Full text of Monthly Labor Review : January 1961, Vol. 84, No. 1
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Monthly Labor Review JANUARY 1961 VOL. 84 NO. Working Rules in West Coast Longshoring Trends and Structure of White-Collar Employment Dues and Fee-Charging Arrangements of Labor Unions American Labor in 1960 UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF LABOR BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis fi y ^ \ UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF LABOR gj Arthur J. Goldberg , Secretary > BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS E w an C lague, R obert H enry H erm a n W. D J. M Commissioner y ers, Deputy Commissioner J . F it z g e r a l d , B. B yer, uane E v a n s, P h il ip A r n o w , Assistant Commissioner Assistant Commissioner Assistant Commissioner Assistant Commissioner M ary S. B edell, Acting Chief, Office of Publications A rnold E. Chase, Chief, Division of Prices and Cost of Living H. M. D outy, Chief, Division of Wages and Industrial Relations J oseph P. G oldbero, Special Assistant to the Commissioner H arold G oldstein, Chief, Division of Manpower and Employment Statistics L eon Greenberg , Chief, Division of Productivity and Technological Developments R ichard F. J ones, Chief, Office of Management W alter G. K eim , Chief, Office of Field Service P aul R. K erschbaum, Chief, Office of Program Planning L awrence R. K lein , Special Assistant to the Commissioner H yman L. L ewis , Chief, Office of Labor Economics F rank S. M cE lroy, Chief, Division of Industrial Hazards A be R othman, Chief, Office of Statistical Standards W illiam O. Shelton, Chief, Division of Foreign Labor Conditions Regional Offices and Directors NEW ENGLAND REGION W endell D. M acdonald 18 Oliver Street Boston 10, Mass. Connecticut M aine Massachusetts SO UTHERN REGION B runswick A. B agdon 1371 Peachtree Street NE. Atlanta 9, Ga. Alabama Arkansas Florida Georgia Louisiana M ississippi North Carolina Oklahoma South Carolina Tennessee Texas Virginia N ew Hampshire Rhode Island Vermont M ID D LE ATLANTIC REGION Louis F . B uckley 341 Ninth Avenue New York 1, N.Y. Delaware M aryland New Jersey N O R TH CENTRAL REGION A dolph 0 . B erger 105 West Adams Street Chicago 3, 111. Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas K entucky Michigan Minnesota M issouri Nebraska North Dakota Ohio South Dakota West Virginia Wisconsin New York Pennsylvania District of Columbia W ESTERN REGION M ax D. K ossoris 630 Sansome Street San Francisco 11, Calif. Alaska Arizona California Colorado Hawaii Idaho M ontana Nevada N ew Mexico Oregon Utah Washington Wyoming The Monthly Labor Review is for sale by the regional offices listed above and by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. 8. Government Printing Office, Washington 25. D.C.—Subscription price per year—$6.25 domestic; $7.75 foreign. Price 55 cents aa copy. The distribution of subscription copies is handled by the Superintendent of Documents. Communications on editorial matters should be addressed to the editor-in-chief. Use o f funds for p rin tin g th is p u b lica tio n approved by th e Director of th e Bureau o f th e B u dget (N ovem ber 19, 1959). https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Monthly Labor Review U N ITED STATES DEPARTM ENT OF LABOR • BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS L a w r e n c e R. K l e i n , Editor-in-Chief M a r y S. B e d e l l , Executive Editor (on leave) CONTENTS Special Articles 1 11 11 19 Working Rules in West Coast Longshoring Special Labor Force Reports White-Collar Employment: I—Trends and Structure A Review of American Labor in 1960 Summaries of Studies and Reports 27 31 36 41 47 53 The 43d Convention of the United Mine Workers of America Dues and Fee-Charging Arrangements of Labor Unions Earnings in the Banking Industry, Mid-1960 Earnings in the Fluid Milk Industry, April-June 1960 Earnings in Power Laundry and Dry-Cleaning Industries, Mid-1960 Wage Chronology No. 7: Swift & Co.—Supplement No. 6-1959-60 Departments in 58 63 65 70 77 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis The Labor Month in Review Significant Decisions in Labor Cases Chronology of Recent Labor Events Developments in Industrial Relations Book Reviews and Notes Current Labor Statistics January 1961 ®Voi. 84 • No. 1 62-22732 • % Collective Bargaining in the Basic Steel Industry This Department of Labor study is more than a comprehensive analysis of the relationship between the United Steelworkers of America and the basic steel industry over the past 25 years. Some of the subjects into which it makes a searching inquiry are— The frequency and economic effects of steel strikes The development of the industry's labor policy The formation and character of the union The mode of bargaining The public relations war of the parties The areas of conflict and accommodation The administration of the contracts The economic implications of steel bargaining The effect of steel prices on inflation The pattern of wage adjustments The role of government intervention The relationship of costs, prices, and competition The alternatives facing the parties Two appendixes contain a detailed history of each steel nego tiation beginning with 1937 and a study of steel industrial relations in nine foreign countries Send orders with check or money order to the Superintendent of Documents, Washington 25, D.C., or to any of the following Bureau of Labor Statistics regional offices: 341 Ninth A ve. New York 1, N .Y . 18 Oliver St. 105 West Adam s St. Boston 10, Mass. Chicago 3, III. 1371 Peachtree St. NE. Atlanta 9, G a . Price, $1.25 a copy (25-percent discount on orders of 100 copies or more) u https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 630 Sansome St. San Francisco 11, Calif. I n m i d - D e c e m b e e , Arthur J. Goldberg was des ignated as Secretary of Labor in the cabinet of President-elect John F. Kennedy. Mr. Goldberg, who had been counsel for the Steelworkers and special counsel to the AFL-CIO, resigned these posts, as well as his many other union associa tions, and ended his relationships with his two law firms shortly afterward. By early January, addi tional departmental appointments had been an nounced as follows: W. Willard Wirtz as Under Secretary; Jerry R. Holleman, an Assistant Secre tary; George L-P. Weaver, Special Assistant to the Secretary and scheduled to become an Assist ant Secretary on July 1, 1961; Charles Donahue, Solicitor; and Esther Peterson, an Assistant to the Secretary and Director of the Women’s Bureau. On December 22, outgoing Secretary of Labor James P. Mitchell was named chairman of the Presidential Commission to study work rules in the railroad industry. The other public appointees were John T. Dunlop, professor of economics at Harvard University; Charles A. Myers, professor of industrial relations at the Massachusetts Insti tute of Technology; and arbitrators Francis J. Robertson and Russell A. Smith. Early in January, steel union and management officials met at the request of David J. McDonald, president of the Steelworkers, to discuss unem ployment in the steel industry and agreed to a series of conferences on the subject. United Auto Workers President Walter P. Reuther suggested periodic plant shutdowns of 1 week, rather than short workweeks or layoffs in the auto industry to minimize hardships for workers and further con traction of consumer purchasing power. Economic conditions that for the past several years have “severely affected the coal industry and have caused a large decline in the revenues of the trust fund” were responsible for reducing https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis the pensions of 65,000 retired soft-coal miners from $100 a month to $75, effective February 1, 1961, according to a statement on December 30 by the United Mine Workers Welfare Fund. On January 1, a committee appointed by Presi dent-elect Kennedy and headed by Senator Paul H. Douglas, announced its program for economi cally depressed areas. Among its recommenda tions were an increase in the quantity and kinds of surplus foods being distributed, enactment of area redevelopment legislation, emergency exten sion of unemployment compensation to those whose benefits have been exhausted, and a public works program. I n r e s p o n s e t o c h a n g i n g t e c h n o l o g y in their industries, an Akron local of the Rubber Workers and the oilers on diesel tugboats in New York harbor agreed to management proposals for changes in their respective collective bargaining contracts. The Rubber Workers, threatened by a prospective shutdown of an obsolescent tire plant, agreed to Goodj^ear’s offer to put in the latest equipment and rehabilitate the plant in return for the workers’ promise to operate the equipment at the same rate it could be used elsewhere. The Transport Workers Union agreement with seven railroads operating harbor tugboats will progres sively do away with about 125 oiler jobs. Workers with 20 years’ service may stay on the job, others must take a severance allowance ranging from 6 weeks’ pay for those with 6 years’ service to 50 weeks for those with 20 years who choose to leave their jobs. Smaller groups represented by the United Mine Workers and the Teamsters signed similar agreements with an eighth railroad, al though there was dissatisfaction with the plan voiced by some members of all three unions. M a j o r s e t t l e m e n t s occurred in the oil and truck ing industries during December. The Oil, Chemi cal and Atomic Workers were asking 18 cents an hour in 1-year contracts, while the major producers were offering 5 percent (averaging slightly over 14 cents) in 2-year contracts. On December 16, the OCAWTannounced a 1-year contract covering some 9,000 employees of the Sinclair Oil Corp., with an across-the-board increase of 14 cents an hour. The Teamsters signed contracts that will be effective February 1 with about 40 Midwest truckiii IV ing companies which broke away from the negotia tions involving several thousand companies in 13 States. The settlement called for a 28 cent-anhour wage increase over the 3 years of the con tract, plus other benefits. The contracts provided for a study of the moving of truck trailers by rail, ship, and plane. If no agreement is reached on these practices by February 1, 1962, the com panies are to pay $5 to the union pension fund for each trailer hauled in such a fashion. On January 3, the United Hatters, Cap and Mil linery Workers and the Eastern Women’s Headwear Association negotiated an agreement covering 12,000 millinery workers in New York City. The 2 year contract, subject to ratification by union members, provided two increases totaling $5 a week for weekly workers and 5 percent for piece workers. Getting set for spring negotiations on maritime contracts that will expire in 1961, eight unions called together by the Marine Engineers’ Bene ficial Association in late December formed the National Committee for Maritime Bargaining for mutual assistance in negotiations, and on Decem ber 14, one of the remaining independent engi neers unions, the Tanker Officers Association on the West Coast, voted to affiliate with the MEBA. u r t h e r c o n s o l i d a t i o n of the postal unions was accomplished on January 7, with the agreement of the National Federation of Post Office Clerks and the National Postal Transport Association to merge and form the United Federation of Postal Employees. If the merger terms are rati fied, the new organization will have a membership of about 160,000. Other union developments during the month included the forming of a new airline by pilots, all members of the Air Line Pilots Association, who have been on strike against Southern Air ways since June 5. The new carrier, Superior Airlines, has an “air taxi” certification from the Federal Aviation Agency and intends to serve some of the cities now taken care of by Southern. The Steelworkers union announced late in December that Donald C. Rarick, opponent of steelworker President David J. McDonald in the 1957 union election, had failed to obtain the necessary nominations by 40 local unions to run in the February 1961 election. McDonald will therefore be unopposed. F https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JANUARY 1961 Future mergers in the railroad industry, several of which are in various stages of consideration, will be opposed by affiliates of the Railway Labor Executives Association. The association asserted in a statement on December 25 that “while the pending railroad merger movement benefits primarily the few financial interests which dominate the railroad industry, its consummation would have numerous adverse effects upon the industry itself, the employees of the industry, hundreds of communities throughout the Nation, and upon the national economy as a whole.” A. E. Lyon, Executive Secretary of the RLEA, said that the unions would continue to oppose mergers until “adequate safeguards are enacted into law.” Earlier in the month, the Brotherhood of Maintenance of Way Employes had lost a suit against the Interstate Commerce Commission for job protections which it claimed are required by law in the Erie and Lackawanna Railroads merger that took place in October. On December 8, the presidents of the Brother hood of Railway Trainmen (200,000 members) and the Order of Railway Conductors and Brakemen (25,000) approved a merger of their unions, subject to ratification by the membership. William P. Kennedy, president of the BRT, is to be president of the new organization which will retain the Trainmen name. The U.S. Supreme Court on January 9, 1961, up held a decision of the second circuit Court of Appeals which refused to enforce a National Labor Relations Board order directing Radio and Tele vision Broadcast Engineers Local 1212, Interna tional Brotherhood of Electrical Workers, to end a strike for the purpose of compelling the Columbia Broadcasting System to assign disputed work to its members, because the Board did not affirmatively allocate the work to one of the competing unions. The NLRB had long con strued section 10 (k) of the Taft-Hartley Act as not requiring such a determination. Compensation to survivors of the 48 killed and to the 300 injured in the U.S.S. Constellation fire on December 19 in the Brooklyn Navy Yard was estimated to go as high as $5 million, according to Secretary of Labor James P. Mitchell. Benefits are paid under the Federal Employees Compensation Act from Labor Department funds to be repaid by the Navy. Working Rules in West Coast Longshoring o t e .-—In August 1959, Max D. Kossoris, the director of the Western Regional Office oj the Bureau of Labor Statistics and the author of the following article, was asked by the Pacific Maritime Association to develop a man-hours measurement system to meet the requirements of the collective bargaining agreement just then concluded with the International Longshoremen’s and Warehousemen’s Union. It was understood that he would have to work closely with both union and employers. Although he was employed by the PMA, his appointment was submitted to and approved by the ILWU. During the year he spent in developing a measurement system, Mr. Kossoris had free access to both materials and discussions which normally are of a privileged character. He was an observer at most of the negotiations on the agreement concluded in October 1960. Within the framework of his assignment, he frequently discussed the great variety of problems involved with both union and management officials. Because of his desire to protect the privileged nature of materials and discussions, the author submitted the manuscript of this article to officials of both the PM A and the ILWU. The author accepted their criticisms, but he takes full responsibility for the analysis and conclusions presented here. E d it o r ’s N A m i l i t a n t e m p l o y e r a s s o c i a t i o n and a militant labor union in the West Coast shipping industry have evolved a novel solution for the troublesome problem of restrictive working rules that may be far reaching in its ultimate effects. The employ er—the Pacific Maritime Association (PMA)— regains a high degree of freedom to manage its operations efficiently and establishes its right to introduce laborsaving machinery. The union— the International Longshoremen’s and Ware housemen’s Union (ILWU)—gains sizable pay ments, running into millions of dollars, as its “share of the machine” and the assurance of security and a “better deal” for its longshore members. The agreement, which was hammered out in 5 months of negotiations ending in October 1960, culminated 4 years of discussion between the PMA and the ILWU. The union agreed to abandon most of its restrictive practices as well as its historical resistance to mechanization. In exchange, the industry agreed to pay into a jointly managed fund $5 million a year for 5% years. At the end of that period, negotiations will decide the next step. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis To understand the significance and meaning of this achievement, it is necessary to take a brief look at the industry’s recent labor history and its current setting. Before the “New Look” in 1948 The ILWU (then a part of the AFL Interna tional Longshoremen’s Association) gained formal employer recognition as a result of the general strike of 1934, which followed years of exploitation and abuse of longshoremen by their employers. The bitterness which had characterized the in dustry carried over into the subsequent employerunion relationship. The employers did their best to break the union, and the union retaliated just as militantly. The years which followed were among the stormiest in U.S. labor history. Be tween 1934 and 1948, the West Coast had over 20 major port strikes, more than 300 days of coast wide strikes, about 1,300 local “job action” strikes, and about 250 arbitration awards.1 It 1 Betty V. H. Schneider and Abraham Siegel, Industrial Relations in the Pacific Coast Longshore Industry (Berkeley, University of California, Institute of Industrial Relations, 1956), pp. 2-3. 1 2 seemed that the warring parties could settle nothing between themselves but had to depend on arbitrators and government commissions to make their “agreements” for them. This situation persisted until 1948, when a bitter 95-day strike ushered in a period of relative calm. There have been no major strikes since 1948, and it is a tribute to the leadership on both sides that the ILWU and the PMA were able by 1959 to agree on a new approach to the trouble some problem of restrictive working rules. This improvement in the climate of industrial relations was achieved through a complete change of ap proach and leadership by the employers. The leadership of the ILWU, spearheaded by Harry Bridges, remained essentially unchanged. Much of the current attitude of the employers is due to the leadership of J. Paul St. Sure, an outstanding negotiator in the San Francisco Bay area and, since 1952, the president of the PMA. Severely restrictive working rules were de veloped in the industry during the period of ac tive warfare between 1934 and 1948. Before going into these, however, it is important to understand the employer-employee relationship. Employers may obtain longshoremen only through hiring halls supported and operated jointly by the union and management.2 No longshoreman may work steadily for an employer. Pie reports to the hiring hall, where a union-elected dispatcher fills employer requests by sending a gang to load or unload a ship. When the longshoreman has finished the operation on this ship, he goes back to the hiring hall for his next assignment. The dispatcher tries to equalize the earnings of the men by giving priority to men with low hours. To enable him to do this, the PMA (which acts as a central pay office in each port) supplies him with weekly payroll listings showing the cumulative hours of each man. But the longshoreman is not obligated to accept the dispatcher’s assign ment for his gang: In some ports, he may pick and choose; in others, he goes to the bottom of the priority list when he refuses the assignment. The 15,000 class A fully registered longshore men (and clerks) who are ILWU members are considered the industry’s basic labor force and have first choice on available jobs. If not enough are available to fill requirements, the dispatcher assigns class B longshoremen, from whom the https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JANUARY 1961 register of class A men is filled when necessary, but who, until so selected, are not considered part of the “regular labor force” and are not admitted to ILWU membership. And if these are insuf ficient, casual workers are assigned. While there are nearly as many class B and casual workers as there are class A men, the first two groups ac counted for only about 14 percent of all man hours worked in 1959. Casuals are also not re garded as part of the regular labor force. The significant fact is that the union has al most complete control over the longshore labor force on the West Coast. The longshoreman must look to the union for his job, arid thus his complete loyalty is to the union, not to any em ployer. An employer cannot maintain a perma nent longshore work force even if he could provide steady employment; instead, he has to work with constantly changing gangs. Nor has he any choice about the men he gets; he takes what the dispatcher sends. Restrictive Rules. One of the irksome rules to employers is the double handling rule which pre vails in most ports. Under this rule, cargo must touch the “skin of the dock” before someone other than a longshoreman may handle it. WTien a pallet load comes out of the hold of a ship and is set down on the dock, a teamster may not load it from the pallet onto his truck. The longshore men first unload the cargo onto the floor of the dock; then the teamster may take it. The same rule holds for unloading from the truck onto the dock. The teamster must place the cargo on the floor of the dock; then the long shoremen will load it on a pallet to be taken into the ship’s hold. Another important restriction is the load limit. With few exceptions, the weight of the load that may be hoisted into a ship, or out of it, is restricted by specific contract language. The maximum load is approximately 2,100 pounds per pallet. Loads palletized off the dock3 are “skimmed” down to 2,100 pounds by the longshoremen when the pallets appear to carry more than the specified s The hiring hall procedure, won in arbitration in 1934, was a major issue in long strikes in 1934,1936-37, and 1948. See Betty V. H . Schneider, The Mari time Industry (in a special section on Labor and Labor Relations on the West Coast, Monthly Labor Review, May 1959, pp. 552-557). * For certain types of commodities, the shipper is permitted to “unitize" his loads, i.e., treat the load as a single unit. WORKING RULES IN WEST COAST LONGSHORING 3 load limit. Employers claim that there is no reason why much heavier loads could not be carried safely. The union’s contention is that this limitation is necessary to protect the men in the ship’s hold from “speedup” and overwork. Perhaps the most costly rule is that govern ing the size of the longshore gang. Each major port has its own rules, negotiated locally by the respective ILWU local and the PMA. Employers maintain that frequently the stipulated gangs consist of more men than are needed. This seems to be borne out by the customary use in some ports of the “four-on four-off” gang, i.e., of the eight men required to be in the hold of a ship, four are working while four are resting. To employers, this means that a longshoreman in the hold actually works 4 hours for 9 hours’ pay.4 The union readily acknowledges that these rules were developed to provide more work and to lighten the work for the men. For years, the contract between the shipping companies and the union has contained a prohibition against “speed up” and has called for “safe operations.” These safety provisions have been partly the “justi fication” for the skimming of shipper-built loads to 2,100 pounds. Employers have repeatedly protested what they term “the progressive and substantial deteriora tion of longshore productivity,” but to no avail. They either abided by the rules or their ships were not worked. Significantly, they apparently lacked the necessary factual data to prove their case before arbitrators or governmental investi gators or commissions. Nor was there enough cohesion among the employers, with widely vary ing interests, to sustain a solid front long enough to get results. Sooner or later one of them gave way, and the opposition to union demands caved in. procedures were creeping up on the union, slowly but surely, and that the union was losing ground. In 1957, a union caucus, consisting of delegates elected by the locals to determine union policy, faced the issue squarely. And it came to the conclusion that it was best to try to work out a solution under which the longshoremen would gain rather than lose. In an amazingly frank document summarizing the conclusions of the caucus, the union discussed the various facets of the problem and decided to give up its holding actions and guerrilla warfare provided it could participate in the resulting gains to the industry. In a subsequent memorandum to the PMA, dated November 19, 1957, the union proposed to engage in discussions with the employer group and listed the following mutual objectives: 1. To extend and broaden the scope of cargo traffic moving through West Coast ports and to revitalize the lagging volume of existing types of cargo by: (a) encourag ing employers to develop new methods of operation; (b) accelerating existing processes of cargo handling; and (c) reducing cargo-handling costs in water transportation, including faster ship turnaround. 2. To preserve the presently registered force of long shoremen as the basic force of the industry and to share with that force a portion of the net labor cost saving to be effected by the introduction of mechanical innovations, removal of contractual restrictions, or any other means. After 1948, however, the climate changed. The union’s restrictions remained in force. But union leadership was not unmindful of the fact that high labor costs were driving a considerable volume of coastal and intercoastal cargo to rails and trucks. They also realized that changes in operating But these aims were not to be accomplished by individual speedup, breaching of legitimate safety rules and codes, or indiscriminate layoffs. The union also took this opportunity to signal a goal it wanted to accomplish in the future-—-“ to reduce the length of the present longshore work shifts.” In later memorandums, the union spelled out its concept of its share of the savings. For every man-hour saved, the union wanted pay for 1 hour at the straight-time rate. At the time of the 1959 agreement, this would have amounted to $2.74 per hour. The employer’s gain, the union pointed out, would be the difference between this rate and the actual average labor cost to the employer after the inclusion of overtime and penalty pay and the cost of pension and welfare benefits (about $4.05 per hour).5 Even more important would be the faster turnaround of ships, with the cost to the steamship company of each day in 4He is paid time and a half for overtime after 6 hours and usually works an 8-hour day. * Under a wage reopening of the 1959 agreement, straight-time pay went to $2.82 and the total labor cost to about $4.15 per hour in June 1960. Change in Union Strategy https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 4 the port estimated to be between $2,000 and $5,000. The difficulty with this concept was the lack of any kind of system for measuring time saved and the lack of data on which such a system could be built. The 1959 Understanding To make some progress in the desired direction, the PMA and the ILWU entered into the remark able agreement of 1959. For a payment of $1% million, the union agreed to go along with any and all mechanization during the 1959-60 contract year; but all restrictive rules were to remain in full effect. The 1958 fully registered work force was to be maintained, subject only to natural attrition—i.e., deaths, retirements, and dropouts. The employers, in addition to the right to mech anize without fear of reprisal by the union, bought a year’s time during which to develop a measure ment system accurately determining the man hours saved. This was the initial step. The ultimate obj ective was stated to be: To guarantee the fully registered work force a share in the savings effected by laborsaving machinery, changed methods of operation, or changes in working rules and contract restrictions resulting in reduced manpower or man-hours with the same or greater productivity for an operation.6 This objective went far beyond mechanization. It included—on the basis of the cited language— any change that resulted in greater productivity, regardless of how it was brought about. The union clearly recognized that restrictive working rules were part of that picture. The agreement also was silent on what the union was to get as its share of the savings. This was to be left to later negotiations when the measurements would indi cate the size of such savings. Then the parties would know what they were bargaining about. Measurement and Gain-Sharing Concepts. In August 1959, the PMA asked the author to take a year’s leave of absence from his post in the Bureau of Labor Statistics of the U.S. Department of Labor to develop an acceptable measurement system. The system had to meet not only the varied complexities of the cargo-handling industry but also a number of other requirements. It had to https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JANUARY 1961 be easily understandable by the industry and the longshoremen; it had to be practical; and most of all, it had to be acceptable to both employers and the union. While the union’s price for the man-hours saved could be disputed and bargained out by the parties, the number of man-hours involved had to be accepted by both sides as accurate. And that meant the union had to be convinced that the measurement method was sound and objective. Building on discussions in earlier years—in some of which he had participated as a technical consult ant-—and incorporating what appeared to be ideas generally accepted by both sides, the author developed the broad outlines of the measurement concept. These may be su m m a riz e d as follow s: 1. Each steamship company would be responsible only for the gains made in its own operations. Payments into the fund to be set up would be in direct proportion to the company’s total net gains. Net gains would be gains for the company’s entire West Coast operations, with losses in some ports, if any, offsetting gains in others. 2. Computations, of necessity, were to be built on major cargo items or groupings because the man-hours required per ton varied by commodities. 3. Measurements would be in terms of weight-tons and man-hours so as to provide uniform yardsticks. 4. The method of measurement would compare long shore performance during a specified period with an identi cal period in a base including 1 or more years. 5. For each quarter of the year, the computation for each steamship company would entail a measurement of man hours actually required to handle all of its cargo, compared with the number of man-hours that would have been needed to handle the identical cargo under the performance rates (i.e., man-hours per ton) of the base period. The difference between the two would measure the man-hours gained or lost. 6. Insofar as possible, the measurement system had to permit separate measurements for each of the restrictive practices given up. (This at first seemed to be unneces sary under the broad language of the 1959 agreement; it also appeared extremely difficult. Later, however, practical solutions were developed to permit the measure ment of savings for nearly every one of the restrictive practices.) 7. Savings would be measured by comparing identical seasons so as to rule out, as much as possible, the effects of weather and of seasonal changes in cargo mix in the large miscellaneous group of “general cargo.” At the same time, 3 months was considered a long enough period to permit other variables—such as trucking distances on the dock or » Memorandum of Understanding Between Pacific Maritime Association and International Longshoremen’s and Warehousemen’s Union, signed August 10,1959. The full text of this section of the agreement was reproduced in the October 1959 issue of the Monthly Labor Pveview (pp. 1108-1109). 5 WORKING RULES IN WEST COAST LONGSHORING difficulties of stowing in the hold of the ship—to average out. 8. By necessity, 1960 would have to be the first base year because the industry had no earlier data on which to build. Thereafter, the base period could be negotiated. It was clearly recognized also that with only a few companies ready to move ahead with mechanization, most of the gains to employers would have to come from their greater freedom of operation with the removal of restrictive rules. The essential requirement obviously was the development of a uniform reporting system, tailored specifically to the operations and reporting capabilities of the industry. But accounting practices varied widely among both steamship companies and stevedores, the labor contractors for the steamship companies who hire the long shoremen through the hiring hall and who supply the equipment and know-how for cargo-handling operations. Many stevedores operated on a “cost plus” basis, or close to it, and consequently had no particular reasons for wanting man-hours curtailed or for wanting a uniform reporting system. Many of them considered their payroll data “confi dential” and would not make them available to anyone outside the firm. But specific orders from the steamship companies made the stevedores part of the reporting system. Reasonable accuracy and uniformity were assured with the issu in g of detailed instructions, conferences, careful editing, and persistent followup—and the use of experi enced monitors in each major port. These moni tors helped the stevedores and steamship compa nies to comply with instructions, but they also served as a check on the promptness and accuracy of reports. The reporting system got underway rather slowly with the beginning of 1960; but by the middle of the year, the PMA had achieved nearly complete reporting of cargo loading and unloading operations on the West Coast. The difficulty the stevedores had in adjusting to this system should not be underestimated. For most of them, the required data were not readily available. Cargo traditionally is measured in revenue tons—that is, weight or volume, whichever is greater. Special arrangements were necessary in many instances to make the required weight tonnage data available from the steamship com panies’ records. Again, longshore time usually was measured in gang hours, although the composition of gangs varied for different commodities and 578187— 61------ 2 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis operations. Most difficult of all was the matching of longshore man-hours on the dock and on the ship with the specific commodities being handled, because this required reasonably accurate time keeping. And finally, the compiling of reports involved additional cost and usually additional office staff. 1960 Negotiations Both the union and the PMA knew that, under this measurement system, the first possible com parison would be that for the first quarter of 1961 with the first quarter of 1960. Consequently, the ILWU proposed in April 1960 that the “meas urement time” be extended for another year. As in the preceding year (1959-60), the industry could continue to mechanize, but all restrictive rules would continue in force. For this, the union asked the employers to pay $3 million into the mechanization fund. Again the union did not spell out what it wanted as its share of the gain. But in the April 1960 caucus in which the union’s demands were formu lated, the union had decided what to do with the “mechanization fund” of $1K million. It would be used for a guaranteed annual wage and for early retirement. Looking ahead, the union realized that both of these might become essential under greatly improved operating techniques of management. During the first bargaining session on May 17, 1960, the ILWU’s negotiators were surprised to learn that the employers were no longer interested in the sharing of gains. Instead, the employers’ position was: How much will it cost us to get rid of the restrictive rules and to get a free hand in the running of our business? Behind this shift in the employers’ position was a significant and interesting change in thinking. During the preceding 2 years, the “sharing of gains” concept was generally accepted, although with at least one important defection. It seemed a reasonable and equitable way out of the bind of restrictive rules, and it promised far-reaching benefits. But early in 1960, the men running some of the larger steamship companies reversed their thinking. To permit the union to share in gains was considered an invasion of management’s prerogatives and consequently was completely unacceptable Management decided to “buy out” 6 the restrictive practices and labor’s opposition to mechanization. The problem was the price. The employer and union negotiators proceeded from very different starting points. In exchange for a free hand, management offered a guaranteed wage that would protect the longshoremen against lost work opportunity. To the union, this was completely unacceptable. Conceivably, cargo might increase in volume so that no longshoremen would lose work; and then the union would get nothing for giving up its restrictive rules. The union’s position was: We’ll give up our rules, for a price; but we set a high value on our rules because we think the companies will gain millions of dollars. Subsequent negotiations—which stretched out until the ground rules of the 1960 agreement were settled on October 18, 1960—revolved around the questions of how much and what for. The 1960 Agreement The 1960 agreement provides the answers. Under it, management will have a fairly free hand, although some restrictions will remain. The pertinent provisions may be paraphrased and summarized as follows: 7 1. Employers shall not be required to hire unnecessary men. This includes the right to stop using the four-on and four-off practice or variations of it. 2. The slingload limit shall remain unchanged for loads built by longshoremen as long as the method of operation remains the same as it was at the time the slingload limit was negotiated. But when operations change, the employer shall be the judge of what the weight shall be—provided he stops “within safe and practical limits and without speedup of the individual.” Any disagreements are to be settled through the established grievance machinery and without a work stoppage. Loads built by other than longshoremen may be skimmed or not—as ordered by the employer. 3. There shall be no multiple handling. The skin of the dock concept is abolished through a provision that this requirement is to be considered satisfied when the loaded pallet board is set on the dock. This will permit teamsters to load directly from pallet to truck and unload from truck directly to pallet. 4. The minimum size of a gang in the handling of break bulk cargo (i.e., cargo handled as cartons, bags, boxes, etc.) is specified for both loading and discharging operations. These requirements usually are below present practice. The employer may add more men as he finds necessary. Furthermore, he has greater freedom in shifting men around. 5. When new methods of operation are introduced, the https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JANUARY 1961 employer is to discuss the proposed manning with the union. But if agreement cannot be reached, the employer may proceed as he sees fit and the union may seek redress through the grievance machinery, with arbitration as the last resort. This provision appears also to cover mech anization, and particularly the use of large containers and vans. 6. As payment for this freedom, the employers are to establish a jointly trusteed fund. This fund is to include the million already accumulated on the basis of the 1959 agreement. In addition, the employers obligate themselves to pay $5 million a year for the next years— i.e., until June 15, 1966. 7. The fund shall be divided into two parts:8 a. All presently fully registered longshoremen and clerks are guaranteed payment for a specified number of straight-time hours per week.9 But the guarantee becomes operative only when work opportunity has been reduced because of the new contract provisions and not when t o n n a g e declines because of curtailed “ economic activity.” b—(1). All presently fully registered men are entitled to a payment of $7,920 upon reaching age 65 with 25 years of service as a fully registered longshoreman. If a presently fully registered longshoreman dies before com pleting 25 years of service, the agreement provides for a substantial payment to his family. Similarly, remaining unpaid benefits are payable if a retired longshoreman dies. In other words, the longshoreman has a vested right to the payment. (The right starts after 15 years of service and is fully vested after 25 years.) b - (2). The longshoreman may choose voluntary re tirement at ages 62, 63, or 64, provided he has 25 years of service as a class A registered longshoreman. He will be entitled to $220 a month for 36 months, or $7,920. (The $220 was arrived at by rounding the sum the longshore man with 25 years of service receives upon normal retire ment: $119 from social security and $100 from the industry’s pension fund.) Any portion of the $7,920 unpaid when the retired longshoreman actually shifts over to social security and the pension fund must be paid as part of the worker’s “ vested right.” b -(3). Retirement can be made compulsory at 64, 63, or 62 years of age with respectively 24, 23, and 22 years of service. The payment due the man will be $320 per month for 36 months. (The extra $100 above $220 is to make the compulsory retirement less unpalatable; it will be dropped from the amount which may be outstanding 7 Memorandum of Agreement on Mechanization and Modernization, October 18,1960 (PMA); see also The Dispatcher, published by the II/WTJ, October 21, 1960. This agreement supplements the basic agreement, which covers wages, hours, welfare, pensions, etc., and which was extended to June 30,1966, with provision for annual reopenings on any of its terms except pensions. 8 The benefits provided in the agreement were not negotiated individually. The agreement incorporates them by reference to “ union draft of October 4, 1960” and states specifically: “ the amounts of such benefits to be determined by the union.” Benefits will begin after ratification of the agreement by the union membership at a date to be set by the trustees of the fund. 8 The agreement does not specify the number of hours per week or the number of weeks per year. This will be left to the trustees’ decision. (See preceding footnote.) The union speaks of 35 hours per week in its own publications. WORKING RULES IN WEST COAST LONGSHORING when the man reaches age 65. At that point, the outstand ing payments will be the same as for a man retired voluntarily.) (A man may retire at age 65 if he has 25 years of service. He must retire at 68 if he has that much service. If he lacks years of service, he may stay on until he accumulates 25 years regardless of his age. This explains the employ ment of some men in their seventies and even eighties.) 8. In the event of a union-caused work stoppage in violation of the agreement of October 1960, the employer obligation may be reduced by as much as $13,650 per day, the average daily cost of the employers’ total obligation for a year. Up to this limit, “ the parties shall agree as to the amount to be abated on a daily basis in each instance of failure, refusal, or stoppage, whether on a coastwide, area, or port basis, and failing such agreement, the coast arbitrator shall make such determination.” The ILWU caucus, which watched the final “gold fish bowl” negotiating sessions, accepted the agreement.10 But the agreement will not become operative until the rank and file of the union accepts it by majority vote.11 Union leaders see a tough selling job ahead because they realize that the men will resist the introduction of rapid change despite the assurance against layoffs. If approved, the agreement will become effective with the beginning of 1961. The agreement enumerates the main points accepted by both sides. But much more remains to be done to settle pertinent details, such as those relating to the guaranteed wage and all its rami fications. There also remains the difficult problem of how to balance out areas of future oversupply and undersupply of labor, as well as a good many others. In all likelihood, the grievance machinery will be used extensively to hammer out solutions for troublesome problems, and arbitrators will be busy for years working out the common law of collective bargaining in this industry. Analytical Comments The 1960 agreement runs until June 1966* The lifting of the restrictive working rules and the abandonment of resistance to mechanization automatically are limited by the expiration date of the contract. So are the payments of $5 million per year by the employers. As each side is busy with plans for carrying its performance to p 1« About 95 union delegates brought in for a union caucus watched the last 2 weeks of negotiations. 11 In early 1961, it was announced that 28 of the 29 ILW U locals had ac cepted the agreement by a vote of 7,882 to 3,695. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 7 the levels of success it envisages, little has been said yet about the steps that probably will be logi cal sequences to the present development. But to the economist who has studied the industry and has had the privilege of listening to the nego tiating sessions and discussing a large range of problems with both employer and union officials, some “crystal ball gazing” and observations of likely future developments may be permissible. It must be emphasized, however, that these obser vations are the author’s and that they may not be shared by either the PM A or the ILWU. Effect of Increased Productivity on Labor Force. If a substantial increase in longshore productivity develops, as expected, from management’s greater freedom to manage, it will have a decided impact on the labor force required. Unless the volume of cargo increases sharply, the labor force will be reduced. But it is doubtful that the impact will be severe for the presently fully registered longshoremen. To start with, the 1,200 class B longshoremen and the 10,000 casuals form a cushion that can provide up to about 4 million of the 30 million man-hours required each year. Even though some class B longshoremen and casuals always will be necessary for the handling of cargo peaks, a good portion of their man-hours—perhaps 3 million—can go to the class A group, which is given preferential treat ment in the hiring halls. So far, neither the employer group nor the union has a good measure of what the modernization program will mean in terms of man-hours saved. No one knows how fast and how far the program will move. Estimates of the reduction of man hour requirements have gone as high as 35 percent by the end of the agreement’s term. Where mechanization can be used effectively, as in the bulk handling of grain, sugar, etc., the reductions in man-hours required—and consequently the demand for longshoremen—may be even more drastic. But many of the industry’s cargo-han dling operations do not lend themselves to ex tensive mechanization. In these situations, man hour savings will have to come from the lifting of restrictive working rules. For the industry as a whole, with gains varying widely between individ ual shipping companies for a variety of reasons, it probably is not unreasonable to expect a sue- 8 cessful program to yield an improvement of 25 percent or better over the next 5 years. After most of the class B longshoremen and the casuals have been eliminated from the industry, how will the rest—about 15 percent—of the cut in man hours be absorbed? One avenue is natural attrition. The longshore labor force now shrinks by about 4 percent a year because of deaths, retirements, and dropouts. Another avenue is the earlier retirement provided for in the agreement. But if all of these reductions prove inadequate, the union may hold a final trump card: The reduc tion of the daily work shift hours. As far back as 1957 the union indicated this as one of its objec tives. If the available total man-hours shrink to the point that the remaining labor force is under employed, the union may well ask for a reduction in daily hours from 8 to 7 and later to 6. A cut from 8 to 6 would mean a reduction of 25 percent in available man-hours. This, together with natural attrition and early retirement, should be more than adequate to meet increases in produc tivity—and to keep union membership at a level acceptable to the union. Total Cost of New Contract to Employers. Although the publicity released by both the PMA and the ILWU clearly indicated that the payment of $27% million into the jointly trusteed fund was to cover the next 5% years, i.e., until June 1966, somehow the public gained the impression that this amount represented the ultimate cost of managerial free dom in this industry. This impression is in error. The $27% million plus the $1% million already available are only the first step. The logic of the situation requires further payments for continuing this freedom beyond 1966. A quick calculation will show why this is so. If every one of the 15,000 class A longshoremen presently employed is entitled to $7,920 upon retirement after 25 years of service (the count of years of service starts with the time the man became fully registered and not with the running of the agreement), then the total maximum amount re quired to pay each man for his “vested right” would amount to about $119 million. During the next 5% years, the fund will take in $27% million. This, with the $1% million already accumulated, will yield $29 million. Even if the $119 million https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JANUARY 1961 required is reduced to $100 million by allowing for lapses due to dropouts, to lower payments in case of early death, and to earnings on investments, the total fund will still be about $70 million short of the sum necessary to discharge completely the vested right obligation. It is extremely unlikely that the fund will stop payments in the agreed amount per man when the $29 million is exhausted. The inescapable conclusion is that at the termi nation of the present agreement, another agree ment will be necessary for further payments into the fund. Because of the fairly advanced age of a substantial portion of the present work force (the present median age is about 49% years), the heaviest drain on the fund will come within the next 10 years. Thereafter, perhaps $3 million a year will be adequate to discharge this obligation. But this can go on for 20 or more years, until all of the presently registered work force is retired. (Both the industry’s and union’s negotiators are aware of this problem.) New Additions to Labor Force and the Vested Right. Although the immediate problem for the industry will be one of labor force curtailment, eventually new men will have to be added to keep the force at a required level. Can such men be refused the vested right benefit? Theoretically, yes; practi cally, no. It will likely be difficult for the union to refuse a new man this benefit while the man working alongside him is entitled to it. From the employer’s point of view, such discrimination would seem logical because the payment to the presently registered man is for giving up his rights to the restrictive rules. The new man will never have had such rights. It may well be that when the employers request additions to the regular labor force after the present agreement has run out, the union will agree only on condition that the vested right benefit is extended to all newcomers. If the employers agree, the vested right benefit may be extended to all fully registered longshore men—and indefinitely. Added Labor Cost of the Vested Right Benefit. Based on the 30 million man-hours now worked annually by the entire longshore labor force—i.e., class A, class B, and casuals—the present employer commitment of $5 million per year comes to about 17 cents per man-hour. As man-hours decrease, WORKING RULES IN WEST COAST LONGSHORING 9 this hourly cost will rise. If total man-hours are reduced 25 percent, this cost will rise to 22 cents per hour. (This will be in addition to present supplementary wage costs of pensions, vacations, and welfare, as well as any wage increases that may be negotiated under the annual reopening provision.) But employers consider this newly won freedom to manage as they see fit—or reasonably so—as easily worth this additional cost. Not only are they hopeful that their savings will offset the cost, but also they calculate the actual increase in labor cost at considerably less than 17 cents. The longshoremen’s wage increase this year, the PMA reasons, was 8 cents per hour. At the same time, the warehousemen—the other component of the ILWU— won a wage increase of 21 cents per hour. If this is accepted as the wage increase the long shoremen could have won had they really tried for it, then the difference of 13 cents represents the union’s “waiver” in anticipation of a “good deal” for the mechanization and modernization fund. Not only did the employers keep the 13 cents out of the permanent wage structure, but also they reason that this 13 cents is a proper offset against the added labor cost of 17 cents for the new vested rights benefit. The difference between the two—4 cents—therefore is the net cost of this benefit. And for a cost of 4 cents—or even 9 cents, as man-hours are reduced—the newly won freedom is regarded as a good bargain. No decision has yet been made by PMA how the $5 million is to be levied on the employer group. It could be done in several ways. But if the cost is assessed on a flat man-hour basis so that every steamship operator pays a fixed amount for every man-hour he uses, then disparities will develop between the steamship companies. The company that cannot improve its operations as much as others—whether because it cannot mech anize as much or as rapidly or because of its type of trade—will bear a proportionately larger burden than the company that can cut back on its man-hour requirements quickly. The latter not only will have greater savings because of higher efficiency but will also save on its man-hour assess ments. It should be repeated, however, that although the man-hour assessment offers the easiest solution, other methods of assessment are possible. Buying Out Restrictions vs. Sharing of Savings. In a real sense, the employers’ agreement to pay $5 million a year represents a sharing of savings. The employers’ promise to pay is conditioned on the expectation that the man-hour savings will be large enough not only to defray the annual pay ment but also to leave something for themselves as well. But the difference between buying out the restrictive rules (including the resistance to mechanization) for a fixed sum and the earlier concept of paying for man-hours actually saved basically is that the latter rests on a specific measurement. Under the sharing of gains con cept the man-hours would have had to be saved before any payment was due, and the payments would have been in direct proportion to the hours saved. If the union had wanted the fund to grow and to provide the sums necessary to pay for the vested right benefit and the guaranteed wage, then it would have been incumbent upon the union to cooperate freely to bring about savings of the necessary magnitude. If the union had held back, it would have kept money out of the fund. If longshoremen had hung back in any port, they would have deprived not only them selves but all other registered longshoremen as well of money that otherwise would have been available for benefits. Consequently, the union would have been under considerable internal pres sure to make the modernization program a success everywhere on the West Coast. It is not incon ceivable that the union might even have taken the initiative in introducing or suggesting changes. Under the buying out procedure, the pressure on the union is external. The union has no interest in augmenting savings to employers because its share of the savings—whatever these may amount to—is set at a flat $5 million a year. The pressure on the union is the fear of the abate ment penalty. Every day of noncompliance may deprive the union of up to $13,650. But the assessment of any penalty undoubtedly will be a subject of time-consuming grievance procedures and formal arbitrations. Penalties for noncom pliance have been substituted for voluntary cooperation. The reasons for the employers’ shift from the measurement of gains concept to that of an annual lump-sum purchase are not obvious. But it is https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 10 interesting to note that unless the employers expected their gains to exceed their annual $5 million payment substantially, the union’s pref erence for the measured-gain system appears to be the more conservative concept. Use oi the Reporting and Measuring System. Obviously, the reporting and measuring system will not be used to measure savings to be shared with the union, as originally intended. But the employer group has a vital interest in knowing what its annual payments actually are buying. For this purpose, the measuring system is indis pensable. Additional uses are obvious. The data will permit, for the first time, an understanding of cargo-handling manpower costs on the West Coast for the industry as a whole, as well as for in dividual ports and specific commodities. The system will provide a measure of the impact of changes as these are introduced. It also will per mit the development of productivity indexes to measure the trend of productivity in longshore operations for individual ports as well as for the entire West Coast and thus reflect the success of the “modernization” program. And last, but far from least, the system can supply data useful for collective bargaining. Until now, the leaders of the shipping industry ad mittedly have negotiated “by the seat of their pants.” https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JANUARY 1961 Conclusion The vested interest technique favored by the union in this settlement is only one of many possi ble methods that could have been chosen for allo cating to the longshoremen what Harry Bridges calls “the men’s share of the machine.” This method is feasible only under certain conditions but the method of sharing the gains is secondary to the main achievement: A strong employer group and a strong labor union have evolved a solution for the thorny problem of restrictive working rules that promises to be mutually satis factory. Employers gain a free hand in manag ing their business, and the union gains the security of a guaranteed wage and the vested right benefit through a share of the savings accruing from the modernization of the industry. And significantly, this result was achieved in peaceful, intelligent discussions across the negotiating table. Other industries may find it possible to develop variations of this approach in solving their own work-rule problems. The significance of the West Coast longshore development lies in the fact that it demonstrates that management can re solve this difficulty by giving labor a share in the gains brought about by rapid technological change, while at the same time safeguarding worker se curity. This generally untried approach to meet the effects of increased mechanization and auto mation deserves close attention. Special Labor Force Reports o t e .— This is the first halj of a two-part article in the series of reports on special labor force subjects formerly covered in Series P-50 of the Bureau of the Census Current Population Reports. This part discusses recent growth in white-collar employment in comparison with long-term trends and analyzes the structure of the white-collar work force. The second half of the article, which will appear in the February 1961 issue, examines the personal characteristics, extent of employment, education, and income of white-collar workers. Reprints combining the two parts of this article will be available upon request to the Bureau or to any of its regional offices (listed on the inside front cover of this issue). E d it o r ’s N White-Collar Employment: I—Trends and Structure C arol A. Barry* W hite - collar workers in the United States have been increasing persistently both in numbers and as a proportion of the total labor force since the beginning of this century. This growth has been particularly pronounced in the period following World W arll. In 1956, white-collar workers out n u m b e re d blue-collar workers for the first time. The white-collar work force encompasses a wide range of occupations, including typists, corpora tion executives, department store salesclerks, and nuclear scientists. Most of the nonfarm self-em ployed and most government employees are whitecollar workers. The four major occupational groups classified as white-collar workers are pro fessional, technical, and kindred workers; mana gers, officials, and proprietors, except farm; clerical workers; and sales workers. Despite the diversity of white-collar occupations, there are several com mon traits which, taken together, provide a char acterization of the white-collar worker. Originally, a white-collar occupation was one that did not require special work clothes. Through usage the term came to denote work which was performed in an office rather than a factory, work which was primarily mental rather than physical, and work which stressed formal education. In these respects, the term is still largely applicable. White-collar workers’ education and income are in general higher than those of any other group in https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis the labor force, and they enjoy greater job security than other workers.1 They experience little un employment, generally are paid a salary rather than an hourly wage, and receive more liberal paid vacations and holidays and sick leave than other workers.2 White-collar workers are likely to have executive, administrative, developmental, or su pervisory functions. In the discussion of trends in the white-collar work force, it is useful to compare developments for this group with the patterns for the two other main types of nonfarm workers—blue-collar and service. Blue-collar workers—craftsmen and fore men, operatives, and laborers—comprise the second largest group of nonagricultural workers; 2a they work as bricklayers, tool and die makers, coal miners, stevedores, and the like. In general, bluecollar workers are engaged in the production of goods or in their transportation, operation, main tenance, and repair. While some blue-collar jobs are highly skilled, on-the-job training is empha sized rather than extensive academic preparation. Service occupations comprise the third major group in the nonagricultural work force. Private household workers include cleaning women, house keepers, babysitters, and other service workers employed by private households. General service workers, such as policemen, barbers, and elevator •Of the Division of Manpower and Employment Statistics, Bureau of Labor Statistics. 1 Differences in the extent of employment of white-collar and other occupa tions are discussed in the second part of this article. 2 See Supplementary Wage Provisions in Major Labor Markers, 1953-59 (in Monthly Labor Review, October 1959, pp. 1128-1131). 2» The terms “ nonfarm” and “ nonagricultural” are used interchangeably in the text; in the tables, the latter refers to industries and the former to occupations. Actually, nonfarm occupations include a few workers who are employed in agriculture; for example, some veterinarians and bookkeepers. 11 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JANUARY 1961 12 operators, provide protective, personal, or institu tional services.3 Trends in White-Collar Employment 1900 to 1950. The primary source of occupational data prior to 1940 is the decennial census of the United States. Much useful work has been done in standardizing occupational classifications so as to provide continuous occupational series from 1900,4 but the data for that jmar can be regarded only as approximations. Changes between 1900 and 1950 are thus indicative of general trends rather than precise measurements.5 In 1900, there were about 5 million white-collar workers representing 28 percent of all workers with nonfarm occupations (table 1). Blue-collar workers outnumbered them more than 2 to 1, ac counting for nearly 57 percent of the nonagricultural labor force. The remaining 15 percent were service workers (chart 1). Among whitecollar workers, clerical workers comprised the smallest single occupational group, and the num ber of professional workers was slightly less than the total number of private household workers. Between 1900 and 1950, the number of whitecollar workers increased by about 300 percent, while blue-collar and service workers both in Chart 1. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis creased by less than 150 percent. Thus, the whitecollar portion of the nonagricultural labor force increased to two-fifths and the blue-collar and service workers’ shares dropped to less than onehalf and one-eighth, respectively. Among white-collar workers, the greatest gains occurred in clerical work, which rose from the smallest to the largest white-collar occupational category; by 1950, one out of every three whitecollar workers was a clerical worker. As a result, clerical workers rose from 5 percent of the nonagri cultural labor force in 1900 to 14 percent in 1950. Stenographic, typing, and secretarial occupations alone increased elevenfold during the first half of the century. Such great increases are due in part to the greater volume of recordkeeping that has developed in all phases of industrial activity, but they are also due to the expansion of industries such as banking, insurance, and government, where accurate and detailed records are partic ularly essential. 3 This group is listed in the accompanying tables as “service workers, excluding private household.” 4 Historical Statistics of the United States, Colonial Times to 1957 (U.S. Bureau of the Census, 1960), pp. 69 and 74. 4 The data for 1900 included all persons 10 years of age and over reporting a nonfarm occupation in the census; those for 1950, all persons 14 years of age and over who were employed in a nonfarm occupation during the week pre ceding the census and those unemployed whose last occupation was nonfarm, i.e., the nonfarm labor force. Although these two concepts of the economically active population differ, general comparisons can still be made. Occupational Composition of the Nonfarm Labor Force, 1900 and 1960 1900 1960 S o u rc e : S e e ta b le s 1 a n d 2 . 13 WHITE-COLLAR EMPLOYMENT T a b l e 1. O c c u pa t io n a l C o m p o s it io n o f t h e N o n fa rm L a b o r F o r c e ,1 1900 a n d 1950 Occupation group Percent dis tribution Percent change in labor force, 1900-1950 1900 1950 All occupations_________________________ 100 100 187 White-collar workers ------------- --------------Professional, technical, and kindred workers----------------------------------------Managers, officials, and proprietors_____ Clerical and kindred workers__________ Sales workers----------------- ------------------- 28 42 322 7 9 5 7 10 10 14 8 312 204 725 216 Blue-collar w orkers,.. . . . , , , ----------Craftsmen, foremen, and kindred workers. Operatives and kindred workers________ Laborers— ....................... ......... ................ 57 17 21 20 47 16 23 8 133 173 223 7 Service workers----- -------------------- -----------Private household workers------------------Service workers, excluding private house hold................... ........................................ 15 9 12 3 135 -2 6 9 343 i For definition, see text footnote 5. N ote: Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal totals. Source: See text footnote 4. Professional and technical workers were ex ceeded only by clerical workers in rate of growth. In 1900, they constituted 7 percent of the nonagricultural labor force; by 1950, they accounted for 10 percent and were equal to the total number of white-collar workers in 1900. Available occupational data indicate that the major growth in this group has been in fields other than the traditional professions. While the size of the group as a whole increased by over 300 percent from 1900 to 1950, the number of doctors and lawyers increased at only one-fourth that rate; and despite the great expansion of educational activities, elementary and secondary school teachers increased by less than the professional group as a whole. On the other hand, engineers increased more than four times as fast as all pro fessional workers. Accountants and auditors, who are closely connected with the aforementioned expansion in recordkeeping, increased over five times as much as the group as a whole. Further more, many professional and technical occupa tions—psychiatric social workers, aeronautical technicians, etc.—which have contributed to the size of the total group were unheard of in 1900. The two remaining white-collar groups—sales workers and managers, officials, and proprietors — increased only slightly faster than the total nonagricultural labor force. While the group of managers, officials, and proprietors did not as a whole grow as rapidly as did the total of white https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis collar workers, there were significant changes within the group. The tendency for business to take advantage of the limited liability and taxation benefits derived from incorporating restricted the growth of proprietors; at the same time, the trend toward larger organizations in all phases of business and governmental activity contributed to a substantial rise in the number of salaried managers and officials. The increases in sales workers have been below those of the total white-collar force. The growth of large retail chains, the expansion of mail-order houses, and the introduction of self-service merchandising have all helped to increase the number of customers and volume of sales that can be handled by individual sales persons. In addition, much of the work formerly handled by sales persons is now carried on by checkers, cashiers, and other clerical personnel. The composition of the blue-collar and service worker labor force also changed between 1900 and 1950. The introduction of the assembly line and the breaking down of complex tasks into simple repetitive operations increased the demand for operatives, as many of the specialized skills of the craftsmen and much of the physical work of unskilled laborers were taken over by machines. Laborsaving home appliances reduced the need for private household workers; on the other hand, T a b l e 2. D is t r ib u t io n o f P e r s o n s E m pl o y e d f a r m O c c u p a t io n s , 1950 a n d 1960 1950 1960 N on Percent distribution Employment (in thousands) Occupation group in Percent change, 1950-60 1950 100.0 1960 100.0 All occupations---------- ---------- 52,244 61,122 17 22,373 28, 507 27 42.8 4, 782 7,418 55 9.2 12.1 6,429 7,032 9 12.3 11.5 7,340 3,822 9, 710 4,347 32 14 14.0 7.3 15.9 7.1 Blue-collar workers--------------- 23,336 Craftsmen, foremen, and kindred workers------------ 7, 670 Operatives and kindred workers_______________ 12,146 Laborers............................... 3,520 24,280 4 44.7 39.7 8,606 12 14.7 14.1 11, 988 3,686 -1 5 23.2 6.7 19.6 6.0 6, 535 1,883 8,335 2,201 28 17 12.5 3.6 13.6 3.6 4,652 6,134 32 8.9 10.0 White-collar workers_______ Professional, technical, and kindred workers---------Managers, officials, and proprietors____________ Clerical and kindred work e r s ..-------- ---------------Sales workers------------------ Service workers_____________ Private household workers. Service workers, excluding private household______ 46.6 N ote: Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal totals. Source: See text footnote 6. 14 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JANUARY 19fil general service workers grew at a rate slightly higher than that of white-collar workers. 1950 to 1960. The decade of the 1950’s brought a continuation of the long-term trend in the employ ment of white-collar workers. Between 1950 and I960,6 total nonagricultural employment rose 17 percent from 52.2 million to 61.1 million. Whitecollar employment rose 27 percent from 22.4 million to 28.5 million during the same period, reaching 47 percent of total nonagricultural employment (table 2). In contrast to the previous 50 years, when clerical workers were the fastest growing whitecollar group, the 1950’s were marked by the rapid increase of professional and technical workers (chart 2). This group expanded substantially in nearly every year, including recession periods, and by 1960, there were 7.4 million persons employed in professional and technical work. For the decade as a whole, professional and technical employment grew at a rate more than three times greater than that of total nonagricultural employment. Clerical employment increased by 32 percent to 9.7 million between 1950 and 1960. Although this rate was almost double that of total nonagricul tural employment, it was much lower than in ear lier decades. Greatly expanded use of tabulating T a b l e 3. I n d u s t r ia l D is t r ib u t io n of machines, computers, and such other office equip ment as duplicating machines probably curtailed the recent rise in the number of clerical workers. Other white-collar groups increased more slowly. During the 1950’s, sales worker employment con tinued to rise at the same rate as total nonagri cultural employment. The rate for managers, officials, and proprietors, however, was only about half as much. Nor was the increase as steady in either of these groups as in professional and tech nical or clerical occupations. In contrast to the gain of 27 percent in the white-collar occupations during the 1950’s, bluecollar workers increased by only 1 million, or about 4 percent. Virtually all of the advance in blue-collar jobs occurred among skilled craftsmen and foremen. Service worker employment, however, grew at the same rate as total white-collar employment. This was primarily due to the rapid increase in general service workers, 31 percent in the 1950’s. Projections made by the Bureau of Labor Sta tistics for 1970 show that white-collar employment will continue to rise faster than total nonagricul tural employment. By 1970, white-collar workers are expected to number 37 million and account for 6 Occupational data for these years are based on averages of data from the monthly labor force surveys for January, April, July, and October; for I960, the figures are preliminary. N o n a g r ic u l t u r a l E m p l o y m e n t , 1960 by M a jo r O c c u p a t io n G r o u p , 1952 and [Percent] Occupation group All industries Construetion Manufacturing Durable goods White-collar workers: 1952............................. 1960.................... ........... Blue-collar workers: 1952_____________________ 1960___________ Service workers, excluding private household: 1952______________________ 1960............. ........................ Nondur able goods Transpor tation and public utilities Wholesale and retail trade miscella neous 1 All other 2 100.0 100.0 2.9 3.3 9.3 10.3 8.4 8.1 7.5 6.5 33.2 28.9 30.2 34.9 8.5 8.1 100.0 100.0 13.9 13.9 27.6 27.1 21.7 21.6 11.6 11.3 11.0 12.7 7.8 9.3 6.4 4.2 100.0 100.0 .6 .4 3.9 2.8 3.3 2.6 3.1 2.1 31.5 28.8 46.7 53.3 10.9 10.1 100.0 100.0 3.1 2.7 10.7 13.0 6.9 6.6 3.0 4.0 4.0 3.2 63.8 63.1 8.5 7.3 100.0 100.0 5.6 7.3 6.6 7.7 7.4 7.2 6.0 5.5 50.7 45.4 18.6 22.0 5.1 5.0 100.0 100.0 1.9 2.1 13.5 12.9 10.2 9.6 14.7 11.8 19.6 17.7 25.1 31.5 15.0 14.5 100.0 100.0 .3 .3 2.7 4.1 8.0 8.6 .5 .8 74.0 70.7 14.3 15.4 .2 .1 W hite-C ollar Occupations Professional, technical, and kindred workers: 1952........ ........ ........ 1960_________________ _ Managers, officials, and proprietors: 1952______________________ 1960____________ Clerical and kindred workers: 1952................................... 1960................................ Sales workers: 1952................................ 1960...................................... .......... 1 Includes finance, insurance, and real estate. 1 Public administration, mining, forestry, and fisheries. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis N ote: Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal totals. Source: See text footnote 8. 15 WHITE-COLLAR EMPLOYMENT 48 percent of total nonagricultural employment. The greatest increases will occur among profes sional and technical workers, who will number almost 10.5 million, about 13.5 percent of total nonagricultural employment. Chart 2. Changes in Employment in White-Coiiar Occupations Since 1950 (1950-100 ) Structure of White-Collar Employment Industrial Patterns. Among nonagricultural indus tries, the greatest employment gain has occurred in the service-producing sector—trade; finance, insurance, and real estate; transportation, com munications, and public utilities; service and mis cellaneous;7 and government—in contrast with the relative stability exhibited by the goodsproducing sector—manufacturing, mining, and construction. At the beginning of the 1950’s, the United States became the only large industrial country in the world to have more workers en gaged in service activities than in the production of goods (including agricultural products). The growth in numbers of white-collar workers is closely related to the expansion of the serviceproducing industries, where white-collar workers are concentrated. In 1952, the first year for which figures on occupation by industry are available from the monthly labor force survey, approximately 80 percent of all white-collar workers were employed in service-producing industries. Between 1952 and 1960, about 70 percent of the increase in white-collar workers occurred in this sector (chart 3).8 Blue-collar employment, concentrated in the goods-producing industries, declined between 1952 and 1960, despite significant increases in finance, trade, and service. Service worker employment, concentrated in the service-producing industries, grew at a slightly higher rate than white-collar workers, despite a drop in the number of service workers in manufacturing and construction. i It is important to distinguish between service occupations and service industries. Service and miscellaneous industries—including hotels, laundries, repair shops, legal and medical services, educational institutions, and amuse ment enterprises—employ workers in a wide variety of white-collar and bluecollar occupations. Workers in service occupations, on the other hand, are employed not only in service industries but also in the other nonagricultural industries. 8 For both 1952 and 1960, figures are averages based on data from the monthly labor force surveys for January, April, July, and October; for 1960, the figures are preliminary. Although mining is a goods-producing industry, it has been necessary to include it in the service-producing group because separate occupation data for mining in 1952 are not available. Because of the magnitudes involved, the inclusion of mining in the service-producing sector does not significantly alter comparisons. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis ^Source: See table 2. The striking feature of gains since 1952 in white-collar employment is that they have ex tended to every industry group and have been proportionately as large in the goods-producing industries as in the service-producing industries. Between 1952 and 1960, white-collar workers in construction and in durable goods manufacturing increased by 36 percent—as much as in finance, service, and public education combined. In trade, transportation, and public administration, the increase was much slower. Professional and technical workers, the whitecollar group which had the most spectacular increases since 1952, are particularly concentrated in finance, education, medicine, and other pro fessional services. Nearly three out of every five professionals are employed in one of these fields. Another fifth are employed in manufacturing. Although the distribution of professional workers is highly concentrated, they have been increasing in all industries —by at least one-fifth in every industry group between 1952 and 1960. The most rapid rise occurred in durable goods manu- 16 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JANUARY 1961 facturing, where their number increased by three-fourths in 8 years. Nearly half of the managers, officials, and pro prietors are employed in trade; the large majority are engaged in retail activities, despite a trend toward less concentration. While total employ ment in this occupational group increased by about one-eighth between 1952 and 1960, the number in trade remained virtually unchanged. The group grew most rapidly in construction, durable goods manufacturing, and service and miscellaneous. Clerical workers are more evenly distributed throughout the nonfarm industries than any other white-collar group. The need for file clerks, typists, secretaries, etc., is common to all indus tries—though in varying degrees. The number of clerical employees rose between 1952 and 1960 in each industry group except transportation and public utilities, where it declined slightly. Cleri CHarf 3. cal growth was largest in service industries and smallest in wholesale and retail trade. Trade currently provides jobs for seven-tenths of all sales workers. The next largest group of sales workers, 15 percent, are employed in finance, insurance, and real estate; and 13 percent are in manufacturing. Despite the preponderance of sales workers in trade, their 1952-60 growth was comparatively small, causing a decline in the pro portion of sales workers employed there (table 3). Nonproduction Worker Employment. Further in dications of the specific industries where whitecollar gains have been greatest may be gathered by examining the growth of nonproduction workers. In each of the three nonagricultural goods-producing industry groups (manufacturing, mining, and construction), total payroll employ ment is subdivided into production workers (those employees directly involved in the actual produc- Occupational Composition oi Employment in Nonagricultural Goods-Prcducing and Service-Producing Industries, 1952 and 1960 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 17 WHITE-COLLAR EMPLOYMENT tion of physical goods) and nonproduction workers. With some marginal exceptions, nonproduction workers in these industries generally correspond to white-collar workers.9 About 83 percent of the increase in nonagricultural payroll employment between 1947 and 1959 occurred in service-producing industries. All of the remaining increase in manufacturing, mining, and construction represented the net effect of adding nonproduction workers to the payrolls while production workers were decreasing slightly. In 1947, nonproduction workers represented about 10 percent of construction and mining employment and 16 percent of employment in manufacturing. By 1959, these ratios had increased to 14 percent in construction, 21 percent in mining, and 24 per cent in manufacturing. Although the proportion of nonproduction work ers varied widely among the 21 manufacturing in dustries, it increased in each of them between 1947 and 1959 (table 4). In general, it is higher and has been increasing more rapidly in the durable goods industries. The proportion of nonproduction workers in an industry is determined by a variety of factors— for example, the extent of mechanization and automation in the industry, methods of distri bution, and the number of employee services pro vided by individual establishments. Develop ments in the past few years seem to indicate that expansion of research activities has been a major factor in the increasing importance of nonproduc tion workers. The technological demands of the space age and the defense program have called for an increasing number of scientists, engineers, and technicians, thereby contributing to the rise of professional employment in the durable goods industries. At the same time, many of the in novations produced by these white-collar workers have made possible considerably larger output without a commensurate increase in the number of workers engaged in production. These influ ences are particularly evident in ordnance, where employment is almost evenly divided between production and nonproduction workers, and in electrical machinery, instruments, and chemicals, where one out of three employees is a nonproduc tion worker. The postwar trend in nonproduction worker employment seems to have been accelerating in recent years. It appears evident that the larger https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis T a b l e 4. N o n p r o d u c t io n W o r k e r s 1 a s a P e r c e n t o f P a y r o ll E m pl o y m e n t in N o n a g r ic u l t u r a l G o ods P r o d u c in g I n d u s t r ie s , 1947, 1952, a n d 1959 1959 1947 1952 All goods-producing Industries.................................... 15.4 18.2 22.8 Mining........................................................................... 10.4 12.8 21.3 Contract construction.................................................. 11.0 11.5 14.3 Manufacturing............................................................. Durable goods........................................................ Ordnance and accessories_______________ Lumber and wood products-------------------Furniture and fixtures--------------------------Stone, clay, and glass products---------------Prim ary metal industries_______________ Fabricated metal products---------------------Machinery (except electrical)-----------------Electrical machinery___________________ Transportation equipment.......................... Instruments and related products— -------Miscellaneous manufacturing industries---- 16.3 16.3 15.4 7.2 11.8 12.5 12.8 15.9 20.7 23.1 17.8 21.9 14.7 19.5 19.3 24.5 8.9 14.4 15.2 15.3 18.6 23.1 24.6 21.2 26.5 17.3 24.3 25.1 48.6 10.2 16.4 18.4 19.5 22.2 29.6 32.4 28.8 34.4 20.5 Nondurable goods________________________ Food and kindred products........................... Tobacco manufactures--------------------------Textile-mill products................ - ........... ....... Apparel and other finished textile products. Paper and allied products........ —------- -— Printing, publishing, and allied industries.. Chemicals and allied produets----- ---------Products of petroleum and coal................... Rubber products........................................... Leather and leather products......... - ........... 16.4 21.7 6.8 6.2 9.0 12.7 32.8 24.4 23.0 18.5 9.0 19.9 26.6 8.5 7.9 10.4 16.5 34.9 30.3 28.0 20.6 10.0 23.2 30.3 11.5 9.5 10.8 19.9 35.8 37.4 33.4 23.2 10.9 Industry i For definition of nonproduction workers and source of data, see text footnote 9. part of future employment increases will occur in the service sector of the economy and that most of the additional employees in nonfarm goods-pro ducing industries will be white-collar workers. Class of Worker. In the labor force survey, the “class of worker” designation differentiates wage and salaried employees on government or private payrolls, the self-employed, and unpaid family workers. Quite often, “white-collar” is used as an equivalent to “salaried.” While about 65 percent of all white-collar workers are employees of private firms, white-collar workers are much 8 Data on nonproduction workers are obtained from the BLS monthly survey of payroll employment in nonagricultural establishments. Non production workers in manufacturing, mining, and contract construction are generally defined as persons engaged in executive, purchasing, finance, accounting, legal, personnel, cafeteria, medical, professional, and technical activities; sales, sales delivery, advertising, credit, collection, installation, and servicing of firm’s own products; routine office functions; factory supervision, and force-account construction. Since nonproduction workers are primarily defined by functional areas, they are not strictly comparable to white-collar workers as defined in the labor force survey. Service workers in cafeterias, blue-collar workers in force-account construction, and all foremen above the working foreman level are included in nonproduction workers. Conversely, clerical workers en gaged in recordkeeping closely associated with production operations, and technicians and professionals engaged in product development, are classified as production workers. Moreover, since the establishment survey includes only wage and salary employment, all self-employed workers are excluded. The net efiect of these differences appears to be that the proportion of non production workers shown by the establishment reports is slightly lower than the proportion of white-collar workers shown by the labor force survey. 18 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JANUARY 1961 T a b l e 5. C lass o f W o r k e r o f P e r s o n s E m pl o y e d in N o n fa rm O c c u pa tio n G r o u p s , A p r il 1950 and A p r il 1960 [Percent distribution] Occupation group White-collar workers: 1950_________ ______ 1960_____________ Blue-collar workers: 1950_________ _____ 1960_________________ Service workers: 1950.............. .................... 1960_________________ All Private Selfclasses wage G overn em U npaid of and ment ployed family workers salary workers workers workers workers 100.0 100.0 60.3 63.8 17.1 17.8 21.5 17.0 1.2 1.4 100.0 100.0 90.3 89.5 5.8 6.1 3.6 4.0 .3 .4 100.0 100.0 76.8 75.0 15.3 17.4 6.8 6.4 1.2 1.3 100.0 100.0 44.3 51.3 39.9 36.9 15.2 11.7 .5 .2 100.0 100.0 32.3 43.8 6.3 5.6 61.2 50.5 .1 .1 100.0 100.0 77.2 77.8 21.3 19.6 .5 .5 1.0 2.0 100.0 100.0 91.2 86.0 .2 .3 4.7 9.3 3.9 4.5 W hite-C ollar Occu pations Professional, technical, and kindred workers: . 19.50__________ ______ 1960________________ Managers, officials, and pro prietors: 1950_________________ 1960_______________ Clerical and kindred work ers: 1950......... .................. . 1960_________________ Sales workers: 1950........... .............. . 1960............ ............ ........ N ote: Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal totals. Source: Unpublished data from the monthly labor force surveys. more likely than blue-collar or service workers to be self-employed. The large majority of self-employed whitecollar workers are proprietors of small, unincor porated business. In April 1960, proprietors ac counted for 50 percent of all persons in the major occupation group of managers, officials, and pro prietors; in April 1950, they represented 60 percent of this occupation group. This decline in thenrelative importance during the last 10 years reflects both an actual decline in their number and an increase of about 40 percent in the number of managers and officials. (See table 5.) Among professionals, about 12 percent were self-employed in April 1960, compared with about 15 percent 10 years ago. Most self-employed professionals are doctors, lawyers, or dentists, although the group includes many writers, artists, and entertainers, as well as consultants of all types. Over the decade, their numbers increased by only 200,000, or about 30 percent, to 900,000; the salaried group increased by 70 percent, from 3.9 to 6.7 million. Sales workers are the only white-collar group with a rise in the proportion of self-employed over the decade. In April 1960, self-employed sales https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis men accounted for slightly less than 10 percent of all persons employed in sales occupations, com pared with about 5 percent in 1950. The expan sion of finance, insurance, and real-estate activities has probably been the chief source of the increase. Federal, State, or local government employees account for 40 percent of all professional workers— a higher proportion than for any other whitecollar group. Half of this number are engaged as teachers in the public schools and in the State and local colleges and universities throughout the country. About 20 percent of all clerical workers and 6 percent of all managerial workers are govern ment employees. In the professional and clerical groups, government employment has tended to decline in relative importance as a result of more rapid expansion of private employment. Although the number of professional employees in private industry has been growing faster than other white-collar groups, only half of all profes sionals are in this category. By contrast, privatefirms employ 90 percent of all managers and officials (excluding proprietors), slightly over 85 percent of all sales workers, and 80 percent of all clerical workers. Some Implications of White-Collar Growth While discussion of many implications of the growth of the white-collar labor force lies beyond the scope of this article, the examination of recent trends raises some provocative questions. Will the increasing proportion of workers in occupations and industries relatively unaffected by recessions prove to be a stabilizing factor in the economy, or will white-collar workers, as they represent an increasing proportion of the labor force, become more susceptible to spells of unemployment? As workers in blue-collar jobs (particularly in the less skilled occupations) become unemployed, how successfully will they be able to shift to areas of white-collar employment? How much of the demand for white-collar workers will be filled by persons newly entering the labor force? To what extent is the rapid growth of professional workers dependent upon continuing government expendi tures in the areas of defense and space exploration? How will the increasing proportion of workers in occupations which are currently less unionized affect the broad pattern of industrial relations? The 1960’s may provide some of the answers. A Review of American Labor in 1960 P hyllis G room* it necessary to make at least minor changes in their constitutions and bylaws to make them con form to the election procedure and membership rights provisions of the new law. The Bureau of Labor-Management Reports received reports that many local union officers had resigned rather than assume the obligations imposed by the new law. Some officers said that the reporting re quirements are too onerous, particularly for unions that do not have full-time officers. Economic Developments T he c o l l e c t i v e b a r g a i n i n g p a n o r a m a in 1960 revealed increased emphasis on management rights and concentration on employee job security. Al though these issues were conspicuous in such negotiations as steel, railroads, and electrical equipment, the Pacific Maritime Association’s agreement on “mechanization and modernization” with the International Longshoremen’s and Ware housemen’s Union was the only settlement which appeared to have demonstrated a new solution. The steel settlements early in January 1 referred to a labor-management committee the work-rule issues and automation problems and to a tri partite committee the responsibility for working out a plan “for equitable sharing between the stockholders, the employees, and the public, of the fruits of the company’s progress.” The steel work-rules group was to have reported by No vember 30, but by that date, the members found that they had not yet completed their exploratory talks. Unemployment and the uncertain business out look were heavily stressed in the election-year political activity which preoccupied labor during the summer and fall. As a result of the mergers of State and local AFL and CIO organizations since the previous presidential campaign, the AFL-CIO’s political action was greatly intensified. The first full year of the Labor-Management Reporting and Disclosure (Landrum-Griffin) Act ended in 1960. Court and National Labor Rela tions Board decisions interpreting and enforcing the law multiplied, but few cases had reached the higher courts by the end of the year. So far, the impact of the law appeared to be greatest in internal union affairs. Numerous unions found https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Economic activity advanced strongly in early 1960, after settlement of the steel strike, and continued to rise moderately until midyear, when gross national product, adjusted for price changes, was 1.7 percent higher than the prestrike record of a year earlier. In the third quarter, however, the overall total fell 1 percent. The major force shaping the year’s trend was an unexpectedly early shift in inventory policy after a heavy buildup; other important factors were the failure of capital outlays to reach anticipated levels and a declining volume of homebuilding. Employment, similarly, rose moderately to reach a record level at midyear, after allowing for seasonal factors, then edged downward. The service-producing industries and State and local governments either held their employment steady or expanded somewhat, but manufacturing em ployment declined a half million over the course of the year after having failed to return to the previous cyclical peaks of 1956. Within manu facturing, the steel industry was the most seriously affected; fabricated metals, nonelectrical ma chinery, and transportation equipment also began to decline early in the year, followed by most of the remaining major industries after midyear. The average workweek also fell, and in November was 1.3 hours below January on a seasonally adjusted basis. Reflecting the slowdown in employment while the labor force was expanding by a million, the seasonally adjusted rate of unemployment moved sharply upward in the summer and fall to 6.3 percent—the highest rate since December 1958; the November total of 4 million was largest for *Of the Office of Publications, Bureau of Labor Statistics. 1 For a summary of these contract negotiations, see A Look at American Labor in 1959 (in M onthly Labor Review, January 1960, pp. 12-13). 19 20 that month in the postwar years. In November, 51 of the Nation’s 149 major areas were classified as having substantial labor surpluses, a rise of 19 over the year; in addition, there were 123 smaller areas with heavy unemployment, compared with 112 a year earlier. Factory hourly earnings in 1960 averaged more than 3 percent above a year earlier, but because of the decline in the workweek and a 1.5-percent rise in consumer prices, purchasing power of the average factory worker was slightly lower than in 1959. Personal income, however, rose throughout the first 10 months of 1960, largely because of gains in employment and earnings in the dis tributive, service, and governmental sectors. Real per capita disposable income reached a new high in the thud quarter, 1 percent above the pre strike peak. Labor-Management Relations Major Settlements. Major negotiations 2 concluded during the first 9 months of 1960 brought wage increases either immediately or within 12 months of the contract date for about 3.5 million workers. Such increases affected 96 percent of those covered by bargaining concluded during this period, in cluding those employed in steel, railroads, air craft, telephone and telegraph, clothing, and rubber. The most common increases averaged either between 5 and 6 cents an hour or 9 and 10 cents an hour, compared with 7 to 9 cents in 1959. New or liberalized supplementary benefits were negotiated in settlements affecting about 2.9 mil lion workers. In 1960, about 2.2 million workers covered by major contracts (except construction), received wage increases as a result of negotiations con cluded in previous years; in 1961, about 2.1 million are scheduled to receive increases bar gained for in 1960 or earlier.3 In 1960, the most frequent deferred wage increase, except in the construction industry, averaged between 6 and 7 cents an hour, while in 1961, the most common increase is expected to average between 8 and 9 cents an hour. This disparity is attributed mainly to the timing of negotiations and contract duration in different industries. Cost-of-living increases during 1960 were about the same as or slightly above the level of those https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JANUARY 1961 in 1959. In most major automobile and farm equipment contracts and in major trucking con tracts cost-of-living increases totaled 4 cents an hour. The January steel settlements hedged a rise in insurance costs for employee programs by providing that any cost-of-living increase due on December 1, 1960, and on October 1, 1961 (maximum permitted on each date was 3 cents), be reduced according to a formula based on the level of insurance costs. Such costs were being arbitrated at the time this article went to press. Two major industries, railroads and electrical equipment, dropped escalator provisions covering about a million workers from their 1960 contracts, and as already indicated, the steel industry con tracts tightly circumscribed the provision. The Bureau of Labor Statistics estimated that at the beginning of 1961 between 2.5 and 2.8 million workers under major collective bargaining agree ments were covered by automatic cost-of-living provisions, as well as an estimated 250,000 unorganized workers in establishments with escalator clauses covering their organized workers. Although the railroad and the electrical equip ment negotiations involved the most workers in 1960, the agreement between the Pacific Maritime Association and the International Longshoremen’s and Warehousemen’s Union4 was worthy of study for the way it resolved the issues of mechani zation and restrictive work rules versus job security for union members. This 5%-year con tract obligates employers to contribute $5 million a year to a fund which will provide the 15,000 longshoremen (and clerks) who are now fully registered $7,920 upon retirement at age 65 with 25 years’ service (up to $3,600 higher for com pulsory early retirement) and will guarantee certain minimum weekly earnings and no layoffs as a result of decreased work opportunities in return for provisions which relax work rules and permit use of laborsaving equipment on the waterfront. The fund will not, however, protect longshoremen from reduced earnings resulting from a decline in business. The agreement provides for full vesting after 15 years, and the retirement payment is in addition to the pension now provided under another agreement. Union 2 Those affecting 1,000 or more workers in all industries except construction, service, trade, finance, and government. 3 See Deferred Wage Increases and Escalator Clauses (in M onthly Labor Review, December 1960, pp. 1268-1271). 1 See Working Rules in West Coast Longshoring, pp. 1-10 of this issue. REVIEW OF AMERICAN LABOR IN 1960 members were to begin voting December 1 on ratification of the agreement. Railroad negotiations dominated the labor scene during much of 1960, after wage negotiations that had begun in 1959 reached the national level. On June 3, an arbitration board awarded a 4-percent wage increase (2 percent on July 1, 1960, and the balance on March 1, 1961) to about 37,000 members of the Brotherhood of Locomotive Engineers (Ind.). The railroads had sought a wage cut of 15 cents an hour, while the union had initially demanded a 12-percent raise. Three of the other operating brotherhoods signed agree ments similar to that of the BLE within the following few weeks, but members of the Switch men’s Union, who sought inequity adjustments in addition to the 4-percent pattern, twice rejected management proposals and were without a con tract at the end of the year. One was not expected before a decision is reached on a suit brought by the railroads alleging that the union’s negotiators had not bargained in good faith. The suit rests in part on a claim that the union negotiators have no power to make a contract because, according to the union constitution, the decision on an offer must be submitted to a membership referendum. On June 8, a Presidential Emergency Board recommended a 5-cent-an-hour wage increase for more than 500,000 workers represented by 11 nonoperating brotherhoods. The Board’s recom mendations were accepted, and they became effective July 1, 1960. The Board suggested that instead of a general pay raise in 1961, the parties negotiate increases in health and welfare benefits, improvements in vacation schedules, and some liberalization in holiday provisions. After the wage settlements, work-rule changes proposed by the companies in November 1959 came to the fore again. The carriers sought revisions of six key work rules, including alteration of pay standards to reflect greater train speeds, elimination of rules banning crews from operating through “ crew change” points, definition of man agement’s right to determine when firemen should be used on diesel and other nonsteam locomotives, and an end to rules requiring standby crews when self-propelled track equipment is used. Secretary of Labor James P. Mitchell spearheaded efforts to refer these issues and the operating brotherhoods’ counterproposals for improvements https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 21 in working conditions to a Presidential commis sion of labor, management, and public representa tives. The 15-member commission created in late October is to report by December 1, 1961; its findings will not be binding. A 3-week strike against the General Electric Co. by the International Union of Electrical Workers was settled on October 22 on essentially the same contract terms as originally proposed by the company in August. The settlement, which covered about 70,000 workers in more than 50 plants, came a few days after the 9,000 member Schenectady local went back to work. The 3-year contract included an immediate 3-percent wage increase and several alternatives from which the union could choose an adjustment scheduled for April 1962. The union decided to let its locals elect whether they wanted a 4-percent wage in crease or 3 percent in wages plus an eighth paid hol iday and a fourth week of vacation after 25 years of service. The union was unable to win its longstanding demand for supplemental unemployment benefits, but the company’s Job Opportunity and Income Extension Plan, with the exception of the “ re training and reassignment” feature which the union had claimed would break down the seniority system, was included in the agreement. It provided a layoff and termination pay program under which laid-off workers with 3 or more years of service can receive 1 week’s pay for each year of service. The IUE had settled with the Westinghouse Electric Corp. on October 20 without a strike. The Westinghouse settlement, which applied to some 39,000 workers, was also within the frame work of the original company offer. The 3-year contract provided two wage increases of 4 to 10 cents an hour each-—the first on October 17 and the second on April 16, 1962—an eighth paid holiday, 4 weeks’ vacation after 20 years’ service, weekly instead of monthly dues checkoff, and some increase in hospital and medical benefits. The new agreement also contained a layoff and termination pay plan similar to the one in the GE agreement. Other unions, including the United Electrical Workers (Ind.), settled with GE and Westinghouse on about the same terms as the IUE received. Major industries that will bargain in 1961 include automobile, rubber, trucking, meatpack- 22 ing, machinery, and maritime. The UAW is scheduled to hold a collective bargaining confer ence at the end of April; their contracts with the automobile firms expire during August and in September. Summit Attempts. President Eisenhower’s efforts to encourage regular discussions between labor and management away from the bargaining table resulted in the appointment of a committee to hold such conferences. The AFL-CIO was disap pointed that none of the management appointees were from major organized industries, and although several preinninary meetings were held in the spring, no developments were reported from the group. Later in the year, the President again suggested that “labor and business leaders must sit down in a calm atmosphere and regularly discuss . . . their philosophy, their needs, and above all, their common responsibility to this free Nation.” UAW President Walter It eut her attempted to implement the President’s ideas by proposing the establishment of a permanent Auto mobile Industry Joint Management-Labor Con ference, but the automobile firms rejected the plan. Another proposal which received wide attention was made by Arthur J. Goldberg, counsel for the Steelworkers. He advocated the establishment of a permanent National Council of Labor-Man agement Advisors to study and recommend programs to the President to achieve full produc tion and employment and to advance industrial peace. His idea was specifically endorsed by the president of Kennecott Copper Corp., Charles R. Cox, in a speech made at the Mining and Metal lurgical Society, New York City, November 30. Strikes. There were fewer man-days lost from strikes in effect in 1960 than in any other postwar year; early estimates put the total at 20 million. About 1.4 million participants were involved in 3,300 stoppages. Among the year’s most signifi cant were those of the IUE at General Electric, the Shipbuilding Workers at Bethlehem Ship yards, and the Transport Workers on the Penn sylvania Railroad. In the 6-year-old UAW strike against the Kohler Co. at Kohler, Wis., the National Labor Relations Board ordered the company to reinstate some 1,600 strikers upon application for reemployment, and to pay any eligible striker for loss of wages https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JANUARY 1961 resulting from delay in reinstatement after his application to return to work. Labor Unions Patriarchs. The recent farewells of most of the men who led the labor movement during its great growth from 1935 to 1947 were dramatically exemplified by the retirement of John L. Lewis early in 1960. During his 40 years as president of the United Mine Workers, Lewis revolutionized the wages and working conditions of the miners and cooperated in the mechanization of the coal mines. The establishment of the Miners’ Welfare and Retirement Fund in 1946, one of his greatest achievements, opened the era of pension and wel fare programs. The year 1960 also brought retire ment for Richard J. Gray of the AFLr-CIO Building and Construction Trades Department, L. S. Buckmaster of the Rubber Workers, Harry C. Bates of the Bricklayers, and William F. McFetridge of the Building Service Employees. AFL-CIO and Affiliates. Election-year politics took priority in the activities of the AFIj-CIO and its affiliates. As discussed later, none of their legislative goals for the second session of the 86th Congress were realized. This was undoubtedly one of the reasons for their heightened campaign activity later. Reinforcing the program of the Committee on Political Education, the Federa tion’s full-time political arm, the Executive Coun cil underwrote a registration and vote campaign to which affiliated unions were asked to contribute 5 cents a member. To this drive was credited the election of a number of liberal candidates. Aside from election year political activities, the Federation was concerned with the perennial topics of organizing and finding a way to minimize jurisdictional disputes. No success was reported by the committee appointed by the 1959 conven tion to develop a method for applying the principle endorsed by the convention that interunion quarrels be settled by final and binding decisiou of an impartial referee. One flareup over jurisdic tional problems was responsible for the withdrawal of the Plumbers’ union from the Industrial Union Department (IUD). At missile bases throughout the country, disputes between the building trades were common. The Defense Department reported that 78,000 REVIEW OF AMERICAN LABOR IN 1960 man-days were lost as a result of work stoppages at missile bases in the year ended June 30. Efforts of the Defense Department, Mr. Meany, and officers of some of the international unions to end the conflict showed little result. Late in the fall, a dispute beween the International Association of Machinists and the Plumbers at the Convair Astronautics Division plant near San Diego led to the IAM cancellation of an 8-year agreement for arbitrating all disputes between the two unions. To invigorate its organizing program, the IUD revamped its structure and appointed an adminis trative director, Jacob daym an, and an organizing director, Nicholas Zonarich. The Federation chartered the Agricultural Workers Organizing Committee, which by the end of the summer claimed some 5,000 members in California, where industrial-type farming employs large numbers of migrant workers. At its May meeting, the Feder ation’s Executive Council voted to establish a committee headed by Walter Reuther to develop plans to attract technicians and clerical workers to union membership. Under the auspices of the remodeled IUD, four affiliates, the United Auto Workers, the Steel workers, the Machinists, and the Electrical Workers (IUE), tried a new technique for mini mizing jurisdictional problems in organizing. Each union listed 25 prime organizing targets in the Philadelphia area, and after eliminating the 7 plants that had appeared on more than one list, they pooled their organizing resources and set out to enlist members in the remaining plants. In November, the department announced that of the 10 organizing campaigns which had involved IUD coordination so far, 7 had been successful. With the merger of the Pennsylvania State AFL and CIO organizations in June 1960, New Jersey became the only State with separate AFL and CIO State bodies. Even after AFL-CIO President George Meany had threatened to lift their charters, the two New Jersey groups could not agree in State conventions upon satisfactory merger terms—primarily the allotment of offices in a merged organization. Finally, the merger con vention was indefinitely postponed, but Mr. Meany delayed the revocation of the charters. The Postal Clerks, with 100,000 members, and the Post Office Craftsmen (Ind.), with 35,000 members, signed a merger agreement in October, https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 23 which was expected to be fully ratified by March 1961. The Federation lost one affiliate when the Radio and Television Directors Guild merged with the Screen Directors’ Guild of America (Ind.) to form the Independent Directors’ Guild of Amer ica, Inc. Unions in the airlines industry and in the print ing trades worked more closely with each other during the year. Seven airline unions agreed upon a constitution for the Association of Air Transport Unions, a group that in 1959 had signed a mutual aid pact under which the members had agreed to give each other “all possible and practical moral and financial support” during a strike. Major impetus for the closing of ranks was the airline strike insurance system that had recently become effective. In April, the International Typographical Union and the American News paper Guild jointly proclaimed the goal of one union in the printing, publishing, and related fields, and the Printing Pressmen and the United Papermakers and Paperworkers set forth a pro gram looking toward “complete organic unity and full merger” in these industries. Other Organizations. The Negro American Labor Council was founded at a 3-day convention in Detroit at the end of May with the object of ending racial discrimination in the labor movement. Delegates called for the removal of all union color bars to membership or job progress, reform of apprenticeship systems, elimination of racially segregated unions, and greater participation by Negroes at all levels of union jobs, from clerical to top policymaking. A. Philip Randolph, presi dent of the Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters and a vice president of the AFL-CIO, was chosen as president of the council. Foreign Competition. A number of unions ex pressed increasing concern during the year over competition from products made abroad and the growing overseas investments of United States companies. Members of one local of the Inter national Ladies’ Garment Workers struck in protest against their employer’s purchase of an interest in an Irish dress factory. After a 3-week strike, the ILGWU won an agreement whereby the company agreed to pay 30 cents for every dozen dresses shipped to this country by the Irish 24 affiliate. The fund accumulated will compensate any of the firm’s 1,200 employees adversely affected by the competition. The Seafarers’ Union and the National Mari time Union, which in November 1959 had jointly founded the International Maritime Workers Union in order to organize “ flags of convenience” vessels, found their new organization hampered during much of 1960 by injunction suits brought by the shipping companies. Corruption and Cleanup. The board of Teamster monitors was so entangled in litigation with the Teamsters during the year that its reform activ ities were effectively blocked. Late in October, the U.S. Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia ruled that the chairman of the monitors must be acceptable to both the union and the dissident members, thus stymying the appoint ment of Terence F. McShane, a former FBI agent whose investigations had included the Teamsters union. McShane had been nominated by one group of the dissidents. Meanwhile, attorneys for the dissident groups and the union lawyers were trying to negotiate a settlement of all out standing issues under the aegis of the Federal District Court in Washington, and Teamster President James R. Hoffa was trying to obtain the court’s permission to hold a convention and election of officers in January. On December 7, Hoffa and two associates were charged by a Federal grand jury in Orlando, Fla., with defrauding four Detroit labor organizations and others of more than half a million dollars in their Sun Valley, Fla., real estate venture. Maurice A. Hutcheson, president of the Brother hood of Carpenters, who had been called before the McClellan committee to explain his part in an Indiana highway right-of-way scandal, was con victed on October 28 of bribing highway officials. O. William Blaier, a vice president, and Frank M. Chapman, treasurer, were also convicted on the same charges. Chapman, who had been ill for some time, died less than a month after his con viction; the others were fined $250 each and sentenced to 2 to 14 years in prison. Legislation The increased proportion of older persons in the population made medical care for the aged a https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JANUARY 1961 potent legislative issue in the presidential election year of 1960. The bill finally enacted on Sep tember 13, 1960, called for a limited voluntary program by which States could receive Federal grants from the general revenues to help meet the cost of aid to those who are on old-age assistance rolls or who meet a means test. As of October 31, 1960, Michigan and West Virginia were the only States which had submitted plans to the Social Security Administration for approval. Oklahoma and New Mexico were definitely planning to participate in the program, and six other States which apparently can proceed under present laws were actively considering participation. The medical care provisions were enacted as amendments to the social security law. Other social security amendments extended coverage to additional groups, raised the amount which a person may earn while receiving social security benefits, and eliminated the 50-year age limit for disability benefits. On July 1, the Congress approved pay raises for 1.5 million Federal white-collar and postal em ployees by overriding President Eisenhower’s veto of the pay bill. The pay raises amounted to about 7.5 percent for the 980,000 white-collar workers and averaged about 8.4 percent for the 535,000 postal workers. Both the House and the Senate passed minimum wage bills, but the conference committee ap pointed to resolve the differences between the bills was unable to find a satisfactory compromise. The AFL-CIO’s major legislative proposals had included raising the minimum wage set by the Fair Labor Standards Act and extending coverage to additional groups of workers, providing medical care for the aged as part of the social security sys tem, removing the construction industry from the Taft-Hartley Act ban against secondary-boycott picketing, and providing additional Federal aid for housing and school construction. The legislatures of 22 States and Puerto Rico met in regular session in 1960. The volume of legislation was much lighter than in odd-numbered years, when nearly all the legislatures meet, but there were a number of significant enactments. Maximum weekly unemployment benefits were raised in nine States (by legislative enactments in five States and through the operation of a flexible maximum in four States). The maximum weekly benefit amount is now $45 or more in 7 jurisdic- REVIEW OF AMERICAN LABOR IN 1960 tions, from $35 to $45 in 23 jurisdictions, and under $35 in the remaining 21. Workmen’s compensation benefits were raised for one or more major types of disability in five States and Puerto Rico, and other significant im provements were made in the laws of more than half a dozen States. There are now 17 jurisdic tions which set the maximum weekly temporary disabilit}" benefits at $50 or more. Massachusetts extended compulsory coverage to seasonal or casual farm workers. Rhode Island liberalized its requirements for the filing of claims in radiation disease cases, and Massachusetts, Virginia, and Maryland passed legislation to regulate and control radiation sources. Five States—Colorado, Delaware, Massachu setts, Nevada, and New York—adopted regula tions affecting migratory workers. Bills were introduced in about a fourth of the legislatures that met in 1960 to regulate the im portation of strikebreakers from other States. The bills all died except in Massachusetts, where a law was passed which requires those who import strikebreakers to report such activity to the State Commissioner of Labor and Industries and pro hibits the importation of certain categories of criminals. In the fall, a group of seven AFL-CIO printing and paper industry unions announced a campaign to have legislation outlawing professional strikebreaking introduced in the State legislatures in 1961. The proposed bill would bar recruitment of strikebreakers by persons or agencies not in volved in a dispute, and it would bar employment of professional strikebreakers. The unions were prompted, in part at least, by the yearlong strike at two Portland, Oreg., newspapers. The Courts and the NLRB The U.S. Supreme Court decisions that would appear to have the most influence upon industrial relations were the three5 on arbitration handed down on June 20. They were further refine ments of the 1957 Lincoln Mills decision, which « S te e lw o rk e rs v. v. W a r r i o r a n d and S te e lw o rk e rs v. E n t e r p r is e W h e e l a n d C a r C o r p . See also Monthly Labor Review, August 1960, pp. 853-856. 6 R a il r o a d T e le g r a p h e r s v. C h ic a g o & N o r t h W e s t e r n R y . C o . (U.S. Sup. Ct., Apr. 18, 1960). See also M onthly Labor Review, June 1960, pp. 623-625. r L o c o m o tiv e E n g in e e r s v. M i s s o u r i - K a n s a s - T e x a s R R . (U.S. Sup. Ct., June 20, 1960). See also Monthly Labor Review, September 1960, pp. 972-973. O u l f N a v ig a t i o n A m e r i c a n M a n u f a c t u r i n g C o . , S te e lw o rk e rs C o ., https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 25 upheld enforcement of arbitration clauses in collective bargaining contracts. The issue was the extent of the courts’ power to determine the question of arbitrability in cases involving the specific performance of agreements to arbitrate. The rulings upheld the exercise of the broadest authority of the arbitrator in the absence of specific contractual limitations on that authority. Another decision being studied carefully was NLRB v. Insurance Agents International Union, decided by the Court on February 23. It held that economic pressure in the form of on-the-job harassing tactics by union members did not in itself constitute “ refusal to bargain” under the Taft-Hartley Act. In two cases that had impact on the difficult and protracted railroad negotiations in 1960, the U.S. Supreme Court held first that a union’s de mand that a contract be amended to prohibit a railroad from abolishing jobs without the union’s consent was a bargainable issue under the Railway Labor Act, and therefore, one for which the union could strike.6 Two months later, the Court sus tained the authority of a district court,7 in grant ing injunctive relief in a “minor dispute” which had been submitted to the National Railroad Adjustment Board to fashion relief in such a way as to do complete justice to the parties by requiring the railroads to restore freight crews whose jobs they had abolished or, in the alternative, to pay the discharged employees what they would have earned until the Board decided the dispute. On June 13, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled that payments made by the United Auto Workers to a nonmember striker during the Kohler Co. strike were gifts and hence not subject to Federal in come tax. However, the Court indicated that in other circumstances, e.g., if the payments had been made to a union member, the outcome might have been different. The Labor-Management Reporting and Dis closure Act had not been in effect long enough for any cases arising under it to be decided by the Supreme Court in 1960, but the lower courts and the NLRB were busy with interpretation and enforcement. The restrictions on organization and recognition picketing were among the most troublesome to interpret and, by the nature of the activity, the most pressing to solve. At the end of the year, four picketing cases requiring sub stantial interpretation of the law, and specifically 26 section 8(b)(7), were being considered by the National Labor Relations Board, and the Board’s decisions on them were expected to provide some beacons in this area. Meanwhile, the Federal courts were in conflict on the interpretation of section 8(b)(7) in cases where injunctions had been requested. A district court in the sixth circuit enjoined picketing8 which the union represented as informational on the basis that “ an object” of the picketing was recognition. The court held that the fact that the picketing also served an informational pur pose not barred by the statute could not save it from its unlawful recognition objective. A sev enth circuit district court denied an injunction petition 9 based upon section 8(b)(7)(C) in similar circumstances. The court, asserting that it was almost impossible to conceive of a situation where an object of picketing is other than to require an employer to recognize or bargain, said that to accept the interpretation that information picket ing is barred if an object of such picketing is to require recognition or bargaining would render meaningless the proviso which permits informa tion picketing. The first information picketing case to be de cided by a court of appeals came from the second circuit, which held, in the Stork Club case,10 that section 8(b)(7)(G) permitted picketing for the purpose of informing the public that there was no contract between the employer and the em ployees. However, the court warned that if such picketing had the effect of inducing others not to make deliveries to the employer, it became un lawful to that extent. Meanwhile, the NLRB had held that picketing is unlawful if it results in stoppages of pickups and deliveries to the affected employer,11 regard less of whether it was informational in character. The Penello and Graham district court cases 12 presented the view that “ the ultimate object of almost all union activity is to require all employers to recognize and bargain with the union” and that, to give meaning and effect to section 8(b)(7)(C), “ we must distinguish between the ultimate object and the reasonable immediate object in determining in any given case whether the picketing has an object of forcing or requiring recognition or organization.” At the end of 1960, the first major test of the hot-cargo prohibition enacted in 1959 was before https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JANUARY 1961 the Board in a case involving the Amalgamated Lithographers. The Board was also deliberating on the United Auto Workers’ charge that General Motors had refused to bargain on an agency shop clause in Indiana, where the courts have inter preted the agency shop as legal under the State’s “right to work” law. GM has refused the agency shop on the grounds that it would require involun tary employee assistance of the union and hence would violate the Taft-IIartley bans on coercion and discrimination. The Steelworkers, the Com mercial Telegraphers, the National Association of Manufacturers, and the AFL-CIO were among those who entered arguments in the case. The Steelworkers reported that it has “ collective bar gaining agreements covering hundreds of thou sands of employees in the steel, can, and aluminum industries which contain agency shop provi sions . . . that would be seriously endangered by an adverse decision. . . .” The Labor Department, which is responsible for enforcement of the election safeguards in the LMRDA, went to court to annul several union elections which allegedly had been conducted improperly. The only one that involved an inter national union election was that of the National Maritime Union. The NMU suit was based on charges filed with the department that the union had violated the act in the election of President Joseph Curran and 74 other officers by, among other things, failing to provide a secret ballot, illegally disqualifying candidates, and using union funds to promote the candidacy of certain officers. The case had not yet gone to trial at the end of the year. Nine months after the law went into effect, 52,278 unions had filed reports on their constitutions and bylaws, names of officers, and details of practices and procedures. Financial reports, which must be filed by the end of a union’s fiscal year, were slower in coming in. 8 N L R B [P h i l l i p s ] v. I n t e r n a t io n a l L a d i e s ’ G a r m e n t W o r k e r s ’ U n i o n (U.S.' D.C. M .D. Tenn., Dec. 18,1959). See also Monthly Labor Review, March 1960, p. 293. 9 N L R B [Oetreu] v. L o c a l 58, H o t e l a n d R e s t a u r a n t E m p lo y e e s a n d B a r t e n ders I n t e r n a t io n a l U n i o n (U.S.D.C. N.D. Ind., Mar. 19, 1960). See also M onthly Labor Review, October 1960, pp. 293-294. N L R B [ M c L e o d ] v. L o c a l 89, H o t e l a n d R e s t a u r a n t E m p l o y e e s a n d B a r te n d ers I n t e r n a t io n a l U n i o n (C.A. 2, July 6, 1960). See also Monthly Labor Review, October 1960, pp. 1084-1085. 11 L o c a l 2S9, I n t e r n a t io n a l B ro th e r h o o d o f T e a m s t e r s and S t a n - J a y A u t o P a r t s a n d A c c e s s o r ie s C o r p . , 127 NLRB No. 132 (June 3, 1960). See also Monthly Labor Review, October 1960, pp. 1085-1086. u N L R B (P e n e llo ] v. L o c a l 692, R e t a il C le r k s A s s o c ia t io n (U.S.D.C. Md., Sept. 23, 1960) and N L R B [ G r a h a m ] v. R e t a il C le r k s A s s o c ia t io n (U.S.D.C. Mont., Oct. 25, 1960). See also pp. 58-59 of this issue. Summaries of Studies and Reports The 43d Convention of the United Mine Workers of America T he M ine W orkers’ 43d C onvention , meeting in Cincinnati, Ohio, October 4-11, was the first since John L. Lewis assumed the title of president emeritus and his longtime associate, Vice Presi dent Thomas Kennedy, ascended to the union’s top job. Events at the convention, however, made it clear that John L. Lewis was still the union’s central figure and that his policies would continue to guide the union as they had since 1920, when he was first elected president. A widely rumored revolt, particularly over the status of regional bodies presently without self-government and recent benefit changes in the UMW Welfare and Retirement Fund, did not materialize. Instead, the 1,800 delegates overwhelmingly endorsed all official actions taken since the last convention in 1956 and left the present arrangement of “pro visional” (supervised) districts undisturbed. In the forthcoming December election, all three in ternational officers are unopposed. No major constitutional changes were adopted, which ex pressed the union’s conviction that its present rules and operating procedures are fully in com pliance with the Labor-Management Reporting and Disclosure Act of 1959. Of greater interest to the delegates than internal union affairs, so it appeared, were reports detailing the state of the coal industry, the pressures from competing fuels, and the outlook for coal con sumption and employment in the years ahead. Specific collective bargaining demands to be sub mitted to the coal operators were left to the dis cretion of the union’s governing body, as was the timing of the next contract reopening. Welfare and Retirement Fund The first major issue to come before the con vention was the status of the two major welfare and pension plans, one for anthracite and one for bituminous coal miners. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis The UMW Welfare and Retirement Fund, covering workers in 26 bituminous coal mining States, had announced that, as of July 1 , 1960, jobless miners would lose hospital benefits after 1 year of unemployment. This curtailment, re ceived with considerable misgivings in mining areas, became necessary, according to the Fund’s annual report, because of deficits of over $18 million for fiscal 1960, and $11 million for 1959. Moreover, the trend of benefit payments had moved steadily upward—from about $124 million in fiscal 1956 to $144 million in 1960. Addressing the delegates in his capacity as chairman of the Fund’s Board of Trustees,1 Mr. Lewis reminded his attentive listeners of the economic realities confronting the industry. The Fund derives its income from a royalty payment of 40 cents per ton of coal produced for sale, but owing to a sag in demand, revenues have not been adequate to cover the expenditures of the Fund.2 “If we were producing 500 million tons this year—which we won’t—we would not be having any problems,” he told the delegates. Until that level of production is reached, prudent management ruled out any restoration of benefits. The current reserves of over $116 million, though formidable and adequate to absorb current losses, were to remain intact to provide benefits in the event of a depression, an industrywide strike, “ or any eventuality.” Mr. Lewis recited the various benefits which the Fund had provided in its 14 years of operation—totaling $1,464 million paid out since 1946 for hospital and medical care, for pensions, widows’ aid, disaster benefits, etc. Rebuking his critics as men who were exploiting this issue for the sake of personal ambition, Mr. Lewis concluded his remarks (mock seriously, it seemed) by threatening to resign as a trustee unless the curtailment of hospital benefits was * The Board of Trustees consists of three members: John L. Lewis, repre senting the union; Henry G. Schmidt, representing the industry; and Miss Josephine Roche, public member. Miss Roche is also the Fund’s director. J Trust Fund royalty income decreased from a high of $155.3 million in 1957 to $127.6 million in 1960. In late December, the UMW A announced that monthly pensions would be reduced from $100 to $75 as of February 1961. 27 28 upheld. The delegates’ thundering ovation left little doubt as to the outcome of the vote. After a short debate during which several speakers drew attention to the problem of particular hardship cases which had arisen under the new ruling, the delegates with about 10 dissenting votes approved the administration of the Fund. Reports revealed that the Anthracite Health and Welfare Fund, financed by a royalty of 70 cents per ton, was in a far weaker condition. With annual production now only at about 20 million tons, compared with 50 million tons in 1946 when the Fund went into operation, death benefit payments had to be suspended in early 1958, and pensions were reduced from $100 to $50 per month. In the opinion of Thomas Kennedy, president of theUMWAand chairman of the Anthracite Health and Welfare Fund, the very existence of the Fund is in doubt unless production can be stepped up. As a possible solution, he suggested a merger of the anthracite and bituminous plans. This, however, was a collective bargaining problem, and attempts at consolidation had failed in previous negotiations with the operators. Internal Structure Autonomy. The issue of self-rule for districts whose officers are appointed by the international presi dent is a perennial one at TJMWA conventions, its outcome by now highly predictable. At every convention since 1938, all attempts to restore “autonomy” to these districts have been defeated by the delegates, thereby, in the opinion of the union’s leadership, firmly endorsing the present arrangement of central control as necessary and desirable. Of the union’s 30 districts in existence in 1960, only 7 were fully autonomous; 3 had semiautonomous status which gave them the right to elect all members of the district’s governing body except the secretary-treasurer and/or the president; and 20 (including District 50) were carried as “provisional,” i.e., all officers were appointed by the parent body. However, control over the district bodies does not affect the autonomy of the local unions within these districts. Any expectation that the issue would be resolved differently in 1960 than it had been in previous years and that its airing would reveal widely held pressures for change was probably based on a https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JANUARY 1961 misunderstanding of the role of John L. Lewis in the affairs of the union or of the sentiments of the rank and file on this question. In any case, 39 delegates spoke during the debate on the autonomy resolution, of whom 36 argued for the status quo, 1 for semiautonomy, and only 2 for full autonomy. Those who approved of the present system pointed to the achievements in wages and working condi tions since it had been in effect. In the eyes of the two dissenters, the basic issue was the right of members to control their own affairs. Most of the delegates, having heard the arguments pro and con at numerous other conventions and meet ings, seemed to take little interest in the 2-hour debate. Finally, President emeritus Lewis took the floor, this time speaking as the delegate from local 7604 “and in any other capacity in which you wish to listen to me.” It was, he felt, time to put an end to “an entertaining morning” and to an issue which “has become a mangy poodle dog that you fellows bring out and lead on a string . . . in order to get some publicity about it and insult the intelligence of the thoughtful, mature membership of this organization . . . . Autonomy,” he patiently lectured the delegates, “has no relation to higher wages, to shorter hours, to improved conditions, to pensions, to medical aid, to all the things of value to the mine worker and his family . . . . The accomplishments of this union have not been paralleled by any other union in any country at any time during the history of civili zation.” The ensuing vote showed all but about 10 of the 1800 delegates choosing to reaffirm the existing policy of strong central leadership. Constitution Changes. Since the passage of the Labor-Management Reporting and Disclosure Act (LMRDA) of 1959, union conventions have typically devoted considerable time to rewriting constitutions to bring them into compliance with the act. In the case of the Miners, however, the constitution adopted in 1960 was, with minor changes, the same as had been in effect since 1956, reflecting President Thomas Kennedy’s belief that the present governing document is “ compatible” with all legal requirements. Each paragraph and section of the constitution was read and voted on separately. Among the few amendments adopted was one, of doubtful significance, barring members of the National Association of Manufacturers UNITED MINE WORKERS’ 43D CONVENTION (NAM) from joining the UMWA, adding the NAM to a long list of organizations, which already included the U.S. Chamber of Commerce, in which dual membership is forbidden. Several resolutions submitted by local unions urging fines for nonattendance of meetings were defeated, as were proposals for changes in the present dues structure of $4.25 and $1.25 per month for active and retired members, respectively. The convention, however, did not ignore the LMRDA entirely. Approving a “ special resolu tion” submitted on “ advice of counsel,” the delegates voted to elect 18 appointed district officers to the union’s executive board to serve as representatives of their respective districts.3 Finances. Perhaps for the first time in recent history, the convention afforded a glimpse into the union’s extensive financial operations. In some measure, the disclosure was not wholly voluntary. A law suit brought by two small mine operators in Tennessee, charging an antitrust violation, had compelled the union to shed some of its usual reticence, as had the submittal of financial reports under the LMRDA of 1959.4 Since 1950, Secretary-Treasurer Owens told the delegates “ without any apologies . . . but . . . with a great deal of pleasure and assurance . . .,” multimillion dollar loans and investments to coal carrying railroads and to public utilities, “ all blue-chip securities,” had yielded a profit of more than $14.6 million. In addition, an investment of nearly $22 million in the National Bank of Washington was now worth about $50 million, he estimated, and its value was bound to increase. Loans of about $26 million were made available to a “ liberal financier” (Cyrus S. Eaton) for the purchase of the West Kentucky and the Nashville Coal Cos., enabling the union to organize prop erties which previously had threatened the price * The LM RDA requires the election of all national union officers either by a secret ballot membership referendum or by convention delegates chosen by secret ballot. * The UMWA, as a matter of policy, did not file the annual financial statements previously required under section 9 (f) and (g) of the Labor Management Relations (Taft-Hartley) Act of 1947. * Refusal of the national officers to file anti-Communist affidavits required by section 9(h) of the Labor Management Relations (Taft-Hartley) Act of 1947 and the union’s refusal to file the financial reports referred to in footnote 4 previously barred the UM W from using the services of the Board. Section 9(h) was repealed by the LM RDA of 1959. On November 15,1960, District 50 announced that a special convention to adopt a constitution and elect officers would be held February 21-24, 1961, in Washington, D.O. 578187— 61------3 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 29 stability in the industry. Since then, the West Kentucky Coal Co. has paid $81 million in union wages and contributed $14 million to the UMW Welfare and Retirement Fund. Similarly, a loan of $5.2 million to the Coaldale Mining Co., an anthracite producer, had yielded $41.3 million in wages, $4.7 million in welfare fund payments, and $680,000 in interest. These and similar ventures, Mr. Owens declared, kept miners employed and mining communities stable. The financial report indicated the union’s assets totaled over $104 million, a sum exceeded by few, if any, unions in the United States. District 50. Although District 50, whose affairs are completely controlled and administered by the UMWA proper, was not eligible to be represented at the convention, some indication as to its activi ties could be gleaned from the Officers Report and from a brief speech made by E. Moffett, vice presi dent of the District. According to these sources, the District’s membership in the United States and Canada now exceeds 200,000, organized in 1,700 local unions. It has negotiated more than 3,500 collective bargaining agreements in virtually every major industry except coal, notably chemi cals, paper and allied products, public utilities, refractories, construction, and shipping. A recent revamping of its structure led to the abolition of its two major organizational units, the United Construction Workers Division and the United Marine Workers Division, with all local unions formerly affiliated with these Divisions receiving new charters from the District. No change, however, was made in the UMWA president’s practice of appointing all ranking officers. The District’s outlook for expansion was believed to be the best since it was organized in 1936, particularly since it is now eligible to petition for National Labor Relations Board representation elections.5 Changes in Officers. On January 14, 1960, shortly before his 80th birthday, Mr. Lewis retired from the presidency of the UMWA, a step he had announced in a letter to the membership in Decem ber 1959. Under the terms of the union’s con stitution, 73-year-old Vice President Thomas Kennedy automatically assumed the presidency. To fill the office of vice president, the International 30 Executive Board elected 56-year-old W. A. (Tony) Boyle, a member of the Board and a special assist ant to the former president. For Mr. Lewis, the Board created the special nonsalaried post of president emeritus. The convention voiced its complete approval of these steps by paying un stinting tribute to Mr. Lewis’ past leadership and by pledging its full support and loyalty to the new executives. Mr. Lewis, one of the resolutions in his honor stated, “is God’s instrument on this earth to elevate the working man to his proper position in the sun . . . another hailed him as “the greatest leader of labor the world has ever known . . . .” Mr. Lewis was also lauded by Secretary of Labor James P. Mitchell for his contributions to the furtherance of free collective bargaining. Said the Secretary: I would like to say publicly that here we have in this industry, due in large measure to the foresightedness of Mr. Lewis, a stability, a level of wages, a level of produc tivity, that is unmatched in any other industry in our country. I only wish that labor and management in some of the other basic industries would take a lesson from the Mine Workers and their employers and devote themselves to the improvement of industrial relations and the improvement of relationships between workers and employers as has been done in this industry. That Mr. Lewis’ new title was not synonymous with retirement from union affairs was apparent by his active participation in the convention debates. This point was further underscored by President Kennedy who told the delegates: . . in my book, John L. Lewis will continue to be the boss of the United Mine Workers of America.” Industry Matters Of more than passing interest to the delegates were reports detailing the union’s efforts to strengthen the economic position of the coal indus try in meeting the challenge of competing fuels. In response to a call by Mr. Lewis for a “common voice for coal,” representatives for the coal pro ducers, mining equipment manufacturers, coal carrying railroads, and coal-burning utilities joined with the UMWA in 1959 to create the National Coal Policy Conference, Inc., for the primary pur pose of establishing a national fuels policy. Since that time, several bills have been introduced in Congress for a Joint Committee on a National Fuels Policy (1) to study present and future do https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JANUARY 1961 mestic fuel needs and resources and (2) to recom mend to the Congress proposals for an overall fuels policy, but so far no legislative action has been taken. Another longtime goal, however, was realized when on July 7, 1960, President Eisen hower signed a bill establishing an Office of Coal Research in the U.S. Department of the Interior, entrusted with the task of developing new and more efficient methods of mining and utilizing coal. Antedating these efforts, the delegates were re minded, was the union’s unprecedented action in the field of labor-management relations when it actively began to promote the sale of coal by form ing a Research and Marketing Department. The union’s entry into a field normally reserved for management has apparently met with industry approval, as evidenced by various cooperative efforts to strengthen coal’s competitive position. Other Business Resolutions. To alleviate the problem of unem ployment in mining areas, brought about by the increased use of machinery to raise productivity and by a drop in coal sales caused by inroads by other fuels, the convention approved a resolution urging Federal legislation to extend unemployment benefits for “as long as a man is out of work.” The union, while deploring the President’s refusal to sign “depressed area” bills passed by the 85th and the 86th Congress, was short on specific solu tions of its own. Its single resolution on this subject asked that “some plan be devised to help miners in distress areas.” A proposal for a UMWA-sponsored program to train unemployed miners for jobs in other industries was defeated; instead, the delegates approved a resolution offer ing to cooperate with Federal and State agencies in such an undertaking. Among other resolutions adopted by the con vention was one calling for a “Buy American” campaign and one advocating the “immediate repeal” of the Taft-Hartley Act. Proposals for a Federal workmen’s compensation law and for stricter Federal and State safety programs won strong endorsements. The question of reaffiliating with the AFL-CIO was settled, as at the previous convention in 1956, by leaving the ultimate deci sion in the hands of the International Executive Board. 31 DUES AND FEE-CHARGING ARRANGEMENTS OF LABOR UNIONS Collective Bargaining. Specific collective bargain ing demands were not formulated by the delegates. Instead, as in previous years, all contract resolu tions were referred to a national policy committee which was authorized to negotiate and ratify future contracts. The committee is made up of inter national officers, the executives from each district, and for the first time, rank-and-file members. The more than 1,300 bargaining proposals sub mitted by local unions included, among others, demands for a clarification of existing seniority systems, holidays with pay, increases in vacation payments, and liberalization of welfare and pension benefits. Dues and Fee-Charging Arrangements of Labor Unions o t e .— The following article was ex cerpted from A Report oj the Bureau of LaborManagement Reports, Fiscal Year 1960 (U.S. Department of Labor, 1960). Minor changes in the text and renumbering of tables were nec essary for editorial purposesi E d it o r ’s N T h e Labor-Management Reporting and Disclosure Act of 1959 relies heavily upon the principles of reporting and disclosure to eliminate abuses in the labor-management field. Section 201(a) of the 1959 act requires each labor organization subject to its provisions to adopt a constitution and bylaws and to file these documents and a report describing the union’s structure and procedures with the Sec retary of Labor. To carry out this purpose, the Sec retary prescribed the Labor Organization Informa tion Report FormLM-1. The act not only provides that reports shall be made public but also that the Secretary of Labor may use the information and data for statistical purposes and compile and pub lish such studies, analyses, reports, and surveys based thereon as he may deem appropriate. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Convention Speakers In addition to Secretary of Labor Mitchell, the delegates heard speeches by M. J. Ankeny, Di rector, Bureau of Mines, and two members of the UMWA now in public service: Lewis Evans, Secretary, Pennsylvania Department of Mines and Minerals; and Patrick Conroy, Labor Attaché, Canadian Embassy. Fraternal greetings cus tomarily sent by other labor organizations in the United States or abroad were not read to the delegates, nor were they noted in the proceedings of the convention. ,—H a r r y P. C o h a n y Division of Wages and Industrial Relations Because the Labor Organization Information Report was the only one for which reasonably complete returns could be expected by the end of fiscal year 1960, the Bureau of Labor-Management Reports, the agency created to administer the statute, decided to concentrate on these statistics in preparing its first annual report. Approaching this task so soon after the formation of the new Bureau was recognized to entail a formidable challenge. This stemmed from a number of con ditions. The report form was primarily designed to obtain the information required by the act rather than as a questionnaire to get statistics. The type of data which the report form required had not previously been explored on such a vast scale, and no firm guidelines of acceptability were available. There was no time to conduct pretests to sharpen definitions and instructions. In the large body of labor organizations covered by the act were many with meager, if any, experience in answering questionnaires; and many replies were ambiguous or irrelevant. Many of the clear and unambiguous reports may possibly contain inac curacies. With limited time and staff, the Bureau has been unable to verify all of the data in the reports themselves. Despite these limitations, the Bureau extracted from the reports filed between December 14, 1959, and June 30, 1960, some of 32 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JANUARY 1961 T a b l e 1. D u e s : D is t r ib u t io n o f R e p o r t in g L ocal U n io n s , b y t h e A m o u n t o f D u e s , J u n e 30, 1960 Amount of dues (per month) Number of local unions with a— Prevailing fee 1 Total.............................. ...... ........... 39,650 Less than $1.00_______ ________ $1.00 to $1.99__________________ $2.00 to $2.99__________________ $3.00 to $3.99............. ....................... $4.00 to $4.99__________________ $5.00 to $5.99........................ ........... $6.00 to $9.99........ ........... ............... $10.00 to $24.99............................ - $25.00 to $35.00________________ Amount not determinable 2_____ 847 891 1,940 4,277 11,004 9,157 5, 705 2,547 444 5 2,185 648 Maximum fee 8,997 1,266 2,019 1,713 1,941 972 335 483 63 4 201 1 Local unions which reported a prevailing figure for dues and a range of dues were tabulated only by the prevailing figure for dues. 2 Amount of dues has not been established or is based upon some variable, such as earnings, and no average or prevailing amount was reported. the data which could be summarized in statistics. The product of this work is presented in the accompanying tables, which present data on dues and fees that local labor organizations collect from their members. The source of these figures, which are preliminary, is the information entered in item 7a-d of the LM-1 report form, which relates to four types of fees and dues that are customarily collected: initiation fees, transfer fees, work per mit fees, and dues or similar periodic payments. For each of these types of payments, space was provided for three separate figures to be entered: the prevailing or going fee, if applicable; the mini mum fee; and the maximum fee. Some labor organizations make provision for collecting all three types of payments from different classes of members, such as apprentices and specific occu pational classifications. In many cases, the local labor organization is empowered to set its fees and dues between specified minimum and maximum limits, but in practice, it establishes a uniform amount which the entire membership pays. In other cases, local unions set either minimum or maximum fees which are collected. In the tables, prevailing dues and fees have been tabulated as reported, either as the sole entry or in conjunction with minimum and maximum fees. For unions which provided all three figures, the minimum and maximum fees were not tabulated in view of the availability of a representative pre vailing fee. For labor organizations which re ported no prevailing fee and only minimum and maximum fees, the latter fee was tabulated because the liability of the member was limited only by the maximum. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis The number of unions shown in each of the tables is an unduplicated count. The figures ap pearing in the prevailing fee column and those in the maximum fee column are mutually exclusive. It is not to be assumed that the unions setting their dues structures in terms of minimum and maximum fees necessarily collect higher payments than unions which have set prevailing fee require ments. Two types of payments, initiation fees and transfer fees, are single time payments. Dues are collected periodically, however, as are work permit fees in the instances where these are charged. Accordingly, in conjunction with the amounts of work permit fees and dues, the time interval was also requested by the report form. Most labor organizations collect fees and dues monthly. However, a small number of other or ganizations collect dues or fees weekly, biweekly, semimonthly, quarterly, semiannually, or annu ally. When the payments were for periods other than a month, they were converted to monthly equivalents so that the data could be presented in uniform monthly class intervals in more mean ingful terms. These conversions do have some limitations. Translating annual, semiannual, quarterly, or semimonthly dues and fees into monthly terms is relatively simple, but for other time periods (such as hourly, daily, or weekly) the conversion factors selected introduce some error in the monthly equivalents. Table 1 presents a summary of the amount of dues, grouped in class intervals, collected from members by local unions and the number of unions associated with each class. Of the 48,647 local unions reporting, about 6 percent could not be classified because they either failed to report fully or based their dues upon a variable which could not be translated into a specific dollars-and-cents amount. A typical case would be a local union which bases dues on a percentage of weekly earnings; another would be dues based on a period of time worked, such as an hour’s pay per week or month. Over 800 local unions reported that they col lected no periodic dues payments from their mem bers. In some of these cases, the local union supported itself by levying assessments from time to time as funds were needed for the operations of the union. In a large number of these cases, the local itself did not collect any dues and re- DUBS AND FEE-CHARGING ARRANGEMENTS OF LABOR UNIONS ported no dues payments because the dues were paid directly to an intermediate body, such as a joint board, which then remitted part of the pay ment to the local for local functions. In some of these cases, the locals reported the dues which were paid to the joint board; in other situations, they reported “none” under the heading of dues payments. In still other cases, the local was in process of dissolution and so did not collect dues, or the local consisted of older or inactive members who retained the local charter to protect rights un der welfare funds or for sentimental or strategic reasons. Finally, there are a number of situations in which it is doubtful that the reporting organi zation would even constitute a labor organization within the meaning of the act. Many peripheral organizations, to be on the safe side, filed reports which have not yet been culled from the files. Thus reports have been received from recrea tional, social, and other organizations composed of union members. The dues-paying arrangements between labor organizations and members vary greatly from one union to another. In some cases, dues are paid by members to the international union, which in turn remits a specified amount to the local unions. Dues-paying practices in the union field represent a subject for further research. In many of the LM-1 reports, there is some uncertainty as to the exact definitions of dues reported. The act states that every labor organization shall file a report containing information on “ the regular dues or fees or other periodic payments required to remain a member of the reporting labor organization.” In their reports, local unions variously interpreted this instruction. Some reported the full amounts they collected from their members, including such assessments as payments for union death benefits, health insurance plans, and payments into certain funds. Other local unions reported some of these categories only; still others were more selective and limited their payments to dues per se, even though the question called for reporting of not only regular dues or fees but other periodic payments as noted above. It should also be noted that some unions base their dues upon a percentage of earn ings. In unions which do this, there was no con sistent reporting pattern. Some of them reported that their dues were based upon a percentage of earnings, and these were put into the category of “not determinable.” Others took the percentage https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 33 figure and applied it to the earnings of their membership and entered this absolute figure in the dues column. For the most part, the figures en tered in the dues section of the report form were accepted even though their exact composition was not described. Of the 44,766 local unions which reported the collection of dues in determinable amounts, 35,970 specified that they have a single or prevailing rate, whereas 8,796 had no established single rate but did have a maximum. The amount of the pre vailing fee varied from less than $1 a month up ward. More unions collected dues of $3 to $3.99 a month than any other amount, with 11,000, or 30 percent, being represented. Of the unions which reported specific amounts of dues, more than half had a rate of less than $4 per month. The smallest dues class, less than $1, was the amount set by 2 percent of the unions; only a little over 1 percent collected dues of as much as $10 per month or over. With respect to 8,796 local unions which in lieu of prevailing dues fees reported a range of fees to apply, only the maximum fee is shown in table 1. More than half of these unions limited their maxT a b l e 2. I n it ia t io n F e e s : D is t r ib u t io n o f R e p o r t in g L ocal U n io n s , b y t h e A m o u n t o f I n it ia t io n F e e , J u n e 30, 1960 Amount of initiation fee Number of local unions with a— Prevailing fee1 Total . . No initiation fee required............... $1.00______ _____ _______ $1.01 to $1.99__________________ $2.00.............................................. $2.01 to $2.99............................... $3.00 to $3.99-.-.......................... $4.00 to $4.99......... ........................... $5.00............ ..................................... $5.01 to $9.99....................... ........... $10.00_________ _______ $10.01 to $14.99................................. $15.00______ ________ ____ $15.01 to $24.99________________ $25.00_______ ________________ $25.01 to $49.99................................. $50.00.............. ................................. $50.01 to $99.99............. ................... $100.00_______________________ $100.01 to $149.99.............................. $150.00_______________________ $150.01 to $199.99............................. $200.00........... ............. . .................. $200.01 to $249.99.............................. $250.00........... ................................... $250.01 to $500.00-............................ $500.01 to $1,400.00__________ ___ Amount not determinable2_____ 38,823 1,905 179 1,291 68 1,956 185 1,365 388 9,625 1,858 5,372 381 1,861 939 2,047 808 2,648 1,319 1,340 593 610 164 472 86 177 325 17 442 402 Maximum fee 9,824 14 152 101 285 66 435 84 1,464 408 1,974 716 870 657 802 495 451 298 158 75 37 14 9 7 14 58 11 169 1 Local unions which reported both a prevailing fee and range of fees were tabulated only by prevailing fee. 2 Amount of fee has not been established or is based upon some variable, such as earnings, and no average or prevailing fee was reported. 34 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JANUARY 1961 imum dues to less than $3 per month. The largest group of unions, almost a quarter of those setting a maximum fee, vary between specified maximum limits of $1 to $1.99. Almost 15 percent collected less than $1 per month, whereas only a little over 10 percent collected $5 or more. Table 2 presents data on initiation fees, showing the number of local unions with fees in each of several class intervals. Initiation fees represent payments required from persons seeking admission to a union. A number of local unions reported that they did not charge any initiation fee. This, of course, represented the true situation on a permanent basis in many of these unions, but it is also known that unions often suspend the initia tion fee requirement during organizing campaigns, and to the extent that the report from the union was made out during such a period, they may well have reported “none” in this circumstance, although ordinarily they would have an initiation fee. The ambiguities associated with the figures for initiation fees are thus similar to those men tioned in the discussion of dues. T a b l e 3. T r a n s f e r F e e s : D is t r i b u t i o n L oc al U n io n s , b y t h e A m o u n t o f T J u n e 30, 1960 Amount of transfer fee o f R e p o r t in g ra nsfer F e e , Number of local unions with a— Prevailing fee i Maximum fee Total...................................... .......... 47,872 775 Less than $1.00------------------------$1.00_________________________ $1.01 to $1.99__________________ $2.00_______________ — ........— $2.01 to $2.99__________________ $3.00 to $3.99__________________ $4.00 to $4.99__________________ $5.00_________________________ $5.01 to $9.99--............................. $10.00..................... ........................... $10.01 to $14.99________________ $15.00________________________ $15.01 to $24.99_-.............. .............. $25.00........... ..................................... $25.01 to $49.99________________ $50.00________________________ $50.01 to $99.99________________ $100.00_____________ _________ $100.01 to $149.99-______________ $150.00_______________________ $150.01 to $199.99_____ _____ _ $200.00_______________________ $200.01 to $249.99-_.............. ........... $250.00_______________________ $250.01 to $500.00 . -.......................... $500.01 to $1,400.00_____________ Amount not determinable 2_____ 39,312 '697 1,141 74 343 234 577 314 419 222 187 98 75 66 97 59 72 38 72 27 27 7 25 3 23 55 6 1,659 1,943 520 31 39 15 16 15 7 16 5 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 3 3 3 0 10 2 5 25 1 56 1 Local unions which reported both a prevailing fee and a range of fees were tabulated only by prevailing fee. 2 Amount of fee has not been established or is based upon some variable, such as earnings, and no average or prevailing fee was reported. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Some initiation fees are single-time payments; although some unions permit the amounts to be paid in installments, they are likely to be quite sizable. Of the 45,729 local unions which fur nished determinable amounts for initiation fees, 36,074 reported prevailing fees and 9,655 reported maximum fees. Of these local unions which reported a prevailing initiation fee, 22,287, or over three-fifths, collected $10 or less. More than a quarter of the reporting unions had $5 initiation fees. Slightly over 10 percent of the local unions with prevailing initia tion fees reported fees of $100 or more. Of the local unions which reported maximum limits for initiation fees, slightly over half set these amounts at $10 or less. Fewer than 10 percent of all local unions setting maximum limits set them at over $50. Table 3 presents data on the amounts of transfer fees collected by local unions. These fees, like initiation fees, typically represent single-time pay ments and are levied by some locals when a member transfers from one local to another in the same international. The charge is customarily made by the local into which the member transfers. Often the amount of the transfer fee is set as the difference between the initiation fee originally paid and that charged by the local union gaining the member. In some of the unions which re ported “none” as to the matter of transfer fees, this answer was given because no transfer fee was charged when both locals had the same initiation fee. The reports showed that only a small propor tion collect transfer fees. Out of a total of 48,647 local unions, less than 12 percent gave specific dollars-and-cents amounts for transfer fees they collected. Of this number, 4,958 local unions set prevailing amounts and 719 indicated maximum limits. An additional 7 to 8 percent either failed to respond to the inquiry or gave answers that could not be translated into a specific dollars-andcents amount. Among the local unions that reported prevailing amounts for transfer fees, more than half set them at less than $3, and 37 percent at $1 or less. About 5 percent of the local unions collecting transfer fees in prevailing amounts reported them to be $100 or more. Of the local unions that set transfer fees in terms of maximum dollars-and- DUES AND FEE-CHARGING ARRANGEMENTS OF LABOR UNIONS T a b l e 4. p o r t in g P e r m it W o r k P e r m it F e e s : D is t r ib u t io n o f R e L ocal U n io n s , b y t h e A m o u n t o f W ork F e e , J u n e 30, 1960 Amount of work permit fee (per month) Number of local unions with a— Prevailing fee1 Total...... ...................... ...... 48,112 No fee required__________ Less than $1.00..................... $1.00 to $1.99....................... $2.00 to $2.99....................... $3.00 to $3.99........................ $4.00 to $4.99...................... $5.00 to $5,99....................... $6.00 to $9.99_____ ______ $10.00 to $24.99_____ _____ $25.00 to $49.99 .................. $50.00 to $147.75 _________ Amount not determinable2 Amount not reported_____ 42,173 148 305 650 827 763 668 447 247 136 104 490 1,154 Maximum fee 535 26 76 104 118 71 49 55 26 6 3 1 1 Local unions which reported a prevailing fee and a range of fees were tabulated only by the prevailing fee. 2 Amount of fee has not been established or is based upon some variable, such as earnings, and no average or prevailing fee was reported. cents limits, more than 75 percent reported the figure to be $1 or less. Table 4 shows the responses of local unions to the inquiry about fees required for work permits. As a rule, work permits are used when demands are made on unions to expand the supply of workers during periods of temporary shortage. The union grants permits to non members to work at jobs normally filled by union workers and it charges in return a work permit fee. It is also customary in some unions to charge a permit fee to a member of another local of the same international pending completion of arrangements for the transfer of his membership to the charging local, as well as to charge permit fees to members of other locals who wish to work temporarily in the jurisdiction of the charging local but who do not wish to transfer their mem bership. Some unions apply these charges https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 35 toward payment of the initiation fee, so that, if the job is of sufficient duration to permit the initiation fee to be paid in full, the worker is admitted to union membership. In the situations where the permit fee is a method of collecting the initiation fee on install ments, there was no consistent method of reporting by the unions. Some of the unions which followed this system reported only the permit payments; others made no reference to the permit payments and simply listed the total initiation fee under the initiation fee designation; and in still other cases, entries were made under both headings, so that there is a possibility of duplication in these instances. Work permit fees, like dues, are customarily collected on a periodic basis. About 11 percent of the reporting local unions had a practice of levying work permit charges. Of those unions which charged specific dollar amounts, 4,295 reported prevailing fees, and 534 reported maximum fees. Almost 63 percent of the local unions reporting prevailing fees charged less than $5 a month, and less than 12 percent charged $10 or more. Of the local unions which set maximum fee limits for work permit fees, about 60 percent reported that they amounted to less than $4 per month. Only 7 percent of the locals reported their maximum work permit fees to be $10 or more per month. In considering these statistical tables and the foregoing discussion, it must be emphasized that all the statistics are preliminary. The statistics are based upon information in reports filed by labor organizations, many of which are inex perienced in this type of reporting. The statistics will be further refined and clarified as the Bureau acquires more experience under the reporting requirements of the act. 36 Earnings in the Banking Industry, Mid-1960 A verage straight-time weekly earnings of women employed as experienced commercial and/or sav ings tellers in the banking industry ranged from $62 in Providence to $84.50 in New York City among the 27 areas studied by the Bureau of Labor Statistics in mid-1960.1 Averages for men in the same occupation with the same minimum experience (5 or more years) ranged from $76 in Miami and Providence to $101 in Milwaukee. In this occupation, as in other nonsupervisory office occupations selected for study, there was a considerable spread in individual earnings within each labor market area. For example, in many occupations studied, some employees in areas with the lowest level of earnings (as measured by the average for all employees in the occupation) earned more thar some employees in the same occupation in the area with the highest average weekly earnings. Bank employees in each area studied typically received paid holidays, paid vacations, and various forms of insurance benefits. A majority in 22 areas were employed in establishments with 40hour workweek schedules; in the five areas of the Northeast, shorter schedules were the rule. Industry Characteristics Total banking employment in mid-1960 among the 27 labor markets selected for study ranged from slightly more than 2,000 in Memphis to 72,000 in New York City. Fewer than 5,000 employees were found in 15 areas; 5 areas had from 5,000 to 10,000; and 7 areas had over 10,000 working in the industry. New York City, the leading banking center, accounted for slightly more than one-fourth of the 272,000 employees within the scope of the 27-area survey. Almost 70 percent of the survey employment was con centrated in seven areas (New York City, Los Angeles-Long Beach, Chicago, San FranciscoOakland, Boston, Philadelphia, and Detroit). Nonsupervisory office employees, the group from which occupations were selected for study, con stituted almost four-fifths of the total employment of banks within the scope of the survey. Women https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JANUARY 1961 represented from three-fifths to four-fifths of the office workers in each area except New York City, where 45 percent were men. Formally established rate structures providing for a range of rates for each job category were reported by banks employing a majority of em ployees in all areas except Kansas City, Provi dence, and eight of the nine southern areas (ex cluding Dallas). In nearly all the exceptions, salaries were determined primarily by the qualifi cations of the individual employees. Labor-management contracts covering wages and working conditions of nonsupervisory office employees were reported by banks in only 3 of the 27 areas.2 Approximately three-fifths of the employees in Milwaukee, a third in Seattle, and nearly a sixth in the Newark and Jersey City area were in banks having contracts covering a majority of their employees. Although banks may perform such allied services as the rental, operation, and maintenance of build ings, stock brokerage and travel services, or in surance operations, the proportion of the work force in mid-1960 engaged full time in such activi ties amounted to less than 5 percent in nearly all areas. Occupational Earnings Average weekly earnings of employees in the occupations listed in table 1 were generally highest in New York City, Chicago, Los AngelesLong Beach, and San Francisco-Oakland, and lowest in Providence, St. Louis, and the areas of the South (except Houston and Washington, D.C.). In practically all areas, the largest number of tellers were employed as commercial and/or savings tellers, who service customers’ checking and sav1 Average weekly earnings, as used in this report, are based on hours for which employees receive their regular straight-time salaries. The survey covered commercial and stock savings banks and mutual savings banks (industry groups 602 and 603 as defined in the 1957 edition of the Standard Industrial Classification Manual prepared by the Bureau of the Budget). Banks having fewer than 20 employees in the labor market area at the time the survey lists were compiled were excluded. Detailed reports for each area studied and the job descriptions used in clas sifying workers in the selected occupations are available upon request. For the areas covered and the payroll periods concerned, see footnote 2, table 1. A more comprehensive account of this survey is presented in forthcoming BLS Report 179, Wage Structure: Banking Industry, Mid-1960. 2 All nonsupervisory office employees were considered to be covered by an agreement if the terms of one or more agreements applied to a majority in the establishment. Similarly, if fewer than half of the employees were covered by an agreement, that establishment and all of its employees were classified as not being covered. 37 EARNINGS IN THE BANKING INDUSTRY varied among areas for which averages for both occupations were available. Like tellers, proof-machine operators, who sort checks, debits, credits, and other items by machine, and transit clerks, who process checks for return to banks on which they were drawn, are in occu pations particularly identified with banking and other financial institutions. Lower requirements of training and responsibility for these occupa tions, as compared with tellers, are reflected in their salaries. Average weekly earnings for women proof-machine operators ranged from $48 in Provi dence to $69 in New York City. The lowest area average for men proof-machine operators was $49 in St. Louis; the highest, $72.50 in New York City. In most areas for which averages were available, earnings of women transit clerks were below the average for women proof-machine operators. Women working as routine (class B) bookkeep ing-machine operators, numerically the most im portant occupation surveyed, had average weekly earnings ranging from $49 in Providence to $65 in Chicago and New York City. Secretaries, ings accounts. Average weekly salaries for women employed in this occupation with less than 5 years of service with their present employer ranged from $49.50 in Providence to $71. 50 in Detroit. Aver ages for men similarly employed were from $59 in Atlanta to $80 in Chicago. Note tellers, who perform operations required for collection of exchange charges and payments on notes, drafts, rents, and contracts for deeds, had higher average weekly earnings than com mercial and/or savings tellers in most areas. Aver age weekly earnings for men note tellers with 5 or more years of service, generally the highest paid occupation studied, ranged from $75.50 in Provi dence to $106 in Chicago. Area averages for women in the same occupation ranged from $66 in Providence to $89.50 in Washington, D.C. In a majority of the areas where comparisons could be made, average weekly earnings of all around tellers, whose duties are a combination of those performed by the other two teller classifica tions, were exceeded by the averages for note tellers. The relative earnings position of com mercial and/or savings tellers and all-round tellers T a b l e 1. A v e r a g e W e e k l y E a r n in g s 1 f o r E m p l o y e e s in S e l e c t e d N o n s u p e r v is o r y O f f ic e O c c u p a t io n s B a n k in g E s t a b l is h m e n t s , 27 A r e a s , M id -19602 South Northeast Occupation and sex Boston Newark New and York Jersey City City in Phila P ro v i At delphia dence lanta Balti Dallas Hous Louis Mem Miami New Orleans ton more ville phis Wash ington M en Proof-machine operators_____________ Tabulating-machine operators, class B_. Tabulating-machine operators, class C .. Tellers, all-round: Under 5 years' service___________ 5 or more years’ service__________ Tellers, note: Under 5 years’ service...................... 5 or more years’ service__________ Tellers, commercial and/or savings: Under 5 years’ service........ ............... 5 or more years’ service__________ Transit clerks------------------- ------------- $59.00 $59. 50 $72. 50 73 .50 70 50 83 00 57 50 69l 00 on 50 7 Q no 08 00 $56.00 $55. 50 $54.50 $59.00 $50.00 74 50 72.00 63.00 70.50 55.00 59. 50 80 no Q8 50 80 50 q2 50 01 50 71.50 Q9> 50 5 4 on 68.00 Q4 50 ,50 on 70. 50 03 00 07 00 67.00 90. 50 60.00 76.00 61. 50 56. 50 07 SO 54'. 00 68.00 59. 00 71. 50 65. 00 00 50 62.00 60. 50 53.00 04 on 52. 50 49.00 77 on 00 on 75 50 $63.00 68.00 $68. 50 $60. 50 89.50 75.00 55. 50 08 50 75.00 05 50 68.00 $70. 00 72 50 81.00 70. 50 98.00 79. 50 83. 50 89.00 98.50 91.00 $100. 50 95.50 59.00 62. 50 81.00 66.50 88. 50 55.50 78. 50 88.50 67.00 85. 50 67.00 76. 00 71.00 88. 00 67.00 87.50 64.00 55.00 74. 00 49.00 01 50 67.00 51.50 60. 50 53. 50 54. 50 47.50 48. 50 53 50 58.00 49. 50 52. 50 70. 00 77. 50 56. 50 68. 00 57.50 60.00 62.00 58. 50 62.50 $64.00 50. 50 50.00 54.00 53. 50 49.00 66. 00 62. 00 83. 00 67. 50 65.00 45. 50 57.00 53.00 56.00 48.00 75.00 58. 50 68. 50 54. 50 71.50 66.00 73.00 55. 50 67.00 64.00 70.00 69. 50 79.50 59. 00 69.00 71.00 80. 50 57.50 64.00 58. 50 49.00 74.00 60. 00 48.50 W om en Bookkeeping-machine operators, class A. Bookkeeping-machine operators, class B. Clerks, file, class A ................................... Clerks, file, class B _________________ Keypunch operators________________ Proof-machine operators_____________ Secretaries................................................. Stenographers, general............................. Switchboard operators______________ Tellers, all-round: Under 5 years’ service___________ 5 or more years’ service__________ Tellers, note: Under 5 years’ service___________ 5 or more years’ service__________ Tellers, commercial and/or savings: Under 5 years' service....................— 5 or more years’ service__________ Transit clerks-......................................... Typists, class A.................- ..................... Typists, class B ____________________ See footnotes a t end of table. 578187— 61 .... 4 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 59.00 77.50 64. 50 61.50 50.50 58.00 84. 50 65. 50 63. 50 56.50 75 5 69.00 91.00 71.00 71.00 55.00 76.00 63.00 62.00 48. 00 48.00 69.00 57.00 57.50 79 0 0 60. 50 72.50 54 00 63 ^0 5&50 65. 50 76.00 55.00 76.00 61. 50 59. 50 60 50 70.00 n fiQ 00 55.00 75 00 80 on 69.00 84. 50 50 50 00 50 62. 50 75 50 54 00 00 00 67.00 70 50 63.00 78. 50 49. 50 62.00 53.00 52.66 58. 50 69. 50 50. 00 57 50 52. 66 52. 50 53. 50 64.00 49. 00 57.00 51.00 50.00 69.00 55. 50 52.50 47.50 54.00 55. 50 75.00 71.00 57.50 60.00 79.50 65. 50 65.00 62. 50 70. 50 57.00 71. 50 69.00 89. 50 57.50 67.00 46.00 61. 50 73.00 52. 00 62. 00 71.50 50. 00 46.00 50. 50 66.00 78.50 62.00 68. 50 58.50 48.00 55.00 50.00 70.00 54.00 59.00 55. 50 73.00 60.50 56.50 57.00 65. 50 38 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JANUARY 1961 T a b l e 1. A v e r a g e W e e k l y E a r n i n g s 1 f o r E m p l o y e e s i n S e l e c t e d N o n s u p e r v i s o r y O f f i c e O c c u p a t io n s ___________________________ B a n k in g E s t a b l i s h m e n t s , 27 A r e a s , M id- 19602—Continued North Central Occupation and sex Chicago Cincin Detroit nati Indian apolis in West K ansas M inne Los Mil apolisCity, St. Denver AngelesMo. waukee St. Louis Long Paul Beach Port land San Fran- Seattle ciscoOakland M en $66.00 89.00 $75. 50 $71.00 $54.00 77.00 C G CT: Proof-machine operators____________ Tabulating-machine operators, class B. Tabulating-machine operators, class C. Tellers, all-round: Under 5 years’ service__________ 5 or more years’ service_________ Tellers, note: Under 5 years’ service__________ 5 or more years’ service................... Tellers, commercial and/or savings: Under 5 years’ service__________ 5 or more years' service_________ Transit clerks____________________ $83.00 90.50 95. 50 64. 50 89. 50 106.00 $98. 00 78. 50 80.00 97.50 67.00 72.50 85.50 73.00 67.50 67.00 63.00 71.00 64.00 58.00 68.00 56.00 59.00 55.00 56.50 56. 50 54.00 57.00 61.00 52.50 57.00 65.00 62.50 85.00 72.00 66.50 49.50 61.00 54.50 78.00 66.00 57.00 49. 50 57.50 56.00 88. 50 63. 50 59.00 50.00 54.00 52. 50 80.00 61. 50 59.00 51.50 58. 00 47.00 53.00 52.00 72. 00 59. 50 58. 50 51. 50 58 00 58.00 81. 50 71.00 60. 50 58 50 75 00 66.00 91.00 76.50 69.00 59.00 73.00 62. 50 72.00 81.00 68.00 61.00 68.00 63. 50 76. 50 63.50 79.50 65.00 74.00 62. 50 73.00 63 00 80.50 77 00 85! 50 60. 50 71.50 48. 50 62.00 53. 50 63. 50 78.00 60. 50 71.00 51.00 58.00 67. 50 48.00 54.00 48. 50 67.00 72. 50 52.00 70.00 82.00 81 00 71 00 62.00 $78.00 90.00 70. 50 $80 50 78! 50 $82.00 90 50 $76. 50 91.00 74. 50 89.00 94. 50 103. 50 88. 50 99. 00 80.00 95.50 91 00 101.00 82 50 94 00 67.00 81. 50 75. 50 84. 50 52.50 74.00 101.00 65.50 94.00 68. 50 85.00 53.00 92. 50 72.00 92.00 $97.00 94 00 $85.00 74.00 95.50 W om en Bookkeeping-machine operators, class A ................................................................................................... Bookkeeping-machine operators, class B ____________ ____ ____________ Clerks, file, class A _____________________________ Clerks, file, class B.................................. Keypunch operators................................ Proof-machine operators____________ Secretaries................................................ Stenographers, general______________ Switchboard operators-......................... Tellers, all-round: Under 5 years' service___________ 5 or more years' service__________ Tellers, note: Under 5 years' service___________ 5 or more years’ service__________ Tellers, commercial and/or savings: Under 5 years' service___________ 5 or more years’ service__________ Transit clerks........................................... Typists, class A .................................... Typists, class B ____ ______ ________ 79. 50 65.00 71. 50 60. 50 68.00 63.00 87.50 74.00 69.00 56.00 83. 50 61. 50 64.00 76.50 92.00 78.50 82.50 68.00 76.00 64. 50 77.00 68.00 79.00 67.00 71.50 66. 00 61.00 75. 50 71. 50 84.00 56. 50 73.00 59. 50 55. 00 56. 00 53.00 66.00 58.50 68.00 1 Average weekly earnings are based on hours for which employees receive their regular straight-time pay. * Dat a relate to May 1960 in Baltimore, Cincinnati, Dallas, Denver, Kansas City, Louisville, Memphis, Miami, Newark and Jersey City, New Orleans, Philadelphia, Portland, St. Louis, San Francisco-Oaklarid, Seattle, and Washington; June 1960 in Atlanta, Boston, Chicago, Detroit, Houston, Indianapolis, Los Angeles-Long Beach, Minneapolis-St. Paul, New York City, and Providence; and July 1960 In Milwaukee. The areas are the Stand earning from $69 a week in Louisville and Provi dence to $91 in Los Angeles-Long Beach and New York City, usually had the highest occupa tional averages for women. Routine (class B) file clerks, generally the lowest paid in each area, averaged from $45.50 per week in Louisville to $62 in New York City. Reflecting at least in part the predominant use of formalized wage structures with a range of rates, individual salaries of employees varied con siderably within the same occupational classifica tion and labor market area. As illustrated in the following tabulation of earnings of women book keeping-machine operators (class B) in five selected areas, the variation in individual salaries was suf ficiently great that the salaries of some employees in areas with comparatively low average salaries exceeded those of some employees in areas with markedly higher averages. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 55.50 52.00 54.00 57.50 £r7 pp 59. 50 62. 50 59.00 01 00 70 50 65! 50 85. 50 76. 50 70.00 58.50 84. 50 72.00 67.00 80. 50 71 50 85.00 67 ^0 78.00 74. 50 69. 00 80.00 64.00 75.50 61.00 60. 50 86.00 67.00 61.50 00 50 73. 50 73 50 66! 00 59.5 ard Metropolitan Statistical Areas except Chicago (Cook County), Newark and Jersey City (Essex, Hudson, Morris, and Union Counties), New York City (the 5 boroughs), and Philadelphia (Philadelphia and Delaware Coun ties, Pa., and Camden County, N.J.). N o t e : Dashes indicate no data reported or data that do not meet publica tion criteria. Number of women bookkeeping-machine operators (class B ) earning specified salaries in — Provi dence Under $45.00.................. $45.00 and under $50.00- . $50.00 and under $55.00-. $55.00 and under $60.00. _ $60.00 and under $65.00. . $65.00 and under $70.00.. $70.00 and under $75.00. . $75.00 or more.................. Total number of workers. Average weekly salaries.. Atlanta Detroit San FranciscoOakland New York City 42 83 48 28 2 6 67 63 65 40 14 5 3 15 35 168 154 220 95 23 3 8 121 252 447 229 93 46 185 410 971 712 337 237 203 $49.00 263 $55.00 713 $59.00 1,196 $62.50 2,852 $65.00 ____ ____ Establishment Practices Data were also obtained on work schedules and selected supplementary benefits, including paid holidays and vacations and health, insurance, and pension plans for nonsupervisory office employees (table 2). 39 EARNINGS IN THE BANKING INDUSTRY prevailing pattern, some employees were in banks scheduling less than 40 hours. Scheduled Weekly Hours. A majority of the employees in all areas, except those in the five Northeast areas, were in banks with 40-hour work week schedules. Approximately three-fifths of the employees in Boston, about seven-tenths in Philadelphia, and approximately nine-tenths of the employees in the other three Northeast areas were in banks scheduling workweeks of 37% hours or less. About three-fifths of the employees in New York City and two-fifths in Newark and Jersey City were in banks scheduling 35 hours. None of the establishments in the 27 areas had work schedules of more than 40 hours. In 18 of the 22 areas where 40-hour workweeks were the T able 2. Paid Holidays. Prevailing holiday practices ranged from 5 days annually in Atlanta and Memphis to 12 days in the Newark and Jersey City area and Philadelphia. Almost all of the employees in New York City and Providence and over half of those in Chicago and Boston were in banks granting 11 paid holidays. In Baltimore, 10 paid holidays were commonly provided, and all Detroit banks gave their employees 9 paid holidays. Employers in Western areas typically gave 7 or 8 paid holidays, which was P ercent o f N o n s u p e r v i s o r y O f f i c e E m p l o y e e s i n B a n k in g E s t a b l is h m e n t s f o r S e l e c t e d S u p p l e m e n t a r y W a g e B e n e f i t s ,1 27 A r e a s , Mid -1960 Region and city it h F 4 2 3 11 5 9 7 weeks weeks weeks or days or or after after after T otal 6 or 8 10 T o ta l8 25 1 15 days days days more years year years of of of service service service Acci dental death Life and d is member ment P r o v i s io n s ormal Health, insurance, and pension plans Paid full-day holidays Paid vacations 2 W * Sick Retire Sick leave (full Hospi Sur Medi C atas ment ness cal trophe pen and pay, no taliza gical sion acci waiting tion dent period) N ortheast Boston Newark and Jersey City Now York Oitv Philadelphia Providp.npp 100 77 96 69 100 100 100 100 100 100 98 100 100 100 92 80 100 50 93 52 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 98 100 98 100 100 55 100 100 97 91 85 22 29 17 18 43 6 93 91 7 13 23 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 79 94 90 68 88 100 13 93 26 3 58 81 3 74 94 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 99 100 79 18 8 100 100 100 37 63 100 25 10 97 97 73 73 98 100 100 100 97 57 34 23 56 8 5 5 75 72 36 43 94 100 61 100 89 89 60 100 42 51 45 100 43 57 51 3 100 100 100 97 100 92 99 100 97 100 100 100 98 100 100 100 94 51 22 21 56 29 55 63 82 48 2 6 2 38 51 47 48 64 54 69 42 100 100 63 100 94 100 48 69 51 100 100 60 100 94 100 48 67 6 43 72 31 66 77 83 12 95 45 9 47 80 100 64 93 26 91 98 68 71 97 91 62 45 75 92 100 100 100 88 92 27 77 23 34 53 10 37 25 77 95 29 53 78 69 97 100 43 100 71 3 97 100 43 97 57 3 97 100 37 97 50 23 85 55 8 87 77 100 95 95 64 85 100 97 97 81 38 8 28 6 39 97 65 97 80 97 80 68 43 97 72 S outh Atlanta Baltimore Dallas Houston TiOnisvillA M em phis M iami. _ ________ Now Orlp.ans Washington........... . 17 36 100 96 90 3 100 100 100 9 2 6 82 26 100 7 69 100 20 2 5 15 2 2 10 5 N orth C entral (ThiVavn Cincinnati Detroit Indianapolis Kansas C ity, Mo M ilwaukee Minneapolis-St. Paul fit. Louis 100 61 100 85 15 7 6 11 W est Denver Los Angeles-Long Beaeh Portland San FranciscoOakland Seattle___________ 100 100 57 30 100 100 92 36 43 30 76 76 76 40 91 100 100 100 100 95 88 100 100 98 94 4 10 2 45 49 51 100 100 100 100 92 100 71 4 100 100 95 88 100 100 100 100 99 94 29 58 100 100 100 100 99 100 45 65 46 8 53 67 100 100 100 100 96 100 92 74 96 78 1 If formal provisions for supplementary benefits in an establishment were applicable to half or more of the workers, the benefits were considered ap plicable to all workers. Because of length-of-service and other eligibility requirements, the proportion of workers currently receiving the benefits may be smaller than estimated. 2 Periods of service were arbitrarily chosen and do not necessarily reflect the individual provisions for progression. For example, the changes in proportions indicated at 25 years may include changes in provisions occurring between 15 and 25 years. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 8 Includes provisions in addition to those shown separately. 4 Includes only those plans for which at least a part of the cost is borne by the employer and excludes legally required plans such as workmen’s compensation and social security. N ote: Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not neces sarily equal totals. 40 also the policy applying to most employees in Louisville, Washington, D.C., Kansas City, and St. Louis. In the remaining eight areas, most employees were in establishments granting 6 paid holidays. New Year’s Day, Fourth of July, Labor Day, Thanksgiving Day, and Christmas were uni versally observed by banks in all areas. Memo rial Day was commonly observed except in five southern areas. Washington’s Birthday was in cluded as a paid holiday by banks having a majority of the employees in 15 areas; Veterans’ Day in 12 areas; and Columbus Day in 7 areas, principally in the Northeast region. Other holi days commonly reported in a limited number of areas were Lincoln’s Birthday, Good Friday (often one-half day), and Election Day. Also, in a few areas, the majority of bank employees received pay for holidays of local importance, such as Admission Day in Los Angeles-Long Beach and San Francisco-Oakland, San Jacinto Day in Dallas and Houston, and Mardi gras in New Orleans. Paid Vacations. Provisions for paid vacations after qualifying periods of service were universal in all areas. One or more weeks were commonly given in all but 5 areas after 6 months of service, and vacation pay amounting to 2 weeks’ regular salary after 1 year was provided by banks with the majority of the workers in all 27 areas. Threeweek paid vacations were commonly provided to employees with 10 years of service in 9 areas, and to those with 15 years of service in 20 areas. A majority of the employees in nine areas were in https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JANUARY 1961 banks providing 4 weeks’ vacation pay after 25 years. Health, Insurance, and Pension Plans. Practi cally all employees in all areas were in establish ments providing all or part of the cost of some type of health or insurance plan. Life insurance, hospitalization, surgical, medical, and catastrophe plans were available to a majority of bank em ployees in most areas. The proportion of employees in banks providing paid sick leave ranged from a tenth or less in 5 areas to more than half in 11 areas. In nearly all instances, these plans provided full pay (for a specified period of time) with no waiting period. Provisions for retirement pensions other than benefits available under Federal Old-Age, Sur vivors, and Disability Insurance were common in all areas. Only in New Orleans were less than half of the nonsupervisory office employees found in establishments providing retirement plans. Three-fourths or more of the employees in 21 areas were in banks with provisions for retirement pensions. Nonproduction Bonuses. A majority of the em ployees in 21 areas and at least two-fifths in 3 areas (Boston, Chicago, and Atlanta) were in establishments paying nonproduction bonuses. Christmas or yearend bonuses were most com monly given in virtually all areas, except New York City and Indianapolis, where profit-sharing bonuses were more prevalent. — H arry F. Z eman Division of Wages and Industrial Relations EARNINGS IN THE FLUID MILK INDUSTRY Earnings in the Fluid Milk Industry, April-June 1960 R etail routemen on regular routes of establish ments in the fluid milk industry averaged more than $100 a week in all but a few of the 27 areas included in a survey conducted by the Bureau of Labor Statistics during the spring of I960.1 Weekly earnings of these workers, usually de termined on the basis of sales commissions, ranged from $93 in Dallas to $135.50 in Minneapolis-St. Paul. Routemen assigned to regular wholesale routes averaged more than $100 a week in all the areas studied and $150 or more a week in eight. Automotive mechanics, filling-machine tenders, garage attendants, pasteurizers, refrigerator men, and stationary engineers are among the selected plant occupations for which separate earnings in formation was collected. In the majority of the areas studied, highest averages were recorded for stationary engineers and lowest for garage at tendants. The study also provides information on hours of work and selected establishment practices—including paid vacations, paid holidays, and health, insurance, and pension plans—for routemen and plant workers.2 Industry Characteristics Somewhat more than 200,000 workers are em ployed in the Nation’s fluid milk industry, and approximately three-tenths of them are employed in the areas covered by the Bureau’s study. Commonly referred to as dairies, fluid milk estab lishments are engaged in processing (pasteurizing, homogenizing, vitaminizing, and bottling) and distributing fluid milk and cream and related products. Routemen (driver-salesmen) accounted for ap proximately two-fifths of the combined work force of establishments covered by the 27-area survey; plant workers represented another twofifths, while office clerical employees and execu tive, administrative, and supervisory personnel accounted for the remainder. These labor force relationships varied among individual establish ments, however, depending upon the method of product distribution. Although the majority https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 41 of the workers in each area were employed by establishments distributing primarily through retail and wholesale routemen, distribution through company-owned stores was reported as the predominant method by at least one dairy in each of 12 areas, while sale of the product to in dependent venders was predominant in at least one establishment in each of 6 areas. In 13 areas, where the major method of distribution in all establishments studied was by retail and wholesale routemen, such workers represented from about a third to slightly more than half of the work force. In Detroit, on the other hand, where approximately a third of the workers were employed in dairies where the predominant method of distribution was through company-owned out lets or to venders, routemen accounted for slightly less than a fourth of total employment. Men dominate the work force of the industry, accounting for all the routemen and 97 percent of the plant (inside) workers in the 27 areas. Incentive methods of wage payment were not common for plant workers in any of the areas studied. However, routemen typically were paid on a commission basis—generally a guaranteed salary plus a stipulated percentage of dollar sales or collections. In most areas, regular routemen’s pay usually included commissions for sales made on the days when swing or relief men operated the routes, as well as commissions for their own sales. Uniforms were furnished and cleaned for a majority of the plant workers in establishments employing about two-thirds of these workers in the 27 areas. An additional one-sixth were em ployed in plants which cleaned but did not furnish uniforms for a majority of their plant workers. Establishments which furnished and cleaned the uniforms for a majority of their routemen ac counted for about one-sixth of such workers ; those which cleaned but did not furnish the uni1 A more comprehensive account of this survey is presented in forthcoming BLS Report 174, Wage Structure: Fluid Milk Industry, April-June 1960. The survey covered establishments primarily engaged in processing and dis tributing fluid milk and cream and related products (Industry 2026 as defined in the 1957 edition of the Standard Industrial Classification Manual, prepared by the Bureau of the Budget) and employing 20 or more workers at the time of reference of the universe data. Detailed reports were issued previously for each area studied and are available upon request. For the areas covered and the payroll periods concerned, see table 1. 2 The term “plant workers” as used in this study includes all nonsupervisory workers except routemen and olfice clerical employees. MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JANUARY 1961 42 forms employed another sixth, and establishments which furnished hut did not clean the uniforms accounted for about an eighth. Establishments with collective bargaining agree ments covering a majority of their plant workers accounted for nine-tenths or more of these workers in 18 of the 27 areas studied. Among the remain ing areas, the proportion of workers covered by union agreements amounted to four-fifths in Bal timore, from a half to two-thirds in Houston, Louisville, and Memphis, and less than half in Atlanta, Boston, Dallas, Miami, and Indianapolis. The proportions of routemen covered by contract provisions were generally similar to those of plant workers in each of the areas. Occupational Earnings Workers in the occupations listed in table 1 accounted for nearly half of the combined plantworker employment in the areas studied in AprilT a b l e 1. June 1960. For most of the occupations studied, area average earnings were highest in Chicago. High occupational averages were also frequently reported in the San Francisco-Oakland and Minneapolis-St. Paul areas. Among the occupational groups, stationary engineers generally had the highest average hourly earnings, ranging from $1.82 in Indianapolis and $1.83 in Atlanta to $3.69 in New York City. Earnings of these workers averaged less than $2 an hour in 4 areas and more than $3 in 11 areas. For each of the other plant occupations studied, areawide average earnings also varied by as much as $1 an hour. Garage attendants in a majority of the areas were the lowest paid of the occupations for which data are presented. Their average hourly earnings ranged from $1.05 in Dallas to $2.90 in Chicago. Filling-machine tenders were numerically the most important of the plant occupations studied. Area average earnings for men in this occupation A v e r a g e S t r a ig h t - T im e H o u r l y E a r n i n g s 1 o f M e n i n S e l e c t e d P l a n t O c c u p a t io n s E s t a b l is h m e n t s i n 27 S e l e c t e d A r e a s ,2 A p r i l - J u n e 1960 Engineers, stationary Fillingmachine tenders Garage attend ants Mechanics, automotive (mainte nance) April May April April June April $2. 59 2.67 3.46 3.69 2. 58 3.20 $2.14 2.41 2.60 2. 60 2.29 2.47 $2.05 2.33 2. 58 2. 54 2.17 2.35 $2.46 2.59 2.79 2.78 2. 58 2.79 April April June June Louisville April Memphis May M ia m i.______________ May W ashington____________ May 1.83 2. 51 1.84 2.23 2.10 1.88 1.95 1.42 1.83 2.00 1.81 1.84 2.19 1.34 1.73 1.05 1.45 1.87 1.96 2.52 1.72 1.67 2.05 1.97 2.57 2.90 2.62 2.20 2.57 1.56 2.81 2.45 3.17 2.77 2.78 2.95 1.96 2.55 2.93 3.03 2.81 Area 2 Payroll period Order fillers in F l u id M il k Pasteurizers Refrig erator men Sanitary men $2.29 2.43 2.74 2.84 2.38 2. 50 $2.14 2.37 2.60 2.60 2.24 2.49 $2.07 2.32 2.60 2. 61 2.26 2.42 $2.23 2.41 2.85 2.83 2. 58 2.59 $2.02 2.42 2.60 2.60 2.20 2.31 1.98 2.20 1.60 1.87 1.96 1.81 1.74 2.45 1.32 2.00 1.20 1.61 2.00 1.61 1.69 2.21 1.54 1.89 1.22 1.64 1.82 1.60 1.68 1.72 2.05 1.54 1.72 1.88 1.30 1.64 1.85 1.45 1.70 2.13 1.62 2.13 1.55 2.11 3.03 2.60 2.63 2.72 2.07 2.52 2.57 2.86 2.68 2.96 2. 57 2. 56 2.63 1.73 2.31 2. 51 2.82 2.66 2.86 2.59 2.47 2.63 1.71 2.37 3.01 2.86 2. 55 2.72 1.68 2.35 2.62 2.86 2. 57 2.52 2.60 1.83 2.29 2.52 2.85 2. 59 2.86 2.57 2. 55 2.61 1.93 2.35 2.09 2.60 3.16 2.04 2.61 2. 67 2. 76 2.86 1,297 651 299 Truckdrivers Washers, Washers, can, bottle, machine machine N ortheast Boston _ Buffalo _____________ Newark and Jersey C ity New York City________ Philadelphia _________ Pittsburgh___ _________ South A tla n ta _______________ Baltimore_____________ Dallas _____________ Houston _____________ 1.96 3.10 $2.26 2.60 2.60 2.46 2.06 1.46 1.72 1.99 1.72 2.28 $2.40 2.59 2.60 2.23 2.25 N orth C entral Chicago_______________ Cincinnati________-____ Cleveland_____________ Detroit________________ Indianapolis___________ Kansas C i t y __________ Milwaukee Minneapolis fit. Paul fit. Louis __ __________ W est Denver Los Angeles-Long Beach.. Portland San Francisco-Oakland... Total number of workers_________ 3. 54 2.96 3.08 1.82 2.86 2.90 3.08 3.05 3.00 2.57 2. 55 2.64 1.92 2.33 2. 51 2.81 2.62 May June June M ay 2.63 3.18 3.04 3.07 2.17 2. 67 2. 71 2.87 2.48 2. 48 2.38 2.47 3.07 2.80 3.06 2.79 2.70 2.93 2.23 2.78 2.76 3.02 2.15 2.62 2.90 2.12 2.62 2.68 2.89 720 2,084 584 1,413 1,200 921 1,722 1,414 1 Excludes premium pay for overtime and for work on weekends, holidays, and late shifts. s Standard Metropolitan Statistical Areas as defined by the U.S. Bureau of the Budget except Chicago (Cook County), Newark and Jersey City (Essex, Hudson, Morris, and Union Counties), New York City (the 5 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 3.01 2. 56 2.60 2.69 1.88 2.32 June June M ay June May June June May May 2.78 2. 56 2. 51 3.01 2.79 2.54 boroughs), and Philadelphia (Philadelphia and Delaware Counties, Pa., and Camden County, N.J.). N ote : Dashes indicate no data reported or data that do not meet publica tion criteria. 43 EARNINGS IN THE FLUID MILK INDUSTRY T a b l e 2. A v e r a g e S t r a ig h t - T im e W e e k l y E a r n in g s 1 o f R o u t e m e n in F l u id S e l e c t e d A r e a s ,2 A p r il - J u n e 1960 M il k E s t a b l is h m e n t s Swing or relief men Regular 27 Wholesale routemen Retail routemen Area 2 in Swing or relief men Regular Number of workers Average weekly earnings1 Number of workers Average weekly earnings1 Number of workers Average weekly earnings1 Number of workers 777 398 360 404 1,786 938 $106.00 116. 50 130.00 126.00 112.00 116.00 32 68 163 144 545 192 $112. 50 117.00 120. 00 120.00 120.00 114.50 219 145 107 918 254 279 $101.00 111.50 141.00 153. 50 121.00 139.00 11 31 34 265 67 61 $111.00 108.00 133.50 155.00 127. 50 139.50 249 691 259 221 237 139 154 98.00 110. 50 93.00 100.00 118. 50 99.50 94.00 89 41 30 35 28 125.00 113.00 104.00 119. 50 110.CO 112 112.00 112 148 176 97 150 97 110 121 128. 50 150.00 123.00 119.00 143.00 137. 50 145. 50 183.50 22 21 10 27 16 16 33 147.50 124. 50 91.50 147.00 142.00 106.50 177. 50 Chicago........................................................ Cincinnati__________ _______ _______ Cleveland.................... ......... ................... Detroit......................................................... Indianapolis.............................................. Kansas City....... .................... .................. Milwaukee___________ _______ _____ Minneapolis-St. Paul............................. . St. Louis__________________ ________ 1,545 523 637 257 398 237 430 546 470 128. 50 120. 50 125. 50 132.00 100.00 102. 50 108.00 135. 50 113.00 315 140 133 91 120 51 125 112 122.00 129. 50 137. 00 140.00 106. 50 101. 50 114. 50 145.00 117.00 466 131 220 368 121 98 103 159 217 178.00 132. 50 158. 50 170.00 128. 50 137. 50 139.00 195. 50 181. 50 130 36 60 86 26 20 28 64 49 138.00 141.50 146.50 162.50 139.00 139. 50 143. 00 183.00 136.50 W est Denver_________ _ _____________ Los Angeles-Long Beach_____________ Portland_______________________ ___ San Francisco-Oakland______________ 252 1,045 178 695 102.00 122.00 109 00 117. 00 44 480 68 184 100. 50 122.00 112.00 122. 50 53 733 128 425 129. 50 127.50 109.00 119. 50 151 28 84 131.00 112.00 124. 50 N ortheast Boston................................................ ........ Buffalo_____________ _________ _____ Newark and Jersey City_____________ New York C ity.......................................... Philadelphia.............................................. . Pittsburgh................................................... South Atlanta_____________ . _________ _ Baltimore.................................................... Dallas......................................................... Houston....................................... ............ . Louisville.......................................... ......... Memphis................................................... . Miami____________________________ Washington________________________ N orth C entral 111 Average weekly earnings1 1Includes commissions and excludes premium pay for overtime and for work on weekends, holidays, and late shifts. Earnings were rounded to the nearest half dollar. 2 For definition of areas and payroll periods concerned, see footnote 2 and column 1 of table 1. N ote: Dashes indicate no data reported or data that do not meet pub lication criteria. ranged from $1.42 an hour in Dallas to $3 in Chicago. Individual earnings of filling-machine tenders varied considerably in some areas. For example, in Indianapolis the average hourly earn ings of the middle half of these workers ranged from $1.71 to $2.15. In Milwaukee, on the other hand, all of these workers had average earnings within the narrow range of $2.50 to $2.60. In some areas, average hourly earnings for several occupational groups were virtually iden tical. For example, filling-machine tenders, order fillers, refrigerator men, sanitary men, machine bottle washers, and machine can washers all had average hourly earnings of $2.59 or $2.60 in Newark and Jersey City, $2.60 or $2.61 in New York City, and from $2.56 to $2.59 in Cincinnati. In other areas, however, the differences in average hourly earnings for these occupations were sub stantial. In Atlanta, for example, they varied from $1.32 for refrigerator men to $1.88 for fillingmachine tenders, and in Miami, from $1.55 for machine can washers to $1.84 for filling-machine tenders. Regular retail routemen (driver-salesmen) com prised slightly more than a fifth of all workers in the industry in the 27 areas studied. Their aver age weekly earnings varied from $93 in Dallas and $94 in Miami to $135.50 in Minneapolis-St. Paul (table 2). Weekly averages above $125 were also recorded for these workers in Chicago, Cleveland, Detroit, Newark and Jersey City, and New York City. In most areas, retail routemen typically worked a 5-day week; 6-day workweeks, however, were the usual schedule in Atlanta, Cleveland, Dallas, and Miami. Minneapolis-St. Paul was the only area for which earnings data of regular drivers on retail routes could be compared by length of workweek. Those working a 5%-day week averaged $4 more than those working 5 days ($137.50 compared with $133.50). Individual earnings of the regular retail routemen varied considerably in most areas. For https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 44 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JANUARY 1961 example, in Louisville, weekly earnings of the middle half of these workers ranged from $95.50 to $136.50, and in Detroit, from $110 to $150.50. However, in some areas the range in earnings for the middle half of these workers was narrow—from $124.50 to $132.50 in Chicago and from $116 to $121 in San Francisco-Oakland. Swing or relief men, who regularly work on several retail routes on the days when the regular drivers are off duty had higher average weekly earnings than the regular routemen in a majority of areas. In six areas, however, regular retail routemen had higher average weekly earnings than the relief drivers. The differences in average T a b l e 3. weekly pay for these two occupational groups in the 24 areas for which comparisons could be made amounted to less than $5 in 9 areas and to as much as $10 in only 5 areas. Approximately a tenth of all workers were employed as regular wholesale routemen. Their average earnings varied from $101 a week in Boston to $150 or more a week in Baltimore, Chicago, Cleveland, Detroit, Minneapolis-St. Paul, New York City, St. Louis, and Washington. Five-day workweeks were the usual schedule in most areas; however, in Atlanta, Baltimore, Dallas, and Miami, these workers typically worked a 6-day week. In Detroit, the only area P e r c e n t o f P l a n t W o r k e r s E m pl o y e d in F l u id M il k E s t a b l is h m e n t s W it h F o rm a l P r o v is io n s S e l e c t e d S u p p l e m e n t a r y W a g e B e n e f i t s ,1 27 S e l e c t e d A r e a s , A p r il - J u n e 1960 Paid vacations 2 Area 1 week after 1 Total3 year’s service 2 weeks after 5 years’ service Paid holidays 4 for Health, insurance, and pension plans 3 Acciden 3 weeks tal death after 15 1 to 3 4 or 5 6 7 or 8 Life and dis years’ T otal days days days days insur member service ance ment in surance Sickness and acci dent in surance or sick leave, or both Hospi Sur Medi Catas taliza gical cal trophe Retire tion in insur insur insur ment surance ance ance ance pension N ortheast B o sto n ..___________ Buffalo_____________ Newark and Jersey City_____________ New York C ity_____ Philadelphia________ Pittsburgh _________ 100 100 33 82 100 100 94 97 98 97 100 100 100 100 («) («) 96 100 2 10 71 100 7 11 816 81 96 811 94 100 96 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 80 91 69 100 100 53 70 33 95 94 94 100 90 57 7 24 100 25 97 11 69 74 52 97 100 82 100 71 83 29 94 97 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 (6) 8 11 100 100 99 100 95 («) 100 100 89 100 100 100 98 100 100 100 100 100 100 98 63 98 100 100 100 4 45 98 100 100 8 6 92 97 88 96 96 96 6 4 4 100 71 41 40 100 78 98 97 98 97 98 97 100 100 100 96 6 5 4 89 100 100 100 100 94 100 100 100 94 100 100 100 94 95 100 100 100 100 100 100 81 100 84 84 57 82 14 31 81 96 42 69 88 65 31 81 78 93 100 100 68 100 54 64 92 100 100 100 68 100 54 64 92 100 82 97 53 23 14 26 16 60 100 47 42 100 100 100 100 80 99 99 91 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 79 99 100 100 100 100 100 100 89 100 61 42 99 42 9 100 100 100 100 75 55 99 59 100 100 100 79 99 100 100 100 100 64 86 14 22 100 16 59 92 94 100 89 South A tlanta._____ ______ Baltimore__________ T)alla,s Houston Louisville__________ Memphis Miami_____________ Washington_________ 19 22 20 65 43 3 38 51 18 29 11 32 25 78 40 58 5 89 11 70 63 60 34 49 54 78 60 N orth C entral Chicago____________ C incinnati Cleveland__________ Detroit_____________ Indianapolis K ansas C ity Milwaukee_________ Minneapolis-St. Paul. St. Louis___________ W est Denver_____________ L o s A n g e le s -L o n g Beach________ ____ Portland _________ San Francisco-Oakland_____________ 100 4 2 22 8 21 98 100 100 100 100 94 92 98 100 100 100 100 76 100 86 100 94 100 98 100 100 99 73 813 100 3 i If formal provisions for supplementary benefits in an establishment were applicable to half or more of the workers, the benefits were considered ap plicable to all workers. Because of length-of-service and other eligibility requirements, the proportion of workers currently receiving the benefits may be smaller than estimated. 3 Vacation payments, such as percentage of annual earnings and flat-sum amounts, were converted to an equivalent time basis. The periods of service shown were arbitrarily chosen and do not necessarily reflect the individual provisions for progressions. Thus, the changes indicated at 5 years may include changes occurring between 1 and 5 years. 3 Includes provisions in addition to those shown separately. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 100 100 7 94 45 88 100 100 88 28 92 92 98 98 92 73 94 100 59 9 22 98 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 94 100 97 97 1 100 100 100 100 100 4 Tabulations were limited to full-day holidays; additional half-day holi days were also provided in some establishments. Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal totals. 3 Includes only those plans for which at least part of the cost was borne by the employer and excludes legally required plans such as Workmen’s compensation, social security, and plans which met only the minimum re quirements of the State law as to benefits or employer contributions. 6 All workers received 2 weeks after 1 year of service. 3 The remainder of the workers received more than 2 weeks after 5 years of service. 8 The remainder of the workers received 4 weeks after 15 years of service. 8 The remainder of the workers received 2 weeks after 1 year of service. 45 EARNINGS IN THE FLUID MILK INDUSTRY T a b l e 4. P e r c e n t o f R o u t e m e n E m pl o y ed in F l u id M il k E s t a b l is h m e n t s W it h F o r m a l P r o v is io n s S e l e c t e d S u p p l e m e n t a r y W a g e B e n e f i t s ,1 27 S e l e c t e d A r e a s , A p r il - J u n e 1960 Paid holidays 1 Paid vacations 2 Area for Health, insurance, and pension plans s Accidental Sickness 2 3 Un Hos Sur Med Catas Retire 1 week weeks weeks Life death and and acci dismem dent insur pitaliza gical 7 or 8 in ical trophe ment Total8 after 1 after 5 after 15 Total der 6 6 tion insur insur insur years days days days sur berment ance or pen year of years of ance insurance sick leave, insur of ance ance sion service ance or both ance service service N ortheast Boston...................... . Buffalo____ ________ Newark and Jersey C ity________ _____ New York C ity ........ . Philadelphia............... P ittsb u rg h .................. 100 100 41 86 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 (6) (6) 95 100 ^11 (•) 100 100 818 (10) 95 100 100 100 89 100 96 100 100 100 100 73 66 100 96 51 26 53 84 69 86 100 80 56 n 24 100 14 68 7 40 85 53 59 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 (*) (•) 100 100 100 100 95 (8) 100 100 100 100 100 100 98 100 100 100 100 100 100 96 68 98 100 100 100 100 100 97 100 100 100 100 n 100 94 94 94 100 100 93 90 97 95 100 95 100 100 64 47 44 100 81 94 100 94 100 94 100 100 100 100 94 7 10 5 87 100 100 100 100 93 100 100 100 93 100 100 100 93 95 100 100 100 100 96 100 84 100 92 81 91 88 29 3 84 96 42 50 100 73 3 84 79 90 16 100 100 68 100 59 65 100 100 100 100 68 100 59 65 100 100 75 93 39 34 69 19 46 100 49 42 100 100 100 100 79 100 100 90 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 96 77 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 68 43 100 33 9 100 100 100 100 72 54 100 52 100 100 96 77 100 100 100 100 96 56 83 4 21 100 12 53 94 93 100 87 South Atlanta__________ Baltimore___ ______ Dallas..................... — Houston___________ Louisville__________ Memphis...................... M ia m i........... ........... Washington________ 16 100 62 47 29 29 56 73 44 34 59 79 46 N orth C entral Chicago........................ Cincinnati__________ Cleveland____ ______ Detroit____ ________ Indianapolis .............. Kansas C ity________ Milwaukee____ Minneapolis-St. Paul. St. Louis___________ W est Denver................ ........ Los A n geles-L ong Beach____________ Portland___________ San Francisco-Oakland___ __________ 1 See footnote 1, table 2 See footnote 2, table 8 See footnote 3, table «See footnote 4, table 3. 3. 3. 3. 6 24 98 21 100 100 100 100 92 95 95 26 92 92 95 95 92 68 100 87 100 93 155' 100 44 9 18 96 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 93 100 ’9 822 9 91 6 100 100 100 100 100 100 98 8 See footnote 5, table 3. 6 See footnote 6, table 3. i The remainder of the workers received 3 weeks after 5 years of service. for which data could be presented for both lengths of workweek, wholesale drivers on a 6-day week averaged $10.50 a week less than those on a 5-day week ($161.50 compared with $172). Data for a 5%-day workweek could be presented only for Minneapolis-St. Paul, where these wholesale drivers averaged $27.50 a week less than those working a 5-day week ($179.50 compared with $207). There was no consistent relationship between the average weekly earnings of swing or relief drivers on wholesale routes and the regular drivers. In slightly more than half the areas, relief drivers’ average earnings were higher; in the remaining areas, regular drivers’ earnings were higher. In only 7 of the 25 areas for which comparisons could be made, however, did the differences amount to more than $10 a week. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 100 100 8 90 44 98 100 100 88 8 See footnote 8, table 3. 8 All workers received 3 weeks after 5 years of service. i° All workers received 4 weeks after 15 years of service. 11 See footnote 7, table 3. Selected Establishment Practices Data were also obtained on work schedules for plant workers and on supplementary benefits, including paid holidays and vacations, retirement plans, life insurance, sickness and accident in surance, and hospitalization and surgical benefits, for both plant workers and routemen. Plant workers and routemen in April-June 1960 had the same holiday provisions in all establish ments studied in 17 of the 27 areas, the same vacation provisions in all establishments studied in 20 areas, and the same health, insurance, and pension benefits in all establishments studied in 18 areas. The establishments having different provisions for these supplementary benefits for plant workers and routemen accounted for only about a tenth of the workers in the 27 areas. 46 Scheduled Weekly Hours. A work schedule of 40 hours a week for plant workers was in effect in establishments employing virtually all of these workers in 19 areas, and for half or more of the workers in 5 additional areas. Longer workweeks were the usual practice in Atlanta, Dallas, and Miami. Shift Provisions and Practices. Establishments with formal provisions for late-shift work em ployed nine-tenths or more of the plant workers in 14 areas and a majority in 5 additional areas. A third of all plant workers in New York City, a fourth in Chicago, approximately a fifth in Los Angeles-Long Beach and Newark and Jersey City and smaller proportions in 20 other areas were employed on second-shift operations. Slightly more than a fourth of the workers em ployed on second shifts in New York City received pay differentials (2 or 2^ cents an hour) above day-shift rates. Second-shift workers in Chicago received a differential of 10 percent; in Los Angeles-Long Beach, 10 cents; and in Newark and Jersey City, 2% cents. A tenth or more of the plant workers were employed on third or other late shifts in Boston, Kansas City, New York City, and San Francisco-Oakland, with hourly differentials of 12)4 cents, 5 cents, 2% cents, and 12 or 12%cents, respectively. Paid Holidays. Paid holidays were provided a majority of the plant workers in 20 areas. Six days a year were most commonly reported; how ever, in Houston, the prevailing practice was 1 day; in Dallas, 4 days; in Atlanta, 5 days; and in Los Angeles-Long Beach and San Francisco-Oakland, 8 days. Paid holidays were reported for a major ity of the routemen in 15 areas. Six days a year were usually provided in all except four of these areas. Four days were typically provided in Dallas, 8 days in Los Angeles-Long Beach and San Francisco-Oakland, and either 2 or 6 days in Baltimore. Paid Vacations. Paid vacations were provided to workers (both plant workers and routemen) with qualifying periods of service in nearly all es https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JANUARY 1961 tablishments. Vacation payments, in virtually all instances, were determined on the basis of the employee’s pay for a specified length of time (1 week, 2 weeks, etc.). One week of vacation after 1 year of service was the usual provision in 20 areas for both plant workers and routemen (tables 3 and 4). All workers in both groups in Chicago, Minneapolis-St. Paul, Newark and Jersey City, and New York City, and a large majority in Cincinnati were eligible for 2 weeks after 1 year of service. Two weeks or more of vacation were typically provided in all areas after 5 years of service. A majority of the plant workers in all except two areas and routemen in all except three areas were eligible for 3 weeks or more of vacation after 15 years of service. Four weeks of vacation pay for workers of longer service were reported by establishments employing a majority of the work ers in 10 areas; for routemen in 4 of these areas and plant workers in 5 areas, 4 weeks were pro vided upon completion of 15 years of service, whereas either 20 or 25 years were stipulated in the remainder of the 10 areas. Health, Insurance, and Pension Plans. Life and hospitalization insurance, for which employers paid at least part of the cost, were available to three-fourths or more of the plant workers and routemen in 21 areas, and surgical insurance to that proportion of both groups of workers in 23 of the 27 areas studied. Sickness and accident insurance or sick leave, or both, were provided for three-fourths or more of the plant workers in 21 areas and routemen in 20 areas, and medical insurance to three-fourths or more of both groups in 18 areas. Retirement pension plans (excluding the pro gram under Federal Old-Age, Survivors, and Dis ability Insurance) were provided by establish ments employing three-fourths or more of the plant workers and routemen in 15 areas. In nine addi tional areas, pension plans were reported for smaller proportions of the plant workers and routemen. — F r e d W. M ohr Division of Wages and Industrial Relations EARNINGS IN POWER LAUNDRY AND DRY-CLEANING INDUSTRIES Earnings in Power Laundry and DryCleaning Industries, Mid-1960 A verage straight-time hourly earnings of nonsupervisory workers (excluding routemen and office clerical employees) in the power laundry and dry-cleaning industries varied widely among the 29 areas studied by the Bureau of Labor Statistics during April-July I960.1 The range in average hourly earnings was from less than $1 in four southern areas to $1.70 in San FranciscoOakland. Earnings of less than $1 an hour were reported for at least 5 percent of the workers in 18 areas and for more than one-fourth in 13 areas. Women flatwork finishers, numerically the largest and in many areas the lowest paid occu pational group studied, had average hourly earn ings ranging from 53 cents in Atlanta to $1.42 in San Francisco-Oakland. Routemen, generally paid on a commission basis, earned $90 or more a week in 20 areas studied. Vacation and holiday payments were available to a large majority of the plant workers in nearly all areas; various types of insurance benefits were also commonly reported in most areas. Industry Characteristics The Bureau’s study included both power laundry and dry-cleaning establishments. Al though some establishments restricted their oper ations to one type of service, plants performing both laundry and dry-cleaning services accounted for the large majority of the workers in all but a few of the 29 areas. Los Angeles-Long Beach, New York City, Portland (Oreg.), and Providence were the only areas in which the majority of the workers were employed in establishments having only one service. An estimated 490,000 workers were employed by the power laundry and dry-cleaning industries in May I960.2 Since the Bureau’s 1955 study of occupational earnings in these industries,3 em ployment has decreased 5 percent in the power laundry industry and increased 10 percent in the dry-cleaning industry. The downward trend in employment in power laundries has been attrib uted to increased ownership of improved home washing and clothes-drying machines and to the https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 47 comparatively recent innovation of self-service laundries (laundromats). Underscoring the im portance of the latter factor, a number of estab lishments included in the Bureau’s current survey indicated that they had recently opened, or were planning to open, their own self-service laundries. Receipt and delivery of customer items for laundering or dry cleaning may be accomplished through routemen making house-to-house calls or through company-owned stores or pickup stations. In contract laundries (i.e., those per forming work for other establishments), the trans fer of goods is handled by truckdrivers employed by either the contractor or the contractée. In 24 areas studied, the majority of the workers were employed by establishments distributing predomi nantly through routemen. The largest propor tion of employees in Atlanta, Dallas, Detroit, and Milwaukee worked in establishments distributing a majority of their goods through stores or pickup stations. Fully a third of the workers in New York City were employed by “ contract” estab lishments, and nearly a sixth by those making predominant use of stores or pickup stations. The employment of women plant workers in the power laundry industry in 1960 exceeded that of men by more than 3%to 1 in all areas combined, and in the dry-cleaning industry by less than 3 to 1. Considering laundries and dry-cleaning establish ments as a group, the proportion of women plant workers ranged from 65 percent in New York City to 86 percent in Memphis. 1 The study included power laundries and dry-cleaning establishments (Industry codes 7211 and 7216 as defined in the 1959 edition of the Standard Industrial Classification Manual prepared by the Bureau of the Budget) employing 20 or more workers at the time the establishment lists were com piled. The areas included in this study are Standard Metropolitan Statistical Areas as defined by the Bureau of the Budget except Chicago (Cook County, 111.), Newark and Jersey City (Essex, Hudson, Morris, and Union Counties, N.J.), New York City (the five boroughs), and Philadelphia (Philadelphia and Delaware Counties, Pa., and Camden County, N.J.). Payroll periods covered were: April—Baltimore, Boston, Cleveland, Dallas, Detroit, Louisville, Minneapolis-St. Paul, Newark and Jersey City, New York City, Philadelphia, Pittsburgh, Providence, St. Louis, and Washington, D.C.; May—San Francisco-Oakland; June—Atlanta, Buffalo, Chicago, Cincinnati, Denver, Houston, Indianapolis, Kansas City, Los Angeles-Long Beach, Memphis, Miami, New Orleans, and Portland (Oreg.); and July—Milwaukee. A more comprehensive account of this survey is presented in forthcoming BLS Report 178, Wage Structure: Power Laundries and Dry Cleaners, April-July 1960. s From the Bureau’s regular monthly series on employment and earnings. See Monthly Labor Review, September 1960, p. 996. a See Earnings in Power Laundry and Dry Cleaning Industries, Mid-1955 (in Monthly Labor Review, January 1956, pp. 51-58). 48 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JANUARY 1961 T a b l e 1. and P e r c e n t D is t r ib u t io n o f N o n s u p e r v is o r y P r o d u c t io n W o r k e r s , E x c e p t R o u t e m e n , in P o w e r L a u n d r y D ry -C l e a n in g E s t a b l is h m e n t s , by A v e r a g e S t r a ig h t - T im e H o u r l y E a r n in g s ,1 29 A r e a s , M id -1960 2 Northeast Average hourly earnings 1 Boston Buffalo Phila Pitts Provi At delphia burgh dence lanta Balti Dallas Hous Louis Mem Miami New Wash more ton ville phis Orleans ington 0.1 Under $0.40...... ...................... $0.40 and under $0.50______ $0.50 and under $0.60______ $0.60 and under $0.70______ $0.70 and under $0.80.......... $0.80 and under $0.90______ $0.90 and under $1.00______ $1.00 and under $1.10______ $1.10 and under $1.20-.......... $1.20 and under $1.30______ $1.30 and under $1.40______ $1.40 and under $1.50............ $1.50 and under $1.60______ $1.60 and under $1.70______ $1.70 and under $1.80______ $1.80 and under $1.80______ $1.90 and under $2.00______ $2.00 and under $2.10______ $2.10 and under $2.20 _ _ ___ $2.20 and under $2.30-......... $2.30 and under $2.40______ $2.40 and under $2.50______ $2.50 and over____________ (3) 0.4 33.1 18.5 15.1 6.8 4.9 5.8 3.5 2.8 2.5 1.4 2.0 1. 0 .6 .2 .1 1.2 Total_____________Number of workers: All workers...... ............. M en_______ ______ Women__________ Average hourly earnings:1 All workers___________ M en_____________ Women__________ Newark New and York Jersey City City South 7.3 16.1 14. 3 18. 8 Ifi 7 8. 5 7.2 3.0 3.8 1.4 .9 .3 .3 .4 .3 (3) .4 .1 0. 6 4.8 7. 4 lfi fi 16. 2 21.2 11.5 4.6 3.4 1.4 3.3 2.7 1.5 1.3 .4 .9 .5 .2 .6 .4 .5 100.0 100.0 100.0 2,788 529 2,259 873 245 628 2,131 362 1, 769 $1.12 1.51 1.03 $1. 21 1.33 1.16 $0. 80 1.05 .74 10.3 33.8 11.5 8.5 8.3 8. 7 4. 7 4.2 2.9 1.4 1.5 .8 .7 .1 .5 2.2 02 4. 4 14.8 22.8 17.2 13.9 7.8 5.8 2.9 2.4 1.9 .9 1.4 .8 .7 .6 (3) 1.5 13.4 32.1 13.5 9.5 7.8 6.8 3.8 3.3 3.0 1.2 .9 1. 3 .9 .6 .5 1. 6 0.2 .2 .8 3.4 25.6 20.6 12.5 9.6 6.5 4.2 4.3 2.2 2.1 1.5 1.5 .8 1. 5 .8 .3 1.4 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 3, 562 923 2,639 871 197 674 4,176 971 3,205 10,894 3,825 7,069 4,970 1,199 3, 771 $1.29 1. 57 1.19 $1.36 1.69 1. 27 $1.32 1. 60 1.23 $1.35 1. 55 1. 24 $1.31 1.61 1. 22 5.1 21. 2 12. 9 15.1 14.4 11.3 5.3 3.0 2.6 1.7 1.6 1.4 1.3 .6 .8 .4 .2 .2 .6 0. 6 1. 0 39.6 16.7 13.2 11.3 5.4 3.6 3.4 1.0 1.4 .7 .9 .3 .5 .1 .2 .1 0. 7 3.4 7.1 14.1 10 7 88 16.5 11.1 8.7 4.4 4.6 2.8 1.9 1.0 1.0 .4 .8 .5 . 6 .2 .1 .7 1. 7 7. 3 11. 1 13 7 15 1 5. 5 18.4 8.4 3.8 5.4 3.1 1.8 .9 1.2 .8 .9 .4 .1 .1 .2 01 2.1 8.4 27 1 17 3 19 8 18.6 11.9 9.1 5.5 3.0 2.4 3.1 1.1 .6 1.7 88 7.0 3.5 2.3 .6 .3 .5 .5 .3 .8 5 1 1.1 .1 .2 .5 .2 .1 .4 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 2,852 581 2,271 1,815 446 1,369 2, 461 470 1,991 1,600 337 1,263 $1.07 1. 40 .99 $1. 05 1. 35 .96 $0. 97 1. 36 .87 $1.13 1. 40 1.05 Under $0.40____ _________ $0.40 and under $0.50______ $0.50 and under $0.60______ $0.60 and under $0.70______ $0.70 and under $0.80______ $0.80 and under $0.90______ $0.90 and under $1.00_____ $1.00 and under $1.10______ $1.10 and under $1.20______ $1.20 and under $1.30______ $1.30 and under $1.40______ $1.40 and under $1.50______ $1.50 and under $1.60.-......... $1.60 and under $1.70-......... $1.70 and under $1.80______ $1.80 and under $1.90______ $1.90 and under $2.00______ $2.00 and under $2.10______ $2.10 and under $2.20--......... $2.20 and under $2.30______ $2.30 and under $2.40______ $2.40 and under $2.50______ $2.50 and over____________ T o ta l........................... Number of workers: All workers___________ M en_____________ Women..................... Average hourly earnings:1 All workers___________ M en_____________ Women______ ____ Chicago Cincin nati Cleve land Detroit Indianpolis 5 0 9 1 fi 2 7.0 5.4 7.2 3.0 1.9 .8 2.3 .9 .7 .3 J2 01 43.1 17.4 12. O' 5.5 2.5 3.1 1.6 1. 4 .9 .4 .9 .2 .2 2 1.4 100.0 100.0 100.0 1,407 204 1,203 1,910 411 1,499 886 195 691 3,244 720 2,524 $0.81 1.04 .77 $1.07 1.42 .98 $0.90 1.18 .82 $1.18 1.43 1.12 .2 .2 West MinneKansas Milwau apolisCity kee St. Paul Los St. Denver AngelesLouis Long Beach Port land San FranciscoOakland 0.1 (3) (3) 0.6 .5 2.1 35.4 13.2 11.6 7.9 5.1 4.8 3.2 2.0 1.9 2.1 1.5 1.1 1.2 .8 .5 4.5 0.7 .8 7.9 16.8 17.5 13.2 11.2 6.4 4.9 4. 1 3.6 2.5 2.5 1.4 1.2 1.4 .3 .5 3.0 4.7 11.2 14.6 14.4 11.1 10.8 6.7 4.3 6.1 3.4 2.4 1.9 1.6 1.8 .6 1.2 .4 .6 2.0 0.3 2.4 3.8 4.1 33.0 11.1 10.0 7.2 4.1 4.3 4.0 2.8 2.2 2.3 1.8 1.0 1.1 .7 .9 2.9 0.1 11.5 16.4 20.5 11.2 11.2 5.0 5.1 5.0 2.6 2.1 1.6 .7 1.1 .7 1.1 1.1 .6 2.2 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 10,989 2, 771 8,218 1,182 197 985 1,708 369 1,339 $1,34 1.76 1.20 $1.36 1. 70 1.29 $1.25 1. 65 1.14 0.1 .9 30.0 19.0 8.7 4.9 4.3 11.8 2.6 9.3 1.7 1.3 1.5 1.1 .5 1.1 .5 .3 .6 1.5 3. 7 25.8 31.6 10.1 6.3 4.3 5.3 2.0 .9 1.3 .9 1.8 .9 .4 .5 .5 2.2 1.8 12.0 40.5 19.3 6.2 6.1 4.2 2.1 1.5 1.4 1.4 .1 1.1 .7 .2 1.3 100.0 100.0 100.0 3,041 610 2,431 1,396 309 1,087 1,435 293 1,142 $1.30 1.74 1.19 $1.24 1. 62 1.13 $1.15 1.51 1. 06 1 Excludes premium pay for overtime and for work on weekends, holidays, and late shifts. 2 See footnote 1 of text for definition of areas and payroll periods covered. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 2 7 5 1 30 Q 88 17.2 12.5 6.1 2.3 4.0 2.4 1.4 1.8 .4 .4 2.4 3 7 .1 .6 North Central Average hourly earnings 1 0 7 28 14 01 0.1 0.3 .1 .3 7.1 15.1 17.9 21.2 9.6 11.1 5.6 6.6 2.3 1.2 .5 .4 .2 .3 (3) 2.6 17.5 18.2 15.4 10.3 9.0 5.9 5.4 4.2 2.0 2.9 1.3 .8 .9 .3 3.1 0.3 .8 4.6 .5 49.5 17.3 .9 6.6 8.9 2.1 2.0 2.5 .4 .3 .3 11.2 15.5 13.8 16.4 7.9 11.4 3.6 6.6 3.4 4.3 1.6 1.0 1.1 .4 .8 .2 .3 .4 3.1 0.1 .1 .4 19.6 18.3 20.0 3.8 8.8 5.5 4.0 2.0 .7 11 6 17 (3) 3.3 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 2,221 377 1,844 1,648 271 1,377 2,347 430 1,917 1,322 226 1,096 4,457 955 3. 502 913 136 777 2,173 425 1,748 $1.26 1.59 1.19 $1.38 1. 79 1.30 $1.18 1.36 1.14 $1.22 1. 58 1.15 $1.47 1.86 1.37 $1.50 1.95 1. 41 $1.70 2.14 1. 59 5 8 Less than 0.05 percent. N ote : Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not e qual totals. 49 EARNINGS IN POWER LAUNDRY AND DRY-CLEANING INDUSTRIES Labor-management contracts covering a major ity of inside plant workers (excluding routemen and office clerical) were reported by plants em ploying three-fourths or more of the workers in 16 areas. In the remaining areas, the proportions of workers employed by such establishments were a third to a half in Los Angeles-Long Beach, Boston, Miami, and New Orleans; a tenth to a fifth in Denver, Providence, and Atlanta; and less than a tenth in Baltimore, Dallas, Houston, Louisville, Memphis, and Washington, D.C. A majority of routemen were covered by union contracts in all areas except Boston, Denver, Providence, Los Angeles-Long Beach, and those in the South excluding Miami. The Laundry and Dry Cleaning International Union and the independent Laundry, Dry Cleaning and Dye House Workers International Union were the major unions covering inside plant workers. Usually, agreements covering routemen were with the International Brotherhood of Teamsters (Ind.). The Amalgamated Clothing Workers had agreements covering both inside work ers and routemen in New York City and Detroit. T a b l e 2. Average Hourly Earnings Straight-time hourly earnings of nonsupervisory workers (excluding routemen and office employees) in power laundries and dry-cleaning establish ments averaged less than $1 in 4 southern areas; between $1 and $1.25 in 11 areas; between $1.25 and $1.50 in 12 areas; and $1.50 in Portland (Oreg.) and $1.70 in San Francisco-Oakland (table 1). Men, employed for the most part in the higher paying occupations, earned substan tially more as a group than women in each of the 29 areas studied; wage differences ranged from 17 cents an hour in Providence to more than 50 cents in Chicago, Cleveland, Detroit, Portland, and San Francisco-Oakland. Hourly averages for men (excluding routemen) ranged from $1.04 in Memphis and $1.05 in Atlanta to $2.14 in San Francisco-Oakland; for women, from 74 cents in Atlanta to $1.59 in San Francisco-Oakland. More than half of the inside plant workers in each of the nine southern areas, and in Pittsburgh and Kansas City earned less than $1.10 an hour; in each of these areas except Louisville and Wash- A v e r a g e S t r a ig h t - T im e H o u r l y E a r n in g s 1 o f M e n and W o m en in S e l e c t e d P r o d u c t io n O c c u pa t io n s i n P o w e r L a u n d r y a n d D ry - C l e a n in g E s t a b l is h m e n t s , 29 A r e a s , M id - 1 9 6 0 2 _________________ Men Area Assemblers Dry cleaners Extractor operators, (laundry) Firemen, stationary boiler Pressers, machine, drycleaning Spotters, general $1.46 $1.84 1.94 1.84 1.71 1.67 1.57 1.47 $1.42 1.41 1.38 1.39 1.37 1.38 1.27 $1.77 $1.98 $1.92 1.86 1.88 2.18 1.69 1.74 1.71 1.97 1.67 1.64 2.19 1.24 .96 1.76 1.73 1.03 1.70 1.46 1.36 1.85 Spotters, wool $2.72 2. 74 2.25 2.14 $1.86 1.62 1.62 1.60 1.23 1.18 1.60 1.35 .78 .93 N orth ea st Boston................... ............ Buffalo________________ Newark and Jersey C ity... New York City_________ Philadelphia___ ________ Pittsburgh_____________ Providence......... ........... . 1.28 1.40 1.26 1.13 S outh 1.10 A tlanta________________ Baltimore______________ Dallas_________________ Houston_______________ Louisville______________ Memphis..........................— Miami-------------------------New Orleans___________ Washington____________ 1.46 1.48 1.71 1.43 1.26 1.51 1.40 1.35 1.00 1.19 .89 1.10 1.56 "Í.36 .93 1.12 1.10 2.01 2.20 1.75 1.44 $1.31 T §6 1.11 1.28 1.24 1.14 1.68 1.82 1.51 W est Denver------------------------Los Angeles-Long Beach.. Portland.............................. San Francisco-Oakland— Total number of workers.. 1.86 1.72 418 See footnotes at end of table. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 2.08 1.69 1.82 2.06 1.75 1.95 1.33 1.14 1.37 1.38 1.08 2.50 1.81 1.94 2.09 1.51 1.67 1.31 1.71 "l 65 1.74 " Î .5 6 1.27 1.18 2.25 2.13 1.77 2.16 1.84 2.49 1.68 1.20 1.73 2.32 2.29 1.66 1.64 1.82 1.85 1.46 2.35 1.97 1.55 1.70 1.97 2.22 2.76 1.90 2.25 2.18 2.28 2,478 436 223 1.48 1.09 2.33 2.19 1.70 1.21 2.23 2.05 2.29 1.88 1,284 942 313 1.37 2.10 2.12 2.08 2.04 1.94 2.17 272 Washers, machine Wrappers, bundle $1.63 1.83 1.50 1.70 1.52 1.34 1.38 $1.28 .99 1.43 1.37 1.22 1.17 1.37 1.21 1.31 1.43 .95 1.70 N orth C entral Chicago............................... Cincinnati_____________ Cleveland............................ Detroit................................. Indianapolis____________ Kansas City____________ Milwaukee_____________ Minneapolis-St. Paul-----St.fcLouis........... - ................ Tumbler operators, (laundry) Spotters, silk 1.22 1.02 1.59 1.50 1.60 1.62 1.51 1.33 1.65 1.65 1.46 1.40 1.17 1.29 1. 54 1.77 2.01 1.59 2.07 318 1,505 270 50 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JANUARY 1961 T a b l e 2. A v e r a g e S t r a ig h t - T im e H o u r l y E a r n in g s 1 o f M e n and W o m e n i n S e l e c t e d P r o d u c t io n O c c u p a t io n s in P o w e r L a u n d r y a n d D r y -C l e a n in g E s t a b l is h m e n t s , 29 A r e a s , M id -1960 2— Continued Women Area Assemblers N ortheast Boston_________________ Buffalo________________ Newark and Jersey C ity ... New York City_________ P hiladelphia...................... Pittsburgh___ __________ Providence........................... South A tlan ta................................ Baltimore............................. Dallas................ ................. Houston............................... Louisville.......... ................. Memphis_______________ Miami_______ __________ New Orleans....................... Washington __ ________ N orth Central Chicago............................... Cincinnati....... ............. ...... Cleveland............................. Detroit...... ........ ................. Indianapolis____________ Kansas C ity ____________ Milwaukee_____ _______ Minneapolis-St. Paul____ St. Louis.............................. W est Denver______________ _ Los Angeles-Long Beach... Portland____ ___________ San Francisco-Oakland___ Total number of workers... $1.15 1.25 1.18 1.19 1 .2 1 1.04 1.07 Clerks, retail, receiving Finishers, Identi Inspec flatwork, fiers tors, dry- Markers machine cleaning $1.14 1.15 1.06 1.13 1.09 .89 1.04 $1.07 1.15 1.16 1.14 1.08 .80 .91 1 .1 2 .53 .92 .64 1 .0 2 1.08 $1.13 1 31 1.17 1 .2 2 1.24 1.04 $1.26 1 .2 0 1.34 1.18 1 .0 2 1.16 $1.19 1 24 1.23 1.30 1.30 1.06 1 .1 1 75 .96 Pressers, Pressers, Pressers, hand, machine, Pressers, machine, Tumbler drydrymachine, wearing operators, cleaning cleaning shirts apparel (laundry) (laundry) $1.37 1 37 1. 51 1.52 1.45 1.24 1.38 $1.43 1 51 1.51 1.34 1.58 1.27 1.50 $1.43 1 53 L33 1.43 1.31 75 1.23 1.30 1.17 1.28 1 09, L 39 1.18 1.03 1.48 R1 1.03 .94 .85 1 .1 0 1.24 .75 .95 .96 .90 1.05 .69 .97 .75 1.12 1 .0 0 .6 6 .96 .91 .99 .83 1.07 .91 . 67 .82 .63 1.01 1.13 1.26 1.07 1.14 1.07 1.05 1.10 1.28 1.08 1.14 1.09 1.10 1.07 1.03 1.22 1.11 1.26 1.11 1.05 1 24 .88 1.03 .92 .87 1.10 1.22 .99 1.18 1.22 1.17 1.66 1.67 .98 1.08 .99 .89 1.18 1.24 1.02 L 22 1 37 1.25 1.42 1.23 1.34 1.11 l! 09 1 09 1.18 1.12 1.12 1.29 1.06 1. 42 1 05 1.82 1.72 1.30 1.51 1.38 l! 55 1 Q7 1.55 1.50 1.76 1.61 1.45 1.10 1.36 1.36 1.62 1.18 1.41 1.35 1.73 .92 1.19 1.32 1.42 1.13 1.20 1.34 35 1.66 1.60 1.81 1.17 1.45 2.19 1.75 1.62 08 2.25 3,704 9,353 12,178 968 3,418 1,929 4,238 86 .95 .93 .71 .92 .72 1.10 1.36 1.04 1 .1 0 .95 1 .0 1 83 1.26 .77 1.05 1.20 1.40 55 1.80 1 1,015 1 .0 1 .89 1.05 70 Í98 .76 1.08 1 00 1.27 .94 1.26 1 l! 70 1.35 1.49 1 $1.19 1 40 l! 2 0 1.39 1.27 1.16 1.18 $1 .1 1 1.17 1.15 1.17 .91 1.07 Wrap pers, bundle $1.17 1.16 1 .2 0 1.15 .99 1 .1 0 09 .97 .78 .81 .97 07 *94 .91 1.06 .90 .63 .85 .72 .85 .65 .62 .99 .65 1.05 1.29 1.15 1.04 1.17 1.19 1 40 L 22 1.05 1.23 1.26 1.16 1.06 1 14 ! 99 .93 1.15 1.24 1.02 .86 1.03 .89 .88 1.08 1.22 1.01 1.06 .96 1.12 1.25 1.05 1.16 1.32 .91 1.25 .98 1.22 L 52 L 45 1.50 1.50 8,448 4,327 727 1,708 1 .1 0 67 06 .90 1.12 1 .96 .72 .6 8 1 30 .8 8 andEl a S f t s remiUm ^ ^ 0vertime and ior work 011 weekends- holidays, 2 See footnote 1 of text for definition of areas and payroll periods covered, N ote; Dashes indicate no data reported or data that do not meet publicstion critelda' ington, D.C., more than a fourth earned less than 90 cents. Large concentrations of workers were reported at the lower end of the earnings array in all areas; in several areas, earnings of as many as half the workers were within a 20-cent range. Differences in the distribution of individual earn ings within the areas may be attributed, at least in part, to differences in the extent to which in centive methods of wage payment were used. Incentive wage systems applied to a third or more of the inside workers in Baltimore, Buffalo, Cin cinnati, Indianapolis, Memphis, Newark and Jersey City, Philadelphia, Providence, and Wash ington, D.C., but to less than a tenth of the workers in Kansas City, Portland, and San Francisco-Oakland. group studied, had average hourly earnings ranging from 53 cents in Atlanta to more than $1.20 in Cincinnati ($1.24), Minneapolis-St. Paul ($1.22), Portland ($1.32), and San FranciscoOakland ($1.42). Women operators of shirt pressing machines averaged more than flatwork finishers in each of the areas except Memphis (where the averages were identical), with wage differences ranging from 4 to 38 cents an hour. The differential was between 15 and 30 cents an hour in more than half of the areas. Dry-cleaning pressers, hand and machine, generally received the highest wages among the women’s jobs studied, with averages well above $1.50 an hour recorded in many cities. Wage relationships between women dry-cleaning pressers using hand and machine methods were not consistent among the areas; however, in 20 of the 27 areas for which comparisons for these occupations could be made, machine pressers had higher earnings than hand pressers. (See table 2.) Occupational Averages Women flatwork finishers, numerically the largest and generally the lowest paid occupational https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 51 EARNINGS IN POWER LAUNDRY AND DRY-CLEANING INDUSTRIES Machine dry-cleaning pressers, numerically the largest and among the highest paid men’s occupa tions studied, averaged less than $1.50 an hour in five southern areas and St. Louis, but more than $2 in four North Central areas and in the San Francisco Bay area. Washing-machine operators were the highest paid among the men’s laundry jobs studied, averaging more than $1.50 in most areas outside the South. Average weekly earnings for routemen (driversalesmen), usually paid on a commission basis, ranged from $72.50 in Providence to $131.00 in Chicago. In 17 areas studied, averages ranged from $85.50 to $106.50. No consistent relation ship existed between the length of the workweek and the level of earnings. For example, routemen in Boston working 5% days a week averaged $81.00—$14.50 less than those working only 5 days. (See table 3.) whereas the majority of the workers in Newark and Jersey City and in San Francisco-Oakland received 7 paid holidays. The prevailing practice in the remaining areas (except Boston) was 5 or 6 paid holidays a year. Holiday provisions were the same for routemen as for inside workers in establishments employing the majority of the workers in 27 areas; vacation provisions were identical for the two groups of workers in establishments employing a majority of the workers in 21 areas. T a b l e 3. N u m b e r and A verage S t r a ig h t - T im e W e e k l y E a r n in g s 1 o f R o u t e m e n in P o w e r L a u n d r y and D r y -C l e a n in g E s t a b l is h m e n t s , 29 A r e a s , M id -1960 2 Total route- Routemen having scheduled workweek o f— men 3 Area Establishment Practices Data were also obtained on work schedules and selected supplementary benefits, including paid holidays and vacations, retirement plans, life insurance, sickness and accident insurance, and hospitalization and surgical benefits (table 4). S ch ed u led W e e k ly H o u r s . W eek ly w o rk schedules of 40 hours applied to the majority of plant work ers in 19 areas. Slightly longer schedules were prevalent in most of the remaining areas, while schedules of 48 hours or more were common only in Miami (applying to four-fifths of the workers). Paid Holidays and Vacations. Vacations and holi days with pay were provided to workers with qualifying periods of service by establishments accounting for a large majority of the inside workers in nearly all the areas studied. In vir tually all areas, the prevailing vacation practice was 1 week after a year of service; in a majority of the areas, most workers with 5 years of service received 2 weeks of vacation pay. Vacations of 3 weeks or more were common only in Buffalo, Newark and Jersey City, Pittsburgh, and Minneapolis-St. Paul. Holiday pay practices varied among the 29 areas. The majority of the workers surveyed in Atlanta, Dallas, and Miami were pro vided with fewer than 5 paid holidays a year, https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 6 days 5V i days 5 days Avg. No. of wkly. work earn No. of Avg. No. of Avg. No. of Avg. ers ings 1 work wkly. work wkly. work wkly. ers earn ers earn ers earn ings 1 ings 1 ings 1 N ortheast Boston........................ . Buffalo____ ________ Newark and Jersey C i t y ...................... . New York City_____ Philadelphia.............. . Pittsburgh............... Providence_________ 398 $92.50 128 102.50 245 $95.50 73 104.00 600 94.00 610 94.00 1,097 93.50 1,059 93.00 595 94.50 619 94.00 125 103.00 294 105.50 70 75.00 106 72.50 1.00 58 $98.00 102.00 75 114.50 65.00 South Atlanta____________ Baltimore.............. ..... Dallas.......................... Houston___________ Louisville__________ Memphis__________ Miami......... ............... New Orleans_______ Washington________ 131 81.50 381 92.00 98 88.00 198 91.00 171 83.00 265 78.50 163 100.50 132 82.00 319 118.00 105 94.00 42 78.50 140 66 102.00 44 80.50 190 82.00 220 112.50 57.50 104 .83.50 136 94.50 56 94.50 120 86.50 90 74.00 65 70.00 163 100.50 50 82.00 N orth C entral Chicago___________ Cincinnati_________ Cleveland-................. Detroit....................... Indianapolis............... Kansas City_______ Milwaukee________ Minneapolis-St. Paul St. Louis__________ 1,523 131.00 154 106.50 195 85.50 217 117. 50 198 100. 50 187 89.00 234 113. 50 240 103.00 261 83.00 99.50 83.50 119. CO 97. 50 228 103. 50 204 121.00 1,319 132. 50 38 126.00 87.00 22 105. 50 113.50 43 111.00 163 87.00 96.00 160 115.50 110. 50 89 76.50 162 83.50 W est D enver....................... Los Angeles-Long Beach___________ Portland......... ........... San Francisco-Oak land..... ................ . 161 91.00 47 95.50 86.00 717 113.00 150 102. 50 614 111.00 117 105. 50 123.00 93.00 326 116.00 294 116.00 117.00 1 Includes commission earnings and excludes premium pay for overtime and for work on weekends, holidays, and late shifts. Earnings are rounded to nearest half dollar. 3 See footnote 1 of text for definition of areas and payroll periods covered. 3 Total number of routemen in all areas studied is 9,673. Figures for each area include data for workers not shown separately. N ote : Dashes indicate no data reported or data that do not meet publica tion criteria. 52 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JANUARY 1961 T a b l e 4. P e r c e n t o f N o n su pe r v x so r t P r o d u c t io n W o r k e r s , E x c e p t R o u t e m e n , E m pl o y e d in P o w e r L a u n d r y D ry -C l e a n in g E s t a b l is h m e n t s W it h F o r m a l P r o v is io n s f o r S e l e c t e d S u p p l e m e n t a r y W a g e B e n e f i t s 1 29 A r e a s , M id -1960 2 and Paid vacations 8 Area Paid holidays 5 1 week 2 weeks 3 weeks after 1 after 5 after 15 TotaD year of years of years of service service service Total Health, insurance, and pension plans8 Less 7 than 5 6 days 5 days days or days more Acciden Sick tal death ness Life and dis and member acci ment dent Hospi taliza tion Surgi cal Medi cal 57 87 95 94 98 83 57 87 93 94 98 81 47 g 71 59 59 30 43 Retire ment pen sion N ortheast Boston____ . . . Buffalo____________ Newark and Jersey Citv. New York C i t y - - _____ Philadelphia..................... Pittsburgh____________ Providence____________ 95 100 100 99 100 100 92 91 100 99 99 i 36 100 88 88 95 83 57 85 96 84 88 73 57 85 92 65 98 u 32 87 12 12 99 99 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 97 77 75 95 69 100 92 98 8 34 89 49 28 81 72 1 6 77 31 85 94 100 100 100 93 73 4 100 100 84 86 40 66 4 i 32 83 9 55 99 87 42 45 10 91 59 3 7 h 7 45 i 5 30 51 87 91 94 99 83 51 4Q 6 80 2 99 81 23 55 81 30 90 2 81 no 98 81 13 92 24 S outh A tlanta_____ Baltimore....... ........ D allas......... .............. Houston.................. Louisville____ _____ Memphis........................... M iam i________ New Orleans__________ W ashington...___ _____ 94 (9) 44 17 (10) (») (10) 17 38 83 56 100 33 2 72 100 59 29 9 27 34 28 17 38 17 73 5 6 1 1 6 14 67 90 17 49 61 61 19 35 30 46 26 58 19 21 33 45 3 21 5 16 g 15 9 ... 13 46 35 52 95 67 95 37 89 85 95 92 96 96 89 2 55 6 95 67 92 87 37 100 95 0/ 16 5 17 18 6 9 27 12 45 65 AS 14 3 40 53 26 93 93 60 93 37 0 CQ 38 8 N orth C entral Chicago.............. ............ Cincinnati______ _____ Cleveland___________ D etroit... ______ _____ Indianapolis_________ Kansas C ity .......... Milwaukee____ .. Minneapolis-St. Paul___ St. Louis____________ 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 88 100 100 100 100 99 8 28 4 100 100 08 99 100 7 86 2 95 96 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 2 100 93 37 100 100 9 7 92 96 96 89 5 92 9 96 89 60 Q6 89 100 Q2 3 89 100 100 96 96 89 92 96 96 89 92 87 96 89 22 22 73 89 73 89 18 73 89 100 100 100 87 9 W est Denver............. .......... . Los Angeles-Long Beach. P ortland........ . San Francisco-Oakland.. 92 80 100 100 100 65 67 89 100 100 86 86 73 94 68 2 89 4 2 100 37 63 18 62 89 100 18 53 89 78 2 89 13 69 1 i i formal provisions for supplementary benefits in an establishment were applicable to half or more of the workers, the benefits were considered appli cable to all workers. Because of length-of-serviee and other eligibility require ments, the proportion of workers currently receiving the benefits may be smaller than estimated. s See footnote 1 of text for definition of areas and payroll periods covered. 8 Vacation payments, such as percent of annual earnings and flat-sum amounts, are converted to an equivalent time basis. Periods of service were arbitrarily chosen and do not necessarily reflect the individual provisions for progressions. Provisions for vacations of 3 weeks or more are summarized in the text and are reported in greater detail in the comprehensive report on the study. 4 Includes provisions in addition to those shown separately. 5 Limited to full-day holidays provided annually. 8 Includes only those private plans for which at least a part of the cost is borne by the employer and excludes legally required plans such as work men’s compensation and social security. 7 The majority of the workers were employed in establishments providing more than 1 but less than 2 weeks’ vacation after 1 year of service. 8 The majority of the workers were employed in establishments providing more than 2 but less than 3 weeks’ vacation after 5 years of service. 9 84 percent of the workers were employed in establishments providing 1 week’s vacation after 5 or 15 years of service. 10 The majority of the workers were employed in establishments providing 1 week’s vacation after 5 or 15 years of service. 11 33 percent of the workers were employed in establishments providing 2 weeks’ vacation after 1 year of service. 12 33 percent of the workers were employed in establishments providing 3 weeks’ vacation after 5 years of service. N ote: Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal totals. Health, Insurance, and Pension Plans. Various types of health and insurance plans, financed at least in part by employers, were available to a majority of inside plant workers in 22 areas stud ied. Life insurance was available to a majority of inside workers in 22 areas; hospitalization insur ance in 21 areas; surgical insurance in 20 areas; accidental death and dismemberment, sickness and accident insurance, and medical insurance in 14 areas; and retirement pension plans in 3 areas. Sick leave plans and catastrophe insurance (ex tended medical coverage) benefits were reported infrequently. Health and insurance benefits for routemen were generally similar to those reported for inside workers in most instances; however, in several of the areas, pension plans were more commonly reported for routemen than for inside workers. — D o ug la s K. F r id r ic h https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Division of Wages and Industrial Relations WAGE CHRONOLOGY NO. 7: SWIFT & CO. Wage Chronology No. 7: Swift & Co.1 Supplement No. 6— 1959-GO S ettlements providing changes in wage rates and fringe benefits were reached in October 1959 by Swift & Co. with two AFL-CIO affiliates, the Amalgamated Meat Cutters and Butcher Work men (MCBW) and the United Packinghouse, Food and Allied Workers (UPWA),2 and with the unaffiliated National Brotherhood of Packing house Workers (NBPW). After a 7-week strike by approximately 18,000 employees at 37 plants, the MCBW and UPWA and the company reached agreement on October 22 and signed new contracts the following day. The company and the inde pendent union had reached an interim agreement on September 18 and signed their final contract on October 22. Except for employees at plants in Fort Worth and San Antonio, Tex., the interim agreement provided for a wage increase of 8.5 cents, effective September 1, 1959, continuation of the cost-of-living escalator clause, and incorpora tion of the existing 14-cent cost-of-living allowance into base rates. Other improvements agreed to by the parties applied to all of the company’s NBPW plants. At the conclusion of their national wage and contract conferences in June 1959, the affiliated unions had agreed to coordinate their bargaining and had adopted industrywide goals of “substan tial” wage increases, shorter hours, improved insurance, pension, health, and sick leave benefits, liberalization of vacation and severance pay re quirements, and increased clothing allowances and night-shift premiums. When negotiations began in July, the company proposed a 3-year contract with no general wage increase and readjustment of rates in selected areas to enable the company “to meet competition,” elimination of the escalator clause, limitations on company liability under the hospital, medical, and surgical plan, and changes in the holiday, weekly guarantee, and weekend pay provisions. On September 2, the company offered to increase meal allowances and night-shift premium pay at all plants. This offer also in cluded, except at certain plants, wage increases https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 53 totaling 15 cents an hour over a 2-year contract period (8.5 cents, of which 2 cents was credited toward any future cost-of-living adjustment, effective September 1, 1959, and 6.5 cents effective September 1, 1960) and incorporation of the exist ing 14-cent cost-of-living allowance into base rates. On September 8, 4 days after a work stoppage by members of the MCBW and UPWA had closed 37 plants, the company added contin uation of the escalator clause except at selected plants, a proposed savings plan, and diagnostic health insurance. On October 2, it offered imme diate wage increases totaling 5 cents an hour for some plants originally excluded from the general increase of 8.5 cents and extension of the escalator provision to them, premium pay for freezer work, and improved holiday provisions. The company’s proposal of October 21 was accepted by the repre sentatives of the striking locals on the following day and subsequently ratified by the members of the two unions. As finally agreed to by Swift and the three unions, the settlement provided wage increases of 8.5 cents an hour in the first contract year 3and 6.5 cents in the second year except for workers at nine plants. The contracts reestablished some and increased other geographic pay differentials by making the total negotiated increase for the en tire contract period 8.5 cents at certain plants. At two plants, the 8.5 cents was made effective in Sep tember 1959; at seven other plants, 5 cents of the increase was made effective in September 1959, and 3.5 cents in September 1960. Cost-of-living escalator clauses of the previous contracts were continued, and the existing allowance of 14 cents was incorporated into base rates. Premiums for Saturday and Sunday work on continuous opera tions and for night-shift work were increased, and some holiday pay practices were changed. Diagnostic laboratory and X-ray benefits were added to the hospital insurance plans, and the company and the unions agreed to review the health benefits program. The company’s Savings and Security Plan was offered to all three unions 1 See M onthly Labor Review, July 1949 (pp. 25-31), October 1950 (pp. 476-478), January 1952 (pp. 57-58), August 1953 (pp. 842-845), November 1955 (pp. 1259-1261), September 1958 (pp. 1005-1009), or Wage Chronology Series 4, No. 7. 2 Formerly United Packinghouse Workers of America; the union’s name was changed at its 1960 convention. a Of the increase effective September 1, 1959, 2 cents was credited against any future cost-of-living adjustment payable during the term of the agreement. 54 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JANUARY 1961 and was accepted by the NBPW. Separation al lowances were increased in the MCBW and UPWA agreements. The NBPW and the company agreed to reduce the service requirement for 3 weeks’ vacation to 12 years, while the MCBW and UPWA agreed to 3 weeks’ vacation after 10 years’ service. The contracts are to remain in effect through August 31, 1961, with no reopening provisions. The following tables bring the wage changes of the Swift & Co. chronology through 1960 and take into account the revisions in supplementary benefits and other changes provided in the 1959 agreements. A—General Wage Changes Effective date Provision January 1959 (N B P W agreement dated Oct. 11, 1956; MCBW and UPWA agreements dated Oct. 12, 1956). July 1959________________ Sept. 1, 1959 (NBPW in terim agreement dated Sept. 18, 1959). Applications, exceptions, and other related matters 1 cent an hour increase. Semiannual adjustment of cost-of-living allowance. No change______________ 8.5 cents an hour increase. Sept. 1, 1959 (MCBW and UPWA agreements dated Oct. 23, 1959). 8.5 cents an hour increase. January 1960 (first pay period in the month). July 1960 (first pay period in the month). Sept. 1,1960 (NBPW agree ments dated Sept. 18 and Oct. 22, 1959; MCBW and UPWA agreements dated Oct. 23, 1959). 1 cent an hour increase__ Semiannual review of cost-of-living allowance. Included 2 cents credited toward any future cost-ofliving adjustment. Entire increase as well as previous 14-cent cost-of-living allowance incorporated into base rates. Escalator clause continued except at plants in Fort Worth and San Antonio, Tex. Rates at plants in Fort Worth and San Antonio, Tex., were not changed. In addition: 8.5 cents an hour increase at plant in Fort Worth, Tex., and 5 cents an hour at plant in San Antonio, Tex. Escalator clause also continued at these plants.1 Deferred wage-rate increase of 6.5 cents (3.5 cents at San Antonio, Tex.) effective Sept. 1, 1960, except at Fort Worth, Tex. Included 2 cents credited toward any future cost-ofliving adjustment. _Entire increase as well as previous 14-cent cost-of-living allowance incorporated into base rates and escalator clause continued.1 Rates at plants in Montgomery, Ala., Ocala, Fla., Atlanta and Moultrie, Ga., Lake Charles, La., and Jackson, Miss., were increased only 5 cents. Deferred wage-rate increase of 6.5 cents an hour (3.5 cents at plants listed above) effective Sept. 1, 1960, except at Nashville, Tenn. Semiannual adjustment of cost-of-living allowance. 2 cents an hour increase._ Semiannual adjustment of cost-of-living allowance. 6.5 cents an hour increase Except at plants in Montgomery, Ala., Ocala, Fla., Atlanta and Moultrie, Ga., Jackson, Miss., and San Antonio, Tex., where increases were 3.5 cents, and at Nashville, Tenn., and Fort Worth, Tex., where rates were not changed. Sept. 1, 1959 (NBPW agree ment dated Oct. 22, 1959). + revised the base of the cost-of-living escalator clause to incorporate the existing 14-cent allowance and the 2 cents to be credited toward any future cost-of-hving adjustment payable during the term of the agreement, but otherwise continued the previous escalator provisions, with https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis C o n su m e r P r ic e Index semiannual adjustments to become effective in January and July and to be based on the Bureau of Labor Statistics Consumer Price Index for the months of November and M ay as follows- (1 9 4 7 -4 9 = 1 0 0 ) 125.2 or less____________________ _ 125.3 to 125.7___________________ ^ a ll o w a n c e 9 _ 125.8 to 126.2-------------------------------------: : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : Nonp 1 Cen t 2 cents. 126.3 to 126.7______________ _ _ _ q cpnfa 126.8 to 127.2__________________ 4 cents' 127.3 to 127.7____________________ 5 cents' 127.8 to 128.2__________________ 6 cents' 128.3 to 128.7______________ 7 cen ts' 128.8 to 129.2________________ 8 cents' 129.3 to 129.7________________ 9 Cen t s ’ 129.8 to 130.2_____________________I ___ IIZ IZ IZ Z Z IIZ Z 'IZ Z Z IZ IIIIIII 10 cents! a n d so fo rth , w ith a 1-cen t a d ju s tm e n t fo r each 0. 5-p o in t increase in th e index. 55 WAGE CHRONOLOGY NO. 7: SWIFT & CO. B—Unskilled (Common Labor) Hourly Wage Rates, 1958-60 1 Effective date Effective date Plant locations Union Atlanta, Ga............................. — UPWA Baltimore, M d---------------------- MCBW Boise, Idaho...... ................ .......... MCBW MCBW Brooklyn, N .Y .5-------------------- UPWA Chicago, 111------- --- ---- UPWA Chicago, 111. (Hammond plant). UPWA Cleveland, Ohio_____________ UPWA Columbus, Ohio........................... MCBW Dallas, T e x ............ ................... UPWA Denver, Colo__ _____________ UPWA Des Moines, Iowa------ ----------- UPWA Evansville, Ind______________ UPWA Fort Worth, Tex_____________ NBPW Hallstead, P a________________ UPWA Harrisburg, P a---- ------------------ NBPW MCBW Jackson, Miss______________ Kansas City, Kans.................. — NBPW Kearney, N . J J --------------------- UPWA Lakes Charles, La___________ MCBW Los Angeles, Calif------------ . . . UPWA Marshalltown, Iowa . ----------- NBPW Sept. 1, 1958 Sept. 1, 1959 $1. 940 1.940 1.940 $2.130 2.165 2.165 42.385 2.165 2.165 2.165 2.165 2.165 « 2.165 2.165 2.165 <2.230 2.165 4 2.230 1.980 <2.230 2.165 2.130 2.265 ‘ 2.230 1.940 1.940 1.940 1.940 1.940 1.940 1.940 1 940 1.940 4 2.005 1.940 42.005 1.790 4 2.005 1.940 1.940 2.040 4 2.005 Plant location 2 Union Menominee, Mich...... ........ ........ Milwaukee, Wis........... ............. Montgomery, Ala........................ Moultrie, Ga.......... ...................... Nashville, T enn........................... National City, 111_________ -New Haven, Conn.8__________ North Portland, Oreg_________ Ocala, Fla__________________ Ogden, U tah________ _______ Omaha, Nebr_______________ St. Louis, Mo----- -----------------St. Paul, M inn______________ San Antonio, Tex____________ Scottsbluff, Nebr____________ Sioux City, Iow a........................ Somerville, Mass.9___________ South St. Joseph, Mo---- -- _ South San Francisco, Calif------Watertown, S. D ak__________ Winona, M inn__________ ____ MCBW UPWA MCBW MCBW MCBW MCBW UPWA MCBW MCBW MCBW UPWA NBPW UPWA NBPW MCBW UPWA UPWA NBPW MCBW io MCBW UPWA Sept. 1, 1960 $2.165 2.230 2.230 2.450 2.230 2.230 2.230 2.230 2.230 (6) 2.230 2.230 2.230 ‘ 2.230 2.230 4 2.295 2.015 52.295 2.230 (3) 2.330 * 2.295 1Rates shown apply to men and women classified as unskilled labor. Previous differential eliminated Sept. 1, 1968, by agreements of Oct. 11 and 12, 1956. Rates dornot include cost-of-living allowance. Rates for Sept. 1, 1959, and Sept. 1, 1960, include accumulated cost-of-living allowance incorporated into base rates on Sept. 1, 1959. See footnote 1, table A. 2 Wichita, Kans., omitted because location is not a packing plant, s Plant included for first time in 1959 master agreement. * Includes an amount in lieu of clothes-changing time and clothes allowance. Sept. 1, 1958 Sept. 1, 1959 $1.940 1.940 1.890 1.890 1.940 1.940 1.940 1.990 1.850 1.940 1.940 * 2.005 1.940 4 1. 980 1.940 1.940 1.940 4 2.005 ii 2.080 1.940 1.940 $2.165 2.165 2.080 2.080 2.165 2.165 2.165 2.215 2.040 2.165 2.165 i 2.230 2.165 4 2.170 2.165 2.165 2.165 4 2.230 2.305 2.165 2.165 Sept. 1, 1960 « $2.230 2.115 2.115 2.165 2.230 2.230 2.280 2.075 2.230 2.230 4 2.295 2.230 ‘ 2.205 2.230 2.230 2.230 « 2.295 2. 370 2.230 2.230 5 Formerly New York, N.Y. 6Plants Plant closed prior to this date. at Harrison and Jersey City consolidated with Kearney, i s Plant at Springfield, Mass., consolidated with New Haven. 9Cambridge jurisdiction consolidated with Somerville. 10Production workers represented by MCBW, maintenance workers by UPWA. ii Correction of rate printed in Supplement No. 5 to Swift & Co. Wage Chronology (in M onthly Labor Review, September 1958, p. 1007). C—Related Wage Practices Applications, exceptions, and other related matters Provision Effective date Guaranteed Time Oct. 22, 1959 (NBPW agree ment of same date). Oct. 23, 1959 (MCBW and UPWA agreements of same date). i ______________________ Pay for holidays falling outside guarantee period not to be credited toward weekly guarantee. Shift Premium Pay Sept. 1, 1959 (NBPW in terim agreement dated Sept. 18, 1959). Oct. 23, 1959 (MCBW and UPWA agreements of same date). fin some plants, night premium applied between Increased to: 12 cents an hour for 1 7 p.m. and 7 a.m. | Premium to be included in computing daily over} work between 6 p.m. and 6 a.m. [ time pay. Premium Pay for Saturday and Sunday Work Sept. 1, 1959 (NBPW in terim agreement dated Sept. 18, 1959). Oct. 23, 1959 (MCBW and UPWA agreements of same date). Increased to: 25 percent for Saturday work and 50 percent for Sunday work on continuous operations. y f(Correction) 1Currently, workers provided another day of rest | in lieu of Saturday paid time and a half for [ work on assigned day of rest. Premium Pay for Freezer Work Oct. 22,1959 (NBPW agree Extended existing freezer differential ment of same date). for all hours worked during the day if Oct. 23, 1959 (MCBW and half or more were worked in freezer. UPWA agreements of same date). https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis ( (Regular rate plus four brackets (16 cents an hour) J to NBPW and three brackets (12 cents an | hour) to MCBW and UPWA to be paid for [ freezer work. 56 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JANUARY 1961 C—Related Wage Practices-—Continued Effective date Provision Applications, exceptions, and other related matters H o lid a y P a y Oct. 22,1959 (NBPW agree ment of same date). Oct. 23, 1959 (MCBW and ) _________________ UPWA agreements of same date). ) Pay to be based on employee’s regular wage rate or rate of temporary assignment worked during last scheduled day before holiday, whichever is higher, instead of only regular rate as in for mer provision. Eligibility requirement that employee must work hours as ordered on (1) holiday, (2) last day before holiday, and (3) first day after holiday changed by substituting “on last scheduled workday before and first scheduled workday after holiday” for (2) and (3). Changed: Hoìiday pay provided employee laid off during week of or preceding holiday and recalled week of or week following holiday. Added: Employee laid off during week before Christmas and recalled during week following New Year’s Day to receive pay for both holidays. Changed: Local management authorized to sub stitute (a) local holiday celebrated in lieu of Memorial Day and (b) Monday or Friday (or other day agreed to with union) in week pre ceding or week following Washington’s Birth day and Veterans Day. P a i d V a c a tio n s Dec. 31, 1959 (MCBW and UPWA agreements dated Oct. 23, 1959). Dec. 31, 1960 (NBPW agreement dated Oct. 22, 1959). Dec. 31, 1960 (MCBW and UPWA agreements dated Oct. 23, 1959). Changed to: Requirement for 3 weeks’ Eligibility requirement reduced from being on vacation reduced to 10 years of payroll for 300 calendar days (during preceding service. 365 calendar days or calendar year) to 270 days, and length of permissible break in service increased from 30 to 60 days. Changed to: Requirement for 3 weeks’ vacation reduced to 12 years of service. Changed: Pay for each week of vacation com puted on basis of 2.2 percent of employee’s gross earnings (excluding suggestion awards) for previous calendar year. Pay for employee absent 12 or more consecutive weeks because of disability or accident during previous calen dar year to be computed on basis of his average earnings in 4 full workweeks preceding vacation. S e p a r a tio n A llo w a n ce Oct. 23, 1959 (MCBW and UPWA agreements of same date). Increased to: 1 week’s pay for each year of service through 10. T ools a n d E q u ip m e n t Oct. 22, 1959 (NBPW agreement of same date). Oct. 23, 1959 (MCBW and UPWA agreements of same date). https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis C u rren tly , com pany furnishes cotto n gloves, safety boots, a n d safety shoes w here necessary, ru b b er aprons w here req u ired a n d re quested, a n d o th e r specified safety devices. 57 WAGE CHRONOLOGY NO. 7: SWIFT & CO. C—Related Wage Practices-—Continued Effective date Applications, exceptions, and other related matters Provision Meals and Mealtime Sept. 1, 1959 (NBPW in \ terim agreement dated Increased: Value of meal or meal Sept. 18, 1959). ticket to $1.50. Oct. 23, 1959 (MCBW and UPWA agreements of same date). Insurance Plan 1 Dec. 1, 1956 (NBPW agree ment dated Oct. 11, 1956; MCBW and UPWA agreements dated Oct. 12, 1956). Dec. 1, 1959 (NBPW agree ment dated Oct. 22, 1959; MCBW and UPWA agreements dated Oct. 23, 1959). (Correction) Hospitalization benefits extended to cover nerv ous and mental disorders for maximum of 30 days. Added: Diagnostic laboratory and X-ray benefits 2—maximum of $50 for all sickness during 6 consecutive months and for each accident. Applicable to any examination made or recom mended by physician, in hospital or not, in diagnosis of accidental injury or sickness. Excluded benefits related to pregnancy, injury or sickness covered by workmen’s compensation and occupational disease laws, dental X-ray except when necessitated by accidental injury, fitting of physical aids, benefits furnished by a government agency, and periodic, premartial, camp, or school admission examinations. Savings and Security Plan Dec. 1, 1959 (NBPW agree ment dated Oct. 22, 1959). Voluntary savings plan established. Employee’s allotment to be invested in United States savings bonds; company’s contribution Employee could elect weekly payroll in company stock or savings bonds, as elected deductions ranging from $1 to $2.40; by employee. company to contribute amount equal to half the employee’s allotment and to pay administrative costs. Savings and contributions to be cred ited to employee’s individual account in trust fund; withdrawals could be made as follows: (A) Employee’s savings—at any Company contribution forfeited in proportion to amounts withdrawn from employee’s savings time, with minimum withdrawal except under circumstances listed in column 2 or equal to the smaller of 1 year’s after layoff for more than 2 weeks because of allotment or the entire amount lack of work. credited to employee. (B) Company contribution—(1) On death, employee’s estate to receive amounts credited to employee’s account, including com securities credited to employee pany contributions. more than 2 years earlier than calendar year of withdrawal, or (2) securities and cash credited to (a) employee who had been on more than 6 consecutive months’ layoff because of lack of work, (b) em ployee who had been terminated by retirement or total and perma nent disability, or (c) employee ter minated by force reduction because of department or unit shutdown or technological change and who was not expected to be reemployed. i The company and the unions agreed to review the health benefits pro gram (letters dated October 22, 1959, NBPW , and contracts dated October 23, 1959, MCBW and UPWA). 1If stipulated benefits could not be provided at a cost to the company of https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis cent or less per hour worked by covered employees, the company and unions agreed to reopen the matter of diagnostic coverage so as to work out a method of providing such care for this amount (supplemental agreements dated October 22, NBPW , and October 23, MCBW and UPWA). % Significant Decisions in Labor Cases* Picketing In the following two cases, the courts distin guished informational as opposed to organization or recognitional picketing under 8(b)(7)(B) of the National Labor Relation Act, as amended. A lth o u g h th e m a jo r issues a n d th e fa c tu a l circu m stances were by no means identical in these cases (see footnote 10), both decisions contained the proviso that injunctive relief must turn on an evaluation as to the “reasonably immediate” objective of the picketing. Case No. 1. A U.S. district court held 1 that section 8(b)(7)(B) of theNLRA, as amended, which proscribes recognition and organizational picketing by a union within 12 months after a representation election, was not unconstitutional as abridging freedom of speech. The union in this case notified the regional director of the National Labor Relations Board that the management of a department store had threatened to discharge employees who attended union meetings during an organizational drive. The union subsequently filed a petition for certifi cation as bargaining representative, but withdrew it after a hearing concerning the appropriate unit for collective bargaining. Shortly thereafter, the union began picketing the stores with signs reading “Irvins refuses to recognize Local 692.” The employer then filed charges under section 8(b)(7)(C) of the NLRA alleging that the picket ing was being conducted without a petition under section 9(C) having been filed at the appropriate time. The union then filed a second petition, requesting an expedited election under section 8(b)(7)(C). Dismissing the employer’s charges, the regional director notified the employer and the union that an election would be held. However, the day before the election was scheduled, the union filed 58 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis charges that the employer by intimidation and threats had interfered with the rights of employees to organize, guaranteed by section 7 of the NLRA, and the election was postponed pending disposition of the charges. When the parties arrived at a settlement, notices were posted concerning the settlement agreement and the election was rescheduled. The union was defeated in the election. After the election, the picketing was continued, but the signs were changed to read: “This is a nonunion store. Irvins opposes a union for its employees. Please do not patronize retail store . . . .” Handbills were distributed to customers and the public but no attempt was made to reach the employees. The union also wrote a letter to the employer stating in effect that the purpose of the picketing was purely informational and deny ing any recognitional or organizational object until a majority of the employees indicate a desire to be represented by it. The employer filed charges against the union under section 8(b)(7)(B) of the NLRA, as amended. Acting on the charge, the Board’s regional director sought a temporary injunction restraining the union from picketing in violation of section 8(b)(7)(B). The union organizer testi fied that the picketing was to inform the public of the employer’s antiunion attitude, but that the picketing would cease if the employer would per sonally reassure the employees that he would not carry out threats previously made and they they were free to select a bargaining agent. Granting the injunction, the court noted that both parties had conceded the case came within subparagraph (B) and that the legislative history of that section revealed that Congress considered it advisable to prohibit picketing for a certain period of time following a legitimate election. The court noted that subsection (C), which forbids organizational or recognitional picketing which continues for more than a reasonable period without an election petition being filed, expressly permits informational picketing unless the pick*Prepared In the U.S. Department of Labor, Office of the Solicitor. The cases covered in this article represent a selection of the significant decisions believed to be of special interest. No attem pt has been made to reflect all recent judicial and administrative developments in the field of labor law or to indicate the effect of particular decisions in jurisdictions in which contrary results may be reached based upon local statutory provisions, the existence of local precedents, or a different approach by the courts to the issue presented. i N L R B [P e n e llo ] v. L o c a l 692, R e t a il C le r k s A s s o c ia t i o n (U.S.D.C. Md., Sept. 23, 1960). DECISIONS IN LABOR CASES eting prevents pickups, deliveries, or other services by the employees or other persons. The court alsomoted that although subsection (B) contains no such proviso with respect to postelection picketing, this does not mean that informational picketing may not be carried on. The court reasoned that unless organization or recognition was one of the reasonably immediate objectives of postelection picketing, such picketing did not fall within subsection (B) and therefore could not be enjoined. With respect to the union’s efforts to deny any recognitional or organizational objectives through its picketing, the court pointed out that it is not bound to accept at face value the self-serving statements made by either side.2 On the other hand, the court said, the union’s prior objective should not preclude it from engaging in lawful activity at a later time,3 and there should be no presumption that the objects of the picketing would remain the same.4 After reviewing the preelection conduct of the union in this case and certain postelection state ments of its representatives, the court concluded that the objective prohibited by section 8(b)(7)(B) could be inferred from the totality of the union’s conduct—viewed in the light of the normal objec tives of such conduct—and therefore granted the injunction. In reply to the union’s contention that its picketing was protected by the First Amendment to the Constitution, the court asserted that although Congress could not ban all picketing in every situation,5 it could ban picketing which defeats a valid public policy. The court pointed out that the public policy embodied in the statute here is that an employer and his employees should be free for a reasonable time after an election from recognitional and organizational picketing. The court concluded that, inasmuch as the union may utilize other means of communication for obtaining these objectives and picketing alone was proscribed 1 Cavers v. Teamsters General Local BOO (XJ.S.D.C.E.D. Wis., Aug. 18, 1960). > McLeod v . Hotel and Restaurant Employees Union, Local 89 (C.A. 2, July 6,1960). See also M onthly Labor Review, October 1960, pp. 1084-1085. ‘ Archibald Cox, The Landrum-Griffin Amendments to the National Labor Relations Act (in Minnesota Law Review, December 1959, pp. 257274). « Thornhill v. Alabama, 310 U.S. 88 (1940). ‘ N L R B [Graham] v. Retail Clerks, Local57 (U.S.D.C.Mont., Oct. 25,1960). i Elliot v. Dallas General Drivers (U.S.D.C.N.D. Tex., Nov. 30,1959). https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 59 by section 8 (b)(7)(B), the statute was not un constitutional. Case No. 2. A U.S. district court held 6 that the NLRB was not entitled to a temporary injunction against a union’s picketing in alleged violation of section 8(b)(7)(B) of the National Labor Relations Act, as amended, which bans recognition or organizational picketing within 12 months of a representation election, since there was no reason able cause to believe that the picketing was for an unlawful object. In this case, a union submitted a proposed contract following the opening of a variety chain store and, after several conferences with the employer, began picketing the store with signs stating that the store had “no clerk’s union contract.” The employer filed a representation petition pursuant to section 9(c) of the NLRA and a charge that the union was violating section 8(b)(7)(C) of the act, which prohibits picketing for recognition or organizational purposes without the filing of an election petition “within a reasonable period of time.” Pursuant to its rules, the Board directed an expedited election without a hearing. The union filed objections to the election, requesting post ponement and an order directing the company to furnish it with a list of employees. Both were refused, and in the election, the union was unan imously rejected. When picketing was resumed 6 weeks later, the employer filed charges under section 8(b)(7)(B), which bans recognition or organizational picketing within 12 months of a valid election. The Board sought an injunction against the picketing pending a decision on the charge. In denying the injunction, the court refused to consider the union’s contention that the election was invalid, on the ground that the validity of the election and the procedures followed by the Board were not proper subjects for this inquiry. The court pointed out that since the resolution of an unfair labor practice charge is within the exclusive jurisdiction of the Board, the election proceedings were not reviewable in the injunction proceedings.7 The court addressed itself to the question of whether the Board had reasonable cause to believe that the picketing carried on by the union after the election had as its object to force or require recognition or organization or whether, as the 60 union maintained, the picketing was solely for the purpose of truthfully advising the public that the employer did not employ members of the labor organization. In answering these questions, the court noted that the picketing prior to the election had recognition or organization as an objective. However, it pointed out that neither the Board nor the court could rely on the presump tion of continuity of the original object unless such presumption were supported by independent evi dence of events and representations subsequent to the resumption of the picketing. In analyzing the evidence, the court noted that the courts have generally recognized that all picketing, including informational picketing per taining to an employer’s failure to employ union members, has as its ultimate goal or object union recognition or bargaining.8 Thus the court pointed out that if it accepted this premise, then in order to give recognition and effect to purely informational picketing because of the proviso in section 8(b)(7)(C),9 it had to distinguish between the ultimate object and the reasonably immediate object in determining in any given case whether the picketing has an objective of forcing or requiring recognition or organization. The court concluded that the absence of di rect contact between the employer and the union following the election, the papers filed by the union with the Board prior to the election, and state ments by the union disclaiming any intention to picket for recognition or organizational purposes, all were evidence that the union’s purpose was to inform the public. The court concluded that the union’s actions and representations, as well as the timing of the resumption of picketing, were in sufficient evidence to show a reasonably immedi ate object of forcing or requiring recognition or organization, but rather manifested an intent to inform the public that the company did not have a union contract and employed nonunion clerks.10 The court noted that the employer’s contention that the informational picketing proviso is limited to subparagraph (C) and affords no defense to a section 8(b)(7)(B) charge had been upheld in the Penello case. However, the court pointed out that in that opinion the court had stated that a court must keep in mind, even in a section 8(b)(7) (B) proceeding, “ that there may be picketing which is purely informational in nature and which does not have any recognitional or organizational https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JANUARY 1961 objective.” Such picketing is permitted by sec tion 8(b)(7)(B) even during the year after an election. Other Labor Relations Cases Jurisdictional Dispute Between Sister Locals. A U.S. district court held11 that the jurisdiction given Federal district courts under section 301 of the Labor Management Relations Act to enforce interunion contracts does not extend to a local union’s action for declaratory judgment in a dis pute with a sister local over an unwritten practice of allocating work areas among locals. The defendant in this case was Mason Tenders District Council (comprised of five locals), of which Locals 23 and 33 were members. A cus tomary practice among the five locals was to award jurisdiction to the local with the first two men on a construction job. The first two men on the construction job contested were members of Local 33, and one of the the men was appointed shop steward. When Local 23 claimed the right to appoint the shop steward, the president of the District Council ruled in its favor. As Local 23 had had a crew of men at work on the job site earlier and had previously designated a shop steward, the executive board of the council concurred in this decision. Local 33 objected to the decision and requested the minutes of the council president’s ruling as well as a review of the decision by the full membership of the council. 8See Getreu v. Bartenders, Hotel and Restaurant Employees Union, Local 68 (U.S.D.C.N.D. Ind., Jan. 19, 1960). See also M onthly Labor Review, March 1960, pp. 293-294. 9Section 8(b)(7)(C) of the NLRA provides: “ (C) where such picketing has been conducted without a petition under section 9(c) being filed within a reasonable period of time not to exceed thirty days from the commencement of such picketing: Provided, T hat when such a petition has been filed the Board shall forthwith, without regard to the pro visions of section 9(c)(1) or the absence of a showing of a substantial interest on the part of the labor organization, direct an election in such unit as the Board finds to be appropriate and shall certify the results thereof: Provided further, T hat nothing in this subparagraph (C) shall be construed to prohibit any picketing or other publicity for the purpose of truthfully advising the public (including consumers) that aD employer does not employ members of, or have a contract with, a labor organization, unless an effect of such picketing is to induce any individual employed by any other person in the course of his employment, not to pick up, deliver, or transport any goods or not to perform any services.” 10The court noted that the fact that respondent withdrew from the election, the interval of 6 weeks between the two periods of picketing, the lack of any direct communication between respondent and Hested [the employer] for approximately 3 months prior to the picketing which began May 3, the leg end on the sign, and the lack of any other activity in conjunction with the picketing distinguishes this case factually from N L R B [Penello] v. Retail Clerks Association (U.S.D.C. Md., Sept. 23, 1960), supra. 11 Local S3, International Hod Carriers v. M ason Tenders District Council of Greater New York (U.S.D.C.S.D.N.Y., July 14, 1960). 61 DECISIONS IN LABOR CASES The decision was reviewed and approved by the full council. Local 33 repeated its request for the minutes of the meeting, although it appeared that a copy of the board’s first decision had been sent to the local. The secretary of the council notified Local 33 that it was accepting the local’s requests as the basis for an appeal before the General Executive Board of the International (in accordance with article 12 of the constitution of the International union) and that copies of all papers were available for inspection at the District Council’s office. Article 10 of the constitution of the District Council provides that grievances and charges are to be brought before the Executive Board of the International and within 30 days from the noti fication of the council’s final decision. Local 33 subsequently failed to appear at two scheduled hearings on its appeal (claiming expiration of the time for such hearing). The hearing was ad journed sine die. Article 13, section 1 of the constitution of the International provides that neither a District Council nor affiliated locals shall resort to any court in any matter arising out of their member ship until they have first exhausted the remedies provided by the constitutions of the International, the council, and the local. Section 301 of the LMRA provides that suits for violation of con tracts between labor organizations may be brought before district courts; Local 33 brought an action under that section. The court pointed out that the controlling question was whether Congress in enacting section 301 of the LMRA intended that such a dispute was to be decided by a Federal court. The court noted that, in one of the most recent cases 12 on this question, “ Judge Mathes . . . found that the congressional purpose of maintaining uni12 International Union of Doll and Toy Workers v. M etal Polishers Union (U.S.D.C.S.D. Calif., .Tan. 18, 1960). See also Monthly Labor Review, May 1960, pp. 509-510. 13 United Textile Workers of America v. Textile Workers’ Union of America, 258 F. 2d 743 (1958). 13 Textile Workers of America v. Lincoln M ills , 353 U.S. 448 (1957). See also M onthly Labor Review, August 1957, pp. 976-977. This decision granted specific performance of a collective bargaining agreement between an employer and a union. 16 International Union of Toy and Doll Workers v. Metal Polishers Tjnion , supra. is The court noted that “While there is not at the present moment any conflict with the Board over this dispute, a charge of an unfair labor practice can overnight put the matter into that tribunal’s hands, and we would then have the multiplicity of tribunals and diversity of procedures which Garner v. Teamsters Union, 346 U.S. 485, warned against.” 578 1 8 7 — 61------- 5 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis formity and stability in industrial relations through the National Labor Relations Act and [NLRB] would be nullified by permitting the intervention of courts in matters which, but for the fact that they are embraced by contract, had long been entrusted exclusively to the [NLRB].” Judge Mathes pointed out that while the act was silent on the type of interunion contract contem plated, sections 7, 9 and 10 of the NLRA were most explicit in conferring exclusive jurisdiction on the NLRB in disputes concerning employee representation by unions and in protecting that jurisdiction from encroachment by any subsequent means established by agreement or law. The court pointed out that a contrary result had been reached in a suit13 for specific perform ance to compel arbitration of a no-raiding agree ment between two international unions, when it was felt that the statute manifested “ congressional recognition of contracts between unions as being the subject of enforcement in Federal courts.” The court in the previously mentioned suit noted that the purpose of section 301 as interpreted in Lincoln Mills14 was “ to foster industrial peace by resort to court to enforce agreements so de signed and finding this purpose present in an arbitration clause of a no-raiding agreement as well as in that of a collective bargaining agree ment, the court felt that, if statutory purpose was to be fulfilled, it had to assume jurisdiction.” The court in the present case noted, however, that Judge Mathes15refused to extend the Lincoln Mills holding on the ground that there was a vast difference between a collective bargaining and a no-raiding agreement. His reasoning was that, while an employer had no remedy against a union to enforce the first type of agreement prior to the enactment of section 301, the Board had always had the power to settle interunion no-raiding disputes and there was, therefore, no need to extend the jurisdiction of the court to this latter type of suit. The court concluded that it was convinced— on the basis of its knowledge of legislative intent in this area and from the fact that Congress had created the NLRB with broad exclusive powers and the Board’s established procedures and special ized knowledge to resolve these disputes—it was not the intention of Congress “to throw the Federal courts into the skirmish and have them come up with varying opinions.” 16 62 Union Funds for Legal Actions. A U.S. court of appeals held 17 that union members were entitled under section 501 of the Labor-Management Reporting and Disclosure Act to a temporary injunction restraining local union officers from using union funds for their defense in certain civil and criminal actions. Several members of a local union filed charges in a Federal district court under section 501 of the Labor-Management Reporting and Disclosure Act alleging that the local’s officers conspired to defraud it of large sums of the union’s money by using its funds for their defense in certain legal actions. The district court granted a prelim inary injunction prohibiting the officers from using any of the local’s funds to pay for any legal fees in the defense of civil or criminal actions which were presently pending against the officers in the courts of Pennsylvania or in the district court arising from alleged misuse of the union’s funds. The appeals court, in affirming the trial court’s decision, pointed out that the trial court had acted in complete accord with the letter and spirit of the 1959 law. The appellate court noted that section 501(a) makes it the duty of a https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JANUARY 1961 union’s officers “to hold its money and property solely for the benefit of the organization and its members, and to manage, invest, and expend the same in accordance with its constitution and bylaws and any resolutions of the governing bodies adopted thereunder.” The court agreed with the district court’s interpretation of section 50118 as authorizing only those expenditures made pursuant to lawful union bylaws or resolutions. The court concluded, however, that the resolution sanctioning these expenditures, which was voted by a majority of the union members, was not lawful, since it was beyond the power of the local and was inconsistent with the aims and purposes of the labor reform law. 17L o c a l 107, I n t e r n a t io n a l B r o th e r h o o d o f T e a m s t e r s v. C o h e n (C.A. 3, Nov. 2, 1960). 18Section 501(a) also states that it is the duty of the officers “to refrain from dealing with such organization as an adverse party or in behalf of an adverse party in any matter connected with his duties and from holding or acquiring any pecuniary or personal interest which conflicts with the interests of such organization, and to account to the organization for any profit received by him in whatever capacity in connection with transactions conducted by him or under his direction on behalf of the organization. A general exculpa tory provision in the constitution and bylaws of such a labor organization or a general exculpatory resolution of a governing body purporting to relieve any such persons of liability for breach of the duties declared by this section shall be void as against public policy.” Chronology of Recent Labor Events November 1, 1960 Six N e w Y o r k C i t y n e w s p a p e r s and the American Newspaper Guild agreed, subject to union membership ratification, to 2-year contracts providing for a $7 weekly package increase. Provisions covered wage increases (varying by classification) averaging $3.50 in 1960 and $2.50 in 1961, a 50-cent increase each year in pension or welfare benefits, and a fourth week of vacation after 10 instead of 12 years of service. According to the Guild, “fundamentally” the same contract was agreed to by a seventh paper, the New York Post. The contracts cover 6,000 editorial, commercial, and maintenance employees. An 11-cent-an-hour general wage increase for employees of the United Biscuit Co. represented by the American Bakery and Confectionery Workers became effective. The increase was provided under terms of a 2-year contract reached after a 10-day strike affecting 2,500 workers at six establishments. According to the union, other contract provisions included an eighth paid holiday, a reopening on wage and health and welfare benefits on November 1, 1961, and severance pay of 1 week’s wages for each year of serv ice with the company. November 2 T h e U n i t e d A u t o W o r k e r s lost a decertification election among employees of the United Aircraft Corp.’s Sikorsky Division in Bridgeport and Stratford, Conn., whom its Local 877 had represented since 1943. The vote was 2,557 for no union and 2,192 for the UAW. The election was an aftermath of a 3-month strike last summer, which terminated when the strikers voted to resume work without a contract. (See also p. 68 of this issue.) T h e U.S. Court of Appeals in Philadelphia upheld a lower court injunction, issued under section 501 of the Labor-Management Reporting and Disclosure Act of 1959, prohibiting local union officers from using union funds to pay for any legal fees in defense of civil or criminal actions pending against them in State and Federal courts, even though such expenditures had been authorized by a union resolution. The court held that the authorization was beyond the local’s powers as derived from its constitution and inconsistent with the act’s aims and purposes. The case was Local 107, International Brotherhood of Teamsters v. Cohen. 578187- 61- https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis November 7 T h e U n it e d F e d e r a t io n o f T e a c h e r s , which reportedly represents a fourth of New York City’s public school teachers, went on strike after charging the Superintendent of Schools with forsaking promises made last May to set a date for a collective bargaining election and to establish a dues checkoff. Other union groups of teachers did not support the strike. The federation ended the walkout on November 9 after a 1-day strike, when the Board of Education promised not to press charges against striking teachers under the State’s Condon-Wadlin law which bans strikes by public employees, and Mayor Robert Wagner had arranged for three top labor leaders to evaluate the circumstances of the dispute. Striking teachers were, however, docked a day’s pay. November 15 Two h a z a r d o u s o c c u p a t io n s o r d e r s issued by Secre tary of Labor James P. Mitchell under the Fair Labor Standards Act went into effect. The orders raised from 16 to 18 years the legal minimum employment age for minors engaged in the operation and maintenance of circular and band saws and of guillotine shears (Order No. 14) and in wrecking and demolition work on buildings and in shipbreaking (Order No. 15). a vice president of the Brother hood of Teamsters and president of Local 506 in Hoboken, N.J., was indicted by a Federal grand jury in Newark, N.J., on charges of extorting $17,000 in labor-peace payoffs from Dorn Transportation, Inc., of Rensselaer, N.Y., between 1952 and 1959. Provenzano had been accused by witnesses appearing before the now defunct Senate Select Committee on Improper Activities in the Labor or Management Field of accepting payments from employers with Teamster contracts (see Chron. item for Sept. 2, 1959, MLR, Nov. 1959). A nthony P ro ven za n o , h e N e w J e r s e y Superior Court in Newark sentenced Eugene C. James, former secretary-treasurer of the Laundry, Dry Cleaning and Dye House Workers Inter national Union, and Louis B. Saperstein, former Newark insurance broker, to prison terms of 1 to 2 years for con spiring to embezzle $902,336 in union welfare fund pre miums between 1952 and 1954. The union succeeded in recovering $252,136 of the embezzled amount through the settlement of a civil suit brought earlier in a Federal district court in Chicago. T November 16 T h e N a t i o n a l L a b o r R e l a t io n s B o a r d ruled that an employer did not violate the Labor Management Relations Act by refusing during bargaining to furnish a union with job descriptions and evaluations for study outside the plant, because the records also contained information on production methods and processes which management did 63 64 not wish to be made public. The Board pointed out that the union’s adamant demand precluded a test of the employer’s willingness to let the union inspect the records on mutually satisfactory terms. The case was American Cyanamid Co. and Local 120, International Chemical Workers. November 22 A n a r b i t r a t i o n b o a r d set up under the 1959 agreement between the International Longshoremen’s Association and the New York Shipping Association (see chron. item for Dec. 1, 1959, MLR, Feb. 1960) announced an award establishing a scale of royalty payments by shippers to the union on cargo moving through the port of New York in container form. The payments, retroactive to last July 1, will range from 35 cents to $1 per gross ton of “contain erized” cargo. (See also p. 65 of this issue.) November 26 T h e S e c r e t a r y o f L a b o r announced that the Interna tional Brotherhood of Electrical Workers, the Plumbers union, and the National Aeronautics and Space Agency (NASA), in dispute for 1 week over construction and installation work at the Cape Canaveral missile base in Florida, had reached an agreement providing that the workers represented by the unions would return to work on November 28 if the Secretary would appoint a com mittee to study the dispute and make recommendations for its settlement. The recommendations of the com mittee, to be composed of representatives from the Labor https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JANUARY 1961 and Defense Departments, the NASA, and the unions, are not to set a precedent for other missile work. November 29 P r e s i d e n t David J. McDonald and R. Conrad Cooper of the United States Steel Corp. announced that the joint committee to study work rules, established under the January 1960 bargaining agreement for the basic steel industry (see Chron. item for Jan. 5, 1960, MLR, Mar. 1960), would not be able to submit recommendations by November 30, the date set by the pact, because pre liminary work had not been completed, including the selection of a neutral chairman for the committee. (See also p. 67 of this issue.) Steelw orker November 30 h e executive council of the AFL-CIO Building and Construction Trades Department, meeting in Washington, D.C., authorized its president to review World War II “stabilization” agreements of construction unions, with a view toward evolving a policy for eliminating strikes at missile bases. Such contracts provided certain job guarantees to workers but banned lockouts and strikes. At the same time, members of the Plumbers union were instructed by their president through the union’s journal not to strike or picket at missile bases without the council’s approval. Similar but less formal action was taken by other presidents of construction unions who are also members of the Department’s executive council. T Developments in Industrial Relations * Wages and Collective Bargaining Longshore. A three-man board of arbitration an nounced on November 22, 1960, a formula to in demnify longshoremen for movement of contain erized cargo through the port of New York. The plan, covering about 27,000 members of the Inter national Longshoremen’s Association (including checkers and clerks) employed by companies of the New York Shipping Association, Inc., calls for employers to pay from 35 cents to $1 per gross ton of “ containerized” cargoes shipped, the amount depending on the proportion of ship capacity fitted for vans or containers. The board had been set up in August 1960, following failure of the parties to reach agreement on specific payments under pro visions of the 3-year contract signed in December 1959.1 The award required employers to make payments retroactive to July 1, 1960. Payments are to continue for the duration of the 3-year col lective bargaining agreement, with the right by either party to seek adjustments on October 1, 1961. The award followed less than a month after an agreement covering West Coast longshoremen which provided a fund for workers affected by changing methods of cargo handling.2 Unlike the West Coast agreement, the East Coast settlement did not deal with work-rule restrictions on cargo handling. A union spokesman said that the ILA planned to extend provisions of the award to all Atlantic and Gulf ports, including all coastwise and inter coastal shipping. Four coastal steamship com panies are parties to the agreement between the union and the New York Shipping Association, but they had asked for relief from the indemnifi cation plan on the ground that its cost might put them out of business. Thomas W. Gleason, gen eral organizer of the ILA and a member of the arbitration panel, said the form of relief still had to be worked out. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Other Transportation. In late November, the Brotherhood of Railway and Steamship Clerks announced agreement with the Railway Express Agency, providing a 5-cent-an-hour pay increase retroactive to July 1, 1960, for about 25,000 workers. The settlement—similar to contract amendments agreed to in the summer of 1960 between the Nation’s Class I railroads and the nonoperating unions3—incorporated the previously accumulated 17-cent-an-hour cost-of-living allow ance into base rates and discontinued future escalation. Health and welfare benefit changes— effective March 1, 1961-—-included a company-paid life insurance policy for employees and equaliza tion of dependents’ hospital and in-hospital med ical and surgical benefits with those for employees. Improvements in vacations were also provided. The Pennsylvania Railroad announced on November 30 that, effective January 1, 1961, it was restoring salary cuts it had initiated in September.4 A. J. Greenough, president of the line, said conditions had shown “ enough improve ment to warrant the restoration of full salaries.” The reductions—which applied to about 4,300 officers and supervisory and other nonunion employees—had ranged from 5 to 30 percent. Other Settlements. Three locals of the Amal gamated Clothing Workers of America in midNovember signed 3-year contracts granting imme diate wage raises of $3 and $5 a week for about 8,500 employees of retail clothing stores in New York City. The contracts—negotiated with the Retail Apparel Merchants Association and a group of independent Fifth Avenue men’s stores—-pro vided a $3-a-week wage increase for office and clerical workers and $5 a week for bushelmen (tailors), both retroactive to October 1, 1960. Salesmen received a base-rate increase of $5 weekly retroactive to September 1 and an increase in commission rates from 5.75 percent to 6 percent for clothing salesmen and from 6.75 percent to 7 percent for furnishings salesmen. Other changes included an additional $2 a week in the second contract year and a reduction in the ♦Prepared in the Division of Wages and Industrial Relations, Bureau of Labor Statistics, on the basis of currently available published material, i See M onthly Labor Review, January I960, p. 64. 3 See M onthly Labor Review, December 1960, pp. 1322-1323. 3 See Monthly Labor Review, October 1960, p. 1092. < See Monthly Labor Review, November 1980, p. 1210. 65 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JANUARY 1961 66 workweek from 40 to 37% hours beginning January 1, 1961, for office and clerical workers; premium pay for all employees scheduled to work on Washington’s Birthday; and starting September 1, 1961, a third week of vacation after 15 years for salesmen. The retirement plan for salesmen will also be improved beginning September 1, 1962; it was not specified whether pensions were changed by the contract covering busheling, office, and clerical workers. In early November, the Teamsters union and major oil companies in the Chicago area agreed to a 1-year contract providing a 10-cent-an-hour pay raise for about 3,500 gasoline and fuel oil drivers. In addition, the settlement called for improved health and welfare and other benefits. The Western Electric Co. and the independent Communications Equipment Work ere, Inc., reached agreement in late November on wage increases for 4,400 workers in Baltimore, Md. The settlement, negotiated under a wage reopening clause of an existing 2-year contract, called for wage-rate increases ranging from 5 to 9 cents an hour for production workers and 10- to 11-cent increases for skilled tradesmen. The Kaman Aircraft Corp., in Bloomfield, Conn., announced on November 15 a 3-percent pay raise for its 4,000 hourly and salaried employees. Wage increases ranged from 5 to 10 cents for hourly rated workers. In addition, the 6-cent-an-hour cost-of-living allowance accu mulated since the latest general wage increase (May 1959) was incorporated in the wage structure. The company also said it had liberal ized its life insurance program, increased sickness and accident benefits, and provided for 3 days’ paid funeral leave. The American Smelting and Refining Co. and the International Union of Mine, Mill and Smelter Workers (Ind.) signed in mid-October a 1-year extension of a contract that had been scheduled to expire in June 1961. The new agreement—to become effective June 30, 1961— calls for wage increases of 7 to 9 cents an hour, a fourth week’s vacation for 25-year-service employees, and improved pension and disability retirement benefits. The contract will affect approximately 6,000 employees at various plants throughout the country. In July 1960, these workers had received a deferred wage increase averaging 8 cents an hour. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Members of the International Association of Machinists ratified on October 29, 1960, a 3-year contract covering about 4,000 production and maintenance workers of the Bendix Corp. in Kansas City, Mo. The settlement called for wage increases at 13-month intervals—5 cents effective October 31, 1960, and 6 cents on December 4, 1961, and again on January 7, 1963. The previously accumulated cost-of-living adjust ments of 29 cents an hour were incorporated into base rates and the escalator clause was discon tinued. Other contract changes included an improved insurance program. Standard Oil Co. of Indiana announced in mid-November a 5-percent pay raise for nonunion salaried employees in its general offices. The company also proposed a 5-percent increase in a 2-year contract to a local of the independent Central States Petroleum Union, which is the bargaining agent for about 800 white-collar employees. Similar offers to other unions have been made by a number of other major oil firms. Two-year contracts between the Brown Shoe Co. and the United Shoe Workers of America and the Boot and Shoe Workers Union were ratified by union members in late November. The con tracts—similar to agreements reached in October with the International Shoe Co. and the two unions5-—provided for a 5-cent-an-hour wage in crease on January 1, 1961, and an additional 3 cents a year later. The contract affects about 9,500 workers in Arkansas, Illinois, Indiana, Missouri, and Tennessee. The United States Potters Association and the International Brotherhood of Operative Potters reached agreement on November 30, 1960, on a 2-year, 8-cent-an-hour “package” contract for about 5,000 workers. The agreement—signed by nine companies with plants in Pennsylvania, West Virginia, and Ohio—included a 3-cent-anhour wage increase beginning December 1, 1961, and an additional 5-cent-an-hour employer con tribution to health and welfare. A few days earlier, the union and five chinaware manufacturers had also agreed to a 2-year contract covering about 2,000 workers in New York, Penn sylvania, and Ohio. This bargaining agreement called for a 3-cent-an-hour deferred pay increase beginning December 1, 1961, a sixth paid holiday > See M onthly Labor Kevlew, November 1960, p. 1209. DEVELOPMENTS IN INDUSTRIAL RELATIONS (Thanksgiving Day), an improved health and wel fare plan, and establishment of a pension fund. The latter—to go into effect January 1, 1961—is to be financed by employer contributions of 1.5 cents per dozen of all ware shipped. In addition, the contract provided for the parties to share the cost of engaging consultant engineers to study ways of modernizing production, improving plant efficiency, and meeting competition from imported products. Escalation. Almost 1.1 million workers received cost-of-living escalator increases in December as a result of a rise in the Consumer Price Index to 127.3 percent (1947M9=100) in mid-October. Allowances for about 975,000 workers—mostly in the automobile, farm equipment, and related indus tries'—increased 2 cents an hour. Among those affected were employees of General Motors, Ford, Chrysler, American Motors, Studebaker-Packard, and International Harvester. About 80,000 work ers—including employees of Caterpillar Tractor Co., Allis-Chalmers Manufacturing Co., and some relatively small aircraft firms—received 1-centan-hour increases. About 500,000 workers in basic iron and steel and related industries could also receive an in crease up to 3 cents an hour because of the October Index. However, under the agreements signed in January I960,6 any or all of a potential cost-ofliving increase could be offset by rising insurance costs. Steel management and the Steelworkers were unable to agree on the extent of these in creased costs and on December 1, 1960, when the adjustment was scheduled to go into effect, the matter was before an independent actuary. Under these same agreements, however, an average 9.4-cent-an-hour deferred wage increase (a 7-cent general increase plus an 0.2-cent increase in incre ments between job classes together with their effect on incentive earnings) went into effect December 1, 1960. Labor-Management Relations The labor-management committee set up under the January agreements in the basic iron and steel industry to study possible revisions of work rules reported on November 29, 1960, that « See Monthly Labor Review, February 1960, pp. 181-182. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 67 it had failed to agree on a neutral chairman and had not yet completed its work. Under the memorandum of agreement, the committee was to have selected a neutral chairman and was to make recommendations “for such action as the parties may mutually agree upon.” The report, issued by David J. McDonald and R. Conrad Cooper, stated that the committee “has not de termined the area of study in which a third party might be helpful in assisting the parties . . moreover, the report declared the committee members felt that their efforts “should be directed toward achieving such understanding between the parties rather than involving a third party.” A committee of the National Council of Churches which studied the 1959 steel strike proposed on November 25 that the President be given a more flexible set of tools to deal with national emergency strikes, suggesting that the Taft-PIartley Act be amended to permit the President discretionary powers to authorize boards of inquiry to mediate or make settlement recom mendations. The committee criticized both labor and management for not exhibiting sufficient public responsibility during the 116-day strike as well as for failing to establish “ethical guidelines” for determining fair relationships of wages, prices, and profits. A proposal by Walter P. Reuther, president of the United Automobile Workers, for annual meetings with the “Big Three” automobile pro ducers to discuss long-range problems confronting both labor and management was rejected in November by the General Motors Corp., the Ford Motor Co., and the Chrysler Corp. Mr. Reuther, responding to President Eisenhower’s call for broader cooperation between management and labor, had suggested establishment of a joint conference of “top-level, policymaking [automo bile] executives and leaders of the UAW . . . covering the full range of problems that involve our common interests as citizens of the United States and of the communities in which auto production facilities are located.” In rejecting Mr. Reuther’s proposal, the Ford Motor Co. commented that “we do not believe the general objective of acting in concert with the UAW or with our competitors and the UAW” is sound. At a meeting of the Mining and Metallurgical Society in New York City, Charles R. Cox, presi dent of the Kennecott Copper Corp., declared on 68 November 30 that labor and management must either develop ways to settle their differences easily and quickly without crippling strikes or face the possibility of public regulation. He said there was merit in a proposal made last summer by Arthur J. Goldberg for a permanent National Council of Labor-Management Advisers7 that would study and recommend programs to the President for achieving full production and employment. Other Developments Longstanding jurisdictional problems between AFL-CIO construction and industrial unions con tinued to plague the Federation, as exemplified by a representation dispute between the Plumbers union and the International Association of Ma chinists. The dispute involved a group of main tenance plumbers employed at the Convair Astronautics Division of General Dynamics Corp. near San Diego, Calif., who had voted in October 1960 for the Plumbers in a National Labor Rela tions Board representation election, despite an arbitration award issued under the AFL-CIO no-raiding pact which ordered the Plumbers to withdraw from the plant. The award was based on the fact that the IAM had been recognized as bargaining agent for maintenance plumbers (as well as for some 300 other job classifications) in the missile division under an expired contract with the company. The Machinists in turn canceled an 8-year agreement for settling all disputes with the Plumbers through arbitration. As a possible step toward ending work stoppages at missile bases, the Executive Council of the AFL-CIO Building Trades Department authorized a review of wartime no-strike agreements in the construction industry to “see how far the Defense Department wants to go toward a similar agree ment now.” At the same time, Peter T. Schoemann, president of the United Association of Journeymen and Apprentices of the Plumbing and Pipe Fitting Industry, ordered members through the union’s magazine “not to strike or picket” at missile bases without the council’s approval. The Executive Council met on November 29 and 30, primarily to draw up a legislative program whose major objective was the removal of the Taft-Hartley restrictions on common situs picket ing at building projects. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JANUARY 1961 The United Automobile Workers was defeated in an NLRB decertification election on November 2, 1960, 2557 to 2192, at the Sikorsky Division plants of the United Aircraft Corp. in Bridgeport and Stratford, Conn. The election was an out growth of a strike 8 over a contract that began in June 1960. The strike ended in early September when workers returned without a formal contract. The Independent Aircraft Guild, which had pro tested the strike and claimed that the UAW no longer had the support of the majority of workers, subsequently petitioned the NLRB for a decer tification election. The independent union re portedly had about 1,000 signed members, and although no union can be certified by the Board until a year from the election, one of its spokesmen said it expected to have a majority of production workers by early December and would then seek to negotiate a new contract. The UAW had represented Sikorsky employees since 1943. In Kellogg, Idaho, a 6-month strike by the International Union of Mine, Mill and Smelter Workers (Ind.) against the Bunker Hill Mining Co. resulted in a decertification petition by the newly formed Northwest Metal Workers Union. According to the new union, “well over 31 percent” of the employees had signed the petition; hearings by the NLRB were to begin on November 22, 1960. About 1,875 employees were involved. In Hawaii, the International Longshoremen’s and Warehousemen’s Union (Ind.) was competing with 13 AFL-CIO building trades unions for representation of about 7,000 unorganized con struction workers. The ILWU, the single largest union in the area, claims a membership of about 23,000, most of whom are shipping, plantation (sugar and pineapple), and cannery workers. It has sought to expand its representation since mechanization and improved crop-raising methods have reduced its membership. The AFL-CIO unions claim a membership of about 18,000, of whom about 7,000 are construction workers on the island of Oahu. At the biennial convention of the Air Line Pilots Association, Clarence N. Sayen was reelected to his fifth consecutive term as president. Mr. Sayen was unopposed on the ballot, although James M. Landis had earlier sought the post. 7See M onthly Labor Review, October 1960, pp. 1095-1096. 8See M onthly Labor Review, October 1960, p. 1093. DEVELOPMENTS IN INDUSTRIAL RELATIONS Landis’ name was not placed on the ballot because he failed to achieve the two-thirds majority vote required of a nonpilot for nomination by the union’s board of directors. Mr. Landis was the former dean of the Harvard University Law School and former chairman of both the Civil Aeronautics Board and the Securities and Ex change Commission. Also at the convention, the Association’s directors—a 293-member board rep resenting the union’s councils—voted to increase strike benefit payments by $60 a month to its members on strike against Southern Airways. Benefits previously ranged from $410 to $710 a month. Maurice A. Hutcheson, president of the United Brotherhood of Carpenters, and William Blaier, vice president of the union, were sentenced to 2 to 14 years in prison for conspiring to bribe an Indiana highway official in a right-of-way land 9See Monthly Labor Review, December 1960, p. 1325. 10See M onthly Labor Review, November 1960, p. 1214. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 69 deal. Union Treasurer Frank M. Chapman, who was also convicted in October at the same trial,9 died less than a month later. Mr. Hutcheson and Mr. Blaier were each fined $250 and were barred from voting or holding public office for 5 years. Both men were released on $5,000 bonds pending a defense motion for a new trial. Meanwhile, the union’s executive board announced it had affirmed its “ complete faith and confidence” in the two men, expressing the belief that the con victions resulted from a “ climate of intense anti unionism” in the State. Eugene C. James, former secretary-treasurer of the independent Laundry, Cleaning and Dye House Workers International Union, received a 1- to 2-year prison sentence in New Jersey after conviction for conspiring to embezzle union welfare funds. Mr. James had pleaded guilty to this charge in September 10 and was sentenced along with Louis B. Saperstein, a former insurance broker. Book Reviews and Notes o t e .—Listing of a publication in this section is for record ard reference only and does not constitute an endorsement of point of view or advocacy of use. E d it o r ’s N Special Reviews The Powerful Consumer: Psychological Studies of the American Economy. By George Katona. New York, McGraw-Hill Book Co., Inc., 1960. 276 pp., bibliography. $6.50. In the author’s words, the psychological studies of the American economy presented in this volume can be summarized under two basic propositions, “ Demand depends on income and confidence” and “ Changes in confidence are measurable.” Changes in consumer attitudes may alter discre tionary expenditures, particularly for durable goods, and thereby “ exert a decisive influence on economic trends.” Information on attitudes can contribute both to an understanding of economic processes and to short-run predictions of actual consumer behavior. The studies of consumer motives, attitudes, and expectations which are presented as the empirical basis for a theory of the psychology of the con sumer were almost all carried out since the end of World War II by the Survey Research Center of the University of Michigan. Over the years when real incomes were rising fairly continuously, the author finds that consumers are “ conservative and sane, not inclined toward excessive fluctuations” in their thinking or behavior. Aspirations are realistic, differing little from levels of accomplish ment, and they grow with achievement. The habitual forms of consumer thinking are a stabiliz ing influence in the economy, which the author credits for arresting small recessions and reversing inflationary movements five times during the decade and a half since the war. Changes in consumer attitudes and expectations which may be traced to widely disseminated in70 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis formation are mainly in the same direction, while the changes due to personal experiences are in both directions. The influence of public informa tion on aggregate expectations means that more knowledge and understanding on the part of the consumers would enhance those tendencies which have a stabilizing effect in the economy. Most of the survey research quoted is reported in brief summaries from articles in professional journals. Although the absence of the statistical evidence in correlations and tests of significance makes the book easy to read, for the most part the reader finds it difficult to separate the theortical argument from the empirical results. One graph offers a convincing demonstration of the efficacy of expectation data for forecasting. It shows that a composite index of consumer atti tudes gave advance indications of changes in expenditures on durable goods during the 6 years from 1952 to 1958. In general, the factual infor mation presented is illustrative and does not leave the impression that the 15 years of experimenta tion really offers a promising tool for forecasting. The explorations and studies stimulated by the studies of attitudinal information have neverthe less made a substantial contribution to current knowledge of consumer behavior, particularly with respect to variations among consumers in the same economic situation as measured by occupation, age, and income. •— D o rothy S. B r a d y Wharton School of Finance and Commerce University of Pennsylvania Six Lectures on Economic Growth. By Simon Kuznets. Glencoe, HI., The Free Press, 1959. 122 pp. $3.50. This slim volume represents an “ interim” report on the work Professor Kuznets is doing on quanti tative aspects of the economic growth of nations. It is an “ interim” report in the sense that it is only a partial summary of a detailed study still in progress. The lectures cover the meaning and measurement of economic growth, the necessary conditions and time patterns of economic growth, some of the major findings regarding the charac teristics of economic growth, and the task or goals of a theory of economic growth. The author indicates that modern economic growth of nations has two distinctive features: BOOK REVIEWS AND NOTES It involves a sustained and substantial rise in all cases in product per capita, and in almost all cases, in population. A necessary condition for eco nomic growth is continuous technological progress based on a series of new scientific discoveries. Using product per capita as the major criterion of growth, Professor Kuznets analyzes historical and cross-sectional empirical data for a number of developed and underdeveloped countries as a means of determining the economic characteristics that may be related to the countries’ levels and rates of increase in real product per capita. He finds that the countries with relatively low product per capita ratios have a relatively high proportion of their labor force and output in the agricultural, forestry, and fishery sectors of the economy. Product per worker in these sectors is lower than in the nonagricultural sectors com bined. In addition, the underdeveloped coun tries lag farther behind the developed countries in product per worker in agriculture than in the nonagricultural sectors. Over time, agricultural product per worker increases more rapidly than nonagricultural product per worker, with the result that the difference between the two narrows. Kuznets also finds that countries which have higher levels of real product per capita devote a greater proportion of their resources to capital formation. He cautions against concluding from this evidence that the explanation for the higher rates of growth of the more advanced countries is to be found primarily in the higher proportions of output devoted to capital formation. The differ ence in rates of growth in product per capita between countries is considerably greater than the disparity in current proportions of product devoted to capital formation. He suggests that part of the difficulty may be that the usual measures of capital are inadequate gages of capital conceived as a tool of economic growth. Several major omissions are mentioned. For example, part of the expenditures for education, research (by nonprofit institutions), health, recreation, and even some items of food, clothing, housing, and personal services, as well as some government expenditures, may be considered as growthfurthering expenditures even though they are not considered part of capital formation. In addi tion, capital and capital formation do not include natural resources; they only include investments in developing the latter. Another possible expla https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 71 nation for the disparity is the change in capitaloutput ratios over time, with more capital being required per unit of output in the earlier stages of economic growth and less in the later stages. This would imply that the same proportion of output devoted to capital formation would yield a smaller increase in output in a less developed country than in a more developed country. Kuznets suggests that the size of nations—often mentioned in discussions of economic growth—is not a dominant factor, although small nations may suffer to some extent from inability to take full advantage of the economies of scale possible for larger countries. In the concluding lecture, Kuznets outlines the major elements of what should be included in a theory of economic growth: It should cover both the common and disparate characteristics of pat terns of economic growth as well as an explanation of the pattern, sequence, and mechanism of the spread of the industrial system throughout the world. Unfortunately, Professor Kuznets does not believe his studies have reached the point when he can provide the theory which meets the above goals. That the author is not satisfied with current theories of economic growth is evident from the following comment on the application of a theory of economic growth to policy problems: . . . the kind of theoretical orientation we are sug gesting should perform [among other objectives] an essential destructive function. . . . Because economists have been called upon to provide hard and fast answers to current problems and to do so even though such answers are not warranted by the state of knowledge, there has been a tendency to overcome the limitation of available empirical knowledge by inferences from principles which, in the context of the times and the given civilization, seem plausible. The resulting overgeneralization and dogmatism have made economics an effective weapon in social policy but unfortunately they have also made of the corpus of economic theory a series of generalizations of decreasing validity, of increasing sophistication, but also of increasingly uncertain applica bility, and of nonresolved contradictions that on the sur face seem to be purely conceptual but are at bottom re lated to divergent social positions and different policy implications. The prolonged survival of generalizations far beyond their usefulness as tools of understanding and social progress is one example of cultural lag in which social experience abounds. . . . if such survival is en couraged by the view that a theory, no matter how partial or obsolete, is to be preserved because it gives determinate answers, and can be killed off only by an alternative, equally determinate theory, it may be hoped that orien- 72 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JANUARY 1961 tation to a broader theoretical framework, the cumulative weight of ordered evidence produced by such orientation, and a wider conception of the relation between knowledge and policy, would serve to destroy dangerously obsolete theories that have become enshrined in national or class myths. This would be an immediate service— at least to the intellectual workers in the field, and perhaps, after a time, to the decisionmaking groups. In view of the growing interest in the subject of economic growth and the concern that current rates of growth of the American economy may not be adequate to meet domestic and international requirements, it is hoped that Professor Kuznets’ studies will soon reach the stage when he can turn his attention to the development of a theory of growth that would be of service to the decision making groups. Regarding the findings of the quantitative stud ies covered in this interim report, I would make two comments: (1) The extent to which the inter national comparisons are affected by the problem of converting income of the various countries into a common measure in order to provide compara bility is not discussed sufficiently, considering its crucial role in the analysis. (2) The change in output (in constant prices) per capita, the key element in Kuznets’ analysis of growth, may be considered the product of changes in three eco nomic variables: the proportion of the population employed, the man-hours worked per worker, and the output (in constant prices) per man-hour. These variables are discussed only to a limited extent by Professor Kuznets in his studies to date; it is hoped that they will be covered in more detail in future work on the economic growth of nations. — J ack A lterman Division of Productivity and Technological Developments Bureau of Labor Statistics Soviet Statistics of Physical Output of Industrial Commodities— Their Compilation and Quality. By Gregory Grossman. Princeton, N.J., Princeton University Press, 1960. 151 pp., bibliography. (National Bureau of Economic Research General Series, 69.) $4.50. 1Caveat emptor” would have been a good subtitle for this book, the buyer being the potential user of Soviet industrial statistics. Mr. Grossman paints a rather gloomy picture of the maze of possi ble numerical and descriptive distortions in such data. The distortions arise primarily from two https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis sources: the basic reporting unit, that is, the plant, and the point of publication. The actual subtitle—Their Compilation and Quality—indicates very concisely the nature and purpose of the study. No tabulations of indexes of Soviet production are presented. The author is concerned with a description of the history and characteristics of the statistical system and the flow and quality of the data. In this sense, the book might be regarded as a long technical note— but it is not as dull or tedious as technical notes frequently are. As a matter of fact, much of it is rather easy reading. Grossman’s notes are cast in a historical perspective and in the framework of the influence of the Soviet command economy, with some interesting and illuminating illustrations of ways in which statistics can be doctored to con ceal a bad performance or exaggerate the good. In the command economy of the U.S.S.R., the flow of information about production is essential not only “ for the issuance of production and allo cation orders” but also “ for the appraisal of the performance of subordinates by central authori ties.” Thus, subordinates who are responsible for meeting performance quotas may be tempted to engage in numerical distortion—that is, to exag gerate their output by deliberate falsification, by including rejects and scrap in their count of final output, or by other means. At times, the reporting bias may be in a downward direction in order to make up for losses due to pilferage, diversion of ma terials or products to illicit market transaction, or other reasons. Administrative supervisors, local party officials, and buyers and common carriers tend to accept the distorted statistics of plant officials because the volume of output under their jurisdiction is also subject to appraisal by higher authorities. Grossman stresses the point that the reliability of data is a problem not only to the outsider but also to the Soviet administrator, who needs the in formation for planning and control purposes. Thus, falsification of records is not generally con doned, and severe penalties may be imposed on the violator—if he is caught. According to the author, the central statistical authorities probably do not engage hi deliberate numerical distortion of data at publication, al though the evidence to support this conclusion is not abundant. He quotes Abram Bergson as saying, “the probable difficulties of operating a 73 BOOK REVIEWS AND NOTES double bookkeeping system on a national scale without detection’’ would mitigate against delib erate falsification. However,, the authorities do practice “descriptive distortion” at publication by suppression and selection of data, by ambiguity in nomenclature, and by other methods. For example, increases in output of “total footwear” might be reported in one year, of “leather foot wear” in another year, or of “leather footwear— Ministry of Consumer Goods Industry only” in yet another year, depending on which showed the greatest gain. Anyone reading this book must come to the conclusion that it is folly to use any single Soviet production statistic published by the U.S.S.R. It is clear that numerous sources must be checked and cross-checked, and the researcher needs to be a detective as well as a competent professional in order to ascertain the reliability and definition of the data. Grossman himself has done extensive research and cross-checking, as is evidenced by his copious references to original Soviet publica tions and to those of other Americans who have investigated the reliability of Soviet statistics. Thus, this study is important as a warning to potential users of Soviet statistics of industrial output. It is also a valuable reference for those who plan to analyze, evaluate, or build up their own sets of estimates for a basis of appraisal of the reliability of Soviet data. Of course, there are other publications dealing with this problem, including several noted by Grossman himself. This book is the first of a series of National Bureau of Economic Research publications on studies of Soviet economic growth; all are under the direction of G. Warren Nutter. Separate re ports are planned covering industry, agriculture, and transportation, to be followed by a summary report integrating the major findings for the Soviet economy. -—L eon G reenberg Chief, Division of Productivity and Technological Developments Bureau of Labor Statistics Education and Training School for Workers—85th Anniversary Payers: Early Labor Studies at Wisconsin; Wisconsin and Workers’ Educa tion; Problems and Prospects in Labor Education. Madison, University of Wisconsin, University Ex tension Division, School for Workers, 1960. 101 pp. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis By James J. Management Association, New York, November-December 1960, pp. 50-58. $1.75; $1.25 to AMA members.) Training Supervisors in Labor Relations. Bambrick. (In Personnel, American (The Comparative Education Society Field Study in the U.S.S.R.) Edited by George Z. F. Bereday, William W. Brickman, Gerald H. Read. Boston, Houghton Mifflin Co., 1960. 514 pp., bibliography. $4.50, cloth; $3.50, paper. The Changing Soviet School. Training for Rural Youth. Washington, National Planning Association, 1960. 17 pp. (Special Report 58.) 50 cents. Vocational Training and Employment of Blind People in Rural Com munities. By John Wilson. (In International Labor Review, Geneva, November 1960, pp. 450-463. 60 cents. Distributed in United States by Washington Branch of ILO.) Training Programs and Courses for Canadian Government Employees. Ottawa, Canadian Department of Labor, 1960. 140 pp. (Research Program on the Training of Skilled Manpower, 7.) Technological Changes and Skilled Manpower: The Auto mobile and Parts Manufacturing Industries. Ottawa, Canadian Department of Labor, 1960. 54 pp. (Research Program on the Training of Skilled Man power, 8.) Wash ington, U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Appren ticeship and Training, 1960. 74 pp. (Trade and Industry Publication 6.) Free. Appenticeship Schedules for the Automotive Trades. Selected Apprenticeship Schedules From the Building and Construction Trades (Including Shipbuilding). Wash ington, U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Appren ticeship and Training, 1960. 102 pp. (Trade and Industry Publication 7, Vol. 1.) Free. New York, Alumnae Advisory Center, Inc., 1960. 56 pp. (Vol. I, No. 1.) $1. Futures for College Women in New York. Employee Benefits Paid Rest Periods in California Union Agreements, [I960]. (In California Industrial Relations Reports, Cali fornia Department of Industrial Relations, San Francisco, September 1960, pp. 5-18.) Ottawa, Canadian Department of Labor, Economics and Research Branch, 1960. 78 pp. 25 cents, Queen’s Printer, Ottawa. Working Conditions in Canadian Industry, 1959. By Harland Fox. New York, National Industrial Conference Board, Inc., 1960. 32 pp. (Studies in Personnel Policy, 178.) Severance Pay Patterns in Nonmanufacturing. 74 Profit Sharing— Tool for Harmony. By J. J. Morrow. (In Personnel Administrator, American Society for Personnel Administration, Toledo, Ohio, AugustSeptember 1960, pp. 7-11.) Medical Care and Welfare Program for Hotel Workers in New York City. By Frank P. Guidotti, M.D. (In Journal of Occupational Medicine, Chicago, October I960, pp. 480-484. $1.) Problems and Solutions of Health and Welfare Programs: Study No. 1, Part D, Pros and Cons of Insurance and Self-Insurance of Health and Welfare Benefits. New York, Foundation on Employee Health, Medical Care and Welfare, Inc., 1960. 35 pp. $1. Controlling Group Health Insurance Costs. From Insur ance Trends and Guides, pp. 77-107. New York, American Management Association, 1960. (Manage ment Report 52.) $3; $2 to AM A members. Health and Safety Annual Report of the [Tennessee Valley Authority] Division of Health and Safety, Fiscal Year 1960. Chattanooga, Tennessee Valley Authority, 1960. 31 pp. Health Statistics From the U.S. National Health Survey: Acute Conditions, Geographic Distribution, United States, July 1968—June 1959; Acute Conditions, Seasonal Variations, United States, July 1957-June 1960. By Mary Grace Kovar. Washington, U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, Public Health Service, 1960. 30 and 47 pp., respec tively. (Publications 584-B23; 584-B24.) 30 and 35 cents, Superintendent of Documents, Washington. Occupational Dermatitis in California. Berkeley, State Department of Public Health, Bureau of Occupa tional Health, 1960. 29 pp. Free limited distribu tion. MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JANUARY 1961 Industry, Bureau of Research and Statistics, 1960. 15 pp. Free. Industrial Relations Addresses on Industrial Relations, 1960 Series. Ann Arbor, University of Michigan, Bureau of Industrial Rela tions, 1960. 157 pp. (Bull. 28.) $4.50. A Report of the Bureau of Labor-Management Reports, Fiscal Year 1960. Washington, U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor-Management Reports, 1960. 88 pp. 55 cents, Superintendent of Documents, Washington. Proceedings of the Tenth Annual Labor-Management Con ference [West Virginia University], April 21-22, 1960. Morgantown, West Virginia University, Institute of Industrial Relations, 1960. 105 pp. John Swinton’s Paper. By Frank T. Reuther. (In Labor History, Tamiment Institute, New York, Fall 1960, pp. 298-307. $1.50.) Outside Business Interests of Key Employees. By Gerald J. Fuchs and G. Clark Thompson. (In Business Record, National Industrial Conference Board, Inc., New York, November 1960, pp. 28-52.) A Study of Compulsory Arbitration in Six Foreign Countries With Implications for the United States. New York, National Association of Manufacturers, Industrial Relations Division, 1960. 27 pp., bibliography. 50 cents. The Supreme Court and Labor Law, October Term, 1959. By Paul R. Hays. (In Columbia Law Review, New York, November 1960, pp. 901-935. $1.50.) Industrial Disputes in India During 1959. (In Indian Labor Journal, Government of India, Labor Bureau, Delhi, October 1960, pp. 1063-1087. 3sh.) State Child-Labor Standards: A State-by-State Summary of Laws Affecting the Employment of Minors Under 18 Years of Age. By Ora Mitchell and Sylvia R. Weissbrodt. Washington, U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Standards, 1960. 210 pp. (Bull. 158, rev.) 60 cents, Superintendent of Documents, Washington. An Experiment To Estimate Seasonal Hired Farm Employm ment in New York State— 1959 Report. New York, State Department of Labor, Division of Employment, 1960. 16 pp. Injuries and Accident Causes in Water-Supply Utilities. By Gilbert R. Ryback. Washington, U.S. Depart ment of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, 1960. 70 pp. (BLS Report 166.) Free. Manpower Planning in Australia. By J. E. Isaac. (In International Labor Review, Geneva, November 1960, pp. 403-431. 60 cents. Distributed in United States by Washington Branch of ILO.) Injury Experience in Coal Mining, 1957. By John C. Machisak and others. Washington, U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Mines, 1960. 72 pp. (In formation Circular 7987.) Free. Injury Rates Industrial Accident Survey, Pennsylvania, 1959. Harrisburg, State Department of Labor and https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Labor Force Report to the President on Domestic Migratory Farm Labor. Washington, The President’s Committee on Migratory Labor, 1960. 33 pp. (2d Rept.) Men of Two Worlds: Some Aspects of Migratory Labor in South Africa. By D. Hobart Houghton. (In South African Journal of Economics, Johannesburg, Septem ber 1960, pp. 177-190. 9s. 6d.) 75 BOOK REVIEWS AMD NOTES W h y L a b o r L ea ves the L a n d : A C o m p a ra tiv e S tu d y o f the M o vem en t o f L a b o r O u t o f A g ric u ltu re . Geneva, International Labor Office, 1960. 229 pp. (Studies and Reports, New Series, 59.) $2.25. Distributed in United States by Washington Branch of ILO. By Willard L. Boyd and others. Iowa City, State University of Iowa, Bureau of Labor and Management, 1960. 150 pp. (Research Series, 22.) T he I o w a L a w o f W o r k m e n ’s C o m p e n sa tio n . Wages and Hours T o d a y 's W o m a n in T o m o rro w 's W o r ld : R e p o rt o f a C on feren ce C o m m e m o ra tin g the 4 0th A n n iv e r s a r y o f the W o m e n 's B u rea u , J u n e 2 a n d 3, 1 9 6 0 . Washington U.S. Department of Labor, Women’s Bureau, 1960. xii, 138 pp. (Bull. 276.) 50 cents, Superintendent of Documents, Washington. Labor Organizations A A g e n d a f o r L a b o r. By Solomon Barkin. New York, Textile Workers Union of America, Research Department, 1960. 4 pp. (TWUA Research Publi cation M U-66; reprinted from Fortune, November 1960.) N ew U n io n is m i n the U n d erd evelo p ed C o u n tries. By Subratesh Ghosh. Calcutta, India, Bookland Private Ltd., 1960. 410 pp., bibliography. Rs 20. T ra d e S u m m a r y o f the A n n u a l R e p o rt on the W o r k in g o f the I n d ia n T ra d e U n io n s A c t, 1 9 2 6 , in the S ta te o f W est B e n g a l f o r the Y e a r E n d in g M a rch 3 1 , 1 9 5 9 . { I n West Bengal Labor Gazette, Department of Labor, Calcutta, June 1960, pp. 579-585. Is. 3d., Super intendent, Government Printing, Calcutta.) O r g a n iza tio n s. By Kazuo Kuroda. { I n Japan Today, Section 2 of The New Leader, New York, November 28, 1960, pp. 27-35. 25 cents.) M ass Production and Productivity By George Steele and Paul Kircher. New York, McGraw-Hill Book Co., Inc., 1960. 220 pp. $4.95. T he C r is is W e F a ce: A u to m a tio n a n d the C old W a r . O c c u p a tio n a l W a g e S u r v e y : O k la h o m a C ity , O k la ., A u g u s t I 9 6 0 (Bull. 1285-3, 22 pp.); R a leig h , N .C ., S e p tem b e r 1 9 6 0 (Bull. 1285-5, 22 p p.); L ittle R o c k -N o r th L ittle R ock, A r k ., A u g u s t 1 9 6 0 (Bull. 1285-6, 22 pp.). Washington, U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, 1960. 25 cents each. Available from Superintendent of Documents, Washington. E x p a n d s I t s W a g e S u r v e y P ro g ra m . By N. Beatrice Worthy. { I n Management Record, Na tional Industrial Conference Board, Inc., New York, November 1960, pp. 22-29.) The B L S W a g e a n d S a la r y S u r v e y s : T h e O c cu p a tio n a l A p p r o a c h . By Morton Adelberg. { I n Personnel, American Management Association, New York, NovemberDecember 1960, pp. 36-44. $1.75; $1.25 to AMA members.) N ig h t-S h ift P r e m iu m P a y P r o v is io n s in C a lifo r n ia U n io n A g re e m e n ts, S elected M a n u fa c tu r in g I n d u s tr ie s . { I n Union Labor in California, 1959, San Francisco, California Department of Industrial Relations, Divi sion of Labor Statistics and Research, 1960, pp. 19-35.) By Morris A. Horowitz. New York, Engineers Joint Council, Engineering Manpower Commission, 1960. 32 pp. 25 cents. S a la r ie s a n d In co m e o f E n g in e e rin g T each ers, 1 9 6 0 . W o r k in g W iv e s a n d F a m ily In co m e . By Zoe Campbell. { I n Business Record, National Industrial Conference The I m p a c t o f Office A u to m a tio n on W o rk ers. By Ida R. Hoos. { I n International Labor Review, Geneva, Board, Inc., New York, November 1960, pp. 15-18.) October 1960, pp. 363-388. 60 cents. Distributed in United States by Washington Branch of ILO.) W a g e R a te s a n d R a n g e s f o r S elected O c cu p a tio n s i n C itie s a n d O ther G overn m en ta l U n its, 1 9 6 0 — {C le rica l W o rk ers, S o c ia l C a se W o rk ers, P a r k E m p lo y e e s , L a b o rers, H o s p ita l E m p lo y e e s , School E m p lo y e e s , B u ild in g S ervice W o r k e r s). Chicago, Building Service Em Social Security E x p la n a tio n o f S o c ia l S e c u r ity L a w a s A m e n d e d in 1 9 6 0 {I n c lu d in g the S o c ia l S e c u r ity A m e n d m e n ts o f 196 0 , A p p ro v e d S e p tem b e r 13, 1 9 6 0 ). Chicago, Commerce Clearing House, Inc., 1960. N ew Y o rk U n iv e r s ity 157 pp. W o r k m e n ’s $2. C o m p e n sa tio n S tu d y . New York, New York University, Center for Rehabili tation Services, 1960. 269 pp. By E. Blythe Stason, Samuel D. Estep, William J. Pierce. Ann Arbor, University of Michigan, Bureau of Indus trial Relations, 1960. 63 pp. (Reprint 9; from A to m s a n d the L a w .) $1.75. W o r k m e n 's C o m p e n sa tio n a n d R a d ia tio n I n ju r ie s . https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis ployees International Union, AFL-CIO, Department of Research and Education, 1960. 38 pp. W a g e s a n d P u r c h a s in g P o w e r {in F ra n ce B etw een 1 9 4 9 1 9 5 7 ]. { I n Economic and Social Bulletin, Interna tional Confederation of Free Trade Unions, Brussels, September-October 1960, pp. 8-16.) By L. Earl Lewis. Washington, U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, 1960. 33 pp. (Bull. 1283.) 30 cents, Superintendent of Documents, Washington. C o m p o s itio n o f P a y r o ll H o u rs i n M a n u fa c tu r in g , 1 9 5 8 . 76 Miscellaneous Subject Index of Bulletins Published by the Bureau of Labor Statistics, 1915-59— With Annotated Listing of Bulletins, 1895-1959. By M. Frances Marshall and Gladys B. Wash. Washington, U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, 1960. 102 pp. (Bull. 1281.) 55 cents, Superintendent of Documents, Washington. Annual Digest of State and Federal Labor Legislation, Janu ary 1, 1959-December 31, 1959. By Maxine Ander son. Washington, U.S. Department of Labor, Bu reau of Labor Standards, 1960. 184 pp. (Bull. 217.) 55 cents, Superintendent of Documents, Washington. State Laws Regulating Private Employment Agencies. By Edith U. Fierst and William Lawson. Washington, U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Stand ards, 1960. 124 pp. (Bull. 209.) Free. Economic Forces in the U.S.A. in Facts and Figures: The United States, Its People, Its Labor Force, and Its Economy. Washington, U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics (in cooperation with Inter national Cooperation Administration), 1960. 253 pp. 6th ed. 75 cents, Superintendent of Documents, Washington. Economic Change in Chile, 1929-1959. By Alvin Cohen. Gainesville, University of Florida Press, 1960. 48 pp., bibliography. (Monograph 11.) https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JANUARY 1961 Soviet Economic Intentions: An Analysis of the Seven-Year Plan, 1959-1965. New York, Lionel D. Edie & Co., Inc., Economics Division, 1960. 71 pp. Communist Economic Policy in the Less Developed Areas. Washington, U.S. Department of State, Bureau of Public Service, 1960. 38 pp. (Publication 7020.) 20 cents, Superintendent of Documents, Washington. National Income and Flow-of-Funds Analysis. By John P. Powelson. New York, McGraw-Hill Co., Inc., 1960. 550 pp. $7.95. The Theory of Linear Economic Models. By David Gale. New York, McGraw-Hill Book Co., Inc., 1960. 330 pp., bibliography. $9.50. A Survey of On-Farm Housing for Migratory Farm Workers in Pierce County, Washington. Olympia, Washington State Employment Security Department, 1960. 33 pp. I t’s Your Business. By John Harriman. Boston, Hough ton Mifflin Co., 1960. 182 pp. $3.50. The Stockholder and Employee Profit Sharing: I, A Com parative Study of the Returns to Stockholders on In vestments in Large Department Store Chains With and Without Profit Sharing Programs. By J. J. Jehring and B. L. Metzger. Evanston, 111., Profit Sharing Research Foundation, 1960. 47 pp. $3. The New Zealand Official Year-Book, 1960. Wellington, Department of Statistics, 1960. 1328 pp. Current Labor Statistics CONTENTS A.—Employment Estimated total labor force classified by employment status, hours worked, and sex 79 Table A-2. Employees in nonagricultural establishments, by industry 84 Table A-3. Production or nonsupervisor y workers in nonagricultural establishments, by industry 87 Table A-4. Unemployment insurance and employment service programs, selected opera tions 78 Table A -l. B. 88 —Labor Turnover Table B -l. C. Labor turnover rates, by major industry group —Earnings and Hours 91 Table C -l. Gross hours and earnings of production workers, by industry 103 Table C-2. Average overtime hours and average hourly earnings excluding overtime of production workers in manufacturing, by major industry group 104 Table C-3. Indexes of aggregate weekly man-hours and payrolls in industrial and con struction activities 104 Table C-4. Gross and spendable average weekly earnings of production workers in manufacturing, in current and 1947-49 dollars D. —Consumer and Wholesale Prices 105 Table D -l. 106 107 108 109 Table D-2. Table D-3. Table D-4. Table D-5. Consumer Price Index—All-city average: All items, groups, subgroups, and special groups of items Consumer Price Index—All items and food indexes, by city Indexes of wholesale prices, by group and subgroup of commodities Indexes of wholesale prices for special commodity groupings Indexes of wholesale prices, by stage of processing and durability of product E. —Work Stoppages 110 Table E -l. Work stoppages resulting from labor-management disputes F. —Work Injuries 111 Table F -l. Injury-frequency rates for selected manufacturing industries 1 i This table is included in the January, April, July, and October issues of the Review. N ote: The following applies, with a few exceptions, to the statistical series published in the Current Labor Statistics section: (1) The source is the U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, (2) a description of each series may be found in Techniques of Preparing Major BLS Statistical Series, BLS Bull. 1168 (1964), and (3) the scope of coverage is the United States without Alaska and Hawaii. Exceptions are noted on the tables. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 77 78 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JANUARY 1961 A.—Employment T able A -l. Estimated total labor force classified by employment status, hours worked, and sex [In thousands] Estimated number of persons 14 years of age and over 1 Employment status 1960 Nov. Oct. Sept. Aug. July June 1959 May Apr. Mar. Feb. Jan.* Dec. Nov. Annual average 1959 1958 Total labor force...................................... 73,746 73, 592 73,672 74,551 75,215 75,499 73,171 72,331 70,993 70,970 70, 689 71,808 71, 839 71,946 71,284 Civilian labor force________________ 71,213 Unemployment..... ........................... 4,031 Unemployment rate, sea6.3 sonally adjusted 3............ Unemployed 4 weeks or less__ 1,840 Unemployed 5-10 w eeks.......... 847 357 Unemployed 11-14 weeks ___ 488 Unemployed 15-26 weeks.......... Unemployed over 26 weeks___ 499 Employment..................................... 67,182 N onagricultural.......................... 61,516 Worked 35 hours or m ore... 41, 598 Worked 15-34 hours______ 14,484 Worked 1-14 hours_______ 3,687 With a job but not at work 4 1,746 A gricultural............................. 5,6 6 6 Worked 35 hours or m ore... 3,666 Worked 15-34 hours.......... 1,341 Worked 1-14 hours_______ 492 With a job but not at work4. 167 , 449 68,168 69,276 69,310 3,931 4,149 3,577 3,670 69,394 3,813 68 4.9 5.5 5.0 5.4 4.8 5.2 5.2 5.6 2,654 1,638 1,580 1,516 1,476 1,909 1,683 1,846 695 644 567 855 1,095 930 833 764 259 256 309 619 396 400 250 276 420 509 705 715 533 441 381 356 396 411 499 502 431 469 430 428 6 8 ,579 67,208 66,159 64,267 64, 520 64,020 65, 699 65,640 61, 722 61,371 60, 765 59,702 59,901 59, 409 60, 888 60,040 4 7 , 8 7 9 4 8 , 5 9 4 4 4 , 8 2 9 4 6 ,1 5 1 45, 357 47, 115 48, 455 43,877 7,231 7, 203 10, 455 7,585 8,605 6,867 7,227 10, 991 2,921 3, 578 3,345 3, 575 3, 553 3,356 3,496 3,254 3, 691 1,997 2,138 2,391 2,386 2, 070 1, 707 1,920 6 , 856 5,837 5,393 4,565 4,619 4,611 4. 811 5,601 4,874 4,129 3, 788 2,465 2, 597 2,622 2,978 3,774 1,492 1,254 1,189 1,117 1 ,1 2 1 1,178 1,175 1,307 408 366 312 586 557 536 474 373 82 89 105 400 344 273 186 144 5.5 1, 658 778 335 469 571 65, 581 59,745 45. 068 8,531 3,172 2,974 5,836 3,852 1,356 442 186 Total, both sexes 71,069 71,155 72,070 72, 706 73,002 70,667 69,819 3,579 3,388 3,788 4,017 4,423 3,459 3,660 6.4 1,637 689 260 492 500 67,490 61,244 47, 545 8 , 371 3,369 1, 957 6,247 4,296 1,447 398 106 5.9 5.7 5.4 1,655 1,697 1,871 603 924 1,033 325 351 278 388 402 418 417 414 416 67,767 68,282 68,689 61,179 61, 828 61,805 48. 284 4 6 , 2 4 7 45, 380 7, 247 6,308 6 , 586 3,142 2, 535 2,702 2,508 6,737 7,136 6,588 6,454 6,885 4,789 4, 536 4,957 1,314 1,363 1,371 362 368 403 123 187 155 , 473 4,206 68 68 , 647 4,681 6 .8 1,833 959 438 785 667 63, 966 58,122 44, 873 7,324 3,047 2,876 5,844 3,827 1,361 457 199 Males Total labor force.................................... 49,506 49,455 49,570 50,678 50,998 50,949 49,337 49,060 48,445 48,487 48,412 48,778 48,729 49,081 48,802 Civilian labor force................................. 47,005 Unemployment................................. 2,496 Employment..................................... 44,509 Nonagricultural.......................... 39,881 Worked 35 hours or m ore.. 29,346 Worked 15-34 hours.......... 7,993 Worked 1-14 hours.......... . 1,424 W ith a job but not at work 4_ 1 ,1 2 0 Agricultural ........................... 4,629 Worked 35 hours or m ore.. 3,260 Worked 15-34 hours______ 843 Worked 1-14 hours.......... 369 With a job but not at work 4_ 156 46,562 2,473 44,089 39,340 31,715 4,405 1,378 1,840 4,749 3,421 823 336 170 46,197 3,155 43,042 38,240 31, 390 3, 736 1,329 1,784 4,802 3, 413 857 353 179 1,340 21, 492 1,526 20,924 19,882 13,483 3| 589 l ’ 718 l ’ 093 1,042 '414 504 104 46,964 47,085 2 ,2 0 0 2,082 44, 764 45,003 39,909 39,900 33,196 33,559 4,098 3,440 1,322 1,291 1,292 1,611 4, 855 5,103 3,675 4,016 786 725 294 257 106 99 48.229 2,400 45,829 40,603 32, 558 3,203 1,044 3,799 5,226 3,936 857 265 167 48, 521 2, 504 46,017 40,617 32,201 3,300 1,091 4,026 5,399 4,247 745 278 129 48,484 2,696 45,788 40,462 33,718 3,551 1,193 1,999 5,325 4,232 724 296 73 46,865 2,184 44,681 39,932 33,808 3,384 1,502 1,237 4, 749 3,705 695 273 75 46,580 2,431 44,149 39, 574 31, 761 5,170 1,433 1 ,2 1 0 4,575 3,503 749 228 95 45,958 2,910 43,048 39,038 32,273 3,554 1,559 1,653 4,010 2,257 859 514 380 45,999 2,672 43,328 39,319 31, 851 4,361 1,547 1,557 4,009 2,397 818 482 315 45,923 2,821 43,103 39,108 32,973 3,341 1,440 1,354 3,995 2,409 870 462 253 46,278 2,405 43, 873 39,744 33,645 3, 446 1,468 1,180 4,128 2,729 845 380 177 46,232 2,370 43, 863 39,337 30,730 5, 954 1,363 1,291 4, 526 3,306 800 281 137 Females Total labor f o r c e . _ _ _____ _____ 24,240 24,138 24,102 23,872 24,217 24, 550 23,835 23,271 22,548 22,482 22,277 Civilian labor force. . . . . Unemployment________________ Employment..................................... Nonagricultural Worked 35 hours or more. . Worked 15-34 hours............ Worked 1-14 hours.............. With a job but not at work4. Agricultural. ______________ Worked 35 hours or m ore.. Worked 15-34 hours______ Worked 1-14 hours_______ With a job but not at work 4 24,208 1,536 22,672 21,636 12,255 6,490 2,264 626 1,037 406 497 123 11 24,106 1,379 22,726 21,333 14,347 4,272 2,047 665 1,392 620 661 104 7 24,070 1,307 22, 764 21,279 14,724 3,807 1,851 897 1,485 773 590 105 16 23,841 1,388 22,453 21,224 13,690 3,105 1, 491 2, 939 1,229 599 506 103 20 24,185 1,513 22, 672 21,187 13,178 3,287 1,611 3,110 1, 485 707 625 125 26 i Estimates are based on information obtained from a sample of households and are subject to sampling variability. Data relate to the calendar week ending nearest the 15th day of the month. The employed total includes all wage and salary workers, self-employed persons, and unpaid workers in family-operated enterprises. Persons in institutions are not included. Because of rounding, sums of individual items do not necessarily equal totals. 8 Data for 1960 include Alaska and Hawaii and are therefore not directly comparable with earlier data. The levels of the civilian labor force, the employed, and nenagricultural employment were each increased by more than 200,000. The estimates for agricultural employment and unemploy ment were affected so slightly that these series can be regarded as entirely comparable with pre-1960 data. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 24,518 1,727 22, 791 21,260 14,160 3, 680 1,728 1,691 1,531 643 768 112 9 23,803 1,276 22, 527 21,439 14,786 3, 819 2,075 759 1,088 424 558 93 14 23,239 1,229 22,010 21,191 13,066 5,285 1,912 928 819 283 439 84 11 22,516 1,296 21,219 20,664 13,878 4,032 2,016 738 555 209 257 71 20 22,450 1,258 21,192 20, 582 13,505 4,244 2,006 829 610 198 305 75 29 22,245 1,328 20, 917 20,301 14,144 3,525 1,916 716 615 213 308 74 20 22,998 1,172 1,301 21,826 21,777 21,144 14,809 13,145 3,781 5,038 2,028 1, 891 527 628 683 1,074 249 467 330 507 94 92 9 8 13,352 4,126 1, 794 1,134 L 087 431 533 106 17 20 3 Unemployment as a percent of labor force. 4 Includes persons who had a job or business but who did not work during the survey week because of illness, bad weather, vacation, or labor dispute. Prior to January 1957, also included were persons on layoff with definite instructions to return to work within 30 days of layoff and persons who had new jobs to which they were scheduled to report within 30 days. Most of the persons in these groups have, since that time, been classified as unem ployed. N ote: For a description of these series, see Explanatory Notes (in Employ ment and Earnings, U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics current issues). 79 A.—EMPLOYMENT T able A-2. Employees in nonagricultural establishments, by industry 1 [In thousands] 1959 1960 Annual average Industry Nov.2 Total employees______________________ _________ Mining________________ Metal_________ _________ ______ -_______________ Iron Copper _____________________ Lead and z in c ____________________ Anthracite _________ _______ Bituminous coal............................... ^........ Sept. Aug. July June May Apr. Mar. Feb. Jan. Dec. Nov. 1959 1958 53, 243 53, 386 53, 496 53,062 52,923 53,309 52,957 52,844 52,172 52,060 52,078 53, 756 52, 793 51,975 50,543 654 92.6 657 93.0 32.8 32.2 1 0 .1 148.1 Crude-petroleum and natural-gas pro duction ______ ______ Petroleum and natural-gas production (except contract services)__________ Nonmetallic mining and quarrying_____ 115.5 Contract constrnction_______ __________ Nonbuilding construction___ ______ Highway and street construction___ Other nonbuilding construction______ Building construction________________ General contractors________________ Special-trade contractors________ - Plumbing and heating____________ Painting and decorating___________ Electrical work__________________ Other special-trade contractors_____ 2,351 Manufacturing_____________________ Durable goods____________________ Nondurable goods-------------------------- Oct.s 663 93.7 32.9 32.3 10.4 672 94.9 34.1 32.0 10.7 655 94.5 34.2 31.1 1 1 .1 681 96.7 35.3 31.9 11.4 677 96.1 35.3 31.3 11.9 669 677 95.1 34.2 31.3 12.3 93.2 33.4 30.2 12.3 32.9 26.4 12.3 666 8 8 .6 8 .0 1 2 .0 676 80.1 27.2 22.3 12.3 721 93.1 30.8 28.6 12.9 658 72.7 32.6 69.5 32.3 660 67.2 30.0 1 1 .1 1 2 .2 8 .1 1 2 .1 668 11.9 150.8 11.3 155.6 10.7 140.5 1 1 .8 1 2 .2 151.4 164.2 167.2 13.2 168.7 14.1 171.5 15.5 173.2 15.5 173.2 15.7 173.7 15.9 164.3 16.3 188.1 20.3 195.2 284.2 288.9 291.6 291.6 291.6 286.2 287.3 284.6 287.7 291.4 297.0 297.9 300.8 302.6 172.5 176. 2 177.8 178.4 177.0 174.2 174.8 174.3 175.9 177.7 177.9 177.7 180.6 188.0 117.3 117.4 118.3 117.9 116.8 115.7 1 1 2 .6 102.9 104.1 105.1 1 1 1 .6 114.2 110.7 109.3 1 1 .8 3,008 3,069 3,130 3,098 2,977 2,830 2,590 2,312 2,389 2,453 2,699 2,856 2,767 2,648 518 587 584 661 659 594 502 416 429 437 569 6Ì9 638 643 306.9 314.0 322.9 320.1 315.0 284.2 2 2 2 .0 161.5 167.5 170.0 220.5 270.8 271.2 256.0 311.8 323.9 338.0 338.7 328.1 310.1 279.7 254.8 261.4 267.3 297.0 316.6 312.7 313.2 2,389 2,431 2,469 2,439 2,334 2,236 2,088 1,896 1,960 2,016 2,181 2,269 2,183 2,079 812.4 836.7 857.3 857.9 816.8 774.2 705.4 609.8 638.7 660.5 725.5 764.8 757.9 750.5 1, 576.1 1, 594.5 1, 611. 7 1,580. 6 1, 517.6 1,461.9 1,382. 7 1,286.6 1,321.7 1,355.1 1,455.2 1, 504.6 1,424.7 1,328.6 319.3 327.3 321.6 315.5 311.3 304.2 292.1 281.2 287.5 296.6 308.6 314.5 310.5 303.5 235.3 245.1 255.9 251.6 234.2 2 2 2 .0 196.3 179.9 178.2 183.5 204.9 2 2 2 .0 201.4 169.6 199.6 2 0 2 .2 206.7 199.6 187.9 176.5 170.0 165.3 169.3 171.0 176.3 180.1 174.2 173.2 821.9 819.9 827.5 813.9 784.2 759.2 724.3 660.2 686.7 704.0 765.4 788.0 738.6 682.2 16,165 16,310 16,505 16,386 16,250 16,422 16,348 16,380 16,478 16,520 16,470 16,484 16,280 16,168 15,468 9,268 9,308 9,403 9,296 9,342 9,504 9, 516 9, 548 9,630 9,680 9,640 9,577 9, 313 9,290 8,743 6 , 897 7,002 7,102 7,090 6,908 6,918 6,832 6,832 6,848 6,840 6,830 6,907 6,967 6,878 6,725 Durable good» Ordnance and accessories........................ Lumber and wood products (except furniture)_______________________ Logging camps and contractors______ Sawmills and planing mills_________ Millwork, plywood, and prefabri cated structural wood products.. Wooden containers__ __________ Miscellaneous wood products________ 149.0 148.4 150.2 149.8 146.0 149.6 149.4 150.0 150.7 150.0 149.4 149.5 147.0 141.7 126.7 632.1 649.0 119.6 304.2 665.6 674.6 118.5 321.8 674.2 660.7 108. 5 318.1 636.0 92.3 310.7 624.2 90.3 304.8 628.1 91.9 305.9 629.4 93.2 306.3 315.5 667.2 106.1 323.6 658.0 98.7 319.9 621.7 320.1 685.9 126.1 324.8 651.6 313.3 127.9 41.6 55.7 131.1 42.4 56.7 133.2 43.6 57.5 131.8 43.9 56.4 133.0 44.8 57.2 132.7 44.8 56.6 132.0 43.6 57.4 130.2 42.2 56.7 131.6 42.2 56.5 131.5 42.3 56.1 134.9 43.0 56.0 138.4 42.5 56.6 139.1 44.0 56.3 127.1 44.7 52.7 390.6 280.5 393.0 281.5 392.1 281.1 385.0 275.0 391.0 279.9 388.3 279.5 391.3 282.3 390.8 282.2 390.8 282.9 391.1 283.4 391.2 285.1 390.6 285.3 384.0 279.3 357.9 257.1 Furniture and fixtures________ ______ _ Household furniture___________ Office, public-building and profes sional furniture___ ___ ___ ______ Partitions, shelving, lockers, and fix tures.. . ___ _ ______________ Screens, blinds, and miscellaneous furniture and fixtures_____ ____ _ 383.5 Stone, clay, and glass products..... ........ . Flat glass.. ______________________ Glass and glassware, pressed or blown. Glass products made of purchased glass. Cement, hydraulic_________________ Structural clay products____________ Pottery and rélàted products________ Concrete, gypsum, and plaster prod ucts__ ___ _______________ . Cut-stone and stone products________ Miscellaneous nonmetallic mineral products______________________ 538.9 1 2 2 .1 1 2 2 .0 1 0 2 .2 8 6 .2 311.0 49.6 50.2 49.7 48.7 49.4 48.3 48.5 48.1 47.4 47.1 46.9 47.0 46.1 43.8 36.4 37.0 37.5 37.1 37.1 35.7 35.9 35.5 35.7 36.1 35.8 35.6 34.4 34.5 24.1 24.3 23.8 24.2 24.6 24.8 24.6 25.0 24.8 24.5 23.4 22.7 24.2 22.8 548.0 30.5 106.0 17.5 40.7 72.2 47.1 555.3 30.3 108.5 17.2 41.9 73.8 47.4 558.0 29.8 107.2 17.0 42.9 75.6 47.6 557.3 30.0 106.9 16.4 43.2 76.2 47.8 562.6 30.5 109.8 16.5 43.0 75.7 49.1 558.1 30.8 106.9 16.8 42.1 76.0 48.8 554.1 31.7 105.5 16.8 41.2 74.5 49.2 547.8 34.4 105.0 17.2 39.0 72.3 49.5 551.0 36.3 104.0 17.6 38.4 72.7 49.4 548.0 36.5 557.3 36.4 550.4 32.7 1 0 1 .1 1 0 2 .1 18.0 41.7 75.5 48.1 514.5 27.3 95.5 16.3 42.0 73.1 43.9 117.5 18.5 118.2 18.7 120.5 18.6 1 2 0 .1 1 2 0 .0 17.8 18.4 118.5 18.1 116.4 18.0 111.5 17.5 98.0 99.3 98.8 98.9 99.6 1 0 0 .1 1 0 0 .8 101.4 17.5 39.8 73.3 48.9 17.8 41.4 76.0 48.8 561.6 36.3 103.5 18.4 41.8 77.4 49.8 1 1 2 .8 1 1 2 .6 17.5 17.3 116.6 17.7 118.3 18.0 117.8 18.1 108.8 18.3 102.3 1 0 1 .0 100.5 98.1 98.3 89.3 1 0 0 .2 Primary metal Industries_____________ 1,107.8 1,119.3 1,133.3 1,142.1 1,156.1 1,203.1 1,224.9 1, 250. 5 1,273.3 1,280.7 1,275.1 1,264.2 1,196.2 1,137.7 1,104.4 Blast furnaces, steel works, and rolling 516.1 524.6 540.3 549.0 580.0 606.5 620.5 635.9 640.1 638.8 634.1 597.3 522.0 536.7 mills___________________________ Iron and steel foundries_____________ 216.7 219.2 213.4 220.7 226.8 222.5 227.5 228.4 232.2 230.3 230.3 215.8 223.9 197.4 Primary smelting and refining of non52.2 49.7 44.3 56.2 59.2 59.4 54.7 53.2 58.6 57.8 59.1 57.4 58.7 56.8 ferrous metals _________ _ ___ _ Secondary smelting and refining of 1 2 .2 12.4 1 2 .0 11.5 1 2 .6 12.7 12.4 1 2 .6 1 1 .8 11.9 1 2 .1 1 2 .2 12.3 nonferrous metals ____ __________ 1 2 .0 Rolling, drawing, and alloying of non115.8 116.2 105.5 115.4 116.6 116.0 111.9 112.4 112.3 111.3 113.5 1 1 2 .2 113.6 115.3 ferrous metals____ _____ _______ 64.8 6 6 .1 57.7 67.0 65.4 67.0 67.3 61.6 62.8 60.4 59.1 61.1 60.8 60.8 N onferrous foundries__. . . Miscellaneous primary metal indus 145.0 146.6 144.8 145.1 150.1 151.9 154.3 157.9 158.7 156.8 154.1 144.5 146.8 139.4 tries____ ______________ _______ See footnotes at end of table. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 80 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JANUARY 1961 T able A-2. Employees in nonagricultural establishments, by industry ^C ontinued [In thousands] 1960 1959 Industry Nov .2 Oct.2 Sept. Aug. July June May Apr. Mar. Feb. Jan. Dec. Nov. Annual average 1959 1958 Manufacturing—Continued Durable goods— Continued Fabricated metal products (except ord nance, machinery, and transporta tion equipm ent)................................... 1,062.6 1,078.3 1,081.0 1,064.9 1,063.2 1,086. 3 1,080.8 1,079. 8 1,097.3 1,106.2 1,099.2 1,082.0 1,042.1 1,069.0 1,029.9 57.5 Tin cans and other tinware__________ — 0 1 .3 63.9 63.6 63.5 62.2 59.5 59.1 58.2 58.5 56.8 55.9 58 9 59 6 132. 6 131.2 128.7 126.9 132.2 133.0 134.0 137. 5 139.7 139.8 138.1 123.7 134.2 Cutlery, handtools, and hardware____ — 128.3 Heating apparatus (except electric) 112.9 113.6 113.8 114.6 115.9 116.0 116.1 116.4 117.4 116.9 114.2 116.5 116.6 109 3 and plumbers’ su p plies,................. Fabricated structural metal products. 295.0 295.8 298.1 294.8 293.1 287.7 282.0 282. 5 282.3 281.8 282.1 275.5 285.3 303.0 Metal stamping, coating, and engrav ing....................................................... 240.1 ■ 238.2 223.2 225.8 236.3 236.5 237.2 246.0 251.2 246.1 239.3 223.3 230.1 210. 7 Lighting fixtures___________________ 50.0 49. 7 47.6 47.1 49.1 48. 1 49.8 50. ( 51.1 50.8 49.9 49.8 49.2 44 7 54.9 Fabricated wire products........... ........... — 55. 6 54.8 54.6 56.6 57.4 58.1 59.6 60.5 60.0 59.2 57.2 56.5 52.4 Miscellaneous fabricated metal prod 135.3 135.6 134.8 135.9 139.5 139.9 143.1 145.3 145.8 145.3 142.4 140.2 137.5 123.3 ucts__________________________ Machinery (except electrical)__________ 1, 582. 8 1, 584. 9 1, 605.1 1,615.2 1,635.3 1,658. 6 1,660.9 1, 677. 8 1,687. 7 1,691.1 1, 675.0 1, 660. 3 1. 625.8 1 , 611.7 1, 501.2 95. 6 Engines and turbines_______________ 99.3 99.8 1 0 0 .2 101.5 103.2 104.5 107.1 107.4 108.5 107. E 104.6 103.1 08.1 138. 7 139.6 144.0 145.5 148.8 149.5 153.4 159.1 160.5 157.8 154.1 141.0 157 Agricultural machinery and tractors__ 9 136 9 Construction and mining m achinery... 116. 5 119.2 1 2 1 .6 125.6 127.6 130.5 132.5 133.0 132.6 131.2 129.2 125.2 129.9 1 2 2 .0 Metalworking machinery___________ — 247.5 249. 7 250.8 258.4 264.8 263.5 264.7 263.1 259.9 257.3 255.4 251.6 238.7 223.7 Special-industry machinery (except metalworking machinery)_______ 175.9 176.3 176.4 176.2 178.0 176.5 176.1 175.4 174.6 173.3 172.3 171.8 165.5 159.6 General industrial machinery________ 223. 6 226.7 228.0 228. 5 230.8 230.1 231. C 232.7 233.0 229.4 229.3 228.9 223. 2 0 .1 142.4 142.0 140.8 140.6 140.4 138.9 139.0 138.3 137.6 137.6 138.1 136.9 132.75 2124.9 Office and store machines and devices.. Service-industry and household m a 173.4 180.0 179.7 186.6 192.6 196.5 197.7 195.3 198.5 194.4 189.6 184.4 184.9 168.9 chines________________________ Miscellaneous machinery parts_______ 271.3 272.3 274.1 273.7 274.3 272.6 279.1 283.7 287.0 285.5 285.0 281.4 275.5 252.0 Electrical machinery.................................. 1, 314.0 1,290. 6 1, 326. 7 1, 308.0 1,292.4 1,297.0 1,289. 6 1,293.7 1,310.0 1, 318.4 1,318.6 1,317.0 1,301.5 1,241.6 1,118.8 Electrical generating, transmission, dis tribution, and industrial apparatus. — 388.9 416.9 415.8 414. 3 413.6 414.8 417.9 421.4 422.5 420.5 419.5 407.4 402.1 373.5 Electrical appliances_______________ 40. 4 40.2 38.4 38.7 39.3 38.9 39.5 40.3 40.0 39.6 39.5 39.5 37.7 34.6 Insulated wire and c a b le...___ _____ — 29.0 28.3 27.8 28.5 27.0 28.6 28.3 28.9 29.1 29.5 29.3 28.8 28.1 25.4 72. 7 72.5 Electrical equipment for vehicles_____ 67.9 71.3 69.7 70.9 75.4 72.6 77.0 76.4 74.4 70.7 69. 8 61.8 2b. 7 Electric lam ps.................... ................... 28.1 28.7 29.1 28.2 29.5 29.8 29.7 29.8 29.6 29.5 29.5 27.6 26.4 Communication equipment_________ — 6 8 6 .2 690.9 680.2 664.9 665. 7 658.0 657.5 6 6 6 .1 671.3 674.2 674.7 674.9 627.2 551.4 Miscellaneous electrical products......... 47.7 49.8 49.2 49.5 48.9 49.6 48.3 48.2 48.7 48.8 50.1 50.7 49.1 45.7 Transportation equipment____________ 1, 636. 7 1, 629. 6 1, 620.0 1, 524.8 1, 590.7 1,607.9 1,652.8 1,665.1 1, 700.9 1,721. 4 1, 722.3 1, 655.9 1, 511.1 1, 670.8 1, 592. 8 Motor vehicles and equipment.............. 780. 7 767.2 680.3 745.6 784.7 785.0 790.8 819.0 837.7 822.6 756.9 602.2 731.6 630 8 Aircraft and parts..... .............................. 637.3 640.0 638.8 630.4 618.1 658.3 668.7 680.3 687.0 693.7 700.9 709.7 734.9 757 6 Aircraft_________________________ 370.0 371.1 371.4 371.1 371.2 381.4 387.0 393.0 397.2 400.6 404.2 412.3 435.0 457.2 130.2 133.2 132.1 125.3 114.9 138.7 139.8 140.7 140.6 142.0 144.2 144.9 146.3 152.6 Aircraft engines and parts_________ Aircraft propellers and parts_______ 11. 8 1 2 .0 12.7 8.3 14.1 1 1 .1 13.9 14.0 13.8 13.8 13.6 13.6 14.4 18.3 125. 3 123.7 1 2 2 .6 122.9 123.7 124.1 128.0 132.6 135. 4 137.3 138.9 138.9 139.2 Other aircraft parts and equipment. 129. 5 Ship and boat building and repairing. 143. 4 143. 4 143.0 144.2 134.0 137.4 135.6 132.4 131.0 145.6 140.7 141.9 142.8 144.5 Shipbuilding and repairing________ 124.4 124.3 124.3 124.6 110.9 112.3 1 1 0 .1 107.4 106.4 121.7 117. 5 119.5 120.9 125.3 Boatbuilding and repairing________ — 19.0 19.1 18.7 19.6 23.1 25.1 25.5 25.0 24.6 23.9 22.4 23.2 21.9 19.2 Railroad equipm ent________________ — 57. 7 58.6 51.9 60.8 60.0 61.6 59.6 58.7 56.0 51.4 47.7 46.9 51.4 50. 9 Other transportation equipm ent........... 10. 5 1 0 .8 1 0 .8 10.3 10.5 10.5 10.4 10.5 9.7 9.0 9.7 10.4 1 0 .1 9.0 Instruments and related products______ 347.8 347.8 350.8 351.9 348.5 352.8 351.3 353.1 353.7 353.6 352.1 354.0 352.5 338.9 315.2 Laboratory, scientific, and engineering instruments..... ..................................... 65.5 65.6 65.6 65.9 6 6 .0 65.8 66.3 60.6 6 6 .8 66.9 6 8 .2 67.8 64.2 58.1 Mechanical measuring and controlling instruments_____________________ 97.8 98.7 99.3 99.0 1 0 1 .0 1 0 0 .2 100.3 1 0 0 .2 99.9 97.9 97.3 96.4 93.0 83.9 Optical instruments and lenses............. 18.7 18.4 18.5 18.1 18.5 18.4 18.4 18.2 17.6 17.3 16.9 17.1 15.8 14.0 Surgical, medical, and dental instru ments__________________________ 45.0 45.1 45.4 45.8 45.3 45.1 45.3 45.1 44.9 44.6 44.7 44.1 43.1 41.5 Ophthalmic goods__________________ 26.1 26.7 27.1 27.2 26.9 27.6 27.6 27.7 27.8 28.1 28.1 28.0 26.1 23. 7 Photographic apparatus_____________ 67.4 67. 5 67.6 65.9 65.5 6 6 .8 65.6 65.6 65.8 66.4 67.1 6 6 .8 65.3 65.6 Watehes and clocks________________ 27.3 28.8 28.4 28.5 28.5 26.6 29.6 30.3 30.8 30.9 31.7 32.3 31.4 28.4 Miscellaneous manufacturing Industries. 513.2 521.7 522.3 514.9 492.9 508.9 498.7 496.5 493.9 489.0 480.0 494.1 516.9 486. 5 459.9 Jewelry, silverware, and plated ware.. 47. 5 46.9 46.7 45.8 45.7 44.5 46.0 46.7 46.3 46.4 47.7 48.0 45.9 44.4 Musical instruments and parts_______ 19.1 19.2 19.2 18.6 18.6 19.1 18.0 19.5 19.6 19.7 19.9 19.8 18.0 16.4 Toys and sporting goods____________ 103.8 104.7 1 0 1 .0 95.1 98.6 93.2 8 8 .1 81.8 77.2 73.3 79.4 95.2 84.5 81.7 Pens, pencils, other office supplies____ 33.2 32.8 32.8 31.8 32.2 31.6 31.5 31.3 31.2 30.4 31.0 32.1 30.8 30.7 Costume jewelry, buttons, notions___ 60.3 60.6 61.1 59.7 57.4 58.1 59.1 61.5 61.9 60.6 61.3 62.2 60.6 58.2 Fabricated plastics products_________ 96.0 96.2 95.3 92.7 95.6 94.8 95.4 95.5 96.6 96.0 96.2 97.1 92.6 84.0 Other manufacturing industries............ 161.8 161.9 158.8 153.0 158.8 156.7 157.3 157.6 156.2 153.6 158.6 162.5 154.1 144.5 Nondurable goods Food and kindred products....................... 1, 486. 6 1,560.3 1, 628. 9 1,601.7 1,521.4 1,469.2 1,414.9 1,404.1 1, 376. 8 1,380.2 1, 396.6 1, 434. 5 1, 478.2 1,470.2 1, 476.4 Meat products____________________ — 309. 6 310.9 308.2 305.7 303.4 297.2 292.6 294.8 298.2 302.0 305.7 305.0 302.1 307.0 Dairy products........................................ 94.0 97.4 101.4 102.4 1 0 2 .0 97.8 94.6 91.0 90.2 89.8 90.5 91.6 96.8 99.8 Canning and preserving..... .................... 285.4 362.5 333.8 254.6 207.7 184.7 185.9 167.3 166.7 169.5 182.9 211.7 223.0 220.4 Grain-mill products.......... ..................... 109.7 110.4 1 1 2 .1 112.3 1 1 0 .2 108.9 108.8 108.4 109.3 109.4 109.9 109.8 113.3 113.8 Bakery products______ ____________ 292.1 290.8 289.9 292.0 290.8 286.1 287.0 286.1 286.8 285.9 287.9 290.0 285.2 284.3 Sugar....................................................... 39.8 27.6 25.7 25.8 26.3 25.1 26.1 24.5 25.7 34.8 41.3 45.4 31.0 31.4 Confectionery and related products___ 79.4 77.0 73.2 66.9 70.0 69.5 70.2 71.8 72.3 72.7 78.0 78.8 73.5 75.4 Beverages________________________ 215.2 216.3 219.1 221.7 2 2 0 .2 2 1 1 .1 206.3 2 0 1 .5 198.1 200.4 205.5 210.5 209.1 207.0 Miscellaneous food products..................I 135.1 136.0 138.3 139.5 139.1 134.5 132.6 131.4 132.9 132.1 132.8 135.4 136.2 137.3 See footnotes at end of table. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis A.—EMPLOYMENT T able 81 A-2. Employees in nonagricultural establishments, by industry1—Continued [In thousands] 1960 1959 Annual average Industry Nov.* Oct.2 Sept. 90.5 103.7 37.8 25.7 107.5 38.2 25.5 Aug. July June May Apr. Mar. Feb. Jan. Dec. Nov. 1959 1958 Manufacturing— Continued N o n d u r a b le goods —Continued Tobacco manufactures............................... Cigarette« _ Cigars________________ - ____ _____ Tobacco and snuff. ______________ Tobacco stemming and redrying____ Textile-mill products...... ................ .......... 925.8 Scouring and combing plants________ Yarn and thread mills____________ Broad-woven fabric mills------------------ ....... Narrow fabrics and small wares--------- ___ Knitting mills. ______ _________ ___ Dyeing and finishing textiles________ Carpets, rugs, other floor coverings._ Hats (except cloth and millinery)____ Miscellaneous textile goods-----............. ........... 91.4 38.5 25.3 78.5 38.4 24.3 6 .0 6 .0 6 .2 6 .2 34.2 37.8 21.4 9.6 932.8 5.1 943.3 5.2 102.4 384.5 29.0 224.1 87.8 44.0 9.3 57.0 953.6 5.4 104.2 388.6 29.4 227.3 89.0 43.9 9.7 56.1 941.8 5.4 103.1 389.1 28.8 217.7 89.0 43.3 9.8 55.6 1 0 0 .8 379.6 28.3 221.7 87.8 43.4 9.0 57.1 77.8 .38 2 25. 4 6 3 79 961.7 5 .5 106.5 393.7 29.5 225.5 90 1 44.0 9 i 94 81.4 37. £ 25.9 6.3 11.9 956.3 54 105 7 392.9 29.3 955.1 5.3 105.9 395.3 29.4 217. 5 89.9 45. 8 9. 6 56.4 956. 6 5.2 106.3 396.6 29.8 215.7 88. 9 46. 2 10. 2 57.7 78.5 37 7 25 5 6 9 221 6 89 9 44Ü 1 0 .1 10 1 56.8 56.5 79.1 37. 9 25. 6 6 2 8 6 .6 37 5 26.5 6. 4 16 2 952.0 5. 6 106.6 394.9 29.7 211.3 89.4 46 7 9.9 57.9 88.5 37 6 25 4 6 4 IQ 1 91.2 37 7 27.1 6 4 92.5 38 0 27 4 6 4 20 0 20 7 953.0 56 107 4 396.1 29.8 210. 4 89 6 46 5 10 3 57.3 960.3 54 108 2 398.1 29.4 216.2 89 3 46 2 10. 4 57.1 969.3 5 3 108 7 398.9 29.3 224 5 89 3 46 2 89.2 37 4 27 1 90.4 6 6 6.5 966.0 941.5 5 5 110 0 398! 5 29.5 920 1 83 4 46 6 399.9 27.5 207 0 10 2 10 1 56.9 10 1 57! 3 5 3 .9 Apparel and other finished textile prodUCtS—................. - ............. - .................. 1,204.3 1,209. 7 1,225.1 1, 237. 7 1,188.0 1,215.9 1, 207.9 1, 211. 2 1, 247. 8 1, 240. 7 1,219.5 1,232. 9 1,239.9 1, 210.7 1,156.3 Men’s and boys’ suits and coats______ 115.1 115.8 116.6 109.4 116.1 115.0 114.3 114.9 114. 6 114.0 114.3 114.4 111.4 107.3 Men’s and boys’ furnishings and work clothing_______________________ 349.5 356.8 359.3 349 5 357.6 353 7 349.6 351.7 349.6 346. 7 349.1 352. 7 338 3 311 3 327.1 334.0 343.4 328.2 329.0 328 1 335.7 358.0 355.1 346. 2 349.8 348.0 344 7 339 7 Women’s outerwear________________ 119.1 118.8 118.8 113 0 118.6 118.4 120.0 121.6 121. 6 119 8 121.5 124.0 118 9 114 1 Women’s, children’s undergarments . _ 18* 5 Millinery _______________________ 18.6 18.9 19.5 14 9 17.8 22.8 22. 2 19.1 16 5 13.1 18.3 17.0 17 9 71.1 73.9 71.9 Children’s outerwear ______________ 74 8 75.6 69.6 73.8 74.0 72.3 73.2 72. 6 74 4 73.5 73 6 7.5 8.2 8.0 7.4 6.6 6.6 92 Fur goods________________________ 7.3 69 6.8 8. 6 9.3 6.8 10 7 61.4 61.4 Miscellaneous apparel and accessories 61.5 60 3 57.2 59. 6 60.2 60.0 59.2 57.7 62.7 61.7 60.9 56 7 139.6 139.4 137.3 132.1 136.8 138.1 137.4 138.4 137.6 135.7 138.1 139.2 135 0 125 0 Other fabricated textile products_____ 563.8 275.7 154.5 133.6 567.7 278.3 154.7 134.7 567.0 279.2 153.0 134.8 567.0 278.3 152.6 136.1 562.7 274 4 151.7 136. 6 562.3 274.0 152.2 136.1 560.0 273.1 152.3 134.6 559.9 274.0 152.4 133.5 561.3 275. 4 152.6 133.3 564.1 274.0 156.2 133.9 564.4 273.3 157.7 133.4 273 8 153.5 132 6 269 4 149.6 128 1 909.0 332.5 65.8 64.5 233.6 69.7 24.3 47.6 900.9 331.2 64.5 64.4 233.0 69.3 23.0 48.3 895.1 890.4 892.0 331.0 331.4 331.4 62.8 62.3 61.9 63.8 63 1 62.3 230.8 229.3 229.4 68. 7 68.2 68.6 22.6 22.6 22.0 48.6 48.4 48.1 885.9 329.4 62.7 62.2 227.3 68. 4 20.6 48.0 886.3 327.7 63.9 62.3 229.3 68.6 2.05 48.0 886.2 327. 2 63.9 61.6 230.3 68.1 20.1 47.8 883.3 325.7 64.2 61.1 229.1 67.3 19.9 47.5 878.8 324.9 64.7 60.2 229.2 65. 5 19. 6 46. 8 887.5 329.6 64.5 60.1 230.0 66.9 21.6 46.8 886.2 326.6 64.7 59.7 228.8 67.9 23.0 46.9 322 6 62 4 58 0 224 0 66 3 20 8 46.2 8 6 8 .3 852.2 316 4 61 5 71.0 67.2 66.8 66.4 67.0 67.3 66.0 67.2 68.5 67.9 68.0 68.6 68 0 68 4 879.2 105.2 340.9 105.6 879.8 105. 8 343.2 106.5 882.2 106.7 347.3 107.7 878.9 106.1 347.4 107.8 877.8 105.8 343.7 106.6 879.6 104.7 340.2 105.4 882.3 104.6 338.3 105.5 869.4 103.9 336.7 105.8 864.6 103.7 334.9 105.2 860.5 103.6 334.0 105. 6 861.9 103.9 332.9 105.3 862.1 104.0 331.7 104.9 847.8 102 5 325.6 104.0 820.9 109 ? 310 6 54.2 77.1 7.8 34.8 42.3 111.3 54.4 77.8 7.8 33.9 39.1 111.3 54.3 79.1 7.8 31.7 36.6 111.0 52.8 79.0 7.9 31.6 36.3 110.0 53.1 78.4 7.9 35.8 36.6 109.9 52.8 77. 8 7.9 44.1 37.5 109.2 52.7 77.3 7.8 48.8 39.2 108.1 52.7 76.8 7.7 39.4 39.3 107.1 52.4 76.9 7.9 37.2 40.1 106.3 51.8 76.3 7.8 35.9 40.8 104.7 51.7 76.4 7.8 35.0 42.7 106.2 51.4 76.4 7.7 34.1 43.7 108.2 51.0 75.5 36 9 40.0 104.6 49 3 73 0 7* 8 35 6 38.5 101 0 222.8 225.0 178.9 226.2 180.3 229.8 182.4 230.2 183.4 232.5 184.0 231.9 183. 2 232.4 183.7 232.2 183.8 232.4 184.1 231.9 183.8 232.2 184.2 231.7 182.9 233.4 186. 2 238.2 192.1 46.1 45.9 47.4 46.8 48.5 48.7 48.7 48.4 48.3 48.1 48.0 48.8 47.2 46 1 256.0 258.1 100.4 22. 6 135.1 258.4 101.6 22.4 134.4 257.1 103.0 22.1 132.0 252.5 103.1 21. 5 127.9 258.1 103.5 22.0 132.6 257.1 103.4 21.9 131.8 260.2 104.4 22.5 133.3 267.4 105.1 22.8 139.5 269.0 104.0 23.0 142.0 289.2 105.3 23.1 140.8 269.5 105.5 23.6 140.4 270.1 106.1 23.7 140.3 259.8 101. 6 22.0 136.2 244.6 100.8 20. 9 Leather and leather products.................... 361.7 Leather: tanned, curried, and finished _ Industrial leather belting and packing. Boot and shoe cut stock and findings .. Footwear (except rubber)_______ ____ Luggage__________________________ Handbags and small leather goods........ Gloves and miscellaneous leather goods See footnotes at end of table. 360.7 34.2 4.6 18.2 238.1 16.5 33.8 15.3 364.2 34.4 4.7 18.2 242.0 16.4 32.7 15.8 373.9 34.6 4.6 19.3 249.5 17.3 32.4 16.2 365.5 34.4 4.3 19.5 246.0 16.4 30.1 14.8 365.7 34.5 4.3 19.5 245.4 16.0 30.2 15.8 357.6 34.0 4.2 18.7 238.8 15.8 30.2 15.9 359.3 34.1 4.4 18.6 240.1 15.6 30.9 15.6 370.4 34.4 4.8 19.6 246.8 15.6 33.5 15.7 370.9 34.8 5.0 19.9 248.0 15.1 370.9 35.6 5.0 20.1 249.8 15.0 31.7 13.7 372.5 35.8 4.9 19.5 249.4 15.1 32.4 15.4 372.6 35.9 5.0 19.3 246.5 15.5 33.6 16.8 372.2 37.1 4.9 19.4 248.9 15.3 31.2 15.4 Paper and allied products____ ________ Pulp, paper, and paperboard mills___ Paperboard containers and boxes_____ Other paper and allied products______ 561.5 Printing, publishing, and allied industries. Newspapers______________________ Periodicals_______________________ Books__________________________ nommerc.ial printing _ Lithographing____T________________ Greeting cards_____ _______________ Bookbinding and related industries___ Miscellaneous publishing and printing services_________________________ 910.8 Chemicals and allied products................... Industrial inorganic chem icals______ Industrial organic chemicals_________ Drugs and medicines_______________ Soap, cleaning and polishing preparatio n s__________________________ Paints, pigments, and fillers. _______ Gum and wood chemicals___________ Fertilizers______________________ Vegetable and animal oils and fats____ Miscellaneous chemicals____________ 876.7 Products of petroleum and co al........... Petroleum refining_______________ . Coke, other petroleum and coal products________________________ Rubber products______ ______________ Tires and inner tubes_______________ Rubber footwear________________ Other rubber products______________ 5 7 8 1 8 7 — 6 1 -------7 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 560.5 275.0 150.9 134.6 33.3 14.8 5 5 9 .9 7 .7 5 4 7 .1 55 0 2 ^0 7 65 7 ?0 0 4 4 .5 1 0 2 .9 1 2 2 .9 3 5 7 .2 3 7 .9 4 .1 18.2 238.1 15.0 29.9 14.0 82 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JANUARY 1961 T able A-2. Employees in nonagricultural establishments, by industry 1—Continued [In thousands] 1959 1960 Annual average Industry Nov.s Oct.s Sept. Aug. July June May Apr. Mar. Feb. Jan. Dee. Nov. 1959 1958 Transportation and public utilities....... ...... 3,868 3,888 3,907 3,921 3,939 3,942 3,924 3,917 3,900 3,887 3,882 3,940 3,912 3,902 3,903 Transportation_____________________ 2,524 2,545 2,553 2,560 2,573 2,592 2,585 2,579 2,570 2, 553 2,549 2,602 2,571 2, 559 2, 531 Interstate railroads................................ . 871.1 876.0 904.6 912.2 919.5 914, 5 909.8 903.6 899.7 900.6 919.7 898.0 930.6 963.6 Class I railroads_________________ 759.9 766.2 792.9 800.7 807.4 801.9 796.6 789.0 785.3 785.9 796.3 784.0 815.3 840.8 Local railways and buslines................... 91.3 91.4 91.2 90.9 90.8 91.1 91.2 91.4 91.8 87.7 90.8 90.4 92.3 96.4 Trucking and warehousing.........„......... 901.9 891.7 877.4 879.3 887.1 880.3 880.6 883.3 878.0 876.2 897.0 892.6 853.2 792.5 Other transportation and services...,.__ 684.7 694.5 687.4 690.2 694.6 698.6 697.6 692.1 684.7 681.1 694.2 688.4 683.3 678.5 Buslines, except local..................... ........ 41.1 41.9 40.8 38.8 38.3 38.4 39.4 39.4 40.0 40.0 39.7 40.4 41.7 41.7 Air transportation (common carrier)... 151.3 152.7 153.3 152.4 152.1 153.0 153.1 152.3 152.2 152.2 152.1 150.8 145.9 140.3 Pipe-line transportation (except natural gas).................................. ........ 24.1 24.1 24.1 24.2 23.8 24.7 24.6 24.2 24.6 24.6 24.7 25.1 24.5 25.8 Communication......................................... 741 752 744 741 741 745 740 738 737 739 736 741 751 743 771 Telephone_____________ __________ 704.0 707.8 713.5 714.0 707.0 704.0 702.6 700.2 699.2 698.0 701.1 702.9 705.5 732.4 Telegraph.......... ...................................... 36.4 36.4 36.4 37.3 36.6 36.7 36.7 36.9 37.5 37.0 37.6 37.2 36.3 38.3 614 Other public utilities................................. 603 609 592 602 606 598 597 598 597 599 600 600 610 601 Gas and electric utilities........... ............. 578.4 584.7 585.2 589.2 582.5 574.6 574.2 568.5 574.0 574.0 575.7 576.7 576.6 578.5 Electric light and power utilities....... 254.0 257.2 259.3 260.0 257.3 254.1 254.0 253.8 253.8 254.1 254.7 254.9 255.9 258.3 Gas utilities____________________ 155.3 156.9 153.6 156.7 155.3 153.2 153.4 153.0 153.2 152.9 153.4 153.7 153.3 151.5 Electric light and gas utilities comb in ed ..................................... ........ 169.1 170.6 172.3 172.5 169.9 163.3 166.8 161.7 167.0 167.0 167.6 168.1 167.4 168.7 24.4 Local utilities, not elsewhere classified. 23.9 23.2 23.7 24.0 23.7 23.8 23.5 23.1 23.1 23.2 23.2 24.5 22.0 Wholesale and retail trade_____________ Wholesale trade.......................... ............... Wholesalers full-service and limitedfunction............................................ Automotive________________ _____ Groceries, food specialties, beer, wines, and liquors______________ Electrical goods, machinery, hard ware, and plumbing equipment__ Other full-service and limited-func tion wholesalers....... ............. ........... Wholesale distributors, other................. Retail trade............ ......... .......................... General merchandise stores__________ Department stores and general mail order houses___________________ Other general merchandise stores...... Food and liquor stores....... ................... Grocery, meat, and vegetable markets. Dairy product stores and dealers___ Other food and liquor stores........... Automotive and accessories dealers....... Apparel and acoessories stores_______ Other retail trade__________________ Furniture and appliance stores......... Drug stores........................................... 11,878 11,733 11,665 11,592 11,591 11,637 11,543 11,620 11,325 11,329 11,424 12,345 11,723 11,385 11,141 3,174 3,161 3,153 3,153 3,138 3,129 3, i'll 3,120 3, 111 3,114 3,113 3,155 3,141 3,070 3,013 1,875.8 1,876.8 1,879.6 1,870.9 1,867.1 1,851.4 1, 856.4 1,850.4 1, 852.9 1,852. 7 1,882. 9 1,868.8 1, 819. 2 1, 752.0 141.5 142.2 142.7 142.2 141.5 140.5 139.6 139.0 138.7 138.0 139.2 138.6 135.2 126.5 317.6 315.5 452.1 454.7 314.9 315.4 314.1 313.0 315.1 317.8 316.1 317.9 321.3 320.9 309.7 303.1 458.4 459.5 458.1 455.2 455.5 455.0 454.8 453.3 456.4 455.1 448.0 439.2 964.6 964.4 963.6 953.8 953.4 942.7 946.2 938.6 943.3 943.5 966.0 954.2 926.3 883.2 1,285.3 1,275.7 1,273.6 1,267.0 1,261.6 1,259.3 1, 263.1 1,260.8 1, 260.8 1, 260.7 1, 272.0 1,271.8 1,250.7 1,261.4 8,704 8,572 8,512 8,439 8, 453 8,508 8,432 8,500 8,214 8, 215 8, 311 9,190 8,582 8,315 8,128 1,659.3 1,554.8 1,504.1 1,452. 5 1,433.1 1, 462.5 1,465.6 1, 511.0 1,404.3 1, 402.3 1,464.9 2,025.0 1, 628.3 1, 483. 5 1,433.8 994.1 951.8 922.9 917.2 934.2 932.1 944.8 892.1 898.3 942.7 1, 294.3 1,053.8 953.4 925.1 560.7 552.3 529.6 515.9 528.3 533.5 566.2 512.2 504.0 522.2 730.7 574.5 530.1 508.7 1,646. 7 1,640.7 1,640.9 1,659.9 1, 655. 6 1, 648. 7 1, 649.0 1, 633.6 1,634.8 1, 629. 7 1, 663.3 1, 645.6 1, 613.6 1, 598.8 1,210.6 1,195.2 1,190.3 1,204.8 1, 203.7 1,200.7 1,199.8 1, 200.1 1,197.0 1,198.2 1, 218.4 1,209.3 1,175.3 1,149. 4 213.3 223.7 228.4 229.6 226.8 222.8 220.2 214.9 214.5 214.9 217.1 217.2 222.7 227.4 222.8 221.8 222.2 225.5 225.1 225.2 229.0 218.6 223.3 216.6 227.8 219.1 215.6 222.0 812.6 813.5 814.7 819.9 824.5 827.4 819.0 815.0 801.2 801.1 799.7 814.8 803.8 791.0 764.5 647.8 634.4 619.7 585.6 597.8 628.3 626.7 679.6 584.4 584.4 609.1 744.0 634.3 606.0 592.1 3,918.9 3,922.1 3,933.0 3,940.2 3,937.5 3,933.9 3.872, 2 3,845.5 3, 790.8 3, 792.1 3,807.3 3,943.0 3,869. 5 3,820.4 3, 738.4 402.2 398.7 396.8 398.1 397.0 399.0 397.4 395.1 396.7 397.3 417.0 405.1 393.8 390.2 407.9 406.8 400.1 398.6 398.6 392.0 396.4 384.2 383.3 390.6 418.4 389.8 378.2 355.8 Finance, insurance, and real estate___ Banks and trust companies________ Security dealers and exchanges______ Insurance carriers and agents_______ Other finance agencies and real estate. 2,497 2,500 680.7 101.6 940.4 777.1 2,515 680.9 102.0 946.3 785.6 2,536 686.8 103.4 952.8 793.4 2,530 682.9 102.9 946.8 797.1 2,496 671.2 100.4 930.8 793.6 2,469 662.9 99.9 922.3 783.5 2,463 663.2 99.9 922.5 777.4 2,444 661.9 99.7 919.9 762.9 2,439 657.5 99.2 917.3 764.9 2,428 652.2 97.9 910.3 768.5 2,438 653.2 97.7 913.6 773.7 2,438 650.4 96.9 910.8 779.4 2,425 638.4 94.5 904.0 787.8 2,374 615.3 84.6 895.0 779.5 Service and miscellaneous........... ............. . Hotels and lodging places.......................... Personal services: Laundries___ ____ ________ ________ Cleaning and dyeing plants................... Motion pictures........ ................................ 6,672 6,706 463.9 6,698 508.9 6,685 590.8 6,715 591.7 6,745 524.5 6,717 497.1 6,644 479.3 6,511 458.6 6,484 459.6 6,474 452.7 6,547 463.4 6,593 470.4 6,525 5Ò5.4 6,395 511.3 305.9 179.9 188.9 306.7 175.0 193.6 310.3 170.9 195.4 315.6 175.5 192.1 314.6 181.3 190.7 311.5 179.4 190.3 308.4 177.4 189.7 304.6 169.3 175.3 305.7 170.0 178.0 307.2 171.9 178.9 309.0 173.4 179.8 310.6 174.7 185.6 310.9 170.6 187.0 312.7 167.4 189.8 Government.... ..................... . Federal3................................ Executive______ ______ Department of Defense. Post Office Department. Other agencies.-............ Legislative_____________ Judicial.............................. State and local *__________ State..... ............................. Local............. ................... Education.......................... Other___________ _____ 8,658 8,584 8,474 8,140 8,145 8,409 8,449 8,553 8,536 8,343 8,288 8,635 8,331 8,127 7,893 2,178 2,182 2,185 2,206 2,205 2, 204 2,212 2,334 2,331 2,153 2,151 2,492 2,192 2,197 2,191 2,154.1 2,157.6 2,178.0 2,177.3 2,176. 6 2,184.6 2, 306.8 2,303.6 2,125.3 2,123. 6 2,464. 5 2,164. 7 2,169.4 2,164. 2 909.4 910.8 919.2 919.1 922.8 917.1 916.5 919.0 920.2 921.3 924.6 928.3 941.3 960.3 565.0 565.9 566.5 564.8 560.0 553.3 553.0 551.8 553.0 553.6 863.4 557.5 572.9 562.8 679.7 680.9 692.3 693.4 693.8 714.2 837.3 832.8 652.1 648.7 676.5 678.9 655.2 641.1 22.4 22.6 22.8 22.8 22.5 22.8 22.5 22.5 22.4 22.5 22.5 22.5 22.5 22.1 4.9 5.0 4.9 4.9 4.9 4.9 4.9 4.9 4.9 4.8 4.8 4.8 4.8 4.7 6,480 6,402 6,289 5,934 5, 940 6,205 6,237 6,219 6,205 6,190 6,137 6,143 6,139 5,930 5,702 1,617.6 1,580.0 1,530.3 1, 539.2 1, 575.2 1, 578.8 1, 572.8 1, 564.1 1, 559.8 1, 550.2 1, 555.4 1, 555.6 1, 524.3 1,470.8 4,784.6 4,709.4 4,403.9 4, 400. 6 4, 629.9 4, 658.0 4, 646.4 4, 641.1 4,630.1 4, 586.3 4, 587.6 4, 582.9 4, 405. 7 4,231.1 3,099. 2 2,926.6 2, 525. 8 2,538. 8 2,851.3 2, 978. 5 2, 987.4 2,992.0 2,990.9 2,947.3 2,948.7 2,945.0 2, 721. 5 2, 563.7 3,303.0 3,362.8 3,408. 4 3,401.0 3, 353.8 3, 258.3 3, 231.8 3, 213.2 3,199.0 3,189.2 3,194.3 3,193.5 3,208. 5 3,138.2 1 Beginning with the August 1958 issue, figures for 1956-58 differ from those previously published because of the adjustment of the employment estimates to 1st quarter 1957 benchmark levels indicated by data from government social insurance programs. Statistics from 1957 forward are subject to revi sion when new benchmarks become available. These series are based upon establishment reports which cover all full- and part-time employees in nonagricultural establishments who worked during, or received pay for, any part of the pay period ending nearest the 15th of the month. Therefore, persons who worked in more than 1 establishment during the reporting period are counted more than once. Proprietors, selfemployed persons, unpaid family workers, and domestic servants are ex cluded. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 2 Preliminary. 3 Data relate to civilian employees who worked on, or received pay for, the last day of the month. 4 State and local government data exclude, as nominal employees, elected officials of small local units and paid volunteer firemen. Source: U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics for all series except those for the Federal Government, which is prepared by the U.S. Civil Service Commission, and that for Class I railroads, which is prepared by the U.S. Interstate Commerce Commission. A.—EMPLOYMENT 83 T a b l e A-3. Production or nonsupervisory workers in nonagricultural establishments, by industry 1 [In thousands] 1960 1959 Annual average Industry Oct.2 Sept. Aug. July June May Apr. Mar. Feb. Jan. Dec. Nov. 1959 1958 Mining___________ _____ ___________ 51 51 53525 507 532 53, 52 52 52' 51Í 519 53 572 Metal....................................................... 76. 77. 78. 1 78. 4 80. 80. 1 79., 77. 73.' 57. 60., 54. 65. 76.5 I r o n ............................................. ........ 28. 28. 29. 6 29. 4 30., 30. 29. 28. f1 28. 28.4 28.. 25. 22. 26.1 C o p p e r................................................ 26., 26. 26. 25. 8 25. 25. 24.; 25.' 21.] 8.Í 5. 5. 18. 23.4 Lead and zinc....................................... 7.Í 8. 8. 8. 2 9.1 9. 10.] io.; 10.] 10.1 9. 9. 10. 10.5 Anthracite............................. ............ ..... io.; io.; 9. 7 9. 10. C 10. 11., 1 2 .4 13. £ 14.] 13.9 14. 14. 18 5 Bituminous coal...... ................................ 130. 130. 119. 136. 1413 147. 149. 152. 154.1 154.4 155.] 144. 149. 173.8 Crude-petroleum and natural-gas pro duction_______________________ 196. 200. 202. 202. S 198. 202. 199. 197.' 199. 202.7 208.; 209. 210. 211.1 Petroleum and natural-gas production 99. (except contract services)................... 101. 103. 103.2 loi.: 101. 102.f 103.; 103.9 104. 103. 104. 106. 112.9 Nonmetallic mining and quarrying_____ 97.' 97. 97,1 96.4 95. 98. 93.1 83. £ 85.3 86.1 92. 95.; 92.5 91.9 Contract construction___ __________ 2,591 2.54E 2,70, 2,66« 2,558 2,42( 2,196 1,914 1,985 2,047 2,28! 2,445 2,372 2 278 Nonbuilding construction______ _____ 540 554 573 558 513 424 576 353 340 360 439 507 506 497 Highway and street construction___ I 280. 292. 286.4 296. 286.7 256. 196.2 136. Í 142.! 145.2 195.2 245. 245.4 231 8 Other nonbuilding construction......... 259. 267.2 279. 280J 271.0 256. 227. ‘ 203.Í 210.' 214.9 243.8 261.8 200 £ 2fi5* 1 Building construction______________ 2,051 2,091 2,129 2,096 2,000 1,907 1, 766 1,574 1,636 1,687 1,850 1,938 1,866 1,781 General contractors__________ ____ 710. C 732. 752. 714.7 675.: 609.5 513.4 542.2 564.0 629.0 667. ' 662.4 fi58 1 751. Special-trade contractors__________ 1,341. 1,358.3 1,377.1 1,343. 1,285.4 1,232. 1,156. í 1,060.; 1,093.6 1,123.2 1,220.9 1,270.4 1,203.2 1,122 fi Plumbing and heating..................... _ 262.2 268.7 262. 256. 253.4 246. 235. t 224.] 230.: 239.3 251.5 256.3 ’ 252.8 247 O Painting and decorating__________ 213.2 222.6 233.1 229. 212.7 201.3 176.3 ico.; 159.; 163.1 184.6 201.3 181.7 153 3 Electrical w o rk ................................ 159.2 161.9 166.1 159. £ 149.6 139.4 133.; 128.6 132.0 134.4 138.8 143.0 138.3 138* 2 Other special-trade contractors___ 706.8 705.1 714. 698.3 669.7 644.6 611.3 647.3 572.0 586.4 646.0 669.8 630.4 584.1 Manufacturing______________________ 12,071 12,225 12,399 12,2G5 12,145 12,332 12,292 12,334 12,435 12,494 12,449 12,466 12,274 12, 237 It Durable goods...... .................... ........II 6,822 6,868 6,949 6,833 6,888 7,056 7,084 7,123 7,205 7,268 7,230 7,173 6,922 6,955 fi 507 Nondurable goods________________ 5,249 6,357 5,450 5,432 5,257 5,276 5,208 5,211 5,230 5,226 5,219 5,293 5,352 5,282 5’, 151 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 73.5 72.0 72.3 72.4 73.0 --I CO 00 D u r a b le g o o d s Ordnance and accessories_____________ 73.9 72.3 Lumber and wood products (except fur niture)____________________ _____ 563.8 580.3 Logging camps and contractors............ 110.7 Sawmills and planing mills_________ 276.4 Millwork, plywood, and prefabricated structural wood products__________ 107.0 Wooden containers_________ ____ 37.6 Miscellaneous wood products_____ 48.6 Furniture and fixtures............................... 319.3 325.9 Household furniture________ ____ .I l l 240.8 OflSce, public building, and professional furniture_______________________ 38.8 Partitions, shelving, lockers, and' fix tures..... ............................................. . 27.4 Screens, blinds, and miscellaneous fur niture and fixtures............................... 18.9 Stone, clay, and glass products________ 431.9 441.5 Flat glass.......................... ..................... 26.2 Glass and glassware, pressed or blown. 89.6 Glass products made of purchased glass. 14. d Cement, hydraulic______________ 33.1 Structural clay products......... ............... 62.2 Pottery and related products________ 39.9 Concrete, gypsum, and plaster products 92.5 Cut-stone and stone products..... ........ 16.0 Miscellaneous nonmetallic mineral products.............................................. 67.7 Prim ary metal industries ....................... . 882.3 893.6 Blast furnaces, steel works, and rolling m ills......... ............. ............................. 410.8 Iron and steel foundries_____________ 183.1 Primary smelting and refining of nonferrous metals___________________ 44.3 Secondary smelting and refining of nonferrous metals.................................. . 8.9 Polling, drawing, and alloying of nonferrous metals___________________ 83.8 Nonferrous foundries_____________ II 49.3 Miscellaneous primary metal industries 113.4 Fabricated metal products (except ord nance, machinery, and transporta tion equipment)_________________ 818.5 833.1 Tin cans and other tinware ................ . 49. 5 Cutlery, handtools, and hardware____ 103.9 Heating apparatus (except electric) and plumbers’ supplies....... ..................... 85.1 Fabricated structural metal products.. 211. 5 Metal stamping, coating, and engraving. 195.4 Lighting fixtures.................................... 38.9 Fabricated wire products___________ 43.8 Miscellaneous fabricated metal prod ucts................................................... 105.0 See footnotes at end of table; 74.9 74.7 74.3 74.0 72.9 72.9 68.4 598.4 114.8 285.0 606.9 110. £ 293.1 606.1 114.6 291.4 617.4 118.6 296.0 592.5 101.8 288.8 586.6 86.1 281.6 555. 7 83.9 275.1 560.6 85.5 276.7 561.4 86.5 277.0 583.6 95.4 286.3 599.3 99.5 294.5 591 1 92 3 29L5 283.6 110.5 38.5 49.6 328.2 241.5 112.8 39.7 50.4 327.2 241.2 110.9 39.9 49.3 320.9 235.6 112.0 40.8 50.0 326.7 240.4 111.7 40.8 49.4 324.3 240.3 110.9 39.7 50.3 327.2 242.7 109.0 38.2 49.5 326.9 242.9 110.5 38.3 49.6 327.6 244.0 110.3 38.3 49.3 327.4 244.0 113.6 39.1 49.2 327.8 245.9 116.7 38.6 50.0 327.2 246.6 117 7 40 2 49.4 46.0 321 2 240.8 m i 39.6 39.0 38.4 38.8 37.6 38.0 37.7 37.2 36.8 36.7 36.6 35.9 34.2 28.0 28.3 28.1 28.1 26.8 27.2 26.7 27.0 27.4 27.1 26.7 25.6 25.6 19.1 449.2 26.1 92.4 14.0 34.2 64.0 40.3 93.1 16.2 18.7 451.5 25.5 90.8 13.8 35.2 65.7 40.4 95.8 16.0 18.8 449.9 25.8 90.0 13.4 35.3 66.1 40.9 94.8 15.2 19.4 456.1 26.2 93.2 13.6 35.3 65.8 42.2 95.0 15,8 19.6 451.6 26.6 90.5 13.7 34.5 65.9 41.7 93.2 15.6 19.3 448.2 27.5 89.3 13.7 33.7 64.5 42.3 91.0 15.4 19.6 443.0 30.2 88.9 14.1 31.6 62.2 42.5 86.8 14.9 19.4 445.2 32.0 87.5 14.5 31.0 62.6 42.4 87.7 15.0 19.2 442.6 32.2 84.7 14.5 32.5 63.1 41.9 87.8 14.9 18.1 452.4 32.3 85.9 14.8 33.9 66.0 42.0 91.7 15.3 17.3 457.1 32.1 87.2 15.3 34.3 67.2 43.0 94.0 15.6 18.9 449.1 28 7 84 7 15 0 34 4 fi5 5 41 3 94 3 15.6 17.4 417 8 68.9 905.0 68.3 909.8 68.4 923.8 69.0 970.3 69.9 70.8 71.8 72.5 71.0 70.5 992.6 1019.8 1,042. 6 1,051.5 1,048.3 1,038.8 68.4 975.0 69.6 916.4 62.3 891.0 417.6 185.7 430.8 179.5 438.7 187.1 468.9 193.1 495.3 188.8 510.6 194.0 526.4 194.7 531.6 198.8 531.6 197.7 527.7 197.6 493.2 183.2 41fi fi 192.2 436 8 167.4 44.8 45.8 46.3 46.6 46.1 47.2 45.4 42.5 40.7 37.4 32.4 40.0 43.2 9.1 9.0 8.6 8.6 8.9 9.1 9.3 9.3 9.4 9.2 8.8 9.1 8.2 84.0 49.3 114.5 83.7 48.6 112.4 82.7 47.6 112.8 85.2 50.3 117.6 84.2 49.6 119.7 85.6 51.2 122.1 87.0 53.7 126.1 87.4 55.2 126.7 88.1 55.4 125.4 89.1 55.2 122.6 89.1 54.3 114.0 89 2 53 3 116.0 80 6 4fi*4 108! 4 835.0 53. ¿ 102.5 819.4 55.8 100.1 817.3 55.4 98.6 840.1 55.6 103.8 836.5 54.3 104.4 836.8 51.7 105.4 853.8 51.3 109.1 863.3 50.3 111.7 856.6 50.8 111.9 840.9 49.1 110.2 799.9 48.2 95.0 831.6 51.9 106.2 795 8 50 fi 100! 1 86.0 211.7 193.7 38.6 44.2 85.9 213.4 180.2 36.4 43.4 86.4 210.1 182.4 36.0 43.1 87.8 208.1 192.8 37.9 45.2 88.1 204.4 192.9 37.0 45.9 88.5 199.7 193.7 38.6 46.6 88.5 200.6 201.9 39.5 48.4 89.5 200.7 207.1 39.8 49.2 89.0 199.5 202.4 39.4 48.7 86.8 199.3 196.2 39.0 47.7 89.2 192.8 179.5 38.8 45.8 89 5 83 3 203.4 220 O 187.8 169 4 34 2 38.5 45.4 41.7 105.0 104.2 105.3 108.9 109.5 112.6 114.5 115.0 114.9 112.6 110.6 108.9 86 9 15.7 96.5 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JANUARY 1961 84 T able A-3. Production or nonsupervisory workers in nonagricultural establishments, by industry 1—Continued [In thousands] Annual average 1959 1960 Industry May Apr. Mar. Dec. Feb. Nov 1959 1958 Manufacturing—Continued D u r a b le goods —Continued Machinery (except electrical).................... , 084.1 1,085.6 1,104.4 1, 111.6 , 130.4 1 61.0 61.3 61.1 57.8 Engine and turbines........................... 93.9 93.4 98.7 97.1 Agricultural machinery and tractors. 85.5 83.1 81.0 78.7 Construction and mining machinery 178.6 181.0 181.9 190.2 Metalworking machinery.............. ........ Special-industry machinery (except 121.9 122.6 122.7 122.4 metalworking machinery).................. 140.5 142.7 143.5 143.7 General industrial machinery................ 92.6 92.8 92.2 92.6 Office and store machines and devices. Service-industry and household ma 123.4 130.0 129.7 136.5 chines________ _____- .................— 198.7 199.3 200.4 199.5 Miscellaneous machinery parts,.......... 849.6 Electrical machinery.................................. Electrical generating, transmission, distribution, and industrial appa256.6 278.5 276.7 276.0 30.2 28.6 30.5 28.7 Electrlcaï appliances........................ . 21.6 22.1 20.4 21.0 Insulated wire and cable-------------55.6 55.8 51.3 52.9 Electrical equipment for vehicles.......... 24.4 22.2 24.9 24.5 Electric lamps........................................ 424.6 430.1 422.8 410.8 Communication equipment-------------36.5 36.3 36.1 34.5 Miscellaneous electrical products........ 409.3 417.4 38.1 15.6 88.8 24.9 48.6 74.7 126.7 417.5 37.5 15.6 89.1 24.6 48.8 75.1 126.8 410.4 37.4 15.7 85.8 24.5 49.0 74. 123. 389.1 35.3 14.6 80.0 24.0 45.0 71.5 117.8 65.9 112.4 89.6 175.6 60.7 94.7 82.4 162.1 120.7 146.2 92.7 120.2 146.0 92.0 114.9 141.9 89.7 108.5 138.1 84.0 145.4 212.8 140.9 212.3 136.3 209.5 138.1 206.0 123.2 185.6 890.0 892.1 891.9 881.6 839.7 750.1 289.0 30.0 22.5 60.9 25.9 426.3 35.4 287.8 29.8 22.9 60.3 25.9 429.5 35.9 284.7 29.8 22.7 58.5 25.8 433.2 37.2 275.4 29.9 22.2 54.9 25.6 435.8 37.8 273.7 28.2 21.6 54.4 23.9 401.6 36.3 247.8 25.4 19.3 47.0 22.5 355.4 32.7 159.3 1,176.4 1,186.1 1,191.0 68.4 68.2 65.8 64.5 101.7 105.5 110.9 112.3 91.4 91.9 91.4 89.9 195.7 196.4 195.1 192.1 124.2 146.5 92.9 123.5 146.5 92.3 123.1 147. 5 92.9 122.6 149.0 92.4 122.3 149.8 92.1 121.4 146.4 92.6 143.0 146.9 198.3 148.4 205.4 146.0 210.0 149.2 213.4 855.1 860.4 878.7 279.3 29.1 22.0 54.3 25.8 408.8 35.8 283.1 29.5 21.8 56.0 25.9 408.8 35.3 287.2 30.4 22.2 59.0 25.9 418.7 35.3 200.1 277.6 29.4 21.8 54.6 25.4 413.7 36.2 Transportation equipm ent------------------ 1,153.9 , 149.1 , 135.1 1,036.2 1,104.8 1,127.2 611.9 597.4 508.7 573.9 614.9 Motor vehicles and equipment-----367.5 367.0 364.7 358.4 347.5 Aircraft and p arts............................ . 212.7 211.5 212.4 212.2 214.2 Aircraft......................................— 58.4 77.8 69.8 74.5 76.0 Aircraft engines and parts.................. 6.6 6.6 5.9 2.7 6.5 Aircraft propellers and parts.............. 72.2 71.2 71.1 72.3 70.5 Other aircraft parts and equipm ent.. 118.7 118.8 117.8 119.4 111.1 Ship and boat building and repairing91.4 102.9 103.0 102.4 103.2 Shipbuilding and repairing................. 19.7 15.8 15.4 16.2 15.8 Boatbuilding and repairing................ 45.6 44.8 36.4 43.3 42.7 Railroad equipment - ............................ 8.1 8.6 8.3 8.6 8.3 Other transportation equipment------Instruments and related products.......— 222.0 222.6 225.4 226.1 223.4 227.5 Laboratory, scientific and engineering 35.7 36.2 35.8 36.0 35.9 instrument............................- ........... . Mechanical measuring and controlling 66.2 64.4 64.2 63.4 64.7 instrum ents.................................... — 12.7 12.4 12.3 12.6 12.5 Optical instruments and lenses........... Surgical, medical, and dental lnstm 30.4 30.1 29.8 30.1 30.0 ments_________________________ 21.3 21.0 20.6 21.1 20.0 Ophthalmic goods................................ 38.7 39.4 39.7 39.6 39.1 Photographic apparatus....................... 22.5 20.6 21.2 22.2 22.6 Watches and clocks-------------------Miscellaneous manufacturing industries. Jewelry, silverware, and plated ware Musical instruments and p a rts.......... Toys and sporting goods............... Pens, pencils, other office supplies___ Costume jewelry, buttons, notions. Fabricated plastics products......... . Other manufacturing industries__ i/o. o L, J.UU. U 66.0 68.3 69.5 94.5 110.1 106.5 84.7 88.7 89.9 190.7 189.7 186.7 154.1 62.9 101.5 87.4 195.6 405.2 36.5 15.2 83.5 23.8 47.8 74.8 123.6 173.6 1,187.1 1,221.2 1,244.8 615.8 622.9 651.9 675.2 388.0 398.1 407.1 411.7 223.5 229.1 233.5 237.5 83.2 83.9 83.3 82.4 8.4 8.6 8.5 8.5 82.6 77.2 81.1 73.6 108.7 114.7 113.1 109.8 87.4 88.1 90.9 93.0 21.3 21.7 22.2 21.7 41.5 44.7 44.0 46.7 7.7 8.4 8.3 8.4 238.7 1,172.1 1,026.0 1,189.5 , 124.0 657.7 592.7 439.0 574.2 480.0 416.1 422.1 428.8 451.1 479.3 240.8 243.7 249.4 268.1 291.5 89.9 85.6 86.5 84.9 83.2 12.2 9.1 8.4 8.3 8.5 85.7 87.4 85.5 85.1 83.6 120.8 116.3 117.5 118.8 121.4 99.9 105.1 98.1 96.2 100.2 16.3 19.4 18.9 20.1 20.6 36.1 37.1 32.2 33.3 37.2 7.2 8.3 8.5 7.7 6.9 229.8 230.5 231.3 230.5 232.2 231.9 222.3 205.3 35.8 36.0 36.0 36.1 36.2 37.4 37.2 35.1 31.8 66.4 12.7 66.8 12.7 66.9 12.5 67.3 12.1 65.9 12.1 65.0 11.5 64.4 12.0 62.4 10.7 55.8 9.4 30.2 21.5 38.7 22.4 30.4 21.7 38.7 23.5 30.2 21.9 38.8 24.2 30.1 22.1 39.0 24.6 29.7 22.3 39.6 24.7 30.0 22.4 40.5 25.4 29.5 22.3 40.5 26.0 28.7 20.6 39.3 25.5 27.3 18.4 39.7 22.9 397.3 36.3 15. £ 78.5 23.6 46.8 74.2 122.6 395.1 391.9 387.5 36.7 36.5 37.1 16.2 15.7 16. ( 62.7 73.4 67.2 23.1 23.2 23.4 50. C 50.0 47. ( 76.2 74. S 75. ( 123.3 123.4 122.6 379.1 36.6 16.3 59.0 22.4 48.7 75.7 120.4 393.0 37.8 16.7 64.6 22.9 49.4 76.3 125.3 414.8 38.2 16.7 80.7 24.1 49.9 77.0 128.2 386.6 36.1 15.0 70.7 22.8 48.8 72.9 120.3 361.0 34.5 13.6 67.5 22.3 46.4 64.8 111.9 967.4 235.7 66.7 150.8 75. C 160. S 19.8 64.8 112. 91. £ 959.5 232.1 63.7 152. C 74. ‘ 161.7 20.8 55.4 108. 90. £ 933.7 938.6 233.8 237.2 59.6 60.7 133.6 134.1 74.1 73.9 160.8 160.9 19.3 20.3 57.8 57.2 104.9 103.2 89. £ 91.4 954.0 240.6 59.3 136.5 74.7 160.6 29.4 58.4 104.1 90.4 989.5 1,031.8 1,025.3 , 035.3 244.8 243.6 240.6 243.5 66.7 65.5 60.8 60.0 149.6 177.9 189.2 186.6 79.5 77.9 74.8 75.2 162.7 165.7 162.1 164.9 25.9 25.3 35.3 39.0 61.6 59.4 64.0 62.9 108.8 113.4 111.8 112.4 94.2 93.5 92. e 90.2 68. 32. £ 23.' 5.7 6. 69.1 32J 24.1 2.. 7.i 76.4 32.4 24.8 5.4 13.8 78.2 32. £ 23. 5. a 16.6 227.7 N o n d u r a b le goods Food and kindred products__________ 1,032.5 1,104.5 1,170.9 1,142. 1,064.1 1,015. 243.4 241. 247.8 248.3 245. M eat products................................ 70. 70.4 65.6 69. 62.6 Dairy products................................. 219.3 173. 249.0 324.8 297. Canning and preserving___________ 76. 78.3 76.2 77. 75.7 Grain-mill products......................... 165.0 164. 164.8 163.8 162. Bakery products_______________ 20. 21.3 20. 22.4 33.6 Sugar......... ........ .................. ............. 55. 52. 62.4 58. 64.7 Confectionery and related products... 117. 117. 113.9 114.1 115. Beverages..................................— 95. 96. 94. 92.4 93.3 Miscellaneous food products-----------67. 68.7 81. 97.2 93.6 80.8 Tobacco manufactures__________ ____ 33. 33. 33. 32.8 33.1 Cigarettes_____________________ 22. 23. 23. 24.1 23.8 Cigars__________________ _____ 5.2 5. 5. 5.0 5.0 Tobacco and snufi______ _______ 5. 7. 18. 35.3 31.7 Tobacco stemming and redrying____ See footnotes at end of table. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 71.2 32. : 24.: 5.1 9 .' 80.9 32. £ 25. £ 5. £ 17. 82.2 32.8 25.7 5.4 is . a 78.9 32.2 25.4 5.5 15.8 80.1 31.5 27.4 5.4 15.8 85 A.—EMPLOYMENT T able A-3. Production or nonsupervisory workers in nonagricultural establishments, by industry 1—Continued [In thousands] Annual average 1959 1960 Industry Nov.2 Oct.2 Sept. May Aug. July June 858.6 4.9 96.0 359.7 25.7 205. 7 76.8 36.3 8.5 45 0 847.8 4. f 94.9 360.4 25.1 196.6 76.7 35.9 8. 6 44. 7 866.7 862.9 4. £ 5. C 97.7 97.6 364.7 364.7 25. S 25.6 204.6 200.7 77.7 77.7 36.4 37.2 8.9 8.9 45.8 45.6 Apr. Mar. Feb. Jan. Dec. 859.5 5.1 98.3 366. g 26. C 191.2 77.3 39.0 8.6 47.2 859.7 5.1 99.0 368.0 26.1 189.7 77.4 38.8 9.1 46.5 867.4 4. i 99.8 369.9 25.8 195.7 77.1 38.6 9.2 46.4 Nov. 1959 1958 873.9 5. ( 101.5 370.5 25. i 199.7 76.6 38.9 8.9 46.9 850.8 4.7 99.7 372.4 23.9 186.8 73.7 36.7 9.0 43.9 Manufacturing—Continued N o n d u r a b le goods —Continued Textile-mill products_________ ______ Scouring and combing plants_______ Yarn and thread m i l l s ....................... Broad-woven fabric mills___________ Narrow fabrics and small wares______ Knitting mills ____________________ Dyeing and finishing textiles________ Carpets, rugs, other flnnr coverings Hats (except cloth and millinery)____ Miscellaneous textile goods_________ 831.7 839.3 4.6 92.8 351.4 24. 7 200.8 75.3 35.9 7.8 46.0 849.5 4.7 94.3 355.8 25.5 203.1 75.4 36.5 8.2 46.0 861.4 4.8 97.7 366.9 25.8 196.7 77.8 38.0 8.3 45.4 863.0 4.S 98.0 368.5 26.1 195.0 76.6 38.4 8.9 46.7 875.6 4.8 100.4 370.2 25.8 203.6 77.3 38.5 8.9 46.1 Apparel and other finished textile produets..................................................... 1,073.9 1,079.6 1,094.5 1,017.3 1,059. 7 1,085.3 1,079.1 1,082.4 1,118.2 1,111.1 1,090.8 1,102.5 1,107.0 1,080.0 1,027.0 99.5 95.0 Men’s and boys’ suits and coats ___ 102.9 103.5 104.7 97.8 104.7 103.5 102.3 103.1 102.5 102.2 102.4 102.6 Men’s and boys’ furnishings and work 317.6 325.3 327.6 318.0 326.0 322.9 318.8 320.9 319.2 316.2 318.4 321.1 308.5 283.9 clothing_______________________ Women’s outerwear_______________ 292.8 299.3 309.1 294,3 293.9 293.0 300.9 322.6 319.8 311.1 313.8 311.3 308.0 302.7 Women’s, children’s undergarments- _ 106.0 105.6 105.6 100.5 105.2 105.5 107.5 108.9 108.6 106.8 108.7 111.1 106.2 101.9 16.2 15.0 15.9 20.1 17.1 11.3 13.0 20.7 16.3 14. 7 Millinery_______________________ 15.7 16.5 16.8 17. 5 66.2 64.5 64.8 67.9 61.9 66.1 65.7 66.3 65.5 65.1 63.6 67.1 Children’s outerwear______________ 64.3 66.2 4.9 7.3 5.2 5.0 5.0 6.8 5.6 4.8 7.1 8.2 Fur goods_______________________ 6.5 6.4 5. 7 6.0 54.4 54.1 53.3 51.9 54.8 56.8 53.8 54.4 50.9 55.7 Miscellaneous apparel and accessories— 55.0 55.3 51.2 55.3 118. 7 118.0 115.3 110.4 115.0 116.7 115.8 117.0 116.4 114.8 116.9 117.0 113.7 103.6 Other fabricated textile products_____ Paper and allied products........................ Pulp, paper, and paperboard mills___ Paperboard containers and boxes- __ Other paper and allied products_____ 119.8 102.5 451.8 225.7 122.0 104.1 449.2 222.8 121.5 104.9 448.3 222.5 121.3 104.5 446.4 221.5 121.8 103.1 445.8 221.6 121.7 102.5 447.2 223.3 121.4 102.5 568.3 163.7 26.6 38.0 183.9 51.8 16.0 37. 5 571.9 165.0 26.8 37.5 184.5 52.0 16.6 38.0 566.8 164.0 27.0 37.4 182.5 51.8 14.6 37.7 567.5 162.9 27.7 37.6 184.6 52.1 14.5 37.6 567.6 162.6 27.6 37.2 185.4 51.5 14.0 37.6 565.1 161.5 27.4 37.0 184.4 50.7 13.7 37.2 562.4 161.5 27.4 36.6 185.0 48.9 13.5 36.4 452.3 125.2 103.1 127.1 103.0 448.6 223.1 122.9 102.6 439.3 220.7 119.6 570.6 165.8 27.2 36.4 185.4 50.3 15.4 36.8 570.2 163.6 27.5 36.3 184.4 51.5 16.7 36.7 557.5 161.0 26.6 35.5 180.2 50.1 15.0 36.3 545.4 157.2 25.5 33.7 177.5 49.7 14.2 35.0 452.1 225.4 123.8 102.9 451.3 226.4 122.1 102.8 584.9 585.4 166.9 28.8 39.7 187.6 52.9 17.7 37.1 578.4 165.3 28.5 39.3 187.1 52.7 16.6 37.8 572.7 164.2 27. 5 38.7 184.8 52.1 16.4 38.0 54.7 51.1 51.0 50.8 51.5 51.8 50.5 51.7 53.2 53.1 53.3 53.5 52.8 52.6 Chemicals and allied products________ Industrial inorganic chemicals--.........Industrial organic chemicals------------Drugs and medicines _____________ Soap, cleaning and polishing preparations______ _________________ Paints, pigments, and fillers________ Gum and wood chemicals__________ Fertilizers - . __________________ Vegetable and animal oils and fats___ Miscellaneous chemicals___________ 536.5 540.5 69.4 207.6 56.8 537.4 69.4 207.1 57.2 537.6 69.9 210.3 57.9 536.9 69.5 211.3 58.3 540.4 69.5 211.1 57.5 546.7 69.2 210.0 56.6 551.0 69.3 208.9 56.7 540.5 68.7 208.7 57.3 537.3 68.8 207.7 57.0 535.9 69.1 208.0 57.6 537.1 69.6 206.8 57.3 539.0 69.7 206.9 56.9 530.9 68.4 203.3 57.1 512.2 67.3 191.8 57.6 32.4 45.4 6.3 24.7 29.4 68.5 32.5 46.1 6.3 23.7 26.6 68.5 32.2 46. 9 6.4 21. 6 24.1 68.3 31. 7 46. 7 6.4 21. 6 23.8 67.6 31.3 46.6 6.4 25.8 23.9 68.3 30.8 46.3 6.4 34.1 24.9 68.4 30.8 46.1 6.4 38.7 26.5 67.6 30.7 45.7 6.3 29.5 26.6 67.0 30.4 45.9 6.5 27.4 27.4 66.2 30.2 45.3 6.4 26.3 27.9 65.1 30.2 45.8 6.4 24.9 29.4 66.7 30.1 45.8 6.3 24.0 30.4 68.9 30.3 45.4 6.3 26.9 27.2 66.0 30.1 43.7 6.4 26.1 26.1 63.1 Products of petroleum and coal_______ Petroleum refining______ _________ Coke, other petroleum and coal products__ _______________________ 147.9 149.9 114.1 150.5 115.1 153.5 116. 7 153.2 117.0 155.6 117.6 154.9 116.7 154.4 116.3 154.2 116.4 154.9 117.1 154.1 116.4 154.5 116.4 153.7 114.9 155.4 118.4 157.0 121.2 35.8 35.4 36.8 36.2 38.0 38.2 38.1 37.8 37.8 37.7 38.1 38.8 37.0 35.8 Rubber products - .................................. Tires and inner tubes_____________ Rubber footwear.________________ Othftr riibhar products 195.6 198.1 74.1 18.5 105.5 197.8 74.5 18.5 104.8 196.1 75.7 18.2 102.2 191.7 75.9 17.6 98.2 197.9 76.6 18.2 103.1 197.6 77.0 18.1 102.5 200.7 78.1 18.5 104.1 207.5 78.8 18.9 109.8 208.6 77.4 19.0 112.2 208.0 77.9 19.0 111.1 208.0 78.1 19.4 110.5 209.1 79.0 19.6 110.5 199.4 74.6 17.9 106.9 186.0 74.7 16.7 94.6 318.7 318.1 30.0 3.6 16.1 211.4 14.3 29.4 13.3 321.2 30.1 3.6 16.0 215.4 14.1 28.2 13.8 331.0 30.4 3.5 17.2 222.8 15.0 28.0 14.1 322.2 29.9 3.2 17.3 218.9 14.1 25.9 12.9 323.2 30.2 3.2 17.3 218.9 13.8 26.0 13.8 315.2 29.7 3.1 16.6 212.3 13.5 26.0 14.0 316.9 29.8 3.3 16.6 213.7 13.3 26.5 13.7 328.1 30.1 3.7 17.5 220.6 13.3 29.2 13.7 328.8 30.5 3.9 17.9 221.7 12.8 29.1 12.9 329.0 31.3 3.9 18.1 223.6 12.6 27.7 11.8 331.5 31.5 3.8 17.4 224.0 12.8 28.3 13.7 331.0 31.7 3.9 17.4 220.4 13.2 29.5 14.9 331.6 32.8 3.8 17.4 223.7 13.0 27.3 13.6 317.7 33.7 3.1 16.2 213.8 12.5 26.1 12.3 Printing, publishing, and allied Industries _______ ___ _____________ Newspapers, ___________________ Periodicals______________________ Books__________________________ Commercial printing______________ Lithographing __________________ Greeting cards___________________ Bookbinding and related industries __ Miscellaneous publishing and printing services______________________ Leather and leather products ________ Leather: tanned, curried, and finishedIndustrial leather belting and packing. Boot and shoe cut stock and findings_ Footwear (except rubber)__________ Luggage________ _______________ Handbags and small leather goods— _ Gloves and miscellaneous leather goods. See footnotes at end of table. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 444. 5 450.5 448.4 223.1 123.6 101.7 446.4 222.2 222.2 222.2 99.0 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JANUARY 1961 86 T able A-3. Production or nonsupervisory workers in nonagrieultural establishments, by industry 1—Continued [In thousands] 1959 1960 Annual average Industry Nov.* Oct.* Transportation and public utilities: Other public utilities..................................... ........ Gas and electric utilities...................................... Electric light and power utilities....... . ........... Gas utilities_______________________ ____ Electric light and gas utilities eombined. Local utilities, not elsewhere classified - Sept. Aug. July June May Apr. Mar. Feb. Jan. Dec. Nov. 1959 1958 532 510.9 217.7 139.0 538 517.0 220.7 140.7 540 517.9 223.2 137.2 544 522.1 224.4 140.2 537 515.7 221.6 139.0 529 508.0 218.2 136.9 530 508.9 218.9 137.6 524 503.7 219.1 137.6 530 509.4 219.3 137.8 530 509.9 219.8 137.6 532 511.3 220.3 137.9 533 512.8 220.8 138.2 534 513.0 221.8 138.0 537 516.4 223.2 137.5 154.2 21.1 155.6 21.4 157.5 21.7 157.5 21.7 155.1 21.1 152.9 20.9 152.4 20.9 147.0 20.6 152.3 20.3 152.5 20.2 153.1 20.4 153.8 20.5 153.2 20.6 155.7 20.4 Wholesale and retail trade: Wholesale trade....................................................... 2,713 2,704 2,705 2,693 2,687 2, 670 2,679 2,671 2,674 2, 674 2,721 2,709 2,651 2,622 Wholesalers, full-service and limitedfunction.......................................................... 1, 627. 5 1,628.9 1, 632. 7 1, 625.1 1, 621.8 1,606.3 1,612. 6 1,604.9 1, 607.9 1,608. 5 1,643.0 1,633.1 1, 588.8 1, 536.7 Automotive-...................................................... 122.3 122.9 123.5 123.2 122.3 121.0 120.5 120.0 120.1 119.9 121.3 120.9 117.5 110.0 Groceries, food specialities, beer, 281. 7 279.9 279.6 280.4 278.9 277.9 279.8 282.2 281.0 282.9 287.2 287.2 276.9 272.2 wines, and liquors........... ............................ Electrical goods, machinery, hard ware, and plumbing equipment_________ 387. 4 390.1 393.8 394.7 394.0 392.4 392.6 392.2 392.0 391.2 394.8 394.6 388.1 382.1 Other full-service and limited-func tion wholesalers....... ........ ............................. 836.1 836.0 835.8 826.8 826.6 815.0 819.7 810.5 814.8 814.5 839.7 830.4 806.3 772.4 Wholesale distributors, other............................ . 1,085.7 1,074.7 1,072.2 1,067.7 1,065.4 1,063.7 1,066.7 1,066.0 1,066.5 1,065.8 1,078.1 1,075.9 1,061.8 1,084.9 Retail trade: General merchandise stores................ ............. . Department stores and general mail order houses_________________________ Other general merchandise stores_________ Food and liquor stoves......................................... Grocery, meat, and vegetable mar kets.......... ......................—....................... ... Dairy-product stores and dealers.................. .. Other food and liquor stores..____ _______ . Automotive and accessories dealers................ . Apparel and accessories stores............................ Other retail trade (except eating and drinking places)............................................ Furniture and appliance stores...................... .. Drug stores.............. ............................ ............. 1,446. 5 1,395.2 1,344. 5 1,328.4 1,359. 5 1, 362.4 1,407.7 1,301.6 1,299.7 1,362.4 1,919.3 1,525.8 1,383.6 1,334. 7 919. 5 876.6 847.2 842.9 861.3 859.4 872.0 820.7 826.4 871.0 1,219.3 981.1 882.6 855.9 527. C 518.6 497.3 485.5 498.2 503.0 535.7 480.9 473.3 491.4 700.0 544.7 501.0 478.8 1, 509.3 1,497. 7 1,496.0 1, 518.4 1, 513.4 1,508.6 1,512. 6 1,499.9 1, 500.3 1,496.4 1,532.9 1,516.0 1,485.3 1,483.2 1,139.2 1,122.3 1,114.1 1,131.3 1,129.0 1,126.2 1,127.8 1,128.1 1,123.9 1,125.1 1,145.3 1,136.8 1,102.0 1,078. 7 179.2 188.4 193.7 194.7 192.4 188.7 185.8 173.0 181.2 181.4 184.7 184. C 190.1 198.5 190.9 187.0 188.2 192.4 192. C 193.7 199.0 190.2 195.2 189.fi 203.5 195.2 193.2 206.0 716.6 717.4 723.1 728.1 729.4 722.5 720.0 705.9 705.1 704.3 720.5 708.8 699.8 677.2 576.8 562.5 529.5 542.8 571.7 570.2 623.8 530.1 530.2 556.4 692.0 583.1 554.7 542.0 2,128.1 2,134. 6 2,131. 6 2,139. 7 2,129.0 2,095.4 2,096. 5 2,064.5 2,068. 7 2,083.8 2,196.9 2,131.1 2,090.3 2,056. 7 361. E 358. C 356.3 357.9 356. E 358.7 358.4 356.7 358.6 359.5 379. C 367.8 356.5 354.3 386.3 385.7 378.1 377.9 378.2 371.6 375.4 363.1 361.8 368.4 393.3 369.1 357.7 337.0 1 For comparability of data with those published in issues prior to August 1058 and coverage of the series, see footnote 1, table A-2. Production and related workers include working foremen and all nonsuper visory workers (including leadmen and trainees) engaged in fabricating, proc essing, assembling, inspection, receiving, storage, handling, packing, ware https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis housing, shipping, maintenance, repair, janitorial, watchman services, product development, auxiliary production for plant’s own use (e.g., power plant), and recordkeeping and other services closely associated with the aforementioned production operations. *Preliminary. A.—EMPLOYMENT 87 T a b l e A-4. Unemployment insurance and employment service programs, selected operations 1 [All items except average benefit amounts are in thousands] 1960 Item Oct. Employment service:3 New applications for work...................... Nonfarm placements_______________. . . 858 517 Sept. 811 584 Aug. July 839 556 788 491 June 1959 May 1,008 537 Apr. 811 534 Mar. 762 611 836 450 Jan. Feb. 828 412 875 418 Dec. 707 432 Nov. 823 465 Oct. 762 556 State unemployment insurance programs: Initial claims3 4........................................ . 1,393 1,426 1,197 1,162 1,232 1,265 1,621 1,645 1,206 1,407 1,387 1,501 1,197 Insured unemployment • (average weekly volume)__________________________ 1,678 2,209 1,841 1,657 1,686 1,588 1,682 1,939 2,157 2,180 1,677 1,309 1,598 4.2 Rate of insured unem ploym ent6_______ 4.2 4.3 4.3 4.9 5.5 5.6 4.8 4.4 4.0 5.7 3.4 4.0 Weeks of unemployment compensated7— 5,861 9,114 6,435 5,848 6,365 6,570 7,527 7,893 7,621 7,108 5,398 6,238 4,620 Average weekly benefit amount for total unem ploym ent8.................................... $33.73 $33. 54 $32.99 $32.37 $32. 33 $32.24 $32.50 $32.39 $32.26 $31.90 $31.91 $32. 21 $30. 81 Total benefits paid $189,891 $201,805 $206,276 $183,775 $198,938 $204,883 $237,391 $287,142 $247,835 $235,202 $219,466 $168,344 $136,856 Unemployment compensation for ex-servicemen : 9 4 Initial claims3______________________ Insured unemployment8(average weekly volume)__________________________ Weeks of unemployment com pensated... Total benefits paid...................................... 29 27 32 30 27 22 23 29 27 31 31 28 27 50 190 $5,870 49 210 $6,445 52 223 $6,850 49 180 $5,470 45 195 $5,957 45 197 $6,004 54 230 $7,032 61 272 $8,345 61 247 $7,570 61 241 $7,427 53 229 $6,966 48 175 $5,297 41 160 $4,825 Unemployment compensation for Federal civilian employees:1(14 Initial claims 8............................................. Insured unemployment8 (average weekly volume)__________________________ Weeks of unemployment compensated__ Total benefits p a id ______ ___________ 14 12 13 15 12 12 11 12 13 17 14 14 13 30 115 $3,934 28 120 $4,059 30 130 $4,418 30 107 $3,546 29 128 $4,383 30 126 $4,205 33 144 $4,799 38 173 $5,730 39 159 $5,265 38 146 $4,820 33 144 $4,713 31 117 $3,815 28 112 $3,568 5 6 59 6 12 15 21 22 Railroad unemployment insurance: Applications 11............................................ 20 31 99 Insured unemployment (average weekly 82 volume).................. ................................. 107 65 Number of payments 12............................. 192 227 152 Average amount of benefit paym ent13__ $77.50 $80.90 $78.72 Total benefits p a id 14.................................. $15,222 $18,532 $12,139 All programs:18 Insured unem ploym ent8 .......................... 1,839 1,781 1,804 81 6 61 97 $75. 74 $7,434 39 104 $71.08 $7,502 1,826 1,700 1 Data relate to the United States (including Alaska and Hawaii), except where otherwise Indicated. 2 Includes Guam, Puerto Rico, and the Virgin Islands. s Initial claims are notices filed by workers to Indicate they are starting periods of unemployment. Excludes transitional claims. 4 Includes Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands. 8Number of workers reporting the completion of at least 1 week of unem ployment. 6 The rate is the number of insured unemployed expressed as a percent of the average covered employment in a 12-month period. 7 Includes data for the Federal civilian employee program through June 1959. 8 Includes data for the Federal civilian employee program for the period October 1958-June 1959. • Excludes data on claims and payments made jointly with other programs. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 54 63 69 45 78 105 93 97 104 164 159 184 133 190 201 223 $72.19 $74.56 $77.35 $79.10 $80. 57 $80. 82 $80.61 $83.50 $7,909 $10,414 $13,374 $13,754 $16,582 $19,206 $21, 693 $25,810 1,801 2,078 2,370 2,326 2,359 2,008 1,853 1,479 10 Excludes data on claims and payments made jointly with State programs, u An application for benefits is filed by a railroad worker at the beginning of his first period of unemployment in a benefit year; no application is required for subsequent periods in the same year. u Payments are for unemployment in 14-day registration periods. 72 The average amount is an average for all compensable periods, not adjusted for recovery of overpayments or settlement of underpayments. i‘ Adjusted for recovery of overpayments and settlement of underpayments, i« Represents an unduplieated count of insured unemployment under the State, Ex-servicemen and UCFE programs, the Railroad Unemployment Insurance Act, and the Veterans’ Readjustment Assistance Act of 1952 (not presented separately in table), which terminated January 31, 1960. Source : U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Employment Security for all items except railroad unemployment insurance, which is prepared by the U.S. Railroad Retirement Board. MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JANUARY 1961 B.—Labor Turnover T able B - l. Labor turnover rates, by major industry group 1 [Per 100 employees] Annual average 1959 1960 Major Industry group Oct.» Sept. Aug. July June May Apr. Mar. Feb. Jan. Dec. Nov. Oct. 1959 1958 Accessions: T o ta l3 2.6 3.8 3.8 2.9 3.9 3.2 2.8 2.7 2.9 3.6 3.8 3.0 3.1 3.6 3. C Durable goods.......................................... Ordnance and accessories....____ Lumber and wood products______ Furniture and fixtures__________ Stone, clay, and glass products....... Primary metal industries________ Fabricated metal products.............. Machinery (except electrical).......... Electrical machinery........................ Transportation equipment.............. Instruments and related products.. Miscellaneous manufacturing____ 2.7 3.8 3.3 2.7 2.2 2.2 2.7 1.9 2.8 3.8 1.4 3.6 4.2 3.3 4.1 3.5 2.9 2.9 4.3 2.6 3.5 8.2 1.8 5.5 4.1 2.7 4.4 5.3 3.2 3.0 5.5 2.5 3.4 6.3 2.9 5.6 2.9 2.2 4.2 3.5 2.6 2.3 2.9 2.3 2.7 3.1 1.6 4.8 3.8 3.2 8.3 4.0 3.3 2.4 3.9 3.1 3.8 3.5 3.0 5.2 3.2 2.1 6.9 4.0 2.8 1.8 3.9 2.3 2.8 3.3 2.0 4.9 2.8 1.9 5.6 3.5 2.8 1.6 3.2 1.9 2.1 3.1 1.8 4.8 2.7 2.1 3.7 3.3 2.3 1.7 3.0 2.3 2.5 3.1 1.7 5.1 2.9 2.2 3.5 3.3 2.5 2.2 3.6 2.6 2.7 3.3 2.2 4.2 3.8 2.4 3.6 3.9 2.6 2.7 5.0 3.3 3.1 5.2 1.9 5.8 4.7 2.2 2.4 2.9 1.9 2.7 6.3 3.1 2.9 11.8 1.4 2.6 3.2 2.8 3.1 3.0 2.8 2.2 5.8 2.7 3.1 3.3 2.2 2.8 3.1 2.7 3.6 3.8 2.5 2.2 3.2 2.4 3.3 3.6 2.5 4.7 3.8 2.8 4.7 4.0 3.1 2.9 4.4 3.2 3.6 4.5 2. 5 4.8 3.2 2.8 4.1 3.4 2.9 2.8 3. 2. 2.8 4. C 1.8 4. Nondurable goods *..................... ........... Food and kindred products______ Tobacco manufactures..................... Textile-mill products.................... Apparel and other finished textile products................. ....................... Paper and allied products___ ____ Chemicals and allied products........ Products of petroleum and coal___ Rubber products_______________ Leather and leather products_____ 2.4 3.5 1.4 2.4 3.1 4.5 1.8 2.8 3.3 4.0 2.6 3.5 2.9 3.9 1.5 2.9 4.1 5.4 1.7 3.5 3.3 4.6 2.5 3.3 2.8 4.4 1.3 2.8 2.6 3.1 1.4 3.1 2.8 3.3 1.4 3.0 3.1 3.9 1.4 3.2 2.1 2.7 .6 2.1 2.6 3.8 1.1 2.5 2.9 3.9 1.9 3.0 3.1 4.1 1.8 3.2 2.7 3. i.e 3. 2.4 1.9 1.3 .7 2.1 3.4 3.9 2.6 1.8 .9 2.9 3.7 4.2 2.4 1.8 1.1 3.6 4.2 3.8 2.4 1.6 .8 1.9 4.0 4.2 4.0 3.3 1.8 3.1 6.1 4.0 2.5 1.7 1.2 2.7 5.1 3.4 2.2 1.4 .7 1.7 3.0 3.4 2.1 1.6 .8 1.5 3.1 4.0 2.2 1.7 .6 2.3 3.3 4.4 2.3 1.6 .6 2.7 4.2 2.2 1.7 1.2 .4 2.0 3.6 3.1 1.8 1.3 .5 1.8 4.7 4.1 2.2 1.6 .7 2.4 3.5 4.2 2.6 1.8 1.0 2.7 4.1 3.4 2.1 l.: 1.6 3.4 1.5 1.2 2.7 2.4 2.7 2.8 1.5 1.0 4.0 1.8 .9 3.6 1.0 1.0 6.0 1.1 1.2 3.9 1.0 .9 2.4 .7 1.3 3.6 1.8 1.7 2.9 .9 4.1 2.1 1.8 8.8 2.7 2.4 1.5 2.7 1.6 2.3 2. U 1.5 Manufacturing............................................... N onmanufacturing: Metal mining__________________ Anthracite mining_____ ________ Bituminous coal mining_________ 1.1 2. 3.5 Accessions: New hires Manufacturing___ ____________________ 1.4 1.9 1.9 1.7 2.3 1.7 1.4 1.5 1.7 1.9 1.3 1.5 2.0 2.0 1.5 Durable goods............................ ........... Ordnance and accessories................. Lumber and wood products............ Furniture and fixtures.................. . Stone, clay, and glass products....... Primary metal industries________ Fabricated metal products_______ Machinery (except electrical)_____ Electrical m achinery....................... Transportation equipment.............. Instruments and related products.. Miscellaneous manufacturing......... 1.4 2.2 2.7 1.7 1.0 .5 1.3 .9 1.7 1.7 .9 2.3 1.8 1.9 3.6 2.7 1.3 .6 1.9 1.2 2.2 1.9 1.2 3.9 1.8 1.7 3.6 4.4 1.4 .6 2.0 1.3 1.8 1.6 1.7 4.2 1.5 1.6 3.8 2.7 1.3 .4 1.4 1.1 1.4 1.1 1.2 3.2 2.1 1.6 6.3 2.7 2.1 .7 2.0 1.7 2.1 1.4 2.3 3.5 1.6 1.4 5.5 2.6 1.5 .5 1.7 1.2 1.3 1.2 1.3 2.6 1.4 1.2 3.7 2.1 1.2 .6 1.4 1.1 1.0 1.1 1.4 2.3 1.4 1.5 2.6 2.3 1.2 .8 1.5 1.4 1.4 .9 1.2 2.5 1.7 1.6 2.4 2.2 1.3 1.2 2.0 1.6 1.7 1.6 1.6 2.5 1.9 1.5 2.3 2.4 1.2 1.4 2.4 1.8 1.8 2.0 1.3 2.8 1.3 1.5 1.7 1.5 .8 1.0 1.8 1.1 1.4 1.5 1.1 1.4 1.4 2.1 2.3 2.0 1.0 .9 1.4 1.3 1.8 .9 1.5 1.9 2.0 2.1 2.9 3.0 2.0 1.2 1.8 1.6 2.5 1.6 2.0 3.5 2.0 1.9 3.7 2.8 1.8 1.5 2.1 1.8 2.2 1.5 1.9 3.0 1.5 1.' 2.' 1.’ .< . Nondurable goods *.......................... ...... Food and kindred products............. Tobacco manufactures..................... Textile-mill products....................... Apparel and other finished textile products..................... ................... Paper and allied products............... Chemicals and allied products____ Products of petroleum and coal___ Rubber products.............................. Leather and leather products.......... 1.5 2.0 .9 1.4 2.0 2.5 1.2 1.8 2.1 2.3 1.2 2.2 1.9 2.3 .7 1.9 2.7 3.1 1.0 2.4 1.9 2.2 1.3 2.0 1.6 1.7 .6 1.7 1.5 1.4 .5 1.7 1.7 1.5 .7 1.8 1.7 1.6 .7 1.7 1.2 1.1 .3 1.2 1.5 1.9 .7 1.5 2.0 2.3 1.2 2.0 2.0 2.0 1.1 2.1 1., 1. . 1. 1.7 1.2 .8 .5 .8 2.1 2.9 1.8 1.4 .6 1.7 2.5 3.2 1.7 1.2 .6 1.4 2.8 2.9 1.7 1.2 .6 .8 2.9 2.9 3.0 2.6 1.3 1.2 4.0 2.8 1.8 1.2 .8 .7 2.6 2.6 1.5 1.0 .5 .5 1.6 2.6 1.3 1.1 2.9 1.5 1.0 .2 1.6 2.5 1.5 1.0 .7 .2 .9 1.9 2.3 1.3 .9 .3 1.0 2.0 3.0 1.8 1.3 .6 1.7 2.1 3.0 1.9 1.3 .6 1.7 2.6 1. 1.. . .6 1.6 2.7 1.5 1.2 .3 1.3 1.7 1.1 1.7 .3 .4 1.2 .9 .5 1.7 .2 .4 2.6 .5 .5 2.2 .1 .5 2.4 .1 .4 1.7 .2 .3 1.1 .2 .5 1.6 .3 .4 1.1 .5 .3 1.1 1.2 .5 1.5 1.0 .6 1.4 .3 .4 Nonmanufacturing: Metal mining__________________ Anthracite mining______________ Bituminous coal mining____ _____ See footnotes at end of table. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis .6 .4 ,i 1.' 1.. . l.i . 1. 89 B —LABOR TURNOVER T able B - l. Labor turnover rates, by major industry group 1—Continued [Per 100 employees] Annual average 1959 1960 Major Industry group Oct.2 Sept. Aug. July June May Apr. Mar. Feb. Jan. Dec. Nov. Oct. 1959 1958 Separations: Total » 3.7 4.4 4.3 3.6 3.3 3.3 3.6 3.7 3.0 2.9 3.1 4.1 4.7 3.4 3.6 Durable goods................................... Ordnance and accessories--------Lumber and wood products----Furniture and fixtures................. Stone, clay, and glass products.. Primary metal industries_____ Fabricated metal products......... Machinery (except electrical).......... Electrical machinery— ................. Transportation equipment............ Instruments and related products. Miscellaneous manufacturing------- 3.9 2.5 5.0 4.8 3.1 4,6 4.8 3.1 3.1 3.8 2.0 5.3 4.6 4.1 6.6 4.7 4.3 4.6 5.0 4.1 3.6 4.8 3.3 5.3 4.6 2.2 5.7 4.1 3.6 4.5 5.0 3.8 2.9 7.4 2.8 5.0 40 2.5 4.6 3.7 3.2 4.4 4.9 3.0 2.6 6.1 2.2 3.6 3.7 2.8 4.2 3.3 3.5 4.4 4.0 3.3 3.1 4.2 2.2 4.0 3.5 2.2 3.9 3.5 2.8 4.4 3.4 3.1 3.1 3.8 2.3 3.9 3.9 3.1 4.9 4.2 3.1 3.6 4.4 3.2 3.7 4.8 2.1 4.9 4.1 2.2 5.3 3.6 3.6 3.5 5.1 2.9 4.0 5.4 1.9 4.3 3.1 1.7 3.4 3.8 2.6 2.2 3.9 2.4 3.1 3.9 2.1 3.9 2.8 2.1 3.9 3.9 2.8 1.8 3.1 2.2 3.0 3.0 1.8 4.3 3.1 1.4 4.6 3.1 2.9 2.0 3.0 2.2 2.7 3.8 2.0 7.9 4.5 1.7 5.1 3.5 2.7 2.5 5.6 3.0 2.8 9.5 2.1 6.6 5.3 2.3 5.0 4.8 3.4 3.3 9.1 3.7 3.4 8.9 2.9 5.1 3.5 2.3 4.6 3.7 2.8 2.3 4.3 2.7 2.8 5.2 2.1 4.7 3.9 2.9 4.2 3.7 3.5 3.3 4.3 3.3 3.1 5.1 2.4 4.7 Nondurable goods *................................. Food and kindred products______ Tobacco manufactures..................... Textile-mill products....................... Apparel and other finished textile products......... ....................... ........ Paper and allied products_______ Chemical and allied products........ Products of petroleum and coal----Rubber products........................... Leather and leather products___ 3.2 3.6 1.7 3.7 4.2 5.2 1.9 4.5 3.6 4.5 2.3 4.0 3.0 3.6 2.1 3.4 2.6 3.1 1.6 2.8 2.9 3.7 1.5 2.9 3.1 3.6 1.7 3.5 3.0 4.1 2.0 2.9 2.8 3.8 1.9 3.0 3.0 4.1 2.7 3.1 2.9 4.1 1.9 3.3 3.2 4.4 1.3 3.3 3.5 4.9 1.7 4.0 3.0 4.0 1.9 3.3 3.0 3.8 2.1 3.4 4.1 2.7 1.5 1.9 3.4 4.7 4.4 4.2 3.2 2.6 3.3 4.8 4.4 2.9 2.0 1.4 3.1 4.8 4.2 2.3 1.4 1.6 2.3 3.4 3.0 2.3 1.4 1.1 2.6 3.3 4.0 2.3 1.3 .9 2.7 4.2 4.0 2.2 1.5 1.1 3.8 4.6 3.6 2.4 1.4 .9 4.1 4.8 3.3 2.3 1.2 .7 2.8 4.2 4.0 2.6 1.6 1.0 2.4 3.7 3.3 2.4 1.5 1.0 2.7 3.3 3.8 2.6 1.6 1.3 3.6 3.8 4.0 2.8 1.7 1.1 2.7 5.2 3.8 2.6 1.6 1.1 2.5 3.9 3.8 2.4 1.8 1.3 2.7 3.7 2.0 4.3 2.9 1.8 3.7 1.8 3.3 3.3 7.7 10.0 3.2 3.8 3.1 2.7 3.1 4.0 2.6 3.2 3.8 3.1 1.1. 1.9 1.7 1.3 1.3 2.2 2.2 1.5 2.2 .7 1.7 2.2 2.5 2.1 1.8 1.3 1.4 2.6 2.9 3.6 3.9 4.3 2.5 Manufacturing_____________________ Nonmanufaoturing: Metal mining--------- ------ --------Anthracite mining-----------------Bituminous coal mining............... 2.2 Separations: Quits 1.0 1.9 1.5 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.0 1.0 1.0 0.9 1.0 1.4 1.3 0.9 Durable foods-------------------------------Ordnance and accessories................. Lumber and wood products______ Furniture and fixtures---------------Stone, clay, and glass products........ Primary metal industries................. Fabricated metal products............. . Machinery (except electrical)------Electrical machinery-----------------Transportation equipment_______ Instruments and related products.. Miscellaneous manufacturing........ . .9 .8 1.6 1.4 .7 .3 .9 .6 1.2 .8 1.0 1.6 1.7 1.9 4.0 2.5 1.6 .7 1.6 1.2 1.8 1.2 1.7 3.0 1.3 1.1 3.1 2.3 1.1 .5 1.2 .9 1.2 .9 1.2 2.4 1.0 .9 2.4 1.6 .8 .4 .8 .7 .9 .8 .8 1.8 1.0 .8 2.4 1.5 .8 .5 .9 .8 1.0 .9 .9 1.6 1.0 .8 2.2 1.7 .8 .5 1.0 .8 1.0 .8 .8 1.5 1.0 1.0 2.3 1.9 .7 .5 1.0 .9 1.0 .8 .9 1.6 .9 .8 1.8 1.4 .7 .5 .9 .8 1.1 .7 .8 1.5 .9 .8 1.5 1.4 .7 .5 .9 .7 1.0 .8 .9 1.4 .9 .9 1.4 1.5 .7 .6 1.0 .7 1.1 .8 .8 1.5 .8 .7 1.4 1.0 .5 .7 .7 .6 1.0 .7 .7 1.1 .9 .7 1.8 1.3 .7 .8 .8 .7 1.1 .7 .8 1.5 1.3 1.0 2.4 2.0 1.0 .7 1.1 .9 1.4 1.0 1.4 2.4 1.2 1.1 2.3 1.7 .9 .7 1.1 .9 1.3 1.0 1.0 1.8 .8 .8 1.7 1.1 .7 .4 .8 .6 .9 .8 .7 1.2 Nondurable goods *...................... .......... Food and kindred products....... ... Tobacco manufactures__________ Textile-mill products___________ Apparel and other finished textile products____________________ Paper and allied products........ ....... Chemicals and allied products....... Products of petroleum and coal__ Rubber products______________ Leather and leather products........ . 1.2 1.1 .9 1.4 2.3 2.1 1.2 2.2 1.8 1.6 1.2 2.1 1.4 1.1 1.2 1.7 1.3 1.1 1.0 1.6 1.3 1.1 .9 1.6 1.3 1.0 .9 1.7 1.2 .9 .8 1.4 1.1 1.0 .9 1.3 1.2 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.0 .8 .7 1.1 1.2 1.0 .8 1.4 1.5 1.4 1.2 1.8 1.4 1.2 1.1 1.6 1.0 .9 .9 1.2 2.2 .9 .6 .3 .6 1.9 3.0 2.5 1.9 1.1 1.1 3.0 3.2 1.5 1.0 .6 .9 3.0 2.8 .9 .6 .3 .7 2.2 2.1 1.0 .6 .3 .8 2.2 2.6 1.0 .6 .3 .8 2.0 2.4 .9 .6 .3 .7 1.9 2.3 .8 .5 .3 .7 1.6 2.2 .8 .5 .2 .8 1.7 2.3 .9 .6 .3 .8 1.8 1.8 .7 .4 .2 .7 1.4 2.2 .9 .5 .3 .7 1.7 2.8 1.2 .7 .4 1.0 2.0 2.5 1.2 .7 .4 .9 2.1 1.7 .8 .5 .3 .6 1.5 .7 1.8 .5 .4 1.6 .2 .3 1.6 .1 .4 1.2 .5 .2 1.6 .7 .3 1.7 .3 .3 2.1 .3 .2 .9 .2 .2 .9 (•) .3 1.0 .2 .3 .9 .2 .4 1.0 .4 .5 1.4 .3 3 1.2 .5 .3 Manufacturing............. N onmanufacturing: Metal mining_________ Anthracite mining.......... Bituminous coal mining. See footnotes at end of table. 5781 ST— fib------ 8 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis .3 90 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JANUARY 1961 T able B -l. Labor turnover rates, by major industry group 1—Continued [Per 100 employees] 1960 1959 Annual average Major industry group Oct.2 Sept. Aug. July June May Apr. Mar. Feb. Jan. Dec. Nov. Oct. 1959 1958 Separations: Layoffs 2.2 2.0 2.2 2.0 1.7 1.6 2.0 2.2 1.5 1.3 1.7 2.6 2.8 1.6 2.3 Durable goods......... ................................ Ordnance and accessories............— Lumber and wood products............ Furniture and fixtures..................... Stone, clay, and glass products....... Prim ary metal industries________ Fabricated metal products.............. Machinery (except electrical) ____ Electrical machinery....... .............. Transportation equipment............ . Instruments and related products.. Miscellaneous manufacturing____ 2.5 1.1 3.0 2.8 1.8 3.8 3.4 2.1 1.4 2.5 .7 3.1 2.2 1.5 1.9 1.5 2.2 3.3 2.8 2.3 1.0 2.8 1.2 1.4 2.7 .7 1.9 1.2 1.8 3.5 3.2 2.4 1.1 5.8 1.1 1.7 2.5 1.3 1.5 1.5 1.9 3.4 3.5 1.8 1.1 4.7 1.0 1.2 2.1 1.5 1.2 1.2 2.2 3.4 2.5 1.9 1.4 2.7 .8 1.6 1.9 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.5 3.4 1.8 1.8 1.4 2.4 1.0 1.7 2.3 1.7 1.9 1.7 1.8 2.5 2.9 1.8 1.9 3.4 .8 2.7 2.6 1.0 2.8 1.7 2.4 2.4 3.7 1.6 2.3 4.0 .7 2.2 1.6 .5 1.5 1.9 1.4 1.2 2.4 1.1 1.3 2.4 .8 1.9 1.3 ,7 1.9 1.9 1.5 .8 1.6 1.0 1.1 1.7 .7 2.2 1.8 .4 2.7 1.6 2.1 .9 1.8 1.1 1.1 2.5 .9 6.4 3.1 .7 2.7 1.7 1.6 1.3 4.3 1.9 1.0 8.2 .9 4.7 3.5 .8 1.9 2.1 1.9 2.1 7.3 2.2 1.3 7.3 1.0 2.0 1.8 .7 1.7 1.4 1.4 1.0 2.7 1.2 .9 3.6 .6 2.3 2.6 1.8 2.: 2.2 2.5 2.6 3.: 2. ' 1.8 3.8 1. 3.1 Nondurable goods *_______ _________ Food and kindred products............ Tobacco manufactures.................... Textile-mill p ro d u c ts...!________ Apparel and other finished textile products......................................... Paper and allied products................ Chemicals and allied products____ Products of petroleum and coal----Rubber products_________ _____ Leather and leather products------- 1.6 1.9 .4 1.9 1.4 2.6 .4 1.7 1.2 2.4 .6 1.4 1.1 2.0 .7 1.2 .8 1.6 .2 .8 1.1 2.1 .4 .9 1.4 2.1 .5 1.4 1.4 2.7 .8 1.0 1.2 2.3 .7 1.3 1.3 2.6 1.2 1.2 1.6 3.0 .9 1.7 1.6 3.0 .3 1.5 1.5 3.0 .1 1.6 1.2 2.4 .5 1.2 1.7 2.5 1.7 1.3 .6 1.1 2.4 2.4 1.0 1.0 .8 .9 1.7 1.1 .8 .8 .5 .5 1.7 1.1 .8 .8 .4 .8 1.2 .7 .6 .7 .4 .4 1.3 .7 1.0 .8 .4 .3 1.5 1.6 1.1 ,8 .6 .5 2.7 2.1 .9 1.0 .6 .3 2.9 2.6 .7 1.0 .4 .2 1.6 1.7 1.2 1.2 .6 .5 1.1 1.2 1.1 1.2 .7 .4 1.7 1.3 1.1 1.2 .8 .7 2.5 1.4 .6 1.1 .6 .5 1.2 2.6 .9 .9 .5 .4 1.1 1.2 1.8 1. l.C .e 1.8 1.8 .7 1.6 1.3 1.0 1.0 .6 2.6 1.1 6.1 8.7 .3 1.9 2.6 .2 1. 6 3.5 .2 1.8 3.1 .5 .2 1.4 .3 .6 .8 .7 .8 .9 .4 (i) 1.1 .9 1.8 1.5 .3 .3 .7 .6 1. 7 3.1 2.2 3.7 2. M anufacturing................................... ........... N onmanufaeturing: Metal mining.................................... Anthracite mining _____________ Bituminous coal mining------- ------ 1.5 i Month-to-month changes in total employment In manufacturing and nonmanufacturing Industries as indicated by labor turnover rates are not comparable with the changes shown by the Bureau's employment series for the following reasons: (1) The labor turnover series measures changes during the calendar month, while the employment series measures changes from midmonth to midmonth; (2) Industry coverage is not identical, as the printing and publishing industry and some seasonal industries are excluded from turnover; (3) Turnover rates tend to be understated because small firms are not as prominent in the turnover sample as in the employment sample; and (4 ) Reports from plants affected by work stoppages are excluded from the https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis . 1.8 turnover series, but the employment series reflects the Influence of such stoppages. 2 Preliminary. » Beginning with January 1959, transfers between establishments of the same firm are included in total accessions and total separations; therefore, rates for these items are not strictly comparable with prior data. Transfers comprise part of other accessions and other separations, the rates for which are not shown separately. 4 Excludes the printing, publishing, and allied industries group, and the following industries: Canning and preserving; women’s, misses’, and chil dren’s outerwear; and fertilizer. 4 Less than 0.05. C.—EARNINGS AND HOURS 91 C.—Earnings and Honrs T able C -l. Gross hours and earnings of production workers,1 by industry 1960 1959 Annual average IndustryOct.» Sept. Aug. duly June May Apr. Mar. Feb. Jan. Dee. Nov. Oct. 1959 1958 Average weekly earnings Mining______________________________ $108.14 $107.47 $108.67 $111.22 $110.83 $110.70 $111.38 $110.98 $108.13 $111.11 $114. 51 $109.89 $108.92 $107. 73 $100.10 110.16 112,74 111.49 111.37 110.27 114.01 113.58 111.30 107.71 113.05 111. 41 108.84 99. 38 103. 31 96.22 M etal___________________________ Iron.................................................. 108. 30 115.95 113.88 117.67 110.98 120.22 120.80 115.66 115.95 122.40 118.98 119.00 86.34 107.34 100. 27 Copper............................................. 116.42 116. 75 116.24 112.14 115.46 115.54 114.66 114. 66 103.94 111. 87 110. 32 105. 64 110. 53 106.17 94. 62 86.56 87.17 88.62 91.66 95.04 94.58 93.71 92.52 92.62 94.71 94.58 93.20 92.39 90. 63 85.93 Lead and zinc.................................. 95.22 84.39 94.26 93.50 93.23 82.29 80.88 99.91 76.16 88.09 94. 73 93. 84 82.80 84.98 76.01 Anthracite.............................................. Bituminous coal.................................... ■ 110.51 108.23 114.10 121.60 121. 69 119.03 122.30 127.26 121.97 127.32 135.38 118.14 123. 55 118.30 102.38 Crude-petroleum and natural-gas pro duction: Petroleum and natural-gas produc tion (except contract services)... 116.16 116.44 112.44 116.16 113. 52 116.03 115.18 113.52 112.12 116. 72 113. 81 117.83 113.12 114.93 109. 75 Nonmetallic mining and quarrying__ - 101.91 101.66 102. 37 102.60 101. 70 98.78 98.55 92.89 91.46 92.38 96.13 95.90 97.90 95.48 89. 63 Contract construction------------------------- 125.50 123.13 124.31 123.61 121.18 119.56 119.19 115.50 113.75 113. 72 117.81 113.88 117. 66 114.82 110.47 Nonbuilding construction.......... ......... 128.95 126.42 126. 90 124.91 121.06 118.03 117.96 116.91 111.16 108.00 113.47 110.87 117. 74 113.24 109. 47 Highway and street construction.. _ 126. 72 123.98 124.26 122.36 117.43 111. 90 112.36 105. 69 101.01 96.75 103.88 104.80 113.03 108.09 104.14 Other nonbuilding construction__ 131.75 128.88 129. 97 127.80 125.15 123.86 123. 51 124. 26 117. 56 115. 50 120.87 116. 74 123.01 118.40 114. 26 124.81 122.40 123.68 123.68 121.24 119.91 119.19 115.60 114.22 114.87 119.13 114.14 117.72 115.28 110. 67 Building construction........................... General contractors____________ 114.98 112.73 113. 52 113. 77 111. 13 110. 26 109. 50 104.83 104. 31 104.88 108. 78 103. 93 109.85 106. 39 102. 53 Special-trade contractors________ 129.56 127.44 128.82 128. 83 126.69 124.93 124. 57 120.74 119.71 119. 72 124.53 120.04 122. 38 120. 27 115.28 Plumbing and heating.............. 137.52 134. 61 135. 58 135.20 134.87 132.68 131. 98 130.27 128.43 129.83 133. 32 129.08 130.79 128.56 123. 23 Painting and decorating........... 122.45 119.70 119.65 120. 70 118.62 116.60 115.58 113.91 110. 22 111.89 115.87 113. 86 115.17 113. 40 107. 95 Electrical work...... ................... 152.48 151. 70 151.32 150.93 149.38 148.23 147.07 146. 69 144. 77 146.30 148.19 142.51 144.38 142.08 135.97 Other special-trade contractors 123.87 121.80 124. 55 124.21 121.41 119. 70 118.09 112.83 112.53 111.54 118. 27 113. 23 116. 49 113.80 109. 31 . Average weekly hours Mining______________________________ Metal...................... ................................ Iron.......... ....................................... Copper.............................................. Lead and zinc.................................. Anthracite________________________ Bituminous coal___________________ Crude-petroleum and natural-gas pro duction: Petroleum and natural-gas produc tion (except contract services)__ Nonmetallic mining and quarrying----- 40.2 40.5 38.0 42.8 37.8 34.5 33.9 40.1 41.6 40.4 43.4 37.9 30.8 33.2 40.7 41.6 40.1 43.7 38.7 34.4 35.0 41.5 41.4 41.0 42.0 40.2 34.0 37.3 41.2 41.3 38.4 43.9 41.5 33.9 37.1 41.0 42.7 41.6 44.1 41.3 29.6 36.4 41.1 42.7 41.8 44.1 41.1 29.2 37.4 40.8 42.0 40.3 44.1 40.4 36.2 88.8 39.9 40.8 40.4 40.6 40.8 27.2 37.3 40.7 42.5 42.5 43.7 41.0 31.8 38.7 42.1 42.2 41.6 45.4 41.3 34.2 40.9 40.7 41.7 41.9 44.2 40.7 34.0 35.8 41.1 40.4 30.4 45.3 40.7 30.0 37.9 40.5 40.2 37.4 42.3 40.1 30.9 36.4 39.1 38.8 36.2 39.1 39.6 28.9 33.9 40.9 44.5 41.0 44.2 40.3 44.9 40.9 45.0 40.4 45.2 41.0 43.9 40.7 43.8 40.4 41.1 39.9 41.2 41.1 41.8 40.5 43.3 41.2 43.2 40.4 44.3 40.9 43.8 40.8 43.3 Contract construction--------------------------Nonbuilding construction.......... .......... Highway and street construction... Other nonbuilding construction__ Building construction.......... ................. General contractors.......................... Special-trade contractors________ Plumbing and heating.............. Painting and decorating_____ Electrical work...... .................... Other special-trade contractors 37.8 42.7 44.0 41.3 36.6 36.5 36.6 38.2 35.7 38.7 35.8 37.2 42.0 43.5 40.4 36.0 35.9 36.0 37.6 35.0 38.7 35.1 37.9 42.3 43.6 41.0 36.7 30.5 36.7 38.3 35.4 38.9 36.1 37.8 42.2 43.7 40.7 36.7 36.7 36.6 38.3 35.5 38.7 35.9 37.4 41.6 42.7 40.5 36.3 36.2 36.3 38.1 35.2 38.7 35.5 36.9 40.7 41.6 39.7 35.9 35.8 35.9 37.8 34.6 38.5 35.0 36.9 41.1 42.4 40.1 35.9 35.9 35.9 37.6 34.4 38.3 35.1 35.0 39.1 39.0 39.2 34.2 33.6 34.4 36.8 33.8 38.1 32.8 35.0 38.2 38.7 37.8 34.3 34.2 34.4 36.8 32.9 37.8 33.0 35.1 37.5 37.5 37.5 34.6 34.5 34.6 37.2 33.4 38.4 33.0 36.7 39.4 39.2 39.5 36.1 35.9 36.2 38.2 34.9 39.1 35.2 35.7 38.9 39.4 38.4 34.8 34.3 35.1 37.2 34.4 37.8 33.9 37.0 40.6 41.1 40.2 36.0 35.9 36.1 37.8 34.9 38.5 35.3 36.8 40.3 41.1 39.6 35.8 35.7 35.9 37.7 35.0 38.4 34.8 36.7 40.1 41.0 39.4 35.7 35.6 35.8 37.8 34.6 38.3 34.7 Mining___________ _________________ _ $2.69 M etal............................................ ........... 2.72 Iron________________ _________ - 2.85 Copper_____ ____ - ...............- ........ 2.72 Lead and zinc.................................. 2.29 Anthracite_______ ______ ________ 2.76 Bituminous coal___________________ 3.26 Crude-petroleum and natural-gas pro duction: Petroleum and natural-gas production (except contract services)__ 2.84 Nonmetallic mining and quarrying----- 2.29 $2.68 2. 71 2.87 2.69 2.30 2.74 3.26 $2.67 2.68 2.84 2.66 2.29 2.74 3.26 $2.68 2. 69 2.87 2. 67 2.28 2. 75 3.26 $2.69 2. 67 2.89 2. 63 2.29 2. 75 3.28 $2.70 2. 67 2. 89 2. 62 2.29 2. 78 3. 27 $2.71 2. 66 2.89 2.60 2.28 2. 77 3. 27 $2. 72 2. 65 2. 87 2. 60 2.29 2. 76 3. 28 $2. 71 2. 64 2.87 2.56 2. 27 2.80 3.27 $2. 73 2.66 2.88 2.56 2.31 2. 77 3.29 $2.72 2. 64 2.86 2.43 2.29 2.77 3.31 $2.70 2. 61 2.84 2. 39 2. 29 2. 76 3.30 $2. 65 2. 46 2.84 2.44 2. 27 2.76 3.26 $2.66 2.57 2. 87 2. 51 2.26 2.75 3. 25 $2. 56 2.48 2. 77 2.42 2.17 2. 63 3.02 2.84 2. 30 2.79 2.28 2. 84 2.28 2.81 2. 25 2.83 2.25 2.83 2.25 2.81 2. 26 2. 81 2.22 2. 84 2. 21 2.81 2. 22 2. 86 2.22 2. 80 2. 21 2.81 2.18 2.69 2.07 3.31 3.01 2.85 3.19 3.40 3.14 3.54 3.58 3.42 3.92 3.47 3. 28 3.00 2.85 3.17 3. 37 3.11 3.51 3.54 3. 38 3.89 3.45 3. 27 2. 96 2.80 3.14 3.37 3.10 3. 52 3. 53 3. 40 3.90 3. 46 3. 24 2.91 2. 75 3.09 3. 34 3.07 3. 49 3.54 3. 37 3.86 3. 42 3.24 2.90 2. 69 3.12 3.34 3.08 3.48 3.51 3.37 3.85 3.42 3.23 2. 87 2. 65 3.08 3.32 3.05 3. 47 3.51 3. 36 3.84 3.39 3. 30 2.99 2. 71 3.17 3.38 3.12 3.51 3. 54 3.37 3.85 3.44 3. 25 2.91 2. 61 3.11 3.33 3.05 3.48 3.49 3.35 3.83 3. 41 3.24 2.88 2. 58 3.08 3.32 3.04 3.46 3. 49 3. 35 3.81 3. 38 3. 21 2.88 2. 65 3.06 3. 30 3.03 3.44 3.49 3.32 3. 79 3.36 3.19 2.85 2. 66 3.04 3.28 3.03 3.42 3.47 3.31 3. 77 3. 34 3.18 2.90 2. 75 3. 06 3.27 3.06 3. 39 3.46 3. 30 3. 75 3. 30 3.12 2.81 2. 63 2.99 3.22 2. 98 3.35 3.41 3.24 3.70 3. 27 3.01 2.73 2.54 2.90 3.10 2.88 3. 22 3.26 3.12 3. 55 3.15 Average hourly earnings ' Contract construction____ _______ ____ Nonbuilding construction__________ Highway and street construction... Other nonbuilding construction__ Building construction......... .................... General contractors______ _____ Special-trade contractors________ Plumbing and heating_______ Painting and decorating_____ Electrical work_____________ Other special-trade contractors. See footnotes at end of table. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 3.32 3.02 2.88 3.19 3.41 3.15 3.54 3.60 3.43 3.94 3.46 92 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JANUARY 1961 Table C -l. Gross hours and earnings of production workers,1 by industry—Continued 1959 1960 Annual average Industry Oct.5 Sept. Aug. July June May Apr. Mar. Feb. Jan. Dec. Nov. Oct. 1959 1958 Average weekly earnings Manufacturing_______________________ $91.08 $91.08 $90.35 $91.14 $91.60 $91.37 $89. 60 $90.91 $91.14 $92.29 $92.16 $88.98 $89.06 $89.47 Durable goods................ ........................ 98.65 98.15 97.20 97.76 98.98 '98.58 97.36 98.74 '98.98 100.86 '99.87 95.44 96.52 97.10 Nondurable goods......................... .......... 81.51 81.72 81.77 82.37 82.16 81.35 79.52 79.93 79.95 80.77 81.19 80.39 79.79 79.60 $83.50 '90.06 75.27 Durable goods Ordnance and accessories....................... 107.87 108.14 105.60 105.20 107.30 107.79 106.49 108.73 107.68 108.21 109.10 106.97 106.55 105,06 101.43 Lumber and wood products................... Sawmills and planing mills- - ......... Millwork, plywood, and prefabricated structual wood products— Wooden containers........................... Miscellaneous wood products......... 82.37 77.81 84.19 80.00 81.97 80.00 81.35 79.00 83.84 81.18 81.40 78.94 80.20 77.95 77.60 75.27 78.01 75.25 77.03 75.83 80.40 78.14 80.60 78.18 82.42 79.37 79.79 77.74 75.41 73.23 82.99 61.14 69.02 82.56 59.37 69.19 84.00 60.74 68.45 82.89 63.14 68.61 83.37 62. 42 70.55 84.42 62.47 69.29 82.97 60.70 68.04 81.95 59.10 68.38 81.95 59.25 66.99 82.58 59.50 67.32 83.42 60.09 67.32 83.82 59. 35 67.08 84.86 61.35 67.40 84.05 59.79 66.42 79.38 56.88 63.52 Furniture and fixtures......................... . Household furniture..................... . Office, public-building, and profes- 75.74 71.28 75.74 71.46 75.89 71.23 74.40 69.30 74.77 69.83 74.19 69.65 73.82 69.83 72.73 67.94 74. 56 70. 35 74.56 70.35 77.33 73.92 75.21 72.21 76.49 73.85 74.44 70.93 70.31 66.70 Partitions, shelving, lockers, and fixtures_____________________ Screens, blinds, and miscellaneous furniture and fixtures_________ 89.19 88.58 89.03 88.40 88.40 87.54 86.88 87. 74 86.92 87.97 88. 83 82.99 86.11 85.49 79.78 95.83 95.20 97.27 97.68 96.76 94.60 92.10 93.26 92.80 93.73 96. 05 94.66 91.94 91.66 85.97 80.15 77.20 77.76 76. 57 77.36 76. 76 72.91 74.80 75.22 74.82 75.33 73.23 74.93 73.93 71.56 40.3 41.0 39.4 40.6 41.1 39.8 39.9 40.1 39.6 40.3 40.9 39.5 40.3 40.8 39.6 39.2 39.5 38.8 sional fu rn itu re________________ Average weekly hours Manufacturing_______________________ Durable goods_____________________ Nondurable goods_________________ 39.6 40.1 39.0 39.6 39.9 39.1 39.8 40.0 39.5 39.8 39.9 39.6 40.0 40.4 39.5 39.9 40.4 39.3 39.3 39.9 38.6 39.7 40.3 38.8 39.8 40.4 39.0 Durable goods Ordnance and accessories....................... 40.4 40.5 40.0 40.0 40.8 41.3 40.8 41.5 41.1 41.3 41.8 41.3 41.3 41.2 40.9 Lumber and wood products....... ........... Sawmills and planing mills............. Millwork, plywood, and prefabricated structural wood products.. Wooden containers.................... ...... Miscellaneous wood products......... 39.6 39.7 39.9 40.2 39.6 40.2 39.3 39.9 40.5 41.0 40.1 40.9 39.9 40.6 38.8 39.0 39.4 39 4 39.3 39.7 40.2 40.7 40.1 40.3 40.8 40.7 40.5 40.7 39.9 39.8 39.9 39.7 40.6 39.5 38.3 40.7 40.0 39.7 40.5 39.1 41.0 40.6 39.7 40.8 41.5 40.2 41.1 41.0 39.7 40.2 40.5 39.4 39.4 40.7 39.4 39.5 40.6 39.7 40.2 40.8 40.3 40.6 40.8 40.3 40.1 40.9 40.8 40.9 41.1 41.0 40.4 41.0 40.5 39.5 40.2 40.5 40.5 40.5 40.6 40.8 40.7 40.0 39.6 40.2 39.9 40.1 39.8 39.9 39.9 39.1 38.6 40.3 40.2 40.3 40.2 41.8 42.0 41.1 41.5 41.8 42.2 40.9 41.0 39.5 39.5 41.1 41.2 41.8 41.5 41.5 41.1 40.6 41.0 41.0 41.3 41.9 39.9 41.4 41.1 39.5 39.6 39.5 40.7 40.7 41.0 40.6 39.7 40.2 40.0 40.4 41.4 40.8 40.5 40.2 38.9 41.1 40.0 40.5 40.3 40.5 40.4 39.2 40.0 39.8 39.8 40.5 39.8 40.5 40.4 40.2 $2. 27 2. 43 2.04 $2.23 2.38 2.03 $2. 21 2.36 2.02 $2.22 2. 38 2.01 $2.13 2.28 1.94 Furniture and fixtures.......................... . Household furniture____________ Office, public-building, and professional furniture_______________ Partitions, shelving, lockers, and fixtures_____________ ______ Screens, blinds, and miscellaneous furniture and fixtures.................... Average hourly earnings Manufacturing__ ______ ______________ $2.30 Durable goods........................................ 2.46 Nondurable goods............... ................... 2.09 $2.30 2.46 2.09 $2.27 2.43 2.07 $2.29 2.45 2.08 $2.29 2.45 2.08 $2.29 2.44 2.07 $2.28 2.24 2.06 $2.29 2. 45 2.06 $2.29 2.45 2.05 $2.29 2. 46 2.05 Durable goods Ordnance and accessories....................... 2.67 2.67 2.64 2.63 2.63 2.61 2. 61 2.62 2.62 2.62 2.61 2. 59 2. 58 2.55 2.48 Lumber and wood products................... Sawmills and planing mills............. Millwork, plywood, and prefabricated structural wood products.. Wooden containers......................... . Miscellaneous wood products____ 2.08 1.96 2.11 1.99 2.07 1.99 2.07 1.98 2.07 1.98 2.03 1.93 2.01 1.92 2.00 1.93 1.98 1.91 1.96 1.91 2.00 1.92 2.01 1.94 2.02 1. 95 1.97 1.91 1.89 1.84 2.08 1.54 1.70 2.09 1.55 1.70 2.10 1.53 1.69 2.12 1.54 1.69 2.10 1.53 1.70 2.10 1.52 1.69 2.09 1.51 1.68 2.08 1. 50 1.68 2.08 1.50 1.65 2.08 1.48 1.65 2.07 1.48 1.65 2.08 1.48 1.64 2.08 1. 50 1.64 2.05 1.48 1.62 1.96 1.44 1.58 1.87 1.76 1.87 1.76 1.86 1.75 1.86 1.75 1. 86 1.75 1.85 1.75 1.85 1. 75 1.86 1. 76 1.85 1.75 1.85 1.75 1.85 1.76 1.83 1.74 1.83 1.75 1.82 1.73 1.78 1.69 Furniture and fixtures.......................... . Household furniture......... ............ . Office, public-building, and professional furniture.............................. Partitions, shelving, lockers, and fixtures........................................... Screens, blinds, and miscellaneous furniture and fixtures_________ See footnotes at end of table. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 2.17 2.15 2.13 2.13 2.13 2.13 2.14 2.14 2.12 2.13 2.12 2.08 2.08 2.08 2.02 2.42 2.41 2.39 2.40 2.36 2.33 2.32 2.32 2.32 2.32 2.32 2.32 2.27 2.28 2.21 1.95 1.93 1.92 1.90 1.91 1.90 1.86 1.87 1.89 1. 88 1.86 1.84 1.85 1.83 1.78 0.—EARNINGS AND HOURS T able 93 C -l. Gross hours and earnings of production workers,1 by industry—Continued 1960 Industry Oct.» j Sept. Aug. j J u ly June Annual average 1959 May Apr. Mar. Feb. Jan. Dec. Nov. I Oct. 1959 1 1958 Average weekly earnings Manufacturing—Continued D u r a b le goods— Continued Stone, clay, and glass products.............. $94.07 Flat glass_______________ _____ 132.29 Glass- and glassware, pressed or blown........................................ 92.34 Glass products made of purchased glass................................................ 79.10 Cement, hydraulic............ ............... 104.34 Structural clay products_________ 82.21 Pottery and related products.......... 83.98 Concrete, gypsum, and plaster products____________________ 95.26 Cut-stone and stone products....... . 78.47 Miscellaneous nonmetallic mineral products......................................... 97.77 Primary metal industries....................... 106.50 Blast furnaces, steel works, and rolling mills.................................... 109.93 Iron and steel foundries................... 95.51 Primary smelting and refining of nonferrous metals.......................... 110.29 Secondary smelting and refining of nonferrous metals.................. 95.44 Rolling, drawing, and alloying of n o nferrous metals . . 110.42 Nonferrous foundries____________ 102.36 Miscellaneous primary metal industries............ ............................. 109.42 Stone, clay, and glass products_______ Plat glass....... ........ ........................ . Glass and glassware, pressed or blown.......................... ................ Glass products made of purchased glass....... ......... ............................. Cement, hydraulic........................... Structural clay products_________ Pottery and related products........ . Concrete, gypsum, and plaster products____________________ Cut-stone and stone products......... Miscellaneous nonmetallic mineral products...__________________ Primary metal industries....................... Blast furnaces, steel works, and rolling m ills................................... Iron and steel foundries................... Primary smelting and refining of nonferrous m etals........................ Secondary smelting and refining of nonferrous metals.................. .. Rolling, drawing, and alloying of nonferrous metals_____________ Nonferrous foundries____________ Miscellaneous primary metal industries_____________________ $92. 75 $93. 89 $93.02 $93.07 $92. 84 $91.08 $90. 57 $90.85 $91.30 $92.25 $91.39 $91. 88 126. 54 125. 42 124.26 125.29 124.97 123. 78 124. 74 123.48 126.80 127.39 91.25 92.86 91. 54 92.86 93.15 89.47 91.88 90.63 89.95 88.93 88.65 88.18 78.34 74. 48 74.84 73. 71 72.95 71.82 70.50 71.62 70.87 75.14 74.21 74. 56 105.18 103. 57 106.71 105.63 104.14 101.18 97.66 98.15 100.04 101.02 103.25 99. 96 81.60 83.64 82.22 83.43 83.23 83.03 79.78 80.19 80.40 82.21 81.61 80.99 80.41 83.28 79.21 82. 46 81. 70 81. 75 81.79 80.30 80.14 82.60 80.98 81.87 95.48 96. 36 95.26 94.60 93.74 92.02 87.08 89.03 88.83 91.14 90.93 93.72 76.73 78.62 75.89 77.27 78.81 77.61 72.20 75.14 75.48 76.96 75.26 77.75 97.53 98. 49 97.20 96.96 97.44 95.84 98.29 98.29 99.01 98.53 95.24 95.94 106. 78 106. 68 108.75 109. 70 109.70 112.29 114.29 115.26 117. 96 117.14 107. 86 105.74 110.60 110. 53 113.83 115.74 116.21 95.76 95. 98 97.61 97.61 96. 61 122.22 95.48 $90.83 $84.8( 73.45 98.98 80.39 79.80 71.5f 92.91 75.2 91.96 75.44 86.43 73.31 96.93 112. 72 87.96 100.97 122.89 123.60 128.54 127.72 113.10 116. 66 122.28 99.00 99.25 100.35 99.29 94.28 96.14 97.44 108.00 85.93 111.51 110. 43 109.74 108.24 108.47 112.25 108.05 107.04 108. 62 105.86 108.92 108.53 105.93 95.20 94.40 94.00 93. 67 95.06 94. 77 95.06 94.66 95. 76 96.05 96.28 95.68 94.16 110.15 109.89 111.78 110. 83 108.54 10fi 58 107 87 108 54 101.96 101. 96 101.81 101.91 101.50 97.32 100.60 10L 0O 113! 16 102.92 100. 61 103. 58 109.42 108. 47 109. 57 109.85 110.12 110.40 115.08 117.88 118.72 117.32 107. 96 108.81 113.85 Average weekly hours 40.9 41.6 40.5 40.3 41.0 40.2 40.8 39.7 39.8 39.5 40.2 39.8 40.2 40.5 38.9 40.3 41.2 40.6 40.3 38.7 40.8 40.3 40.0 37.4 39.2 40.3 41.0 38.2 39.6 41.2 40.5 36.5 39.0 41.1 41.3 38.0 38.6 41.0 41.0 38.0 38.0 40.8 40.7 38.2 37.3 39.7 39.3 38.4 43.3 41.3 43.4 40.6 44.0 41.6 44.1 40.8 44.0 41.1 43.4 41.7 42.8 41.5 40.5 38.2 40.4 37.9 40.3 38.0 40.7 38.1 40.5 38.7 40.4 38.9 40.6 38.9 40.1 39.4 36.4 37.9 36.5 38.0 36.6 38.7 37.2 39.2 37.7 39.2 38.1 38.8 41.0 39.9 40.9 39.8 40.3 39.8 39.9 39.6 40.2 39.2 40.4 40.0 41.0 40.7 40.1 39.8 38.3 39.9 39.7 37.7 37.9 40.5 40.0 37.1 41.8 40.4 41.3 40.1 39.3 38.5 39.9 39.6 73.24 99.05 88. 84 102.31 40.8 40.5 41.2 41.4 39.7 39.4 39.9 39.7 40.4 40.9 40.7 38.6 39.9 41.3 40.6 38.2 40.3 40.8 40.7 38.8 39.7 40.9 40. 6 38.0 39 42.3 40.8 43.4 41.6 43.3 40.9 44.0 41.8 44.0 41.0 43 n 41.3 40.3 41.6 41.1 41.4 41.1 40.7 38.8 41.0 39.9 41.6 40.4 39.8 38 1 40.0 39.7 41.2 40.3 41.2 40.2 37.7 38.8 38.0 39.4 39.7 40.1 37 fi 37 2 41.1 41.6 40.0 38 fi 39 7 1 4 0 .4 39 4 35 9 40 fi 41.0 41.3 40.9 41.1 41.0 41.4 42.2 41.4 40.7 41.3 40.1 41.1 40.8 40 9 40 1 40.1 40.0 40.0 40.0 40.2 40.8 40.5 40.8 40.8 41.1 41.4 41.5 41.6 41 3 4fi 2 40.3 40.3 40.2 40.3 40.4 40.3 41.4 40.4 41.2 40.6 40.5 40.6 39.9 39.4 40.4 40.4 40.5 40.4 40.9 41.1 41.7 41.5 41.3 40.9 41.3 41.6 41.9 41.1 3Q ft 39.5 39.5 39.3 39.7 39.8 39.9 41.1 40.0 41.8 42.1 Average hourly earnings 41.9 39.4 40.3 41.4 39.2 Stone, clay, and glass products.............. $2.30 Plat glass................ .. ............... 3.18 Glass and glassware, pressed or blown.................................... .......... 2.32 Glass products made of purchased glass________ _______________ 1.92 Cement, hydraulic......................... 2.57 Structural clay products................. 2.04 Pottery and related products. 2.17 Concrete, gypsum, and plaster products......................................... 2.20 Out-stone and stone products 1.90 Miscellaneous nonmetallic mineral products......................................... 2.42 Primary metal industries.............. 2.81 Blast furnaces, steel works, and rolling mills..... ................ ............. 3.02 Iron and steel foundries................... 2.52 Primary smelting and refining of nonferrous metals.......... 2. 69 Secondary smelting and refining of nonferrous metals___ 2.38 Rolling, drawing, and alloying of nonferrous metals.............. 2.74 Nonferrous foundries........................ 2.54 Miscellaneous primary metal industries.......................................... 2.77 See footnotes at end of table. $2.29 3.14 $2.29 3.12 $2.28 3.13 $2.27 3.14 $2.27 3.14 $2.26 3.11 $2.27 3.15 $2.26 3.15 $2.26 3.17 $2.25 3.13 $2.24 3.15 $2.23 3.14 $ 2.21 2.31 2.31 2.30 2.31 2.30 2.30 2.28 2.26 2.26 2.24 2.25 2.21 2.22 2 Ifi 1.92 2. 61 2.04 2.15 1.90 2. 57 2.04 2.18 1.89 2.59 2.03 2.17 1.89 2. 57 1.89 2.48 2.04 2.14 1.89 2.46 2.03 2.13 1.87 2.46 1.87 2.47 1.86 2.02 2.47 1.86 2.17 1.89 2.54 2.03 2.15 2.13 2.01 2.02 2.16 1.85 2.45 1. 99 1.85 2.42 1. 98 2.20 1.89 2.19 1.89 2.16 2.15 2.15 1.89 2.10 1. 88 2.15 1.87 2.13 1.86 2.16 1.89 2.42 2.81 2.42 2.80 2.40 2.81 2.40 2.82 2. 40 2.82 2.39 2.85 2.38 2.85 3.03 2.52 3.02 2.48 3.06 2.49 3.07 2.49 3.05 2.49 3.11 2.48 3.08 2.50 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 2.02 3.16 40 2 $2 12 9. 93 2.14 2.01 2.12 2.11 2.10 L 83 2 30 1. 91 2 04 2.10 2.10 2.13 1.86 2.09 1.84 2 . 01 1 81 2.50 1.86 1.85 2.38 2.86 2.38 2.87 2.38 2.85 2.34 2.78 2.34 2.65 2.33 2. 79 2 fifi 3.09 2.50 3.12 2.49 3.10 2.47 3.00 2.43 3.07 2.44 3.08 2.43 2.88 2 31 1.85 1.84 2.21 2.70 2.70 2.67 2.64 2.62 2.66 2. 61 2.63 2.63 2.64 2.65 2 . 66 2. 59 2. 47 2.38 2.36 2.35 2.33 2.33 2.34 2.33 2.32 2.33 2.32 2.32 2. 30 2.28 2 . 21 2.74 2.53 2.72 2. 53 2.70 2.52 2. 69 2. 51 2.68 2. 67 2.47 2. 67 2.49 2.68 2.50 2.50 2.67 2. 51 2.66 2.48 2.65 2.46 2. 65 2.49 2.64 2.44 2. 51 2.35 2.77 2.76 2.76 2.76 2. 76 2.76 2.80 2.82 2.82 2.80 2.74 2.70 2. 75 2.61 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JANUARY 1961 94 T able C -l. Gross hours and earnings of production workers,1 by industry—Continued Annual average 1959 1960 Industry Oct.2 Sept. Aug. July June Apr. May Mar. Feb. Jan. Dec. Nov. Oct. 1959 1958 Average weekly earnings Continued Fabricated metal products................... - 5100.28 Tin cans and other tinware______ 114.80 Cutlery, handtools, and hardware— 95.58 Heating apparatus (except electrie) and plumbers’ supplies. . . . 92.67 Fabricated structural metal products---------- --------------------------- 101.68 Metal stamping, coating, and engraving..................... - .................... 106.30 Lighting fixtures............ .................. 94.30 Fabricated wire products------------ 89.89 Miscellaneous fabricated metal products__________ __________ 96.48 Machinery (except electrical).... ........... 104.23 Engines and turbines.---------------- 112.52 Agricultural machinery and tractors_________________________ 104.54 Construction and mining machinery------ ------- ------------------------ 101.75 Metalworking machinery------------ 110.98 D u r a b le good»— Special-industry m achinery (ex- cept metalworking machinery).. General industrial machinery------Office and store machines and devices--------- --------------------------Service-industry and household machines------------ ---------------Miscellaneous machinery parts....... Fabricated metal products__________ Tin cans and other tinware. ------Cutlery, handtools, and hardware Heating apparatus (except electrie) and plumbers’ supplies-----Fabricated structural metal products........ ........................ ............... Metal stamping, coating, and engraving------ ------------------------Lighting fixtures---------------------- Fabricated wire products________ Miscellaneous fabricated metal products........................................ Machinery (except electrical)..............Engines and turbines..................... Agricultural machinery and tractors.............. .................. ............ — Construction and mining machinery------ ------------------- -----------Metalworking machinery................ Special-industry machinery (except metalworking machinery).. General industrial machinery____ Office and store machines and devices _______________________ Service-industry and household machines____________________ Miscellaneous machinery parts....... 100.94 5100.45 $99.63 $100.21 $99.96 $96.56 $98.42 $98.42 $100.94 $99.77 $94.64 ;96.76 $97.41 $90.80 115.79 119.26 L19.94 118.40 116.47 111. 66 L08. 94 108 40 111. 25 112.10 110.24 108.24 112.36 104.42 94.56 94. 77 93.83 93.60 93.90 90.85 92.63 91.31 98.00 96.79 88.91 91.02 92.25 86.15 92.98 92.28 89.71 91.42 91.42 91.34 92.34 90.02 92.63 91.83 87.91 102.18 101.84 L02.26 102.09 100.86 98.74 97.60 97.51 98.25 98. 58 94.62 96.56 96.72 93.43 99.14 103.07 102.58 84.77 87.72 87.72 89.95 89.01 89.60 92.63 80.17 83.74 94.64 95. 91 95.20 95.68 95. 75 93.77 98.29 98.95 98.77 98.00 93.09 96.28 97.44 103.57 103.68 105.11 105.88 106.14 104.04 105.47 104.55 105.32 105.92 102.82 103.82 103.25 113.08 114.90 112.33 114.26 113.15 108.38 112.20 110.02 113.01 112. 48 110.16 109.76 110. 42 88.53 94.25 102.26 104.66 104.12 102.43 102.80 102.91 102.80 102.82 100.75 103.74 102.82 100.49 102.31 104.09 95.59 100.86 100.84 102.00 102. 77 102.47 101.05 100.65 99.15 100.10 101.09 97. 81 99.14 101.35 109.62 110.84 118.30 122.24 123.36 120.37 123.76 120. 50 119.35 118.48 115.72 115.02 114.06 91.89 101.38 101.50 101.02 101.46 102.37 102.61 102.12 99.66 102.43 101.28 101.58 101.81 100.25 101.39 98.05 102.21 102.72 103. 22 102.66 103.91 103.16 101.34 101.84 100. 85 101.84 105.00 102.18 101.76 100.94 89.55 93.06 106. 60 105.30 101.63 105.88 103. 42 103.28 101.20 103.12 102.36 102.87 102.56 102.41 101.00 98.89 93.30 93.65 98.25 97.20 99. 88 101.84 101.43 90.68 92.73 93.30 93.38 92. 51 109.62 107.17 103.97 107.33 108.00 102.21 105.57 107.78 111. 54 107.70 93.79 89.24 87.02 91.08 89.60 86.02 88.44 88.62 90.72 90.39 90.12 89.60 88.75 88.75 89.38 87.91 90.32 90.94 93.56 93.83 40.6 41.0 40.5 40.7 41.8 39.9 41.0 42.9 40.5 40.5 43.3 40.1 40.9 42.9 40.0 98.0( 96.62 99.29 98.74 102. 51 98.70 100. 85 102.09 102.59 102.67 Average weekly hours 41.2 41.4 39.9 40.5 40.5 40.8 40.9 42.3 42.2 40.2 40.0 40.9 41.9 41.7 40.3 39.5 40.1 39.7 39.1 39.2 39.4 39.2 39.4 39.1 38.5 38.9 38.9 39.2 41.0 41.2 41.4 41.4 41.5 41.0 40.3 40.0 39.8 40.1 41.2 41.0 39.6 42.0 40.6 39.7 41.7 40.2 40.0 40.3 39.2 39.8 41.6 40.3 39.8 41.7 40.0 39.9 40.4 39.1 39.6 41.4 40.2 40.5 42.1 40.1 40.6 40.2 40.4 39.9 39.6 40.3 40.1 40.3 40.5 40.6 40.0 40.9 40.7 40.2 41.2 41.1 40.4 41.3 40.7 39.9 40.8 39.7 41.3 41.2 41.1 39.9 40.1 40.2 39.7 40. C 40.2 40. C 39.9 40.8 39.4 40.6 39.7 40.9 40.0 42.4 40.3 43.5 40.5 43.9 40.1 43.3 41.6 40.4 41.4 40.6 42.1 40. 8 42.3 40.9 42.4 41.4 42.2 41.1 41.0 40.5 39.7 41.2 40.4 40.5 39.7 40.1 39.7 40.0 39.7 40. 1 39.6 40.1 40.1 40.5 98.46 98.46 96. 87 96.62 98. 65 99.14 101.45 101.20 100.65 100.25 101.25 100.85 Fabricated metal products.................... $2.47 $2.48 $2. 45 $2.46 $2.45 2.76 2.78 Tin cans and other tinware_______ 2.80 2.77 2. 77 2.34 2.34 Cutlery, handtools, and hardware. 2.36 2.37 2.34 Heating apparatus (except elec2.36 trie) and plumbers’ supplies........ 2.37 2.38 2. 37 2.36 Fabricated structural metal prod2.46 2.48 2.46 2.48 2.47 ucts________________________ Metal stamping, coating, and en2. 57 2. 58 2.58 2. 58 2.61 graving ___________________ 2.31 2.22 2.26 2.30 2.22 Lighting" fixtures___ __________ 2.23 2.27 2.24 2.27 2.23 Fabricated wire products _______ Miscellaneous fabricated metal 2.39 2.38 2.38 2.40 2.38 products___________________ 2. 58 2. 57 2.56 Machinery (except electrical)_______ 2. 57 2.57 2. 78 2.82 Engines and turbines.. ________ 2.82 2.83 2.76 Agricultural machinery and trac2.62 2.61 2.59 2. 58 2. 57 tors. ______________________ Construction and mining machin2.55 2.55 2. 56 2. 54 2. 55 ery______________________ __ 2.81 2.72 2. 70 2.71 Metalworking machinery______ 2.79 Special-industry machinery (ex2.44 2.41 2.42 2.44 2.42 cept metalworking machinery). 2.53 2.51 2.53 2.53 2. 51 General industrial machinery----Office and store machines and de2.56 2. 56 2.57 2.60 2.60 v ices_____ ______________ _ Service-industry and household 2.44 2.48 2.48 2.44 2.46 machines. _________________ 2.53 2. 53 2. 51 2.50 2. 50 Miscellaneous machinery parts__ See footnotes at end of table. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 40.1 41.6 40.6 41.0 41.0 41.0 41.1 42.4 41.0 40.0 41.6 39.7 39.8 38.8 40.1 40.1 39.6 40.4 39.1 40.4 40.3 40.1 42.9 40.5 41.4 42.4 40.9 41.7 40.8 39.8 40.7 41.9 40.8 41.4 41.7 40.8 41.1 40.1 39.3 39.5 41.4 41.0 40.3 41.5 41.3 41.7 41.7 41.7 41.2 40.3 40.8 40.5 41.5 41.2 40.5 42.0 41.3 41.2 39.7 39.6 40.1 39.7 38.9 39.9 39.7 38.8 39.5 40.5 39.5 40.1 44.2 39.5 43.5 40.2 43.4 40.6 43.4 39.6 42.7 40.3 42.6 41.2 42.4 39.1 39.6 41.7 40.7 42.5 40.9 42.2 40.5 42.5 40.9 42.6 42. t 42.3 41.2 42.6 41.2 41.9 41.2 39.8 39.6 40.0 40.6 40.3 40.6 40.7 40.8 40.4 40.2 39.7 41.5 41.4* 38.7 40.6 40.6 41.4 39.6 40.5 41.4 1 39.8 40.3 40.0 39.6 40.2 40.5 41.0 41.2 39.8 Average hourly earnings $2.45 $2.42 $2.43 $2.43 $2.45 2.72 2.71 2. 71 2.76 2.73 2.30 2.33 2.30 3.31 2.35 $2.41 2.65 2.31 $2.36 2.65 2.19 $2.36 2.64 2.22 $2.37 2.65 2.25 $2.27 2.51 2.17 40.3 40.5 2.36 2.33 2.35 2.35 2.33 2.32 2.32 2.31 2.29 2.22 2.46 2.45 2. 44 2.45 2.45 2.44 2.42 2.39 2.40 2.33 2.59 2.24 2.24 2.53 2.20 2.22 2.55 2.20 2.23 2. 56 2.21 2.24 2.60 2.24 2.26 2.54 2.21 2.25 2. 43 2.13 2.21 2.46 2.15 2.15 2.46 2.15 2.18 2.31 2.04 2.12 2.37 2.57 2.78 2.35 2.55 2.73 2.38 2.56 2.73 2.39 2. 55 2.73 2.38 2.55 2.71 2.35 2.54 2.73 2.31 2.52 2.72 2.32 2.52 2.71 2.32 2.50 2.68 2.23 2.38 2.55 2. 56 2. 57 2.59 2.59 2.60 2.59 2. 59 2. 59 2. 57 2.42 2.53 2.81 2.52 2. 78 2.51 2.80 2.51 2.77 2. 49 2.75 2.49 2.73 2.47 2.71 2.46 2.70 2.46 2.69 2.35 2. 56 2.42 2.51 2.39 2.49 2.41 2.49 2.40 2.49 2.39 2.49 3.39 2.50 2.37 2.48 2.38 2.47 2.34 2.45 2.25 2.35 2.55 2. 53 2. 54 2.54 2.54 2.52 2.51 2.50 2.46 2.35 2.46 2.49 2.45 2.48 2.44 2.49 2.47 2.49 2.45 2. 49 2.47 2 48 2.42 2.46 2.42 2.46 2.40 2.45 2.29 2. 33 O.—EARNINGS AND HOURS Table 95 C -l. Gross hours and earnings of production workers,1 by industry—Continued 1960 1959 Annual average Industry Oct.» Sept. Aug. July June May Mar. Feb. Jan. Dec. Nov. Oct. 1959 1958 Average weekly earnings Manufacturing—Continued D u r a b le goods— Apr. Continued Electrical machinery.—.......................... $93.26 $93.03 $91. 77 Electrical generating, transmission, distribution, and industrial apparatus...................................... 95.68 96. 80 96.80 Electrical appliances........................ 92.23 89.93 90.00 Insulated wire and cable_________ 88.80 87. 76 88.20 Electrical equipment for vehicles.—102.11 102.77 95.59 Electric lam ps.................................. 89.78 86.08 87.47 Communication equipment—......... 91.53 90.05 88.80 Miscellaneous electrical products... 89.54 89.60 89.82 $90.39 $92.23 $91.37 $88.98 $91.43 $90.97 $92.80 $93.07 $90. 72 $91.39 $89.91 96.80 90.62 88.40 98.21 85.25 85.69 89.15 96.88 91.25 89.68 97.32 86.75 89.24 88.43 96.24 91.80 88.62 98.55 87.30 87.34 89.65 94. 25 96.15 89.17 91.10 84. 66 89.46 95.40 96.53 86.41 88.36 85.19 88.18 89.20 89.60 95.84 96.87 97.88 91.80 91.01 91.03 89.24 88.39 88.15 98.65 104.25 101.52 87.42 89.91 91.24 87.34 89.10 88. 73 88.65 91.13 93.18 94.19 89.27 87.15 96.56 88.13 86.86 88.94 89.72 85.36 86.11 89.47 80.57 81.97 85.03 Transportation equipment__________ 115.21 112.96 108.90 110 15 110 97 111. 66 107.59 110 84 i n 70 115 02 n o 70 104 00 10Q 0 2 107 73 Motor vehicles and equipment___ 119.11 116.52 108.64 111. 20 112.87 113.85 108.23 113.83 116.62 124.11 113.29 102.38 113.03 110.16 Aircraft and parts______________ 112.34 111.24 110.84 110.97 110.57 110.29 107.07 109.34 108.81 108. 40 109.88 108.00 108.26 106.63 99.96 101.91 repairing____________________ 109.81 103.97 108.23 106 90 105.60 105.46 103.49 103 62 102 31 101 0 2 102 44 101 2 0 QQ 2 0 Railroad equipment____________ 108. 67 106.96 107.24 107.90 110.65 111. 39 110.26 112.18 102.11 110.15 109.69 102.65 103.47 107! 41 Other transportation equipm ent... 88.24 86.75 83.63 84.80 86.36 86.63 84.58 84.10 87.42 87.07 89.82 86.41 91.17 89.13 ÎÔO! 70 82.74 95.18 89.55 85.70 91.54 92.77 88.32 90.42 94.30 91.48 85.08 94.08 93.21 88.99 90.67 $85.14 Average weekly hours Electrical machinery........................... Electrical generating, transmission, distribution, and industrial apparatus.................... Electrical appliances........................ Insulated wire and cable................. Electrical equipment for vehicles.— Electric lamps__________ Communication equipment-........... Miscellaneous electrical products... Transportation equipm ent.................... Motor vehicles and equipment___ Aircraft and parts............................ Ship and boat building and repairing............ ........................ Railroad equipment____________ Other transportation equipm ent... 40.2 40.1 39.9 39.3 40.1 39.9 39.2 40.1 39.9 40.7 41.0 40.5 40.8 40.5 39.6 39.7 40.1 41.3 40.2 39.9 40.5 40.7 40.0 39.1 41.2 40.3 38.6 40.2 40.0 40.0 39.3 41.8 38.7 39.4 40.0 40.1 40.0 39.4 41.5 39.6 38.4 38.6 39.8 40.2 39.5 42.3 39.4 38.9 40.2 39.3 40.1 39.4 42.2 39.9 39.6 39.7 40.2 39.6 38.6 40.9 39.1 39.1 38.9 40.0 40.4 39.1 42.6 39.4 39.8 39.9 40.0 40.1 39.4 42.7 40.1 39.2 39.7 39.4 40.7 39.4 42.7 41.7 40.6 40.5 40.5 41.3 40.1 43.0 41.1 41.1 40.7 41.6 40.5 39.8 41.4 38.3 41.6 40.7 41.1 40.3 40.3 41.1 39.2 41.8 41.2 41.4 40.6 39.5 41.9 40.4 40.8 40.4 40.8 39.7 38.8 41.4 38.9 39.3 39.6 40.3 41.0 41.5 41.0 40.2 40.6 40.6 39.6 38.8 40.9 40.2 40.0 41.1 40.5 40.6 40.8 40.9 41.1 41.0 39.7 39.5 40.1 40.6 40.8 40.8 40.8 41.5 40.6 42.0 43.7 40.6 40.7 40.9 41.0 39.2 38.2 40.6 40.6 41.1 40.7 40.5 40.8 40.7 39.8 39.2 40.6 39.5 38.4 38.7 37.4 38.2 38.9 39.5 38.3 37.5 39.3 38.4 38.2 39.7 39.1 38.9 40.1 39.5 39.2 39.5 39.1 38.8 39.4 39.6 38.4 39.2 36.6 39.2 38.9 39.2 39.4 39.1 39.6 40.1 38.5 37.6 39.1 38.3 37.9 40.7 39.0 39.2 40.7 39.2 38.0 39.4 Average hourly earnings Electrical machinery...................... $2.32 Electrical generating, transmission, distribution, and industrial apparatus_____________ 2.41 Electrical appliances............... 2.30 Insulated wire and cable.................. 2.15 Electrical equipment for vehicles... 2.54 Electric lamps___ 2.25 Communication equipment______ 2.26 Miscellaneous electrical products... 2.20 Transportation equipment . Motor vehicles and equipment....... Aircraft and parts______________ Ship and boat building and repairing____________________ Railroad equipm ent........................ Other transportation equipm ent... See footnotes at end of table. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis $2.32 $2.30 $2.30 $2.30 $2.29 $2.27 $2.28 $2.28 $2.28 $2.27 $2.24 $2.24 $2.22 $2.15 2.42 2.30 2.13 2.55 2.23 2.24 2.24 2.42 2.29 2.11 2. 47 2.22 2.22 2.24 2.42 2.30 2.13 2.48 2.22 2.22 2.24 2.41 2.31 2.12 2.47 2. 23 2. 22 2.25 2. 40 2. 33 2.10 2. 47 2.21 2.20 2.23 2.38 2.31 2.07 2.44 2.21 2.19 2. 23 2. 38 2. 33 2.10 2.45 2.22 2. 21 2.24 2.39 2.33 2.09 2. 46 2.23 2.20 2.25 2.38 2.31 2.07 2.50 2. 22 2.20 2.25 2. 37 2. 27 2.05 2. 47 2.22 2.18 2.24 2.35 2.25 2.07 2.39 2.23 2.17 2.20 2.34 2.27 2.07 2.40 2.23 2.16 2.19 2. 32 2.26 2.08 2.39 2.16 2.15 2.18 2.26 2.20 2.08 2.30 2.05 2.07 2.11 2.81 2.87 2.74 2.81 2.87 2.74 2. 75 2.80 2.71 2.74 2.78 2.70 2. 74 2. 78 2.71 2. 73 2.77 2. 69 2.71 2. 74 2. 67 2. 73 2.79 2.68 2.74 2. 81 2.68 2.76 2.84 2.67 2. 72 2.77 2.68 2.67 2.68 2.66 2.70 2. 75 2.66 2.66 2.70 2.62 2.53 2.55 2.61 2. 78 2.83 2.28 2.78 2.80 2.23 2.74 2.80 2.23 2.72 2.81 2.22 2.66 2.83 2. 22 2. 63 2.82 2.21 2.62 2. 82 2.18 2. 63 2.84 2.19 2.61 2. 79 2. 23 2.62 2.81 2. 21 2.62 2.77 2.24 2. 63 2. 73 2.21 2.59 2.73 2.24 2.60 2.74 2.19 2. 50 2.65 2.10 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JANUARY 1961 96 T able C -l. Gross hours and earnings of production workers,1 by industry—Continued 1959 1960 Annual average Industry Oct.» M a n u fa c Sept. Aug. July June Apr. May Mar. Feb. Jan. Dec. Nov. Oct. 1959 1958 Average weekly earnings taring—0 ontinued Durable goods— Continued Instruments and related products......... Laboratory, scientific, and engineering instruments___________ Mechanical measuring and controlling instruments...................... Optical instruments and lenses....... Surgical, medical, and dental instruménts....................................... Ophthalmic goods............................ Photographic apparatus____ _____ Watches and clocks_____________ Miscellaneous manufacturing industries.....................................-................. Jewelry, silverware, and plated ware................................................ Musical instruments and parts........ Toys and sporting goods------------Pens, pencils, other office supplies. . Costume jewelry, buttons, notions. Fabricated plastics products........... Other manufacturing industries---- $96.15 $95.44 $95.99 $95. 75 $95. 65 $94.77 $93.43 $95.88 $94.07 $94.19 $96.23 $94.71 $94.53 $93.25 $87.38 116.34 115.51 115.79 115.37 114.95 112.88 110.97 116. 75 113. 57 112.05 116.14 112.44 112.14 111.14 103.07 92. 97 98.81 92.62 92.25 86.72 88. 51 86.72 85.68 85.06 85.48 85.89 83.62 81.80 84.66 82.99 83.84 83.64 83.64 83.44 82.82 77.80 77.95 79.80 78. 78 81.20 80.40 79.20 79.18 79.60 79.19 79. 59 79.38 77.39 77.59 108. 67 108.14 110.27 108.94 107.12 106.34 105.82 106.86 104.90 104.86 109.65 108.20 107.43 104.65 77.22 76.43 80.00 79.00 78.01 77.41 75.65 77.03 76.82 77.81 77.41 78.80 80. 57 77.41 78.00 71.41 97.53 73. 71 92.04 98.88 91.87 97.17 92.57 98.77 93.90 98.77 93.90 98.36 92.80 94.13 95.06 96.00 92.34 97.11 93.61 95.06 94.94 97.48 92.97 92.57 92.80 95.68 78.20 77.03 77.60 76.44 77.41 77.41 76.05 78.18 77.81 78.20 78.76 77.16 77.33 76.57 73.26 82.37 94.89 71.86 72.72 70. 53 83.64 79.99 76.03 93.56 71.13 71.94 65.82 84.05 80.40 79.77 90.58 70.59 72.00 68.56 83.64 80.60 77.22 88.66 68.20 66.06 67.64 84.05 80. 79 80.36 90.17 69.63 69.95 70.22 83.03 80.19 80. 77 87.38 71.16 72.18 68.29 83.03 81.00 80.16 86. 58 69.32 69.95 66.33 80. 40 79.59 80.54 88.32 71.53 70.88 68.73 83.02 82.01 79.35 88.70 70.80 70.92 69.17 83.23 80. 79 79.10 88.32 70.64 70.13 69.52 84. 04 81.00 84. 91 92.42 70. 59 71.96 69. 48 83.83 81.20 83.66 92.18 70. 62 70.80 68.64 82.39 78.41 83. 46 93.94 70. 75 70.58 69.87 83.40 78.79 79.46 88.99 69.17 70. 58 68.90 83.20 79.40 75.70 83.79 66.91 67. 72 65.18 79.17 76.04 Average weekly hours Instruments and related products......... Laboratory, scientific, and engineering instruments.......... ........... Mechanical measuring and controlling instruments.................... Optical instruments and lenses....... Surgical, medical, and dental instruménts....................................... Ophthalmic goods...... ...................... Photographic apparatus.................. Watches and clocks.......................... Miscellaneous manufacturing industries............................. ............. ...............Jewelry, silverware, and plated ware........................ -...................... Musical instruments and parts....... Toys and sporting goods.................. Pens, pencils, other office supplies. . Costume jewelry, buttons, notions. Fabricated plasties products........... Other manufacturing industries---- 40.4 40.1 40.5 40.4 40.7 40.5 40.1 40.8 40.2 40.6 41.3 41.0 41.1 40.9 39.9 41.7 41.4 41.8 41.5 41.8 41.5 41.1 42.3 41.6 41.5 42.7 41.8 42.0 42.1 40.9 39.9 41.0 39.5 41.2 39.6 41.0 39.9 41.5 40.3 41.5 40.3 41.5 40.0 40.4 40.8 41.2 39.8 41.5 40.7 40.8 41.1 42.2 40.6 40.6 40.7 41.6 40.8 41.0 39.6 40.6 41.1 38.9 40.7 39.6 40.8 38.4 40.5 38.6 40.7 39.7 41.3 40.2 40.9 39.0 40.8 39.7 40.9 40.4 41.2 39.2 40.2 40.4 40.9 38.9 39.9 39.8 40.7 38.4 40.7 39.2 41.1 39.1 39.9 40.0 40.5 38.8 40.5 40.2 40.8 39.3 40.8 40.4 42.5 38.9 40.6 40.5 42.1 40.0 40.7 40.1 41.8 40.9 40.6 40.2 41.2 39.9 40.0 38.6 40.3 39.0 40.1 39.5 40.0 39.4 39.9 39.9 39.2 40.3 39.9 40.1 40.6 40.4 40.7 40.3 39.6 41.6 41.8 39.7 40.4 39.4 40.6 39.6 38.4 41.4 39.3 39.1 37.4 41.0 39.8 40.7 40.8 39.0 40.0 39.4 41.0 39.9 39.6 40.3 38.1 36.7 39.1 40.8 39.8 41.0 40.8 38.9 39.3 39.9 40.7 39.7 41.0 39.9 39.1 40.1 38.8 40.9 39.9 40.9 39.9 38.3 39.3 37.9 39.8 39.4 41.3 40.7 39.3 39.6 39.5 41.1 40.4 40.9 40.5 38.9 39.4 39.3 41.0 39.8 41.2 40.7 38.6 39.4 39.5 41.4 39.9 43.1 42.2 39.0 40.2 39.7 41.5 40.4 42.9 41.9 39.9 40.0 39.0 41.4 39.8 42.8 42.7 40.2 40.1 39.7 41.7 40.2 41.6 41.2 39.3 40.1 39.6 41.6 40.1 40.7 39.9 38.9 39.6 38.8 40.6 39.4 $2.19 A v e r a g e h o u r ly e a r n in g s Instruments and related products......... $2.38 Laboratory, scientific, and engineering instruments...................... 2.79 Mechanical measuring and controlling instruments...................... 2.33 Optical instruments and lenses___ 2.41 Surgical, medical, and dental Instruménts__________________ 2.11 Ophthalmic goods............................ 2.00 Photographic apparatus.................. 2.67 Watches and clocks_____________ 1.95 Miscellaneous manufacturing industries............. ......................................... 1.95 Jewelry, silverware, and plated ware......................... - .................... 1.98 Musical instruments and parts....... 2.27 Toys and sporting goods.................. 1.81 Pens, pencils, other office supplies.. 1.80 Costume jewelry, buttons, notions. 1.79 Fabricated plastics products........... 2.06 Other manufacturing industries___ 2.02 See footnotes at end of table. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis $2.38 $2.37 $2.37 $2.35 $2.34 $2.33 $2.35 $2.34 $2.32 $2.33 $2.31 $2.30 $2.28 2.79 2.77 2.78 2.75 2.72 2.70 2.76 2.73 2.70 2.72 2.69 2.67 2.64 2.52 2.33 2.40 2.32 2.37 2.32 2.38 2.33 2.38 2.33 2.37 2.32 2.33 2.33 2.33 2.32 2.34 2.30 2.33 2.31 2.31 2.29 2.28 2.28 2.30 2.27 2.25 2.19 2.18 2.10 2.03 2.67 1.98 2.09 2.01 2.67 2.09 2.02 2.67 1.99 2.10 2.01 2.60 1.99 2.08 1.99 2.60 1.99 2.05 1.99 2.60 1.97 2.08 2.02 2.60 1.97 2.08 1.99 2.59 1.98 2.07 1.97 2. 57 1.98 2.05 1.97 2.58 1.99 2.06 1.96 2. 57 1.97 2.05 1.93 2.57 1.97 2.04 1.93 2.51 1.94 1.95 1.85 2.42 1.89 1.95 1.94 1.94 1.94 1. 94 1.94 1.94 1.95 1.95 1.94 1.91 1.90 1.90 1.85 1.96 2.22 1.81 1.80 1.74 2.04 2.02 1. 95 2.20 1.79 1.80 1.73 2.06 2.03 1.96 2.21 1.79 1.78 1.76 2.04 2.02 1.97 2.19 1.82 1.80 1.76 2.03 2.03 1.96 2.17 1.81 1.78 1.75 2.02 2.02 1.95 2.17 1.82 1.79 1.74 2.02 2.03 1. 94 2.19 1.82 1.80 1.76 2.03 2.03 1.92 2.17 1.83 1.78 1.76 2.03 2.03 1.97 2.19 1.81 1.79 1.75 2.02 2.01 1.95 2.20 1.77 1.77 1.76 1.99 1.97 1.95 2.20 1.76 1. 76 1.76 2.00 1.96 1.91 2.16 1.76 1. 76 1.74 2.00 1.98 1.86 2.10 1.72 1. 71 1.68 1.95 1.93 1.98 2.26 1.81 1.84 1.76 2.05 2.02 1 .9 9 0.—EARNINGS AND HOURS T able 97 C -l. Gross hours and earnings of production workers,1 by industry—Continued 1960 1959 Annual average Industry Oct.» Sept. Aug. July June May Apr. Mar. Feb. Jan. Dec. Nov. Oct. 1959 1958 Average weekly earnings Manufacturing—Continued Nondurable goods Food and kindred products.................... Meat products-............................... Dairy products___ _____________ Canning and preserving— .............. Grain-mill products......................... Bakery products............................. Sugar_____________ ___________ Confectionery and related products. Beverages........ ................................ Miscellaneous food products........... Tobacco manufactures______________ Cigarettes.................—..................... Cigars................................. ............ . Tobacco and snuff................ ........... Tobacco stemming and redrying... $88.94 $89.02 $88. 58 101.11 102. 51 99.70 89.19 91.76 90.30 71.13 74.69 74.03 100. 58 99.46 98.35 89.51 89.06 88.48 92.86 98.25 96.96 73.44 74.66 73.12 98. 55 99.29 100.53 89.45 89.02 86. 93 65.12 82.14 56.79 70.31 52.82 63.27 78. 58 55.01 69.19 53.97 64.81 79.13 54.72 70.47 49.87 $89.60 $88.51 $88.91 $87.16 $86.94 $86.33 $88.91 $88.78 $87.74 $85.68 $85.68 100.94 98.90 99. 55 95.74 95.01 95.26 104.66 104.73 105. 22 103.05 97. 23 91.79 90.73 89.01 89.21 87.53 87. 53 87.53 86.30 86.30 86.73 86.32 70.71 67.86 70.05 69.75 69.75 69.17 68.74 68.15 63.47 65.74 67.64 99.01 94.61 94.18 92.87 94.61 92.87 95.70 93.96 95.05 93.96 92.66 89.16 88.54 87.05 85.79 85.39 84.56 83.92 85. 22 85.01 84.42 83.21 101.92 99.84 97. 61 95.88 98.77 95.04 94.61 97.31 94.77 82. 62 93.10 72.10 72.62 71.50 68.92 70.67 69.38 70.49 68.90 69.55 69. 65 68.90 102. 42 100.37 99.79 100.19 95.16 93.03 93.99 96.07 95.26 95.59 96.80 86.74 86.11 85.90 84.85 84.85 86.11 85.49 86.73 87.35 86.73 84.65 68.43 80.88 53. 58 67.52 59.93 71.53 85.07 54.38 70.46 64.34 68.58 80.26 54.43 68.08 61.78 64.80 77.17 49. 48 66.06 58.32 59.86 67.47 53.05 62.10 50.81 61.37 72. 76 52. 26 61.04 50.75 $81.81 91.08 81.90 66.13 89.79 79.00 89.73 66.30 92.23 80.95 66.05 83.23 53.20 66.38 50.90 67.49 83.64 53.11 68.08 57. 65 64.56 81.81 55.58 66.70 44.82 63.92 83.00 55.34 66. 64 49.29 65.40 81.80 53.02 66.82 52.40 62.56 77.55 51.79 62.79 49.92 Average weekly hours Food and kindred products.................. Meat products.............. .............. . Dairy products................................. Canning and preserving.................. Grain-mill products..................... Bakery products............................— Sugar_________________________ Confectionery and related products. Beverages........................................... Miscellaneous food products........... 40.8 41.1 41.1 39.3 44.9 40.5 42.4 40.8 39.9 41.8 41.6 41.5 41.9 42.2 44.8 40.3 40.6 40.8 40.2 41.6 41.2 41.2 42.0 40.9 44.5 40.4 40.4 40.4 40.7 41.2 41.1 41.2 42.3 39.5 44.8 40.9 41.6 39.4 41.3 41.5 40.6 40.7 42.2 37.7 43.4 40.8 41.6 39.9 40.8 41.4 40.6 40.8 41.4 38.7 43.4 40.3 40.5 39.5 40.4 41.3 39.8 39.4 41.3 37.7 42.6 39.9 40.8 38.5 40.4 40.6 39.7 39.1 40.9 37.5 43.2 39.9 41.5 39.7 39.0 40.6 39.6 39.2 40.9 37.8 42.6 39.7 41.5 39.2 38.6 41.2 40.6 42.2 40.9 38.4 43.5 39.4 43.2 39.6 39.0 41.1 41.1 42.4 40.9 38.5 43.1 40.2 48.9 39.6 39.7 41.9 41.0 43.3 40.9 36.9 43.6 40.1 48.6 40.2 39.2 42.2 40.8 43.3 41.3 38.0 43.5 40.2 40.9 39.8 39.5 41.9 40.8 41.2 41.7 39.1 43.5 40.2 43.3 39.6 40.5 41.7 40.7 40.3 42.0 39.6 43.8 40.1 44.2 39.7 40.1 41.3 Tobacco manufactures............................ Cigarettes_____________________ fjfgars,. Tobacco and snuff............................ Tobacco stemming and redrying... 40.2 39.3 38.9 37.8 42.6 40.3 37.6 38.2 37.4 44.6 37.9 38.6 38.0 38.3 36.4 37.6 38.7 36.7 37.1 36.1 39.3 40.9 37.5 38.5 38.3 38.1 38.4 37.8 37.2 37.9 36.0 37.1 34.6 36.1 36.0 34.8 33.4 37.1 34.5 34.1 36.1 36.2 36.8 34.8 35.0 38.4 40.6 37.2 37.5 36.1 39.7 41.0 37.4 38.9 40.6 38.2 40.3 38.6 37.9 33.7 40.2 41.5 38.7 38.3 40.4 39.4 40.9 37.6 38.4 39.4 39.1 40.6 37.8 37.6 38.7 Average hourly earnings Food and kindred products_____ ____ $2.18 Meat products..._____ _________ 2.46 Dairy products________________ 2.17 Canning and preserving.................. 1.81 Grain-mill products.......... — .......... 2.24 2.21 Bakery products_______________ Sugar......... ....................................... 2.19 Confectionery and related products. 1.80 Beverages......................................... 2. 47 Miscellaneous food products........... 2.14 $2.14 2.47 2.19 1.77 2.22 2.21 2.42 1.83 2.47 2.14 $2.15 2.42 2.15 1.81 2.21 2.19 2.40 1.81 2.47 2.11 $2.18 2. 45 2.17 1.79 2. 21 2.18 2.45 1.83 2. 48 2.09 $2.18 2.43 2.15 1.80 2.18 2.17 2.40 1.82 2.46 2.08 $2.19 2.44 2.15 1. 81 2.17 2.16 2.41 1.81 2.47 2.08 $2.19 2. 43 2.16 1.85 2.18 2.15 2.35 1.79 2.48 2.09 $2.19 2.43 2.14 1.86 2.19 2.14 2.38 1.78 2. 44 2.09 $2.18 2.43 2.14 1.83 2.18 2.13 2.29 1.77 2. 41 2.09 $2.19 2.48 2.14 1.79 2.20 2.13 2.19 1.78 2.41 2.08 $2.16 2.47 2.11 1.77 2.18 2.12 1.99 1. 74 2.42 2.07 $2.14 2.43 2.11 1.72 2.18 2.12 1.95 1.73 2.43 2.07 $2.10 2.38 2.10 1.73 2.16 2.10 2.02 1.75 2.42 2.07 $2.10 2.36 2.07 1.73 2.13 2.07 2.15 1.74 2.39 2.03 $2.01 2.26 1.95 1.67 2.05 1.97 2.03 1.67 2.30 1.96 1.62 2.09 1.46 1.86 1.24 1.57 2.09 1.44 1.85 1.21 1.71 2.05 1.44 1.84 1.37 1.82 2.09 1.46 1.82 1.66 1.82 2.08 1.45 1.83 1.68 1.80 2.09 1.44 1.83 1.63 1.80 2.08 1.43 1.83 1.62 1.72 2.02 1.43 1.80 1. 49 1.70 2.01 1.42 1.78 1. 45 1.72 2.05 1.43 1.77 1.41 1.70 2.04 1.42 1.75 1. 42 1.69 2.03 1.44 1.76 1.33 1.59 2.00 1.43 1.74 1.22 1. 66 2.00 1.41 1. 74 1.33 1.60 1.91 1.37 1.67 1.29 Tobacco manufactures............................ Cigarettes................................... ...... Cigars............................................ — Tobacco and snuff______________ Tobacco stemming and redrying... See footnotes at end of table. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 98 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JANUARY 1961 T able C -l. Gross hours and earnings of production workers,1 by industry—Continued 1960 Annual average 1959 Industry Oct.2 Sept. July Aug. June May Mar. Feb. Jan. Nov. Oct. 87 7 1 .06 6 0 .35 65.52 66.75 56.77 7 3 .7 8 8 1 .3 2 6 3 .00 7 6 .45 $ 64.40 $ 64.40 $ 6 3 .43 $ 58.29 70 . 53 5 9 .90 64 . 74 65.27 5 7 .96 72 . 83 79.17 5 7 .7 8 7 2 .6 8 69.72 59.90 64.74 65.11 5 7 .66 72.31 8 0 .73 5 7 .26 74.52 7 2 .16 58.95 63.29 6 5 .53 57 . 51 71 .4 8 81.51 61.71 73 . 71 6 4.96 52.36 56.26 60.37 54.75 6 6.83 77.30 58.74 68.95 Dec. 1959 1958 Average weekly earnings Manufacturing—Continued N o n d u r a b le goods— Apr. Continued Textile-mill products.............................. $ 62.86 Seouring and combing plants—___ 6 7 .12 Yarn and thread mills...................... 56.63 Broad-woven fabric mills................. 6 2 .72 Narrow fabrics and smallwares....... 6 5 .07 Knitting mills................................... 5 7 .4 6 Dyeing and finishing textiles.......... 70.45 Carpets, rugs, other floor coverings. 7 9 .97 Hats (except cloth and millinery)— 5 8 .58 Miscellaneous textile goods............. 76 . 59 Apparel and other finished textile products________________________ Men’s and boys’ suits and coats___ Men’s and boys’ furnishings and work clothing............................ — Women’s outerwear____________ Women’s, children’s undergarm ents—........................................... Millinery_____________________ Children’s outerwear______ . . . . . . Miscellaneous apparel and accessories............................................... Other fabricated textile products... $ 62.05 $ 64.31 67.25 5 6 .02 6 1 .92 64.18 57.15 67.94 79.17 57.59 7 5 .64 72.45 58.29 64.88 66.80 58.29 70.58 80 . 75 60.80 75.58 64.31 75.50 58.98 65.37 65.57 57.60 70.62 79.59 57.96 75.41 5 6 .60 6 9 .72 55.93 69 . 72 57.62 72.38 47 . 61 57.70 48.55 57.70 5 3 .42 69.31 5 1 .84 54.60 6 6 .86 53 74.03 59.74 6 6 .5 8 68.30 58.67 7 5 .00 7 9 .60 62.53 7 6 .55 $ 65.36 76 70.69 59.49 6 4 .96 65.11 55.95 7 1 .28 78.99 5 S .6 4 73.42 $ 6 3 .83 $ 6 4 .16 73.15 59 . 89 66.01 66 .5 0 58.22 7 4 .05 79 .0 0 61 .6 6 75 . 58 7 0 .18 58 . 59 6 5 .12 6 6 .17 5 5 .48 7 1 .05 79.97 59.49 7 4 .37 69 .7 0 59.70 64.27 6 5 .7 6 56.47 71 .1 0 81.32 59.57 7 6 .30 48 7 2 .25 6 0 .20 64 . 74 65 . 36 56.32 7 0 .58 81.71 6 2 .24 77.27 56.42 70.67 55.90 72 . 58 55 . 90 69 .1 2 53 . 70 65 . 49 5 5 .85 6 6 .95 56.11 68 .0 0 55.44 6 7 .08 55 . 85 6 8 .32 56.15 68 .0 2 55.02 6 6 .02 55.63 6 5 .47 53 . 45 60.37 49.37 61.08 49.24 58.65 49.37 56.95 48 .8 4 59.00 4 7 .29 56.10 4 7 .35 59.69 48 . 58 5 9 .86 4 a 58 58.14 49.13 58.99 4 9 .65 58.48 49 . 27 65.76 48 .7 6 59.51 46.08 57.63 52.05 67.04 5 0 .22 52.11 69.48 53.42 50.26 67.03 53.28 51.12 58 . 56 53.05 51.05 55.94 51.62 4 8 .99 54.65 4 8 .79 50 . 41 6 7 .13 51.70 51.18 71.04 5 2 .48 50.96 65 . 08 52.62 51 . 52 6 0 .82 60 . 54 53.02 6 8 .70 5 2 .22 52.36 6 0 .64 50.26 51.29 62 .9 3 51.10 4 9.59 6 4.05 60.23 53.13 6 3 .08 53.95 61.56 52.85 63.79 52.27 6 1 .94 52.27 61.66 51.26 58.67 52.71 6 0 .9 6 52.42 6 0 .38 52.20 59.78 52.91 59.97 52.91 59 . 52 52.62 5 9 .90 52.54 59.59 50 . 70 56 . 85 $ $ 65 . $ 63 . $ 64 . $ 64 . Average weekly hours Textile-mill products.......................... Scouring and combing plants____ Yarn and thread mills__________ Broad-woven fabric mills________ Narrow fabrics and smallwares...... Knitting mills................................... Dyeing and finishing textiles_____ Carpets, rugs, other floor coverings. Hats (except cloth and m illinery)... Miscellaneous textile goods............. Apparel and other finished textile products................................ .............. Men’s and boys’ suits and coats... Men’s and boys’ furnishings and work clothing________________ Women’s outerwear______ _____ Women’s, children’s undergarm ents........ ............. ....................... Millinery_____________________ Children’s outerwear___________ Miscellaneous apparel and accessories...................... .................. . Other fabricated textile products.. 3 8 .8 3 8 .8 3 7 .5 3 9 .2 3 8 .5 3 7 .8 3 9 .8 4 0 .8 35 .5 40.1 3 8 .3 39 .1 37.1 3 8 .7 3 8 .2 3 7 .6 3 8 .6 4 0 .6 3 4 .9 3 9 .6 3 9 .7 4 1 .4 3 8 .6 40 .3 4 0 .0 3 8 .6 40.1 4 1 .2 3 7 .3 4 0 .2 3 9 .7 42 .9 3 8 .8 40 .6 3 9 .5 38 .4 39 .9 40 .4 34 .7 3 9 .9 4 0 .2 4 2 .3 3 9 .3 41.1 4 0 .9 3 8 .6 4 1 .9 4 0 .2 3 7 .0 4 0 .5 40 .1 4 1 .8 3 9 .4 4 1 .0 4 0 .3 3 8 .3 4 1 .6 4 0 .1 3 6 .7 4 0 .2 3 9 .6 41.1 3 9 .4 4 0 .6 3 9 .7 3 7 .3 4 0 .5 4 0 .3 3 4 .7 3 9 .9 3 9 .4 4 0 .8 3 8 .8 4 0 .7 4 0 .1 3 6 .5 4 0 .6 4 0 .8 3 5 .2 4 0 .2 40 .1 4 1 .0 3 9 .8 4 1 .2 40 .1 3 7 .4 41 .1 4 1 .7 36 .1 4 0 .8 4 0 .3 4 2 .5 4 0 .4 4 1 .5 40 .1 3 7 .3 4 0 .8 41 .9 3 6 .4 41.1 4 0 .8 4 1 .8 4 0 .5 4 2 .0 40 .7 38 .1 42 .4 4 1 .7 3 7 .5 41 .1 4 0 .5 4 0 .3 4 0 .2 4 1 .5 3 9 .8 3 8 .9 42 .1 4 0 .6 3 4 .6 3 9 .5 4 0 .5 4 0 .3 40 .2 4 1 .5 3 9 .7 3 8 .7 4 1 .8 4 1 .4 34 .7 4 0 .5 40 .4 4 2 .2 40 .1 41 .1 40 .7 3 8 .6 4 1 .8 41 .8 3 6 .3 4 0 .5 38 .6 40 .8 37.4 3 8 .8 3 9 .2 37 .5 40 .5 40 .9 35 .6 3 9 .4 3 5 .6 3 6 .5 3 5 .4 3 6 .5 3 6 .7 3 7 .7 36 .4 38 .2 3 6 .3 3 8 .2 3 6 .3 3 8 .4 35 .1 3 7 .0 3 5 .8 3 7 .4 3 6 .2 3 8 .2 3 6 .0 3 7 .9 3 6 .5 3 8 .6 3 6 .7 3 8 .0 3 6 .2 3 7 .3 3 6 .6 3 7 .2 35 .4 3 4 .3 3 5 .8 3 2 .6 3 6 .5 3 2 .6 37 .4 34 .9 3 7 .3 3 4 .3 3 7 .4 3 3 .7 3 7 .0 3 4 .5 36 .1 3 3 .0 3 5 .6 3 4 .5 3 6 .8 3 4 .4 3 8 .8 3 3 .8 3 7 .5 34 .1 3 7 .9 3 4 .0 3 7 .9 3 2 .8 3 7 .8 3 4 .6 3 6 .0 34.1 37 .1 36 .1 3 6 .0 3 6 .4 35.1 3 4 .4 3 6 .7 3 6 .0 37 .1 35 .9 34 .2 37 .0 3 6 .0 3 2 .0 37 .1 3 5 .7 3 0 .4 36 .1 3 4 .5 2 9 .7 3 4 .6 3 5 .5 3 5 .9 3 5 .9 3 6 .3 3 7 .0 3 6 .7 3 6 .4 3 4 .8 3 6 .8 3 6 .8 3 3 .6 36 .1 3 7 .6 3 1 .9 3 7 .3 3 7 .4 3 2 .6 3 5 .9 3 6 .9 3 4 .2 3 6 .5 36 .2 3 5 .0 3 6 .4 3 6 .4 39.1 3 5 .9 3 8 .0 3 6 .7 3 8 .0 3 6 .2 3 8 .2 3 7 .3 3 8 .0 3 6 .3 3 8 .3 3 5 .6 3 6 .9 3 6 .1 38 .1 3 6 .4 3 7 .5 3 6 .5 3 7 .6 3 7 .0 3 8 .2 3 7 .0 3 8 .4 3 6 .8 3 8 .4 3 7 .0 3 8 .2 3 6 .0 3 7 .4 Average hourly earnings Textile-mill products............................. Scouring and combing plants.......... Yam and thread mills__________ Broad-woven fabric m ills............... Narrow fabrics and smallwares___ Knitting mills.............................. Dyeing and finishing textiles_____ Carpets, rags, other floor coverings. Hats (except cloth and millinery).Miscellaneous textile goods............. Apparel and other finished textile products........................ ....................... Men’s and boys’ suits and coats___ Men’s and boys’ furnishings and work clothing________________ Women’s outerwear_____ _______ Women’s, children’s undergarments....................................... Millinery_____________________ Children’s outerwear....................... Miscellaneous apparel and accessories............................................. Other fabricated textile products__ See footnotes at end of table. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis $ 1.6 2 1.7 3 1.51 1 .6 0 1.6 9 1.5 2 1.7 7 1 .9 6 1.65 1.91 1.6 2 1 .7 2 1.51 1 .6 0 1 .6 8 1 .5 2 1 .7 6 1.9 5 1.65 1.91 1.59 1.91 1 .5 8 1.91 1.57 1.92 1.55 1.85 1.5 4 1.90 1.54 1.80 1.5 3 1.7 7 1. 56 1.79 1. 55 1 .7 8 1.5 4 1.77 1. 53 1.7 7 1.5 3 1.79 1.5 2 1.7 7 1.5 2 1 .7 6 1.51 1.7 6 1.3 3 1.7 7 1 .3 3 1 .7 7 1.32 1.7 5 1.32 1. 71 1.3 2 1.69 1.3 2 1.71 1.31 1.7 0 1.33 1.73 1.3 2 1. 74 1.32 1.72 1.31 1.7 3 1.31 1.72 1.3 0 1.7 0 1.2 9 1.72 1.2 8 1.69 1 .4 4 1.9 2 1 .4 4 1.4 3 1.91 1.4 6 1.42 1.9 3 1.44 1.40 1.96 1.44 1.42 1.8 3 1.4 3 1.43 1.84 1.43 1.4 2 1.84 1.41 1.42 1.87 1.44 1.41 1.9 2 1.4 3 1.4 0 1.8 7 1.4 3 1.4 0 1.81 1.4 0 1.41 1.8 4 1.4 0 1.4 0 1.8 6 1.40 1.39 1.8 4 1.4 0 1.37 1.83 1.38 1.50 1.71 1 .4 8 1 .6 6 1.47 1.62 1.46 1.67 1.4 4 1.6 3 1 .4 4 1.61 1.44 1.59 1.46 1.6 0 1.44 1.61 1.43 1.59 1.43 1. 57 1.4 3 1 . 65 1.43 1 .5 6 1.4 2 1. 56 1.41 1.52 $ $ 1.62 1.7 5 1.51 1.61 1.6 7 1.51 1.76 1.96 1.63 1.88 $ 1.62 1.7 6 1.52 1.61 1.6 6 1.50 1.77 1.97 1.67 1.89 $ 1.63 1.75 1 . 52 1.6 2 1.6 7 1.5 2 1.7 9 1.9 8 1.69 1.8 9 $ 1.6 3 1. 75 1.5 2 1.61 1.6 5 1.5 2 1 .7 8 1.97 1.6 8 1.8 8 $ 1.61 1.7 2 1. 51 1.6 0 1.6 4 1.50 1.7 6 1. 96 1.69 1.8 4 $ 1.6 2 1.72 1. 51 1.6 0 1 .6 5 1.5 2 1.7 5 1.9 6 1.69 1.8 5 $ 1.6 0 1.7 0 1.50 1. 56 1.6 4 1. 51 1.7 3 1.9 5 1. 65 1.87 $ 1.6 0 1.7 0 1.4 9 1.5 6 1.6 3 1.51 1 .7 3 1.95 1.71 1.8 8 $ 1.59 1.7 0 1.4 9 1.56 1.6 4 1.4 9 1.7 4 1.95 1.6 8 1.8 6 $ 1.59 1.7 5 1.4 9 1.5 6 1.6 4 1.4 9 1 .7 3 1.9 5 1.67 1.8 4 $ 1.59 1.7 3 1.4 9 1. 56 1.6 4 1.49 1.7 3 1.95 1.6 5 1.8 4 $ 1.57 1.71 1.4 7 1.5 4 1.61 1.49 1.71 1.9 5 1.7 0 1.8 2 $ 1. 51 1.60 1.40 1.45 1.54 1.46 1.65 1.89 1.65 1.75 C.—EARNINGS AND HOURS 99 T able C -l. Gross hours and earnings of production workers,1 by industry—Continued 1959 1960 Annual average Industry Oct. 2 Sept. Aug. July June May Apr. Mar. Feb. Jan. Dec. Nov. Oct. 1959 1958 Average weekly earnings M a n u fa c tu rin g — Continued N o n d u r a b le goods — Continued Paper and allied products....................... Pulp, paper, and paperboard mills. Paperboard containers and boxes— Other paper and allied products— $96.83 $98.14 $97.75 $97.33 $97.13 $96. 05 $93. 63 $94.30 $94. 73 $95. 20 $95.22 $95. 22 $95. 67 $94.16 106.27 107.20 106.82 106.87 106.19 104.64 102.15 103. 29 103.97 104. 24 104.48 104. 72 104. 48 102. 73 90.89 91.30 90. 69 88.99 89.64 88.34 86.43 86.03 86.67 87. 74 86. 93 88. 20 89.68 87. 78 84.85 85.68 85.90 85.49 85. 70 86.11 84.26 84.87 84.05 84. 67 85.07 83.64 83.84 83.42 Printing, publishing, and allied Industries........................................................ 107.14 N A w spnpers 113.80 Periodicals-------- ---------------- ------ 117.26 Books_____ ___________________ 94.40 Commercial printing____________ 107.19 Lithographing.......................... ........ 107.64 Greeting cards.................................. 74.40 Bookbinding and related industries. 83.93 Miscellaneous publishing and printing services______________ 116.66 103. 41 108. 28 113.15 90. 52 102. 96 106. 40 70.07 80. 50 97.90 103.43 102.97 85.80 97.22 98.81 67.03 74.86 118.87 116. 73 119.81 116.18 115.97 115.06 117.35 118.81 118.50 118.78 117.18 114.98 116.19 110. 75 108.08 113.49 125.38 93. 53 108.80 110.48 73.66 82.56 106.09 110.14 119.19 97.17 105.72 112.16 71.55 82.64 106.20 111. 47 120.10 92.97 105.18 109.97 73.30 82.60 105. 54 112.10 114.09 93.43 105.18 109.53 69. 74 82. 64 106. 37 113.31 114. 37 94. 25 105.06 110. 55 73. 53 81. 20 103.95 110.05 115.30 91.66 103.33 106.23 70.48 79.92 105.05 108. 72 116. 57 91.43 105. 86 109.20 73. 54 82.01 104.12 108. 42 111. 20 89.44 103.35 107. 86 76.63 81.20 104. 56 107.45 111. 35 91.14 105.34 107. 73 75.08 81. 79 106. 86 113. 31 108.93 92. 57 106. 92 109. 89 70.10 83.28 103. 79 107. 76 113. 96 90.29 104. 28 107.19 70.25 81. 66 104. 83 110. 00 119. 83 91. 31 104. 67 108. 67 69.72 80. 43 $88.83 96.10 82. 41 78.96 Average weekly hours Paper and allied products...................... Pulp, paper, and paperboard mills. Paperboard containers and boxes... Other paper and allied products... 42.1 43.2 41.5 40.6 42.3 43.4 41.5 40.8 42.5 43.6 41.6 41.1 42.5 43.8 41.2 41.1 42.6 43.7 41.5 41.4 42.5 43.6 40.9 41.8 41.8 43.1 40.2 41.1 42.1 43.4 40.2 41.4 42.1 43.5 40.5 41.0 42.5 43.8 41.0 41.3 42.7 43.9 41.2 41.7 42.7 44.0 41.8 41.2 42.9 43.9 42.3 41.3 42.8 43.9 41.8 41.5 41.9 42.9 41.0 40.7 Printing, publishing, and allied industries____________________________ Newspapers___________________ Periodicals____ ________________ Books.................... ............................ Commercial printing..... .................. Lithographing......... ......................... Greeting cards.......................... ........ Bookbinding and related industries. Miscellaneous publishing and printing services______________ 38.4 35.9 41.0 40.0 39.7 39.0 40.0 38.5 38.6 35.8 42.5 39.8 40.0 39.6 39.6 38.4 38.3 35.3 41.1 41.0 39.3 40.2 39.1 38.8 38.2 35.5 41.7 39.9 39.1 39.7 39.2 38.6 38.1 35.7 40.6 40.1 39,1 39.4 37.9 38.8 38.4 36.2 40.7 40.8 39.2 40.2 38.1 38.3 37.8 35.5 40.6 40.2 38.7 39.2 36.9 37.7 38.2 35.3 40.9 40.1 39.5 40.0 38.3 38.5 38.0 35.2 40.0 39.4 39.0 39.8 38.7 38.3 38.3 35.0 40.2 39.8 39.9 39.9 38.5 38.4 39.0 36.2 39.9 40.6 40.5 40.7 38.1 39.1 38.3 35.1 40.7 39.6 39.8 39.7 38.6 38.7 38.4 35.6 41.9 39.7 39.8 40.1 38.1 38.3 38.3 35.5 40.7 39.7 39.6 39.7 38.5 38.7 37.8 35.3 39.3 39.0 39.2 38.9 38.3 38.0 38.0 38.1 37.9 38.4 37.6 37.9 37.6 38.1 38.7 38.6 39.2 38.8 38.2 38.6 37.8 Average hourly earnings $2.32 2.47 2.20 2.10 $2.30 2.45 2.18 2.09 $2.29 2.44 2.16 2.08 $2.28 2.43 2.16 2.07 $2.26 2.40 2.16 2.06 $2.24 2.37 2.15 2.05 $2.24 2.38 2.14 2.05 $2.25 2.39 2.14 2.05 $2.24 2.38 2.14 2.05 $2.23 2.38 2.11 2.04 $2. 23 2. 38 2.11 2.03 $2.23 2.38 2.12 2.03 $2.20 2.34 2.10 2.01 $2.12 2.24 2.01 1.94 2. 79 3.17 2.86 2.36 2.70 2. 76 1.86 2.18 2.80 3.17 2.95 2.35 2.72 2.79 1.86 2.15 2.77 3.12 2.90 2.37 2.69 2. 79 1.83 2.13 2.78 3.14 2.88 2.33 2.69 2. 77 1.87 2.14 2.77 3.14 2.81 2.33 2.69 2.78 1.84 2.13 2.77 3.13 2.81 2.31 2.68 2.75 1.93 2.12 2. 75 3.10 2.84 2.28 2.67 2. 71 1.91 2.12 2.75 3.08 2. 85 2.28 2.68 2. 73 1.92 2.13 2.74 3.08 2.78 2.27 2.65 2.71 1.98 2.12 2.73 3.07 2.77 2.29 2.64 2.70 1.95 2.13 2. 74 3.13 2. 73 2.28 2.64 2.70 1.84 2.13 2.71 3.07 2.80 2.28 2.62 2.70 1.82 2.11 2.73 3.09 2.86 2.30 2.63 2.71 1.83 2.10 2.70 3.05 2.78 2.28 2. 60 2.68 1.82 2.08 2. 59 2. 93 2.62 2.20 2.48 2.54 1.75 1.97 3.07 3.12 3.08 3.12 3.09 3.06 3.06 3.08 3.07 3.07 3.03 3.02 3.01 3.01 2.93 Paper and allied products...................... $2.30 Pulp, paper, and paperboard mills. 2.46 Paperboard containers and boxes.. 2.19 2.09 Other paper and allied products— Printing, publishing, and allied industries___________________________ Newspapers.......... ............................ Periodicals........................................ Books________________________ Commercial printing______ _____ Lithographing_________________ Greeting cards.................................. Bookbinding and related industries. Miscellaneous publishing and printing services______ _______ See footnotes at end of table. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JANUARY lflGl 100 T a b l e C -l. Gross hours and earnings of production workers,1 by industry—Continued I960 1959 Annual average Industry Oct.* Sept. Aug. July June Apr. May Mar. Feb. Jan. Dec. Nov. Oct. 1959 1958 Average weekly earnings Manufacturing—Continued N o n d u r a b le g ood s— Continued Chemicals and allied products.............. Industrial Inorganic chemicals........ Industrial organic chemicals........... Drugs and medicines..........- ........... Soap, cleaning and polishing preparations— -------- ------------------Paints, pigments, and fillers..........Gum aihd wood chemicals-----------Fertilizers-...................... -................ Vegetable and animal oils and fats. Miscellaneous chemicals............. — $104.24 $104.90 $104.90 $106.08 $105. 59 $103.58 $104.41 $102.01 $101.60 $101.60 $102.66 $101.75 $101.09 $100.02 $94.48 116.75 117.16 116. 05 117.46 116. 2C 114.55 117.45 113.02 112. 75 112. 61 114.93 113. 55 113.97 111.64 104.70 110.16 110.97 110. 42 113.15 112.67 110.77 112.2Î 108.62 108.21 108.21 109.78 108. 58 108.05 106.81 100.04 94.30 95.18 94.02 94.6C 94.19 93.73 92. 75 92.97 93.66 92.62 92.66 93.11 93.11 90.58 85.88 113.02 112.19 114.93 111. 51 101.34 100.78 101.27 101.11 88.41 93.09 88.62 93.1C 80.56 81.64 80.37 81.9C 90.29 90.35 90.50 92.42 96.22 95.99 95.18 95.99 113.82 110.95 108.24 111. 72 103.07 102.41 101. IS 98.9C 90.29 87.74 86.2S 84.2C 80.70 79.74 85.44 74.07 92.17 89.42 87.23 87.96 94.77 95.06 95.71 94.89 109.15 107.94 109.3e 108.16 108. 58 105.47 100.86 98.42 98.01 98.33 99.22 96.32 98.28 93.25 84.0C 82.60 84.77 87.90 82. 54 83.36 80.45 77.96 78.75 78.57 76.44 75.48 78.12 74.03 86.29 87.30 86.48 87.23 85.84 85.44 82.21 93.96 93.96 94.25 93.43 92.39 91.58 87.02 Products of petroleum and coal............. 117.62 120.60 117.62 121.18 119.60 118.03 119. 54 116.87 116.87 116.98 117. 74 118.90 117. 50 117.38 110.97 Petroleum refining............ - ............. 121.80 124.53 120.90 124.84 123.22 123.11 124.23 120.20 120.60 120.40 121.80 124.01 119.80 121.29 114.90 Coke, other petroleum and coal products____________________ 105.47 108.52 107. 43 109.82 108.36 102.51 105.44 106. 49 105.97 106.90 105.30 103.17 108.03 105.83 97.28 Rubber products..................................... 100.69 98.28 100.15 103.53 102.72 100.04 94.60 97.71 100.00 102.16 101. 59 97.66 101.18 101.60 92.59 Tires and inner tubes.....................- 115.53 112.40 114.66 123. 71 121.39 117. 51 107.38 113.68 117.71 119.80 118. 59 112. 62 117. 49 120.01 106.04 Rubber footwear............................... 82.59 79.18 81.40 82.21 82.82 81.40 77.01 78.61 77.21 79.40 80.79 79.80 79.40 79.19 76.62 Other rubber products................... - 93.73 92.10 92.75 91.66 92.34 90.12 88.43 89. 78 91.76 93. 52 92.93 89.87 93.38 92.99 84.59 V Average weekly hours 41.2 41.4 40.8 40.3 41.3 41.4 41.1 40.5 41.3 41.3 41.2 40.7 41.6 41.8 41.9 40.6 41.9 41.8 42.2 40.6 41.6 41.8 41.8 40.4 42.1 42.4 41.9 40.5 41.3 41.4 41.3 40.6 41.3 41.3 41.3 40.9 41.3 41.4 41.3 40.8 41.9 42.1 41.9 41.0 41.7 41.9 41.6 41.2 41.6 41.9 41.4 41.2 41.5 41.5 41.4 40.8 40.9 40.9 40.5 40.7 41.4 40.7 41.9 42.4 46.3 40.6 41.4 40.8 43.5 42.3 45.4 40.5 42.1 41.0 42.4 42.3 43.3 40.5 41.3 41.1 43.3 42.0 43.8 40.5 42.0 41.9 43.2 42.7 44.1 40.5 41.4 41.8 42.8 43.1 43.2 40.8 41.0 41.3 42.3 48.0 43.4 40.9 42.0 40.7 42.1 40.7 44.2 40.9 41.5 40.5 42.0 42.6 43.8 40.6 41.2 40.5 41.3 42.8 45.0 40.5 41.9 40.8 42.6 42.7 46.0 40.8 41.6 41.0 43.3 42.0 46.4 40.8 41.6 40.3 41.9 41.7 46.4 40.7 41.2 41.3 42.1 43.4 44.5 40.7 41.0 40.9 41.9 42.3 44.2 40.1 Products of petroleum and coal______ Petroleum refining............ ............ Coke, other petroleum and coal products____________________ 40.7 40.6 41.3 41.1 40.7 40.3 41.5 41.2 41.1 40.8 40.7 40.9 40.8 41.0 40.3 40.2 40.3 40.2 40.2 40.0 40.6 40.6 41.0 41.2 40.8 40.2 40.9 40.7 40.5 40.6 41.2 41.9 41.8 42.4 42 0 40.2 40.4 40.8 40.6 40.8 40.5 40.3 42.7 41.5 40.2 Rubber products-.................................... Tires and inner tubes.............. ........ Rubber footwear.............................. Other rubber products..................... 39.8 38.9 39.9 40.0 39.0 38.1 39.2 39.7 39.9 39.0 40.1 40.5 40.6 41.1 40.3 40.2 40.6 40.6 40.6 40.5 39.7 39.7 40.1 39.7 38.3 36.9 38.7 39.3 39.4 38.8 39.5 39.9 40.0 39.5 38.8 40.6 40.7 40.2 39.5 41.2 40.8 40.2 39.8 41.3 39.7 38.7 39.9 40.3 40.8 40.1 39.9 41.5 41.3 41.1 40.2 41.7 39.4 38.7 39.7 39.9 Chemicals and allied products............... Industrial Inorganic chemicals........ Industrial organic chemicals_____ Drugs and medicines— ................. Soap, cleaning and polishing preparations-------------- ------ ----------Paints, pigments, and fillers_____ Gum and wood chemicals-----------Fertilizers------ ----------- -------------Vegetable and animal oils and fats. Miscellaneous chemicals.................. Average hourly earnings Chemicals and allied products............... Industrial inorganic chemicals........ Industrial organic chemicals........... Drugs and medicines..................... . Soap, cleaning and polishing preparations................... ....................... Paints, pigments and fillers______ Gum and wood chemicals___ ____ Fertilizers-........................................ Vegetable and animal oils and fats. Miscellaneous chemicals................ . $2.53 2.82 2.70 2.34 $2.54 2.83 2.70 2.35 $2.54 2.81 2.68 2.31 $2.55 2.81 2.70 2.33 $2.52 2.78 2.67 2.32 $2.49 2.74 2.65 2.32 $2.48 2.77 2.68 2.29 $2.47 2. 73 2.63 2.29 $2.46 2.73 2.62 2.29 $2.46 2.72 2.62 2.27 $2.45 2.73 2.62 2.26 $2.44 2. 71 2.61 2.26 $2.43 2.72 2.61 2.26 $2.41 2.69 2.58 2.22 $2.31 2.56 2.47 2.11 2.73 2.49 2.11 1.90 1.95 2.37 2.71 2.47 2.14 1.93 1.99 2.37 2.73 2. 47 2.09 1.90 2.09 2.35 2.70 2.46 2.15 1.95 2.11 2.37 2.71 2.46 2.09 1.89 2.09 2.34 2.68 2.45 2.05 1.85 2.07 2.33 2.64 2.45 2.04 1.78 2.01 2.34 2.66 2.43 2.00 1.82 1.99 2.32 2.63 2.43 2.00 1.83 1.97 2.32 2.62 2.42 2.00 1.84 1.94 2.32 2.61 2.41 1.99 1.84 1.88 2.31 2.60 2.42 2.03 1.82 1.88 2.29 2.61 2.39 1.97 1.81 1.85 2.27 2. 56 2.38 1.98 1.80 1.92 2.25 2.46 2.28 1.92 1. 75 1.86 2.17 Products of petroleum and coal........... . Petroleum refining............................ Coke, other petroleum and coal products____________________ 2.89 3.00 2.92 3.03 2.89 3.00 2.92 3.03 2.91 3.02 2.90 3.01 2.93 3.03 2.90 2.99 2.90 3.00 2.91 3.01 2.90 3.00 2.90 3.01 2.88 2.98 2. 87 2.98 2.74 2. S3 2.56 2.59 2.57 2.59 2.58 2.55 2.61 2.61 2.61 2.62 2.60 2. 56 2.53 2.55 2.42 Rubber products.......... ...............—........ Tires and inner tubes..................... . Rubber footwear__________ _____ Other rubber products..................... 2.53 2.97 2.07 2.32 2.52 2.95 2.02 2.32 2.51 2.94 2.03 2.29 2.55 3.01 2.04 2.28 2.53 2. 99 2.04 2.28 2.52 2.96 2.03 2.27 2.47 2.91 1.99 2.25 2.48 2.93 1.99 2.25 2.50 2.98 1.99 2.26 2. 51 2.98 2.01 2. 27 2.49 2.95 2.03 2.25 2.46 2.91 2.00 2.23 2.48 2.93 1.99 2.25 2.46 2.92 1.97 2.23 2.35 2.74 1.93 2.12 See footnotes at end of table. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 101 C.—EARNINGS AND HOURS T a b l e C - l . G ross h ou rs an d earn in gs o f p ro d u c tio n w o rk ers,1 b y in d u str y — C o n tin u e d Annual average 1959 1960 Industry Oct.» Sept. Aug. July June May Apr. Mar. Feb. Jan. Dec. Nov. Oct. 1959 1958 Average weekly earnings Manufacturing—Continued N o n d u r a b le poods—Continued Leather and leather products________ Leather: tanned, curried, and fin ished_____ __________________ Industrial leather belting and packing.,___________________ Boot and shoe cut stock and find ings................................................ Footwear (except rubber)_______ Luggage.........................-................. Handbags and small leather goods.. Gloves and miscellaneous leather goods............................................ $59.76 $59.24 $62.48 $62.98 $62.37 $59.90 $58.06 $60.84 $60.64 $61. 78 $61.07 $60.43 $58.28 $60.70 84.96 84.10 84.56 82.68 86.27 83.07 81.66 81.87 81.24 81.30 82. 74 81.09 80.50 80.94 80.77 78.74 78.74 80.20 78.21 77.03 73.53 76.24 72.13 $57.78 78.39 74.68 79.80 69. 50 72.38 79. 56 76.62 56. 21 57.46 69.70 59.60 54.42 55. 69 63.50 54.24 57.30 58.34 65.18 56.45 56.02 54.87 63. 46 55. 54 53.71 52.77 51.89 50.40 105.25 106.43 94. 57 94. 59 101.50 90.52 55.62 55.36 65.49 62.24 54.01 55.65 68.46 58.19 59.03 60.26 65.18 58.45 59.21 61.22 64.30 58.14 59.44 60.00 66.42 56.30 58.25 56.80 65.07 57.07 55. 22 55.62 62.87 53.61 57.82 58. 56 63.63 58.05 58.44 58. 67 62.29 57.30 60.30 60.10 62.87 56.92 59.83 58.40 63.54 58.65 55.19 53.22 54.52 53.43 54.24 52.71 51.41 52.20 52. 42 50.98 53.11 Transportation and public utilities: Transportation: Interstate railroads: Class I railroads *............... ..... Local railways and buslines........... C ommunication: Telephone____________ ____ Telegraph *............................... Other public utilities: Gas and electric utilities________ Electric light and power utilities. Gas utilities............................... Electric light and gas utilities combined..................... - ......... 107.18 110.33 107.42 110. 42 107. 59 107.33 109.82 111.45 106.60 110.00 106.86 99.96 100.22 100.22 100.92 99.79 97.78 97. 78 97.33 95.60 96.10 95.44 91.94 95.47 89.27 89.95 88.26 87.81 86.36 87.58 87.42 86.14 87.42 89.95 103. 70 108.14 103.09 102.37 104.00 97. 75 95.30 95.30 94.43 95.30 95.53 95.53 113. 85 115.37 110.16 110.02 109.34 109.34 108.94 108.26 107. 59 108.39 107.98 109.03 111.93 116.89 110.97 110.97 109.88 109. 61 108.79 108.94 107.86 108.39 107.71 108.65 107.23 104.04 102.21 102.21 101.15 101.15 101.25 100.85 99.85 100.85 101.18 103.91 98.83 85.46 95.99 78.72 90.06 108. 62 105.78 108.24 106.34 103.17 99.39 100.37 101.43 94.83 122.06 123.06 115.87 115.34 115.62 116.18 115.62 113.96 114.52 114.67 114.12 114.13 113.44 110. 56 Average weekly hours 103.63 88.58 95.57 Manufacturing —Continued N o n d u r a b l e poods—Continued Leather and leather products...... ......... Leather: tanned, curried, and fin ished___ ______ _____________ Industrial leather belting and packing.......................................... Boot and shoe cut stock and find ings— ............................................ Footwear (except rubber).............. Luggage............................................ Handbags and small leather goods.. Gloves and miscellaneous leather goods...................................... ........ 36.0 35.9 38.1 38.4 37.8 36.3 35.4 37.1 37.2 37.9 37.7 37.3 36.2 37.7 36.8 39.7 39.3 39.7 39.0 40.6 39.0 38.7 38.8 38.5 38.9 39.4 38.8 38.7 39.1 39.0 39.4 38.6 38.6 40.1 39.3 39.1 38.1 38.7 36.8 38.1 40.1 36.2 37.5 40.8 39.7 35.2 34.6 38.3 39.9 34.4 35.0 39.8 37.3 37.6 37.9 38.8 38.2 38.2 38.5 38.5 38.0 38.1 37.5 39.3 36.8 37.1 35.5 38.5 37.3 35.4 34.7 37.2 35.5 37.3 36.6 38.1 38.7 37.7 36.9 37.3 38.2 38.9 37.8 37.2 38.2 38.6 37.2 37.6 39.1 36.5 36.6 41.0 40.0 35.8 35.7 37.8 36.4 37.7 37.4 38.8 38.4 37.1 36.1 38.0 38.3 37.8 36.7 37.6 36.1 36.9 36.1 35.7 36.0 36.4 35.9 37.4 37.3 36.9 36.8 36.0 42.6 40.6 42.9 42.6 43.2 41.0 43.2 42.8 43.5 41.7 43.2 41.6 42.7 42.9 42.7 42.7 42.5 41.0 42.3 42.8 42.9 41.1 42.8 41.6 42.6 41.9 42.8 41.6 42.7 39.8 42.5 40.8 43.5 39.5 42.6 39.8 42.3 39.4 42.8 39.2 42.5 38.9 41.8 39.1 41.8 39.2 41.6 38.8 41.8 39.2 41.9 40.7 41.9 39.9 42.1 39.2 42.1 38.4 41.6 41.4 41.0 41.4 41.8 42.2 40.8 40.8 41.1 40.4 40.9 41.1 40.4 40.8 41.0 40.3 40.8 40.9 40.3 40.8 40.9 40.5 40.7 40.8 40.5 40.6 40.7 40.1 40.9 40.9 40.5 40.9 40.8 40.8 41.3 41.0 41.4 41.3 41.0 41.6 41.0 40.9 40.9 40.8 40.9 40.7 41.8 42.0 40.8 40.9 41.0 41.2 41.0 40.7 40.9 41.1 41.2 41.5 41.4 41.1 40.8 Transportation and public utilities: Transportation: Interstate railroads: Class I railroads *___________ Local railways and buslines______ Communication: Telephone_________________ Telegraph 4________________ Other public utilities: Gas and electric utilities...... ........... Electric light and power utilities. Gas utilities________________ Electric light and gas utilities combined.______ ________ Average hourly earnings Manufacturing—Continued Nondurable poods—Continued Leather and leather products...... .......... $1.66 Leather: tanned, curried, and fin ished.............................................. 2.14 Industrial leather belting and packing_____ ___________ ____ 2.05 Boot and shoe cut stock and find ings.................. .............................. 1. 58 1.60 Footwear (except rubber)_______ Luggage............................................. 1.71 Handbags and small leather goods.. 1.56 Gloves and miscellaneous leather 1.46 goods_______________________ Transportation and public utilities: Transportation: Interstate railroads: Class I railroads »___________ Local railways and buslines______ 2. 32 Communication: 2.31 Telephone_________________ 2.44 Telegraph *________________ Other public utilities: Gas and electric utilities.................. 2. 75 Electric light and power utilities. 2. 73 Gas utilities.................... ........... 2. 59 Electric light and gas utilities 2.92 combined________________ See footnotes at end of table. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis $1.65 2.14 2.04 $1.64 2.13 2.04 $1.64 $1.65 $1. 65 $1.64 $1.64 $1.63 $1.63 $1.62 $1.62 $1.61 $1.61 $1.57 2.11 2.11 2.09 2.10 2.09 2.08 2.07 2.01 2.12 2.13 2.13 2.11 2.00 1.99 1.97 1. 93 1.97 1.96 1.96 1.99 1.92 1.93 1.95 1.93 1.57 1.60 1.69 1.53 1.56 1.60 1.69 1.51 1. 55 1.60 1.67 1.50 1.55 1.59 1.67 1.50 1.55 1. 59 1.69 1.49 1.55 1.57 1.69 1.50 1.54 1.57 1.70 1.49 1.52 1.56 1.68 1.49 1.52 1.56 1.68 1.47 1.51 1.52 1.67 1.45 1.57 1.59 1.72 1.56 1.57 1.59 1.68 1.53 1.55 1.59 1.67 1.53 1.56 1.60 1.69 1.53 1.45 1.45 1.48 1.47 1.46 1.44 1.45 1.44 1.42 1.42 1.44 1.43 1.41 1.40 2.64 2.33 2.59 2.32 2.62 2.32 2.58 2.32 2.58 2.31 2. 58 2.29 2. 56 2.29 2.61 2.29 2.60 2.26 2. 57 2.24 2.60 2.23 2.53 2.22 2. 54 2.21 2.44 2.12 2.34 2.44 2.26 2.42 2.26 2.42 2.24 2.43 2.24 2.30 2.22 2.28 2.24 2.28 2.23 2. 27 2.22 2.28 2.23 2.28 2. 21 2.28 2. 22 2. 27 2.18 2.28 2.05 2.17 2. 76 2. 77 2. 55 2.70 2.70 2.53 2.69 2.70 2.53 2.68 2. 68 2.51 2. 68 2.68 2. 51 2.67 2.66 2.50 2.66 2.67 2.49 2. 65 2. 65 2.49 2.65 2. 65 2.49 2.64 2.64 2. 48 2. 64 2. 65 2.51 2. 63 2. 64 2.48 2.58 2. 60 2. 43 2.46 2.48 2.33 2.93 2.84 2.82 2. 82 2. 82 2. 82 2.80 2. 80 2. 79 2. 77 2. 75 2. 74 2. 69 2.54 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JANUARY 1961 102 T able C -l. Gross hours and earnings of production workers,1 by industry—Continued 1960 Industry Oct.2 Sept. Aug. July June May Mar. Feb. Jan. Dec. Nov. Oct. 1959 $93.50 $94.13 $93.56 $94.19 $93.09 $92.46 $91.83 $91.37 $90.35 $90.80 $91.94 $91.71 $91.53 $90.27 1958 $87.02 68.07 49.01 68. 43 49. 30 69.32 50.26 69. 52 50. 75 68.80 49. 74 67.69 48.87 67.48 48.99 66.95 48.33 66.95 48.19 66.95 48.19 66.09 50.01 66.38 47.46 67.11 47.94 67.06 48.37 64. 77 46.85 55.06 71.46 89.35 51. 64 55. 71 72.27 88.24 52.48 56.32 72. 76 89.96 52.65 56.99 73.16 91.29 52. 59 56.00 72.16 91.29 52.82 55.04 70.60 90.87 51.56 55.14 70.13 91.73 53.48 53. 69 68.89 88. 91 50.85 53. 69 69.34 87.40 51.64 54.19 69.38 88.04 51.87 56.70 69. 26 86.29 53.35 52.98 69.81 88.71 51.83 53.82 69. 65 89. 76 51.34 54.36 69.89 88.24 51.90 52.60 67.52 83.22 50.81 77. 33 77.30 77.49 76.70 77.08 75.07 75.44 74.80 75.44 76.67 79.80 77.46 76.18 75. 76 72.31 83. 75 82.94 83.69 83.50 82.88 82.49 81.64 79.49 78.28 78.09 79.99 80.22 81.79 79.95 77.04 70. 69 69.75 69. 75 70.31 69. 75 69. 75 69.94 69. 56 69.94 69.93 68.81 68.28 68.81 68.07 111.14 115. 61 113.14 117.33 117.16 111.54 113.61 112. 67 114. 52 115. 49 117.14 110.15 109. 43 119.24 88.49 87.92 88.34 88.08 87.99 88.15 87.37 87.68 87.54 87.26 86.52 86.32 85.79 85.79 66. 57 106.88 82.97 49.35 48.83 49.04 48.80 48.80 48.28 47. 52 48.00 47.64 48.12 48.40 48.24 48.20 47.44 45.20 48.83 56.20 48. 46 54. 67 48.07 53.02 48. 56 54.43 48.68 57.06 48.68 55.95 48.00 57.94 46. 68 52.68 46.92 52.40 47.04 53.10 47.24 54.91 46. 37 54.35 46.96 55.60 46.45 53.29 44.30 50.82 114. 62 112.12 113. 37 107. 96 107. 23 112.13 111. 63 112.89 114.31 114. 51 108.36 Average weekly hours 98.65 Motion-picture production and distribution________ _________ 116.17 116. 45 118.61 Wholesale and retail trade: Wholesale trade_______________ Retail trade (except eating and drinking places)______________________ General merchandise stores______ Department stores and general mail-order houses_________ Food and liquor stores__________ Automotive and accessories dealers. Apparel and accessories stores____ Other retail trade: Furniture and appliance stores. Lumber and hardware supply stores____________________ Finance, insurance, and real estate: Banks and trust companies 5________ Security dealers and exchanges_______ Insurance carriers__________________ Service and miscellaneous: Hotels and lodging places: Hotels, year-round 6_____________ Personal services: Laundries_____________ _______ Cleaning and dyeing plants......... . Motion pictures: Motion-picture production and distribution................................. Apr. Average weekly earnings W llu l6 S o .l6 d l i u 1 c J i l l Wholesale trade___________________ Retail trade (except eating and drinking p laces)............... ........... ............. . General merchandise stores______ Department stores and general mail-order houses................... Food and liquor stores__________ Automotive and accessories dealers. Apparel and accessories stores____ Other retail trade: Furniture and appliance stores. Lumber and hardware supply stores____________________ Finance, insurance, and real estate: Banks and trust companies 5............ Security dealers and exchanges............ Insurance carriers................... ........... . Service and miscellaneous: Hotels and lodging places: Hotels, year-round 6____________ Personal services: Laundries_______ _____________ Cleaning and dyeing plants............ Annual average 1959 40.3 40.4 40.5 40.6 40.3 40.2 40.1 39.9 39.8 40.0 40.5 40.4 40.5 40.3 40.1 37.4 33.8 37.6 34.0 38.3 34.9 38.2 35.0 37.8 34.3 37.4 33.7 37.7 34.5 37.4 33.8 37.4 33.7 37.4 33.7 38.2 36.5 37.5 33.9 37.7 34.0 38.1 34.8 38.1 34. 7 34.2 35.2 43.8 34.2 34.6 35.6 43.9 34.3 35.2 36.2 44.1 35.1 35.4 36.4 44.1 34.6 35.0 35.9 44.1 34.3 34.4 35.3 43.9 33.7 34.9 35.6 44.1 34.5 34.2 35.3 43.8 33.9 34.2 35.2 43.7 34.2 34.3 35.4 43.8 33.9 37.3 35.7 43.8 35.1 34.4 35.8 43.7 34.1 34.5 35.9 44.0 34.0 35.3 36.4 43.9 34.6 35.3 36.3 43.8 34.8 40.7 40.9 41.0 40.8 41.0 40.8 41.0 41.1 41.0 41.0 42.0 41.2 41.4 41.4 41. 8 42.3 42.1 42.7 42.6 42.5 42.3 42.3 41.4 41.2 41.1 42.1 42.0 42.6 42.3 42.1 37.4 37.1 37.3 37.4 37.3 37.3 37.4 37.4 37.4 37.8 37.6 37.3 37.6 37.4 37.4 39.8 39.7 40.2 40.0 40.0 39.9 39.6 40.0 39.7 40.1 40.0 40.2 40.5 40.2 40.0 39.7 39.3 39.4 38.5 39.4 37.6 39.8 38.6 39.9 39.9 39.9 39.4 40.0 40.8 38.9 37.9 39.1 37.7 39.2 38.2 39.7 39.5 39.3 39.1 39.8 40.0 39.7 38.9 39.2 38.5 Average hourly earnings Wholesale trade........ ................. ......... $2.32 $2.33 $2. 31 $2.32 $2.31 $2.30 $2.29 $2.29 $2.27 $2.27 $2.27 $2.27 $2.26 $2.24 $2.17 Retail trade (except eating and drinking places)________ ____ ______ ___ 1.82 1.81 1.82 1.82 1.82 1.81 1.79 1.79 1.79 1.79 1.73 1.77 1.78 1.76 1.70 General merchandise stores______ 1.45 1.45 1.44 1.45 1.45 1.45 1.42 1.43 1.43 1.43 1.37 1.41 1.40 1. 39 1.35 Department stores and general mail-order houses______ 1.61 1.61 1.60 1.61 1.60 1.60 1.58 1.57 1.57 1.58 1.62 1.54 1.56 1.54 1.49 Food and liquor stores_______ 2.03 2.01 2.03 2.01 2.01 2.00 1.97 1.98 1.97 1.96 1.94 1.95 1.94 1.92 1.86 Automotive and accessories dealers. 2. 04 2.01 2.04 2.07 2.07 2.07 2.08 2.03 2.00 2.01 1.97 2.03 2.04 2.01 1.90 Apparel and accessories stores......... 1.51 1.53 1.50 1.52 1.54 1.53 1.55 1.50 1.51 1.53 1.52 1.52 1.51 1. 50 1.46 Other retail trade: Furniture and appliance stores. 1.90 1.89 1.89 1.84 1.88 1.88 1.84 1.82 1.84 1.87 1.90 1.88 1.84 1.83 1 73 Lumber and hardware supply s to r e s ..___ ______ _ 1.98 1.96 1.97 1.96 1. 95 1.95 1.93 1.92 1.90 1.90 1.91 1.90 1.92 1.89 1.83 Finance, insurance, and real estate: Banks and trust companies 5________ 1.89 1.88 1.87 1.88 1.87 1.87 1.87 1.86 1.87 1.85 1.83 1.83 1.83 1.82 1.78 Security dealers and exchanges.......... Insurance carriers_________ . . . . Service and miscellaneous: Hotels and lodging places: Hotels, year-round 6_____ _____ 1.24 1.23 1.22 1.22 1.22 1.21 1.20 1.20 1.20 1.21 1.20 1.20 1.19 1.18 1.13 Personal services: Laundries__________________ 1.23 1.23 1.22 1.22 1.22 1.22 1.20 1.20 1.20 1.20 1.19 1.18 1.18 1.17 1.13 Cleaning and dyeing plants______ 1.43 1.42 1.41 1.41 1.43 1.42 1.42 1.39 1.39 1.39 1.39 1.39 1.39 1. 37 1.32 Motion pictures: Motion-picture p r o d u c tio n a n d distribution___ __________ 1 For comparability of data with those published in issues prior to August state Commerce Commission and relate to all employees who received pay 1958 and coverage of these series, see footnote 1, table A-2. during the month, except executives, officials, and stall assistants (ICO In addition, hours and earnings data for anthracite mining have been re Group I). vised from January 1953 and are not comparable with those published in 4 Data relate to domestic nonsupervisory employees except messengers. issues prior to August 1958. 5 Average weekly earnings have been revised beginning with January 1958 For mining, manufacturing, laundries, and cleaning and dyeing plants, and are not strictly comparable with data for earlier years. Average weekly data refer to production and related workers; for contract construction, to hours and average hourly earnings are new series, available from January 1958. construction workers; and for the remaining industries, unless otherwise 6 Money payments only; additional value of board, room, uniforms, and noted, to nonsupervisory workers and working supervisors. tips not included. 9 Preliminary. 8 Figures for Class I railroads (excluding switching and terminal companies) Source: U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics for all are based upon monthly data summarized in the M-300 report by the Inter series except that for Class I railroads. (See footnote 3.) https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 0.—EARNINGS AND HOURS 103 T a b l e C-2. Average overtime hours and average hourly earnings excluding overtime of production workers in manufacturing, by major industry group 1 1900 Annual average 1959 Major industry group Oet.2 Sept. Aug. July June May Apr. Mar. Feb. Jan. Dec. Nov. Oct. 1959 1958 Average overtime hours8 Manufacturing.............................................. 2.4 2.5 2.4 2.4 2.5 2.4 2.1 2.5 2.6 2.8 2.7 2.6 2.8 2.7 2.0 Durable goods.......................................... Ordnance and accessories________ Lumber and wood products—........ Furniture and fixtures..................... Stone, clay, and glass products___ Prim ary metal industries________ Fabricated metal products............ Machinery (except electrical).......... Electrical machinery........................ Transportation equipment............ . Instruments and related products.. Miscellaneous manufacturing____ 2.4 2.2 3.1 2.7 3.2 1.3 2.6 2.1 2.1 3.0 2.2 2.6 2.5 2.2 3.1 2.8 3.1 1.6 2.9 2.3 2.1 2.9 2.2 2.5 2.3 2.1 3.2 2.8 3.2 1.4 2.8 2.3 1.9 2.3 2.2 2.3 2.3 1.9 3.1 2.3 3.1 1.7 2.5 2.5 1.6 2.2 2.2 2.1 2.4 1.9 3.4 2.4 3.1 1.6 2.7 2.7 1.8 2.4 2.0 2.1 2.4 1.9 3.2 2.4 3.1 1.5 2.6 2.7 1.7 2.6 2.0 2.2 2.1 1.6 2.9 2.4 2.8 2.0 2.1 2.4 1.2 1.9 1.7 1.9 2.5 2.0 2.8 2.4 2.7 2.1 2.5 2.8 1.9 2.8 2.3 2.4 2.7 2.3 2.8 2.6 2.8 2.4 2.7 2.9 2.0 3.2 2.3 2.5 2.9 2.1 2.9 2.7 2.9 2.8 3.2 2.8 2.4 3.8 2.2 2.4 2.7 2.2 3.0 3.5 3.0 2.6 3.0 2.9 2.4 2.5 2.7 2.7 2.5 2.1 3.2 3.2 3.2 2.3 2.3 2.5 2.2 1.9 2.6 2.7 2.8 2.1 3.5 3.5 3.4 2.6 2.9 2.7 2.5 2.5 2.5 3.1 2.7 2.1 3.4 2.9 3.4 2.6 2.9 2.7 2.2 2.5 2.3 2.6 1.9 2.0 2.9 2.1 2.8 1.3 2.1 1.7 1.5 1.9 1.5 2.1 Nondurable goods.................... ............... Food and kindred products______ Tobacco manufactures..................... Textile-mill products...................... Apparel and other finished textile products____________________ Paper and allied products............... Printing and publishing.................. Chemicals and allied products........ Products of petroleum and coal___ Rubber products_______________ Leather and leather products.......... 2.5 3.4 1.4 2.2 2.6 3.7 1.4 2.2 2.5 3.3 .9 2.6 2.6 3.5 1.2 2.6 2.5 3.2 1.2 2.9 2.5 3.1 1.0 2.9 2.2 2.8 .7 2.5 2.4 2.9 .5 3.0 2.5 2.8 .6 3.0 2.6 3.3 1.3 3.0 2.7 3.4 1.1 3.2 2.7 3.6 1.0 3.2 2.8 3.6 1.3 3.2 2.7 3.3 1.2 3.1 2.2 3.0 1.3 2.1 1.4 4.1 3.1 2.4 1.8 2.2 1.4 1.3 4.4 3.4 2.4 2.2 2.3 1.2 1.4 4.3 3.1 2.3 1.8 2.3 1.6 1.3 4.3 3.0 2.5 2.3 3.0 1.4 1.3 4.3 2.9 2.4 2.1 2.7 1.3 1.3 4.3 3.0 2.5 1.6 2.2 1.0 1.0 3.7 2.6 2.9 1.7 1.7 .8 1.4 4.1 3.0 2.3 1.4 2.3 1.4 1.4 4.2 2.8 2.4 1.5 2.8 1.4 1.3 4.3 2.9 2.3 1.6 3.1 1.4 1.4 4.3 3.6 2.4 1.5 2.8 1.4 1.6 4.5 3.1 2.4 1.8 2.5 1.4 1.5 4.6 3.2 2.5 2.1 3.5 1.2 1.4 4.6 3.0 2.5 1.8 3.7 1.4 1.1 3.9 2.5 2.0 1.5 2.3 1.1 Average hourly earnings excluding overtim e8 Manufacturing.............................. ................ $2.23 $2.23 $2.21 $2.22 $2.22 $2.22 $2.22 $2.22 $2.21 $2. 21 $2.20 $2.16 $2.14 $2.15 $2.08 Durable go o d s........................ .............. Ordnance and accessories................ Lumber and wood products............ Furniture and fixtures..................... Stone, clay, and glass products___ Primary metal industries................ Fabricated metal products . . Machinery (except electrical)_____ Electrical m achinery----------------Transportation equ ip m ent............. Instruments and related products.. Miscellaneous manufacturing____ 2.39 2.60 2.00 1.81 2.21 2.76 2.39 2.51 2.26 2. 71 2.31 1.89 2.39 2.60 2.03 1.81 2.21 2. 75 2.39 2. 50 2.26 2. 71 2.30 1.89 2.37 2.57 1.99 1.80 2.20 2. 75 2. 37 2.49 2.25 2.68 2.31 1.88 2.38 2.57 1.99 1.81 2.19 2. 75 2.38 2.49 2.26 2. 67 2.31 1.89 2.38 2.57 1.99 1.81 2.19 2.76 2.38 2.49 2.25 2. 66 2.30 1.89 2.37 2.55 1.95 1.80 2.19 2.77 2.37 2.49 2.24 2.64 2.29 1.89 2.38 2.56 1.94 1.80 2.19 2.78 2.36 2.47 2.24 2.64 2.28 1.89 2.38 2.56 1.93 1.81 2.20 2. 77 2.35 2.47 2.23 2.64 2.28 1.88 2.37 2.55 1.91 1.79 2.18 2.77 2.35 2.47 2. 23 2.64 2.27 1.89 2.37 2.55 1.89 1.79 2.18 2. 78 2.35 2.46 2.22 2.64 2.26 1.89 2.35 2.54 1.92 1.78 2.17 2.77 2.33 2.46 2.20 2.64 2.25 1.88 2.31 2.53 1.94 1.76 2.16 2.70 2.29 2.45 2.18 2.60 2.24 1.84 2.28 2.52 1.94 1.76 2.14 2.57 2.28 2.44 2.17 2.62 2.23 1.83 2.30 2.49 1.89 1.76 2.13 2.70 2. 29 2.42 2.16 2.58 2. 22 1.84 2.23 2.42 1.82 1.73 2.04 2. 61 2. 21 2. 33 2.11 2.47 2.15 1.80 Nondurable goods....................... .......... Food and kindred products......... Tobacco manufactures__________ Textile-mill products....................... Apparel and other finished textile products____________________ Paper and allied products—............. Printing and publishing.................. Chemicals and allied products........ Products of petroleum and coal___ Rubber p ro d u cts............................ Leather and leather products......... 2.03 2.09 1.59 1.58 2.02 2.05 1.55 1.57 2.01 2.07 1.69 1.57 2.02 2.09 1.79 1.57 2.01 2.10 1.79 1.58 2.01 2.11 1.78 1.57 2.01 2.12 1.78 1.56 2.00 2.11 1.71 1.56 1.99 2.10 1.69 1.54 1.98 2.10 1.69 1.54 1.97 2.08 1.68 1.53 1. 96 2.05 1.67 1.53 1.95 2.02 1.56 1.53 1.94 2.02 1.64 1.52 1.89 1.94 1.57 1. 47 1.56 2.20 (5) 2.46 2.83 2. 47 1.63 1.55 2.20 (5) 2.47 2. 85 2.45 1.62 1.54 2.19 (s) 2.47 2.83 2.44 1.61 1.52 2.18 (') 2.47 2.85 2.46 1.61 1.52 2.17 (s> 2.45 2.84 2. 45 1.62 1. 51 2.15 W 2.42 2.84 2.45 1.63 1.50 2.14 (») 2.40 2.87 2.42 1.62 1.53 2.14 (») 2.40 2.85 2.41 1.61 1.52 2.14 00 2. 40 2.85 2.41 1.60 1.51 2.14 (0 2.39 2.86 2.42 1.60 1.50 2.12 (0 2.39 2.85 2. 41 1.59 1.50 2.12 (0 2.37 2. 84 2.39 1.59 1.49 2.12 0s) 2.36 2.80 2.38 1.58 1.49 2.09 1.49 2.02 W 2.26 2.69 2.28 1.55 i For comparability of data with those published in issues prior to August 1958, see footnote 1, table A-2. »Preliminary. » Covers premium overtime hours of production and related workers during the pay period ending nearest the 15th of the month. Overtime hours are those for which premiums were paid because the hours were in excess of the number of hours of either the straight-time workday or workweek. Weekend and holiday hours are Included only if premium wage rates were paid. Hours https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis m 2 . 34 2.81 2.36 1.58 for which only shift differential, hazard, incentive, or other similar types of premiums were paid are excluded. These data are not available prior to 1956. * Derived by assuming that overtime hours are paid a t the rate of time and one-half. s Not available as average overtime rates are significantly above time and one-half. Inclusion of data for the group in the nondurable-goods total has little effect. 104 T able MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JANUARY 1961 C-3. Indexes of aggregate weekly man-hours and payrolls in industrial and construction activities 1 [1947-49=100] 1960 Annual average 1959 Activity N ov.2 Oct.» Sept. Aug. July June May Apr. Mar. Feb. Jan. Dee. Nov. 1959 1958 Man-hours Total.............................................................. Mining........................................................... Contract construction....... ................ ........... Manufacturing____ ___________________ 97.1 60.9 121.2 96.1 101.0 62.5 138.7 98.1 102.1 62.9 139.3 99.4 102 4 64.9 144.9 98.8 101.3 63.8 142.9 97.8 102.3 66.8 135.5 99.9 100.8 66.2 126.3 99.4 98.4 66.5 114.3 98.3 97.4 64.9 94.9 99.9 98.4 63.8 98.5 100.8 99.5 64.0 101.6 101.6 102.4 67.3 118.9 102.4 100.1 64.1 123.3 99.2 100.7 65.4 123.4 99.8 94.3 67.9 118.2 92.6 Durable goods_____________________ Ordnance and accessories________ Lumber and wood products______ Furniture and fixtures..................... Stone, clay, and glass products....... Prim ary metal industries................ Fabricated metal products.............. Machinery (except electrical)......... Electrical machinery........................ Transportation equipment_______ Instruments and related products.. Miscellaneous manufacturing____ 101.2 323.2 72.1 105.4 99.3 82.4 104.6 93.6 135.1 116.8 102.7 316.1 75.3 109.3 103.4 322.2 78.1 83.5 107.6 94.7 132.8 117.7 116.0 108.5 103.0 84.7 108.2 96.1 137.1 113.9 116.3 107.0 101.7 311.7 78.6 110. 6 104. 9 85.4 106.8 97.1 134.1 102.4 118.1 106.4 102.4 313.0 78.0 106.2 103.8 88.0 105.3 99.7 130.1 110.9 116.3 99.3 106.1 319.7 81.8 108.7 105.9 92.9 109.2 102.7 134.2 105.8 325.9 74.2 108.0 102.4 99.0 106.2 103.5 131.7 117.7 118.7 100.5 108.1 336.4 70.6 105.7 100.1 103.1 109.8 105.4 137.3 123.8 121.0 102.4 109.3 332.3 72.4 109.2 101.3 104.3 111.3 105.3 138.4 127.0 119.8 100.3 110.3 332.1 72.2 109.3 101.2 106.1 112.3 105.1 141.5 130.1 120.6 98.5 109.8 334.7 76.9 113.5 105.0 105.2 110.6 104.8 142.7 119.2 123.5 103.5 103.4 325.9 78.7 111.4 105.4 93.1 101.9 100.0 139.3 100.5 122.4 108.7 105.6 325.3 78.4 108.7 104.6 91.1 108.7 101.0 132.6 120.4 117.1 101.1 95.9 303.0 72.7 97.2 94.7 83.7 101.1 88.9 115.9 119.4 104.8 106.5 326.3 77.7 107.5 104.6 95.2 108.5 103.3 133.1 119.8 118.8 102.9 92.7 90.2 93.5 68.6 94.6 97.4 97.2 68.5 95.3 94.1 76.4 71.8 92.3 87.5 64.2 70.9 92.5 82.4 66.3 73.4 90.9 78.5 64.5 72.9 89.4 76.4 61.8 71.8 90.1 74.1 61.6 71.7 90.5 74.4 68.4 72.5 91.2 77.5 74.6 72.9 93.6 81.4 79.6 74.6 94.2 84.7 77.9 74.8 93.0 83.7 77.1 74.4 88.7 84.2 77.7 69.2 102.1 103.1 112.3 118.0 105.1 82.3 97.1 85.0 108.0 112.6 115.8 105.1 82.7 98.3 93.0 102.5 110.9 114.7 105.6 84.2 97.7 91.2 104.7 113.0 115.1 107.1 84.7 100.8 90.1 104.2 112.0 115.0 107.8 83.6 98.7 84.2 100.9 110.2 113.4 109.8 83.6 96.6 82.6 106.4 110.3 114.7 105.7 82.4 102.9 89.7 107.1 110.2 113.4 105.2 82.7 104.9 90.2 104.6 111.6 113.7 104.9 82.1 106.3 91.9 107.0 112.9 117.5 106.5 S3.1 106.5 92.1 108.0 113.6 115.3 106.5 83.4 104.2 91.0 105.1 112.7 112.8 104.3 84.1 103.5 92.2 96.8 108.0 109.0 99.2 84.2 92.0 86.0 10ft 5 104 4 ISO 2 105 4 110 5 214 S 104 4 221 S 105 O 210 9 104 9 200 5 175.4 166.8 167! 2 148.7 115.5 106.0 Nondurable goods__ 90.0 Food and kindred products______ 83.1 Tobacco manufactures________ 75.6 Textile-mill products........................ 67.8 Apparel and other finished textile products_________ 99.8 Paper and allied products________ 108.7 Printing and publishing.................. 118.2 Chemicals and allied products____ 104.9 Products of petroleum and coal___ 80.1 Rubber products............................... 96.7 Leather and leather products_____ 85.6 102.1 111.0 118.8 105.4 80.9 99.0 84.3 110.0 114.1 111.6 105.4 92.7 Payrolls Mining......................................... . Contract construction__________________ Manufacturing.............................................. 167.3 101.41 101. 6 259.01 259.4 170.0) j 172.5 104. 5 267.9 169.2 103 3 262.8 169.0 1 For comparability of data with those published In Issues prior to August 1958, see footnote 1, table A-2. ins 4 246.9 172.5 m7 s 230.5 171.5 ms 7 207 9 168.8 176 1 172.6 173.9 1£5 4 175.5 For mining and manufacturing, data refer to production and related work ers; for contract construction, to construction workers. 2 Preliminary. T a b l e C-4. Gross and spendable average weekly earnings of production workers in manufacturing, in current and 1947-49 dollars 1 1960 Annual average 1959 Item Oct.2 Sept. Aug.' July June May Apr. Mar. Feb. Jan. Dec. Nov. Oct. 1959 1958 M a n u fa c tu r in g Gross average weekly earnings: Current dollars____________________ $91.08 $91.08 $90.35 $91.14 $91.60 $91.37 $89.60 $90.91 $91.14 $92.29 $92.16 $88.98 $89.06 $89.47 1947-49 dollars_____________________ 71. 55 71.83 71.37 71.99 72.41 72.34 71.00 72.32 72.56 73.60 73.43 70.84 70.96 71.81 Spendable average weekly earnings: Worker with no dependents: Current dollars...................... ......... 73.62 73.62 73. 06 73.67 74.03 73.85 72.48 73.49 73.67 74.56 74.92 72.45 72.51 72.83 1947-49 dollars.... ............. 57.83 58.06 57.71 58.19 58.52 58.47 57.43 58.46 58.65 59.46 59.70 57.68 57.78 58.45 Worker with 3 dependents: Current dollars................................. 81.18 81.18 80.61 81.23 81.59 81.41 80.01 81.05 81.23 82.14 82.50 79.97 80.03 80.36 1947-49 dollars_________________ 63. 77 64.02 63. 67 64.16 64. 50 64.46 63.40 64.48 64.67 65.50 65.74 63.67 63.77 64.49 1 See footnote 1, table 0-3. Spendable average weekly earnings are obtained by deducting from gross average weekly earnings, Federal social security and income taxes for which the worker Is liable. The amount of tax liability depends, of course, on the number of dependents supported by the worker as well as on the level of his gross income. Spendable earnings have been computed for 2 types of income receivers: (1) a worker with no dependents; and (2) a worker with 3 depend ents. The primary value of the spendable series is that of measuring relative changes In disposable earnings for 2 types of income receivers. The computations of spendable earnings for both the worker with no de pendents and the worker with 3 dependents are based upon the gross average https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis $83.50 67.61 68.46 55.43 75.88 61.44 weekly earnings for a l l production workers in manufacturing without direct regard to marital status, family composition, or other sources of income. Gross and spendable average weekly earnings expressed in 1947-49 dollars indicate changes in the level of average weekly earnings after adjustment for changes in purchasing power as measured by the Bureau’s Consumer Price Index. 2 Preliminary. N o t e : For a description of these series, see The Calculation and Uses of the Spendable Earnings Series (in M onthly Labor Review, January 1959, pp. 50-54). 105 D.—CONSUMER AND WHOLESALE PRICES D.—Consumer and Wholesale Prices T able D - l. Consumer Price Index 1—All-city average: All items, groups, subgroups, and special groups of items [1947-49=100] 1959 1960 Annual average Group Nov. 125.6 125.4 125.5 125.6 124.6 123.5 117.4 114.4 135.2 106.2 116.5 125.9 102.9 117.6 114.7 134.8 106.4 116.5 125.7 104.5 117.8 115.0 134.5 106.6 116.7 125.5 105.4 117.9 115.1 134.2 107. 9 116.0 123.4 106.4 118.3 115.9 134.2 110.7 114.3 125.1 106.1 120.3 118.8 133.1 115.1 113.5 127.1 112.4 131.2 141.0 124.0 139.0 104.3 136.3 130.7 140.9 123.2 139.0 104.0 135.9 130.4 140.8 122.7 137.3 104.2 135.5 130.4 140.5 121.7 135.9 104.4 135.4 129.2 139.7 119.9 136.6 103.9 134.3 127.7 137.7 117.0 134.9 103.9 131.4 108.4 108.7 99.3 138.7 92.8 107.9 108.8 98.0 139.4 92.2 109.2 109.1 100.3 139.7 93.1 109.4 109.1 100.9 139.2 93.3 107.9 108.4 99. 5 135.2 92.3 107.0 108.6 99.1 129.8 92.0 146.1 134.4 199.4 146.5 «147. 5 M47.6 134.9 «136.0 «136. 3 199.4 199.3 197.2 148.7 137.5 197.2 149.0 137.9 196.0 146.3 135.2 193.9 140.5 129.7 188.0 155.5 155.0 153.5 153.2 153.0 150.8 144. 6 132.7 132.9 132.7 131.2 128.6 120.6 120.3 120.4 120.0 118.6 116.7 131.7 131.6 129.7 127.2 June May 126.8 126.6 126.6 126.5 126.3 126.2 125.7 120.2 117.4 137.8 110.2 117. 5 124.6 109.3 120.1 117.4 137.7 111.3 116.6 127.3 106.5 120.6 117.9 137.5 110.8 115.8 134.4 104.8 120.3 117.7 136.1 110.3 115.0 136.1 104.5 119.7 117.0 135.6 109.7 115.0 132.9 104.9 119.5 116.7 135.8 109.3 115.3 129.9 106.1 117.7 114.7 135.5 107.2 116.4 125.0 103.4 132.2 142.5 125.7 136.1 104.0 138.1 132.0 142.1 125.7 134.8 104.1 138.0 131.5 141.9 124.9 133.4 103.5 137.6 131.3 141.8 124.8 132.9 104.1 137.4 131.3 141.6 124.7 132.3 104.3 137.3 131.2 141.4 124.7 132.9 104.3 137.2 131.4 141.4 124.4 136.3 104.7 137.0 131.3 141.2 124.1 137.2 104.7 136.9 111.0 112.2 101.8 140.5 93.9 110.6 112.2 101.1 140.2 93.8 109.3 110.5 99.7 139.9 93.1 109.1 110.2 99.4 139.8 93.1 108.9 109.8 99.1 140.1 93.1 108.9 109.7 99.4 139.8 93.2 108.9 109.5 99.6 139.8 92.9 108.8 108.9 99.6 139.7 93.0 Transportation. ____ _ 146. 5 146.1 Private______________________ ____ 134.4 134.1 Public....................................................... 204.3 202.6 144.7 132.8 201.7 146.2 134.4 200.7 145.9 134.2 200.3 145.8 134.1 199.7 145.6 133.9 199.4 Medical care____ _____ _______________ 157.9 156.9 156.7 156.4 156.1 155.9 Sept. All items......................................................... 127.4 127.3 Food 3.......................................... ................. Food at home_____________________ Cereals and bakery products_____ Meats, poultry, and fish________ Dairy products'. ......... ...... ........... Fruits and vegetables___________ Other foods at home *___ _______ 121.1 118.4 138.6 109.9 118.9 126.2 111.6 120.9 118.2 138.5 110.0 118.4 124.8 112.0 Housing •___ ________________________ Rent__________ __________________ Gas and electricity__ _____ ________ Solid fuels and fuel oil______________ Housefurnishings________________. . . Household operation_______________ 132.1 142.7 125.7 136.3 104.0 138.3 Apparel___ ______ ___________________ Men’s and boys’____ ______________ Women’s and girls’................................. Footwear_________________________ _____ ____________ Other apparel 110.7 112.0 101.4 140.3 94.1 Personal care___________________ _____ Reading and recreation________________ 133.9 122.5 157.3 134.0 121.9 133.9 122.1 133.8 121.9 133.4 121.6 133.2 121.1 133.2 121.4 1958 Dec. Mar. July Oct. 1959 Jan. Apr. Aug. Nov. 132.9 121.1 132.7 120.9 Feb. 154.7 132.6 132.7 132.7 132.7 132.4 132.2 132.0 131.9 131.9 131.7 131.8 131.8 130.8 125.0 115.9 130.7 124.8 115.9 130.3 124.3 115.6 130.1 124.1 115.5 129.9 124.2 115.4 129.7 124.0 115.3 129.7 123.8 115.3 129.8 123.7 115. 6 129.7 123.1 115.7 129.7 123.0 116.0 129.4 122.9 115.9 129.5 123.1 116.4 129.5 123.1 116.5 127.9 122.2 115.1 125.5 121.2 113.4 All commodities_______ ______ _____ Nondurables 7 ________________ Nondurables less food_______ Non durables less food and apparel..................................... D urables»_____________________ 118.3 120.9 121.1 118.2 120.7 120.9 117.7 120.3 120.9 117.6 119.9 120.1 117.7 120.0 119.9 117.6 119.8 119.6 117.3 119.4 119.4 117.4 119.4 119.7 116.7 118.3 119.6 116.7 118.0 119.4 116.7 118.1 119.2 117.1 118.5 119.9 117.2 118.6 119.8 116.6 118.1 118.3 116.3 118.6 116.9 130.0 110.7 102.8 129.5 110.9 102.8 129.8 110.0 103.0 129.4 111.0 103.0 129.2 111.1 103.0 128.7 111.5 103.2 128.4 111.9 103.5 129.0 112.1 103.6 128.9 128.8 128.9 112.5 •113.3 o113.3 103. 6 103.4 103.4 129.1 113.8 103.3 128.9 114.1 103.4 127.3 113.0 103.3 125.6 110.5 103.4 All services • 151.3 153. 6 151.2 153.4 150.8 153.0 150.3 152.5 150.0 152.1 149.7 151.8 149.6 151.7 149.4 151. 5 149.2 151.3 148.9 150.9 148.2 150.1 147.8 149.7 147.6 149.5 145.8 147.5 142.4 143.8 140.1 187.0 165.1 136.7 140.1 186.3 164.3 136.8 139.8 185.8 163.6 136.5 139.2 185.2 163.3 136.0 139.1 184.9 163.0 135.5 138.9 184.5 162.5 135.1 138.8 184.3 162.4 135.2 138.5 184.2 161.9 135.0 138.3 183.9 161.3 134.9 137.8 183.6 160.8 134.7 137.2 182.7 159. 5 134.1 136.7 182.7 159.2 133.6 136.3 182.2 158.8 133.7 134.8 180.3 156.3 131.7 131.4 174.1 149.2 129.6 Other goods and services_____________— Special groups: All items less food_________________ All items less shelter. . __________ All commodities less fond D urables less cars All services less rent ______ ____ Household operation services, gas, and electricity________ Transportation services______ Medical care services________ Other services........ .................... J The Consumer Price Index measures the average change In Drices of goods and services purchased by urban wage-earner and clerical-worker families. Data for 46 large, medium-size, and small cities are combined for the all-city average. 3 In addition to subgroups shown here, total food Includes restaurant meals and other food bought and eaten away from home. 3 Includes eggs, fats and oils, sugar and sweets, beverages (nonalcoholic), and other miscellaneous foods. <In addition to subgroups shown here, total housing includes the purchase price of homes and other homeowner costs. * Includes yard goods, diapers, and miscellaneous items. • Revised. r Includes food, house paint, solid fuels, fuel oil, textile housefumishings, household paper, electric light bulbs, laundry soap and detergents, apparel https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis (except shoe repairs), gasoline, motor oil, prescriptions and drugs, toilet goods, nondurable toys, newspapers, cigarettes, cigars, beer, and whiskey. * Includes water beaters, central heating furnaces, kitchen sinks, sink faucets, porch flooring, household appliances, furniture and bedding, floor coverings, dinnerware, automobiles, tires, radio and television sets, durable toys, and sporting goods. «Includes rent, home purchase, real estate taxes, mortgage interest, prop erty Insurance, repainting garage, repainting rooms, reshingling roof, refinishing floors, gas, electricity, dry cleaning, laundry service, domestic service, telephone, water, postage, shoe repairs, auto repairs, auto insurance, auto registration, transit fares, railroad fares, professional medical services, hospital services, hospitalization and surgical insurance, barber and beauty shop services, television repairs, and motion picture admissions. 106 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JANUARY 1961 T able D -2. Consumer Price Index 1—All items and food indexes, by city [1947-49=100] 1960 City Nov. Oct. Sept. Aug, July June 1959 May Apr. Mar. Feb. Jan. Dec. Annual average Nov. 1959 1958 All items All-city average A.............. 127.4 127.3 126.8 126.6 126.6 126.5 126.3 126.2 125.7 125.6 125.4 125.5 125.6 124.6 123.6 Atlanta, G a ................... ...... Baltimore, M d___ ____ Boston, Mass___________ Chicago, 111_____________ Cincinnati, Ohio.................. (3) (3) (3) 130.5 0 0 0 129.1 130.7 0 127.9 128.7 0 130.4 124.8 0 0 0 130.3 0 0 0 128.7 130.4 0 127.1 128.3 0 130.1 124.6 0 0 0 129.6 0 0 0 128.3 129.5 0 126.7 ....0 127.7 0 0 0 129.2 129.1 123.6 0 0 0 126.4 128.9 0 126.4 127.2 0 129.0 123.8 0 0 0 129.1 0 125.4 126.8 125.8 128.1 123.1 124.5 124.5 124.8 127.0 122.3 Cleveland, Ohio.................... Detroit, Mich___________ Houston, Tex____________ Kansas City, Mo.................. Los Angeles, C a lif............... 127.9 125.7 126.4 0 130.6 0 125.7 0 128.2 130.3 0 125.4 0 0 129.8 127.4 125.6 126.1 0 129.2 0 125.8 0 127.9 129.5 0 125.1 0 0 129.7 127.1 124.3 125.1 0 129.8 0 124.2 0 126.6 130.1 0 126.1 0 123.9 123.9 123.4 125.6 0 0 127.0 0 0 129.3 ‘ 128.8 ‘ 129.1 0 124.0 0 0 128.9 126.4 124.1 125.4 0 128.8 125.6 123.8 124.6 125.9 127.4 124.8 123.9 123.6 124.1 125.4 Minneapolis, M inn............... New York, N .Y __________ Philadelphia, P a_________ Pittsburgh, P a...................... Portland, Oreg___________ 0 126.5 127.9 0 0 128.5 126.1 127.7 129.0 127.2 0 125.5 127.2 0 0 0 125.3 126.8 0 0 127.5 124.8 126.9 128.9 127.5 0 124.9 126.4 0 0 0 124.9 126.4 0 0 127.1 124.7 126.4 127.9 127.5 0 124.5 126.0 0) 0 126.2 0 124.4 124.1 125.6 125.5 126.6 0 ‘ 127.2 0 0 124.2 126.5 0 0 0 124.1 126.2 0 0 125.6 122.8 124.5 125.5 125.7 124.3 121.1 123.1 124.0 124.4 St. Louis, Mo_____ _____ San Francisco, Calif............. Scranton, Pa_____________ Seattle, Wash___ ________ Washington, D. C ________ 0 0 123.9 130.5 123.8 127.4 133.0 0 0 0 0 0 121.8 129.8 123.2 127.2 132.4 0 0 0 0 0 122.1 129.7 123.1 126.6 131.8 0 0 0 0 0 121.5 129.2 121.7 126.3 130.0 120.8 128.2 121.7 124.7 127.5 120.2 125.8 121.1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 126.3 0 131.6 0 121. 4 0 0 ‘ 129.0 121.9 0 0 0 0 0 0 Food All-city average *_________ 121.1 120.9 120.2 120.1 120.6 120.3 119.7 119.5 117.7 117.4 117.6 117.8 117.9 118.3 120.3 Atlanta, Ga_____________ Baltimore, M d___ _______ Boston, Mass___________ Chicago, 111______________ Cincinnati, Ohio . 118.7 120.7 120.5 118.7 121.9 118.7 121.0 120.3 118. 6 122.6 118.2 120.1 120.4 118.1 121.3 118.1 120.7 119.9 118.4 120.8 117.4 121.2 120.4 119.3 121.9 117.6 121.2 119.0 118.8 121.5 116.8 120.5 118.6 117.2 120.4 116.8 119.7 119.2 116.7 120.4 115.0 118.2 118.3 115.1 117.8 114.1 116.7 117.7 114.4 117.8 114.5 116.2 117.4 115.2 117.7 114.2 117.4 118.3 114.6 118.2 114.3 117.8 119.4 115.3 118.4 115.7 118.0 118.7 115.8 118.8 118.0 120.9 119.7 117.3 122.1 Cleveland, Ohio_________ Detroit, Mich____________ Houston, Tex____________ Kansas City, M o________ Los Angeles, Calif................ 117.1 119.4 116.5 114.5 127.3 117.0 119.6 116.2 113.9 127.0 116.2 118.9 115. 8 113.1 126.5 116.7 120.0 115.8 112.9 125.5 117.0 120.6 115.6 113.9 126.6 117.1 120.0 114.8 114.0 126.4 116.4 119.0 114.4 112.7 126.1 115.8 119.1 114.8 112.4 126.8 113.4 116.5 113.0 110.7 124.4 112.9 115.7 113.3 110.4 123.7 113.1 115.8 113.6 111.3 125.2 113.4 116.3 113.5 111.4 123.6 113.1 116.9 113.9 111.3 123.6 114.1 117. 5 114.7 112.2 123.5 117.2 121.1 117.0 114.4 123.3 Minneapolis, M inn.............. New York, N .Y _________ Philadelphia, P a................... Pittsburgh, P a__________ Portland, Oreg.......... ............ 119.2 123.6 123.9 122.4 121.4 119.7 123.2 124.0 122.6 121.3 118.6 122.5 123.1 121.9 121.1 118.7 122.5 123.0 121.0 120.4 118 9 121.9 123.1 123.1 121.7 119.3 121.8 122.6 122.1 121.3 118.1 121.8 121.7 122.2 120.4 118.6 121.4 121.2 121.0 121.2 116.6 120.7 120.0 118.4 120.0 116. 5 120.8 119.1 118.6 120.2 117.0 120.5 119.5 118.7 121.2 117.3 120.8 120.1 119.1 121.0 117.9 120. 7 120.6 119.6 120.7 118.0 120.3 120.9 119.8 120.7 118.6 120.9 123.1 121.8 120.7 St. Louis, Mo___ ________ San Francisco, Calif............. Scranton, P a____________ Seattle, W ash..................... Washington, D.G 120.7 125.5 117.0 123.4 121.2 120.2 125.0 117.0 123.3 121.6 118.9 125.2 115.9 123.2 120.8 119.6 124.0 114.8 123.1 120.1 119.9 124.7 115.7 123.0 120.9 119.6 124.2 116.5 122.6 120.9 118.5 124.3 115.8 122.6 120.4 118.0 124.6 115.5 122.8 119.5 116.7 122.7 113.9 120.9 117.9 117.5 122.2 113.0 121.0 117.2 116.2 123.6 113.5 121.4 117.3 117.6 123.1 113.9 121.1 118.1 117.7 122.3 114.3 120. 8 118.0 118. 7 122.6 115.4 120.8 119.0 121.2 123.1 118.4 121.3 121.6 1 See footnote 1, table D -l. Indexes measure time-to-time changes In prices of goods and services purchased by urban wage-earner and clericalworker families. They do not indicate whether it costs more to live in one city than in another. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis J Average of 46 cities. 3 All items indexes are computed monthly for 6 cities and once every 3 months on a rotating cycle for 15 other cities. * Revised. 107 D .—CONSUMER AND WHOLESALE PRICES T able D-3. Indexes of wholesale prices,1 by group and subgroup of commodities [1947-49=100, unless otherwise specified] 1959 1960 Annual average Commodity group Oct. Sept. Aug. July June May Apr. Mar. Feb. Jan. Dec. Nov. 1959 All commodities............................................. 119.6 3119.6 119.2 119.2 119.7 119.5 119.7 120.0 120.0 119.3 119.3 118.9 118.9 119.5 119.2 99.7 3 99.5 98.1 97.4 99.1 98.6 99.1 99.2 99.1 96.6 96.3 95.5 95.4 98.2 103.1 87.7 104.7 74.9 79.0 92.1 99.8 85.5 72.3 129.5 108.1 122.4 96.0 120.5 107.9 117.9 140.9 60.0 48.7 55.2 74.7 101.4 Nov.» Farm products and processed foods............ 1958 Farm products.......................... ................ Fresh and dried fruits and vegetables.. Grains___________________________ Livestock and live poultry__________ Plant and animal fibers___ _________ Fluid m ilk .............................................. Eggs......................................................... Hay, hayseeds, and oilseeds_________ Other farm products_______________ Processed foods............................................. Cereal and bakery products................... Meats, poultry, and fish_____ _____ Dairy products and ice cream________ Canned and frozen fruits and vegetables Sugar and confectionery......................... Packaged beverage materials_________ Animal fats and oils________________ Crude vegetable oils___ ____________ Refined vegetable oils_______ _______ Vegetable oil end products__________ Other processed foods......... ................ 89.9 107.5 70.3 81.8 90.8 102.3 108.1 72.5 129.1 109.1 123.1 96.6 121.7 109.8 117.5 140.9 66.2 53.1 59.8 76.1 102.8 3 89.5 3109.2 73.5 80.7 90.8 3101.5 98.9 72.2 130.4 109.0 123.1 97.8 121.3 3109.1 117.1 140.9 3 62.0 3 49.9 57.4 75.2 100.5 86.6 98.7 74.3 80.7 92.2 97.0 76.4 73.7 125. 6 107.8 122.0 96.8 118.0 106.8 116.9 140.9 66.0 51.6 56.8 73.3 101.7 88.9 112.9 75.5 84.1 96.4 95.5 65.4 73.5 127.7 108.9 122.5 99. 5 117.3 107.5 117.2 143.5 62.1 50.3 55.5 72.7 103.3 89.0 109.7 77.5 85.1 96.7 93.3 64.2 74.4 128.0 107.6 121.2 98.1 116.0 106.9 114.3 145.2 56.9 50.3 56.3 72.7 103.9 90.4 116.9 77.8 85.8 96.6 92.7 69.6 76.5 128.3 107.3 121.2 98.5 114.9 106.3 114.3 145.2 56.0 48.7 57.0 71.5 102.2 91.1 111. 5 79.4 85.7 96.3 95.5 80.2 76.3 128.6 106.8 120.9 96.7 115.6 105.8 114.1 145.2 57.6 47.5 56.7 71.5 102.8 90.4 104. 4 78.2 86.2 96.0 97.9 75.8 76.7 127.9 107.3 120.8 97.8 117.7 105.8 113. 7 145.2 53.1 45.2 55.6 71.5 101.7 87.0 100.5 76.7 80.8 96.1 99.0 58.4 77.1 128.9 105.7 120.6 93.1 118.4 105.0 113.9 145.2 49.4 45.3 54.5 71.2 101. 6 86.5 104.9 77.2 78.5 95.9 99.3 56.9 77.5 127.4 105.6 120.7 92.4 118.8 104.5 113.3 145.2 48.7 46.0 54.8 71.2 103.9 85.9 107.9 76.1 76.0 95.7 98.3 62.8 76.3 127.5 104.7 120.4 90. 5 118.1 104.6 115.6 145.2 50.1 45.0 52.5 71.1 100.0 85.4 103.2 76.5 75.3 94.7 98.2 63.4 76.3 131.7 104.9 120.4 90.8 117.7 106.4 116.7 145.2 54.2 45.8 52.6 71.9 98.3 89.1 102.7 77.3 85.1 98.2 94.4 65.6 76.6 132.6 107.0 119.3 98.2 114.3 109.0 115.1 146.5 54.6 53.1 58.0 74.0 96.7 94.9 112.0 79.5 92.9 101.5 94.6 81.7 76.9 140.4 110.9 117.9 106.7 112.7 109.7 115.6 165.7 72.0 60.1 67.9 82.8 96.6 All commodities except farm products____ All commodities except farm and foods___ Textile products and apparel..... ........... ...... Cotton products____________ ______ Wool products........................... ............. Manmade fiber textile products______ Silk products______________________ Apparel__________________________ Other textile products...................... ...... Hides, skins, leather, and leather products . Hides and skins...................... ................ Leather____________________ ______ Footwear______________ ___________ Other leather products______________ Fuel, power, and lighting materials______ Coal................................................... ...... Coke............................................ ......... Gas fuels <________________________ Electric power <___________________ Petroleum and products____________ Chemicals and allied products___________ Industrial chemicals________________ Prepared paint____________________ Paint materials____________________ Drugs and pharmaceuticals__________ Fats and oils, inedible______________ Mixed fertilizer____________________ Fertilizer materials_________________ Other chemicals and allied products__ Rubber and rubber products____________ Crude rubber_____________________ Tires and tubes____________________ Other rubber products______________ Lumber and wood products.......................... Lumber........ .................. ........................ Millwork_________________________ Plywood_________________________ Pulp, paper, and allied products................. Woodpulp________ _______________ Wastepaper_______________________ Paper____________________________ Paperboard_______________________ Converted paper and paperboard products________________________ Building paper and board___________ Metals and metal products_____________ Iron and steel_____________________ Nonferrous metals_________________ Metal containers__________ ________ Hardware_________________________ Plumbing fixtures and brass fittings— Heating equipment................ ............. . Fabricated structural metal products.. Fabricated nonstructural metal prod ucts........................................................ 124.5 127.8 95.5 91.7 101.2 78.5 125.9 101.0 92.1 108. 5 65.8 97.1 132.5 104.2 116.1 123.0 170.4 121.1 102.1 120.6 110.3 123.5 128.4 104.8 94.3 48.9 112.1 111.8 107.4 143.6 140.6 141.3 146.8 116.6 114.8 135.8 96.1 133.1 121.2 77.4 145.7 132.4 3124.6 124.4 124.6 3128.0 127.9 128.2 95.8 95.9 96.1 93.4 94.3 92.8 101.1 101.2 101.5 78.9 78.6 3 78.5 128.5 128.4 126.8 101.1 101.1 101.0 84.6 85.7 91.3 3108.5 108.1 108.7 63.6 64.1 62.3 98.9 98.1 97.5 132.5 132.5 132.5 3104.0 103.9 104.7 3116.2 116.1 115.3 122.5 122.4 121.3 170.4 170.4 170.4 3120.9 121.3 116.6 102.1 102.1 102.1 121.0 120.7 120.0 3110.3 110.4 110.5 123.6 124.5 124.6 128.4 128.4 128.4 104.5 104.6 105.0 95.4 3 94.4 95.0 48.9 3 47.8 47.7 3112.9 3112.9 »112.3 111.1 108.4 108.4 3107.3 106.7 106.7 144.7 144.9 145.3 146.8 148.3 152.1 141.3 141.3 141.3 146.8 146.6 145.9 3117.7 118.7 119.6 3116.3 117.9 119.2 3135.3 135.5 136.7 96.4 94.7 97.1 3133.4 133.0 133.0 121.2 121.2 121.2 77.4 77.4 77.4 3145.7 145.4 145.2 135.9 135.9 135.9 124.8 128.2 96.3 94.7 101.8 79.6 123.3 101.0 81.9 110.1 68.0 102.2 132.5 105.6 113.8 120.3 170.4 114.4 102.0 117.9 110.4 124.7 128.4 103.8 95.1 47.8 110.3 110.6 106.4 146.9 161.2 141.3 145.6 121.5 121.6 137.2 95.5 133.5 121.2 82.3 145.9 135.9 124.6 128.2 96.3 94.8 102.1 79.6 121. 6 100.8 85.1 110.3 67.1 103.0 132.5 106.4 112.3 119.5 170.4 112.2 101.8 116.0 110.2 124.6 128.3 103.2 95.1 47.9 110.2 108.8 106.4 146.7 169.6 137.0 145.6 122.4 123.1 136.9 95.5 133.5 121.2 82.3 145.9 135.9 124.5 128.2 96.3 94.8 102.4 79.7 118.7 100.6 86.8 111.2 72.9 103.5 132.5 106.7 110.8 118.7 170.4 111.6 101.7 113.6 110.2 124.6 128.3 103.0 94.8 50.2 110. 2 108.8 106.4 146.3 169.6 137.0 144.5 123.7 124. 9 136.9 95.7 133.4 121.2 83.2 145.9 135.9 124.9 128.7 96.3 95.0 102.7 79.4 118.0 100.7 82.5 112.1 73.5 104.7 133. 5 107.3 112.2 119.0 170.4 115.6 101.8 115.4 110.2 124.5 128.3 102.9 94.5 51.7 110.2 108.8 106.4 144.7 160.9 137.0 144.5 124.3 125.7 136.8 96.1 133.1 121.2 88.4 145.1 135.9 124.9 128.6 96.3 95.6 102.8 79.4 116.6 100.7 80.5 111.8 72.0 102.8 134.2 107.3 112.3 124.0 170.4 115.6 101.8 115.0 110.1 124.2 128.3 102.8 94.2 50.6 110.1 108.8 106.5 144.7 161.1 137.0 144.6 124.5 125.9 137.7 95.9 133.1 121.2 89.3 144.8 135.9 124.7 128.7 96.5 95.8 103.2 79.8 119.5 100.6 79.8 112.0 69.8 104.8 134. 2 107.2 112.0 124.1 170.4 114.5 101.8 114.6 110.0 124.2 128.3 103.0 94.0 49.4 110.1 108.8 106.5 144.6 160.7 137.0 144.6 124.9 126.1 137.7 97.0 133.2 121.2 93.6 144.5 135.9 124.8 128.8 96.6 95.9 104.0 79.4 122.0 100.8 79.3 112.7 73.7 105.5 134.2 108.0 111.9 124.1 170.4 116.6 101.3 114.4 109.9 124.1 128.3 103.0 93.8 49.2 109.6 108.8 106.5 143.1 162.8 132.2 144.6 125.1 126.1 137.8 98.2 133.7 121.2 108.0 144.5 135.9 124.4 128.6 96.7 95.0 104.2 81.3 121.7 100.9 79.4 112.3 73.8 103.5 134.1 107.8 111.7 124.1 170.4 115.5 101.2 114.3 110.0 124.0 128.3 103.1 93.7 50.8 109.8 107.0 106.8 142.0 160.5 132.2 143.0 124.8 125.9 137.9 97.2 132. 4 123.2 109.8 144.3 135.9 124.4 128.5 96.3 94.0 103.7 81.4 117.4 100.9 78.4 111.7 67.2 103.8 133.8 109.3 111.2 124.0 170.4 113.8 100.7 113.9 110.0 123.9 128.3 102.9 93.8 52.2 109.5 106.0 106.8 144.4 173.6 132.2 143.0 124.3 125.8 138.1 94.5 132.3 121.2 109.8 144.3 135.9 124.5 128.2 95.0 91.7 101.6 81.1 113.5 100.0 76.8 114.3 90.7 111.8 129.5 109.0 112.7 122.6 169.8 110.9 100.8 116.6 109.9 123.8 128.3 101.9 93.4 56.7 109.5 106.9 106.6 144.5 152.0 143.4 142.2 125.8 127.1 135.9 101.2 132.2 121.2 112.5 143.4 136.1 123.3 126.0 93.5 88.4 100.8 80.2 113.5 99.3 75.2 100.6 57.5 92.3 122.1 97.5 112.7 122.9 161.9 101.7 100.4 117.7 110.4 123.5 128.3 103.6 94.0 62.6 110.7 108.0 106.8 145.0 134.0 152.4 142.7 117.7 118.0 128.2 97.1 131.0 121.2 88.3 142.3 136.2 131.1 131.1 145.4 145.7 152.4 152.8 168.5 168.9 135.6 137.1 153.6 153.6 174.6 174.6 130. 8 3130.8 118.4 119.3 133.9 3134.0 130.6 145.3 153.5 169.7 138.4 153.6 174.5 131.5 119.3 134.2 130.5 145.5 153.6 169.9 138.7 153.6 174. 5 131.5 118.8 134.7 131.0 144.2 153.4 169.5 138.6 153.6 174.5 131.3 118.7 134.6 130.9 145.1 153.8 169.9 138.9 153.9 174.5 131.3 120.0 134.9 130.6 145.1 154.2 170.4 140.0 154.8 174.2 132.7 120.2 134.9 130.0 145.1 154.5 170.5 140.5 154.8 174.0 132.1 120.1 135.3 130.0 146.5 154. 5 170. 5 140.8 154.8 173.8 133. 9 120.1 135.8 130.0 147.6 155.3 171.6 142.6 154.8 173.4 133.9 120.3 135.4 130.0 147.6 155.5 172.4 142.7 152.9 173.4 134.0 120.9 135.4 127.5 147.6 155.2 172.2 140.7 152.9 173.2 133.2 121.6 135.4 127.4 147.6 155.8 173.6 141.1 152.9 173.2 132.4 121.5 135.4 127.5 146.4 153.6 172.0 136.1 153.7 173.0 130.1 121.7 133.4 127.6 143.2 150.4 168.8 127.7 155. 7 170.8 123.7 121,2 133. 9 146.2 146.2 146.2 146.0 146.0 146.1 146.1 146.1 146.4 146.3 146.5 147.2 146.0 145.7 See footnotes at end of table, https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 146.7 108 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JANUARY 1961 Table D-3. Indexes of wholesale prices,1 by group and subgroup of commodities—Continued [1947-49=100, unless otherwise speclfiedl 1960 1959 Annual average Commodity group Nov.2 Oct. Machinery and motive products................ Agricultural machinery and equipmentConstruction machinery and equipm ent— ................... ............. Metalworking machinery and equipm ent___ ___________ _______ General purpose machinery and equipm ent_________________ Miscellaneous machinery...... ............. Electrical machinery and equipment—. Motor vehicles__________________ Sept. Aug. July June May Apr. Mar. Feb. Jan. Dec. Nov. 1959 1958 153.0 2152.8 3151.3 148.3 3146.7 146.2 153.2 146.1 153.2 146.0 153.4 145.9 153.5 145.7 154.0 145.6 153.9 145.3 153.9 145.3 153.8 144.3 153.7 144.0 153.6 143.9 153.0 143.4 149.8 139.1 176.7 »176. 7 175.5 175.3 175.3 174.7 174.3 173.9 173.6 172.9 172.9 171.9 166.1 181.0 3180.8 3179.9 3179.9 3179.7 3179.1 178.5 178.6 177.8 177.7 177.6 177.5 174.5 170.1 177.3 3176.7 181.8 166.3 3166. 5 166.9 150.7 150.4 150.2 152.4 152.5 152.5 140.6 3140.3 3135.4 166.4 150.2 153.1 141.6 166.6 150.1 153.3 141.6 166.4 150.2 153.9 141.6 167.8 150.0 153.9 141.6 167.9 150.1 155.6 141.6 167.7 149.9 155.6 141.6 168.2 149.6 155.7 141.6 167.8 149.7 155.8 141.6 167.9 149.8 155.4 141.6 167.5 149.7 155.9 141.6 165.3 149.4 154.4 142.8 160.0 148.1 152.2 139.7 Furniture and other household durables.— Household furniture____________ Commercial furniture______________ Floor coverings___________________ Household appliances______________ Television, radio receivers, and phonographs........................ ..................... Other household durable goods______ 122.6 3122.7 125.7 125.6 157.1 157.1 130.5 130.5 100.6 100.9 122.8 125.0 157.1 130.5 100.9 122.9 125.0 157.1 130.6 101.1 123.1 125.0 157.1 130.6 101.7 123.0 124.9 156.7 130.6 101.7 123.2 125.0 156.7 130.8 102.1 123.5 124.9 156.7 130.8 103.1 123.7 124.9 156.6 130.6 103.2 123.5 124.9 155.8 129.6 103.3 123.4 124.7 155.8 129.6 103.3 123.2 124.2 155.5 129.0 103.7 123.3 124.3 155.5 129.3 104.1 123.4 124.1 155.2 128.1 104.7 123.2 123.0 154.6 127.8 104.7 90.5 3 90.5 156.6 156.8 91.1 157.6 91.1 157.6 91.4 157.6 91.4 157.4 91.7 157.4 91.7 157.3 91.8 158.3 91.8 158.1 91.7 157.8 91.9 156.6 91.8 156.6 92.8 156.4 94.4 155.1 Nonmetallic minerals—structural......... Flat glass_________________ Concrete ingredients............................. Concrete products..........__................ Structural clay products. ___ Gypsum products........ ........................ Prepared asphalt roofing.............. Other nonmetallic minerals.................. 137.9 3138.1 132.4 132.4 142.1 142.1 131.0 131.0 162.2 162.2 133.2 133.2 106.6 106.6 133.8 3135. 0 138.0 132.4 142.2 131.0 162.1 133.2 106.6 134.5 137.8 130.2 142.2 131.1 162.0 133.2 106.6 134.6 137.8 130.2 142.1 131.3 101.8 133.2 106.6 134.6 137.8 130.2 142.1 131.3 161.7 133.2 106.6 134.6 137.9 130.2 142.1 131.5 161.7 133.2 106.6 134.6 138. 3 135.3 142.1 131.3 161.5 133.2 106.6 134.4 138.2 135.3 142.1 131.0 161.5 133.2 107.6 133.7 138.2 135.3 142.0 131.1 161.5 133.1 107.6 133.7 138.4 135.3 142.0 130.5 161.3 133.1 113. 6 132.8 137.8 135.3 140.4 130.4 160.7 133.1 113.6 132.5 137.7 135.3 140.4 130.3 160.6 133.1 113.6 132.5 137.7 135.3 140.3 129.7 160.2 133.1 116.4 132.4 136.0 135.4 139.0 128.1 156.5 132.1 112.8 131.2 Tobacco products and bottled beverages ». Tobacco products 9__________ Alcoholic beverages_____________ Nonalcoholic beverages____________ 132.0 130.8 121.1 171.4 132.0 130.8 121.1 171.4 132.0 130.8 121.1 171.4 132.0 130.8 121.1 171.4 131.8 130.8 120.6 171.4 131.7 130.8 120.6 171.1 131.7 130.8 120.6 171.1 131.7 130.8 120.6 171.1 131.7 130.8 120.6 171.1 131.7 130.8 120.6 171.1 131.7 130.8 120. 5 171.1 131.7 130.7 120.7 171.1 131.7 130.7 120.7 171.1 131.4 130.5 121.3 167.4 128.2 129.6 120.5 149.3 Miscellaneous products____ ____ 90.6 Toys, sporting goods, small arms, and ammunition .............................. 118.6 Manufactured animal feeds.................... 66.8 Notions and accessories_________ 96.4 Jewelry, watches, and photographic equipment....... ......................... 110.9 Other miscellaneous products ___ 132.1 90.3 91.1 89.9 90.8 90.9 91.1 95.4 94.0 93.4 95.3 94.2 93.7 94.5 94.2 118.6 66.2 96.4 118.6 67.7 96.4 118.5 65.6 97.3 118.6 67.3 97.3 118.3 67.6 96.4 118.3 68.0 96.4 118.3 75.6 97.2 117.8 73.2 97.5 117.8 72.2 97.5 117.7 75.6 97.5 118.0 74.0 97.5 117.7 73.7 97.5 117.5 75.1 97.3 119.0 74.4 97.5 110.9 132.6 110.9 132.5 110.9 132.3 110.7 132.5 110.2 132.6 110.5 132.5 110.5 132.1 110.6 131.6 110.6 131.5 110.6 131.9 109.5 131.9 108.3 131.9 108.3 132.2 107.6 132.2 1 As of January 1958, new weights reflecting 1954 values were introduced Into the Index. Technical details furnished upon request to the Bureau. »Preliminary. »Revised. ‘ January 1958=100. T able D -4 . f This index was formerly tobacco manufactures and bottled beverages. 9 New series. Indexes of wholesale prices for special commodity groupings 1 [1947-49=100] 1960 Commodity group All foods........................ All fish............................ All commodities except farm products Textile products, excluding hard fiber products____ Refined petroleum products.................. East Coast petroleum_________ ______ Midcontinent petroleum________ Gulf Coast petroleum_________ Pacific Coast petroleum__________ Bituminous coal, in domestic sizes — Soaps....................... Synthetic detergents............ Lumber and wood products, excluding millwork___ Softwood lumber....................... Pulp, paper and products, excluding bldg, paper__ Special metals and metal products_____ Steel mill products______ Machinery and equipment.............. Agricultural machinery, Including tractors................ Metalworking machinery Total tractors____ ______ Industrial valves__________ Industrial fittings................. Antifriction bearings and components______ Abrasive grinding wheels......... Construction materials............. ! See footnote 1, table D-3. 2 Preliminary. »Revised. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Nov.2 Oct. Sept. Aug. July 108.8 131.5 124.5 90.5 119.1 111.4 124.7 122.9 105.5 127.4 107.6 103.6 113.4 112.4 132.8 149.6 187.6 159.6 150.4 188.9 158.9 201.0 121.7 132.9 147.6 130.2 105.4 124.4 124.6 92.2 118.3 111.0 123.2 122.9 104.1 124.4 107.6 101.2 116.8 117.6 132.7 150.6 187.6 159. 4 147.8 186.3 156.9 206. 5 121.9 132.9 147.6 131.4 106.9 129.9 124.8 92.7 115.8 109.8 118.5 121.0 105.1 122.0 107.6 101.2 118.9 120.3 133. 3 150.4 187.7 159. 4 147.8 186.4 155.9 206.5 125. 4 132.9 147.6 132.1 »108.5 106.6 129.4 128.1 »124.6 124.4 91.2 91.6 119.5 119.2 112.4 111.4 124.7 124.7 122.9 122.9 107.3 106.0 126.2 126.1 107.6 107.6 103.6 101.2 »114.8 116.0 »114.1 116.0 »133.1 132.7 »149.7 »148.7 187.6 187.6 159.3 159.4 »148.6 148.0 »187.8 187.5 157.4 156.9 »202.8 206.5 122.4 122.5 132.9 132.9 147.6 147.6 »130.5 131.1 1959 June May Apr. Mar. Feb. Jan. 105.5 126.5 124.6 92.8 113.5 109.8 114.4 118.1 106.6 121.0 107.6 101.2 120. 2 122.1 133.2 150. 6 188.1 159.6 147.7 186.3 155.8 206.5 125.4 134. 5 147.6 132.9 106.1 126.6 124.5 92.8 110.8 110.6 106. 2 118.1 108.1 119.2 107.6 101.2 121.7 124.5 133.1 151.0 188.3 159.8 147.5 185.5 155.8 206.1 144.6 134.5 147.6 133.9 105.8 123.3 124.9 92.9 112.9 110. 2 113. 1 117.8 105.7 119.2 107.6 101.2 122.5 125. 6 132.8 151.1 188.3 160.5 147.3 185. 5 155. 4 206.1 145.7 134. 5 147.6 134.3 105.4 123.4 124.9 93.2 112.5 110.2 112.2 117.3 105. 8 127.8 107.6 101.2 122.6 126.0 132.7 151.1 188.3 160.4 147.1 185.5 155. 2 206.1 145. 7 134.5 147.6 134.5 102.7 121.8 124.7 93.5 111.9 112. 2 109.3 118.8 103.7 127.8 107.6 101.2 123.0 126.4 132.8 151. 7 188.3 160.4 147.1 184.7 154.9 206.0 145.7 134.5 147.6 135.0 103.0 121.9 124.8 93.5 111.7 111.8 107.7 119.4 105.8 127.8 107.6 101.3 123.2 126.5 133.3 151.8 188.3 160.3 145.9 184.5 155.0 205.8 144.1 134.5 147.6 135. 2 Dec. Nov. 102.7 122.7 124.4 93.7 111.6 109.9 109.4 118.5 104.4 127.8 109.7 101.7 122.9 126.4 132.0 151.5 188.3 160.1 145.4 184.5 154.4 205. 7 144.1 134. 5 147.6 134.9 102.6 120.7 124.4 93.1 111.1 108.2 108.4 117.8 108. 4 127.7 109.7 101 7 122.2 126.2 131.9 151.9 188.3 160.0 145.3 184. 4 154. 4 205.7 144.1 134. 5 147.6 134.6 Annual average 1959 1958 104.4 124.5 124.5 91.4 114.2 108.9 115.7 118.4 108.2 124.9 109. 5 101.4 124.5 128.1 131.8 150.8 188.2 158.5 144.8 181.8 153.3 196.9 139.0 136.1 152.5 134.6 109.5 128.5 123.3 89.1 114.8 110.2 114.5 117.7 117.3 123.0 108.1 101.2 116.2 117.8 130.7 147.6 185.1 155.2 139.7 178.0 147.9 178.7 137.3 141.8 155.9 130.5 N ote: For a description of these series, see Wholesale Prices and Price Indexes, 1958, BLS Bull. 1257 (1959). 109 D.~CONSUMER AND WHOLESALE PRICES T able D -5 . In d e x e s o f w h o lesa le p ric es,1 b y sta g e o f p ro cessin g a n d d u r a b ility o f p ro d u ct [1947-49=100] Annual average 1960 1959 Nov.2 Oct. Sept. Aug. July June May Apr. Mar. Feb. Jan. Dec. Nov. Commodity group 1959 1958 All commodities__ _________________________________ 119.6 3119.6 119.2 119.2 119.7 119.5 119.7 120.0 120.0 119.3 119.3 118.9 118.9 119.5 119.2 Sta ge o f p ro c e s s in g Crude materials for further processing.............. .................. Crude foodstuffs and feedstuffs---------------------------Crude nonfood materials except fuel........... .................. Crude nonfood materials, except fuel, for manu facturing_____ _____ ______ ______— ............. Crude nonfood materials, except fuel, for constru ctio n ___________ _____________________ Crude fuel _______________________________-__ _ Crude fuel for manufacturing-------------------------Crude fuel for nonmanufacturing---------- ----------- 93.0 3 93.3 92.9 92.7 94.8 95.3 96.0 96.3 96.4 94.8 94.6 93.4 93.6 96.7 99.4 85.1 3 85.1 83.9 83.8 86.1 86.8 87.5 88.0 88.0 84.7 83.7 82.1 81. 8 86.8 92.8 104.1 104.8 106.1 105.9 107.7 108.2 108.9 108.8 108.8 110.5 111.7 111.4 112.8 112.2 108.4 101.8 102.7 104.0 103.8 105.8 106.3 107.1 107.0 106.9 108.8 110.1 109.9 111.4 110.8 106.8 intermediate materials, supplies, and components............. Intermediate materials and components for manu facturing______________ ____________________ Intermediate materials for food manufacturing---Intermediate materials for nondurable manu facturing ________________________________ Intermediate materials for durable manufacturing. Components for manufacturing........... ................ — Materials and components for construction.................. Processed fuels and lubricants.-------- ------ ------ --------Processed fuels and lubricants for manufacturing.. Processed fuels and lubricants for nonmanufac turing.............................................. —--------------Containers, nonreturnable_______________________ Supplies.. 1.................................... — ........- .................... Supplies for manufacturing---------- ------------------Supplies for nonmanufacturing-........ ................. — Manufactured animal feeds________________ Other supplies.................................................... 126.4 126.6 126.8 126.8 127.0 127.0 127.1 127.6 127.5 127.4 128.2 128.4 128.5 128.7 129.0 129.1 129.2 129.5 129.4 129.5 101.7 3100.7 100.0 99.8 100.1 99.0 98.6 98.3 97.9 97.2 105.6 105.9 106.2 106.5 106.9 106.8 106.8 106.9 106.8 106.9 156.7 3157.2 157.7 157.8 158.1 158.4 158.8 159.0 158.9 159.0 149.2 149.4 149.4 149.6 149.6 150.3 150.8 152.0 152.0 152.4 133.8 3134.2 134.6 134.8 135.3 135.8 136.4 136.7 136.9 137.1 111.6 111.7 111.4 111.0 109.6 108.3 106.3 107.3 106.8 106.1 111.2 111.3 111.0 110.6 109.4 108.3 106.7 107.4 106.9 106.4 Finished goods (goods to users, including raw foods and fuels)------------------------ ------ ---------------------------------Consumer finished goods________________________ Consumer foods________ _____ ______________ Consumer crude foods____________________ Consumer processed foods.................... ............. Consumer other nondurable goods------------------Consumer durable goods_____________________ Producer finished goods----------------- - ---------------Producer finished goods for manufacturing--------Producer finished goods for nonmanufacturing---- 142.1 142.1 126.5 3126.0 126.0 3125.5 127.3 3126.9 142.2 126.1 125.6 127.0 142.2 124.1 123.6 124.8 142.1 122.7 122.2 123.4 142.1 121.5 121.1 122.2 142.1 120.7 120.3 121.4 142.1 122.0 121.5 122.8 142.1 125.7 125.2 126.5 142.0 125.5 124.9 126.3 142.0 126.0 125.5 126.9 140.4 125.7 125.2 126.6 140.4 125.2 124.7 126.0 140.3 123.4 122.9 124.1 139.0 121.2 120.9 121.8 127.5 127.3 127.3 127.0 125.3 129.5 129.4 129.5 129.0 127.2 97.4 97.0 97.8 98.5 102.2 106.9 159.0 152.1 137.2 105.4 105.9 107.0 158.6 152.5 136.9 105.3 105. 6 106.8 159.0 152.4 136.7 105.0 105.0 106.4 157.9 151.5 136.5 106.0 105.6 104.7 154.3 149. 5 132.9 106.5 105.8 112.1 138.5 115.4 149.7 100.3 61.7 123.0 111.8 138.3 114.8 149.5 99.5 59.3 123.1 109.9 138.3 115.3 149.8 100.1 61.2 123.0 108.4 138.9 115.4 149.8 100.2 61.6 122.9 105.6 139.1 115.4 149.5 100.4 62.0 122.9 107.4 138.2 117.3 148.8 103.2 69.8 122.8 106.6 138.4 116.6 148.8 102.3 67.5 122.7 105.5 138.3 116.3 148.4 101.9 66.7 122.6 104.7 137.9 117.1 148.3 103.0 70.2 122.3 104.7 136.3 117.2 145.5 104.1 75.1 121.2 105.1 136.2 117.1 145.7 103.9 74.4 121.2 106.8 136.7 116.6 143.5 104.1 74.7 121.3 107.7 137.4 115.1 139.9 103.4 73.0 121.2 122.5 3122.4 121.5 114.8 3114.7 113.7 110.4 3110.1 108.2 109.1 106.6 100.3 110.8 110.9 110.0 114.7 114.8 114.8 125.8 3125.7 3123.6 153.9 3153.5 3152.6 160.5 3160.2 3159. 2 148.1 3147.8 3146. 8 121.5 113.6 107.1 94.3 109.8 114.6 126.2 153.7 160.2 148.2 121.8 113.9 108.4 96.5 110.9 114.1 126.3 153.6 160.0 148.1 121.1 113.1 106.9 93.4 109.8 113.6 126.2 153.7 159.9 148.3 121.2 113.2 107.5 98.3 109.5 113.2 126.3 153.6 159.6 148.5 121.4 113.4 107.5 100.2 109.1 113.7 126.5 153.9 160.1 148.6 121.4 113.4 107.4 96.7 109.7 113.8 126.5 153.9 160.1 148.5 120.5 112.3 104.7 89.8 107.8 113.8 126.4 153.8 159.8 148.7 120.6 112.4 104.8 91. 5 107.7 113.9 126.4 153.8 159. 6 148.8 120.1 111.9 103.6 94.2 105.6 113.8 126.2 153.5 158. 9 149.0 120.0 111.7 103.5 92.3 105.9 113.6 126.1 153.6 158. 6 149.3 120.6 112.5 105.5 91.9 108.4 113.4 126.5 153. 2 158.1 149.1 120.8 113.5 110.5 101.0 112.6 111.7 125.0 150.3 155.0 146. 4 112.2 112.4 139.3 139.2 115.2 115.1 149.6 149.8 100.1 3 99.9 61.0 60.1 123.1 3123.2 D u r a b ility o f p ro du c t Total durable g o o d s..______________________________ 144.8 3144.9 3144. 5 145.5 145.6 Total nondurable goods----- -------------------------------------- 105.8 105.8 105.3 104.9 105.6 Total manufactures________________________________ 125.6 3125.7 125.5 125.7 125.9 Durable manufactures__________________________ 146.2 3146. c 3145.8 146.8 146.9 Nondurable manufactures_______________________ 109.4 3109.5 109.2 109.1 109.3 99.1 98.9 98. C 97. C 98.7 Total raw or slightly processed goods.------ --------------- Durable raw or slightly processed goods------------------ 101.4 102.9 107.4 107.8 106.0 Nondurable raw of slightly processed goods................ 98.9 98.7 97.4 96.3 98.3 i See footnote 1, table D-3 * Preliminary. *Revised. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 145.8 146.1 146.5 146.5 146.8 146.8 146.6 146.7 145.9 142.8 105.2 105.2 105.6 105.5 104.3 104.3 103.8 103.7 105.0 106.4 125.8 147.2 108.8 98.4 105.8 97.9 125.7 147.4 108.5 99.3 107.1 98.9 126.0 147.8 308.8 99.9 108.2 99.4 126.0 147.8 108.7 99.7 108.2 99.2 125.7 147.9 108.1 97.8 114.9 96.8 125.7 147.8 108.2 97.8 117.5 96.7 125.3 147.6 107.6 97.2 116. 6 96.1 125.3 147.6 107.6 97.1 120* 6 9 5 .8 125.5 147.0 108.5 98.9 114.1 98.1 124.5 144.0 109. 2 101. 6 108.3 101.2 N ote: For description of the series by stage of processing, see New BLS Economic Sector Indexes of Wholesale Prices (in M onthly Labor Review, December 1955, pp. 1448-1453); and by durability of product and data begin ning with 1947, see Wholesale Prices and Price Indexes, 1957, BLS Bull. 1235 (1958). 110 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JANUARY 1961 E.—Work Stoppages T a b l e E - l . W ork sto p p a g e s re su ltin g from la b o r-m a n a g em e n t d isp u te s 1 Number of stoppages Workers involved in stoppages Man-days idle during month or year Month and year Beginning in month or year 1935-39 (average)___ „______ 1947-49 (average).................................... 1945............................................ 1946................. ...... ................... 1947.................................. 1948............................. .............. 1949.............. ...................... 1950................................................ 1951................... ..................... 1952........................ ....................... 1953....................................................... 1954............................................ 1955............................................ 1956............ ........................... 1957................................................... 1 9 5 8 .___ . ____ . . . 1959......................................... 2,862 3, 573 4,750 4,985 3,693 3j 419 3,606 4,843 4,737 5,117 5,091 3,468 4,320 3,825 3,673 3,694 3,708 1959: November _____ . December..................................... 161 112 1960: January *. ......... ........... February *_____________ March 3_________________ A pril3....................... ......... May 3____________ June ....... ......... July *..................... ................ A ugust3. ______________ Septem ber3............... .................. October2............................. November 2_________________ December3 ..................... .......... 200 250 270 370 400 425 325 300 225 250 140 95 1 The data include all known strikes or lockouts involving 0 or more workers and lasting a full day or shift or longer. Figures on workers involved and man-days idle cover all workers made idle for as long as 1 shift in estab lishments directly involved in a stoppage. They do not measure the indirect https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis In effect dur ing month * 402 285 one Oil0 400 430 oou 600 oou K/O 7fi O AO fin O U ‘iiiO *Azr\ *QU 375 onn ouu Beginning in month or year In effect dur ing month 1.130.000 2.380.000 3.470.000 4.600.000 2.170.000 1.960.000 3.030.000 2.410.000 2.220.000 3.540.000 2.400.000 1, 530,000 2.650.000 1.900.000 1.390.000 2.060.000 1,880,000 23,100 65.000 70.000 85.000 110,000 190,000 155.000 140.000 120, 000 70.000 70.000 Number Percent of esti mated work ing time 16,900,000 o», /UU, UUU 38,000,000 116,000,000 34,600,000 34,100,000 50, 500,000 38,800,000 22,900,000 59,100,000 28,300,000 22,600,000 28,200,000 33,100,000 16,500,000 23, 900,000 69,000,000 0.27 . 46 . 47 1.43 . 41 .37 . 69 . 44 .23 . 67 .26 .21 .26 .29 . 14 . 22 . 61 652.000 101.000 4,300,000 1,430,000 .48 . 14 140.000 145.000 140.000 190.000 225.000 285.000 250.000 250.000 210.000 170. 000 110,000 80,000 1,000,000 1,250,000 1,500,000 1.500.000 1.750.000 2.750.000 2.150.000 2,000,000 1, 750,000 1, 750,000 1,000,000 850,000 .ii .14 .15 .16 .19 .28 .24 .20 .19 .19 .11 .09 or secondary eSect on other establishments or industries whose employees are made idle as a result of material or service shortages. 3 Preliminary. 111 F.— WORK INJURIES F.—Work Injuries Table F - l. Injury-frequency rates 1 for selected manufacturing industries Industry All manufacturing— .................................................. Food and kindred products: Meatpacking and custom slaughtering-......... ...... Sausages and other prepared meat products......... Poultry and small game dressing and packingDairy products........ .............................................. Canning and preserving_____________________ Grain-mill products________________________ Bakery products___________________________ Cane s u g a r ....... ................................-............. ...... Confectionery and related products...................... Bottled soft drinks ............................................... M alt and malt liquors.......................... ................. Distilled liquors................... ................................... Miscellaneous food products......... ......................... Textile-mill products: Cotton yarn and textiles------------------------------Rayon, other synthetic, and silk textiles.............. Woolen and worsted textiles................................... K nit goods...... .......................................................... Dyeing and finishing textiles ................................. Miscellaneous textile g o o d s.................................. Apparel and other finished textile products: Clothing, men’s and boys’. . -------------------------Clothing, women’s and children’s......................... Fur goods and miscellaneous apparel.................... Miscellaneous fabricated textile products......... Lumber and wood products (except furniture): Logging...................................... .............................. Sawmills and planing mills................................... Millwork and structural wood products.............. Plywood m ills......................................................... Wooden containers.................................................. Miscellaneous wood products................................. Furniture and fixtures: Household furniture, nonmetal----------------------Metal household furniture..................................... Mattresses and bedsprings---------------------------Office furniture................ ........................................ Public-building and professional furniture........... Partitions and fixtures______________________ Screens, shades, and blinds__________________ Paper and allied products: Pulp, paper, and paperboard mills-----------------Paperboard containers and boxes_____________ Miscellaneous paper and allied products----------Printing, publishing, and allied industries: Newspapers and periodicals......................... ........ Bookbinding and related products-----------------Miscellaneous printing and publishing................. Chemicals and allied products: Industrial inorganic chemicals-----------------------Plastics, except synthetic rubber........................... Synthetic rubber..................................................... Synthetic fibers........................................................ Explosives------------------------------------------------Miscellaneous industrial organic chemicals-------Drugs and medicines_________________ _____ Soap and related products.............. — .................. Paints, pigments, and related products-----------Fertilizers.............................. ..................... ........... Vegetable and animal oils and fats----- ------------Compressed and liquified gases---------------------Miscellaneous chemicals and allied products-----Rubber products: Tires and inner tubes_______________________ Rubber footwear............................................. ........ Miscellaneous rubber products----------------------Leather and leather products: Leather tanning and finishing— ------- -----------Boot and shoe cut stock and findings--------------Footwear (except rubber).................................... Miscellaneous leather products............................. Stone, clay, and glass products: Glass and glass products......................................... Structural clay products------------------------------Pottery and related products------------------------Concrete, gypsum, and mineral wool--------------Miscellaneous nonmetallic mineral products........ https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 1958 1959* 1960» Third quarter Annual average Second First Fourth Third Second First Fourth Third quar quar quar quar quar quar quar quar ter ter ter ter ter ter ter ter 1959» 1958 July Aug. Sept. Quar ter 11.6 12.6 11.4 11.9 H .i n .i n .i 13.4 11.7 11.2 10.8 11.8 11.9 10.9 26.9 21.6 (3) 13.5 25.6 16.7 17.2 16.5 13.1 25.5 18.1 (3) 19.3 22.9 36.2 (3) 14.7 23.3 17.7 17.7 11.4 14.8 26.1 18.7 (3) 20.6 23.9 27.9 (3) 17.8 22.5 18.0 18.6 26.7 15.2 23.9 17.3 (3) 13.8 24.5 28.6 40.8 15.3 23.7 17.6 17.9 18.2 14.5 25.2 18.1 5.0 18.0 26.2 29.1 34.0 20.4 18.6 14.5 16.8 10.0 17.3 21.1 19.0 7.6 13.2 24.1 25.0 32.5 17.0 18.6 13.9 16.4 12.2 15.7 21.3 19.0 10.5 13.2 24.0 24.2 38.3 15.4 17.2 16.2 15.2 13.0 17.5 18.7 17.5 7.1 15.8 26.7 27.3 49.3 18.5 25.7 20.1 18.3 13.3 13.4 26.3 21.9 9.3 18.4 23.6 26.8 38.7 17.3 17.9 19.7 14.9 17.3 12.7 23.5 18.2 8.7 15.4 25.0 23.5 40.0 16.6 19.1 18.6 15.4 12.7 10.5 19.8 17.2 10.5 14.5 22.4 20.9 43.0 16.4 18.0 16.3 16.7 15.3 13.1 19.9 15.1 8.0 13.6 24.3 27.9 54.2 19.3 21.2 19.3 16.7 12.8 15.8 28.2 18.5 7.7 14.7 24.9 25.8 43.9 17.0 20.8 18.7 16.0 14.2 13.7 22.7 19.1 9.3 16.2 21.6 23.4 43.1 17.0 19.3 15.9 15.8 14.5 13.4 22.5 16.6 8.2 13.3 8.8 8.4 19.5 4.3 9.2 23.5 9.6 8.6 19.9 5.3 13.3 25.0 9.1 5.9 18.0 5.1 7.9 15.1 9.2 7.5 19.2 4.9 10.3 21.0 8.2 7.1 18.4 4.8 11.6 12.2 7.9 7.1 16.7 6.0 15.0 16.7 7.5 8.1 15.1 5.7 14.0 14.6 8.6 8.3 19.7 6.2 13.3 19.2 8.4 8.5 19.2 5.9 11.5 14.1 7.7 7.5 17.3 5.9 11.3 15.6 7.8 7.1 14.5 4.3 14.0 12.2 8.5 7.1 18.7 5.6 15.2 17.1 8.0 8.0 17.9 6.0 12.5 15.9 7.8 6.5 16.2 5.1 14.1 13.4 8.9 6.3 13.0 9.8 7.7 5.8 8.1 9.6 6.7 6.4 4.0 6.5 7.6 6.2 7.9 8.5 6.4 5.2 4.4 12.1 5.6 5.1 7.2 9.2 7.0 4.9 7.2 8.6 7.2 5.0 5.8 8.5 7.1 4.5 7.0 9.0 5.9 5.5 7.4 9.4 5.4 4.5 5.4 8.0 5.2 5.5 9.6 11.3 6.8 5.1 6.9 8.9 5.7 5.2 6.7 9.4 59.2 43.1 23.8 29.8 38.6 33.8 64.3 47.8 28.7 23.6 30.5 35.0 56.5 44.3 24.6 17.4 31.8 35.5 60.0 45.2 25.8 23.2 33.6 34.8 60.1 38.9 25.6 22.1 36.0 27.3 60.7 35.9 20.7 19.6 34.1 33.5 63.5 40.3 24.6 24.1 27.2 23.8 77.0 42.4 30.7 23.7 34.1 32.8 61.9 41.3 23.6 25.0 24.9 33.5 62.5 38.6 21.3 25.3 33.7 29.7 63.4 37.5 22.4 23.1 26.5 29.6 68.9 42.7 25.7 26.5 31.1 26.1 65.4 40.9 25.1 24.9 29.9 29.9 63.8 39.3 22.1 23.0 27.6 26.2 23.0 (3) 9.4 18.2 (3) 26.8 (3) 22.1 (3) 15.5 14.4 (3) 26.4 (3) 20.6 (3) 16.9 15.8 (3) 14.7 (3) 21.8 22.3 14.2 16.0 16.3 22.3 (3) 19.2 17.8 11.3 15.0 18.6 18.5 18.1 19.2 22.1 13.3 13.0 15.3 18.1 19.1 17.9 15.4 11.2 11.9 13.8 14.6 17.8 21.2 19.9 20.1 20.4 13.7 21.6 17.8 19.2 18.5 12.4 18.0 14.8 18.6 16.7 18.5 14.8 12.6 15.1 17.8 17.3 13.4 16.1 17.7 18.0 13.1 12.4 19.9 14.2 18.7 20.4 13.4 15.3 15.1 19.2 13.0 19.2 17.0 14.0 16.3 14.9 18.1 16.3 17.0 16.1 13.7 13.8 13.1 17.2 13.6 10.0 12.3 15.2 9.2 16.8 16.7 9.5 13.0 13.6 9.6 14.1 15.2 9.4 14.5 15.1 9.3 14.0 13.8 9.3 13.7 14.6 10.9 17.5 15.6 9.0 16.9 16.6 9.9 15.2 14.4 9.5 15.2 11.0 10.3 15.3 14.2 9.8 15.9 15.2 9.4 14.1 12.1 10.4 (3) 11.3 12.4 (3> 11.8 10.9 (3) 10.3 11.3 21.2 11.1 9.9 16.1 10.9 9.1 14.6 11.1 8.7 16.2 9.1 10.3 14.2 12.2 9.0 17.3 9.4 9.5 13.4 10.1 8.4 12.4 8.6 8.6 9.7 8.3 9.4 15.2 10.1 8.6 11.6 8.5 4.8 5.1 (3) (3) (3) 5.0 7.7 8.0 9.1 (3) 17.7 (3) 17.7 5.8 4.3 (3) (3) 0 2.9 6.4 11.6 9.3 « 21.7 (3) 12.2 5.5 3.5 (3) (3) (3) 3.1 5.9 10.5 8.4 (3) 24.7 (3) 14.3 5.4 4.3 1.7 2.7 3.9 3.7 6.6 10.3 9.0 19.9 21.5 10.5 14.5 5.5 4.7 1.9 1.6 4.5 2.6 6.0 7.2 12.7 18.6 21.5 9.7 13.5 5.2 5.5 .8 3.6 2.6 3.1 7.6 9.6 11.8 22.6 22.8 11.4 13.7 4.5 4.7 2.3 2.5 2.6 4.3 7.5 8.6 10.3 19.7 21.9 7.7 13.2 5.8 6.8 1.2 2.7 (3) 5.0 6.3 8.8 10.3 23.4 22.7 10.2 14.0 3.9 5.8 1.4 2.5 3.9 4.5 7.2 11.3 11.8 25.9 21.9 10.3 13.9 5.9 5.1 2.5 1.6 1.9 3.9 7.3 8.1 9.1 19.3 24.6 8.8 14.7 5.3 4.5 2.3 3.4 1.7 3.4 7.7 9.4 7.3 11.8 23.6 9.0 14.0 5.4 6.0 2.6 2.3 3.7 3.8 7.6 8.5 11.0 13.0 26.1 7.5 15.5 5.0 5.7 1.8 2.3 2.3 4.5 7.1 9.2 10.6 22.2 22.8 9.2 14.0 4.9 4.7 2.5 2.7 2.4 3.8 7.5 8.3 10.3 14.7 23.5 9.9 14.2 3.1 10.0 12.3 4.3 6.1 13.0 4.6 6.6 12.2 4.0 7.3 12.5 4.0 9.0 10.6 4.1 8.3 11.5 3.9 4.7 9.7 4.6 5.0 11.4 4.0 9.0 9.6 2.8 5.9 10.0 3.6 4.0 7.9 3.4 5.8 11.5 3.9 6.1 10.2 3.4 5.1 9.6 29.8 (3) 10.2 7.8 37.6 (3) 10.3 14.0 33.6 (3) 7.9 13.3 34.1 (3) 9.4 12.0 27.8 (3) 7.9 12.4 26.5 (3) 8.8 13.8 28.0 (3) 9.2 11.4 32.0 (3) 11.4 12.9 26.9 20.3 9.8 15.3 26.6 20.1 9.4 13.8 21.0 (3) 8.5 10.0 21.5 (3) 9.2 11.5 28.3 18.6 10.0 13.7 22.7 16.9 8.6 10.6 6.4 31.2 13.4 19.7 8.4 10.0 35.7 17.6 23.7 9.7 7.5 31.5 11.6 19.9 9.3 8.0 32.8 14.2 21.2 9.2 9.6 32.5 12.4 24.6 12.6 7.7 32.8 15.7 20.1 12.2 10.2 32.0 13.2 23.0 11.6 10.5 34.8 19.3 34.2 14.8 10.5 33.3 16.4 27.9 14.3 11.1 32.5 14.3 22.8 12.2 9.0 33.8 14.8 24.4 14.7 10.0 32.8 16.0 28.7 10.4 10.5 33.4 15.9 27.5 13.2 9.1 31.2 14.7 24.5 12.1 112 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JANUARY 3961 T able F .- l . Injury-frequency rates1for selected manufacturing industries—Continued I960» Industry Primary metal industries: Blast furnaces and steel mills................................ Gray-iron and malleable foundries____________ Steel foundries.......................................................... Nonferrous rolling, drawing, and alloying______ Nonferrous foundries_______________________ Iron and steel forgings______________________ Wire drawing.......................................................... Welded and heavy-riveted pipe______________ Cold-finished steel................................................... Fabricated metal products: Tin cans and other tinware.................................... Cutlery and edge tools............................................ Handtools, files, and saws____ ______________ Hardware________________________________ Sanitary ware and plumbers’ supplies.................. Oil burners, heating and cooking apparatus......... Structural steel and ornamental metal work........ Metal doors, sash, frame, and trim ........................ Boiler-shop products...................... ...... ........... ...... Sheet-metal work__________________________ Stamped and pressed metal products.................... Metal coating and engraving. ............................. Fabricated wire products........................................ Metal barrels, drums, kegs, and pails................... Steel springs.._________ ___________ _______ Bolts, nuts, washers, and rivets______________ Screw-machine products......................................... Fabricated metal products, not elsewhere classified. Machinery (except electrical): Engines and turbines............................................. Agricultural machinery and tractors__________ Construction and mining machinery.................... Metalworking machinery.................................. . Food-products machinery___________________ Textile machinery_______ __________________ Miscellaneous special-industry machinery_____ Pumps and compressors____________________ Elevators, escalators, and conveyors____ _____ Mechanical power-transmission equipment (except ball and roller bearings)............................... Miscellaneous general industrial machinery........ Commercial and household machinery................. Valves and fittings ................... ............................. Fabricated pipe and fittings................................... Ball and roller bearings........................................... Machine shops, general........................................... Electrical machinery: Electrical industrial apparatus_______________ Electrical appliances_______________________ Insulated wire and cable____________________ Electrical equipment for vehicles_____________ Electric lamps (bulbs)______________ _______ Radios and related products_________________ Radio tubes................ ............................................ Miscellaneous communication equipment........ . Batteries........................... ......... ....................... . Electrical products, not elsewhere classified......... Transportation equipment: Motor vehicles, bodies, and trailers___________ Motor-vehicle parts and accessories...................... Aircraft___ _______________________________ Aircraft parts___________ __________________ Shipbuilding and repairing__________________ Boatbuilding and repairing_________ ________ Railroad equipment________________________ Instruments and related products: Scientific instruments......................... ................... Mechanical measuring and controlling instruments. Optical instruments and lenses_______________ Medical instruments and supplies......................... Photographic equipment and supplies.................. Watches and clocks _______ ________________ Miscellaneous manufacturing: Paving and roofing materials................................. Jewelry, silverware, and plated ware.................... Fabricated plastics products_________________ Miscellaneous manufacturing________________ Ordnance and accessories____________________ Third Quarter 1958 Annual average Second First Fourth Third Second First quar quar quar quar quar quar quar 1959 2 Quar quar ter ter ter ter ter ter ter ter ter 1958 July Aug. Sept. 3.7 22.6 15.5 9.6 13.7 16.0 10.3 11.1 8.9 3.6 25.1 16.3 10.9 20.1 19.2 21.0 7.0 10.4 3.6 28.0 18.4 9.7 20.5 17.5 12.6 8.5 11.8 3.6 25.4 16.8 10.1 18.4 17.7 14.9 8.7 10.5 3.6 24.0 17.1 10.0 18.3 17.6 14.5 10.6 7.3 3.7 25.8 20.8 9.4 19.0 19.5 16.5 10.5 8.6 4.1 24.3 18.2 11.3 20.2 17.5 18.7 11.5 8.8 28.9 23.0 9.3 18.4 22.0 31.0 0 11.4 3.9 27.0 21.0 10.8 17.2 19.0 13.9 7.1 11.3 3.9 25.3 18.9 10.4 18.5 16.2 11.5 8.9 9.2 3.7 21.6 15.6 8.4 19.9 14.1 15.1 10.7 7.6 3.7 25.8 18.7 10.6 14.6 14.5 15.1 11.1 11.1 4.2 26.4 20.3 10.4 18.5 18.6 17.4 9.6 10.1 3.7 23.0 15.9 9.7 17.0 14.9 13.9 11.3 8.1 9.7 0 15.8 7.7 15.1 13.7 23.5 19.3 26.2 17.2 10.2 0 17.5 0 0 12.2 10.9 16.6 9.6 (0 17.9 10.8 13.7 19.5 23.9 9.7 21.5 24.9 11.6 0 17.0 0 0 13.3 12.9 21.2 8.1 0 16.1 9.0 12.1 16.9 19.8 16.3 21.4 16.2 13.2 0 15.3 0 0 13.5 17.3 12.6 9.1 15.1 16.7 9.3 13.6 17.0 22.4 15.0 22.9 19.7 11.8 22.5 16.6 7.1 23.0 13.0 13.9 16.9 7.4 10.1 17.0 10.0 11.8 12.3 21.3 16.5 20.6 22.8 9.6 25.6 18.0 14.1 25.9 12.4 11.1 10.3 6.6 8.6 16.7 9.5 11.6 14.1 17.1 14.0 18.5 24.4 11.1 23.4 16.5 14.1 18.2 15.5 12.6 12.4 6.1 11.9 15.9 10.1 11.8 14.3 20.2 20.6 19.1 21.8 10.2 20.2 14.1 0 16.3 12.0 9.6 8.8 6.6 13.7 16.4 9.5 16.8 18.0 0 23.2 21.4 24.9 11.8 22.8 18.4 0 23.4 13.6 16.7 12.4 7.0 13.1 21.6 9.3 13.6 15.0 17.5 21.2 19.1 27.2 12.0 31.0 15.2 18.4 18.3 13.7 15.4 9.9 5.8 10.1 16.2 9.1 19.8 15.7 20.6 17.2 17.9 21.2 9.9 25.6 15.7 0 18.3 12.1 11.4 10.0 5.8 8.7 13.5 8.7 11.3 16.3 21.0 17.5 18.2 17.8 10.2 21.2 13.5 12.2 17.7 12.4 11.1 10.8 7.4 14.9 14.6 8.0 13.2 13.3 21.2 20.0 21.6 20.9 10.7 19.6 17.3 9.5 21.2 12.8 9.9 10.3 6.4 12.1 17.6 9.5 15.9 15.7 21.3 20.6 19.5 23. 6 11.0 24.4 15.7 14.0 19.1 12.9 13.4 10.4 6.0 12.9 14.0 7.9 13.2 14.4 21.6 18.0 19.9 19.8 9.7 20.8 15.0 11.6 18.8 11.9 10.4 11.3 4.9 7.1 16.0 9.3 14.3 20.8 12.0 13.3 17.3 7.2 8.4 16.5 8.9 15.4 16.4 17.9 13.9 21.2 5.5 6.4 13.8 8.2 14.9 15.7 14.4 12.2 12.5 5.9 7.3 15.4 8.7 14.9 17.3 14.8 13.1 17.0 7.0 7.7 15.1 10.4 14.8 16.9 15.7 12.7 15.9 6.9 7.4 15.7 10.3 11.4 17.6 14.0 14.4 19.6 6.2 7.8 14.8 8.7 8.2 17.3 13.0 10.7 18.9 7.5 7.8 18.1 10.0 12.6 14.8 12.7 13.7 17.2 7.2 10.4 16.7 8.7 13.3 15.3 12.2 11.8 17.3 8.0 9.2 15.1 8.4 13.6 12.6 13.2 13.0 15.0 7.4 8.0 12.0 8.4 10.3 10.2 12.7 10.6 13.2 7.9 7.4 13.5 8.5 12.6 10.2 12.0 10.7 13.5 7.3 8.9 16.1 9.0 12.5 15.2 12.8 12.6 17.3 7.6 8.2 12.6 8.3 10.8 10.7 12.8 10.9 13.1 10.2 9.6 7.4 13.1 0 5.1 14.3 11.4 11.7 7.6 15.6 0 5.4 12.4 10.8 12.4 5.7 15.1 0 3.6 14.8 10.8 11.2 6.8 14.6 17.9 4.6 13.7 12.3 10.4 6.2 15.4 16.9 5.2 12.1 12.5 10.7 6.2 12.5 15.7 5.8 13.1 11.4 9.3 5.7 12.5 12.8 4.7 13.7 12.4 11.8 6.3 12.2 16.3 5.6 15.4 11.2 11.0 6.3 14.9 14.9 5.8 15.5 9.8 11.1 5.8 13.2 20.0 5.9 15.4 10.3 11.3 5.7 11.3 12.9 7.9 13.1 8.5 9.9 5.6 12.7 15.1 7.2 13.2 11.2 10.8 6.0 13.1 16.1 5.4 15.1 9.7 11.0 5.6 12.7 13.4 8.0 12.5 5.5 2.5 13.0 3.0 0 3.3 3.9 3.8 13.6 0 6.6 5.9 16.8 2.5 0 4.2 2.2 4.3 11.6 0 5.9 6.2 14.8 2.5 0 4.9 2.9 1.9 10.1 0 6.0 5.0 15.1 2.6 3.2 4.2 2.9 3.2 11.7 11.0 5.0 6.5 14.5 2.6 2.0 4.2 2.6 2.3 14.1 3.4 6.0 5.9 9.8 2.1 2.9 3.8 1.7 2.6 12.0 9.5 6.1 6.4 9.6 2.4 2.0 4.2 2.2 2.6 14.7 3.6 6.8 8.6 13.4 2.7 1.6 5.3 3.0 2.3 13.1 5.6 6.8 7.8 15.7 2.4 2.2 4.7 2.6 1.9 13.3 5.4 6.2 6.8 10.2 2.6 3.7 4.7 2.3 2.2 10.1 4.2 5.4 6.2 11.8 2.6 5.0 4.1 2.6 2.2 11.5 3.2 5.4 4.0 12.7 3.6 2.9 4.3 2.1 3.2 13.6 7.0 6.5 7.2 12.2 2.5 2.3 4.7 2. 5 2.2 13.3 4.9 5.1 4.6 11. 9 3.1 3.6 4.0 2.3 2.6 11.6 5.4 3.7 3.8 2.2 5.1 14.3 0 10.3 4.3 4.3 2.4 6.1 13.5 0 7.1 3.6 3.9 2.3 5.3 17.6 0 8.5 3.8 4.0 2.3 5.6 15.1 36.1 8.5 4.2 3.9 2.2 3.8 15.8 18.4 7.4 4.4 4.9 2.2 4.5 16.4 26.4 7.4 4.8 4.9 2.4 4.0 15.3 28.1 6.1 5.4 6.0 2.7 4.6 16.3 27.1 6.8 5.2 5.7 2.8 3.9 17.6 31.3 7.1 4.6 4.7 2.8 3.9 16.3 28.8 7.0 4.8 5.1 2.9 3.7 14.3 23.5 6.4 5.0 5.8 3.1 4.1 16.5 28.3 7.9 50 5.4 2.7 4.1 16.5 28.8 6.8 4.6 5.4 2.9 4.1 15.9 28.7 7.2 1.5 4.7 0 8.6 3.2 0 1.9 7.0 0 9.9 6.8 0 1.4 5.5 0 10.3 6.2 0 1.6 5.8 3.4 9.7 5.5 5.6 2.6 7.1 4.1 5.6 4.7 6.4 2.7 8.6 3.9 7.1 6.5 3.0 3.5 6.4 4.4 10.4 5.4 4.1 3.9 8.6 6.3 10.4 6.6 4.3 3.6 7.1 6.3 7.2 6.5 5.1 3.0 5.7 5.1 8.4 5.5 3.1 3. 4 5.4 3.0 7.6 6.6 4.3 3.8 5.2 3.9 5.6 6.0 5.6 35 6.9 5. 5 9.1 6.0 4.1 39 5. 6 4.1 7.4 5.7 5.3 0 7.1 13.0 10.3 2.2 0 9.4 23.9 13.9 3.3 0 4.8 14.2 14.4 2.2 7.1 7.1 17.2 13.0 2.5 0 6.7 15.9 12.3 3.7 7.0 6.7 18.7 12.0 3.3 10.4 3.9 16.5 12.6 3.2 13.1 6.2 18.1 14.5 2.9 12.0 11.3 14.0 13.0 3.0 7.2 7.1 18.2 12.1 4.3 7.3 8.5 15.3 11.4 3.5 10.7 7.3 11.8 13.2 3.9 10.7 7.3 16. 5 13.1 3.3 9.1 7.0 14.3 11.9 3.6 i The injury-frequency rate is the average number of disabling work injuries for each million employee-hours worked. A disabling work injury is any injury occurring in the course of and arising out of employment, which (a) results in death or permanent physical impairment, or (b) makes the injured worker unable to perform the duties of any regularly established job which is open and available to him throughout the hours corresponding to his regular shift on any one or more days after the day of injury (including Sundays, days off, or plant shutdowns). The term “injury” includes occupational disease. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 1959 1 0 1 Rates are preliminary and subject to revision when final annual data become available. 8 Insufficient data to warrant presentation of average. N ote: These data are compiled in accordance with the American Standard Method of Recording and Measuring Work Injury Experience, approved by the American Standards Association, 1954. V.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE: 1961 New Publications Available For Sale Order sale publications from the Superintendent of Documents, Government Printing Office, Washington 25, D.C. Send check or money order, payable to the Superintendent of Documents. Currency sent at sender’s risk. Copies may also be purchased from any of the Bureau’s regional offices. (See inside front cover for the addresses of these offices.) BLS Bull. 1281: Subject Index of Bulletins Published by the Bureau of Labor Statistics, 1915-59—with Annotated Listing of Bulletins, 1895-1959. 102 pp. 55 cents. BLS Bull. 1283: Composition of Payroll Hours in Manufacturing, 1958. 33 pp. 30 cents. Occupational Wage Surveys: BLS Bulls.— 1285-1: Manchester, N.H., August 1960. 20 pp. 20 cents. 1285-2: Green Bay, Wis., August 1960. 20 pp. 20 cents. 1285-3: Oldahoma City, Okla., August 1960. 22 pp. 25 cents. 1285-5: Raleigh, N.C., September 1960. 22 pp. 25 cents. 1285-6: Little Rock-North Little Rock, Ark., August 1960. 22 pp. cents. 25 For Limited Free Distribution Single copies of the reports listed below are furnished without cost as long as supplies permit. Write to Bureau of Labor Statistics, U.S. Department of Labor, Washington 25, D.C., or to any of the Bureau’s regional offices. (See inside front cover for the addresses of these offices.) BLS Report 166: Injuries and Accident Causes in Water-Supply Utilities. 70 pp. BLS Report 171: Earnings of Communications Workers, October 1959. 13 pp. Foreign Labor Information: Foreign Trade and Collective Bargaining. November 1960. 37 pp. A Directory of Community Wage Surveys, 1948-June 1960. 20 pp. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis (Revised 1960.) U nited S tates Government P rinting Office D I V IS IO N O F P U B L IC D O C U M E N T S W a sh in g t o n 25, D.C. OFFICIAL B U SIN E S S https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis P E N A L T Y F O R P R I V A T E U S E T O AVOID P A Y M E N T O F P O S T A G E , »SCO CGPOI