
Mar.
Feb.
Jan.
Dec.
Nov.
I960»
1959
152.5 3153.2
169.2 3170. 5
134.0 134.9
156.6 156.6
176.7 176.7
153.7
170.8
136.3
156.6
176.7
153.6
170.5
136.2
156.6
176.4
153.2
170.1
135.8
156.6
176.3
153.1
170.3
135.2
156.6
176.3
153.0
170.2
134.4
156.6
176.3
152.7
170.8
132.4
156.6
175.2
152. 4
170.4
132.3
156.6
175.0
152.3
169. 7
132. 2
156.6
175.1
152. 2
169. 4
132.1
156. 6
174.9
152. 2
168. 6
133 9
153.6
174.7
152.3
168.5
135.5
153. 6
174.6
153.8
170.0
139.0
153.9
174.3
153. 6
172.0
136.1
153.7
173.0
133.8
114.8
133.5
115.2
133. 5
115.6
132.8
115.5
132.2
115.4
131.3
115.4
130.9
115.2
130.9
114.5
130.9
114.8
130.9
114.9
130.8
116.8
130. S 132.1
118.4 119.4
130.1
121.7
Nov.»
All commodities except farm and foods—Con.
Metals and rnofai products
__
Iron and steel_________________
Nonferrous metals______________
Metal containers_______________
Hardware- -___________________
Plumbing fixtures and brass fittings. _____________________
Heating equipment____________
Fabricated structural metal produets . _____________________
Fabricated nonstructural metal
p ro d u cts__________ ______ __
Machinery and motive products.............. .
Agricultural machinery and equipmentConstruction machinery and equipment.- _______________________
MetalworkiDg machinery and equipm ent___________________________
General purpose machinery and equipment - ________ ____ ___ ___ ____
Miscellaneous machinery___________
Special Industry machinery and equipment 6_ ______________ _________
Electrical machinery and equipment..
Motor vehicles____________________
Transportation equipment, railroad
rolling stock •___________________
Furniture and other household durables...
Household furniture_______________
Commercial furniture__________ ____
Floor coverings____________________
Household appliances______________
Television, radio receivers, and phonographs
___________________
Other household durable goods______
133.8
114.3
131.9 3131.9
131.8
132.3
132.3
132.1
132.4
132.8
132.8
133.5
133.6
133.9
133.9
134.7
133.4
150.0
152.9
149.4
150.4
152.8
149.0
150.8
152. 7
148.7
1,50.4
152.7
148.9
149.2
163 0
148.8
149.6
153.2
148.8
150.0
153.1
148.6
150.1
153.1
148.6
149.6
153.4
148.5
149.6
153. 4
148.5
149.6
153.5
148.4
148.6
153.1
148.0
146.7
153.0
143. 2
146.4
153.4
146.1
146.0
153.0
143. 4
178.6
171.9
178.5
178.5
178.5
178.3
178.2
178.5
178.6
178.2
178.2
177.6
177.0
177.3
175.6
183.6 3183.1
182.1
181.7
181.7
181.5
181.7
181.8
183.3
182.7
182.7
182.3
182.1
179.9
174.5
165.9 3165. 5
152.4 152.0
166.3
152.0
166.1
152.0
166.3
151.8
166 5
151.4
166.3
151.4
166.2
151.4
166.1
151.2
166.2
151.2
166.1
151.3
166.1
150.9
166.3
150.7
167.1
150.2
165.3
149.4
100.7 3100.7
151.1 3151. 1
139.9 3140.0
100.6
150.4
140.3
100.5
150.5
140.5
100.5 100.5
151. 8 151.7
140.5 140.4
100.4
151.7
140.3
100.3
151.9
140.3
100.1
153.5
140.2
100 0
153.6
140.4
100.0
153.7
140.8
100.1
152. 4
140.7
152.4
140.5
100.5 3100. 5 100.3
122.3 122.2 122 2
127.3 3127.0 126. 7
156.7 155.7 156.7
129.1 3129.0 3129.3
99.8
99.8
99.9
100.3
122.1
126.4
155.9
129.3
99.8
100.0
122.3
126.4
155.9
129.3
99.8
100.0
122.4
126.4
155.9
128.6
99.8
100.0
122.4
126.4
155.9
128.6
99.9
100.0
122 5
126.3
155. 9
128.6
100.0
100.0
122.2
126.2
155.9
128.6
100.0
100.0
122.2
126.2
155.9
128.6
100.2
100.0
122.3
126.1
155. 9
128.7
100.2
100.0
122.6
125.7
157.1
130. 2.
100.4
m
(')
122.6
125. 7
157.1
130.2
100.6
123.1
125.1
156.8
130.4
101.9
123.4
124.1
155.2
128.1
104.7
88.3
157.2
138.5
130.3
142.4
131.4
161.9
137.3
114.2
133.2
133.4
130.9
121.2
180.5
95.6
88.7
157.2
138.5
130.3
142.4
131.3
161.7
137.3
114.2
133.7
132.8
130.9
121.1
176.3
95.6
90.0
156.9
138.4
130.3
142.6
131.3
161.6
134 6
114.2
133. 7
132.6
130.9
121.1
174.8
95.6
90.0
157.8
138.3
130.3
142 6
131.3
161.6
134 6
112.9
133.7
132.1
130.9
121.2
171.6
95.9
89.8
157. 8
138.5
132.4
142.6
131.3
161.5
134.6
112. 9
133.7
132.1
130.9
121.2
171.6
99.5
90.7
157.8
138. e
132.4
142.6
131.3
162.1
134.6
114.2
133.7
132 0
130.8
121.1
171.6
97.7
90.7
156. C
138.6
132. 4
142 6
131. 1
162.1
134. 6
114.2
133.6
132.1
130. 8
121.3
171.6
96.8
90.5
156. 0
138.4
132. 4
142.3
131.2
162.1
134.6
114.2
132.9
132.1
130. 8
121.3
171.6
95.2
90.9
156.2
138.5
132.4
112.2
131.1
162.1
134. 6
114.2
133.5
132.1
130. 8
121.2
171.6
95.6
91.2
156.6
137.9
132. 4
142.0
131.0
162.3
133.2
106.6
133.6
132.1
130. 8
121 2
171.6
92.4
90.5
156.6
137.9
132.4
142.1
131.0
162.3
133.2
106.6
133.6
132.0
130. 8
121.1
171.4
90.6
91.3
157.4
138.0
132.7
142.1
131.1
161. 8
133.2
107. 3
134.2
131.8
130. 8
120. 8
171.3
92.1
92.8
150.4
137.7
135.3
140.3,
129.7
160.2
133.1
110.4
132.4
131.4
130. 5
121.3
167.4
94.5
119.6
74.2
96.2
119.7
74.3
96.2
119.0
74.6
96.2
118.9
75.0
96.2
118.9
80.3
96.2
119.0
77.5
96.4
118.9
76.2
96.4
118.3
74.1
96.4
118.4
74.6
96.4
118.6
70.0
96.4
118.6
66.8
96.4
118.3
69.6
96.9
117.5
75.1
97.3
111.9
132.8
111.7
133.1
111.0
111 0
132 2
111.0
111.2
131.7
111.3
132. 3
111.3
132. 8
111.2
132. 8
111.0
110 9
132.1
110.7
132.2
108.2
132.3
88.0 3 87.9
157.4 157.3
N o n m e tn f lie m in e r a l p r o d u c t s T
138.6 138.9
Flat glass___ _____________________ 130.3 130.3
Concrete ingredients_______ _______ _ 141.6 142.5
Concrete products_________________ 131.2 131.5
S tr u c tu r a l’ c la y p r o d u c ts
162.0 3162.1
Gypsum products_________________ 137.3 137.3
Prepared asphalt roofing____________ 120.4 120.4
Other nonmetallic minerals_________ 133.1 133.2
Tobacco products and bottled beverages... 133.5 133.4
Tobacco products_________________ 130.9 130.9
Alcoholic beverages________________ 121.4 121.1
N o n a lc o h o lic b e v e ra g e s
. ____
180.5 180.5
Miscellaneous products________________
97.5 3 93.4
Toys, sporting goods, small arms,
ammunition_____ _______________ 119.9 119.9
Manufactured animal feeds_________
76.8
71.0
Notions and accessories__________ .. 96.2
96.2
Jewelry, watches, and photographic
equipment _______ ______ _______ 112.2 3112.0
Other miscellaneous products______ . 133.3 133.0
132.3
* As of January 1961, new weights reflecting 1958 values were Introduced
Into the Index. Technical details furnished upon request to the Bureau,
* Preliminary.
* Revised.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Annual
average
1960
1961
Commodity group
131.8
132. 4
(*/
* Formerly titled Fuel, power, and lighting materials.
i January 1958=100.
6 New series. January 1961=100.
i Formerly titled Nonmetallic minerals—structural.
(>)
154. 2
140.8
(•)
154.4
142.8
(')
120
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JANUARY 1962
T able D-4. Indexes of wholesale prices for special commodity groupings 1
[1947-49=100, unless otherwise specified]
1961
Commodity group
1960
Nov.2 Oct. Sept. Aug. July June May Apr. Mar. Feb.
All foods..............................................
All fish....................................................
All commodities except farm products__
Textile produets, excluding hard fiber products.. .
Refined petroleum products: ‘
East Coast petroleum products, refined................ .
Midcontinent petroleum products, refined............
Gulf Coast petroleum products, refined_________
Pacific Coast petroleum products, refined......... .
Midwest petroleum products, refined *
Bituminous coal—domestic sizes....................................
8oaps___________________ ____
Synthetic detergents....... ........... ............ ...... ..........
Pharmaceutical preparations............ ..............................
Ethical preparations“. . ...........................................
Anti-infectives5_____ _____ ____________
Anti-arthritics5....................................... ...........
Sedatives and hypnotics*...................... ...........
Ataractics* ............ .............. ...........................
Anti-spasmodics and anti-cholinergics8___ . . .
Cardiovasculars and anti-hypertensives8___
Diabetics8......... ..................................... .........
Hormones 8._.................. ..... .....................
D iu retics*______ _ __________________________
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Annual average
Dec. Nov. 1960 »
1959
105.4 3105.6 105. 4 105.8 105. 6
141.1 138.1 136.9 137.1 129.2
124.1 124.0 124.1 124.0 123.9
89.5 89.2 88.9 88.6 88.1
104.2 104.7 105.8 107.5 108.0 107.5 107.3 108.8
129.5 128.6 126.2 132.0 133.3 131.3 133.2 131.5
123.8 124.0 124.6 124.9 125.0 124.9 124.6 124.6
88.1 88.4 88.4 88.7 89.2 89.5 90.0 90.5
106.0
126.7
124.7
92.2
104.4
124.5
124.5
91.4
114.6
108.9
122.8
107.0
90.3
125.6
109.6
100.3
101.2
98.6
99.7
100. 6
112.5
100.0
100.0
100.9
103.8
100.0
100.0
100.6
108.5
101.8
100.0
98.8
88.1
100.2
100.0
100.0
99.5
100.9
100.0
100.2
100.0
100.0
111.9
113.1
129. 5
149.5
186.9
159.6
151.4
192.1
159.8
199.5
120.1
130.8
146.9
114.6
102.2
122.2
107.0
88.7
124.4
109.6
100.3
100.9
98.2
99.7
100.6
101.9
100.0
100.0
100.9
103.8
100.0
100.0
100.5
108.5
101.8
100.0
98.8
88.1
3100.2
100.0
100.0
99.5
100.6
100.0
100.2
100.0
100.0
111.9
113.2
130.0
3150.0
186.9
3159.4
151.0
3191.4
159.3
197.5
120.1
130.6
146.9
Dermatologteals *. .. _ .........
Hermatiuics8______________ _____________
Analgesics8___________________________
Anti-obesity preparations8.............................
Cough and cold preparations8...........................
Vitamins8___________ _______________
Proprietary preparations* .....................................
Vitamins8........ ...... ........................ ............ ......
Cough and cold preparations8- ____ _______
Laxatives and elimination aids8...............
Internal analgesics8...........................................
Tonics and alteratives8............... ......................
External analgesics8______________ _______
Antiseptics8_____________ _______ ___
Antacids*................... ................. .....................
Lumber and wood products (excluding millwork).......
Softwood lumber____ ________________
Pulp, paper, and products (excluding building paper).
Special metals and metal products..................................
Steel mill products.................................................
Machinery and equipment__________________
Agricultural machinery (including tractors)................
Metalworking m achinery................................
Total tractors.........................................
Industrial valves.____ ___________
Industrial fittings________________ _
Antifriction bearings and components....... ............. .
Abrasive grinding wheels___________________
Construction materials_________ ___________
129.6 129.7
See footnote 1, table D-3.
Preliminary,
».Revised.
Jan.
114.6
108.2
122.2
108.5
91.3
123.1
109.6
100.3
100.8
98.0
98.9
100,6
101.9
100.0
100.0
100.9
103.8
100.0
100.0
100.5
108.5
101. 8
100.0
98.8
88.1
100.1
100.0
100.0
99.5
100.6
100.0
100.2
100.0
100.0
113.2
114.2
129.1
150.4
186. 9
159.1
150.7
190.6
159.3
200.8
120.1
131. 3
146.9
114.6
115.0
122.2
110.1
92.6
121.7
109.6
100.3
100.8
98.0
98.9
100.6
101.9
100.0
100.0
100.9
103.8
100.0
100.0
100.5
108.5
101.8
100.0
98.8
88.1
100.1
100.0
100.0
99.5
100.6
100.0
99.7
100.0
100.0
114.0
114.9
125.8
150.4
186.9
159.1
150.8
190.0
159.3
201.9
119.4
130.5
146.9
113.4
121.7
121.3
107. 0
93.9
120, 1
109.6
102 0
1022
100.1
98.9
100. 6
101.0
iOO.O
100.0
100.9
103.8
100.0
100.0
100.0
108. 5
101.8
100.0
98.8
100.0
100.1
100. 0
100.0
99.5
100. 6
100.0
99.7
100,0
100.0
115.3
115.9
125.8
150.1
187.0
159.6
150.8
189.9
159.1
202.3
119.4
130.6
146. 9
113.4
121.7
119.8
107.9
93.9
118.3
109.7
102.0
102.1
99.9
99.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
104. 5
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.2
100.0
100.0
100. 5
100.3
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
115.4
116.1
126.0
150.1
187.0
159. 5
150.8
189.5
159.0
202. 5
121. 7
130. 6
146.9
113.4
116.0
119. 8
109.1
88.7
117.3
109.6
102.0
102.1
99.9
99.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
104. 5
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.2
100.0
100. 0
100.5
100.3
100.0
TOO. 0
100.0
100.0
115.4
116.1
125.6
149.9
187.5
159.5
160.5
189. 5
159.2
202.5
121.7
130.6
146.9
114.8
124.2
122.1
104.3
93.5
117.7
107.5
102.0
102.0
99.9
99.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
104.5
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
115.6
115.6
130.8
149.7
187. 5
159.6
150., 5
189.5
159.2
202.5
121. 7
130.6
146.9
1 3 0 .0
1 3 0 .1
1 3 0 .5
1 3 0 .5
1 3 0 .6
1 3 0 .7
116.1
125.3
127.3
105.5
99.3
126.4
107.5
102.0
102.0
99.9
99.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
104.5
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
112.1
113.0
131.1
149.5
187.8
160.3
1.50.5
189.2
159.2
202.1
121.7
130.6
146.9
116.6
126.0
127.3
106.1
99.9
127.9
107.4
102.0
102.2
100.1
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
104.5
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
111.1
111.6
131.8
149. 5
187.6
160.2
150. 4
189 9
159.2
201.1
122.0
131.4
146.9
1 2 9 .9
1 2 9 .8
lo o . e
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
112.1
112.4
131.9
149. 5
187.6
160.2
150. 4
189.9
159.1
201.6
121.4
131.4
146.9
111.4
125.2
122.9
105. 5
100.0
127.7
107.6
102.9
102.1
100.1
100.1
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.4
99.8
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
97.8
98.3
100.0
100.0
113.3
112.7
132.0
149.5
187.6
159.6
150.0
189.6
158.9
201.2
121.7
131.4
146.9
111.4
124.7
122.9
105. 5
(*)
127 4
107.6
102.9
102.1
«
(')
(*)
(!)
(»)
(*)
(!)
(»)
(8)
(»)
(8)
(!)
(»)
(*)
(8)
(8)
(5)
(5)
(*)
(*)
(8)
(8)
(8)
(*)
(f)
113.7
112.8
132.8
149.5
187.6
159.6
150.3
189.3
1-58.9
201.2
121.7
132.9
147.6
111.0
117.0
120.4
105.8
(8)
124.7
107.6
101. 7
103.3
(8)
(8)
(8)
(8)
(*)
(*)
(*)
(’)
(8)
(’)
(s)
(8)
(8)
(8)
(8)
(8)
(8)
(•)
(!)
(«)
(8)
(!)
(«)
(')
(8)
118.9
120. 4
132.9
150.5
187.9
160.0
147.9
186.7
156.4
205.1
132.2
133.6
147.5
108.9
115.7
118.4
108.2
(8)
124.9
109.5
101.4
103.0
(8)
(5)
(*)
(«)
(!)
(8)
(8)
(S)
(8)
(8)
(5)
({)
(')
(8)
(*)
(8)
(8)
(*)
(«)
(*)
(8)
(’)
(8)
(8)
(')
124.5
128.1
131.8
150.8
188.2
158.5
144.8
181.8
153.8
196.9
139.0
138.1
152.5
1 3 0 .1
130 0
1 3 0 .3
1 3 2 ,6
1 3 4 .5
114.3
126.0
125.6
107.3
100.0
127.9
107.4
102.0
102.1
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.6
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
lo o . e
<The special index for refined petroleum products is now being published
as a subgroup index in table D-3.
‘ Newseries. January 1961=100.
D.—CONSUMER AND WHOLESALE PRICES
Table D-5.
121
Indexes of wholesale prices,1 by stage of processing and durability of product
[1947-49=100]
1961
1960
Annual
average
Dec. Nov.
1960* 1959
Commodity group
Nov.2 Oct. Sept.
All commodities.
Aug. July June May Apr. Mar. Feb.
Jan.
118.8 118.7 118.8 118.9 118.6 118.2 118. 7 119.4 119.9 120.0 119.9 119.5 119.6 119.6 119.5
Stage of processing
Crude materials for further processing______ ___________
Crude foodstuffs and feedstufls_______*___________
Crude nonfood materials except fuel_______________
Crude nonfood materials, except fuel, for manu
facturing__ _______________ ______ ____ ____
Crude nonfood materials, except fuel, for con
struction-___________________________ ____
Crude fuel_____________ _____________ _________
Crude fuel for manufacturing_____________ ____
Crude fuel for nonmanufacturing_______ _____ _
93.3 3 93.7 93.8 94.8 92.7 91.6 93.2 94.6 95.2 95.1
83.5 3 83.1 83.4 85.1 82.8 81.5 83.6 85.7 86.9 875
109.3 111. 5 111.3 110.6 109.2 108.5 108.7 108.6 107.2 105.4
107.5 109.9 109.6 108.9 107.4 106.7 106.9 106.7 105.2 103.3
141.6 142.5 142.4 142.4 142.fi 142.6 142.6 142.6 142.6 142.3
124. 9 124.7 123.2 122.6 121.9 123.2 122.3 123.3 126.8 127.4
124. 5 124.2 122.8 122.2 121. 5 120.9 121.0 122.7 126.2 126.8
125.7 125.4 123.9 123.2 122.5 121.8 123.0 124.2 127.7 128.2
Intermediate materials, supplies, and components.............
Intermediate materials and components for manu
facturing..________ _______ ___________________
Intermediate materials for food manufacturing___
Intermediate materials for nondurable manu
facturing______ _________________________ _
Intermediate materials for durable manufacturing.
Components for manufacturing_______________
Materials and components for construction........... ......
Processed fuels and lubricants............................ ..........
Processed fuels and lubricants for manufacturing..
Processed fuels and lubricants for nonmanufac
turing................... ......................... ........................
Containers, no n retu rn ab le.................. .............. ..........
Supplies................................................................... ......
Supplies for manufacturing____ ______ ________
Supplies for nonmanufacturing________________
Manufactured animal feeds_______________
Other supplies.....................................................
125.8 125.4 125.7 125.5 125.6 125.8 126.3 126.9 126.9 126.7
126.9 3127.0 127.0 127.1 127.1 127. 4 127.8 127.9 127.9 127.8
101.4 101.7 101.3 101.4 101.6 102.0 103.0 103.7 103.9 103.6
103.6 103.6 103.5 103.7 103.6 104.1 104. 5 104.8 104 8 104.8
155.8 156.0 156.4 156. 4 156.2 156.0 156.0 155.6 155.4 155.4
148.5 3148.5 148.4 148.5 *149.1 »149.1 *149. 2 »149.3 150.0 150.1
133.1 133.2 133.5 133.6 134.0 134.1 134.1 134.3 133.5 133. 5
109.2 108.3 109.2 110.0 110.5 110. 2 109.4 110.3 111.9 111. 9
109. 5 108.9 109.4 110.0 110 3 110.1 109.6 110.3 111 6 111.6
108.6 107.5 108.9 110.1 110.9 110.6 109.1 110.4 112.5 112.5
138.2 138.2 137.6 133.3 133.3 133.1 133.7 139.9 140.6 141.1
118.1 3115.5 116.8 115.6 115. 8 115.9 118. 3 119.2 118.7 117.6
147.0 3147.1 147.0 147.1 147.2 147.6 147.6 148.1 149.0 148.4
104.5 101.3 102.9 101.4 101.6 101.7 104.7 105.6 104.8 103.6
71.6 65.2 68.4 68.3 68.7 69.2 74.8 72.3 70.7 68.3
122.2 122.2 122.2 119.5 119.4 119.2 119.5 123. 5 123.4 123.4
Finished goods (goods to users, including raw foods and
fuels)...................................................................................
Consumer finished goods________________________
Consumer foods............................ ............................
Consumer crude foods_______ ______ _____
Consumer processed foods________ ________
Consumer other nondurable goods_______ _____
Consumer durable goods........................................
Producer finished goods_________________________
Producer finished goods for manufacturing______
Producer finished goods for nonmanufacturing___
121.4 121.3
113.2 113.2
106.9 107.1
94.4 393.8
109.5 109.9
114.2 113.8
125.4 3125.3
154.2 154.0
160.9 3160.8
148.3 148.1
121.3
113.2
106.9
92.7
109.8
113.9
125.5
153.8
160.6
147.9
121.4
113.3
107.2
94.8
109.8
114.0
125.5
153.8
160.6
147.8
121.2
113.1
106.8
95.7
109.1
113.9
125.6
153. 8
160.6
147.9
120.6
112.4
105.0
90.5
108.0
113.8
125.6
153.9
160.7
147.9
120.7
112.5
105.7
89.9
108.9
113.5
125.5
153.7
160.6
147.7
121.3
113.3
106.8
90.6
110.1
114. 2
125.5
153.7
160.0
147.6
94.7 93.3 93.0 94.5 98 7
87.3 85.5 85.1 85.7 86.8
104.4 104.1 104.1 107.5 112.2
102.2 101.8 101.8 105.5 no. 8
142.2
126.9
126.3
127.7
142.0
126.3
125.8
127.1
142,1
126.2
125.7
327.0
142.1
124.4
123.9
125.2
140. 3
123. 4
122 9
124.1
126.7 126.4 126.6 127.0 127.0
127.8 127.8 128.1 128.9 129.0
102.4 101.3 101.7 99.3 98.6
104.9 105.2 105.5 106.4 106.4
155.5 156.6 156.7 168.1 157.9
150.0 149.3 149.5 150.7 151. 5
133.7 133.7 133.9 135.5 136. 5
111.9 111.6 111.0 108.9 106.0
111.5 111.3 111. 3 108.9 105.6
112.7
140.9
117.8
148.6
103.7
68.9
123.2
112.3
139. 4
116.1
149.6
101,2
64.2
123.0
112.3
139.3
115.2
149.6
100.1
01.0
123.1
109.1
138.6
115.8
149.3
101.0
63.8
122.9
108.8
136.7
118.6
143. 5
104.1
74.7
121.3
122.2 122.6 122.4 122.2 122.7
114.3 114.8 114.5 114.4 114.9
108.6 109.5 109.1 109.0 110.4
97.2 96.8 96.8 99.6 109.1
111.0 112.1 111.7 111.0 110.8
115.0 115.2 114.9 114.7 114.7
125.5 125.6 125.8 125.8 125.8
153. 8 153.9 154.0 153.8 153.6
160.6 160.8 160.8 160.6 160.4
147.9 147.0 148.1 147.8 147.7
121.5
113.6
107.7
98.0
109.7
114.1
126.1
153 8
160.0
148.4
120.6
112.5
105.5
91.9
108. 4
113. i
126.5
153. 2
158.1
149.1
Durability of product
Total durable goods___________ ________ ____________ 144.9 145.0 145.2 145.2 145.3 145. 4
Total nondurable goods_____________________________ 104.7 104.4 104.5 104.6 104.2 103.5
Total manufactures________________________________ 125.0 124.8 125.0 124.9 124.9 124.8
Durable manufactures____________ ______________ 146.2 146.2 146.3 146.3 146.4 146.6
Nondurable manufactures_______________________ 108.2 107.9 108.2 108.1 107.9 107.7
Total raw or slightly processed goods_________________
98.1 98.2 97.8 98.6 97.3 95.8
Durable raw or slightly processed goods____________ 106.4 111.7 114.2 112.7 110.8 111.9
Nondurable raw or slightly processed goods_________ 97.7 97.5 97.0 97.9 96.6 95.0
i See footnote 1, table D-3.
: Preliminary.
• Revised.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
145.3 145.3 145.1 145.0 145.1 145.0 145.0 145.7 145.9
104.3 105.3 106.2 106.3 108.1 105.6 105.8 105.3 105.0
125.1 125.7 126.0 126.1 126.1 125.7 125.7 125.8 125.6
146.6 146.5 146.3 146.3 146.5 146.4 146. 4 147.0 147.0
108.3 109.3 109.9 110.1 109.9 109.4 109.3 108.9 108.6
97.0 98.0 99.3 99.3 98.9 98.3 99. 1 98.6 98.9
109.7 110.7 108.6 105.1 103.5 101.8 101.4 107.4 114.1
96.3 97.4 98.8 90.0 98.6 98.1 99 0 98.1 98.1
N ote: For description of the series by stage of processing, see New BL8
Economic Sector Indexes of Wholesale Prices (In Monthly Labor Review,
December 1955, pp. 1448-1453); and by durability of product and data beginning with 1947, see Wholesale Prices and Price Indexes. 1957, BLS Bull.
1235 (1958).
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JANUARY 1962
122
E.—Work Stoppages
T able
E-l. Work stoppages resulting from labor-management disputes 1
Workers Involved In stoppages
Number ol stoppages
Month and year
Beginning in
month or year
______________________
......_........................................
________________________
.............. .........................................
____________________________
______________________
______________________________
______________________
___________________________
________________ _____________
__________________________
_
__________________ ____
_
______________ ______
_
_________________________
_ _ ............ ..................................
_ _________________________
2, 862
3, 573
4, 750
4. 985
3,693
3, 410
3. 60«
4, 843
4, 737
6, 117
6. 091
3, 468
4,320
3, 825
3, 673
3, 694
3. 708
3,333
I960: December............ ..........................................................
110
JQ4ft
JQ47
1948
1949
19ft0
1QM
19/S2
■JQfifl
]QK4
"
1QK7
IQftQ
1980
1961: January*___ ________________________________
February *___________________________________
March * _ ____ _______________________________
April l
_
__________________________
M ay *_______________________________________
June * ____ __ ________________________________
July *
............................................................- _____
August * ______________________ ______________
September *__________________________________
October2____________________________________
Novem ber2_________________________ ________
December2------ ---------------- --------------- -.........
170
210
220
320
430
330
330
325
310
300
225
100
• The data Include all known strikes or lockouts Involving a or more
workers and lasting a full day or shift or longer. Figures on workers Involved
and man-days Idle cover all workers made Idle for as long as 1 shift in establlshments directly Involved In a stoppage. They do not measure the indirect
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
In effect dur
ing month
Beginning In
montb or year
In effect dur
ing month
300
330
350
460
620
570
560
550
530
510
430
250
27,500
80,000
120,000
55,000
94 000
120 000
140.000
95, 000
95,000
334,000
223,000
83,000
27,000
Number
Percent of esti
mated work
ing time
16,900,000
39, 700,000
38, 000, 000
116, 000,000
34, 600, 000
34, 100, 000
60, 600, 000
38. 800,000
22, 900,000
69, 100, 000
28, 300,000
22. 600,000
28, 200, 000
33 100,000
16. 500, 000
23. 900,000
69. 000. 000
19,100,000
0.27
.46
.47
1.43
.41
.37
.59
.44
.23
.57
.26
.21
.20
.29
.14
.22
.61
.17
53,200
458,000
.05
100,000
150,000
75,000
126, 000
165,000
211,000
183.000
160,000
390,000
277,000
156,000
75,000
700,000
940,000
610,000
1,180. 000
1, 530. 000
1,760,000
1,690, 000
1,320. 000
3,150.000
2,380,000
1,000,000
500,000
.08
.11
.06
.14
.16
.18
.19
.13
.35
.23
.10
.05
1,130.000
2, 380, 000
3, 470, 000
4. 600, 000
2, 170. 000
1 960, 000
3, 030, 000
2, 410,000
2 220 000
3. 540, 000
2, 400,000
1, 530. 000
2, 650,000
1, 900,000
1,390,000
2,060,000
1, 880. non
1,320.000
250
Man-days Idle during month
or year
or secondary effect on other establishments or Industries whose employees
are made Idle as a result of material or service shortages,
* Preliminary,
* Revised preliminary*
r.—WORK INJURIES
128
F.—Work Injuries
Table F -l. Injury-frequency rates 1 for selected manufacturing industries
1961»
Industry
T hird quarter
Quar
July Aug. Sept. ter
All manufacturing___________ ______ ______
Food and kindred products:
Meatpacking and custom slaughtering______
Sausages and other prepared meat products...
Poultry and small game dressing and packing.
Dairy products.______ _________ _________
Canning and preserving__________________
Grain-mill products______ '.______________
Bakery products________________________
Cane sugar____ _________________________
Confectionery and related products_________
Bottled soft drinks_______________________
Malt and malt liquors____________________
Distilled liquors_________________________
Miscellaneous food products_______________
Textile mil! products.
Cotton yarn and textiles
Rayon, other synthetic, and silk textiles____
Woolen and worsted textiles.
Knit goods. ............ ............
Dyeing and finishing textiles______________
Miscellaneous textile goods________________
Apparel and other finished textile products:
Clothing, men's and boys’_____ ___________
Clothing, women’s and children’s__________
Fur goods and miscellaneous apparel________
Miscellaneous fabricated textile products____
Lumber and wood products (except furniture):
Logging...............................................................
Sawmills and planing mills................................
Millwork and structural wood products_____
Plywood mills_____ _____________________
Wooden containers______ ________________
Miscellaneous wood products______________
Furniture and fixtures
Household furniture, nonmetal____________
Meta! household furniture________________
Mattresses and bedsprings________________
Office furniture__________ _______________
Public-building and professional furniture___
Partitions arid fixtures____________________
Screens, shades, and blinds________________
Paper and allied products:
Pulp, paper, and paperboard mills_________
Paperboard containers and boxes___________
Miscellaneous paper and allied products_____
Printing, publishing, and allied Industries:
Newspapers and periodicals_______________
Bookbinding and related products_________
Miscellaneous printing and publishing______
Chemicals and allied products:
Industrial inorganic chemicals_____________
Plastics, except, synthetic rubber___________
Synthetic rubber________________________
Synthetic fibers_________________________
Explosives___ __________________________
Miscellaneous Industrial organic chemicals___
Drugs and medicines_____________________
Soaps and related products.................. .............
Points, pigments, and related products............
Fertilizers______ _______________________
Vegetable and animal oils and fats__________
Compressed and liquefied gases___________
Miscellaneous chemicals and allied products..
Rubber products:
Tires and inner tubes____________________
Rubber footwear________________________
Miscellaneous rubber products_____________
Leather and leather products:
Leather tanning and finishing_____________
Boot and shoe cut stock and findings_______
Footwear (except rubber)_________________
Miscellaneous leather products_____________
Stone, clay, and glass products:
Glass and glass products__________________
Structural clay products__________________
Pottery and related products______ _______
Concrete, gypsum, and mineral wool________
Miscellaneous nonmetalllc mineral products...
See footnotes at end of table.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
1960»
1959 »
Annual
average
2d
4th
1st
3d
2d
1st
4th
3d
2d
quar- quar- quar- quar- quar- quar- quar- quar- quar- I960* 1959»
ter
ter
ter
ter
ter
ter
ter
ter
ter
11.8
12.3
11.4
11.8
10.5
10.4
10.4
11.9
11.1
11.1
11.1
13.4
11.7
11.3
11.9
30.1
37.5
0
17.8
20.0
15.2
16.9
14.8
22.6
26.7
20.4
5.6
22.5
25.2
37.9
0
19.1
26.3
19.4
16.8
14.2
19.6
27.4
18.7
6.3
17.1
23.4
25.9
0
15.9
24.7
13.6
18.7
12.2
17.5
19.9
18.2
8.2
10.7
26.2
33.9
45.5
17.6
24.2
16.2
17.6
13.8
19.6
24.8
19.1
6.8
16.6
22.4
27.7
31.8
14.9
18.5
15.9
16.3
10.7
19.1
24.3
17.2
5.3
13.8
21.4
29.9
32.1
15.6
18.1
15.8
17.4
10.0
15.2
21.1
17.8
5.7
14.0
24.0
26.3
35.8
15.8
19.6
16.9
14.1
14.2
16.1
21.0
17.9
4.2
12.9
24.5 26.2
28.6 29.1
40.8 34.0
15.3 20.4
23.7 18.6
17.6 14.5
17.9 16.8
18 2 10.0
14.5 17.3
25.2 21.1
18.1 19.0
5.0
7.6
18.0 13.2
24.1
25.0
32.5
17.0
18 6
13.9
16.4
12.2
15.7
21.3
19.0
10.5
13.2
24.0 26.7
24.2 27.3
38.3 49.3
15.4 18.5
17.2 25.7
16.2 20.1
15 2 18.3
13.0 13.3
17.5 13.4
18.7 26.3
17. 5 21.9
7.1
9.3
15.8 18.4
23.6
26.8
38.7
17.3
17.9
19 7
14.9
17.3
12.7
23.5
18.2
8.7
15.4
24.8
27.3
36.7
16.9
20.7
15.8
16.3
13.8
15.8
22.0
18.5
6.7
14.4
24.9
25. 8
43.9
17.0
20.8
18.7
16.0
14.2
13.7
22.7
19.1
9.3
16.2
9.1
7.3
15.1
7.6
22.8
20.0
8.1
7.5
17.2
7.0
16.0
14.9
7.5
6.4
18.9
4.1
14.6
16.2
8.1
7.0
17.1
6.1
17.5
16.8
7.8
7.5
17.1
4.7
13.1
14.4
6.8
5.9
14.8
5.9
15.0
14.8
8.0
8.0
13.7
4.2
11.8
20.0
9.2
7.5
19 2
4.9
10.3
21.0
8.2
7.1
18.4
4.8
11.6
12.2
7.9
7.1
16.7
6.0
15.0
16.7
7.5
8.1
15.1
5.7
14.0
14.6
8.6
8.3
19.7
6.2
13.3
19.2
8.4
8.5
19.2
5.9
11.5
14.1
8.4
75
17. 1
50
12.2
18.2
8.0
8.0
17.9
6.0
12.5
15.9
8.4
4.9
7.4
6.8
5.6
6.1
9.7
7.5
6.3
7.7
9.1
6.2
4.9
8.6
7.7
7.7
9.1
8.9
6.0
5.6
5.1
5.5
10.5
6.0
4.5
7.4
10.3
7.6
6.2
79
8.5
6.4
5.2
4.4
12.1
5.6
5.1
7.2
9.2
7.0
4.9
7.2
8.6
7.2
5.0
5.8
8.5
7.1
4.5
7.0
9.0
6.4
5.3
6.7
10.0
6.8
5.1
6.9
8.9
71.6
35.1
24.6
20.3
32.5
34.9
70.9
42.3
25.2
19.7
27.8
31.7
53.4
40.2
25.0
23.1
33.4
31.1
65.5
39.4
25.0
21.1
31.2
32.4
58.3
34.7
20.0
24.8
30.2
27.6
50.5
32.9
22.7
22.2
33.3
33.3
59.3
32.9
19.2
23.4
26.4
29.4
60.0
45.2
25.8
23.2
33.6
34.8
60.1 60.7
38.9 35.9
25 6 20.7
22 1 19.6
36.0 24.1
27.3 33.5
63.5
40.3
24.6
24.1
27.2
23.8
77.0
42.4
30.7
23.7
34.1
32.8
61.9
41.3
23.6
25.0
24.9
33.5
60 4
38.4
22.9
22.2
32.6
31.8
65.4
40.9
25.1
24 9
29.9
29.9
17.0
22.6
21.5
20.6
20.6
19.6
14.8
13.8
17.6
18.3
16.2
14.3
14.3
13.5
15.9
19.0
22.7
11.5
12.7
15.9
15.4
17.8
25.4
16.0
10.8
19.9
13.5
21.8
22.3
14.2
16.0
16.3
22.3
0
19.2
17.8
11.3
15.0
18.6
18.5
18.1
19.2
22.1
13.3
13.0
15.3
18.1
19.1
17.9
15.4
11.2
11.9
13.8
14.6
17.8
21.2
19.9
20.1
20.4
13.7
21.6
17.8
19.2
18.5
12.4
18.0
14.8
18.6
16.7
19.6
21.6
13.4
13. 5
17.5
18.1
14.8
19.2
17.0
14 0
16 3
14 9
18 1
16.3
0
16.2
19.6
0
0
19.8
12.8
0
0
22.4
13.5
0
20.6
16.8
16.0
0
0
0
0
10.4
13.1
14.1
11.6
12.6
12.8
10.5
14.1
11.3
10.9
13.3
12.7
8.5
7.5
0
9.4
5.9
2.8
(3)
(3)
(3)
6.0
7.2
8.9
14.4
7.3
0
0
12.1
10.3
5.5
4.9
3.7
3.3
0
0
0
0
0
0
6.1
0
0
14.3
14.5
10.1
13.9
12.2
9.6
14.2
10.6
9 6
14.1
15.2
9.4
14.5
15.1
9.3
14.0
13.8
9.3
13.7
14.6
10.9
17.5
15.6
9.0
16.9
16.6
9.5
14.2
13.6
9. 8
15 9
15.2
7.7
13.2
10.7
8.4
14.6
10.5
8.9
18.5
10.1
9.9
20.2
12.9
11.3
21.2
11.1
9.9
16.1
10.9
9.1
14.6
11.1
8.7
16.2
9.1
10.3
14.2
12.2
9.0
17.3
9.4
10.0
17.5
11.5
9.4
15.2
10.1
4.1
4.3
1.5
3.1
3.3
4.3
6.4
10.5
9.8
19.1
18.8
6.0
13.9
4.8
3.8
1.8
3.1
4.1
3.7
6.7
13.3
12.2
24.4
21.3
12 4
13.3
5.9
10.6
1.2
3.1
3.2
3.1
6.4
11.0
7.8
19.1
19.8
10.9
13.1
5.4
5.5
4.3
4.7
1.7
1.9
2.7
1.6
3.9
4.5
3.7
2.6
6.6
6.0
10.3
7.2
9.0 12.7
19.9 18.6
21. 5 21.5
10.5 9.7
14.5 13.5
5.2
5.5
.8
3.6
2.6
3.1
7.6
9.6
11.8
22.6
22.8
11.4
13.7
4.5
4.7
2.3
2.5
2.6
4.3
7.5
8.6
10.3
19.7
21.9
7.7
13.2
5.8
6.8
1.2
2.7
5.0
6.3
8.8
10.3
23.4
22.7
10.2
14.0
3.9
5.8
1.4
2.5
3.9
4.5
7.2
11.3
11.8
25.9
21.9
10.3
13.9
5.4
6.3
1.4
2.7
3.6
3.1
6.5
9.6
10.5
19.7
21.6
10.7
13.8
5.0
5.7
1.8
2.3
2.3
3.5
7.1
9.2
10.6
22.2
22.8
9.2
14.0
9.9
0
13.7
14.0
15.1
5.0
3.8
2.6
2.9
3.2
5.0
6.4
11.3
11.0
13.0
23.8
14.8
14.3
3.2
14.3
11.9
4.8
6.3
9.2
3.2
8.9
10.8
3.7
9.3
10.5
3.4
5.2
9.5
3.2
5.8
8.3
4.4
7.4
9.1
4.0
7.3
12.5
4.0
9.0
10.6
4.1
8.3
11.5
3.9
4.7
9.7
4.6
5.0
11.4
4.0
9.0
9.6
4.1
8.0
11.0
3.9
6.1
10.2
42.1
29.4
29.4
33.1
28.1
0
0
0
19.6
0
4.5
7.3
11.4
8.8
0
4.3
4.9
13.2
10.0
0
26.0
25.7
0
0
0
9.7
13.1
7.9
12.9
8.7
10.7
8.7
12.2
8.6
13.5
0
26.9
0
8.8
7.6
19.5
0
7.6
12.8
34.1
0
9.4
12.0
27.8
0
7.9
12.4
26.5
0
8.8
13.8
28.0
0
9.2
11.4
32.0
0
11.4
12.9
26.9
20.3
9.8
15.3
27.5
21.8
8.5
12.9
28.3
18.6
10.0
13.7
7.7
33.9
12.8
22.8
13.6
10.4
27.2
16.2
24.0
9.0
9.4
30.0
16.9
22.0
17.5
9.2
30.3
15.4
22.9
13.3
7.1
36.4
16.2
21.4
8.7
6.8
30.5
16.1
20.5
8.7
8.3
29.8
11.7
17.6
8.8
8.0
32.8
14.2
21.2
9.2
9.6
32.5
12.4
24.6
12.6
7.7
32.8
15.7
20.1
12.2
10.2
32.0
13.2
23.0
11.6
10.5
34.8
19.3
34.2
14.8
10.5
33.3
16.4
27.9
14.3
8.6
31.8
13.4
20.9
11.0
10.5
33.4
15.9
27.5
13.2
0
0
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JANUARY 1962
124
T able F .-l.
Injury-frequency rates1 for selected manufacturing industries—Continued
Industry
Primary metal industries:
Blast furnaces and steel mills------------------------- --------Gray-Iron and malleable foundries.....................................
Steel foundries....... - .................. - - - - - - - ............................
Nonferrous rolling, drawing, and alloying................... —
Nonferrous foundries--------- ------ - ...................................
Iron and steel forgings........................................................
Wire drawing----------------------------------------------------Welded and heavy-riveted pipe.........................................
Oold-finished steel..........................................................
Fabricated metal products:
Tin cans and other tinware------------------------------------Cutlery and edge tools........................................................
Handtools, files, and saws...................................................
Hardware.............................. -........ —................................
Sanitary ware and plumbers’ supplies.............................
Oil burners, heating and cooking apparatus...................
Structural steel and ornamental metal work...................
Metal doors, sash, frame, and trim ..................................
Boiler-shop products..........................................................
Sheet-metal work.............................................. ................
Stamped and pressed metal products..........- --................
M etal coating and engraving.........................................
Fabricated wire products----------------------------------M etal barrels, drums, kegs, and pails..........................
Steel springs..................- - - - - - ......................................
Bolts, nuts, washers, and rivets--------------------------Screw-machine products............................. ....... -----Fabricated metal products, not elsewhere classified........
Machinery (except electrical):
Engines and turbines---------------------------------------Agricultural machinery and tractors.................................
Construction and mining machinery.............................
Metalworking machinery................................................
Food-products machinery................................................
Textile machinery............................ ...............................
Miscellaneous special-industry machinery........................
Pum ps and compressors.................. - .................. —..........
Elevators, escalators, and conveyors........... .....................
Mechanical power-transmission equipment (except ball
and roller bearings).........................—.........................—
Miscellaneous general industrial machinery................... .
Commercial and household machinery.............................
Valves and fittings...................... ...... ..................
Fabricated pipe and fittings....................................—
Ball and roller bearings................................................
Machine shops, g en eral..............................................
Electrical machinery:
Electrical industrial apparatus...........................................
Electrical appliances------------------------------------------Insulated wire and cable----- -------------------------------Electrical equipment for vehicles....................................
Electric lamps (bulbs)----------------------------------------Radios and related products...............................................
Radio tubes....................................................................
Miscellaneous communication equipment.................
B atteries
_____ ___ ____________________ ___
Electricai'products, not elsewhere classified...............
Transportation equipment:
Motor vehicles, bodies, and trailers...................................
Motor-vehicle parts and accessories--------------------------Aircraft................... - ..................... - ..................... - ........—
Aircraft parts........................................................................
Shipbuilding and repairing— ...........................................
Boatbuilding and repairing................................................
Railroad equipment................................- ................ ..........
Instruments and related products:
Scientific instruments.........................................................
Mechanical measuring and controlling instruments........
Optical instruments and lenses-------------------------------Medical instruments and supplies.....................................
Photographic equipment and supplies..............................
Watches and clocks______________________________
Miscellaneous manufacturing:
Paving and roofing materials----------------------------------Jewelry, silverware, and plated ware------------------ -----Fabricated plastics products----------- ------- ---------------Miscellaneous manufacturing................ ............................
Ordnance and accessories__________________________
2d
2d
3d
4th
3d
2d
1st
q u a r 1st 4th
ter q u ar q u a r q u ar q u ar q u ar q u ar quar q u ar I960« 1959
ter
ter
ter
ter
ter
ter
ter
July Aug. Sept. Quar 1961 ter
ter
Third Quarter
3.3
27.9
15.8
11.4
21.7
19.8
15.8
12.3
6.3
3.5
30.0
15.3
14.7
26.9
21.2
14.0
11.7
13.1
3.5
26.8
18.1
12.9
21.5
15.7
10.9
8.2
7.5
3.5
28.3
16.4
13.2
23.5
18.9
13.4
10.7
9.3
2.6
22.5
15.9
8.8
20.1
17.9
14.6
10.3
7.1
3.3
24.8
16.6
8.4
19.2
15.6
15.3
9.9
9.5
3.2
22.5
17.8
10.5
18.1
16.2
13.1
8.7
8.6
3.6
25.4
16.8
10.1
18.4
17.7
14.9
8.7
10.5
3.6
24.0
17.1
10.0
18.3
17.6
14.5
10.6
7.3
3.7
25.8
20.8
9.4
19.0
19.5
16.5
10.5
8.6
4.1
24.3
18.2
11.3
20.2
17.5
18.7
11.5
8.8
28.9
23.0
9.3
18.4
22.0
31.0
3.9
27.0
21.0
10.8
17.2
19.0
13.9
7.1
11.3
3.6
24.5
18.3
10.0
18.7
18.0
15.1
9.6
8.8
4.2
26.4
20.3
10.4
18.5
18.6
17.4
9.6
10.1
8.2
8.2
11.2
0
0
9.2
12.6
16.4
11.9
10.5
11.8
22.1
27.5
17.3
27.4
11.6
12.7
17.8
6.8
13.9
13.3
8.1
12.7
11.8
19.6
16.3
20.0
18.0
9.5
22.7
15.2
14.4
4.7
14.3
11.0
8.7
8.6
15.1
19.6
20.5
16.9
22.2
9.2
(3)
10.9
14.1
(3)
10.8
11.3
9.1
5.5
15.2
15.0
8.7
8.8
11.6
19.0
18.1
17.7
17.3
9.6
23.8
15.3
13.9
11.0
13.4
9.1
15.1
16.7
9.3
13.6
17.0
22.4
15.0
22.9
19.7
11.8
22.5
16.6
7.1
23.0
13.0
13.9
16.9
7.4
10.1
17.0
10.0
11.8
12.3
21. 3
16.5
20.6
22.8
9.6
25.6
18.0
14.1
25.9
12.4
11.1
10.3
6.6
8.6
16.7
9.5
11.6
14.1
17. 1
14.0
18.5
24.4
11.1
23.4
16.5
14.1
18.2
15.5
12.6
12.4
6.1
11,9
15.9
10.1
11.8
14.3
20.2
20.6
19.1
21.8
10.2
20.2
14.1
(3)
16.3
12.0
9.6
8.8
6.6
7.0
13.7 13.1
16.4 21.6
9.5
9.3
16.8 13.6
18.0 15.0
17.5
0
23.2 21.2
21.4 19.1
24.9 27.2
11.8 12.0
22.8 31.0
18.4 15.2
18.4
0
23.4 18.3
13.6 13.7
16.7 15.4
12.4
9.9
7.2
12.4
16.4
9.3
11.7
13.6
20.2
16.2
19.9
21.6
10.8
23.5
16.6
12.0
22.2
13.8
12.3
13.8
6.4
12.1
17.6
9.5
15.9
15.7
21.3
20.6
19.5
23.6
11.0
24.4
15.7
14.0
19.1
12.9
13.4
10.4
6.0
8.1
16.5
8.1
12.5
13.0
12.3
10.9
15.2
5.7
7.0
14.4
9.0
12.0
12.9
11.7
13.0
16.2
5.9
7.3
15.4
8.7
14.9
17.3
14.8
13.1
17.0
7.0
7.7
15.1
10.4
14.8
16.9
15.7
12.7
15.9
6.9
7.4
15.7
10.3
11.4
17.6
14.0
14.4
19.6
6.2
7.8
14.8
8.7
8.2
17.3
13.0
10.7
18.9
7.5
7.8
18.1
10.0
12.6
14.8
12.7
13.7
17.2
7.2
10.4
16.7
8.7
13.3
15.3
12.2
11.8
17.3
6.5
7.3
15.2
9.6
13.0
16.2
14.0
13.3
17.2
7.3
8.9
16.1
9.0
12.5
15.2
12.8
12.6
17.3
11.0
10.9
5.7
11.9
17.3
5.2
12.0
10.8
11.2
6.8
14.6
17.9
4.6
13.7
12.3
10.4
6.2
15.4
16.9
5.2
12.1
12.5
10.7
6.2
12.5
15.7
5.8
13.1
11.4
9.3
5.7
12.5
12.8
4.7
13.7
12.4
11.8
6.3
12.2
16.3
5.6
15.4
11.2
11.0
6.3
14.9
14.9
5.8
15.5
11.5
10.8
6.0
13.6
17.2
5.2
13.1
11.2
10.8
6.0
13.1
16.1
5. 4
15.1
16.7
12.5
6.5
15.2
23.8
0
18.7
28.4
11.3
0
15.4
11.2
13.4
12.2
24.4
0
13.6
25.2
11.6
0
0
17.4
12.4
10.6
9.0
18.3
0
19.8
29.1
11.9
0
13.1
19.0
20.5
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
11.4
10.7
7.1
10.1
14.3
14.6
8.9
19.5
19.2
11.0
15.1
14.2
10.0
12.8
7.1
11.1
4.8
7.8
17.9
10.1
11.2
11.8
14.7
13.9
19.5
6.2
6.8
15.5
9.6
16.3
16.3
11.1
10.0
16.8
6.8
6.8
14.1
7.6
14.3
14.9
15.7
10.0
16.2
6.0
7.1
15.8
9.0
14.1
14.7
13.8
11.2
17.5
6.1
8.9
14.7
8.9
11.6
13.0
14.0
10.7
11.6
12.3
11.0
5.7
14.8
0
0
11.1
12.0
5.9
13.6
11.9
4.1
14.3
9.7
11.7
12.0
10.1
13.4
5.8
13.8
12.5
11.5
11.1
5.7
13.4
0
5.4
13.3
4.3
4.6
1.2
14.2
0
6.8
8.0
15.3
3.0
2.2
3.9
3.2
1.4
18.0
3.1
5.5
6.5
14.3
2.3
1.2
3.9
2.1
2.5
15.2
6.4
5.6
5.4
16.6
2.9
1.6
4.3
2.8
2.6
12.8
2.4
4.8
6.7
17.2
2.9
1.9
3.7
3.0
1.9
14.9
4.4
6.0
5.0
151
2.6
3.2
4.2
2.9
3.2
11.7
11.0
5.0
6.5
14.5
2.6
2.0
4.2
2.6
2.3
14.1
3.4
6.0
5.9
9.8
2.1
2.9
3.8
1.7
2.6
12.0
9.5
6.1
5.4
9.6
2.4
2.0
4.2
2.2
2.6
14.7
3.6
6.8
8.6
13.4
2.7
1.6
5.3
3.0
2.3
13.1
5.6
6.8
7.8
15.7
2.4
2.2
4.7
2.6
1.9
13.3
5.4
5.5
6.0
14.0
2.5
2.4
4.0
2.5
2.5
13.4
7.1
6.5
7.2
12.2
2.5
2.3
4.7
2.5
2.2
13.3
4.9
4.3
5.5
1.6
4.1
16.4
4.2
5.0
1.9
5.0
17.8
3.7
4.1
2.2
4.5
14.2
0
0
3.7
4.2
1.9
3.6
13.8
26.2
6.3
3.8
4.0
2.3
5.6
15.1
36.1
8.5
4.2
3.9
2.2
3.8
15.8
18.4
7.4
4.4
4.9
2.2
4.5
16.4
26.4
7.4
4.8
4.9
2.4
4.0
15.3
28.1
6.1
5.4
6.0
2.7
4.6
16.3
27.1
6.8
5.2
5.7
2.8
3.9
17.6
31.3
7.1
4.2
4.5
2.1
4.3
15.6
26.3
7.4
5.0
5.4
2.7
4.1
16.5
28.8
6.8
6.3
0
3.4
15.3
5.0
15.9
3.9
11.8
6.1
10.7
13.9
2.9
7.0
5.7
16.8
3.0
7.0
8.0
14.5
3.0
0
0
3.3
2.5
2.0
22.4
4.0
2.0
1.6
18.1
0
0
3.6
3.9
1.9
5.1
19.4
0
4.7
5.5
2.2
5.9
17.6
0
0
2.2
7.1
3.4
9.4
6.6
4.3
1.6
8.9
2.8
8.2
4.7
4.9
2.3
6.0
4.5
8.6
5.9
3.9
1.9
5.7
4.0
8.5
5.5
5.8
1.6
5.8
3.4
9.7
5.5
5.6
2.6
7.1
4.1
5.6
4.7
6.4
2.7
8.6
3.9
7.1
6.5
3.0
3.5
6.4
4.4
10.4
5.4
4.1
3.9
8.6
6.3
10.4
6.6
4.3
3.6
7.1
6.3
7.2
6.5
5.1
2.2
6.9
3.9
7.7
5.5
5.1
3.5
6.9
5.5
9.1
6.0
4.1
0
9.9
18.5
14.6
2.9
9.1
10.3
15.0
13.9
2.2
4.6
6.4
13.6
12.1
2.4
4.9
10.7
19.6
12.0
2.5
7.0
8.7
14.7
12.7
2.5
7.1
7.1
17.2
13.0
2.5
0
6.7
15.9
12.3
3.7
7.0
6.7
18.7
12.0
3.3
10.4
3.9
16.5
12.6
3.2
13.1
6.2
18.1
14.5
2.9
12.0
11.3
14.0
13.0
3.0
5.7
7.3
17.1
12.6
3.0
10.7
7.3
16.5
13.1
3.3
2.8
6.1
1.8
7.4
0
9.8
11.7
13.4
1.7
0
0
11.2
14.4
13.5
2.1
0
6.1
1.8
7.7
0
10.2
7.9
0
9.2
9.6
4.7
0
14.9
7.1
8.3
0
6.0
8.2
6.9
8.1
7.8
0
9.7
16.3
3.6
4.8
2.0
4.7
11.3
0
6.4
i The injury-frequency rate is the average number of disabling work injuries
for each million employee-hours worked. A disabling work injury is any
injury occurring in the course of and arising out of employment, which (a)
results in death or permanent physical impairment, or (b) makes the injured
worker unable to perform the duties of any regularly established job which is
open and available to him throughout the hours corresponding to his regular
shift on any one or more days after the day of injury (including Sundays, days
oS, or plant shutdowns). The term “injury” includes occupational disease.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Annual
average
1959 «
I960«
19612
0
* Rates are preliminary and subject to revision when final annual data
become available.
* Insufficient data to warrant presentation of average.
N ote : These data are compiled in accordance with the American Standard
Method of Recording and Measuring Work Injury Experience, approved by
the American Standards Association, 1954.
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BLS Bull. 1302: Analysis of Work Stoppages, 1960. 36 pp.
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1303-1: Little Rock-North Little Rock, Ark., August 1961. 22 pp.
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BLS Report No. 202: Wage Chronology: International Harvester Company,
1946-61. 28 pp.
BLS Report No. 203: Wage Chronology: North American Aviation, 1941-61.
20 pp.
BLS Report No. 206: Work Stoppages—Basic Steel Industry, 1901-60.
10 pp.
Guide to Employment Statistics of BLS: Employment, Labor Turnover,
Hours and Earnings. 1961. 134 pp.
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