Full text of Monthly Labor Review : January 1961, Vol. 84, No. 1

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Monthly
Labor
Review
JANUARY 1961 VOL. 84 NO.

Working Rules in West Coast Longshoring
Trends and Structure of White-Collar Employment
Dues and Fee-Charging Arrangements of Labor Unions
American Labor in 1960

UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF LABOR
BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS


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UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF LABOR

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Arthur J. Goldberg , Secretary

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BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS
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C lague,

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obert

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enry

H

erm a n

W. D

J. M

Commissioner

y ers,

Deputy Commissioner

J . F it z g e r a l d ,
B. B yer,

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v a n s,

P h il ip A r n o w ,

Assistant Commissioner

Assistant Commissioner
Assistant Commissioner

Assistant Commissioner

M ary S. B edell, Acting Chief, Office of Publications
A rnold E. Chase, Chief, Division of Prices and Cost of Living
H. M. D outy, Chief, Division of Wages and Industrial Relations
J oseph P. G oldbero, Special Assistant to the Commissioner
H arold G oldstein, Chief, Division of Manpower and Employment Statistics
L eon Greenberg , Chief, Division of Productivity and Technological Developments
R ichard F. J ones, Chief, Office of Management
W alter G. K eim , Chief, Office of Field Service
P aul R. K erschbaum, Chief, Office of Program Planning
L awrence R. K lein , Special Assistant to the Commissioner
H yman L. L ewis , Chief, Office of Labor Economics
F rank S. M cE lroy, Chief, Division of Industrial Hazards
A be R othman, Chief, Office of Statistical Standards
W illiam O. Shelton, Chief, Division of Foreign Labor Conditions

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Monthly Labor Review
U N ITED STATES DEPARTM ENT OF LABOR • BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

L a w r e n c e R. K l e i n , Editor-in-Chief
M a r y S. B e d e l l , Executive Editor

(on leave)

CONTENTS
Special Articles
1
11
11
19

Working Rules in West Coast Longshoring
Special Labor Force Reports
White-Collar Employment: I—Trends and Structure
A Review of American Labor in 1960

Summaries of Studies and Reports
27
31
36
41
47
53

The 43d Convention of the United Mine Workers of America
Dues and Fee-Charging Arrangements of Labor Unions
Earnings in the Banking Industry, Mid-1960
Earnings in the Fluid Milk Industry, April-June 1960
Earnings in Power Laundry and Dry-Cleaning Industries, Mid-1960
Wage Chronology No. 7: Swift & Co.—Supplement No. 6-1959-60

Departments
in
58
63
65
70
77


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The Labor Month in Review
Significant Decisions in Labor Cases
Chronology of Recent Labor Events
Developments in Industrial Relations
Book Reviews and Notes
Current Labor Statistics

January 1961 ®Voi. 84 • No. 1

62-22732
•

%

Collective Bargaining
in the Basic Steel Industry

This Department of Labor study is more than a comprehensive
analysis of the relationship between the United Steelworkers of
America and the basic steel industry over the past 25 years. Some
of the subjects into which it makes a searching inquiry are—
The frequency and economic effects of steel strikes
The development of the industry's labor policy
The formation and character of the union
The mode of bargaining
The public relations war of the parties
The areas of conflict and accommodation
The administration of the contracts
The economic implications of steel bargaining
The effect of steel prices on inflation
The pattern of wage adjustments
The role of government intervention
The relationship of costs, prices, and competition
The alternatives facing the parties

Two appendixes contain a detailed history of each steel nego­
tiation beginning with 1937 and a study of steel industrial relations
in nine foreign countries

Send orders with check or money order to the Superintendent of Documents, Washington 25, D.C., or to any of
the following Bureau of Labor Statistics regional offices:
341 Ninth A ve.
New York 1, N .Y .

18 Oliver St.
105 West Adam s St.
Boston 10, Mass. Chicago 3, III.

1371 Peachtree St. NE.
Atlanta 9, G a .

Price, $1.25 a copy
(25-percent discount on orders of 100 copies or more)
u


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630 Sansome St.
San Francisco 11, Calif.

I n m i d - D e c e m b e e , Arthur J. Goldberg was des­
ignated as Secretary of Labor in the cabinet of
President-elect John F. Kennedy. Mr. Goldberg,
who had been counsel for the Steelworkers and
special counsel to the AFL-CIO, resigned these
posts, as well as his many other union associa­
tions, and ended his relationships with his two law
firms shortly afterward. By early January, addi­
tional departmental appointments had been an­
nounced as follows: W. Willard Wirtz as Under
Secretary; Jerry R. Holleman, an Assistant Secre­
tary; George L-P. Weaver, Special Assistant to
the Secretary and scheduled to become an Assist­
ant Secretary on July 1, 1961; Charles Donahue,
Solicitor; and Esther Peterson, an Assistant to the
Secretary and Director of the Women’s Bureau.
On December 22, outgoing Secretary of Labor
James P. Mitchell was named chairman of the
Presidential Commission to study work rules in
the railroad industry. The other public appointees
were John T. Dunlop, professor of economics at
Harvard University; Charles A. Myers, professor
of industrial relations at the Massachusetts Insti­
tute of Technology; and arbitrators Francis J.
Robertson and Russell A. Smith.
Early in January, steel union and management
officials met at the request of David J. McDonald,
president of the Steelworkers, to discuss unem­
ployment in the steel industry and agreed to a
series of conferences on the subject. United Auto
Workers President Walter P. Reuther suggested
periodic plant shutdowns of 1 week, rather than
short workweeks or layoffs in the auto industry to
minimize hardships for workers and further con­
traction of consumer purchasing power.
Economic conditions that for the past several
years have “severely affected the coal industry
and have caused a large decline in the revenues
of the trust fund” were responsible for reducing


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the pensions of 65,000 retired soft-coal miners
from $100 a month to $75, effective February 1,
1961, according to a statement on December 30
by the United Mine Workers Welfare Fund.
On January 1, a committee appointed by Presi­
dent-elect Kennedy and headed by Senator Paul
H. Douglas, announced its program for economi­
cally depressed areas. Among its recommenda­
tions were an increase in the quantity and kinds
of surplus foods being distributed, enactment of
area redevelopment legislation, emergency exten­
sion of unemployment compensation to those
whose benefits have been exhausted, and a public
works program.
I n r e s p o n s e t o c h a n g i n g t e c h n o l o g y in their
industries, an Akron local of the Rubber Workers
and the oilers on diesel tugboats in New York
harbor agreed to management proposals for
changes in their respective collective bargaining
contracts. The Rubber Workers, threatened by a
prospective shutdown of an obsolescent tire plant,
agreed to Goodj^ear’s offer to put in the latest
equipment and rehabilitate the plant in return for
the workers’ promise to operate the equipment at
the same rate it could be used elsewhere. The
Transport Workers Union agreement with seven
railroads operating harbor tugboats will progres­
sively do away with about 125 oiler jobs. Workers
with 20 years’ service may stay on the job, others
must take a severance allowance ranging from 6
weeks’ pay for those with 6 years’ service to 50
weeks for those with 20 years who choose to leave
their jobs. Smaller groups represented by the
United Mine Workers and the Teamsters signed
similar agreements with an eighth railroad, al­
though there was dissatisfaction with the plan
voiced by some members of all three unions.
M a j o r s e t t l e m e n t s occurred in the oil and truck­
ing industries during December. The Oil, Chemi­
cal and Atomic Workers were asking 18 cents an
hour in 1-year contracts, while the major producers
were offering 5 percent (averaging slightly over 14
cents) in 2-year contracts. On December 16, the
OCAWTannounced a 1-year contract covering some
9,000 employees of the Sinclair Oil Corp., with an
across-the-board increase of 14 cents an hour.
The Teamsters signed contracts that will be
effective February 1 with about 40 Midwest truckiii

IV

ing companies which broke away from the negotia­
tions involving several thousand companies in 13
States. The settlement called for a 28 cent-anhour wage increase over the 3 years of the con­
tract, plus other benefits. The contracts provided
for a study of the moving of truck trailers by rail,
ship, and plane. If no agreement is reached on
these practices by February 1, 1962, the com­
panies are to pay $5 to the union pension fund for
each trailer hauled in such a fashion.
On January 3, the United Hatters, Cap and Mil­
linery Workers and the Eastern Women’s Headwear Association negotiated an agreement covering
12,000 millinery workers in New York City. The
2 year contract, subject to ratification by union
members, provided two increases totaling $5 a
week for weekly workers and 5 percent for piece
workers.
Getting set for spring negotiations on maritime
contracts that will expire in 1961, eight unions
called together by the Marine Engineers’ Bene­
ficial Association in late December formed the
National Committee for Maritime Bargaining for
mutual assistance in negotiations, and on Decem­
ber 14, one of the remaining independent engi­
neers unions, the Tanker Officers Association on
the West Coast, voted to affiliate with the MEBA.
u r t h e r c o n s o l i d a t i o n of the postal unions was
accomplished on January 7, with the agreement
of the National Federation of Post Office Clerks
and the National Postal Transport Association
to merge and form the United Federation of
Postal Employees. If the merger terms are rati­
fied, the new organization will have a membership
of about 160,000.
Other union developments during the month
included the forming of a new airline by pilots,
all members of the Air Line Pilots Association,
who have been on strike against Southern Air­
ways since June 5. The new carrier, Superior
Airlines, has an “air taxi” certification from
the Federal Aviation Agency and intends to serve
some of the cities now taken care of by Southern.
The Steelworkers union announced late in
December that Donald C. Rarick, opponent of
steelworker President David J. McDonald in the
1957 union election, had failed to obtain the
necessary nominations by 40 local unions to run
in the February 1961 election. McDonald will
therefore be unopposed.

F


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MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JANUARY 1961

Future mergers in the railroad industry, several
of which are in various stages of consideration,
will be opposed by affiliates of the Railway
Labor Executives Association. The association
asserted in a statement on December 25 that
“while the pending railroad merger movement
benefits primarily the few financial interests which
dominate the railroad industry, its consummation
would have numerous adverse effects upon the
industry itself, the employees of the industry,
hundreds of communities throughout the Nation,
and upon the national economy as a whole.” A. E.
Lyon, Executive Secretary of the RLEA, said
that the unions would continue to oppose mergers
until “adequate safeguards are enacted into
law.”
Earlier in the month, the Brotherhood of
Maintenance of Way Employes had lost a suit
against the Interstate Commerce Commission for
job protections which it claimed are required by
law in the Erie and Lackawanna Railroads merger
that took place in October.
On December 8, the presidents of the Brother­
hood of Railway Trainmen (200,000 members)
and the Order of Railway Conductors and Brakemen (25,000) approved a merger of their unions,
subject to ratification by the membership.
William P. Kennedy, president of the BRT, is to
be president of the new organization which will
retain the Trainmen name.
The U.S. Supreme Court on January 9, 1961, up­
held a decision of the second circuit Court of
Appeals which refused to enforce a National Labor
Relations Board order directing Radio and Tele­
vision Broadcast Engineers Local 1212, Interna­
tional Brotherhood of Electrical Workers, to
end a strike for the purpose of compelling the
Columbia Broadcasting System to assign disputed
work to its members, because the Board did not
affirmatively allocate the work to one of the
competing unions. The NLRB had long con­
strued section 10 (k) of the Taft-Hartley Act as
not requiring such a determination.
Compensation to survivors of the 48 killed
and to the 300 injured in the U.S.S. Constellation
fire on December 19 in the Brooklyn Navy
Yard was estimated to go as high as $5 million,
according to Secretary of Labor James P. Mitchell.
Benefits are paid under the Federal Employees
Compensation Act from Labor Department funds
to be repaid by the Navy.

Working Rules in West Coast Longshoring
o t e .-—In August 1959, Max D. Kossoris, the director of the Western Regional
Office oj the Bureau of Labor Statistics and the author of the following article, was
asked by the Pacific Maritime Association to develop a man-hours measurement
system to meet the requirements of the collective bargaining agreement just then
concluded with the International Longshoremen’s and Warehousemen’s Union.
It was understood that he would have to work closely with both union and employers.
Although he was employed by the PMA, his appointment was submitted to and
approved by the ILWU.
During the year he spent in developing a measurement system, Mr. Kossoris had
free access to both materials and discussions which normally are of a privileged
character. He was an observer at most of the negotiations on the agreement concluded
in October 1960. Within the framework of his assignment, he frequently discussed
the great variety of problems involved with both union and management officials.
Because of his desire to protect the privileged nature of materials and discussions,
the author submitted the manuscript of this article to officials of both the PM A and
the ILWU. The author accepted their criticisms, but he takes full responsibility
for the analysis and conclusions presented here.

E d it o r ’s N

A m i l i t a n t e m p l o y e r a s s o c i a t i o n and a militant
labor union in the West Coast shipping industry
have evolved a novel solution for the troublesome
problem of restrictive working rules that may be
far reaching in its ultimate effects. The employ­
er—the Pacific Maritime Association (PMA)—
regains a high degree of freedom to manage its
operations efficiently and establishes its right to
introduce laborsaving machinery. The union—
the International Longshoremen’s and Ware­
housemen’s Union (ILWU)—gains sizable pay­
ments, running into millions of dollars, as its
“share of the machine” and the assurance of
security and a “better deal” for its longshore
members.
The agreement, which was hammered out in 5
months of negotiations ending in October 1960,
culminated 4 years of discussion between the
PMA and the ILWU. The union agreed to
abandon most of its restrictive practices as well
as its historical resistance to mechanization. In
exchange, the industry agreed to pay into a jointly
managed fund $5 million a year for 5% years.
At the end of that period, negotiations will decide
the next step.

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To understand the significance and meaning of
this achievement, it is necessary to take a brief
look at the industry’s recent labor history and its
current setting.
Before the “New Look” in 1948

The ILWU (then a part of the AFL Interna­
tional Longshoremen’s Association) gained formal
employer recognition as a result of the general
strike of 1934, which followed years of exploitation
and abuse of longshoremen by their employers.
The bitterness which had characterized the in­
dustry carried over into the subsequent employerunion relationship. The employers did their best
to break the union, and the union retaliated just
as militantly. The years which followed were
among the stormiest in U.S. labor history. Be­
tween 1934 and 1948, the West Coast had over 20
major port strikes, more than 300 days of coast­
wide strikes, about 1,300 local “job action”
strikes, and about 250 arbitration awards.1 It
1 Betty V. H. Schneider and Abraham Siegel, Industrial Relations in the
Pacific Coast Longshore Industry (Berkeley, University of California,
Institute of Industrial Relations, 1956), pp. 2-3.

1

2

seemed that the warring parties could settle
nothing between themselves but had to depend
on arbitrators and government commissions to
make their “agreements” for them.
This situation persisted until 1948, when a
bitter 95-day strike ushered in a period of relative
calm. There have been no major strikes since
1948, and it is a tribute to the leadership on both
sides that the ILWU and the PMA were able by
1959 to agree on a new approach to the trouble­
some problem of restrictive working rules. This
improvement in the climate of industrial relations
was achieved through a complete change of ap­
proach and leadership by the employers. The
leadership of the ILWU, spearheaded by Harry
Bridges, remained essentially unchanged. Much
of the current attitude of the employers is due to
the leadership of J. Paul St. Sure, an outstanding
negotiator in the San Francisco Bay area and,
since 1952, the president of the PMA.
Severely restrictive working rules were de­
veloped in the industry during the period of ac­
tive warfare between 1934 and 1948. Before
going into these, however, it is important to
understand the employer-employee relationship.
Employers may obtain longshoremen only through
hiring halls supported and operated jointly by
the union and management.2 No longshoreman
may work steadily for an employer. Pie reports
to the hiring hall, where a union-elected dispatcher
fills employer requests by sending a gang to load
or unload a ship. When the longshoreman has
finished the operation on this ship, he goes back
to the hiring hall for his next assignment. The
dispatcher tries to equalize the earnings of the
men by giving priority to men with low hours.
To enable him to do this, the PMA (which acts as
a central pay office in each port) supplies him with
weekly payroll listings showing the cumulative
hours of each man. But the longshoreman is
not obligated to accept the dispatcher’s assign­
ment for his gang: In some ports, he may pick
and choose; in others, he goes to the bottom of the
priority list when he refuses the assignment.
The 15,000 class A fully registered longshore­
men (and clerks) who are ILWU members are
considered the industry’s basic labor force and
have first choice on available jobs. If not enough
are available to fill requirements, the dispatcher
assigns class B longshoremen, from whom the


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MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JANUARY 1961

register of class A men is filled when necessary,
but who, until so selected, are not considered part
of the “regular labor force” and are not admitted
to ILWU membership. And if these are insuf­
ficient, casual workers are assigned. While there
are nearly as many class B and casual workers as
there are class A men, the first two groups ac­
counted for only about 14 percent of all man­
hours worked in 1959. Casuals are also not re­
garded as part of the regular labor force.
The significant fact is that the union has al­
most complete control over the longshore labor
force on the West Coast. The longshoreman
must look to the union for his job, arid thus his
complete loyalty is to the union, not to any em­
ployer. An employer cannot maintain a perma­
nent longshore work force even if he could provide
steady employment; instead, he has to work with
constantly changing gangs. Nor has he any
choice about the men he gets; he takes what the
dispatcher sends.
Restrictive Rules. One of the irksome rules to
employers is the double handling rule which pre­
vails in most ports. Under this rule, cargo must
touch the “skin of the dock” before someone other
than a longshoreman may handle it. WTien a
pallet load comes out of the hold of a ship and is
set down on the dock, a teamster may not load it
from the pallet onto his truck. The longshore­
men first unload the cargo onto the floor of the
dock; then the teamster may take it.
The same rule holds for unloading from the
truck onto the dock. The teamster must place
the cargo on the floor of the dock; then the long­
shoremen will load it on a pallet to be taken into
the ship’s hold.
Another important restriction is the load limit.
With few exceptions, the weight of the load that
may be hoisted into a ship, or out of it, is restricted
by specific contract language. The maximum
load is approximately 2,100 pounds per pallet.
Loads palletized off the dock3 are “skimmed”
down to 2,100 pounds by the longshoremen when
the pallets appear to carry more than the specified
s The hiring hall procedure, won in arbitration in 1934, was a major issue in
long strikes in 1934,1936-37, and 1948. See Betty V. H . Schneider, The Mari­
time Industry (in a special section on Labor and Labor Relations on the
West Coast, Monthly Labor Review, May 1959, pp. 552-557).
* For certain types of commodities, the shipper is permitted to “unitize"
his loads, i.e., treat the load as a single unit.

WORKING RULES IN WEST COAST LONGSHORING

3

load limit. Employers claim that there is no
reason why much heavier loads could not be
carried safely. The union’s contention is that
this limitation is necessary to protect the men in
the ship’s hold from “speedup” and overwork.
Perhaps the most costly rule is that govern­
ing the size of the longshore gang. Each major
port has its own rules, negotiated locally by the
respective ILWU local and the PMA. Employers
maintain that frequently the stipulated gangs
consist of more men than are needed. This seems
to be borne out by the customary use in some
ports of the “four-on four-off” gang, i.e., of the
eight men required to be in the hold of a ship,
four are working while four are resting. To
employers, this means that a longshoreman in
the hold actually works 4 hours for 9 hours’ pay.4
The union readily acknowledges that these
rules were developed to provide more work and
to lighten the work for the men. For years, the
contract between the shipping companies and the
union has contained a prohibition against “speed­
up” and has called for “safe operations.” These
safety provisions have been partly the “justi­
fication” for the skimming of shipper-built loads
to 2,100 pounds.
Employers have repeatedly protested what they
term “the progressive and substantial deteriora­
tion of longshore productivity,” but to no avail.
They either abided by the rules or their ships
were not worked. Significantly, they apparently
lacked the necessary factual data to prove their
case before arbitrators or governmental investi­
gators or commissions. Nor was there enough
cohesion among the employers, with widely vary­
ing interests, to sustain a solid front long enough
to get results. Sooner or later one of them gave
way, and the opposition to union demands caved
in.

procedures were creeping up on the union, slowly
but surely, and that the union was losing ground.
In 1957, a union caucus, consisting of delegates
elected by the locals to determine union policy,
faced the issue squarely. And it came to the
conclusion that it was best to try to work out
a solution under which the longshoremen would
gain rather than lose. In an amazingly frank
document summarizing the conclusions of the
caucus, the union discussed the various facets of
the problem and decided to give up its holding
actions and guerrilla warfare provided it could
participate in the resulting gains to the industry.
In a subsequent memorandum to the PMA, dated
November 19, 1957, the union proposed to engage
in discussions with the employer group and listed
the following mutual objectives:
1. To extend and broaden the scope of cargo traffic
moving through West Coast ports and to revitalize the
lagging volume of existing types of cargo by: (a) encourag­
ing employers to develop new methods of operation; (b)
accelerating existing processes of cargo handling; and
(c) reducing cargo-handling costs in water transportation,
including faster ship turnaround.
2. To preserve the presently registered force of long­
shoremen as the basic force of the industry and to share
with that force a portion of the net labor cost saving to
be effected by the introduction of mechanical innovations,
removal of contractual restrictions, or any other means.

After 1948, however, the climate changed. The
union’s restrictions remained in force. But union
leadership was not unmindful of the fact that high
labor costs were driving a considerable volume of
coastal and intercoastal cargo to rails and trucks.
They also realized that changes in operating

But these aims were not to be accomplished
by individual speedup, breaching of legitimate
safety rules and codes, or indiscriminate layoffs.
The union also took this opportunity to signal a
goal it wanted to accomplish in the future-—-“ to
reduce the length of the present longshore work
shifts.”
In later memorandums, the union spelled out its
concept of its share of the savings. For every
man-hour saved, the union wanted pay for 1 hour
at the straight-time rate. At the time of the 1959
agreement, this would have amounted to $2.74
per hour. The employer’s gain, the union pointed
out, would be the difference between this rate and
the actual average labor cost to the employer
after the inclusion of overtime and penalty pay
and the cost of pension and welfare benefits
(about $4.05 per hour).5 Even more important
would be the faster turnaround of ships, with the
cost to the steamship company of each day in

4He is paid time and a half for overtime after 6 hours and usually works an
8-hour day.

* Under a wage reopening of the 1959 agreement, straight-time pay went
to $2.82 and the total labor cost to about $4.15 per hour in June 1960.

Change in Union Strategy


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4

the port estimated to be between $2,000 and
$5,000.
The difficulty with this concept was the lack
of any kind of system for measuring time saved
and the lack of data on which such a system could
be built.
The 1959 Understanding

To make some progress in the desired direction,
the PMA and the ILWU entered into the remark­
able agreement of 1959. For a payment of $1%
million, the union agreed to go along with any
and all mechanization during the 1959-60 contract
year; but all restrictive rules were to remain in
full effect. The 1958 fully registered work force
was to be maintained, subject only to natural
attrition—i.e., deaths, retirements, and dropouts.
The employers, in addition to the right to mech­
anize without fear of reprisal by the union, bought
a year’s time during which to develop a measure­
ment system accurately determining the man­
hours saved.
This was the initial step. The ultimate obj ective
was stated to be:
To guarantee the fully registered work force a share in
the savings effected by laborsaving machinery, changed
methods of operation, or changes in working rules and
contract restrictions resulting in reduced manpower or
man-hours with the same or greater productivity for
an operation.6

This objective went far beyond mechanization.
It included—on the basis of the cited language—
any change that resulted in greater productivity,
regardless of how it was brought about. The union
clearly recognized that restrictive working rules
were part of that picture. The agreement also
was silent on what the union was to get as its
share of the savings. This was to be left to later
negotiations when the measurements would indi­
cate the size of such savings. Then the parties
would know what they were bargaining about.
Measurement and Gain-Sharing Concepts. In
August 1959, the PMA asked the author to take
a year’s leave of absence from his post in the
Bureau of Labor Statistics of the U.S. Department
of Labor to develop an acceptable measurement
system. The system had to meet not only the
varied complexities of the cargo-handling industry
but also a number of other requirements. It had to

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MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JANUARY 1961

be easily understandable by the industry and the
longshoremen; it had to be practical; and most
of all, it had to be acceptable to both employers
and the union. While the union’s price for the
man-hours saved could be disputed and bargained
out by the parties, the number of man-hours
involved had to be accepted by both sides as
accurate. And that meant the union had to
be convinced that the measurement method was
sound and objective.
Building on discussions in earlier years—in some
of which he had participated as a technical consult­
ant-—and incorporating what appeared to be ideas
generally accepted by both sides, the author
developed the broad outlines of the measurement
concept. These may be su m m a riz e d as follow s:
1. Each steamship company would be responsible only
for the gains made in its own operations. Payments into
the fund to be set up would be in direct proportion to the
company’s total net gains. Net gains would be gains for
the company’s entire West Coast operations, with losses
in some ports, if any, offsetting gains in others.
2. Computations, of necessity, were to be built on major
cargo items or groupings because the man-hours required
per ton varied by commodities.
3. Measurements would be in terms of weight-tons and
man-hours so as to provide uniform yardsticks.
4. The method of measurement would compare long­
shore performance during a specified period with an identi­
cal period in a base including 1 or more years.
5. For each quarter of the year, the computation for each
steamship company would entail a measurement of man­
hours actually required to handle all of its cargo, compared
with the number of man-hours that would have been
needed to handle the identical cargo under the performance
rates (i.e., man-hours per ton) of the base period. The
difference between the two would measure the man-hours
gained or lost.
6. Insofar as possible, the measurement system had to
permit separate measurements for each of the restrictive
practices given up. (This at first seemed to be unneces­
sary under the broad language of the 1959 agreement;
it also appeared extremely difficult. Later, however,
practical solutions were developed to permit the measure­
ment of savings for nearly every one of the restrictive
practices.)
7. Savings would be measured by comparing identical
seasons so as to rule out, as much as possible, the effects
of weather and of seasonal changes in cargo mix in the large
miscellaneous group of “general cargo.” At the same time,
3 months was considered a long enough period to permit
other variables—such as trucking distances on the dock or

» Memorandum of Understanding Between Pacific Maritime Association
and International Longshoremen’s and Warehousemen’s Union, signed
August 10,1959. The full text of this section of the agreement was reproduced
in the October 1959 issue of the Monthly Labor Pveview (pp. 1108-1109).

5

WORKING RULES IN WEST COAST LONGSHORING
difficulties of stowing in the hold of the ship—to average
out.
8.
By necessity, 1960 would have to be the first base
year because the industry had no earlier data on which to
build. Thereafter, the base period could be negotiated.

It was clearly recognized also that with only
a few companies ready to move ahead with
mechanization, most of the gains to employers
would have to come from their greater freedom
of operation with the removal of restrictive rules.
The essential requirement obviously was the
development of a uniform reporting system,
tailored specifically to the operations and reporting
capabilities of the industry. But accounting
practices varied widely among both steamship
companies and stevedores, the labor contractors
for the steamship companies who hire the long­
shoremen through the hiring hall and who supply
the equipment and know-how for cargo-handling
operations. Many stevedores operated on a “cost
plus” basis, or close to it, and consequently had no
particular reasons for wanting man-hours curtailed
or for wanting a uniform reporting system. Many
of them considered their payroll data “confi­
dential” and would not make them available to
anyone outside the firm. But specific orders from
the steamship companies made the stevedores part
of the reporting system. Reasonable accuracy
and uniformity were assured with the issu in g of
detailed instructions, conferences, careful editing,
and persistent followup—and the use of experi­
enced monitors in each major port. These moni­
tors helped the stevedores and steamship compa­
nies to comply with instructions, but they also
served as a check on the promptness and accuracy
of reports. The reporting system got underway
rather slowly with the beginning of 1960; but by
the middle of the year, the PMA had achieved
nearly complete reporting of cargo loading and
unloading operations on the West Coast.
The difficulty the stevedores had in adjusting
to this system should not be underestimated. For
most of them, the required data were not readily
available. Cargo traditionally is measured in
revenue tons—that is, weight or volume, whichever
is greater. Special arrangements were necessary
in many instances to make the required weight
tonnage data available from the steamship com­
panies’ records. Again, longshore time usually was
measured in gang hours, although the composition
of gangs varied for different commodities and
578187— 61------ 2


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operations. Most difficult of all was the matching
of longshore man-hours on the dock and on the ship
with the specific commodities being handled,
because this required reasonably accurate time­
keeping. And finally, the compiling of reports
involved additional cost and usually additional
office staff.
1960 Negotiations
Both the union and the PMA knew that, under
this measurement system, the first possible com­
parison would be that for the first quarter of 1961
with the first quarter of 1960. Consequently,
the ILWU proposed in April 1960 that the “meas­
urement time” be extended for another year. As
in the preceding year (1959-60), the industry
could continue to mechanize, but all restrictive
rules would continue in force. For this, the union
asked the employers to pay $3 million into the
mechanization fund.
Again the union did not spell out what it wanted
as its share of the gain. But in the April 1960
caucus in which the union’s demands were formu­
lated, the union had decided what to do with the
“mechanization fund” of $1K million. It would
be used for a guaranteed annual wage and for
early retirement. Looking ahead, the union
realized that both of these might become essential
under greatly improved operating techniques of
management.
During the first bargaining session on May 17,
1960, the ILWU’s negotiators were surprised to
learn that the employers were no longer interested
in the sharing of gains. Instead, the employers’
position was: How much will it cost us to get rid
of the restrictive rules and to get a free hand in the
running of our business?
Behind this shift in the employers’ position was
a significant and interesting change in thinking.
During the preceding 2 years, the “sharing of
gains” concept was generally accepted, although
with at least one important defection. It seemed
a reasonable and equitable way out of the bind of
restrictive rules, and it promised far-reaching
benefits. But early in 1960, the men running some
of the larger steamship companies reversed their
thinking. To permit the union to share in gains
was considered an invasion of management’s
prerogatives and consequently was completely
unacceptable Management decided to “buy out”

6

the restrictive practices and labor’s opposition to
mechanization. The problem was the price.
The employer and union negotiators proceeded
from very different starting points. In exchange
for a free hand, management offered a guaranteed
wage that would protect the longshoremen against
lost work opportunity. To the union, this was
completely unacceptable.
Conceivably, cargo
might increase in volume so that no longshoremen
would lose work; and then the union would get
nothing for giving up its restrictive rules. The
union’s position was: We’ll give up our rules,
for a price; but we set a high value on our rules
because we think the companies will gain millions
of dollars.
Subsequent negotiations—which stretched out
until the ground rules of the 1960 agreement were
settled on October 18, 1960—revolved around the
questions of how much and what for.
The 1960 Agreement

The 1960 agreement provides the answers.
Under it, management will have a fairly free hand,
although some restrictions will remain. The
pertinent provisions may be paraphrased and
summarized as follows: 7
1. Employers shall not be required to hire unnecessary
men. This includes the right to stop using the four-on
and four-off practice or variations of it.
2. The slingload limit shall remain unchanged for loads
built by longshoremen as long as the method of operation
remains the same as it was at the time the slingload limit
was negotiated. But when operations change, the employer
shall be the judge of what the weight shall be—provided
he stops “within safe and practical limits and without
speedup of the individual.” Any disagreements are to be
settled through the established grievance machinery and
without a work stoppage. Loads built by other than
longshoremen may be skimmed or not—as ordered by
the employer.
3. There shall be no multiple handling. The skin of the
dock concept is abolished through a provision that this
requirement is to be considered satisfied when the loaded
pallet board is set on the dock. This will permit teamsters
to load directly from pallet to truck and unload from
truck directly to pallet.
4. The minimum size of a gang in the handling of break
bulk cargo (i.e., cargo handled as cartons, bags, boxes, etc.)
is specified for both loading and discharging operations.
These requirements usually are below present practice.
The employer may add more men as he finds necessary.
Furthermore, he has greater freedom in shifting men
around.
5. When new methods of operation are introduced, the


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MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JANUARY 1961
employer is to discuss the proposed manning with the
union. But if agreement cannot be reached, the employer
may proceed as he sees fit and the union may seek redress
through the grievance machinery, with arbitration as the
last resort. This provision appears also to cover mech­
anization, and particularly the use of large containers
and vans.
6. As payment for this freedom, the employers are to
establish a jointly trusteed fund. This fund is to include
the
million already accumulated on the basis of the
1959 agreement. In addition, the employers obligate
themselves to pay $5 million a year for the next
years—
i.e., until June 15, 1966.
7. The fund shall be divided into two parts:8
a. All presently fully registered longshoremen and
clerks are guaranteed payment for a specified number of
straight-time hours per week.9 But the guarantee becomes
operative only when work opportunity has been reduced
because of the new contract provisions and not when
t o n n a g e declines because of curtailed “ economic activity.”
b—(1). All presently fully registered men are entitled
to a payment of $7,920 upon reaching age 65 with 25
years of service as a fully registered longshoreman. If a
presently fully registered longshoreman dies before com­
pleting 25 years of service, the agreement provides for a
substantial payment to his family. Similarly, remaining
unpaid benefits are payable if a retired longshoreman dies.
In other words, the longshoreman has a vested right to the
payment. (The right starts after 15 years of service and
is fully vested after 25 years.)
b - (2). The longshoreman may choose voluntary re­
tirement at ages 62, 63, or 64, provided he has 25 years of
service as a class A registered longshoreman. He will be
entitled to $220 a month for 36 months, or $7,920. (The
$220 was arrived at by rounding the sum the longshore­
man with 25 years of service receives upon normal retire­
ment: $119 from social security and $100 from the
industry’s pension fund.) Any portion of the $7,920
unpaid when the retired longshoreman actually shifts over
to social security and the pension fund must be paid as
part of the worker’s “ vested right.”
b -(3). Retirement can be made compulsory at 64, 63,
or 62 years of age with respectively 24, 23, and 22 years of
service. The payment due the man will be $320 per
month for 36 months. (The extra $100 above $220 is to
make the compulsory retirement less unpalatable; it will
be dropped from the amount which may be outstanding
7 Memorandum of Agreement on Mechanization and Modernization,
October 18,1960 (PMA); see also The Dispatcher, published by the II/WTJ,
October 21, 1960.
This agreement supplements the basic agreement, which covers wages,
hours, welfare, pensions, etc., and which was extended to June 30,1966, with
provision for annual reopenings on any of its terms except pensions.
8 The benefits provided in the agreement were not negotiated individually.
The agreement incorporates them by reference to “ union draft of October 4,
1960” and states specifically: “ the amounts of such benefits to be determined
by the union.” Benefits will begin after ratification of the agreement by the
union membership at a date to be set by the trustees of the fund.
8 The agreement does not specify the number of hours per week or the
number of weeks per year. This will be left to the trustees’ decision. (See
preceding footnote.) The union speaks of 35 hours per week in its own
publications.

WORKING RULES IN WEST COAST LONGSHORING
when the man reaches age 65. At that point, the outstand­
ing payments will be the same as for a man retired
voluntarily.)
(A man may retire at age 65 if he has 25 years of service.
He must retire at 68 if he has that much service. If he
lacks years of service, he may stay on until he accumulates
25 years regardless of his age. This explains the employ­
ment of some men in their seventies and even eighties.)
8.
In the event of a union-caused work stoppage in
violation of the agreement of October 1960, the employer
obligation may be reduced by as much as $13,650 per day,
the average daily cost of the employers’ total obligation
for a year. Up to this limit, “ the parties shall agree as to
the amount to be abated on a daily basis in each instance
of failure, refusal, or stoppage, whether on a coastwide,
area, or port basis, and failing such agreement, the coast
arbitrator shall make such determination.”

The ILWU caucus, which watched the final
“gold fish bowl” negotiating sessions, accepted
the agreement.10 But the agreement will not
become operative until the rank and file of the
union accepts it by majority vote.11 Union leaders
see a tough selling job ahead because they realize
that the men will resist the introduction of rapid
change despite the assurance against layoffs.
If approved, the agreement will become effective
with the beginning of 1961.
The agreement enumerates the main points
accepted by both sides. But much more remains
to be done to settle pertinent details, such as those
relating to the guaranteed wage and all its rami­
fications. There also remains the difficult problem
of how to balance out areas of future oversupply
and undersupply of labor, as well as a good many
others. In all likelihood, the grievance machinery
will be used extensively to hammer out solutions for
troublesome problems, and arbitrators will be busy
for years working out the common law of collective
bargaining in this industry.
Analytical Comments

The 1960 agreement runs until June 1966*
The lifting of the restrictive working rules and the
abandonment of resistance to mechanization
automatically are limited by the expiration date
of the contract. So are the payments of $5
million per year by the employers. As each side
is busy with plans for carrying its performance to
p 1« About 95 union delegates brought in for a union caucus watched the last
2 weeks of negotiations.
11 In early 1961, it was announced that 28 of the 29 ILW U locals had ac­
cepted the agreement by a vote of 7,882 to 3,695.


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7

the levels of success it envisages, little has been
said yet about the steps that probably will be logi­
cal sequences to the present development. But
to the economist who has studied the industry
and has had the privilege of listening to the nego­
tiating sessions and discussing a large range of
problems with both employer and union officials,
some “crystal ball gazing” and observations of
likely future developments may be permissible.
It must be emphasized, however, that these obser­
vations are the author’s and that they may not be
shared by either the PM A or the ILWU.
Effect of Increased Productivity on Labor Force.
If a substantial increase in longshore productivity
develops, as expected, from management’s greater
freedom to manage, it will have a decided impact
on the labor force required. Unless the volume of
cargo increases sharply, the labor force will be
reduced.
But it is doubtful that the impact will be severe
for the presently fully registered longshoremen.
To start with, the 1,200 class B longshoremen and
the 10,000 casuals form a cushion that can provide
up to about 4 million of the 30 million man-hours
required each year. Even though some class B
longshoremen and casuals always will be necessary
for the handling of cargo peaks, a good portion of
their man-hours—perhaps 3 million—can go to the
class A group, which is given preferential treat­
ment in the hiring halls.
So far, neither the employer group nor the union
has a good measure of what the modernization
program will mean in terms of man-hours saved.
No one knows how fast and how far the program
will move. Estimates of the reduction of man­
hour requirements have gone as high as 35 percent
by the end of the agreement’s term. Where
mechanization can be used effectively, as in the
bulk handling of grain, sugar, etc., the reductions
in man-hours required—and consequently the
demand for longshoremen—may be even more
drastic. But many of the industry’s cargo-han­
dling operations do not lend themselves to ex­
tensive mechanization. In these situations, man­
hour savings will have to come from the lifting of
restrictive working rules. For the industry as a
whole, with gains varying widely between individ­
ual shipping companies for a variety of reasons,
it probably is not unreasonable to expect a sue-

8

cessful program to yield an improvement of 25
percent or better over the next 5 years. After
most of the class B longshoremen and the casuals
have been eliminated from the industry, how will
the rest—about 15 percent—of the cut in man­
hours be absorbed?
One avenue is natural attrition. The longshore
labor force now shrinks by about 4 percent a year
because of deaths, retirements, and dropouts.
Another avenue is the earlier retirement provided
for in the agreement.
But if all of these reductions prove inadequate,
the union may hold a final trump card: The reduc­
tion of the daily work shift hours. As far back as
1957 the union indicated this as one of its objec­
tives. If the available total man-hours shrink to
the point that the remaining labor force is under­
employed, the union may well ask for a reduction
in daily hours from 8 to 7 and later to 6. A cut
from 8 to 6 would mean a reduction of 25 percent
in available man-hours. This, together with
natural attrition and early retirement, should be
more than adequate to meet increases in produc­
tivity—and to keep union membership at a level
acceptable to the union.
Total Cost of New Contract to Employers. Although
the publicity released by both the PMA and the
ILWU clearly indicated that the payment of $27%
million into the jointly trusteed fund was to cover
the next 5% years, i.e., until June 1966, somehow
the public gained the impression that this amount
represented the ultimate cost of managerial free­
dom in this industry. This impression is in error.
The $27% million plus the $1% million already
available are only the first step. The logic of the
situation requires further payments for continuing
this freedom beyond 1966.
A quick calculation will show why this is so.
If every one of the 15,000 class A longshoremen
presently employed is entitled to $7,920 upon
retirement after 25 years of service (the count of
years of service starts with the time the man became
fully registered and not with the running of the
agreement), then the total maximum amount re­
quired to pay each man for his “vested right”
would amount to about $119 million. During the
next 5% years, the fund will take in $27% million.
This, with the $1% million already accumulated,
will yield $29 million. Even if the $119 million


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MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JANUARY 1961

required is reduced to $100 million by allowing
for lapses due to dropouts, to lower payments in
case of early death, and to earnings on investments,
the total fund will still be about $70 million short
of the sum necessary to discharge completely the
vested right obligation. It is extremely unlikely
that the fund will stop payments in the agreed
amount per man when the $29 million is exhausted.
The inescapable conclusion is that at the termi­
nation of the present agreement, another agree­
ment will be necessary for further payments into
the fund. Because of the fairly advanced age of
a substantial portion of the present work force
(the present median age is about 49% years), the
heaviest drain on the fund will come within the
next 10 years. Thereafter, perhaps $3 million a
year will be adequate to discharge this obligation.
But this can go on for 20 or more years, until all of
the presently registered work force is retired. (Both
the industry’s and union’s negotiators are aware of
this problem.)
New Additions to Labor Force and the Vested Right.
Although the immediate problem for the industry
will be one of labor force curtailment, eventually
new men will have to be added to keep the force
at a required level. Can such men be refused the
vested right benefit? Theoretically, yes; practi­
cally, no. It will likely be difficult for the union
to refuse a new man this benefit while the man
working alongside him is entitled to it. From the
employer’s point of view, such discrimination
would seem logical because the payment to the
presently registered man is for giving up his rights
to the restrictive rules. The new man will never
have had such rights. It may well be that when
the employers request additions to the regular
labor force after the present agreement has run
out, the union will agree only on condition that the
vested right benefit is extended to all newcomers.
If the employers agree, the vested right benefit
may be extended to all fully registered longshore­
men—and indefinitely.
Added Labor Cost of the Vested Right Benefit.
Based on the 30 million man-hours now worked
annually by the entire longshore labor force—i.e.,
class A, class B, and casuals—the present employer
commitment of $5 million per year comes to about
17 cents per man-hour. As man-hours decrease,

WORKING RULES IN WEST COAST LONGSHORING

9

this hourly cost will rise. If total man-hours are
reduced 25 percent, this cost will rise to 22 cents
per hour. (This will be in addition to present
supplementary wage costs of pensions, vacations,
and welfare, as well as any wage increases that
may be negotiated under the annual reopening
provision.)
But employers consider this newly won freedom
to manage as they see fit—or reasonably so—as
easily worth this additional cost. Not only are
they hopeful that their savings will offset the cost,
but also they calculate the actual increase in labor
cost at considerably less than 17 cents. The
longshoremen’s wage increase this year, the PMA
reasons, was 8 cents per hour. At the same time,
the warehousemen—the other component of the
ILWU— won a wage increase of 21 cents per hour.
If this is accepted as the wage increase the long­
shoremen could have won had they really tried
for it, then the difference of 13 cents represents
the union’s “waiver” in anticipation of a “good
deal” for the mechanization and modernization
fund. Not only did the employers keep the 13
cents out of the permanent wage structure, but
also they reason that this 13 cents is a proper
offset against the added labor cost of 17 cents for
the new vested rights benefit. The difference
between the two—4 cents—therefore is the net
cost of this benefit. And for a cost of 4 cents—or
even 9 cents, as man-hours are reduced—the
newly won freedom is regarded as a good bargain.
No decision has yet been made by PMA how
the $5 million is to be levied on the employer
group. It could be done in several ways. But
if the cost is assessed on a flat man-hour basis so
that every steamship operator pays a fixed amount
for every man-hour he uses, then disparities will
develop between the steamship companies. The
company that cannot improve its operations as
much as others—whether because it cannot mech­
anize as much or as rapidly or because of its type
of trade—will bear a proportionately larger
burden than the company that can cut back on
its man-hour requirements quickly. The latter
not only will have greater savings because of higher
efficiency but will also save on its man-hour assess­
ments. It should be repeated, however, that
although the man-hour assessment offers the
easiest solution, other methods of assessment are
possible.

Buying Out Restrictions vs. Sharing of Savings. In
a real sense, the employers’ agreement to pay $5
million a year represents a sharing of savings.
The employers’ promise to pay is conditioned on
the expectation that the man-hour savings will be
large enough not only to defray the annual pay­
ment but also to leave something for themselves
as well.
But the difference between buying out the
restrictive rules (including the resistance to
mechanization) for a fixed sum and the earlier
concept of paying for man-hours actually saved
basically is that the latter rests on a specific
measurement. Under the sharing of gains con­
cept the man-hours would have had to be saved
before any payment was due, and the payments
would have been in direct proportion to the hours
saved. If the union had wanted the fund to grow
and to provide the sums necessary to pay for the
vested right benefit and the guaranteed wage,
then it would have been incumbent upon the
union to cooperate freely to bring about savings
of the necessary magnitude. If the union had
held back, it would have kept money out of the
fund. If longshoremen had hung back in any
port, they would have deprived not only them­
selves but all other registered longshoremen as
well of money that otherwise would have been
available for benefits. Consequently, the union
would have been under considerable internal pres­
sure to make the modernization program a success
everywhere on the West Coast. It is not incon­
ceivable that the union might even have taken
the initiative in introducing or suggesting changes.
Under the buying out procedure, the pressure
on the union is external. The union has no
interest in augmenting savings to employers
because its share of the savings—whatever these
may amount to—is set at a flat $5 million a year.
The pressure on the union is the fear of the abate­
ment penalty. Every day of noncompliance may
deprive the union of up to $13,650. But the
assessment of any penalty undoubtedly will be a
subject of time-consuming grievance procedures
and formal arbitrations. Penalties for noncom­
pliance have been substituted for voluntary
cooperation.
The reasons for the employers’ shift from the
measurement of gains concept to that of an annual
lump-sum purchase are not obvious. But it is


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10

interesting to note that unless the employers
expected their gains to exceed their annual $5
million payment substantially, the union’s pref­
erence for the measured-gain system appears to
be the more conservative concept.
Use oi the Reporting and Measuring System.
Obviously, the reporting and measuring system
will not be used to measure savings to be shared
with the union, as originally intended. But the
employer group has a vital interest in knowing
what its annual payments actually are buying.
For this purpose, the measuring system is indis­
pensable.
Additional uses are obvious. The data will
permit, for the first time, an understanding of
cargo-handling manpower costs on the West
Coast for the industry as a whole, as well as for in­
dividual ports and specific commodities. The
system will provide a measure of the impact of
changes as these are introduced. It also will per­
mit the development of productivity indexes to
measure the trend of productivity in longshore
operations for individual ports as well as for the
entire West Coast and thus reflect the success of
the “modernization” program.
And last, but far from least, the system can
supply data useful for collective bargaining. Until
now, the leaders of the shipping industry ad­
mittedly have negotiated “by the seat of their
pants.”


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MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JANUARY 1961

Conclusion

The vested interest technique favored by the
union in this settlement is only one of many possi­
ble methods that could have been chosen for allo­
cating to the longshoremen what Harry Bridges
calls “the men’s share of the machine.” This
method is feasible only under certain conditions
but the method of sharing the gains is secondary
to the main achievement: A strong employer
group and a strong labor union have evolved a
solution for the thorny problem of restrictive
working rules that promises to be mutually satis­
factory. Employers gain a free hand in manag­
ing their business, and the union gains the security
of a guaranteed wage and the vested right benefit
through a share of the savings accruing from the
modernization of the industry. And significantly,
this result was achieved in peaceful, intelligent
discussions across the negotiating table.
Other industries may find it possible to develop
variations of this approach in solving their own
work-rule problems. The significance of the
West Coast longshore development lies in the fact
that it demonstrates that management can re­
solve this difficulty by giving labor a share in the
gains brought about by rapid technological change,
while at the same time safeguarding worker se­
curity. This generally untried approach to meet
the effects of increased mechanization and auto­
mation deserves close attention.

Special Labor Force Reports
o t e .— This is the first halj of a two-part article in the series of reports on special
labor force subjects formerly covered in Series P-50 of the Bureau of the Census Current
Population Reports. This part discusses recent growth in white-collar employment in
comparison with long-term trends and analyzes the structure of the white-collar work force.
The second half of the article, which will appear in the February 1961 issue, examines
the personal characteristics, extent of employment, education, and income of white-collar
workers.
Reprints combining the two parts of this article will be available upon request to the
Bureau or to any of its regional offices (listed on the inside front cover of this issue).

E d it o r ’s N

White-Collar Employment:
I—Trends and Structure
C arol A. Barry*
W hite - collar workers in the United States have
been increasing persistently both in numbers and
as a proportion of the total labor force since the
beginning of this century. This growth has been
particularly pronounced in the period following
World W arll. In 1956, white-collar workers out­
n u m b e re d blue-collar workers for the first time.
The white-collar work force encompasses a wide
range of occupations, including typists, corpora­
tion executives, department store salesclerks, and
nuclear scientists. Most of the nonfarm self-em­
ployed and most government employees are whitecollar workers. The four major occupational
groups classified as white-collar workers are pro­
fessional, technical, and kindred workers; mana­
gers, officials, and proprietors, except farm; clerical
workers; and sales workers. Despite the diversity
of white-collar occupations, there are several com­
mon traits which, taken together, provide a char­
acterization of the white-collar worker.
Originally, a white-collar occupation was one
that did not require special work clothes. Through
usage the term came to denote work which was
performed in an office rather than a factory, work
which was primarily mental rather than physical,
and work which stressed formal education. In
these respects, the term is still largely applicable.
White-collar workers’ education and income are
in general higher than those of any other group in


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the labor force, and they enjoy greater job security
than other workers.1 They experience little un­
employment, generally are paid a salary rather
than an hourly wage, and receive more liberal paid
vacations and holidays and sick leave than other
workers.2 White-collar workers are likely to have
executive, administrative, developmental, or su­
pervisory functions.
In the discussion of trends in the white-collar
work force, it is useful to compare developments
for this group with the patterns for the two other
main types of nonfarm workers—blue-collar and
service. Blue-collar workers—craftsmen and fore­
men, operatives, and laborers—comprise the second
largest group of nonagricultural workers; 2a they
work as bricklayers, tool and die makers, coal
miners, stevedores, and the like. In general, bluecollar workers are engaged in the production of
goods or in their transportation, operation, main­
tenance, and repair. While some blue-collar jobs
are highly skilled, on-the-job training is empha­
sized rather than extensive academic preparation.
Service occupations comprise the third major
group in the nonagricultural work force. Private
household workers include cleaning women, house­
keepers, babysitters, and other service workers
employed by private households. General service
workers, such as policemen, barbers, and elevator
•Of the Division of Manpower and Employment Statistics, Bureau of
Labor Statistics.
1 Differences in the extent of employment of white-collar and other occupa­
tions are discussed in the second part of this article.
2 See Supplementary Wage Provisions in Major Labor Markers, 1953-59
(in Monthly Labor Review, October 1959, pp. 1128-1131).
2» The terms “ nonfarm” and “ nonagricultural” are used interchangeably
in the text; in the tables, the latter refers to industries and the former to
occupations. Actually, nonfarm occupations include a few workers who are
employed in agriculture; for example, some veterinarians and bookkeepers.

11

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JANUARY 1961

12

operators, provide protective, personal, or institu­
tional services.3
Trends in White-Collar Employment

1900 to 1950. The primary source of occupational
data prior to 1940 is the decennial census of the
United States. Much useful work has been done
in standardizing occupational classifications so as
to provide continuous occupational series from
1900,4 but the data for that jmar can be regarded
only as approximations. Changes between 1900
and 1950 are thus indicative of general trends
rather than precise measurements.5
In 1900, there were about 5 million white-collar
workers representing 28 percent of all workers
with nonfarm occupations (table 1). Blue-collar
workers outnumbered them more than 2 to 1, ac­
counting for nearly 57 percent of the nonagricultural labor force. The remaining 15 percent
were service workers (chart 1). Among whitecollar workers, clerical workers comprised the
smallest single occupational group, and the num­
ber of professional workers was slightly less than
the total number of private household workers.
Between 1900 and 1950, the number of whitecollar workers increased by about 300 percent,
while blue-collar and service workers both in­
Chart 1.


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creased by less than 150 percent. Thus, the whitecollar portion of the nonagricultural labor force
increased to two-fifths and the blue-collar and
service workers’ shares dropped to less than onehalf and one-eighth, respectively.
Among white-collar workers, the greatest gains
occurred in clerical work, which rose from the
smallest to the largest white-collar occupational
category; by 1950, one out of every three whitecollar workers was a clerical worker. As a result,
clerical workers rose from 5 percent of the nonagri­
cultural labor force in 1900 to 14 percent in 1950.
Stenographic, typing, and secretarial occupations
alone increased elevenfold during the first half of
the century. Such great increases are due in part
to the greater volume of recordkeeping that has
developed in all phases of industrial activity, but
they are also due to the expansion of industries
such as banking, insurance, and government,
where accurate and detailed records are partic­
ularly essential.
3 This group is listed in the accompanying tables as “service workers,
excluding private household.”
4 Historical Statistics of the United States, Colonial Times to 1957 (U.S.
Bureau of the Census, 1960), pp. 69 and 74.
4 The data for 1900 included all persons 10 years of age and over reporting a
nonfarm occupation in the census; those for 1950, all persons 14 years of age
and over who were employed in a nonfarm occupation during the week pre­
ceding the census and those unemployed whose last occupation was nonfarm,
i.e., the nonfarm labor force. Although these two concepts of the economically
active population differ, general comparisons can still be made.

Occupational Composition of the Nonfarm Labor Force, 1900 and 1960

1900

1960
S o u rc e : S e e ta b le s 1 a n d 2 .

13

WHITE-COLLAR EMPLOYMENT
T a b l e 1.

O c c u pa t io n a l C o m p o s it io n o f t h e N o n fa rm
L a b o r F o r c e ,1 1900 a n d 1950

Occupation group

Percent dis­
tribution Percent change
in labor force,
1900-1950
1900 1950

All occupations_________________________

100

100

187

White-collar workers ------------- --------------Professional, technical, and kindred
workers----------------------------------------Managers, officials, and proprietors_____
Clerical and kindred workers__________
Sales workers----------------- -------------------

28

42

322

7
9
5
7

10
10
14
8

312
204
725
216

Blue-collar w orkers,.. . . .
,
, , ----------Craftsmen, foremen, and kindred workers.
Operatives and kindred workers________
Laborers— ....................... ......... ................

57
17
21
20

47
16
23
8

133
173
223
7

Service workers----- -------------------- -----------Private household workers------------------Service workers, excluding private house­
hold................... ........................................

15
9

12
3

135
-2

6

9

343

i For definition, see text footnote 5.
N ote: Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal
totals.
Source: See text footnote 4.

Professional and technical workers were ex­
ceeded only by clerical workers in rate of growth.
In 1900, they constituted 7 percent of the nonagricultural labor force; by 1950, they accounted
for 10 percent and were equal to the total number
of white-collar workers in 1900.
Available occupational data indicate that the
major growth in this group has been in fields other
than the traditional professions. While the size
of the group as a whole increased by over 300
percent from 1900 to 1950, the number of doctors
and lawyers increased at only one-fourth that rate;
and despite the great expansion of educational
activities, elementary and secondary school
teachers increased by less than the professional
group as a whole. On the other hand, engineers
increased more than four times as fast as all pro­
fessional workers. Accountants and auditors,
who are closely connected with the aforementioned
expansion in recordkeeping, increased over five
times as much as the group as a whole. Further­
more, many professional and technical occupa­
tions—psychiatric social workers, aeronautical
technicians, etc.—which have contributed to the
size of the total group were unheard of in 1900.
The two remaining white-collar groups—sales
workers and managers, officials, and proprietors —
increased only slightly faster than the total nonagricultural labor force. While the group of
managers, officials, and proprietors did not as a
whole grow as rapidly as did the total of white
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collar workers, there were significant changes
within the group. The tendency for business to
take advantage of the limited liability and taxation
benefits derived from incorporating restricted the
growth of proprietors; at the same time, the trend
toward larger organizations in all phases of
business and governmental activity contributed to
a substantial rise in the number of salaried
managers and officials.
The increases in sales workers have been below
those of the total white-collar force. The growth
of large retail chains, the expansion of mail-order
houses, and the introduction of self-service
merchandising have all helped to increase the
number of customers and volume of sales that can
be handled by individual sales persons. In
addition, much of the work formerly handled by
sales persons is now carried on by checkers,
cashiers, and other clerical personnel.
The composition of the blue-collar and service
worker labor force also changed between 1900 and
1950. The introduction of the assembly line and
the breaking down of complex tasks into simple
repetitive operations increased the demand for
operatives, as many of the specialized skills of the
craftsmen and much of the physical work of
unskilled laborers were taken over by machines.
Laborsaving home appliances reduced the need for
private household workers; on the other hand,
T a b l e 2. D is t r ib u t io n o f P e r s o n s E m pl o y e d
f a r m O c c u p a t io n s , 1950 a n d 1960

1950

1960

N on­

Percent
distribution

Employment (in
thousands)
Occupation group

in

Percent
change,
1950-60

1950
100.0

1960
100.0

All occupations---------- ---------- 52,244

61,122

17

22,373

28, 507

27

42.8

4, 782

7,418

55

9.2

12.1

6,429

7,032

9

12.3

11.5

7,340
3,822

9, 710
4,347

32
14

14.0
7.3

15.9
7.1

Blue-collar workers--------------- 23,336
Craftsmen, foremen, and
kindred workers------------ 7, 670
Operatives and kindred
workers_______________ 12,146
Laborers............................... 3,520

24,280

4

44.7

39.7

8,606

12

14.7

14.1

11, 988
3,686

-1
5

23.2
6.7

19.6
6.0

6, 535
1,883

8,335
2,201

28
17

12.5
3.6

13.6
3.6

4,652

6,134

32

8.9

10.0

White-collar workers_______
Professional, technical, and
kindred workers---------Managers, officials, and
proprietors____________
Clerical and kindred work­
e r s ..-------- ---------------Sales workers------------------

Service workers_____________
Private household workers.
Service workers, excluding
private household______

46.6

N ote: Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal
totals.
Source: See text footnote 6.

14

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JANUARY 19fil

general service workers grew at a rate slightly
higher than that of white-collar workers.
1950 to 1960. The decade of the 1950’s brought a
continuation of the long-term trend in the employ­
ment of white-collar workers. Between 1950 and
I960,6 total nonagricultural employment rose 17
percent from 52.2 million to 61.1 million. Whitecollar employment rose 27 percent from 22.4
million to 28.5 million during the same period,
reaching 47 percent of total nonagricultural
employment (table 2).
In contrast to the previous 50 years, when
clerical workers were the fastest growing whitecollar group, the 1950’s were marked by the rapid
increase of professional and technical workers
(chart 2). This group expanded substantially in
nearly every year, including recession periods, and
by 1960, there were 7.4 million persons employed
in professional and technical work. For the
decade as a whole, professional and technical
employment grew at a rate more than three times
greater than that of total nonagricultural
employment.
Clerical employment increased by 32 percent to
9.7 million between 1950 and 1960. Although this
rate was almost double that of total nonagricul­
tural employment, it was much lower than in ear­
lier decades. Greatly expanded use of tabulating
T a b l e 3.

I n d u s t r ia l D is t r ib u t io n

of

machines, computers, and such other office equip­
ment as duplicating machines probably curtailed
the recent rise in the number of clerical workers.
Other white-collar groups increased more slowly.
During the 1950’s, sales worker employment con­
tinued to rise at the same rate as total nonagri­
cultural employment. The rate for managers,
officials, and proprietors, however, was only about
half as much. Nor was the increase as steady in
either of these groups as in professional and tech­
nical or clerical occupations.
In contrast to the gain of 27 percent in the
white-collar occupations during the 1950’s, bluecollar workers increased by only 1 million, or
about 4 percent. Virtually all of the advance in
blue-collar jobs occurred among skilled craftsmen
and foremen.
Service worker employment, however, grew at
the same rate as total white-collar employment.
This was primarily due to the rapid increase in
general service workers, 31 percent in the 1950’s.
Projections made by the Bureau of Labor Sta­
tistics for 1970 show that white-collar employment
will continue to rise faster than total nonagricul­
tural employment. By 1970, white-collar workers
are expected to number 37 million and account for
6 Occupational data for these years are based on averages of data from the
monthly labor force surveys for January, April, July, and October; for I960,
the figures are preliminary.

N o n a g r ic u l t u r a l E m p l o y m e n t ,
1960

by

M a jo r O c c u p a t io n G r o u p , 1952

and

[Percent]

Occupation group

All
industries

Construetion

Manufacturing
Durable
goods

White-collar workers:
1952.............................
1960.................... ...........
Blue-collar workers:
1952_____________________
1960___________
Service workers, excluding private household:
1952______________________
1960............. ........................

Nondur­
able goods

Transpor­
tation and
public
utilities

Wholesale
and retail
trade

miscella­
neous 1

All
other 2

100.0
100.0

2.9
3.3

9.3
10.3

8.4
8.1

7.5
6.5

33.2
28.9

30.2
34.9

8.5
8.1

100.0
100.0

13.9
13.9

27.6
27.1

21.7
21.6

11.6
11.3

11.0
12.7

7.8
9.3

6.4
4.2

100.0
100.0

.6
.4

3.9
2.8

3.3
2.6

3.1
2.1

31.5
28.8

46.7
53.3

10.9
10.1

100.0
100.0

3.1
2.7

10.7
13.0

6.9
6.6

3.0
4.0

4.0
3.2

63.8
63.1

8.5
7.3

100.0
100.0

5.6
7.3

6.6
7.7

7.4
7.2

6.0
5.5

50.7
45.4

18.6
22.0

5.1
5.0

100.0
100.0

1.9
2.1

13.5
12.9

10.2
9.6

14.7
11.8

19.6
17.7

25.1
31.5

15.0
14.5

100.0
100.0

.3
.3

2.7
4.1

8.0
8.6

.5
.8

74.0
70.7

14.3
15.4

.2
.1

W hite-C ollar Occupations
Professional, technical, and kindred workers:
1952........ ........ ........
1960_________________ _
Managers, officials, and proprietors:
1952______________________
1960____________
Clerical and kindred workers:
1952...................................
1960................................
Sales workers:
1952................................
1960...................................... ..........

1 Includes finance, insurance, and real estate.
1 Public administration, mining, forestry, and fisheries.


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N ote: Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal totals.
Source: See text footnote 8.

15

WHITE-COLLAR EMPLOYMENT

48 percent of total nonagricultural employment.
The greatest increases will occur among profes­
sional and technical workers, who will number
almost 10.5 million, about 13.5 percent of total
nonagricultural employment.

Chart 2. Changes in Employment in White-Coiiar
Occupations Since 1950

(1950-100 )

Structure of White-Collar Employment

Industrial Patterns. Among nonagricultural indus­
tries, the greatest employment gain has occurred
in the service-producing sector—trade; finance,
insurance, and real estate; transportation, com­
munications, and public utilities; service and mis­
cellaneous;7 and government—in contrast with
the relative stability exhibited by the goodsproducing sector—manufacturing, mining, and
construction. At the beginning of the 1950’s, the
United States became the only large industrial
country in the world to have more workers en­
gaged in service activities than in the production
of goods (including agricultural products).
The growth in numbers of white-collar workers
is closely related to the expansion of the serviceproducing industries, where white-collar workers
are concentrated. In 1952, the first year for
which figures on occupation by industry are
available from the monthly labor force survey,
approximately 80 percent of all white-collar
workers were employed in service-producing
industries. Between 1952 and 1960, about 70
percent of the increase in white-collar workers
occurred in this sector (chart 3).8
Blue-collar employment, concentrated in the
goods-producing industries, declined between 1952
and 1960, despite significant increases in finance,
trade, and service. Service worker employment,
concentrated in the service-producing industries,
grew at a slightly higher rate than white-collar
workers, despite a drop in the number of service
workers in manufacturing and construction.
i It is important to distinguish between service occupations and service
industries. Service and miscellaneous industries—including hotels, laundries,
repair shops, legal and medical services, educational institutions, and amuse­
ment enterprises—employ workers in a wide variety of white-collar and bluecollar occupations. Workers in service occupations, on the other hand, are
employed not only in service industries but also in the other nonagricultural
industries.
8 For both 1952 and 1960, figures are averages based on data from the
monthly labor force surveys for January, April, July, and October; for
1960, the figures are preliminary.
Although mining is a goods-producing industry, it has been necessary to
include it in the service-producing group because separate occupation data
for mining in 1952 are not available. Because of the magnitudes involved,
the inclusion of mining in the service-producing sector does not significantly
alter comparisons.


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^Source: See table 2.

The striking feature of gains since 1952 in
white-collar employment is that they have ex­
tended to every industry group and have been
proportionately as large in the goods-producing
industries as in the service-producing industries.
Between 1952 and 1960, white-collar workers in
construction and in durable goods manufacturing
increased by 36 percent—as much as in finance,
service, and public education combined. In
trade, transportation, and public administration,
the increase was much slower.
Professional and technical workers, the whitecollar group which had the most spectacular
increases since 1952, are particularly concentrated
in finance, education, medicine, and other pro­
fessional services. Nearly three out of every five
professionals are employed in one of these fields.
Another fifth are employed in manufacturing.
Although the distribution of professional workers
is highly concentrated, they have been increasing
in all industries —by at least one-fifth in every
industry group between 1952 and 1960. The
most rapid rise occurred in durable goods manu-

16

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JANUARY 1961

facturing, where their number increased by
three-fourths in 8 years.
Nearly half of the managers, officials, and pro­
prietors are employed in trade; the large majority
are engaged in retail activities, despite a trend
toward less concentration. While total employ­
ment in this occupational group increased by
about one-eighth between 1952 and 1960, the
number in trade remained virtually unchanged.
The group grew most rapidly in construction,
durable goods manufacturing, and service and
miscellaneous.
Clerical workers are more evenly distributed
throughout the nonfarm industries than any other
white-collar group. The need for file clerks,
typists, secretaries, etc., is common to all indus­
tries—though in varying degrees. The number of
clerical employees rose between 1952 and 1960
in each industry group except transportation and
public utilities, where it declined slightly. Cleri­
CHarf 3.

cal growth was largest in service industries and
smallest in wholesale and retail trade.
Trade currently provides jobs for seven-tenths
of all sales workers. The next largest group of
sales workers, 15 percent, are employed in finance,
insurance, and real estate; and 13 percent are in
manufacturing. Despite the preponderance of
sales workers in trade, their 1952-60 growth was
comparatively small, causing a decline in the pro­
portion of sales workers employed there (table 3).
Nonproduction Worker Employment. Further in­
dications of the specific industries where whitecollar gains have been greatest may be gathered
by examining the growth of nonproduction
workers. In each of the three nonagricultural
goods-producing industry groups (manufacturing,
mining, and construction), total payroll employ­
ment is subdivided into production workers (those
employees directly involved in the actual produc-

Occupational Composition oi Employment in Nonagricultural Goods-Prcducing and
Service-Producing Industries, 1952 and 1960


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17

WHITE-COLLAR EMPLOYMENT

tion of physical goods) and nonproduction workers.
With some marginal exceptions, nonproduction
workers in these industries generally correspond to
white-collar workers.9
About 83 percent of the increase in nonagricultural payroll employment between 1947 and
1959 occurred in service-producing industries.
All of the remaining increase in manufacturing,
mining, and construction represented the net effect
of adding nonproduction workers to the payrolls
while production workers were decreasing slightly.
In 1947, nonproduction workers represented about
10 percent of construction and mining employment
and 16 percent of employment in manufacturing.
By 1959, these ratios had increased to 14 percent
in construction, 21 percent in mining, and 24 per­
cent in manufacturing.
Although the proportion of nonproduction work­
ers varied widely among the 21 manufacturing in­
dustries, it increased in each of them between 1947
and 1959 (table 4). In general, it is higher and
has been increasing more rapidly in the durable
goods industries.
The proportion of nonproduction workers in
an industry is determined by a variety of factors—
for example, the extent of mechanization and
automation in the industry, methods of distri­
bution, and the number of employee services pro­
vided by individual establishments. Develop­
ments in the past few years seem to indicate that
expansion of research activities has been a major
factor in the increasing importance of nonproduc­
tion workers. The technological demands of the
space age and the defense program have called
for an increasing number of scientists, engineers,
and technicians, thereby contributing to the rise
of professional employment in the durable goods
industries. At the same time, many of the in­
novations produced by these white-collar workers
have made possible considerably larger output
without a commensurate increase in the number
of workers engaged in production. These influ­
ences are particularly evident in ordnance, where
employment is almost evenly divided between
production and nonproduction workers, and in
electrical machinery, instruments, and chemicals,
where one out of three employees is a nonproduc­
tion worker.
The postwar trend in nonproduction worker
employment seems to have been accelerating in
recent years. It appears evident that the larger

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T a b l e 4. N o n p r o d u c t io n W o r k e r s 1 a s a P e r c e n t o f
P a y r o ll E m pl o y m e n t in N o n a g r ic u l t u r a l G o ods P r o d u c in g I n d u s t r ie s , 1947, 1952, a n d 1959
1959

1947

1952

All goods-producing Industries....................................

15.4

18.2

22.8

Mining...........................................................................

10.4

12.8

21.3

Contract construction..................................................

11.0

11.5

14.3

Manufacturing.............................................................
Durable goods........................................................
Ordnance and accessories_______________
Lumber and wood products-------------------Furniture and fixtures--------------------------Stone, clay, and glass products---------------Prim ary metal industries_______________
Fabricated metal products---------------------Machinery (except electrical)-----------------Electrical machinery___________________
Transportation equipment.......................... Instruments and related products— -------Miscellaneous manufacturing industries----

16.3
16.3
15.4
7.2
11.8
12.5
12.8
15.9
20.7
23.1
17.8
21.9
14.7

19.5
19.3
24.5
8.9
14.4
15.2
15.3
18.6
23.1
24.6
21.2
26.5
17.3

24.3
25.1
48.6
10.2
16.4
18.4
19.5
22.2
29.6
32.4
28.8
34.4
20.5

Nondurable goods________________________
Food and kindred products...........................
Tobacco manufactures--------------------------Textile-mill products................ - ........... .......
Apparel and other finished textile products.
Paper and allied products........ —------- -—
Printing, publishing, and allied industries..
Chemicals and allied produets----- ---------Products of petroleum and coal...................
Rubber products...........................................
Leather and leather products......... - ...........

16.4
21.7
6.8
6.2
9.0
12.7
32.8
24.4
23.0
18.5
9.0

19.9
26.6
8.5
7.9
10.4
16.5
34.9
30.3
28.0
20.6
10.0

23.2
30.3
11.5
9.5
10.8
19.9
35.8
37.4
33.4
23.2
10.9

Industry

i
For definition of nonproduction workers and source of data, see text
footnote 9.

part of future employment increases will occur in
the service sector of the economy and that most
of the additional employees in nonfarm goods-pro­
ducing industries will be white-collar workers.
Class of Worker. In the labor force survey, the
“class of worker” designation differentiates wage
and salaried employees on government or private
payrolls, the self-employed, and unpaid family
workers. Quite often, “white-collar” is used as
an equivalent to “salaried.” While about 65
percent of all white-collar workers are employees
of private firms, white-collar workers are much
8 Data on nonproduction workers are obtained from the BLS monthly
survey of payroll employment in nonagricultural establishments. Non­
production workers in manufacturing, mining, and contract construction
are generally defined as persons engaged in executive, purchasing, finance,
accounting, legal, personnel, cafeteria, medical, professional, and technical
activities; sales, sales delivery, advertising, credit, collection, installation, and
servicing of firm’s own products; routine office functions; factory supervision,
and force-account construction.
Since nonproduction workers are primarily defined by functional areas,
they are not strictly comparable to white-collar workers as defined in the
labor force survey. Service workers in cafeterias, blue-collar workers in
force-account construction, and all foremen above the working foreman level
are included in nonproduction workers. Conversely, clerical workers en­
gaged in recordkeeping closely associated with production operations, and
technicians and professionals engaged in product development, are classified
as production workers. Moreover, since the establishment survey includes
only wage and salary employment, all self-employed workers are excluded.
The net efiect of these differences appears to be that the proportion of non­
production workers shown by the establishment reports is slightly lower
than the proportion of white-collar workers shown by the labor force survey.

18

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JANUARY 1961

T a b l e 5. C lass o f W o r k e r o f P e r s o n s E m pl o y e d
in
N o n fa rm O c c u pa tio n G r o u p s , A p r il 1950 and
A p r il 1960
[Percent distribution]

Occupation group

White-collar workers:
1950_________ ______
1960_____________
Blue-collar workers:
1950_________ _____
1960_________________
Service workers:
1950.............. ....................
1960_________________

All
Private
Selfclasses
wage G overn­ em­ U npaid
of
and
ment
ployed family
workers salary workers workers workers
workers
100.0
100.0

60.3
63.8

17.1
17.8

21.5
17.0

1.2
1.4

100.0
100.0

90.3
89.5

5.8
6.1

3.6
4.0

.3
.4

100.0
100.0

76.8
75.0

15.3
17.4

6.8
6.4

1.2
1.3

100.0
100.0

44.3
51.3

39.9
36.9

15.2
11.7

.5
.2

100.0
100.0

32.3
43.8

6.3
5.6

61.2
50.5

.1
.1

100.0
100.0

77.2
77.8

21.3
19.6

.5
.5

1.0
2.0

100.0
100.0

91.2
86.0

.2
.3

4.7
9.3

3.9
4.5

W hite-C ollar Occu­
pations

Professional, technical, and
kindred workers:
. 19.50__________ ______
1960________________
Managers, officials, and pro­
prietors:
1950_________________
1960_______________
Clerical and kindred work­
ers:
1950......... .................. .
1960_________________
Sales workers:
1950........... .............. .
1960............ ............ ........

N ote: Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal totals.
Source: Unpublished data from the monthly labor force surveys.

more likely than blue-collar or service workers
to be self-employed.
The large majority of self-employed whitecollar workers are proprietors of small, unincor­
porated business. In April 1960, proprietors ac­
counted for 50 percent of all persons in the major
occupation group of managers, officials, and pro­
prietors; in April 1950, they represented 60 percent
of this occupation group. This decline in thenrelative importance during the last 10 years
reflects both an actual decline in their number
and an increase of about 40 percent in the number
of managers and officials. (See table 5.)
Among professionals, about 12 percent were
self-employed in April 1960, compared with about
15 percent 10 years ago. Most self-employed
professionals are doctors, lawyers, or dentists,
although the group includes many writers, artists,
and entertainers, as well as consultants of all
types. Over the decade, their numbers increased
by only 200,000, or about 30 percent, to 900,000;
the salaried group increased by 70 percent, from
3.9 to 6.7 million.
Sales workers are the only white-collar group
with a rise in the proportion of self-employed over
the decade. In April 1960, self-employed sales­

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men accounted for slightly less than 10 percent
of all persons employed in sales occupations, com­
pared with about 5 percent in 1950. The expan­
sion of finance, insurance, and real-estate activities
has probably been the chief source of the increase.
Federal, State, or local government employees
account for 40 percent of all professional workers—
a higher proportion than for any other whitecollar group. Half of this number are engaged as
teachers in the public schools and in the State and
local colleges and universities throughout the
country. About 20 percent of all clerical workers
and 6 percent of all managerial workers are govern­
ment employees. In the professional and clerical
groups, government employment has tended to
decline in relative importance as a result of more
rapid expansion of private employment.
Although the number of professional employees
in private industry has been growing faster than
other white-collar groups, only half of all profes­
sionals are in this category. By contrast, privatefirms employ 90 percent of all managers and
officials (excluding proprietors), slightly over 85
percent of all sales workers, and 80 percent of all
clerical workers.
Some Implications of White-Collar Growth

While discussion of many implications of the
growth of the white-collar labor force lies beyond
the scope of this article, the examination of recent
trends raises some provocative questions. Will
the increasing proportion of workers in occupations
and industries relatively unaffected by recessions
prove to be a stabilizing factor in the economy, or
will white-collar workers, as they represent an
increasing proportion of the labor force, become
more susceptible to spells of unemployment? As
workers in blue-collar jobs (particularly in the less
skilled occupations) become unemployed, how
successfully will they be able to shift to areas of
white-collar employment? How much of the
demand for white-collar workers will be filled by
persons newly entering the labor force? To what
extent is the rapid growth of professional workers
dependent upon continuing government expendi­
tures in the areas of defense and space exploration?
How will the increasing proportion of workers in
occupations which are currently less unionized
affect the broad pattern of industrial relations?
The 1960’s may provide some of the answers.

A Review of
American Labor

in 1960
P hyllis G room*

it necessary to make at least minor changes in
their constitutions and bylaws to make them con­
form to the election procedure and membership
rights provisions of the new law. The Bureau
of Labor-Management Reports received reports
that many local union officers had resigned rather
than assume the obligations imposed by the new
law. Some officers said that the reporting re­
quirements are too onerous, particularly for
unions that do not have full-time officers.
Economic Developments

T he c o l l e c t i v e b a r g a i n i n g p a n o r a m a in 1960
revealed increased emphasis on management rights
and concentration on employee job security. Al­
though these issues were conspicuous in such
negotiations as steel, railroads, and electrical
equipment, the Pacific Maritime Association’s
agreement on “mechanization and modernization”
with the International Longshoremen’s and Ware­
housemen’s Union was the only settlement which
appeared to have demonstrated a new solution.
The steel settlements early in January 1 referred
to a labor-management committee the work-rule
issues and automation problems and to a tri­
partite committee the responsibility for working
out a plan “for equitable sharing between the
stockholders, the employees, and the public, of
the fruits of the company’s progress.” The steel
work-rules group was to have reported by No­
vember 30, but by that date, the members found
that they had not yet completed their exploratory
talks.
Unemployment and the uncertain business out­
look were heavily stressed in the election-year
political activity which preoccupied labor during
the summer and fall. As a result of the mergers
of State and local AFL and CIO organizations
since the previous presidential campaign, the
AFL-CIO’s political action was greatly intensified.
The first full year of the Labor-Management
Reporting and Disclosure (Landrum-Griffin) Act
ended in 1960. Court and National Labor Rela­
tions Board decisions interpreting and enforcing
the law multiplied, but few cases had reached the
higher courts by the end of the year. So far, the
impact of the law appeared to be greatest in
internal union affairs. Numerous unions found

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Economic activity advanced strongly in early
1960, after settlement of the steel strike, and
continued to rise moderately until midyear, when
gross national product, adjusted for price changes,
was 1.7 percent higher than the prestrike record
of a year earlier. In the third quarter, however,
the overall total fell 1 percent. The major force
shaping the year’s trend was an unexpectedly
early shift in inventory policy after a heavy
buildup; other important factors were the failure
of capital outlays to reach anticipated levels and
a declining volume of homebuilding.
Employment, similarly, rose moderately to
reach a record level at midyear, after allowing for
seasonal factors, then edged downward. The
service-producing industries and State and local
governments either held their employment steady
or expanded somewhat, but manufacturing em­
ployment declined a half million over the course
of the year after having failed to return to the
previous cyclical peaks of 1956. Within manu­
facturing, the steel industry was the most seriously
affected; fabricated metals, nonelectrical ma­
chinery, and transportation equipment also began
to decline early in the year, followed by most of
the remaining major industries after midyear.
The average workweek also fell, and in November
was 1.3 hours below January on a seasonally
adjusted basis.
Reflecting the slowdown in employment while
the labor force was expanding by a million, the
seasonally adjusted rate of unemployment moved
sharply upward in the summer and fall to 6.3
percent—the highest rate since December 1958;
the November total of 4 million was largest for
*Of the Office of Publications, Bureau of Labor Statistics.
1 For a summary of these contract negotiations, see A Look at American
Labor in 1959 (in M onthly Labor Review, January 1960, pp. 12-13).

19

20

that month in the postwar years. In November,
51 of the Nation’s 149 major areas were classified
as having substantial labor surpluses, a rise of 19
over the year; in addition, there were 123 smaller
areas with heavy unemployment, compared with
112 a year earlier.
Factory hourly earnings in 1960 averaged more
than 3 percent above a year earlier, but because
of the decline in the workweek and a 1.5-percent
rise in consumer prices, purchasing power of the
average factory worker was slightly lower than in
1959. Personal income, however, rose throughout
the first 10 months of 1960, largely because of
gains in employment and earnings in the dis­
tributive, service, and governmental sectors.
Real per capita disposable income reached a new
high in the thud quarter, 1 percent above the pre­
strike peak.
Labor-Management Relations

Major Settlements. Major negotiations 2 concluded
during the first 9 months of 1960 brought wage
increases either immediately or within 12 months
of the contract date for about 3.5 million workers.
Such increases affected 96 percent of those covered
by bargaining concluded during this period, in­
cluding those employed in steel, railroads, air­
craft, telephone and telegraph, clothing, and
rubber. The most common increases averaged
either between 5 and 6 cents an hour or 9 and 10
cents an hour, compared with 7 to 9 cents in 1959.
New or liberalized supplementary benefits were
negotiated in settlements affecting about 2.9 mil­
lion workers.
In 1960, about 2.2 million workers covered by
major contracts (except construction), received
wage increases as a result of negotiations con­
cluded in previous years; in 1961, about 2.1
million are scheduled to receive increases bar­
gained for in 1960 or earlier.3
In 1960, the most frequent deferred wage
increase, except in the construction industry,
averaged between 6 and 7 cents an hour, while
in 1961, the most common increase is expected
to average between 8 and 9 cents an hour. This
disparity is attributed mainly to the timing of
negotiations and contract duration in different
industries.
Cost-of-living increases during 1960 were about
the same as or slightly above the level of those

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MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JANUARY 1961

in 1959. In most major automobile and farm
equipment contracts and in major trucking con­
tracts cost-of-living increases totaled 4 cents an
hour. The January steel settlements hedged a
rise in insurance costs for employee programs by
providing that any cost-of-living increase due on
December 1, 1960, and on October 1, 1961
(maximum permitted on each date was 3 cents), be
reduced according to a formula based on the level
of insurance costs. Such costs were being
arbitrated at the time this article went to press.
Two major industries, railroads and electrical
equipment, dropped escalator provisions covering
about a million workers from their 1960 contracts,
and as already indicated, the steel industry con­
tracts tightly circumscribed the provision. The
Bureau of Labor Statistics estimated that at the
beginning of 1961 between 2.5 and 2.8 million
workers under major collective bargaining agree­
ments were covered by automatic cost-of-living
provisions, as well as an estimated 250,000
unorganized workers in establishments with
escalator clauses covering their organized workers.
Although the railroad and the electrical equip­
ment negotiations involved the most workers in
1960, the agreement between the Pacific Maritime
Association and the International Longshoremen’s
and Warehousemen’s Union4 was worthy of
study for the way it resolved the issues of mechani­
zation and restrictive work rules versus job
security for union members. This 5%-year con­
tract obligates employers to contribute $5 million
a year to a fund which will provide the 15,000
longshoremen (and clerks) who are now fully
registered $7,920 upon retirement at age 65 with
25 years’ service (up to $3,600 higher for com­
pulsory early retirement) and will guarantee
certain minimum weekly earnings and no layoffs
as a result of decreased work opportunities in
return for provisions which relax work rules and
permit use of laborsaving equipment on the
waterfront. The fund will not, however, protect
longshoremen from reduced earnings resulting
from a decline in business. The agreement
provides for full vesting after 15 years, and the
retirement payment is in addition to the pension
now provided under another agreement. Union
2 Those affecting 1,000 or more workers in all industries except construction,
service, trade, finance, and government.
3 See Deferred Wage Increases and Escalator Clauses (in M onthly Labor
Review, December 1960, pp. 1268-1271).
1 See Working Rules in West Coast Longshoring, pp. 1-10 of this issue.

REVIEW OF AMERICAN LABOR IN 1960

members were to begin voting December 1 on
ratification of the agreement.
Railroad negotiations dominated the labor
scene during much of 1960, after wage negotiations
that had begun in 1959 reached the national level.
On June 3, an arbitration board awarded a
4-percent wage increase (2 percent on July 1,
1960, and the balance on March 1, 1961) to about
37,000 members of the Brotherhood of Locomotive
Engineers (Ind.). The railroads had sought a
wage cut of 15 cents an hour, while the union
had initially demanded a 12-percent raise. Three
of the other operating brotherhoods signed agree­
ments similar to that of the BLE within the
following few weeks, but members of the Switch­
men’s Union, who sought inequity adjustments
in addition to the 4-percent pattern, twice rejected
management proposals and were without a con­
tract at the end of the year. One was not expected
before a decision is reached on a suit brought
by the railroads alleging that the union’s
negotiators had not bargained in good faith.
The suit rests in part on a claim that the union
negotiators have no power to make a contract
because, according to the union constitution, the
decision on an offer must be submitted to a
membership referendum.
On June 8, a Presidential Emergency Board
recommended a 5-cent-an-hour wage increase for
more than 500,000 workers represented by 11
nonoperating brotherhoods. The Board’s recom­
mendations were accepted, and they became
effective July 1, 1960. The Board suggested
that instead of a general pay raise in 1961, the
parties negotiate increases in health and welfare
benefits, improvements in vacation schedules, and
some liberalization in holiday provisions.
After the wage settlements, work-rule changes
proposed by the companies in November 1959
came to the fore again. The carriers sought
revisions of six key work rules, including alteration
of pay standards to reflect greater train speeds,
elimination of rules banning crews from operating
through “ crew change” points, definition of man­
agement’s right to determine when firemen should
be used on diesel and other nonsteam locomotives,
and an end to rules requiring standby crews
when self-propelled track equipment is used.
Secretary of Labor James P. Mitchell spearheaded
efforts to refer these issues and the operating
brotherhoods’ counterproposals for improvements

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21

in working conditions to a Presidential commis­
sion of labor, management, and public representa­
tives. The 15-member commission created in
late October is to report by December 1, 1961; its
findings will not be binding.
A 3-week strike against the General Electric
Co. by the International Union of Electrical
Workers was settled on October 22 on essentially
the same contract terms as originally proposed
by the company in August. The settlement,
which covered about 70,000 workers in more than
50 plants, came a few days after the 9,000 member
Schenectady local went back to work. The 3-year
contract included an immediate 3-percent wage
increase and several alternatives from which the
union could choose an adjustment scheduled for
April 1962. The union decided to let its locals
elect whether they wanted a 4-percent wage in­
crease or 3 percent in wages plus an eighth paid hol­
iday and a fourth week of vacation after 25 years
of service.
The union was unable to win its longstanding
demand for supplemental unemployment benefits,
but the company’s Job Opportunity and Income
Extension Plan, with the exception of the “ re­
training and reassignment” feature which the
union had claimed would break down the seniority
system, was included in the agreement. It
provided a layoff and termination pay program
under which laid-off workers with 3 or more
years of service can receive 1 week’s pay for each
year of service.
The IUE had settled with the Westinghouse
Electric Corp. on October 20 without a strike.
The Westinghouse settlement, which applied to
some 39,000 workers, was also within the frame­
work of the original company offer. The 3-year
contract provided two wage increases of 4 to 10
cents an hour each-—the first on October 17 and
the second on April 16, 1962—an eighth paid
holiday, 4 weeks’ vacation after 20 years’ service,
weekly instead of monthly dues checkoff, and some
increase in hospital and medical benefits. The
new agreement also contained a layoff and
termination pay plan similar to the one in the
GE agreement. Other unions, including the
United Electrical Workers (Ind.), settled with GE
and Westinghouse on about the same terms as
the IUE received.
Major industries that will bargain in 1961
include automobile, rubber, trucking, meatpack-

22

ing, machinery, and maritime. The UAW is
scheduled to hold a collective bargaining confer­
ence at the end of April; their contracts with the
automobile firms expire during August and in
September.
Summit Attempts. President Eisenhower’s efforts
to encourage regular discussions between labor and
management away from the bargaining table
resulted in the appointment of a committee to hold
such conferences. The AFL-CIO was disap­
pointed that none of the management appointees
were from major organized industries, and although
several preinninary meetings were held in the
spring, no developments were reported from the
group. Later in the year, the President again
suggested that “labor and business leaders must
sit down in a calm atmosphere and regularly
discuss . . . their philosophy, their needs, and
above all, their common responsibility to this
free Nation.” UAW President Walter It eut her
attempted to implement the President’s ideas by
proposing the establishment of a permanent Auto­
mobile Industry Joint Management-Labor Con­
ference, but the automobile firms rejected the plan.
Another proposal which received wide attention
was made by Arthur J. Goldberg, counsel for the
Steelworkers. He advocated the establishment
of a permanent National Council of Labor-Man­
agement Advisors to study and recommend
programs to the President to achieve full produc­
tion and employment and to advance industrial
peace. His idea was specifically endorsed by the
president of Kennecott Copper Corp., Charles R.
Cox, in a speech made at the Mining and Metal­
lurgical Society, New York City, November 30.
Strikes. There were fewer man-days lost from
strikes in effect in 1960 than in any other postwar
year; early estimates put the total at 20 million.
About 1.4 million participants were involved in
3,300 stoppages. Among the year’s most signifi­
cant were those of the IUE at General Electric,
the Shipbuilding Workers at Bethlehem Ship­
yards, and the Transport Workers on the Penn­
sylvania Railroad.
In the 6-year-old UAW strike against the Kohler
Co. at Kohler, Wis., the National Labor Relations
Board ordered the company to reinstate some
1,600 strikers upon application for reemployment,
and to pay any eligible striker for loss of wages

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MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JANUARY 1961

resulting from delay in reinstatement after his
application to return to work.
Labor Unions
Patriarchs. The recent farewells of most of the
men who led the labor movement during its great
growth from 1935 to 1947 were dramatically
exemplified by the retirement of John L. Lewis
early in 1960. During his 40 years as president
of the United Mine Workers, Lewis revolutionized
the wages and working conditions of the miners
and cooperated in the mechanization of the coal
mines. The establishment of the Miners’ Welfare
and Retirement Fund in 1946, one of his greatest
achievements, opened the era of pension and wel­
fare programs. The year 1960 also brought retire­
ment for Richard J. Gray of the AFLr-CIO
Building and Construction Trades Department,
L. S. Buckmaster of the Rubber Workers,
Harry C. Bates of the Bricklayers, and William F.
McFetridge of the Building Service Employees.
AFL-CIO and Affiliates. Election-year politics
took priority in the activities of the AFIj-CIO
and its affiliates. As discussed later, none of
their legislative goals for the second session of the
86th Congress were realized. This was undoubtedly
one of the reasons for their heightened campaign
activity later. Reinforcing the program of the
Committee on Political Education, the Federa­
tion’s full-time political arm, the Executive Coun­
cil underwrote a registration and vote campaign
to which affiliated unions were asked to contribute
5 cents a member. To this drive was credited
the election of a number of liberal candidates.
Aside from election year political activities,
the Federation was concerned with the perennial
topics of organizing and finding a way to minimize
jurisdictional disputes. No success was reported
by the committee appointed by the 1959 conven­
tion to develop a method for applying the principle
endorsed by the convention that interunion
quarrels be settled by final and binding decisiou
of an impartial referee. One flareup over jurisdic­
tional problems was responsible for the withdrawal
of the Plumbers’ union from the Industrial Union
Department (IUD).
At missile bases throughout the country,
disputes between the building trades were common.
The Defense Department reported that 78,000

REVIEW OF AMERICAN LABOR IN 1960

man-days were lost as a result of work stoppages
at missile bases in the year ended June 30. Efforts
of the Defense Department, Mr. Meany, and
officers of some of the international unions to end
the conflict showed little result. Late in the fall,
a dispute beween the International Association
of Machinists and the Plumbers at the Convair
Astronautics Division plant near San Diego led to
the IAM cancellation of an 8-year agreement for
arbitrating all disputes between the two unions.
To invigorate its organizing program, the IUD
revamped its structure and appointed an adminis­
trative director, Jacob daym an, and an organizing
director, Nicholas Zonarich. The Federation
chartered the Agricultural Workers Organizing
Committee, which by the end of the summer
claimed some 5,000 members in California, where
industrial-type farming employs large numbers of
migrant workers. At its May meeting, the Feder­
ation’s Executive Council voted to establish a
committee headed by Walter Reuther to develop
plans to attract technicians and clerical workers
to union membership.
Under the auspices of the remodeled IUD, four
affiliates, the United Auto Workers, the Steel­
workers, the Machinists, and the Electrical
Workers (IUE), tried a new technique for mini­
mizing jurisdictional problems in organizing.
Each union listed 25 prime organizing targets in
the Philadelphia area, and after eliminating the 7
plants that had appeared on more than one list,
they pooled their organizing resources and set
out to enlist members in the remaining plants.
In November, the department announced that of
the 10 organizing campaigns which had involved
IUD coordination so far, 7 had been successful.
With the merger of the Pennsylvania State AFL
and CIO organizations in June 1960, New Jersey
became the only State with separate AFL and
CIO State bodies. Even after AFL-CIO President
George Meany had threatened to lift their charters,
the two New Jersey groups could not agree in
State conventions upon satisfactory merger
terms—primarily the allotment of offices in a
merged organization. Finally, the merger con­
vention was indefinitely postponed, but Mr.
Meany delayed the revocation of the charters.
The Postal Clerks, with 100,000 members, and
the Post Office Craftsmen (Ind.), with 35,000
members, signed a merger agreement in October,


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23

which was expected to be fully ratified by March
1961. The Federation lost one affiliate when the
Radio and Television Directors Guild merged with
the Screen Directors’ Guild of America (Ind.) to
form the Independent Directors’ Guild of Amer­
ica, Inc.
Unions in the airlines industry and in the print­
ing trades worked more closely with each other
during the year. Seven airline unions agreed
upon a constitution for the Association of Air
Transport Unions, a group that in 1959 had signed
a mutual aid pact under which the members had
agreed to give each other “all possible and practical
moral and financial support” during a strike.
Major impetus for the closing of ranks was the
airline strike insurance system that had recently
become effective. In April, the International
Typographical Union and the American News­
paper Guild jointly proclaimed the goal of one
union in the printing, publishing, and related
fields, and the Printing Pressmen and the United
Papermakers and Paperworkers set forth a pro­
gram looking toward “complete organic unity and
full merger” in these industries.
Other Organizations. The Negro American Labor
Council was founded at a 3-day convention in
Detroit at the end of May with the object of ending
racial discrimination in the labor movement.
Delegates called for the removal of all union color
bars to membership or job progress, reform of
apprenticeship systems, elimination of racially
segregated unions, and greater participation by
Negroes at all levels of union jobs, from clerical
to top policymaking. A. Philip Randolph, presi­
dent of the Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters
and a vice president of the AFL-CIO, was chosen
as president of the council.
Foreign Competition. A number of unions ex­
pressed increasing concern during the year over
competition from products made abroad and the
growing overseas investments of United States
companies. Members of one local of the Inter­
national Ladies’ Garment Workers struck in
protest against their employer’s purchase of an
interest in an Irish dress factory. After a 3-week
strike, the ILGWU won an agreement whereby
the company agreed to pay 30 cents for every
dozen dresses shipped to this country by the Irish

24
affiliate. The fund accumulated will compensate
any of the firm’s 1,200 employees adversely
affected by the competition.
The Seafarers’ Union and the National Mari­
time Union, which in November 1959 had jointly
founded the International Maritime Workers
Union in order to organize “ flags of convenience”
vessels, found their new organization hampered
during much of 1960 by injunction suits brought
by the shipping companies.
Corruption and Cleanup. The board of Teamster
monitors was so entangled in litigation with the
Teamsters during the year that its reform activ­
ities were effectively blocked. Late in October,
the U.S. Court of Appeals for the District of
Columbia ruled that the chairman of the monitors
must be acceptable to both the union and the
dissident members, thus stymying the appoint­
ment of Terence F. McShane, a former FBI agent
whose investigations had included the Teamsters
union. McShane had been nominated by one
group of the dissidents. Meanwhile, attorneys
for the dissident groups and the union lawyers
were trying to negotiate a settlement of all out­
standing issues under the aegis of the Federal
District Court in Washington, and Teamster
President James R. Hoffa was trying to obtain
the court’s permission to hold a convention and
election of officers in January. On December 7,
Hoffa and two associates were charged by a
Federal grand jury in Orlando, Fla., with
defrauding four Detroit labor organizations and
others of more than half a million dollars in their
Sun Valley, Fla., real estate venture.
Maurice A. Hutcheson, president of the Brother­
hood of Carpenters, who had been called before
the McClellan committee to explain his part in an
Indiana highway right-of-way scandal, was con­
victed on October 28 of bribing highway officials.
O. William Blaier, a vice president, and Frank M.
Chapman, treasurer, were also convicted on the
same charges. Chapman, who had been ill for
some time, died less than a month after his con­
viction; the others were fined $250 each and
sentenced to 2 to 14 years in prison.
Legislation
The increased proportion of older persons in the
population made medical care for the aged a

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potent legislative issue in the presidential election
year of 1960. The bill finally enacted on Sep­
tember 13, 1960, called for a limited voluntary
program by which States could receive Federal
grants from the general revenues to help meet the
cost of aid to those who are on old-age assistance
rolls or who meet a means test. As of October 31,
1960, Michigan and West Virginia were the only
States which had submitted plans to the Social
Security Administration for approval. Oklahoma
and New Mexico were definitely planning to
participate in the program, and six other States
which apparently can proceed under present
laws were actively considering participation.
The medical care provisions were enacted as
amendments to the social security law. Other
social security amendments extended coverage to
additional groups, raised the amount which a
person may earn while receiving social security
benefits, and eliminated the 50-year age limit for
disability benefits.
On July 1, the Congress approved pay raises for
1.5 million Federal white-collar and postal em­
ployees by overriding President Eisenhower’s veto
of the pay bill. The pay raises amounted to about
7.5 percent for the 980,000 white-collar workers
and averaged about 8.4 percent for the 535,000
postal workers.
Both the House and the Senate passed minimum
wage bills, but the conference committee ap­
pointed to resolve the differences between the bills
was unable to find a satisfactory compromise.
The AFL-CIO’s major legislative proposals had
included raising the minimum wage set by the
Fair Labor Standards Act and extending coverage
to additional groups of workers, providing medical
care for the aged as part of the social security sys­
tem, removing the construction industry from the
Taft-Hartley Act ban against secondary-boycott
picketing, and providing additional Federal aid
for housing and school construction.
The legislatures of 22 States and Puerto Rico
met in regular session in 1960. The volume of
legislation was much lighter than in odd-numbered
years, when nearly all the legislatures meet, but
there were a number of significant enactments.
Maximum weekly unemployment benefits were
raised in nine States (by legislative enactments in
five States and through the operation of a flexible
maximum in four States). The maximum weekly
benefit amount is now $45 or more in 7 jurisdic-

REVIEW OF AMERICAN LABOR IN 1960

tions, from $35 to $45 in 23 jurisdictions, and
under $35 in the remaining 21.
Workmen’s compensation benefits were raised
for one or more major types of disability in five
States and Puerto Rico, and other significant im­
provements were made in the laws of more than
half a dozen States. There are now 17 jurisdic­
tions which set the maximum weekly temporary
disabilit}" benefits at $50 or more. Massachusetts
extended compulsory coverage to seasonal or
casual farm workers.
Rhode Island liberalized its requirements for
the filing of claims in radiation disease cases, and
Massachusetts, Virginia, and Maryland passed
legislation to regulate and control radiation
sources.
Five States—Colorado, Delaware, Massachu­
setts, Nevada, and New York—adopted regula­
tions affecting migratory workers.
Bills were introduced in about a fourth of the
legislatures that met in 1960 to regulate the im­
portation of strikebreakers from other States.
The bills all died except in Massachusetts, where
a law was passed which requires those who import
strikebreakers to report such activity to the State
Commissioner of Labor and Industries and pro­
hibits the importation of certain categories of
criminals. In the fall, a group of seven AFL-CIO
printing and paper industry unions announced a
campaign to have legislation outlawing professional
strikebreaking introduced in the State legislatures
in 1961. The proposed bill would bar recruitment
of strikebreakers by persons or agencies not in­
volved in a dispute, and it would bar employment
of professional strikebreakers. The unions were
prompted, in part at least, by the yearlong strike
at two Portland, Oreg., newspapers.
The Courts and the NLRB

The U.S. Supreme Court decisions that would
appear to have the most influence upon industrial
relations were the three5 on arbitration handed
down on June 20. They were further refine­
ments of the 1957 Lincoln Mills decision, which
« S te e lw o rk e rs v.

v. W a r r i o r a n d
and S te e lw o rk e rs v. E n t e r p r is e W h e e l a n d C a r C o r p .
See also Monthly Labor Review, August 1960, pp. 853-856.
6 R a il r o a d T e le g r a p h e r s v. C h ic a g o & N o r t h W e s t e r n R y . C o . (U.S. Sup. Ct.,
Apr. 18, 1960). See also M onthly Labor Review, June 1960, pp. 623-625.
r L o c o m o tiv e E n g in e e r s v. M i s s o u r i - K a n s a s - T e x a s R R .
(U.S. Sup. Ct.,
June 20, 1960). See also Monthly Labor Review, September 1960, pp. 972-973.
O u l f N a v ig a t i o n

A m e r i c a n M a n u f a c t u r i n g C o . , S te e lw o rk e rs

C o .,


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25
upheld enforcement of arbitration clauses in
collective bargaining contracts. The issue was
the extent of the courts’ power to determine the
question of arbitrability in cases involving the
specific performance of agreements to arbitrate.
The rulings upheld the exercise of the broadest
authority of the arbitrator in the absence of
specific contractual limitations on that authority.
Another decision being studied carefully was
NLRB v. Insurance Agents International Union,
decided by the Court on February 23. It held
that economic pressure in the form of on-the-job
harassing tactics by union members did not in
itself constitute “ refusal to bargain” under the
Taft-Hartley Act.
In two cases that had impact on the difficult
and protracted railroad negotiations in 1960, the
U.S. Supreme Court held first that a union’s de­
mand that a contract be amended to prohibit a
railroad from abolishing jobs without the union’s
consent was a bargainable issue under the Railway
Labor Act, and therefore, one for which the union
could strike.6 Two months later, the Court sus­
tained the authority of a district court,7 in grant­
ing injunctive relief in a “minor dispute” which
had been submitted to the National Railroad
Adjustment Board to fashion relief in such a way
as to do complete justice to the parties by requiring
the railroads to restore freight crews whose jobs
they had abolished or, in the alternative, to pay
the discharged employees what they would have
earned until the Board decided the dispute.
On June 13, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled that
payments made by the United Auto Workers to a
nonmember striker during the Kohler Co. strike
were gifts and hence not subject to Federal in­
come tax. However, the Court indicated that in
other circumstances, e.g., if the payments had been
made to a union member, the outcome might have
been different.
The Labor-Management Reporting and Dis­
closure Act had not been in effect long enough for
any cases arising under it to be decided by the
Supreme Court in 1960, but the lower courts and
the NLRB were busy with interpretation and
enforcement. The restrictions on organization
and recognition picketing were among the most
troublesome to interpret and, by the nature of the
activity, the most pressing to solve. At the end
of the year, four picketing cases requiring sub­
stantial interpretation of the law, and specifically

26
section 8(b)(7), were being considered by the
National Labor Relations Board, and the Board’s
decisions on them were expected to provide some
beacons in this area.
Meanwhile, the Federal courts were in conflict
on the interpretation of section 8(b)(7) in cases
where injunctions had been requested. A district
court in the sixth circuit enjoined picketing8
which the union represented as informational on
the basis that “ an object” of the picketing was
recognition. The court held that the fact that
the picketing also served an informational pur­
pose not barred by the statute could not save it
from its unlawful recognition objective. A sev­
enth circuit district court denied an injunction
petition 9 based upon section 8(b)(7)(C) in similar
circumstances. The court, asserting that it was
almost impossible to conceive of a situation where
an object of picketing is other than to require an
employer to recognize or bargain, said that to
accept the interpretation that information picket­
ing is barred if an object of such picketing is to
require recognition or bargaining would render
meaningless the proviso which permits informa­
tion picketing.
The first information picketing case to be de­
cided by a court of appeals came from the second
circuit, which held, in the Stork Club case,10 that
section 8(b)(7)(G) permitted picketing for the
purpose of informing the public that there was
no contract between the employer and the em­
ployees. However, the court warned that if such
picketing had the effect of inducing others not to
make deliveries to the employer, it became un­
lawful to that extent.
Meanwhile, the NLRB had held that picketing
is unlawful if it results in stoppages of pickups
and deliveries to the affected employer,11 regard­
less of whether it was informational in character.
The Penello and Graham district court cases 12
presented the view that “ the ultimate object of
almost all union activity is to require all employers
to recognize and bargain with the union” and
that, to give meaning and effect to section
8(b)(7)(C), “ we must distinguish between the
ultimate object and the reasonable immediate
object in determining in any given case whether
the picketing has an object of forcing or requiring
recognition or organization.”
At the end of 1960, the first major test of the
hot-cargo prohibition enacted in 1959 was before

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MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JANUARY 1961

the Board in a case involving the Amalgamated
Lithographers. The Board was also deliberating
on the United Auto Workers’ charge that General
Motors had refused to bargain on an agency shop
clause in Indiana, where the courts have inter­
preted the agency shop as legal under the State’s
“right to work” law. GM has refused the agency
shop on the grounds that it would require involun­
tary employee assistance of the union and hence
would violate the Taft-IIartley bans on coercion
and discrimination. The Steelworkers, the Com­
mercial Telegraphers, the National Association of
Manufacturers, and the AFL-CIO were among
those who entered arguments in the case. The
Steelworkers reported that it has “ collective bar­
gaining agreements covering hundreds of thou­
sands of employees in the steel, can, and aluminum
industries which contain agency shop provi­
sions . . . that would be seriously endangered by
an adverse decision. . . .”
The Labor Department, which is responsible for
enforcement of the election safeguards in the
LMRDA, went to court to annul several union
elections which allegedly had been conducted
improperly. The only one that involved an inter­
national union election was that of the National
Maritime Union. The NMU suit was based on
charges filed with the department that the union
had violated the act in the election of President
Joseph Curran and 74 other officers by, among
other things, failing to provide a secret ballot,
illegally disqualifying candidates, and using union
funds to promote the candidacy of certain officers.
The case had not yet gone to trial at the end of
the year. Nine months after the law went into
effect, 52,278 unions had filed reports on their
constitutions and bylaws, names of officers, and
details of practices and procedures. Financial
reports, which must be filed by the end of a union’s
fiscal year, were slower in coming in.
8 N L R B [P h i l l i p s ] v. I n t e r n a t io n a l L a d i e s ’ G a r m e n t W o r k e r s ’ U n i o n (U.S.'
D.C. M .D. Tenn., Dec. 18,1959). See also Monthly Labor Review, March
1960, p. 293.
9 N L R B [Oetreu] v. L o c a l 58, H o t e l a n d R e s t a u r a n t E m p lo y e e s a n d B a r t e n ­
ders I n t e r n a t io n a l U n i o n (U.S.D.C. N.D. Ind., Mar. 19, 1960).
See also
M onthly Labor Review, October 1960, pp. 293-294.
N L R B [ M c L e o d ] v. L o c a l 89, H o t e l a n d R e s t a u r a n t E m p l o y e e s a n d B a r ­
te n d ers I n t e r n a t io n a l U n i o n (C.A. 2, July 6, 1960). See also Monthly Labor
Review, October 1960, pp. 1084-1085.
11 L o c a l 2S9, I n t e r n a t io n a l B ro th e r h o o d o f T e a m s t e r s and S t a n - J a y A u t o
P a r t s a n d A c c e s s o r ie s C o r p . , 127 NLRB No. 132 (June 3, 1960).
See also
Monthly Labor Review, October 1960, pp. 1085-1086.
u N L R B (P e n e llo ] v. L o c a l 692, R e t a il C le r k s A s s o c ia t io n (U.S.D.C. Md.,
Sept. 23, 1960) and N L R B [ G r a h a m ] v. R e t a il C le r k s A s s o c ia t io n (U.S.D.C.
Mont., Oct. 25, 1960). See also pp. 58-59 of this issue.

Summaries of Studies and Reports
The 43d Convention of the
United Mine Workers of America
T he M ine W orkers’ 43d C onvention , meeting
in Cincinnati, Ohio, October 4-11, was the first
since John L. Lewis assumed the title of president
emeritus and his longtime associate, Vice Presi­
dent Thomas Kennedy, ascended to the union’s
top job. Events at the convention, however,
made it clear that John L. Lewis was still the union’s
central figure and that his policies would continue
to guide the union as they had since 1920, when
he was first elected president. A widely rumored
revolt, particularly over the status of regional
bodies presently without self-government and
recent benefit changes in the UMW Welfare and
Retirement Fund, did not materialize. Instead,
the 1,800 delegates overwhelmingly endorsed all
official actions taken since the last convention in
1956 and left the present arrangement of “pro­
visional” (supervised) districts undisturbed. In
the forthcoming December election, all three in­
ternational officers are unopposed. No major
constitutional changes were adopted, which ex­
pressed the union’s conviction that its present
rules and operating procedures are fully in com­
pliance with the Labor-Management Reporting
and Disclosure Act of 1959.
Of greater interest to the delegates than internal
union affairs, so it appeared, were reports detailing
the state of the coal industry, the pressures from
competing fuels, and the outlook for coal con­
sumption and employment in the years ahead.
Specific collective bargaining demands to be sub­
mitted to the coal operators were left to the dis­
cretion of the union’s governing body, as was the
timing of the next contract reopening.

Welfare and Retirement Fund

The first major issue to come before the con­
vention was the status of the two major welfare
and pension plans, one for anthracite and one for
bituminous coal miners.


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The UMW Welfare and Retirement Fund,
covering workers in 26 bituminous coal mining
States, had announced that, as of July 1 , 1960,
jobless miners would lose hospital benefits after 1
year of unemployment. This curtailment, re­
ceived with considerable misgivings in mining
areas, became necessary, according to the Fund’s
annual report, because of deficits of over $18
million for fiscal 1960, and $11 million for 1959.
Moreover, the trend of benefit payments had
moved steadily upward—from about $124 million
in fiscal 1956 to $144 million in 1960.
Addressing the delegates in his capacity as
chairman of the Fund’s Board of Trustees,1 Mr.
Lewis reminded his attentive listeners of the
economic realities confronting the industry. The
Fund derives its income from a royalty payment
of 40 cents per ton of coal produced for sale, but
owing to a sag in demand, revenues have not
been adequate to cover the expenditures of the
Fund.2 “If we were producing 500 million tons
this year—which we won’t—we would not be
having any problems,” he told the delegates.
Until that level of production is reached, prudent
management ruled out any restoration of benefits.
The current reserves of over $116 million, though
formidable and adequate to absorb current losses,
were to remain intact to provide benefits in the
event of a depression, an industrywide strike, “ or
any eventuality.” Mr. Lewis recited the various
benefits which the Fund had provided in its 14
years of operation—totaling $1,464 million paid
out since 1946 for hospital and medical care, for
pensions, widows’ aid, disaster benefits, etc.
Rebuking his critics as men who were exploiting
this issue for the sake of personal ambition, Mr.
Lewis concluded his remarks (mock seriously, it
seemed) by threatening to resign as a trustee
unless the curtailment of hospital benefits was
* The Board of Trustees consists of three members: John L. Lewis, repre­
senting the union; Henry G. Schmidt, representing the industry; and Miss
Josephine Roche, public member. Miss Roche is also the Fund’s director.
J Trust Fund royalty income decreased from a high of $155.3 million in
1957 to $127.6 million in 1960. In late December, the UMW A announced
that monthly pensions would be reduced from $100 to $75 as of February 1961.

27

28
upheld. The delegates’ thundering ovation left
little doubt as to the outcome of the vote. After
a short debate during which several speakers
drew attention to the problem of particular
hardship cases which had arisen under the new
ruling, the delegates with about 10 dissenting
votes approved the administration of the Fund.
Reports revealed that the Anthracite Health and
Welfare Fund, financed by a royalty of 70 cents
per ton, was in a far weaker condition. With
annual production now only at about 20 million
tons, compared with 50 million tons in 1946
when the Fund went into operation, death benefit
payments had to be suspended in early 1958, and
pensions were reduced from $100 to $50 per month.
In the opinion of Thomas Kennedy, president of
theUMWAand chairman of the Anthracite Health
and Welfare Fund, the very existence of the Fund
is in doubt unless production can be stepped up.
As a possible solution, he suggested a merger of the
anthracite and bituminous plans. This, however,
was a collective bargaining problem, and attempts
at consolidation had failed in previous negotiations
with the operators.
Internal Structure

Autonomy. The issue of self-rule for districts whose
officers are appointed by the international presi­
dent is a perennial one at TJMWA conventions,
its outcome by now highly predictable. At every
convention since 1938, all attempts to restore
“autonomy” to these districts have been defeated
by the delegates, thereby, in the opinion of the
union’s leadership, firmly endorsing the present
arrangement of central control as necessary and
desirable. Of the union’s 30 districts in existence
in 1960, only 7 were fully autonomous; 3 had semiautonomous status which gave them the right to
elect all members of the district’s governing body
except the secretary-treasurer and/or the president;
and 20 (including District 50) were carried as
“provisional,” i.e., all officers were appointed by
the parent body. However, control over the
district bodies does not affect the autonomy of the
local unions within these districts.
Any expectation that the issue would be resolved
differently in 1960 than it had been in previous
years and that its airing would reveal widely held
pressures for change was probably based on a


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MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JANUARY 1961

misunderstanding of the role of John L. Lewis in
the affairs of the union or of the sentiments of the
rank and file on this question. In any case, 39
delegates spoke during the debate on the autonomy
resolution, of whom 36 argued for the status quo, 1
for semiautonomy, and only 2 for full autonomy.
Those who approved of the present system pointed
to the achievements in wages and working condi­
tions since it had been in effect. In the eyes of
the two dissenters, the basic issue was the right
of members to control their own affairs. Most
of the delegates, having heard the arguments pro
and con at numerous other conventions and meet­
ings, seemed to take little interest in the 2-hour
debate. Finally, President emeritus Lewis took
the floor, this time speaking as the delegate from
local 7604 “and in any other capacity in which you
wish to listen to me.” It was, he felt, time to
put an end to “an entertaining morning” and to an
issue which “has become a mangy poodle dog that
you fellows bring out and lead on a string . . . in
order to get some publicity about it and insult the
intelligence of the thoughtful, mature membership
of this organization . . . . Autonomy,” he
patiently lectured the delegates, “has no relation
to higher wages, to shorter hours, to improved
conditions, to pensions, to medical aid, to all the
things of value to the mine worker and his family
. . . . The accomplishments of this union have
not been paralleled by any other union in any
country at any time during the history of civili­
zation.” The ensuing vote showed all but about
10 of the 1800 delegates choosing to reaffirm the
existing policy of strong central leadership.
Constitution Changes. Since the passage of the
Labor-Management Reporting and Disclosure Act
(LMRDA) of 1959, union conventions have
typically devoted considerable time to rewriting
constitutions to bring them into compliance with
the act. In the case of the Miners, however, the
constitution adopted in 1960 was, with minor
changes, the same as had been in effect since 1956,
reflecting President Thomas Kennedy’s belief that
the present governing document is “ compatible”
with all legal requirements. Each paragraph and
section of the constitution was read and voted on
separately. Among the few amendments adopted
was one, of doubtful significance, barring members
of the National Association of Manufacturers

UNITED MINE WORKERS’ 43D CONVENTION

(NAM) from joining the UMWA, adding the
NAM to a long list of organizations, which already
included the U.S. Chamber of Commerce, in which
dual membership is forbidden. Several resolutions
submitted by local unions urging fines for nonattendance of meetings were defeated, as were
proposals for changes in the present dues structure
of $4.25 and $1.25 per month for active and
retired members, respectively.
The convention, however, did not ignore the
LMRDA entirely. Approving a “ special resolu­
tion” submitted on “ advice of counsel,” the
delegates voted to elect 18 appointed district
officers to the union’s executive board to serve as
representatives of their respective districts.3
Finances. Perhaps for the first time in recent
history, the convention afforded a glimpse into the
union’s extensive financial operations. In some
measure, the disclosure was not wholly voluntary.
A law suit brought by two small mine operators
in Tennessee, charging an antitrust violation, had
compelled the union to shed some of its usual
reticence, as had the submittal of financial reports
under the LMRDA of 1959.4
Since 1950, Secretary-Treasurer Owens told the
delegates “ without any apologies . . . but . . .
with a great deal of pleasure and assurance . . .,”
multimillion dollar loans and investments to coal­
carrying railroads and to public utilities, “ all
blue-chip securities,” had yielded a profit of more
than $14.6 million. In addition, an investment of
nearly $22 million in the National Bank of
Washington was now worth about $50 million, he
estimated, and its value was bound to increase.
Loans of about $26 million were made available to
a “ liberal financier” (Cyrus S. Eaton) for the
purchase of the West Kentucky and the Nashville
Coal Cos., enabling the union to organize prop­
erties which previously had threatened the price
* The LM RDA requires the election of all national union officers either by
a secret ballot membership referendum or by convention delegates chosen by
secret ballot.
* The UMWA, as a matter of policy, did not file the annual financial
statements previously required under section 9 (f) and (g) of the Labor
Management Relations (Taft-Hartley) Act of 1947.
* Refusal of the national officers to file anti-Communist affidavits required
by section 9(h) of the Labor Management Relations (Taft-Hartley) Act of
1947 and the union’s refusal to file the financial reports referred to in footnote
4 previously barred the UM W from using the services of the Board. Section
9(h) was repealed by the LM RDA of 1959.
On November 15,1960, District 50 announced that a special convention to
adopt a constitution and elect officers would be held February 21-24, 1961, in
Washington, D.O.
578187— 61------3


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29

stability in the industry. Since then, the West
Kentucky Coal Co. has paid $81 million in union
wages and contributed $14 million to the UMW
Welfare and Retirement Fund. Similarly, a loan
of $5.2 million to the Coaldale Mining Co., an
anthracite producer, had yielded $41.3 million in
wages, $4.7 million in welfare fund payments, and
$680,000 in interest. These and similar ventures,
Mr. Owens declared, kept miners employed and
mining communities stable.
The financial report indicated the union’s assets
totaled over $104 million, a sum exceeded by few,
if any, unions in the United States.
District 50. Although District 50, whose affairs
are completely controlled and administered by the
UMWA proper, was not eligible to be represented
at the convention, some indication as to its activi­
ties could be gleaned from the Officers Report and
from a brief speech made by E. Moffett, vice presi­
dent of the District. According to these sources,
the District’s membership in the United States
and Canada now exceeds 200,000, organized in
1,700 local unions. It has negotiated more than
3,500 collective bargaining agreements in virtually
every major industry except coal, notably chemi­
cals, paper and allied products, public utilities,
refractories, construction, and shipping. A recent
revamping of its structure led to the abolition of
its two major organizational units, the United
Construction Workers Division and the United
Marine Workers Division, with all local unions
formerly affiliated with these Divisions receiving
new charters from the District. No change,
however, was made in the UMWA president’s
practice of appointing all ranking officers.
The District’s outlook for expansion was
believed to be the best since it was organized in
1936, particularly since it is now eligible to petition
for National Labor Relations Board representation
elections.5
Changes in Officers. On January 14, 1960, shortly
before his 80th birthday, Mr. Lewis retired from
the presidency of the UMWA, a step he had
announced in a letter to the membership in Decem­
ber 1959. Under the terms of the union’s con­
stitution, 73-year-old Vice President Thomas
Kennedy automatically assumed the presidency.
To fill the office of vice president, the International

30
Executive Board elected 56-year-old W. A. (Tony)
Boyle, a member of the Board and a special assist­
ant to the former president. For Mr. Lewis, the
Board created the special nonsalaried post of
president emeritus. The convention voiced its
complete approval of these steps by paying un­
stinting tribute to Mr. Lewis’ past leadership and
by pledging its full support and loyalty to the new
executives. Mr. Lewis, one of the resolutions in
his honor stated, “is God’s instrument on this
earth to elevate the working man to his proper
position in the sun . . . another hailed him as
“the greatest leader of labor the world has ever
known . . . .” Mr. Lewis was also lauded by
Secretary of Labor James P. Mitchell for his
contributions to the furtherance of free collective
bargaining. Said the Secretary:
I would like to say publicly that here we have in this
industry, due in large measure to the foresightedness of
Mr. Lewis, a stability, a level of wages, a level of produc­
tivity, that is unmatched in any other industry in our
country. I only wish that labor and management in
some of the other basic industries would take a lesson
from the Mine Workers and their employers and devote
themselves to the improvement of industrial relations and
the improvement of relationships between workers and
employers as has been done in this industry.

That Mr. Lewis’ new title was not synonymous
with retirement from union affairs was apparent
by his active participation in the convention
debates. This point was further underscored by
President Kennedy who told the delegates:
. .
in my book, John L. Lewis will continue to be the
boss of the United Mine Workers of America.”
Industry Matters

Of more than passing interest to the delegates
were reports detailing the union’s efforts to
strengthen the economic position of the coal indus­
try in meeting the challenge of competing fuels.
In response to a call by Mr. Lewis for a “common
voice for coal,” representatives for the coal pro­
ducers, mining equipment manufacturers, coal­
carrying railroads, and coal-burning utilities joined
with the UMWA in 1959 to create the National
Coal Policy Conference, Inc., for the primary pur­
pose of establishing a national fuels policy. Since
that time, several bills have been introduced in
Congress for a Joint Committee on a National
Fuels Policy (1) to study present and future do­


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JANUARY 1961

mestic fuel needs and resources and (2) to recom­
mend to the Congress proposals for an overall
fuels policy, but so far no legislative action has
been taken. Another longtime goal, however, was
realized when on July 7, 1960, President Eisen­
hower signed a bill establishing an Office of Coal
Research in the U.S. Department of the Interior,
entrusted with the task of developing new and
more efficient methods of mining and utilizing coal.
Antedating these efforts, the delegates were re­
minded, was the union’s unprecedented action in
the field of labor-management relations when it
actively began to promote the sale of coal by form­
ing a Research and Marketing Department. The
union’s entry into a field normally reserved for
management has apparently met with industry
approval, as evidenced by various cooperative
efforts to strengthen coal’s competitive position.
Other Business

Resolutions. To alleviate the problem of unem­
ployment in mining areas, brought about by the
increased use of machinery to raise productivity
and by a drop in coal sales caused by inroads by
other fuels, the convention approved a resolution
urging Federal legislation to extend unemployment
benefits for “as long as a man is out of work.”
The union, while deploring the President’s refusal
to sign “depressed area” bills passed by the 85th
and the 86th Congress, was short on specific solu­
tions of its own. Its single resolution on this
subject asked that “some plan be devised to help
miners in distress areas.” A proposal for a
UMWA-sponsored program to train unemployed
miners for jobs in other industries was defeated;
instead, the delegates approved a resolution offer­
ing to cooperate with Federal and State agencies
in such an undertaking.
Among other resolutions adopted by the con­
vention was one calling for a “Buy American”
campaign and one advocating the “immediate
repeal” of the Taft-Hartley Act. Proposals for a
Federal workmen’s compensation law and for
stricter Federal and State safety programs won
strong endorsements. The question of reaffiliating
with the AFL-CIO was settled, as at the previous
convention in 1956, by leaving the ultimate deci­
sion in the hands of the International Executive
Board.

31

DUES AND FEE-CHARGING ARRANGEMENTS OF LABOR UNIONS

Collective Bargaining. Specific collective bargain­
ing demands were not formulated by the delegates.
Instead, as in previous years, all contract resolu­
tions were referred to a national policy committee
which was authorized to negotiate and ratify future
contracts. The committee is made up of inter­
national officers, the executives from each district,
and for the first time, rank-and-file members.
The more than 1,300 bargaining proposals sub­
mitted by local unions included, among others,
demands for a clarification of existing seniority
systems, holidays with pay, increases in vacation
payments, and liberalization of welfare and pension
benefits.

Dues and Fee-Charging
Arrangements of Labor Unions
o t e .— The following article was ex­
cerpted from A Report oj the Bureau of LaborManagement Reports, Fiscal Year 1960 (U.S.
Department of Labor, 1960). Minor changes
in the text and renumbering of tables were nec­
essary for editorial purposesi

E d it o r ’s N

T h e Labor-Management Reporting and Disclosure
Act of 1959 relies heavily upon the principles of
reporting and disclosure to eliminate abuses in the
labor-management field. Section 201(a) of the
1959 act requires each labor organization subject
to its provisions to adopt a constitution and bylaws
and to file these documents and a report describing
the union’s structure and procedures with the Sec­
retary of Labor. To carry out this purpose, the Sec­
retary prescribed the Labor Organization Informa­
tion Report FormLM-1. The act not only provides
that reports shall be made public but also that the
Secretary of Labor may use the information and
data for statistical purposes and compile and pub­
lish such studies, analyses, reports, and surveys
based thereon as he may deem appropriate.


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Convention Speakers

In addition to Secretary of Labor Mitchell, the
delegates heard speeches by M. J. Ankeny, Di­
rector, Bureau of Mines, and two members of the
UMWA now in public service: Lewis Evans,
Secretary, Pennsylvania Department of Mines and
Minerals; and Patrick Conroy, Labor Attaché,
Canadian Embassy. Fraternal greetings cus­
tomarily sent by other labor organizations in the
United States or abroad were not read to the
delegates, nor were they noted in the proceedings
of the convention.
,—H a r r y P. C o h a n y
Division of Wages and Industrial Relations

Because the Labor Organization Information
Report was the only one for which reasonably
complete returns could be expected by the end of
fiscal year 1960, the Bureau of Labor-Management
Reports, the agency created to administer the
statute, decided to concentrate on these statistics
in preparing its first annual report. Approaching
this task so soon after the formation of the new
Bureau was recognized to entail a formidable
challenge. This stemmed from a number of con­
ditions. The report form was primarily designed
to obtain the information required by the act
rather than as a questionnaire to get statistics.
The type of data which the report form required
had not previously been explored on such a vast
scale, and no firm guidelines of acceptability were
available. There was no time to conduct pretests
to sharpen definitions and instructions. In the
large body of labor organizations covered by the
act were many with meager, if any, experience in
answering questionnaires; and many replies were
ambiguous or irrelevant. Many of the clear and
unambiguous reports may possibly contain inac­
curacies. With limited time and staff, the Bureau
has been unable to verify all of the data in the
reports themselves. Despite these limitations, the
Bureau extracted from the reports filed between
December 14, 1959, and June 30, 1960, some of

32

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JANUARY 1961

T a b l e 1. D u e s : D is t r ib u t io n o f R e p o r t in g L ocal
U n io n s , b y t h e A m o u n t o f D u e s , J u n e 30, 1960
Amount of dues (per month)

Number of local unions with a—
Prevailing fee 1

Total.............................. ...... ...........

39,650

Less than $1.00_______ ________ $1.00 to $1.99__________________
$2.00 to $2.99__________________
$3.00 to $3.99............. .......................
$4.00 to $4.99__________________
$5.00 to $5.99........................ ...........
$6.00 to $9.99........ ........... ...............
$10.00 to $24.99............................ - $25.00 to $35.00________________
Amount not determinable 2_____

847
891
1,940
4,277
11,004
9,157
5, 705
2,547
444
5
2,185
648

Maximum fee
8,997
1,266
2,019
1,713
1,941
972
335
483
63
4

201

1 Local unions which reported a prevailing figure for dues and a range of
dues were tabulated only by the prevailing figure for dues.
2 Amount of dues has not been established or is based upon some variable,
such as earnings, and no average or prevailing amount was reported.

the data which could be summarized in statistics.
The product of this work is presented in the
accompanying tables, which present data on dues
and fees that local labor organizations collect from
their members. The source of these figures, which
are preliminary, is the information entered in item
7a-d of the LM-1 report form, which relates to
four types of fees and dues that are customarily
collected: initiation fees, transfer fees, work per­
mit fees, and dues or similar periodic payments.
For each of these types of payments, space was
provided for three separate figures to be entered:
the prevailing or going fee, if applicable; the mini­
mum fee; and the maximum fee. Some labor
organizations make provision for collecting all
three types of payments from different classes of
members, such as apprentices and specific occu­
pational classifications. In many cases, the local
labor organization is empowered to set its fees and
dues between specified minimum and maximum
limits, but in practice, it establishes a uniform
amount which the entire membership pays. In
other cases, local unions set either minimum or
maximum fees which are collected.
In the tables, prevailing dues and fees have been
tabulated as reported, either as the sole entry or
in conjunction with minimum and maximum fees.
For unions which provided all three figures, the
minimum and maximum fees were not tabulated in
view of the availability of a representative pre­
vailing fee. For labor organizations which re­
ported no prevailing fee and only minimum and
maximum fees, the latter fee was tabulated because
the liability of the member was limited only by
the maximum.

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The number of unions shown in each of the
tables is an unduplicated count. The figures ap­
pearing in the prevailing fee column and those in
the maximum fee column are mutually exclusive.
It is not to be assumed that the unions setting
their dues structures in terms of minimum and
maximum fees necessarily collect higher payments
than unions which have set prevailing fee require­
ments.
Two types of payments, initiation fees and
transfer fees, are single time payments. Dues
are collected periodically, however, as are work
permit fees in the instances where these are
charged. Accordingly, in conjunction with the
amounts of work permit fees and dues, the time
interval was also requested by the report form.
Most labor organizations collect fees and dues
monthly. However, a small number of other or­
ganizations collect dues or fees weekly, biweekly,
semimonthly, quarterly, semiannually, or annu­
ally. When the payments were for periods other
than a month, they were converted to monthly
equivalents so that the data could be presented
in uniform monthly class intervals in more mean­
ingful terms. These conversions do have some
limitations. Translating annual, semiannual,
quarterly, or semimonthly dues and fees into
monthly terms is relatively simple, but for other
time periods (such as hourly, daily, or weekly) the
conversion factors selected introduce some error
in the monthly equivalents.
Table 1 presents a summary of the amount of
dues, grouped in class intervals, collected from
members by local unions and the number of unions
associated with each class. Of the 48,647 local
unions reporting, about 6 percent could not be
classified because they either failed to report fully
or based their dues upon a variable which could
not be translated into a specific dollars-and-cents
amount.
A typical case would be a local union which
bases dues on a percentage of weekly earnings;
another would be dues based on a period of time
worked, such as an hour’s pay per week or month.
Over 800 local unions reported that they col­
lected no periodic dues payments from their mem­
bers. In some of these cases, the local union
supported itself by levying assessments from time
to time as funds were needed for the operations
of the union. In a large number of these cases,
the local itself did not collect any dues and re-

DUBS AND FEE-CHARGING

ARRANGEMENTS OF LABOR UNIONS

ported no dues payments because the dues were
paid directly to an intermediate body, such as a
joint board, which then remitted part of the pay­
ment to the local for local functions. In some of
these cases, the locals reported the dues which
were paid to the joint board; in other situations,
they reported “none” under the heading of dues
payments. In still other cases, the local was in
process of dissolution and so did not collect dues,
or the local consisted of older or inactive members
who retained the local charter to protect rights un­
der welfare funds or for sentimental or strategic
reasons. Finally, there are a number of situations
in which it is doubtful that the reporting organi­
zation would even constitute a labor organization
within the meaning of the act. Many peripheral
organizations, to be on the safe side, filed reports
which have not yet been culled from the files.
Thus reports have been received from recrea­
tional, social, and other organizations composed
of union members.
The dues-paying arrangements between labor
organizations and members vary greatly from one
union to another. In some cases, dues are paid by
members to the international union, which in turn
remits a specified amount to the local unions.
Dues-paying practices in the union field represent
a subject for further research. In many of the
LM-1 reports, there is some uncertainty as to the
exact definitions of dues reported. The act states
that every labor organization shall file a report
containing information on “ the regular dues or
fees or other periodic payments required to remain
a member of the reporting labor organization.”
In their reports, local unions variously interpreted
this instruction. Some reported the full amounts
they collected from their members, including such
assessments as payments for union death benefits,
health insurance plans, and payments into certain
funds. Other local unions reported some of these
categories only; still others were more selective
and limited their payments to dues per se, even
though the question called for reporting of not only
regular dues or fees but other periodic payments
as noted above. It should also be noted that some
unions base their dues upon a percentage of earn­
ings. In unions which do this, there was no con­
sistent reporting pattern. Some of them reported
that their dues were based upon a percentage of
earnings, and these were put into the category of
“not determinable.” Others took the percentage

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33

figure and applied it to the earnings of their
membership and entered this absolute figure in the
dues column. For the most part, the figures en­
tered in the dues section of the report form were
accepted even though their exact composition was
not described.
Of the 44,766 local unions which reported the
collection of dues in determinable amounts, 35,970
specified that they have a single or prevailing rate,
whereas 8,796 had no established single rate but
did have a maximum. The amount of the pre­
vailing fee varied from less than $1 a month up­
ward. More unions collected dues of $3 to $3.99
a month than any other amount, with 11,000, or
30 percent, being represented. Of the unions
which reported specific amounts of dues, more than
half had a rate of less than $4 per month. The
smallest dues class, less than $1, was the amount
set by 2 percent of the unions; only a little over
1 percent collected dues of as much as $10 per
month or over.
With respect to 8,796 local unions which in lieu
of prevailing dues fees reported a range of fees to
apply, only the maximum fee is shown in table 1.
More than half of these unions limited their maxT a b l e 2. I n it ia t io n F e e s : D is t r ib u t io n o f R e p o r t ­
in g L ocal U n io n s , b y t h e A m o u n t o f I n it ia t io n F e e ,
J u n e 30, 1960

Amount of initiation fee

Number of local unions with a—
Prevailing fee1

Total

. .

No initiation fee required...............
$1.00______ _____ _______
$1.01 to $1.99__________________
$2.00..............................................
$2.01 to $2.99...............................
$3.00 to $3.99-.-..........................
$4.00 to $4.99......... ...........................
$5.00............ .....................................
$5.01 to $9.99....................... ...........
$10.00_________ _______
$10.01 to $14.99.................................
$15.00______ ________ ____
$15.01 to $24.99________________
$25.00_______ ________________
$25.01 to $49.99.................................
$50.00.............. .................................
$50.01 to $99.99............. ...................
$100.00_______________________
$100.01 to $149.99..............................
$150.00_______________________
$150.01 to $199.99.............................
$200.00........... ............. . ..................
$200.01 to $249.99..............................
$250.00........... ...................................
$250.01 to $500.00-............................
$500.01 to $1,400.00__________ ___
Amount not determinable2_____

38,823
1,905
179
1,291
68
1,956
185
1,365
388
9,625
1,858
5,372
381
1,861
939
2,047
808
2,648
1,319
1,340
593
610
164
472
86
177
325
17
442
402

Maximum fee
9,824
14
152
101
285
66
435
84
1,464
408
1,974
716
870
657
802
495
451
298
158
75
37
14
9
7
14

58
11

169

1 Local unions which reported both a prevailing fee and range of fees were
tabulated only by prevailing fee.
2 Amount of fee has not been established or is based upon some variable,
such as earnings, and no average or prevailing fee was reported.

34

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JANUARY 1961

imum dues to less than $3 per month. The largest
group of unions, almost a quarter of those setting
a maximum fee, vary between specified maximum
limits of $1 to $1.99. Almost 15 percent collected
less than $1 per month, whereas only a little over
10 percent collected $5 or more.
Table 2 presents data on initiation fees, showing
the number of local unions with fees in each of
several class intervals. Initiation fees represent
payments required from persons seeking admission
to a union. A number of local unions reported
that they did not charge any initiation fee. This,
of course, represented the true situation on a
permanent basis in many of these unions, but it is
also known that unions often suspend the initia­
tion fee requirement during organizing campaigns,
and to the extent that the report from the union
was made out during such a period, they may well
have reported “none” in this circumstance,
although ordinarily they would have an initiation
fee. The ambiguities associated with the figures
for initiation fees are thus similar to those men­
tioned in the discussion of dues.
T a b l e 3. T r a n s f e r F e e s : D is t r i b u t i o n
L oc al U n io n s , b y t h e A m o u n t o f T
J u n e 30, 1960

Amount of transfer fee

o f R e p o r t in g
ra nsfer F e e ,

Number of local unions with a—
Prevailing fee i

Maximum fee

Total...................................... ..........

47,872

775

Less than $1.00------------------------$1.00_________________________
$1.01 to $1.99__________________
$2.00_______________ — ........—
$2.01 to $2.99__________________
$3.00 to $3.99__________________
$4.00 to $4.99__________________
$5.00_________________________
$5.01 to $9.99--............................. $10.00..................... ...........................
$10.01 to $14.99________________
$15.00________________________
$15.01 to $24.99_-.............. ..............
$25.00........... .....................................
$25.01 to $49.99________________
$50.00________________________
$50.01 to $99.99________________
$100.00_____________ _________
$100.01 to $149.99-______________
$150.00_______________________
$150.01 to $199.99_____ _____ _
$200.00_______________________
$200.01 to $249.99-_.............. ...........
$250.00_______________________
$250.01 to $500.00 . -..........................
$500.01 to $1,400.00_____________
Amount not determinable 2_____

39,312
'697
1,141
74
343
234
577
314
419
222
187
98
75
66
97
59
72
38
72
27
27
7
25
3
23
55
6
1,659
1,943

520
31
39
15
16
15
7
16
5
1
0
0
1
0
1
0
0
3
3
3
0
10
2
5
25
1
56

1 Local unions which reported both a prevailing fee and a range of fees
were tabulated only by prevailing fee.
2 Amount of fee has not been established or is based upon some variable,
such as earnings, and no average or prevailing fee was reported.


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Some initiation fees are single-time payments;
although some unions permit the amounts to be
paid in installments, they are likely to be quite
sizable. Of the 45,729 local unions which fur­
nished determinable amounts for initiation fees,
36,074 reported prevailing fees and 9,655 reported
maximum fees.
Of these local unions which reported a prevailing
initiation fee, 22,287, or over three-fifths, collected
$10 or less. More than a quarter of the reporting
unions had $5 initiation fees. Slightly over 10
percent of the local unions with prevailing initia­
tion fees reported fees of $100 or more.
Of the local unions which reported maximum
limits for initiation fees, slightly over half set these
amounts at $10 or less. Fewer than 10 percent of
all local unions setting maximum limits set them
at over $50.
Table 3 presents data on the amounts of transfer
fees collected by local unions. These fees, like
initiation fees, typically represent single-time pay­
ments and are levied by some locals when a member
transfers from one local to another in the same
international. The charge is customarily made
by the local into which the member transfers.
Often the amount of the transfer fee is set as the
difference between the initiation fee originally
paid and that charged by the local union gaining
the member. In some of the unions which re­
ported “none” as to the matter of transfer fees,
this answer was given because no transfer fee was
charged when both locals had the same initiation
fee. The reports showed that only a small propor­
tion collect transfer fees. Out of a total of 48,647
local unions, less than 12 percent gave specific
dollars-and-cents amounts for transfer fees they
collected. Of this number, 4,958 local unions set
prevailing amounts and 719 indicated maximum
limits. An additional 7 to 8 percent either failed
to respond to the inquiry or gave answers that
could not be translated into a specific dollars-andcents amount.
Among the local unions that reported prevailing
amounts for transfer fees, more than half set them
at less than $3, and 37 percent at $1 or less.
About 5 percent of the local unions collecting
transfer fees in prevailing amounts reported them
to be $100 or more. Of the local unions that set
transfer fees in terms of maximum dollars-and-

DUES AND FEE-CHARGING ARRANGEMENTS OF LABOR UNIONS
T a b l e 4.
p o r t in g
P e r m it

W o r k P e r m it F e e s : D is t r ib u t io n o f R e ­
L ocal U n io n s , b y t h e A m o u n t o f W ork
F e e , J u n e 30, 1960

Amount of work permit fee
(per month)

Number of local unions with a—
Prevailing fee1

Total...... ...................... ......

48,112

No fee required__________
Less than $1.00.....................
$1.00 to $1.99.......................
$2.00 to $2.99.......................
$3.00 to $3.99........................
$4.00 to $4.99......................
$5.00 to $5,99.......................
$6.00 to $9.99_____ ______
$10.00 to $24.99_____ _____
$25.00 to $49.99 ..................
$50.00 to $147.75 _________
Amount not determinable2
Amount not reported_____

42,173
148
305
650
827
763
668

447
247
136
104
490
1,154

Maximum fee
535
26
76
104
118
71
49
55
26
6

3
1

1 Local unions which reported a prevailing fee and a range of fees were
tabulated only by the prevailing fee.
2 Amount of fee has not been established or is based upon some variable,
such as earnings, and no average or prevailing fee was reported.

cents limits, more than 75 percent reported the
figure to be $1 or less.
Table 4 shows the responses of local unions
to the inquiry about fees required for work
permits. As a rule, work permits are used when
demands are made on unions to expand the
supply of workers during periods of temporary
shortage. The union grants permits to non­
members to work at jobs normally filled by
union workers and it charges in return a work
permit fee. It is also customary in some unions
to charge a permit fee to a member of another local
of the same international pending completion of
arrangements for the transfer of his membership
to the charging local, as well as to charge permit
fees to members of other locals who wish to work
temporarily in the jurisdiction of the charging
local but who do not wish to transfer their mem­
bership. Some unions apply these charges


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35

toward payment of the initiation fee, so that, if
the job is of sufficient duration to permit the
initiation fee to be paid in full, the worker is
admitted to union membership.
In the situations where the permit fee is a
method of collecting the initiation fee on install­
ments, there was no consistent method of reporting
by the unions. Some of the unions which followed
this system reported only the permit payments;
others made no reference to the permit payments
and simply listed the total initiation fee under
the initiation fee designation; and in still other
cases, entries were made under both headings,
so that there is a possibility of duplication in these
instances. Work permit fees, like dues, are
customarily collected on a periodic basis.
About 11 percent of the reporting local unions
had a practice of levying work permit charges.
Of those unions which charged specific dollar
amounts, 4,295 reported prevailing fees, and 534
reported maximum fees. Almost 63 percent of
the local unions reporting prevailing fees charged
less than $5 a month, and less than 12 percent
charged $10 or more. Of the local unions which
set maximum fee limits for work permit fees,
about 60 percent reported that they amounted
to less than $4 per month. Only 7 percent of
the locals reported their maximum work permit
fees to be $10 or more per month.
In considering these statistical tables and the
foregoing discussion, it must be emphasized that
all the statistics are preliminary. The statistics
are based upon information in reports filed by
labor organizations, many of which are inex­
perienced in this type of reporting. The statistics
will be further refined and clarified as the Bureau
acquires more experience under the reporting
requirements of the act.

36

Earnings in the Banking
Industry, Mid-1960
A verage straight-time weekly earnings of women

employed as experienced commercial and/or sav­
ings tellers in the banking industry ranged from
$62 in Providence to $84.50 in New York City
among the 27 areas studied by the Bureau of
Labor Statistics in mid-1960.1 Averages for men
in the same occupation with the same minimum
experience (5 or more years) ranged from $76
in Miami and Providence to $101 in Milwaukee.
In this occupation, as in other nonsupervisory
office occupations selected for study, there was a
considerable spread in individual earnings within
each labor market area. For example, in many
occupations studied, some employees in areas with
the lowest level of earnings (as measured by the
average for all employees in the occupation)
earned more thar some employees in the same
occupation in the area with the highest average
weekly earnings.
Bank employees in each area studied typically
received paid holidays, paid vacations, and various
forms of insurance benefits. A majority in 22
areas were employed in establishments with 40hour workweek schedules; in the five areas of the
Northeast, shorter schedules were the rule.
Industry Characteristics

Total banking employment in mid-1960 among
the 27 labor markets selected for study ranged
from slightly more than 2,000 in Memphis to
72,000 in New York City. Fewer than 5,000
employees were found in 15 areas; 5 areas had
from 5,000 to 10,000; and 7 areas had over 10,000
working in the industry. New York City, the
leading banking center, accounted for slightly
more than one-fourth of the 272,000 employees
within the scope of the 27-area survey. Almost
70 percent of the survey employment was con­
centrated in seven areas (New York City, Los
Angeles-Long Beach, Chicago, San FranciscoOakland, Boston, Philadelphia, and Detroit).
Nonsupervisory office employees, the group from
which occupations were selected for study, con­
stituted almost four-fifths of the total employment
of banks within the scope of the survey. Women


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JANUARY 1961

represented from three-fifths to four-fifths of the
office workers in each area except New York City,
where 45 percent were men.
Formally established rate structures providing
for a range of rates for each job category were
reported by banks employing a majority of em­
ployees in all areas except Kansas City, Provi­
dence, and eight of the nine southern areas (ex­
cluding Dallas). In nearly all the exceptions,
salaries were determined primarily by the qualifi­
cations of the individual employees.
Labor-management contracts covering wages
and working conditions of nonsupervisory office
employees were reported by banks in only 3 of
the 27 areas.2 Approximately three-fifths of the
employees in Milwaukee, a third in Seattle, and
nearly a sixth in the Newark and Jersey City area
were in banks having contracts covering a majority
of their employees.
Although banks may perform such allied services
as the rental, operation, and maintenance of build­
ings, stock brokerage and travel services, or in­
surance operations, the proportion of the work
force in mid-1960 engaged full time in such activi­
ties amounted to less than 5 percent in nearly
all areas.
Occupational Earnings

Average weekly earnings of employees in the
occupations listed in table 1 were generally
highest in New York City, Chicago, Los AngelesLong Beach, and San Francisco-Oakland, and
lowest in Providence, St. Louis, and the areas of
the South (except Houston and Washington, D.C.).
In practically all areas, the largest number of
tellers were employed as commercial and/or savings
tellers, who service customers’ checking and sav1 Average weekly earnings, as used in this report, are based on hours for
which employees receive their regular straight-time salaries. The survey
covered commercial and stock savings banks and mutual savings banks
(industry groups 602 and 603 as defined in the 1957 edition of the Standard
Industrial Classification Manual prepared by the Bureau of the Budget).
Banks having fewer than 20 employees in the labor market area at the time
the survey lists were compiled were excluded.
Detailed reports for each area studied and the job descriptions used in clas­
sifying workers in the selected occupations are available upon request. For
the areas covered and the payroll periods concerned, see footnote 2, table 1.
A more comprehensive account of this survey is presented in forthcoming
BLS Report 179, Wage Structure: Banking Industry, Mid-1960.
2 All nonsupervisory office employees were considered to be covered by an
agreement if the terms of one or more agreements applied to a majority in
the establishment. Similarly, if fewer than half of the employees were
covered by an agreement, that establishment and all of its employees were
classified as not being covered.

37

EARNINGS IN THE BANKING INDUSTRY

varied among areas for which averages for both
occupations were available.
Like tellers, proof-machine operators, who sort
checks, debits, credits, and other items by machine,
and transit clerks, who process checks for return
to banks on which they were drawn, are in occu­
pations particularly identified with banking and
other financial institutions. Lower requirements
of training and responsibility for these occupa­
tions, as compared with tellers, are reflected in
their salaries. Average weekly earnings for women
proof-machine operators ranged from $48 in Provi­
dence to $69 in New York City. The lowest area
average for men proof-machine operators was $49
in St. Louis; the highest, $72.50 in New York
City. In most areas for which averages were
available, earnings of women transit clerks were
below the average for women proof-machine
operators.
Women working as routine (class B) bookkeep­
ing-machine operators, numerically the most im­
portant occupation surveyed, had average weekly
earnings ranging from $49 in Providence to $65
in Chicago and New York City. Secretaries,

ings accounts. Average weekly salaries for women
employed in this occupation with less than 5 years
of service with their present employer ranged from
$49.50 in Providence to $71. 50 in Detroit. Aver­
ages for men similarly employed were from $59 in
Atlanta to $80 in Chicago.
Note tellers, who perform operations required
for collection of exchange charges and payments
on notes, drafts, rents, and contracts for deeds,
had higher average weekly earnings than com­
mercial and/or savings tellers in most areas. Aver­
age weekly earnings for men note tellers with 5 or
more years of service, generally the highest paid
occupation studied, ranged from $75.50 in Provi­
dence to $106 in Chicago. Area averages for
women in the same occupation ranged from $66
in Providence to $89.50 in Washington, D.C.
In a majority of the areas where comparisons
could be made, average weekly earnings of all
around tellers, whose duties are a combination of
those performed by the other two teller classifica­
tions, were exceeded by the averages for note
tellers. The relative earnings position of com­
mercial and/or savings tellers and all-round tellers
T a b l e 1.

A v e r a g e W e e k l y E a r n in g s 1 f o r E m p l o y e e s in S e l e c t e d N o n s u p e r v is o r y O f f ic e O c c u p a t io n s
B a n k in g E s t a b l is h m e n t s , 27 A r e a s , M id -19602
South

Northeast
Occupation and sex

Boston

Newark New
and
York
Jersey City
City

in

Phila­ P ro v i­ At­
delphia dence lanta

Balti­ Dallas Hous­ Louis­ Mem­ Miami New
Orleans
ton
more
ville phis

Wash­
ington

M en

Proof-machine operators_____________
Tabulating-machine operators, class B_.
Tabulating-machine operators, class C ..
Tellers, all-round:
Under 5 years' service___________
5 or more years’ service__________
Tellers, note:
Under 5 years’ service......................
5 or more years’ service__________
Tellers, commercial and/or savings:
Under 5 years’ service........ ...............
5 or more years’ service__________
Transit clerks------------------- -------------

$59.00 $59. 50 $72. 50
73 .50 70 50 83 00
57 50 69l 00 on 50
7

Q no

08

00

$56.00 $55. 50 $54.50 $59.00 $50.00
74 50 72.00 63.00 70.50
55.00
59. 50

80 no
Q8 50

80 50
q2 50

01 50

71.50
Q9> 50
5 4 on

68.00
Q4 50
,50 on

70. 50
03 00
07 00

67.00
90. 50

60.00
76.00

61. 50
56. 50
07 SO
54'. 00

68.00
59. 00

71. 50
65. 00
00 50
62.00

60. 50
53.00
04 on
52. 50

49.00

77 on

00 on
75

50

$63.00

68.00 $68. 50 $60. 50
89.50 75.00

55. 50
08 50

75.00
05 50

68.00

$70. 00

72 50
81.00

70. 50
98.00

79. 50
83. 50

89.00
98.50

91.00

$100. 50

95.50

59.00

62. 50
81.00

66.50
88. 50
55.50

78. 50
88.50

67.00
85. 50

67.00
76. 00

71.00
88. 00

67.00
87.50

64.00
55.00
74. 00
49.00
01 50

67.00
51.50

60. 50
53. 50
54. 50
47.50 48. 50
53 50 58.00
49. 50 52. 50
70. 00 77. 50
56. 50 68. 00
57.50 60.00

62.00
58. 50

62.50 $64.00
50. 50 50.00

54.00
53. 50

49.00
66. 00
62. 00
83. 00
67. 50
65.00

45. 50

57.00
53.00
56.00
48.00

75.00
58. 50
68. 50
54. 50

71.50

66.00
73.00

55. 50
67.00

64.00
70.00

69. 50
79.50

59. 00
69.00

71.00
80. 50

57.50
64.00

58. 50
49.00

74.00
60. 00

48.50

W om en

Bookkeeping-machine operators, class A.
Bookkeeping-machine operators, class B.
Clerks, file, class A ...................................
Clerks, file, class B _________________
Keypunch operators________________
Proof-machine operators_____________
Secretaries.................................................
Stenographers, general.............................
Switchboard operators______________
Tellers, all-round:
Under 5 years’ service___________
5 or more years’ service__________
Tellers, note:
Under 5 years’ service___________
5 or more years’ service__________
Tellers, commercial and/or savings:
Under 5 years' service....................—
5 or more years’ service__________
Transit clerks-.........................................
Typists, class A.................- .....................
Typists, class B ____________________

See footnotes a t end of table.
578187— 61 .... 4


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

59.00

77.50
64. 50
61.50

50.50
58.00
84. 50
65. 50
63. 50

56.50
75 5

69.00
91.00
71.00
71.00

55.00
76.00
63.00
62.00

48. 00
48.00
69.00
57.00
57.50

79 0 0

60. 50
72.50
54 00
63 ^0
5&50

65. 50
76.00
55.00

76.00
61. 50
59. 50
60 50
70.00

n

fiQ 00

55.00

75 00
80 on
69.00
84. 50
50 50
00 50
62. 50

75 50

54 00
00 00

67.00
70 50

63.00
78. 50

49. 50
62.00

53.00

52.66

58. 50
69. 50
50. 00
57 50
52. 66

52. 50

53. 50
64.00
49. 00
57.00
51.00

50.00
69.00
55. 50
52.50

47.50
54.00
55. 50
75.00
71.00
57.50

60.00
79.50
65. 50
65.00

62. 50
70. 50

57.00
71. 50

69.00
89. 50

57.50
67.00
46.00

61. 50
73.00
52. 00

62. 00
71.50
50. 00

46.00

50. 50

66.00
78.50
62.00
68. 50
58.50

48.00
55.00
50.00
70.00
54.00
59.00

55. 50
73.00
60.50
56.50
57.00
65. 50

38

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JANUARY 1961

T a b l e 1. A v e r a g e W e e k l y E a r n i n g s 1 f o r E m p l o y e e s i n S e l e c t e d N o n s u p e r v i s o r y O f f i c e O c c u p a t io n s
___________________________ B a n k in g E s t a b l i s h m e n t s , 27 A r e a s , M id- 19602—Continued
North Central
Occupation and sex

Chicago Cincin­ Detroit
nati

Indian­
apolis

in

West

K ansas
M inne­
Los
Mil­ apolisCity,
St.
Denver AngelesMo. waukee
St.
Louis
Long
Paul
Beach

Port­
land

San
Fran- Seattle
ciscoOakland

M en

$66.00
89.00

$75. 50

$71.00

$54.00
77.00

C
G
CT:

Proof-machine operators____________
Tabulating-machine operators, class B.
Tabulating-machine operators, class C.
Tellers, all-round:
Under 5 years’ service__________
5 or more years’ service_________
Tellers, note:
Under 5 years’ service__________
5 or more years’ service...................
Tellers, commercial and/or savings:
Under 5 years’ service__________
5 or more years' service_________
Transit clerks____________________

$83.00

90.50
95. 50

64. 50

89. 50
106.00

$98. 00

78. 50

80.00
97.50
67.00

72.50
85.50

73.00

67.50

67.00

63.00

71.00

64.00

58.00

68.00

56.00

59.00

55.00

56.50

56. 50

54.00

57.00

61.00

52.50

57.00
65.00
62.50
85.00
72.00
66.50

49.50
61.00
54.50
78.00
66.00
57.00

49. 50
57.50
56.00
88. 50
63. 50
59.00

50.00
54.00
52. 50
80.00
61. 50
59.00

51.50
58. 00
47.00
53.00
52.00
72. 00
59. 50
58. 50

51. 50
58 00
58.00
81. 50
71.00
60. 50

58 50
75 00
66.00
91.00
76.50
69.00

59.00
73.00

62. 50
72.00

81.00

68.00

61.00
68.00

63. 50
76. 50

63.50
79.50

65.00
74.00

62. 50
73.00

63 00
80.50

77 00
85! 50

60. 50
71.50
48. 50
62.00
53. 50

63. 50
78.00

60. 50
71.00
51.00

58.00
67. 50
48.00
54.00
48. 50

67.00
72. 50
52.00

70.00
82.00
81 00
71 00
62.00

$78.00

90.00

70. 50

$80 50
78! 50

$82.00

90 50

$76. 50
91.00

74. 50
89.00

94. 50
103. 50

88. 50
99. 00

80.00
95.50

91 00
101.00

82 50
94 00

67.00
81. 50

75. 50
84. 50
52.50

74.00
101.00

65.50
94.00

68. 50
85.00
53.00

92. 50

72.00
92.00

$97.00

94 00

$85.00

74.00
95.50

W om en

Bookkeeping-machine operators, class
A ...................................................................................................

Bookkeeping-machine operators, class
B ____________ ____ ____________
Clerks, file, class A _____________________________
Clerks, file, class B..................................
Keypunch operators................................
Proof-machine operators____________
Secretaries................................................
Stenographers, general______________
Switchboard operators-.........................
Tellers, all-round:
Under 5 years' service___________
5 or more years' service__________
Tellers, note:
Under 5 years' service___________
5 or more years’ service__________
Tellers, commercial and/or savings:
Under 5 years' service___________
5 or more years’ service__________
Transit clerks...........................................
Typists, class A ....................................
Typists, class B ____ ______ ________

79. 50
65.00
71. 50
60. 50
68.00
63.00
87.50
74.00
69.00

56.00
83. 50
61. 50
64.00

76.50
92.00
78.50
82.50

68.00
76.00

64. 50
77.00

68.00
79.00
67.00
71.50
66. 00

61.00
75. 50

71. 50
84.00
56. 50
73.00
59. 50

55. 00

56. 00
53.00
66.00

58.50
68.00

1 Average weekly earnings are based on hours for which employees receive
their regular straight-time pay.
* Dat a relate to May 1960 in Baltimore, Cincinnati, Dallas, Denver, Kansas
City, Louisville, Memphis, Miami, Newark and Jersey City, New Orleans,
Philadelphia, Portland, St. Louis, San Francisco-Oaklarid, Seattle, and
Washington; June 1960 in Atlanta, Boston, Chicago, Detroit, Houston,
Indianapolis, Los Angeles-Long Beach, Minneapolis-St. Paul, New York
City, and Providence; and July 1960 In Milwaukee. The areas are the Stand­

earning from $69 a week in Louisville and Provi­
dence to $91 in Los Angeles-Long Beach and
New York City, usually had the highest occupa­
tional averages for women. Routine (class B) file
clerks, generally the lowest paid in each area,
averaged from $45.50 per week in Louisville to
$62 in New York City.
Reflecting at least in part the predominant use
of formalized wage structures with a range of
rates, individual salaries of employees varied con­
siderably within the same occupational classifica­
tion and labor market area. As illustrated in the
following tabulation of earnings of women book­
keeping-machine operators (class B) in five selected
areas, the variation in individual salaries was suf­
ficiently great that the salaries of some employees
in areas with comparatively low average salaries
exceeded those of some employees in areas with
markedly higher averages.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

55.50
52.00

54.00

57.50

£r7 pp
59. 50

62. 50

59.00

01 00

70 50
65! 50
85. 50
76. 50
70.00

58.50
84. 50
72.00
67.00

80. 50

71 50
85.00

67 ^0
78.00

74. 50

69. 00
80.00

64.00
75.50
61.00

60. 50
86.00
67.00
61.50
00 50
73. 50

73 50
66! 00

59.5

ard Metropolitan Statistical Areas except Chicago (Cook County), Newark
and Jersey City (Essex, Hudson, Morris, and Union Counties), New York
City (the 5 boroughs), and Philadelphia (Philadelphia and Delaware Coun­
ties, Pa., and Camden County, N.J.).
N o t e : Dashes indicate no data reported or data that do not meet publica­
tion criteria.

Number of women bookkeeping-machine operators
(class B ) earning specified salaries in —
Provi­
dence

Under $45.00..................
$45.00 and under $50.00- .
$50.00 and under $55.00-.
$55.00 and under $60.00. _
$60.00 and under $65.00. .
$65.00 and under $70.00..
$70.00 and under $75.00. .
$75.00 or more..................
Total number of workers.
Average weekly salaries..

Atlanta

Detroit

San FranciscoOakland

New
York
City

42
83
48
28
2

6
67
63
65
40
14
5
3

15
35
168
154
220
95
23
3

8
121
252
447
229
93
46

185
410
971
712
337
237

203
$49.00

263
$55.00

713
$59.00

1,196
$62.50

2,852
$65.00

____
____

Establishment Practices

Data were also obtained on work schedules and
selected supplementary benefits, including paid
holidays and vacations and health, insurance, and
pension plans for nonsupervisory office employees
(table 2).

39

EARNINGS IN THE BANKING INDUSTRY

prevailing pattern, some employees were in banks
scheduling less than 40 hours.

Scheduled Weekly Hours. A majority of the
employees in all areas, except those in the five
Northeast areas, were in banks with 40-hour work­
week schedules. Approximately three-fifths of
the employees in Boston, about seven-tenths in
Philadelphia, and approximately nine-tenths of
the employees in the other three Northeast areas
were in banks scheduling workweeks of 37% hours
or less. About three-fifths of the employees in
New York City and two-fifths in Newark and
Jersey City were in banks scheduling 35 hours.
None of the establishments in the 27 areas had
work schedules of more than 40 hours. In 18
of the 22 areas where 40-hour workweeks were the
T

able

2.

Paid Holidays. Prevailing holiday practices ranged
from 5 days annually in Atlanta and Memphis to
12 days in the Newark and Jersey City area and
Philadelphia. Almost all of the employees in
New York City and Providence and over half of
those in Chicago and Boston were in banks
granting 11 paid holidays. In Baltimore, 10
paid holidays were commonly provided, and
all Detroit banks gave their employees 9
paid holidays. Employers in Western areas
typically gave 7 or 8 paid holidays, which was

P ercent

o f N o n s u p e r v i s o r y O f f i c e E m p l o y e e s i n B a n k in g E s t a b l is h m e n t s
f o r S e l e c t e d S u p p l e m e n t a r y W a g e B e n e f i t s ,1 27 A r e a s , Mid -1960

Region and city

it h

F

4
2
3
11
5
9
7
weeks weeks weeks
or days
or
or
after
after
after
T otal 6
or
8
10
T o ta l8
25
1
15
days days days more
years
year
years
of
of
of
service service service

Acci­
dental
death
Life and d is­
member­
ment

P r o v i s io n s

ormal

Health, insurance, and pension plans

Paid full-day holidays

Paid vacations 2

W

*

Sick
Retire­
Sick­ leave
(full Hospi­ Sur­ Medi­ C atas­ ment
ness
cal trophe pen­
and pay, no taliza­ gical
sion
acci­ waiting tion
dent period)

N ortheast

Boston
Newark and Jersey
City
Now York Oitv
Philadelphia
Providp.npp

100

77

96

69

100

100
100
100
100

100
98
100
100

100
92
80
100

50
93
52

100
100
100
100

100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100

98
100
98
100
100
55
100
100
97

91
85
22
29
17
18
43
6
93

91
7
13

23

100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100

100
100
100
100
100
100

100
100
100
100
79
94

90
68
88
100
13
93

26
3
58
81
3
74

94
100
100
100
100
100

100

100
100

100
99

100
79

18
8

100
100

100

37

63

100

25

10

97

97

73

73

98

100
100
100
97

57
34
23
56

8
5
5

75
72
36
43

94
100
61
100

89
89
60
100

42
51
45
100

43
57
51

3

100
100
100
97

100
92
99
100

97
100
100
100
98
100
100
100
94

51
22
21
56
29
55
63
82
48

2
6

2
38
51
47
48
64
54

69
42
100
100
63
100
94
100
48

69
51
100
100
60
100
94
100
48

67
6
43
72
31
66
77
83
12

95
45
9
47
80
100
64
93
26

91
98
68
71
97
91
62
45
75

92
100
100
100
88
92

27
77
23
34
53
10

37
25
77
95
29
53

78
69
97
100
43
100

71
3
97
100
43
97

57
3
97
100
37
97

50
23
85
55
8
87

77
100
95
95
64
85

100

97
97

81
38

8
28

6
39

97
65

97
80

97
80

68
43

97
72

S outh

Atlanta
Baltimore
Dallas
Houston
TiOnisvillA

M em phis

M iami. _ ________

Now Orlp.ans

Washington........... .

17
36

100
96
90
3
100
100
100
9

2
6
82

26
100

7

69

100

20

2
5
15
2

2
10
5

N orth C entral
(ThiVavn

Cincinnati
Detroit

Indianapolis
Kansas C ity, Mo
M ilwaukee

Minneapolis-St.

Paul
fit. Louis

100

61
100

85

15

7
6
11

W est

Denver
Los Angeles-Long
Beaeh
Portland

San FranciscoOakland
Seattle___________

100

100

57

30

100

100

92

36

43

30

76

76

76

40

91

100
100

100
100

95
88

100
100

98
94

4
10

2
45

49
51

100
100

100
100

92
100

71

4

100
100

95
88

100
100

100
100

99
94

29
58

100
100

100
100

99
100

45
65

46
8

53
67

100
100

100
100

96
100

92
74

96
78

1 If formal provisions for supplementary benefits in an establishment were
applicable to half or more of the workers, the benefits were considered ap­
plicable to all workers. Because of length-of-service and other eligibility
requirements, the proportion of workers currently receiving the benefits may
be smaller than estimated.
2 Periods of service were arbitrarily chosen and do not necessarily reflect
the individual provisions for progression. For example, the changes in
proportions indicated at 25 years may include changes in provisions occurring
between 15 and 25 years.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

8 Includes provisions in addition to those shown separately.
4 Includes only those plans for which at least a part of the cost is borne
by the employer and excludes legally required plans such as workmen’s
compensation and social security.
N ote: Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not neces­
sarily equal totals.

40

also the policy applying to most employees in
Louisville, Washington, D.C., Kansas City, and
St. Louis. In the remaining eight areas, most
employees were in establishments granting 6 paid
holidays.
New Year’s Day, Fourth of July, Labor Day,
Thanksgiving Day, and Christmas were uni­
versally observed by banks in all areas. Memo­
rial Day was commonly observed except in five
southern areas. Washington’s Birthday was in­
cluded as a paid holiday by banks having a
majority of the employees in 15 areas; Veterans’
Day in 12 areas; and Columbus Day in 7 areas,
principally in the Northeast region. Other holi­
days commonly reported in a limited number of
areas were Lincoln’s Birthday, Good Friday
(often one-half day), and Election Day. Also,
in a few areas, the majority of bank employees
received pay for holidays of local importance,
such as Admission Day in Los Angeles-Long
Beach and San Francisco-Oakland, San Jacinto
Day in Dallas and Houston, and Mardi gras in
New Orleans.
Paid Vacations. Provisions for paid vacations
after qualifying periods of service were universal
in all areas. One or more weeks were commonly
given in all but 5 areas after 6 months of service,
and vacation pay amounting to 2 weeks’ regular
salary after 1 year was provided by banks with
the majority of the workers in all 27 areas. Threeweek paid vacations were commonly provided to
employees with 10 years of service in 9 areas, and
to those with 15 years of service in 20 areas. A
majority of the employees in nine areas were in


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MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JANUARY 1961

banks providing 4 weeks’ vacation pay after 25
years.
Health, Insurance, and Pension Plans. Practi­
cally all employees in all areas were in establish­
ments providing all or part of the cost of some
type of health or insurance plan. Life insurance,
hospitalization, surgical, medical, and catastrophe
plans were available to a majority of bank em­
ployees in most areas.
The proportion of employees in banks providing
paid sick leave ranged from a tenth or less in 5
areas to more than half in 11 areas. In nearly
all instances, these plans provided full pay (for a
specified period of time) with no waiting period.
Provisions for retirement pensions other than
benefits available under Federal Old-Age, Sur­
vivors, and Disability Insurance were common in
all areas. Only in New Orleans were less than
half of the nonsupervisory office employees found
in establishments providing retirement plans.
Three-fourths or more of the employees in 21
areas were in banks with provisions for retirement
pensions.
Nonproduction Bonuses. A majority of the em­
ployees in 21 areas and at least two-fifths in 3
areas (Boston, Chicago, and Atlanta) were in
establishments paying nonproduction bonuses.
Christmas or yearend bonuses were most com­
monly given in virtually all areas, except New
York City and Indianapolis, where profit-sharing
bonuses were more prevalent.
— H arry F. Z eman
Division of Wages and Industrial Relations

EARNINGS IN THE FLUID MILK INDUSTRY

Earnings in the Fluid Milk
Industry, April-June 1960
R etail routemen on regular routes of establish­
ments in the fluid milk industry averaged more
than $100 a week in all but a few of the 27 areas
included in a survey conducted by the Bureau of
Labor Statistics during the spring of I960.1
Weekly earnings of these workers, usually de­
termined on the basis of sales commissions,
ranged from $93 in Dallas to $135.50 in Minneapolis-St. Paul. Routemen assigned to regular
wholesale routes averaged more than $100 a week
in all the areas studied and $150 or more a week
in eight.
Automotive mechanics, filling-machine tenders,
garage attendants, pasteurizers, refrigerator men,
and stationary engineers are among the selected
plant occupations for which separate earnings in­
formation was collected. In the majority of the
areas studied, highest averages were recorded for
stationary engineers and lowest for garage at­
tendants. The study also provides information
on hours of work and selected establishment
practices—including paid vacations, paid holidays,
and health, insurance, and pension plans—for
routemen and plant workers.2

Industry Characteristics

Somewhat more than 200,000 workers are em­
ployed in the Nation’s fluid milk industry, and
approximately three-tenths of them are employed
in the areas covered by the Bureau’s study.
Commonly referred to as dairies, fluid milk estab­
lishments are engaged in processing (pasteurizing,
homogenizing, vitaminizing, and bottling) and
distributing fluid milk and cream and related
products.
Routemen (driver-salesmen) accounted for ap­
proximately two-fifths of the combined work
force of establishments covered by the 27-area
survey; plant workers represented another twofifths, while office clerical employees and execu­
tive, administrative, and supervisory personnel
accounted for the remainder. These labor force
relationships varied among individual establish­
ments, however, depending upon the method of
product distribution. Although the majority


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

41
of the workers in each area were employed by
establishments distributing primarily through
retail and wholesale routemen, distribution
through company-owned stores was reported as
the predominant method by at least one dairy in
each of 12 areas, while sale of the product to in­
dependent venders was predominant in at least
one establishment in each of 6 areas. In 13
areas, where the major method of distribution in
all establishments studied was by retail and
wholesale routemen, such workers represented
from about a third to slightly more than half of
the work force. In Detroit, on the other hand,
where approximately a third of the workers were
employed in dairies where the predominant method
of distribution was through company-owned out­
lets or to venders, routemen accounted for slightly
less than a fourth of total employment.
Men dominate the work force of the industry,
accounting for all the routemen and 97 percent of
the plant (inside) workers in the 27 areas.
Incentive methods of wage payment were not
common for plant workers in any of the areas
studied. However, routemen typically were paid
on a commission basis—generally a guaranteed
salary plus a stipulated percentage of dollar sales
or collections. In most areas, regular routemen’s
pay usually included commissions for sales made
on the days when swing or relief men operated
the routes, as well as commissions for their own
sales.
Uniforms were furnished and cleaned for a
majority of the plant workers in establishments
employing about two-thirds of these workers in
the 27 areas. An additional one-sixth were em­
ployed in plants which cleaned but did not furnish
uniforms for a majority of their plant workers.
Establishments which furnished and cleaned the
uniforms for a majority of their routemen ac­
counted for about one-sixth of such workers ;
those which cleaned but did not furnish the uni1 A more comprehensive account of this survey is presented in forthcoming
BLS Report 174, Wage Structure: Fluid Milk Industry, April-June 1960.
The survey covered establishments primarily engaged in processing and dis­
tributing fluid milk and cream and related products (Industry 2026 as defined
in the 1957 edition of the Standard Industrial Classification Manual, prepared
by the Bureau of the Budget) and employing 20 or more workers at the time
of reference of the universe data. Detailed reports were issued previously
for each area studied and are available upon request. For the areas covered
and the payroll periods concerned, see table 1.
2 The term “plant workers” as used in this study includes all nonsupervisory workers except routemen and olfice clerical employees.

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JANUARY 1961

42

forms employed another sixth, and establishments
which furnished hut did not clean the uniforms
accounted for about an eighth.
Establishments with collective bargaining agree­
ments covering a majority of their plant workers
accounted for nine-tenths or more of these workers
in 18 of the 27 areas studied. Among the remain­
ing areas, the proportion of workers covered by
union agreements amounted to four-fifths in Bal­
timore, from a half to two-thirds in Houston,
Louisville, and Memphis, and less than half in
Atlanta, Boston, Dallas, Miami, and Indianapolis.
The proportions of routemen covered by contract
provisions were generally similar to those of plant
workers in each of the areas.
Occupational Earnings

Workers in the occupations listed in table 1
accounted for nearly half of the combined plantworker employment in the areas studied in AprilT a b l e 1.

June 1960. For most of the occupations studied,
area average earnings were highest in Chicago.
High occupational averages were also frequently
reported in the San Francisco-Oakland and
Minneapolis-St. Paul areas.
Among the occupational groups, stationary
engineers generally had the highest average hourly
earnings, ranging from $1.82 in Indianapolis and
$1.83 in Atlanta to $3.69 in New York City.
Earnings of these workers averaged less than $2
an hour in 4 areas and more than $3 in 11 areas.
For each of the other plant occupations studied,
areawide average earnings also varied by as much
as $1 an hour. Garage attendants in a majority
of the areas were the lowest paid of the occupations
for which data are presented. Their average
hourly earnings ranged from $1.05 in Dallas to
$2.90 in Chicago.
Filling-machine tenders were numerically the
most important of the plant occupations studied.
Area average earnings for men in this occupation

A v e r a g e S t r a ig h t - T im e H o u r l y E a r n i n g s 1 o f M e n i n S e l e c t e d P l a n t O c c u p a t io n s
E s t a b l is h m e n t s i n 27 S e l e c t e d A r e a s ,2 A p r i l - J u n e 1960

Engineers,
stationary

Fillingmachine
tenders

Garage
attend­
ants

Mechanics,
automotive
(mainte­
nance)

April
May
April
April
June
April

$2. 59
2.67
3.46
3.69
2. 58
3.20

$2.14
2.41
2.60
2. 60
2.29
2.47

$2.05
2.33
2. 58
2. 54
2.17
2.35

$2.46
2.59
2.79
2.78
2. 58
2.79

April
April
June
June
Louisville
April
Memphis
May
M ia m i.______________ May
W ashington____________ May

1.83
2. 51
1.84
2.23
2.10

1.88
1.95
1.42
1.83
2.00
1.81
1.84
2.19

1.34
1.73
1.05
1.45
1.87

1.96
2.52
1.72

1.67
2.05

1.97
2.57

2.90
2.62
2.20
2.57
1.56
2.81
2.45

3.17
2.77
2.78
2.95
1.96
2.55
2.93
3.03
2.81

Area 2

Payroll
period

Order
fillers

in

F l u id M

il k

Pasteurizers

Refrig­
erator
men

Sanitary
men

$2.29
2.43
2.74
2.84
2.38
2. 50

$2.14
2.37
2.60
2.60
2.24
2.49

$2.07
2.32
2.60
2. 61
2.26
2.42

$2.23
2.41
2.85
2.83
2. 58
2.59

$2.02
2.42
2.60
2.60
2.20
2.31

1.98
2.20
1.60
1.87
1.96
1.81
1.74
2.45

1.32
2.00
1.20
1.61
2.00
1.61
1.69
2.21

1.54
1.89
1.22
1.64
1.82
1.60
1.68

1.72
2.05
1.54

1.72
1.88
1.30
1.64
1.85

1.45

1.70
2.13

1.62
2.13

1.55
2.11

3.03
2.60
2.63
2.72
2.07
2.52
2.57
2.86
2.68

2.96
2. 57
2. 56
2.63
1.73
2.31
2. 51
2.82
2.66

2.86
2.59
2.47
2.63
1.71
2.37

3.01
2.86
2. 55
2.72
1.68
2.35
2.62

2.86
2. 57
2.52
2.60
1.83
2.29
2.52
2.85
2. 59

2.86
2.57
2. 55
2.61
1.93
2.35

2.09
2.60

3.16

2.04
2.61
2. 67
2. 76

2.86

1,297

651

299

Truckdrivers

Washers, Washers,
can,
bottle,
machine machine

N ortheast
Boston

_

Buffalo _____________
Newark and Jersey C ity New York City________
Philadelphia _________
Pittsburgh___ _________
South

A tla n ta _______________
Baltimore_____________
Dallas
_____________
Houston _____________

1.96
3.10

$2.26
2.60
2.60
2.46
2.06
1.46
1.72
1.99
1.72
2.28

$2.40
2.59
2.60
2.23
2.25

N orth C entral

Chicago_______________
Cincinnati________-____
Cleveland_____________
Detroit________________
Indianapolis___________
Kansas C i t y __________
Milwaukee
Minneapolis fit. Paul
fit. Louis __ __________
W est

Denver
Los Angeles-Long Beach..
Portland
San Francisco-Oakland...
Total number of
workers_________

3. 54
2.96
3.08
1.82
2.86
2.90
3.08
3.05

3.00
2.57
2. 55
2.64
1.92
2.33
2. 51
2.81
2.62

May
June
June
M ay

2.63
3.18
3.04
3.07

2.17
2. 67
2. 71
2.87

2.48
2. 48
2.38

2.47
3.07
2.80
3.06

2.79
2.70
2.93

2.23
2.78
2.76
3.02

2.15
2.62
2.90

2.12
2.62
2.68
2.89

720

2,084

584

1,413

1,200

921

1,722

1,414

1 Excludes premium pay for overtime and for work on weekends, holidays,
and late shifts.
s Standard Metropolitan Statistical Areas as defined by the U.S. Bureau
of the Budget except Chicago (Cook County), Newark and Jersey City
(Essex, Hudson, Morris, and Union Counties), New York City (the 5


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

3.01
2. 56
2.60
2.69
1.88
2.32

June
June
M ay
June
May
June
June
May
May

2.78
2. 56

2. 51
3.01

2.79
2.54

boroughs), and Philadelphia (Philadelphia and Delaware Counties, Pa.,
and Camden County, N.J.).
N ote : Dashes indicate no data reported or data that do not meet publica­
tion criteria.

43

EARNINGS IN THE FLUID MILK INDUSTRY
T a b l e 2.

A v e r a g e S t r a ig h t - T im e W e e k l y E a r n in g s 1 o f R o u t e m e n in F l u id
S e l e c t e d A r e a s ,2 A p r il - J u n e 1960

M il k E s t a b l is h m e n t s

Swing or relief men

Regular

27

Wholesale routemen

Retail routemen

Area 2

in

Swing or relief men

Regular

Number of
workers

Average
weekly
earnings1

Number of
workers

Average
weekly
earnings1

Number of
workers

Average
weekly
earnings1

Number of
workers

777
398
360
404
1,786
938

$106.00
116. 50
130.00
126.00
112.00
116.00

32
68
163
144
545
192

$112. 50
117.00
120. 00
120.00
120.00
114.50

219
145
107
918
254
279

$101.00
111.50
141.00
153. 50
121.00
139.00

11
31
34
265
67
61

$111.00
108.00
133.50
155.00
127. 50
139.50

249
691
259
221
237
139
154

98.00
110. 50
93.00
100.00
118. 50
99.50
94.00

89
41
30
35
28

125.00
113.00
104.00
119. 50
110.CO

112

112.00

112
148
176
97
150
97
110
121

128. 50
150.00
123.00
119.00
143.00
137. 50
145. 50
183.50

22
21
10
27
16
16
33

147.50
124. 50
91.50
147.00
142.00
106.50
177. 50

Chicago........................................................
Cincinnati__________ _______ _______
Cleveland.................... ......... ...................
Detroit.........................................................
Indianapolis..............................................
Kansas City....... .................... ..................
Milwaukee___________ _______ _____
Minneapolis-St. Paul............................. .
St. Louis__________________ ________

1,545
523
637
257
398
237
430
546
470

128. 50
120. 50
125. 50
132.00
100.00
102. 50
108.00
135. 50
113.00

315
140
133
91
120
51
125
112

122.00
129. 50
137. 00
140.00
106. 50
101. 50
114. 50
145.00
117.00

466
131
220
368
121
98
103
159
217

178.00
132. 50
158. 50
170.00
128. 50
137. 50
139.00
195. 50
181. 50

130
36
60
86
26
20
28
64
49

138.00
141.50
146.50
162.50
139.00
139. 50
143. 00
183.00
136.50

W est
Denver_________
_ _____________
Los Angeles-Long Beach_____________
Portland_______________________ ___
San Francisco-Oakland______________

252
1,045
178
695

102.00
122.00
109 00
117. 00

44
480
68
184

100. 50
122.00
112.00
122. 50

53
733
128
425

129. 50
127.50
109.00
119. 50

151
28
84

131.00
112.00
124. 50

N ortheast

Boston................................................ ........
Buffalo_____________ _________ _____
Newark and Jersey City_____________
New York C ity..........................................
Philadelphia.............................................. .
Pittsburgh...................................................
South

Atlanta_____________ . _________ _
Baltimore....................................................
Dallas.........................................................
Houston....................................... ............ .
Louisville.......................................... .........
Memphis................................................... .
Miami____________________________
Washington________________________
N orth C entral

111

Average
weekly
earnings1

1Includes commissions and excludes premium pay for overtime and for
work on weekends, holidays, and late shifts. Earnings were rounded to the
nearest half dollar.
2 For definition of areas and payroll periods concerned, see footnote 2 and
column 1 of table 1.

N ote: Dashes indicate no data reported or data that do not meet pub­
lication criteria.

ranged from $1.42 an hour in Dallas to $3 in
Chicago. Individual earnings of filling-machine
tenders varied considerably in some areas. For
example, in Indianapolis the average hourly earn­
ings of the middle half of these workers ranged
from $1.71 to $2.15. In Milwaukee, on the other
hand, all of these workers had average earnings
within the narrow range of $2.50 to $2.60.
In some areas, average hourly earnings for
several occupational groups were virtually iden­
tical. For example, filling-machine tenders, order
fillers, refrigerator men, sanitary men, machine
bottle washers, and machine can washers all had
average hourly earnings of $2.59 or $2.60 in
Newark and Jersey City, $2.60 or $2.61 in New
York City, and from $2.56 to $2.59 in Cincinnati.
In other areas, however, the differences in average
hourly earnings for these occupations were sub­
stantial. In Atlanta, for example, they varied
from $1.32 for refrigerator men to $1.88 for fillingmachine tenders, and in Miami, from $1.55 for

machine can washers to $1.84 for filling-machine
tenders.
Regular retail routemen (driver-salesmen) com­
prised slightly more than a fifth of all workers in
the industry in the 27 areas studied. Their aver­
age weekly earnings varied from $93 in Dallas and
$94 in Miami to $135.50 in Minneapolis-St. Paul
(table 2). Weekly averages above $125 were also
recorded for these workers in Chicago, Cleveland,
Detroit, Newark and Jersey City, and New York
City. In most areas, retail routemen typically
worked a 5-day week; 6-day workweeks, however,
were the usual schedule in Atlanta, Cleveland,
Dallas, and Miami. Minneapolis-St. Paul was
the only area for which earnings data of regular
drivers on retail routes could be compared by
length of workweek. Those working a 5%-day
week averaged $4 more than those working 5 days
($137.50 compared with $133.50).
Individual earnings of the regular retail routemen varied considerably in most areas. For


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

44

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JANUARY 1961

example, in Louisville, weekly earnings of the
middle half of these workers ranged from $95.50
to $136.50, and in Detroit, from $110 to $150.50.
However, in some areas the range in earnings for
the middle half of these workers was narrow—from
$124.50 to $132.50 in Chicago and from $116 to
$121 in San Francisco-Oakland.
Swing or relief men, who regularly work on
several retail routes on the days when the regular
drivers are off duty had higher average weekly
earnings than the regular routemen in a majority
of areas. In six areas, however, regular retail
routemen had higher average weekly earnings than
the relief drivers. The differences in average
T a b l e 3.

weekly pay for these two occupational groups in
the 24 areas for which comparisons could be made
amounted to less than $5 in 9 areas and to as
much as $10 in only 5 areas.
Approximately a tenth of all workers were
employed as regular wholesale routemen. Their
average earnings varied from $101 a week in
Boston to $150 or more a week in Baltimore,
Chicago, Cleveland, Detroit, Minneapolis-St.
Paul, New York City, St. Louis, and Washington.
Five-day workweeks were the usual schedule in
most areas; however, in Atlanta, Baltimore,
Dallas, and Miami, these workers typically
worked a 6-day week. In Detroit, the only area

P e r c e n t o f P l a n t W o r k e r s E m pl o y e d in F l u id M il k E s t a b l is h m e n t s W it h F o rm a l P r o v is io n s
S e l e c t e d S u p p l e m e n t a r y W a g e B e n e f i t s ,1 27 S e l e c t e d A r e a s , A p r il - J u n e 1960
Paid vacations 2

Area

1 week
after 1
Total3 year’s
service

2 weeks
after 5
years’
service

Paid holidays 4

for

Health, insurance, and pension plans 3

Acciden­
3 weeks
tal death
after 15
1 to 3 4 or 5
6 7 or 8 Life and dis­
years’ T otal days days days days insur­ member­
service
ance ment in­
surance

Sickness
and acci­
dent in­
surance
or sick
leave, or
both

Hospi­ Sur­ Medi­ Catas­
taliza­ gical
cal trophe Retire­
tion in­ insur­ insur­ insur­ ment
surance ance
ance ance pension

N ortheast

B o sto n ..___________
Buffalo_____________
Newark and Jersey
City_____________
New York C ity_____
Philadelphia________
Pittsburgh _________

100
100

33
82

100
100

94
97

98
97

100
100
100
100

(«)
(«)
96
100

2 10
71
100
7 11

816
81
96
811

94
100
96
100

100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100

80
91
69
100
100
53
70
33

95
94
94
100
90
57
7 24
100

25
97
11
69
74
52
97
100

82
100
71
83
29
94
97

100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100

(6)
8 11
100
100
99
100
95
(«)
100

100
89
100
100
100
98
100
100
100

100
100
100
98
63
98
100
100
100

4
45
98
100
100
8

6

92
97
88
96
96
96

6
4

4

100
71

41
40

100
78

98
97

98
97

98
97

100
100
100
96

6
5
4
89

100
100
100
100

94
100
100
100

94
100
100
100

94
95
100
100

100
100
100
100
81
100
84
84

57
82
14
31
81
96
42

69
88
65
31
81
78
93

100
100
68
100
54
64
92
100

100
100
68
100
54
64
92
100

82
97
53
23

14
26

16
60
100

47
42
100

100
100
100
80
99
99
91
100
100

100
100

100
100
100
100
79
99
100
100
100

100
100

100
89

100

61
42
99
42
9
100

100
100
100
75
55
99
59
100
100

100
79
99
100
100
100

100
64
86

14
22

100

16

59

92
94
100
89

South

A tlanta._____ ______
Baltimore__________

T)alla,s

Houston
Louisville__________
Memphis
Miami_____________
Washington_________

19
22
20
65
43
3

38
51
18
29
11
32

25
78
40
58

5

89

11

70

63
60
34
49
54
78
60

N orth C entral

Chicago____________

C incinnati

Cleveland__________
Detroit_____________
Indianapolis
K ansas C ity

Milwaukee_________
Minneapolis-St. Paul.
St. Louis___________
W est

Denver_____________
L o s A n g e le s -L o n g
Beach________ ____
Portland _________
San Francisco-Oakland_____________

100
4
2

22

8

21
98
100
100

100

100

94

92

98

100
100

100
100

76
100

86
100

94
100

98
100

100

99

73

813

100

3

i
If formal provisions for supplementary benefits in an establishment were
applicable to half or more of the workers, the benefits were considered ap­
plicable to all workers. Because of length-of-service and other eligibility
requirements, the proportion of workers currently receiving the benefits
may be smaller than estimated.
3
Vacation payments, such as percentage of annual earnings and flat-sum
amounts, were converted to an equivalent time basis. The periods of service
shown were arbitrarily chosen and do not necessarily reflect the individual
provisions for progressions. Thus, the changes indicated at 5 years may
include changes occurring between 1 and 5 years.
3 Includes provisions in addition to those shown separately.


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

100
100

7
94
45
88

100
100

88

28

92

92

98

98

92

73

94

100
59

9
22

98
100

100
100

100
100

100
100

94
100

97

97

1

100

100

100

100

100

4
Tabulations were limited to full-day holidays; additional half-day holi­
days were also provided in some establishments. Because of rounding,
sums of individual items may not equal totals.
3 Includes only those plans for which at least part of the cost was borne
by the employer and excludes legally required plans such as Workmen’s
compensation, social security, and plans which met only the minimum re­
quirements of the State law as to benefits or employer contributions.
6 All workers received 2 weeks after 1 year of service.
3 The remainder of the workers received more than 2 weeks after 5 years
of service.
8 The remainder of the workers received 4 weeks after 15 years of service.
8 The remainder of the workers received 2 weeks after 1 year of service.

45

EARNINGS IN THE FLUID MILK INDUSTRY
T a b l e 4.

P e r c e n t o f R o u t e m e n E m pl o y ed in F l u id M il k E s t a b l is h m e n t s W it h F o r m a l P r o v is io n s
S e l e c t e d S u p p l e m e n t a r y W a g e B e n e f i t s ,1 27 S e l e c t e d A r e a s , A p r il - J u n e 1960
Paid holidays 1

Paid vacations 2

Area

for

Health, insurance, and pension plans s

Accidental Sickness
2
3
Un­
Hos­
Sur­ Med­ Catas­ Retire­
1 week weeks weeks
Life death and and acci­
dismem­ dent insur­ pitaliza­ gical
7 or 8 in­
ical trophe ment
Total8 after 1 after 5 after 15 Total der 6 6
tion
insur­ insur­ insur­
years
days days days sur­ berment
ance or
pen­
year of years
of
ance insurance sick leave,
insur­
of
ance ance
sion
service
ance
or both
ance
service service

N ortheast
Boston...................... .
Buffalo____ ________
Newark and Jersey
C ity________ _____
New York C ity ........ .
Philadelphia...............
P ittsb u rg h ..................

100
100

41
86

100
100

100
100

100
100
100
100

(6)
(6)
95
100

^11
(•)
100
100

818
(10)
95
100

100
100
89
100
96
100
100
100

100
73
66
100
96
51
26
53

84
69
86
100
80
56
n 24
100

14
68
7
40
85
53
59
100

100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100

(*)
(•)
100
100
100
100
95
(8)
100

100
100
100
100
100
98
100
100
100

100
100
100
96
68
98
100
100
100

100

100

97

100
100

100
100

n

100

94

94

94

100

100

93

90
97
95

100

95
100

100
64

47
44

100
81

94
100

94
100

94
100

100
100
100
94

7
10
5
87

100
100
100
100

93
100
100
100

93
100
100
100

93
95
100
100

100
100
96
100
84
100
92
81

91
88
29
3
84
96
42

50
100
73
3
84
79
90
16

100
100
68
100
59
65
100
100

100
100
68
100
59
65
100
100

75
93
39
34

69

19
46
100

49
42
100

100
100
100
79
100
100
90
100
100

100
100

100
100
100
96
77
100
100
100
100

100
100

100
100

100

68
43
100
33
9
100

100
100
100
72
54
100
52
100
100

96
77
100
100
100
100

96
56
83

4
21

100

12

53

94
93
100
87

South
Atlanta__________
Baltimore___ ______
Dallas..................... —
Houston___________
Louisville__________
Memphis......................
M ia m i........... ...........
Washington________

16
100

62

47

29

29

56
73
44
34
59
79
46

N orth C entral
Chicago........................
Cincinnati__________
Cleveland____ ______
Detroit____ ________
Indianapolis ..............
Kansas C ity________
Milwaukee____
Minneapolis-St. Paul.
St. Louis___________
W est
Denver................ ........
Los A n geles-L ong
Beach____________
Portland___________
San Francisco-Oakland___ __________
1 See footnote 1, table
2 See footnote 2, table
8 See footnote 3, table
«See footnote 4, table

3.
3.
3.
3.

6

24
98

21

100
100

100
100

92

95

95

26

92

92

95

95

92

68

100

87
100

93

155'

100
44

9
18

96
100

100
100

100
100

100
100

93
100

’9

822

9

91

6

100

100

100

100

100

100

98

8 See footnote 5, table 3.
6 See footnote 6, table 3.
i The remainder of the workers received 3 weeks after 5
years of service.

for which data could be presented for both lengths
of workweek, wholesale drivers on a 6-day week
averaged $10.50 a week less than those on a 5-day
week ($161.50 compared with $172). Data for
a 5%-day workweek could be presented only for
Minneapolis-St. Paul, where these wholesale
drivers averaged $27.50 a week less than those
working a 5-day week ($179.50 compared with
$207).
There was no consistent relationship between
the average weekly earnings of swing or relief
drivers on wholesale routes and the regular drivers.
In slightly more than half the areas, relief drivers’
average earnings were higher; in the remaining
areas, regular drivers’ earnings were higher. In
only 7 of the 25 areas for which comparisons could
be made, however, did the differences amount to
more than $10 a week.


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

100
100
8
90
44
98
100
100
88

8 See footnote 8, table 3.
8 All workers received 3 weeks after 5 years of service.
i° All workers received 4 weeks after 15 years of service.
11 See footnote 7, table 3.

Selected Establishment Practices

Data were also obtained on work schedules for
plant workers and on supplementary benefits,
including paid holidays and vacations, retirement
plans, life insurance, sickness and accident in­
surance, and hospitalization and surgical benefits,
for both plant workers and routemen.
Plant workers and routemen in April-June 1960
had the same holiday provisions in all establish­
ments studied in 17 of the 27 areas, the same
vacation provisions in all establishments studied
in 20 areas, and the same health, insurance, and
pension benefits in all establishments studied in
18 areas. The establishments having different
provisions for these supplementary benefits for
plant workers and routemen accounted for only
about a tenth of the workers in the 27 areas.

46
Scheduled Weekly Hours. A work schedule of 40
hours a week for plant workers was in effect in
establishments employing virtually all of these
workers in 19 areas, and for half or more of the
workers in 5 additional areas. Longer workweeks
were the usual practice in Atlanta, Dallas, and
Miami.
Shift Provisions and Practices. Establishments
with formal provisions for late-shift work em­
ployed nine-tenths or more of the plant workers
in 14 areas and a majority in 5 additional areas.
A third of all plant workers in New York City,
a fourth in Chicago, approximately a fifth in
Los Angeles-Long Beach and Newark and Jersey
City and smaller proportions in 20 other areas
were employed on second-shift operations.
Slightly more than a fourth of the workers em­
ployed on second shifts in New York City received
pay differentials (2 or 2^ cents an hour) above
day-shift rates. Second-shift workers in Chicago
received a differential of 10 percent; in Los
Angeles-Long Beach, 10 cents; and in Newark
and Jersey City, 2% cents. A tenth or more of
the plant workers were employed on third or
other late shifts in Boston, Kansas City, New
York City, and San Francisco-Oakland, with
hourly differentials of 12)4 cents, 5 cents, 2% cents,
and 12 or 12%cents, respectively.
Paid Holidays. Paid holidays were provided a
majority of the plant workers in 20 areas. Six
days a year were most commonly reported; how­
ever, in Houston, the prevailing practice was 1 day;
in Dallas, 4 days; in Atlanta, 5 days; and in Los
Angeles-Long Beach and San Francisco-Oakland,
8 days. Paid holidays were reported for a major­
ity of the routemen in 15 areas. Six days a year
were usually provided in all except four of these
areas. Four days were typically provided in
Dallas, 8 days in Los Angeles-Long Beach and
San Francisco-Oakland, and either 2 or 6 days
in Baltimore.
Paid Vacations. Paid vacations were provided
to workers (both plant workers and routemen)
with qualifying periods of service in nearly all es­


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JANUARY 1961

tablishments. Vacation payments, in virtually
all instances, were determined on the basis of the
employee’s pay for a specified length of time (1
week, 2 weeks, etc.). One week of vacation after
1 year of service was the usual provision in 20
areas for both plant workers and routemen (tables
3 and 4). All workers in both groups in Chicago,
Minneapolis-St. Paul, Newark and Jersey City,
and New York City, and a large majority in
Cincinnati were eligible for 2 weeks after 1 year of
service. Two weeks or more of vacation were
typically provided in all areas after 5 years of
service. A majority of the plant workers in all
except two areas and routemen in all except three
areas were eligible for 3 weeks or more of vacation
after 15 years of service. Four weeks of vacation
pay for workers of longer service were reported by
establishments employing a majority of the work­
ers in 10 areas; for routemen in 4 of these areas
and plant workers in 5 areas, 4 weeks were pro­
vided upon completion of 15 years of service,
whereas either 20 or 25 years were stipulated in the
remainder of the 10 areas.
Health, Insurance, and Pension Plans. Life and
hospitalization insurance, for which employers
paid at least part of the cost, were available to
three-fourths or more of the plant workers and
routemen in 21 areas, and surgical insurance to
that proportion of both groups of workers in 23
of the 27 areas studied. Sickness and accident
insurance or sick leave, or both, were provided
for three-fourths or more of the plant workers in
21 areas and routemen in 20 areas, and medical
insurance to three-fourths or more of both groups
in 18 areas.
Retirement pension plans (excluding the pro­
gram under Federal Old-Age, Survivors, and Dis­
ability Insurance) were provided by establish­
ments employing three-fourths or more of the plant
workers and routemen in 15 areas. In nine addi­
tional areas, pension plans were reported for
smaller proportions of the plant workers and
routemen.
— F r e d W. M ohr
Division of Wages and Industrial Relations

EARNINGS IN POWER LAUNDRY AND DRY-CLEANING INDUSTRIES

Earnings in Power Laundry and DryCleaning Industries, Mid-1960
A verage straight-time hourly earnings of nonsupervisory workers (excluding routemen and
office clerical employees) in the power laundry
and dry-cleaning industries varied widely among
the 29 areas studied by the Bureau of Labor
Statistics during April-July I960.1 The range in
average hourly earnings was from less than $1
in four southern areas to $1.70 in San FranciscoOakland. Earnings of less than $1 an hour were
reported for at least 5 percent of the workers in
18 areas and for more than one-fourth in 13 areas.
Women flatwork finishers, numerically the
largest and in many areas the lowest paid occu­
pational group studied, had average hourly earn­
ings ranging from 53 cents in Atlanta to $1.42 in
San Francisco-Oakland. Routemen, generally
paid on a commission basis, earned $90 or more
a week in 20 areas studied. Vacation and holiday
payments were available to a large majority of
the plant workers in nearly all areas; various
types of insurance benefits were also commonly
reported in most areas.

Industry Characteristics

The Bureau’s study included both power
laundry and dry-cleaning establishments. Al­
though some establishments restricted their oper­
ations to one type of service, plants performing
both laundry and dry-cleaning services accounted
for the large majority of the workers in all but a
few of the 29 areas. Los Angeles-Long Beach,
New York City, Portland (Oreg.), and Providence
were the only areas in which the majority of the
workers were employed in establishments having
only one service.
An estimated 490,000 workers were employed
by the power laundry and dry-cleaning industries
in May I960.2 Since the Bureau’s 1955 study of
occupational earnings in these industries,3 em­
ployment has decreased 5 percent in the power
laundry industry and increased 10 percent in the
dry-cleaning industry. The downward trend in
employment in power laundries has been attrib­
uted to increased ownership of improved home
washing and clothes-drying machines and to the


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

47

comparatively recent innovation of self-service
laundries (laundromats). Underscoring the im­
portance of the latter factor, a number of estab­
lishments included in the Bureau’s current survey
indicated that they had recently opened, or were
planning to open, their own self-service laundries.
Receipt and delivery of customer items for
laundering or dry cleaning may be accomplished
through routemen making house-to-house calls
or through company-owned stores or pickup
stations. In contract laundries (i.e., those per­
forming work for other establishments), the trans­
fer of goods is handled by truckdrivers employed
by either the contractor or the contractée. In
24 areas studied, the majority of the workers were
employed by establishments distributing predomi­
nantly through routemen. The largest propor­
tion of employees in Atlanta, Dallas, Detroit, and
Milwaukee worked in establishments distributing
a majority of their goods through stores or pickup
stations. Fully a third of the workers in New
York City were employed by “ contract” estab­
lishments, and nearly a sixth by those making
predominant use of stores or pickup stations.
The employment of women plant workers in
the power laundry industry in 1960 exceeded that
of men by more than 3%to 1 in all areas combined,
and in the dry-cleaning industry by less than 3 to 1.
Considering laundries and dry-cleaning establish­
ments as a group, the proportion of women plant
workers ranged from 65 percent in New York
City to 86 percent in Memphis.
1 The study included power laundries and dry-cleaning establishments
(Industry codes 7211 and 7216 as defined in the 1959 edition of the Standard
Industrial Classification Manual prepared by the Bureau of the Budget)
employing 20 or more workers at the time the establishment lists were com­
piled.
The areas included in this study are Standard Metropolitan Statistical
Areas as defined by the Bureau of the Budget except Chicago (Cook County,
111.), Newark and Jersey City (Essex, Hudson, Morris, and Union Counties,
N.J.), New York City (the five boroughs), and Philadelphia (Philadelphia
and Delaware Counties, Pa., and Camden County, N.J.).
Payroll periods covered were: April—Baltimore, Boston, Cleveland,
Dallas, Detroit, Louisville, Minneapolis-St. Paul, Newark and Jersey City,
New York City, Philadelphia, Pittsburgh, Providence, St. Louis, and
Washington, D.C.; May—San Francisco-Oakland; June—Atlanta, Buffalo,
Chicago, Cincinnati, Denver, Houston, Indianapolis, Kansas City, Los
Angeles-Long Beach, Memphis, Miami, New Orleans, and Portland (Oreg.);
and July—Milwaukee.
A more comprehensive account of this survey is presented in forthcoming
BLS Report 178, Wage Structure: Power Laundries and Dry Cleaners,
April-July 1960.
s From the Bureau’s regular monthly series on employment and earnings.
See Monthly Labor Review, September 1960, p. 996.
a See Earnings in Power Laundry and Dry Cleaning Industries, Mid-1955
(in Monthly Labor Review, January 1956, pp. 51-58).

48

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JANUARY 1961

T a b l e 1.
and

P e r c e n t D is t r ib u t io n o f N o n s u p e r v is o r y P r o d u c t io n W o r k e r s , E x c e p t R o u t e m e n , in P o w e r L a u n d r y
D ry -C l e a n in g E s t a b l is h m e n t s , by A v e r a g e S t r a ig h t - T im e H o u r l y E a r n in g s ,1 29 A r e a s , M id -1960 2
Northeast

Average hourly earnings 1

Boston Buffalo

Phila­ Pitts­ Provi­ At­
delphia burgh dence lanta

Balti­ Dallas Hous­ Louis­ Mem­ Miami New Wash­
more
ton
ville phis
Orleans ington

0.1

Under $0.40...... ......................
$0.40 and under $0.50______
$0.50 and under $0.60______
$0.60 and under $0.70______
$0.70 and under $0.80..........
$0.80 and under $0.90______
$0.90 and under $1.00______
$1.00 and under $1.10______
$1.10 and under $1.20-..........
$1.20 and under $1.30______
$1.30 and under $1.40______
$1.40 and under $1.50............
$1.50 and under $1.60______
$1.60 and under $1.70______
$1.70 and under $1.80______
$1.80 and under $1.80______
$1.90 and under $2.00______
$2.00 and under $2.10______
$2.10 and under $2.20 _ _ ___
$2.20 and under $2.30-......... $2.30 and under $2.40______
$2.40 and under $2.50______
$2.50 and over____________

(3)
0.4
33.1
18.5
15.1
6.8
4.9
5.8
3.5
2.8
2.5
1.4
2.0
1. 0
.6
.2
.1
1.2

Total_____________Number of workers:
All workers...... ............. M en_______ ______
Women__________
Average hourly earnings:1
All workers___________
M en_____________
Women__________

Newark New
and
York
Jersey City
City

South

7.3
16.1
14. 3
18. 8
Ifi 7
8. 5
7.2
3.0
3.8
1.4
.9
.3
.3
.4
.3
(3)
.4

.1

0. 6
4.8
7. 4
lfi fi
16. 2
21.2
11.5
4.6
3.4
1.4
3.3
2.7
1.5
1.3
.4
.9
.5
.2
.6
.4
.5

100.0

100.0

100.0

2,788
529
2,259

873
245
628

2,131
362
1, 769

$1.12
1.51
1.03

$1. 21
1.33
1.16

$0. 80
1.05
.74

10.3
33.8
11.5
8.5
8.3
8. 7
4. 7
4.2
2.9
1.4
1.5
.8
.7
.1
.5
2.2

02
4. 4
14.8
22.8
17.2
13.9
7.8
5.8
2.9
2.4
1.9
.9
1.4
.8
.7
.6
(3)
1.5

13.4
32.1
13.5
9.5
7.8
6.8
3.8
3.3
3.0
1.2
.9
1. 3
.9
.6
.5
1. 6

0.2
.2
.8
3.4
25.6
20.6
12.5
9.6
6.5
4.2
4.3
2.2
2.1
1.5
1.5
.8
1. 5
.8
.3
1.4

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

3, 562
923
2,639

871
197
674

4,176
971
3,205

10,894
3,825
7,069

4,970
1,199
3, 771

$1.29
1. 57
1.19

$1.36
1.69
1. 27

$1.32
1. 60
1.23

$1.35
1. 55
1. 24

$1.31
1.61
1. 22

5.1
21. 2
12. 9
15.1
14.4
11.3
5.3
3.0
2.6
1.7
1.6
1.4
1.3
.6
.8
.4
.2
.2
.6

0. 6
1. 0
39.6
16.7
13.2
11.3
5.4
3.6
3.4

1.0
1.4
.7
.9
.3
.5
.1
.2

.1

0. 7
3.4
7.1
14.1
10 7
88
16.5
11.1
8.7
4.4
4.6
2.8
1.9
1.0

1.0
.4
.8
.5
. 6
.2
.1
.7

1. 7
7. 3
11. 1
13 7
15 1
5. 5
18.4
8.4
3.8
5.4
3.1
1.8
.9
1.2
.8
.9
.4
.1
.1
.2

01

2.1
8.4
27 1
17 3

19 8
18.6
11.9
9.1
5.5
3.0
2.4
3.1
1.1
.6
1.7

88
7.0
3.5
2.3
.6
.3
.5
.5
.3
.8

5 1

1.1

.1

.2

.5
.2
.1
.4

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

2,852
581
2,271

1,815
446
1,369

2, 461
470
1,991

1,600
337
1,263

$1.07
1. 40
.99

$1. 05
1. 35
.96

$0. 97
1. 36
.87

$1.13
1. 40
1.05

Under $0.40____ _________
$0.40 and under $0.50______
$0.50 and under $0.60______
$0.60 and under $0.70______
$0.70 and under $0.80______
$0.80 and under $0.90______
$0.90 and under $1.00_____
$1.00 and under $1.10______
$1.10 and under $1.20______
$1.20 and under $1.30______
$1.30 and under $1.40______
$1.40 and under $1.50______
$1.50 and under $1.60.-.........
$1.60 and under $1.70-.........
$1.70 and under $1.80______
$1.80 and under $1.90______
$1.90 and under $2.00______
$2.00 and under $2.10______
$2.10 and under $2.20--.........
$2.20 and under $2.30______
$2.30 and under $2.40______
$2.40 and under $2.50______
$2.50 and over____________
T o ta l...........................
Number of workers:
All workers___________
M en_____________
Women.....................
Average hourly earnings:1
All workers___________
M en_____________
Women______ ____

Chicago Cincin­
nati

Cleve­
land

Detroit

Indianpolis

5
0
9
1

fi 2
7.0
5.4
7.2
3.0
1.9
.8
2.3
.9
.7
.3
J2

01
43.1
17.4
12. O'
5.5
2.5
3.1
1.6
1. 4
.9
.4
.9

.2

.2
2
1.4

100.0

100.0

100.0

1,407
204
1,203

1,910
411
1,499

886
195
691

3,244
720
2,524

$0.81
1.04
.77

$1.07
1.42
.98

$0.90
1.18
.82

$1.18
1.43
1.12

.2

.2

West

MinneKansas Milwau­ apolisCity
kee
St. Paul

Los
St.
Denver AngelesLouis
Long
Beach

Port­
land

San FranciscoOakland

0.1

(3)
(3)
0.6
.5
2.1
35.4
13.2
11.6
7.9
5.1
4.8
3.2
2.0
1.9
2.1
1.5
1.1
1.2
.8
.5
4.5

0.7
.8
7.9
16.8
17.5
13.2
11.2
6.4
4.9
4. 1
3.6
2.5
2.5
1.4
1.2
1.4
.3
.5
3.0

4.7
11.2
14.6
14.4
11.1
10.8
6.7
4.3
6.1
3.4
2.4
1.9
1.6
1.8
.6
1.2
.4
.6
2.0

0.3
2.4
3.8
4.1
33.0
11.1
10.0
7.2
4.1
4.3
4.0
2.8
2.2
2.3
1.8
1.0
1.1
.7
.9
2.9

0.1
11.5
16.4
20.5
11.2
11.2
5.0
5.1
5.0
2.6
2.1
1.6
.7
1.1
.7
1.1
1.1
.6
2.2

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

10,989
2, 771
8,218

1,182
197
985

1,708
369
1,339

$1,34
1.76
1.20

$1.36
1. 70
1.29

$1.25
1. 65
1.14

0.1
.9
30.0
19.0
8.7
4.9
4.3
11.8
2.6
9.3
1.7
1.3
1.5
1.1
.5
1.1
.5
.3
.6

1.5
3. 7
25.8
31.6
10.1
6.3
4.3
5.3
2.0
.9
1.3
.9
1.8
.9
.4
.5
.5
2.2

1.8
12.0
40.5
19.3
6.2
6.1
4.2
2.1
1.5
1.4
1.4
.1
1.1
.7
.2
1.3

100.0

100.0

100.0

3,041
610
2,431

1,396
309
1,087

1,435
293
1,142

$1.30
1.74
1.19

$1.24
1. 62
1.13

$1.15
1.51
1. 06

1 Excludes premium pay for overtime and for work on weekends, holidays,
and late shifts.
2 See footnote 1 of text for definition of areas and payroll periods covered.


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

2 7
5 1
30 Q
88
17.2
12.5
6.1
2.3
4.0
2.4
1.4
1.8
.4
.4
2.4
3
7
.1
.6

North Central
Average hourly earnings 1

0
7
28
14

01

0.1

0.3
.1
.3
7.1
15.1
17.9
21.2
9.6
11.1
5.6
6.6
2.3
1.2
.5
.4
.2
.3

(3)
2.6
17.5
18.2
15.4
10.3
9.0
5.9
5.4
4.2
2.0
2.9
1.3
.8
.9
.3
3.1

0.3
.8
4.6
.5
49.5
17.3
.9
6.6
8.9
2.1
2.0
2.5
.4

.3
.3

11.2
15.5
13.8
16.4
7.9
11.4
3.6
6.6
3.4
4.3
1.6
1.0
1.1
.4
.8
.2
.3
.4

3.1

0.1
.1
.4
19.6
18.3
20.0
3.8
8.8
5.5
4.0
2.0
.7
11 6
17
(3)
3.3

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

2,221
377
1,844

1,648
271
1,377

2,347
430
1,917

1,322
226
1,096

4,457
955
3. 502

913
136
777

2,173
425
1,748

$1.26
1.59
1.19

$1.38
1. 79
1.30

$1.18
1.36
1.14

$1.22
1. 58
1.15

$1.47
1.86
1.37

$1.50
1.95
1. 41

$1.70
2.14
1. 59

5

8 Less than 0.05 percent.
N ote : Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not e qual totals.

49

EARNINGS IN POWER LAUNDRY AND DRY-CLEANING INDUSTRIES

Labor-management contracts covering a major­
ity of inside plant workers (excluding routemen
and office clerical) were reported by plants em­
ploying three-fourths or more of the workers in 16
areas. In the remaining areas, the proportions of
workers employed by such establishments were
a third to a half in Los Angeles-Long Beach,
Boston, Miami, and New Orleans; a tenth to a
fifth in Denver, Providence, and Atlanta; and less
than a tenth in Baltimore, Dallas, Houston,
Louisville, Memphis, and Washington, D.C. A
majority of routemen were covered by union
contracts in all areas except Boston, Denver,
Providence, Los Angeles-Long Beach, and those
in the South excluding Miami.
The Laundry and Dry Cleaning International
Union and the independent Laundry, Dry Cleaning
and Dye House Workers International Union
were the major unions covering inside plant
workers. Usually, agreements covering routemen
were with the International Brotherhood of
Teamsters (Ind.). The Amalgamated Clothing
Workers had agreements covering both inside work­
ers and routemen in New York City and Detroit.
T a b l e 2.

Average Hourly Earnings

Straight-time hourly earnings of nonsupervisory
workers (excluding routemen and office employees)
in power laundries and dry-cleaning establish­
ments averaged less than $1 in 4 southern areas;
between $1 and $1.25 in 11 areas; between $1.25
and $1.50 in 12 areas; and $1.50 in Portland
(Oreg.) and $1.70 in San Francisco-Oakland
(table 1). Men, employed for the most part in
the higher paying occupations, earned substan­
tially more as a group than women in each of the
29 areas studied; wage differences ranged from 17
cents an hour in Providence to more than 50
cents in Chicago, Cleveland, Detroit, Portland,
and San Francisco-Oakland. Hourly averages
for men (excluding routemen) ranged from $1.04
in Memphis and $1.05 in Atlanta to $2.14 in San
Francisco-Oakland; for women, from 74 cents in
Atlanta to $1.59 in San Francisco-Oakland.
More than half of the inside plant workers in
each of the nine southern areas, and in Pittsburgh
and Kansas City earned less than $1.10 an hour;
in each of these areas except Louisville and Wash-

A v e r a g e S t r a ig h t - T im e H o u r l y E a r n in g s 1 o f M e n and W o m en in S e l e c t e d P r o d u c t io n O c c u pa t io n s
i n P o w e r L a u n d r y a n d D ry - C l e a n in g E s t a b l is h m e n t s , 29 A r e a s , M id - 1 9 6 0 2 _________________
Men

Area

Assemblers

Dry
cleaners

Extractor
operators,
(laundry)

Firemen,
stationary
boiler

Pressers,
machine,
drycleaning

Spotters,
general

$1.46

$1.84
1.94
1.84
1.71
1.67
1.57
1.47

$1.42
1.41
1.38
1.39
1.37
1.38
1.27

$1.77

$1.98

$1.92

1.86

1.88

2.18
1.69
1.74

1.71
1.97
1.67
1.64

2.19

1.24
.96

1.76
1.73

1.03
1.70
1.46
1.36
1.85

Spotters,
wool

$2.72
2. 74
2.25
2.14

$1.86

1.62
1.62
1.60

1.23
1.18

1.60

1.35

.78
.93

N orth ea st

Boston................... ............
Buffalo________________
Newark and Jersey C ity...
New York City_________
Philadelphia___ ________
Pittsburgh_____________
Providence......... ........... .

1.28
1.40
1.26
1.13

S outh

1.10

A tlanta________________
Baltimore______________
Dallas_________________
Houston_______________
Louisville______________
Memphis..........................—
Miami-------------------------New Orleans___________
Washington____________

1.46
1.48
1.71
1.43
1.26
1.51
1.40
1.35

1.00

1.19
.89
1.10

1.56
"Í.36

.93

1.12

1.10

2.01

2.20

1.75
1.44

$1.31

T §6
1.11

1.28
1.24
1.14

1.68

1.82
1.51

W est

Denver------------------------Los Angeles-Long Beach..
Portland..............................
San Francisco-Oakland—
Total number of workers..

1.86

1.72

418

See footnotes at end of table.

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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

2.08
1.69
1.82
2.06
1.75
1.95

1.33
1.14
1.37
1.38
1.08

2.50
1.81
1.94
2.09
1.51

1.67
1.31
1.71

"l 65

1.74

" Î .5 6

1.27

1.18

2.25
2.13
1.77
2.16

1.84

2.49

1.68

1.20

1.73
2.32

2.29

1.66

1.64
1.82
1.85
1.46

2.35
1.97

1.55

1.70
1.97

2.22

2.76

1.90

2.25

2.18

2.28

2,478

436

223

1.48
1.09

2.33
2.19
1.70

1.21

2.23
2.05
2.29

1.88

1,284

942

313

1.37

2.10

2.12

2.08

2.04

1.94

2.17

272

Washers,
machine

Wrappers,
bundle

$1.63
1.83
1.50
1.70
1.52
1.34
1.38

$1.28

.99

1.43

1.37
1.22

1.17
1.37

1.21

1.31
1.43
.95

1.70

N orth C entral

Chicago...............................
Cincinnati_____________
Cleveland............................
Detroit.................................
Indianapolis____________
Kansas City____________
Milwaukee_____________
Minneapolis-St. Paul-----St.fcLouis........... - ................

Tumbler
operators,
(laundry)

Spotters,
silk

1.22

1.02

1.59
1.50
1.60
1.62
1.51
1.33
1.65
1.65
1.46

1.40

1.17
1.29

1. 54
1.77
2.01

1.59

2.07

318

1,505

270

50

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JANUARY 1961

T a b l e 2.

A v e r a g e S t r a ig h t - T im e H o u r l y E a r n in g s 1 o f M e n and W o m e n i n S e l e c t e d P r o d u c t io n O c c u p a t io n s
in P o w e r L a u n d r y a n d D r y -C l e a n in g E s t a b l is h m e n t s , 29 A r e a s , M id -1960 2— Continued
Women

Area
Assemblers

N ortheast
Boston_________________
Buffalo________________
Newark and Jersey C ity ...
New York City_________
P hiladelphia......................
Pittsburgh___ __________
Providence...........................
South
A tlan ta................................
Baltimore.............................
Dallas................ .................
Houston...............................
Louisville.......... .................
Memphis_______________
Miami_______ __________
New Orleans.......................
Washington __ ________
N orth Central
Chicago...............................
Cincinnati....... ............. ......
Cleveland.............................
Detroit...... ........ .................
Indianapolis____________
Kansas C ity ____________
Milwaukee_____ _______
Minneapolis-St. Paul____
St. Louis..............................
W est
Denver______________ _
Los Angeles-Long Beach...
Portland____ ___________
San Francisco-Oakland___
Total number of workers...

$1.15
1.25
1.18
1.19
1 .2 1

1.04
1.07

Clerks,
retail,
receiving

Finishers, Identi­ Inspec­
flatwork,
fiers tors, dry- Markers
machine
cleaning

$1.14
1.15
1.06
1.13
1.09
.89
1.04

$1.07
1.15
1.16
1.14
1.08

.80
.91
1 .1 2

.53
.92
.64

1 .0 2

1.08

$1.13
1 31
1.17
1 .2 2

1.24
1.04

$1.26
1 .2 0

1.34
1.18
1 .0 2

1.16

$1.19
1 24
1.23
1.30
1.30
1.06
1 .1 1

75
.96

Pressers, Pressers,
Pressers,
hand, machine, Pressers, machine, Tumbler
drydrymachine, wearing operators,
cleaning cleaning
shirts
apparel (laundry)
(laundry)
$1.37
1 37
1. 51
1.52
1.45
1.24
1.38

$1.43
1 51
1.51
1.34
1.58
1.27
1.50

$1.43
1 53
L33
1.43
1.31

75
1.23
1.30
1.17
1.28

1 09,
L 39
1.18
1.03
1.48

R1
1.03
.94
.85

1 .1 0

1.24

.75
.95
.96
.90
1.05
.69
.97
.75
1.12

1 .0 0

.6 6

.96
.91
.99
.83
1.07

.91
. 67
.82
.63
1.01

1.13
1.26
1.07
1.14
1.07
1.05
1.10
1.28
1.08

1.14
1.09
1.10
1.07
1.03
1.22
1.11
1.26
1.11

1.05
1 24
.88
1.03
.92
.87
1.10
1.22
.99

1.18

1.22

1.17

1.66

1.67

.98
1.08
.99
.89
1.18
1.24
1.02

L 22
1 37
1.25
1.42
1.23
1.34
1.11

l! 09
1 09
1.18
1.12
1.12
1.29
1.06

1. 42
1 05
1.82
1.72
1.30
1.51
1.38

l! 55
1 Q7
1.55
1.50
1.76
1.61
1.45

1.10
1.36
1.36
1.62

1.18
1.41
1.35
1.73

.92
1.19
1.32
1.42

1.13

1.20
1.34
35
1.66

1.60
1.81

1.17
1.45

2.19

1.75
1.62
08
2.25

3,704

9,353

12,178

968

3,418

1,929

4,238

86

.95
.93
.71
.92
.72
1.10

1.36

1.04
1 .1 0

.95
1 .0 1

83
1.26
.77
1.05

1.20
1.40
55
1.80

1

1,015

1 .0 1

.89
1.05
70
Í98
.76
1.08

1 00

1.27
.94
1.26

1

l! 70
1.35
1.49

1

$1.19
1 40
l! 2 0
1.39
1.27
1.16
1.18

$1 .1 1
1.17
1.15
1.17
.91
1.07

Wrap­
pers,
bundle

$1.17
1.16
1 .2 0

1.15
.99
1 .1 0

09
.97
.78
.81
.97
07
*94
.91
1.06

.90
.63

.85
.72
.85
.65

.62
.99

.65
1.05

1.29

1.15

1.04

1.17

1.19
1 40
L 22
1.05
1.23
1.26
1.16

1.06
1 14
! 99
.93
1.15
1.24
1.02

.86

1.03

.89
.88
1.08
1.22
1.01

1.06
.96
1.12
1.25
1.05

1.16
1.32

.91
1.25

.98
1.22

L 52

L 45

1.50

1.50

8,448

4,327

727

1,708

1 .1 0

67
06
.90
1.12

1

.96
.72
.6 8

1 30

.8 8

andEl a S f t s remiUm ^ ^ 0vertime and ior work 011 weekends- holidays,
2 See footnote 1 of text for definition of areas and payroll periods covered,

N ote; Dashes indicate no data reported or data that do not meet publicstion critelda'

ington, D.C., more than a fourth earned less than
90 cents. Large concentrations of workers were
reported at the lower end of the earnings array
in all areas; in several areas, earnings of as many
as half the workers were within a 20-cent range.
Differences in the distribution of individual earn­
ings within the areas may be attributed, at least
in part, to differences in the extent to which in­
centive methods of wage payment were used.
Incentive wage systems applied to a third or more
of the inside workers in Baltimore, Buffalo, Cin­
cinnati, Indianapolis, Memphis, Newark and
Jersey City, Philadelphia, Providence, and Wash­
ington, D.C., but to less than a tenth of the
workers in Kansas City, Portland, and San
Francisco-Oakland.

group studied, had average hourly earnings
ranging from 53 cents in Atlanta to more than
$1.20 in Cincinnati ($1.24), Minneapolis-St.
Paul ($1.22), Portland ($1.32), and San FranciscoOakland ($1.42). Women operators of shirt
pressing machines averaged more than flatwork
finishers in each of the areas except Memphis
(where the averages were identical), with wage
differences ranging from 4 to 38 cents an hour.
The differential was between 15 and 30 cents an
hour in more than half of the areas. Dry-cleaning
pressers, hand and machine, generally received
the highest wages among the women’s jobs
studied, with averages well above $1.50 an hour
recorded in many cities. Wage relationships
between women dry-cleaning pressers using hand
and machine methods were not consistent among
the areas; however, in 20 of the 27 areas for which
comparisons for these occupations could be made,
machine pressers had higher earnings than hand
pressers. (See table 2.)

Occupational Averages

Women flatwork finishers, numerically the
largest and generally the lowest paid occupational

https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

51

EARNINGS IN POWER LAUNDRY AND DRY-CLEANING INDUSTRIES

Machine dry-cleaning pressers, numerically the
largest and among the highest paid men’s occupa­
tions studied, averaged less than $1.50 an hour in
five southern areas and St. Louis, but more than
$2 in four North Central areas and in the San
Francisco Bay area. Washing-machine operators
were the highest paid among the men’s laundry
jobs studied, averaging more than $1.50 in most
areas outside the South.
Average weekly earnings for routemen (driversalesmen), usually paid on a commission basis,
ranged from $72.50 in Providence to $131.00 in
Chicago. In 17 areas studied, averages ranged
from $85.50 to $106.50. No consistent relation­
ship existed between the length of the workweek
and the level of earnings. For example, routemen in Boston working 5% days a week averaged
$81.00—$14.50 less than those working only 5
days. (See table 3.)

whereas the majority of the workers in Newark
and Jersey City and in San Francisco-Oakland
received 7 paid holidays. The prevailing practice
in the remaining areas (except Boston) was 5 or 6
paid holidays a year.
Holiday provisions were the same for routemen
as for inside workers in establishments employing
the majority of the workers in 27 areas; vacation
provisions were identical for the two groups of
workers in establishments employing a majority
of the workers in 21 areas.
T a b l e 3. N u m b e r
and
A verage
S t r a ig h t - T im e
W e e k l y E a r n in g s 1 o f R o u t e m e n in P o w e r L a u n d r y
and
D r y -C l e a n in g E s t a b l is h m e n t s , 29 A r e a s ,
M id -1960 2
Total route- Routemen having scheduled workweek
o f—
men 3

Area

Establishment Practices

Data were also obtained on work schedules and
selected supplementary benefits, including paid
holidays and vacations, retirement plans, life
insurance, sickness and accident insurance, and
hospitalization and surgical benefits (table 4).
S ch ed u led W e e k ly H o u r s .

W eek ly w o rk schedules

of 40 hours applied to the majority of plant work­
ers in 19 areas. Slightly longer schedules were
prevalent in most of the remaining areas, while
schedules of 48 hours or more were common only
in Miami (applying to four-fifths of the workers).
Paid Holidays and Vacations. Vacations and holi­
days with pay were provided to workers with
qualifying periods of service by establishments
accounting for a large majority of the inside
workers in nearly all the areas studied. In vir­
tually all areas, the prevailing vacation practice
was 1 week after a year of service; in a majority
of the areas, most workers with 5 years of service
received 2 weeks of vacation pay. Vacations of
3 weeks or more were common only in Buffalo,
Newark and Jersey City, Pittsburgh, and Minneapolis-St. Paul. Holiday pay practices varied
among the 29 areas. The majority of the workers
surveyed in Atlanta, Dallas, and Miami were pro­
vided with fewer than 5 paid holidays a year,


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

6 days
5V i days
5 days
Avg.
No. of wkly.
work earn­ No. of Avg. No. of Avg. No. of Avg.
ers ings 1 work­ wkly. work­ wkly. work­ wkly.
ers earn­ ers earn­ ers earn­
ings 1
ings 1
ings 1

N ortheast

Boston........................ .
Buffalo____ ________
Newark and Jersey
C i t y ...................... .
New York City_____
Philadelphia.............. .
Pittsburgh...............
Providence_________

398 $92.50
128 102.50

245 $95.50
73 104.00

600 94.00
610 94.00
1,097 93.50 1,059 93.00
595 94.50
619 94.00
125 103.00
294 105.50
70 75.00
106 72.50

1.00

58 $98.00

102.00

75 114.50

65.00

South

Atlanta____________
Baltimore.............. .....
Dallas..........................
Houston___________
Louisville__________
Memphis__________
Miami......... ...............
New Orleans_______
Washington________

131 81.50
381 92.00
98 88.00
198 91.00
171 83.00
265 78.50
163 100.50
132 82.00
319 118.00

105 94.00
42 78.50

140

66 102.00

44 80.50
190 82.00
220 112.50

57.50

104 .83.50
136 94.50
56 94.50
120 86.50
90 74.00
65 70.00
163 100.50
50 82.00

N orth C entral

Chicago___________
Cincinnati_________
Cleveland-.................
Detroit.......................
Indianapolis...............
Kansas City_______
Milwaukee________
Minneapolis-St. Paul
St. Louis__________

1,523 131.00
154 106.50
195 85.50
217 117. 50
198 100. 50
187 89.00
234 113. 50
240 103.00
261 83.00

99.50
83.50
119. CO
97. 50
228 103. 50

204 121.00 1,319 132. 50
38 126.00
87.00
22 105. 50
113.50
43 111.00
163 87.00
96.00
160 115.50
110. 50
89 76.50

162 83.50

W est

D enver.......................
Los Angeles-Long
Beach___________
Portland......... ...........
San Francisco-Oak­
land..... ................ .

161 91.00

47 95.50

86.00

717 113.00
150 102. 50

614 111.00
117 105. 50

123.00
93.00

326 116.00

294 116.00

117.00

1 Includes commission earnings and excludes premium pay for overtime and
for work on weekends, holidays, and late shifts. Earnings are rounded to
nearest half dollar.
3 See footnote 1 of text for definition of areas and payroll periods covered.
3 Total number of routemen in all areas studied is 9,673.
Figures for each
area include data for workers not shown separately.
N ote : Dashes indicate no data reported or data that do not meet publica­
tion criteria.

52

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JANUARY 1961

T a b l e 4.

P e r c e n t o f N o n su pe r v x so r t P r o d u c t io n W o r k e r s , E x c e p t R o u t e m e n , E m pl o y e d in P o w e r L a u n d r y
D ry -C l e a n in g E s t a b l is h m e n t s W it h F o r m a l P r o v is io n s f o r S e l e c t e d S u p p l e m e n t a r y W a g e B e n e f i t s 1
29 A r e a s , M id -1960 2

and

Paid vacations 8
Area

Paid holidays 5

1 week 2 weeks 3 weeks
after 1 after 5 after 15
TotaD year of years of years of
service service service

Total

Health, insurance, and pension plans8

Less
7
than
5
6
days
5
days days or
days
more

Acciden­ Sick­
tal death ness
Life and dis­ and
member­ acci­
ment
dent

Hospi­
taliza­
tion

Surgi­
cal

Medi­
cal

57
87
95
94
98
83

57
87
93
94
98
81

47
g
71

59

59

30
43

Retire­
ment
pen­
sion

N ortheast

Boston____ . . .
Buffalo____________
Newark and Jersey Citv.
New York C i t y - - _____
Philadelphia.....................
Pittsburgh____________
Providence____________

95
100
100
99
100
100
92

91
100
99
99
i 36
100
88

88
95
83
57
85
96

84
88
73
57
85
92

65
98

u 32
87

12 12

99

99

100
100
100

100
100
100
100

97
77
75
95

69
100
92
98
8 34
89
49

28
81
72
1
6

77
31

85
94
100
100
100
93
73

4

100
100
84
86
40

66

4

i

32
83
9
55
99
87
42

45
10
91

59
3

7

h

7

45
i

5
30

51
87
91
94
99
83
51

4Q

6
80
2

99
81
23

55
81
30
90
2
81

no

98
81

13
92
24

S outh

A tlanta_____
Baltimore....... ........
D allas......... ..............
Houston..................
Louisville____ _____
Memphis...........................
M iam i________

New Orleans__________
W ashington...___ _____

94

(9)

44
17

(10)

(»)
(10)

17

38
83
56

100

33
2

72
100

59
29
9
27

34
28
17
38
17
73

5
6

1
1

6

14
67
90

17

49
61
61
19
35
30
46

26
58

19
21

33
45

3
21

5

16

g

15

9

...

13
46

35
52

95
67

95
37
89
85
95
92
96
96
89

2

55

6

95
67
92
87

37

100

95

0/

16

5

17
18

6

9

27

12

45
65

AS

14

3
40

53

26

93

93
60

93
37
0
CQ

38
8

N orth C entral

Chicago.............. ............
Cincinnati______ _____
Cleveland___________
D etroit... ______ _____
Indianapolis_________
Kansas C ity ..........
Milwaukee____ ..
Minneapolis-St. Paul___
St. Louis____________

100
100
100
100
100

100
100
100
100

88
100
100
100
100

99
8

28
4

100

100

08

99
100

7

86

2

95

96

100
100
100
100

100
100
100
100

2

100

93

37

100
100

9

7

92
96
96
89

5

92
9

96
89

60
Q6

89

100
Q2

3

89

100

100

96
96
89

92
96
96
89

92
87
96
89

22

22

73
89

73
89

18
73
89

100

100

100

87
9

W est

Denver............. .......... .
Los Angeles-Long Beach.
P ortland........ .
San Francisco-Oakland..

92

80

100
100

100

65
67
89

100

100

86

86

73
94

68
2

89

4
2

100

37

63

18
62
89
100

18
53
89
78

2

89

13
69

1
i i formal provisions for supplementary benefits in an establishment were
applicable to half or more of the workers, the benefits were considered appli­
cable to all workers. Because of length-of-serviee and other eligibility require­
ments, the proportion of workers currently receiving the benefits may be
smaller than estimated.
s See footnote 1 of text for definition of areas and payroll periods covered.
8
Vacation payments, such as percent of annual earnings and flat-sum
amounts, are converted to an equivalent time basis. Periods of service were
arbitrarily chosen and do not necessarily reflect the individual provisions for
progressions. Provisions for vacations of 3 weeks or more are summarized
in the text and are reported in greater detail in the comprehensive report
on the study.
4 Includes provisions in addition to those shown separately.
5 Limited to full-day holidays provided annually.
8
Includes only those private plans for which at least a part of the cost is

borne by the employer and excludes legally required plans such as work­
men’s compensation and social security.
7 The majority of the workers were employed in establishments providing
more than 1 but less than 2 weeks’ vacation after 1 year of service.
8 The majority of the workers were employed in establishments providing
more than 2 but less than 3 weeks’ vacation after 5 years of service.
9 84 percent of the workers were employed in establishments providing
1 week’s vacation after 5 or 15 years of service.
10 The majority of the workers were employed in establishments providing
1 week’s vacation after 5 or 15 years of service.
11 33 percent of the workers were employed in establishments providing
2 weeks’ vacation after 1 year of service.
12 33 percent of the workers were employed in establishments providing
3 weeks’ vacation after 5 years of service.
N ote: Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal totals.

Health, Insurance, and Pension Plans. Various
types of health and insurance plans, financed at
least in part by employers, were available to a
majority of inside plant workers in 22 areas stud­
ied. Life insurance was available to a majority of
inside workers in 22 areas; hospitalization insur­
ance in 21 areas; surgical insurance in 20 areas;
accidental death and dismemberment, sickness and
accident insurance, and medical insurance in 14
areas; and retirement pension plans in 3 areas.

Sick leave plans and catastrophe insurance (ex­
tended medical coverage) benefits were reported
infrequently.
Health and insurance benefits for routemen
were generally similar to those reported for inside
workers in most instances; however, in several of
the areas, pension plans were more commonly
reported for routemen than for inside workers.
— D o ug la s K. F r id r ic h


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

Division of Wages and Industrial Relations

WAGE CHRONOLOGY NO. 7: SWIFT & CO.

Wage Chronology No. 7:
Swift & Co.1
Supplement No. 6— 1959-GO
S ettlements providing changes in wage rates and
fringe benefits were reached in October 1959 by
Swift & Co. with two AFL-CIO affiliates, the
Amalgamated Meat Cutters and Butcher Work­
men (MCBW) and the United Packinghouse, Food
and Allied Workers (UPWA),2 and with the
unaffiliated National Brotherhood of Packing­
house Workers (NBPW). After a 7-week strike by
approximately 18,000 employees at 37 plants, the
MCBW and UPWA and the company reached
agreement on October 22 and signed new contracts
the following day. The company and the inde­
pendent union had reached an interim agreement
on September 18 and signed their final contract on
October 22. Except for employees at plants in
Fort Worth and San Antonio, Tex., the interim
agreement provided for a wage increase of 8.5
cents, effective September 1, 1959, continuation of
the cost-of-living escalator clause, and incorpora­
tion of the existing 14-cent cost-of-living allowance
into base rates. Other improvements agreed to
by the parties applied to all of the company’s
NBPW plants.
At the conclusion of their national wage and
contract conferences in June 1959, the affiliated
unions had agreed to coordinate their bargaining
and had adopted industrywide goals of “substan­
tial” wage increases, shorter hours, improved
insurance, pension, health, and sick leave benefits,
liberalization of vacation and severance pay re­
quirements, and increased clothing allowances and
night-shift premiums. When negotiations began
in July, the company proposed a 3-year contract
with no general wage increase and readjustment of
rates in selected areas to enable the company “to
meet competition,” elimination of the escalator
clause, limitations on company liability under the
hospital, medical, and surgical plan, and changes
in the holiday, weekly guarantee, and weekend
pay provisions. On September 2, the company
offered to increase meal allowances and night-shift
premium pay at all plants. This offer also in­
cluded, except at certain plants, wage increases


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

53

totaling 15 cents an hour over a 2-year contract
period (8.5 cents, of which 2 cents was credited
toward any future cost-of-living adjustment,
effective September 1, 1959, and 6.5 cents effective
September 1, 1960) and incorporation of the exist­
ing 14-cent cost-of-living allowance into base
rates. On September 8, 4 days after a work
stoppage by members of the MCBW and UPWA
had closed 37 plants, the company added contin­
uation of the escalator clause except at selected
plants, a proposed savings plan, and diagnostic
health insurance. On October 2, it offered imme­
diate wage increases totaling 5 cents an hour for
some plants originally excluded from the general
increase of 8.5 cents and extension of the escalator
provision to them, premium pay for freezer work,
and improved holiday provisions. The company’s
proposal of October 21 was accepted by the repre­
sentatives of the striking locals on the following
day and subsequently ratified by the members of
the two unions.
As finally agreed to by Swift and the three
unions, the settlement provided wage increases of
8.5 cents an hour in the first contract year 3and 6.5
cents in the second year except for workers at
nine plants. The contracts reestablished some
and increased other geographic pay differentials
by making the total negotiated increase for the en­
tire contract period 8.5 cents at certain plants. At
two plants, the 8.5 cents was made effective in Sep­
tember 1959; at seven other plants, 5 cents of the
increase was made effective in September 1959,
and 3.5 cents in September 1960. Cost-of-living
escalator clauses of the previous contracts were
continued, and the existing allowance of 14 cents
was incorporated into base rates. Premiums for
Saturday and Sunday work on continuous opera­
tions and for night-shift work were increased, and
some holiday pay practices were changed.
Diagnostic laboratory and X-ray benefits were
added to the hospital insurance plans, and the
company and the unions agreed to review the
health benefits program. The company’s Savings
and Security Plan was offered to all three unions
1 See M onthly Labor Review, July 1949 (pp. 25-31), October 1950 (pp.
476-478), January 1952 (pp. 57-58), August 1953 (pp. 842-845), November 1955
(pp. 1259-1261), September 1958 (pp. 1005-1009), or Wage Chronology Series
4, No. 7.
2 Formerly United Packinghouse Workers of America; the union’s name
was changed at its 1960 convention.
a Of the increase effective September 1, 1959, 2 cents was credited against
any future cost-of-living adjustment payable during the term of the agreement.

54

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JANUARY 1961

and was accepted by the NBPW. Separation al­
lowances were increased in the MCBW and UPWA
agreements. The NBPW and the company
agreed to reduce the service requirement for 3
weeks’ vacation to 12 years, while the MCBW and
UPWA agreed to 3 weeks’ vacation after 10 years’
service.

The contracts are to remain in effect through
August 31, 1961, with no reopening provisions.
The following tables bring the wage changes of
the Swift & Co. chronology through 1960 and
take into account the revisions in supplementary
benefits and other changes provided in the 1959
agreements.
A—General Wage Changes

Effective date

Provision

January 1959 (N B P W
agreement dated Oct. 11,
1956; MCBW and UPWA
agreements dated Oct. 12,
1956).
July 1959________________
Sept. 1, 1959 (NBPW in­
terim agreement dated
Sept. 18, 1959).

Applications, exceptions, and other related matters

1 cent an hour increase.

Semiannual adjustment of cost-of-living allowance.

No change______________
8.5 cents an hour increase.

Sept. 1, 1959 (MCBW and
UPWA agreements dated
Oct. 23, 1959).

8.5 cents an hour increase.

January 1960 (first pay
period in the month).
July 1960 (first pay period
in the month).
Sept. 1,1960 (NBPW agree­
ments dated Sept. 18 and
Oct. 22, 1959; MCBW
and UPWA agreements
dated Oct. 23, 1959).

1 cent an hour increase__

Semiannual review of cost-of-living allowance.
Included 2 cents credited toward any future cost-ofliving adjustment. Entire increase as well as previous
14-cent cost-of-living allowance incorporated into
base rates. Escalator clause continued except at
plants in Fort Worth and San Antonio, Tex.
Rates at plants in Fort Worth and San Antonio, Tex.,
were not changed.
In addition: 8.5 cents an hour increase at plant in Fort
Worth, Tex., and 5 cents an hour at plant in San
Antonio, Tex. Escalator clause also continued at
these plants.1
Deferred wage-rate increase of 6.5 cents (3.5 cents at
San Antonio, Tex.) effective Sept. 1, 1960, except at
Fort Worth, Tex.
Included 2 cents credited toward any future cost-ofliving adjustment. _Entire increase as well as previous
14-cent cost-of-living allowance incorporated into
base rates and escalator clause continued.1
Rates at plants in Montgomery, Ala., Ocala, Fla.,
Atlanta and Moultrie, Ga., Lake Charles, La., and
Jackson, Miss., were increased only 5 cents.
Deferred wage-rate increase of 6.5 cents an hour (3.5
cents at plants listed above) effective Sept. 1, 1960,
except at Nashville, Tenn.
Semiannual adjustment of cost-of-living allowance.

2 cents an hour increase._

Semiannual adjustment of cost-of-living allowance.

6.5 cents an hour increase

Except at plants in Montgomery, Ala., Ocala, Fla.,
Atlanta and Moultrie, Ga., Jackson, Miss., and San
Antonio, Tex., where increases were 3.5 cents, and at
Nashville, Tenn., and Fort Worth, Tex., where rates
were not changed.

Sept. 1, 1959 (NBPW agree­
ment dated Oct. 22, 1959).

+
revised the base of the cost-of-living escalator clause
to incorporate the existing 14-cent allowance and the 2 cents to be credited
toward any future cost-of-hving adjustment payable during the term of the
agreement, but otherwise continued the previous escalator provisions, with


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

C o n su m e r P r ic e Index

semiannual adjustments to become effective in January and July and to be
based on the Bureau of Labor Statistics Consumer Price Index for the months
of November and M ay as follows-

(1 9 4 7 -4 9 = 1 0 0 )

125.2 or less____________________ _
125.3 to 125.7___________________

^ a ll o w a n c e 9

_

125.8 to 126.2-------------------------------------: : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : :

Nonp
1 Cen t

2 cents.

126.3 to 126.7______________ _ _
_
q cpnfa
126.8 to 127.2__________________
4 cents'
127.3 to 127.7____________________
5 cents'
127.8 to 128.2__________________
6 cents'
128.3 to 128.7______________
7 cen ts'
128.8 to 129.2________________
8 cents'
129.3 to 129.7________________
9 Cen t s ’
129.8 to 130.2_____________________I ___ IIZ IZ IZ Z Z IIZ Z 'IZ Z Z IZ IIIIIII 10 cents!
a n d so fo rth , w ith a 1-cen t a d ju s tm e n t fo r each 0. 5-p o in t increase in th e index.

55

WAGE CHRONOLOGY NO. 7: SWIFT & CO.

B—Unskilled (Common Labor) Hourly Wage Rates, 1958-60 1
Effective date

Effective date
Plant locations

Union

Atlanta, Ga............................. — UPWA
Baltimore, M d---------------------- MCBW
Boise, Idaho...... ................ .......... MCBW
MCBW
Brooklyn, N .Y .5-------------------- UPWA
Chicago, 111------- --- ---- UPWA
Chicago, 111. (Hammond plant). UPWA
Cleveland, Ohio_____________ UPWA
Columbus, Ohio........................... MCBW
Dallas, T e x ............ ................... UPWA
Denver, Colo__ _____________ UPWA
Des Moines, Iowa------ ----------- UPWA
Evansville, Ind______________ UPWA
Fort Worth, Tex_____________ NBPW
Hallstead, P a________________ UPWA
Harrisburg, P a---- ------------------ NBPW
MCBW
Jackson, Miss______________
Kansas City, Kans.................. — NBPW
Kearney, N . J J --------------------- UPWA
Lakes Charles, La___________ MCBW
Los Angeles, Calif------------ . . . UPWA
Marshalltown, Iowa . ----------- NBPW

Sept. 1,
1958

Sept. 1,
1959

$1. 940
1.940
1.940

$2.130
2.165
2.165
42.385
2.165
2.165
2.165
2.165
2.165
«
2.165
2.165
2.165
<2.230
2.165
4 2.230
1.980
<2.230
2.165
2.130
2.265
‘ 2.230

1.940
1.940
1.940
1.940
1.940
1.940
1.940
1 940
1.940
4 2.005
1.940
42.005
1.790
4 2.005
1.940
1.940
2.040
4 2.005

Plant location 2

Union

Menominee, Mich...... ........ ........
Milwaukee, Wis........... .............
Montgomery, Ala........................
Moultrie, Ga.......... ......................
Nashville, T enn...........................
National City, 111_________ -New Haven, Conn.8__________
North Portland, Oreg_________
Ocala, Fla__________________
Ogden, U tah________ _______
Omaha, Nebr_______________
St. Louis, Mo----- -----------------St. Paul, M inn______________
San Antonio, Tex____________
Scottsbluff, Nebr____________
Sioux City, Iow a........................
Somerville, Mass.9___________
South St. Joseph, Mo---- -- _
South San Francisco, Calif------Watertown, S. D ak__________
Winona, M inn__________ ____

MCBW
UPWA
MCBW
MCBW
MCBW
MCBW
UPWA
MCBW
MCBW
MCBW
UPWA
NBPW
UPWA
NBPW
MCBW
UPWA
UPWA
NBPW
MCBW io
MCBW
UPWA

Sept. 1,
1960
$2.165
2.230
2.230
2.450
2.230
2.230
2.230
2.230
2.230
(6)
2.230
2.230
2.230
‘ 2.230
2.230
4 2.295
2.015
52.295
2.230
(3)
2.330
* 2.295

1Rates shown apply to men and women classified as unskilled labor.
Previous differential eliminated Sept. 1, 1968, by agreements of Oct. 11 and
12, 1956.
Rates dornot include cost-of-living allowance. Rates for Sept. 1, 1959, and
Sept. 1, 1960, include accumulated cost-of-living allowance incorporated into
base rates on Sept. 1, 1959. See footnote 1, table A.
2 Wichita, Kans., omitted because location is not a packing plant,
s Plant included for first time in 1959 master agreement.
* Includes an amount in lieu of clothes-changing time and clothes allowance.

Sept. 1,
1958

Sept. 1,
1959

$1.940
1.940
1.890
1.890
1.940
1.940
1.940
1.990
1.850
1.940
1.940
* 2.005
1.940
4 1. 980
1.940
1.940
1.940
4 2.005
ii 2.080
1.940
1.940

$2.165
2.165
2.080
2.080
2.165
2.165
2.165
2.215
2.040
2.165
2.165
i 2.230
2.165
4 2.170
2.165
2.165
2.165
4 2.230
2.305
2.165
2.165

Sept. 1,
1960
«
$2.230
2.115
2.115
2.165
2.230
2.230
2.280
2.075
2.230
2.230
4 2.295
2.230
‘ 2.205
2.230
2.230
2.230
« 2.295
2. 370
2.230
2.230

5 Formerly New York, N.Y.

6Plants
Plant closed prior to this date.
at Harrison and Jersey City consolidated with Kearney,
i

s Plant at Springfield, Mass., consolidated with New Haven.

9Cambridge jurisdiction consolidated with Somerville.
10Production workers represented by MCBW, maintenance workers by

UPWA.
ii Correction of rate printed in Supplement No. 5 to Swift & Co. Wage
Chronology (in M onthly Labor Review, September 1958, p. 1007).

C—Related Wage Practices
Applications, exceptions, and other
related matters

Provision

Effective date

Guaranteed Time

Oct. 22, 1959 (NBPW agree­
ment of same date).
Oct. 23, 1959 (MCBW and
UPWA agreements of
same date).
i

______________________

Pay for holidays falling outside guarantee period
not to be credited toward weekly guarantee.

Shift Premium Pay

Sept. 1, 1959 (NBPW in­
terim agreement dated
Sept. 18, 1959).
Oct. 23, 1959 (MCBW and
UPWA agreements of
same date).

fin some plants, night premium applied between
Increased to: 12 cents an hour for 1 7 p.m. and 7 a.m.
| Premium to be included in computing daily over} work between 6 p.m. and 6 a.m.
[ time pay.
Premium Pay for Saturday and Sunday Work

Sept. 1, 1959 (NBPW in­
terim agreement dated
Sept. 18, 1959).
Oct. 23, 1959 (MCBW and
UPWA agreements of
same date).

Increased to: 25 percent for Saturday
work and 50 percent for Sunday
work on continuous operations.

y

f(Correction)
1Currently, workers provided another day of rest
| in lieu of Saturday paid time and a half for
[ work on assigned day of rest.

Premium Pay for Freezer Work

Oct. 22,1959 (NBPW agree­
Extended existing freezer differential
ment of same date).
for all hours worked during the day if
Oct. 23, 1959 (MCBW and
half or more were worked in freezer.
UPWA agreements of
same date).


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

(

(Regular rate plus four brackets (16 cents an hour)
J to NBPW and three brackets (12 cents an
| hour) to MCBW and UPWA to be paid for
[ freezer work.

56

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JANUARY 1961

C—Related Wage Practices-—Continued
Effective date

Provision

Applications, exceptions, and other
related matters

H o lid a y P a y

Oct. 22,1959 (NBPW agree­
ment of same date).
Oct. 23, 1959 (MCBW and ) _________________
UPWA agreements of
same date).
)

Pay to be based on employee’s regular wage rate
or rate of temporary assignment worked during
last scheduled day before holiday, whichever
is higher, instead of only regular rate as in for­
mer provision.
Eligibility requirement that employee must work
hours as ordered on (1) holiday, (2) last day
before holiday, and (3) first day after holiday
changed by substituting “on last scheduled
workday before and first scheduled workday
after holiday” for (2) and (3).
Changed: Hoìiday pay provided employee laid
off during week of or preceding holiday and
recalled week of or week following holiday.
Added: Employee laid off during week before
Christmas and recalled during week following
New Year’s Day to receive pay for both
holidays.
Changed: Local management authorized to sub­
stitute (a) local holiday celebrated in lieu of
Memorial Day and (b) Monday or Friday (or
other day agreed to with union) in week pre­
ceding or week following Washington’s Birth­
day and Veterans Day.
P a i d V a c a tio n s

Dec. 31, 1959 (MCBW and
UPWA agreements dated
Oct. 23, 1959).
Dec. 31, 1960 (NBPW
agreement dated Oct. 22,
1959).
Dec. 31, 1960 (MCBW and
UPWA agreements dated
Oct. 23, 1959).

Changed to: Requirement for 3 weeks’ Eligibility requirement reduced from being on
vacation reduced to 10 years of
payroll for 300 calendar days (during preceding
service.
365 calendar days or calendar year) to 270
days, and length of permissible break in service
increased from 30 to 60 days.
Changed to: Requirement for 3 weeks’
vacation reduced to 12 years of
service.
Changed: Pay for each week of vacation com­
puted on basis of 2.2 percent of employee’s
gross earnings (excluding suggestion awards)
for previous calendar year. Pay for employee
absent 12 or more consecutive weeks because
of disability or accident during previous calen­
dar year to be computed on basis of his average
earnings in 4 full workweeks preceding vacation.
S e p a r a tio n A llo w a n ce

Oct. 23, 1959 (MCBW and
UPWA agreements of
same date).

Increased to: 1 week’s pay for each
year of service through 10.
T ools a n d E q u ip m e n t

Oct. 22, 1959 (NBPW
agreement of same date).
Oct. 23, 1959 (MCBW and
UPWA agreements of
same date).


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

C u rren tly , com pany furnishes cotto n
gloves, safety boots, a n d safety
shoes w here necessary, ru b b er
aprons w here req u ired a n d re­
quested, a n d o th e r specified safety
devices.

57

WAGE CHRONOLOGY NO. 7: SWIFT & CO.

C—Related Wage Practices-—Continued
Effective date

Applications, exceptions, and other
related matters

Provision
Meals and Mealtime

Sept. 1, 1959 (NBPW in­ \
terim agreement dated
Increased: Value of meal or meal
Sept. 18, 1959).
ticket to $1.50.
Oct. 23, 1959 (MCBW and
UPWA agreements of
same date).
Insurance Plan 1

Dec. 1, 1956 (NBPW agree­
ment dated Oct. 11, 1956;
MCBW and UPWA
agreements dated Oct.
12, 1956).
Dec. 1, 1959 (NBPW agree­
ment dated Oct. 22, 1959;
MCBW and UPWA
agreements dated Oct.
23, 1959).

(Correction)
Hospitalization benefits extended to cover nerv­
ous and mental disorders for maximum of 30
days.
Added: Diagnostic laboratory and X-ray
benefits 2—maximum of $50 for all
sickness during 6 consecutive months
and for each accident.

Applicable to any examination made or recom­
mended by physician, in hospital or not, in
diagnosis of accidental injury or sickness.
Excluded benefits related to pregnancy, injury
or sickness covered by workmen’s compensation
and occupational disease laws, dental X-ray
except when necessitated by accidental injury,
fitting of physical aids, benefits furnished by
a government agency, and periodic, premartial,
camp, or school admission examinations.

Savings and Security Plan

Dec. 1, 1959 (NBPW agree­
ment dated Oct. 22,
1959).

Voluntary savings plan established. Employee’s allotment to be invested in United
States savings bonds; company’s contribution
Employee could elect weekly payroll
in company stock or savings bonds, as elected
deductions ranging from $1 to $2.40;
by employee.
company to contribute amount equal
to half the employee’s allotment and
to pay administrative costs.
Savings and contributions to be cred­
ited to employee’s individual
account in trust fund; withdrawals
could be made as follows:
(A) Employee’s savings—at any Company contribution forfeited in proportion to
amounts withdrawn from employee’s savings
time, with minimum withdrawal
except under circumstances listed in column 2 or
equal to the smaller of 1 year’s
after layoff for more than 2 weeks because of
allotment or the entire amount
lack of work.
credited to employee.
(B) Company contribution—(1) On death, employee’s estate to receive amounts
credited to employee’s account, including com­
securities credited to employee
pany contributions.
more than 2 years earlier than
calendar year of withdrawal, or (2)
securities and cash credited to (a)
employee who had been on more
than 6 consecutive months’ layoff
because of lack of work, (b) em­
ployee who had been terminated
by retirement or total and perma­
nent disability, or (c) employee ter­
minated by force reduction because
of department or unit shutdown or
technological change and who was
not expected to be reemployed.

i The company and the unions agreed to review the health benefits pro­
gram (letters dated October 22, 1959, NBPW , and contracts dated October
23, 1959, MCBW and UPWA).
1If stipulated benefits could not be provided at a cost to the company of


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cent or less per hour worked by covered employees, the company and
unions agreed to reopen the matter of diagnostic coverage so as to work out a
method of providing such care for this amount (supplemental agreements
dated October 22, NBPW , and October 23, MCBW and UPWA).
%

Significant Decisions
in Labor Cases*

Picketing

In the following two cases, the courts distin­
guished informational as opposed to organization
or recognitional picketing under 8(b)(7)(B) of the
National Labor Relation Act, as amended.
A lth o u g h th e m a jo r issues a n d th e fa c tu a l circu m ­

stances were by no means identical in these cases
(see footnote 10), both decisions contained the
proviso that injunctive relief must turn on an
evaluation as to the “reasonably immediate”
objective of the picketing.
Case No. 1. A U.S. district court held 1 that
section 8(b)(7)(B) of theNLRA, as amended, which
proscribes recognition and organizational picketing
by a union within 12 months after a representation
election, was not unconstitutional as abridging
freedom of speech.
The union in this case notified the regional
director of the National Labor Relations Board
that the management of a department store had
threatened to discharge employees who attended
union meetings during an organizational drive.
The union subsequently filed a petition for certifi­
cation as bargaining representative, but withdrew
it after a hearing concerning the appropriate unit
for collective bargaining. Shortly thereafter, the
union began picketing the stores with signs reading
“Irvins refuses to recognize Local 692.” The
employer then filed charges under section
8(b)(7)(C) of the NLRA alleging that the picket­
ing was being conducted without a petition under
section 9(C) having been filed at the appropriate
time. The union then filed a second petition,
requesting an expedited election under section
8(b)(7)(C).
Dismissing the employer’s charges, the regional
director notified the employer and the union that
an election would be held. However, the day
before the election was scheduled, the union filed
58

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charges that the employer by intimidation and
threats had interfered with the rights of employees
to organize, guaranteed by section 7 of the NLRA,
and the election was postponed pending disposition
of the charges.
When the parties arrived at a settlement,
notices were posted concerning the settlement
agreement and the election was rescheduled. The
union was defeated in the election.
After the election, the picketing was continued,
but the signs were changed to read: “This is a
nonunion store. Irvins opposes a union for its
employees. Please do not patronize retail store
. . . .” Handbills were distributed to customers
and the public but no attempt was made to reach
the employees. The union also wrote a letter to
the employer stating in effect that the purpose of
the picketing was purely informational and deny­
ing any recognitional or organizational object
until a majority of the employees indicate a
desire to be represented by it.
The employer filed charges against the union
under section 8(b)(7)(B) of the NLRA, as
amended. Acting on the charge, the Board’s
regional director sought a temporary injunction
restraining the union from picketing in violation
of section 8(b)(7)(B). The union organizer testi­
fied that the picketing was to inform the public
of the employer’s antiunion attitude, but that the
picketing would cease if the employer would per­
sonally reassure the employees that he would not
carry out threats previously made and they they
were free to select a bargaining agent. Granting
the injunction, the court noted that both parties
had conceded the case came within subparagraph
(B) and that the legislative history of that section
revealed that Congress considered it advisable to
prohibit picketing for a certain period of time
following a legitimate election.
The court noted that subsection (C), which
forbids organizational or recognitional picketing
which continues for more than a reasonable period
without an election petition being filed, expressly
permits informational picketing unless the pick*Prepared In the U.S. Department of Labor, Office of the Solicitor. The
cases covered in this article represent a selection of the significant decisions
believed to be of special interest. No attem pt has been made to reflect all
recent judicial and administrative developments in the field of labor law or to
indicate the effect of particular decisions in jurisdictions in which contrary
results may be reached based upon local statutory provisions, the existence of
local precedents, or a different approach by the courts to the issue presented.
i N L R B [P e n e llo ] v. L o c a l 692, R e t a il C le r k s A s s o c ia t i o n (U.S.D.C. Md.,
Sept. 23, 1960).

DECISIONS IN LABOR CASES

eting prevents pickups, deliveries, or other services
by the employees or other persons. The court
alsomoted that although subsection (B) contains
no such proviso with respect to postelection
picketing, this does not mean that informational
picketing may not be carried on. The court
reasoned that unless organization or recognition
was one of the reasonably immediate objectives of
postelection picketing, such picketing did not
fall within subsection (B) and therefore could not
be enjoined.
With respect to the union’s efforts to deny any
recognitional or organizational objectives through
its picketing, the court pointed out that it is not
bound to accept at face value the self-serving
statements made by either side.2 On the other
hand, the court said, the union’s prior objective
should not preclude it from engaging in lawful
activity at a later time,3 and there should be no
presumption that the objects of the picketing
would remain the same.4
After reviewing the preelection conduct of the
union in this case and certain postelection state­
ments of its representatives, the court concluded
that the objective prohibited by section 8(b)(7)(B)
could be inferred from the totality of the union’s
conduct—viewed in the light of the normal objec­
tives of such conduct—and therefore granted
the injunction.
In reply to the union’s contention that its
picketing was protected by the First Amendment
to the Constitution, the court asserted that
although Congress could not ban all picketing in
every situation,5 it could ban picketing which
defeats a valid public policy. The court pointed
out that the public policy embodied in the statute
here is that an employer and his employees should
be free for a reasonable time after an election from
recognitional and organizational picketing. The
court concluded that, inasmuch as the union may
utilize other means of communication for obtaining
these objectives and picketing alone was proscribed

1 Cavers v. Teamsters General Local BOO (XJ.S.D.C.E.D. Wis., Aug. 18,

1960).
> McLeod v . Hotel and Restaurant Employees Union, Local 89 (C.A. 2,
July 6,1960). See also M onthly Labor Review, October 1960, pp. 1084-1085.
‘ Archibald Cox, The Landrum-Griffin Amendments to the National
Labor Relations Act (in Minnesota Law Review, December 1959, pp. 257274).
« Thornhill v. Alabama, 310 U.S. 88 (1940).
‘ N L R B [Graham] v. Retail Clerks, Local57 (U.S.D.C.Mont., Oct. 25,1960).
i Elliot v. Dallas General Drivers (U.S.D.C.N.D. Tex., Nov. 30,1959).


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59

by section 8 (b)(7)(B), the statute was not un­
constitutional.
Case No. 2. A U.S. district court held 6 that the
NLRB was not entitled to a temporary injunction
against a union’s picketing in alleged violation of
section 8(b)(7)(B) of the National Labor Relations
Act, as amended, which bans recognition or
organizational picketing within 12 months of a
representation election, since there was no reason­
able cause to believe that the picketing was for
an unlawful object.
In this case, a union submitted a proposed
contract following the opening of a variety chain
store and, after several conferences with the
employer, began picketing the store with signs
stating that the store had “no clerk’s union
contract.” The employer filed a representation
petition pursuant to section 9(c) of the NLRA
and a charge that the union was violating section
8(b)(7)(C) of the act, which prohibits picketing for
recognition or organizational purposes without the
filing of an election petition “within a reasonable
period of time.”
Pursuant to its rules, the Board directed an
expedited election without a hearing. The union
filed objections to the election, requesting post­
ponement and an order directing the company to
furnish it with a list of employees. Both were
refused, and in the election, the union was unan­
imously rejected.
When picketing was resumed 6 weeks later, the
employer filed charges under section 8(b)(7)(B),
which bans recognition or organizational picketing
within 12 months of a valid election. The Board
sought an injunction against the picketing pending
a decision on the charge.
In denying the injunction, the court refused to
consider the union’s contention that the election
was invalid, on the ground that the validity of the
election and the procedures followed by the Board
were not proper subjects for this inquiry. The
court pointed out that since the resolution of an
unfair labor practice charge is within the exclusive
jurisdiction of the Board, the election proceedings
were not reviewable in the injunction proceedings.7
The court addressed itself to the question of
whether the Board had reasonable cause to believe
that the picketing carried on by the union after
the election had as its object to force or require
recognition or organization or whether, as the

60
union maintained, the picketing was solely for
the purpose of truthfully advising the public
that the employer did not employ members of the
labor organization. In answering these questions,
the court noted that the picketing prior to the
election had recognition or organization as an
objective. However, it pointed out that neither
the Board nor the court could rely on the presump­
tion of continuity of the original object unless such
presumption were supported by independent evi­
dence of events and representations subsequent to
the resumption of the picketing.
In analyzing the evidence, the court noted that
the courts have generally recognized that all
picketing, including informational picketing per­
taining to an employer’s failure to employ union
members, has as its ultimate goal or object union
recognition or bargaining.8 Thus the court
pointed out that if it accepted this premise, then
in order to give recognition and effect to purely
informational picketing because of the proviso
in section 8(b)(7)(C),9 it had to distinguish
between the ultimate object and the reasonably
immediate object in determining in any given case
whether the picketing has an objective of forcing
or requiring recognition or organization.
The court concluded that the absence of di­
rect contact between the employer and the union
following the election, the papers filed by the union
with the Board prior to the election, and state­
ments by the union disclaiming any intention to
picket for recognition or organizational purposes,
all were evidence that the union’s purpose was to
inform the public. The court concluded that the
union’s actions and representations, as well as the
timing of the resumption of picketing, were in­
sufficient evidence to show a reasonably immedi­
ate object of forcing or requiring recognition or
organization, but rather manifested an intent to
inform the public that the company did not have
a union contract and employed nonunion clerks.10
The court noted that the employer’s contention
that the informational picketing proviso is limited
to subparagraph (C) and affords no defense to a
section 8(b)(7)(B) charge had been upheld in the
Penello case. However, the court pointed out
that in that opinion the court had stated that a
court must keep in mind, even in a section 8(b)(7)
(B) proceeding, “ that there may be picketing
which is purely informational in nature and which
does not have any recognitional or organizational

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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JANUARY 1961

objective.” Such picketing is permitted by sec­
tion 8(b)(7)(B) even during the year after an
election.
Other Labor Relations Cases

Jurisdictional Dispute Between Sister Locals. A
U.S. district court held11 that the jurisdiction
given Federal district courts under section 301 of
the Labor Management Relations Act to enforce
interunion contracts does not extend to a local
union’s action for declaratory judgment in a dis­
pute with a sister local over an unwritten practice
of allocating work areas among locals.
The defendant in this case was Mason Tenders
District Council (comprised of five locals), of
which Locals 23 and 33 were members. A cus­
tomary practice among the five locals was to
award jurisdiction to the local with the first two
men on a construction job. The first two men
on the construction job contested were members
of Local 33, and one of the the men was appointed
shop steward. When Local 23 claimed the right
to appoint the shop steward, the president of the
District Council ruled in its favor. As Local 23
had had a crew of men at work on the job site
earlier and had previously designated a shop
steward, the executive board of the council
concurred in this decision. Local 33 objected to
the decision and requested the minutes of the
council president’s ruling as well as a review of
the decision by the full membership of the council.
8See Getreu v. Bartenders, Hotel and Restaurant Employees Union, Local 68
(U.S.D.C.N.D. Ind., Jan. 19, 1960). See also M onthly Labor Review,
March 1960, pp. 293-294.
9Section 8(b)(7)(C) of the NLRA provides:
“ (C) where such picketing has been conducted without a petition under
section 9(c) being filed within a reasonable period of time not to exceed thirty
days from the commencement of such picketing: Provided, T hat when such
a petition has been filed the Board shall forthwith, without regard to the pro­
visions of section 9(c)(1) or the absence of a showing of a substantial interest
on the part of the labor organization, direct an election in such unit as the
Board finds to be appropriate and shall certify the results thereof: Provided
further, T hat nothing in this subparagraph (C) shall be construed to prohibit
any picketing or other publicity for the purpose of truthfully advising the
public (including consumers) that aD employer does not employ members of,
or have a contract with, a labor organization, unless an effect of such picketing
is to induce any individual employed by any other person in the course of his
employment, not to pick up, deliver, or transport any goods or not to perform
any services.”
10The court noted that the fact that respondent withdrew from the election,
the interval of 6 weeks between the two periods of picketing, the lack of any
direct communication between respondent and Hested [the employer] for
approximately 3 months prior to the picketing which began May 3, the leg­
end on the sign, and the lack of any other activity in conjunction with the
picketing distinguishes this case factually from N L R B [Penello] v. Retail
Clerks Association (U.S.D.C. Md., Sept. 23, 1960), supra.
11 Local S3, International Hod Carriers v. M ason Tenders District Council of
Greater New York (U.S.D.C.S.D.N.Y., July 14, 1960).

61

DECISIONS IN LABOR CASES

The decision was reviewed and approved by the
full council.
Local 33 repeated its request for the minutes of
the meeting, although it appeared that a copy of
the board’s first decision had been sent to the
local. The secretary of the council notified Local
33 that it was accepting the local’s requests as the
basis for an appeal before the General Executive
Board of the International (in accordance with
article 12 of the constitution of the International
union) and that copies of all papers were available
for inspection at the District Council’s office.
Article 10 of the constitution of the District
Council provides that grievances and charges are
to be brought before the Executive Board of the
International and within 30 days from the noti­
fication of the council’s final decision. Local 33
subsequently failed to appear at two scheduled
hearings on its appeal (claiming expiration of the
time for such hearing). The hearing was ad­
journed sine die.
Article 13, section 1 of the constitution of the
International provides that neither a District
Council nor affiliated locals shall resort to any
court in any matter arising out of their member­
ship until they have first exhausted the remedies
provided by the constitutions of the International,
the council, and the local. Section 301 of the
LMRA provides that suits for violation of con­
tracts between labor organizations may be brought
before district courts; Local 33 brought an action
under that section.
The court pointed out that the controlling
question was whether Congress in enacting section
301 of the LMRA intended that such a dispute
was to be decided by a Federal court. The court
noted that, in one of the most recent cases 12 on
this question, “ Judge Mathes . . . found that
the congressional purpose of maintaining uni12 International Union of Doll and Toy Workers v. M etal Polishers Union
(U.S.D.C.S.D. Calif., .Tan. 18, 1960). See also Monthly Labor Review,
May 1960, pp. 509-510.
13 United Textile Workers of America v. Textile Workers’ Union of America,
258 F. 2d 743 (1958).
13 Textile Workers of America v. Lincoln M ills , 353 U.S. 448 (1957). See
also M onthly Labor Review, August 1957, pp. 976-977. This decision granted
specific performance of a collective bargaining agreement between an employer and a union.

16

International Union of Toy and Doll Workers

v.

Metal Polishers Tjnion ,

supra.
is The court noted that “While there is not at the present moment any
conflict with the Board over this dispute, a charge of an unfair labor practice
can overnight put the matter into that tribunal’s hands, and we would then
have the multiplicity of tribunals and diversity of procedures which Garner
v. Teamsters Union, 346 U.S. 485, warned against.”
578 1 8 7 — 61------- 5


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formity and stability in industrial relations
through the National Labor Relations Act and
[NLRB] would be nullified by permitting the
intervention of courts in matters which, but for
the fact that they are embraced by contract, had
long been entrusted exclusively to the [NLRB].”
Judge Mathes pointed out that while the act was
silent on the type of interunion contract contem­
plated, sections 7, 9 and 10 of the NLRA were
most explicit in conferring exclusive jurisdiction
on the NLRB in disputes concerning employee
representation by unions and in protecting that
jurisdiction from encroachment by any subsequent
means established by agreement or law.
The court pointed out that a contrary result
had been reached in a suit13 for specific perform­
ance to compel arbitration of a no-raiding agree­
ment between two international unions, when it
was felt that the statute manifested “ congressional
recognition of contracts between unions as being
the subject of enforcement in Federal courts.”
The court in the previously mentioned suit noted
that the purpose of section 301 as interpreted in
Lincoln Mills14 was “ to foster industrial peace
by resort to court to enforce agreements so de­
signed and finding this purpose present in an
arbitration clause of a no-raiding agreement as
well as in that of a collective bargaining agree­
ment, the court felt that, if statutory purpose was
to be fulfilled, it had to assume jurisdiction.”
The court in the present case noted, however,
that Judge Mathes15refused to extend the Lincoln
Mills holding on the ground that there was a vast
difference between a collective bargaining and a
no-raiding agreement. His reasoning was that,
while an employer had no remedy against a union
to enforce the first type of agreement prior to the
enactment of section 301, the Board had always
had the power to settle interunion no-raiding
disputes and there was, therefore, no need to
extend the jurisdiction of the court to this latter
type of suit.
The court concluded that it was convinced—
on the basis of its knowledge of legislative intent
in this area and from the fact that Congress had
created the NLRB with broad exclusive powers
and the Board’s established procedures and special­
ized knowledge to resolve these disputes—it was
not the intention of Congress “to throw the
Federal courts into the skirmish and have them
come up with varying opinions.” 16

62
Union Funds for Legal Actions. A U.S. court of
appeals held 17 that union members were entitled
under section 501 of the Labor-Management
Reporting and Disclosure Act to a temporary
injunction restraining local union officers from
using union funds for their defense in certain civil
and criminal actions.
Several members of a local union filed charges
in a Federal district court under section 501 of
the Labor-Management Reporting and Disclosure
Act alleging that the local’s officers conspired to
defraud it of large sums of the union’s money by
using its funds for their defense in certain legal
actions. The district court granted a prelim­
inary injunction prohibiting the officers from using
any of the local’s funds to pay for any legal fees
in the defense of civil or criminal actions which
were presently pending against the officers in the
courts of Pennsylvania or in the district court
arising from alleged misuse of the union’s funds.
The appeals court, in affirming the trial court’s
decision, pointed out that the trial court had
acted in complete accord with the letter and
spirit of the 1959 law. The appellate court noted
that section 501(a) makes it the duty of a


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MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JANUARY 1961

union’s officers “to hold its money and property
solely for the benefit of the organization and its
members, and to manage, invest, and expend the
same in accordance with its constitution and
bylaws and any resolutions of the governing
bodies adopted thereunder.” The court agreed
with the district court’s interpretation of section
50118 as authorizing only those expenditures made
pursuant to lawful union bylaws or resolutions.
The court concluded, however, that the resolution
sanctioning these expenditures, which was voted
by a majority of the union members, was not
lawful, since it was beyond the power of the local
and was inconsistent with the aims and purposes
of the labor reform law.
17L o c a l 107, I n t e r n a t io n a l B r o th e r h o o d o f T e a m s t e r s v. C o h e n (C.A. 3,
Nov. 2, 1960).
18Section 501(a) also states that it is the duty of the officers “to refrain from
dealing with such organization as an adverse party or in behalf of an adverse
party in any matter connected with his duties and from holding or acquiring
any pecuniary or personal interest which conflicts with the interests of such
organization, and to account to the organization for any profit received by
him in whatever capacity in connection with transactions conducted by
him or under his direction on behalf of the organization. A general exculpa­
tory provision in the constitution and bylaws of such a labor organization or a
general exculpatory resolution of a governing body purporting to relieve any
such persons of liability for breach of the duties declared by this section shall
be void as against public policy.”

Chronology of
Recent Labor Events
November 1, 1960
Six N e w Y o r k C i t y n e w s p a p e r s and the American
Newspaper Guild agreed, subject to union membership
ratification, to 2-year contracts providing for a $7 weekly
package increase. Provisions covered wage increases
(varying by classification) averaging $3.50 in 1960 and
$2.50 in 1961, a 50-cent increase each year in pension or
welfare benefits, and a fourth week of vacation after 10
instead of 12 years of service. According to the Guild,
“fundamentally” the same contract was agreed to by a
seventh paper, the New York Post. The contracts cover
6,000 editorial, commercial, and maintenance employees.
An 11-cent-an-hour general wage increase for employees
of the United Biscuit Co. represented by the American
Bakery and Confectionery Workers became effective. The
increase was provided under terms of a 2-year contract
reached after a 10-day strike affecting 2,500 workers at six
establishments. According to the union, other contract
provisions included an eighth paid holiday, a reopening on
wage and health and welfare benefits on November 1, 1961,
and severance pay of 1 week’s wages for each year of serv­
ice with the company.

November 2
T h e U n i t e d A u t o W o r k e r s lost a decertification election
among employees of the United Aircraft Corp.’s Sikorsky
Division in Bridgeport and Stratford, Conn., whom its
Local 877 had represented since 1943. The vote was
2,557 for no union and 2,192 for the UAW. The election
was an aftermath of a 3-month strike last summer, which
terminated when the strikers voted to resume work without
a contract. (See also p. 68 of this issue.)
T h e U.S. Court of Appeals in Philadelphia upheld a
lower court injunction, issued under section 501 of the
Labor-Management Reporting and Disclosure Act of 1959,
prohibiting local union officers from using union funds to
pay for any legal fees in defense of civil or criminal actions
pending against them in State and Federal courts, even
though such expenditures had been authorized by a union
resolution. The court held that the authorization was
beyond the local’s powers as derived from its constitution
and inconsistent with the act’s aims and purposes. The
case was Local 107, International Brotherhood of Teamsters
v. Cohen.
578187- 61-


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

November 7
T h e U n it e d F e d e r a t io n o f T e a c h e r s , which reportedly
represents a fourth of New York City’s public school
teachers, went on strike after charging the Superintendent
of Schools with forsaking promises made last May to set
a date for a collective bargaining election and to establish
a dues checkoff. Other union groups of teachers did not
support the strike. The federation ended the walkout
on November 9 after a 1-day strike, when the Board of
Education promised not to press charges against striking
teachers under the State’s Condon-Wadlin law which
bans strikes by public employees, and Mayor Robert
Wagner had arranged for three top labor leaders to
evaluate the circumstances of the dispute. Striking
teachers were, however, docked a day’s pay.

November 15
Two h a z a r d o u s o c c u p a t io n s o r d e r s issued by Secre­
tary of Labor James P. Mitchell under the Fair Labor
Standards Act went into effect. The orders raised from
16 to 18 years the legal minimum employment age for
minors engaged in the operation and maintenance of
circular and band saws and of guillotine shears (Order
No. 14) and in wrecking and demolition work on buildings
and in shipbreaking (Order No. 15).
a vice president of the Brother­
hood of Teamsters and president of Local 506 in Hoboken,
N.J., was indicted by a Federal grand jury in Newark,
N.J., on charges of extorting $17,000 in labor-peace
payoffs from Dorn Transportation, Inc., of Rensselaer,
N.Y., between 1952 and 1959. Provenzano had been
accused by witnesses appearing before the now defunct
Senate Select Committee on Improper Activities in the
Labor or Management Field of accepting payments from
employers with Teamster contracts (see Chron. item for
Sept. 2, 1959, MLR, Nov. 1959).
A nthony P ro ven za n o ,

h e N e w J e r s e y Superior Court in Newark sentenced
Eugene C. James, former secretary-treasurer of the
Laundry, Dry Cleaning and Dye House Workers Inter­
national Union, and Louis B. Saperstein, former Newark
insurance broker, to prison terms of 1 to 2 years for con­
spiring to embezzle $902,336 in union welfare fund pre­
miums between 1952 and 1954. The union succeeded in
recovering $252,136 of the embezzled amount through the
settlement of a civil suit brought earlier in a Federal
district court in Chicago.

T

November 16
T h e N a t i o n a l L a b o r R e l a t io n s B o a r d ruled that an
employer did not violate the Labor Management Relations
Act by refusing during bargaining to furnish a union with
job descriptions and evaluations for study outside the
plant, because the records also contained information on
production methods and processes which management did
63

64
not wish to be made public. The Board pointed out that
the union’s adamant demand precluded a test of the
employer’s willingness to let the union inspect the records
on mutually satisfactory terms. The case was American
Cyanamid Co. and Local 120, International Chemical
Workers.

November 22
A n a r b i t r a t i o n b o a r d set up under the 1959 agreement
between the International Longshoremen’s Association
and the New York Shipping Association (see chron. item
for Dec. 1, 1959, MLR, Feb. 1960) announced an award
establishing a scale of royalty payments by shippers to the
union on cargo moving through the port of New York in
container form. The payments, retroactive to last July 1,
will range from 35 cents to $1 per gross ton of “contain­
erized” cargo. (See also p. 65 of this issue.)

November 26
T h e S e c r e t a r y o f L a b o r announced that the Interna­
tional Brotherhood of Electrical Workers, the Plumbers
union, and the National Aeronautics and Space Agency
(NASA), in dispute for 1 week over construction and
installation work at the Cape Canaveral missile base in
Florida, had reached an agreement providing that the
workers represented by the unions would return to work
on November 28 if the Secretary would appoint a com­
mittee to study the dispute and make recommendations
for its settlement. The recommendations of the com­
mittee, to be composed of representatives from the Labor


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MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JANUARY 1961
and Defense Departments, the NASA, and the unions,
are not to set a precedent for other missile work.

November 29
P r e s i d e n t David J. McDonald and R.
Conrad Cooper of the United States Steel Corp. announced
that the joint committee to study work rules, established
under the January 1960 bargaining agreement for the basic
steel industry (see Chron. item for Jan. 5, 1960, MLR,
Mar. 1960), would not be able to submit recommendations
by November 30, the date set by the pact, because pre­
liminary work had not been completed, including the
selection of a neutral chairman for the committee. (See
also p. 67 of this issue.)
Steelw orker

November 30
h e executive council of the AFL-CIO Building and
Construction Trades Department, meeting in Washington,
D.C., authorized its president to review World War II
“stabilization” agreements of construction unions, with
a view toward evolving a policy for eliminating strikes at
missile bases.
Such contracts provided certain job
guarantees to workers but banned lockouts and strikes.
At the same time, members of the Plumbers union were
instructed by their president through the union’s journal
not to strike or picket at missile bases without the council’s
approval. Similar but less formal action was taken by
other presidents of construction unions who are also
members of the Department’s executive council.

T

Developments in
Industrial Relations *
Wages and Collective Bargaining
Longshore. A three-man board of arbitration an­
nounced on November 22, 1960, a formula to in­
demnify longshoremen for movement of contain­
erized cargo through the port of New York. The
plan, covering about 27,000 members of the Inter­
national Longshoremen’s Association (including
checkers and clerks) employed by companies of
the New York Shipping Association, Inc., calls for
employers to pay from 35 cents to $1 per gross ton
of “ containerized” cargoes shipped, the amount
depending on the proportion of ship capacity fitted
for vans or containers. The board had been set up
in August 1960, following failure of the parties to
reach agreement on specific payments under pro­
visions of the 3-year contract signed in December
1959.1 The award required employers to make
payments retroactive to July 1, 1960. Payments
are to continue for the duration of the 3-year col­
lective bargaining agreement, with the right by
either party to seek adjustments on October 1,
1961.
The award followed less than a month after an
agreement covering West Coast longshoremen
which provided a fund for workers affected by
changing methods of cargo handling.2 Unlike the
West Coast agreement, the East Coast settlement
did not deal with work-rule restrictions on cargo
handling.
A union spokesman said that the ILA planned
to extend provisions of the award to all Atlantic
and Gulf ports, including all coastwise and inter­
coastal shipping. Four coastal steamship com­
panies are parties to the agreement between the
union and the New York Shipping Association,
but they had asked for relief from the indemnifi­
cation plan on the ground that its cost might put
them out of business. Thomas W. Gleason, gen­
eral organizer of the ILA and a member of the
arbitration panel, said the form of relief still had to
be worked out.

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Other Transportation. In late November, the
Brotherhood of Railway and Steamship Clerks
announced agreement with the Railway Express
Agency, providing a 5-cent-an-hour pay increase
retroactive to July 1, 1960, for about 25,000
workers. The settlement—similar to contract
amendments agreed to in the summer of 1960
between the Nation’s Class I railroads and the
nonoperating unions3—incorporated the previously
accumulated 17-cent-an-hour cost-of-living allow­
ance into base rates and discontinued future
escalation. Health and welfare benefit changes—
effective March 1, 1961-—-included a company-paid
life insurance policy for employees and equaliza­
tion of dependents’ hospital and in-hospital med­
ical and surgical benefits with those for employees.
Improvements in vacations were also provided.
The Pennsylvania Railroad announced on
November 30 that, effective January 1, 1961, it
was restoring salary cuts it had initiated in
September.4 A. J. Greenough, president of the
line, said conditions had shown “ enough improve­
ment to warrant the restoration of full salaries.”
The reductions—which applied to about 4,300
officers and supervisory and other nonunion
employees—had ranged from 5 to 30 percent.
Other Settlements. Three locals of the Amal­
gamated Clothing Workers of America in midNovember signed 3-year contracts granting imme­
diate wage raises of $3 and $5 a week for about
8,500 employees of retail clothing stores in New
York City. The contracts—negotiated with the
Retail Apparel Merchants Association and a group
of independent Fifth Avenue men’s stores—-pro­
vided a $3-a-week wage increase for office and
clerical workers and $5 a week for bushelmen
(tailors), both retroactive to October 1, 1960.
Salesmen received a base-rate increase of $5
weekly retroactive to September 1 and an increase
in commission rates from 5.75 percent to 6 percent
for clothing salesmen and from 6.75 percent to
7 percent for furnishings salesmen.
Other changes included an additional $2 a week
in the second contract year and a reduction in the
♦Prepared in the Division of Wages and Industrial Relations, Bureau of
Labor Statistics, on the basis of currently available published material,
i See M onthly Labor Review, January I960, p. 64.
3 See M onthly Labor Review, December 1960, pp. 1322-1323.
3 See Monthly Labor Review, October 1960, p. 1092.
< See Monthly Labor Review, November 1980, p. 1210.

65

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JANUARY 1961

66

workweek from 40 to 37% hours beginning January
1, 1961, for office and clerical workers; premium
pay for all employees scheduled to work on
Washington’s Birthday; and starting September 1,
1961, a third week of vacation after 15 years for
salesmen. The retirement plan for salesmen will
also be improved beginning September 1, 1962;
it was not specified whether pensions were changed
by the contract covering busheling, office, and
clerical workers.
In early November, the Teamsters union and
major oil companies in the Chicago area agreed
to a 1-year contract providing a 10-cent-an-hour
pay raise for about 3,500 gasoline and fuel oil
drivers. In addition, the settlement called for
improved health and welfare and other benefits.
The Western Electric Co. and the independent
Communications Equipment Work ere, Inc.,
reached agreement in late November on wage
increases for 4,400 workers in Baltimore, Md.
The settlement, negotiated under a wage reopening
clause of an existing 2-year contract, called for
wage-rate increases ranging from 5 to 9 cents
an hour for production workers and 10- to 11-cent
increases for skilled tradesmen.
The Kaman Aircraft Corp., in Bloomfield,
Conn., announced on November 15 a 3-percent
pay raise for its 4,000 hourly and salaried
employees. Wage increases ranged from 5 to
10 cents for hourly rated workers. In addition,
the 6-cent-an-hour cost-of-living allowance accu­
mulated since the latest general wage increase
(May 1959) was incorporated in the wage
structure. The company also said it had liberal­
ized its life insurance program, increased sickness
and accident benefits, and provided for 3 days’
paid funeral leave.
The American Smelting and Refining Co. and
the International Union of Mine, Mill and
Smelter Workers (Ind.) signed in mid-October
a 1-year extension of a contract that had been
scheduled to expire in June 1961. The new
agreement—to become effective June 30, 1961—
calls for wage increases of 7 to 9 cents an hour,
a fourth week’s vacation for 25-year-service
employees, and improved pension and disability
retirement benefits. The contract will affect
approximately 6,000 employees at various plants
throughout the country. In July 1960, these
workers had received a deferred wage increase
averaging 8 cents an hour.

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Members of the International Association of
Machinists ratified on October 29, 1960, a 3-year
contract covering about 4,000 production and
maintenance workers of the Bendix Corp. in
Kansas City, Mo. The settlement called for
wage increases at 13-month intervals—5 cents
effective October 31, 1960, and 6 cents on
December 4, 1961, and again on January 7, 1963.
The previously accumulated cost-of-living adjust­
ments of 29 cents an hour were incorporated into
base rates and the escalator clause was discon­
tinued. Other contract changes included an
improved insurance program.
Standard Oil Co. of Indiana announced in
mid-November a 5-percent pay raise for nonunion
salaried employees in its general offices. The
company also proposed a 5-percent increase in
a 2-year contract to a local of the independent
Central States Petroleum Union, which is the
bargaining agent for about 800 white-collar
employees. Similar offers to other unions have
been made by a number of other major oil firms.
Two-year contracts between the Brown Shoe
Co. and the United Shoe Workers of America and
the Boot and Shoe Workers Union were ratified by
union members in late November. The con­
tracts—similar to agreements reached in October
with the International Shoe Co. and the two
unions5-—provided for a 5-cent-an-hour wage in­
crease on January 1, 1961, and an additional 3
cents a year later. The contract affects about
9,500 workers in Arkansas, Illinois, Indiana,
Missouri, and Tennessee.
The United States Potters Association and the
International Brotherhood of Operative Potters
reached agreement on November 30, 1960, on a
2-year, 8-cent-an-hour “package” contract for
about 5,000 workers. The agreement—signed by
nine companies with plants in Pennsylvania,
West Virginia, and Ohio—included a 3-cent-anhour wage increase beginning December 1, 1961,
and an additional 5-cent-an-hour employer con­
tribution to health and welfare.
A few days earlier, the union and five chinaware
manufacturers had also agreed to a 2-year contract
covering about 2,000 workers in New York, Penn­
sylvania, and Ohio. This bargaining agreement
called for a 3-cent-an-hour deferred pay increase
beginning December 1, 1961, a sixth paid holiday
>

See M onthly Labor Kevlew, November 1960, p. 1209.

DEVELOPMENTS IN INDUSTRIAL RELATIONS

(Thanksgiving Day), an improved health and wel­
fare plan, and establishment of a pension fund.
The latter—to go into effect January 1, 1961—is
to be financed by employer contributions of 1.5
cents per dozen of all ware shipped. In addition,
the contract provided for the parties to share the
cost of engaging consultant engineers to study
ways of modernizing production, improving plant
efficiency, and meeting competition from imported
products.
Escalation. Almost 1.1 million workers received
cost-of-living escalator increases in December as a
result of a rise in the Consumer Price Index to
127.3 percent (1947M9=100) in mid-October.
Allowances for about 975,000 workers—mostly in
the automobile, farm equipment, and related indus­
tries'—increased 2 cents an hour. Among those
affected were employees of General Motors, Ford,
Chrysler, American Motors, Studebaker-Packard,
and International Harvester. About 80,000 work­
ers—including employees of Caterpillar Tractor
Co., Allis-Chalmers Manufacturing Co., and some
relatively small aircraft firms—received 1-centan-hour increases.
About 500,000 workers in basic iron and steel
and related industries could also receive an in­
crease up to 3 cents an hour because of the October
Index. However, under the agreements signed in
January I960,6 any or all of a potential cost-ofliving increase could be offset by rising insurance
costs. Steel management and the Steelworkers
were unable to agree on the extent of these in­
creased costs and on December 1, 1960, when the
adjustment was scheduled to go into effect, the
matter was before an independent actuary.
Under these same agreements, however, an average
9.4-cent-an-hour deferred wage increase (a 7-cent
general increase plus an 0.2-cent increase in incre­
ments between job classes together with their
effect on incentive earnings) went into effect
December 1, 1960.
Labor-Management Relations

The labor-management committee set up under
the January agreements in the basic iron and
steel industry to study possible revisions of
work rules reported on November 29, 1960, that
« See Monthly Labor Review, February 1960, pp. 181-182.


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67
it had failed to agree on a neutral chairman and
had not yet completed its work. Under the
memorandum of agreement, the committee was
to have selected a neutral chairman and was to
make recommendations “for such action as the
parties may mutually agree upon.” The report,
issued by David J. McDonald and R. Conrad
Cooper, stated that the committee “has not de­
termined the area of study in which a third party
might be helpful in assisting the parties . .
moreover, the report declared the committee
members felt that their efforts “should be directed
toward achieving such understanding between
the parties rather than involving a third party.”
A committee of the National Council of
Churches which studied the 1959 steel strike
proposed on November 25 that the President be
given a more flexible set of tools to deal with
national emergency strikes, suggesting that the
Taft-PIartley Act be amended to permit the
President discretionary powers to authorize boards
of inquiry to mediate or make settlement recom­
mendations. The committee criticized both labor
and management for not exhibiting sufficient
public responsibility during the 116-day strike as
well as for failing to establish “ethical guidelines”
for determining fair relationships of wages, prices,
and profits.
A proposal by Walter P. Reuther, president of
the United Automobile Workers, for annual
meetings with the “Big Three” automobile pro­
ducers to discuss long-range problems confronting
both labor and management was rejected in
November by the General Motors Corp., the Ford
Motor Co., and the Chrysler Corp. Mr. Reuther,
responding to President Eisenhower’s call for
broader cooperation between management and
labor, had suggested establishment of a joint
conference of “top-level, policymaking [automo­
bile] executives and leaders of the UAW . . .
covering the full range of problems that involve
our common interests as citizens of the United
States and of the communities in which auto
production facilities are located.” In rejecting
Mr. Reuther’s proposal, the Ford Motor Co.
commented that “we do not believe the general
objective of acting in concert with the UAW or
with our competitors and the UAW” is sound.
At a meeting of the Mining and Metallurgical
Society in New York City, Charles R. Cox, presi­
dent of the Kennecott Copper Corp., declared on

68

November 30 that labor and management must
either develop ways to settle their differences
easily and quickly without crippling strikes or
face the possibility of public regulation. He said
there was merit in a proposal made last summer
by Arthur J. Goldberg for a permanent National
Council of Labor-Management Advisers7 that
would study and recommend programs to the
President for achieving full production and
employment.
Other Developments
Longstanding jurisdictional problems between
AFL-CIO construction and industrial unions con­
tinued to plague the Federation, as exemplified
by a representation dispute between the Plumbers
union and the International Association of Ma­
chinists. The dispute involved a group of main­
tenance plumbers employed at the Convair
Astronautics Division of General Dynamics Corp.
near San Diego, Calif., who had voted in October
1960 for the Plumbers in a National Labor Rela­
tions Board representation election, despite an
arbitration award issued under the AFL-CIO
no-raiding pact which ordered the Plumbers to
withdraw from the plant. The award was based
on the fact that the IAM had been recognized as
bargaining agent for maintenance plumbers (as
well as for some 300 other job classifications) in
the missile division under an expired contract with
the company. The Machinists in turn canceled
an 8-year agreement for settling all disputes with
the Plumbers through arbitration.
As a possible step toward ending work stoppages
at missile bases, the Executive Council of the
AFL-CIO Building Trades Department authorized
a review of wartime no-strike agreements in the
construction industry to “see how far the Defense
Department wants to go toward a similar agree­
ment now.” At the same time, Peter T. Schoemann, president of the United Association of
Journeymen and Apprentices of the Plumbing and
Pipe Fitting Industry, ordered members through
the union’s magazine “not to strike or picket” at
missile bases without the council’s approval.
The Executive Council met on November 29 and
30, primarily to draw up a legislative program
whose major objective was the removal of the
Taft-Hartley restrictions on common situs picket­
ing at building projects.


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MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JANUARY 1961

The United Automobile Workers was defeated
in an NLRB decertification election on November
2, 1960, 2557 to 2192, at the Sikorsky Division
plants of the United Aircraft Corp. in Bridgeport
and Stratford, Conn. The election was an out­
growth of a strike 8 over a contract that began in
June 1960. The strike ended in early September
when workers returned without a formal contract.
The Independent Aircraft Guild, which had pro­
tested the strike and claimed that the UAW no
longer had the support of the majority of workers,
subsequently petitioned the NLRB for a decer­
tification election. The independent union re­
portedly had about 1,000 signed members, and
although no union can be certified by the Board
until a year from the election, one of its spokesmen
said it expected to have a majority of production
workers by early December and would then seek
to negotiate a new contract. The UAW had
represented Sikorsky employees since 1943.
In Kellogg, Idaho, a 6-month strike by the
International Union of Mine, Mill and Smelter
Workers (Ind.) against the Bunker Hill Mining
Co. resulted in a decertification petition by the
newly formed Northwest Metal Workers Union.
According to the new union, “well over 31 percent”
of the employees had signed the petition; hearings
by the NLRB were to begin on November 22,
1960. About 1,875 employees were involved.
In Hawaii, the International Longshoremen’s
and Warehousemen’s Union (Ind.) was competing
with 13 AFL-CIO building trades unions for
representation of about 7,000 unorganized con­
struction workers. The ILWU, the single largest
union in the area, claims a membership of about
23,000, most of whom are shipping, plantation
(sugar and pineapple), and cannery workers. It
has sought to expand its representation since
mechanization and improved crop-raising methods
have reduced its membership. The AFL-CIO
unions claim a membership of about 18,000, of
whom about 7,000 are construction workers on
the island of Oahu.
At the biennial convention of the Air Line Pilots
Association, Clarence N. Sayen was reelected to
his fifth consecutive term as president. Mr.
Sayen was unopposed on the ballot, although
James M. Landis had earlier sought the post.
7See M onthly Labor Review, October 1960, pp. 1095-1096.
8See M onthly Labor Review, October 1960, p. 1093.

DEVELOPMENTS IN INDUSTRIAL RELATIONS

Landis’ name was not placed on the ballot because
he failed to achieve the two-thirds majority vote
required of a nonpilot for nomination by the
union’s board of directors. Mr. Landis was the
former dean of the Harvard University Law
School and former chairman of both the Civil
Aeronautics Board and the Securities and Ex­
change Commission. Also at the convention, the
Association’s directors—a 293-member board rep­
resenting the union’s councils—voted to increase
strike benefit payments by $60 a month to its
members on strike against Southern Airways.
Benefits previously ranged from $410 to $710 a
month.
Maurice A. Hutcheson, president of the United
Brotherhood of Carpenters, and William Blaier,
vice president of the union, were sentenced to 2 to
14 years in prison for conspiring to bribe an
Indiana highway official in a right-of-way land
9See Monthly Labor Review, December 1960, p. 1325.
10See M onthly Labor Review, November 1960, p. 1214.


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69
deal. Union Treasurer Frank M. Chapman, who
was also convicted in October at the same trial,9
died less than a month later. Mr. Hutcheson and
Mr. Blaier were each fined $250 and were barred
from voting or holding public office for 5 years.
Both men were released on $5,000 bonds pending
a defense motion for a new trial. Meanwhile,
the union’s executive board announced it had
affirmed its “ complete faith and confidence” in
the two men, expressing the belief that the con­
victions resulted from a “ climate of intense anti­
unionism” in the State.
Eugene C. James, former secretary-treasurer of
the independent Laundry, Cleaning and Dye
House Workers International Union, received a
1- to 2-year prison sentence in New Jersey after
conviction for conspiring to embezzle union
welfare funds. Mr. James had pleaded guilty to
this charge in September 10 and was sentenced
along with Louis B. Saperstein, a former insurance
broker.

Book Reviews
and Notes
o t e .—Listing of a publication in this
section is for record ard reference only and
does not constitute an endorsement of point of
view or advocacy of use.

E d it o r ’s N

Special Reviews

The Powerful Consumer: Psychological Studies of
the American Economy. By George Katona.
New York, McGraw-Hill Book Co., Inc.,
1960. 276 pp., bibliography. $6.50.
In the author’s words, the psychological studies
of the American economy presented in this volume
can be summarized under two basic propositions,
“ Demand depends on income and confidence”
and “ Changes in confidence are measurable.”
Changes in consumer attitudes may alter discre­
tionary expenditures, particularly for durable
goods, and thereby “ exert a decisive influence on
economic trends.” Information on attitudes can
contribute both to an understanding of economic
processes and to short-run predictions of actual
consumer behavior.
The studies of consumer motives, attitudes, and
expectations which are presented as the empirical
basis for a theory of the psychology of the con­
sumer were almost all carried out since the end of
World War II by the Survey Research Center of
the University of Michigan. Over the years when
real incomes were rising fairly continuously, the
author finds that consumers are “ conservative and
sane, not inclined toward excessive fluctuations”
in their thinking or behavior. Aspirations are
realistic, differing little from levels of accomplish­
ment, and they grow with achievement. The
habitual forms of consumer thinking are a stabiliz­
ing influence in the economy, which the author
credits for arresting small recessions and reversing
inflationary movements five times during the
decade and a half since the war.
Changes in consumer attitudes and expectations
which may be traced to widely disseminated in70

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formation are mainly in the same direction, while
the changes due to personal experiences are in
both directions. The influence of public informa­
tion on aggregate expectations means that more
knowledge and understanding on the part of the
consumers would enhance those tendencies which
have a stabilizing effect in the economy.
Most of the survey research quoted is reported
in brief summaries from articles in professional
journals. Although the absence of the statistical
evidence in correlations and tests of significance
makes the book easy to read, for the most part
the reader finds it difficult to separate the theortical argument from the empirical results. One
graph offers a convincing demonstration of the
efficacy of expectation data for forecasting. It
shows that a composite index of consumer atti­
tudes gave advance indications of changes in
expenditures on durable goods during the 6 years
from 1952 to 1958. In general, the factual infor­
mation presented is illustrative and does not leave
the impression that the 15 years of experimenta­
tion really offers a promising tool for forecasting.
The explorations and studies stimulated by the
studies of attitudinal information have neverthe­
less made a substantial contribution to current
knowledge of consumer behavior, particularly
with respect to variations among consumers in
the same economic situation as measured by
occupation, age, and income.
•— D o rothy S. B r a d y
Wharton School of Finance and Commerce
University of Pennsylvania

Six Lectures on Economic Growth. By Simon
Kuznets. Glencoe, HI., The Free Press, 1959.
122 pp. $3.50.
This slim volume represents an “ interim” report
on the work Professor Kuznets is doing on quanti­
tative aspects of the economic growth of nations.
It is an “ interim” report in the sense that it is
only a partial summary of a detailed study still
in progress. The lectures cover the meaning and
measurement of economic growth, the necessary
conditions and time patterns of economic growth,
some of the major findings regarding the charac­
teristics of economic growth, and the task or goals
of a theory of economic growth.
The author indicates that modern economic
growth of nations has two distinctive features:

BOOK REVIEWS AND NOTES

It involves a sustained and substantial rise in all
cases in product per capita, and in almost all cases,
in population. A necessary condition for eco­
nomic growth is continuous technological progress
based on a series of new scientific discoveries.
Using product per capita as the major criterion
of growth, Professor Kuznets analyzes historical
and cross-sectional empirical data for a number
of developed and underdeveloped countries as a
means of determining the economic characteristics
that may be related to the countries’ levels and
rates of increase in real product per capita. He
finds that the countries with relatively low
product per capita ratios have a relatively high
proportion of their labor force and output in the
agricultural, forestry, and fishery sectors of the
economy. Product per worker in these sectors is
lower than in the nonagricultural sectors com­
bined. In addition, the underdeveloped coun­
tries lag farther behind the developed countries in
product per worker in agriculture than in the
nonagricultural sectors. Over time, agricultural
product per worker increases more rapidly than
nonagricultural product per worker, with the
result that the difference between the two narrows.
Kuznets also finds that countries which have
higher levels of real product per capita devote a
greater proportion of their resources to capital
formation. He cautions against concluding from
this evidence that the explanation for the higher
rates of growth of the more advanced countries is
to be found primarily in the higher proportions of
output devoted to capital formation. The differ­
ence in rates of growth in product per capita
between countries is considerably greater than the
disparity in current proportions of product
devoted to capital formation. He suggests that
part of the difficulty may be that the usual
measures of capital are inadequate gages of capital
conceived as a tool of economic growth. Several
major omissions are mentioned. For example,
part of the expenditures for education, research
(by nonprofit institutions), health, recreation, and
even some items of food, clothing, housing, and
personal services, as well as some government
expenditures, may be considered as growthfurthering expenditures even though they are not
considered part of capital formation. In addi­
tion, capital and capital formation do not include
natural resources; they only include investments
in developing the latter. Another possible expla­

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71

nation for the disparity is the change in capitaloutput ratios over time, with more capital being
required per unit of output in the earlier stages
of economic growth and less in the later stages.
This would imply that the same proportion of
output devoted to capital formation would yield a
smaller increase in output in a less developed
country than in a more developed country.
Kuznets suggests that the size of nations—often
mentioned in discussions of economic growth—is
not a dominant factor, although small nations
may suffer to some extent from inability to take
full advantage of the economies of scale possible
for larger countries.
In the concluding lecture, Kuznets outlines the
major elements of what should be included in a
theory of economic growth: It should cover both
the common and disparate characteristics of pat­
terns of economic growth as well as an explanation
of the pattern, sequence, and mechanism of the
spread of the industrial system throughout the
world. Unfortunately, Professor Kuznets does
not believe his studies have reached the point
when he can provide the theory which meets the
above goals.
That the author is not satisfied with current
theories of economic growth is evident from the
following comment on the application of a theory
of economic growth to policy problems:
. . . the kind of theoretical orientation we are sug­
gesting should perform [among other objectives] an
essential destructive function. . . . Because economists
have been called upon to provide hard and fast answers
to current problems and to do so even though such
answers are not warranted by the state of knowledge,
there has been a tendency to overcome the limitation
of available empirical knowledge by inferences from
principles which, in the context of the times and the
given civilization, seem plausible. The resulting overgeneralization and dogmatism have made economics an
effective weapon in social policy but unfortunately they
have also made of the corpus of economic theory a series
of generalizations of decreasing validity, of increasing
sophistication, but also of increasingly uncertain applica­
bility, and of nonresolved contradictions that on the sur­
face seem to be purely conceptual but are at bottom re­
lated to divergent social positions and different policy
implications. The prolonged survival of generalizations
far beyond their usefulness as tools of understanding and
social progress is one example of cultural lag in which
social experience abounds. . . . if such survival is en­
couraged by the view that a theory, no matter how partial
or obsolete, is to be preserved because it gives determinate
answers, and can be killed off only by an alternative,
equally determinate theory, it may be hoped that orien-

72

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JANUARY 1961

tation to a broader theoretical framework, the cumulative
weight of ordered evidence produced by such orientation,
and a wider conception of the relation between knowledge
and policy, would serve to destroy dangerously obsolete
theories that have become enshrined in national or class
myths. This would be an immediate service— at least to
the intellectual workers in the field, and perhaps, after a
time, to the decisionmaking groups.

In view of the growing interest in the subject of
economic growth and the concern that current
rates of growth of the American economy may not
be adequate to meet domestic and international
requirements, it is hoped that Professor Kuznets’
studies will soon reach the stage when he can turn
his attention to the development of a theory of
growth that would be of service to the decision­
making groups.
Regarding the findings of the quantitative stud­
ies covered in this interim report, I would make
two comments: (1) The extent to which the inter­
national comparisons are affected by the problem
of converting income of the various countries into
a common measure in order to provide compara­
bility is not discussed sufficiently, considering its
crucial role in the analysis. (2) The change in
output (in constant prices) per capita, the key
element in Kuznets’ analysis of growth, may be
considered the product of changes in three eco­
nomic variables: the proportion of the population
employed, the man-hours worked per worker, and
the output (in constant prices) per man-hour.
These variables are discussed only to a limited
extent by Professor Kuznets in his studies to date;
it is hoped that they will be covered in more detail
in future work on the economic growth of nations.
— J ack A lterman
Division of Productivity and
Technological Developments
Bureau of Labor Statistics

Soviet Statistics of Physical Output of Industrial
Commodities— Their Compilation and Quality.
By Gregory Grossman. Princeton, N.J.,
Princeton University Press, 1960. 151 pp.,
bibliography. (National Bureau of Economic
Research General Series, 69.) $4.50.
1Caveat emptor” would have been a good
subtitle for this book, the buyer being the potential
user of Soviet industrial statistics. Mr. Grossman
paints a rather gloomy picture of the maze of possi­
ble numerical and descriptive distortions in such
data. The distortions arise primarily from two


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

sources: the basic reporting unit, that is, the plant,
and the point of publication.
The actual subtitle—Their Compilation and
Quality—indicates very concisely the nature and
purpose of the study. No tabulations of indexes of
Soviet production are presented. The author is
concerned with a description of the history and
characteristics of the statistical system and the
flow and quality of the data. In this sense, the
book might be regarded as a long technical note—
but it is not as dull or tedious as technical notes
frequently are. As a matter of fact, much of it is
rather easy reading. Grossman’s notes are cast in
a historical perspective and in the framework of
the influence of the Soviet command economy,
with some interesting and illuminating illustrations
of ways in which statistics can be doctored to con­
ceal a bad performance or exaggerate the good.
In the command economy of the U.S.S.R., the
flow of information about production is essential
not only “ for the issuance of production and allo­
cation orders” but also “ for the appraisal of the
performance of subordinates by central authori­
ties.” Thus, subordinates who are responsible for
meeting performance quotas may be tempted to
engage in numerical distortion—that is, to exag­
gerate their output by deliberate falsification, by
including rejects and scrap in their count of final
output, or by other means. At times, the reporting
bias may be in a downward direction in order to
make up for losses due to pilferage, diversion of ma­
terials or products to illicit market transaction, or
other reasons. Administrative supervisors, local
party officials, and buyers and common carriers
tend to accept the distorted statistics of plant
officials because the volume of output under their
jurisdiction is also subject to appraisal by higher
authorities.
Grossman stresses the point that the reliability
of data is a problem not only to the outsider but
also to the Soviet administrator, who needs the in­
formation for planning and control purposes.
Thus, falsification of records is not generally con­
doned, and severe penalties may be imposed on
the violator—if he is caught.
According to the author, the central statistical
authorities probably do not engage hi deliberate
numerical distortion of data at publication, al­
though the evidence to support this conclusion
is not abundant. He quotes Abram Bergson as
saying, “the probable difficulties of operating a

73

BOOK REVIEWS AND NOTES

double bookkeeping system on a national scale
without detection’’ would mitigate against delib­
erate falsification. However,, the authorities do
practice “descriptive distortion” at publication by
suppression and selection of data, by ambiguity
in nomenclature, and by other methods. For
example, increases in output of “total footwear”
might be reported in one year, of “leather foot­
wear” in another year, or of “leather footwear—
Ministry of Consumer Goods Industry only” in
yet another year, depending on which showed the
greatest gain.
Anyone reading this book must come to the
conclusion that it is folly to use any single Soviet
production statistic published by the U.S.S.R.
It is clear that numerous sources must be checked
and cross-checked, and the researcher needs to be
a detective as well as a competent professional in
order to ascertain the reliability and definition of
the data. Grossman himself has done extensive
research and cross-checking, as is evidenced by
his copious references to original Soviet publica­
tions and to those of other Americans who have
investigated the reliability of Soviet statistics.
Thus, this study is important as a warning to
potential users of Soviet statistics of industrial
output. It is also a valuable reference for those
who plan to analyze, evaluate, or build up their
own sets of estimates for a basis of appraisal of
the reliability of Soviet data. Of course, there
are other publications dealing with this problem,
including several noted by Grossman himself.
This book is the first of a series of National
Bureau of Economic Research publications on
studies of Soviet economic growth; all are under
the direction of G. Warren Nutter. Separate re­
ports are planned covering industry, agriculture,
and transportation, to be followed by a summary
report integrating the major findings for the
Soviet economy.
-—L eon G reenberg
Chief, Division of Productivity and
Technological Developments
Bureau of Labor Statistics
Education and Training
School for Workers—85th Anniversary Payers: Early Labor
Studies at Wisconsin; Wisconsin and Workers’ Educa­
tion; Problems and Prospects in Labor Education.

Madison, University of Wisconsin, University Ex­
tension Division, School for Workers, 1960. 101 pp.

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By James J.
Management
Association, New York, November-December 1960,
pp. 50-58. $1.75; $1.25 to AMA members.)

Training Supervisors in Labor Relations.
Bambrick. (In Personnel, American

(The Comparative Education
Society Field Study in the U.S.S.R.) Edited by George
Z. F. Bereday, William W. Brickman, Gerald H.
Read. Boston, Houghton Mifflin Co., 1960. 514
pp., bibliography. $4.50, cloth; $3.50, paper.

The Changing Soviet School.

Training for Rural Youth. Washington,
National Planning Association, 1960. 17 pp. (Special
Report 58.) 50 cents.

Vocational

Training and Employment of Blind People in Rural Com­
munities. By John Wilson. (In International Labor

Review, Geneva, November 1960, pp. 450-463. 60
cents. Distributed in United States by Washington
Branch of ILO.)
Training Programs and Courses for Canadian Government
Employees. Ottawa, Canadian Department of Labor,

1960. 140 pp. (Research Program on the Training
of Skilled Manpower, 7.)
Technological Changes and Skilled Manpower: The Auto­
mobile and Parts Manufacturing Industries. Ottawa,

Canadian Department of Labor, 1960. 54 pp.
(Research Program on the Training of Skilled Man­
power, 8.)
Wash­
ington, U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Appren­
ticeship and Training, 1960. 74 pp. (Trade and
Industry Publication 6.) Free.

Appenticeship Schedules for the Automotive Trades.

Selected Apprenticeship Schedules From the Building and
Construction Trades (Including Shipbuilding). Wash­

ington, U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Appren­
ticeship and Training, 1960. 102 pp. (Trade and
Industry Publication 7, Vol. 1.) Free.
New York,
Alumnae Advisory Center, Inc., 1960. 56 pp. (Vol. I,
No. 1.) $1.

Futures for College Women in New York.

Employee Benefits
Paid Rest Periods in California Union Agreements, [I960].
(In California Industrial Relations Reports, Cali­

fornia Department of Industrial Relations, San
Francisco, September 1960, pp. 5-18.)
Ottawa,
Canadian Department of Labor, Economics and
Research Branch, 1960. 78 pp. 25 cents, Queen’s
Printer, Ottawa.

Working Conditions in Canadian Industry, 1959.

By Harland Fox. New York, National Industrial Conference
Board, Inc., 1960. 32 pp. (Studies in Personnel
Policy, 178.)

Severance Pay Patterns in Nonmanufacturing.

74
Profit Sharing— Tool for Harmony. By J. J. Morrow.
(In Personnel Administrator, American Society for
Personnel Administration, Toledo, Ohio, AugustSeptember 1960, pp. 7-11.)
Medical Care and Welfare Program for Hotel Workers in
New York City. By Frank P. Guidotti, M.D. (In
Journal of Occupational Medicine, Chicago, October
I960, pp. 480-484. $1.)
Problems and Solutions of Health and Welfare Programs:
Study No. 1, Part D, Pros and Cons of Insurance and
Self-Insurance of Health and Welfare Benefits. New
York, Foundation on Employee Health, Medical
Care and Welfare, Inc., 1960. 35 pp. $1.
Controlling Group Health Insurance Costs. From Insur­
ance Trends and Guides, pp. 77-107. New York,
American Management Association, 1960. (Manage­
ment Report 52.) $3; $2 to AM A members.

Health and Safety
Annual Report of the [Tennessee Valley Authority] Division
of Health and Safety, Fiscal Year 1960. Chattanooga,
Tennessee Valley Authority, 1960. 31 pp.
Health Statistics From the U.S. National Health Survey:
Acute Conditions, Geographic Distribution, United
States, July 1968—June 1959; Acute Conditions,
Seasonal Variations, United States, July 1957-June
1960. By Mary Grace Kovar. Washington, U.S.
Department of Health, Education, and Welfare,
Public Health Service, 1960. 30 and 47 pp., respec­
tively. (Publications 584-B23; 584-B24.) 30 and
35 cents, Superintendent of Documents, Washington.
Occupational Dermatitis in California. Berkeley, State
Department of Public Health, Bureau of Occupa­
tional Health, 1960. 29 pp. Free limited distribu­
tion.

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JANUARY 1961
Industry, Bureau of Research and Statistics, 1960.
15 pp. Free.

Industrial Relations
Addresses on Industrial Relations, 1960 Series. Ann Arbor,
University of Michigan, Bureau of Industrial Rela­
tions, 1960. 157 pp. (Bull. 28.) $4.50.
A Report of the Bureau of Labor-Management Reports,
Fiscal Year 1960. Washington, U.S. Department of
Labor, Bureau of Labor-Management Reports, 1960.
88 pp. 55 cents, Superintendent of Documents,
Washington.
Proceedings of the Tenth Annual Labor-Management Con­
ference [West Virginia University], April 21-22, 1960.
Morgantown, West Virginia University, Institute of
Industrial Relations, 1960. 105 pp.
John Swinton’s Paper. By Frank T. Reuther. (In Labor
History, Tamiment Institute, New York, Fall 1960,
pp. 298-307. $1.50.)
Outside Business Interests of Key Employees. By Gerald
J. Fuchs and G. Clark Thompson. (In Business
Record, National Industrial Conference Board, Inc.,
New York, November 1960, pp. 28-52.)
A Study of Compulsory Arbitration in Six Foreign Countries
With Implications for the United States. New York,
National Association of Manufacturers, Industrial
Relations Division, 1960. 27 pp., bibliography.
50 cents.
The Supreme Court and Labor Law, October Term, 1959.
By Paul R. Hays. (In Columbia Law Review, New
York, November 1960, pp. 901-935. $1.50.)
Industrial Disputes in India During 1959. (In Indian
Labor Journal, Government of India, Labor Bureau,
Delhi, October 1960, pp. 1063-1087. 3sh.)

State Child-Labor Standards: A State-by-State Summary of
Laws Affecting the Employment of Minors Under 18
Years of Age. By Ora Mitchell and Sylvia R.
Weissbrodt. Washington, U.S. Department of Labor,
Bureau of Labor Standards, 1960. 210 pp. (Bull.
158, rev.) 60 cents, Superintendent of Documents,
Washington.

An Experiment To Estimate Seasonal Hired Farm Employm
ment in New York State— 1959 Report. New York,
State Department of Labor, Division of Employment,
1960. 16 pp.

Injuries and Accident Causes in Water-Supply Utilities.
By Gilbert R. Ryback. Washington, U.S. Depart­
ment of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, 1960.
70 pp. (BLS Report 166.) Free.

Manpower Planning in Australia. By J. E. Isaac. (In
International Labor Review, Geneva, November
1960, pp. 403-431. 60 cents. Distributed in United
States by Washington Branch of ILO.)

Injury Experience in Coal Mining, 1957. By John C.
Machisak and others. Washington, U.S. Department
of the Interior, Bureau of Mines, 1960. 72 pp. (In­
formation Circular 7987.) Free.
Injury Rates Industrial Accident Survey, Pennsylvania,
1959. Harrisburg, State Department of Labor and


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Labor Force

Report to the President on Domestic Migratory Farm Labor.
Washington, The President’s Committee on Migratory
Labor, 1960. 33 pp. (2d Rept.)
Men of Two Worlds: Some Aspects of Migratory Labor in
South Africa. By D. Hobart Houghton. (In South
African Journal of Economics, Johannesburg, Septem­
ber 1960, pp. 177-190. 9s. 6d.)

75

BOOK REVIEWS AMD NOTES
W h y L a b o r L ea ves the L a n d : A C o m p a ra tiv e S tu d y o f the
M o vem en t o f L a b o r O u t o f A g ric u ltu re . Geneva,

International Labor Office, 1960. 229 pp. (Studies
and Reports, New Series, 59.) $2.25. Distributed
in United States by Washington Branch of ILO.

By Willard
L. Boyd and others. Iowa City, State University of
Iowa, Bureau of Labor and Management, 1960. 150
pp. (Research Series, 22.)

T he I o w a L a w o f W o r k m e n ’s C o m p e n sa tio n .

Wages and Hours
T o d a y 's W o m a n in T o m o rro w 's W o r ld : R e p o rt o f a C on­
feren ce C o m m e m o ra tin g the 4 0th A n n iv e r s a r y o f the
W o m e n 's B u rea u , J u n e 2 a n d 3, 1 9 6 0 . Washington

U.S. Department of Labor, Women’s Bureau, 1960.
xii, 138 pp. (Bull. 276.) 50 cents, Superintendent
of Documents, Washington.

Labor Organizations
A

A g e n d a f o r L a b o r. By Solomon Barkin. New
York, Textile Workers Union of America, Research
Department, 1960. 4 pp. (TWUA Research Publi­
cation M U-66; reprinted from Fortune, November
1960.)

N ew

U n io n is m i n the U n d erd evelo p ed C o u n tries. By
Subratesh Ghosh. Calcutta, India, Bookland Private
Ltd., 1960. 410 pp., bibliography. Rs 20.

T ra d e

S u m m a r y o f the A n n u a l R e p o rt on the W o r k in g o f the
I n d ia n T ra d e U n io n s A c t, 1 9 2 6 , in the S ta te o f W est
B e n g a l f o r the Y e a r E n d in g M a rch 3 1 , 1 9 5 9 . { I n

West Bengal Labor Gazette, Department of Labor,
Calcutta, June 1960, pp. 579-585. Is. 3d., Super­
intendent, Government Printing, Calcutta.)
O r g a n iza tio n s. By Kazuo Kuroda. { I n Japan
Today, Section 2 of The New Leader, New York,
November 28, 1960, pp. 27-35. 25 cents.)

M ass

Production and Productivity
By
George Steele and Paul Kircher. New York,
McGraw-Hill Book Co., Inc., 1960. 220 pp. $4.95.

T he C r is is W e F a ce: A u to m a tio n a n d the C old W a r .

O c c u p a tio n a l W a g e S u r v e y : O k la h o m a C ity , O k la ., A u g u s t
I 9 6 0 (Bull. 1285-3, 22 pp.); R a leig h , N .C ., S e p tem b e r
1 9 6 0 (Bull. 1285-5, 22 p p.); L ittle R o c k -N o r th L ittle
R ock, A r k ., A u g u s t 1 9 6 0 (Bull. 1285-6, 22 pp.).

Washington, U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of
Labor Statistics, 1960. 25 cents each. Available
from Superintendent of Documents, Washington.
E x p a n d s I t s W a g e S u r v e y P ro g ra m . By N.
Beatrice Worthy. { I n Management Record, Na­
tional Industrial Conference Board, Inc., New York,
November 1960, pp. 22-29.)

The B L S

W a g e a n d S a la r y S u r v e y s : T h e O c cu p a tio n a l A p p r o a c h .
By Morton Adelberg. { I n Personnel, American

Management Association, New York, NovemberDecember 1960, pp. 36-44. $1.75; $1.25 to AMA
members.)
N ig h t-S h ift P r e m iu m P a y P r o v is io n s in C a lifo r n ia U n io n
A g re e m e n ts, S elected M a n u fa c tu r in g I n d u s tr ie s . { I n

Union Labor in California, 1959, San Francisco,
California Department of Industrial Relations, Divi­
sion of Labor Statistics and Research, 1960, pp.
19-35.)
By
Morris A. Horowitz. New York, Engineers Joint
Council, Engineering Manpower Commission, 1960.
32 pp. 25 cents.

S a la r ie s a n d In co m e o f E n g in e e rin g T each ers, 1 9 6 0 .

W o r k in g W iv e s a n d F a m ily In co m e . By Zoe Campbell.
{ I n Business Record, National Industrial Conference

The I m p a c t o f Office A u to m a tio n on W o rk ers. By Ida R.
Hoos. { I n International Labor Review, Geneva,

Board, Inc., New York, November 1960, pp. 15-18.)

October 1960, pp. 363-388. 60 cents. Distributed
in United States by Washington Branch of ILO.)

W a g e R a te s a n d R a n g e s f o r S elected O c cu p a tio n s i n C itie s
a n d O ther G overn m en ta l U n its, 1 9 6 0 — {C le rica l W o rk ers,
S o c ia l C a se W o rk ers, P a r k E m p lo y e e s , L a b o rers,
H o s p ita l E m p lo y e e s ,
School E m p lo y e e s ,
B u ild in g
S ervice W o r k e r s). Chicago, Building Service Em­

Social Security
E x p la n a tio n o f S o c ia l S e c u r ity L a w a s A m e n d e d in 1 9 6 0
{I n c lu d in g the S o c ia l S e c u r ity A m e n d m e n ts o f 196 0 ,
A p p ro v e d S e p tem b e r 13, 1 9 6 0 ). Chicago, Commerce

Clearing House, Inc., 1960.
N ew

Y o rk

U n iv e r s ity

157 pp.

W o r k m e n ’s

$2.

C o m p e n sa tio n

S tu d y .

New York, New York University, Center for Rehabili­
tation Services, 1960. 269 pp.
By E.
Blythe Stason, Samuel D. Estep, William J. Pierce.
Ann Arbor, University of Michigan, Bureau of Indus­
trial Relations, 1960. 63 pp. (Reprint 9; from
A to m s a n d the L a w .)
$1.75.

W o r k m e n 's C o m p e n sa tio n a n d R a d ia tio n I n ju r ie s .


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ployees International Union, AFL-CIO, Department
of Research and Education, 1960. 38 pp.
W a g e s a n d P u r c h a s in g P o w e r {in F ra n ce B etw een 1 9 4 9 1 9 5 7 ].
{ I n Economic and Social Bulletin, Interna­

tional Confederation of Free Trade Unions, Brussels,
September-October 1960, pp. 8-16.)
By
L. Earl Lewis. Washington, U.S. Department of
Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, 1960. 33 pp.
(Bull. 1283.) 30 cents, Superintendent of Documents,
Washington.

C o m p o s itio n o f P a y r o ll H o u rs i n M a n u fa c tu r in g , 1 9 5 8 .

76
Miscellaneous
Subject Index of Bulletins Published by the Bureau of
Labor Statistics, 1915-59— With Annotated Listing of
Bulletins, 1895-1959. By M. Frances Marshall and
Gladys B. Wash. Washington, U.S. Department of
Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, 1960. 102 pp.
(Bull. 1281.) 55 cents, Superintendent of Documents,
Washington.
Annual Digest of State and Federal Labor Legislation, Janu­
ary 1, 1959-December 31, 1959. By Maxine Ander­
son. Washington, U.S. Department of Labor, Bu­
reau of Labor Standards, 1960. 184 pp. (Bull. 217.)
55 cents, Superintendent of Documents, Washington.
State Laws Regulating Private Employment Agencies. By
Edith U. Fierst and William Lawson. Washington,
U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Stand­
ards, 1960. 124 pp. (Bull. 209.) Free.
Economic Forces in the U.S.A. in Facts and Figures: The
United States, Its People, Its Labor Force, and Its
Economy. Washington, U.S. Department of Labor,
Bureau of Labor Statistics (in cooperation with Inter­
national Cooperation Administration), 1960. 253
pp. 6th ed. 75 cents, Superintendent of Documents,
Washington.
Economic Change in Chile, 1929-1959. By Alvin Cohen.
Gainesville, University of Florida Press, 1960. 48
pp., bibliography. (Monograph 11.)


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MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JANUARY 1961
Soviet Economic Intentions: An Analysis of the Seven-Year
Plan, 1959-1965. New York, Lionel D. Edie & Co.,
Inc., Economics Division, 1960. 71 pp.
Communist Economic Policy in the Less Developed Areas.
Washington, U.S. Department of State, Bureau of
Public Service, 1960. 38 pp. (Publication 7020.)
20 cents, Superintendent of Documents, Washington.
National Income and Flow-of-Funds Analysis. By John
P. Powelson. New York, McGraw-Hill Co., Inc.,
1960. 550 pp. $7.95.
The Theory of Linear Economic Models. By David Gale.
New York, McGraw-Hill Book Co., Inc., 1960.
330 pp., bibliography. $9.50.
A Survey of On-Farm Housing for Migratory Farm Workers
in Pierce County, Washington. Olympia, Washington
State Employment Security Department, 1960.
33 pp.
I t’s Your Business. By John Harriman. Boston, Hough­
ton Mifflin Co., 1960. 182 pp. $3.50.
The Stockholder and Employee Profit Sharing: I, A Com­
parative Study of the Returns to Stockholders on In­
vestments in Large Department Store Chains With and
Without Profit Sharing Programs. By J. J. Jehring
and B. L. Metzger. Evanston, 111., Profit Sharing
Research Foundation, 1960. 47 pp. $3.
The New Zealand Official Year-Book, 1960. Wellington,
Department of Statistics, 1960. 1328 pp.

Current Labor Statistics
CONTENTS
A.—Employment
Estimated total labor force classified by employment status, hours worked,
and sex
79 Table A-2. Employees in nonagricultural establishments, by industry
84 Table A-3. Production or nonsupervisor y workers in nonagricultural establishments, by
industry
87 Table A-4. Unemployment insurance and employment service programs, selected opera­
tions

78 Table A -l.

B.
88

—Labor Turnover

Table B -l.

C.

Labor turnover rates, by major industry group

—Earnings and Hours

91 Table C -l. Gross hours and earnings of production workers, by industry
103 Table C-2. Average overtime hours and average hourly earnings excluding overtime of
production workers in manufacturing, by major industry group
104 Table C-3. Indexes of aggregate weekly man-hours and payrolls in industrial and con­
struction activities
104 Table C-4. Gross and spendable average weekly earnings of production workers in
manufacturing, in current and 1947-49 dollars

D.

—Consumer and Wholesale Prices

105 Table D -l.
106
107
108
109

Table D-2.
Table D-3.
Table D-4.
Table D-5.

Consumer Price Index—All-city average: All items, groups, subgroups, and
special groups of items
Consumer Price Index—All items and food indexes, by city
Indexes of wholesale prices, by group and subgroup of commodities
Indexes of wholesale prices for special commodity groupings
Indexes of wholesale prices, by stage of processing and durability of product

E. —Work Stoppages
110

Table E -l.

Work stoppages resulting from labor-management disputes

F. —Work Injuries
111

Table F -l.

Injury-frequency rates for selected manufacturing industries 1

i This table is included in the January, April, July, and October issues of the Review.
N ote: The following applies, with a few exceptions, to the statistical series published in the Current Labor Statistics section: (1) The source is the U.S.
Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, (2) a description of each series may be found in Techniques of Preparing Major BLS Statistical Series, BLS
Bull. 1168 (1964), and (3) the scope of coverage is the United States without Alaska and Hawaii. Exceptions are noted on the tables.


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77

78

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JANUARY 1961

A.—Employment
T able

A -l. Estimated total labor force classified by employment status, hours worked, and sex
[In thousands]
Estimated number of persons 14 years of age and over 1

Employment status

1960
Nov.

Oct.

Sept.

Aug.

July

June

1959
May

Apr.

Mar.

Feb.

Jan.*

Dec.

Nov.

Annual average
1959

1958

Total labor force...................................... 73,746 73, 592 73,672 74,551 75,215 75,499 73,171 72,331 70,993 70,970 70, 689 71,808 71, 839

71,946

71,284

Civilian labor force________________ 71,213
Unemployment..... ........................... 4,031
Unemployment rate, sea6.3
sonally adjusted 3............
Unemployed 4 weeks or less__ 1,840
Unemployed 5-10 w eeks..........
847
357
Unemployed 11-14 weeks ___
488
Unemployed 15-26 weeks..........
Unemployed over 26 weeks___
499
Employment..................................... 67,182
N onagricultural.......................... 61,516
Worked 35 hours or m ore... 41, 598
Worked 15-34 hours______ 14,484
Worked 1-14 hours_______ 3,687
With a job but not at work 4 1,746
A gricultural............................. 5,6 6 6
Worked 35 hours or m ore... 3,666
Worked 15-34 hours.......... 1,341
Worked 1-14 hours_______
492
With a job but not at work4.
167

, 449 68,168 69,276 69,310
3,931 4,149 3,577 3,670

69,394
3,813

68

4.9
5.5
5.0
5.4
4.8
5.2
5.2
5.6
2,654 1,638 1,580 1,516 1,476 1,909 1,683 1,846
695
644
567
855 1,095
930
833
764
259
256
309
619
396
400
250
276
420
509
705
715
533
441
381
356
396
411
499
502
431
469
430
428
6 8 ,579 67,208 66,159 64,267 64, 520 64,020 65, 699 65,640
61, 722 61,371 60, 765 59,702 59,901 59, 409 60, 888 60,040
4 7 , 8 7 9 4 8 , 5 9 4 4 4 , 8 2 9 4 6 ,1 5 1 45, 357 47, 115 48, 455 43,877
7,231 7, 203 10, 455 7,585 8,605 6,867 7,227 10, 991
2,921 3, 578 3,345 3, 575 3, 553 3,356 3,496 3,254
3, 691 1,997 2,138 2,391 2,386 2, 070 1, 707 1,920
6 , 856
5,837 5,393 4,565 4,619 4,611 4. 811 5,601
4,874 4,129 3, 788 2,465 2, 597 2,622 2,978 3,774
1,492 1,254 1,189 1,117 1 ,1 2 1 1,178 1,175 1,307
408
366
312
586
557
536
474
373
82
89
105
400
344
273
186
144

5.5
1, 658
778
335
469
571
65, 581
59,745
45. 068
8,531
3,172
2,974
5,836
3,852
1,356
442
186

Total, both sexes

71,069 71,155 72,070 72, 706 73,002 70,667 69,819
3,579 3,388 3,788 4,017 4,423 3,459 3,660
6.4
1,637
689
260
492
500
67,490
61,244
47, 545
8 , 371
3,369
1, 957
6,247
4,296
1,447
398
106

5.9
5.7
5.4
1,655 1,697 1,871
603
924 1,033
325
351
278
388
402
418
417
414
416
67,767 68,282 68,689
61,179 61, 828 61,805
48. 284 4 6 , 2 4 7 45, 380
7, 247 6,308 6 , 586
3,142 2, 535 2,702
2,508 6,737 7,136
6,588 6,454 6,885
4,789 4, 536 4,957
1,314 1,363 1,371
362
368
403
123
187
155

, 473
4,206

68

68

, 647
4,681
6 .8

1,833
959
438
785
667
63, 966
58,122
44, 873
7,324
3,047
2,876
5,844
3,827
1,361
457
199

Males
Total labor force.................................... 49,506 49,455 49,570 50,678 50,998 50,949 49,337 49,060 48,445 48,487 48,412 48,778 48,729

49,081

48,802

Civilian labor force................................. 47,005
Unemployment................................. 2,496
Employment..................................... 44,509
Nonagricultural.......................... 39,881
Worked 35 hours or m ore.. 29,346
Worked 15-34 hours.......... 7,993
Worked 1-14 hours.......... . 1,424
W ith a job but not at work 4_ 1 ,1 2 0
Agricultural ........................... 4,629
Worked 35 hours or m ore.. 3,260
Worked 15-34 hours______
843
Worked 1-14 hours..........
369
With a job but not at work 4_ 156

46,562
2,473
44,089
39,340
31,715
4,405
1,378
1,840
4,749
3,421
823
336
170

46,197
3,155
43,042
38,240
31, 390
3, 736
1,329
1,784
4,802
3, 413
857
353
179

1,340
21, 492

1,526
20,924
19,882
13,483
3| 589
l ’ 718
l ’ 093
1,042
'414
504
104

46,964 47,085
2 ,2 0 0
2,082
44, 764 45,003
39,909 39,900
33,196 33,559
4,098 3,440
1,322 1,291
1,292 1,611
4, 855 5,103
3,675 4,016
786
725
294
257
106
99

48.229
2,400
45,829
40,603
32, 558
3,203
1,044
3,799
5,226
3,936
857
265
167

48, 521
2, 504
46,017
40,617
32,201
3,300
1,091
4,026
5,399
4,247
745
278
129

48,484
2,696
45,788
40,462
33,718
3,551
1,193
1,999
5,325
4,232
724
296
73

46,865
2,184
44,681
39,932
33,808
3,384
1,502
1,237
4, 749
3,705
695
273
75

46,580
2,431
44,149
39, 574
31, 761
5,170
1,433
1 ,2 1 0

4,575
3,503
749
228
95

45,958
2,910
43,048
39,038
32,273
3,554
1,559
1,653
4,010
2,257
859
514
380

45,999
2,672
43,328
39,319
31, 851
4,361
1,547
1,557
4,009
2,397
818
482
315

45,923
2,821
43,103
39,108
32,973
3,341
1,440
1,354
3,995
2,409
870
462
253

46,278
2,405
43, 873
39,744
33,645
3, 446
1,468
1,180
4,128
2,729
845
380
177

46,232
2,370
43, 863
39,337
30,730
5, 954
1,363
1,291
4, 526
3,306
800
281
137

Females
Total labor f o r c e . _ _ _____ _____ 24,240 24,138 24,102 23,872 24,217 24, 550 23,835 23,271 22,548 22,482 22,277
Civilian labor force. . . . .
Unemployment________________
Employment.....................................
Nonagricultural
Worked 35 hours or more. .
Worked 15-34 hours............
Worked 1-14 hours..............
With a job but not at work4.
Agricultural. ______________
Worked 35 hours or m ore..
Worked 15-34 hours______
Worked 1-14 hours_______
With a job but not at work 4

24,208
1,536
22,672
21,636
12,255
6,490
2,264
626
1,037
406
497
123
11

24,106
1,379
22,726
21,333
14,347
4,272
2,047
665
1,392
620
661
104
7

24,070
1,307
22, 764
21,279
14,724
3,807
1,851
897
1,485
773
590
105
16

23,841
1,388
22,453
21,224
13,690
3,105
1, 491
2, 939
1,229
599
506
103
20

24,185
1,513
22, 672
21,187
13,178
3,287
1,611
3,110
1, 485
707
625
125
26

i Estimates are based on information obtained from a sample of households
and are subject to sampling variability. Data relate to the calendar week
ending nearest the 15th day of the month. The employed total includes all
wage and salary workers, self-employed persons, and unpaid workers in
family-operated enterprises. Persons in institutions are not included.
Because of rounding, sums of individual items do not necessarily equal
totals.
8 Data for 1960 include Alaska and Hawaii and are therefore not directly
comparable with earlier data. The levels of the civilian labor force, the
employed, and nenagricultural employment were each increased by more
than 200,000. The estimates for agricultural employment and unemploy­
ment were affected so slightly that these series can be regarded as entirely
comparable with pre-1960 data.


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24,518
1,727
22, 791
21,260
14,160
3, 680
1,728
1,691
1,531
643
768
112
9

23,803
1,276
22, 527
21,439
14,786
3, 819
2,075
759
1,088
424
558
93
14

23,239
1,229
22,010
21,191
13,066
5,285
1,912
928
819
283
439
84
11

22,516
1,296
21,219
20,664
13,878
4,032
2,016
738
555
209
257
71
20

22,450
1,258
21,192
20, 582
13,505
4,244
2,006
829
610
198
305
75
29

22,245
1,328
20, 917
20,301
14,144
3,525
1,916
716
615
213
308
74
20

22,998
1,172 1,301
21,826 21,777
21,144
14,809 13,145
3,781 5,038
2,028 1, 891
527
628
683 1,074
249
467
330
507
94
92
9
8

13,352
4,126
1, 794
1,134
L 087
431
533
106
17

20

3 Unemployment as a percent of labor force.
4 Includes persons who had a job or business but who did not work during
the survey week because of illness, bad weather, vacation, or labor dispute.
Prior to January 1957, also included were persons on layoff with definite
instructions to return to work within 30 days of layoff and persons who had
new jobs to which they were scheduled to report within 30 days. Most of
the persons in these groups have, since that time, been classified as unem­
ployed.
N ote: For a description of these series, see Explanatory Notes (in Employ­
ment and Earnings, U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics
current issues).

79

A.—EMPLOYMENT

T able A-2.

Employees in nonagricultural establishments, by industry 1
[In thousands]
1959

1960

Annual
average

Industry
Nov.2
Total employees______________________
_________
Mining________________
Metal_________ _________ ______ -_______________
Iron
Copper
_____________________
Lead and z in c ____________________
Anthracite
_________ _______ Bituminous coal............................... ^........

Sept.

Aug.

July

June

May

Apr.

Mar.

Feb.

Jan.

Dec.

Nov.

1959

1958

53, 243 53, 386 53, 496 53,062 52,923 53,309 52,957 52,844 52,172 52,060 52,078 53, 756 52, 793 51,975 50,543
654
92.6

657
93.0
32.8
32.2
1 0 .1

148.1

Crude-petroleum and natural-gas pro­
duction
______
______
Petroleum and natural-gas production
(except contract services)__________
Nonmetallic mining and quarrying_____

115.5

Contract constrnction_______ __________
Nonbuilding construction___
______
Highway and street construction___
Other nonbuilding construction______
Building construction________________
General contractors________________
Special-trade contractors________ - Plumbing and heating____________
Painting and decorating___________
Electrical work__________________
Other special-trade contractors_____

2,351

Manufacturing_____________________ Durable goods____________________
Nondurable goods--------------------------

Oct.s

663
93.7
32.9
32.3
10.4

672
94.9
34.1
32.0
10.7

655
94.5
34.2
31.1
1 1 .1

681
96.7
35.3
31.9
11.4

677
96.1
35.3
31.3
11.9

669

677
95.1
34.2
31.3
12.3

93.2
33.4
30.2
12.3

32.9
26.4
12.3

666

8 8 .6

8 .0
1 2 .0

676
80.1
27.2
22.3
12.3

721
93.1
30.8
28.6
12.9

658
72.7
32.6

69.5
32.3

660
67.2
30.0

1 1 .1
1 2 .2

8 .1
1 2 .1

668

11.9
150.8

11.3
155.6

10.7
140.5

1 1 .8

1 2 .2

151.4

164.2

167.2

13.2
168.7

14.1
171.5

15.5
173.2

15.5
173.2

15.7
173.7

15.9
164.3

16.3
188.1

20.3
195.2

284.2

288.9

291.6

291.6

291.6

286.2

287.3

284.6

287.7

291.4

297.0

297.9

300.8

302.6

172.5

176. 2

177.8

178.4

177.0

174.2

174.8

174.3

175.9

177.7

177.9

177.7

180.6

188.0

117.3

117.4

118.3

117.9

116.8

115.7

1 1 2 .6

102.9

104.1

105.1

1 1 1 .6

114.2

110.7

109.3

1 1 .8

3,008 3,069 3,130 3,098 2,977 2,830 2,590 2,312 2,389 2,453 2,699 2,856 2,767 2,648
518
587
584
661
659
594
502
416
429
437
569
6Ì9
638
643
306.9 314.0 322.9 320.1 315.0 284.2 2 2 2 .0 161.5 167.5 170.0 220.5 270.8 271.2 256.0
311.8 323.9 338.0 338.7 328.1 310.1 279.7 254.8 261.4 267.3 297.0 316.6 312.7 313.2
2,389 2,431 2,469 2,439 2,334 2,236 2,088 1,896 1,960 2,016 2,181 2,269 2,183 2,079
812.4 836.7 857.3 857.9 816.8 774.2 705.4 609.8 638.7 660.5 725.5 764.8 757.9 750.5
1, 576.1 1, 594.5 1, 611. 7 1,580. 6 1, 517.6 1,461.9 1,382. 7 1,286.6 1,321.7 1,355.1 1,455.2 1, 504.6 1,424.7 1,328.6
319.3 327.3 321.6 315.5 311.3 304.2 292.1 281.2 287.5 296.6 308.6 314.5 310.5 303.5
235.3 245.1 255.9 251.6 234.2 2 2 2 .0 196.3 179.9 178.2 183.5 204.9 2 2 2 .0 201.4 169.6
199.6 2 0 2 .2 206.7 199.6 187.9 176.5 170.0 165.3 169.3 171.0 176.3 180.1 174.2 173.2
821.9 819.9 827.5 813.9 784.2 759.2 724.3 660.2 686.7 704.0 765.4 788.0 738.6 682.2

16,165 16,310 16,505 16,386 16,250 16,422 16,348 16,380 16,478 16,520 16,470 16,484 16,280 16,168 15,468
9,268 9,308 9,403 9,296 9,342 9,504 9, 516 9, 548 9,630 9,680 9,640 9,577 9, 313 9,290 8,743
6 , 897
7,002 7,102 7,090 6,908 6,918 6,832 6,832 6,848 6,840 6,830 6,907 6,967 6,878 6,725

Durable good»
Ordnance and accessories........................
Lumber and wood products (except
furniture)_______________________
Logging camps and contractors______
Sawmills and planing mills_________
Millwork, plywood, and prefabri­
cated structural wood products..
Wooden containers__
__________
Miscellaneous wood products________

149.0

148.4

150.2

149.8

146.0

149.6

149.4

150.0

150.7

150.0

149.4

149.5

147.0

141.7

126.7

632.1

649.0
119.6
304.2

665.6

674.6
118.5
321.8

674.2

660.7
108. 5
318.1

636.0
92.3
310.7

624.2
90.3
304.8

628.1
91.9
305.9

629.4
93.2
306.3

315.5

667.2
106.1
323.6

658.0
98.7
319.9

621.7

320.1

685.9
126.1
324.8

651.6

313.3

127.9
41.6
55.7

131.1
42.4
56.7

133.2
43.6
57.5

131.8
43.9
56.4

133.0
44.8
57.2

132.7
44.8
56.6

132.0
43.6
57.4

130.2
42.2
56.7

131.6
42.2
56.5

131.5
42.3
56.1

134.9
43.0
56.0

138.4
42.5
56.6

139.1
44.0
56.3

127.1
44.7
52.7

390.6
280.5

393.0
281.5

392.1
281.1

385.0
275.0

391.0
279.9

388.3
279.5

391.3
282.3

390.8
282.2

390.8
282.9

391.1
283.4

391.2
285.1

390.6
285.3

384.0
279.3

357.9
257.1

Furniture and fixtures________ ______ _
Household furniture___________
Office, public-building and profes­
sional furniture___ ___ ___ ______
Partitions, shelving, lockers, and fix­
tures.. . ___ _ ______________
Screens, blinds, and miscellaneous
furniture and fixtures_____ ____ _

383.5

Stone, clay, and glass products..... ........ .
Flat glass.. ______________________
Glass and glassware, pressed or blown.
Glass products made of purchased glass.
Cement, hydraulic_________________
Structural clay products____________
Pottery and rélàted products________
Concrete, gypsum, and plaster prod­
ucts__ ___
_______________ .
Cut-stone and stone products________
Miscellaneous nonmetallic mineral
products______________________

538.9

1 2 2 .1

1 2 2 .0

1 0 2 .2

8 6 .2

311.0

49.6

50.2

49.7

48.7

49.4

48.3

48.5

48.1

47.4

47.1

46.9

47.0

46.1

43.8

36.4

37.0

37.5

37.1

37.1

35.7

35.9

35.5

35.7

36.1

35.8

35.6

34.4

34.5

24.1

24.3

23.8

24.2

24.6

24.8

24.6

25.0

24.8

24.5

23.4

22.7

24.2

22.8

548.0
30.5
106.0
17.5
40.7
72.2
47.1

555.3
30.3
108.5
17.2
41.9
73.8
47.4

558.0
29.8
107.2
17.0
42.9
75.6
47.6

557.3
30.0
106.9
16.4
43.2
76.2
47.8

562.6
30.5
109.8
16.5
43.0
75.7
49.1

558.1
30.8
106.9
16.8
42.1
76.0
48.8

554.1
31.7
105.5
16.8
41.2
74.5
49.2

547.8
34.4
105.0
17.2
39.0
72.3
49.5

551.0
36.3
104.0
17.6
38.4
72.7
49.4

548.0
36.5

557.3
36.4

550.4
32.7

1 0 1 .1

1 0 2 .1

18.0
41.7
75.5
48.1

514.5
27.3
95.5
16.3
42.0
73.1
43.9

117.5
18.5

118.2
18.7

120.5
18.6

1 2 0 .1

1 2 0 .0

17.8

18.4

118.5
18.1

116.4
18.0

111.5
17.5

98.0

99.3

98.8

98.9

99.6

1 0 0 .1

1 0 0 .8

101.4

17.5
39.8
73.3
48.9

17.8
41.4
76.0
48.8

561.6
36.3
103.5
18.4
41.8
77.4
49.8

1 1 2 .8

1 1 2 .6

17.5

17.3

116.6
17.7

118.3
18.0

117.8
18.1

108.8
18.3

102.3

1 0 1 .0

100.5

98.1

98.3

89.3

1 0 0 .2

Primary metal Industries_____________ 1,107.8 1,119.3 1,133.3 1,142.1 1,156.1 1,203.1 1,224.9 1, 250. 5 1,273.3 1,280.7 1,275.1 1,264.2 1,196.2 1,137.7 1,104.4
Blast furnaces, steel works, and rolling
516.1 524.6 540.3 549.0 580.0 606.5 620.5 635.9 640.1 638.8 634.1 597.3 522.0 536.7
mills___________________________
Iron and steel foundries_____________
216.7 219.2 213.4 220.7 226.8 222.5 227.5 228.4 232.2 230.3 230.3 215.8 223.9 197.4
Primary smelting and refining of non52.2
49.7
44.3
56.2
59.2
59.4
54.7
53.2
58.6
57.8
59.1
57.4
58.7
56.8
ferrous metals _________ _ ___ _
Secondary smelting and refining of
1 2 .2
12.4
1
2
.0
11.5
1 2 .6
12.7
12.4
1 2 .6
1 1 .8
11.9
1 2 .1
1 2 .2
12.3
nonferrous metals ____ __________
1 2 .0
Rolling, drawing, and alloying of non115.8
116.2
105.5
115.4
116.6
116.0
111.9 112.4 112.3 111.3 113.5 1 1 2 .2 113.6 115.3
ferrous metals____ _____ _______
64.8
6 6 .1
57.7
67.0
65.4
67.0
67.3
61.6
62.8
60.4
59.1
61.1
60.8
60.8
N onferrous foundries__. . .
Miscellaneous primary metal indus­
145.0 146.6 144.8 145.1 150.1 151.9 154.3 157.9 158.7 156.8 154.1 144.5 146.8 139.4
tries____ ______________ _______
See footnotes at end of table.


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80

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JANUARY 1961
T able

A-2. Employees in nonagricultural establishments, by industry ^C ontinued
[In thousands]
1960

1959

Industry
Nov .2

Oct.2

Sept.

Aug.

July

June

May

Apr.

Mar.

Feb.

Jan.

Dec.

Nov.

Annual
average
1959

1958

Manufacturing—Continued
Durable goods— Continued

Fabricated metal products (except ord­
nance, machinery, and transporta­
tion equipm ent)................................... 1,062.6 1,078.3 1,081.0 1,064.9 1,063.2 1,086. 3 1,080.8 1,079. 8 1,097.3 1,106.2 1,099.2 1,082.0 1,042.1 1,069.0 1,029.9
57.5
Tin cans and other tinware__________ —
0 1 .3
63.9
63.6
63.5
62.2
59.5
59.1
58.2
58.5
56.8
55.9
58 9
59 6
132. 6 131.2 128.7 126.9 132.2 133.0 134.0 137. 5 139.7 139.8 138.1 123.7 134.2
Cutlery, handtools, and hardware____ —
128.3
Heating apparatus (except electric)
112.9 113.6 113.8 114.6 115.9 116.0 116.1 116.4 117.4 116.9 114.2 116.5 116.6 109 3
and plumbers’ su p plies,.................
Fabricated structural metal products.
295.0 295.8 298.1 294.8 293.1 287.7 282.0 282. 5 282.3 281.8 282.1 275.5 285.3 303.0
Metal stamping, coating, and engrav­
ing.......................................................
240.1 ■ 238.2 223.2 225.8 236.3 236.5 237.2 246.0 251.2 246.1 239.3 223.3 230.1 210. 7
Lighting fixtures___________________
50.0
49. 7 47.6
47.1
49.1
48. 1 49.8
50. (
51.1
50.8
49.9
49.8
49.2
44 7
54.9
Fabricated wire products........... ........... —
55. 6
54.8
54.6
56.6
57.4
58.1
59.6
60.5
60.0
59.2
57.2
56.5
52.4
Miscellaneous fabricated metal prod­
135.3 135.6 134.8 135.9 139.5 139.9 143.1 145.3 145.8 145.3 142.4 140.2 137.5 123.3
ucts__________________________
Machinery (except electrical)__________ 1, 582. 8 1, 584. 9 1, 605.1 1,615.2 1,635.3 1,658. 6 1,660.9 1, 677. 8 1,687. 7 1,691.1 1, 675.0 1, 660. 3 1. 625.8 1 , 611.7 1, 501.2
95. 6
Engines and turbines_______________
99.3
99.8 1 0 0 .2 101.5 103.2 104.5 107.1 107.4 108.5 107. E 104.6 103.1
08.1
138. 7 139.6 144.0 145.5 148.8 149.5 153.4 159.1 160.5 157.8 154.1 141.0 157
Agricultural machinery and tractors__
9 136 9
Construction and mining m achinery...
116. 5 119.2 1 2 1 .6 125.6 127.6 130.5 132.5 133.0 132.6 131.2 129.2 125.2 129.9
1 2 2 .0
Metalworking machinery___________ —
247.5 249. 7 250.8 258.4 264.8 263.5 264.7 263.1 259.9 257.3 255.4 251.6 238.7 223.7
Special-industry machinery (except
metalworking machinery)_______
175.9 176.3 176.4 176.2 178.0 176.5 176.1 175.4 174.6 173.3 172.3 171.8 165.5 159.6
General industrial machinery________
223. 6 226.7 228.0 228. 5 230.8 230.1 231. C 232.7 233.0 229.4 229.3 228.9 223.
2 0 .1
142.4 142.0 140.8 140.6 140.4 138.9 139.0 138.3 137.6 137.6 138.1 136.9 132.75 2124.9
Office and store machines and devices..
Service-industry and household m a­
173.4 180.0 179.7 186.6 192.6 196.5 197.7 195.3 198.5 194.4 189.6 184.4 184.9 168.9
chines________________________
Miscellaneous machinery parts_______
271.3 272.3 274.1 273.7 274.3 272.6 279.1 283.7 287.0 285.5 285.0 281.4 275.5
252.0
Electrical machinery.................................. 1, 314.0 1,290. 6 1, 326. 7 1, 308.0 1,292.4 1,297.0 1,289. 6 1,293.7 1,310.0 1, 318.4 1,318.6 1,317.0 1,301.5 1,241.6 1,118.8
Electrical generating, transmission, dis­
tribution, and industrial apparatus. —
388.9 416.9 415.8 414. 3 413.6 414.8 417.9 421.4 422.5 420.5 419.5 407.4 402.1 373.5
Electrical appliances_______________
40. 4 40.2
38.4
38.7
39.3
38.9
39.5
40.3
40.0
39.6
39.5
39.5
37.7
34.6
Insulated wire and c a b le...___ _____ —
29.0
28.3
27.8
28.5
27.0
28.6
28.3
28.9
29.1
29.5
29.3
28.8
28.1
25.4
72. 7 72.5
Electrical equipment for vehicles_____
67.9
71.3
69.7
70.9
75.4
72.6
77.0
76.4
74.4
70.7
69. 8
61.8
2b. 7
Electric lam ps.................... ...................
28.1
28.7
29.1
28.2
29.5
29.8
29.7
29.8
29.6
29.5
29.5
27.6
26.4
Communication equipment_________ —
6 8 6 .2
690.9 680.2 664.9 665. 7 658.0 657.5 6 6 6 .1 671.3 674.2 674.7 674.9 627.2 551.4
Miscellaneous electrical products.........
47.7
49.8
49.2
49.5
48.9
49.6
48.3
48.2
48.7
48.8
50.1
50.7
49.1
45.7
Transportation equipment____________ 1, 636. 7 1, 629. 6 1, 620.0 1, 524.8 1, 590.7 1,607.9 1,652.8 1,665.1 1, 700.9 1,721. 4 1, 722.3 1, 655.9 1, 511.1 1, 670.8 1, 592. 8
Motor vehicles and equipment..............
780. 7 767.2 680.3 745.6 784.7 785.0 790.8 819.0 837.7 822.6 756.9 602.2 731.6 630 8
Aircraft and parts..... ..............................
637.3 640.0 638.8 630.4 618.1 658.3 668.7 680.3 687.0 693.7 700.9 709.7 734.9 757 6
Aircraft_________________________
370.0 371.1 371.4 371.1 371.2 381.4 387.0 393.0 397.2 400.6 404.2 412.3 435.0 457.2
130.2 133.2 132.1 125.3 114.9 138.7 139.8 140.7 140.6 142.0 144.2 144.9 146.3 152.6
Aircraft engines and parts_________
Aircraft propellers and parts_______
11. 8
1 2 .0
12.7
8.3
14.1
1 1 .1
13.9
14.0
13.8
13.8
13.6
13.6
14.4
18.3
125. 3 123.7 1 2 2 .6 122.9 123.7 124.1 128.0 132.6 135. 4 137.3 138.9 138.9 139.2
Other aircraft parts and equipment.
129. 5
Ship and boat building and repairing.
143. 4 143. 4 143.0 144.2 134.0 137.4 135.6 132.4 131.0 145.6 140.7 141.9 142.8
144.5
Shipbuilding and repairing________
124.4 124.3 124.3 124.6 110.9 112.3 1 1 0 .1 107.4 106.4 121.7 117. 5 119.5 120.9 125.3
Boatbuilding and repairing________ —
19.0
19.1
18.7
19.6
23.1
25.1
25.5
25.0
24.6
23.9
22.4
23.2
21.9
19.2
Railroad equipm ent________________ —
57. 7 58.6
51.9
60.8
60.0
61.6
59.6
58.7
56.0
51.4
47.7
46.9
51.4
50. 9
Other transportation equipm ent...........
10. 5
1 0 .8
1 0 .8
10.3
10.5
10.5
10.4
10.5
9.7
9.0
9.7
10.4
1 0 .1
9.0
Instruments and related products______ 347.8 347.8 350.8 351.9 348.5 352.8 351.3 353.1 353.7 353.6 352.1 354.0 352.5 338.9 315.2
Laboratory, scientific, and engineering
instruments..... .....................................
65.5
65.6
65.6
65.9
6 6 .0
65.8
66.3
60.6
6 6 .8
66.9
6 8 .2
67.8
64.2
58.1
Mechanical measuring and controlling
instruments_____________________
97.8
98.7
99.3
99.0 1 0 1 .0 1 0 0 .2 100.3 1 0 0 .2
99.9
97.9
97.3
96.4
93.0
83.9
Optical instruments and lenses.............
18.7
18.4
18.5
18.1
18.5
18.4
18.4
18.2
17.6
17.3
16.9
17.1
15.8
14.0
Surgical, medical, and dental instru­
ments__________________________
45.0
45.1
45.4
45.8
45.3
45.1
45.3
45.1
44.9
44.6
44.7
44.1
43.1
41.5
Ophthalmic goods__________________
26.1
26.7
27.1
27.2
26.9
27.6
27.6
27.7
27.8
28.1
28.1
28.0
26.1
23. 7
Photographic apparatus_____________
67.4
67. 5 67.6
65.9
65.5
6 6 .8
65.6
65.6
65.8
66.4
67.1
6 6 .8
65.3
65.6
Watehes and clocks________________
27.3
28.8
28.4
28.5
28.5
26.6
29.6
30.3
30.8
30.9
31.7
32.3
31.4
28.4
Miscellaneous manufacturing Industries.
513.2 521.7 522.3 514.9 492.9 508.9 498.7 496.5 493.9 489.0 480.0 494.1 516.9 486. 5 459.9
Jewelry, silverware, and plated ware..
47. 5 46.9
46.7
45.8
45.7
44.5
46.0
46.7
46.3
46.4
47.7
48.0
45.9
44.4
Musical instruments and parts_______
19.1
19.2
19.2
18.6
18.6
19.1
18.0
19.5
19.6
19.7
19.9
19.8
18.0
16.4
Toys and sporting goods____________
103.8 104.7 1 0 1 .0
95.1
98.6
93.2
8 8 .1
81.8
77.2
73.3
79.4
95.2
84.5
81.7
Pens, pencils, other office supplies____
33.2
32.8
32.8
31.8
32.2
31.6
31.5
31.3
31.2
30.4
31.0
32.1
30.8
30.7
Costume jewelry, buttons, notions___
60.3
60.6
61.1
59.7
57.4
58.1
59.1
61.5
61.9
60.6
61.3
62.2
60.6
58.2
Fabricated plastics products_________
96.0
96.2
95.3
92.7
95.6
94.8
95.4
95.5
96.6
96.0
96.2
97.1
92.6
84.0
Other manufacturing industries............
161.8 161.9 158.8 153.0 158.8 156.7 157.3 157.6 156.2 153.6 158.6 162.5 154.1 144.5
Nondurable goods

Food and kindred products....................... 1, 486. 6 1,560.3 1, 628. 9 1,601.7 1,521.4 1,469.2 1,414.9 1,404.1 1, 376. 8 1,380.2 1, 396.6 1, 434. 5 1, 478.2 1,470.2 1, 476.4
Meat products____________________ —
309. 6 310.9 308.2 305.7 303.4 297.2 292.6 294.8 298.2 302.0 305.7 305.0 302.1 307.0
Dairy products........................................
94.0
97.4 101.4 102.4 1 0 2 .0
97.8
94.6
91.0
90.2
89.8
90.5
91.6
96.8
99.8
Canning and preserving..... ....................
285.4 362.5 333.8 254.6 207.7 184.7 185.9 167.3 166.7 169.5 182.9 211.7 223.0 220.4
Grain-mill products.......... .....................
109.7 110.4 1 1 2 .1 112.3 1 1 0 .2 108.9 108.8 108.4 109.3 109.4 109.9 109.8 113.3 113.8
Bakery products______ ____________
292.1 290.8 289.9 292.0 290.8 286.1 287.0 286.1 286.8 285.9 287.9 290.0 285.2 284.3
Sugar.......................................................
39.8
27.6
25.7
25.8
26.3
25.1
26.1
24.5
25.7
34.8
41.3
45.4
31.0
31.4
Confectionery and related products___
79.4
77.0
73.2
66.9
70.0
69.5
70.2
71.8
72.3
72.7
78.0
78.8
73.5
75.4
Beverages________________________
215.2 216.3 219.1 221.7 2 2 0 .2 2 1 1 .1 206.3 2 0 1 .5 198.1 200.4 205.5 210.5 209.1 207.0
Miscellaneous food products..................I
135.1 136.0 138.3 139.5 139.1 134.5 132.6 131.4 132.9 132.1 132.8 135.4 136.2 137.3
See footnotes at end of table.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

A.—EMPLOYMENT
T able

81

A-2. Employees in nonagricultural establishments, by industry1—Continued
[In thousands]
1960

1959

Annual
average

Industry
Nov.*

Oct.2

Sept.

90.5

103.7
37.8
25.7

107.5
38.2
25.5

Aug.

July

June

May

Apr.

Mar.

Feb.

Jan.

Dec.

Nov.

1959

1958

Manufacturing— Continued
N o n d u r a b le goods

—Continued

Tobacco manufactures...............................
Cigarette«
_
Cigars________________ - ____ _____
Tobacco and snuff. ______________
Tobacco stemming and redrying____

Textile-mill products...... ................ .......... 925.8
Scouring and combing plants________
Yarn and thread mills____________
Broad-woven fabric mills------------------ .......
Narrow fabrics and small wares--------- ___
Knitting mills. ______ _________ ___
Dyeing and finishing textiles________
Carpets, rugs, other floor coverings._
Hats (except cloth and millinery)____
Miscellaneous textile goods-----............. ...........

91.4
38.5
25.3

78.5
38.4
24.3

6 .0

6 .0

6 .2

6 .2

34.2

37.8

21.4

9.6

932.8
5.1

943.3
5.2
102.4
384.5
29.0
224.1
87.8
44.0
9.3
57.0

953.6
5.4
104.2
388.6
29.4
227.3
89.0
43.9
9.7
56.1

941.8
5.4
103.1
389.1
28.8
217.7
89.0
43.3
9.8
55.6

1 0 0 .8

379.6
28.3
221.7
87.8
43.4
9.0
57.1

77.8
.38 2
25. 4
6 3
79
961.7
5 .5

106.5
393.7
29.5
225.5
90 1
44.0

9 i

94

81.4
37. £
25.9
6.3
11.9

956.3
54
105 7
392.9
29.3

955.1
5.3
105.9
395.3
29.4
217. 5
89.9
45. 8
9. 6
56.4

956. 6
5.2
106.3
396.6
29.8
215.7
88. 9
46. 2
10. 2
57.7

78.5
37 7
25 5
6

9

221 6

89 9
44Ü

1 0 .1

10 1

56.8

56.5

79.1
37. 9
25. 6
6 2

8 6 .6

37 5
26.5
6. 4
16 2
952.0
5. 6
106.6
394.9
29.7
211.3
89.4
46 7
9.9
57.9

88.5
37 6
25 4
6 4
IQ 1

91.2
37 7
27.1
6 4

92.5
38 0
27 4
6 4

20 0

20 7

953.0
56
107 4
396.1
29.8
210. 4
89 6
46 5
10 3
57.3

960.3
54
108 2
398.1
29.4
216.2
89 3
46 2
10. 4
57.1

969.3
5 3
108 7
398.9
29.3
224 5
89 3
46 2

89.2
37 4
27 1

90.4

6 6

6.5

966.0

941.5

5 5
110 0

398! 5
29.5
920 1
83 4
46 6

399.9
27.5
207 0

10 2

10 1

56.9

10 1

57! 3

5 3 .9

Apparel and other finished textile prodUCtS—................. - ............. - .................. 1,204.3 1,209. 7 1,225.1 1, 237. 7 1,188.0 1,215.9 1, 207.9 1, 211. 2 1, 247. 8 1, 240. 7 1,219.5 1,232. 9 1,239.9 1, 210.7 1,156.3
Men’s and boys’ suits and coats______
115.1 115.8 116.6 109.4 116.1 115.0 114.3 114.9 114. 6 114.0 114.3 114.4 111.4 107.3
Men’s and boys’ furnishings and work
clothing_______________________
349.5 356.8 359.3 349 5 357.6 353 7 349.6 351.7 349.6 346. 7 349.1 352. 7 338 3 311 3
327.1 334.0 343.4 328.2 329.0 328 1 335.7 358.0 355.1 346. 2 349.8 348.0 344 7 339 7
Women’s outerwear________________
119.1 118.8 118.8 113 0 118.6 118.4 120.0 121.6 121. 6 119 8 121.5 124.0 118 9 114 1
Women’s, children’s undergarments . _
18* 5
Millinery _______________________
18.6
18.9
19.5
14 9
17.8
22.8
22. 2 19.1
16 5
13.1
18.3
17.0
17 9
71.1
73.9
71.9
Children’s outerwear ______________
74 8 75.6
69.6
73.8
74.0
72.3
73.2
72. 6 74 4
73.5
73 6
7.5
8.2
8.0
7.4
6.6
6.6
92
Fur goods________________________
7.3
69
6.8
8. 6
9.3
6.8
10 7
61.4
61.4
Miscellaneous apparel and accessories
61.5
60 3
57.2
59. 6 60.2
60.0
59.2
57.7
62.7
61.7
60.9
56 7
139.6 139.4 137.3 132.1 136.8 138.1 137.4 138.4 137.6 135.7 138.1 139.2 135 0 125 0
Other fabricated textile products_____
563.8
275.7
154.5
133.6

567.7
278.3
154.7
134.7

567.0
279.2
153.0
134.8

567.0
278.3
152.6
136.1

562.7
274 4
151.7
136. 6

562.3
274.0
152.2
136.1

560.0
273.1
152.3
134.6

559.9
274.0
152.4
133.5

561.3
275. 4
152.6
133.3

564.1
274.0
156.2
133.9

564.4
273.3
157.7
133.4

273 8
153.5
132 6

269 4
149.6
128 1

909.0
332.5
65.8
64.5
233.6
69.7
24.3
47.6

900.9
331.2
64.5
64.4
233.0
69.3
23.0
48.3

895.1 890.4 892.0
331.0 331.4 331.4
62.8
62.3
61.9
63.8
63 1 62.3
230.8 229.3 229.4
68. 7 68.2
68.6
22.6
22.6
22.0
48.6
48.4
48.1

885.9
329.4
62.7
62.2
227.3
68. 4
20.6
48.0

886.3
327.7
63.9
62.3
229.3
68.6
2.05
48.0

886.2
327. 2
63.9
61.6
230.3
68.1
20.1
47.8

883.3
325.7
64.2
61.1
229.1
67.3
19.9
47.5

878.8
324.9
64.7
60.2
229.2
65. 5
19. 6
46. 8

887.5
329.6
64.5
60.1
230.0
66.9
21.6
46.8

886.2
326.6
64.7
59.7
228.8
67.9
23.0
46.9

322 6
62 4
58 0
224 0
66 3
20 8
46.2

8 6 8 .3

852.2
316 4
61 5

71.0

67.2

66.8

66.4

67.0

67.3

66.0

67.2

68.5

67.9

68.0

68.6

68 0

68 4

879.2
105.2
340.9
105.6

879.8
105. 8
343.2
106.5

882.2
106.7
347.3
107.7

878.9
106.1
347.4
107.8

877.8
105.8
343.7
106.6

879.6
104.7
340.2
105.4

882.3
104.6
338.3
105.5

869.4
103.9
336.7
105.8

864.6
103.7
334.9
105.2

860.5
103.6
334.0
105. 6

861.9
103.9
332.9
105.3

862.1
104.0
331.7
104.9

847.8
102 5
325.6
104.0

820.9
109 ?
310 6

54.2
77.1
7.8
34.8
42.3
111.3

54.4
77.8
7.8
33.9
39.1
111.3

54.3
79.1
7.8
31.7
36.6
111.0

52.8
79.0
7.9
31.6
36.3
110.0

53.1
78.4
7.9
35.8
36.6
109.9

52.8
77. 8
7.9
44.1
37.5
109.2

52.7
77.3
7.8
48.8
39.2
108.1

52.7
76.8
7.7
39.4
39.3
107.1

52.4
76.9
7.9
37.2
40.1
106.3

51.8
76.3
7.8
35.9
40.8
104.7

51.7
76.4
7.8
35.0
42.7
106.2

51.4
76.4
7.7
34.1
43.7
108.2

51.0
75.5
36 9
40.0
104.6

49 3
73 0
7* 8
35 6
38.5
101 0

222.8

225.0
178.9

226.2
180.3

229.8
182.4

230.2
183.4

232.5
184.0

231.9
183. 2

232.4
183.7

232.2
183.8

232.4
184.1

231.9
183.8

232.2
184.2

231.7
182.9

233.4
186. 2

238.2
192.1

46.1

45.9

47.4

46.8

48.5

48.7

48.7

48.4

48.3

48.1

48.0

48.8

47.2

46 1

256.0

258.1
100.4
22. 6
135.1

258.4
101.6
22.4
134.4

257.1
103.0
22.1
132.0

252.5
103.1
21. 5
127.9

258.1
103.5
22.0
132.6

257.1
103.4
21.9
131.8

260.2
104.4
22.5
133.3

267.4
105.1
22.8
139.5

269.0
104.0
23.0
142.0

289.2
105.3
23.1
140.8

269.5
105.5
23.6
140.4

270.1
106.1
23.7
140.3

259.8
101. 6
22.0
136.2

244.6
100.8
20. 9

Leather and leather products.................... 361.7
Leather: tanned, curried, and finished _
Industrial leather belting and packing.
Boot and shoe cut stock and findings ..
Footwear (except rubber)_______ ____
Luggage__________________________
Handbags and small leather goods........
Gloves and miscellaneous leather goods
See footnotes at end of table.

360.7
34.2
4.6
18.2
238.1
16.5
33.8
15.3

364.2
34.4
4.7
18.2
242.0
16.4
32.7
15.8

373.9
34.6
4.6
19.3
249.5
17.3
32.4
16.2

365.5
34.4
4.3
19.5
246.0
16.4
30.1
14.8

365.7
34.5
4.3
19.5
245.4
16.0
30.2
15.8

357.6
34.0
4.2
18.7
238.8
15.8
30.2
15.9

359.3
34.1
4.4
18.6
240.1
15.6
30.9
15.6

370.4
34.4
4.8
19.6
246.8
15.6
33.5
15.7

370.9
34.8
5.0
19.9
248.0
15.1

370.9
35.6
5.0
20.1
249.8
15.0
31.7
13.7

372.5
35.8
4.9
19.5
249.4
15.1
32.4
15.4

372.6
35.9
5.0
19.3
246.5
15.5
33.6
16.8

372.2
37.1
4.9
19.4
248.9
15.3
31.2
15.4

Paper and allied products____ ________
Pulp, paper, and paperboard mills___
Paperboard containers and boxes_____
Other paper and allied products______

561.5

Printing, publishing, and allied industries.
Newspapers______________________
Periodicals_______________________
Books__________________________
nommerc.ial printing _
Lithographing____T________________
Greeting cards_____ _______________
Bookbinding and related industries___
Miscellaneous publishing and printing
services_________________________

910.8

Chemicals and allied products...................
Industrial inorganic chem icals______
Industrial organic chemicals_________
Drugs and medicines_______________
Soap, cleaning and polishing preparatio n s__________________________
Paints, pigments, and fillers. _______
Gum and wood chemicals___________
Fertilizers______________________
Vegetable and animal oils and fats____
Miscellaneous chemicals____________

876.7

Products of petroleum and co al...........
Petroleum refining_______________ .
Coke, other petroleum and coal
products________________________
Rubber products______ ______________
Tires and inner tubes_______________
Rubber footwear________________
Other rubber products______________

5 7 8 1 8 7 — 6 1 -------7


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

560.5
275.0
150.9
134.6

33.3

14.8

5 5 9 .9

7 .7

5 4 7 .1

55 0
2 ^0 7

65 7
?0 0
4 4 .5

1 0 2 .9

1 2 2 .9
3 5 7 .2
3 7 .9
4 .1

18.2
238.1
15.0
29.9
14.0

82

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JANUARY 1961
T able

A-2. Employees in nonagricultural establishments, by industry 1—Continued
[In thousands]
1959

1960

Annual
average

Industry
Nov.s Oct.s Sept.

Aug.

July

June

May

Apr.

Mar.

Feb.

Jan.

Dee.

Nov.

1959

1958

Transportation and public utilities....... ...... 3,868 3,888 3,907 3,921 3,939 3,942 3,924 3,917 3,900 3,887 3,882 3,940 3,912 3,902 3,903
Transportation_____________________ 2,524 2,545 2,553 2,560 2,573 2,592 2,585 2,579 2,570 2, 553 2,549 2,602 2,571 2, 559 2, 531
Interstate railroads................................ .
871.1 876.0 904.6 912.2 919.5 914, 5 909.8 903.6 899.7 900.6 919.7 898.0 930.6 963.6
Class I railroads_________________
759.9 766.2 792.9 800.7 807.4 801.9 796.6 789.0 785.3 785.9 796.3 784.0 815.3 840.8
Local railways and buslines...................
91.3
91.4
91.2
90.9
90.8
91.1
91.2
91.4
91.8
87.7
90.8
90.4
92.3
96.4
Trucking and warehousing.........„.........
901.9 891.7 877.4 879.3 887.1 880.3 880.6 883.3 878.0 876.2 897.0 892.6 853.2 792.5
Other transportation and services...,.__
684.7 694.5 687.4 690.2 694.6 698.6 697.6 692.1 684.7 681.1 694.2 688.4 683.3 678.5
Buslines, except local..................... ........
41.1
41.9
40.8
38.8
38.3
38.4
39.4
39.4
40.0
40.0
39.7
40.4
41.7
41.7
Air transportation (common carrier)...
151.3 152.7 153.3 152.4 152.1 153.0 153.1 152.3 152.2 152.2 152.1 150.8 145.9 140.3
Pipe-line
transportation
(except
natural gas).................................. ........
24.1
24.1
24.1
24.2
23.8
24.7
24.6
24.2
24.6
24.6
24.7
25.1
24.5
25.8
Communication.........................................
741
752
744
741
741
745
740
738
737
739
736
741
751
743
771
Telephone_____________ __________
704.0 707.8 713.5 714.0 707.0 704.0 702.6 700.2 699.2 698.0 701.1 702.9 705.5 732.4
Telegraph.......... ......................................
36.4
36.4
36.4
37.3
36.6
36.7
36.7
36.9
37.5
37.0
37.6
37.2
36.3
38.3
614
Other public utilities................................. 603
609
592
602
606
598
597
598
597
599
600
600
610
601
Gas and electric utilities........... .............
578.4 584.7 585.2 589.2 582.5 574.6 574.2 568.5 574.0 574.0 575.7 576.7 576.6 578.5
Electric light and power utilities.......
254.0 257.2 259.3 260.0 257.3 254.1 254.0 253.8 253.8 254.1 254.7 254.9 255.9 258.3
Gas utilities____________________
155.3 156.9 153.6 156.7 155.3 153.2 153.4 153.0 153.2 152.9 153.4 153.7 153.3 151.5
Electric light and gas utilities comb in ed ..................................... ........
169.1 170.6 172.3 172.5 169.9 163.3 166.8 161.7 167.0 167.0 167.6 168.1 167.4 168.7
24.4
Local utilities, not elsewhere classified.
23.9
23.2
23.7
24.0
23.7
23.8
23.5
23.1
23.1
23.2
23.2
24.5
22.0
Wholesale and retail trade_____________
Wholesale trade.......................... ...............
Wholesalers full-service and limitedfunction............................................
Automotive________________ _____
Groceries, food specialties, beer,
wines, and liquors______________
Electrical goods, machinery, hard­
ware, and plumbing equipment__
Other full-service and limited-func­
tion wholesalers....... ............. ...........
Wholesale distributors, other.................
Retail trade............ ......... ..........................
General merchandise stores__________
Department stores and general mail­
order houses___________________
Other general merchandise stores......
Food and liquor stores....... ...................
Grocery, meat, and vegetable markets.
Dairy product stores and dealers___
Other food and liquor stores...........
Automotive and accessories dealers.......
Apparel and acoessories stores_______
Other retail trade__________________
Furniture and appliance stores.........
Drug stores...........................................

11,878 11,733 11,665 11,592 11,591 11,637 11,543 11,620 11,325 11,329 11,424 12,345 11,723 11,385 11,141
3,174 3,161 3,153 3,153 3,138 3,129 3, i'll 3,120 3, 111 3,114 3,113 3,155 3,141 3,070 3,013
1,875.8 1,876.8 1,879.6 1,870.9 1,867.1 1,851.4 1, 856.4 1,850.4 1, 852.9 1,852. 7 1,882. 9 1,868.8 1, 819. 2 1, 752.0
141.5 142.2 142.7 142.2 141.5 140.5 139.6 139.0 138.7 138.0 139.2 138.6 135.2 126.5
317.6

315.5

452.1

454.7

314.9

315.4

314.1

313.0

315.1

317.8

316.1

317.9

321.3

320.9

309.7

303.1

458.4

459.5

458.1

455.2

455.5

455.0

454.8

453.3

456.4

455.1

448.0

439.2

964.6 964.4 963.6 953.8 953.4 942.7 946.2 938.6 943.3 943.5 966.0 954.2 926.3 883.2
1,285.3 1,275.7 1,273.6 1,267.0 1,261.6 1,259.3 1, 263.1 1,260.8 1, 260.8 1, 260.7 1, 272.0 1,271.8 1,250.7 1,261.4
8,704 8,572 8,512 8,439 8, 453 8,508 8,432 8,500 8,214 8, 215 8, 311 9,190 8,582 8,315 8,128
1,659.3 1,554.8 1,504.1 1,452. 5 1,433.1 1, 462.5 1,465.6 1, 511.0 1,404.3 1, 402.3 1,464.9 2,025.0 1, 628.3 1, 483. 5 1,433.8
994.1 951.8 922.9 917.2 934.2 932.1 944.8 892.1 898.3 942.7 1, 294.3 1,053.8 953.4 925.1
560.7 552.3 529.6 515.9 528.3 533.5 566.2 512.2 504.0 522.2 730.7 574.5 530.1 508.7
1,646. 7 1,640.7 1,640.9 1,659.9 1, 655. 6 1, 648. 7 1, 649.0 1, 633.6 1,634.8 1, 629. 7 1, 663.3 1, 645.6 1, 613.6 1, 598.8
1,210.6 1,195.2 1,190.3 1,204.8 1, 203.7 1,200.7 1,199.8 1, 200.1 1,197.0 1,198.2 1, 218.4 1,209.3 1,175.3 1,149. 4
213.3 223.7 228.4 229.6 226.8 222.8 220.2 214.9 214.5 214.9 217.1 217.2 222.7 227.4
222.8 221.8 222.2 225.5 225.1 225.2 229.0 218.6 223.3 216.6 227.8 219.1 215.6 222.0
812.6 813.5 814.7 819.9 824.5 827.4 819.0 815.0 801.2 801.1 799.7 814.8 803.8 791.0 764.5
647.8 634.4 619.7 585.6 597.8 628.3 626.7 679.6 584.4 584.4 609.1 744.0 634.3 606.0 592.1
3,918.9 3,922.1 3,933.0 3,940.2 3,937.5 3,933.9 3.872, 2 3,845.5 3, 790.8 3, 792.1 3,807.3 3,943.0 3,869. 5 3,820.4 3, 738.4
402.2 398.7 396.8 398.1 397.0 399.0 397.4 395.1 396.7 397.3 417.0 405.1 393.8 390.2
407.9 406.8 400.1 398.6 398.6 392.0 396.4 384.2 383.3 390.6 418.4 389.8 378.2 355.8

Finance, insurance, and real estate___
Banks and trust companies________
Security dealers and exchanges______
Insurance carriers and agents_______
Other finance agencies and real estate.

2,497

2,500
680.7
101.6
940.4
777.1

2,515
680.9
102.0
946.3
785.6

2,536
686.8
103.4
952.8
793.4

2,530
682.9
102.9
946.8
797.1

2,496
671.2
100.4
930.8
793.6

2,469
662.9
99.9
922.3
783.5

2,463
663.2
99.9
922.5
777.4

2,444
661.9
99.7
919.9
762.9

2,439
657.5
99.2
917.3
764.9

2,428
652.2
97.9
910.3
768.5

2,438
653.2
97.7
913.6
773.7

2,438
650.4
96.9
910.8
779.4

2,425
638.4
94.5
904.0
787.8

2,374
615.3
84.6
895.0
779.5

Service and miscellaneous........... ............. .
Hotels and lodging places..........................
Personal services:
Laundries___ ____ ________ ________
Cleaning and dyeing plants...................
Motion pictures........ ................................

6,672

6,706
463.9

6,698
508.9

6,685
590.8

6,715
591.7

6,745
524.5

6,717
497.1

6,644
479.3

6,511
458.6

6,484
459.6

6,474
452.7

6,547
463.4

6,593
470.4

6,525
5Ò5.4

6,395
511.3

305.9
179.9
188.9

306.7
175.0
193.6

310.3
170.9
195.4

315.6
175.5
192.1

314.6
181.3
190.7

311.5
179.4
190.3

308.4
177.4
189.7

304.6
169.3
175.3

305.7
170.0
178.0

307.2
171.9
178.9

309.0
173.4
179.8

310.6
174.7
185.6

310.9
170.6
187.0

312.7
167.4
189.8

Government.... ..................... .
Federal3................................
Executive______ ______
Department of Defense.
Post Office Department.
Other agencies.-............
Legislative_____________
Judicial..............................
State and local *__________
State..... .............................
Local............. ...................
Education..........................
Other___________ _____

8,658 8,584 8,474 8,140 8,145 8,409 8,449 8,553 8,536 8,343 8,288 8,635 8,331 8,127 7,893
2,178 2,182 2,185 2,206 2,205 2, 204 2,212 2,334 2,331 2,153 2,151 2,492 2,192 2,197 2,191
2,154.1 2,157.6 2,178.0 2,177.3 2,176. 6 2,184.6 2, 306.8 2,303.6 2,125.3 2,123. 6 2,464. 5 2,164. 7 2,169.4 2,164. 2
909.4 910.8 919.2 919.1 922.8 917.1 916.5 919.0 920.2 921.3 924.6 928.3 941.3 960.3
565.0 565.9 566.5 564.8 560.0 553.3 553.0 551.8 553.0 553.6 863.4 557.5 572.9 562.8
679.7 680.9 692.3 693.4 693.8 714.2 837.3 832.8 652.1 648.7 676.5 678.9 655.2 641.1
22.4
22.6
22.8
22.8
22.5
22.8
22.5
22.5
22.4
22.5
22.5
22.5
22.5
22.1
4.9
5.0
4.9
4.9
4.9
4.9
4.9
4.9
4.9
4.8
4.8
4.8
4.8
4.7
6,480 6,402 6,289 5,934 5, 940 6,205 6,237 6,219 6,205 6,190 6,137 6,143 6,139 5,930 5,702
1,617.6 1,580.0 1,530.3 1, 539.2 1, 575.2 1, 578.8 1, 572.8 1, 564.1 1, 559.8 1, 550.2 1, 555.4 1, 555.6 1, 524.3 1,470.8
4,784.6 4,709.4 4,403.9 4, 400. 6 4, 629.9 4, 658.0 4, 646.4 4, 641.1 4,630.1 4, 586.3 4, 587.6 4, 582.9 4, 405. 7 4,231.1
3,099. 2 2,926.6 2, 525. 8 2,538. 8 2,851.3 2, 978. 5 2, 987.4 2,992.0 2,990.9 2,947.3 2,948.7 2,945.0 2, 721. 5 2, 563.7
3,303.0 3,362.8 3,408. 4 3,401.0 3, 353.8 3, 258.3 3, 231.8 3, 213.2 3,199.0 3,189.2 3,194.3 3,193.5 3,208. 5 3,138.2

1 Beginning with the August 1958 issue, figures for 1956-58 differ from those
previously published because of the adjustment of the employment estimates
to 1st quarter 1957 benchmark levels indicated by data from government
social insurance programs. Statistics from 1957 forward are subject to revi­
sion when new benchmarks become available.
These series are based upon establishment reports which cover all full- and
part-time employees in nonagricultural establishments who worked during,
or received pay for, any part of the pay period ending nearest the 15th of the
month. Therefore, persons who worked in more than 1 establishment
during the reporting period are counted more than once. Proprietors, selfemployed persons, unpaid family workers, and domestic servants are ex­
cluded.


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

2 Preliminary.
3 Data relate to civilian employees who worked on, or received pay for,
the last day of the month.
4 State and local government data exclude, as nominal employees, elected
officials of small local units and paid volunteer firemen.
Source: U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics for all
series except those for the Federal Government, which is prepared by the
U.S. Civil Service Commission, and that for Class I railroads, which is
prepared by the U.S. Interstate Commerce Commission.

A.—EMPLOYMENT

83

T a b l e A-3. Production or nonsupervisory workers in nonagricultural establishments, by industry 1
[In thousands]
1960

1959

Annual
average

Industry
Oct.2

Sept.

Aug.

July

June

May

Apr.

Mar.

Feb.

Jan.

Dec.

Nov.

1959

1958

Mining___________ _____ ___________
51
51
53525
507
532
53,
52
52
52'
51Í
519
53
572
Metal.......................................................
76.
77.
78. 1 78. 4 80.
80. 1 79.,
77.
73.'
57.
60.,
54.
65.
76.5
I r o n ............................................. ........
28.
28.
29. 6 29. 4 30.,
30.
29.
28. f1 28.
28.4
28..
25.
22.
26.1
C o p p e r................................................
26.,
26.
26.
25. 8 25.
25.
24.;
25.'
21.]
8.Í
5.
5.
18.
23.4
Lead and zinc.......................................
7.Í
8.
8.
8. 2
9.1
9.
10.]
io.;
10.]
10.1
9.
9.
10.
10.5
Anthracite............................. ............ .....
io.;
io.;
9. 7
9.
10. C 10.
11.,
1 2 .4
13. £
14.]
13.9
14.
14.
18
5
Bituminous coal...... ................................
130.
130.
119.
136.
1413 147.
149.
152.
154.1 154.4 155.] 144.
149.
173.8
Crude-petroleum and natural-gas pro­
duction_______________________
196.
200.
202.
202. S 198.
202.
199.
197.' 199.
202.7 208.; 209.
210.
211.1
Petroleum and natural-gas production
99.
(except contract services)...................
101.
103.
103.2 loi.: 101.
102.f 103.; 103.9 104.
103.
104.
106.
112.9
Nonmetallic mining and quarrying_____
97.'
97.
97,1
96.4
95.
98.
93.1
83. £ 85.3
86.1
92.
95.;
92.5
91.9
Contract construction___ __________
2,591 2.54E 2,70, 2,66« 2,558 2,42( 2,196 1,914 1,985 2,047 2,28! 2,445 2,372 2 278
Nonbuilding construction______ _____
540
554
573
558
513
424
576
353
340
360
439
507
506
497
Highway and street construction___ I
280.
292.
286.4 296.
286.7 256.
196.2 136. Í 142.! 145.2 195.2 245.
245.4 231 8
Other nonbuilding construction.........
259.
267.2 279.
280J 271.0 256.
227. ‘ 203.Í 210.' 214.9 243.8 261.8 200 £ 2fi5* 1
Building construction______________
2,051 2,091 2,129 2,096 2,000 1,907 1, 766 1,574 1,636 1,687 1,850 1,938 1,866
1,781
General contractors__________ ____
710. C 732.
752.
714.7 675.: 609.5 513.4 542.2 564.0 629.0 667. ' 662.4 fi58 1
751.
Special-trade contractors__________
1,341. 1,358.3 1,377.1 1,343. 1,285.4 1,232. 1,156. í 1,060.; 1,093.6 1,123.2 1,220.9 1,270.4 1,203.2
1,122
fi
Plumbing and heating..................... _
262.2 268.7 262.
256.
253.4 246.
235. t 224.] 230.: 239.3 251.5 256.3 ’ 252.8 247 O
Painting and decorating__________
213.2 222.6 233.1 229.
212.7 201.3 176.3 ico.; 159.; 163.1 184.6 201.3 181.7 153 3
Electrical w o rk ................................
159.2 161.9 166.1 159. £ 149.6 139.4 133.; 128.6 132.0 134.4 138.8 143.0 138.3 138* 2
Other special-trade contractors___
706.8 705.1 714.
698.3 669.7 644.6 611.3 647.3 572.0 586.4 646.0 669.8 630.4 584.1
Manufacturing______________________
12,071 12,225 12,399 12,2G5 12,145 12,332 12,292 12,334 12,435 12,494 12,449 12,466 12,274 12, 237 It
Durable goods...... .................... ........II 6,822 6,868 6,949 6,833 6,888 7,056 7,084 7,123 7,205 7,268 7,230 7,173
6,922 6,955 fi 507
Nondurable goods________________ 5,249 6,357 5,450 5,432 5,257 5,276 5,208 5,211 5,230 5,226 5,219 5,293 5,352
5,282 5’, 151


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

73.5

72.0

72.3

72.4

73.0

--I
CO
00

D u r a b le g o o d s

Ordnance and accessories_____________
73.9
72.3
Lumber and wood products (except fur­
niture)____________________ _____ 563.8 580.3
Logging camps and contractors............
110.7
Sawmills and planing mills_________
276.4
Millwork, plywood, and prefabricated
structural wood products__________
107.0
Wooden containers_________ ____
37.6
Miscellaneous wood products_____
48.6
Furniture and fixtures............................... 319.3 325.9
Household furniture________ ____ .I l l
240.8
OflSce, public building, and professional
furniture_______________________
38.8
Partitions, shelving, lockers, and' fix­
tures..... ............................................. .
27.4
Screens, blinds, and miscellaneous fur­
niture and fixtures...............................
18.9
Stone, clay, and glass products________
431.9 441.5
Flat glass.......................... .....................
26.2
Glass and glassware, pressed or blown.
89.6
Glass products made of purchased glass.
14. d
Cement, hydraulic______________
33.1
Structural clay products......... ...............
62.2
Pottery and related products________
39.9
Concrete, gypsum, and plaster products
92.5
Cut-stone and stone products..... ........
16.0
Miscellaneous nonmetallic mineral
products..............................................
67.7
Prim ary metal industries ....................... . 882.3 893.6
Blast furnaces, steel works, and rolling
m ills......... ............. .............................
410.8
Iron and steel foundries_____________
183.1
Primary smelting and refining of nonferrous metals___________________
44.3
Secondary smelting and refining of nonferrous metals.................................. .
8.9
Polling, drawing, and alloying of nonferrous metals___________________
83.8
Nonferrous foundries_____________ II
49.3
Miscellaneous primary metal industries
113.4
Fabricated metal products (except ord­
nance, machinery, and transporta­
tion equipment)_________________
818.5 833.1
Tin cans and other tinware ................ .
49. 5
Cutlery, handtools, and hardware____
103.9
Heating apparatus (except electric) and
plumbers’ supplies....... .....................
85.1
Fabricated structural metal products..
211. 5
Metal stamping, coating, and engraving.
195.4
Lighting fixtures....................................
38.9
Fabricated wire products___________
43.8
Miscellaneous fabricated metal prod­
ucts...................................................
105.0
See footnotes at end of table;

74.9

74.7

74.3

74.0

72.9

72.9

68.4

598.4
114.8
285.0

606.9
110. £
293.1

606.1
114.6
291.4

617.4
118.6
296.0

592.5
101.8
288.8

586.6
86.1
281.6

555. 7
83.9
275.1

560.6
85.5
276.7

561.4
86.5
277.0

583.6
95.4
286.3

599.3
99.5
294.5

591 1
92 3
29L5

283.6

110.5
38.5
49.6
328.2
241.5

112.8
39.7
50.4
327.2
241.2

110.9
39.9
49.3
320.9
235.6

112.0
40.8
50.0
326.7
240.4

111.7
40.8
49.4
324.3
240.3

110.9
39.7
50.3
327.2
242.7

109.0
38.2
49.5
326.9
242.9

110.5
38.3
49.6
327.6
244.0

110.3
38.3
49.3
327.4
244.0

113.6
39.1
49.2
327.8
245.9

116.7
38.6
50.0
327.2
246.6

117 7
40 2
49.4
46.0
321 2
240.8 m i

39.6

39.0

38.4

38.8

37.6

38.0

37.7

37.2

36.8

36.7

36.6

35.9

34.2

28.0

28.3

28.1

28.1

26.8

27.2

26.7

27.0

27.4

27.1

26.7

25.6

25.6

19.1
449.2
26.1
92.4
14.0
34.2
64.0
40.3
93.1
16.2

18.7
451.5
25.5
90.8
13.8
35.2
65.7
40.4
95.8
16.0

18.8
449.9
25.8
90.0
13.4
35.3
66.1
40.9
94.8
15.2

19.4
456.1
26.2
93.2
13.6
35.3
65.8
42.2
95.0
15,8

19.6
451.6
26.6
90.5
13.7
34.5
65.9
41.7
93.2
15.6

19.3
448.2
27.5
89.3
13.7
33.7
64.5
42.3
91.0
15.4

19.6
443.0
30.2
88.9
14.1
31.6
62.2
42.5
86.8
14.9

19.4
445.2
32.0
87.5
14.5
31.0
62.6
42.4
87.7
15.0

19.2
442.6
32.2
84.7
14.5
32.5
63.1
41.9
87.8
14.9

18.1
452.4
32.3
85.9
14.8
33.9
66.0
42.0
91.7
15.3

17.3
457.1
32.1
87.2
15.3
34.3
67.2
43.0
94.0
15.6

18.9
449.1
28 7
84 7
15 0
34 4
fi5 5
41 3
94 3
15.6

17.4
417 8

68.9
905.0

68.3
909.8

68.4
923.8

69.0
970.3

69.9
70.8
71.8
72.5
71.0
70.5
992.6 1019.8 1,042. 6 1,051.5 1,048.3 1,038.8

68.4
975.0

69.6
916.4

62.3
891.0

417.6
185.7

430.8
179.5

438.7
187.1

468.9
193.1

495.3
188.8

510.6
194.0

526.4
194.7

531.6
198.8

531.6
197.7

527.7
197.6

493.2
183.2

41fi fi
192.2

436 8
167.4

44.8

45.8

46.3

46.6

46.1

47.2

45.4

42.5

40.7

37.4

32.4

40.0

43.2

9.1

9.0

8.6

8.6

8.9

9.1

9.3

9.3

9.4

9.2

8.8

9.1

8.2

84.0
49.3
114.5

83.7
48.6
112.4

82.7
47.6
112.8

85.2
50.3
117.6

84.2
49.6
119.7

85.6
51.2
122.1

87.0
53.7
126.1

87.4
55.2
126.7

88.1
55.4
125.4

89.1
55.2
122.6

89.1
54.3
114.0

89 2
53 3
116.0

80 6
4fi*4
108! 4

835.0
53. ¿
102.5

819.4
55.8
100.1

817.3
55.4
98.6

840.1
55.6
103.8

836.5
54.3
104.4

836.8
51.7
105.4

853.8
51.3
109.1

863.3
50.3
111.7

856.6
50.8
111.9

840.9
49.1
110.2

799.9
48.2
95.0

831.6
51.9
106.2

795 8
50 fi
100! 1

86.0
211.7
193.7
38.6
44.2

85.9
213.4
180.2
36.4
43.4

86.4
210.1
182.4
36.0
43.1

87.8
208.1
192.8
37.9
45.2

88.1
204.4
192.9
37.0
45.9

88.5
199.7
193.7
38.6
46.6

88.5
200.6
201.9
39.5
48.4

89.5
200.7
207.1
39.8
49.2

89.0
199.5
202.4
39.4
48.7

86.8
199.3
196.2
39.0
47.7

89.2
192.8
179.5
38.8
45.8

89 5 83 3
203.4 220 O
187.8 169 4
34 2
38.5
45.4
41.7

105.0

104.2

105.3

108.9

109.5

112.6

114.5

115.0

114.9

112.6

110.6

108.9

86 9
15.7

96.5

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JANUARY 1961

84

T able A-3. Production or nonsupervisory workers in nonagricultural establishments, by
industry 1—Continued
[In thousands]
Annual
average

1959

1960
Industry
May

Apr.

Mar.

Dec.

Feb.

Nov

1959

1958

Manufacturing—Continued
D u r a b le goods —Continued
Machinery (except electrical).................... , 084.1 1,085.6 1,104.4 1, 111.6 , 130.4 1
61.0
61.3
61.1
57.8
Engine and turbines...........................
93.9
93.4
98.7
97.1
Agricultural machinery and tractors.
85.5
83.1
81.0
78.7
Construction and mining machinery
178.6 181.0 181.9 190.2
Metalworking machinery.............. ........
Special-industry machinery (except
121.9 122.6 122.7 122.4
metalworking machinery)..................
140.5 142.7 143.5 143.7
General industrial machinery................
92.6
92.8
92.2
92.6
Office and store machines and devices.
Service-industry and household ma­
123.4 130.0 129.7 136.5
chines________ _____- .................—
198.7 199.3 200.4 199.5
Miscellaneous machinery parts,..........
849.6
Electrical machinery..................................
Electrical generating, transmission,
distribution, and industrial appa256.6 278.5 276.7 276.0
30.2
28.6
30.5
28.7
Electrlcaï appliances........................ .
21.6
22.1
20.4
21.0
Insulated wire and cable-------------55.6
55.8
51.3
52.9
Electrical equipment for vehicles..........
24.4
22.2
24.9
24.5
Electric lamps........................................
424.6 430.1 422.8 410.8
Communication equipment-------------36.5
36.3
36.1
34.5
Miscellaneous electrical products........

409.3

417.4
38.1
15.6
88.8

24.9
48.6
74.7
126.7

417.5
37.5
15.6
89.1
24.6
48.8
75.1
126.8

410.4
37.4
15.7
85.8
24.5
49.0
74.
123.

389.1
35.3
14.6
80.0
24.0
45.0
71.5
117.8

65.9
112.4
89.6
175.6

60.7
94.7
82.4
162.1

120.7
146.2
92.7

120.2
146.0
92.0

114.9
141.9
89.7

108.5
138.1
84.0

145.4
212.8

140.9
212.3

136.3
209.5

138.1
206.0

123.2
185.6

890.0

892.1

891.9

881.6

839.7

750.1

289.0
30.0
22.5
60.9
25.9
426.3
35.4

287.8
29.8
22.9
60.3
25.9
429.5
35.9

284.7
29.8
22.7
58.5
25.8
433.2
37.2

275.4
29.9
22.2
54.9
25.6
435.8
37.8

273.7
28.2
21.6
54.4
23.9
401.6
36.3

247.8
25.4
19.3
47.0
22.5
355.4
32.7

159.3 1,176.4 1,186.1 1,191.0
68.4
68.2
65.8
64.5
101.7 105.5 110.9 112.3
91.4
91.9
91.4
89.9
195.7 196.4 195.1 192.1

124.2
146.5
92.9

123.5
146.5
92.3

123.1
147. 5
92.9

122.6
149.0
92.4

122.3
149.8
92.1

121.4
146.4
92.6

143.0

146.9
198.3

148.4
205.4

146.0
210.0

149.2
213.4

855.1

860.4

878.7

279.3
29.1
22.0
54.3
25.8
408.8
35.8

283.1
29.5
21.8
56.0
25.9
408.8
35.3

287.2
30.4
22.2
59.0
25.9
418.7
35.3

200.1

277.6
29.4
21.8

54.6
25.4
413.7
36.2

Transportation equipm ent------------------ 1,153.9 , 149.1 , 135.1 1,036.2 1,104.8 1,127.2
611.9 597.4 508.7 573.9 614.9
Motor vehicles and equipment-----367.5 367.0 364.7 358.4 347.5
Aircraft and p arts............................ .
212.7 211.5 212.4 212.2 214.2
Aircraft......................................—
58.4
77.8
69.8
74.5
76.0
Aircraft engines and parts..................
6.6 6.6 5.9 2.7
6.5
Aircraft propellers and parts..............
72.2
71.2
71.1
72.3
70.5
Other aircraft parts and equipm ent..
118.7 118.8 117.8 119.4 111.1
Ship and boat building and repairing91.4
102.9 103.0 102.4 103.2
Shipbuilding and repairing.................
19.7
15.8
15.4
16.2
15.8
Boatbuilding and repairing................
45.6
44.8
36.4
43.3
42.7
Railroad equipment - ............................
8.1
8.6
8.3
8.6
8.3
Other transportation equipment------Instruments and related products.......— 222.0 222.6 225.4 226.1 223.4 227.5
Laboratory, scientific and engineering
35.7
36.2
35.8
36.0
35.9
instrument............................- ........... .
Mechanical measuring and controlling
66.2
64.4
64.2
63.4
64.7
instrum ents.................................... —
12.7
12.4
12.3
12.6
12.5
Optical instruments and lenses...........
Surgical, medical, and dental lnstm
30.4
30.1
29.8
30.1
30.0
ments_________________________
21.3
21.0
20.6
21.1
20.0
Ophthalmic goods................................
38.7
39.4
39.7
39.6
39.1
Photographic apparatus.......................
22.5
20.6
21.2
22.2
22.6
Watches and clocks-------------------Miscellaneous manufacturing industries.
Jewelry, silverware, and plated ware
Musical instruments and p a rts..........
Toys and sporting goods...............
Pens, pencils, other office supplies___
Costume jewelry, buttons, notions.
Fabricated plastics products......... .
Other manufacturing industries__

i/o. o L, J.UU. U
66.0
68.3
69.5
94.5
110.1 106.5
84.7
88.7
89.9
190.7 189.7 186.7

154.1
62.9
101.5
87.4
195.6

405.2
36.5
15.2
83.5
23.8
47.8
74.8
123.6

173.6 1,187.1 1,221.2 1,244.8
615.8 622.9 651.9 675.2
388.0 398.1 407.1 411.7
223.5 229.1 233.5 237.5
83.2
83.9
83.3
82.4
8.4
8.6
8.5
8.5
82.6
77.2
81.1
73.6
108.7
114.7 113.1 109.8
87.4
88.1
90.9
93.0
21.3
21.7
22.2
21.7
41.5
44.7
44.0
46.7
7.7
8.4
8.3
8.4

238.7 1,172.1 1,026.0 1,189.5 , 124.0
657.7 592.7 439.0 574.2 480.0
416.1 422.1 428.8 451.1 479.3
240.8 243.7 249.4 268.1 291.5
89.9
85.6
86.5
84.9
83.2
12.2
9.1
8.4
8.3
8.5
85.7
87.4
85.5
85.1
83.6
120.8 116.3 117.5 118.8 121.4
99.9 105.1
98.1
96.2
100.2
16.3
19.4
18.9
20.1
20.6
36.1
37.1
32.2
33.3
37.2
7.2
8.3
8.5
7.7
6.9

229.8

230.5

231.3

230.5

232.2

231.9

222.3

205.3

35.8

36.0

36.0

36.1

36.2

37.4

37.2

35.1

31.8

66.4
12.7

66.8
12.7

66.9
12.5

67.3
12.1

65.9
12.1

65.0
11.5

64.4
12.0

62.4
10.7

55.8
9.4

30.2
21.5
38.7
22.4

30.4
21.7
38.7
23.5

30.2
21.9
38.8
24.2

30.1
22.1
39.0
24.6

29.7
22.3
39.6
24.7

30.0
22.4
40.5
25.4

29.5
22.3
40.5
26.0

28.7
20.6
39.3
25.5

27.3
18.4
39.7
22.9

397.3
36.3
15. £
78.5
23.6
46.8
74.2
122.6

395.1 391.9 387.5
36.7
36.5
37.1
16.2
15.7
16. (
62.7
73.4
67.2
23.1
23.2
23.4
50. C 50.0
47. (
76.2
74. S 75. (
123.3 123.4 122.6

379.1
36.6
16.3
59.0
22.4
48.7
75.7
120.4

393.0
37.8
16.7
64.6
22.9
49.4
76.3
125.3

414.8
38.2
16.7
80.7
24.1
49.9
77.0
128.2

386.6
36.1
15.0
70.7
22.8
48.8
72.9
120.3

361.0
34.5
13.6
67.5
22.3
46.4
64.8
111.9

967.4
235.7
66.7
150.8
75. C
160. S
19.8
64.8
112.
91. £

959.5
232.1
63.7
152. C
74. ‘
161.7
20.8
55.4
108.
90. £

933.7 938.6
233.8 237.2
59.6
60.7
133.6 134.1
74.1
73.9
160.8 160.9
19.3
20.3
57.8
57.2
104.9 103.2
89. £ 91.4

954.0
240.6
59.3
136.5
74.7
160.6
29.4
58.4
104.1
90.4

989.5 1,031.8 1,025.3 , 035.3
244.8 243.6 240.6 243.5
66.7
65.5
60.8
60.0
149.6 177.9 189.2 186.6
79.5
77.9
74.8
75.2
162.7 165.7 162.1 164.9
25.9
25.3
35.3
39.0
61.6
59.4
64.0
62.9
108.8 113.4 111.8 112.4
94.2
93.5
92. e
90.2

68.
32. £
23.'
5.7
6.

69.1
32J
24.1
2..
7.i

76.4
32.4
24.8
5.4
13.8

78.2
32. £
23.
5. a
16.6

227.7

N o n d u r a b le goods

Food and kindred products__________ 1,032.5 1,104.5 1,170.9 1,142. 1,064.1 1,015.
243.4 241.
247.8 248.3 245.
M eat products................................
70.
70.4
65.6
69.
62.6
Dairy products.................................
219.3 173.
249.0 324.8 297.
Canning and preserving___________
76.
78.3
76.2
77.
75.7
Grain-mill products.........................
165.0 164.
164.8 163.8 162.
Bakery products_______________
20.
21.3
20.
22.4
33.6
Sugar......... ........ .................. .............
55.
52.
62.4
58.
64.7
Confectionery and related products...
117.
117.
113.9 114.1 115.
Beverages..................................—
95.
96.
94.
92.4
93.3
Miscellaneous food products-----------67.
68.7
81.
97.2
93.6
80.8
Tobacco manufactures__________ ____
33.
33.
33.
32.8
33.1
Cigarettes_____________________
22.
23.
23.
24.1
23.8
Cigars__________________ _____
5.2
5.
5.
5.0
5.0
Tobacco and snufi______ _______
5.
7.
18.
35.3
31.7
Tobacco stemming and redrying____
See footnotes at end of table.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

71.2
32. :
24.:
5.1
9 .'

80.9
32. £
25. £
5. £
17.

82.2
32.8
25.7
5.4
is . a

78.9
32.2
25.4
5.5
15.8

80.1
31.5
27.4
5.4
15.8

85

A.—EMPLOYMENT
T able

A-3. Production or nonsupervisory workers in nonagricultural establishments, by
industry 1—Continued
[In thousands]
Annual
average

1959

1960

Industry
Nov.2 Oct.2 Sept.

May

Aug.

July

June

858.6
4.9
96.0
359.7
25.7
205. 7
76.8
36.3
8.5
45 0

847.8
4. f
94.9
360.4
25.1
196.6
76.7
35.9
8. 6
44. 7

866.7 862.9
4. £
5. C
97.7
97.6
364.7 364.7
25. S
25.6
204.6 200.7
77.7
77.7
36.4
37.2
8.9
8.9
45.8
45.6

Apr.

Mar.

Feb.

Jan.

Dec.

859.5
5.1
98.3
366. g
26. C
191.2
77.3
39.0
8.6
47.2

859.7
5.1
99.0
368.0
26.1
189.7
77.4
38.8
9.1
46.5

867.4
4. i
99.8
369.9
25.8
195.7
77.1
38.6
9.2
46.4

Nov.

1959

1958

873.9
5. (
101.5
370.5
25. i
199.7
76.6
38.9
8.9
46.9

850.8
4.7
99.7
372.4
23.9
186.8
73.7
36.7
9.0
43.9

Manufacturing—Continued
N o n d u r a b le goods —Continued

Textile-mill products_________ ______
Scouring and combing plants_______
Yarn and thread m i l l s .......................
Broad-woven fabric mills___________
Narrow fabrics and small wares______
Knitting mills ____________________
Dyeing and finishing textiles________
Carpets, rugs, other flnnr coverings
Hats (except cloth and millinery)____
Miscellaneous textile goods_________

831.7

839.3
4.6
92.8
351.4
24. 7
200.8
75.3
35.9
7.8
46.0

849.5
4.7
94.3
355.8
25.5
203.1
75.4
36.5
8.2
46.0

861.4
4.8
97.7
366.9
25.8
196.7
77.8
38.0
8.3
45.4

863.0
4.S
98.0
368.5
26.1
195.0
76.6
38.4
8.9
46.7

875.6
4.8
100.4
370.2
25.8
203.6
77.3
38.5
8.9
46.1

Apparel and other finished textile produets..................................................... 1,073.9 1,079.6 1,094.5 1,017.3 1,059. 7 1,085.3 1,079.1 1,082.4 1,118.2 1,111.1 1,090.8 1,102.5 1,107.0 1,080.0 1,027.0
99.5
95.0
Men’s and boys’ suits and coats ___
102.9 103.5 104.7
97.8 104.7 103.5 102.3 103.1 102.5 102.2 102.4 102.6
Men’s and boys’ furnishings and work
317.6 325.3 327.6 318.0 326.0 322.9 318.8 320.9 319.2 316.2 318.4 321.1 308.5 283.9
clothing_______________________
Women’s outerwear_______________
292.8 299.3 309.1 294,3 293.9 293.0 300.9 322.6 319.8 311.1 313.8 311.3 308.0 302.7
Women’s, children’s undergarments- _
106.0 105.6 105.6 100.5 105.2 105.5 107.5 108.9 108.6 106.8 108.7 111.1 106.2 101.9
16.2
15.0
15.9
20.1
17.1
11.3
13.0
20.7
16.3
14. 7
Millinery_______________________
15.7
16.5
16.8
17. 5
66.2
64.5
64.8
67.9
61.9
66.1
65.7
66.3
65.5
65.1
63.6
67.1
Children’s outerwear______________
64.3
66.2
4.9
7.3
5.2
5.0
5.0
6.8
5.6
4.8
7.1
8.2
Fur goods_______________________
6.5
6.4
5.
7
6.0
54.4
54.1
53.3
51.9
54.8
56.8
53.8
54.4
50.9
55.7
Miscellaneous apparel and accessories—
55.0
55.3
51.2
55.3
118. 7 118.0 115.3 110.4 115.0 116.7 115.8 117.0 116.4 114.8 116.9 117.0 113.7 103.6
Other fabricated textile products_____
Paper and allied products........................
Pulp, paper, and paperboard mills___
Paperboard containers and boxes- __
Other paper and allied products_____

119.8
102.5

451.8
225.7
122.0
104.1

449.2
222.8
121.5
104.9

448.3
222.5
121.3
104.5

446.4
221.5
121.8
103.1

445.8
221.6
121.7
102.5

447.2
223.3
121.4
102.5

568.3
163.7
26.6
38.0
183.9
51.8
16.0
37. 5

571.9
165.0
26.8
37.5
184.5
52.0
16.6
38.0

566.8
164.0
27.0
37.4
182.5
51.8
14.6
37.7

567.5
162.9
27.7
37.6
184.6
52.1
14.5
37.6

567.6
162.6
27.6
37.2
185.4
51.5
14.0
37.6

565.1
161.5
27.4
37.0
184.4
50.7
13.7
37.2

562.4
161.5
27.4
36.6
185.0
48.9
13.5
36.4

452.3

125.2
103.1

127.1
103.0

448.6
223.1
122.9
102.6

439.3
220.7
119.6

570.6
165.8
27.2
36.4
185.4
50.3
15.4
36.8

570.2
163.6
27.5
36.3
184.4
51.5
16.7
36.7

557.5
161.0
26.6
35.5
180.2
50.1
15.0
36.3

545.4
157.2
25.5
33.7
177.5
49.7
14.2
35.0

452.1
225.4
123.8
102.9

451.3
226.4
122.1
102.8

584.9

585.4
166.9
28.8
39.7
187.6
52.9
17.7
37.1

578.4
165.3
28.5
39.3
187.1
52.7
16.6
37.8

572.7
164.2
27. 5
38.7
184.8
52.1
16.4
38.0

54.7

51.1

51.0

50.8

51.5

51.8

50.5

51.7

53.2

53.1

53.3

53.5

52.8

52.6

Chemicals and allied products________
Industrial inorganic chemicals--.........Industrial organic chemicals------------Drugs and medicines _____________
Soap, cleaning and polishing preparations______ _________________
Paints, pigments, and fillers________
Gum and wood chemicals__________
Fertilizers - . __________________
Vegetable and animal oils and fats___
Miscellaneous chemicals___________

536.5

540.5
69.4
207.6
56.8

537.4
69.4
207.1
57.2

537.6
69.9
210.3
57.9

536.9
69.5
211.3
58.3

540.4
69.5
211.1
57.5

546.7
69.2
210.0
56.6

551.0
69.3
208.9
56.7

540.5
68.7
208.7
57.3

537.3
68.8
207.7
57.0

535.9
69.1
208.0
57.6

537.1
69.6
206.8
57.3

539.0
69.7
206.9
56.9

530.9
68.4
203.3
57.1

512.2
67.3
191.8
57.6

32.4
45.4
6.3
24.7
29.4
68.5

32.5
46.1
6.3
23.7
26.6
68.5

32.2
46. 9
6.4
21. 6
24.1
68.3

31. 7
46. 7
6.4
21. 6
23.8
67.6

31.3
46.6
6.4
25.8
23.9
68.3

30.8
46.3
6.4
34.1
24.9
68.4

30.8
46.1
6.4
38.7
26.5
67.6

30.7
45.7
6.3
29.5
26.6
67.0

30.4
45.9
6.5
27.4
27.4
66.2

30.2
45.3
6.4
26.3
27.9
65.1

30.2
45.8
6.4
24.9
29.4
66.7

30.1
45.8
6.3
24.0
30.4
68.9

30.3
45.4
6.3
26.9
27.2
66.0

30.1
43.7
6.4
26.1
26.1
63.1

Products of petroleum and coal_______
Petroleum refining______ _________
Coke, other petroleum and coal products__ _______________________

147.9

149.9
114.1

150.5
115.1

153.5
116. 7

153.2
117.0

155.6
117.6

154.9
116.7

154.4
116.3

154.2
116.4

154.9
117.1

154.1
116.4

154.5
116.4

153.7
114.9

155.4
118.4

157.0
121.2

35.8

35.4

36.8

36.2

38.0

38.2

38.1

37.8

37.8

37.7

38.1

38.8

37.0

35.8

Rubber products - ..................................
Tires and inner tubes_____________
Rubber footwear.________________
Othftr riibhar products

195.6

198.1
74.1
18.5
105.5

197.8
74.5
18.5
104.8

196.1
75.7
18.2
102.2

191.7
75.9
17.6
98.2

197.9
76.6
18.2
103.1

197.6
77.0
18.1
102.5

200.7
78.1
18.5
104.1

207.5
78.8
18.9
109.8

208.6
77.4
19.0
112.2

208.0
77.9
19.0

111.1

208.0
78.1
19.4
110.5

209.1
79.0
19.6
110.5

199.4
74.6
17.9
106.9

186.0
74.7
16.7
94.6

318.7

318.1
30.0
3.6
16.1
211.4
14.3
29.4
13.3

321.2
30.1
3.6
16.0
215.4
14.1
28.2
13.8

331.0
30.4
3.5
17.2
222.8
15.0
28.0
14.1

322.2
29.9
3.2
17.3
218.9
14.1
25.9
12.9

323.2
30.2
3.2
17.3
218.9
13.8
26.0
13.8

315.2
29.7
3.1
16.6
212.3
13.5
26.0
14.0

316.9
29.8
3.3
16.6
213.7
13.3
26.5
13.7

328.1
30.1
3.7
17.5
220.6
13.3
29.2
13.7

328.8
30.5
3.9
17.9
221.7
12.8
29.1
12.9

329.0
31.3
3.9
18.1
223.6
12.6
27.7
11.8

331.5
31.5
3.8
17.4
224.0
12.8
28.3
13.7

331.0
31.7
3.9
17.4
220.4
13.2
29.5
14.9

331.6
32.8
3.8
17.4
223.7
13.0
27.3
13.6

317.7
33.7
3.1
16.2
213.8
12.5
26.1
12.3

Printing, publishing, and allied Industries _______ ___ _____________
Newspapers, ___________________
Periodicals______________________
Books__________________________
Commercial printing______________
Lithographing __________________
Greeting cards___________________
Bookbinding and related industries __
Miscellaneous publishing and printing
services______________________

Leather and leather products ________
Leather: tanned, curried, and finishedIndustrial leather belting and packing.
Boot and shoe cut stock and findings_
Footwear (except rubber)__________
Luggage________ _______________
Handbags and small leather goods— _
Gloves and miscellaneous leather goods.
See footnotes at end of table.


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444. 5

450.5

448.4
223.1
123.6
101.7

446.4

222.2

222.2

222.2

99.0

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JANUARY 1961

86
T able

A-3. Production or nonsupervisory workers in nonagrieultural establishments, by
industry 1—Continued
[In thousands]
1959

1960

Annual
average

Industry
Nov.* Oct.*
Transportation and public utilities:
Other public utilities..................................... ........
Gas and electric utilities......................................
Electric light and power utilities....... . ...........
Gas utilities_______________________ ____
Electric light and gas utilities eombined.
Local utilities, not elsewhere classified -

Sept.

Aug.

July

June

May

Apr.

Mar.

Feb.

Jan.

Dec.

Nov.

1959

1958

532
510.9
217.7
139.0

538
517.0
220.7
140.7

540
517.9
223.2
137.2

544
522.1
224.4
140.2

537
515.7
221.6
139.0

529
508.0
218.2
136.9

530
508.9
218.9
137.6

524
503.7
219.1
137.6

530
509.4
219.3
137.8

530
509.9
219.8
137.6

532
511.3
220.3
137.9

533
512.8
220.8
138.2

534
513.0
221.8
138.0

537
516.4
223.2
137.5

154.2
21.1

155.6
21.4

157.5
21.7

157.5
21.7

155.1
21.1

152.9
20.9

152.4
20.9

147.0
20.6

152.3
20.3

152.5
20.2

153.1
20.4

153.8
20.5

153.2
20.6

155.7
20.4

Wholesale and retail trade:
Wholesale trade....................................................... 2,713 2,704 2,705 2,693 2,687 2, 670 2,679 2,671 2,674 2, 674 2,721 2,709 2,651 2,622
Wholesalers, full-service and limitedfunction.......................................................... 1, 627. 5 1,628.9 1, 632. 7 1, 625.1 1, 621.8 1,606.3 1,612. 6 1,604.9 1, 607.9 1,608. 5 1,643.0 1,633.1 1, 588.8 1, 536.7
Automotive-...................................................... 122.3 122.9 123.5 123.2 122.3 121.0 120.5 120.0 120.1 119.9 121.3 120.9 117.5 110.0
Groceries, food specialities, beer,
281. 7 279.9 279.6 280.4 278.9 277.9 279.8 282.2 281.0 282.9 287.2 287.2 276.9 272.2
wines, and liquors........... ............................
Electrical goods, machinery, hard­
ware, and plumbing equipment_________ 387. 4 390.1 393.8 394.7 394.0 392.4 392.6 392.2 392.0 391.2 394.8 394.6 388.1 382.1
Other full-service and limited-func­
tion wholesalers....... ........ ............................. 836.1 836.0 835.8 826.8 826.6 815.0 819.7 810.5 814.8 814.5 839.7 830.4 806.3 772.4
Wholesale distributors, other............................ . 1,085.7 1,074.7 1,072.2 1,067.7 1,065.4 1,063.7 1,066.7 1,066.0 1,066.5 1,065.8 1,078.1 1,075.9 1,061.8 1,084.9
Retail trade:
General merchandise stores................ ............. .
Department stores and general mail­
order houses_________________________
Other general merchandise stores_________
Food and liquor stoves.........................................
Grocery, meat, and vegetable mar­
kets.......... ......................—....................... ...
Dairy-product stores and dealers.................. ..
Other food and liquor stores..____ _______ .
Automotive and accessories dealers................ .
Apparel and accessories stores............................
Other retail trade (except eating and
drinking places)............................................
Furniture and appliance stores...................... ..
Drug stores.............. ............................ .............

1,446. 5 1,395.2 1,344. 5 1,328.4 1,359. 5 1, 362.4 1,407.7 1,301.6 1,299.7 1,362.4 1,919.3 1,525.8 1,383.6 1,334. 7
919. 5 876.6 847.2 842.9 861.3 859.4 872.0 820.7 826.4 871.0 1,219.3 981.1 882.6 855.9
527. C 518.6 497.3 485.5 498.2 503.0 535.7 480.9 473.3 491.4 700.0 544.7 501.0 478.8
1, 509.3 1,497. 7 1,496.0 1, 518.4 1, 513.4 1,508.6 1,512. 6 1,499.9 1, 500.3 1,496.4 1,532.9 1,516.0 1,485.3 1,483.2
1,139.2 1,122.3 1,114.1 1,131.3 1,129.0 1,126.2 1,127.8 1,128.1 1,123.9 1,125.1 1,145.3 1,136.8 1,102.0 1,078. 7
179.2 188.4 193.7 194.7 192.4 188.7 185.8 173.0 181.2 181.4 184.7 184. C 190.1 198.5
190.9 187.0 188.2 192.4 192. C 193.7 199.0 190.2 195.2 189.fi 203.5 195.2 193.2 206.0
716.6 717.4 723.1 728.1 729.4 722.5 720.0 705.9 705.1 704.3 720.5 708.8 699.8 677.2
576.8 562.5 529.5 542.8 571.7 570.2 623.8 530.1 530.2 556.4 692.0 583.1 554.7 542.0
2,128.1 2,134. 6 2,131. 6 2,139. 7 2,129.0 2,095.4 2,096. 5 2,064.5 2,068. 7 2,083.8 2,196.9 2,131.1 2,090.3 2,056. 7
361. E 358. C 356.3 357.9 356. E 358.7 358.4 356.7 358.6 359.5 379. C 367.8 356.5 354.3
386.3 385.7 378.1 377.9 378.2 371.6 375.4 363.1 361.8 368.4 393.3 369.1 357.7 337.0

1 For comparability of data with those published in issues prior to August
1058 and coverage of the series, see footnote 1, table A-2.
Production and related workers include working foremen and all nonsuper­
visory workers (including leadmen and trainees) engaged in fabricating, proc­
essing, assembling, inspection, receiving, storage, handling, packing, ware­


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housing, shipping, maintenance, repair, janitorial, watchman services,
product development, auxiliary production for plant’s own use (e.g., power
plant), and recordkeeping and other services closely associated with the
aforementioned production operations.
*Preliminary.

A.—EMPLOYMENT

87

T a b l e A-4. Unemployment insurance and employment service programs, selected operations 1
[All items except average benefit amounts are in thousands]
1960

Item
Oct.
Employment service:3
New applications for work......................
Nonfarm placements_______________. . .

858
517

Sept.

811
584

Aug.

July

839
556

788
491

June

1959

May

1,008
537

Apr.

811
534

Mar.

762
611

836
450

Jan.

Feb.

828
412

875
418

Dec.

707
432

Nov.

823
465

Oct.
762
556

State unemployment insurance programs:
Initial claims3 4........................................ .
1,393
1,426
1,197
1,162
1,232
1,265
1,621
1,645
1,206
1,407
1,387
1,501
1,197
Insured unemployment • (average weekly
volume)__________________________
1,678
2,209
1,841
1,657
1,686
1,588
1,682
1,939
2,157
2,180
1,677
1,309
1,598
4.2
Rate of insured unem ploym ent6_______
4.2
4.3
4.3
4.9
5.5
5.6
4.8
4.4
4.0
5.7
3.4
4.0
Weeks of unemployment compensated7— 5,861
9,114
6,435 5,848
6,365
6,570
7,527
7,893
7,621
7,108
5,398
6,238
4,620
Average weekly benefit amount for total
unem ploym ent8.................................... $33.73 $33. 54 $32.99 $32.37 $32. 33 $32.24 $32.50 $32.39 $32.26 $31.90 $31.91 $32. 21 $30. 81
Total benefits paid
$189,891 $201,805 $206,276 $183,775 $198,938 $204,883 $237,391 $287,142 $247,835 $235,202 $219,466 $168,344 $136,856
Unemployment compensation for ex-servicemen : 9 4
Initial claims3______________________
Insured unemployment8(average weekly
volume)__________________________
Weeks of unemployment com pensated...
Total benefits paid......................................

29

27

32

30

27

22

23

29

27

31

31

28

27

50
190
$5,870

49
210
$6,445

52
223
$6,850

49
180
$5,470

45
195
$5,957

45
197
$6,004

54
230
$7,032

61
272
$8,345

61
247
$7,570

61
241
$7,427

53
229
$6,966

48
175
$5,297

41
160
$4,825

Unemployment compensation for Federal
civilian employees:1(14
Initial claims 8.............................................
Insured unemployment8 (average weekly
volume)__________________________
Weeks of unemployment compensated__
Total benefits p a id ______ ___________

14

12

13

15

12

12

11

12

13

17

14

14

13

30
115
$3,934

28
120
$4,059

30
130
$4,418

30
107
$3,546

29
128
$4,383

30
126
$4,205

33
144
$4,799

38
173
$5,730

39
159
$5,265

38
146
$4,820

33
144
$4,713

31
117
$3,815

28
112
$3,568

5

6

59

6

12

15

21

22

Railroad unemployment insurance:
Applications 11............................................
20
31
99
Insured unemployment (average weekly
82
volume).................. .................................
107
65
Number of payments 12.............................
192
227
152
Average amount of benefit paym ent13__ $77.50 $80.90 $78.72
Total benefits p a id 14.................................. $15,222 $18,532 $12,139
All programs:18
Insured unem ploym ent8 ..........................

1,839

1,781

1,804

81

6

61
97
$75. 74
$7,434

39
104
$71.08
$7,502

1,826

1,700

1 Data relate to the United States (including Alaska and Hawaii), except
where otherwise Indicated.
2 Includes Guam, Puerto Rico, and the Virgin Islands.
s Initial claims are notices filed by workers to Indicate they are starting
periods of unemployment. Excludes transitional claims.
4 Includes Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands.
8Number of workers reporting the completion of at least 1 week of unem­
ployment.
6 The rate is the number of insured unemployed expressed as a percent of
the average covered employment in a 12-month period.
7 Includes data for the Federal civilian employee program through June
1959.
8 Includes data for the Federal civilian employee program for the period
October 1958-June 1959.
• Excludes data on claims and payments made jointly with other programs.


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54
63
69
45
78
105
93
97
104
164
159
184
133
190
201
223
$72.19 $74.56 $77.35 $79.10 $80. 57 $80. 82 $80.61 $83.50
$7,909 $10,414 $13,374 $13,754 $16,582 $19,206 $21, 693 $25,810
1,801

2,078

2,370

2,326

2,359

2,008

1,853

1,479

10 Excludes data on claims and payments made jointly with State programs,
u An application for benefits is filed by a railroad worker at the beginning
of his first period of unemployment in a benefit year; no application is required
for subsequent periods in the same year.
u Payments are for unemployment in 14-day registration periods.
72 The average amount is an average for all compensable periods, not
adjusted for recovery of overpayments or settlement of underpayments.
i‘ Adjusted for recovery of overpayments and settlement of underpayments,
i« Represents an unduplieated count of insured unemployment under the
State, Ex-servicemen and UCFE programs, the Railroad Unemployment
Insurance Act, and the Veterans’ Readjustment Assistance Act of 1952 (not
presented separately in table), which terminated January 31, 1960.
Source : U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Employment Security for
all items except railroad unemployment insurance, which is prepared by the
U.S. Railroad Retirement Board.

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JANUARY 1961

B.—Labor Turnover
T able B - l.

Labor turnover rates, by major industry group 1
[Per 100 employees]
Annual
average

1959

1960
Major Industry group
Oct.»

Sept.

Aug.

July

June

May

Apr.

Mar.

Feb.

Jan.

Dec.

Nov.

Oct.

1959

1958

Accessions: T o ta l3
2.6

3.8

3.8

2.9

3.9

3.2

2.8

2.7

2.9

3.6

3.8

3.0

3.1

3.6

3. C

Durable goods..........................................
Ordnance and accessories....____
Lumber and wood products______
Furniture and fixtures__________
Stone, clay, and glass products.......
Primary metal industries________
Fabricated metal products..............
Machinery (except electrical)..........
Electrical machinery........................
Transportation equipment..............
Instruments and related products..
Miscellaneous manufacturing____

2.7
3.8
3.3
2.7
2.2
2.2
2.7
1.9
2.8
3.8
1.4
3.6

4.2
3.3
4.1
3.5
2.9
2.9
4.3
2.6
3.5
8.2
1.8
5.5

4.1
2.7
4.4
5.3
3.2
3.0
5.5
2.5
3.4
6.3
2.9
5.6

2.9
2.2
4.2
3.5
2.6
2.3
2.9
2.3
2.7
3.1
1.6
4.8

3.8
3.2
8.3
4.0
3.3
2.4
3.9
3.1
3.8
3.5
3.0
5.2

3.2
2.1
6.9
4.0
2.8
1.8
3.9
2.3
2.8
3.3
2.0
4.9

2.8
1.9
5.6
3.5
2.8
1.6
3.2
1.9
2.1
3.1
1.8
4.8

2.7
2.1
3.7
3.3
2.3
1.7
3.0
2.3
2.5
3.1
1.7
5.1

2.9
2.2
3.5
3.3
2.5
2.2
3.6
2.6
2.7
3.3
2.2
4.2

3.8
2.4
3.6
3.9
2.6
2.7
5.0
3.3
3.1
5.2
1.9
5.8

4.7
2.2
2.4
2.9
1.9
2.7
6.3
3.1
2.9
11.8
1.4
2.6

3.2
2.8
3.1
3.0
2.8
2.2
5.8
2.7
3.1
3.3
2.2
2.8

3.1
2.7
3.6
3.8
2.5
2.2
3.2
2.4
3.3
3.6
2.5
4.7

3.8
2.8
4.7
4.0
3.1
2.9
4.4
3.2
3.6
4.5
2. 5
4.8

3.2
2.8
4.1
3.4
2.9
2.8
3.
2.
2.8
4. C
1.8
4.

Nondurable goods *..................... ...........
Food and kindred products______
Tobacco manufactures.....................
Textile-mill products....................
Apparel and other finished textile
products................. .......................
Paper and allied products___ ____
Chemicals and allied products........
Products of petroleum and coal___
Rubber products_______________
Leather and leather products_____

2.4
3.5
1.4
2.4

3.1
4.5
1.8
2.8

3.3
4.0
2.6
3.5

2.9
3.9
1.5
2.9

4.1
5.4
1.7
3.5

3.3
4.6
2.5
3.3

2.8
4.4
1.3
2.8

2.6
3.1
1.4
3.1

2.8
3.3
1.4
3.0

3.1
3.9
1.4
3.2

2.1
2.7
.6
2.1

2.6
3.8
1.1
2.5

2.9
3.9
1.9
3.0

3.1
4.1
1.8
3.2

2.7
3.
i.e
3.

2.4
1.9
1.3
.7
2.1
3.4

3.9
2.6
1.8
.9
2.9
3.7

4.2
2.4
1.8
1.1
3.6
4.2

3.8
2.4
1.6
.8
1.9
4.0

4.2
4.0
3.3
1.8
3.1
6.1

4.0
2.5
1.7
1.2
2.7
5.1

3.4
2.2
1.4
.7
1.7
3.0

3.4
2.1
1.6
.8
1.5
3.1

4.0
2.2
1.7
.6
2.3
3.3

4.4
2.3
1.6
.6
2.7
4.2

2.2
1.7
1.2
.4
2.0
3.6

3.1
1.8
1.3
.5
1.8
4.7

4.1
2.2
1.6
.7
2.4
3.5

4.2
2.6
1.8
1.0
2.7
4.1

3.4
2.1
l.:

1.6

3.4
1.5
1.2

2.7
2.4
2.7

2.8
1.5
1.0

4.0
1.8
.9

3.6
1.0
1.0

6.0
1.1
1.2

3.9
1.0
.9

2.4
.7
1.3

3.6
1.8
1.7

2.9
.9
4.1

2.1
1.8
8.8

2.7
2.4
1.5

2.7
1.6
2.3

2.
U
1.5

Manufacturing...............................................

N onmanufacturing:
Metal mining__________________
Anthracite mining_____ ________
Bituminous coal mining_________

1.1

2.
3.5

Accessions: New hires
Manufacturing___ ____________________

1.4

1.9

1.9

1.7

2.3

1.7

1.4

1.5

1.7

1.9

1.3

1.5

2.0

2.0

1.5

Durable goods............................ ...........
Ordnance and accessories.................
Lumber and wood products............
Furniture and fixtures.................. .
Stone, clay, and glass products.......
Primary metal industries________
Fabricated metal products_______
Machinery (except electrical)_____
Electrical m achinery.......................
Transportation equipment..............
Instruments and related products..
Miscellaneous manufacturing.........

1.4
2.2
2.7
1.7
1.0
.5
1.3
.9
1.7
1.7
.9
2.3

1.8
1.9
3.6
2.7
1.3
.6
1.9
1.2
2.2
1.9
1.2
3.9

1.8
1.7
3.6
4.4
1.4
.6
2.0
1.3
1.8
1.6
1.7
4.2

1.5
1.6
3.8
2.7
1.3
.4
1.4
1.1
1.4
1.1
1.2
3.2

2.1
1.6
6.3
2.7
2.1
.7
2.0
1.7
2.1
1.4
2.3
3.5

1.6
1.4
5.5
2.6
1.5
.5
1.7
1.2
1.3
1.2
1.3
2.6

1.4
1.2
3.7
2.1
1.2
.6
1.4
1.1
1.0
1.1
1.4
2.3

1.4
1.5
2.6
2.3
1.2
.8
1.5
1.4
1.4
.9
1.2
2.5

1.7
1.6
2.4
2.2
1.3
1.2
2.0
1.6
1.7
1.6
1.6
2.5

1.9
1.5
2.3
2.4
1.2
1.4
2.4
1.8
1.8
2.0
1.3
2.8

1.3
1.5
1.7
1.5
.8
1.0
1.8
1.1
1.4
1.5
1.1
1.4

1.4
2.1
2.3
2.0
1.0
.9
1.4
1.3
1.8
.9
1.5
1.9

2.0
2.1
2.9
3.0
2.0
1.2
1.8
1.6
2.5
1.6
2.0
3.5

2.0
1.9
3.7
2.8
1.8
1.5
2.1
1.8
2.2
1.5
1.9
3.0

1.5
1.'
2.'
1.’
.<
.

Nondurable goods *.......................... ......
Food and kindred products.............
Tobacco manufactures.....................
Textile-mill products.......................
Apparel and other finished textile
products..................... ...................
Paper and allied products...............
Chemicals and allied products____
Products of petroleum and coal___
Rubber products..............................
Leather and leather products..........

1.5
2.0
.9
1.4

2.0
2.5
1.2
1.8

2.1
2.3
1.2
2.2

1.9
2.3
.7
1.9

2.7
3.1
1.0
2.4

1.9
2.2
1.3
2.0

1.6
1.7
.6
1.7

1.5
1.4
.5
1.7

1.7
1.5
.7
1.8

1.7
1.6
.7
1.7

1.2
1.1
.3
1.2

1.5
1.9
.7
1.5

2.0
2.3
1.2
2.0

2.0
2.0
1.1
2.1

1.,
1.
.
1.

1.7
1.2
.8
.5
.8
2.1

2.9
1.8
1.4
.6
1.7
2.5

3.2
1.7
1.2
.6
1.4
2.8

2.9
1.7
1.2
.6
.8
2.9

2.9
3.0
2.6
1.3
1.2
4.0

2.8
1.8
1.2
.8
.7
2.6

2.6
1.5
1.0
.5
.5
1.6

2.6
1.3
1.1

2.9
1.5
1.0
.2
1.6
2.5

1.5
1.0
.7
.2
.9
1.9

2.3
1.3
.9
.3
1.0
2.0

3.0
1.8
1.3
.6
1.7
2.1

3.0
1.9
1.3
.6
1.7
2.6

1.
1..
.

.6
1.6

2.7
1.5
1.2
.3
1.3
1.7

1.1

1.7
.3
.4

1.2
.9
.5

1.7
.2
.4

2.6
.5
.5

2.2
.1
.5

2.4
.1
.4

1.7
.2
.3

1.1
.2
.5

1.6
.3
.4

1.1
.5
.3

1.1
1.2
.5

1.5
1.0
.6

1.4
.3
.4

Nonmanufacturing:
Metal mining__________________
Anthracite mining______________
Bituminous coal mining____ _____
See footnotes at end of table.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

.6

.4

,i
1.'
1..
.
l.i

.
1.

89

B —LABOR TURNOVER

T able B - l. Labor turnover rates, by major industry group 1—Continued
[Per 100 employees]
Annual
average

1959

1960
Major Industry group
Oct.2

Sept.

Aug.

July

June

May

Apr.

Mar.

Feb.

Jan.

Dec.

Nov.

Oct.

1959

1958

Separations: Total »
3.7

4.4

4.3

3.6

3.3

3.3

3.6

3.7

3.0

2.9

3.1

4.1

4.7

3.4

3.6

Durable goods...................................
Ordnance and accessories--------Lumber and wood products----Furniture and fixtures.................
Stone, clay, and glass products..
Primary metal industries_____
Fabricated metal products.........
Machinery (except electrical)..........
Electrical machinery— .................
Transportation equipment............
Instruments and related products.
Miscellaneous manufacturing-------

3.9
2.5
5.0
4.8
3.1
4,6
4.8
3.1
3.1
3.8
2.0
5.3

4.6
4.1
6.6
4.7
4.3
4.6
5.0
4.1
3.6
4.8
3.3
5.3

4.6
2.2
5.7
4.1
3.6
4.5
5.0
3.8
2.9
7.4
2.8
5.0

40
2.5
4.6
3.7
3.2
4.4
4.9
3.0
2.6
6.1
2.2
3.6

3.7
2.8
4.2
3.3
3.5
4.4
4.0
3.3
3.1
4.2
2.2
4.0

3.5
2.2
3.9
3.5
2.8
4.4
3.4
3.1
3.1
3.8
2.3
3.9

3.9
3.1
4.9
4.2
3.1
3.6
4.4
3.2
3.7
4.8
2.1
4.9

4.1
2.2
5.3
3.6
3.6
3.5
5.1
2.9
4.0
5.4
1.9
4.3

3.1
1.7
3.4
3.8
2.6
2.2
3.9
2.4
3.1
3.9
2.1
3.9

2.8
2.1
3.9
3.9
2.8
1.8
3.1
2.2
3.0
3.0
1.8
4.3

3.1
1.4
4.6
3.1
2.9
2.0
3.0
2.2
2.7
3.8
2.0
7.9

4.5
1.7
5.1
3.5
2.7
2.5
5.6
3.0
2.8
9.5
2.1
6.6

5.3
2.3
5.0
4.8
3.4
3.3
9.1
3.7
3.4
8.9
2.9
5.1

3.5
2.3
4.6
3.7
2.8
2.3
4.3
2.7
2.8
5.2
2.1
4.7

3.9
2.9
4.2
3.7
3.5
3.3
4.3
3.3
3.1
5.1
2.4
4.7

Nondurable goods *.................................
Food and kindred products______
Tobacco manufactures.....................
Textile-mill products.......................
Apparel and other finished textile
products......... ....................... ........
Paper and allied products_______
Chemical and allied products........
Products of petroleum and coal----Rubber products...........................
Leather and leather products___

3.2
3.6
1.7
3.7

4.2
5.2
1.9
4.5

3.6
4.5
2.3
4.0

3.0
3.6
2.1
3.4

2.6
3.1
1.6
2.8

2.9
3.7
1.5
2.9

3.1
3.6
1.7
3.5

3.0
4.1
2.0
2.9

2.8
3.8
1.9
3.0

3.0
4.1
2.7
3.1

2.9
4.1
1.9
3.3

3.2
4.4
1.3
3.3

3.5
4.9
1.7
4.0

3.0
4.0
1.9
3.3

3.0
3.8
2.1
3.4

4.1
2.7
1.5
1.9
3.4
4.7

4.4
4.2
3.2
2.6
3.3
4.8

4.4
2.9
2.0
1.4
3.1
4.8

4.2
2.3
1.4
1.6
2.3
3.4

3.0
2.3
1.4
1.1
2.6
3.3

4.0
2.3
1.3
.9
2.7
4.2

4.0
2.2
1.5
1.1
3.8
4.6

3.6
2.4
1.4
.9
4.1
4.8

3.3
2.3
1.2
.7
2.8
4.2

4.0
2.6
1.6
1.0
2.4
3.7

3.3
2.4
1.5
1.0
2.7
3.3

3.8
2.6
1.6
1.3
3.6
3.8

4.0
2.8
1.7
1.1
2.7
5.2

3.8
2.6
1.6
1.1
2.5
3.9

3.8
2.4
1.8
1.3
2.7
3.7

2.0

4.3
2.9
1.8

3.7
1.8
3.3

3.3
7.7
10.0

3.2
3.8
3.1

2.7
3.1
4.0

2.6
3.2
3.8

3.1
1.1.
1.9

1.7
1.3
1.3

2.2
2.2
1.5

2.2
.7
1.7

2.2
2.5
2.1

1.8
1.3
1.4

2.6
2.9
3.6

3.9
4.3
2.5

Manufacturing_____________________

Nonmanufaoturing:
Metal mining--------- ------ --------Anthracite mining-----------------Bituminous coal mining...............

2.2

Separations: Quits
1.0

1.9

1.5

1.1

1.1

1.1

1.1

1.0

1.0

1.0

0.9

1.0

1.4

1.3

0.9

Durable foods-------------------------------Ordnance and accessories.................
Lumber and wood products______
Furniture and fixtures---------------Stone, clay, and glass products........
Primary metal industries.................
Fabricated metal products............. .
Machinery (except electrical)------Electrical machinery-----------------Transportation equipment_______
Instruments and related products..
Miscellaneous manufacturing........ .

.9
.8
1.6
1.4
.7
.3
.9
.6
1.2
.8
1.0
1.6

1.7
1.9
4.0
2.5
1.6
.7
1.6
1.2
1.8
1.2
1.7
3.0

1.3
1.1
3.1
2.3
1.1
.5
1.2
.9
1.2
.9
1.2
2.4

1.0
.9
2.4
1.6
.8
.4
.8
.7
.9
.8
.8
1.8

1.0
.8
2.4
1.5
.8
.5
.9
.8
1.0
.9
.9
1.6

1.0
.8
2.2
1.7
.8
.5
1.0
.8
1.0
.8
.8
1.5

1.0
1.0
2.3
1.9
.7
.5
1.0
.9
1.0
.8
.9
1.6

.9
.8
1.8
1.4
.7
.5
.9
.8
1.1
.7
.8
1.5

.9
.8
1.5
1.4
.7
.5
.9
.7
1.0
.8
.9
1.4

.9
.9
1.4
1.5
.7
.6
1.0
.7
1.1
.8
.8
1.5

.8
.7
1.4
1.0
.5
.7
.7
.6
1.0
.7
.7
1.1

.9
.7
1.8
1.3
.7
.8
.8
.7
1.1
.7
.8
1.5

1.3
1.0
2.4
2.0
1.0
.7
1.1
.9
1.4
1.0
1.4
2.4

1.2
1.1
2.3
1.7
.9
.7
1.1
.9
1.3
1.0
1.0
1.8

.8
.8
1.7
1.1
.7
.4
.8
.6
.9
.8
.7
1.2

Nondurable goods *...................... ..........
Food and kindred products....... ...
Tobacco manufactures__________
Textile-mill products___________
Apparel and other finished textile
products____________________
Paper and allied products........ .......
Chemicals and allied products.......
Products of petroleum and coal__
Rubber products______________
Leather and leather products........ .

1.2
1.1
.9
1.4

2.3
2.1
1.2
2.2

1.8
1.6
1.2
2.1

1.4
1.1
1.2
1.7

1.3
1.1
1.0
1.6

1.3
1.1
.9
1.6

1.3
1.0
.9
1.7

1.2
.9
.8
1.4

1.1
1.0
.9
1.3

1.2
1.0
1.2
1.4

1.0
.8
.7
1.1

1.2
1.0
.8
1.4

1.5
1.4
1.2
1.8

1.4
1.2
1.1
1.6

1.0
.9
.9
1.2

2.2
.9
.6
.3
.6
1.9

3.0
2.5
1.9
1.1
1.1
3.0

3.2
1.5
1.0
.6
.9
3.0

2.8
.9
.6
.3
.7
2.2

2.1
1.0
.6
.3
.8
2.2

2.6
1.0
.6
.3
.8
2.0

2.4
.9
.6
.3
.7
1.9

2.3
.8
.5
.3
.7
1.6

2.2
.8
.5
.2
.8
1.7

2.3
.9
.6
.3
.8
1.8

1.8
.7
.4
.2
.7
1.4

2.2
.9
.5
.3
.7
1.7

2.8
1.2
.7
.4
1.0
2.0

2.5
1.2
.7
.4
.9
2.1

1.7
.8
.5
.3
.6
1.5

.7

1.8
.5
.4

1.6
.2
.3

1.6
.1
.4

1.2
.5
.2

1.6
.7
.3

1.7
.3
.3

2.1
.3
.2

.9
.2
.2

.9
(•)
.3

1.0
.2
.3

.9
.2
.4

1.0
.4
.5

1.4
.3
3

1.2
.5
.3

Manufacturing.............

N onmanufacturing:
Metal mining_________
Anthracite mining..........
Bituminous coal mining.
See footnotes at end of table.

5781 ST— fib------ 8


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

.3

90

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JANUARY 1961
T able

B -l. Labor turnover rates, by major industry group 1—Continued
[Per 100 employees]
1960

1959

Annual
average

Major industry group
Oct.2 Sept.

Aug.

July

June

May

Apr.

Mar.

Feb.

Jan.

Dec.

Nov.

Oct.

1959

1958

Separations: Layoffs
2.2

2.0

2.2

2.0

1.7

1.6

2.0

2.2

1.5

1.3

1.7

2.6

2.8

1.6

2.3

Durable goods......... ................................
Ordnance and accessories............—
Lumber and wood products............
Furniture and fixtures.....................
Stone, clay, and glass products.......
Prim ary metal industries________
Fabricated metal products..............
Machinery (except electrical) ____
Electrical machinery....... .............. Transportation equipment............ .
Instruments and related products..
Miscellaneous manufacturing____

2.5
1.1
3.0
2.8
1.8
3.8
3.4
2.1
1.4
2.5
.7
3.1

2.2
1.5
1.9
1.5
2.2
3.3
2.8
2.3
1.0
2.8
1.2
1.4

2.7
.7
1.9
1.2
1.8
3.5
3.2
2.4
1.1
5.8
1.1
1.7

2.5
1.3
1.5
1.5
1.9
3.4
3.5
1.8
1.1
4.7
1.0
1.2

2.1
1.5
1.2
1.2
2.2
3.4
2.5
1.9
1.4
2.7
.8
1.6

1.9
1.1
1.1
1.1
1.5
3.4
1.8
1.8
1.4
2.4
1.0
1.7

2.3
1.7
1.9
1.7
1.8
2.5
2.9
1.8
1.9
3.4
.8
2.7

2.6
1.0
2.8
1.7
2.4
2.4
3.7
1.6
2.3
4.0
.7
2.2

1.6
.5
1.5
1.9
1.4
1.2
2.4
1.1
1.3
2.4
.8
1.9

1.3
,7
1.9
1.9
1.5
.8
1.6
1.0
1.1
1.7
.7
2.2

1.8
.4
2.7
1.6
2.1
.9
1.8
1.1
1.1
2.5
.9
6.4

3.1
.7
2.7
1.7
1.6
1.3
4.3
1.9
1.0
8.2
.9
4.7

3.5
.8
1.9
2.1
1.9
2.1
7.3
2.2
1.3
7.3
1.0
2.0

1.8
.7
1.7
1.4
1.4
1.0
2.7
1.2
.9
3.6
.6
2.3

2.6
1.8
2.:
2.2
2.5
2.6
3.:
2. '
1.8
3.8
1.
3.1

Nondurable goods *_______ _________
Food and kindred products............
Tobacco manufactures....................
Textile-mill p ro d u c ts...!________
Apparel and other finished textile
products.........................................
Paper and allied products................
Chemicals and allied products____
Products of petroleum and coal----Rubber products_________ _____
Leather and leather products-------

1.6
1.9
.4
1.9

1.4
2.6
.4
1.7

1.2
2.4
.6
1.4

1.1
2.0
.7
1.2

.8
1.6
.2
.8

1.1
2.1
.4
.9

1.4
2.1
.5
1.4

1.4
2.7
.8
1.0

1.2
2.3
.7
1.3

1.3
2.6
1.2
1.2

1.6
3.0
.9
1.7

1.6
3.0
.3
1.5

1.5
3.0
.1
1.6

1.2
2.4
.5
1.2

1.7
2.5

1.7
1.3
.6
1.1
2.4
2.4

1.0
1.0
.8
.9
1.7
1.1

.8
.8
.5
.5
1.7
1.1

.8
.8
.4
.8
1.2
.7

.6
.7
.4
.4
1.3
.7

1.0
.8
.4
.3
1.5
1.6

1.1
,8
.6
.5
2.7
2.1

.9
1.0
.6
.3
2.9
2.6

.7
1.0
.4
.2
1.6
1.7

1.2
1.2
.6
.5
1.1
1.2

1.1
1.2
.7
.4
1.7
1.3

1.1
1.2
.8
.7
2.5
1.4

.6
1.1
.6
.5
1.2
2.6

.9
.9
.5
.4
1.1
1.2

1.8
1.
l.C
.e
1.8
1.8

.7

1.6
1.3
1.0

1.0
.6
2.6

1.1
6.1
8.7

.3
1.9
2.6

.2
1. 6
3.5

.2
1.8
3.1

.5
.2
1.4

.3
.6
.8

.7
.8
.9

.4
(i)
1.1

.9
1.8
1.5

.3
.3
.7

.6
1. 7
3.1

2.2
3.7
2.

M anufacturing................................... ...........

N onmanufaeturing:
Metal mining....................................
Anthracite mining _____________
Bituminous coal mining------- ------

1.5

i Month-to-month changes in total employment In manufacturing and
nonmanufacturing Industries as indicated by labor turnover rates are not
comparable with the changes shown by the Bureau's employment series for
the following reasons:
(1) The labor turnover series measures changes during the calendar
month, while the employment series measures changes from midmonth to
midmonth;
(2) Industry coverage is not identical, as the printing and publishing
industry and some seasonal industries are excluded from turnover;
(3) Turnover rates tend to be understated because small firms are not as
prominent in the turnover sample as in the employment sample; and
(4 ) Reports from plants affected by work stoppages are excluded from the


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

.

1.8

turnover series, but the employment series reflects the Influence of such
stoppages.
2 Preliminary.
» Beginning with January 1959, transfers between establishments of the
same firm are included in total accessions and total separations; therefore,
rates for these items are not strictly comparable with prior data. Transfers
comprise part of other accessions and other separations, the rates for which
are not shown separately.
4 Excludes the printing, publishing, and allied industries group, and the
following industries: Canning and preserving; women’s, misses’, and chil­
dren’s outerwear; and fertilizer.
4 Less than 0.05.

C.—EARNINGS AND HOURS

91

C.—Earnings and Honrs
T able

C -l. Gross hours and earnings of production workers,1 by industry
1960

1959

Annual
average

IndustryOct.»

Sept.

Aug.

duly

June

May

Apr.

Mar.

Feb.

Jan.

Dee.

Nov.

Oct.

1959

1958

Average weekly earnings
Mining______________________________ $108.14 $107.47 $108.67 $111.22 $110.83 $110.70 $111.38 $110.98 $108.13 $111.11 $114. 51 $109.89 $108.92 $107. 73 $100.10
110.16 112,74 111.49 111.37 110.27 114.01 113.58 111.30 107.71 113.05 111. 41 108.84 99. 38 103. 31 96.22
M etal___________________________
Iron.................................................. 108. 30 115.95 113.88 117.67 110.98 120.22 120.80 115.66 115.95 122.40 118.98 119.00 86.34 107.34 100. 27
Copper............................................. 116.42 116. 75 116.24 112.14 115.46 115.54 114.66 114. 66 103.94 111. 87 110. 32 105. 64 110. 53 106.17 94. 62
86.56 87.17 88.62 91.66 95.04 94.58 93.71 92.52 92.62 94.71 94.58 93.20 92.39 90. 63 85.93
Lead and zinc..................................
95.22 84.39 94.26 93.50 93.23 82.29 80.88 99.91 76.16 88.09 94. 73 93. 84 82.80 84.98 76.01
Anthracite..............................................
Bituminous coal.................................... ■ 110.51 108.23 114.10 121.60 121. 69 119.03 122.30 127.26 121.97 127.32 135.38 118.14 123. 55 118.30 102.38
Crude-petroleum and natural-gas pro­
duction:
Petroleum and natural-gas produc­
tion (except contract services)... 116.16 116.44 112.44 116.16 113. 52 116.03 115.18 113.52 112.12 116. 72 113. 81 117.83 113.12 114.93 109. 75
Nonmetallic mining and quarrying__ - 101.91 101.66 102. 37 102.60 101. 70 98.78 98.55 92.89 91.46 92.38 96.13 95.90 97.90 95.48 89. 63
Contract construction------------------------- 125.50 123.13 124.31 123.61 121.18 119.56 119.19 115.50 113.75 113. 72 117.81 113.88 117. 66 114.82 110.47
Nonbuilding construction.......... ......... 128.95 126.42 126. 90 124.91 121.06 118.03 117.96 116.91 111.16 108.00 113.47 110.87 117. 74 113.24 109. 47
Highway and street construction.. _ 126. 72 123.98 124.26 122.36 117.43 111. 90 112.36 105. 69 101.01 96.75 103.88 104.80 113.03 108.09 104.14
Other nonbuilding construction__ 131.75 128.88 129. 97 127.80 125.15 123.86 123. 51 124. 26 117. 56 115. 50 120.87 116. 74 123.01 118.40 114. 26
124.81 122.40 123.68 123.68 121.24 119.91 119.19 115.60 114.22 114.87 119.13 114.14 117.72 115.28 110. 67
Building construction...........................
General contractors____________ 114.98 112.73 113. 52 113. 77 111. 13 110. 26 109. 50 104.83 104. 31 104.88 108. 78 103. 93 109.85 106. 39 102. 53
Special-trade contractors________ 129.56 127.44 128.82 128. 83 126.69 124.93 124. 57 120.74 119.71 119. 72 124.53 120.04 122. 38 120. 27 115.28
Plumbing and heating.............. 137.52 134. 61 135. 58 135.20 134.87 132.68 131. 98 130.27 128.43 129.83 133. 32 129.08 130.79 128.56 123. 23
Painting and decorating........... 122.45 119.70 119.65 120. 70 118.62 116.60 115.58 113.91 110. 22 111.89 115.87 113. 86 115.17 113. 40 107. 95
Electrical work...... ................... 152.48 151. 70 151.32 150.93 149.38 148.23 147.07 146. 69 144. 77 146.30 148.19 142.51 144.38 142.08 135.97
Other special-trade contractors 123.87 121.80 124. 55 124.21 121.41 119. 70 118.09 112.83 112.53 111.54 118. 27 113. 23 116. 49 113.80 109. 31
. Average weekly hours
Mining______________________________
Metal...................... ................................
Iron.......... .......................................
Copper..............................................
Lead and zinc..................................
Anthracite________________________
Bituminous coal___________________
Crude-petroleum and natural-gas pro­
duction:
Petroleum and natural-gas produc­
tion (except contract services)__
Nonmetallic mining and quarrying-----

40.2
40.5
38.0
42.8
37.8
34.5
33.9

40.1
41.6
40.4
43.4
37.9
30.8
33.2

40.7
41.6
40.1
43.7
38.7
34.4
35.0

41.5
41.4
41.0
42.0
40.2
34.0
37.3

41.2
41.3
38.4
43.9
41.5
33.9
37.1

41.0
42.7
41.6
44.1
41.3
29.6
36.4

41.1
42.7
41.8
44.1
41.1
29.2
37.4

40.8
42.0
40.3
44.1
40.4
36.2
88.8

39.9
40.8
40.4
40.6
40.8
27.2
37.3

40.7
42.5
42.5
43.7
41.0
31.8
38.7

42.1
42.2
41.6
45.4
41.3
34.2
40.9

40.7
41.7
41.9
44.2
40.7
34.0
35.8

41.1
40.4
30.4
45.3
40.7
30.0
37.9

40.5
40.2
37.4
42.3
40.1
30.9
36.4

39.1
38.8
36.2
39.1
39.6
28.9
33.9

40.9
44.5

41.0
44.2

40.3
44.9

40.9
45.0

40.4
45.2

41.0
43.9

40.7
43.8

40.4
41.1

39.9
41.2

41.1
41.8

40.5
43.3

41.2
43.2

40.4
44.3

40.9
43.8

40.8
43.3

Contract construction--------------------------Nonbuilding construction.......... ..........
Highway and street construction...
Other nonbuilding construction__
Building construction.......... .................
General contractors..........................
Special-trade contractors________
Plumbing and heating..............
Painting and decorating_____
Electrical work...... ....................
Other special-trade contractors

37.8
42.7
44.0
41.3
36.6
36.5
36.6
38.2
35.7
38.7
35.8

37.2
42.0
43.5
40.4
36.0
35.9
36.0
37.6
35.0
38.7
35.1

37.9
42.3
43.6
41.0
36.7
30.5
36.7
38.3
35.4
38.9
36.1

37.8
42.2
43.7
40.7
36.7
36.7
36.6
38.3
35.5
38.7
35.9

37.4
41.6
42.7
40.5
36.3
36.2
36.3
38.1
35.2
38.7
35.5

36.9
40.7
41.6
39.7
35.9
35.8
35.9
37.8
34.6
38.5
35.0

36.9
41.1
42.4
40.1
35.9
35.9
35.9
37.6
34.4
38.3
35.1

35.0
39.1
39.0
39.2
34.2
33.6
34.4
36.8
33.8
38.1
32.8

35.0
38.2
38.7
37.8
34.3
34.2
34.4
36.8
32.9
37.8
33.0

35.1
37.5
37.5
37.5
34.6
34.5
34.6
37.2
33.4
38.4
33.0

36.7
39.4
39.2
39.5
36.1
35.9
36.2
38.2
34.9
39.1
35.2

35.7
38.9
39.4
38.4
34.8
34.3
35.1
37.2
34.4
37.8
33.9

37.0
40.6
41.1
40.2
36.0
35.9
36.1
37.8
34.9
38.5
35.3

36.8
40.3
41.1
39.6
35.8
35.7
35.9
37.7
35.0
38.4
34.8

36.7
40.1
41.0
39.4
35.7
35.6
35.8
37.8
34.6
38.3
34.7

Mining___________ _________________ _ $2.69
M etal............................................ ........... 2.72
Iron________________ _________ - 2.85
Copper_____ ____ - ...............- ........ 2.72
Lead and zinc.................................. 2.29
Anthracite_______ ______ ________
2.76
Bituminous coal___________________ 3.26
Crude-petroleum and natural-gas pro­
duction:
Petroleum and natural-gas production (except contract services)__ 2.84
Nonmetallic mining and quarrying----- 2.29

$2.68
2. 71
2.87
2.69
2.30
2.74
3.26

$2.67
2.68
2.84
2.66
2.29
2.74
3.26

$2.68
2. 69
2.87
2. 67
2.28
2. 75
3.26

$2.69
2. 67
2.89
2. 63
2.29
2. 75
3.28

$2.70
2. 67
2. 89
2. 62
2.29
2. 78
3. 27

$2.71
2. 66
2.89
2.60
2.28
2. 77
3. 27

$2. 72
2. 65
2. 87
2. 60
2.29
2. 76
3. 28

$2. 71
2. 64
2.87
2.56
2. 27
2.80
3.27

$2. 73
2.66
2.88
2.56
2.31
2. 77
3.29

$2.72
2. 64
2.86
2.43
2.29
2.77
3.31

$2.70
2. 61
2.84
2. 39
2. 29
2. 76
3.30

$2. 65
2. 46
2.84
2.44
2. 27
2.76
3.26

$2.66
2.57
2. 87
2. 51
2.26
2.75
3. 25

$2. 56
2.48
2. 77
2.42
2.17
2. 63
3.02

2.84
2. 30

2.79
2.28

2. 84
2.28

2.81
2. 25

2.83
2.25

2.83
2.25

2.81
2. 26

2. 81
2.22

2. 84
2. 21

2.81
2. 22

2. 86
2.22

2. 80
2. 21

2.81
2.18

2.69
2.07

3.31
3.01
2.85
3.19
3.40
3.14
3.54
3.58
3.42
3.92
3.47

3. 28
3.00
2.85
3.17
3. 37
3.11
3.51
3.54
3. 38
3.89
3.45

3. 27
2. 96
2.80
3.14
3.37
3.10
3. 52
3. 53
3. 40
3.90
3. 46

3. 24
2.91
2. 75
3.09
3. 34
3.07
3. 49
3.54
3. 37
3.86
3. 42

3.24
2.90
2. 69
3.12
3.34
3.08
3.48
3.51
3.37
3.85
3.42

3.23
2. 87
2. 65
3.08
3.32
3.05
3. 47
3.51
3. 36
3.84
3.39

3. 30
2.99
2. 71
3.17
3.38
3.12
3.51
3. 54
3.37
3.85
3.44

3. 25
2.91
2. 61
3.11
3.33
3.05
3.48
3.49
3.35
3.83
3. 41

3.24
2.88
2. 58
3.08
3.32
3.04
3.46
3. 49
3. 35
3.81
3. 38

3. 21
2.88
2. 65
3.06
3. 30
3.03
3.44
3.49
3.32
3. 79
3.36

3.19
2.85
2. 66
3.04
3.28
3.03
3.42
3.47
3.31
3. 77
3. 34

3.18
2.90
2. 75
3. 06
3.27
3.06
3. 39
3.46
3. 30
3. 75
3. 30

3.12
2.81
2. 63
2.99
3.22
2. 98
3.35
3.41
3.24
3.70
3. 27

3.01
2.73
2.54
2.90
3.10
2.88
3. 22
3.26
3.12
3. 55
3.15

Average hourly earnings
'

Contract construction____ _______ ____
Nonbuilding construction__________
Highway and street construction...
Other nonbuilding construction__
Building construction......... ....................
General contractors______ _____
Special-trade contractors________
Plumbing and heating_______
Painting and decorating_____
Electrical work_____________
Other special-trade contractors.
See footnotes at end of table.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

3.32
3.02
2.88
3.19
3.41
3.15
3.54
3.60
3.43
3.94
3.46

92

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JANUARY 1961
Table

C -l. Gross hours and earnings of production workers,1 by industry—Continued
1959

1960

Annual
average

Industry
Oct.5 Sept.

Aug.

July

June

May

Apr.

Mar.

Feb.

Jan.

Dec.

Nov.

Oct.

1959

1958

Average weekly earnings
Manufacturing_______________________ $91.08 $91.08 $90.35 $91.14 $91.60 $91.37 $89. 60 $90.91 $91.14 $92.29 $92.16 $88.98 $89.06 $89.47
Durable goods................ ........................ 98.65 98.15 97.20 97.76 98.98 '98.58 97.36 98.74 '98.98 100.86 '99.87 95.44 96.52 97.10
Nondurable goods......................... .......... 81.51 81.72 81.77 82.37 82.16 81.35 79.52 79.93 79.95 80.77 81.19 80.39 79.79 79.60

$83.50
'90.06
75.27

Durable goods
Ordnance and accessories....................... 107.87 108.14 105.60 105.20 107.30 107.79 106.49 108.73 107.68 108.21 109.10 106.97 106.55 105,06

101.43

Lumber and wood products...................
Sawmills and planing mills- - .........
Millwork, plywood, and prefabricated structual wood products—
Wooden containers...........................
Miscellaneous wood products.........

82.37
77.81

84.19
80.00

81.97
80.00

81.35
79.00

83.84
81.18

81.40
78.94

80.20
77.95

77.60
75.27

78.01
75.25

77.03
75.83

80.40
78.14

80.60
78.18

82.42
79.37

79.79
77.74

75.41
73.23

82.99
61.14
69.02

82.56
59.37
69.19

84.00
60.74
68.45

82.89
63.14
68.61

83.37
62. 42
70.55

84.42
62.47
69.29

82.97
60.70
68.04

81.95
59.10
68.38

81.95
59.25
66.99

82.58
59.50
67.32

83.42
60.09
67.32

83.82
59. 35
67.08

84.86
61.35
67.40

84.05
59.79
66.42

79.38
56.88
63.52

Furniture and fixtures......................... .
Household furniture..................... .
Office, public-building, and profes-

75.74
71.28

75.74
71.46

75.89
71.23

74.40
69.30

74.77
69.83

74.19
69.65

73.82
69.83

72.73
67.94

74. 56
70. 35

74.56
70.35

77.33
73.92

75.21
72.21

76.49
73.85

74.44
70.93

70.31
66.70

Partitions, shelving, lockers, and
fixtures_____________________
Screens, blinds, and miscellaneous
furniture and fixtures_________

89.19

88.58

89.03

88.40

88.40

87.54

86.88

87. 74

86.92

87.97

88. 83

82.99

86.11

85.49

79.78

95.83

95.20

97.27

97.68

96.76

94.60

92.10

93.26

92.80

93.73

96. 05

94.66

91.94

91.66

85.97

80.15

77.20

77.76

76. 57

77.36

76. 76

72.91

74.80

75.22

74.82

75.33

73.23

74.93

73.93

71.56

40.3
41.0
39.4

40.6
41.1
39.8

39.9
40.1
39.6

40.3
40.9
39.5

40.3
40.8
39.6

39.2
39.5
38.8

sional fu rn itu re________________

Average weekly hours
Manufacturing_______________________
Durable goods_____________________
Nondurable goods_________________

39.6
40.1
39.0

39.6
39.9
39.1

39.8
40.0
39.5

39.8
39.9
39.6

40.0
40.4
39.5

39.9
40.4
39.3

39.3
39.9
38.6

39.7
40.3
38.8

39.8
40.4
39.0

Durable goods
Ordnance and accessories.......................

40.4

40.5

40.0

40.0

40.8

41.3

40.8

41.5

41.1

41.3

41.8

41.3

41.3

41.2

40.9

Lumber and wood products....... ...........
Sawmills and planing mills.............
Millwork, plywood, and prefabricated structural wood products..
Wooden containers.................... ......
Miscellaneous wood products.........

39.6
39.7

39.9
40.2

39.6
40.2

39.3
39.9

40.5
41.0

40.1
40.9

39.9
40.6

38.8
39.0

39.4
39 4

39.3
39.7

40.2
40.7

40.1
40.3

40.8
40.7

40.5
40.7

39.9
39.8

39.9
39.7
40.6

39.5
38.3
40.7

40.0
39.7
40.5

39.1
41.0
40.6

39.7
40.8
41.5

40.2
41.1
41.0

39.7
40.2
40.5

39.4
39.4
40.7

39.4
39.5
40.6

39.7
40.2
40.8

40.3
40.6
40.8

40.3
40.1
40.9

40.8
40.9
41.1

41.0
40.4
41.0

40.5
39.5
40.2

40.5
40.5

40.5
40.6

40.8
40.7

40.0
39.6

40.2
39.9

40.1
39.8

39.9
39.9

39.1
38.6

40.3
40.2

40.3
40.2

41.8
42.0

41.1
41.5

41.8
42.2

40.9
41.0

39.5
39.5

41.1

41.2

41.8

41.5

41.5

41.1

40.6

41.0

41.0

41.3

41.9

39.9

41.4

41.1

39.5

39.6

39.5

40.7

40.7

41.0

40.6

39.7

40.2

40.0

40.4

41.4

40.8

40.5

40.2

38.9

41.1

40.0

40.5

40.3

40.5

40.4

39.2

40.0

39.8

39.8

40.5

39.8

40.5

40.4

40.2

$2. 27
2. 43
2.04

$2.23
2.38
2.03

$2. 21
2.36
2.02

$2.22
2. 38
2.01

$2.13
2.28
1.94

Furniture and fixtures.......................... .
Household furniture____________
Office, public-building, and professional furniture_______________
Partitions, shelving, lockers, and
fixtures_____________ ______
Screens, blinds, and miscellaneous
furniture and fixtures....................

Average hourly earnings
Manufacturing__ ______ ______________ $2.30
Durable goods........................................ 2.46
Nondurable goods............... ................... 2.09

$2.30
2.46
2.09

$2.27
2.43
2.07

$2.29
2.45
2.08

$2.29
2.45
2.08

$2.29
2.44
2.07

$2.28
2.24
2.06

$2.29
2. 45
2.06

$2.29
2.45
2.05

$2.29
2. 46
2.05

Durable goods
Ordnance and accessories.......................

2.67

2.67

2.64

2.63

2.63

2.61

2. 61

2.62

2.62

2.62

2.61

2. 59

2. 58

2.55

2.48

Lumber and wood products...................
Sawmills and planing mills.............
Millwork, plywood, and prefabricated structural wood products..
Wooden containers......................... .
Miscellaneous wood products____

2.08
1.96

2.11
1.99

2.07
1.99

2.07
1.98

2.07
1.98

2.03
1.93

2.01
1.92

2.00
1.93

1.98
1.91

1.96
1.91

2.00
1.92

2.01
1.94

2.02
1. 95

1.97
1.91

1.89
1.84

2.08
1.54
1.70

2.09
1.55
1.70

2.10
1.53
1.69

2.12
1.54
1.69

2.10
1.53
1.70

2.10
1.52
1.69

2.09
1.51
1.68

2.08
1. 50
1.68

2.08
1.50
1.65

2.08
1.48
1.65

2.07
1.48
1.65

2.08
1.48
1.64

2.08
1. 50
1.64

2.05
1.48
1.62

1.96
1.44
1.58

1.87
1.76

1.87
1.76

1.86
1.75

1.86
1.75

1. 86
1.75

1.85
1.75

1.85
1. 75

1.86
1. 76

1.85
1.75

1.85
1.75

1.85
1.76

1.83
1.74

1.83
1.75

1.82
1.73

1.78
1.69

Furniture and fixtures.......................... .
Household furniture......... ............ .
Office, public-building, and professional furniture..............................
Partitions, shelving, lockers, and
fixtures...........................................
Screens, blinds, and miscellaneous
furniture and fixtures_________
See footnotes at end of table.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

2.17

2.15

2.13

2.13

2.13

2.13

2.14

2.14

2.12

2.13

2.12

2.08

2.08

2.08

2.02

2.42

2.41

2.39

2.40

2.36

2.33

2.32

2.32

2.32

2.32

2.32

2.32

2.27

2.28

2.21

1.95

1.93

1.92

1.90

1.91

1.90

1.86

1.87

1.89

1. 88

1.86

1.84

1.85

1.83

1.78

0.—EARNINGS AND HOURS
T able

93

C -l. Gross hours and earnings of production workers,1 by industry—Continued
1960

Industry
Oct.» j Sept.

Aug. j J u ly

June

Annual
average

1959

May

Apr.

Mar.

Feb.

Jan.

Dec.

Nov. I Oct.

1959 1 1958

Average weekly earnings
Manufacturing—Continued
D u r a b le goods— Continued
Stone, clay, and glass products.............. $94.07
Flat glass_______________ _____ 132.29
Glass- and glassware, pressed or
blown........................................
92.34
Glass products made of purchased
glass................................................ 79.10
Cement, hydraulic............ ............... 104.34
Structural clay products_________ 82.21
Pottery and related products.......... 83.98
Concrete, gypsum, and plaster
products____________________ 95.26
Cut-stone and stone products....... . 78.47
Miscellaneous nonmetallic mineral
products......................................... 97.77
Primary metal industries....................... 106.50
Blast furnaces, steel works, and
rolling mills.................................... 109.93
Iron and steel foundries................... 95.51
Primary smelting and refining of
nonferrous metals.......................... 110.29
Secondary smelting and refining
of nonferrous metals..................
95.44
Rolling, drawing, and alloying of
n o nferrous metals . .
110.42
Nonferrous foundries____________ 102.36
Miscellaneous primary metal industries............ ............................. 109.42
Stone, clay, and glass products_______
Plat glass....... ........ ........................ .
Glass and glassware, pressed or
blown.......................... ................
Glass products made of purchased
glass....... ......... .............................
Cement, hydraulic...........................
Structural clay products_________
Pottery and related products........ .
Concrete, gypsum, and plaster
products____________________
Cut-stone and stone products.........
Miscellaneous nonmetallic mineral
products...__________________
Primary metal industries.......................
Blast furnaces, steel works, and
rolling m ills...................................
Iron and steel foundries...................
Primary smelting and refining of
nonferrous m etals........................
Secondary smelting and refining
of nonferrous metals.................. ..
Rolling, drawing, and alloying of
nonferrous metals_____________
Nonferrous foundries____________
Miscellaneous primary metal industries_____________________

$92. 75 $93. 89 $93.02 $93.07 $92. 84 $91.08 $90. 57 $90.85 $91.30 $92.25 $91.39 $91. 88
126. 54 125. 42 124.26 125.29 124.97 123. 78 124. 74 123.48 126.80 127.39
91.25 92.86 91. 54 92.86 93.15 89.47 91.88 90.63 89.95 88.93 88.65 88.18
78.34 74. 48 74.84 73. 71 72.95 71.82 70.50 71.62 70.87 75.14 74.21 74. 56
105.18 103. 57 106.71 105.63 104.14 101.18 97.66 98.15 100.04 101.02 103.25 99. 96
81.60 83.64 82.22 83.43 83.23 83.03 79.78 80.19 80.40 82.21 81.61 80.99
80.41 83.28 79.21 82. 46 81. 70 81. 75 81.79 80.30 80.14 82.60 80.98 81.87
95.48 96. 36 95.26 94.60 93.74 92.02 87.08 89.03 88.83 91.14 90.93 93.72
76.73 78.62 75.89 77.27 78.81 77.61 72.20 75.14 75.48 76.96 75.26 77.75
97.53 98. 49 97.20 96.96 97.44 95.84 98.29 98.29 99.01 98.53 95.24 95.94
106. 78 106. 68 108.75 109. 70 109.70 112.29 114.29 115.26 117. 96 117.14 107. 86 105.74
110.60 110. 53 113.83 115.74 116.21
95.76 95. 98 97.61 97.61 96. 61

122.22
95.48

$90.83

$84.8(

73.45
98.98
80.39
79.80

71.5f
92.91
75.2

91.96
75.44

86.43

73.31

96.93
112. 72

87.96
100.97

122.89 123.60 128.54 127.72 113.10 116. 66 122.28
99.00 99.25 100.35 99.29 94.28 96.14 97.44

108.00
85.93

111.51 110. 43 109.74 108.24 108.47 112.25 108.05 107.04 108. 62 105.86 108.92 108.53 105.93
95.20 94.40 94.00 93. 67 95.06 94. 77 95.06 94.66 95. 76 96.05 96.28 95.68 94.16
110.15 109.89 111.78 110. 83 108.54 10fi 58 107 87 108 54
101.96 101. 96 101.81 101.91 101.50 97.32 100.60 10L 0O 113! 16 102.92 100. 61 103. 58
109.42 108. 47 109. 57 109.85 110.12 110.40 115.08 117.88 118.72 117.32 107. 96 108.81 113.85
Average weekly hours

40.9
41.6

40.5
40.3

41.0
40.2

40.8
39.7

39.8

39.5

40.2

39.8

40.2

40.5

38.9

40.3

41.2
40.6
40.3
38.7

40.8
40.3
40.0
37.4

39.2
40.3
41.0
38.2

39.6
41.2
40.5
36.5

39.0
41.1
41.3
38.0

38.6
41.0
41.0
38.0

38.0
40.8
40.7
38.2

37.3
39.7
39.3
38.4

43.3
41.3

43.4
40.6

44.0
41.6

44.1
40.8

44.0
41.1

43.4
41.7

42.8
41.5

40.5
38.2

40.4
37.9

40.3
38.0

40.7
38.1

40.5
38.7

40.4
38.9

40.6
38.9

40.1
39.4

36.4
37.9

36.5
38.0

36.6
38.7

37.2
39.2

37.7
39.2

38.1
38.8

41.0
39.9

40.9
39.8

40.3
39.8

39.9
39.6

40.2
39.2

40.4
40.0

41.0
40.7

40.1

39.8

38.3
39.9
39.7
37.7

37.9
40.5
40.0
37.1

41.8
40.4

41.3
40.1

39.3
38.5

39.9
39.6

73.24

99.05

88. 84
102.31

40.8
40.5

41.2
41.4

39.7

39.4

39.9

39.7

40.4
40.9
40.7
38.6

39.9
41.3
40.6
38.2

40.3
40.8
40.7
38.8

39.7
40.9
40. 6
38.0

39

42.3
40.8

43.4
41.6

43.3
40.9

44.0
41.8

44.0
41.0

43 n

41.3
40.3

41.6
41.1

41.4
41.1

40.7
38.8

41.0
39.9

41.6
40.4

39.8
38 1

40.0
39.7

41.2
40.3

41.2
40.2

37.7
38.8

38.0
39.4

39.7
40.1

37 fi
37 2

41.1
41.6

40.0

38 fi

39 7
1

4 0 .4

39 4
35 9
40 fi

41.0

41.3

40.9

41.1

41.0

41.4

42.2

41.4

40.7

41.3

40.1

41.1

40.8

40 9

40 1

40.1

40.0

40.0

40.0

40.2

40.8

40.5

40.8

40.8

41.1

41.4

41.5

41.6

41 3

4fi 2

40.3
40.3

40.2
40.3

40.4
40.3

41.4
40.4

41.2
40.6

40.5
40.6

39.9
39.4

40.4
40.4

40.5
40.4

40.9
41.1

41.7
41.5

41.3
40.9

41.3
41.6

41.9
41.1

3Q ft

39.5

39.5

39.3

39.7

39.8

39.9

41.1
40.0
41.8
42.1
Average hourly earnings

41.9

39.4

40.3

41.4

39.2

Stone, clay, and glass products.............. $2.30
Plat glass................ .. ...............
3.18
Glass and glassware, pressed or
blown.................................... .......... 2.32
Glass products made of purchased
glass________ _______________
1.92
Cement, hydraulic.........................
2.57
Structural clay products................. 2.04
Pottery and related products.
2.17
Concrete, gypsum, and plaster
products......................................... 2.20
Out-stone and stone products
1.90
Miscellaneous nonmetallic mineral
products......................................... 2.42
Primary metal industries..............
2.81
Blast furnaces, steel works, and
rolling mills..... ................ ............. 3.02
Iron and steel foundries................... 2.52
Primary smelting and refining of
nonferrous metals..........
2. 69
Secondary smelting and refining of
nonferrous metals___
2.38
Rolling, drawing, and alloying of
nonferrous metals..............
2.74
Nonferrous foundries........................ 2.54
Miscellaneous primary metal industries.......................................... 2.77
See footnotes at end of table.

$2.29
3.14

$2.29
3.12

$2.28
3.13

$2.27
3.14

$2.27
3.14

$2.26
3.11

$2.27
3.15

$2.26
3.15

$2.26
3.17

$2.25
3.13

$2.24
3.15

$2.23
3.14

$ 2.21

2.31

2.31

2.30

2.31

2.30

2.30

2.28

2.26

2.26

2.24

2.25

2.21

2.22

2 Ifi

1.92
2. 61
2.04
2.15

1.90
2. 57
2.04
2.18

1.89
2.59
2.03
2.17

1.89
2. 57

1.89
2.48
2.04
2.14

1.89
2.46
2.03
2.13

1.87
2.46

1.87
2.47

1.86

2.02

2.47

1.86

2.17

1.89
2.54
2.03
2.15

2.13

2.01

2.02

2.16

1.85
2.45
1. 99

1.85
2.42
1. 98

2.20

1.89

2.19
1.89

2.16

2.15

2.15
1.89

2.10

1. 88

2.15
1.87

2.13

1.86

2.16
1.89

2.42
2.81

2.42
2.80

2.40
2.81

2.40
2.82

2. 40
2.82

2.39
2.85

2.38
2.85

3.03
2.52

3.02
2.48

3.06
2.49

3.07
2.49

3.05
2.49

3.11
2.48

3.08
2.50


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

2.02

3.16

40 2

$2 12
9. 93

2.14

2.01
2.12

2.11

2.10

L 83
2 30
1. 91
2 04

2.10

2.10

2.13
1.86

2.09
1.84

2 . 01
1 81

2.50

1.86

1.85

2.38
2.86

2.38
2.87

2.38
2.85

2.34
2.78

2.34
2.65

2.33
2. 79

2 fifi

3.09
2.50

3.12
2.49

3.10
2.47

3.00
2.43

3.07
2.44

3.08
2.43

2.88
2 31

1.85

1.84

2.21

2.70

2.70

2.67

2.64

2.62

2.66

2. 61

2.63

2.63

2.64

2.65

2 . 66

2. 59

2. 47

2.38

2.36

2.35

2.33

2.33

2.34

2.33

2.32

2.33

2.32

2.32

2. 30

2.28

2 . 21

2.74
2.53

2.72
2. 53

2.70
2.52

2. 69
2. 51

2.68

2. 67
2.47

2. 67
2.49

2.68

2.50

2.50

2.67
2. 51

2.66

2.48

2.65
2.46

2. 65
2.49

2.64
2.44

2. 51
2.35

2.77

2.76

2.76

2.76

2. 76

2.76

2.80

2.82

2.82

2.80

2.74

2.70

2. 75

2.61

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JANUARY 1961

94
T able

C -l. Gross hours and earnings of production workers,1 by industry—Continued
Annual
average

1959

1960
Industry
Oct.2 Sept.

Aug.

July

June

Apr.

May

Mar.

Feb.

Jan.

Dec.

Nov.

Oct.

1959

1958

Average weekly earnings
Continued
Fabricated metal products................... - 5100.28
Tin cans and other tinware______ 114.80
Cutlery, handtools, and hardware— 95.58
Heating apparatus (except electrie) and plumbers’ supplies. . . . 92.67
Fabricated structural metal products---------- --------------------------- 101.68
Metal stamping, coating, and engraving..................... - .................... 106.30
Lighting fixtures............ .................. 94.30
Fabricated wire products------------ 89.89
Miscellaneous fabricated metal
products__________ __________ 96.48
Machinery (except electrical).... ........... 104.23
Engines and turbines.---------------- 112.52
Agricultural machinery and tractors_________________________ 104.54
Construction and mining machinery------ ------- ------------------------ 101.75
Metalworking machinery------------ 110.98
D u r a b le good»—

Special-industry m achinery

(ex-

cept metalworking machinery)..
General industrial machinery------Office and store machines and devices--------- --------------------------Service-industry and household
machines------------ ---------------Miscellaneous machinery parts.......

Fabricated metal products__________
Tin cans and other tinware. ------Cutlery, handtools, and hardware
Heating apparatus (except electrie) and plumbers’ supplies-----Fabricated structural metal products........ ........................ ...............
Metal stamping, coating, and engraving------ ------------------------Lighting fixtures---------------------- Fabricated wire products________
Miscellaneous fabricated metal
products........................................
Machinery (except electrical)..............Engines and turbines.....................
Agricultural machinery and tractors.............. .................. ............ —
Construction and mining machinery------ ------------------- -----------Metalworking machinery................
Special-industry machinery (except metalworking machinery)..
General industrial machinery____
Office and store machines and devices _______________________
Service-industry and household
machines____________________
Miscellaneous machinery parts.......

100.94 5100.45 $99.63 $100.21 $99.96 $96.56 $98.42 $98.42 $100.94 $99.77 $94.64 ;96.76 $97.41 $90.80
115.79 119.26 L19.94 118.40 116.47 111. 66 L08. 94 108 40 111. 25 112.10 110.24 108.24 112.36 104.42
94.56 94. 77 93.83 93.60 93.90 90.85 92.63 91.31 98.00 96.79 88.91 91.02 92.25 86.15
92.98 92.28

89.71

91.42

91.42

91.34 92.34

90.02

92.63

91.83

87.91

102.18 101.84 L02.26 102.09 100.86

98.74

97.60

97.51

98.25 98. 58 94.62

96.56

96.72

93.43

99.14 103.07 102.58
84.77 87.72 87.72
89.95 89.01 89.60

92.63
80.17
83.74

94.64 95. 91 95.20 95.68 95. 75 93.77 98.29 98.95 98.77 98.00 93.09 96.28 97.44
103.57 103.68 105.11 105.88 106.14 104.04 105.47 104.55 105.32 105.92 102.82 103.82 103.25
113.08 114.90 112.33 114.26 113.15 108.38 112.20 110.02 113.01 112. 48 110.16 109.76 110. 42

88.53
94.25
102.26

104.66 104.12 102.43 102.80 102.91 102.80 102.82 100.75 103.74 102.82 100.49 102.31 104.09

95.59

100.86 100.84 102.00 102. 77 102.47 101.05 100.65 99.15 100.10 101.09 97. 81 99.14 101.35
109.62 110.84 118.30 122.24 123.36 120.37 123.76 120. 50 119.35 118.48 115.72 115.02 114.06

91.89
101.38

101.50 101.02 101.46 102.37 102.61 102.12 99.66 102.43 101.28 101.58 101.81 100.25 101.39 98.05
102.21 102.72 103. 22 102.66 103.91 103.16 101.34 101.84 100. 85 101.84 105.00 102.18 101.76 100.94

89.55
93.06

106. 60 105.30 101.63 105.88 103. 42 103.28 101.20 103.12 102.36 102.87 102.56 102.41 101.00

98.89

93.30

93.65 98.25 97.20
99. 88 101.84 101.43

90.68
92.73

93.30

93.38 92. 51

109.62 107.17 103.97 107.33 108.00 102.21 105.57 107.78 111. 54 107.70
93.79 89.24 87.02 91.08 89.60 86.02 88.44 88.62 90.72 90.39
90.12 89.60 88.75 88.75 89.38 87.91 90.32 90.94 93.56 93.83

40.6
41.0
40.5

40.7
41.8
39.9

41.0
42.9
40.5

40.5
43.3
40.1

40.9
42.9
40.0

98.0( 96.62 99.29 98.74 102. 51
98.70 100. 85 102.09 102.59 102.67
Average weekly hours
41.2
41.4
39.9
40.5
40.5
40.8
40.9
42.3
42.2
40.2
40.0
40.9
41.9
41.7
40.3
39.5
40.1
39.7

39.1

39.2

39.4

39.2

39.4

39.1

38.5

38.9

38.9

39.2

41.0

41.2

41.4

41.4

41.5

41.0

40.3

40.0

39.8

40.1

41.2
41.0
39.6

42.0
40.6
39.7

41.7
40.2
40.0

40.3
39.2
39.8

41.6
40.3
39.8

41.7
40.0
39.9

40.4
39.1
39.6

41.4
40.2
40.5

42.1
40.1
40.6

40.2
40.4
39.9

39.6
40.3
40.1

40.3
40.5
40.6

40.0
40.9
40.7

40.2
41.2
41.1

40.4
41.3
40.7

39.9
40.8
39.7

41.3
41.2
41.1

39.9

40.1

40.2

39.7

40. C

40.2

40. C

39.9
40.8

39.4
40.6

39.7
40.9

40.0
42.4

40.3
43.5

40.5
43.9

40.1
43.3

41.6
40.4

41.4
40.6

42.1
40. 8

42.3
40.9

42.4
41.4

42.2
41.1

41.0

40.5

39.7

41.2

40.4

40.5

39.7
40.1

39.7
40.0

39.7
40. 1

39.6
40.1

40.1
40.5

98.46 98.46 96. 87 96.62 98. 65 99.14
101.45 101.20 100.65 100.25 101.25 100.85

Fabricated metal products.................... $2.47 $2.48 $2. 45 $2.46 $2.45
2.76
2.78
Tin cans and other tinware_______ 2.80
2.77
2. 77
2.34
2.34
Cutlery, handtools, and hardware.
2.36
2.37
2.34
Heating apparatus (except elec2.36
trie) and plumbers’ supplies........ 2.37
2.38
2. 37 2.36
Fabricated structural metal prod2.46
2.48
2.46
2.48
2.47
ucts________________________
Metal stamping, coating, and en2. 57 2. 58
2.58
2. 58 2.61
graving ___________________
2.31
2.22
2.26
2.30
2.22
Lighting" fixtures___ __________
2.23
2.27
2.24
2.27
2.23
Fabricated wire products _______
Miscellaneous fabricated metal
2.39
2.38
2.38
2.40
2.38
products___________________
2. 58 2. 57 2.56
Machinery (except electrical)_______
2. 57 2.57
2. 78
2.82
Engines and turbines.. ________
2.82
2.83
2.76
Agricultural machinery and trac2.62
2.61
2.59
2. 58 2. 57
tors. ______________________
Construction and mining machin2.55
2.55
2. 56 2. 54 2. 55
ery______________________ __
2.81
2.72
2. 70 2.71
Metalworking machinery______
2.79
Special-industry machinery (ex2.44
2.41
2.42
2.44
2.42
cept metalworking machinery).
2.53
2.51
2.53
2.53
2. 51
General industrial machinery----Office and store machines and de2.56
2. 56 2.57
2.60
2.60
v ices_____ ______________ _
Service-industry and household
2.44
2.48
2.48
2.44
2.46
machines. _________________
2.53
2. 53 2. 51
2.50
2. 50
Miscellaneous machinery parts__
See footnotes at end of table.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

40.1
41.6
40.6

41.0
41.0
41.0

41.1
42.4
41.0

40.0
41.6
39.7

39.8

38.8

40.1

40.1

39.6

40.4

39.1

40.4

40.3

40.1

42.9
40.5
41.4

42.4
40.9
41.7

40.8
39.8
40.7

41.9
40.8
41.4

41.7
40.8
41.1

40.1
39.3
39.5

41.4
41.0
40.3

41.5
41.3
41.7

41.7
41.7
41.2

40.3
40.8
40.5

41.5
41.2
40.5

42.0
41.3
41.2

39.7
39.6
40.1

39.7

38.9

39.9

39.7

38.8

39.5

40.5

39.5

40.1
44.2

39.5
43.5

40.2
43.4

40.6
43.4

39.6
42.7

40.3
42.6

41.2
42.4

39.1
39.6

41.7
40.7

42.5
40.9

42.2
40.5

42.5
40.9

42.6
42. t

42.3
41.2

42.6
41.2

41.9
41.2

39.8
39.6

40.0

40.6

40.3

40.6

40.7

40.8

40.4

40.2

39.7

41.5
41.4*

38.7
40.6

40.6
41.4

39.6
40.5
41.4 1 39.8

40.3
40.0
39.6
40.2
40.5
41.0
41.2
39.8
Average hourly earnings
$2.45 $2.42 $2.43 $2.43 $2.45
2.72
2.71
2. 71
2.76
2.73
2.30
2.33
2.30
3.31
2.35

$2.41
2.65
2.31

$2.36
2.65
2.19

$2.36
2.64
2.22

$2.37
2.65
2.25

$2.27
2.51
2.17

40.3
40.5

2.36

2.33

2.35

2.35

2.33

2.32

2.32

2.31

2.29

2.22

2.46

2.45

2. 44

2.45

2.45

2.44

2.42

2.39

2.40

2.33

2.59
2.24
2.24

2.53
2.20
2.22

2.55
2.20
2.23

2. 56
2.21
2.24

2.60
2.24
2.26

2.54
2.21
2.25

2. 43
2.13
2.21

2.46
2.15
2.15

2.46
2.15
2.18

2.31
2.04
2.12

2.37
2.57
2.78

2.35
2.55
2.73

2.38
2.56
2.73

2.39
2. 55
2.73

2.38
2.55
2.71

2.35
2.54
2.73

2.31
2.52
2.72

2.32
2.52
2.71

2.32
2.50
2.68

2.23
2.38
2.55

2. 56

2. 57

2.59

2.59

2.60

2.59

2. 59

2. 59

2. 57

2.42

2.53
2.81

2.52
2. 78

2.51
2.80

2.51
2.77

2. 49
2.75

2.49
2.73

2.47
2.71

2.46
2.70

2.46
2.69

2.35
2. 56

2.42
2.51

2.39
2.49

2.41
2.49

2.40
2.49

2.39
2.49

3.39
2.50

2.37
2.48

2.38
2.47

2.34
2.45

2.25
2.35

2.55

2. 53

2. 54

2.54

2.54

2.52

2.51

2.50

2.46

2.35

2.46
2.49

2.45
2.48

2.44
2.49

2.47
2.49

2.45
2. 49

2.47
2 48

2.42
2.46

2.42
2.46

2.40
2.45

2.29
2. 33

O.—EARNINGS AND HOURS

Table

95

C -l. Gross hours and earnings of production workers,1 by industry—Continued
1960

1959

Annual
average

Industry
Oct.»

Sept.

Aug.

July

June

May

Mar.

Feb.

Jan.

Dec.

Nov.

Oct.

1959

1958

Average weekly earnings

Manufacturing—Continued
D u r a b le goods—

Apr.

Continued

Electrical machinery.—.......................... $93.26 $93.03 $91. 77
Electrical generating, transmission, distribution, and industrial
apparatus...................................... 95.68 96. 80 96.80
Electrical appliances........................ 92.23 89.93 90.00
Insulated wire and cable_________ 88.80 87. 76 88.20
Electrical equipment for vehicles.—102.11 102.77 95.59
Electric lam ps.................................. 89.78 86.08 87.47
Communication equipment—......... 91.53 90.05 88.80
Miscellaneous electrical products... 89.54 89.60 89.82

$90.39 $92.23 $91.37 $88.98 $91.43 $90.97 $92.80 $93.07 $90. 72 $91.39 $89.91
96.80
90.62
88.40
98.21
85.25
85.69
89.15

96.88
91.25
89.68
97.32
86.75
89.24
88.43

96.24
91.80
88.62
98.55
87.30
87.34
89.65

94. 25 96.15
89.17 91.10
84. 66 89.46
95.40 96.53
86.41 88.36
85.19 88.18
89.20 89.60

95.84 96.87 97.88
91.80 91.01 91.03
89.24 88.39 88.15
98.65 104.25 101.52
87.42 89.91 91.24
87.34 89.10 88. 73
88.65 91.13 93.18

94.19
89.27
87.15
96.56
88.13
86.86
88.94

89.72
85.36
86.11
89.47
80.57
81.97
85.03

Transportation equipment__________ 115.21 112.96 108.90 110 15 110 97 111. 66 107.59 110 84 i n 70 115 02 n o 70 104 00 10Q 0 2 107 73
Motor vehicles and equipment___ 119.11 116.52 108.64 111. 20 112.87 113.85 108.23 113.83 116.62 124.11 113.29 102.38 113.03 110.16
Aircraft and parts______________ 112.34 111.24 110.84 110.97 110.57 110.29 107.07 109.34 108.81 108. 40 109.88 108.00 108.26 106.63

99.96
101.91

repairing____________________ 109.81 103.97 108.23 106 90 105.60 105.46 103.49 103 62 102 31 101 0 2 102 44 101 2 0 QQ 2 0
Railroad equipment____________ 108. 67 106.96 107.24 107.90 110.65 111. 39 110.26 112.18 102.11 110.15 109.69 102.65 103.47 107! 41
Other transportation equipm ent... 88.24 86.75 83.63 84.80 86.36 86.63 84.58 84.10 87.42 87.07 89.82 86.41 91.17 89.13

ÎÔO! 70
82.74

95.18
89.55
85.70
91.54
92.77
88.32
90.42

94.30
91.48
85.08
94.08
93.21
88.99
90.67

$85.14

Average weekly hours
Electrical machinery...........................
Electrical generating, transmission, distribution, and industrial
apparatus....................
Electrical appliances........................
Insulated wire and cable.................
Electrical equipment for vehicles.—
Electric lamps__________
Communication equipment-...........
Miscellaneous electrical products...
Transportation equipm ent....................
Motor vehicles and equipment___
Aircraft and parts............................
Ship and boat building and
repairing............ ........................
Railroad equipment____________
Other transportation equipm ent...

40.2

40.1

39.9

39.3

40.1

39.9

39.2

40.1

39.9

40.7

41.0

40.5

40.8

40.5

39.6

39.7
40.1
41.3
40.2
39.9
40.5
40.7

40.0
39.1
41.2
40.3
38.6
40.2
40.0

40.0
39.3
41.8
38.7
39.4
40.0
40.1

40.0
39.4
41.5
39.6
38.4
38.6
39.8

40.2
39.5
42.3
39.4
38.9
40.2
39.3

40.1
39.4
42.2
39.9
39.6
39.7
40.2

39.6
38.6
40.9
39.1
39.1
38.9
40.0

40.4
39.1
42.6
39.4
39.8
39.9
40.0

40.1
39.4
42.7
40.1
39.2
39.7
39.4

40.7
39.4
42.7
41.7
40.6
40.5
40.5

41.3
40.1
43.0
41.1
41.1
40.7
41.6

40.5
39.8
41.4
38.3
41.6
40.7
41.1

40.3
40.3
41.1
39.2
41.8
41.2
41.4

40.6
39.5
41.9
40.4
40.8
40.4
40.8

39.7
38.8
41.4
38.9
39.3
39.6
40.3

41.0
41.5
41.0

40.2
40.6
40.6

39.6
38.8
40.9

40.2
40.0
41.1

40.5
40.6
40.8

40.9
41.1
41.0

39.7
39.5
40.1

40.6
40.8
40.8

40.8
41.5
40.6

42.0
43.7
40.6

40.7
40.9
41.0

39.2
38.2
40.6

40.6
41.1
40.7

40.5
40.8
40.7

39.8
39.2
40.6

39.5
38.4
38.7

37.4
38.2
38.9

39.5
38.3
37.5

39.3
38.4
38.2

39.7
39.1
38.9

40.1
39.5
39.2

39.5
39.1
38.8

39.4
39.6
38.4

39.2
36.6
39.2

38.9
39.2
39.4

39.1
39.6
40.1

38.5
37.6
39.1

38.3
37.9
40.7

39.0
39.2
40.7

39.2
38.0
39.4

Average hourly earnings
Electrical machinery......................
$2.32
Electrical generating, transmission, distribution, and industrial
apparatus_____________
2.41
Electrical appliances...............
2.30
Insulated wire and cable.................. 2.15
Electrical equipment for vehicles... 2.54
Electric lamps___
2.25
Communication equipment______ 2.26
Miscellaneous electrical products... 2.20
Transportation equipment .
Motor vehicles and equipment.......
Aircraft and parts______________
Ship and boat building and
repairing____________________
Railroad equipm ent........................
Other transportation equipm ent...
See footnotes at end of table.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

$2.32

$2.30

$2.30

$2.30

$2.29

$2.27

$2.28

$2.28

$2.28

$2.27

$2.24

$2.24

$2.22

$2.15

2.42
2.30
2.13
2.55
2.23
2.24
2.24

2.42
2.29
2.11
2. 47
2.22
2.22
2.24

2.42
2.30
2.13
2.48
2.22
2.22
2.24

2.41
2.31
2.12
2.47
2. 23
2. 22
2.25

2. 40
2. 33
2.10
2. 47
2.21
2.20
2.23

2.38
2.31
2.07
2.44
2.21
2.19
2. 23

2. 38
2. 33
2.10
2.45
2.22
2. 21
2.24

2.39
2.33
2.09
2. 46
2.23
2.20
2.25

2.38
2.31
2.07
2.50
2. 22
2.20
2.25

2. 37
2. 27
2.05
2. 47
2.22
2.18
2.24

2.35
2.25
2.07
2.39
2.23
2.17
2.20

2.34
2.27
2.07
2.40
2.23
2.16
2.19

2. 32
2.26
2.08
2.39
2.16
2.15
2.18

2.26
2.20
2.08
2.30
2.05
2.07
2.11

2.81
2.87
2.74

2.81
2.87
2.74

2. 75
2.80
2.71

2.74
2.78
2.70

2. 74
2. 78
2.71

2. 73
2.77
2. 69

2.71
2. 74
2. 67

2. 73
2.79
2.68

2.74
2. 81
2.68

2.76
2.84
2.67

2. 72
2.77
2.68

2.67
2.68
2.66

2.70
2. 75
2.66

2.66
2.70
2.62

2.53
2.55
2.61

2. 78
2.83
2.28

2.78
2.80
2.23

2.74
2.80
2.23

2.72
2.81
2.22

2.66
2.83
2. 22

2. 63
2.82
2.21

2.62
2. 82
2.18

2. 63
2.84
2.19

2.61
2. 79
2. 23

2.62
2.81
2. 21

2.62
2.77
2.24

2. 63
2. 73
2.21

2.59
2.73
2.24

2.60
2.74
2.19

2. 50
2.65
2.10

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JANUARY 1961

96
T able

C -l. Gross hours and earnings of production workers,1 by industry—Continued
1959

1960

Annual
average

Industry
Oct.»

M a n u fa c

Sept.

Aug.

July

June

Apr.

May

Mar.

Feb.

Jan.

Dec.

Nov.

Oct.

1959

1958

Average weekly earnings

taring—0 ontinued
Durable goods— Continued

Instruments and related products.........
Laboratory, scientific, and engineering instruments___________
Mechanical measuring and controlling instruments......................
Optical instruments and lenses.......
Surgical, medical, and dental instruménts.......................................
Ophthalmic goods............................
Photographic apparatus____ _____
Watches and clocks_____________
Miscellaneous manufacturing industries.....................................-.................
Jewelry, silverware, and plated
ware................................................
Musical instruments and parts........
Toys and sporting goods------------Pens, pencils, other office supplies. .
Costume jewelry, buttons, notions.
Fabricated plastics products...........
Other manufacturing industries----

$96.15 $95.44 $95.99 $95. 75 $95. 65 $94.77 $93.43 $95.88 $94.07 $94.19 $96.23 $94.71 $94.53 $93.25

$87.38

116.34 115.51 115.79 115.37 114.95 112.88 110.97 116. 75 113. 57 112.05 116.14 112.44 112.14 111.14

103.07

92. 97
98.81

92.62
92.25

86.72
88. 51

86.72 85.68 85.06 85.48 85.89 83.62 81.80 84.66 82.99 83.84 83.64 83.64 83.44 82.82
77.80 77.95 79.80 78. 78 81.20 80.40 79.20 79.18 79.60 79.19 79. 59 79.38 77.39 77.59
108. 67 108.14 110.27 108.94 107.12 106.34 105.82 106.86 104.90 104.86 109.65 108.20 107.43 104.65
77.22 76.43 80.00 79.00 78.01 77.41 75.65 77.03 76.82 77.81 77.41 78.80 80. 57 77.41

78.00
71.41
97.53
73. 71

92.04
98.88

91.87
97.17

92.57
98.77

93.90
98.77

93.90
98.36

92.80
94.13

95.06
96.00

92.34
97.11

93.61
95.06

94.94
97.48

92.97
92.57

92.80
95.68

78.20

77.03

77.60

76.44

77.41

77.41

76.05

78.18

77.81

78.20

78.76

77.16

77.33

76.57

73.26

82.37
94.89
71.86
72.72
70. 53
83.64
79.99

76.03
93.56
71.13
71.94
65.82
84.05
80.40

79.77
90.58
70.59
72.00
68.56
83.64
80.60

77.22
88.66
68.20
66.06
67.64
84.05
80. 79

80.36
90.17
69.63
69.95
70.22
83.03
80.19

80. 77
87.38
71.16
72.18
68.29
83.03
81.00

80.16
86. 58
69.32
69.95
66.33
80. 40
79.59

80.54
88.32
71.53
70.88
68.73
83.02
82.01

79.35
88.70
70.80
70.92
69.17
83.23
80. 79

79.10
88.32
70.64
70.13
69.52
84. 04
81.00

84. 91
92.42
70. 59
71.96
69. 48
83.83
81.20

83.66
92.18
70. 62
70.80
68.64
82.39
78.41

83. 46
93.94
70. 75
70.58
69.87
83.40
78.79

79.46
88.99
69.17
70. 58
68.90
83.20
79.40

75.70
83.79
66.91
67. 72
65.18
79.17
76.04

Average weekly hours
Instruments and related products.........
Laboratory, scientific, and engineering instruments.......... ...........
Mechanical measuring and controlling instruments....................
Optical instruments and lenses.......
Surgical, medical, and dental instruménts.......................................
Ophthalmic goods...... ......................
Photographic apparatus..................
Watches and clocks..........................
Miscellaneous manufacturing industries............................. ............. ...............Jewelry, silverware, and plated
ware........................ -......................
Musical instruments and parts.......
Toys and sporting goods..................
Pens, pencils, other office supplies. .
Costume jewelry, buttons, notions.
Fabricated plasties products...........
Other manufacturing industries----

40.4

40.1

40.5

40.4

40.7

40.5

40.1

40.8

40.2

40.6

41.3

41.0

41.1

40.9

39.9

41.7

41.4

41.8

41.5

41.8

41.5

41.1

42.3

41.6

41.5

42.7

41.8

42.0

42.1

40.9

39.9
41.0

39.5
41.2

39.6
41.0

39.9
41.5

40.3
41.5

40.3
41.5

40.0
40.4

40.8
41.2

39.8
41.5

40.7
40.8

41.1
42.2

40.6
40.6

40.7
41.6

40.8
41.0

39.6
40.6

41.1
38.9
40.7
39.6

40.8
38.4
40.5
38.6

40.7
39.7
41.3
40.2

40.9
39.0
40.8
39.7

40.9
40.4
41.2
39.2

40.2
40.4
40.9
38.9

39.9
39.8
40.7
38.4

40.7
39.2
41.1
39.1

39.9
40.0
40.5
38.8

40.5
40.2
40.8
39.3

40.8
40.4
42.5
38.9

40.6
40.5
42.1
40.0

40.7
40.1
41.8
40.9

40.6
40.2
41.2
39.9

40.0
38.6
40.3
39.0

40.1

39.5

40.0

39.4

39.9

39.9

39.2

40.3

39.9

40.1

40.6

40.4

40.7

40.3

39.6

41.6
41.8
39.7
40.4
39.4
40.6
39.6

38.4
41.4
39.3
39.1
37.4
41.0
39.8

40.7
40.8
39.0
40.0
39.4
41.0
39.9

39.6
40.3
38.1
36.7
39.1
40.8
39.8

41.0
40.8
38.9
39.3
39.9
40.7
39.7

41.0
39.9
39.1
40.1
38.8
40.9
39.9

40.9
39.9
38.3
39.3
37.9
39.8
39.4

41.3
40.7
39.3
39.6
39.5
41.1
40.4

40.9
40.5
38.9
39.4
39.3
41.0
39.8

41.2
40.7
38.6
39.4
39.5
41.4
39.9

43.1
42.2
39.0
40.2
39.7
41.5
40.4

42.9
41.9
39.9
40.0
39.0
41.4
39.8

42.8
42.7
40.2
40.1
39.7
41.7
40.2

41.6
41.2
39.3
40.1
39.6
41.6
40.1

40.7
39.9
38.9
39.6
38.8
40.6
39.4

$2.19

A v e r a g e h o u r ly e a r n in g s

Instruments and related products......... $2.38
Laboratory, scientific, and engineering instruments...................... 2.79
Mechanical measuring and controlling instruments...................... 2.33
Optical instruments and lenses___ 2.41
Surgical, medical, and dental Instruménts__________________
2.11
Ophthalmic goods............................ 2.00
Photographic apparatus.................. 2.67
Watches and clocks_____________ 1.95
Miscellaneous manufacturing industries............. ......................................... 1.95
Jewelry, silverware, and plated
ware......................... - .................... 1.98
Musical instruments and parts....... 2.27
Toys and sporting goods.................. 1.81
Pens, pencils, other office supplies.. 1.80
Costume jewelry, buttons, notions. 1.79
Fabricated plastics products........... 2.06
Other manufacturing industries___ 2.02
See footnotes at end of table.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

$2.38

$2.37

$2.37

$2.35

$2.34

$2.33

$2.35

$2.34

$2.32

$2.33

$2.31

$2.30

$2.28

2.79

2.77

2.78

2.75

2.72

2.70

2.76

2.73

2.70

2.72

2.69

2.67

2.64

2.52

2.33
2.40

2.32
2.37

2.32
2.38

2.33
2.38

2.33
2.37

2.32
2.33

2.33
2.33

2.32
2.34

2.30
2.33

2.31
2.31

2.29
2.28

2.28
2.30

2.27
2.25

2.19
2.18

2.10
2.03
2.67
1.98

2.09
2.01
2.67

2.09
2.02
2.67
1.99

2.10
2.01
2.60
1.99

2.08
1.99
2.60
1.99

2.05
1.99
2.60
1.97

2.08
2.02
2.60
1.97

2.08
1.99
2.59
1.98

2.07
1.97
2. 57
1.98

2.05
1.97
2.58
1.99

2.06
1.96
2. 57
1.97

2.05
1.93
2.57
1.97

2.04
1.93
2.51
1.94

1.95
1.85
2.42
1.89

1.95

1.94

1.94

1.94

1. 94

1.94

1.94

1.95

1.95

1.94

1.91

1.90

1.90

1.85

1.96
2.22
1.81
1.80
1.74
2.04
2.02

1. 95
2.20
1.79
1.80
1.73
2.06
2.03

1.96
2.21
1.79
1.78
1.76
2.04
2.02

1.97
2.19
1.82
1.80
1.76
2.03
2.03

1.96
2.17
1.81
1.78
1.75
2.02
2.02

1.95
2.17
1.82
1.79
1.74
2.02
2.03

1. 94
2.19
1.82
1.80
1.76
2.03
2.03

1.92
2.17
1.83
1.78
1.76
2.03
2.03

1.97
2.19
1.81
1.79
1.75
2.02
2.01

1.95
2.20
1.77
1.77
1.76
1.99
1.97

1.95
2.20
1.76
1. 76
1.76
2.00
1.96

1.91
2.16
1.76
1. 76
1.74
2.00
1.98

1.86
2.10
1.72
1. 71
1.68
1.95
1.93

1.98
2.26
1.81
1.84
1.76
2.05
2.02

1 .9 9

0.—EARNINGS AND HOURS
T able

97

C -l. Gross hours and earnings of production workers,1 by industry—Continued
1960

1959

Annual
average

Industry
Oct.»

Sept.

Aug.

July

June

May

Apr.

Mar.

Feb.

Jan.

Dec.

Nov.

Oct.

1959

1958

Average weekly earnings

Manufacturing—Continued
Nondurable goods
Food and kindred products....................
Meat products-............................... Dairy products___ _____________
Canning and preserving— ..............
Grain-mill products.........................
Bakery products.............................
Sugar_____________ ___________
Confectionery and related products.
Beverages........ ................................
Miscellaneous food products...........
Tobacco manufactures______________
Cigarettes.................—.....................
Cigars................................. ............ .
Tobacco and snuff................ ...........
Tobacco stemming and redrying...

$88.94 $89.02 $88. 58
101.11 102. 51 99.70
89.19 91.76 90.30
71.13 74.69 74.03
100. 58 99.46 98.35
89.51 89.06 88.48
92.86 98.25 96.96
73.44 74.66 73.12
98. 55 99.29 100.53
89.45 89.02 86. 93
65.12
82.14
56.79
70.31
52.82

63.27
78. 58
55.01
69.19
53.97

64.81
79.13
54.72
70.47
49.87

$89.60 $88.51 $88.91 $87.16 $86.94 $86.33 $88.91 $88.78 $87.74 $85.68 $85.68
100.94 98.90 99. 55 95.74 95.01 95.26 104.66 104.73 105. 22 103.05 97. 23
91.79 90.73 89.01 89.21 87.53 87. 53 87.53 86.30 86.30 86.73 86.32
70.71 67.86 70.05 69.75 69.75 69.17 68.74 68.15 63.47 65.74 67.64
99.01 94.61 94.18 92.87 94.61 92.87 95.70 93.96 95.05 93.96 92.66
89.16 88.54 87.05 85.79 85.39 84.56 83.92 85. 22 85.01 84.42 83.21
101.92 99.84 97. 61 95.88 98.77 95.04 94.61 97.31 94.77 82. 62 93.10
72.10 72.62 71.50 68.92 70.67 69.38 70.49 68.90 69.55 69. 65 68.90
102. 42 100.37 99.79 100.19 95.16 93.03 93.99 96.07 95.26 95.59 96.80
86.74 86.11 85.90 84.85 84.85 86.11 85.49 86.73 87.35 86.73 84.65
68.43
80.88
53. 58
67.52
59.93

71.53
85.07
54.38
70.46
64.34

68.58
80.26
54.43
68.08
61.78

64.80
77.17
49. 48
66.06
58.32

59.86
67.47
53.05
62.10
50.81

61.37
72. 76
52. 26
61.04
50.75

$81.81
91.08
81.90
66.13
89.79
79.00
89.73
66.30
92.23
80.95

66.05
83.23
53.20
66.38
50.90

67.49
83.64
53.11
68.08
57. 65

64.56
81.81
55.58
66.70
44.82

63.92
83.00
55.34
66. 64
49.29

65.40
81.80
53.02
66.82
52.40

62.56
77.55
51.79
62.79
49.92

Average weekly hours
Food and kindred products..................
Meat products.............. .............. .
Dairy products.................................
Canning and preserving..................
Grain-mill products.....................
Bakery products............................—
Sugar_________________________
Confectionery and related products.
Beverages...........................................
Miscellaneous food products...........

40.8
41.1
41.1
39.3
44.9
40.5
42.4
40.8
39.9
41.8

41.6
41.5
41.9
42.2
44.8
40.3
40.6
40.8
40.2
41.6

41.2
41.2
42.0
40.9
44.5
40.4
40.4
40.4
40.7
41.2

41.1
41.2
42.3
39.5
44.8
40.9
41.6
39.4
41.3
41.5

40.6
40.7
42.2
37.7
43.4
40.8
41.6
39.9
40.8
41.4

40.6
40.8
41.4
38.7
43.4
40.3
40.5
39.5
40.4
41.3

39.8
39.4
41.3
37.7
42.6
39.9
40.8
38.5
40.4
40.6

39.7
39.1
40.9
37.5
43.2
39.9
41.5
39.7
39.0
40.6

39.6
39.2
40.9
37.8
42.6
39.7
41.5
39.2
38.6
41.2

40.6
42.2
40.9
38.4
43.5
39.4
43.2
39.6
39.0
41.1

41.1
42.4
40.9
38.5
43.1
40.2
48.9
39.6
39.7
41.9

41.0
43.3
40.9
36.9
43.6
40.1
48.6
40.2
39.2
42.2

40.8
43.3
41.3
38.0
43.5
40.2
40.9
39.8
39.5
41.9

40.8
41.2
41.7
39.1
43.5
40.2
43.3
39.6
40.5
41.7

40.7
40.3
42.0
39.6
43.8
40.1
44.2
39.7
40.1
41.3

Tobacco manufactures............................
Cigarettes_____________________
fjfgars,.
Tobacco and snuff............................
Tobacco stemming and redrying...

40.2
39.3
38.9
37.8
42.6

40.3
37.6
38.2
37.4
44.6

37.9
38.6
38.0
38.3
36.4

37.6
38.7
36.7
37.1
36.1

39.3
40.9
37.5
38.5
38.3

38.1
38.4
37.8
37.2
37.9

36.0
37.1
34.6
36.1
36.0

34.8
33.4
37.1
34.5
34.1

36.1
36.2
36.8
34.8
35.0

38.4
40.6
37.2
37.5
36.1

39.7
41.0
37.4
38.9
40.6

38.2
40.3
38.6
37.9
33.7

40.2
41.5
38.7
38.3
40.4

39.4
40.9
37.6
38.4
39.4

39.1
40.6
37.8
37.6
38.7

Average hourly earnings
Food and kindred products_____ ____ $2.18
Meat products..._____ _________ 2.46
Dairy products________________
2.17
Canning and preserving.................. 1.81
Grain-mill products.......... — .......... 2.24
2.21
Bakery products_______________
Sugar......... ....................................... 2.19
Confectionery and related products. 1.80
Beverages......................................... 2. 47
Miscellaneous food products........... 2.14

$2.14
2.47
2.19
1.77
2.22
2.21
2.42
1.83
2.47
2.14

$2.15
2.42
2.15
1.81
2.21
2.19
2.40
1.81
2.47
2.11

$2.18
2. 45
2.17
1.79
2. 21
2.18
2.45
1.83
2. 48
2.09

$2.18
2.43
2.15
1.80
2.18
2.17
2.40
1.82
2.46
2.08

$2.19
2.44
2.15
1. 81
2.17
2.16
2.41
1.81
2.47
2.08

$2.19
2. 43
2.16
1.85
2.18
2.15
2.35
1.79
2.48
2.09

$2.19
2.43
2.14
1.86
2.19
2.14
2.38
1.78
2. 44
2.09

$2.18
2.43
2.14
1.83
2.18
2.13
2.29
1.77
2. 41
2.09

$2.19
2.48
2.14
1.79
2.20
2.13
2.19
1.78
2.41
2.08

$2.16
2.47
2.11
1.77
2.18
2.12
1.99
1. 74
2.42
2.07

$2.14
2.43
2.11
1.72
2.18
2.12
1.95
1.73
2.43
2.07

$2.10
2.38
2.10
1.73
2.16
2.10
2.02
1.75
2.42
2.07

$2.10
2.36
2.07
1.73
2.13
2.07
2.15
1.74
2.39
2.03

$2.01
2.26
1.95
1.67
2.05
1.97
2.03
1.67
2.30
1.96

1.62
2.09
1.46
1.86
1.24

1.57
2.09
1.44
1.85
1.21

1.71
2.05
1.44
1.84
1.37

1.82
2.09
1.46
1.82
1.66

1.82
2.08
1.45
1.83
1.68

1.80
2.09
1.44
1.83
1.63

1.80
2.08
1.43
1.83
1.62

1.72
2.02
1.43
1.80
1. 49

1.70
2.01
1.42
1.78
1. 45

1.72
2.05
1.43
1.77
1.41

1.70
2.04
1.42
1.75
1. 42

1.69
2.03
1.44
1.76
1.33

1.59
2.00
1.43
1.74
1.22

1. 66
2.00
1.41
1. 74
1.33

1.60
1.91
1.37
1.67
1.29

Tobacco manufactures............................
Cigarettes................................... ......
Cigars............................................ —
Tobacco and snuff______________
Tobacco stemming and redrying...
See footnotes at end of table.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

98

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JANUARY 1961
T able

C -l. Gross hours and earnings of production workers,1 by industry—Continued
1960

Annual
average

1959

Industry
Oct.2 Sept.

July

Aug.

June

May

Mar.

Feb.

Jan.

Nov.

Oct.

87
7 1 .06
6 0 .35
65.52
66.75
56.77
7 3 .7 8
8 1 .3 2
6 3 .00
7 6 .45

$ 64.40

$ 64.40

$ 6 3 .43

$ 58.29

70 . 53
5 9 .90
64 . 74
65.27
5 7 .96
72 . 83
79.17
5 7 .7 8
7 2 .6 8

69.72
59.90
64.74
65.11
5 7 .66
72.31
8 0 .73
5 7 .26
74.52

7 2 .16
58.95
63.29
6 5 .53
57 . 51
71 .4 8
81.51
61.71
73 . 71

6 4.96
52.36
56.26
60.37
54.75
6 6.83
77.30
58.74
68.95

Dec.

1959

1958

Average weekly earnings

Manufacturing—Continued
N o n d u r a b le goods—

Apr.

Continued

Textile-mill products.............................. $ 62.86
Seouring and combing plants—___ 6 7 .12
Yarn and thread mills...................... 56.63
Broad-woven fabric mills................. 6 2 .72
Narrow fabrics and smallwares....... 6 5 .07
Knitting mills................................... 5 7 .4 6
Dyeing and finishing textiles.......... 70.45
Carpets, rugs, other floor coverings. 7 9 .97
Hats (except cloth and millinery)— 5 8 .58
Miscellaneous textile goods............. 76 . 59
Apparel and other finished textile
products________________________
Men’s and boys’ suits and coats___
Men’s and boys’ furnishings and
work clothing............................ —
Women’s outerwear____________
Women’s, children’s undergarm ents—...........................................
Millinery_____________________
Children’s outerwear______ . . . . . .
Miscellaneous apparel and accessories...............................................
Other fabricated textile products...

$ 62.05

$ 64.31

67.25
5 6 .02
6 1 .92
64.18
57.15
67.94
79.17
57.59
7 5 .64

72.45
58.29
64.88
66.80
58.29
70.58
80 . 75
60.80
75.58

64.31
75.50
58.98
65.37
65.57
57.60
70.62
79.59
57.96
75.41

5 6 .60
6 9 .72

55.93
69 . 72

57.62
72.38

47 . 61
57.70

48.55
57.70

5 3 .42
69.31
5 1 .84
54.60
6 6 .86

53
74.03
59.74
6 6 .5 8
68.30
58.67
7 5 .00
7 9 .60
62.53
7 6 .55

$ 65.36

76
70.69
59.49
6 4 .96
65.11
55.95
7 1 .28
78.99
5 S .6 4
73.42

$ 6 3 .83

$ 6 4 .16

73.15
59 . 89
66.01
66 .5 0
58.22
7 4 .05
79 .0 0
61 .6 6
75 . 58

7 0 .18
58 . 59
6 5 .12
6 6 .17
5 5 .48
7 1 .05
79.97
59.49
7 4 .37

69 .7 0
59.70
64.27
6 5 .7 6
56.47
71 .1 0
81.32
59.57
7 6 .30

48
7 2 .25
6 0 .20
64 . 74
65 . 36
56.32
7 0 .58
81.71
6 2 .24
77.27

56.42
70.67

55.90
72 . 58

55 . 90
69 .1 2

53 . 70
65 . 49

5 5 .85
6 6 .95

56.11
68 .0 0

55.44
6 7 .08

55 . 85
6 8 .32

56.15
68 .0 2

55.02
6 6 .02

55.63
6 5 .47

53 . 45
60.37

49.37
61.08

49.24
58.65

49.37
56.95

48 .8 4
59.00

4 7 .29
56.10

4 7 .35
59.69

48 . 58
5 9 .86

4 a 58
58.14

49.13
58.99

4 9 .65
58.48

49 . 27
65.76

48 .7 6
59.51

46.08
57.63

52.05
67.04
5 0 .22

52.11
69.48
53.42

50.26
67.03
53.28

51.12
58 . 56
53.05

51.05
55.94
51.62

4 8 .99
54.65
4 8 .79

50 . 41
6 7 .13
51.70

51.18
71.04
5 2 .48

50.96
65 . 08
52.62

51 . 52
6 0 .82
60 . 54

53.02
6 8 .70
5 2 .22

52.36
6 0 .64
50.26

51.29
62 .9 3
51.10

4 9.59
6 4.05
60.23

53.13
6 3 .08

53.95
61.56

52.85
63.79

52.27
6 1 .94

52.27
61.66

51.26
58.67

52.71
6 0 .9 6

52.42
6 0 .38

52.20
59.78

52.91
59.97

52.91
59 . 52

52.62
5 9 .90

52.54
59.59

50 . 70
56 . 85

$

$ 65 .

$ 63 .

$ 64 .

$ 64 .

Average weekly hours
Textile-mill products..........................
Scouring and combing plants____
Yarn and thread mills__________
Broad-woven fabric mills________
Narrow fabrics and smallwares......
Knitting mills...................................
Dyeing and finishing textiles_____
Carpets, rugs, other floor coverings.
Hats (except cloth and m illinery)...
Miscellaneous textile goods.............
Apparel and other finished textile
products................................ ..............
Men’s and boys’ suits and coats...
Men’s and boys’ furnishings and
work clothing________________
Women’s outerwear______ _____
Women’s, children’s undergarm ents........ ............. .......................
Millinery_____________________
Children’s outerwear___________
Miscellaneous apparel and accessories...................... .................. .
Other fabricated textile products..

3 8 .8
3 8 .8
3 7 .5
3 9 .2
3 8 .5
3 7 .8
3 9 .8
4 0 .8
35 .5
40.1

3 8 .3
39 .1
37.1
3 8 .7
3 8 .2
3 7 .6
3 8 .6
4 0 .6
3 4 .9
3 9 .6

3 9 .7
4 1 .4
3 8 .6
40 .3
4 0 .0
3 8 .6
40.1
4 1 .2
3 7 .3
4 0 .2

3 9 .7
42 .9
3 8 .8
40 .6
3 9 .5
38 .4
39 .9
40 .4
34 .7
3 9 .9

4 0 .2
4 2 .3
3 9 .3
41.1
4 0 .9
3 8 .6
4 1 .9
4 0 .2
3 7 .0
4 0 .5

40 .1
4 1 .8
3 9 .4
4 1 .0
4 0 .3
3 8 .3
4 1 .6
4 0 .1
3 6 .7
4 0 .2

3 9 .6
41.1
3 9 .4
4 0 .6
3 9 .7
3 7 .3
4 0 .5
4 0 .3
3 4 .7
3 9 .9

3 9 .4
4 0 .8
3 8 .8
4 0 .7
4 0 .1
3 6 .5
4 0 .6
4 0 .8
3 5 .2
4 0 .2

40 .1
4 1 .0
3 9 .8
4 1 .2
40 .1
3 7 .4
41 .1
4 1 .7
36 .1
4 0 .8

4 0 .3
4 2 .5
4 0 .4
4 1 .5
40 .1
3 7 .3
4 0 .8
41 .9
3 6 .4
41.1

4 0 .8
4 1 .8
4 0 .5
4 2 .0
40 .7
38 .1
42 .4
4 1 .7
3 7 .5
41 .1

4 0 .5
4 0 .3
4 0 .2
4 1 .5
3 9 .8
3 8 .9
42 .1
4 0 .6
3 4 .6
3 9 .5

4 0 .5
4 0 .3
40 .2
4 1 .5
3 9 .7
3 8 .7
4 1 .8
4 1 .4
34 .7
4 0 .5

40 .4
4 2 .2
40 .1
41 .1
40 .7
3 8 .6
4 1 .8
41 .8
3 6 .3
4 0 .5

38 .6
40 .8
37.4
3 8 .8
3 9 .2
37 .5
40 .5
40 .9
35 .6
3 9 .4

3 5 .6
3 6 .5

3 5 .4
3 6 .5

3 6 .7
3 7 .7

36 .4
38 .2

3 6 .3
3 8 .2

3 6 .3
3 8 .4

35 .1
3 7 .0

3 5 .8
3 7 .4

3 6 .2
3 8 .2

3 6 .0
3 7 .9

3 6 .5
3 8 .6

3 6 .7
3 8 .0

3 6 .2
3 7 .3

3 6 .6
3 7 .2

35 .4
3 4 .3

3 5 .8
3 2 .6

3 6 .5
3 2 .6

37 .4
34 .9

3 7 .3
3 4 .3

3 7 .4
3 3 .7

3 7 .0
3 4 .5

36 .1
3 3 .0

3 5 .6
3 4 .5

3 6 .8
3 4 .4

3 8 .8
3 3 .8

3 7 .5
34 .1

3 7 .9
3 4 .0

3 7 .9
3 2 .8

3 7 .8
3 4 .6

3 6 .0
34.1

37 .1
36 .1
3 6 .0

3 6 .4
35.1
3 4 .4

3 6 .7
3 6 .0
37 .1

35 .9
34 .2
37 .0

3 6 .0
3 2 .0
37 .1

3 5 .7
3 0 .4
36 .1

3 4 .5
2 9 .7
3 4 .6

3 5 .5
3 5 .9
3 5 .9

3 6 .3
3 7 .0
3 6 .7

3 6 .4
3 4 .8
3 6 .8

3 6 .8
3 3 .6
36 .1

3 7 .6
3 1 .9
3 7 .3

3 7 .4
3 2 .6
3 5 .9

3 6 .9
3 4 .2
3 6 .5

36 .2
3 5 .0
3 6 .4

3 6 .4
39.1

3 5 .9
3 8 .0

3 6 .7
3 8 .0

3 6 .2
3 8 .2

3 7 .3
3 8 .0

3 6 .3
3 8 .3

3 5 .6
3 6 .9

3 6 .1
38 .1

3 6 .4
3 7 .5

3 6 .5
3 7 .6

3 7 .0
3 8 .2

3 7 .0
3 8 .4

3 6 .8
3 8 .4

3 7 .0
3 8 .2

3 6 .0
3 7 .4

Average hourly earnings
Textile-mill products.............................
Scouring and combing plants..........
Yam and thread mills__________
Broad-woven fabric m ills...............
Narrow fabrics and smallwares___
Knitting mills..............................
Dyeing and finishing textiles_____
Carpets, rags, other floor coverings.
Hats (except cloth and millinery).Miscellaneous textile goods.............
Apparel and other finished textile
products........................ .......................
Men’s and boys’ suits and coats___
Men’s and boys’ furnishings and
work clothing________________
Women’s outerwear_____ _______
Women’s, children’s undergarments.......................................
Millinery_____________________
Children’s outerwear.......................
Miscellaneous apparel and accessories.............................................
Other fabricated textile products__
See footnotes at end of table.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

$ 1.6 2

1.7 3
1.51
1 .6 0
1.6 9
1.5 2
1.7 7
1 .9 6
1.65
1.91

1.6 2
1 .7 2
1.51
1 .6 0
1 .6 8
1 .5 2
1 .7 6
1.9 5
1.65
1.91

1.59
1.91

1 .5 8
1.91

1.57
1.92

1.55
1.85

1.5 4
1.90

1.54
1.80

1.5 3
1.7 7

1. 56
1.79

1. 55
1 .7 8

1.5 4
1.77

1. 53
1.7 7

1.5 3
1.79

1.5 2
1.7 7

1.5 2
1 .7 6

1.51
1.7 6

1.3 3
1.7 7

1 .3 3
1 .7 7

1.32
1.7 5

1.32
1. 71

1.3 2
1.69

1.3 2
1.71

1.31
1.7 0

1.33
1.73

1.3 2
1. 74

1.32
1.72

1.31
1.7 3

1.31
1.72

1.3 0
1.7 0

1.2 9
1.72

1.2 8
1.69

1 .4 4
1.9 2
1 .4 4

1.4 3
1.91
1.4 6

1.42
1.9 3
1.44

1.40
1.96

1.44

1.42
1.8 3
1.4 3

1.43
1.84
1.43

1.4 2
1.84
1.41

1.42
1.87
1.44

1.41
1.9 2
1.4 3

1.4 0
1.8 7
1.4 3

1.4 0
1.81
1.4 0

1.41
1.8 4
1.4 0

1.4 0
1.8 6
1.40

1.39
1.8 4
1.4 0

1.37
1.83
1.38

1.50
1.71

1 .4 8
1 .6 6

1.47
1.62

1.46
1.67

1.4 4
1.6 3

1 .4 4
1.61

1.44
1.59

1.46
1.6 0

1.44
1.61

1.43
1.59

1.43
1. 57

1.4 3
1 . 65

1.43
1 .5 6

1.4 2
1. 56

1.41
1.52

$

$

1.62
1.7 5
1.51
1.61
1.6 7
1.51
1.76
1.96
1.63
1.88

$

1.62
1.7 6
1.52
1.61
1.6 6
1.50
1.77
1.97
1.67
1.89

$

1.63
1.75
1 . 52
1.6 2
1.6 7
1.5 2
1.7 9
1.9 8
1.69
1.8 9

$

1.6 3
1. 75
1.5 2
1.61
1.6 5
1.5 2
1 .7 8
1.97
1.6 8
1.8 8

$

1.61
1.7 2
1. 51
1.6 0
1.6 4
1.50
1.7 6
1. 96
1.69
1.8 4

$

1.6 2
1.72
1. 51
1.6 0
1 .6 5
1.5 2
1.7 5
1.9 6
1.69
1.8 5

$

1.6 0
1.7 0
1.50
1. 56
1.6 4
1. 51
1.7 3
1.9 5
1. 65
1.87

$

1.6 0
1.7 0
1.4 9
1.5 6
1.6 3
1.51
1 .7 3
1.95
1.71
1.8 8

$

1.59
1.7 0
1.4 9
1.56
1.6 4
1.4 9
1.7 4
1.95
1.6 8
1.8 6

$

1.59
1.7 5
1.4 9
1.5 6
1.6 4
1.4 9
1 .7 3
1.9 5
1.67
1.8 4

$

1.59
1.7 3
1.4 9
1. 56
1.6 4
1.49
1.7 3
1.95
1.6 5
1.8 4

$

1.57
1.71
1.4 7
1.5 4
1.61
1.49
1.71
1.9 5
1.7 0
1.8 2

$ 1.

51
1.60
1.40
1.45
1.54
1.46
1.65
1.89
1.65
1.75

C.—EARNINGS AND HOURS

99

T able C -l. Gross hours and earnings of production workers,1 by industry—Continued
1959

1960

Annual
average

Industry
Oct. 2 Sept.

Aug.

July

June

May

Apr.

Mar.

Feb.

Jan.

Dec.

Nov.

Oct.

1959

1958

Average weekly earnings
M a n u fa c tu rin g — Continued
N o n d u r a b le goods — Continued

Paper and allied products.......................
Pulp, paper, and paperboard mills.
Paperboard containers and boxes—
Other paper and allied products—

$96.83 $98.14 $97.75 $97.33 $97.13 $96. 05 $93. 63 $94.30 $94. 73 $95. 20 $95.22 $95. 22 $95. 67 $94.16
106.27 107.20 106.82 106.87 106.19 104.64 102.15 103. 29 103.97 104. 24 104.48 104. 72 104. 48 102. 73
90.89 91.30 90. 69 88.99 89.64 88.34 86.43 86.03 86.67 87. 74 86. 93 88. 20 89.68 87. 78
84.85 85.68 85.90 85.49 85. 70 86.11 84.26 84.87 84.05 84. 67 85.07 83.64 83.84 83.42

Printing, publishing, and allied Industries........................................................ 107.14
N A w spnpers
113.80
Periodicals-------- ---------------- ------ 117.26
Books_____ ___________________ 94.40
Commercial printing____________ 107.19
Lithographing.......................... ........ 107.64
Greeting cards.................................. 74.40
Bookbinding and related industries. 83.93
Miscellaneous publishing and
printing services______________ 116.66

103. 41
108. 28
113.15
90. 52
102. 96
106. 40
70.07
80. 50

97.90
103.43
102.97
85.80
97.22
98.81
67.03
74.86

118.87 116. 73 119.81 116.18 115.97 115.06 117.35 118.81 118.50 118.78 117.18 114.98 116.19

110. 75

108.08
113.49
125.38
93. 53
108.80
110.48
73.66
82.56

106.09
110.14
119.19
97.17
105.72
112.16
71.55
82.64

106.20
111. 47
120.10
92.97
105.18
109.97
73.30
82.60

105. 54
112.10
114.09
93.43
105.18
109.53
69. 74
82. 64

106. 37
113.31
114. 37
94. 25
105.06
110. 55
73. 53
81. 20

103.95
110.05
115.30
91.66
103.33
106.23
70.48
79.92

105.05
108. 72
116. 57
91.43
105. 86
109.20
73. 54
82.01

104.12
108. 42
111. 20
89.44
103.35
107. 86
76.63
81.20

104. 56
107.45
111. 35
91.14
105.34
107. 73
75.08
81. 79

106. 86
113. 31
108.93
92. 57
106. 92
109. 89
70.10
83.28

103. 79
107. 76
113. 96
90.29
104. 28
107.19
70.25
81. 66

104. 83
110. 00
119. 83
91. 31
104. 67
108. 67
69.72
80. 43

$88.83
96.10
82. 41
78.96

Average weekly hours
Paper and allied products......................
Pulp, paper, and paperboard mills.
Paperboard containers and boxes...
Other paper and allied products...

42.1
43.2
41.5
40.6

42.3
43.4
41.5
40.8

42.5
43.6
41.6
41.1

42.5
43.8
41.2
41.1

42.6
43.7
41.5
41.4

42.5
43.6
40.9
41.8

41.8
43.1
40.2
41.1

42.1
43.4
40.2
41.4

42.1
43.5
40.5
41.0

42.5
43.8
41.0
41.3

42.7
43.9
41.2
41.7

42.7
44.0
41.8
41.2

42.9
43.9
42.3
41.3

42.8
43.9
41.8
41.5

41.9
42.9
41.0
40.7

Printing, publishing, and allied industries____________________________
Newspapers___________________
Periodicals____ ________________
Books.................... ............................
Commercial printing..... ..................
Lithographing......... .........................
Greeting cards.......................... ........
Bookbinding and related industries.
Miscellaneous publishing and
printing services______________

38.4
35.9
41.0
40.0
39.7
39.0
40.0
38.5

38.6
35.8
42.5
39.8
40.0
39.6
39.6
38.4

38.3
35.3
41.1
41.0
39.3
40.2
39.1
38.8

38.2
35.5
41.7
39.9
39.1
39.7
39.2
38.6

38.1
35.7
40.6
40.1
39,1
39.4
37.9
38.8

38.4
36.2
40.7
40.8
39.2
40.2
38.1
38.3

37.8
35.5
40.6
40.2
38.7
39.2
36.9
37.7

38.2
35.3
40.9
40.1
39.5
40.0
38.3
38.5

38.0
35.2
40.0
39.4
39.0
39.8
38.7
38.3

38.3
35.0
40.2
39.8
39.9
39.9
38.5
38.4

39.0
36.2
39.9
40.6
40.5
40.7
38.1
39.1

38.3
35.1
40.7
39.6
39.8
39.7
38.6
38.7

38.4
35.6
41.9
39.7
39.8
40.1
38.1
38.3

38.3
35.5
40.7
39.7
39.6
39.7
38.5
38.7

37.8
35.3
39.3
39.0
39.2
38.9
38.3
38.0

38.0

38.1

37.9

38.4

37.6

37.9

37.6

38.1

38.7

38.6

39.2

38.8

38.2

38.6

37.8

Average hourly earnings
$2.32
2.47
2.20
2.10

$2.30
2.45
2.18
2.09

$2.29
2.44
2.16
2.08

$2.28
2.43
2.16
2.07

$2.26
2.40
2.16
2.06

$2.24
2.37
2.15
2.05

$2.24
2.38
2.14
2.05

$2.25
2.39
2.14
2.05

$2.24
2.38
2.14
2.05

$2.23
2.38
2.11
2.04

$2. 23
2. 38
2.11
2.03

$2.23
2.38
2.12
2.03

$2.20
2.34
2.10
2.01

$2.12
2.24
2.01
1.94

2. 79
3.17
2.86
2.36
2.70
2. 76
1.86
2.18

2.80
3.17
2.95
2.35
2.72
2.79
1.86
2.15

2.77
3.12
2.90
2.37
2.69
2. 79
1.83
2.13

2.78
3.14
2.88
2.33
2.69
2. 77
1.87
2.14

2.77
3.14
2.81
2.33
2.69
2.78
1.84
2.13

2.77
3.13
2.81
2.31
2.68
2.75
1.93
2.12

2. 75
3.10
2.84
2.28
2.67
2. 71
1.91
2.12

2.75
3.08
2. 85
2.28
2.68
2. 73
1.92
2.13

2.74
3.08
2.78
2.27
2.65
2.71
1.98
2.12

2.73
3.07
2.77
2.29
2.64
2.70
1.95
2.13

2. 74
3.13
2. 73
2.28
2.64
2.70
1.84
2.13

2.71
3.07
2.80
2.28
2.62
2.70
1.82
2.11

2.73
3.09
2.86
2.30
2.63
2.71
1.83
2.10

2.70
3.05
2.78
2.28
2. 60
2.68
1.82
2.08

2. 59
2. 93
2.62
2.20
2.48
2.54
1.75
1.97

3.07

3.12

3.08

3.12

3.09

3.06

3.06

3.08

3.07

3.07

3.03

3.02

3.01

3.01

2.93

Paper and allied products...................... $2.30
Pulp, paper, and paperboard mills. 2.46
Paperboard containers and boxes.. 2.19
2.09
Other paper and allied products—
Printing, publishing, and allied industries___________________________
Newspapers.......... ............................
Periodicals........................................
Books________________________
Commercial printing______ _____
Lithographing_________________
Greeting cards..................................
Bookbinding and related industries.
Miscellaneous publishing and
printing services______ _______
See footnotes at end of table.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JANUARY lflGl

100

T a b l e C -l. Gross hours and earnings of production workers,1 by industry—Continued
I960

1959

Annual
average

Industry
Oct.*

Sept.

Aug.

July

June

Apr.

May

Mar.

Feb.

Jan.

Dec.

Nov.

Oct.

1959

1958

Average weekly earnings
Manufacturing—Continued
N o n d u r a b le g ood s—

Continued

Chemicals and allied products..............
Industrial Inorganic chemicals........
Industrial organic chemicals...........
Drugs and medicines..........- ...........
Soap, cleaning and polishing preparations— -------- ------------------Paints, pigments, and fillers..........Gum aihd wood chemicals-----------Fertilizers-...................... -................
Vegetable and animal oils and fats.
Miscellaneous chemicals............. —

$104.24 $104.90 $104.90 $106.08 $105. 59 $103.58 $104.41 $102.01 $101.60 $101.60 $102.66 $101.75 $101.09 $100.02 $94.48
116.75 117.16 116. 05 117.46 116. 2C 114.55 117.45 113.02 112. 75 112. 61 114.93 113. 55 113.97 111.64 104.70
110.16 110.97 110. 42 113.15 112.67 110.77 112.2Î 108.62 108.21 108.21 109.78 108. 58 108.05 106.81 100.04
94.30 95.18 94.02 94.6C 94.19 93.73 92. 75 92.97 93.66 92.62 92.66 93.11 93.11 90.58 85.88
113.02 112.19 114.93 111. 51
101.34 100.78 101.27 101.11
88.41 93.09 88.62 93.1C
80.56 81.64 80.37 81.9C
90.29 90.35 90.50 92.42
96.22 95.99 95.18 95.99

113.82 110.95 108.24 111. 72
103.07 102.41 101. IS 98.9C
90.29 87.74 86.2S 84.2C
80.70 79.74 85.44 74.07
92.17 89.42 87.23 87.96
94.77 95.06 95.71 94.89

109.15 107.94 109.3e 108.16 108. 58 105.47 100.86
98.42 98.01 98.33 99.22 96.32 98.28 93.25
84.0C 82.60 84.77 87.90 82. 54 83.36 80.45
77.96 78.75 78.57 76.44 75.48 78.12 74.03
86.29 87.30 86.48 87.23 85.84 85.44 82.21
93.96 93.96 94.25 93.43 92.39 91.58 87.02

Products of petroleum and coal............. 117.62 120.60 117.62 121.18 119.60 118.03 119. 54 116.87 116.87 116.98 117. 74 118.90 117. 50 117.38 110.97
Petroleum refining............ - ............. 121.80 124.53 120.90 124.84 123.22 123.11 124.23 120.20 120.60 120.40 121.80 124.01 119.80 121.29 114.90
Coke, other petroleum and coal
products____________________ 105.47 108.52 107. 43 109.82 108.36 102.51 105.44 106. 49 105.97 106.90 105.30 103.17 108.03 105.83 97.28
Rubber products..................................... 100.69 98.28 100.15 103.53 102.72 100.04 94.60 97.71 100.00 102.16 101. 59 97.66 101.18 101.60 92.59
Tires and inner tubes.....................- 115.53 112.40 114.66 123. 71 121.39 117. 51 107.38 113.68 117.71 119.80 118. 59 112. 62 117. 49 120.01 106.04
Rubber footwear............................... 82.59 79.18 81.40 82.21 82.82 81.40 77.01 78.61 77.21 79.40 80.79 79.80 79.40 79.19 76.62
Other rubber products................... - 93.73 92.10 92.75 91.66 92.34 90.12 88.43 89. 78 91.76 93. 52 92.93 89.87 93.38 92.99 84.59
V
Average weekly hours
41.2
41.4
40.8
40.3

41.3
41.4
41.1
40.5

41.3
41.3
41.2
40.7

41.6
41.8
41.9
40.6

41.9
41.8
42.2
40.6

41.6
41.8
41.8
40.4

42.1
42.4
41.9
40.5

41.3
41.4
41.3
40.6

41.3
41.3
41.3
40.9

41.3
41.4
41.3
40.8

41.9
42.1
41.9
41.0

41.7
41.9
41.6
41.2

41.6
41.9
41.4
41.2

41.5
41.5
41.4
40.8

40.9
40.9
40.5
40.7

41.4
40.7
41.9
42.4
46.3
40.6

41.4
40.8
43.5
42.3
45.4
40.5

42.1
41.0
42.4
42.3
43.3
40.5

41.3
41.1
43.3
42.0
43.8
40.5

42.0
41.9
43.2
42.7
44.1
40.5

41.4
41.8
42.8
43.1
43.2
40.8

41.0
41.3
42.3
48.0
43.4
40.9

42.0
40.7
42.1
40.7
44.2
40.9

41.5
40.5
42.0
42.6
43.8
40.6

41.2
40.5
41.3
42.8
45.0
40.5

41.9
40.8
42.6
42.7
46.0
40.8

41.6
41.0
43.3
42.0
46.4
40.8

41.6
40.3
41.9
41.7
46.4
40.7

41.2
41.3
42.1
43.4
44.5
40.7

41.0
40.9
41.9
42.3
44.2
40.1

Products of petroleum and coal______
Petroleum refining............ ............ Coke, other petroleum and coal
products____________________

40.7
40.6

41.3
41.1

40.7
40.3

41.5
41.2

41.1
40.8

40.7
40.9

40.8
41.0

40.3
40.2

40.3
40.2

40.2
40.0

40.6
40.6

41.0
41.2

40.8
40.2

40.9
40.7

40.5
40.6

41.2

41.9

41.8

42.4

42 0

40.2

40.4

40.8

40.6

40.8

40.5

40.3

42.7

41.5

40.2

Rubber products-....................................
Tires and inner tubes.............. ........
Rubber footwear..............................
Other rubber products.....................

39.8
38.9
39.9
40.0

39.0
38.1
39.2
39.7

39.9
39.0
40.1
40.5

40.6
41.1
40.3
40.2

40.6
40.6
40.6
40.5

39.7
39.7
40.1
39.7

38.3
36.9
38.7
39.3

39.4
38.8
39.5
39.9

40.0
39.5
38.8
40.6

40.7
40.2
39.5
41.2

40.8
40.2
39.8
41.3

39.7
38.7
39.9
40.3

40.8
40.1
39.9
41.5

41.3
41.1
40.2
41.7

39.4
38.7
39.7
39.9

Chemicals and allied products...............
Industrial Inorganic chemicals........
Industrial organic chemicals_____
Drugs and medicines— .................
Soap, cleaning and polishing preparations-------------- ------ ----------Paints, pigments, and fillers_____
Gum and wood chemicals-----------Fertilizers------ ----------- -------------Vegetable and animal oils and fats.
Miscellaneous chemicals..................

Average hourly earnings
Chemicals and allied products...............
Industrial inorganic chemicals........
Industrial organic chemicals...........
Drugs and medicines..................... .
Soap, cleaning and polishing preparations................... .......................
Paints, pigments and fillers______
Gum and wood chemicals___ ____
Fertilizers-........................................
Vegetable and animal oils and fats.
Miscellaneous chemicals................ .

$2.53
2.82
2.70
2.34

$2.54
2.83
2.70
2.35

$2.54
2.81
2.68
2.31

$2.55
2.81
2.70
2.33

$2.52
2.78
2.67
2.32

$2.49
2.74
2.65
2.32

$2.48
2.77
2.68
2.29

$2.47
2. 73
2.63
2.29

$2.46
2.73
2.62
2.29

$2.46
2.72
2.62
2.27

$2.45
2.73
2.62
2.26

$2.44
2. 71
2.61
2.26

$2.43
2.72
2.61
2.26

$2.41
2.69
2.58
2.22

$2.31
2.56
2.47
2.11

2.73
2.49
2.11
1.90
1.95
2.37

2.71
2.47
2.14
1.93
1.99
2.37

2.73
2. 47
2.09
1.90
2.09
2.35

2.70
2.46
2.15
1.95
2.11
2.37

2.71
2.46
2.09
1.89
2.09
2.34

2.68
2.45
2.05
1.85
2.07
2.33

2.64
2.45
2.04
1.78
2.01
2.34

2.66
2.43
2.00
1.82
1.99
2.32

2.63
2.43
2.00
1.83
1.97
2.32

2.62
2.42
2.00
1.84
1.94
2.32

2.61
2.41
1.99
1.84
1.88
2.31

2.60
2.42
2.03
1.82
1.88
2.29

2.61
2.39
1.97
1.81
1.85
2.27

2. 56
2.38
1.98
1.80
1.92
2.25

2.46
2.28
1.92
1. 75
1.86
2.17

Products of petroleum and coal........... .
Petroleum refining............................
Coke, other petroleum and coal
products____________________

2.89
3.00

2.92
3.03

2.89
3.00

2.92
3.03

2.91
3.02

2.90
3.01

2.93
3.03

2.90
2.99

2.90
3.00

2.91
3.01

2.90
3.00

2.90
3.01

2.88
2.98

2. 87
2.98

2.74
2. S3

2.56

2.59

2.57

2.59

2.58

2.55

2.61

2.61

2.61

2.62

2.60

2. 56

2.53

2.55

2.42

Rubber products.......... ...............—........
Tires and inner tubes..................... .
Rubber footwear__________ _____
Other rubber products.....................

2.53
2.97
2.07
2.32

2.52
2.95
2.02
2.32

2.51
2.94
2.03
2.29

2.55
3.01
2.04
2.28

2.53
2. 99
2.04
2.28

2.52
2.96
2.03
2.27

2.47
2.91
1.99
2.25

2.48
2.93
1.99
2.25

2.50
2.98
1.99
2.26

2. 51
2.98
2.01
2. 27

2.49
2.95
2.03
2.25

2.46
2.91
2.00
2.23

2.48
2.93
1.99
2.25

2.46
2.92
1.97
2.23

2.35
2.74
1.93
2.12

See footnotes at end of table.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

101

C.—EARNINGS AND HOURS
T a b l e C - l . G ross h ou rs an d earn in gs o f p ro d u c tio n w o rk ers,1 b y in d u str y — C o n tin u e d

Annual
average

1959

1960
Industry
Oct.»

Sept.

Aug.

July

June

May

Apr.

Mar.

Feb.

Jan.

Dec.

Nov.

Oct.

1959

1958

Average weekly earnings
Manufacturing—Continued
N o n d u r a b le poods—Continued
Leather and leather products________
Leather: tanned, curried, and fin­
ished_____ __________________
Industrial leather belting and
packing.,___________________
Boot and shoe cut stock and find­
ings................................................
Footwear (except rubber)_______
Luggage.........................-.................
Handbags and small leather goods..
Gloves and miscellaneous leather
goods............................................

$59.76 $59.24 $62.48 $62.98 $62.37 $59.90 $58.06 $60.84 $60.64 $61. 78 $61.07 $60.43 $58.28 $60.70
84.96 84.10 84.56 82.68 86.27 83.07 81.66 81.87 81.24 81.30 82. 74 81.09 80.50 80.94
80.77

78.74

78.74

80.20

78.21

77.03

73.53

76.24

72.13

$57.78
78.39

74.68

79.80

69. 50

72.38

79. 56

76.62

56. 21
57.46
69.70
59.60

54.42
55. 69
63.50
54.24

57.30
58.34
65.18
56.45

56.02
54.87
63. 46
55. 54

53.71

52.77

51.89

50.40

105.25 106.43
94. 57 94. 59

101.50
90.52

55.62
55.36
65.49
62.24

54.01
55.65
68.46
58.19

59.03
60.26
65.18
58.45

59.21
61.22
64.30
58.14

59.44
60.00
66.42
56.30

58.25
56.80
65.07
57.07

55. 22
55.62
62.87
53.61

57.82
58. 56
63.63
58.05

58.44
58. 67
62.29
57.30

60.30
60.10
62.87
56.92

59.83
58.40
63.54
58.65

55.19

53.22

54.52

53.43

54.24

52.71

51.41

52.20

52. 42

50.98

53.11

Transportation and public utilities:

Transportation:
Interstate railroads:
Class I railroads *............... .....
Local railways and buslines...........
C ommunication:
Telephone____________ ____
Telegraph *...............................
Other public utilities:
Gas and electric utilities________
Electric light and power utilities.
Gas utilities...............................
Electric light and gas utilities
combined..................... - .........

107.18 110.33 107.42 110. 42 107. 59 107.33 109.82 111.45 106.60 110.00 106.86
99.96 100.22 100.22 100.92 99.79 97.78 97. 78 97.33 95.60 96.10 95.44
91.94 95.47 89.27 89.95 88.26 87.81 86.36 87.58 87.42 86.14 87.42 89.95
103. 70 108.14 103.09 102.37 104.00 97. 75 95.30 95.30 94.43 95.30 95.53 95.53
113. 85 115.37 110.16 110.02 109.34 109.34 108.94 108.26 107. 59 108.39 107.98 109.03
111.93 116.89 110.97 110.97 109.88 109. 61 108.79 108.94 107.86 108.39 107.71 108.65
107.23 104.04 102.21 102.21 101.15 101.15 101.25 100.85 99.85 100.85 101.18 103.91
98.83

85.46
95.99

78.72
90.06

108. 62 105.78
108.24 106.34
103.17 99.39

100.37
101.43
94.83

122.06 123.06 115.87 115.34 115.62 116.18 115.62 113.96 114.52 114.67 114.12 114.13 113.44 110. 56
Average weekly hours

103.63

88.58
95.57

Manufacturing —Continued
N o n d u r a b l e poods—Continued
Leather and leather products...... .........
Leather: tanned, curried, and fin­
ished___ ______ _____________
Industrial leather belting and
packing..........................................
Boot and shoe cut stock and find­
ings— ............................................
Footwear (except rubber)..............
Luggage............................................
Handbags and small leather goods..
Gloves and miscellaneous leather
goods...................................... ........

36.0

35.9

38.1

38.4

37.8

36.3

35.4

37.1

37.2

37.9

37.7

37.3

36.2

37.7

36.8

39.7

39.3

39.7

39.0

40.6

39.0

38.7

38.8

38.5

38.9

39.4

38.8

38.7

39.1

39.0

39.4

38.6

38.6

40.1

39.3

39.1

38.1

38.7

36.8

38.1

40.1

36.2

37.5

40.8

39.7

35.2
34.6
38.3
39.9

34.4
35.0
39.8
37.3

37.6
37.9
38.8
38.2

38.2
38.5
38.5
38.0

38.1
37.5
39.3
36.8

37.1
35.5
38.5
37.3

35.4
34.7
37.2
35.5

37.3
36.6
38.1
38.7

37.7
36.9
37.3
38.2

38.9
37.8
37.2
38.2

38.6
37.2
37.6
39.1

36.5
36.6
41.0
40.0

35.8
35.7
37.8
36.4

37.7
37.4
38.8
38.4

37.1
36.1
38.0
38.3

37.8

36.7

37.6

36.1

36.9

36.1

35.7

36.0

36.4

35.9

37.4

37.3

36.9

36.8

36.0

42.6

40.6
42.9

42.6
43.2

41.0
43.2

42.8
43.5

41.7
43.2

41.6
42.7

42.9
42.7

42.7
42.5

41.0
42.3

42.8
42.9

41.1
42.8

41.6
42.6

41.9
42.8

41.6
42.7

39.8
42.5

40.8
43.5

39.5
42.6

39.8
42.3

39.4
42.8

39.2
42.5

38.9
41.8

39.1
41.8

39.2
41.6

38.8
41.8

39.2
41.9

40.7
41.9

39.9
42.1

39.2
42.1

38.4
41.6

41.4
41.0
41.4

41.8
42.2
40.8

40.8
41.1
40.4

40.9
41.1
40.4

40.8
41.0
40.3

40.8
40.9
40.3

40.8
40.9
40.5

40.7
40.8
40.5

40.6
40.7
40.1

40.9
40.9
40.5

40.9
40.8
40.8

41.3
41.0
41.4

41.3
41.0
41.6

41.0
40.9
40.9

40.8
40.9
40.7

41.8

42.0

40.8

40.9

41.0

41.2

41.0

40.7

40.9

41.1

41.2

41.5

41.4

41.1

40.8

Transportation and public utilities:

Transportation:
Interstate railroads:
Class I railroads *___________
Local railways and buslines______
Communication:
Telephone_________________
Telegraph 4________________
Other public utilities:
Gas and electric utilities...... ...........
Electric light and power utilities.
Gas utilities________________
Electric light and gas utilities
combined.______ ________

Average hourly earnings
Manufacturing—Continued
Nondurable poods—Continued
Leather and leather products...... .......... $1.66
Leather: tanned, curried, and fin­
ished.............................................. 2.14
Industrial leather belting and
packing_____ ___________ ____ 2.05
Boot and shoe cut stock and find­
ings.................. .............................. 1. 58
1.60
Footwear (except rubber)_______
Luggage............................................. 1.71
Handbags and small leather goods.. 1.56
Gloves and miscellaneous leather
1.46
goods_______________________
Transportation and public utilities:
Transportation:
Interstate railroads:
Class I railroads »___________
Local railways and buslines______ 2. 32
Communication:
2.31
Telephone_________________
2.44
Telegraph *________________
Other public utilities:
Gas and electric utilities.................. 2. 75
Electric light and power utilities. 2. 73
Gas utilities.................... ........... 2. 59
Electric light and gas utilities
2.92
combined________________
See footnotes at end of table.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

$1.65
2.14
2.04

$1.64
2.13
2.04

$1.64

$1.65

$1. 65

$1.64

$1.64

$1.63

$1.63

$1.62

$1.62

$1.61

$1.61

$1.57

2.11

2.11

2.09

2.10

2.09

2.08

2.07

2.01

2.12

2.13

2.13

2.11

2.00

1.99

1.97

1. 93

1.97

1.96

1.96

1.99

1.92

1.93

1.95

1.93

1.57
1.60
1.69
1.53

1.56
1.60
1.69
1.51

1. 55
1.60
1.67
1.50

1.55
1.59
1.67
1.50

1.55
1. 59
1.69
1.49

1.55
1.57
1.69
1.50

1.54
1.57
1.70
1.49

1.52
1.56
1.68
1.49

1.52
1.56
1.68
1.47

1.51
1.52
1.67
1.45

1.57
1.59
1.72
1.56

1.57
1.59
1.68
1.53

1.55
1.59
1.67
1.53

1.56
1.60
1.69
1.53

1.45

1.45

1.48

1.47

1.46

1.44

1.45

1.44

1.42

1.42

1.44

1.43

1.41

1.40

2.64
2.33

2.59
2.32

2.62
2.32

2.58
2.32

2.58
2.31

2. 58
2.29

2. 56
2.29

2.61
2.29

2.60
2.26

2. 57
2.24

2.60
2.23

2.53
2.22

2. 54
2.21

2.44
2.12

2.34
2.44

2.26
2.42

2.26
2.42

2.24
2.43

2.24
2.30

2.22
2.28

2.24
2.28

2.23
2. 27

2.22
2.28

2.23
2.28

2. 21
2.28

2. 22
2. 27

2.18
2.28

2.05
2.17

2. 76
2. 77
2. 55

2.70
2.70
2.53

2.69
2.70
2.53

2.68
2. 68
2.51

2. 68
2.68
2. 51

2.67
2.66
2.50

2.66
2.67
2.49

2. 65
2. 65
2.49

2.65
2. 65
2.49

2.64
2.64
2. 48

2. 64
2. 65
2.51

2. 63
2. 64
2.48

2.58
2. 60
2. 43

2.46
2.48
2.33

2.93

2.84

2.82

2. 82

2. 82

2. 82

2.80

2. 80

2. 79

2. 77

2. 75

2. 74

2. 69

2.54

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JANUARY 1961

102

T able C -l. Gross hours and earnings of production workers,1 by industry—Continued
1960

Industry
Oct.2 Sept.

Aug.

July

June

May

Mar.

Feb.

Jan.

Dec.

Nov.

Oct.

1959

$93.50 $94.13 $93.56 $94.19 $93.09 $92.46 $91.83 $91.37 $90.35 $90.80 $91.94 $91.71 $91.53 $90.27

1958
$87.02

68.07
49.01

68. 43
49. 30

69.32
50.26

69. 52
50. 75

68.80
49. 74

67.69
48.87

67.48
48.99

66.95
48.33

66.95
48.19

66.95
48.19

66.09
50.01

66.38
47.46

67.11
47.94

67.06
48.37

64. 77
46.85

55.06
71.46
89.35
51. 64

55. 71
72.27
88.24
52.48

56.32
72. 76
89.96
52.65

56.99
73.16
91.29
52. 59

56.00
72.16
91.29
52.82

55.04
70.60
90.87
51.56

55.14
70.13
91.73
53.48

53. 69
68.89
88. 91
50.85

53. 69
69.34
87.40
51.64

54.19
69.38
88.04
51.87

56.70
69. 26
86.29
53.35

52.98
69.81
88.71
51.83

53.82
69. 65
89. 76
51.34

54.36
69.89
88.24
51.90

52.60
67.52
83.22
50.81

77. 33

77.30

77.49

76.70

77.08

75.07

75.44

74.80

75.44

76.67

79.80

77.46

76.18

75. 76

72.31

83. 75

82.94

83.69

83.50

82.88

82.49

81.64

79.49

78.28

78.09

79.99

80.22

81.79

79.95

77.04

70. 69 69.75 69. 75 70.31 69. 75 69. 75 69.94 69. 56 69.94 69.93 68.81 68.28 68.81 68.07
111.14 115. 61 113.14 117.33 117.16 111.54 113.61 112. 67 114. 52 115. 49 117.14 110.15 109. 43 119.24
88.49 87.92 88.34 88.08 87.99 88.15 87.37 87.68 87.54 87.26 86.52 86.32 85.79 85.79

66. 57
106.88
82.97

49.35

48.83

49.04

48.80

48.80

48.28

47. 52

48.00

47.64

48.12

48.40

48.24

48.20

47.44

45.20

48.83
56.20

48. 46
54. 67

48.07
53.02

48. 56
54.43

48.68
57.06

48.68
55.95

48.00
57.94

46. 68
52.68

46.92
52.40

47.04
53.10

47.24
54.91

46. 37
54.35

46.96
55.60

46.45
53.29

44.30
50.82

114. 62 112.12 113. 37 107. 96 107. 23 112.13 111. 63 112.89 114.31 114. 51 108.36
Average weekly hours

98.65

Motion-picture production and
distribution________ _________ 116.17 116. 45 118.61
Wholesale and retail trade:
Wholesale trade_______________
Retail trade (except eating and drinking places)______________________
General merchandise stores______
Department stores and general
mail-order houses_________
Food and liquor stores__________
Automotive and accessories dealers.
Apparel and accessories stores____
Other retail trade:
Furniture and appliance stores.
Lumber and hardware supply
stores____________________
Finance, insurance, and real estate:
Banks and trust companies 5________
Security dealers and exchanges_______
Insurance carriers__________________
Service and miscellaneous:
Hotels and lodging places:
Hotels, year-round 6_____________
Personal services:
Laundries_____________ _______
Cleaning and dyeing plants......... .
Motion pictures:
Motion-picture production and
distribution.................................

Apr.

Average weekly earnings

W llu l6 S o .l6 d l i u 1 c J i l l

Wholesale trade___________________
Retail trade (except eating and drinking p laces)............... ........... ............. .
General merchandise stores______
Department stores and general
mail-order houses...................
Food and liquor stores__________
Automotive and accessories dealers.
Apparel and accessories stores____
Other retail trade:
Furniture and appliance stores.
Lumber and hardware supply
stores____________________
Finance, insurance, and real estate:
Banks and trust companies 5............
Security dealers and exchanges............
Insurance carriers................... ........... .
Service and miscellaneous:
Hotels and lodging places:
Hotels, year-round 6____________
Personal services:
Laundries_______ _____________
Cleaning and dyeing plants............

Annual
average

1959

40.3

40.4

40.5

40.6

40.3

40.2

40.1

39.9

39.8

40.0

40.5

40.4

40.5

40.3

40.1

37.4
33.8

37.6
34.0

38.3
34.9

38.2
35.0

37.8
34.3

37.4
33.7

37.7
34.5

37.4
33.8

37.4
33.7

37.4
33.7

38.2
36.5

37.5
33.9

37.7
34.0

38.1
34.8

38.1
34. 7

34.2
35.2
43.8
34.2

34.6
35.6
43.9
34.3

35.2
36.2
44.1
35.1

35.4
36.4
44.1
34.6

35.0
35.9
44.1
34.3

34.4
35.3
43.9
33.7

34.9
35.6
44.1
34.5

34.2
35.3
43.8
33.9

34.2
35.2
43.7
34.2

34.3
35.4
43.8
33.9

37.3
35.7
43.8
35.1

34.4
35.8
43.7
34.1

34.5
35.9
44.0
34.0

35.3
36.4
43.9
34.6

35.3
36.3
43.8
34.8

40.7

40.9

41.0

40.8

41.0

40.8

41.0

41.1

41.0

41.0

42.0

41.2

41.4

41.4

41. 8

42.3

42.1

42.7

42.6

42.5

42.3

42.3

41.4

41.2

41.1

42.1

42.0

42.6

42.3

42.1

37.4

37.1

37.3

37.4

37.3

37.3

37.4

37.4

37.4

37.8

37.6

37.3

37.6

37.4

37.4

39.8

39.7

40.2

40.0

40.0

39.9

39.6

40.0

39.7

40.1

40.0

40.2

40.5

40.2

40.0

39.7
39.3

39.4
38.5

39.4
37.6

39.8
38.6

39.9
39.9

39.9
39.4

40.0
40.8

38.9
37.9

39.1
37.7

39.2
38.2

39.7
39.5

39.3
39.1

39.8
40.0

39.7
38.9

39.2
38.5

Average hourly earnings
Wholesale trade........ ................. .........
$2.32 $2.33 $2. 31 $2.32 $2.31 $2.30 $2.29 $2.29 $2.27 $2.27 $2.27 $2.27 $2.26 $2.24
$2.17
Retail trade (except eating and drinking places)________ ____ ______ ___ 1.82
1.81
1.82
1.82
1.82
1.81
1.79
1.79
1.79
1.79
1.73
1.77
1.78
1.76
1.70
General merchandise stores______
1.45
1.45
1.44
1.45
1.45
1.45
1.42
1.43
1.43
1.43
1.37
1.41
1.40
1. 39
1.35
Department stores and general
mail-order houses______
1.61
1.61
1.60
1.61
1.60
1.60
1.58
1.57
1.57
1.58
1.62
1.54
1.56
1.54
1.49
Food and liquor stores_______
2.03
2.01
2.03
2.01
2.01
2.00
1.97
1.98
1.97
1.96
1.94
1.95
1.94
1.92
1.86
Automotive and accessories dealers. 2. 04 2.01
2.04
2.07
2.07
2.07
2.08
2.03
2.00
2.01
1.97
2.03
2.04
2.01
1.90
Apparel and accessories stores......... 1.51
1.53
1.50
1.52
1.54
1.53
1.55
1.50
1.51
1.53
1.52
1.52
1.51
1. 50
1.46
Other retail trade:
Furniture and appliance stores. 1.90
1.89
1.89
1.84
1.88
1.88
1.84
1.82
1.84
1.87
1.90
1.88
1.84
1.83
1 73
Lumber and hardware supply
s to r e s ..___ ______ _
1.98
1.96
1.97
1.96
1. 95
1.95
1.93
1.92
1.90
1.90
1.91
1.90
1.92
1.89
1.83
Finance, insurance, and real estate:
Banks and trust companies 5________
1.89
1.88
1.87
1.88
1.87
1.87
1.87
1.86
1.87
1.85
1.83
1.83
1.83
1.82
1.78
Security dealers and exchanges..........
Insurance carriers_________ . . . .
Service and miscellaneous:
Hotels and lodging places:
Hotels, year-round 6_____ _____
1.24
1.23
1.22
1.22
1.22
1.21
1.20
1.20
1.20
1.21
1.20
1.20
1.19
1.18
1.13
Personal services:
Laundries__________________
1.23
1.23
1.22
1.22
1.22
1.22
1.20
1.20
1.20
1.20
1.19
1.18
1.18
1.17
1.13
Cleaning and dyeing plants______ 1.43
1.42
1.41
1.41
1.43
1.42
1.42
1.39
1.39
1.39
1.39
1.39
1.39
1. 37
1.32
Motion pictures:
Motion-picture p r o d u c tio n a n d
distribution___ __________
1 For comparability of data with those published in issues prior to August
state Commerce Commission and relate to all employees who received pay
1958 and coverage of these series, see footnote 1, table A-2.
during the month, except executives, officials, and stall assistants (ICO
In addition, hours and earnings data for anthracite mining have been re­
Group I).
vised from January 1953 and are not comparable with those published in
4 Data relate to domestic nonsupervisory employees except messengers.
issues prior to August 1958.
5 Average weekly earnings have been revised beginning with January 1958
For mining, manufacturing, laundries, and cleaning and dyeing plants,
and
are not strictly comparable with data for earlier years. Average weekly
data refer to production and related workers; for contract construction, to
hours
and average hourly earnings are new series, available from January 1958.
construction workers; and for the remaining industries, unless otherwise
6 Money payments only; additional value of board, room, uniforms, and
noted, to nonsupervisory workers and working supervisors.
tips
not
included.
9 Preliminary.
8 Figures for Class I railroads (excluding switching and terminal companies)
Source: U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics for all
are based upon monthly data summarized in the M-300 report by the Inter­
series except that for Class I railroads. (See footnote 3.)


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

0.—EARNINGS AND HOURS

103

T a b l e C-2. Average overtime hours and average hourly earnings excluding overtime of production

workers in manufacturing, by major industry group 1
1900

Annual
average

1959

Major industry group
Oet.2 Sept.

Aug.

July

June

May

Apr.

Mar.

Feb.

Jan.

Dec.

Nov.

Oct.

1959

1958

Average overtime hours8
Manufacturing..............................................

2.4

2.5

2.4

2.4

2.5

2.4

2.1

2.5

2.6

2.8

2.7

2.6

2.8

2.7

2.0

Durable goods..........................................
Ordnance and accessories________
Lumber and wood products—........
Furniture and fixtures.....................
Stone, clay, and glass products___
Prim ary metal industries________
Fabricated metal products............
Machinery (except electrical)..........
Electrical machinery........................
Transportation equipment............ .
Instruments and related products..
Miscellaneous manufacturing____

2.4
2.2
3.1
2.7
3.2
1.3
2.6
2.1
2.1
3.0
2.2
2.6

2.5
2.2
3.1
2.8
3.1
1.6
2.9
2.3
2.1
2.9
2.2
2.5

2.3
2.1
3.2
2.8
3.2
1.4
2.8
2.3
1.9
2.3
2.2
2.3

2.3
1.9
3.1
2.3
3.1
1.7
2.5
2.5
1.6
2.2
2.2
2.1

2.4
1.9
3.4
2.4
3.1
1.6
2.7
2.7
1.8
2.4
2.0
2.1

2.4
1.9
3.2
2.4
3.1
1.5
2.6
2.7
1.7
2.6
2.0
2.2

2.1
1.6
2.9
2.4
2.8
2.0
2.1
2.4
1.2
1.9
1.7
1.9

2.5
2.0
2.8
2.4
2.7
2.1
2.5
2.8
1.9
2.8
2.3
2.4

2.7
2.3
2.8
2.6
2.8
2.4
2.7
2.9
2.0
3.2
2.3
2.5

2.9
2.1
2.9
2.7
2.9
2.8
3.2
2.8
2.4
3.8
2.2
2.4

2.7
2.2
3.0
3.5
3.0
2.6
3.0
2.9
2.4
2.5
2.7
2.7

2.5
2.1
3.2
3.2
3.2
2.3
2.3
2.5
2.2
1.9
2.6
2.7

2.8
2.1
3.5
3.5
3.4
2.6
2.9
2.7
2.5
2.5
2.5
3.1

2.7
2.1
3.4
2.9
3.4
2.6
2.9
2.7
2.2
2.5
2.3
2.6

1.9
2.0
2.9
2.1
2.8
1.3
2.1
1.7
1.5
1.9
1.5
2.1

Nondurable goods.................... ...............
Food and kindred products______
Tobacco manufactures.....................
Textile-mill products......................
Apparel and other finished textile
products____________________
Paper and allied products...............
Printing and publishing..................
Chemicals and allied products........
Products of petroleum and coal___
Rubber products_______________
Leather and leather products..........

2.5
3.4
1.4
2.2

2.6
3.7
1.4
2.2

2.5
3.3
.9
2.6

2.6
3.5
1.2
2.6

2.5
3.2
1.2
2.9

2.5
3.1
1.0
2.9

2.2
2.8
.7
2.5

2.4
2.9
.5
3.0

2.5
2.8
.6
3.0

2.6
3.3
1.3
3.0

2.7
3.4
1.1
3.2

2.7
3.6
1.0
3.2

2.8
3.6
1.3
3.2

2.7
3.3
1.2
3.1

2.2
3.0
1.3
2.1

1.4
4.1
3.1
2.4
1.8
2.2
1.4

1.3
4.4
3.4
2.4
2.2
2.3
1.2

1.4
4.3
3.1
2.3
1.8
2.3
1.6

1.3
4.3
3.0
2.5
2.3
3.0
1.4

1.3
4.3
2.9
2.4
2.1
2.7
1.3

1.3
4.3
3.0
2.5
1.6
2.2
1.0

1.0
3.7
2.6
2.9
1.7
1.7
.8

1.4
4.1
3.0
2.3
1.4
2.3
1.4

1.4
4.2
2.8
2.4
1.5
2.8
1.4

1.3
4.3
2.9
2.3
1.6
3.1
1.4

1.4
4.3
3.6
2.4
1.5
2.8
1.4

1.6
4.5
3.1
2.4
1.8
2.5
1.4

1.5
4.6
3.2
2.5
2.1
3.5
1.2

1.4
4.6
3.0
2.5
1.8
3.7
1.4

1.1
3.9
2.5
2.0
1.5
2.3
1.1

Average hourly earnings excluding overtim e8
Manufacturing.............................. ................ $2.23

$2.23

$2.21

$2.22

$2.22

$2.22

$2.22

$2.22

$2.21

$2. 21

$2.20

$2.16

$2.14

$2.15

$2.08

Durable go o d s........................ ..............
Ordnance and accessories................
Lumber and wood products............
Furniture and fixtures.....................
Stone, clay, and glass products___
Primary metal industries................
Fabricated metal products . .
Machinery (except electrical)_____
Electrical m achinery----------------Transportation equ ip m ent.............
Instruments and related products..
Miscellaneous manufacturing____

2.39
2.60
2.00
1.81
2.21
2.76
2.39
2.51
2.26
2. 71
2.31
1.89

2.39
2.60
2.03
1.81
2.21
2. 75
2.39
2. 50
2.26
2. 71
2.30
1.89

2.37
2.57
1.99
1.80
2.20
2. 75
2. 37
2.49
2.25
2.68
2.31
1.88

2.38
2.57
1.99
1.81
2.19
2. 75
2.38
2.49
2.26
2. 67
2.31
1.89

2.38
2.57
1.99
1.81
2.19
2.76
2.38
2.49
2.25
2. 66
2.30
1.89

2.37
2.55
1.95
1.80
2.19
2.77
2.37
2.49
2.24
2.64
2.29
1.89

2.38
2.56
1.94
1.80
2.19
2.78
2.36
2.47
2.24
2.64
2.28
1.89

2.38
2.56
1.93
1.81
2.20
2. 77
2.35
2.47
2.23
2.64
2.28
1.88

2.37
2.55
1.91
1.79
2.18
2.77
2.35
2.47
2. 23
2.64
2.27
1.89

2.37
2.55
1.89
1.79
2.18
2. 78
2.35
2.46
2.22
2.64
2.26
1.89

2.35
2.54
1.92
1.78
2.17
2.77
2.33
2.46
2.20
2.64
2.25
1.88

2.31
2.53
1.94
1.76
2.16
2.70
2.29
2.45
2.18
2.60
2.24
1.84

2.28
2.52
1.94
1.76
2.14
2.57
2.28
2.44
2.17
2.62
2.23
1.83

2.30
2.49
1.89
1.76
2.13
2.70
2. 29
2.42
2.16
2.58
2. 22
1.84

2.23
2.42
1.82
1.73
2.04
2. 61
2. 21
2. 33
2.11
2.47
2.15
1.80

Nondurable goods....................... ..........
Food and kindred products.........
Tobacco manufactures__________
Textile-mill products.......................
Apparel and other finished textile
products____________________
Paper and allied products—.............
Printing and publishing..................
Chemicals and allied products........
Products of petroleum and coal___
Rubber p ro d u cts............................
Leather and leather products.........

2.03
2.09
1.59
1.58

2.02
2.05
1.55
1.57

2.01
2.07
1.69
1.57

2.02
2.09
1.79
1.57

2.01
2.10
1.79
1.58

2.01
2.11
1.78
1.57

2.01
2.12
1.78
1.56

2.00
2.11
1.71
1.56

1.99
2.10
1.69
1.54

1.98
2.10
1.69
1.54

1.97
2.08
1.68
1.53

1. 96
2.05
1.67
1.53

1.95
2.02
1.56
1.53

1.94
2.02
1.64
1.52

1.89
1.94
1.57
1. 47

1.56
2.20
(5)
2.46
2.83
2. 47
1.63

1.55
2.20
(5)
2.47
2. 85
2.45
1.62

1.54
2.19
(s)
2.47
2.83
2.44
1.61

1.52
2.18
(')
2.47
2.85
2.46
1.61

1.52
2.17
(s>
2.45
2.84
2. 45
1.62

1. 51
2.15
W
2.42
2.84
2.45
1.63

1.50
2.14
(»)
2.40
2.87
2.42
1.62

1.53
2.14
(»)
2.40
2.85
2.41
1.61

1.52
2.14
00
2. 40
2.85
2.41
1.60

1.51
2.14
(0
2.39
2.86
2.42
1.60

1.50
2.12
(0
2.39
2.85
2. 41
1.59

1.50
2.12
(0
2.37
2. 84
2.39
1.59

1.49
2.12
0s)
2.36
2.80
2.38
1.58

1.49
2.09

1.49
2.02
W
2.26
2.69
2.28
1.55

i For comparability of data with those published in issues prior to August
1958, see footnote 1, table A-2.
»Preliminary.
» Covers premium overtime hours of production and related workers during
the pay period ending nearest the 15th of the month. Overtime hours are
those for which premiums were paid because the hours were in excess of the
number of hours of either the straight-time workday or workweek. Weekend
and holiday hours are Included only if premium wage rates were paid. Hours


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

m
2 . 34

2.81
2.36
1.58

for which only shift differential, hazard, incentive, or other similar types of
premiums were paid are excluded. These data are not available prior to 1956.
* Derived by assuming that overtime hours are paid a t the rate of time and
one-half.
s Not available as average overtime rates are significantly above time and
one-half. Inclusion of data for the group in the nondurable-goods total has
little effect.

104
T able

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JANUARY 1961

C-3. Indexes of aggregate weekly man-hours and payrolls in industrial and construction
activities 1
[1947-49=100]
1960

Annual
average

1959

Activity
N ov.2 Oct.»

Sept.

Aug.

July

June

May

Apr.

Mar.

Feb.

Jan.

Dee.

Nov.

1959

1958

Man-hours
Total..............................................................
Mining...........................................................
Contract construction....... ................ ...........
Manufacturing____ ___________________

97.1
60.9
121.2
96.1

101.0
62.5
138.7
98.1

102.1
62.9
139.3
99.4

102 4
64.9
144.9
98.8

101.3
63.8
142.9
97.8

102.3
66.8
135.5
99.9

100.8
66.2
126.3
99.4

98.4
66.5
114.3
98.3

97.4
64.9
94.9
99.9

98.4
63.8
98.5
100.8

99.5
64.0
101.6
101.6

102.4
67.3
118.9
102.4

100.1
64.1
123.3
99.2

100.7
65.4
123.4
99.8

94.3
67.9
118.2
92.6

Durable goods_____________________
Ordnance and accessories________
Lumber and wood products______
Furniture and fixtures.....................
Stone, clay, and glass products.......
Prim ary metal industries................
Fabricated metal products..............
Machinery (except electrical).........
Electrical machinery........................
Transportation equipment_______
Instruments and related products..
Miscellaneous manufacturing____

101.2
323.2
72.1
105.4
99.3
82.4
104.6
93.6
135.1
116.8

102.7
316.1
75.3
109.3

103.4
322.2
78.1

83.5
107.6
94.7
132.8
117.7
116.0
108.5

103.0
84.7
108.2
96.1
137.1
113.9
116.3
107.0

101.7
311.7
78.6
110. 6
104. 9
85.4
106.8
97.1
134.1
102.4
118.1
106.4

102.4
313.0
78.0
106.2
103.8
88.0
105.3
99.7
130.1
110.9
116.3
99.3

106.1
319.7
81.8
108.7
105.9
92.9
109.2
102.7
134.2

105.8
325.9
74.2
108.0
102.4
99.0
106.2
103.5
131.7
117.7
118.7
100.5

108.1
336.4
70.6
105.7
100.1
103.1
109.8
105.4
137.3
123.8
121.0
102.4

109.3
332.3
72.4
109.2
101.3
104.3
111.3
105.3
138.4
127.0
119.8
100.3

110.3
332.1
72.2
109.3
101.2
106.1
112.3
105.1
141.5
130.1
120.6
98.5

109.8
334.7
76.9
113.5
105.0
105.2
110.6
104.8
142.7
119.2
123.5
103.5

103.4
325.9
78.7
111.4
105.4
93.1
101.9
100.0
139.3
100.5
122.4
108.7

105.6
325.3
78.4
108.7
104.6
91.1
108.7
101.0
132.6
120.4
117.1
101.1

95.9
303.0
72.7
97.2
94.7
83.7
101.1
88.9
115.9

119.4
104.8

106.5
326.3
77.7
107.5
104.6
95.2
108.5
103.3
133.1
119.8
118.8
102.9

92.7
90.2
93.5
68.6

94.6
97.4
97.2
68.5

95.3
94.1
76.4
71.8

92.3
87.5
64.2
70.9

92.5
82.4
66.3
73.4

90.9
78.5
64.5
72.9

89.4
76.4
61.8
71.8

90.1
74.1
61.6
71.7

90.5
74.4
68.4
72.5

91.2
77.5
74.6
72.9

93.6
81.4
79.6
74.6

94.2
84.7
77.9
74.8

93.0
83.7
77.1
74.4

88.7
84.2
77.7
69.2

102.1

103.1
112.3
118.0
105.1
82.3
97.1
85.0

108.0
112.6
115.8
105.1
82.7
98.3
93.0

102.5
110.9
114.7
105.6
84.2
97.7
91.2

104.7
113.0
115.1
107.1
84.7
100.8
90.1

104.2
112.0
115.0
107.8
83.6
98.7
84.2

100.9
110.2
113.4
109.8
83.6
96.6
82.6

106.4
110.3
114.7
105.7
82.4
102.9
89.7

107.1
110.2
113.4
105.2
82.7
104.9
90.2

104.6
111.6
113.7
104.9
82.1
106.3
91.9

107.0
112.9
117.5
106.5
S3.1
106.5
92.1

108.0
113.6
115.3
106.5
83.4
104.2
91.0

105.1
112.7
112.8
104.3
84.1
103.5
92.2

96.8
108.0
109.0
99.2
84.2
92.0
86.0

10ft 5

104 4
ISO 2

105 4

110 5
214 S

104 4
221 S

105 O
210 9

104 9
200 5

175.4

166.8

167! 2

148.7

115.5

106.0

Nondurable goods__
90.0
Food and kindred products______
83.1
Tobacco manufactures________
75.6
Textile-mill products........................ 67.8
Apparel and other finished textile
products_________
99.8
Paper and allied products________ 108.7
Printing and publishing.................. 118.2
Chemicals and allied products____ 104.9
Products of petroleum and coal___ 80.1
Rubber products............................... 96.7
Leather and leather products_____ 85.6

102.1

111.0

118.8
105.4
80.9
99.0
84.3

110.0

114.1

111.6

105.4
92.7

Payrolls
Mining......................................... .
Contract construction__________________
Manufacturing.............................................. 167.3

101.41 101. 6
259.01 259.4
170.0) j 172.5

104. 5
267.9
169.2

103 3
262.8
169.0

1 For comparability of data with those published In Issues prior to August
1958, see footnote 1, table A-2.

ins 4
246.9
172.5

m7 s
230.5
171.5

ms 7
207 9
168.8

176 1
172.6

173.9

1£5 4
175.5

For mining and manufacturing, data refer to production and related work­
ers; for contract construction, to construction workers.
2 Preliminary.

T a b l e C-4. Gross and spendable average weekly earnings of production workers in manufacturing,

in current and 1947-49 dollars 1
1960

Annual
average

1959

Item
Oct.2 Sept.

Aug.'

July

June

May

Apr.

Mar.

Feb.

Jan.

Dec.

Nov.

Oct.

1959

1958

M a n u fa c tu r in g

Gross average weekly earnings:
Current dollars____________________ $91.08 $91.08 $90.35 $91.14 $91.60 $91.37 $89.60 $90.91 $91.14 $92.29 $92.16 $88.98 $89.06 $89.47
1947-49 dollars_____________________ 71. 55 71.83 71.37 71.99 72.41 72.34 71.00 72.32 72.56 73.60 73.43 70.84 70.96 71.81
Spendable average weekly earnings:
Worker with no dependents:
Current dollars...................... ......... 73.62 73.62 73. 06 73.67 74.03 73.85 72.48 73.49 73.67 74.56 74.92 72.45 72.51 72.83
1947-49 dollars.... .............
57.83 58.06 57.71 58.19 58.52 58.47 57.43 58.46 58.65 59.46 59.70 57.68 57.78 58.45
Worker with 3 dependents:
Current dollars................................. 81.18 81.18 80.61 81.23 81.59 81.41 80.01 81.05 81.23 82.14 82.50 79.97 80.03 80.36
1947-49 dollars_________________ 63. 77 64.02 63. 67 64.16 64. 50 64.46 63.40 64.48 64.67 65.50 65.74 63.67 63.77 64.49
1 See footnote 1, table 0-3.
Spendable average weekly earnings are obtained by deducting from gross
average weekly earnings, Federal social security and income taxes for which
the worker Is liable. The amount of tax liability depends, of course, on the
number of dependents supported by the worker as well as on the level of his
gross income. Spendable earnings have been computed for 2 types of income
receivers: (1) a worker with no dependents; and (2) a worker with 3 depend­
ents. The primary value of the spendable series is that of measuring relative
changes In disposable earnings for 2 types of income receivers.
The computations of spendable earnings for both the worker with no de­
pendents and the worker with 3 dependents are based upon the gross average


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$83.50
67.61
68.46
55.43
75.88
61.44

weekly earnings for a l l production workers in manufacturing without direct
regard to marital status, family composition, or other sources of income.
Gross and spendable average weekly earnings expressed in 1947-49 dollars
indicate changes in the level of average weekly earnings after adjustment for
changes in purchasing power as measured by the Bureau’s Consumer Price
Index.
2 Preliminary.
N o t e : For a description of these series, see The Calculation and Uses of
the Spendable Earnings Series (in M onthly Labor Review, January 1959,
pp. 50-54).

105

D.—CONSUMER AND WHOLESALE PRICES

D.—Consumer and Wholesale Prices
T able D - l. Consumer Price Index 1—All-city average: All items, groups, subgroups, and special
groups of items
[1947-49=100]
1959

1960

Annual
average

Group
Nov.

125.6

125.4

125.5

125.6

124.6

123.5

117.4
114.4
135.2
106.2
116.5
125.9
102.9

117.6
114.7
134.8
106.4
116.5
125.7
104.5

117.8
115.0
134.5
106.6
116.7
125.5
105.4

117.9
115.1
134.2
107. 9
116.0
123.4
106.4

118.3
115.9
134.2
110.7
114.3
125.1
106.1

120.3
118.8
133.1
115.1
113.5
127.1
112.4

131.2
141.0
124.0
139.0
104.3
136.3

130.7
140.9
123.2
139.0
104.0
135.9

130.4
140.8
122.7
137.3
104.2
135.5

130.4
140.5
121.7
135.9
104.4
135.4

129.2
139.7
119.9
136.6
103.9
134.3

127.7
137.7
117.0
134.9
103.9
131.4

108.4
108.7
99.3
138.7
92.8

107.9
108.8
98.0
139.4
92.2

109.2
109.1
100.3
139.7
93.1

109.4
109.1
100.9
139.2
93.3

107.9
108.4
99. 5
135.2
92.3

107.0
108.6
99.1
129.8
92.0

146.1
134.4
199.4

146.5 «147. 5 M47.6
134.9 «136.0 «136. 3
199.4 199.3 197.2

148.7
137.5
197.2

149.0
137.9
196.0

146.3
135.2
193.9

140.5
129.7
188.0

155.5

155.0

153.5

153.2

153.0

150.8

144. 6

132.7

132.9

132.7

131.2

128.6

120.6

120.3

120.4

120.0

118.6

116.7

131.7

131.6

129.7

127.2

June

May

126.8

126.6

126.6

126.5

126.3

126.2

125.7

120.2
117.4
137.8
110.2
117. 5
124.6
109.3

120.1
117.4
137.7
111.3
116.6
127.3
106.5

120.6
117.9
137.5
110.8
115.8
134.4
104.8

120.3
117.7
136.1
110.3
115.0
136.1
104.5

119.7
117.0
135.6
109.7
115.0
132.9
104.9

119.5
116.7
135.8
109.3
115.3
129.9
106.1

117.7
114.7
135.5
107.2
116.4
125.0
103.4

132.2
142.5
125.7
136.1
104.0
138.1

132.0
142.1
125.7
134.8
104.1
138.0

131.5
141.9
124.9
133.4
103.5
137.6

131.3
141.8
124.8
132.9
104.1
137.4

131.3
141.6
124.7
132.3
104.3
137.3

131.2
141.4
124.7
132.9
104.3
137.2

131.4
141.4
124.4
136.3
104.7
137.0

131.3
141.2
124.1
137.2
104.7
136.9

111.0
112.2
101.8
140.5
93.9

110.6
112.2
101.1
140.2
93.8

109.3
110.5
99.7
139.9
93.1

109.1
110.2
99.4
139.8
93.1

108.9
109.8
99.1
140.1
93.1

108.9
109.7
99.4
139.8
93.2

108.9
109.5
99.6
139.8
92.9

108.8
108.9
99.6
139.7
93.0

Transportation.
____ _
146. 5 146.1
Private______________________ ____ 134.4 134.1
Public....................................................... 204.3 202.6

144.7
132.8
201.7

146.2
134.4
200.7

145.9
134.2
200.3

145.8
134.1
199.7

145.6
133.9
199.4

Medical care____ _____ _______________ 157.9

156.9

156.7

156.4

156.1

155.9

Sept.

All items.........................................................

127.4

127.3

Food 3.......................................... .................
Food at home_____________________
Cereals and bakery products_____
Meats, poultry, and fish________
Dairy products'. ......... ...... ...........
Fruits and vegetables___________
Other foods at home *___ _______

121.1
118.4
138.6
109.9
118.9
126.2
111.6

120.9
118.2
138.5
110.0
118.4
124.8
112.0

Housing •___ ________________________
Rent__________ __________________
Gas and electricity__ _____ ________
Solid fuels and fuel oil______________
Housefurnishings________________. . .
Household operation_______________

132.1
142.7
125.7
136.3
104.0
138.3

Apparel___ ______ ___________________
Men’s and boys’____ ______________
Women’s and girls’.................................
Footwear_________________________
_____ ____________
Other apparel

110.7
112.0
101.4
140.3
94.1

Personal care___________________ _____
Reading and recreation________________

133.9
122.5

157.3
134.0
121.9

133.9
122.1

133.8
121.9

133.4
121.6

133.2
121.1

133.2
121.4

1958

Dec.

Mar.

July

Oct.

1959

Jan.

Apr.

Aug.

Nov.

132.9
121.1

132.7
120.9

Feb.

154.7
132.6

132.7

132.7

132.7

132.4

132.2

132.0

131.9

131.9

131.7

131.8

131.8

130.8
125.0
115.9

130.7
124.8
115.9

130.3
124.3
115.6

130.1
124.1
115.5

129.9
124.2
115.4

129.7
124.0
115.3

129.7
123.8
115.3

129.8
123.7
115. 6

129.7
123.1
115.7

129.7
123.0
116.0

129.4
122.9
115.9

129.5
123.1
116.4

129.5
123.1
116.5

127.9
122.2
115.1

125.5
121.2
113.4

All commodities_______ ______ _____
Nondurables 7 ________________
Nondurables less food_______
Non durables less food and
apparel.....................................
D urables»_____________________

118.3
120.9
121.1

118.2
120.7
120.9

117.7
120.3
120.9

117.6
119.9
120.1

117.7
120.0
119.9

117.6
119.8
119.6

117.3
119.4
119.4

117.4
119.4
119.7

116.7
118.3
119.6

116.7
118.0
119.4

116.7
118.1
119.2

117.1
118.5
119.9

117.2
118.6
119.8

116.6
118.1
118.3

116.3
118.6
116.9

130.0
110.7
102.8

129.5
110.9
102.8

129.8
110.0
103.0

129.4
111.0
103.0

129.2
111.1
103.0

128.7
111.5
103.2

128.4
111.9
103.5

129.0
112.1
103.6

128.9 128.8 128.9
112.5 •113.3 o113.3
103. 6 103.4 103.4

129.1
113.8
103.3

128.9
114.1
103.4

127.3
113.0
103.3

125.6
110.5
103.4

All services •

151.3
153. 6

151.2
153.4

150.8
153.0

150.3
152.5

150.0
152.1

149.7
151.8

149.6
151.7

149.4
151. 5

149.2
151.3

148.9
150.9

148.2
150.1

147.8
149.7

147.6
149.5

145.8
147.5

142.4
143.8

140.1
187.0
165.1
136.7

140.1
186.3
164.3
136.8

139.8
185.8
163.6
136.5

139.2
185.2
163.3
136.0

139.1
184.9
163.0
135.5

138.9
184.5
162.5
135.1

138.8
184.3
162.4
135.2

138.5
184.2
161.9
135.0

138.3
183.9
161.3
134.9

137.8
183.6
160.8
134.7

137.2
182.7
159. 5
134.1

136.7
182.7
159.2
133.6

136.3
182.2
158.8
133.7

134.8
180.3
156.3
131.7

131.4
174.1
149.2
129.6

Other goods and services_____________—
Special groups:
All items less food_________________
All items less shelter. . __________
All commodities less fond

D urables less cars

All services less rent ______ ____
Household operation services,
gas, and electricity________
Transportation services______
Medical care services________
Other services........ ....................

J The Consumer Price Index measures the average change In Drices of
goods and services purchased by urban wage-earner and clerical-worker
families. Data for 46 large, medium-size, and small cities are combined for
the all-city average.
3
In addition to subgroups shown here, total food Includes restaurant meals
and other food bought and eaten away from home.
3
Includes eggs, fats and oils, sugar and sweets, beverages (nonalcoholic),
and other miscellaneous foods.
<In addition to subgroups shown here, total housing includes the purchase
price of homes and other homeowner costs.
* Includes yard goods, diapers, and miscellaneous items.
• Revised.
r Includes food, house paint, solid fuels, fuel oil, textile housefumishings,
household paper, electric light bulbs, laundry soap and detergents, apparel


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

(except shoe repairs), gasoline, motor oil, prescriptions and drugs, toilet
goods, nondurable toys, newspapers, cigarettes, cigars, beer, and whiskey.
* Includes water beaters, central heating furnaces, kitchen sinks, sink
faucets, porch flooring, household appliances, furniture and bedding, floor
coverings, dinnerware, automobiles, tires, radio and television sets, durable
toys, and sporting goods.
«Includes rent, home purchase, real estate taxes, mortgage interest, prop­
erty Insurance, repainting garage, repainting rooms, reshingling roof, refinishing floors, gas, electricity, dry cleaning, laundry service, domestic
service, telephone, water, postage, shoe repairs, auto repairs, auto insurance,
auto registration, transit fares, railroad fares, professional medical services,
hospital services, hospitalization and surgical insurance, barber and beauty
shop services, television repairs, and motion picture admissions.

106

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JANUARY 1961

T able D -2. Consumer Price Index 1—All items and food indexes, by city
[1947-49=100]
1960

City
Nov.

Oct.

Sept.

Aug,

July

June

1959
May

Apr.

Mar.

Feb.

Jan.

Dec.

Annual average

Nov.

1959

1958

All items
All-city average A..............

127.4

127.3

126.8

126.6

126.6

126.5

126.3

126.2

125.7

125.6

125.4

125.5

125.6

124.6

123.6

Atlanta, G a ................... ......
Baltimore, M d___ ____
Boston, Mass___________
Chicago, 111_____________
Cincinnati, Ohio..................

(3)
(3)
(3)
130.5
0

0
0
129.1
130.7
0

127.9
128.7
0
130.4
124.8

0
0
0
130.3
0

0
0
128.7
130.4
0

127.1
128.3
0
130.1
124.6

0
0
0
129.6
0

0
0
128.3
129.5
0

126.7 ....0
127.7
0
0
0
129.2
129.1
123.6
0

0
0
126.4
128.9
0

126.4
127.2
0
129.0
123.8

0
0
0
129.1
0

125.4
126.8
125.8
128.1
123.1

124.5
124.5
124.8
127.0
122.3

Cleveland, Ohio....................
Detroit, Mich___________
Houston, Tex____________
Kansas City, Mo..................
Los Angeles, C a lif...............

127.9
125.7
126.4
0
130.6

0
125.7
0
128.2
130.3

0
125.4
0
0
129.8

127.4
125.6
126.1
0
129.2

0
125.8
0
127.9
129.5

0
125.1
0
0
129.7

127.1
124.3
125.1
0
129.8

0
124.2
0
126.6
130.1

0
126.1
0
123.9
123.9
123.4
125.6
0
0
127.0
0
0
129.3 ‘ 128.8 ‘ 129.1

0
124.0
0
0
128.9

126.4
124.1
125.4
0
128.8

125.6
123.8
124.6
125.9
127.4

124.8
123.9
123.6
124.1
125.4

Minneapolis, M inn...............
New York, N .Y __________
Philadelphia, P a_________
Pittsburgh, P a......................
Portland, Oreg___________

0
126.5
127.9
0
0

128.5
126.1
127.7
129.0
127.2

0
125.5
127.2
0
0

0
125.3
126.8
0
0

127.5
124.8
126.9
128.9
127.5

0
124.9
126.4
0
0

0
124.9
126.4
0
0

127.1
124.7
126.4
127.9
127.5

0
124.5
126.0
0)
0

126.2
0
124.4
124.1
125.6
125.5
126.6
0
‘ 127.2
0

0
124.2
126.5
0
0

0
124.1
126.2
0
0

125.6
122.8
124.5
125.5
125.7

124.3
121.1
123.1
124.0
124.4

St. Louis, Mo_____ _____
San Francisco, Calif.............
Scranton, Pa_____________
Seattle, Wash___ ________
Washington, D. C ________

0
0
123.9
130.5
123.8

127.4
133.0
0
0
0

0
0
121.8
129.8
123.2

127.2
132.4
0
0
0

0
0
122.1
129.7
123.1

126.6
131.8
0
0
0

0
0
121.5
129.2
121.7

126.3
130.0
120.8
128.2
121.7

124.7
127.5
120.2
125.8
121.1

0
0
0
0
0

0
0
0
0
0

0
0
0
0
0

126.3
0
131.6
0
121. 4
0
0
‘ 129.0
121.9
0

0
0
0
0
0

Food
All-city average *_________

121.1

120.9

120.2

120.1

120.6

120.3

119.7

119.5

117.7

117.4

117.6

117.8

117.9

118.3

120.3

Atlanta, Ga_____________
Baltimore, M d___ _______
Boston, Mass___________
Chicago, 111______________
Cincinnati, Ohio .

118.7
120.7
120.5
118.7
121.9

118.7
121.0
120.3
118. 6
122.6

118.2
120.1
120.4
118.1
121.3

118.1
120.7
119.9
118.4
120.8

117.4
121.2
120.4
119.3
121.9

117.6
121.2
119.0
118.8
121.5

116.8
120.5
118.6
117.2
120.4

116.8
119.7
119.2
116.7
120.4

115.0
118.2
118.3
115.1
117.8

114.1
116.7
117.7
114.4
117.8

114.5
116.2
117.4
115.2
117.7

114.2
117.4
118.3
114.6
118.2

114.3
117.8
119.4
115.3
118.4

115.7
118.0
118.7
115.8
118.8

118.0
120.9
119.7
117.3
122.1

Cleveland, Ohio_________
Detroit, Mich____________
Houston, Tex____________
Kansas City, M o________
Los Angeles, Calif................

117.1
119.4
116.5
114.5
127.3

117.0
119.6
116.2
113.9
127.0

116.2
118.9
115. 8
113.1
126.5

116.7
120.0
115.8
112.9
125.5

117.0
120.6
115.6
113.9
126.6

117.1
120.0
114.8
114.0
126.4

116.4
119.0
114.4
112.7
126.1

115.8
119.1
114.8
112.4
126.8

113.4
116.5
113.0
110.7
124.4

112.9
115.7
113.3
110.4
123.7

113.1
115.8
113.6
111.3
125.2

113.4
116.3
113.5
111.4
123.6

113.1
116.9
113.9
111.3
123.6

114.1
117. 5
114.7
112.2
123.5

117.2
121.1
117.0
114.4
123.3

Minneapolis, M inn..............
New York, N .Y _________
Philadelphia, P a...................
Pittsburgh, P a__________
Portland, Oreg.......... ............

119.2
123.6
123.9
122.4
121.4

119.7
123.2
124.0
122.6
121.3

118.6
122.5
123.1
121.9
121.1

118.7
122.5
123.0
121.0
120.4

118 9
121.9
123.1
123.1
121.7

119.3
121.8
122.6
122.1
121.3

118.1
121.8
121.7
122.2
120.4

118.6
121.4
121.2
121.0
121.2

116.6
120.7
120.0
118.4
120.0

116. 5
120.8
119.1
118.6
120.2

117.0
120.5
119.5
118.7
121.2

117.3
120.8
120.1
119.1
121.0

117.9
120. 7
120.6
119.6
120.7

118.0
120.3
120.9
119.8
120.7

118.6
120.9
123.1
121.8
120.7

St. Louis, Mo___ ________
San Francisco, Calif.............
Scranton, P a____________
Seattle, W ash.....................
Washington, D.G

120.7
125.5
117.0
123.4
121.2

120.2
125.0
117.0
123.3
121.6

118.9
125.2
115.9
123.2
120.8

119.6
124.0
114.8
123.1
120.1

119.9
124.7
115.7
123.0
120.9

119.6
124.2
116.5
122.6
120.9

118.5
124.3
115.8
122.6
120.4

118.0
124.6
115.5
122.8
119.5

116.7
122.7
113.9
120.9
117.9

117.5
122.2
113.0
121.0
117.2

116.2
123.6
113.5
121.4
117.3

117.6
123.1
113.9
121.1
118.1

117.7
122.3
114.3
120. 8
118.0

118. 7
122.6
115.4
120.8
119.0

121.2
123.1
118.4
121.3
121.6

1 See footnote 1, table D -l. Indexes measure time-to-time changes In
prices of goods and services purchased by urban wage-earner and clericalworker families. They do not indicate whether it costs more to live in one
city than in another.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

J Average of 46 cities.
3 All items indexes are computed monthly for 6 cities and once every 3
months on a rotating cycle for 15 other cities.
* Revised.

107

D .—CONSUMER AND WHOLESALE PRICES
T able

D-3. Indexes of wholesale prices,1 by group and subgroup of commodities
[1947-49=100, unless otherwise specified]
1959

1960

Annual
average

Commodity group
Oct.

Sept.

Aug.

July

June

May

Apr.

Mar.

Feb.

Jan.

Dec.

Nov.

1959

All commodities............................................. 119.6 3119.6

119.2

119.2

119.7

119.5

119.7

120.0

120.0

119.3

119.3

118.9

118.9

119.5

119.2

99.7 3 99.5

98.1

97.4

99.1

98.6

99.1

99.2

99.1

96.6

96.3

95.5

95.4

98.2

103.1

87.7
104.7
74.9
79.0
92.1
99.8
85.5
72.3
129.5
108.1
122.4
96.0
120.5
107.9
117.9
140.9
60.0
48.7
55.2
74.7
101.4

Nov.»

Farm products and processed foods............

1958

Farm products.......................... ................
Fresh and dried fruits and vegetables..
Grains___________________________
Livestock and live poultry__________
Plant and animal fibers___ _________
Fluid m ilk ..............................................
Eggs.........................................................
Hay, hayseeds, and oilseeds_________
Other farm products_______________
Processed foods.............................................
Cereal and bakery products...................
Meats, poultry, and fish_____ _____
Dairy products and ice cream________
Canned and frozen fruits and vegetables
Sugar and confectionery.........................
Packaged beverage materials_________
Animal fats and oils________________
Crude vegetable oils___ ____________
Refined vegetable oils_______ _______
Vegetable oil end products__________
Other processed foods......... ................

89.9
107.5
70.3
81.8
90.8
102.3
108.1
72.5
129.1
109.1
123.1
96.6
121.7
109.8
117.5
140.9
66.2
53.1
59.8
76.1
102.8

3 89.5
3109.2
73.5
80.7
90.8
3101.5
98.9
72.2
130.4
109.0
123.1
97.8
121.3
3109.1
117.1
140.9
3 62.0
3 49.9
57.4
75.2
100.5

86.6
98.7
74.3
80.7
92.2
97.0
76.4
73.7
125. 6
107.8
122.0
96.8
118.0
106.8
116.9
140.9
66.0
51.6
56.8
73.3
101.7

88.9
112.9
75.5
84.1
96.4
95.5
65.4
73.5
127.7
108.9
122.5
99. 5
117.3
107.5
117.2
143.5
62.1
50.3
55.5
72.7
103.3

89.0
109.7
77.5
85.1
96.7
93.3
64.2
74.4
128.0
107.6
121.2
98.1
116.0
106.9
114.3
145.2
56.9
50.3
56.3
72.7
103.9

90.4
116.9
77.8
85.8
96.6
92.7
69.6
76.5
128.3
107.3
121.2
98.5
114.9
106.3
114.3
145.2
56.0
48.7
57.0
71.5
102.2

91.1
111. 5
79.4
85.7
96.3
95.5
80.2
76.3
128.6
106.8
120.9
96.7
115.6
105.8
114.1
145.2
57.6
47.5
56.7
71.5
102.8

90.4
104. 4
78.2
86.2
96.0
97.9
75.8
76.7
127.9
107.3
120.8
97.8
117.7
105.8
113. 7
145.2
53.1
45.2
55.6
71.5
101.7

87.0
100.5
76.7
80.8
96.1
99.0
58.4
77.1
128.9
105.7
120.6
93.1
118.4
105.0
113.9
145.2
49.4
45.3
54.5
71.2
101. 6

86.5
104.9
77.2
78.5
95.9
99.3
56.9
77.5
127.4
105.6
120.7
92.4
118.8
104.5
113.3
145.2
48.7
46.0
54.8
71.2
103.9

85.9
107.9
76.1
76.0
95.7
98.3
62.8
76.3
127.5
104.7
120.4
90. 5
118.1
104.6
115.6
145.2
50.1
45.0
52.5
71.1
100.0

85.4
103.2
76.5
75.3
94.7
98.2
63.4
76.3
131.7
104.9
120.4
90.8
117.7
106.4
116.7
145.2
54.2
45.8
52.6
71.9
98.3

89.1
102.7
77.3
85.1
98.2
94.4
65.6
76.6
132.6
107.0
119.3
98.2
114.3
109.0
115.1
146.5
54.6
53.1
58.0
74.0
96.7

94.9
112.0
79.5
92.9
101.5
94.6
81.7
76.9
140.4
110.9
117.9
106.7
112.7
109.7
115.6
165.7
72.0
60.1
67.9
82.8
96.6

All commodities except farm products____
All commodities except farm and foods___
Textile products and apparel..... ........... ......
Cotton products____________ ______
Wool products........................... .............
Manmade fiber textile products______
Silk products______________________
Apparel__________________________
Other textile products...................... ......
Hides, skins, leather, and leather products .
Hides and skins...................... ................
Leather____________________ ______
Footwear______________ ___________
Other leather products______________
Fuel, power, and lighting materials______
Coal................................................... ......
Coke............................................ .........
Gas fuels <________________________
Electric power <___________________
Petroleum and products____________
Chemicals and allied products___________
Industrial chemicals________________
Prepared paint____________________
Paint materials____________________
Drugs and pharmaceuticals__________
Fats and oils, inedible______________
Mixed fertilizer____________________
Fertilizer materials_________________
Other chemicals and allied products__
Rubber and rubber products____________
Crude rubber_____________________
Tires and tubes____________________
Other rubber products______________
Lumber and wood products..........................
Lumber........ .................. ........................
Millwork_________________________
Plywood_________________________
Pulp, paper, and allied products.................
Woodpulp________ _______________
Wastepaper_______________________
Paper____________________________
Paperboard_______________________
Converted paper and paperboard
products________________________
Building paper and board___________
Metals and metal products_____________
Iron and steel_____________________
Nonferrous metals_________________
Metal containers__________ ________
Hardware_________________________
Plumbing fixtures and brass fittings—
Heating equipment................ ............. .
Fabricated structural metal products..
Fabricated nonstructural metal prod­
ucts........................................................

124.5
127.8
95.5
91.7
101.2
78.5
125.9
101.0
92.1
108. 5
65.8
97.1
132.5
104.2
116.1
123.0
170.4
121.1
102.1
120.6
110.3
123.5
128.4
104.8
94.3
48.9
112.1
111.8
107.4
143.6
140.6
141.3
146.8
116.6
114.8
135.8
96.1
133.1
121.2
77.4
145.7
132.4

3124.6 124.4 124.6
3128.0 127.9 128.2
95.8
95.9
96.1
93.4
94.3
92.8
101.1 101.2 101.5
78.9
78.6
3 78.5
128.5 128.4 126.8
101.1 101.1 101.0
84.6
85.7
91.3
3108.5 108.1 108.7
63.6
64.1
62.3
98.9
98.1
97.5
132.5 132.5 132.5
3104.0 103.9 104.7
3116.2 116.1 115.3
122.5 122.4 121.3
170.4 170.4 170.4
3120.9 121.3 116.6
102.1 102.1 102.1
121.0 120.7 120.0
3110.3 110.4 110.5
123.6 124.5 124.6
128.4 128.4 128.4
104.5 104.6 105.0
95.4
3 94.4
95.0
48.9
3 47.8
47.7
3112.9 3112.9 »112.3
111.1 108.4 108.4
3107.3 106.7 106.7
144.7 144.9 145.3
146.8 148.3 152.1
141.3 141.3 141.3
146.8 146.6 145.9
3117.7 118.7 119.6
3116.3 117.9 119.2
3135.3 135.5 136.7
96.4
94.7
97.1
3133.4 133.0 133.0
121.2 121.2 121.2
77.4
77.4
77.4
3145.7 145.4 145.2
135.9 135.9 135.9

124.8
128.2
96.3
94.7
101.8
79.6
123.3
101.0
81.9
110.1
68.0
102.2
132.5
105.6
113.8
120.3
170.4
114.4
102.0
117.9
110.4
124.7
128.4
103.8
95.1
47.8
110.3
110.6
106.4
146.9
161.2
141.3
145.6
121.5
121.6
137.2
95.5
133.5
121.2
82.3
145.9
135.9

124.6
128.2
96.3
94.8
102.1
79.6
121. 6
100.8
85.1
110.3
67.1
103.0
132.5
106.4
112.3
119.5
170.4
112.2
101.8
116.0
110.2
124.6
128.3
103.2
95.1
47.9
110.2
108.8
106.4
146.7
169.6
137.0
145.6
122.4
123.1
136.9
95.5
133.5
121.2
82.3
145.9
135.9

124.5
128.2
96.3
94.8
102.4
79.7
118.7
100.6
86.8
111.2
72.9
103.5
132.5
106.7
110.8
118.7
170.4
111.6
101.7
113.6
110.2
124.6
128.3
103.0
94.8
50.2
110. 2
108.8
106.4
146.3
169.6
137.0
144.5
123.7
124. 9
136.9
95.7
133.4
121.2
83.2
145.9
135.9

124.9
128.7
96.3
95.0
102.7
79.4
118.0
100.7
82.5
112.1
73.5
104.7
133. 5
107.3
112.2
119.0
170.4
115.6
101.8
115.4
110.2
124.5
128.3
102.9
94.5
51.7
110.2
108.8
106.4
144.7
160.9
137.0
144.5
124.3
125.7
136.8
96.1
133.1
121.2
88.4
145.1
135.9

124.9
128.6
96.3
95.6
102.8
79.4
116.6
100.7
80.5
111.8
72.0
102.8
134.2
107.3
112.3
124.0
170.4
115.6
101.8
115.0
110.1
124.2
128.3
102.8
94.2
50.6
110.1
108.8
106.5
144.7
161.1
137.0
144.6
124.5
125.9
137.7
95.9
133.1
121.2
89.3
144.8
135.9

124.7
128.7
96.5
95.8
103.2
79.8
119.5
100.6
79.8
112.0
69.8
104.8
134. 2
107.2
112.0
124.1
170.4
114.5
101.8
114.6
110.0
124.2
128.3
103.0
94.0
49.4
110.1
108.8
106.5
144.6
160.7
137.0
144.6
124.9
126.1
137.7
97.0
133.2
121.2
93.6
144.5
135.9

124.8
128.8
96.6
95.9
104.0
79.4
122.0
100.8
79.3
112.7
73.7
105.5
134.2
108.0
111.9
124.1
170.4
116.6
101.3
114.4
109.9
124.1
128.3
103.0
93.8
49.2
109.6
108.8
106.5
143.1
162.8
132.2
144.6
125.1
126.1
137.8
98.2
133.7
121.2
108.0
144.5
135.9

124.4
128.6
96.7
95.0
104.2
81.3
121.7
100.9
79.4
112.3
73.8
103.5
134.1
107.8
111.7
124.1
170.4
115.5
101.2
114.3
110.0
124.0
128.3
103.1
93.7
50.8
109.8
107.0
106.8
142.0
160.5
132.2
143.0
124.8
125.9
137.9
97.2
132. 4
123.2
109.8
144.3
135.9

124.4
128.5
96.3
94.0
103.7
81.4
117.4
100.9
78.4
111.7
67.2
103.8
133.8
109.3
111.2
124.0
170.4
113.8
100.7
113.9
110.0
123.9
128.3
102.9
93.8
52.2
109.5
106.0
106.8
144.4
173.6
132.2
143.0
124.3
125.8
138.1
94.5
132.3
121.2
109.8
144.3
135.9

124.5
128.2
95.0
91.7
101.6
81.1
113.5
100.0
76.8
114.3
90.7
111.8
129.5
109.0
112.7
122.6
169.8
110.9
100.8
116.6
109.9
123.8
128.3
101.9
93.4
56.7
109.5
106.9
106.6
144.5
152.0
143.4
142.2
125.8
127.1
135.9
101.2
132.2
121.2
112.5
143.4
136.1

123.3
126.0
93.5
88.4
100.8
80.2
113.5
99.3
75.2
100.6
57.5
92.3
122.1
97.5
112.7
122.9
161.9
101.7
100.4
117.7
110.4
123.5
128.3
103.6
94.0
62.6
110.7
108.0
106.8
145.0
134.0
152.4
142.7
117.7
118.0
128.2
97.1
131.0
121.2
88.3
142.3
136.2

131.1 131.1
145.4 145.7
152.4 152.8
168.5 168.9
135.6 137.1
153.6 153.6
174.6 174.6
130. 8 3130.8
118.4 119.3
133.9 3134.0

130.6
145.3
153.5
169.7
138.4
153.6
174.5
131.5
119.3
134.2

130.5
145.5
153.6
169.9
138.7
153.6
174. 5
131.5
118.8
134.7

131.0
144.2
153.4
169.5
138.6
153.6
174.5
131.3
118.7
134.6

130.9
145.1
153.8
169.9
138.9
153.9
174.5
131.3
120.0
134.9

130.6
145.1
154.2
170.4
140.0
154.8
174.2
132.7
120.2
134.9

130.0
145.1
154.5
170.5
140.5
154.8
174.0
132.1
120.1
135.3

130.0
146.5
154. 5
170. 5
140.8
154.8
173.8
133. 9
120.1
135.8

130.0
147.6
155.3
171.6
142.6
154.8
173.4
133.9
120.3
135.4

130.0
147.6
155.5
172.4
142.7
152.9
173.4
134.0
120.9
135.4

127.5
147.6
155.2
172.2
140.7
152.9
173.2
133.2
121.6
135.4

127.4
147.6
155.8
173.6
141.1
152.9
173.2
132.4
121.5
135.4

127.5
146.4
153.6
172.0
136.1
153.7
173.0
130.1
121.7
133.4

127.6
143.2
150.4
168.8
127.7
155. 7
170.8
123.7
121,2
133. 9

146.2

146.2

146.2

146.0

146.0

146.1

146.1

146.1

146.4

146.3

146.5

147.2

146.0

145.7

See footnotes at end of table,


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

146.7

108

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JANUARY 1961
Table

D-3. Indexes of wholesale prices,1 by group and subgroup of commodities—Continued
[1947-49=100, unless otherwise speclfiedl
1960

1959

Annual
average

Commodity group
Nov.2 Oct.
Machinery and motive products................
Agricultural machinery and equipmentConstruction machinery and equipm ent— ................... .............
Metalworking machinery and equipm ent___ ___________ _______
General purpose machinery and equipm ent_________________
Miscellaneous machinery...... .............
Electrical machinery and equipment—.
Motor vehicles__________________

Sept.

Aug.

July

June

May

Apr.

Mar.

Feb.

Jan.

Dec.

Nov.

1959

1958

153.0 2152.8 3151.3
148.3 3146.7 146.2

153.2
146.1

153.2
146.0

153.4
145.9

153.5
145.7

154.0
145.6

153.9
145.3

153.9
145.3

153.8
144.3

153.7
144.0

153.6
143.9

153.0
143.4

149.8
139.1

176.7 »176. 7

175.5

175.3

175.3

174.7

174.3

173.9

173.6

172.9

172.9

171.9

166.1

181.0 3180.8 3179.9 3179.9 3179.7 3179.1

178.5

178.6

177.8

177.7

177.6

177.5

174.5

170.1

177.3 3176.7
181.8

166.3 3166. 5 166.9
150.7 150.4 150.2
152.4 152.5 152.5
140.6 3140.3 3135.4

166.4
150.2
153.1
141.6

166.6
150.1
153.3
141.6

166.4
150.2
153.9
141.6

167.8
150.0
153.9
141.6

167.9
150.1
155.6
141.6

167.7
149.9
155.6
141.6

168.2
149.6
155.7
141.6

167.8
149.7
155.8
141.6

167.9
149.8
155.4
141.6

167.5
149.7
155.9
141.6

165.3
149.4
154.4
142.8

160.0
148.1
152.2
139.7

Furniture and other household durables.—
Household furniture____________
Commercial furniture______________
Floor coverings___________________
Household appliances______________
Television, radio receivers, and phonographs........................ .....................
Other household durable goods______

122.6 3122.7
125.7 125.6
157.1 157.1
130.5 130.5
100.6 100.9

122.8
125.0
157.1
130.5
100.9

122.9
125.0
157.1
130.6
101.1

123.1
125.0
157.1
130.6
101.7

123.0
124.9
156.7
130.6
101.7

123.2
125.0
156.7
130.8
102.1

123.5
124.9
156.7
130.8
103.1

123.7
124.9
156.6
130.6
103.2

123.5
124.9
155.8
129.6
103.3

123.4
124.7
155.8
129.6
103.3

123.2
124.2
155.5
129.0
103.7

123.3
124.3
155.5
129.3
104.1

123.4
124.1
155.2
128.1
104.7

123.2
123.0
154.6
127.8
104.7

90.5 3 90.5
156.6 156.8

91.1
157.6

91.1
157.6

91.4
157.6

91.4
157.4

91.7
157.4

91.7
157.3

91.8
158.3

91.8
158.1

91.7
157.8

91.9
156.6

91.8
156.6

92.8
156.4

94.4
155.1

Nonmetallic minerals—structural.........
Flat glass_________________
Concrete ingredients.............................
Concrete products..........__................
Structural clay products. ___
Gypsum products........ ........................
Prepared asphalt roofing..............
Other nonmetallic minerals..................

137.9 3138.1
132.4 132.4
142.1 142.1
131.0 131.0
162.2 162.2
133.2 133.2
106.6 106.6
133.8 3135. 0

138.0
132.4
142.2
131.0
162.1
133.2
106.6
134.5

137.8
130.2
142.2
131.1
162.0
133.2
106.6
134.6

137.8
130.2
142.1
131.3
101.8
133.2
106.6
134.6

137.8
130.2
142.1
131.3
161.7
133.2
106.6
134.6

137.9
130.2
142.1
131.5
161.7
133.2
106.6
134.6

138. 3
135.3
142.1
131.3
161.5
133.2
106.6
134.4

138.2
135.3
142.1
131.0
161.5
133.2
107.6
133.7

138.2
135.3
142.0
131.1
161.5
133.1
107.6
133.7

138.4
135.3
142.0
130.5
161.3
133.1
113. 6
132.8

137.8
135.3
140.4
130.4
160.7
133.1
113.6
132.5

137.7
135.3
140.4
130.3
160.6
133.1
113.6
132.5

137.7
135.3
140.3
129.7
160.2
133.1
116.4
132.4

136.0
135.4
139.0
128.1
156.5
132.1
112.8
131.2

Tobacco products and bottled beverages ».
Tobacco products 9__________
Alcoholic beverages_____________
Nonalcoholic beverages____________

132.0
130.8
121.1
171.4

132.0
130.8
121.1
171.4

132.0
130.8
121.1
171.4

132.0
130.8
121.1
171.4

131.8
130.8
120.6
171.4

131.7
130.8
120.6
171.1

131.7
130.8
120.6
171.1

131.7
130.8
120.6
171.1

131.7
130.8
120.6
171.1

131.7
130.8
120.6
171.1

131.7
130.8
120. 5
171.1

131.7
130.7
120.7
171.1

131.7
130.7
120.7
171.1

131.4
130.5
121.3
167.4

128.2
129.6
120.5
149.3

Miscellaneous products____ ____
90.6
Toys, sporting goods, small arms, and
ammunition ..............................
118.6
Manufactured animal feeds.................... 66.8
Notions and accessories_________
96.4
Jewelry, watches, and photographic
equipment....... .........................
110.9
Other miscellaneous products ___
132.1

90.3

91.1

89.9

90.8

90.9

91.1

95.4

94.0

93.4

95.3

94.2

93.7

94.5

94.2

118.6
66.2
96.4

118.6
67.7
96.4

118.5
65.6
97.3

118.6
67.3
97.3

118.3
67.6
96.4

118.3
68.0
96.4

118.3
75.6
97.2

117.8
73.2
97.5

117.8
72.2
97.5

117.7
75.6
97.5

118.0
74.0
97.5

117.7
73.7
97.5

117.5
75.1
97.3

119.0
74.4
97.5

110.9
132.6

110.9
132.5

110.9
132.3

110.7
132.5

110.2
132.6

110.5
132.5

110.5
132.1

110.6
131.6

110.6
131.5

110.6
131.9

109.5
131.9

108.3
131.9

108.3
132.2

107.6
132.2

1 As of January 1958, new weights reflecting 1954 values were introduced
Into the Index. Technical details furnished upon request to the Bureau.
»Preliminary.
»Revised.
‘ January 1958=100.

T able D -4 .

f This index was formerly tobacco manufactures and bottled beverages.
9 New series.

Indexes of wholesale prices for special commodity groupings 1
[1947-49=100]
1960

Commodity group
All foods........................
All fish............................
All commodities except farm products
Textile products, excluding hard fiber products____
Refined petroleum products..................
East Coast petroleum_________ ______
Midcontinent petroleum________
Gulf Coast petroleum_________
Pacific Coast petroleum__________
Bituminous coal, in domestic sizes —
Soaps.......................
Synthetic detergents............
Lumber and wood products, excluding millwork___
Softwood lumber.......................
Pulp, paper and products, excluding bldg, paper__
Special metals and metal products_____
Steel mill products______
Machinery and equipment..............
Agricultural machinery, Including tractors................
Metalworking machinery
Total tractors____ ______
Industrial valves__________
Industrial fittings.................
Antifriction bearings and components______
Abrasive grinding wheels.........
Construction materials.............
! See footnote 1, table D-3.
2 Preliminary.
»Revised.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

Nov.2 Oct. Sept.

Aug.

July

108.8
131.5
124.5
90.5
119.1
111.4
124.7
122.9
105.5
127.4
107.6
103.6
113.4
112.4
132.8
149.6
187.6
159.6
150.4
188.9
158.9
201.0
121.7
132.9
147.6
130.2

105.4
124.4
124.6
92.2
118.3
111.0
123.2
122.9
104.1
124.4
107.6
101.2
116.8
117.6
132.7
150.6
187.6
159. 4
147.8
186.3
156.9
206. 5
121.9
132.9
147.6
131.4

106.9
129.9
124.8
92.7
115.8
109.8
118.5
121.0
105.1
122.0
107.6
101.2
118.9
120.3
133. 3
150.4
187.7
159. 4
147.8
186.4
155.9
206.5
125. 4
132.9
147.6
132.1

»108.5 106.6
129.4 128.1
»124.6 124.4
91.2 91.6
119.5 119.2
112.4 111.4
124.7 124.7
122.9 122.9
107.3 106.0
126.2 126.1
107.6 107.6
103.6 101.2
»114.8 116.0
»114.1 116.0
»133.1 132.7
»149.7 »148.7
187.6 187.6
159.3 159.4
»148.6 148.0
»187.8 187.5
157.4 156.9
»202.8 206.5
122.4 122.5
132.9 132.9
147.6 147.6
»130.5 131.1

1959

June May Apr. Mar. Feb. Jan.
105.5
126.5
124.6
92.8
113.5
109.8
114.4
118.1
106.6
121.0
107.6
101.2
120. 2
122.1
133.2
150. 6
188.1
159.6
147.7
186.3
155.8
206.5
125.4
134. 5
147.6
132.9

106.1
126.6
124.5
92.8
110.8
110.6
106. 2
118.1
108.1
119.2
107.6
101.2
121.7
124.5
133.1
151.0
188.3
159.8
147.5
185.5
155.8
206.1
144.6
134.5
147.6
133.9

105.8
123.3
124.9
92.9
112.9
110. 2
113. 1
117.8
105.7
119.2
107.6
101.2
122.5
125. 6
132.8
151.1
188.3
160.5
147.3
185. 5
155. 4
206.1
145.7
134. 5
147.6
134.3

105.4
123.4
124.9
93.2
112.5
110.2
112.2
117.3
105. 8
127.8
107.6
101.2
122.6
126.0
132.7
151.1
188.3
160.4
147.1
185.5
155. 2
206.1
145. 7
134.5
147.6
134.5

102.7
121.8
124.7
93.5
111.9
112. 2
109.3
118.8
103.7
127.8
107.6
101.2
123.0
126.4
132.8
151. 7
188.3
160.4
147.1
184.7
154.9
206.0
145.7
134.5
147.6
135.0

103.0
121.9
124.8
93.5
111.7
111.8
107.7
119.4
105.8
127.8
107.6
101.3
123.2
126.5
133.3
151.8
188.3
160.3
145.9
184.5
155.0
205.8
144.1
134.5
147.6
135. 2

Dec. Nov.
102.7
122.7
124.4
93.7
111.6
109.9
109.4
118.5
104.4
127.8
109.7
101.7
122.9
126.4
132.0
151.5
188.3
160.1
145.4
184.5
154.4
205. 7
144.1
134. 5
147.6
134.9

102.6
120.7
124.4
93.1
111.1
108.2
108.4
117.8
108. 4
127.7
109.7
101 7
122.2
126.2
131.9
151.9
188.3
160.0
145.3
184. 4
154. 4
205.7
144.1
134. 5
147.6
134.6

Annual average
1959

1958

104.4
124.5
124.5
91.4
114.2
108.9
115.7
118.4
108.2
124.9
109. 5
101.4
124.5
128.1
131.8
150.8
188.2
158.5
144.8
181.8
153.3
196.9
139.0
136.1
152.5
134.6

109.5
128.5
123.3
89.1
114.8
110.2
114.5
117.7
117.3
123.0
108.1
101.2
116.2
117.8
130.7
147.6
185.1
155.2
139.7
178.0
147.9
178.7
137.3
141.8
155.9
130.5

N ote: For a description of these series, see Wholesale Prices and Price
Indexes, 1958, BLS Bull. 1257 (1959).

109

D.~CONSUMER AND WHOLESALE PRICES
T able D -5 .

In d e x e s o f w h o lesa le p ric es,1 b y sta g e o f p ro cessin g a n d d u r a b ility o f p ro d u ct
[1947-49=100]
Annual
average

1960

1959

Nov.2 Oct. Sept. Aug. July June May Apr. Mar. Feb. Jan.

Dec. Nov.

Commodity group
1959

1958

All commodities__ _________________________________ 119.6 3119.6 119.2 119.2 119.7 119.5 119.7 120.0 120.0 119.3 119.3 118.9 118.9 119.5 119.2
Sta ge o f p ro c e s s in g

Crude materials for further processing.............. ..................
Crude foodstuffs and feedstuffs---------------------------Crude nonfood materials except fuel........... ..................
Crude nonfood materials, except fuel, for manu­
facturing_____ _____ ______ ______— .............
Crude nonfood materials, except fuel, for constru ctio n ___________ _____________________
Crude fuel _______________________________-__ _
Crude fuel for manufacturing-------------------------Crude fuel for nonmanufacturing---------- -----------

93.0 3 93.3 92.9 92.7 94.8 95.3 96.0 96.3 96.4 94.8 94.6 93.4 93.6 96.7 99.4
85.1 3 85.1 83.9 83.8 86.1 86.8 87.5 88.0 88.0 84.7 83.7 82.1 81. 8 86.8 92.8
104.1 104.8 106.1 105.9 107.7 108.2 108.9 108.8 108.8 110.5 111.7 111.4 112.8 112.2 108.4
101.8 102.7 104.0 103.8 105.8 106.3 107.1 107.0 106.9 108.8 110.1 109.9 111.4 110.8 106.8

intermediate materials, supplies, and components.............
Intermediate materials and components for manu­
facturing______________ ____________________
Intermediate materials for food manufacturing---Intermediate materials for nondurable manu­
facturing ________________________________
Intermediate materials for durable manufacturing.
Components for manufacturing........... ................ —
Materials and components for construction..................
Processed fuels and lubricants.-------- ------ ------ --------Processed fuels and lubricants for manufacturing..
Processed fuels and lubricants for nonmanufac­
turing.............................................. —--------------Containers, nonreturnable_______________________
Supplies.. 1.................................... — ........- ....................
Supplies for manufacturing---------- ------------------Supplies for nonmanufacturing-........ ................. —
Manufactured animal feeds________________
Other supplies....................................................

126.4 126.6 126.8 126.8 127.0 127.0 127.1 127.6 127.5 127.4
128.2 128.4 128.5 128.7 129.0 129.1 129.2 129.5 129.4 129.5
101.7 3100.7 100.0 99.8 100.1 99.0 98.6 98.3 97.9 97.2
105.6 105.9 106.2 106.5 106.9 106.8 106.8 106.9 106.8 106.9
156.7 3157.2 157.7 157.8 158.1 158.4 158.8 159.0 158.9 159.0
149.2 149.4 149.4 149.6 149.6 150.3 150.8 152.0 152.0 152.4
133.8 3134.2 134.6 134.8 135.3 135.8 136.4 136.7 136.9 137.1
111.6 111.7 111.4 111.0 109.6 108.3 106.3 107.3 106.8 106.1
111.2 111.3 111.0 110.6 109.4 108.3 106.7 107.4 106.9 106.4

Finished goods (goods to users, including raw foods and
fuels)------------------------ ------ ---------------------------------Consumer finished goods________________________
Consumer foods________ _____ ______________
Consumer crude foods____________________
Consumer processed foods.................... .............
Consumer other nondurable goods------------------Consumer durable goods_____________________
Producer finished goods----------------- - ---------------Producer finished goods for manufacturing--------Producer finished goods for nonmanufacturing----

142.1 142.1
126.5 3126.0
126.0 3125.5
127.3 3126.9

142.2
126.1
125.6
127.0

142.2
124.1
123.6
124.8

142.1
122.7
122.2
123.4

142.1
121.5
121.1
122.2

142.1
120.7
120.3
121.4

142.1
122.0
121.5
122.8

142.1
125.7
125.2
126.5

142.0
125.5
124.9
126.3

142.0
126.0
125.5
126.9

140.4
125.7
125.2
126.6

140.4
125.2
124.7
126.0

140.3
123.4
122.9
124.1

139.0
121.2
120.9
121.8

127.5 127.3 127.3 127.0 125.3
129.5 129.4 129.5 129.0 127.2
97.4 97.0 97.8 98.5 102.2
106.9
159.0
152.1
137.2
105.4
105.9

107.0
158.6
152.5
136.9
105.3
105. 6

106.8
159.0
152.4
136.7
105.0
105.0

106.4
157.9
151.5
136.5
106.0
105.6

104.7
154.3
149. 5
132.9
106.5
105.8

112.1
138.5
115.4
149.7
100.3
61.7
123.0

111.8
138.3
114.8
149.5
99.5
59.3
123.1

109.9
138.3
115.3
149.8
100.1
61.2
123.0

108.4
138.9
115.4
149.8
100.2
61.6
122.9

105.6
139.1
115.4
149.5
100.4
62.0
122.9

107.4
138.2
117.3
148.8
103.2
69.8
122.8

106.6
138.4
116.6
148.8
102.3
67.5
122.7

105.5
138.3
116.3
148.4
101.9
66.7
122.6

104.7
137.9
117.1
148.3
103.0
70.2
122.3

104.7
136.3
117.2
145.5
104.1
75.1
121.2

105.1
136.2
117.1
145.7
103.9
74.4
121.2

106.8
136.7
116.6
143.5
104.1
74.7
121.3

107.7
137.4
115.1
139.9
103.4
73.0
121.2

122.5 3122.4 121.5
114.8 3114.7 113.7
110.4 3110.1 108.2
109.1 106.6 100.3
110.8 110.9 110.0
114.7 114.8 114.8
125.8 3125.7 3123.6
153.9 3153.5 3152.6
160.5 3160.2 3159. 2
148.1 3147.8 3146. 8

121.5
113.6
107.1
94.3
109.8
114.6
126.2
153.7
160.2
148.2

121.8
113.9
108.4
96.5
110.9
114.1
126.3
153.6
160.0
148.1

121.1
113.1
106.9
93.4
109.8
113.6
126.2
153.7
159.9
148.3

121.2
113.2
107.5
98.3
109.5
113.2
126.3
153.6
159.6
148.5

121.4
113.4
107.5
100.2
109.1
113.7
126.5
153.9
160.1
148.6

121.4
113.4
107.4
96.7
109.7
113.8
126.5
153.9
160.1
148.5

120.5
112.3
104.7
89.8
107.8
113.8
126.4
153.8
159.8
148.7

120.6
112.4
104.8
91. 5
107.7
113.9
126.4
153.8
159. 6
148.8

120.1
111.9
103.6
94.2
105.6
113.8
126.2
153.5
158. 9
149.0

120.0
111.7
103.5
92.3
105.9
113.6
126.1
153.6
158. 6
149.3

120.6
112.5
105.5
91.9
108.4
113.4
126.5
153. 2
158.1
149.1

120.8
113.5
110.5
101.0
112.6
111.7
125.0
150.3
155.0
146. 4

112.2 112.4
139.3 139.2
115.2 115.1
149.6 149.8
100.1 3 99.9
61.0 60.1
123.1 3123.2

D u r a b ility o f p ro du c t

Total durable g o o d s..______________________________ 144.8 3144.9 3144. 5 145.5 145.6
Total nondurable goods----- -------------------------------------- 105.8 105.8 105.3 104.9 105.6
Total manufactures________________________________ 125.6 3125.7 125.5 125.7 125.9
Durable manufactures__________________________ 146.2 3146. c 3145.8 146.8 146.9
Nondurable manufactures_______________________ 109.4 3109.5 109.2 109.1 109.3
99.1 98.9 98. C 97. C 98.7
Total raw or slightly processed goods.------ --------------- Durable raw or slightly processed goods------------------ 101.4 102.9 107.4 107.8 106.0
Nondurable raw of slightly processed goods................ 98.9 98.7 97.4 96.3 98.3
i See footnote 1, table D-3
* Preliminary.
*Revised.


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

145.8 146.1 146.5 146.5 146.8 146.8 146.6 146.7 145.9 142.8
105.2 105.2 105.6 105.5 104.3 104.3 103.8 103.7 105.0 106.4
125.8
147.2
108.8
98.4
105.8
97.9

125.7
147.4
108.5
99.3
107.1
98.9

126.0
147.8
308.8
99.9
108.2
99.4

126.0
147.8
108.7
99.7
108.2
99.2

125.7
147.9
108.1
97.8
114.9
96.8

125.7
147.8
108.2
97.8
117.5
96.7

125.3
147.6
107.6
97.2
116. 6
96.1

125.3
147.6
107.6
97.1
120* 6
9 5 .8

125.5
147.0
108.5
98.9
114.1
98.1

124.5
144.0
109. 2
101. 6
108.3
101.2

N ote: For description of the series by stage of processing, see New BLS
Economic Sector Indexes of Wholesale Prices (in M onthly Labor Review,
December 1955, pp. 1448-1453); and by durability of product and data begin­
ning with 1947, see Wholesale Prices and Price Indexes, 1957, BLS Bull.
1235 (1958).

110

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JANUARY 1961

E.—Work Stoppages
T a b l e E - l . W ork sto p p a g e s re su ltin g from la b o r-m a n a g em e n t d isp u te s 1
Number of stoppages

Workers involved in stoppages

Man-days idle during month
or year

Month and year
Beginning in
month or year
1935-39 (average)___ „______
1947-49 (average)....................................
1945............................................
1946................. ...... ...................
1947..................................
1948............................. ..............
1949.............. ......................
1950................................................
1951................... .....................
1952........................ .......................
1953.......................................................
1954............................................
1955............................................
1956............ ...........................
1957...................................................
1 9 5 8 .___ .
____ . . .
1959.........................................

2,862
3, 573
4,750
4,985
3,693
3j 419
3,606
4,843
4,737
5,117
5,091
3,468
4,320
3,825
3,673
3,694
3,708

1959: November _____ .
December.....................................

161
112

1960: January *. ......... ...........
February *_____________
March 3_________________
A pril3....................... .........
May 3____________
June
....... .........
July *..................... ................
A ugust3. ______________
Septem ber3............... ..................
October2.............................
November 2_________________
December3 ..................... ..........

200
250
270
370
400
425
325
300
225
250
140
95

1 The data include all known strikes or lockouts involving 0 or more
workers and lasting a full day or shift or longer. Figures on workers involved
and man-days idle cover all workers made idle for as long as 1 shift in estab­
lishments directly involved in a stoppage. They do not measure the indirect


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

In effect dur­
ing month

*

402
285
one
Oil0
400
430
oou
600
oou
K/O
7fi
O
AO
fin
O
U

‘iiiO
*Azr\
*QU

375

onn
ouu

Beginning in
month or year

In effect dur­
ing month

1.130.000
2.380.000
3.470.000
4.600.000
2.170.000
1.960.000
3.030.000
2.410.000
2.220.000
3.540.000
2.400.000
1, 530,000
2.650.000
1.900.000
1.390.000
2.060.000
1,880,000
23,100
65.000
70.000
85.000
110,000
190,000
155.000
140.000
120, 000
70.000
70.000

Number

Percent of esti­
mated work­
ing time

16,900,000
o», /UU, UUU
38,000,000
116,000,000
34,600,000
34,100,000
50, 500,000
38,800,000
22,900,000
59,100,000
28,300,000
22,600,000
28,200,000
33,100,000
16,500,000
23, 900,000
69,000,000

0.27
. 46
. 47
1.43
. 41
.37
. 69
. 44
.23
. 67
.26
.21
.26
.29
. 14
. 22
. 61

652.000
101.000

4,300,000
1,430,000

.48
. 14

140.000
145.000
140.000
190.000
225.000
285.000
250.000
250.000
210.000
170. 000
110,000
80,000

1,000,000
1,250,000
1,500,000
1.500.000
1.750.000
2.750.000
2.150.000
2,000,000
1, 750,000
1, 750,000
1,000,000
850,000

.ii
.14
.15
.16
.19
.28
.24
.20
.19
.19
.11
.09

or secondary eSect on other establishments or industries whose employees
are made idle as a result of material or service shortages.
3 Preliminary.

111

F.— WORK INJURIES

F.—Work Injuries
Table F - l.

Injury-frequency rates 1 for selected manufacturing industries

Industry

All manufacturing— ..................................................
Food and kindred products:
Meatpacking and custom slaughtering-......... ......
Sausages and other prepared meat products.........
Poultry and small game dressing and packingDairy products........ ..............................................
Canning and preserving_____________________
Grain-mill products________________________
Bakery products___________________________
Cane s u g a r ....... ................................-............. ......
Confectionery and related products......................
Bottled soft drinks ...............................................
M alt and malt liquors.......................... .................
Distilled liquors................... ...................................
Miscellaneous food products......... .........................
Textile-mill products:
Cotton yarn and textiles------------------------------Rayon, other synthetic, and silk textiles..............
Woolen and worsted textiles...................................
K nit goods...... ..........................................................
Dyeing and finishing textiles .................................
Miscellaneous textile g o o d s..................................
Apparel and other finished textile products:
Clothing, men’s and boys’. . -------------------------Clothing, women’s and children’s.........................
Fur goods and miscellaneous apparel....................
Miscellaneous fabricated textile products.........
Lumber and wood products (except furniture):
Logging...................................... ..............................
Sawmills and planing mills...................................
Millwork and structural wood products..............
Plywood m ills.........................................................
Wooden containers..................................................
Miscellaneous wood products.................................
Furniture and fixtures:
Household furniture, nonmetal----------------------Metal household furniture.....................................
Mattresses and bedsprings---------------------------Office furniture................ ........................................
Public-building and professional furniture...........
Partitions and fixtures______________________
Screens, shades, and blinds__________________
Paper and allied products:
Pulp, paper, and paperboard mills-----------------Paperboard containers and boxes_____________
Miscellaneous paper and allied products----------Printing, publishing, and allied industries:
Newspapers and periodicals......................... ........
Bookbinding and related products-----------------Miscellaneous printing and publishing.................
Chemicals and allied products:
Industrial inorganic chemicals-----------------------Plastics, except synthetic rubber...........................
Synthetic rubber.....................................................
Synthetic fibers........................................................
Explosives------------------------------------------------Miscellaneous industrial organic chemicals-------Drugs and medicines_________________ _____
Soap and related products.............. — ..................
Paints, pigments, and related products-----------Fertilizers.............................. ..................... ...........
Vegetable and animal oils and fats----- ------------Compressed and liquified gases---------------------Miscellaneous chemicals and allied products-----Rubber products:
Tires and inner tubes_______________________
Rubber footwear............................................. ........
Miscellaneous rubber products----------------------Leather and leather products:
Leather tanning and finishing— ------- -----------Boot and shoe cut stock and findings--------------Footwear (except rubber)....................................
Miscellaneous leather products.............................
Stone, clay, and glass products:
Glass and glass products.........................................
Structural clay products------------------------------Pottery and related products------------------------Concrete, gypsum, and mineral wool--------------Miscellaneous nonmetallic mineral products........


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

1958

1959*

1960»

Third quarter

Annual
average

Second First Fourth Third Second First Fourth Third
quar­ quar­ quar­ quar­ quar­ quar­ quar­ quar­
ter
ter
ter
ter
ter
ter
ter
ter

1959»

1958

July

Aug.

Sept.

Quar­
ter

11.6

12.6

11.4

11.9

H .i

n .i

n .i

13.4

11.7

11.2

10.8

11.8

11.9

10.9

26.9
21.6
(3)
13.5
25.6
16.7
17.2
16.5
13.1
25.5
18.1
(3)
19.3

22.9
36.2
(3)
14.7
23.3
17.7
17.7
11.4
14.8
26.1
18.7
(3)
20.6

23.9
27.9
(3)
17.8
22.5
18.0
18.6
26.7
15.2
23.9
17.3
(3)
13.8

24.5
28.6
40.8
15.3
23.7
17.6
17.9
18.2
14.5
25.2
18.1
5.0
18.0

26.2
29.1
34.0
20.4
18.6
14.5
16.8
10.0
17.3
21.1
19.0
7.6
13.2

24.1
25.0
32.5
17.0
18.6
13.9
16.4
12.2
15.7
21.3
19.0
10.5
13.2

24.0
24.2
38.3
15.4
17.2
16.2
15.2
13.0
17.5
18.7
17.5
7.1
15.8

26.7
27.3
49.3
18.5
25.7
20.1
18.3
13.3
13.4
26.3
21.9
9.3
18.4

23.6
26.8
38.7
17.3
17.9
19.7
14.9
17.3
12.7
23.5
18.2
8.7
15.4

25.0
23.5
40.0
16.6
19.1
18.6
15.4
12.7
10.5
19.8
17.2
10.5
14.5

22.4
20.9
43.0
16.4
18.0
16.3
16.7
15.3
13.1
19.9
15.1
8.0
13.6

24.3
27.9
54.2
19.3
21.2
19.3
16.7
12.8
15.8
28.2
18.5
7.7
14.7

24.9
25.8
43.9
17.0
20.8
18.7
16.0
14.2
13.7
22.7
19.1
9.3
16.2

21.6
23.4
43.1
17.0
19.3
15.9
15.8
14.5
13.4
22.5
16.6
8.2
13.3

8.8
8.4
19.5
4.3
9.2
23.5

9.6
8.6
19.9
5.3
13.3
25.0

9.1
5.9
18.0
5.1
7.9
15.1

9.2
7.5
19.2
4.9
10.3
21.0

8.2
7.1
18.4
4.8
11.6
12.2

7.9
7.1
16.7
6.0
15.0
16.7

7.5
8.1
15.1
5.7
14.0
14.6

8.6
8.3
19.7
6.2
13.3
19.2

8.4
8.5
19.2
5.9
11.5
14.1

7.7
7.5
17.3
5.9
11.3
15.6

7.8
7.1
14.5
4.3
14.0
12.2

8.5
7.1
18.7
5.6
15.2
17.1

8.0
8.0
17.9
6.0
12.5
15.9

7.8
6.5
16.2
5.1
14.1
13.4

8.9
6.3
13.0
9.8

7.7
5.8
8.1
9.6

6.7
6.4
4.0
6.5

7.6
6.2
7.9
8.5

6.4
5.2
4.4
12.1

5.6
5.1
7.2
9.2

7.0
4.9
7.2
8.6

7.2
5.0
5.8
8.5

7.1
4.5
7.0
9.0

5.9
5.5
7.4
9.4

5.4
4.5
5.4
8.0

5.2
5.5
9.6
11.3

6.8
5.1
6.9
8.9

5.7
5.2
6.7
9.4

59.2
43.1
23.8
29.8
38.6
33.8

64.3
47.8
28.7
23.6
30.5
35.0

56.5
44.3
24.6
17.4
31.8
35.5

60.0
45.2
25.8
23.2
33.6
34.8

60.1
38.9
25.6
22.1
36.0
27.3

60.7
35.9
20.7
19.6
34.1
33.5

63.5
40.3
24.6
24.1
27.2
23.8

77.0
42.4
30.7
23.7
34.1
32.8

61.9
41.3
23.6
25.0
24.9
33.5

62.5
38.6
21.3
25.3
33.7
29.7

63.4
37.5
22.4
23.1
26.5
29.6

68.9
42.7
25.7
26.5
31.1
26.1

65.4
40.9
25.1
24.9
29.9
29.9

63.8
39.3
22.1
23.0
27.6
26.2

23.0
(3)
9.4
18.2
(3)
26.8
(3)

22.1
(3)
15.5
14.4
(3)
26.4
(3)

20.6
(3)
16.9
15.8
(3)
14.7
(3)

21.8
22.3
14.2
16.0
16.3
22.3
(3)

19.2
17.8
11.3
15.0
18.6
18.5
18.1

19.2
22.1
13.3
13.0
15.3
18.1
19.1

17.9
15.4
11.2
11.9
13.8
14.6
17.8

21.2
19.9
20.1
20.4
13.7
21.6
17.8

19.2
18.5
12.4
18.0
14.8
18.6
16.7

18.5
14.8
12.6
15.1
17.8
17.3
13.4

16.1
17.7
18.0
13.1
12.4
19.9
14.2

18.7
20.4
13.4
15.3
15.1
19.2
13.0

19.2
17.0
14.0
16.3
14.9
18.1
16.3

17.0
16.1
13.7
13.8
13.1
17.2
13.6

10.0
12.3
15.2

9.2
16.8
16.7

9.5
13.0
13.6

9.6
14.1
15.2

9.4
14.5
15.1

9.3
14.0
13.8

9.3
13.7
14.6

10.9
17.5
15.6

9.0
16.9
16.6

9.9
15.2
14.4

9.5
15.2
11.0

10.3
15.3
14.2

9.8
15.9
15.2

9.4
14.1
12.1

10.4
(3)
11.3

12.4
(3>
11.8

10.9
(3)
10.3

11.3
21.2
11.1

9.9
16.1
10.9

9.1
14.6
11.1

8.7
16.2
9.1

10.3
14.2
12.2

9.0
17.3
9.4

9.5
13.4
10.1

8.4
12.4
8.6

8.6
9.7
8.3

9.4
15.2
10.1

8.6
11.6
8.5

4.8
5.1
(3)
(3)
(3)
5.0
7.7
8.0
9.1
(3)
17.7
(3)
17.7

5.8
4.3
(3)
(3)
0
2.9
6.4
11.6
9.3
«
21.7
(3)
12.2

5.5
3.5
(3)
(3)
(3)
3.1
5.9
10.5
8.4
(3)
24.7
(3)
14.3

5.4
4.3
1.7
2.7
3.9
3.7
6.6
10.3
9.0
19.9
21.5
10.5
14.5

5.5
4.7
1.9
1.6
4.5
2.6
6.0
7.2
12.7
18.6
21.5
9.7
13.5

5.2
5.5
.8
3.6
2.6
3.1
7.6
9.6
11.8
22.6
22.8
11.4
13.7

4.5
4.7
2.3
2.5
2.6
4.3
7.5
8.6
10.3
19.7
21.9
7.7
13.2

5.8
6.8
1.2
2.7
(3)
5.0
6.3
8.8
10.3
23.4
22.7
10.2
14.0

3.9
5.8
1.4
2.5
3.9
4.5
7.2
11.3
11.8
25.9
21.9
10.3
13.9

5.9
5.1
2.5
1.6
1.9
3.9
7.3
8.1
9.1
19.3
24.6
8.8
14.7

5.3
4.5
2.3
3.4
1.7
3.4
7.7
9.4
7.3
11.8
23.6
9.0
14.0

5.4
6.0
2.6
2.3
3.7
3.8
7.6
8.5
11.0
13.0
26.1
7.5
15.5

5.0
5.7
1.8
2.3
2.3
4.5
7.1
9.2
10.6
22.2
22.8
9.2
14.0

4.9
4.7
2.5
2.7
2.4
3.8
7.5
8.3
10.3
14.7
23.5
9.9
14.2

3.1
10.0
12.3

4.3
6.1
13.0

4.6
6.6
12.2

4.0
7.3
12.5

4.0
9.0
10.6

4.1
8.3
11.5

3.9
4.7
9.7

4.6
5.0
11.4

4.0
9.0
9.6

2.8
5.9
10.0

3.6
4.0
7.9

3.4
5.8
11.5

3.9
6.1
10.2

3.4
5.1
9.6

29.8
(3)
10.2
7.8

37.6
(3)
10.3
14.0

33.6
(3)
7.9
13.3

34.1
(3)
9.4
12.0

27.8
(3)
7.9
12.4

26.5
(3)
8.8
13.8

28.0
(3)
9.2
11.4

32.0
(3)
11.4
12.9

26.9
20.3
9.8
15.3

26.6
20.1
9.4
13.8

21.0
(3)
8.5
10.0

21.5
(3)
9.2
11.5

28.3
18.6
10.0
13.7

22.7
16.9
8.6
10.6

6.4
31.2
13.4
19.7
8.4

10.0
35.7
17.6
23.7
9.7

7.5
31.5
11.6
19.9
9.3

8.0
32.8
14.2
21.2
9.2

9.6
32.5
12.4
24.6
12.6

7.7
32.8
15.7
20.1
12.2

10.2
32.0
13.2
23.0
11.6

10.5
34.8
19.3
34.2
14.8

10.5
33.3
16.4
27.9
14.3

11.1
32.5
14.3
22.8
12.2

9.0
33.8
14.8
24.4
14.7

10.0
32.8
16.0
28.7
10.4

10.5
33.4
15.9
27.5
13.2

9.1
31.2
14.7
24.5
12.1

112

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JANUARY 3961
T able F .- l .

Injury-frequency rates1for selected manufacturing industries—Continued
I960»

Industry

Primary metal industries:
Blast furnaces and steel mills................................
Gray-iron and malleable foundries____________
Steel foundries..........................................................
Nonferrous rolling, drawing, and alloying______
Nonferrous foundries_______________________
Iron and steel forgings______________________
Wire drawing..........................................................
Welded and heavy-riveted pipe______________
Cold-finished steel...................................................
Fabricated metal products:
Tin cans and other tinware....................................
Cutlery and edge tools............................................
Handtools, files, and saws____ ______________
Hardware________________________________
Sanitary ware and plumbers’ supplies..................
Oil burners, heating and cooking apparatus.........
Structural steel and ornamental metal work........
Metal doors, sash, frame, and trim ........................
Boiler-shop products...................... ...... ........... ......
Sheet-metal work__________________________
Stamped and pressed metal products....................
Metal coating and engraving. .............................
Fabricated wire products........................................
Metal barrels, drums, kegs, and pails...................
Steel springs.._________ ___________ _______
Bolts, nuts, washers, and rivets______________
Screw-machine products.........................................
Fabricated metal products, not elsewhere classified.
Machinery (except electrical):
Engines and turbines.............................................
Agricultural machinery and tractors__________
Construction and mining machinery....................
Metalworking machinery.................................. .
Food-products machinery___________________
Textile machinery_______ __________________
Miscellaneous special-industry machinery_____
Pumps and compressors____________________
Elevators, escalators, and conveyors____ _____
Mechanical power-transmission equipment (except ball and roller bearings)...............................
Miscellaneous general industrial machinery........
Commercial and household machinery.................
Valves and fittings ................... .............................
Fabricated pipe and fittings...................................
Ball and roller bearings...........................................
Machine shops, general...........................................
Electrical machinery:
Electrical industrial apparatus_______________
Electrical appliances_______________________
Insulated wire and cable____________________
Electrical equipment for vehicles_____________
Electric lamps (bulbs)______________ _______
Radios and related products_________________
Radio tubes................ ............................................
Miscellaneous communication equipment........ .
Batteries........................... ......... ....................... .
Electrical products, not elsewhere classified.........
Transportation equipment:
Motor vehicles, bodies, and trailers___________
Motor-vehicle parts and accessories......................
Aircraft___ _______________________________
Aircraft parts___________ __________________
Shipbuilding and repairing__________________
Boatbuilding and repairing_________ ________
Railroad equipment________________________
Instruments and related products:
Scientific instruments......................... ...................
Mechanical measuring and controlling instruments.
Optical instruments and lenses_______________
Medical instruments and supplies.........................
Photographic equipment and supplies..................
Watches and clocks _______ ________________
Miscellaneous manufacturing:
Paving and roofing materials.................................
Jewelry, silverware, and plated ware....................
Fabricated plastics products_________________
Miscellaneous manufacturing________________
Ordnance and accessories____________________

Third Quarter

1958

Annual
average

Second First Fourth Third Second First
quar­ quar­ quar­ quar­ quar­ quar­ quar­ 1959 2
Quar­ quar­
ter
ter
ter
ter
ter
ter
ter
ter
ter

1958

July

Aug.

Sept.

3.7
22.6
15.5
9.6
13.7
16.0
10.3
11.1
8.9

3.6
25.1
16.3
10.9
20.1
19.2
21.0
7.0
10.4

3.6
28.0
18.4
9.7
20.5
17.5
12.6
8.5
11.8

3.6
25.4
16.8
10.1
18.4
17.7
14.9
8.7
10.5

3.6
24.0
17.1
10.0
18.3
17.6
14.5
10.6
7.3

3.7
25.8
20.8
9.4
19.0
19.5
16.5
10.5
8.6

4.1
24.3
18.2
11.3
20.2
17.5
18.7
11.5
8.8

28.9
23.0
9.3
18.4
22.0
31.0
0
11.4

3.9
27.0
21.0
10.8
17.2
19.0
13.9
7.1
11.3

3.9
25.3
18.9
10.4
18.5
16.2
11.5
8.9
9.2

3.7
21.6
15.6
8.4
19.9
14.1
15.1
10.7
7.6

3.7
25.8
18.7
10.6
14.6
14.5
15.1
11.1
11.1

4.2
26.4
20.3
10.4
18.5
18.6
17.4
9.6
10.1

3.7
23.0
15.9
9.7
17.0
14.9
13.9
11.3
8.1

9.7
0
15.8
7.7
15.1
13.7
23.5
19.3
26.2
17.2
10.2
0
17.5
0
0
12.2
10.9
16.6

9.6
(0
17.9
10.8
13.7
19.5
23.9
9.7
21.5
24.9
11.6
0
17.0
0
0
13.3
12.9
21.2

8.1
0
16.1
9.0
12.1
16.9
19.8
16.3
21.4
16.2
13.2
0
15.3
0
0
13.5
17.3
12.6

9.1
15.1
16.7
9.3
13.6
17.0
22.4
15.0
22.9
19.7
11.8
22.5
16.6
7.1
23.0
13.0
13.9
16.9

7.4
10.1
17.0
10.0
11.8
12.3
21.3
16.5
20.6
22.8
9.6
25.6
18.0
14.1
25.9
12.4
11.1
10.3

6.6
8.6
16.7
9.5
11.6
14.1
17.1
14.0
18.5
24.4
11.1
23.4
16.5
14.1
18.2
15.5
12.6
12.4

6.1
11.9
15.9
10.1
11.8
14.3
20.2
20.6
19.1
21.8
10.2
20.2
14.1
0
16.3
12.0
9.6
8.8

6.6
13.7
16.4
9.5
16.8
18.0
0
23.2
21.4
24.9
11.8
22.8
18.4
0
23.4
13.6
16.7
12.4

7.0
13.1
21.6
9.3
13.6
15.0
17.5
21.2
19.1
27.2
12.0
31.0
15.2
18.4
18.3
13.7
15.4
9.9

5.8
10.1
16.2
9.1
19.8
15.7
20.6
17.2
17.9
21.2
9.9
25.6
15.7
0
18.3
12.1
11.4
10.0

5.8
8.7
13.5
8.7
11.3
16.3
21.0
17.5
18.2
17.8
10.2
21.2
13.5
12.2
17.7
12.4
11.1
10.8

7.4
14.9
14.6
8.0
13.2
13.3
21.2
20.0
21.6
20.9
10.7
19.6
17.3
9.5
21.2
12.8
9.9
10.3

6.4
12.1
17.6
9.5
15.9
15.7
21.3
20.6
19.5
23. 6
11.0
24.4
15.7
14.0
19.1
12.9
13.4
10.4

6.0
12.9
14.0
7.9
13.2
14.4
21.6
18.0
19.9
19.8
9.7
20.8
15.0
11.6
18.8
11.9
10.4
11.3

4.9
7.1
16.0
9.3
14.3
20.8
12.0
13.3
17.3

7.2
8.4
16.5
8.9
15.4
16.4
17.9
13.9
21.2

5.5
6.4
13.8
8.2
14.9
15.7
14.4
12.2
12.5

5.9
7.3
15.4
8.7
14.9
17.3
14.8
13.1
17.0

7.0
7.7
15.1
10.4
14.8
16.9
15.7
12.7
15.9

6.9
7.4
15.7
10.3
11.4
17.6
14.0
14.4
19.6

6.2
7.8
14.8
8.7
8.2
17.3
13.0
10.7
18.9

7.5
7.8
18.1
10.0
12.6
14.8
12.7
13.7
17.2

7.2
10.4
16.7
8.7
13.3
15.3
12.2
11.8
17.3

8.0
9.2
15.1
8.4
13.6
12.6
13.2
13.0
15.0

7.4
8.0
12.0
8.4
10.3
10.2
12.7
10.6
13.2

7.9
7.4
13.5
8.5
12.6
10.2
12.0
10.7
13.5

7.3
8.9
16.1
9.0
12.5
15.2
12.8
12.6
17.3

7.6
8.2
12.6
8.3
10.8
10.7
12.8
10.9
13.1

10.2
9.6
7.4
13.1
0
5.1
14.3

11.4
11.7
7.6
15.6
0
5.4
12.4

10.8
12.4
5.7
15.1
0
3.6
14.8

10.8
11.2
6.8
14.6
17.9
4.6
13.7

12.3
10.4
6.2
15.4
16.9
5.2
12.1

12.5
10.7
6.2
12.5
15.7
5.8
13.1

11.4
9.3
5.7
12.5
12.8
4.7
13.7

12.4
11.8
6.3
12.2
16.3
5.6
15.4

11.2
11.0
6.3
14.9
14.9
5.8
15.5

9.8
11.1
5.8
13.2
20.0
5.9
15.4

10.3
11.3
5.7
11.3
12.9
7.9
13.1

8.5
9.9
5.6
12.7
15.1
7.2
13.2

11.2
10.8
6.0
13.1
16.1
5.4
15.1

9.7
11.0
5.6
12.7
13.4
8.0
12.5

5.5
2.5
13.0
3.0
0
3.3
3.9
3.8
13.6
0

6.6
5.9
16.8
2.5
0
4.2
2.2
4.3
11.6
0

5.9
6.2
14.8
2.5
0
4.9
2.9
1.9
10.1
0

6.0
5.0
15.1
2.6
3.2
4.2
2.9
3.2
11.7
11.0

5.0
6.5
14.5
2.6
2.0
4.2
2.6
2.3
14.1
3.4

6.0
5.9
9.8
2.1
2.9
3.8
1.7
2.6
12.0
9.5

6.1
6.4
9.6
2.4
2.0
4.2
2.2
2.6
14.7
3.6

6.8
8.6
13.4
2.7
1.6
5.3
3.0
2.3
13.1
5.6

6.8
7.8
15.7
2.4
2.2
4.7
2.6
1.9
13.3
5.4

6.2
6.8
10.2
2.6
3.7
4.7
2.3
2.2
10.1
4.2

5.4
6.2
11.8
2.6
5.0
4.1
2.6
2.2
11.5
3.2

5.4
4.0
12.7
3.6
2.9
4.3
2.1
3.2
13.6
7.0

6.5
7.2
12.2
2.5
2.3
4.7
2. 5
2.2
13.3
4.9

5.1
4.6
11. 9
3.1
3.6
4.0
2.3
2.6
11.6
5.4

3.7
3.8
2.2
5.1
14.3
0
10.3

4.3
4.3
2.4
6.1
13.5
0
7.1

3.6
3.9
2.3
5.3
17.6
0
8.5

3.8
4.0
2.3
5.6
15.1
36.1
8.5

4.2
3.9
2.2
3.8
15.8
18.4
7.4

4.4
4.9
2.2
4.5
16.4
26.4
7.4

4.8
4.9
2.4
4.0
15.3
28.1
6.1

5.4
6.0
2.7
4.6
16.3
27.1
6.8

5.2
5.7
2.8
3.9
17.6
31.3
7.1

4.6
4.7
2.8
3.9
16.3
28.8
7.0

4.8
5.1
2.9
3.7
14.3
23.5
6.4

5.0
5.8
3.1
4.1
16.5
28.3
7.9

50
5.4
2.7
4.1
16.5
28.8
6.8

4.6
5.4
2.9
4.1
15.9
28.7
7.2

1.5
4.7
0
8.6
3.2
0

1.9
7.0
0
9.9
6.8
0

1.4
5.5
0
10.3
6.2
0

1.6
5.8
3.4
9.7
5.5
5.6

2.6
7.1
4.1
5.6
4.7
6.4

2.7
8.6
3.9
7.1
6.5
3.0

3.5
6.4
4.4
10.4
5.4
4.1

3.9
8.6
6.3
10.4
6.6
4.3

3.6
7.1
6.3
7.2
6.5
5.1

3.0
5.7
5.1
8.4
5.5
3.1

3. 4
5.4
3.0
7.6
6.6
4.3

3.8
5.2
3.9
5.6
6.0
5.6

35
6.9
5. 5
9.1
6.0
4.1

39
5. 6
4.1
7.4
5.7
5.3

0
7.1
13.0
10.3
2.2

0
9.4
23.9
13.9
3.3

0
4.8
14.2
14.4
2.2

7.1
7.1
17.2
13.0
2.5

0
6.7
15.9
12.3
3.7

7.0
6.7
18.7
12.0
3.3

10.4
3.9
16.5
12.6
3.2

13.1
6.2
18.1
14.5
2.9

12.0
11.3
14.0
13.0
3.0

7.2
7.1
18.2
12.1
4.3

7.3
8.5
15.3
11.4
3.5

10.7
7.3
11.8
13.2
3.9

10.7
7.3
16. 5
13.1
3.3

9.1
7.0
14.3
11.9
3.6

i The injury-frequency rate is the average number of disabling work injuries
for each million employee-hours worked. A disabling work injury is any
injury occurring in the course of and arising out of employment, which (a)
results in death or permanent physical impairment, or (b) makes the injured
worker unable to perform the duties of any regularly established job which is
open and available to him throughout the hours corresponding to his regular
shift on any one or more days after the day of injury (including Sundays, days
off, or plant shutdowns). The term “injury” includes occupational disease.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

1959 1

0

1 Rates are preliminary and subject to revision when final annual data
become available.
8 Insufficient data to warrant presentation of average.
N ote: These data are compiled in accordance with the American Standard
Method of Recording and Measuring Work Injury Experience, approved by
the American Standards Association, 1954.

V.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE: 1961

New Publications Available
For Sale
Order sale publications from the Superintendent of Documents, Government Printing
Office, Washington 25, D.C. Send check or money order, payable to the Superintendent
of Documents. Currency sent at sender’s risk. Copies may also be purchased from any
of the Bureau’s regional offices. (See inside front cover for the addresses of these offices.)

BLS Bull. 1281: Subject Index of Bulletins Published by the Bureau of Labor
Statistics, 1915-59—with Annotated Listing of Bulletins, 1895-1959.
102 pp. 55 cents.
BLS Bull. 1283: Composition of Payroll Hours in Manufacturing, 1958.
33 pp. 30 cents.
Occupational Wage Surveys:
BLS Bulls.—
1285-1: Manchester, N.H., August 1960. 20 pp. 20 cents.
1285-2: Green Bay, Wis., August 1960. 20 pp. 20 cents.
1285-3: Oldahoma City, Okla., August 1960. 22 pp. 25 cents.
1285-5: Raleigh, N.C., September 1960. 22 pp. 25 cents.
1285-6: Little Rock-North Little Rock, Ark., August 1960. 22 pp.
cents.

25

For Limited Free Distribution
Single copies of the reports listed below are furnished without cost as long as supplies
permit. Write to Bureau of Labor Statistics, U.S. Department of Labor, Washington
25, D.C., or to any of the Bureau’s regional offices. (See inside front cover for the addresses
of these offices.)

BLS Report 166: Injuries and Accident Causes in Water-Supply Utilities.
70 pp.
BLS Report 171: Earnings of Communications Workers, October 1959.
13 pp.
Foreign Labor Information: Foreign Trade and Collective Bargaining.
November 1960. 37 pp.
A Directory of Community Wage Surveys, 1948-June 1960.
20 pp.


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(Revised 1960.)

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