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MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW Volume 130, Number 2 February 2007 A black community with advanced labor force characteristics, 1960 3 Women in a middle-class black community in Baltimore, MD, in 1960 had labor force characteristics associated with late 20th century white women Ruth B. McKay Trends in labor force participation of married mothers of infants 9 The labor force activity of married mothers of infants began to decline in the late 1990s and since 2000 has been relatively stable Sharon R. Cohany and Emy Sok Japanese exchange rates, export restraints, and auto prices 17 After 1986, Japanese exchange rates had a significant positive effect on prices of U.S. domestically produced automobiles Ana Aizcorbe Report International comparisons of Harmonized Indexes of Consumer Prices 23 Jessica Sincavage Departments Labor month in review Research summary Current labor statistics 2 23 27 Editor-in-Chief: William Parks II Executive Editor: Richard M. Devens Editors: Brian I. Baker, Leslie Brown Joyner Design and Layout: Catherine D. Bowman, Edith W. Peters, Phyllis L. Lott Contributing editors: Edith Baker, Lawrence H. Leith, Lori E. Pastro Labor Month In Review The February Review This issue leads off with a detailed case study of a “community in which 80 percent of women are college educated, work in the professions, delay marriage and childbearing until their late twenties, and return to work within a few years of childbirth.” No, it is not the typical suburban, dual-income community of today, but an upper middle class Black group from Baltimore in the 1960s. Author Ruth B. McKay concludes by observing that by the later years of the 20th century, “white women achieved greater educational, occupational, and economic parity with men” and so came to resemble, in household roles, fertility patterns, and child-rearing practices, those AfricanAmerican mothers of mid-century Baltimore. One of the striking features of late20th-century labor markets was the rise in labor force participation among mothers of young children. Sharon R. Cohany and Emy Sok report on the evidence that labor force participation rates for married mothers of infants edged down in the last few years of the last century, and have been basically flat since. Ana Aizcorbe uses detailed data from the Consumer Price Index and Producer Price Index in a demand model for Japanese motor cars. Aizcorbe uses the model to assess the effectiveness of Japan’s automotive export restraints before and after the yen’s exchange value for the dollar increased sharply in the middle years of the 1980s. Jessica R. Sincavage reviews some international comparisons of consumer price indexes that have been “harmonized” as to coverage and methodology. Telemarketing hot spots The five U.S. counties with the greatest number of telemarketing employees supplied a little more than 11 percent of the total number of workers in the industry with a combined total of 38,620 in March 2006. With 10,175 telemar- keters accounting for 1.8 percent of its total employment, Bexar County, Texas, which contains San Antonio, tops the list. Telemarketing employees there earn an average of $653 per week—more than $100 above the national average for the industry. Maricopa County, Arizona employs 7,669 people in the telemarketing industry, which is 0.5 percent of its total employment. (Maricopa’s county seat is Phoenix.) Close behind Maricopa County are Miami-Dade County, Florida, and Salt Lake County, Utah, with 7,455 and 7,415 telemarketing employees, respectively. Rounding out the top five is Tarrant County, Texas, with a little more than half the number of telemarketing industry employees as Bexar. Tarrant County is an urban county located in the north central part of Texas; Fort Worth serves as the county seat. Find out more in “Telemarketing: Five Industry Centers,” Issues in Labor Statistics, BLS Summary 06–06. Ask for volunteers About 43 percent of volunteers became involved with their organization after simply being asked to volunteer. Most often they were asked by someone in the organization; about 27 percent of volunteers became involved this way. About 14 percent of volunteers started after being asked by a relative, friend, or co-worker. About 41 percent of volunteers became involved on their own initiative; that is, they approached the organization. Find out more in “Volunteering in the United States, 2006,” news release USDL 07– 0019. Union membership in 2006 In 2006, 12.0 percent of employed wage and salary workers were union members, down from 12.5 percent a year earlier. The union membership rate has steadily declined from 20.1 percent in 1983, the first year for which comparable data are available. The union membership rate was higher for men (13.0 percent) than for women (10.9 percent) in 2006. The gap between their rates has narrowed considerably since 1983, when the rate for men was about 10 percentage points higher than the rate for women. This narrowing occurred because the union membership rate for men declined more rapidly than the rate for women over the period. Black workers were more likely to be union members (14.5 percent) than were whites (11.7 percent), Asians (10.4 percent), or Hispanics (9.8 percent). Find out more in “Union Members in 2006,” news release USDL 07–0113. Compensation costs rise in 2006 Compensation costs in private industry rose 3.2 percent in the year ended December 2006, compared with a 2.9-percent increase in December 2005. The components of compensation differed in their rates of change. While increases in wages and salaries became greater, the sharp increases in benefit costs seen over the past several years slowed to a more moderate pace. Wages and salaries rose 3.2 percent in the year ended December 2006, greater than the gains of 2.5 percent in December 2005 and 2.6 percent in December 2004. Benefit costs gained 3.1 percent for the year ended December 2006, slowing from increases of 4.0 percent for the year ended December 2005 and 6.7 percent for the year ended December 2004. For more information, see “Employment Cost Index – December 2006,” news release USDL 07–0158. Communications regarding the Monthly Labor Review may be sent to the Editor- in-Chief at the addresses on the inside front cover. News releases discussed above are available at www.bls.gov/bls/newsrels.htm. Monthly Labor Review • February 2007 A Black Community A black community with advanced labor force characteristics in 1960 Women in a middle-class black community in Baltimore, Maryland, in 1960 were found to exhibit labor force characteristics associated with white women in the late 20th century Ruth B. McKay Ruth McKay is a statistician formerly in the Statistical Methods Division, Bureau of Labor Statistics. E-mail: Rmckay2001@earthlink.net A n American community in which 80 percent of women are college educated, work in the professions, delay marriage and childbearing until their late twenties, and return to work within a few years of childbirth would not seem remarkable in 2007. By contrast, a community with these characteristics in 1960 would have appeared “off the charts” to sociologists and labor economists alike. Yet, these demographic characteristics were observed in an upper middle-class African-American community in Baltimore, Maryland, in 1960. Information on this community was collected as part of a large-scale University of Maryland Medical School study of social class, socialization patterns, and personality development in Baltimore’s African-American community between September 1960 and June 1962.1 Detailed analyses of the social, cultural, and child-rearing patterns of the community have appeared in previous publications.2,3,4 This article focuses on the distinctive labor force characteristics of the women in the aforesaid community. Using statistical data from a number of governmental and academic sources, the article compares the changes in education, employment, occupation, and earnings of U.S. women—especially middle-class white women—over the past four decades with the 1960 profile of the Baltimore women. The effects of the changing labor force characteristics of mainstream women on their household roles, fertility patterns, and children’s gender role socialization also will be considered in light of the Baltimore findings. Research methods The 1960 study collected demographic information from 169 families in the Baltimore chapter of Lads and Lassies,5 a prestigious national black family and children’s organization. Twenty-five of these families that had 5-year-old children were recruited for an Intensive Study Sample. Information on the children’s socialization within the family setting came from standardized observations of the children in the home, as well as from the children’s autobiographical stories and drawings. Information on the mothers’ child-rearing practices came from parent interviews using the Sears, Maccoby, and Levin (SML) questionnaire developed for a Harvard study of white Massachusetts mothers in the 1950s.6 The two sets of information allowed for a comparison of socialization practices within the two communities. Working mothers Recruiting Lads and Lassies families with a 5year-old child whose mother stayed home full time proved very difficult. In 1960, 82 percent of the Lads and Lassies mothers of 5-year-olds were in the labor force. This percentage was in marked contrast to that of white Massachusetts mothers of 5-year-olds, only 17 percent of whom worked at least part time after the birth of the child. White-collar and blue-collar Massachusetts mothers showed no significant difference in this trait.7 In the United States, fewer than 1 in 5 mothers with children under 6 years (18.6 percent) were in the labor force in 1960.8 A high number of the Lads and Lassies mothers were employed in professional occupations. These mothers reported returning to work within months or a year or two of giving birth, because of the importance of their incomes in maintaining an upper middle-class family lifestyle.9 In addition, the Baltimore black mothers reported that there was an expectation in their community that a woman with professional training would wish to work. Monthly Labor Review • February 2007 A Black Community As the following data from the Current Population Survey show, the decades between 1960 and 2000 saw a steady increase in the labor force participation rate of married women with children under 6 years: Year Labor force participation rate of married women with children under 6 years 1960......................................................... 1970 . ...................................................... 1980......................................................... 1990 . ...................................................... 2000 . ...................................................... 18.6 30.3 45.1 58.2 65.3 By 2000, 65.3 percent of married women with children under 6 years were in the labor force, coming closer to the rate observed for the Lads and Lassies mothers in 1960.10 Writing in 2000, Mahshid Jalivand, a professor of economics at the University of Wisconsin, attributed the increase in employment to “women’s increasing perception of market work and careers as sources of rewards (psychic as well as financial) that can be complementary to rather than substitutable for careers in the home.”11 Among the factors contributing to the rise in American women’s labor force participation, Jalivand lists “an increase in the amount of the wives’ education, an increasing wage rate, the changing economic position of women, declines in the male-female earnings gap, lower fertility, [and] a larger interval between marriage and the birth of the first child.”12 Many of these factors were already operating for the Lads and Lassies families in 1960 and will be explored in what follows. Education In education, slightly more of the Lads and Lassies mothers (91 percent) than fathers (79 percent) had completed 4 years of college.13 The following tabulation based on data from the National Center for Education Statistics lists the percentages of persons aged 25 years and older with 4 or more years of college, by race and sex, in 1960 and 2000: Demographic category 1960 2000 Lads and Lassies fathers (n = 169) .................... 79.0 Lads and Lassies mothers (n = 169)................... 91.0 White non-Hispanic men.................................. 10.3 White non-Hispanic women.............................. 6.0 Black non-Hispanic men.................................... 3.5 Black non-Hispanic women .............................. 3.6 … … 30.8 25.5 16.4 16.8 In 1960, among U.S. whites with a college education, men outnumbered women by close to 2 to 1 (10.3 percent, compared with 6.0 percent). By 2000, the gender gap in college completion rates for whites had closed considerably: white men had a college completion rate of 30.8 percent, compared with 25.5 percent for white women. For blacks, the national rates of college completion by sex were almost identical in 1960 and 2000: 3.6 percent for women and 3.5 percent for men in 1960, and Monthly Labor Review • February 2007 16.8 percent and 16.4 percent, respectively, in 2000.14 Overall, the percentage of the women’s labor force composed of women with 4 or more years of college nearly tripled from 1970 to 2004, from 11.2 percent to 32.6 percent.15 The increase may reflect not only higher levels of educational achievement for women during that period, but an increasing willingness on the part of college-educated women to join the labor force. In 1970, the labor force participation rate for women aged 25 to 64 years with 4 or more years of college was 60.9 percent. By 1987, that figure had climbed to 80.3 percent, which approaches the 82 percent employment rate for the Lads and Lassies mothers in 1960. The labor force participation rate for men with 4 or more years of college declined slightly between 1970 and 1987, from 96.1 percent to 94.2 percent.16 Occupation In 1960, 52,123 whites and 7,760 blacks in Baltimore were employed in professional and technical, and managerial and proprietary, occupations. Of the whites, men held 71 percent and women 29 percent of these positions. For the blacks in those occupations, the gender distribution was almost equal: 47 percent were men, 53 percent women.17 Occupational information, available only for the Lads and Lassies Intensive Study Sample, shows that 22 (88 percent) of the 25 employed fathers and 19 (90 percent) of the 21 employed mothers worked in positions in the aforementioned occupational categories. It took decades for the general female population in the United States to attain the gender parity seen in professional, technical, and managerial occupations among blacks in Baltimore in 1960. Between 1972 and 2002, U.S. women’s share of total employment in the managerial, professional, and technical occupations increased substantially. The proportion of women employed in executive, administrative, and managerial positions more than doubled over that period, from 19.7 percent to 45.9 percent. In professional specialties, women’s share rose from 44.0 percent to 54.7 percent. The percentage of women employed in technical and sales positions rose from 40.1 to 50.1 percent.18 Combining women’s shares of employment in these occupational categories for 2002 reveals that women constituted 50.23 percent of those employed in these occupations, a figure similar to the 53-percent share of the managerial, professional, and technical jobs held by this group of black Baltimorean women in 1960. (See chart 1.) Economic position of women In 1960, 19 percent of white families and 6 percent of black families in Baltimore reported incomes of $10,000 or more on the decennial census.19 For the Lads and Lassies families in the Intensive Study Sample, the combined household income was slightly more than $10,000 when the husband worked full time and the wife part time and was in the $13,000–$17,000 range when both spouses worked full time.20 (Incomes over $50,000 Chart 1. Women’s shares of employment in professional, technical, and managerial occupations, 1972 and 2002 60 60 1972 50 2002 50 40 40 30 30 20 20 10 10 0 Executive, administrative, and managerial Professional specialty were reported for some households with a physician husband and a professionally employed wife. ) Between 1963 and 1992, the percentage of marriages in which the husband provided 70 percent or more of the couple’s income declined from 78 percent to 46 percent among whites and from 71 percent to 33 percent among African-Americans.21 Wives’ earnings rose from 26 percent to 35 percent of their families’ earnings between 1973 and 2003. Between 1967 and 2003, the percentage of married couples in which both wife and husband had earnings from work rose from 44 percent to 58 percent.22 Among working-age married couples, the percentage in which only the husband was employed dropped from 51.4 percent in 1970 to 26 percent in 1987.23 The proportion of wives earning more than their husbands grew from 18 percent in 1987 to 25 percent in 2003.24 Fertility and the childbearing interval Recruiting Lads and Lassies families with at least one child of each sex for the Baltimore study proved difficult. An examination of the 1960 Lads and Lassies membership roster showed that, for the 162 native Baltimorean natural mothers, 102 (63 percent) had one child, 39 (24 percent) had two children, and 21 (13 percent) had three or more children.25 For most of the mothers, childbearing did not begin until their middle to late twenties or early thirties, after they completed their education and professional training. The majority of the Lads and Lassies Technical and sales 0 women interrupted their professional careers just once, in order to bear a child, and then resumed their careers.26 In 1960, the fertility rate (the number of live births per 1,000 women) of white women aged 30 to 34 years with 16 or more years of education was 67.9. By 1990, it had fallen to 48.6, approaching the 1960 fertility rate of 45.6 for black women of similar age and education. (The rate for black women dropped marginally, to 42.8, in 1990.)27 Increased education had a marked effect on childbearing patterns of all U.S. women over the 1960–94 period. In 1969, 10.2 percent of women with college degrees bore their first child at age 30 or older. In 1994, the same was true for 45 percent of such women. This change was not observed in women with less than 12 years of education.28 Between 1975 and 1986, the proportion of college graduate first-time mothers aged 30 to 34 years increased from 40 percent to 48 percent, and the proportion of first-time mothers aged 35–39 years rose from 32 percent to 53 percent.29 From 1980 to 1985, the first-birth rate for women in their early twenties with college degrees fell 27 percent.30 The mothers of the 5-year-olds included in the Lads and Lassies Intensive Study Sample ranged in age from their mid-thirties to mid-forties.31 Household roles The similarities between the Lads and Lassies families in 1960 and contemporary families in mainstream American society Monthly Labor Review • February 2007 A Black Community extend well beyond labor force characteristics to family and household organization and the gender socialization of children. Information on household organization and family routines in the Lads and Lassies families was collected through ethnographic observations conducted between 1960 and 1962.32 Household observations on each family, conducted for 15 days, entailed arriving at the family’s home in the morning when the child awoke and remaining “on location” through the child’s waking hours until bedtime. The description that follows is written in the “ethnographic present.”33 Typically, the family’s weekday routine is organized around the work schedules of the parent or parents who are employed outside the home. Depending upon which parent must leave the house earliest in the morning, one or the other parent will carry out one or more of the morning activities necessary to launch the family members on their day’s trajectories. The fathers were observed to perform some or all of the following household or childcare tasks: • Prepare lunches to be taken to school or the work• • • • • • • place. Cook breakfast for the child or the entire family. Help the child to dress. Help the child to comb his or her hair. Drive one or more family members to school or the workplace. Prepare afternoon snacks for the child. Vacuum floors. Shop for the week’s groceries. The participation of the Lads and Lassies fathers in household duties and childcare was uncommon, compared with the societal norms of the 1960s. It was not until the 1990s that sociological studies documented an attitude shift toward more egalitarian gender roles within U.S. households. One example of this shift is the change in response to an item in the General Social Survey, a U.S. household interview survey conducted by the National Opinion Research Center: “It is much better for everyone involved if the man is the achiever outside the home and the woman takes care of the home and the family.” In 1977, only 34 percent of women and 29 percent of men disagreed with that statement. By the late 1990s, the percentages had risen to 67 percent and 60 percent, respectively.34 Time-use studies reveal that married men’s time spent doing housework more than doubled between 1965 and 1995, from 4.7 to 10.4 hours per week. Married women’s time in housework over the same period declined from 34 to 19.4 hours per week.35 There also has been an increase in the number of fathers expressing an interest in being involved in the care and nurturing of their children.36 Gender role socialization One of the areas of greatest difference in child-rearing patterns between the Lads and Lassies mothers and the white Massa Monthly Labor Review • February 2007 chusetts mothers was that of gender role differentiation. The information obtained was drawn from the mothers’ responses to the following survey questions on gender role socialization of their 5-year-old children: • How important do you think it is for a boy of X’s age • • • to act like a real boy (or, for a girl of X’s age to be ladylike?) (For boys) How about playing with dolls and that sort of thing? (For girls) How about playing rough games and that sort of thing? Do you feel there is any difference in the way boys and girls ought to act at X’s age? Thirty-six percent of the black mothers, compared with 14 percent of the white mothers, believed that little or no difference existed between boys and girls at age 5, with little or no valuing of “masculine” or “feminine” behavior at that age. Conversely, 43 percent of the white mothers, compared with only 18 percent of the black mothers, emphasized, and trained their children for, “some” to “wide” differentiation in a number of behavioral areas.37 Ethnographic observations of the Lads and Lassies children included instances of girls climbing trees and a boy playing with a doll, without incurring parental disapproval. The white Massachusetts mothers were not atypical for their time. Studies of socialization practices in North America into the 1980s showed a significant sex difference in parents’ “encouragement of sex-typed activities and perceptions of sex-typed characteristics” in their children.38 By the 1970s, however, a shift was beginning in gender role socialization in the United States, moving in the direction of the Lads and Lassies mothers’ attitudes. In 1953, 65 percent of mothers interviewed in the Detroit area said that only boys should be asked to shovel snow and wash the car. In 1971, mothers restricting these tasks to boys had dropped to 50 percent and 31 percent respectively. In 1953, 52 percent of the Detroit area mothers said that only girls should make beds; by 1971, the figure dropped to 29 percent.39 By the late 1970s, women’s increased participation in employment and decreased preoccupation with mothering had resulted in a shift in socialization toward more independence training and toward occupational orientation for girls.40 LABOR FORCE CHARACTERISTICS ASSOCIATED WITH WHITE WOMEN in the late 20th century were observed in women in a middle-class black community in Baltimore in 1960. The relative economic equality of men and women in the Baltimore community stemmed from a segregated occupational structure in which black men did not receive the same financial compensation as white men with similar educational training. For the black middle-class family to enjoy a comfortable standard of living, it was necessary for the wife to return to work soon after the birth of a child and to continue to work for most of her life. In addition to economic pressures, there was a cultural value in the community holding that professional careers provide fulfillment for college-educated individuals of either gender.41 This picture was in marked contrast to the family pattern of the more highly paid white male college graduate, whose single salary was sufficient to provide his family a middle-class standard of living. Even the college-educated wives of white professionals in the 1960s tended to begin child bearing in their early to midtwenties. These women then devoted most of their young and middle adult years to the home and childcare. As late as 1977, the majority of U.S. men and women subscribed to the belief that “it is better for everyone if the man is the achiever outside the home and the woman takes care of the home and the family.” In 1960, similar occupational roles for both spouses in the black families were found to be associated with egalitarian household and childcare responsibilities. The egalitarian social roles of the Lads and Lassies mothers, compared with the roles of the white Massachusetts mothers, were reflected in child socialization patterns. Significantly more of the white mothers expected their children to exhibit native sex differences in behavior, and significantly more trained their daughters and sons to exhibit such differences. The middle-class black Baltimorean parents tended to perceive the behavioral repertoires of their 5year-old sons and daughters as essentially similar, to regard any sex differences that did exist as relatively unimportant, and to postpone any conscious patterning of gender-appropriate behavior until adolescence. As white women achieved greater educational, occupational, and economic parity with men over the last decades of the 20th century, their social and household roles, fertility patterns, and child socialization practices came to resemble those observed in the black Lads and Lassies mothers in Baltimore in 1960. Notes 1 See Eugene B. Brody, “Cultural Exclusion, Character and Illness,” American Journal of Psychiatry, vol. 122, no. 8 (1966), pp. 852–58. 2 Ruth Blumenfeld, Children of Integration, unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, 1965. 3 Ruth B. McKay, “Relations of Urban Afro-American Elite and White Communities, 1890–1970,” in Perspectives on Contemporary African and AfroAmerican Development, Occasional Publications No. 1, Afro-American Studies Program (Nashville, Vanderbilt University, 1975), pp. 15–24. Ruth B. McKay, “One-Child Families and Atypical Sex Ratios in an Elite Black Community,” in Robert Staples, ed., The Black Family: Essays and Studies, 2d ed. (Belmont, Wadsworth Publishing Corp., CA 1978), pp. 177–81. 4 5 “Lads and Lassies” is a fictitious name for this organization, which had chapters in more than 20 U.S. cities in 1960. Robert R. Sears, Eleanor Maccoby, and Harry Levin, Patterns of Child Rearing (Evanston, IL, Row, Peterson & Co., 1957). 6 7 Data from Sears, Maccoby, and Levin, Patterns of Child Rearing; quoted in Blumenfeld, Children of Integration, p. 125. Arleen Leibowitz, Jacob Alex Klerman, and Linda Waite, Women’s Employment During Pregnancy and Following Birth, National Longitudinal Survey Report no. 92-11 (Bureau of Labor Statistics, February 1992), p. 2. 8 The lack of higher status employment opportunities for college-educated black men in the Baltimore community during this period led some to jobs— for example, museum guard, postal clerk, and policeman—that were more often held by whites with a high school education. (See Blumenfeld, Children of Integration, p. 65). 9 10 Women in the Labor Force: A Databook (Bureau of Labor Statistics, May 2005), p. 20. Mahshid Jalilvand, “Married Women, work, and values,” Monthly Labor Review, August 2000, pp. 26–31. 11 Ibid., p. 27. 12 13 Blumenfeld, Children of Integration, p. 60. 14 Digest of Education Statistics, 2001, nces 2002-130 (U.S. Department of Education, 2002), p. 17. 15 Women in the Labor Force, p. 24. 16 Labor Force Statistics from the Labor Statistics, 1988). CPS, 17 U.S. Censuses of Population and Housing; General Population Characteristics; General Social and Economic Characteristics 1900; 1910; 1960. Baltimore, Maryland and Maryland, United States (U. S. Bureau of the Census, 1961). 18 “Women at Work: A Visual Essay,” Monthly Labor Review, Oct. 2003, pp. 45–50. 19 General Social and Economic Characteristics, Baltimore, 1960 (U.S. Bureau of the Census, 1961). 20 Blumenfeld, Children of Integration , pp. 52, 69. Aimée R. Dechter and Pamela J. Smock, The Fading Breadwinner Role and the Economic Implications for Young Couples, Institute for Research on Poverty, Discussion Paper No. 1051-94 (Madison, WI, University of Wisconsin, December, 1994). 21 22 Women in the Labor Force, p. 2. Jerry A. Jacobs and Kathleen Gerson, “Overworked Individuals or Overworked Families? Explaining Trends in Work, Leisure, and Family Time,” Work and Occupations, February 2001, pp. 40–63. 23 24 Women in the Labor Force, p. 2. 25 McKay, “One-Child Families,” pp. 178–80. 26 Ibid., p. 179. Robert D. Mare, Differential Fertility, Intergenerational Mobility, and Racial Inequality, Center for Demography and Ecology cde Working Paper No. 97-03 (Madison, WI, University of Wisconsin, February 1997), pp. 40–41. 27 28 Katherine E. Heck, Kenneth C. Schoendorf, Stephanie J. Ventura, and John L. Kiely, “Delayed Childbearing by Education Level in the United States,” Maternal and Child Health Journal, June 1997, pp. 81–88. 29 Stephanie J. Ventura, Trends and Variations in First Births to Older Women, 1970–1986, Vital and Health Statistics, Series 21 (National Center for Health Statistics, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, June 1989), p. 8. 30 Caroline Lewis and Stephanie Ventura, Births and Fertility Rates by Education: 1980 and 1985, Vital and Health Statistics, Series 21 (National Center for Health Statistics, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, October 1990), p. 1. 31 Blumenfeld, unpublished data. Ethnography attempts to describe the culture, or way of life, of a particular society from the point of view of members of that society. 32 1948–1987, Bulletin 2307 (Bureau of 33 The “ethnographic present” is the anthropological convention whereby Monthly Labor Review • February 2007 A Black Community behaviors that were observed some time in the past are reported in the present tense, as they were practiced at the time of observation. 34 Arland Thornton and Linda Young-DeMarco, “Four Decades of Trends in Attitudes toward Family Issues in the United States: The 1960s through the 1990s,” Journal of Marriage and Family, November 2001, pp. 1009–37. 35 Suzanne M. Bianchi, Melissa A. Milkie, Liana C. Sayer, and John P. Robinson, “Is Anyone Doing the Housework? Trends in the Gender Division of Household Labor,” Social Forces, September 2000, pp. 191–228. 36 Teresa L. Jump and Linda Haas, “Fathers in Transition: Dual-Career Fathers Participating in Childcare,” in Michael S. Kimmel (ed.), Changing Men: New Directions in Research on Men and Masculinity (Newbury Park, CA, Sage Publications, 1987), pp. 98–114. 37 Blumenfeld, Children of Integration, pp. 160–61. Monthly Labor Review • February 2007 38 Hugh Lytton and David M. Romney, “Parents’ Differential Socialization of Boys and Girls: A Meta-analysis,” Psychological Bulletin, March 1991, pp. 267–96; see especially p. 283. 39 Lois W. Hoffman, “Changes in Family Roles, Socialization, and Sex Differences,” American Psychologist, August 1977, pp. 644–57; see especially p. 650. 40 Ibid., p. 655. Another factor to consider is the historical legacy of slavery in the black community, under which all able-bodied women and men were expected to work. The 1960 cultural study of the Lads and Lassies parents notes that some of their grandparents had been born into slavery and that “accounts of episodes in the lives of slave ancestors are to be heard in the Negro community today.” (See Blumenfeld, Children of Integration, pp. 38–39.) 41 Married Mothers in the Labor Force Trends in labor force participation of married mothers of infants Following a long-term advance, the labor force activity of married mothers of infants began to decline in the late 1990s for a variety of demographic groups and since 2000 has been relatively stable Sharon R. Cohany and Emy Sok Sharon R. Cohany and Emy Sok are economists in the Division of Labor Force Statistics, Bureau of Labor Statistics. E-mail: Cohany. Sharon@bls.gov and Sok. Emy@bls.gov T he most striking feature of women’s labor market gains during the post-World War II period was the entry of married mothers into the work force. In 1948, only about 17 percent of married mothers were in the labor force. By the 1980s, labor force participation had become an integral part of their lives. In 1985, for example, 61 percent of married mothers were working or looking for work. (See chart 1.) By 1995, their labor force participation rate had reached 70 percent. In fact, married mothers accounted for much of the increase in total labor force participation during the postwar period.1 In recent years, however, the labor force participation of married mothers, especially those with young children, has stopped its advance. 2 In 2005, the participation rate of married mothers with preschoolers was 60 percent, about 4 percentage points lower than its peak in 1997 and 1998. 3 Married mothers with children under a year old (infants) showed the most dramatic changes. After reaching a peak of 59.2 percent in 1997, the participation rate for married mothers of infants fell by about 6 percentage points to 53.3 percent in 2000 and has shown no clear trend since then. In comparison, the participation rate of married mothers of school-age children (aged 6 to 17) fell by just 2 percentage points, from 77 percent in 1997 to about 75 percent in 2005.4 (See chart 2.) This article explores the characteristics of married mothers of infants and recent trends in their labor force participation. The data in this article are from the Current Population Survey (CPS), a monthly survey of 60,000 households that provides a large amount of demographic, family relationship, and labor force information.5 Profile of married mothers of infants Before investigating the trends in labor force participation rates among married mothers of infants, this article begins with a look at their demographic characteristics. In 2005, there were 2.4 million married mothers whose youngest child was less than 1 year old. The characteristics of married mothers with infants vary somewhat from those of married mothers overall. Not surprisingly, those with infants were younger, on average, than married mothers in general. Among married mothers of infants, in 2005, about 79 percent were under the age of 35. In contrast, just 36 percent of all married mothers were under 35. (See tables 1 and 4.) Married mothers aged 25 and older with infants are well educated, on average. Nearly half (47 percent) had a college degree, compared with 35 percent of all married mothers of that age group.6 Another 26 percent of married mothers of infants had completed 1 to 3 years of college, compared with 29 percent of all mothers. The proportions of married mothers of infants who were white non-Hispanic (67 percent), black nonHispanic (7 percent), Asian non-Hispanic (7 percent), or Hispanic (18 percent) were very similar to those of other mothers.7 About 21 percent of mothers with infants were born outside the United States, also about the same as the proportion for all mothers. (See table 1.) Mothers of infants have more children, on average, than mothers of school-age children. For the mothers of infants, 27 percent had three or more children under age 18, compared with 16 percent Monthly Labor Review • February 2007 Married Mothers in the Labor Force Chart 1. Chart 1. Labor force participation rates of women by marital status and presence of children, March 1948–2005 Percent Percent 80.0 80.0 All women, 16 and older Married women with no children 70.0 70.0 All married women Married women with children under age 18 60.0 60.0 50.0 50.0 40.0 40.0 30.0 30.0 20.0 20.0 10.0 10.0 0.0 1950 Chart 2. 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 0.0 2005 2000 Labor force participation rates of married mothers by age of youngest child, 1994–2005 Percent Percent 80.0 80.0 With children, 6 to 17 75.0 75.0 Married women with children under 18 70.0 65.0 60.0 70.0 With children under 6 65.0 60.0 With children under 1 55.0 50.0 10 55.0 1994 1995 1996 Monthly Labor Review • February 2007 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 50.0 Table 1. Selected characteristics of married mothers by age of youngest child, annual averages, 1997 and 2005 [Numbers in thousands] Characteristic Married mothers, 16 years and older, total ........................................... Percent distribution ............................... With children under 18, total With children 6 to 17, none younger Children 3 to 5, none younger Children under 3 Children under 1 Total 1997 2005 1997 2005 1997 2005 1997 2005 1997 2005 25,704 100.0 25,942 100.0 13,792 100.0 14,231 100.0 4,863 100.0 4,760 100.0 7,049 100.0 6,951 100.0 2,448 100.0 2,398 100.0 5.3 34.2 45.6 14.9 4.8 30.9 43.0 21.3 .3 15.2 58.2 26.3 .5 13.0 50.3 36.2 4.8 50.0 42.2 3.0 4.3 44.3 45.9 5.6 15.4 60.5 23.1 1.0 14.0 58.2 26.3 1.6 19.0 62.1 18.3 .5 17.4 61.2 20.8 .6 74.9 68.5 76.8 70.9 71.5 64.8 73.5 66.0 73.8 67.2 7.3 – 12.3 7.1 6.0 16.9 7.8 – 10.2 7.4 5.5 14.6 8.1 – 14.7 7.5 6.5 19.7 6.0 – 14.7 6.2 6.5 19.5 5.2 – 14.9 6.7 6.5 18.0 10.4 10.2 11.1 10.2 10.9 11.4 8.6 9.4 7.6 8.7 33.1 26.4 36.2 29.6 33.0 24.4 25.9 20.2 23.7 18.5 28.8 27.7 28.5 34.9 28.2 24.6 29.6 30.6 29.1 26.9 28.4 35.9 29.8 35.7 26.1 44.3 30.2 38.5 25.5 47.4 84.9 15.1 79.4 20.6 86.8 13.2 81.6 18.4 82.9 17.1 76.1 23.9 82.4 17.6 77.2 22.8 82.1 17.9 78.6 21.4 18,165 70.7 17,535 68.2 630 3.5 7,539 17,690 68.2 17,058 65.8 632 3.6 8,252 10,614 77.0 10,296 74.7 318 3.0 3,178 10,636 74.7 10,296 72.3 340 3.2 3,595 3,257 67.0 3,135 64.5 122 3.7 1,606 3,114 65.4 2,987 62.7 128 4.1 1,645 4,295 60.9 4,105 58.2 191 4.4 2,754 3,939 56.7 3,776 54.3 164 4.2 3,012 1,448 59.2 1,379 56.3 69 4.8 1,000 1,282 53.5 1,225 51.1 58 4.5 1,11 Age 16 25 35 45 to 24 years .................................... to 34 years .................................... to 44 years .................................... years and older ............................. Race and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity White non-Hispanic ............................ Black or African-American non-Hispanic ..................................... Asian non-Hispanic ............................ Hispanic or Latino ethnicity ................ Educational attainment 1 (25 years and older) Less than a high school diploma ....... High school graduates, no college ......................................... Some college or associate degree ............................................... Bachelor’s degree and higher ........... Nativity Native born ......................................... Foreign born ....................................... Employment status In labor force ........................................ Labor force participation rate ........ Employed ............................................. Employment-population ratio ........... Unemployed ........................................ Unemployment rate .......................... Not in labor force ................................. 1 As percent of civilian noninstitutional population 25 years and older. NOTE: Detail may not sum to totals because data for all groups are not always presented and also due to rounding. Children refer of mothers of school-age children. Among married mothers of infants, about one-third had just one child, compared with 44 percent of mothers of school-age children. (See table 2.) Trends among demographic groups A decline in participation rates such as that experienced by married mothers of infants in the late 1990s can reflect a variety of factors, including weaker labor market conditions (such as slow earnings or job growth, employers having fewer job openings to own children and include sons, daughters, stepchildren, and adopted children. Not included are nieces, nephews, grandchildren, or other related children, and all unrelated children living in the household. Dash indicates data are not available or do not meet publication criteria. or offering fewer family-friendly policies); demographic changes (such as a shift in the group’s age, ethnicity, or foreign-born composition); changes in cultural or societal attitudes (a society might begin to place a higher value on stay-at-home mothers, for example); and shifts in personal preferences.8 Information on employers’ policies and individuals’ attitudes is not collected in the CPS, but the survey is a rich source of demographic data. The subsections that follow discuss participation rate trends in several key demographic categories. Monthly Labor Review • February 2007 11 Married Mothers in the Labor Force Table 2. Percent distribution of married mothers by number of children and age of youngest child, annual averages, 2000 and 2005 Number of children With children under 18, total With children 6 to 17, none younger 2000 2005 2000 2005 2000 2005 Percent ............................................... 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 One child ............................................ Two children ...................................... Three children .................................... Four children ...................................... Five or more children ........................ 38.4 40.3 15.4 4.2 1.5 38.0 40.4 15.7 4.3 1.5 43.8 39.8 12.6 2.9 .6 44.4 39.8 12.4 2.5 .7 26.2 44.7 20.5 6.2 2.5 24.9 45.0 20.9 6.9 2.4 NOTE: Detail may not sum to totals due to rounding. Children refer to own children and include sons, daughters, stepchildren and adopted children. Not included are nieces, nephews, grandchildren, Educational attainment. The educational attainment of women has risen dramatically in the post-World War II period. For instance, among all women aged 25 and older, the proportion with at least 1 year of college more than tripled, rising from about 15 percent in 1960 to 53 percent in 2005.9 (Among men, this proportion almost tripled, going from 18 percent to 53 percent.) Labor force activity rose at every level of education. The participation rate for women with a college degree rose from about 57 percent in 1962 to 73 percent in 2005, while the rate for women with some college (but not a bachelor’s degree) went from 42 percent to 67 percent.10 The declines in labor force activity in the late 1990s by married mothers of infants have occurred across all educational levels and, for most groups, by about the same magnitude. After peaking at 71 percent in 1997, the participation rate of those with a college degree had fallen by about 9 percentage points by 2000. The participation rate for mothers with less than a high school diploma fell by 8 percentage points, as did the rate for those with some college. Since 2000, participation rates for these groups showed little change. High school graduates’ participation rates declined almost every year from 1997 to 2005. (See table 3.) Participation rates fell in all education categories for a variety of reasons. For college-educated women, there are two possible explanations that can be supported with CPS data.11 The first is that married women with college degrees typically have husbands with similar levels of education. These husbands are likely to be relatively high earners, providing their wives with more financial resources to draw upon and more choice about whether to work after the birth of children. So while college-educated mothers have a relatively large investment in human capital (that is, their formal education), they also are more able, on average, to afford to leave the work force, at least temporarily.12 (The effects of husbands’ earnings on their wives’ labor force participa12 Children 3 to 5, none younger Children under 3 Children under 1 Total 2000 2005 2000 2005 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 35.8 38.3 17.6 5.6 2.6 33.9 38.4 18.9 6.2 2.7 37.6 36.4 17.4 5.5 3.0 35.4 37.2 18.9 5.8 2.7 or other related children, and all unrelated children living in the household. Comparable data are not readily tabulated before 2000. tion are examined in more detail later in this section.) The second potential factor in the decline in labor force activity among college-educated mothers of infants that can be supported with CPS data is related to job demands. Women aged 25 and older with at least a bachelor’s degree who worked full time have a relatively lengthy workweek, averaging 42.2 hours in 2005. Within this group, the workweek was particularly long for women with a professional or doctoral degree— about 45 hours. These relatively heavy work hours, on average, may give highly educated women an incentive to step back from the work force once they become mothers.13 Husbands’ earnings and work demands explain only part of the changes in labor market attachment, however, as the overall statistics reflect many complex individual decisions that are only partly related to economic factors. Among mothers with less education, their lower average earnings mean that they are less able to afford child care. At the same time, their opportunity costs of not working are lower. However, as with the college graduates, why these mothers have lower rates of labor force activity now as compared with a few years ago is a question that cannot be answered fully by economic measures. Race and ethnicity. Race and Hispanic ethnicity are important factors in married mothers’ labor force participation. Married black or African-American mothers of young children historically have been more likely to work or look for work than have either married white or Asian mothers, and far more likely to work than married Hispanic mothers. In 2005, 65 percent of black non-Hispanic married mothers of infants were in the labor force, compared with 58 percent among white non-Hispanic married mothers, 51 percent among Asian non-Hispanic mothers, and 34 percent among Hispanic mothers. The participation rate of white mothers fell by 4.5 percentage points since 1997, while the rate for black mothers stayed about the same. (Strictly Monthly Labor Review • February 2007 1 Table 3. [In percent] Labor force participation rates of married mothers of infants by selected characteristics, annual averages, 1994–2005 Characteristic Married mothers of infants, 16 years and older, total ........... 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 55.9 57.0 55.9 59.2 57.6 55.8 53.3 53.8 54.7 52.9 51.7 53.5 45.5 58.2 61.0 77.6 46.6 60.0 60.4 59.8 44.4 58.6 59.4 73.8 47.6 62.2 60.5 67.9 47.8 60.7 57.9 43.9 45.5 59.4 55.4 64.3 45.4 56.2 53.2 44.6 45.9 55.7 55.6 51.8 44.3 57.1 57.1 47.3 43.9 54.5 55.7 54.7 39.7 53.7 55.9 65.5 42.6 55.5 56.5 63.6 59.0 59.4 59.1 62.0 60.1 58.8 55.4 57.1 57.4 56.6 56.3 57.5 61.9 – 38.9 66.2 – 41.0 64.8 – 38.8 63.2 – 45.0 69.0 – 39.6 68.9 – 37.1 64.6 54.0 39.3 68.8 47.5 38.2 66.5 53.8 39.9 59.8 50.9 37.5 58.8 41.1 37.7 64.6 51.4 34.3 27.8 31.7 31.5 35.3 33.0 27.6 27.1 28.2 26.4 25.6 28.2 28.2 53.4 54.5 51.9 52.4 52.9 52.7 50.5 48.9 51.7 47.3 46.7 46.5 63.4 67.8 62.0 68.1 61.9 67.6 64.9 70.6 64.3 65.7 62.3 65.0 57.1 62.0 60.9 61.5 60.2 62.7 55.0 63.9 59.3 59.9 58.8 62.9 – – – – 59.6 37.5 63.0 41.4 60.8 40.8 59.7 38.4 57.2 36.4 58.1 36.0 59.1 37.7 58.1 34.6 57.3 32.3 58.5 35.0 Age 16 25 35 45 to 24 years ........................... to 34 years ........................... to 44 years ........................... years and older .................... Race and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity White non-Hispanic ...................... Black or African-American non-Hispanic .............................. Asian non-Hispanic ..................... Hispanic or Latino ethnicity ......... Educational attainment (25 years and older) Less than a high school diploma High school graduates, no college ................................... Some college or associate degree ........................................ Bachelor’s degree and higher ..... Nativity Native born ................................... Foreign born ................................. NOTE: Children refer to own children and include sons, daughters, stepchildren, and adopted children. Not included are nieces, nephews, grandchildren, or other related children, and all unrelated comparable data for Asians from the CPS are not available prior to 2000.) Hispanic mothers’ labor force participation rate fell by about 6 percentage points between the late 1990s and 2005. Foreign born and native born. Since the mid-1990s, the CPS has collected information monthly on whether individuals were born in the United States or in another country. These data show that mothers who were born abroad are much less likely to be in the labor force than are mothers who were born in the United States. As can be seen in table 3, just 35 percent of immigrant married mothers of infants were either working or looking for work in 2005, compared with 59 percent of native-born mothers. The labor force participation rate of immigrant mothers declined by about 6 percentage points since 1997—about the same as the decline among native-born mothers (5 percentage points). The relatively low participation rates for Hispanic and foreign-born married mothers of infants are especially noteworthy for this analysis because their numbers have been growing. The proportion accounted for by Hispanics rose from 15 percent in 1997 to 18 percent in 2005, while the proportion accounted for children living in the household. Dash indicates data are not available or do not meet publication criteria. by immigrants rose from 18 percent to 21 percent over the same period. (See table 4.) This suggests that the growth in these two groups could be partly responsible for the overall decline in married mothers’ participation. Further analysis, however, showed that the rise in the groups’ share of the population explains only a small part of the overall decline in participation rates. Because these subgroups represent a minority of married mothers of infants, their effect on the overall participation rate of these mothers has been modest, despite their growth in numbers and their relatively low levels of labor force participation.14 Age of mother. Labor force participation rates of mothers rise along with the age of the mother. Young mothers have especially low participation rates. In 2005, about 43 percent of married mothers aged 16 to 24 with an infant were in the labor force, more than 10 percentage points lower than the rates for mothers aged 25 to 34 and 35 to 44. All age groups saw declining labor force activity in the late 1990s. From 1997 to 2000, the participation rate of mothers aged 16 to 24 fell by 2 percentage points, and the rate for those aged 25 to 34 fell by 6 percentage points, while the rate Monthly Labor Review • February 2007 13 Married Mothers in the Labor Force Table 4. Selected characteristics of married mothers of infants, annual averages, 1994–2005 [Numbers in thousands] Characteristic Married mothers of infants, 16 years and older, total ................. Percent distribution ...................... 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2,666 100.0 2,541 100.0 2,553 100.0 2,448 100.0 2,544 100.0 2,392 100.0 2,461 2,360 100.0 100.0 2,363 100.0 2,381 100.0 2,441 100.0 2,398 100.0 22.2 61.8 15.6 .4 22.5 60.5 16.5 .6 20.6 61.6 17.4 .3 19.0 62.1 18.3 .5 19.0 61.7 18.7 .7 19.9 59.4 19.8 .8 20.0 58.3 20.9 .8 18.7 59.1 21.3 .9 18.2 60.5 20.5 .9 17.2 62.0 20.0 .7 17.8 61.0 20.5 .6 17.4 61.2 20.8 .6 74.9 76.7 73.5 73.8 75.0 71.7 70.6 68.0 69.5 67.6 66.9 67.2 6.4 – 14.4 6.0 – 13.7 5.9 – 15.3 5.2 – 14.9 6.0 – 13.6 6.9 – 15.4 6.6 5.2 16.9 6.9 4.7 19.3 6.1 6.0 17.5 5.7 6.4 18.5 5.2 6.7 19.3 6.7 6.5 18.0 9.1 7.2 8.8 7.6 7.4 7.8 8.0 8.9 7.7 9.4 8.7 8.7 28.0 26.5 24.9 23.7 23.6 23.7 21.5 21.6 20.9 19.4 20.0 18.5 29.5 33.4 29.6 36.7 29.2 37.1 30.2 38.5 28.0 41.0 27.9 40.6 28.9 41.5 27.7 41.8 26.0 45.5 25.6 45.6 26.5 44.8 25.5 47.4 – – – – 83.1 16.9 82.1 17.9 83.9 16.1 82.0 18.0 81.2 18.8 80.6 19.4 79.4 20.6 78.1 21.9 77.6 22.4 78.6 21.4 1,489 55.9 1,396 52.4 93 6.3 1,176 1,449 57.0 1,363 53.6 86 6.0 1,091 1,426 55.9 1,351 52.9 75 5.3 1,126 1,448 59.2 1,379 56.3 69 4.8 1,000 1,465 57.6 1,404 55.2 61 4.2 1,079 1,336 55.8 1,285 53.7 51 3.8 1,056 1,312 1,270 53.3 53.8 1,259 1,212 51.2 51.4 53 58 4.1 4.6 1,149 1,090 1,292 54.7 1,216 51.5 77 5.9 1,071 1,260 52.9 1,196 50.2 64 5.1 1,121 1,262 51.7 1,203 49.3 59 4.7 1,179 1,282 53.5 1,225 51.1 58 4.5 1,115 Age 16 25 35 45 to 24 years .............................. to 34 years .............................. to 44 years .............................. years and older ...................... Race and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity White non-Hispanic ...................... Black or African-American non-Hispanic .............................. Asian non-Hispanic ..................... Hispanic or Latino ethnicity ......... Educational attainment ¹ (25 years and older) Less than a high school diploma . High school graduates, no college ................................... Some college or associate degree ........................................ Bachelor’s degree and higher ..... Nativity Native born ................................... Foreign born ................................. Employment status Labor force .................................. Participation rate ................... Employment ............................... Employment-population ratio Unemployment .......................... Unemployment rate .............. Not in labor force ......................... As percent of civilian noninstitutional population 25 years and older. 1 NOTE: Detail may not sum to totals because data for all groups are not always presented and also due to rounding. Children for older mothers (aged 35 to 44) fell by 7 percentage points.15 Since 2000, the rates for younger mothers have continued to trend downward, while the rates for other mothers have shown little change. Mothers under age 35 with infants accounted for a declining share of all married mothers of infants over the period from 1997 to 2005, while mothers aged 35 to 44 years accounted for an increasing one. A rising proportion of older mothers in the population would have raised the overall participation rate of mothers, other factors remaining unchanged. However, the falling participation rates of older mothers offset any upward pressure attribut14 Monthly Labor Review • February 2007 refer to own children and include sons, daughters, stepchildren, and adopted children. Not included are nieces, nephews, granchildren, or other related children, and all unrelated children living in the household. Dash indicates data are not available or do not meet publication standards. able to their increasing share of the population. Number of children. The more children a woman has, the less likely she is to be in the labor force. Among married mothers of infants, those whose infant was their only child had a participation rate of 60 percent in 2005. This compared with a rate of 55 percent for those with two children and 46 percent for those with three children. (See table 5.) Since 2000, there has been a small increase in the number of married mothers of infants who have other children at home.16 According to Cenus Bureau tabulations, there has been virtually no change in the number of children overall per married-couple family since around 1980.17 Earnings of husbands. Women whose husbands are relatively highly paid might be expected to have greater choice about whether to work when they have children. In fact, married mothers of infants whose husbands’ earnings were in the highest quintile (top 20 percent) had one of the lowest participation rates—48 percent in 2005. Wives whose husbands had the lowest earnings (bottom 20 percent) had a similar rate—about 47 percent. Wives whose husbands were in the middle earnings quintile had the highest participation rate—64 percent. Among men 25 years and older who worked full time, the earnings increase from 1997 to 2005 for those in the ninth decile (that is, just 10 percent have higher earnings) was nearly four times that of the men in the first decile (the lowest 10 percent)—about 37 percent, compared with 10 percent (in nominal dollars). The inflation rate during the period, as measured by the Consumer Price Index for All Urban Consumers (CPI-U), was about 22 percent.18 In fact, only men with earnings above the median had pay increases that exTable 5. ceeded inflation over the period from 1997 to 2005. Despite the uneven earnings growth of men 25 years and older, nearly all quintiles showed participation rates for mothers of infants that remained lower in 2005 than they had been in 1997. The only exception was the group of mothers whose husbands were in the lowest quintile of earnings; their participation rate was essentially unchanged.19 Mothers of infants with husbands in the highest quintile and in the second-lowest quintile had the largest declines in their participation rates—9 and 8 percentage points, respectively. (See table 6.) AFTER A LENGTHY AND DRAMATIC ADVANCE, labor force participation rates for married mothers of infants peaked in 1997 and have been relatively stable since 2000. This pattern held across most demographic categories. Groups with a history of lower participation rates for women—such as Hispanics and the foreign born—account for a growing share of the population, but this has served to lower participation rates only modestly for married mothers of infants overall. Labor force participation rates of married mothers of infants by number of children, annual averages, 2000–05 Number of children 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 All married mothers of infants ....................................... 53.3 53.8 54.7 52.9 51.7 53.5 One child ..................................................................... Two children .............................................................. Three children ............................................................ Four children .............................................................. Five or more children ................................................. 57.2 55.8 47.4 38.2 37.1 60.1 55.0 48.1 37.6 28.7 63.1 53.0 48.3 43.5 31.6 61.1 54.0 41.5 39.8 30.9 57.4 53.7 43.6 40.2 32.9 59.5 54.8 46.1 40.6 36.6 N OTE : Children refer to own children and include sons, daughters, stepchildren, and adopted children. Not included are nieces, nephews, grandchildren, or other related children, and all Table 6. unrelated children living in the household. Comparable data are not readily tabulated before 2000. Labor force participation rates of married mothers of infants by earnings quintiles of their husbands, annual averages, selected years Quintile of husbands’ weekly earnings 1994 1997 2000 2005 All mothers of infants with an employed husband .. 58.1 57.7 53.4 53.3 Lowest 20 percent ................................................ Second 20 percent ................................................ Middle 20 percent ................................................... Fourth 20 percent .................................................. Highest 20 percent ................................................. 54.0 61.5 62.9 61.2 50.7 47.3 59.2 66.2 59.4 56.3 46.5 60.4 58.4 55.5 46.4 46.9 51.3 64.4 56.5 47.7 NOTE: Labor force participation rates shown are for married mothers of infants whose husbands were employed in a wage and salary job. Earnings data measure usual weekly earnings and exclude the self-employed. Children refer to own children and include sons, daughters, stepchildren, and adopted children. Not included are nieces, nephews, grandchildren, or other related children, and all unrelated children living in the household. Monthly Labor Review • February 2007 15 Married Mothers in the Labor Force Notes 1 For a detailed description of trends in labor force participation since World War II, see Abraham Mosisa and Steven Hipple, “Trends in labor force participation in the United States,” Monthly Labor Review, October 2006, pp. 35–57. For the latest BLS labor force projections, see Mitra Toossi, “Labor force projections to 2014: retiring boomers,” Monthly Labor Review, November 2005, pp. 25–44. Longer term perspectives on women’s changing roles are presented in Mitra Toossi, “A century of change: U.S. labor force from 1950 to 2050,” Monthly Labor Review, May 2002, pp. 15–28; and Claudia Goldin, “The Quiet Revolution That Transformed Women’s Employment, Education, and Family,” The American Economic Review, Papers and Proceedings of the One Hundred Eighteenth Annual Meeting of the American Economic Association, Boston, MA, January 6–8, 2006, May 2006. Data prior to 1994 are from the Annual Social and Economic Supplement (formerly called the Annual Demographic Supplement) to the Current Population Survey. Starting in 1994, data are annual averages compiled from monthly estimates, unless otherwise noted. 2 3 The labor force participation rate is the labor force level for a particular group divided by the civilian noninstitutional population of that group. The labor force is the sum of the employed plus the unemployed. 4 Previous interruptions in the growth of women’s participation rates were analyzed in two articles by Howard Hayghe: “Are women leaving the labor force?” Monthly Labor Review, July 1994, pp. 37–39; and “Developments in women’s labor force participation,” Monthly Labor Review, September 1997, pp. 41–46. 5 In this article, a mother is defined as a woman with one or more own children under the age of 18 with whom she lives. Children include sons, daughters, adopted children, and stepchildren. Not included are nieces, nephews, grandchildren, other related children, and unrelated children. A married mother is a mother whose husband is present in the household. 6 Educational attainment data from the CPS are typically confined to persons 25 years and older, an age at which most people have completed their formal education. 7 In this article, data by race are for non-Hispanic persons. Persons who are identified as Hispanic, an ethnic category, can be of any race. 8 The cost of child care has been identified as a significant factor in a mother’s decision to return to work. See Lisa Barrow, “An Analysis of Women’s Return-to-Work Decisions Following First Birth,” Federal Reserve Bank of Chicago, September 1998. Other research finds that working and non-working women have different values. See Mahshid Jalilvand, “Married women, work, and values,” Monthly Labor Review, August 2000. A link between women’s falling participation rate and a weakened demand for labor is examined in Heather Boushey, “Are Women Opting Out? Debunking the Myth,” Center for Economic and Policy Research, Briefing paper, November 2005. 9 From a table on the Census Bureau Web site: http://www.census.gov/ population/socdemo/education/cps2005/tabA-1.xls. In 1992, the categories used to classify educational attainment were revised to reflect the highest degree or diploma attained rather than the number of years of school completed. For a detailed description of the change, see Robert Kominski and Paul Siegel, “Measuring education in the Current Population Survey,” Monthly Labor Review, September 1993, pp. 34–38. The comparisons between 1950, 1960, and 16 Monthly Labor Review • February 2007 later years use data as of March of the respective years rather than annual averages, which began to be produced for educational attainment data only in 1992. 10 Educational Attainment of Workers: March 1962, Special Labor Force Report No. 30 (Bureau of Labor Statistics, 1963). For historical comparability, these participation rates are for age 18 and older. 11 On the other hand, higher income mothers have greater opportunity costs associated with not working and also are more able to afford child care. For a study of the relationship between wives’ employment growth and husbands’ earnings, see Chinhui Juhn and Kevin M. Murphy, “Wage Inequality and Family Labor Supply,” Journal of Labor Economics, January 1997, pp. 72–97. 12 Press coverage has featured college-educated women who are having difficulty finding jobs after an absence from the work force to raise children, especially jobs at or near their former levels of pay and responsibility. Examples are “Getting Back on Track,” Newsweek, September 25, 2006; “After Years Off, Women Struggle to Revive Careers,” The Wall Street Journal, May 6, 2004; “Workplaces Prepare for Reentry,” The Washington Post, March 20, 2005; “The Baby Sabbatical,” American Demographics, February 1, 2002. The unemployment rate for college-educated mothers of infants was essentially the same in 1997 and 2005— around 2 percent. The jobless rate for all women was 5 percent in both years. 13 Although the CPS does not include measures of overwork or stress, in a study by the Families and Work Institute entitled “Overwork in America” (Executive Summary, 2004), women reported feeling overworked somewhat more often than men. Another study by the institute, “Highlights of the National Study of the Changing Workforce” (Executive Summary, 2002), found significantly higher levels of interference between one’s work and family life compared with 25 years earlier. 14 Shift-share calculations found that had the proportions of four selected population groups stayed the same between 1997 and 2005, the labor force participation rate of married mothers of infants would have been 54.6 percent in 2005 instead of 53.5 percent. The groups were Hispanic native-born, Hispanic foreign-born, non-Hispanic foreign-born, and nativeborn non-Hispanic mothers of infants. These groups are mutually exclusive and include all married mothers of infants. In 2005, nearly 60 percent of Hispanic married mothers of infants were born outside the United States, while one-half of foreign-born married mothers of infants were Hispanic. 15 There are relatively few teenage married mothers of infants, accounting for about 10 percent of the 16- to 24-year age group and just about 2 percent of the total. 16 The year 2000 is used for comparison because the data are more readily tabulated beginning in that year. 17 U.S. Census Bureau, table FM-3, “Average Number of Own Children Under 18 Per Family, by Type of Family: 1955 to Present.” http://www.census. gov/population/socdemo/hh-fam/fm3.pdf. 18 Unpublished tabulations from the Current Population Survey, available from the Division of Labor Force Statistics, Bureau of Labor Statistics. 19 Earnings data in the CPS are collected from one-quarter of the sample each month. CPS earnings estimates include wage and salary workers only and exclude the self-employed. The earnings data presented here are further restricted to married fathers of infants. Auto Prices and Exchange Rates Japanese exchange rates, export restraints, and auto prices in the 1980s Regression analysis indicates that, after 1986, Japanese exchange rates had a significant positive effect on prices of U.S. domestically produced automobiles and, hence, that Japanese voluntary export restraints were not binding; pre-1986 results are inconclusive, but consistent with binding voluntary export restraints Ana Aizcorbe C hanges in Japanese exchange rates affect the prices of U.S.-manufactured light vehicles in two related steps: 1. The pass-through effect. A stronger yen increases both the prices of models produced in Japan and the landed cost (the dollar value at the point of importation). 2. The competing-goods effect. The increases in landed costs of Japanese models lead to increases in demand and prices of domestic substitutes. Ana Aizcorbe is an economist at the Bureau of Economic Analysis, Washington, DC. E-mail: Ana. Aizcorbe@bea.gov Quotas, such as the voluntary export restraints that were put in place in April 1981, can influence the magnitude of these effects: under binding restraints, where the level of imports reaches the level of the voluntary restraints, cost shocks (such as exchange rate fluctuations) do not affect prices. Using 1980s price data from the Consumer Price Index (CPI) database, this article applies reduced-form equations to quarterly observations of transaction prices. The resulting estimates of the impact of exchange rates on prices of domestically produced automobiles are an indirect test of whether the voluntary export restraints were binding. Although the results for the early 1980s are inconclusive, results for the late 1980s yield significant exchange rate effects: a 10-percent increase in the yen translates into a 1.2-percent increase in a CPI-like price index for domestically produced automobiles, reflecting both pass-through and competing-goods effects. As one would expect, the elasticities were larger for models that competed more directly with Japanese models. These significant exchange rate effects imply that the vol- untary export restraints were not binding over that period. Background During the 1980s, sales of vehicles imported from Japan made up 17 percent to 22 percent of overall sales in the United States. Rising oil prices early in the decade and the resulting increases in demand for more fuel-efficient vehicles gave Japanese automakers an advantage over domestic producers, because Japanese vehicles were smaller and more fuel efficient: the average fuel economy of Japanese cars and trucks sold in the United States was 5 miles per gallon greater than that of American vehicles in the 1980s.1 Moreover, within the small-car segment, Japanese vehicles tended to be more affordable; during that decade, Japanese automakers enjoyed substantial cost advantages that allowed them to sell comparable vehicles at lower prices.2 This intense competition from Japanese brands generated calls for trade protection. An already existing 25-percent tariff on trucks undoubtedly protected that segment. Beginning in 1981, the Japanese agreed to voluntary export restraints on their automobile imports to the U.S. market. Initially, the program allowed just 1.68 million Japanese automobiles into the United States each year. The cap was raised to 1.85 million per year in 1984 and to 2.3 million in 1985, where it remained through the end of the decade. However, the cap applied only to imports from Japan and did not include any sales of automobiles that Japanese firms produced in the United States. Beginning in 1982 with Honda’s Marysville plant in Ohio, Japanese Monthly Labor Review • February 2007 17 Auto Prices and Exchange Rates automakers began to shift production from Japan to the United States. By 1990, sales of vehicles—autos and light trucks— produced at these so-called transplants accounted for nearly 10 percent of all light-vehicle sales. Taken together, sales of Japanese vehicles produced in Japan and sales of those manufactured in the United States grew over the 1980s and by 1990 made up more than 25 percent of overall sales. (See chart 1.) The shift to production in the United States also aided Japanese firms when the yen rose in the middle of the decade. From 1985 to 1988, the dollar fell dramatically and closed the period at about half of its original value. (See chart 2.) That undoubtedly raised the landed cost of Japanese imports. During this period, wholesale prices of imported autos increased 25 percent, a marked departure from the preceding 4 years. (See chart 3.) Because sales of imported Japanese automobiles represented about half of the total value of imported automobiles, the sharp rise in import prices would be expected to increase the demand for, and prices of, domestically produced automobiles. However, wholesale prices for domestic autos rose only 7 percent over the period, which was approximately the same as the trend of the previous 4 years. Framework An empirical demand framework developed by Jonathan Baker and Timothy Bresnahan provides a vantage point from which to examine the apparent lack of sensitivity of domestic prices to the sharp increase in import prices seen in the late 1980s.3 The reduced-form approach of these researchers allows for the presence of market power without imposing a particular form of market structure. On the demand side, there are N demand equations—one for each model—that take the form Qnt= Dn(P1t, P2t, ..., PNt, Yt), n = 1,..., N, (1) where Qnt is the number of vehicles of type n (for example, unit sales of the Ford Taurus) that the representative consumer wishes to purchase at time t. The representative consumer’s demand depends on the prices of all models (the Pnt ’s), as well as a number of other factors consolidated here into a single variable (Yt). Although the factors that shift each demand curve are common to all models, the responsiveness of prices to these factors can vary across models. On the supply side, consider first the production of domestic models. Suppose the first I of the N models sold in the United States are produced domestically. For these models, pricing behavior is characterized by the supplier relations represented in the following equation: Pit= MCi(Qit, Wt)+ MUi (Q1t, Q2t,...,QNt, Yt), i = 1,..., I. (2) In this equation, price is equal to marginal cost (MC) plus some markup (MU). Marginal cost for each model i depends on the level of production (Qit) and other factors that shift 18 Monthly Labor Review • February 2007 the cost function (Wt), while the markup depends on the level of production for all other models (all the Q’s) and other factors that affect demand (Yt ). When the voluntary export restraints are not binding, the supply relations for Japanese firms are similar to those of domestically produced models, except that Japanese costs are translated into dollars by the exchange rate (et), denominated in dollars per yen. Suppose that J = I + 1,...,N of the models sold in the United States are produced in Japan. Then the supplier relations for Japanese models sold in the United States are written as Pjt= MCj (Qjt, Wt)et + MUj (Q1t,Q2t ,...,QNt, Yt), j = I + 1,..., N. (3) An appreciation of the yen raises the landed cost and, thus, the price of Japanese models sold in the United States. Assuming that markets clear, the N supplier relations in (2) and (3) and the N implicit demand equations in (1) can be solved for the 2N unknown quantities and prices to yield the following reduced-form equations: Pnt = Pn(W t, Yt, et,), Qnt = Qn (Wt, Yt, et), } n = 1,..., N. (4) These equations capture the effect of changes in the exogenous variables (that is, Wt, Yt, and et) on prices and quantities of models when the voluntary export restraints are not binding. In the presence of pass-through and competing-goods effects, increases in the Japanese exchange rate have a positive effect on the prices and quantities of domestic cars. In (4), the effect of exchange rates on the prices and quantities of each model takes all the competitive reactions of other firms into account. The first-round effects are seen in equations (1) and (3): an increase in the exchange rate increases the price of Japanese models (in (3)), and because Japanese prices affect the quantity demanded of substitutes, demand for domestic models shifts rightward and raises their prices (in (1)). The second-round effects are seen in (2) and (3). Once consumers adjust demand to changes in Japanese prices, firms adjust by altering output and prices ((2) and (3)), and subsequent iterations follow until a new equilibrium is reached. With binding voluntary export restraints, the supplier relation for Japanese models (equation (3)) becomes a vertical supply curve at λjQt VER , where λj is good j’s share of the quota, assumed constant over time: Qjt = λ jQt VER, j = I + 1,..., N. (3a) In these equations, prices for Japanese models are determined solely by the position of the demand curve (1): an increase in the restraint directly lowers the price of Japanese models and indirectly lowers the price of competing models. The supplier relations in (3a) and (2) and the demand equations in (1) can be solved for the unknown prices and quanti- Chart 1. Market share for Japanese light vehicles, by location of production,1980—90 Percent Percent 30 30 Total 25 25 20 20 Japan 15 15 10 10 5 0 5 Transplants 1980 Chart 2. 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 0 U.S.—Japanese foreign exchange rate, January 1981—July 1993 Yen per dollar Yen per dollar 300 300 275 275 250 250 225 225 200 200 175 175 150 150 125 125 100 100 75 75 50 50 25 25 0 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 0 Monthly Labor Review • February 2007 19 Auto Prices and Exchange Rates Chart 3. Price indexes for automobiles, second quarter 1981—fourth quarter 1993 Index Index 140 140 130 130 120 110 110 100 100 90 90 Import Price Index 80 80 70 70 60 60 50 50 40 1981 1984 1987 ties in terms of aggregate variables to yield the following reduced forms: Pnt = Pn(Wt, Yt, QtVER), Qnt = Qn (Wt, Yt, QtVER), } n = 1,..., N. (5) As before, the parameters can vary across models, so an increase in the voluntary export restraint can have a different effect on, say, a model produced in Japan than it does on a model produced in the United States. Note, however, that, unlike the case in which voluntary export restraints are not binding (equation (4)), here changes in exchange rates have no impact on prices or quantities. Specification The possibility of binding voluntary export restraints is accommodated by splitting the sample into two periods—pre-1986 and post-1986—and allowing the trade coefficients to vary across the periods. Specifically, the following I price equations, one for each domestic model, are estimated: Pit = Dt PRE[α + αe(ln et) + αQ(lnQtVER)] + Dt POST[ β + βe(ln et)] + γ Y (ln Yt) + γ W (ln Wt) + γ X(ln Xt). 20 120 Producer Price Index Monthly Labor Review • February 2007 (6) 1990 1993 40 Here, DtPRE = 1 over the Japanese fiscal years 1981–85 and zero otherwise, and DtPOST = 1 in fiscal years 1986–91 and zero otherwise. The variable Yt represents factors in the data set that shift the demand for each domestic model (income and gas prices), Wt represents factors that shift the costs of producing domestic models (automotive wages and steel prices), and Xt represents two time-series variables to capture seasonality (quarterly dummies) and a time trend (one way to account for technological change). Note that QtVER is excluded in the post-1986 period: voluntary export restraints were held at 2.3 million cars over that period, making the variable lnQtVER perfectly correlated with the post-86 dummy intercept (DtPOST). For this period, then, the exchange rate coefficient alone is used to discern whether or not the voluntary export restraints were binding. Although the equations are estimated at the model level, the voluntary export restraints apply to the total number of autos imported into the United States. It is impossible to know how Japanese authorities parsed out the restraints across firms, let alone models. However, because each equation is estimated separately, the only assumption needed is one about how the restraints for each model changed over time; in that regard, this analysis assumes that each model’s quota was proportional to the number of imported cars allowed under the voluntary export restraints. This is clearly a first approximation to a difficult issue. The regressions were estimated with the use of ordinary least squares. Because the explanatory variables are identical across models, stacking the regressions and running a Zellner technique would not provide any gains in terms of efficiency. Applying Dickey-Fuller tests to the data indicates that the residuals are stationary and the regressions may be estimated in levels (rather than first differences).4 Level of voluntary export restraints: Data The results for this period are inconclusive. On the one hand, the fact that most of the coefficients, both of the exchange rate and of the voluntary export restraints, are not significantly different from zero is consistent with the view that domestic models were not credible substitutes for Japanese models and also is consistent with previous findings that domestic prices were not affected by potentially binding restraints.5 On the other hand, though statistically insignificant, the signs on the coefficients of the voluntary export restraints are largely negative and, thus, consistent with the binding restraint scenario propounded separately by Robert Feenstra and Pinelopi Goldberg.6 The following tabulation shows exchange rate estimates for the post-1986 period: The preceding framework is applied to a panel of data on prices for automobiles produced in the United States from 1981 to 1990. The price data are quarterly observations of transaction prices for about 61 models, each used in the CPI to represent a specific size class (for example, economy and standard) produced by a particular division (for example, Pontiac) of a particular domestic firm (for example, General Motors). These data, one of the raw inputs that feed into the calculation of the cpi for cars, were accessed at the Bureau of Labor Statistics. The aforesaid price data were matched with unit sales data (obtained from Ward’s Automotive Reports) and the following macro variables: • the Japanese exchange rate and level for the voluntary • • • export restraints (obtained from the Japan Auto Manufacturers Association) real personal disposable income (from the Bureau of Economic Analysis), hourly earnings for workers in the motor vehicles and motor vehicle equipment industry (SIC 371), and the PPI’s for gasoline and steel (both from the Bureau of Labor Statistics). Results For domestic models that substitute with Japanese models, a binding voluntary export restraint implies a zero exchange rate coefficient and a negative coefficient of the voluntary export restraint (as in equation (5)), whereas a nonbinding voluntary export restraint implies a positive exchange rate coefficient and a zero coefficient of the voluntary export restraint (as in equation (4)). Alternatively, models that are not viewed as substitutes for Japanese models would show zero coefficients for all trade variables. The following two tabulations, the first for exchange rate elasticities and the second for the level of voluntary export restraints, show the estimates of the coefficients for the pre-1986 period: Exchange rate elasticities: Statistical significance Sign Significant Insignificant Total........................... 8 53 Positive ........................... 4 32 Negative.......................... 4 21 Total 61 36 25 Statistical significance Sign Significant Insignificant Total ......................... 9 52 Positive ........................... 2 14 Negative ......................... 7 38 Statistical significance Sign Significant Insignificant Total........................... 31 30 Positive............................ 27 16 Negative ......................... 4 14 Total 61 16 45 Total 61 43 18 The estimates show significant positive exchange rate effects and, hence, reject the possibility of binding voluntary export restraints: 43 of 61 exchange rate coefficients are greater than zero, and only 4 of the negative coefficients are statistically significant. This finding is consistent with that reported by Goldberg, who used similar data (transaction prices).7 Among the 27 models that show statistically significant positive elasticities, the estimated elasticities are larger for small models that substituted more closely with Japanese models. Chart 4 plots the models’ elasticities against their wheelbase— the width of the models, a proxy for the size of the vehicle— and shows that the estimated elasticities tend to be smaller as the size of the model increases. Thus, one reason that aggregate price measures such as the CPI showed little change in response to increases in import prices may be related to the fact that most domestic sales were for (larger) models that did not substitute directly with Japanese models. To measure the strength of this possibility, an average elasticity was constructed on the basis of the estimated parameters for those models which were statistically significant and an estimate of zero for those which did not show statistically significant results. The resulting elasticity was 12.4 percent, indicating that a 10-percent increase in the yen over the late 1980s would have increased the average price of Big Three vehicles only by about 1.2 percent. Monthly Labor Review • February 2007 21 Auto Prices and Exchange Rates Chart 4. Statistically significant exchange rate elasticities, post-1986 period Elasticity 1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0 90 95 100 105 110 115 120 Wheelbase Notes ACKNOWLEDGMENT: This work was completed at the Bureau of Labor Statistics while I was employed at the Federal Reserve Board. The views expressed here are solely mine and do not necessarily reflect those of staff at the Bureau of Economic Analysis or the Bureau of Labor Statistics. I thank Kevin Daly, colleagues at the Federal Reserve, and participants in the NBER Productivity Workshop for valuable comments and David Martin for research assisance. Special thanks go to Ronald Johnson of the Bureau of Labor Statistics for a meticulous read of the manuscript and for pointing out several important qualifications to the assumptions and results. 1 Transportation Energy Databook (Oak Ridge, TN, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, October 2006); on the Internet at www.cta.ornl.gov/data/ download25.shtml. 2 Ana Aizcorbe, Anne Friedlander, and Clifford Winston, “Cost Competitiveness of the U.S. Automobile Industry,” in Clifford Winston and associates, Blind Intersection? Policy and the Automobile Industry (Washington, DC, Brook- 22 Monthly Labor Review • February 2007 ings Institution, 1987). 3 Jonathan B. Baker and Timothy F. Bresnahan, “Estimating the Residual Demand Curve Facing a Single Firm,” International Journal of Industrial Organization, vol. 6, no. 3 (1988), pp. 283–300. 4 See William H. Greene, Econometric Analysis (Upper Saddle River, nj, Prentice Hall, 2003) for a description of Zellner regressions and Dickey-Fuller tests. Regression results are available from the author upon request. 5 Steven Berry, James Levinsohn, and Ariel Pakes, “Voluntary Export Restraints on Automobiles: Evaluating a Trade Policy,” American Economic Review, June 1999, pp. 400–30. 6 Robert C. Feenstra, “Quality Change Under Trade Restraints in Japanese Autos,” Quarterly Journal of Economics, February 1988, pp. 131–46; Pinelopi Koujianou Goldberg, “Trade Policies in the U.S. Automobile Industry,” Japan and the World Economy, June 1994, pp. 175–208. 7 Goldberg, “Trade Policies.” Research Summary In the original posting of this article, the data for charts 2 and 3 were inadvertently transposed. Both charts were corrected on April 27, 2007. International comparisons of Harmonized Indexes of Consumer Prices duces its CPI with its own unique methods and concepts, the data presented in the table are not strictly comparable. The Bureau will continue to publish this table, in part because it covers additional countries. Jessica R. Sincavage The HICP is an internationally comparable measure of consumer In October 2006, the Bureau of La- price inflation.5 The EU’s statistical bor Statistics (BLS, the Bureau) in- agency, Eurostat, developed the troduced a new table to its Web site. HICP’s methods. The EU requires The new table, “Harmonized index of member countries and prospective consumer prices for selected countries member countries to produce an and areas, percent change from same HICP. Most EU countries continue period of previous year, 2003–06,” to produce their national CPI’s for uses the methods of the European internal and historical purposes.6 The Union’s Harmonized Index of Con- growth of the EU and the integration sumer Prices (HICP) to compare in- of much of the European economy flation rates of all G7 countries except under a single currency necessitated a Canada.1 The table also displays data common measure of inflation among for two transnational aggregates, one the member countries. Indeed, many for the European Union (EU) and the EU programs and policies depend on other for the Euro area.2 The table, such a measure. The European Central which is available at http://www.bls. Bank, which manages the euro in gov/fls/home.htm, will be updated the same manner that the Federal monthly on the same schedule as the Reserve System manages the U.S. BLS Employment Situation news redollar, needs a comparable measure lease, which typically is issued on the of inflation to conduct monetary first Friday of each month.3 These policy. Also, having a common harmonized indexes provide a better measure of inflation is needed for basis for international comparisons of meaningful comparisons of countries’ inflation than the national CPI data growth and productivity across the published by each country. EU and, in addition, in comparing EU countries with other countries in Background the world. Eurostat publishes HICP data back to 1996 for each member For many years, the Bureau has pro- state as well as aggregate indexes duced a monthly table showing the with varying geographical coverage.7 national Consumer Price Indexes (CPI’s) for nine countries. The table HICP for the United States contains percent changes as the national statistical agencies publish The Bureau recently published an them.4 Because each country pro- experimental HICP series for the United States.8 The most important difference between the U.S. CPI and Jessica R. Sincavage is an economist in the Division of Foreign Labor Statistics, the HICP is that the latter excludes U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. E-mail: owner-occupied housing from its Sincavage.Jessica@bls.gov scope. CPI methods for owner-oc- cupied housing vary widely and the Europeans could not agree on which to use so they simply excluded this item from the HICP.9 A second difference is that the HICP refers to the entire national population, whereas the U.S. CPI, the Consumer Price Index for All Urban Consumers (CPIU), measures inflation for the 87 percent of U.S. population who live in urban areas. The Bureau created the experimental HICP for the United States by expanding the U.S. CPI’s population coverage to the entire (noninstitutional) population and by excluding owner-occupied housing from its item coverage. Although some minor differences remain between the experimental U.S. HICP and the European HICP’s, the U.S. HICP is more comparable to its counterparts in other countries than the U.S. CPI is to other national CPI’s. International comparisons of the HICP’s are more meaningful than international comparisons of national CPI’s. As the following information shows, the movement of the U.S. HICP has differed from that of the U.S. CPI in the past few years. Japan The main series of Japan’s CPI that is published monthly (the General Index) includes all households with two or more persons, therefore excluding 1-person households.10 In 2000, 1-person households made up 26.5 percent of all households in Japan, and this percentage increased over the period from 1980 to 2000.11 The Japanese Statistics Bureau also calculates a CPI called General, excluding imputed rent. Although the index excluding imputed rent also excludes 1-person households, it is more closely comparable to the HICP Monthly Labor Review • February 2007 23 Research Summary Chart 1. Trends in U.S. Harmonized Indexes of Consumer Prices (HICP) and Consumer Price Index (CPI), 2003–06, percent change from previous year Percent change Percent change 5.0 5.0 4.5 4.0 4.5 U.S. HICP 4.0 U.S. CPI 3.5 3.5 3.0 3.0 2.5 2.5 2.0 2.0 1.5 1.5 1.0 1.0 0.5 0.5 0.0 0.0 2003 2004 2005 2006 NOTE: Percent changes calculated from July to July. SOURCE: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. Table 1. Relative importance and percent changes for selected expenditure categories in the CPI-U Relative importance, Unadjusted percent change Expenditure category December 2005 from July 2005–July 2006 All items................................................................................ 100.000 4.1 Housing.................................................................................. Lodging away from home...................................................... Owner’s equivalent rent of primary residence....................... 42.380 2.611 23.442 4.1 4.7 3.7 Transportation........................................................................ Motor fuel............................................................................... Airline fare.............................................................................. 17.415 4.191 .673 8.4 29.4 5.4 than the General Index.12 Data Although HICP data for the EU countries are available from 1996 to the present, and comparable data are available for Japan as far back 24 Monthly Labor Review • February 2007 as 1946, HICP data for the United States are available only beginning in December 2001.13 For the United States, the HICP increased faster than the CPI in each year from July 2003 to July 2006. (See chart 1.) When owner-occupied housing is removed to create the HICP, the other index components take on a larger relative importance. The index for owner-occupied housing has been increasing more slowly than the indexes for other CPI components, such as energy or transportation. When these other items account for a larger Chart 2. Harmonized Indexes of Consumer Prices for selected countries, July 2002–July 2006 [December 2001 = 100] Index 120.0 Index 120.0 United States Japan 115.0 115.0 France Germany Italy United Kingdom 110.0 110.0 105.0 105.0 100.0 100.0 95.0 July 2002 July 2003 July 2004 July 2005 SOURCE: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Japanese Statistics Bureau, and Eurostat. 95.0 July 2006 Chart 3. National Consumer Price Indexes for selected countries, July 2002–July 2006 [December 2001 = 100] Index Index 120.0 115.0 120.0 United States Japan France Germany Italy United Kingdom 115.0 110.0 110.0 105.0 105.0 100.0 100.0 95.0 July 2002 July 2003 July 2004 July 2005 SOURCE: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Japanese Statistics Bureau, and Eurostat. 95.0 July 2006 Monthly Labor Review • February 2007 25 Research Summary percentage of the overall price index, the effect is an increase in the index. In addition, the HICP includes the rural population; the weight for transportation is higher in rural areas than in urban areas. During the period covered, the index for transportation, which includes motor fuel and airline fares, increased rapidly. Overall, from July 2005 to July 2006, the CPI for transportation increased 8.4 percent, while the all-items CPI increased 4.1 percent. (See table 1.) As a result of both adjustments, the HICP increased more rapidly than the CPI from July 2002 to July 2006. As the HICP indicates, measured prices in the United States rose more than prices in the other G7 countries over a recent 4-year period. (See chart 2.) The U.S. HICP has experienced the greatest increase since July 2002 of any of the countries shown in the graph. The United States experienced price increases similar to that of Italy and France from July 2002 until the third quarter of 2004, at which point prices in the United States began increasing more rapidly. Germany and the United Kingdom both experienced inflation during this period, although to a lesser extent than the United States. By contrast, Japan’s consumer prices were flat over this 4-year period. When national CPI’s are used to compare price changes among these countries, the results are different in some respects. (See chart 3.) In particular, the United Kingdom appears to be experiencing price increases similar to that in the United States; however, as stated earlier, this similarity is misleading because the concepts and methods of the U.S. and U.K. national CPI’s differ.14 The other countries’ national CPI trends differ only slightly, on average, from their HICP trends. empsit_sched.htm. 4 In some cases, percent changes published by the national statistical agencies are based on more precise index level data and, therefore, may differ slightly from the percent changes calculated by the BLS. 5 For more information, see www.epp. eurostat.ec.europa.eu/portal/page?_pageid=1996,45323734&_dad=portal&_ schema=PORTAL&screen=welcomeref&open=/ &product=EU_MASTER_prices&depth=2. 6 The European Union member countries are required to produce an HICP according to Article 121 of the Treaty of Amsterdam (Article 109j of the Treaty of the European Union). 7 See note 5. 8 The Bureau uses the term “experimental,” in contrast to “official,” to denote series that it produces outside of its regular production systems and, consequently, with less than full production quality. For security reasons, BLS researchers cannot produce experimental statistics until after the publication of the corresponding official statistics. For more information, see Walter Lane and Mary Lynn Schmidt, “Comparing U.S. and European inflation: the CPI and the HICP,” Monthly Labor Review, May 2006, pp. 20–27. 9 Ibid. 10 Japan also calculates a supplementary in- dex covering “total households” including 1-person households, but this index is calculated on an annual basis only and is not the index used in BLS international comparisons. This information was obtained from e-mail correspondence with the Japanese Bureau of Statistics, dated July 10, 2006. 11 See Gary Martin and Vladimir Kats, “Families and work in transition in twelve countries, 1980–2001,” Monthly Labor Review, September 2003, table 5, p. 12. 12 Besides the exclusion of 1-person households, other differences may exist, for example, with respect to frequency of market basket weight changes, aggregation methods, and quality adjustments. 13 For the period from December 1997 to December 2001, Consumer Price Index data excluding owner-occupied housing are available. However, these data are for the urban population only. Rural weights are first available for December 2001, the base month for the U.S. HICP. 14 The index that the Bureau uses for the United Kingdom in international comparisons of national CPI’S is the Retail Price Index (RPI), which is the index that is most comparable to the U.S. CPI. In the United Kingdom, the HICP is known as the CPI. For more information on the differences between the U.K. CPI and the RPI, see www.statistics.gov.uk/ cci/nugget.asp?id=181. For more information on the methodology of the RPI, see www.statistics.gov. uk/cci/nugget.asp?id=22. Notes ACKNOWLEDGMENT: The author thanks Walter Lane, Chief, Branch of Consumer Prices, BLS Office of Prices and Living Conditions; Constance Sorrentino, Chief, Division of Foreign Labor Statistics; and Erin Lett, economist, in the same Division. 1 G7 countries include the following: the United States, Canada, Japan, France, Germany, Italy, and the United Kingdom. Canada is not included on the table because there is no Canadian price index comparable to the HICP at this time. 2 The column entitled “European Union” refers to EU member countries as of May 1, 2004, also referred to as the EU-25. The EU-25 index is the household expenditure-weighted average for Austria, Belgium, Cyprus, the Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, the Netherlands, Poland, Portugal, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, and the United Kingdom. The column entitled “Euro area-12” refers to the European Union member countries that have adopted the euro as the common currency. The index for this group is the household expenditure-weighted average for Austria, Belgium, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Portugal, and Spain. 3 The table is available at www.bls.gov/fls/ home.htm. For a schedule of upcoming releases, see www.bls.gov/schedule/schedule/by_prog/ 26 Monthly Labor Review • February 2007 Current Labor Statistics Monthly Labor Review February 2007 NOTE: Many of the statistics in the following pages were subsequently revised. These pages have not been updated to reflect the revisions. To obtain BLS data that reflect all revisions, see http://www.bls.gov/data/home.htm For the latest set of "Current Labor Statistics," see http://www.bls.gov/opub/mlr/curlabst.htm Current Labor Statistics Notes on labor statistics ................................... 28 Comparative indicators 1. Labor market indicators..................................................... 40 2. Annual and quarterly percent changes in compensation, prices, and productivity.......................... 41 3. Alternative measures of wages and compensation changes.................................................... 41 Labor force data 4. Employment status of the population, seasonally adjusted......................................................... 5. Selected employment indicators, seasonally adjusted......... 6. Selected unemployment indicators, seasonally adjusted..... 7. Duration of unemployment, seasonally adjusted............... 8. Unemployed persons by reason for unemployment, seasonally adjusted......................................................... 9. Unemployment rates by sex and age, seasonally adjusted ......................................................... 10. Unemployment rates by State, seasonally adjusted............ 11. Employment of workers by State, seasonally adjusted.......................................................... 12. Employment of workers by industry, seasonally adjusted.......................................................... 13. Average weekly hours by industry, seasonally adjusted...... 14. Average hourly earnings by industry, seasonally adjusted.......................................................... 15. Average hourly earnings by industry.................................. 16. Average weekly earnings by industry................................. 42 43 44 44 45 45 46 46 47 50 51 52 53 17. Diffusion indexes of employment change, seasonally adjusted ...................................................... 54 18. Job openings levels and rates, by industry and regions, seasonally adjusted......................................................... 55 19. Hires levels and rates by industry and region, seasonally adjusted.......................................................... 55 20. Separations levels and rates by industry and region, seasonally adjusted.......................................................... 56 21. Quits levels and rates by industry and region, seasonally adjusted......................................................... 56 22. Quarterly Census of Employment and Wages, 10 largest counties . ........................................................ 57 23. Quarterly Census of Employment and Wages, by State... 59 24. Annual data: Quarterly Census of Employment and Wages, by ownership................................................ 60 25. Annual data: Quarterly Census of Employment and Wages, establishment size and employment, by supersector........ 61 26. Annual data: Quarterly Census of Employment and Wages, by metropolitan area .......................................... 62 27. Annual data: Employment status of the population........... 67 28. Annual data: Employment levels by industry .................. 67 29. Annual data: Average hours and earnings level, by industry...................................................................... 68 Labor compensation and collective bargaining data 30. 31. 32. 33. Employment Cost Index, compensation ........................... 69 Employment Cost Index, wages and salaries .................... 71 Employment Cost Index, benefits, private industry . ........ 73 Employment Cost Index, private industry workers, by bargaining status, and region..................................... 74 34. National Compensation Survey, retirement benefits, private industry ............................................................. 75 35. National Compensation Survey, health insurance, private industry............................................................... 77 36. National Compensation Survey, selected benefits, private industry.............................................................. 79 37. Work stoppages involving 1,000 workers or more............. 79 Price data 38. Consumer Price Index: U.S. city average, by expenditure category and commodity and service groups.................. 39. Consumer Price Index: U.S. city average and local data, all items ........................................................ 40. Annual data: Consumer Price Index, all items and major groups........................................................... 41. Producer Price Indexes by stage of processing................... 42. Producer Price Indexes for the net output of major industry groups.............................................................. 43. Annual data: Producer Price Indexes by stage of processing..................................................... 44. U.S. export price indexes by end-use category................... 45. U.S. import price indexes by end-use category................... 46. U.S. international price indexes for selected categories of services...................................................... 80 83 84 85 86 87 87 88 88 Productivity data 47. Indexes of productivity, hourly compensation, and unit costs, data seasonally adjusted.......................... 48. Annual indexes of multifactor productivity........................ 49. Annual indexes of productivity, hourly compensation, unit costs, and prices...................................................... 50. Annual indexes of output per hour for select industries..... 89 90 91 92 International comparisons data 51. Unemployment rates in nine countries, seasonally adjusted......................................................... 95 52. Annual data: Employment status of the civilian working-age population, 10 countries........................... 96 53. Annual indexes of productivity and related measures, 16 economies................................................................. 97 Injury and Illness data 54. Annual data: Occupational injury and illness................... 99 55. Fatal occupational injuries by event or exposure .............. 101 Monthly Labor Review • February 2007 27 Notes on Current Labor Statistics Current Labor Statistics This section of the Review presents the principal statistical series collected and calculated by the Bureau of Labor Statistics: series on labor force; employment; unemployment; labor compensation; consumer, producer, and international prices; productivity; international comparisons; and injury and illness statistics. In the notes that follow, the data in each group of tables are briefly described; key definitions are given; notes on the data are set forth; and sources of additional information are cited. General notes The following notes apply to several tables in this section: Seasonal adjustment. Certain monthly and quarterly data are adjusted to eliminate the effect on the data of such factors as climatic conditions, industry production schedules, opening and closing of schools, holiday buying periods, and vacation practices, which might prevent short-term evaluation of the statistical series. Tables containing data that have been adjusted are identified as “seasonally adjusted.” (All other data are not seasonally adjusted.) Seasonal effects are estimated on the basis of current and past experiences. When new seasonal factors are computed each year, revisions may affect seasonally adjusted data for several preceding years. Seasonally adjusted data appear in tables 1–14, 17–21, 48, and 52. Seasonally adjusted labor force data in tables 1 and 4–9 were revised in the February 2005 issue of the Review. Seasonally adjusted establishment survey data shown in tables 1, 12–14, and 17 were revised in the March 2005 Review. A brief explanation of the seasonal adjustment methodology appears in “Notes on the data.” Revisions in the productivity data in table 54 are usually introduced in the September issue. Seasonally adjusted indexes and percent changes from month-to-month and quarter-to-quarter are published for numerous Consumer and Producer Price Index series. However, seasonally adjusted indexes are not published for the U.S. average AllItems CPI. Only seasonally adjusted percent changes are available for this series. Adjustments for price changes. Some data—such as the “real” earnings shown in table 14—are adjusted to eliminate the effect of changes in price. These adjustments are made by dividing current-dollar values by the Consumer Price Index or the appropriate component of the index, then multiplying by 100. For example, given a current hourly wage rate of $3 and a current price index number of 150, where 1982 = 100, the hourly 28 Monthly Labor Review February 2007 rate expressed in 1982 dollars is $2 ($3/150 x 100 = $2). The $2 (or any other resulting values) are described as “real,” “constant,” or “1982” dollars. Sources of information Data that supplement the tables in this section are published by the Bureau in a variety of sources. Definitions of each series and notes on the data are contained in later sections of these Notes describing each set of data. For detailed descriptions of each data series, see BLS Handbook of Methods, Bulletin 2490. Users also may wish to consult Major Programs of the Bureau of Labor Statistics, Report 919. News releases provide the latest statistical information published by the Bureau; the major recurring releases are published according to the schedule appearing on the back cover of this issue. More information about labor force, employment, and unemployment data and the household and establishment surveys underlying the data are available in the Bureau’s monthly publication, Employment and Earnings. Historical unadjusted and seasonally adjusted data from the household survey are available on the Internet: www.bls.gov/cps/ Historically comparable unadjusted and seasonally adjusted data from the establishment survey also are available on the Internet: www.bls.gov/ces/ Additional information on labor force data for areas below the national level are provided in the BLS annual report, Geographic Profile of Employment and Unemployment. For a comprehensive discussion of the Employment Cost Index, see Employment Cost Indexes and Levels, 1975–95, BLS Bulletin 2466. The most recent data from the Employee Benefits Survey appear in the following Bureau of Labor Statistics bulletins: Employee Benefits in Medium and Large Firms; Employee Benefits in Small Private Establishments; and Employee Benefits in State and Local Governments. More detailed data on consumer and producer prices are published in the monthly periodicals, The CPI Detailed Report and Producer Price Indexes. For an overview of the 1998 revision of the CPI, see the December 1996 issue of the Monthly Labor Review. Additional data on international prices appear in monthly news releases. Listings of industries for which productivity indexes are available may be found on the Internet: www.bls.gov/lpc/ For additional information on international comparisons data, see Interna- tional Comparisons of Unemployment, Bulletin 1979. Detailed data on the occupational injury and illness series are published in Occupational Injuries and Illnesses in the United States, by Industry, a BLS annual bulletin. Finally, the Monthly Labor Review carries analytical articles on annual and longer term developments in labor force, employment, and unemployment; employee compensation and collective bargaining; prices; productivity; international comparisons; and injury and illness data. Symbols n.e.c. = n.e.s. = p = r = not elsewhere classified. not elsewhere specified. preliminary. To increase the timeliness of some series, preliminary figures are issued based on representative but incomplete returns. revised. Generally, this revision reflects the availability of later data, but also may reflect other adjustments. Comparative Indicators (Tables 1–3) Comparative indicators tables provide an overview and comparison of major bls statistical series. Consequently, although many of the included series are available monthly, all measures in these comparative tables are presented quarterly and annually. Labor market indicators include employment measures from two major surveys and information on rates of change in compensation provided by the Employment Cost Index (ECI) program. The labor force participation rate, the employment-population ratio, and unemployment rates for major demographic groups based on the Current Population (“household”) Survey are presented, while measures of employment and average weekly hours by major industry sector are given using nonfarm payroll data. The Employment Cost Index (compensation), by major sector and by bargaining status, is chosen from a variety of BLS compensation and wage measures because it provides a comprehensive measure of employer costs for hiring labor, not just outlays for wages, and it is not affected by employment shifts among occupations and industries. Data on changes in compensation, prices, and productivity are presented in table 2. Measures of rates of change of compensation and wages from the Employment Cost Index program are provided for all civilian nonfarm workers (excluding Federal and household workers) and for all private nonfarm workers. Measures of changes in consumer prices for all urban consumers; producer prices by stage of processing; overall prices by stage of processing; and overall export and import price indexes are given. Measures of productivity (output per hour of all persons) are provided for major sectors. Alternative measures of wage and compensation rates of change, which reflect the overall trend in labor costs, are summarized in table 3. Differences in concepts and scope, related to the specific purposes of the series, contribute to the variation in changes among the individual measures. Employment and Unemployment Data 4 weeks. Persons who did not look for work because they were on layoff are also counted among the unemployed. The unemployment rate represents the number unemployed as a percent of the civilian labor force. The civilian labor force consists of all employed or unemployed persons in the civilian noninstitutional population. Persons not in the labor force are those not classified as employed or unemployed. This group includes discouraged workers, defined as persons who want and are available for a job and who have looked for work sometime in the past 12 months (or since the end of their last job if they held one within the past 12 months), but are not currently looking, because they believe there are no jobs available or there are none for which they would qualify. The civilian noninstitu-tional population comprises all persons 16 years of age and older who are not inmates of penal or mental institutions, sanitariums, or homes for the aged, infirm, or needy. The civilian labor force participation rate is the proportion of the civilian nonin-stitutional population that is in the labor force. The employment-population ratio is employment as a percent of the civilian noninstitutional population. (Tables 1; 4–29) Notes on the data Household survey data From time to time, and especially after a decennial census, adjustments are made in the Current Population Survey figures to correct for estimating errors during the intercensal years. These adjustments affect the comparability of historical data. A description of these adjustments and their effect on the various data series appears in the Explanatory Notes of Employment and Earnings. For a discussion of changes introduced in January 2003, see “Revisions to the Current Population Survey Effective in January 2003” in the February 2003 issue of Employment and Earnings (available on the BLS Web site at www.bls.gov/cps/rvcps03.pdf). Effective in January 2003, BLS began using the X-12 ARIMA seasonal adjustment program to seasonally adjust national labor force data. This program replaced the X-11 ARIMA program which had been used since January 1980. See “Revision of Seasonally Adjusted Labor Force Series in 2003,” in the February 2003 issue of Employment and Earnings (available on the BLS Web site at www.bls.gov/cps/cpsrs.pdf) for a discussion of the introduction of the use of X-12 ARIMA for seasonal adjustment of the labor force data and the effects that it had on the data. At the beginning of each calendar year, historical seasonally adjusted data usually are revised, and projected seasonal adjustment factors are calculated for use during the Notes on the data Definitions of each series and notes on the data are contained in later sections of these notes describing each set of data. Description of the series Employment data in this section are obtained from the Current Population Survey, a program of personal interviews conducted monthly by the Bureau of the Census for the Bureau of Labor Statistics. The sample consists of about 60,000 households selected to represent the U.S. population 16 years of age and older. Households are interviewed on a rotating basis, so that three-fourths of the sample is the same for any 2 consecutive months. Definitions Employed persons include (1) all those who worked for pay any time during the week which includes the 12th day of the month or who worked unpaid for 15 hours or more in a family-operated enterprise and (2) those who were temporarily absent from their regular jobs because of illness, vacation, industrial dispute, or similar reasons. A person working at more than one job is counted only in the job at which he or she worked the greatest number of hours. Unemployed persons are those who did not work during the survey week, but were available for work except for temporary illness and had looked for jobs within the preceding January–June period. The historical seasonally adjusted data usually are revised for only the most recent 5 years. In July, new seasonal adjustment factors, which incorporate the experience through June, are produced for the July–December period, but no revisions are made in the historical data. F OR ADDITIONAL INFORMATION on national household survey data, contact the Division of Labor Force Statistics: (202) 691–6378. Establishment survey data Description of the series Employment, hours, and earnings data in this section are compiled from payroll records reported monthly on a voluntary basis to the Bureau of Labor Statistics and its cooperating State agencies by about 160,000 businesses and government agencies, which represent approximately 400,000 individual worksites and represent all industries except agriculture. The active CES sample covers approximately one-third of all nonfarm payroll workers. Industries are classified in accordance with the 2002 North American Industry Classification System. In most industries, the sampling probabilities are based on the size of the establishment; most large establishments are therefore in the sample. (An establishment is not necessarily a firm; it may be a branch plant, for example, or warehouse.) Self-employed persons and others not on a regular civilian payroll are outside the scope of the survey because they are excluded from establishment records. This largely accounts for the difference in employment figures between the household and establishment surveys. Definitions An establishment is an economic unit which produces goods or services (such as a factory or store) at a single location and is engaged in one type of economic activity. Employed persons are all persons who received pay (including holiday and sick pay) for any part of the payroll period including the 12th day of the month. Persons holding more than one job (about 5 percent of all persons in the labor force) are counted in each establishment which reports them. Production workers in the goodsproducing industries cover employees, up through the level of working supervisors, who engage directly in the manufacture or construction of the establishment’s product. In private service-providing industries, data are collected for nonsupervisory workers, which include most employees except those Monthly Labor Review February 2007 29 Current Labor Statistics in executive, managerial, and supervisory positions. Those workers mentioned in tables 11–16 include production workers in manufacturing and natural resources and mining; construction workers in construction; and nonsupervisory workers in all private service-providing industries. Production and nonsupervisory workers account for about four-fifths of the total employment on private nonagricultural payrolls. Earnings are the payments production or nonsupervisory workers receive during the survey period, including premium pay for overtime or late-shift work but excluding irregular bonuses and other special payments. Real earnings are earnings adjusted to reflect the effects of changes in consumer prices. The deflator for this series is derived from the Consumer Price Index for Urban Wage Earners and Clerical Workers (CPI-W). Hours represent the average weekly hours of production or nonsupervisory workers for which pay was received, and are different from standard or scheduled hours. Overtime hours represent the portion of average weekly hours which was in excess of regular hours and for which overtime premiums were paid. The Diffusion Index represents the percent of industries in which employment was rising over the indicated period, plus one-half of the industries with unchanged employment; 50 percent indicates an equal balance between industries with increasing and decreasing employment. In line with Bureau practice, data for the 1-, 3-, and 6month spans are seasonally adjusted, while those for the 12-month span are unadjusted. Table 17 provides an index on private nonfarm employment based on 278 industries, and a manufacturing index based on 84 industries. These indexes are useful for measuring the dispersion of economic gains or losses and are also economic indicators. Notes on the data Establishment survey data are annually adjusted to comprehensive counts of employment (called “benchmarks”). The March 2003 benchmark was introduced in February 2004 with the release of data for January 2004, published in the March 2004 issue of the Review. With the release in June 2003, CES completed a conversion from the Standard Industrial Classification (SIC) system to the North American Industry Classification System (naics) and completed the transition from its original quota sample design to a probability-based sample design. The industry-coding update included reconstruction of historical estimates in order to preserve 30 Monthly Labor Review February 2007 time series for data users. Normally 5 years of seasonally adjusted data are revised with each benchmark revision. However, with this release, the entire new time series history for all CES data series were re-seasonally adjusted due to the NAICS conversion, which resulted in the revision of all CES time series. Also in June 2003, the CES program introduced concurrent seasonal adjustment for the national establishment data. Under this methodology, the first preliminary estimates for the current reference month and the revised estimates for the 2 prior months will be updated with concurrent factors with each new release of data. Concurrent seasonal adjustment incorporates all available data, including first preliminary estimates for the most current month, in the adjustment process. For additional information on all of the changes introduced in June 2003, see the June 2003 issue of Employment and Earnings and “Recent changes in the national Current Employment Statistics survey,” Monthly Labor Review, June 2003, pp. 3–13. Revisions in State data (table 11) occurred with the publication of January 2003 data. For information on the revisions for the State data, see the March and May 2003 issues of Employment and Earnings, and “Recent changes in the State and Metropolitan Area CES survey,” Monthly Labor Review, June 2003, pp. 14–19. Beginning in June 1996, the BLS uses the X-12-ARIMA methodology to seasonally adjust establishment survey data. This procedure, developed by the Bureau of the Census, controls for the effect of varying survey intervals (also known as the 4- versus 5-week effect), thereby providing improved measurement of over-the-month changes and underlying economic trends. Revisions of data, usually for the most recent 5-year period, are made once a year coincident with the benchmark revisions. In the establishment survey, estimates for the most recent 2 months are based on incomplete returns and are published as preliminary in the tables (12–17 in the Review). When all returns have been received, the estimates are revised and published as “final” (prior to any benchmark revisions) in the third month of their appearance. Thus, December data are published as preliminary in January and February and as final in March. For the same reasons, quarterly establishment data (table 1) are preliminary for the first 2 months of publication and final in the third month. Fourth-quarter data are published as preliminary in January and February and as final in March. F OR ADDITIONAL INFORMATION on establishment survey data, contact the Division of Current Employment Statistics: (202) 691–6555. Unemployment data by State Description of the series Data presented in this section are obtained from the Local Area Unemployment Statistics (LAUS) program, which is conducted in cooperation with State employment security agencies. Monthly estimates of the labor force, employment, and unemployment for States and sub-State areas are a key indicator of local economic conditions, and form the basis for determining the eligibility of an area for benefits under Federal economic assistance programs such as the Job Training Partnership Act. Seasonally adjusted unemployment rates are presented in table 10. Insofar as possible, the concepts and definitions underlying these data are those used in the national estimates obtained from the CPS. Notes on the data Data refer to State of residence. Monthly data for all States and the District of Columbia are derived using standardized procedures established by BLS. Once a year, estimates are revised to new population controls, usually with publication of January estimates, and benchmarked to annual average CPS levels. FOR ADDITIONAL INFORMATION on data in this series, call (202) 691–6392 (table 10) or (202) 691–6559 (table 11). Quarterly Census of Employment and Wages Description of the series Employment, wage, and establishment data in this section are derived from the quarterly tax reports submitted to State employment security agencies by private and State and local government employers subject to State unemployment insurance (ui) laws and from Federal, agencies subject to the Unemployment Compensation for Federal Employees (ucfe) program. Each quarter, State agencies edit and process the data and send the information to the Bureau of Labor Statistics. The Quarterly Census of Employment and Wages (QCEW) data, also referred as ES202 data, are the most complete enumeration of employment and wage information by industry at the national, State, metropolitan area, and county levels. They have broad economic significance in evaluating labor market trends and major industry developments. Definitions In general, the Quarterly Census of Employment and Wages monthly employment data represent the number of covered workers who worked during, or received pay for, the pay period that included the 12th day of the month. Covered private industry employment includes most corporate officials, executives, supervisory personnel, professionals, clerical workers, wage earners, piece workers, and part-time workers. It excludes proprietors, the unincorporated self-employed, unpaid family members, and certain farm and domestic workers. Certain types of nonprofit employers, such as religious organizations, are given a choice of coverage or exclusion in a number of States. Workers in these organizations are, therefore, reported to a limited degree. Persons on paid sick leave, paid holiday, paid vacation, and the like, are included. Persons on the payroll of more than one firm during the period are counted by each ui-subject employer if they meet the employment definition noted earlier. The employment count excludes workers who earned no wages during the entire applicable pay period because of work stoppages, temporary layoffs, illness, or unpaid vacations. Federal employment data are based on reports of monthly employment and quarterly wages submitted each quarter to State agencies for all Federal installations with employees covered by the Unemployment Compensation for Federal Employees (ucfe) program, except for certain national security agencies, which are omitted for security reasons. Employment for all Federal agencies for any given month is based on the number of persons who worked during or received pay for the pay period that included the 12th of the month. An establishment is an economic unit, such as a farm, mine, factory, or store, that produces goods or provides services. It is typically at a single physical location and engaged in one, or predominantly one, type of economic activity for which a single industrial classification may be applied. Occasionally, a single physical location encompasses two or more distinct and significant activities. Each activity should be reported as a separate establishment if separate records are kept and the various activities are classified under different NAICS industries. Most employers have only one establishment; thus, the establishment is the predominant reporting unit or statistical entity for reporting employment and wages data. Most employers, including State and local governments who operate more than one establishment in a State, file a Multiple Worksite Report each quarter, in addition to their quarterly ui report. The Multiple Worksite Report is used to collect separate employment and wage data for each of the employer’s establishments, which are not detailed on the ui report. Some very small multi-establishment employers do not file a Multiple Worksite Report. When the total employment in an employer’s secondary establishments (all establishments other than the largest) is 10 or fewer, the employer generally will file a consolidated report for all establishments. Also, some employers either cannot or will not report at the establishment level and thus aggregate establishments into one consolidated unit, or possibly several units, though not at the establishment level. For the Federal Government, the reporting unit is the installation: a single location at which a department, agency, or other government body has civilian employees. Federal agencies follow slightly different criteria than do private employers when breaking down their reports by installation. They are permitted to combine as a single statewide unit: 1) all installations with 10 or fewer workers, and 2) all installations that have a combined total in the State of fewer than 50 workers. Also, when there are fewer than 25 workers in all secondary installations in a State, the secondary installations may be combined and reported with the major installation. Last, if a Federal agency has fewer than five employees in a State, the agency headquarters office (regional office, district office) serving each State may consolidate the employment and wages data for that State with the data reported to the State in which the headquarters is located. As a result of these reporting rules, the number of reporting units is always larger than the number of employers (or government agencies) but smaller than the number of actual establishments (or installations). Data reported for the first quarter are tabulated into size categories ranging from worksites of very small size to those with 1,000 employees or more. The size category is determined by the establishment’s March employment level. It is important to note that each establishment of a multi-establishment firm is tabulated separately into the appropriate size category. The total employment level of the reporting multi-establishment firm is not used in the size tabulation. Covered employers in most States report total wages paid during the calendar quarter, regardless of when the services were performed. A few State laws, however, specify that wages be reported for, or based on the period during which services are performed rather than the period during which compensation is paid. Under most State laws or regulations, wages include bonuses, stock options, the cash value of meals and lodging, tips and other gratuities, and, in some States, employer contributions to certain deferred compensation plans such as 401(k) plans. Covered employer contributions for old-age, survivors, and disability insurance (oasdi), health insurance, unemployment insurance, workers’ compensation, and private pension and welfare funds are not reported as wages. Employee contributions for the same purposes, however, as well as money withheld for income taxes, union dues, and so forth, are reported even though they are deducted from the worker’s gross pay. Wages of covered Federal workers represent the gross amount of all payrolls for all pay periods ending within the quarter. This includes cash allowances, the cash equivalent of any type of remuneration, severance pay, withholding taxes, and retirement deductions. Federal employee remuneration generally covers the same types of services as for workers in private industry. Average annual wage per employee for any given industry are computed by dividing total annual wages by annual average employment. A further division by 52 yields average weekly wages per employee. Annual pay data only approximate annual earnings because an individual may not be employed by the same employer all year or may work for more than one employer at a time. Average weekly or annual wage is affected by the ratio of full-time to part-time workers as well as the number of individuals in high-paying and low-paying occupations. When average pay levels between States and industries are compared, these factors should be taken into consideration. For example, industries characterized by high proportions of part-time workers will show average wage levels appreciably less than the weekly pay levels of regular full-time employees in these industries. The opposite effect characterizes industries with low proportions of part-time workers, or industries that typically schedule heavy weekend and overtime work. Average wage data also may be influenced by work stoppages, labor turnover rates, retroactive payments, seasonal factors, bonus payments, and so on. Notes on the data Beginning with the release of data for 2001, publications presenting data from the Covered Employment and Wages program have switched to the 2002 version of the North Monthly Labor Review February 2007 31 Current Labor Statistics American Industry Classification System (NAICS) as the basis for the assignment and tabulation of economic data by industry. NAICS is the product of a cooperative effort on the part of the statistical agencies of the United States, Canada, and Mexico. Due to difference in NAICS and Standard Industrial Classification ( SIC) structures, industry data for 2001 is not comparable to the SIC-based data for earlier years. Effective January 2001, the program began assigning Indian Tribal Councils and related establishments to local government ownership. This BLS action was in response to a change in Federal law dealing with the way Indian Tribes are treated under the Federal Unemployment Tax Act. This law requires federally recognized Indian Tribes to be treated similarly to State and local governments. In the past, the Covered Employment and Wage (CEW) program coded Indian Tribal Councils and related establishments in the private sector. As a result of the new law, CEW data reflects significant shifts in employment and wages between the private sector and local government from 2000 to 2001. Data also reflect industry changes. Those accounts previously assigned to civic and social organizations were assigned to tribal governments. There were no required industry changes for related establishments owned by these Tribal Councils. These tribal business establishments continued to be coded according to the economic activity of that entity. To insure the highest possible quality of data, State employment security agencies verify with employers and update, if necessary, the industry, location, and ownership classification of all establishments on a 3-year cycle. Changes in establishment classification codes resulting from the verification process are introduced with the data reported for the first quarter of the year. Changes resulting from improved employer reporting also are introduced in the first quarter. For these reasons, some data, especially at more detailed geographic levels, may not be strictly comparable with earlier years. County definitions are assigned according to Federal Information Processing Standards Publications as issued by the National Institute of Standards and Technology. Areas shown as counties include those designated as independent cities in some jurisdictions and, in Alaska, those areas designated by the Census Bureau where counties have not been created. County data also are presented for the New England States for comparative purposes, even though townships are the more common designation used in New England (and New Jersey). 32 Monthly Labor Review February 2007 The Office of Management and Budget (OMB) defines metropolitan areas for use in Federal statistical activities and updates these definitions as needed. Data in this table use metropolitan area criteria established by OMB in definitions issued June 30, 1999 (OMB Bulletin No. 99-04). These definitions reflect information obtained from the 1990 Decennial Census and the 1998 U.S. Census Bureau population estimate. A complete list of metropolitan area definitions is available from the National Technical Information Service (NTIS), Document Sales, 5205 Port Royal Road, Springfield, Va. 22161, telephone 1-800-553-6847. OMB defines metropolitan areas in terms of entire counties, except in the six New England States where they are defined in terms of cities and towns. New England data in this table, however, are based on a county concept defined by OMB as New England County Metropolitan Areas (NECMA) because county-level data are the most detailed available from the Quarterly Census of Employment and Wages. The NECMA is a county-based alternative to the city- and town-based metropolitan areas in New England. The NECMA for a Metropolitan Statistical Area (MSA) include: (1) the county containing the first-named city in that MSA title (this county may include the first-named cities of other MSA, and (2) each additional county having at least half its population in the MSA in which first-named cities are in the county identified in step 1. The NECMA is officially defined areas that are meant to be used by statistical programs that cannot use the regular metropolitan area definitions in New England. For additional information on the covered employment and wage data, contact the Division of Administrative Statistics and Labor Turnover at (202) 691–6567. Job Openings and Labor Turnover Survey Description of the series Data for the Job Openings and Labor Turnover Survey (JOLTS) are collected and compiled from a sample of 16,000 business establishments. Each month, data are collected for total employment, job openings, hires, quits, layoffs and discharges, and other separations. The JOLTS program covers all private nonfarm establishments such as factories, offices, and stores, as well as Federal, State, and local government entities in the 50 States and the District of Columbia. The JOLTS sample design is a random sample drawn from a universe of more than eight million establishments compiled as part of the operations of the Quarterly Census of Employment and Wages, or QCEW, program. This program includes all employers subject to State unemployment insurance (UI) laws and Federal agencies subject to Unemployment Compensation for Federal Employees (UCFE). The sampling frame is stratified by ownership, region, industry sector, and size class. Large firms fall into the sample with virtual certainty. JOLTS total employment estimates are controlled to the employment estimates of the Current Employment Statistics (CES) survey. A ratio of CES to JOLTS employment is used to adjust the levels for all other JOLTS data elements. Rates then are computed from the adjusted levels. The monthly JOLTS data series begin with December 2000. Not seasonally adjusted data on job openings, hires, total separations, quits, layoffs and discharges, and other separations levels and rates are available for the total nonfarm sector, 16 private industry divisions and 2 government divisions based on the North American Industry Classification System (NAICS), and four geographic regions. Seasonally adjusted data on job openings, hires, total separations, and quits levels and rates are available for the total nonfarm sector, selected industry sectors, and four geographic regions. Definitions Establishments submit job openings infor-mation for the last business day of the reference month. A job opening requires that (1) a specific position exists and there is work available for that position; and (2) work could start within 30 days regardless of whether a suitable candidate is found; and (3) the employer is actively recruiting from outside the establishment to fill the position. Included are full-time, part-time, permanent, short-term, and seasonal openings. Active recruiting means that the establishment is taking steps to fill a position by advertising in newspapers or on the Internet, posting help-wanted signs, accepting applications, or using other similar methods. Jobs to be filled only by internal transfers, promotions, demotions, or recall from layoffs are excluded. Also excluded are jobs with start dates more than 30 days in the future, jobs for which employees have been hired but have not yet reported for work, and jobs to be filled by employees of temporary help agencies, employee leasing companies, outside contractors, or consultants. The job openings rate is computed by dividing the number of job openings by the sum of employment and job openings, and multiplying that quotient by 100. Hires are the total number of additions to the payroll occurring at any time during the reference month, including both new and rehired employees and full-time and part-time, permanent, short-term and seasonal em-ployees, employees recalled to the location after a layoff lasting more than 7 days, on-call or intermittent employees who returned to work after having been formally separated, and transfers from other locations. The hires count does not include transfers or promotions within the reporting site, employees returning from strike, employees of temporary help agencies or employee leasing companies, outside contractors, or consultants. The hires rate is computed by dividing the number of hires by employment, and multiplying that quotient by 100. Separations are the total number of terminations of employment occurring at any time during the reference month, and are reported by type of separation—quits, layoffs and discharges, and other separations. Quits are voluntary separations by employees (except for retirements, which are reported as other separations). Layoffs and discharges are involuntary separations initiated by the employer and include layoffs with no intent to rehire, formal layoffs lasting or expected to last more than 7 days, discharges resulting from mergers, downsizing, or closings, firings or other discharges for cause, terminations of permanent or short-term employees, and terminations of seasonal employees. Other separations include retirements, transfers to other locations, deaths, and separations due to disability. Separations do not include transfers within the same location or employees on strike. The separations rate is computed by dividing the number of separations by employment, and multiplying that quotient by 100. The quits, layoffs and discharges, and other separations rates are computed similarly, dividing the number by employment and multiplying by 100. Notes on the data The JOLTS data series on job openings, hires, and separations are relatively new. The full sample is divided into panels, with one panel enrolled each month. A full complement of panels for the original data series based on the 1987 Standard Industrial Classification (SIC) system was not completely enrolled in the survey until January 2002. The supplemental panels of establishments needed to create NAICS estimates were not completely enrolled until May 2003. The data collected up until those points are from less than a full sample. Therefore, estimates from earlier months should be used with caution, as fewer sampled units were reporting data at that time. In March 2002, BLS procedures for collecting hires and separations data were revised to address possible underreporting. As a result, JOLTS hires and separations estimates for months prior to March 2002 may not be comparable with estimates for March 2002 and later. The Federal Government reorganization that involved transferring approximately 180,000 employees to the new Department of Homeland Security is not reflected in the JOLTS hires and separations estimates for the Federal Government. The Office of Personnel Management’s record shows these transfers were completed in March 2003. The inclusion of transfers in the JOLTS definitions of hires and separations is intended to cover ongoing movements of workers between establishments. The Department of Homeland Security reorganization was a massive one-time event, and the inclusion of these intergovernmental transfers would distort the Federal Government time series. Data users should note that seasonal adjustment of the JOLTS series is conducted with fewer data observations than is customary. The historical data, therefore, may be subject to larger than normal revisions. Because the seasonal patterns in economic data series typically emerge over time, the standard use of moving averages as seasonal filters to capture these effects requires longer series than are currently available. As a result, the stable seasonal filter option is used in the seasonal adjustment of the JOLTS data. When calculating seasonal factors, this filter takes an average for each calendar month after detrending the series. The stable seasonal filter assumes that the seasonal factors are fixed; a necessary assumption until sufficient data are available. When the stable seasonal filter is no longer needed, other program features also may be introduced, such as outlier adjustment and extended diagnostic testing. Additionally, it is expected that more series, such as layoffs and discharges and additional industries, may be seasonally adjusted when more data are available. JOLTS hires and separations estimates cannot be used to exactly explain net changes in payroll employment. Some reasons why it is problematic to compare changes in payroll employment with JOLTS hires and separations, especially on a monthly basis, are: (1) the reference period for payroll employment is the pay period including the 12th of the month, while the reference period for hires and separations is the calendar month; and (2) payroll employment can vary from month to month simply because part-time and oncall workers may not always work during the pay period that includes the 12th of the month. Additionally, research has found that some reporters systematically underreport separations relative to hires due to a number of factors, including the nature of their payroll systems and practices. The shortfall appears to be about 2 percent or less over a 12-month period. F OR ADDITIONAL INFORMATION on the Job Openings and Labor Turnover Survey, contact the Division of Administrative Statistics and Labor Turnover at (202) 961-5870. Compensation and Wage Data (Tables 1–3; 30–37) The National Compensation Survey (NCS) produces a variety of compensation data. These include: The Employment Cost Index (ECI) and NCS benefit measures of the incidence and provisions of selected employee benefit plans. Selected samples of these measures appear in the following tables. NCS also compiles data on occupational wages and the Employer Costs for Employee Compensation (ECEC). Employment Cost Index Description of the series The Employment Cost Index (ECI) is a quarterly measure of the rate of change in compensation per hour worked and includes wages, salaries, and employer costs of employee benefits. It is a Laspeyres Index that uses fixed employment weights to measure change in labor costs free from the influence of employment shifts among occupations and industries. The ECI provides data for the civilian economy, which includes the total private nonfarm economy excluding private households, and the public sector excluding the Federal government. Data are collected each quarter for the pay period including the 12th day of March, June, September, and December. Sample establishments are classified by industry categories based on the 2002 North American Classification System (NAICS). Within a sample establishment, specific job categories are selected and classified into Monthly Labor Review February 2007 33 Current Labor Statistics about 800 occupations according to the 2000 Standard Occupational Classification (SOC) System. Individual occupations are combined to represent one of ten intermediate aggregations, such as professional and related occupations, or one of five higher level aggregations, such as management, professional, and related occupations. Fixed employment weights are used each quarter to calculate the most aggregate series—civilian, private, and State and local government. These fixed weights are also used to derive all of the industry and occupational series indexes. Beginning with the March 2006 estimates, 2002 fixed employment weights from the Bureau’s Occupational Employment Statistics survey were introduced. From March 1995 to December 2005, 1990 employment counts were used. These fixed weights ensure that changes in these indexes reflect only changes in compensation, not employment shifts among industries or occupations with different levels of wages and compensation. For the series based on bargaining status, census region and division, and metropolitan area status, fixed employment data are not available. The employment weights are reallocated within these series each quarter based on the current eci sample. The indexes for these series, consequently, are not strictly comparable with those for aggregate, occu-pational, and industry series. Definitions Total compensation costs include wages, salaries, and the employer’s costs for employee benefits. Wages and salaries consist of earnings before payroll deductions, including production bonuses, incentive earnings, commissions, and cost-of-living adjustments. Benefits include the cost to employers for paid leave, supplemental pay (including nonproduction bonuses), insurance, retirement and savings plans, and legally required benefits (such as Social Security, workers’ compensation, and unemployment insurance). Excluded from wages and salaries and employee benefits are such items as paymentin-kind, free room and board, and tips. Notes on the data The ECI data in these tables reflect the con-version to the 2002 North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) and the 2000 Standard Occupational Classification (SOC) system. The NAICS and SOC data shown prior to 2006 are for informational 34 Monthly Labor Review February 2007 purposes only. ECI series based on NAICS and SOC became the official BLS estimates starting in March 2006. The ECI for changes in wages and salaries in the private nonfarm economy was published beginning in 1975. Changes in total compensation cost—wages and salaries and benefits combined—were published beginning in 1980. The series of changes in wages and salaries and for total compensation in the State and local government sector and in the civilian nonfarm economy (excluding Federal employees) were published beginning in 1981. Historical indexes (December 2005=100) are available on the Internet: www.bls.gov/ect/ A DDITIONAL INFORMATION on the Employment Cost Index is available at http://www.bls.gov/ncs/ect/home.htm or by telephone at (202) 691–6199. National Compensation Survey Benefit Measures Description of the series NCS benefit measures of employee benefits are published in two separate reports. The annual summary provides data on the incidence of (access to and participation in) selected benefits and provisions of paid holidays and vacations, life insurance plans, and other selected benefit programs. Data on percentages of establishments offering major employee benefits, and on the employer and employee shares of contributions to medical care premiums also are presented. Selected benefit data appear in the following tables. A second publication, published later, contains more detailed information about health and retirement plans. contributions and fulfilled any applicable service requirement. Employees in noncontributory plans are counted as participating regardless of whether they have fulfilled the service requirements. Defined benefit pension plans use predetermined formulas to calculate a retirement benefit (if any), and obligate the employer to provide those benefits. Benefits are generally based on salary, years of service, or both. Defined contribution plans generally specify the level of employer and employee contributions to a plan, but not the formula for determining eventual benefits. Instead, individual accounts are set up for participants, and benefits are based on amounts credited to these accounts. Tax-deferred savings plans are a type of defined contribution plan that allow participants to contribute a portion of their salary to an employer-sponsored plan and defer income taxes until withdrawal. Flexible benefit plans allow employees to choose among several benefits, such as life insurance, medical care, and vacation days, and among several levels of coverage within a given benefit. Notes on the data ADDITIONAL INFORMATION ON THE NCS benefit measures is available at http://www. bls.gov/ncs/ebs/home.htm or by telephone at (202) 691–6199. Work stoppages (Table 37) Definitions Description of the series Employer-provided benefits are benefits that are financed either wholly or partly by the employer. They may be sponsored by a union or other third party, as long as there is some employer financing. However, some benefits that are fully paid for by the employee also are included. For example, long-term care insurance paid entirely by the employee are included because the guarantee of insurability and availability at group premium rates are considered a benefit. Employees are considered as having access to a benefit plan if it is available for their use. For example, if an employee is permitted to participate in a medical care plan offered by the employer, but the employee declines to do so, he or she is placed in the category with those having access to medical care. Employees in contributory plans are considered as participating in an insurance or retirement plan if they have paid required Data on work stoppages measure the number and duration of major strikes or lockouts (involving 1,000 workers or more) occurring during the month (or year), the number of workers involved, and the amount of work time lost because of stoppage. These data are presented in table 37. Data are largely from a variety of published sources and cover only establishments directly involved in a stoppage. They do not measure the indirect or secondary effect of stoppages on other establishments whose employees are idle owing to material shortages or lack of service. Definitions Number of stoppages: The number of strikes and lockouts involving 1,000 workers or more and lasting a full shift or longer. Workers involved: The number of workers directly involved in the stoppage. Number of days idle: The aggregate number of workdays lost by workers involved in the stoppages. Days of idleness as a percent of estimated working time: Aggregate workdays lost as a percent of the aggregate number of standard workdays in the period multiplied by total employment in the period. Notes on the data This series is not comparable with the one terminated in 1981 that covered strikes involving six workers or more. A DDITIONAL INFORMATION on work stop-pages data is available at http://www. bls.gov/cba/home.htm or by telephone at (202) 691–6199. Price Data (Tables 2; 38–46) Price data are gathered by the Bureau of Labor Statistics from retail and primary markets in the United States. Price indexes are given in relation to a base period—December 2003 = 100 for many Producer Price Indexes (unless otherwise noted), 1982–84 = 100 for many Consumer Price Indexes (unless otherwise noted), and 1990 = 100 for International Price Indexes. Consumer Price Indexes Description of the series The Consumer Price Index (CPI) is a measure of the average change in the prices paid by urban consumers for a fixed market basket of goods and services. The CPI is calculated monthly for two population groups, one consisting only of urban households whose primary source of income is derived from the employment of wage earners and clerical workers, and the other consisting of all urban households. The wage earner index (CPI-W) is a continuation of the historic index that was introduced well over a half-century ago for use in wage negotiations. As new uses were developed for the CPI in recent years, the need for a broader and more representative index became apparent. The all-urban consumer index (CPI-U), introduced in 1978, is representative of the 1993–95 buying habits of about 87 percent of the noninstitutional population of the United States at that time, compared with 32 percent represented in the CPI-W. In addition to wage earners and clerical workers, the CPI-U covers professional, managerial, and technical workers, the self-employed, shortterm workers, the unemployed, retirees, and others not in the labor force. The CPI is based on prices of food, clothing, shelter, fuel, drugs, transportation fares, doctors’ and dentists’ fees, and other goods and services that people buy for day-to-day living. The quantity and quality of these items are kept essentially unchanged between major revisions so that only price changes will be measured. All taxes directly associated with the purchase and use of items are included in the index. Data collected from more than 23,000 retail establishments and 5,800 housing units in 87 urban areas across the country are used to develop the “U.S. city average.” Separate estimates for 14 major urban centers are presented in table 39. The areas listed are as indicated in footnote 1 to the table. The area indexes measure only the average change in prices for each area since the base period, and do not indicate differences in the level of prices among cities. Notes on the data In January 1983, the Bureau changed the way in which homeownership costs are meaured for the CPI-U. A rental equivalence method replaced the asset-price approach to homeownership costs for that series. In January 1985, the same change was made in the CPI-W. The central purpose of the change was to separate shelter costs from the investment component of homeownership so that the index would reflect only the cost of shelter services provided by owner-occupied homes. An updated CPI-U and CPI-W were introduced with release of the January 1987 and January 1998 data. FOR ADDITIONAL INFORMATION, contact the Division of Prices and Price Indexes: (202) 691–7000. Producer Price Indexes Description of the series Producer Price Indexes (PPI) measure average changes in prices received by domestic producers of commodities in all stages of processing. The sample used for calculating these indexes currently contains about 3,200 commodities and about 80,000 quotations per month, selected to represent the movement of prices of all commodities produced in the manufacturing; agriculture, forestry, and fishing; mining; and gas and electricity and public utilities sectors. The stage-of-processing structure of PPI organizes products by class of buyer and degree of fabrication (that is, finished goods, intermediate goods, and crude materials). The traditional commodity structure of PPI organizes products by similarity of end use or material composition. The industry and product structure of PPI organizes data in accordance with the 2002 North American Industry Classification System and product codes developed by the U.S. Census Bureau. To the extent possible, prices used in calculating Producer Price Indexes apply to the first significant commercial transaction in the United States from the production or central marketing point. Price data are generally collected monthly, primarily by mail questionnaire. Most prices are obtained directly from producing companies on a voluntary and confidential basis. Prices generally are reported for the Tuesday of the week containing the 13th day of the month. Since January 1992, price changes for the various commodities have been averaged together with implicit quantity weights representing their importance in the total net selling value of all commodities as of 1987. The detailed data are aggregated to obtain indexes for stage-of-processing groupings, commodity groupings, durability-of-product groupings, and a number of special composite groups. All Producer Price Index data are subject to revision 4 months after original publication. FOR ADDITIONAL INFORMATION, contact the Division of Industrial Prices and Price Indexes: (202) 691–7705. International Price Indexes Description of the series The International Price Program produces monthly and quarterly export and import price indexes for nonmilitary goods and services traded between the United States and the rest of the world. The export price index provides a measure of price change for all products sold by U.S. residents to foreign buyers. (“Residents” is defined as in the national income accounts; it includes corporations, businesses, and individuals, but does not require the organizations to be U.S. owned nor the individuals to have U.S. citizenship.) The import price index provides a measure of price change for goods purchased from other countries by U.S. residents. The product universe for both the import and export indexes includes raw materials, agricultural products, semifinished manufactures, and finished manufactures, including both capital and consumer goods. Price Monthly Labor Review February 2007 35 Current Labor Statistics data for these items are collected primarily by mail questionnaire. In nearly all cases, the data are collected directly from the exporter or importer, although in a few cases, prices are obtained from other sources. To the extent possible, the data gathered refer to prices at the U.S. border for exports and at either the foreign border or the U.S. border for imports. For nearly all products, the prices refer to transactions completed during the first week of the month. Survey respondents are asked to indicate all discounts, allowances, and rebates applicable to the reported prices, so that the price used in the calculation of the indexes is the actual price for which the product was bought or sold. In addition to general indexes of prices for U.S. exports and imports, indexes are also published for detailed product categories of exports and imports. These categories are defined according to the five-digit level of detail for the Bureau of Economic Analysis End-use Classification, the three-digit level for the Standard International Trade Classification (SITC), and the four-digit level of detail for the Harmonized System. Aggregate import indexes by country or region of origin are also available. BLS publishes indexes for selected categories of internationally traded services, calculated on an international basis and on a balance-of-payments basis. Notes on the data The export and import price indexes are weighted indexes of the Laspeyres type. The trade weights currently used to compute both indexes relate to 2000. Because a price index depends on the same items being priced from period to period, it is necessary to recognize when a product’s specifications or terms of transaction have been modified. For this reason, the Bureau’s questionnaire requests detailed descriptions of the physical and functional characteristics of the products being priced, as well as information on the number of units bought or sold, discounts, credit terms, packaging, class of buyer or seller, and so forth. When there are changes in either the specifications or terms of transaction of a product, the dollar value of each change is deleted from the total price change to obtain the “pure” change. Once this value is determined, a linking procedure is employed which allows for the continued repricing of the item. FOR ADDITIONAL INFORMATION, contact the Division of International Prices: (202) 691–7155. 36 Monthly Labor Review February 2007 Productivity Data (Tables 2; 47–50) Business and major sectors Description of the series The productivity measures relate real output to real input. As such, they encompass a family of measures which include single-factor input measures, such as output per hour, output per unit of labor input, or output per unit of capital input, as well as measures of multifactor productivity (output per unit of combined labor and capital inputs). The Bureau indexes show the change in output relative to changes in the various inputs. The measures cover the business, nonfarm business, manufacturing, and nonfinancial corporate sectors. Corresponding indexes of hourly compensation, unit labor costs, unit nonlabor payments, and prices are also provided. Definitions Output per hour of all persons (labor productivity) is the quantity of goods and services produced per hour of labor input. Output per unit of capital services (capital productivity) is the quantity of goods and services produced per unit of capital services input. Multifactor productivity is the quantity of goods and services produced per combined inputs. For private business and private nonfarm business, inputs include labor and capital units. For manufacturing, inputs include labor, capital, energy, nonenergy materials, and purchased business services. Compensation per hour is total compensation divided by hours at work. Total compensation equals the wages and salaries of employees plus employers’ contributions for social insurance and private benefit plans, plus an estimate of these payments for the self-employed (except for nonfinancial corporations in which there are no selfemployed). Real compensation per hour is compensation per hour deflated by the change in the Consumer Price Index for All Urban Consumers. Unit labor costs are the labor compensation costs expended in the production of a unit of output and are derived by dividing compensation by output. Unit nonlabor payments include profits, depreciation, interest, and indirect taxes per unit of output. They are computed by subtracting compensation of all persons from current-dollar value of output and dividing by output. Unit nonlabor costs contain all the com- ponents of unit nonlabor payments except unit profits. Unit profits include corporate profits with inventory valuation and capital consumption adjustments per unit of output. Hours of all persons are the total hours at work of payroll workers, self-employed persons, and unpaid family workers. Labor inputs are hours of all persons adjusted for the effects of changes in the education and experience of the labor force. Capital services are the flow of services from the capital stock used in production. It is developed from measures of the net stock of physical assets—equipment, structures, land, and inventories—weighted by rental prices for each type of asset. Combined units of labor and capital inputs are derived by combining changes in labor and capital input with weights which represent each component’s share of total cost. Combined units of labor, capital, energy, materials, and purchased business services are similarly derived by combining changes in each input with weights that represent each input’s share of total costs. The indexes for each input and for combined units are based on changing weights which are averages of the shares in the current and preceding year (the Tornquist index-number formula). Notes on the data Business sector output is an annually-weighted index constructed by excluding from real gross domestic product (GDP) the following outputs: general government, nonprofit institutions, paid employees of private households, and the rental value of owner-occupied dwellings. Nonfarm business also excludes farming. Private business and private nonfarm business further exclude government enterprises. The measures are supplied by the U.S. Department of Commerce’s Bureau of Economic Analysis. Annual estimates of manufacturing sectoral output are produced by the Bureau of Labor Statistics. Quarterly manufacturing output indexes from the Federal Reserve Board are adjusted to these annual output measures by the BLS. Compensation data are developed from data of the Bureau of Economic Analysis and the Bureau of Labor Statistics. Hours data are developed from data of the Bureau of Labor Statistics. The productivity and associated cost measures in tables 47–50 describe the relationship between output in real terms and the labor and capital inputs involved in its production. They show the changes from period to period in the amount of goods and services produced per unit of input. Although these measures relate output to hours and capital services, they do not measure the contributions of labor, capital, or any other specific factor of production. Rather, they reflect the joint effect of many influences, including changes in technology; shifts in the composition of the labor force; capital investment; level of output; changes in the utilization of capacity, energy, material, and research and development; the organization of production; managerial skill; and characteristics and efforts of the work force. FOR ADDITIONAL INFORMATION on this productivity series, contact the Division of Productivity Research: (202) 691–5606. Industry productivity measures Description of the series The BLS industry productivity indexes measure the relationship between output and inputs for selected industries and industry groups, and thus reflect trends in industry efficiency over time. Industry measures include labor productivity, multifactor productivity, compensation, and unit labor costs. The industry measures differ in methodology and data sources from the productivity measures for the major sectors because the industry measures are developed independently of the National Income and Product Accounts framework used for the major sector measures. Definitions Output per hour is derived by dividing an index of industry output by an index of labor input. For most industries, output indexes are derived from data on the value of industry output adjusted for price change. For the remaining industries, output indexes are derived from data on the physical quantity of production. The labor input series is based on the hours of all workers or, in the case of some transportation industries, on the number of employees. For most industries, the series consists of the hours of all employees. For some trade and services industries, the series also includes the hours of partners, proprietors, and unpaid family workers. Unit labor costs represent the labor compensation costs per unit of output produced, and are derived by dividing an index of labor compensation by an index of output. Labor compensation includes payroll as well as supplemental payments, including both legally required expenditures and payments for voluntary programs. Multifactor productivity is derived by dividing an index of industry output by an index of combined inputs consumed in producing that output. Combined inputs include capital, labor, and intermediate purchases. The measure of capital input represents the flow of services from the capital stock used in production. It is developed from measures of the net stock of physical assets—equipment, structures, land, and inventories. The measure of intermediate purchases is a combination of purchased materials, services, fuels, and electricity. Notes on the data The industry measures are compiled from data produced by the Bureau of Labor Statistics and the Census Bureau, with additional data supplied by other government agencies, trade associations, and other sources. FOR ADDITIONAL INFORMATION on this series, contact the Division of Industry Productivity Studies: (202) 691–5618, or visit the Web site at: www.bls.gov/lpc/home. htm International Comparisons (Tables 51–53) Labor force and unemployment Description of the series Tables 51 and 52 present comparative measures of the labor force, employment, and unemployment approximating U.S. concepts for the United States, Canada, Australia, Japan, and six European countries. The Bureau adjusts the figures for these selected countries, for all known major definitional differences, to the extent that data to prepare adjustments are available. Although precise comparability may not be achieved, these adjusted figures provide a better basis for international comparisons than the figures regularly published by each country. For additional information on adjustments and comparability issues, see Constance Sorrentino, “International unemployment rates: how comparable are they?” Monthly Labor Review, June 2000, pp. 3–20 (available on the BLS Web site at: www.bls.gov/opub/mlr/2000/06/art1full. pdf ). Definitions For the principal U.S. definitions of the labor force, employment, and unemployment, see the Notes section on Employment and Unemployment Data: Household survey data. Notes on the data The foreign country data are adjusted as closely as possible to U.S. concepts, with the exception of lower age limits and the treatment of layoffs. These adjustments include, but are not limited to: including older persons in the labor force by imposing no upper age limit, adding unemployed students to the un-employed, excluding the military and family workers working fewer than 15 hours from the employed, and excluding persons engaged in passive job search from the unemployed. Data for the United States relate to the population 16 years of age and older. The U.S. concept of the working age population has no upper age limit. The adjusted to U.S. concepts statistics have been adapted, insofar as possible, to the age at which compulsory schooling ends in each country, and the Swedish statistics have been adjusted to include persons older than the Swedish upper age limit of 64 years. The adjusted statistics presented here relate to the population 16 years of age and older in France, Sweden, and the United Kingdom; 15 years of age and older in Australia, Japan, Germany, Italy, and the Netherlands. An exception to this rule is that the Canadian statistics are adjusted to cover the population 16 years of age and older, whereas the age at which compulsory schooling ends remains at 15 years. In the labor force participation rates and employment-population ratios, the denominator is the civilian noninstitutionalized working age population, except for Japan and Germany, which include the institutionalized working age population. In the United States, the unemployed include persons who are not employed and who were actively seeking work during the reference period, as well as persons on layoff. In the United States, as in Australia and Japan, passive job seekers are not in the labor force; job search must be active, such as placing or answering advertisements, contacting employers directly, or registering with an employment agency (simply reading ads is not enough to qualify as active search). Canada and the European countries classify passive jobseekers as unemployed. An adjustment is made to exclude them in Canada, but not in the European countries where the phenomenon is less prevalent. In some countries, persons on layoff are classified as employed due to their strong job attachment. No adjustment is made for Monthly Labor Review February 2007 37 Current Labor Statistics the countries that classify those on layoff as employed. Persons without work and waiting to start a new job are counted as unemployed under U.S. concepts if they were actively seeking work during the reference period; if they were not actively seeking work, they are not counted in the labor force. Persons without work and waiting to start a new job are counted among the unemployed for all other countries, whether or not they were actively seeking work. For more qualifications and historical annual data, see Comparative Civilian Labor Force Statistics, Ten Countries, on the Internet at http:/www.bls.gov/fls/flscomparelf.htm FOR ADDITIONAL INFORMATION on this series, contact the Division of Foreign Labor Statistics: (202) 691-5654 or flshelp@bls.gov Manufacturing Productivity and Labor Costs Description of the series Table 53 presents comparative indexes of manufacturing output per hour (labor productivity), output, total hours, compensation per hour, and unit labor costs for the United States, Australia, Canada, Japan, Korea, Taiwan, and 10 European countries. These measures are trend comparisons—that is, series that measure changes over time— rather than level comparisons. BLS does not recommend using these series for level comparisons because of technical problems. BLS constructs the comparative indexes from three basic aggregate measures—output, total labor hours, and total compensation. The hours and compensation measures refer to all employed persons (wage and salary earners plus self-employed persons and unpaid family workers) with the exception of Belgium and Taiwan, where only employees (wage and salary earners), are counted. Definitions Output, for most economies, is real value added in manufacturing taken from national accounts. However, output for Japan prior to 1970 and for the Netherlands prior to 1960 is from an index of industrial production. Manufacturing value added for the United Kingdom is essentially identical to its indexes of industrial production. Real output for manufacturing in the United States is the chain-weighted index of real gross product originating (deflated value added), produced by the Bureau of Economic Analysis of the U.S. Department of Com38 Monthly Labor Review February 2007 merce. Most of the other economics now also use chain-weighted as opposed to fixed-year weights that are periodically updated. The data for recent years are based on the United Nations System of National Accounts 1993 (SNA 93). Manufacturing is generally defined according to the International Standard Industrial Classification (ISIC). For the United States and Canada, it is defined according to the North American Industry Classification System (NAICS 97). To preserve the comparability of the U.S. measures with those for other economies, BLS uses gross product originating in manufacturing for the United States. The gross product originating series differs from the manufacturing output series that BLS publishes in its quarterly news releases on U.S. productivity and costs (and that underlies the measures that appear in tables 48 and 50 in this section). The quarterly measures are on a “sectoral output” basis, rather than a valueadded basis. Sectoral output is gross output less intrasector transactions. Total hours refer to hours worked in all economies. The measures are developed from statistics of manufacturing employment and average hours. For most other economies, recent years’ aggregate hours series are obtained from national statistical offices, usually from national accounts. However, for some economies and for earlier years, BLS calculates the aggregate hours series using employment figures published with the national accounts, or other comprehensive employment series, and data on average hours worked. Hourly compensation is total compensation divided by total hours. Total compensation includes all payments in cash or in-kind made directly to employees plus employer expenditures for legally required insurance programs and contractual and private benefit plans. For Australia, Canada, France, and Sweden, compensation is increased to account for other significant taxes on payroll or employment. For the United Kingdom, compensation is reduced between 1967 and 1991 to account for employment-related subsidies. Self-employed workers are included in the all-employed persons measures by assuming that their compensation is equal to the average for wage and salary employees. Unit labor costs are the costs of labor input required to produce one unit of output. They are computed as compensation in norminal terms divided by real output. Unit labor costs can also be computed by dividing hourly compensation by output per hour, that is, by labor productivity. Notes on the data In general, the measures relate to to- tal manufacturing as defined by the International Standard Industrial Classification. However, the measures for France include parts of mining as well. The measures for recent years may be based on current indicators of manufacturing output (such as industrial production indexes), employment, average hours, and hourly compensation until national accounts and other statistics used for the long-term measures become available. For additional information on these series, go to http://www.bls.gov/news. release/prod4.toc.htm or contact the Division of Foreign Labor Statistics: (202) 691–5654. Occupational Injury and Illness Data (Tables 54–55) Survey of Occupational Injuries and Illnesses Description of the series The Survey of Occupational Injuries and Illnesses collects data from employers about their workers’ job-related nonfatal injuries and illnesses. The information that employers provide is based on records that they maintain under the Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1970. Self-employed individuals, farms with fewer than 11 employees, employers regulated by other Federal safety and health laws, and Federal, State, and local government agencies are excluded from the survey. The survey is a Federal-State cooperative program with an independent sample selected for each participating State. A stratified random sample with a Neyman allocation is selected to represent all private industries in the State. The survey is stratified by Standard Industrial Classification and size of employment. Definitions Under the Occupational Safety and Health Act, employers maintain records of nonfatal work-related injuries and illnesses that involve one or more of the following: loss of consciousness, restriction of work or motion, transfer to another job, or medical treatment other than first aid. Occupational injury is any injury such as a cut, fracture, sprain, or amputation that results from a work-related event or a single, instantaneous exposure in the work environment. Occupational illness is an abnormal condition or disorder, other than one resulting from an occupational injury, caused by exposure to factors associated with employment. It includes acute and chronic illnesses or disease which may be caused by inhalation, absorption, ingestion, or direct contact. Lost workday injuries and illnesses are cases that involve days away from work, or days of restricted work activity, or both. Lost workdays include the number of workdays (consecutive or not) on which the employee was either away from work or at work in some restricted capacity, or both, because of an occupational injury or illness. BLS measures of the number and incidence rate of lost workdays were discontinued beginning with the 1993 survey. The number of days away from work or days of restricted work activity does not include the day of injury or onset of illness or any days on which the employee would not have worked, such as a Federal holiday, even though able to work. Incidence rates are computed as the number of injuries and/or illnesses or lost work days per 100 full-time workers. Notes on the data The definitions of occupational injuries and illnesses are from Recordkeeping Guidelines for Occupational Injuries and Illnesses (U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, September 1986). Estimates are made for industries and employment size classes for total recordable cases, lost workday cases, days away from work cases, and nonfatal cases without lost workdays. These data also are shown separately for injuries. Illness data are available for seven categories: occupational skin diseases or disorders, dust diseases of the lungs, respiratory conditions due to toxic agents, poisoning (systemic effects of toxic agents), disorders due to physical agents (other than toxic materials), disorders associated with repeated trauma, and all other occupational illnesses. The survey continues to measure the number of new work-related illness cases which are recognized, diagnosed, and reported during the year. Some conditions, for example, long-term latent illnesses caused by exposure to carcinogens, often are difficult to relate to the workplace and are not adequately recognized and reported. These long-term latent illnesses are believed to be understated in the survey’s illness measure. In contrast, the overwhelming majority of the reported new illnesses are those which are easier to directly relate to workplace activity (for example, contact dermatitis and carpal tunnel syndrome). Most of the estimates are in the form of incidence rates, defined as the number of injuries and illnesses per 100 equivalent full-time workers. For this purpose, 200,000 employee hours represent 100 employee years (2,000 hours per employee). Full detail on the available measures is presented in the annual bulletin, Occupational Injuries and Illnesses: Counts, Rates, and Characteristics. Comparable data for more than 40 States and territories are available from the bls Office of Safety, Health and Working Conditions. Many of these States publish data on State and local government employees in addition to private industry data. Mining and railroad data are furnished to BLS by the Mine Safety and Health Administration and the Federal Railroad Administration. Data from these organizations are included in both the national and State data published annually. With the 1992 survey, BLS began publishing details on serious, nonfatal incidents resulting in days away from work. Included are some major characteristics of the injured and ill workers, such as occupation, age, gender, race, and length of service, as well as the circumstances of their injuries and illnesses (nature of the disabling condition, part of body affected, event and exposure, and the source directly producing the condition). In general, these data are available nationwide for detailed industries and for individual States at more aggregated industry levels. FOR ADDITIONAL INFORMATION on occupational injuries and illnesses, contact the Office of Occupational Safety, Health and Working Conditions at (202) 691–6180, or access the Internet at: http://www.bls. gov/iif/ The program collects and cross checks fatality information from multiple sources, including death certificates, State and Federal workers’ compensation reports, Occupational Safety and Health Administration and Mine Safety and Health Administration records, medical examiner and autopsy reports, media accounts, State motor vehicle fatality records, and follow-up questionnaires to employers. In addition to private wage and salary workers, the self-employed, family members, and Federal, State, and local government workers are covered by the program. To be included in the fatality census, the decedent must have been employed (that is working for pay, compensation, or profit) at the time of the event, engaged in a legal work activity, or present at the site of the incident as a requirement of his or her job. Definition A fatal work injury is any intentional or unintentional wound or damage to the body resulting in death from acute exposure to energy, such as heat or electricity, or kinetic energy from a crash, or from the absence of such essentials as heat or oxygen caused by a specific event or incident or series of events within a single workday or shift. Fatalities that occur during a person’s commute to or from work are excluded from the census, as well as work-related illnesses,which can be difficult to identify due to long latency periods. Notes on the data Census of Fatal Occupational Injuries Twenty-eight data elements are collected, coded, and tabulated in the fatality program, including information about the fatally injured worker, the fatal incident, and the machinery or equipment involved. Summary worker demographic data and event characteristics are included in a national news release that is available about 8 months after the end of the reference year. The Census of Fatal Occupational Injuries was initiated in 1992 as a joint Federal-State effort. Most States issue summary information at the time of the national news release. The Census of Fatal Occupational Injuries compiles a complete roster of fatal job-related injuries, including detailed data about the fatally injured workers and the fatal events. F OR ADDITIONAL INFORMATION on the Census of Fatal Occupational Injuries contact the BLS Office of Safety, Health, and Working Conditions at (202) 691– 6175, or the Internet at: www.bls.gov/iif/ Monthly Labor Review February 2007 39 Current Labor Statistics: Comparative Indicators 1. Labor market indicators Selected indicators 2005 2006 2004 IV 2005 I II 2006 III IV I II III IV Employment data Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population (household survey): 1 Labor force participation rate........................................................ Employment-population ratio........................................................ Unemployment rate………………………………………………….… Men………………………………………………..…….….………… 16 to 24 years........................................................................... 25 years and older.................................................................... Women……………………………………………….….…………… 16 to 24 years........................................................................... 25 years and older.................................................................... Employment, nonfarm (payroll data), in thousands: 66.0 62.7 5.1 5.1 12.4 3.8 5.1 10.1 4.2 66.2 63.1 4.6 4.6 11.2 3.5 4.6 9.7 3.7 66.0 62.4 5.4 5.6 12.8 4.3 5.2 10.7 4.2 65.8 62.4 5.3 5.4 13.2 4.1 5.1 10.3 4.2 66.1 62.7 5.1 5.0 12.5 3.8 5.2 10.5 4.2 66.2 62.9 5.0 5.0 12.0 3.8 5.0 9.8 4.2 66.1 62.8 5.0 4.9 11.7 3.7 5.0 9.9 4.2 66.0 62.9 4.7 4.7 11.2 3.6 4.7 9.6 3.9 66.1 63.1 4.7 4.7 11.2 3.6 4.6 9.2 3.8 66.2 63.1 4.7 4.6 11.4 3.5 4.7 10.2 3.8 66.3 63.3 4.5 4.5 11.1 3.3 4.4 9.8 3.5 1 Total nonfarm…………………….................................................... 133,703 Total private....................................................................... 111,899 136,171 114,181 132,229 110,532 132,656 110,917 133,371 111,590 134,107 112,258 134,652 112,796 135,393 113,520 135,913 113,970 136,442 114,412 136,944 114,840 22,190 Manufacturing………….………………..………………………… 14,226 22,569 14,197 22,012 14,310 22,027 14,270 22,152 14,241 22,218 14,202 22,370 14,201 22,534 14,214 22,603 14,227 22,625 14,218 22,540 14,145 Service-providing……………………………………………….…………..…111,513 113,602 110,217 110,629 111,218 111,889 112,282 112,859 113,310 113,817 114,404 Goods-producing ……………………………………………….………….. Average hours: Total private........................................………….......................... Manufacturing………...…………………………………………… Overtime……..………….………………...……………………… 33.8 40.7 4.6 33.9 41.1 4.4 33.8 40.6 4.5 33.7 40.6 4.5 33.7 40.5 4.4 33.7 40.6 4.5 33.8 40.9 4.6 33.8 41.0 4.5 33.9 41.2 4.5 33.8 41.3 4.4 33.9 41.1 4.2 Civilian nonfarm ……………………………….…………………………….…… 3.1 3.3 .5 1.0 .6 .8 .6 .7 .9 1.1 .6 Private nonfarm……………...............………............................... 2.9 3.2 .5 1.0 .7 .6 .5 .8 .9 .8 .7 3.2 2.5 .4 1.1 1.0 .8 .2 .3 1.0 .7 .5 1, 2, 3 Employment Cost Index Total compensation: 4 5 Goods-producing ……………………………………………….………… 5 Service-providing ……………………………………………….………… State and local government ……………….……………………… Workers by bargaining status (private nonfarm): Union…………………………………………………………………… Nonunion………………………………………………………………… 1 2.8 3.4 .5 1.0 .6 .6 .5 1.0 .8 .9 .7 4.1 4.1 .7 .8 .3 2.0 .9 .5 .4 2.3 .9 2.8 2.9 3.0 3.2 .6 .5 .6 1.1 .9 .6 .8 .6 .4 .5 .5 .9 1.3 .8 .6 .9 .6 .6 Quarterly data seasonally adjusted. Annual changes are December-to-December changes. Quarterly changes are calculated using the last month of each quarter. 3 The Employment Cost Index data reflect the conversion to the 2002 North American Classification System (NAICS) and the 2000 Standard Occupational Classification (SOC) system. The NAICS and SOC data shown prior to 2006 are for informational purposes only. Series based on NAICS and SOC became the official BLS estimates starting in March 2006. 2 40 Monthly Labor Review • February 2007 4 Excludes Federal and private household workers. Goods-producing industries include mining, construction, and manufacturing. Serviceproviding industries include all other private sector industries. 5 NOTE: Beginning in January 2003, household survey data reflect revised population controls. Nonfarm data reflect the conversion to the 2002 version of the North American Industry Classification System (NAICS), replacing the Standard Industrial Classification (SIC) system. NAICS-based data by industry are not comparable with SIC based data. 2. Annual and quarterly percent changes in compensation, prices, and productivity Selected measures 2005 2004 2006 2005 IV I II 2006 III IV I II III IV 1, 2, 3 Compensation data Employment Cost Index—compensation: Civilian nonfarm................................................................... Private nonfarm............................................................... Employment Cost Index—wages and salaries: Civilian nonfarm………………………………………………. Private nonfarm............................................................... Price data 3.1 2.9 3.3 3.2 0.5 .5 1.0 1.0 0.6 .7 0.8 .6 0.6 .5 0.7 .8 0.9 .9 1.1 .8 0.6 .7 2.6 2.5 3.2 3.2 .3 .3 .6 .7 .6 .6 .7 .6 .6 .5 .7 .7 .8 1.0 1.1 .8 .6 .7 3.4 3.2 .2 1.6 .6 2.2 –1.0 1.5 1.6 .0 -.5 4.8 5.7 2.3 8.0 14.6 3.0 3.4 1.5 6.5 1.8 1.3 1.1 1.7 1.1 7.3 2.0 2.5 .4 2.4 2.8 .4 .6 .0 .9 -2.0 3.0 4.0 .2 4.2 19.9 -.1 –.4 .6 1.0 .2 .3 .2 .8 1.0 -11.1 1.7 2.1 .2 3.0 1.8 -.9 -1.3 .0 -.4 1.2 .1 -.2 1.4 -.8 6.5 2.3 2.3 2.2 2.1 2.5 1.9 2.4 2.3 1.6 1.6 2.7 2.7 2.4 2.5 2.7 2.7 2.7 2.4 1.5 1.3 2.0 2.1 2.5 - 2.4 2.7 3.0 2.1 2.2 4.0 2.1 3.2 – 1 Consumer Price Index (All Urban Consumers): All Items...... Producer Price Index: Finished goods..................................................................... Finished consumer goods................................................. Capital equipment…………………………………………… Intermediate materials, supplies, and components………… Crude materials..................................................................... 4 Productivity data Output per hour of all persons: Business sector..................................................................... Nonfarm business sector....................................................... 5 Nonfinancial corporations ……………….…………...……………… 1 Annual changes are December-to-December changes. Quarterly changes are calculated using the last month of each quarter. Compensation and price data are not seasonally adjusted, and the price data are not compounded. 2 Excludes Federal and private household workers. 3 The Employment Cost Index data reflect the conversion to the 2002 North American Classification System (NAICS) and the 2000 Standard Occupational Classification (SOC ) system. The NAICS and SOC data shown prior to 2006 are for informational purposes only. Series based on NAICS and SOC became the official BLS estimates starting in March 2006. 4 Annual rates of change are computed by comparing annual averages. Quarterly percent changes reflect annual rates of change in quarterly indexes. The data are seasonally adjusted. 5 Output per hour of all employees. 3. Alternative measures of wage and compensation changes Quarterly change Components 2005 IV Four quarters ending— 2006 I II 2005 III IV IV 2006 I II III IV 1 Average hourly compensation: All persons, business sector.......................................................... All persons, nonfarm business sector........................................... Employment Cost Index—compensation: 13.6 13.7 -1.4 -1.2 3.4 3.1 4.2 4.8 4.0 4.1 6.4 6.4 5.8 5.6 4.5 4.5 4.8 4.9 .6 .5 .4 .5 .9 .7 .8 .5 .9 .5 .9 .9 1.3 .8 .4 1.1 .8 .6 .9 2.3 .6 .7 .6 .6 .9 3.1 2.9 2.8 2.9 4.1 2.8 2.6 2.7 2.6 3.7 3.0 2.8 3.0 2.8 3.8 3.3 3.0 2.8 3.1 4.1 3.3 3.2 3.0 3.2 4.1 .6 .5 .5 .5 .9 .7 .7 .3 .8 .3 .8 1.0 .9 1.0 .5 1.1 .8 .5 .9 2.0 .6 .7 .6 .6 .7 2.6 2.5 2.5 2.5 3.1 2.7 2.4 2.5 2.5 2.8 2.8 2.8 2.5 2.9 3.1 3.2 3.0 2.2 3.2 3.7 3.2 3.2 2.3 3.3 3.5 2 3 Civilian nonfarm ……….………………………………………….…………..… Private nonfarm…....................................................................... Union………….......................................................................... Nonunion………….................................................................... State and local government…..................................................... Employment Cost Index—wages and salaries: 3 3.1 2.9 2 Civilian nonfarm ……….………………………………………….…………..… Private nonfarm…....................................................................... Union………….......................................................................... Nonunion………….................................................................... State and local government…..................................................... 1 Seasonally adjusted. "Quarterly average" is percent change from a quarter ago, at an annual rate. 2 The Employment Cost Index data reflect the conversion to the 2002 North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) and the 2000 Standard Occupational Classification (SOC) system. The NAICS and SOC data shown prior to 2006 are for informational purposes only. Series based on NAICS and SOC became the official BLS estimates starting in March 2006. 3 Excludes Federal and private household workers. Monthly Labor Review • February 2007 41 Current Labor Statistics: Labor Force Data 4. Employment status of the population, by sex, age, race, and Hispanic origin, monthly data seasonally adjusted [Numbers in thousands] Employment status Annual average 2005 2006 2005 Dec. 2006 Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. TOTAL Civilian noninstitutional 1 population ……………………. 226,082 Civilian labor force.............. 149,320 66.0 Participation rate........... Employed........................ 141,730 Employment-pop62.7 ulation ratio 2…………… 7,591 Unemployed................... 5.1 Unemployment rate..... Not in the labor force........ 76,762 228,815 227,425 227,553 227,763 227,975 228,199 151,428 150,113 150,122 150,477 150,689 150,862 66.2 66.0 66.0 66.1 66.1 66.1 144,427 142,782 143,099 143,319 143,680 143,763 63.1 7,001 4.6 77,387 62.8 7,331 4.9 77,312 62.9 7,023 4.7 77,431 62.9 7,158 4.8 77,287 63.0 7,009 4.7 77,285 63.0 7,098 4.7 77,338 228,428 228,671 228,912 229,167 151,051 151,370 151,558 151,734 66.1 66.2 66.2 66.2 144,045 144,386 144,330 144,618 63.1 7,006 4.6 77,378 63.1 6,984 4.6 77,301 63.1 7,228 4.8 77,354 63.1 7,116 4.7 77,433 229,420 229,675 229,905 230,108 151,818 152,052 152,449 152,775 66.2 66.2 66.3 66.4 144,906 145,337 145,623 145,926 63.2 6,912 4.6 77,602 63.3 6,715 4.4 77,623 63.3 6,826 4.5 77,456 63.4 6,849 4.5 77,333 Men, 20 years and over Civilian noninstitutional 1 population ……………………. 100,835 Civilian labor force.............. 76,443 75.8 Participation rate........... Employed........................ 73,050 Employment-pop72.4 ulation ratio 2…………… 3,392 Unemployed................... 4.4 Unemployment rate..... Not in the labor force……… 24,392 102,145 101,489 101,560 101,657 101,754 101,857 77,562 76,799 76,927 77,115 77,310 77,390 75.9 75.7 75.7 75.9 76.0 76.0 74,431 73,503 73,837 73,880 74,180 74,163 72.9 3,131 4.0 24,584 72.4 3,296 4.3 24,690 72.7 3,090 4.0 24,632 72.7 3,235 4.2 24,542 72.9 3,130 4.0 24,444 72.8 3,228 4.2 24,467 101,963 102,075 102,187 102,308 77,457 77,319 77,339 77,616 76.0 75.7 75.7 75.9 74,208 74,233 74,105 74,421 72.8 3,249 4.2 24,506 72.7 3,087 4.0 24,756 72.5 3,234 4.2 24,848 72.7 3,195 4.1 24,692 102,428 102,549 102,656 102,751 77,823 77,936 78,123 78,334 76.0 76.0 76.1 76.2 74,868 74,924 75,088 75,235 73.1 2,954 3.8 24,606 73.1 3,012 3.9 24,613 73.1 3,036 3.9 24,533 73.2 3,100 4.0 24,417 Women, 20 years and over Civilian noninstitutional 1 population ……………………. 108,850 Civilian labor force.............. 65,714 60.4 Participation rate........... Employed........................ 62,702 Employment-pop57.6 ulation ratio 2…………… 3,013 Unemployed................... 4.6 Unemployment rate..... Not in the labor force……… 43,136 109,992 109,425 109,478 109,562 109,646 109,736 66,585 66,141 66,016 66,098 66,089 66,249 60.5 60.4 60.3 60.3 60.3 60.4 63,834 63,198 63,172 63,286 63,349 63,432 109,829 109,927 110,026 110,134 66,356 66,644 66,872 66,856 60.4 60.6 60.8 60.7 63,622 63,901 64,029 64,118 110,241 110,349 110,445 110,528 66,754 66,851 67,024 67,132 60.6 60.6 60.7 60.7 63,978 64,252 64,333 64,491 58.0 2,751 4.1 43,407 57.8 2,944 4.5 43,283 57.7 2,844 4.3 43,461 57.8 2,811 4.3 43,464 57.8 2,739 4.1 43,557 57.8 2,818 4.3 43,487 57.9 2,735 4.1 43,472 58.1 2,743 4.1 43,284 58.2 2,843 4.3 43,154 58.2 2,738 4.1 43,277 58.0 2,776 4.2 43,487 58.2 2,599 3.9 43,498 58.2 2,691 4.0 43,420 58.3 2,641 3.9 43,396 16,678 7,281 43.7 6,162 16,511 7,173 43.4 6,081 16,515 7,178 43.5 6,090 16,545 7,264 43.9 6,153 16,575 7,290 44.0 6,150 16,606 7,222 43.5 6,169 16,637 7,237 43.5 6,215 16,668 7,407 44.4 6,253 16,700 7,347 44.0 6,197 16,725 7,262 43.4 6,079 16,751 7,242 43.2 6,060 16,776 7,264 43.3 6,161 16,804 7,301 43.5 6,202 16,829 7,309 43.4 6,200 36.9 1,119 15.4 9,397 36.8 1,091 15.2 9,338 36.9 1,089 15.2 9,337 37.2 1,111 15.3 9,281 37.1 1,140 15.6 9,285 37.1 1,053 14.6 9,384 37.4 1,022 14.1 9,399 37.5 1,154 15.6 9,261 37.1 1,151 15.7 9,352 36.3 1,183 16.3 9,464 36.2 1,182 16.3 9,509 36.7 1,104 15.2 9,512 36.9 1,099 15.1 9,502 36.8 1,108 15.2 9,520 Both sexes, 16 to 19 years Civilian noninstitutional 1 population ……………………. 16,398 7,164 Civilian labor force.............. 43.7 Participation rate........... 5,978 Employed........................ Employment-pop36.5 ulation ratio 2…………… 1,186 Unemployed................... 16.6 Unemployment rate..... Not in the labor force……… 9,234 White3 Civilian noninstitutional 1 population ……………………. 184,446 Civilian labor force.............. 122,299 66.3 Participation rate........... Employed........................ 116,949 Employment-pop63.4 ulation ratio 2…………… 5,350 Unemployed................... 4.4 Unemployment rate..... Not in the labor force……… 62,148 186,264 185,327 185,436 185,570 185,704 185,849 123,834 122,931 123,146 123,036 123,131 123,394 66.5 66.3 66.4 66.3 66.3 66.4 118,833 117,710 118,075 117,961 118,228 118,397 186,002 186,166 186,329 186,500 123,508 123,782 123,983 124,149 66.4 66.5 66.5 66.6 118,482 118,760 118,885 119,023 186,669 186,840 186,988 187,115 124,062 124,364 124,536 124,783 66.5 66.6 66.6 66.7 119,164 119,511 119,636 119,813 63.8 5,002 4.0 62,429 63.5 5,220 4.2 62,396 63.7 5,072 4.1 62,290 63.6 5,075 4.1 62,533 63.7 4,903 4.0 62,573 63.7 4,997 4.0 62,454 63.7 5,026 4.1 62,493 63.8 5,021 4.1 62,384 63.8 5,098 4.1 62,346 63.8 5,127 4.1 62,350 63.8 4,898 3.9 62,607 64.0 4,853 3.9 62,476 64.0 4,900 3.9 62,452 64.0 4,970 4.0 62,333 27,007 17,314 64.1 15,765 26,744 16,970 63.5 15,394 26,788 16,990 63.4 15,489 26,826 17,271 64.4 15,656 26,865 17,337 64.5 15,721 26,905 17,318 64.4 15,699 26,943 17,309 64.2 15,770 26,982 17,248 63.9 15,704 27,021 17,369 64.3 15,731 27,065 17,361 64.1 15,839 27,109 17,225 63.5 15,659 27,153 17,378 64.0 15,902 27,193 17,444 64.2 15,950 27,231 17,512 64.3 16,045 58.4 1,549 8.9 9,693 57.6 1,576 9.3 9,775 57.8 1,501 8.8 9,798 58.4 1,615 9.3 9,556 58.5 1,616 9.3 9,529 58.3 1,619 9.3 9,588 58.5 1,539 8.9 9,634 58.2 1,544 9.0 9,734 58.2 1,638 9.4 9,652 58.5 1,522 8.8 9,705 57.8 1,565 9.1 9,884 58.6 1,476 8.5 9,774 58.7 1,494 8.6 9,749 58.9 1,466 8.4 9,719 Black or African American3 Civilian noninstitutional 1 population ……………………. 26,517 Civilian labor force.............. 17,013 64.2 Participation rate........... Employed........................ 15,313 Employment-pop57.7 ulation ratio 2…………… 1,700 Unemployed................... 10.0 Unemployment rate..... Not in the labor force……… 9,504 See footnotes at end of table. 42 Monthly Labor Review • February 2007 4. Continued—Employment status of the population, by sex, age, race, and Hispanic origin, monthly data seasonally adjusted [Numbers in thousands] Employment status Annual average 2005 2005 2006 2006 Dec. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. 30,103 20,694 68.7 19,613 29,645 20,283 68.4 19,068 29,622 20,478 69.1 19,310 29,707 20,466 68.9 19,341 29,793 20,445 68.6 19,376 29,880 20,566 68.8 19,466 29,966 20,559 68.6 19,531 30,053 20,723 69.0 19,630 30,140 20,667 68.6 19,580 30,232 20,652 68.3 19,551 65.2 1,081 5.2 9,409 64.3 1,215 6.0 9,362 65.2 1,169 5.7 9,143 65.1 1,125 5.5 9,241 65.0 1,069 5.2 9,347 65.1 1,100 5.3 9,314 65.2 1,029 5.0 9,406 65.3 1,093 5.3 9,330 65.0 1,087 5.3 9,473 64.7 1,101 5.3 9,581 Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. 30,324 20,738 68.4 19,611 30,416 20,825 68.5 19,860 30,508 20,994 68.8 19,953 30,596 21,176 69.2 20,131 64.7 1,127 5.4 9,586 65.3 965 4.6 9,591 65.4 1,042 5.0 9,513 65.8 1,045 4.9 9,419 Hispanic or Latino ethnicity Civilian noninstitutional 1 population ……………………. 29,133 Civilian labor force.............. 19,824 68.0 Participation rate........... Employed........................ 18,632 Employment-pop64.0 ulation ratio 2…………… 1,191 Unemployed................... 6.0 Unemployment rate..... Not in the labor force ………… 9,310 1 The population figures are not seasonally adjusted. Civilian employment as a percent of the civilian noninstitutional population. 3 Beginning in 2003, persons who selected this race group only; persons who selected more than one race group are not included. Prior to 2003, persons who reported more than one race were included in the group they identified as the main race. NOTE: Estimates for the above race groups (white and black or African American) do not sum to totals because data are not presented for all races. In addition, persons whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race and, therefore, are classified by ethnicity as well as by race. Beginning in January 2003, data reflect revised population controls used in the household survey. 2 5. Selected employment indicators, monthly data seasonally adjusted [In thousands] Selected categories Annual average 2005 2006 2006 2005 Dec. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Characteristic Employed, 16 years and older.. 141,730 144,427 142,782 143,099 143,319 143,680 143,763 144,045 144,386 144,330 144,618 144,906 145,337 145,623 145,926 Men....................................... 75,973 77,502 76,564 76,864 76,922 77,259 77,234 77,315 77,361 77,176 77,482 77,920 77,985 78,148 78,311 Women............................…… 65,757 66,925 66,218 66,235 66,397 66,421 66,530 66,730 67,026 67,154 67,136 66,986 67,352 67,475 67,615 Married men, spouse 45,483 45,700 45,511 45,696 45,683 45,791 45,809 45,781 45,714 45,564 45,514 45,645 45,548 45,802 45,864 34,773 35,272 34,968 35,166 35,070 35,110 35,298 35,192 35,355 35,309 35,304 35,421 35,277 35,363 35,383 4,350 4,162 4,133 4,137 4,167 4,009 3,964 4,152 4,272 4,250 4,157 4,099 4,305 4,183 4,232 2,684 2,658 2,556 2,649 2,662 2,502 2,467 2,715 2,729 2,668 2,683 2,630 2,770 2,711 2,706 1,341 1,189 1,215 1,217 1,218 1,188 1,179 1,161 1,190 1,190 1,163 1,151 1,203 1,168 1,234 reasons……………………… 19,491 19,591 19,515 19,646 19,547 19,394 19,494 19,696 19,653 19,513 19,625 19,631 19,467 19,780 19,885 4,271 4,071 4,041 4,063 4,074 3,902 3,891 4,053 4,165 4,139 4,083 3,981 4,233 4,091 4,159 2,636 2,596 2,510 2,603 2,590 2,404 2,436 2,631 2,662 2,594 2,638 2,563 2,717 2,661 2,653 1,330 1,178 1,204 1,193 1,209 1,180 1,170 1,154 1,185 1,187 1,155 1,142 1,196 1,140 1,221 reasons.................………… 19,134 19,237 19,163 19,291 19,183 19,074 19,142 19,285 19,272 19,179 19,235 19,289 19,170 19,423 19,512 present................................ Married women, spouse present................................ Persons at work part time1 All industries: Part time for economic reasons…………………….… Slack work or business conditions…………......... Could only find part-time work……………………… Part time for noneconomic Nonagricultural industries: Part time for economic reasons…………………….… Slack work or business conditions....................... Could only find part-time work……………………… Part time for noneconomic 1 Excludes persons "with a job but not at work" during the survey period for such reasons as vacation, illness, or industrial disputes. NOTE: Beginning in January 2003, data reflect revised population controls used in the household survey. Monthly Labor Review • February 2007 43 Current Labor Statistics: Labor Force Data 6. Selected unemployment indicators, monthly data seasonally adjusted [Unemployment rates] Annual average Selected categories 2005 2006 2005 2006 Dec. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Characteristic Total, 16 years and older............................ Both sexes, 16 to 19 years..................... Men, 20 years and older......................... Women, 20 years and older................... 5.1 16.6 4.4 4.6 4.6 15.4 4.0 4.1 4.9 15.2 4.3 4.5 4.7 15.2 4.0 4.3 4.8 15.3 4.2 4.3 4.7 15.6 4.0 4.1 4.7 14.6 4.2 4.3 4.6 14.1 4.2 4.1 4.6 15.6 4.0 4.1 4.8 15.7 4.2 4.3 4.7 16.3 4.1 4.1 4.6 16.3 3.8 4.2 4.4 15.2 3.9 3.9 4.5 15.1 3.9 4.0 4.5 15.2 4.0 3.9 White, total 1……………………………… 4.4 14.2 16.1 12.3 3.8 3.9 4.0 13.2 14.6 11.7 3.5 3.6 4.2 13.2 13.7 12.7 3.8 3.8 4.1 13.1 14.4 11.7 3.6 3.7 4.1 12.7 14.6 10.8 3.6 3.8 4.0 12.8 14.1 11.5 3.5 3.6 4.0 12.4 14.3 10.4 3.6 3.7 4.1 12.8 15.0 10.5 3.6 3.6 4.1 13.5 14.9 12.1 3.5 3.6 4.1 13.0 14.3 11.7 3.6 3.7 4.1 14.2 15.1 13.2 3.6 3.6 3.9 13.8 14.8 12.7 3.3 3.6 3.9 13.4 14.4 12.4 3.4 3.5 3.9 13.1 14.2 11.9 3.4 3.5 4.0 13.4 15.1 11.6 3.6 3.4 10.0 33.3 36.3 30.3 9.2 8.5 8.9 29.1 32.7 25.9 8.3 7.5 9.3 24.7 24.3 25.0 8.8 8.3 8.8 30.7 29.8 31.4 7.6 7.9 9.3 30.4 31.6 29.4 8.6 7.7 9.3 33.1 32.6 33.6 8.5 7.6 9.3 29.3 32.2 26.5 8.9 7.7 8.9 25.2 30.0 20.3 9.0 7.2 9.0 28.1 32.7 23.8 8.5 7.5 9.4 31.6 35.9 27.6 8.8 7.8 8.8 28.9 32.2 26.0 8.3 7.2 9.1 31.6 38.8 26.2 8.2 7.7 8.5 26.3 34.0 19.7 8.2 6.9 8.6 27.6 32.7 23.0 7.8 7.4 8.4 26.2 27.7 25.1 7.3 7.6 6.0 2.8 3.3 5.0 5.4 5.2 2.4 2.9 4.5 5.1 6.0 2.6 3.1 4.8 5.5 5.7 2.4 3.0 4.7 4.8 5.5 2.4 2.9 4.7 5.2 5.2 2.4 2.6 4.5 5.1 5.3 2.5 2.9 4.6 5.1 5.0 2.5 3.0 4.5 5.2 5.3 2.5 2.9 4.5 5.2 5.3 2.5 3.2 4.7 5.4 5.3 2.5 2.9 4.6 5.1 5.4 2.3 2.9 4.5 5.1 4.6 2.3 2.8 4.3 5.1 5.0 2.3 2.7 4.4 5.0 4.9 2.5 2.7 4.4 4.8 Both sexes, 16 to 19 years................ Men, 16 to 19 years........................ Women, 16 to 19 years.................. Men, 20 years and older.................... Women, 20 years and older.............. Black or African American, total 1……… Both sexes, 16 to 19 years................ Men, 16 to 19 years........................ Women, 16 to 19 years.................. Men, 20 years and older.................... Women, 20 years and older.............. Hispanic or Latino ethnicity……………… Married men, spouse present................ Married women, spouse present........... Full-time workers................................... Part-time workers.................................. Educational attainment2 Less than a high school diploma................ 7.6 6.8 7.3 7.0 7.1 7.0 7.1 6.9 7.0 7.1 6.9 6.5 5.8 6.5 6.6 Some college or associate degree……….. 4.7 3.9 4.3 3.6 4.5 3.9 4.4 3.5 4.4 3.7 4.2 3.8 4.4 3.8 4.4 3.7 4.0 3.5 4.4 3.6 4.6 3.6 4.2 3.6 4.1 3.4 4.3 3.3 4.3 3.4 Bachelor's degree and higher 4……………. 2.3 2.0 2.2 2.1 2.2 2.2 2.2 2.1 2.1 2.1 1.8 2.0 1.9 1.9 1.9 High school graduates, no college 3……… 1 Beginning in 2003, persons who selected this race group only; persons who 3 Includes high school diploma or equivalent. 4 Includes persons with bachelor's, master's, professional, and doctoral degrees. selected more than one race group are not included. Prior to 2003, persons who reported more than one race were included in the group they identified as the main NOTE: Beginning in January 2003, data reflect revised population controls used in the race. household survey. 2 Data refer to persons 25 years and older. 7. Duration of unemployment, monthly data seasonally adjusted [Numbers in thousands] Weeks of unemployment Annual average 2005 2006 2005 Dec. 2006 Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Less than 5 weeks........................... 5 to 14 weeks.................................. 15 weeks and over.......................... 15 to 26 weeks............................. 27 weeks and over....................... 2,667 2,304 2,619 1,130 1,490 2,614 2,121 2,266 1,031 1,235 2,655 2,239 2,422 1,069 1,353 2,549 2,242 2,255 1,085 1,170 2,604 2,100 2,498 1,136 1,361 2,671 2,002 2,323 1,029 1,295 2,632 2,123 2,365 1,036 1,329 2,517 2,234 2,307 984 1,323 2,676 2,061 2,129 1,010 1,120 2,686 2,171 2,343 1,028 1,315 2,615 2,198 2,345 1,036 1,309 2,582 2,077 2,264 1,010 1,254 2,588 2,064 2,062 974 1,088 2,517 2,135 2,152 1,006 1,145 2,707 2,037 2,081 991 1,090 Mean duration, in weeks................... Median duration, in weeks............... 18.4 8.9 16.8 8.3 17.4 8.5 16.8 8.5 17.8 8.9 17.0 8.5 16.9 8.5 17.1 8.5 16.1 7.6 17.3 8.2 17.3 8.4 17.2 8.1 16.4 8.0 16.3 8.2 15.9 7.3 NOTE: Beginning in January 2003, data reflect revised population controls used in the household survey. 44 May Monthly Labor Review • February 2007 8. Unemployed persons by reason for unemployment, monthly data seasonally adjusted [Numbers in thousands] Reason for unemployment Job losers 1…………………….… On temporary layoff.............. Not on temporary layoff........ Job leavers.............................. Reentrants............................... New entrants........................... Annual average 2005 2005 2006 2006 Dec. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. 3,667 933 2,734 872 2,386 666 3,321 921 2,400 827 2,237 616 3,482 923 2,560 829 2,389 640 3,374 874 2,500 826 2,277 619 3,379 889 2,491 852 2,280 685 3,414 920 2,493 811 2,161 626 3,476 912 2,564 845 2,183 585 3,463 955 2,508 876 2,128 519 3,373 976 2,396 817 2,150 643 3,351 924 2,427 854 2,361 630 3,289 892 2,398 851 2,276 646 3,195 872 2,323 804 2,292 635 3,088 958 2,130 783 2,249 593 3,179 965 2,214 793 2,279 591 3,236 958 2,278 807 2,199 601 48.3 12.3 36.0 11.5 31.4 8.8 47.4 13.2 34.3 11.8 32.0 8.8 47.4 12.6 34.9 11.3 32.5 8.7 47.5 12.3 35.2 11.6 32.1 8.7 47.0 12.4 34.6 11.8 31.7 9.5 48.7 13.1 35.6 11.6 30.8 8.9 49.0 12.9 36.2 11.9 30.8 8.3 49.6 13.7 35.9 12.5 30.5 7.4 48.3 14.0 34.3 11.7 30.8 9.2 46.6 12.8 33.7 11.9 32.8 8.8 46.6 12.6 34.0 12.1 32.2 9.1 46.1 12.6 33.5 11.6 33.1 9.2 46.0 14.3 31.7 11.7 33.5 8.8 46.5 14.1 32.4 11.6 33.3 8.6 47.3 14.0 33.3 11.8 32.1 8.8 2.3 .6 1.6 .4 2.2 .6 1.5 .4 2.2 .6 1.5 .5 2.3 .5 1.4 .4 2.3 .6 1.4 .4 2.3 .6 1.4 .3 2.2 .5 1.4 .4 2.2 .6 1.6 .4 2.2 .6 1.5 .4 2.1 .5 1.5 .4 2.0 .5 1.5 .4 2.1 .5 1.5 .4 2.1 .5 1.4 .4 July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Percent of unemployed Job losers 1…………………….… On temporary layoff............... Not on temporary layoff......... Job leavers............................... Reentrants................................ New entrants............................ Percent of civilian labor force 2.5 2.2 Job losers 1…………………….… .6 .5 Job leavers............................... 1.6 1.5 Reentrants................................ .4 .4 New entrants............................ 1 Includes persons who completed temporary jobs. NOTE: Beginning in January 2003, data reflect revised population controls used in the household survey. 9. Unemployment rates by sex and age, monthly data seasonally adjusted [Civilian workers] Sex and age Annual average 2005 2005 2006 Dec. Total, 16 years and older.................. 16 to 24 years............................... 16 to 19 years............................ 16 to 17 years......................... 18 to 19 years......................... 20 to 24 years............................ 25 years and older........................ 25 to 54 years......................... 55 years and older.................. 5.1 11.3 16.6 19.1 14.9 8.8 4.0 4.1 3.4 4.6 10.5 15.4 17.2 14.1 8.2 3.6 3.8 3.0 4.9 10.6 15.2 17.7 13.4 8.5 3.9 4.1 3.2 Men, 16 years and older................. 16 to 24 years............................. 16 to 19 years.......................... 16 to 17 years....................... 18 to 19 years....................... 20 to 24 years.......................... 25 years and older...................... 25 to 54 years....................... 55 years and older................ 5.1 12.4 18.6 22.0 16.5 9.6 3.8 3.9 3.3 4.6 11.2 16.9 18.6 15.7 8.7 3.5 3.6 3.0 Women, 16 years and older........... 16 to 24 years............................. 16 to 19 years.......................... 16 to 17 years………………… 18 t0 19 years………………… 20 to 24 years.......................... 25 years and older...................... 25 to 54 years....................... 55 years and older 1………… 5.1 10.1 14.5 16.5 13.1 7.9 4.2 4.4 3.4 1 2006 Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June 4.7 10.5 15.2 16.3 14.3 8.2 3.7 3.8 3.1 4.8 10.7 15.3 17.7 13.8 8.4 3.8 4.0 2.9 4.7 10.2 15.6 18.4 13.7 7.6 3.7 3.9 2.7 4.7 10.3 14.6 15.7 14.3 8.2 3.7 3.9 3.0 4.6 10.0 14.1 15.2 13.6 8.1 3.7 3.9 3.0 4.6 10.4 15.6 17.2 14.4 7.9 3.6 3.7 3.0 4.8 10.9 15.7 17.0 14.7 8.6 3.7 3.8 3.2 4.7 10.8 16.3 19.4 14.5 8.2 3.6 3.8 2.9 4.6 10.7 16.3 18.0 15.1 8.0 3.5 3.7 2.9 4.4 10.6 15.2 17.6 13.3 8.4 3.3 3.4 3.0 4.5 10.5 15.1 17.3 13.4 8.4 3.4 3.5 2.9 4.5 10.3 15.2 16.9 13.7 7.9 3.5 3.6 3.0 4.8 11.3 16.1 19.5 13.7 9.2 3.7 3.8 3.2 4.6 11.1 16.2 16.7 15.5 8.9 3.5 3.6 3.2 4.8 11.5 17.0 20.9 14.7 9.0 3.7 3.9 2.8 4.6 11.0 16.8 20.0 14.5 8.4 3.6 3.8 2.6 4.7 11.1 16.3 17.9 16.3 8.8 3.6 3.7 3.1 4.8 11.4 16.3 17.7 15.8 9.1 3.6 3.8 3.1 4.6 11.0 17.1 18.0 16.7 8.2 3.5 3.6 3.1 4.8 11.4 17.1 17.2 17.5 8.8 3.6 3.7 3.2 4.7 11.5 17.1 18.6 16.5 8.9 3.5 3.7 3.0 4.4 11.3 17.7 19.4 16.8 8.3 3.3 3.4 2.6 4.4 11.3 16.7 19.8 14.0 8.9 3.2 3.3 3.0 4.5 11.1 16.7 19.1 14.4 8.6 3.3 3.4 3.0 4.5 10.9 16.7 19.0 14.8 8.3 3.5 3.5 3.2 4.6 9.7 13.8 15.9 12.4 7.6 3.7 3.9 5.0 9.9 14.3 16.1 13.1 7.6 4.1 4.3 4.8 9.7 14.1 16.0 13.0 7.4 4.0 4.1 4.7 9.7 13.5 14.7 12.8 7.7 3.8 4.1 4.7 9.4 14.4 16.7 12.9 6.7 3.8 4.0 4.7 9.3 12.8 13.6 12.1 7.6 3.9 4.1 4.5 8.6 11.8 12.6 11.2 6.9 3.7 4.0 4.6 9.8 14.0 16.4 12.0 7.6 3.7 3.9 4.8 10.4 14.2 16.8 11.7 8.4 3.8 4.0 4.7 10.1 15.4 20.1 12.3 7.4 3.7 4.0 4.7 10.1 14.8 16.7 13.3 7.6 3.8 4.0 4.4 9.9 13.6 15.6 12.5 7.9 3.4 3.5 4.5 9.9 13.4 15.7 12.4 8.1 3.6 3.7 4.4 9.6 13.6 14.9 12.6 7.5 3.5 3.8 2.9 2.9 3.3 3.1 2.5 2.6 2.6 3.0 3.5 3.2 3.3 2.9 2.9 2.4 Data are not seasonally adjusted. NOTE: Beginning in January 2003, data reflect revised population controls used in the household survey. Monthly Labor Review • February 2007 45 Current Labor Statistics: Labor Force Data 10. Unemployment rates by State, seasonally adjusted Nov. 2005 State Oct. 2006 Nov. 2006p Nov. 2005 State Oct. 2006 Nov. 2006p Alabama............................………………… Alaska........................................................ Arizona............................…………………… Arkansas.................................................... California............................………………… 3.6 6.9 4.7 4.8 5.1 3.2 6.4 3.9 5.1 4.5 3.2 6.4 4.1 5.2 4.6 Missouri……………………………………… Montana..................................................... Nebraska............................………………… Nevada...................................................... New Hampshire............................………… 5.3 3.9 3.6 3.9 3.5 5.4 3.6 3.0 4.2 3.3 5.1 2.8 3.1 4.2 3.5 Colorado.................................................... Connecticut............................……………… Delaware................................................... District of Columbia............................…… Florida........................................................ 4.8 4.7 4.5 6.0 3.5 4.4 4.2 3.6 5.9 3.1 4.1 4.4 3.6 6.0 3.3 New Jersey................................................ New Mexico............................……………… New York................................................... North Carolina............................…………… North Dakota............................................. 4.5 5.0 5.1 5.1 3.3 4.4 4.3 4.0 4.7 3.2 4.5 4.3 4.2 4.9 3.3 Georgia............................………………… Hawaii........................................................ Idaho............................……………………… Illinois......................................................... Indiana............................…………………… 5.3 2.7 3.5 5.2 5.3 4.7 2.1 3.2 4.1 5.0 4.6 2.3 3.3 4.1 4.8 Ohio............................……………………… Oklahoma.................................................. Oregon............................…………………… Pennsylvania............................................. Rhode Island............................…………… 5.8 4.3 5.8 4.7 5.1 5.1 3.8 5.1 4.3 5.0 5.4 3.9 5.3 4.5 5.2 Iowa............................……………………… Kansas....................................................... Kentucky............................………………… Louisiana................................................... Maine............................…………………… 4.5 4.9 6.4 12.1 4.7 3.6 4.3 5.2 4.2 4.7 3.4 4.3 5.5 4.5 4.7 South Carolina............................………… South Dakota............................................. Tennessee............................……………… Texas......................................................... Utah............................……………………… 7.2 3.7 5.5 5.3 4.0 6.6 3.3 4.5 4.8 2.5 6.6 3.2 5.0 4.7 2.6 Maryland............................………………… Massachusetts........................................... Michigan............................………………… Minnesota.................................................. Mississippi............................……………… 4.0 4.8 6.5 3.9 9.6 4.0 4.6 6.9 3.9 6.7 3.9 5.0 6.9 3.9 7.5 Vermont............................………………… Virginia....................................................... Washington............................……………… West Virginia............................................. Wisconsin............................……………… Wyoming.................................................... 3.4 3.4 5.4 4.9 4.6 3.5 3.6 2.9 4.8 5.1 4.6 3.3 3.7 3.0 5.0 5.1 4.7 3.0 p = preliminary 11. Employment of workers on nonfarm payrolls by State, seasonally adjusted Nov. 2005 Nov. Oct. 2006 2006p Alabama............................………… 2,162,654 Alaska............................................. 341,421 Arizona............................…………… 2,876,603 Arkansas........................................ 1,378,850 California............................………… 17,783,520 2,212,404 348,655 2,970,734 1,387,190 17,827,601 2,216,321 349,464 3,006,455 1,388,732 17,881,362 Colorado......................................... 2,557,385 Connecticut............................……… 1,819,244 Delaware........................................ 441,934 District of Columbia........................ 292,956 Florida............................................ 8,735,546 2,652,580 1,856,700 449,735 295,800 9,096,828 Georgia............................………… 4,632,417 Hawaii............................................. 642,951 Idaho............................…………… 745,685 Illinois............................................. 6,481,338 Indiana............................…………… 3,221,379 Iowa............................……………… Kansas........................................... Kentucky............................………… Louisiana........................................ Maine............................…………… Maryland............................………… Massachusetts............................... Michigan............................………… Minnesota....................................... Mississippi............................……… State State Nov. 2005 Nov. 2006p Missouri……………………………… 3,031,510 Montana......................................... 496,610 Nebraska............................………… 986,173 Nevada........................................... 1,229,121 New Hampshire............................… 734,000 3,077,775 505,290 992,164 1,304,768 745,516 3,081,023 505,800 988,288 1,324,551 747,079 2,661,357 1,867,712 451,399 295,527 9,118,478 New Jersey..................................... New Mexico............................…… New York........................................ North Carolina............................… North Dakota.................................. 4,463,347 943,385 9,459,661 4,370,484 360,140 4,472,241 951,427 9,452,433 4,476,259 365,755 4,491,702 956,178 9,445,899 4,501,425 368,208 4,745,076 657,713 757,440 6,663,619 3,274,079 4,761,405 660,817 765,068 6,644,973 3,261,959 Ohio............................……………… Oklahoma....................................... Oregon............................…………… Pennsylvania.................................. Rhode Island............................…… 5,904,513 1,751,850 1,866,276 6,290,758 574,067 5,981,518 1,768,367 1,902,969 6,305,766 578,219 5,965,379 1,759,735 1,912,558 6,322,836 578,040 1,668,819 1,478,518 2,011,538 2,027,685 717,122 1,700,733 1,483,817 2,044,466 1,870,152 720,877 1,697,928 1,481,870 2,057,524 1,874,034 723,615 South Carolina............................… South Dakota.................................. Tennessee............................……… Texas.............................................. Utah............................……………… 2,103,706 433,928 2,917,526 11,309,030 1,280,155 2,136,028 437,178 3,005,655 11,603,227 1,311,529 2,148,203 437,478 3,027,971 11,629,086 1,330,778 2,953,314 3,366,033 5,102,383 2,955,174 1,329,551 3,028,312 3,387,365 5,110,164 2,970,394 1,324,800 3,038,008 3,398,351 5,080,099 2,980,378 1,328,454 Vermont............................………… 358,151 Virginia........................................... 3,960,853 Washington............................……… 3,327,139 West Virginia.................................. 804,395 Wisconsin............................……… 3,039,414 Wyoming........................................ 286,209 367,960 4,027,316 3,336,016 822,367 3,099,591 291,359 366,485 4,039,326 3,360,703 820,704 3,086,972 292,478 NOTE: Some data in this table may differ from data published elsewhere because of the continual updating of the database. p = preliminary 46 Oct. 2006 Monthly Labor Review • February 2007 12. Employment of workers on nonfarm payrolls by industry, monthly data seasonally adjusted [In thousands] Industry Annual average 2005 2006 May June Jan. Feb. Mar. TOTAL NONFARM................. 133,703 TOTAL PRIVATE........................ 111,899 136,171 114,181 134,904 113,031 135,110 113,271 135,410 113,535 135,659 113,753 22,190 22,569 22,410 22,489 22,541 22,573 22,604 22,593 22,613 22,622 22,629 22,625 22,573 22,525 22,522 628 65.2 562.2 125.7 1 212.8 Mining, except oil and gas …… 73.9 Coal mining…………………… Support activities for mining…… 223.7 7,336 Construction................................ Construction of buildings........... 1,711.9 951.2 Heavy and civil engineering…… Speciality trade contractors....... 4,673.1 Manufacturing.............................. 14,226 Production workers................ 10,060 8,955 Durable goods........................... 6,219 Production workers................ 559.2 Wood products.......................... 505.3 Nonmetallic mineral products 466.0 Primary metals.......................... 1,522.0 Fabricated metal products......... 1,163.3 Machinery………..................... Computer and electronic 684 65.4 618.5 135.9 221.0 78.8 261.6 7,688 1,805.9 983.2 4,899.1 14,197 10,167 9,000 6,369 560.2 507.9 462.1 1,554.1 1,191.5 651 64.7 586.3 128.4 216.3 76.0 241.6 7,550 1,768.5 969.4 4,812.5 14,209 10,122 8,974 6,308 569.2 506.0 463.8 1,533.7 1,169.7 655 65.0 590.2 129.3 216.6 76.5 244.3 7,615 1,789.6 980.3 4,844.7 14,219 10,153 8,984 6,330 572.3 510.0 466.1 1,536.4 1,168.2 661 65.3 595.6 130.4 218.2 77.6 247.0 7,668 1,795.4 983.3 4,889.5 14,212 10,164 8,986 6,342 571.4 512.3 463.3 1,541.2 1,173.5 669 66.4 602.2 131.6 219.8 78.7 250.8 7,692 1,806.5 983.8 4,901.9 14,212 10,170 8,999 6,358 571.6 514.2 464.2 1,544.6 1,176.9 678 67.0 611.3 133.2 220.4 79.1 257.7 7,699 1,815.6 981.7 4,901.9 14,227 10,187 9,020 6,377 568.5 513.1 463.5 1,548.5 1,180.3 680 66.9 613.0 133.9 220.7 78.7 258.4 7,698 1,812.8 980.4 4,904.6 14,215 10,186 9,016 6,385 568.8 509.0 464.6 1,550.4 1,183.6 684 66.1 618.3 135.6 221.6 78.7 261.1 7,691 1,806.8 975.6 4,908.7 14,238 10,210 9,034 6,403 564.6 507.6 465.7 1,552.6 1,188.6 690 65.8 623.9 136.7 222.9 78.9 264.3 7,703 1,815.8 976.9 4,910.1 14,229 10,210 9,023 6,403 564.1 508.3 465.2 1,560.8 1,197.5 692 65.1 626.8 138.3 221.5 79.0 267.0 7,719 1,813.8 978.4 4,926.6 14,218 10,209 9,021 6,406 559.5 507.4 464.0 1,562.5 1,201.2 694 64.1 630.1 138.5 222.7 79.1 268.9 7,725 1,818.8 985.7 4,920.4 14,206 10,185 9,017 6,392 555.6 503.6 460.2 1,565.4 1,203.3 700 63.9 635.9 140.4 223.5 79.7 272.0 7,707 1,814.5 989.7 4,902.6 14,166 10,139 8,996 6,365 548.3 504.7 459.5 1,562.4 1,208.8 699 64.0 635.1 141.4 221.8 79.4 271.9 7,683 1,801.8 993.9 4,887.2 14,143 10,117 8,972 6,346 542.9 503.3 455.8 1,564.1 1,209.9 704 65.0 638.5 142.8 222.3 79.9 273.4 7,693 1,797.0 998.8 4,897.4 14,125 10,114 8,966 6,343 539.8 503.6 454.2 1,568.3 1,210.3 products 1……………………… 1,316.4 Computer and peripheral 1,316.5 1,312.4 1,306.2 1,309.0 1,310.6 1,315.8 1,316.4 1,322.7 1,318.0 1,320.0 1,318.9 1,316.6 1,320.4 1,319.1 135,803 135,906 136,030 113,881 113,968 114,062 July Aug. 136,252 136,438 114,262 114,415 Sept. Oct. Dec.p Dec. Natural resources and mining…………..……….......…… Logging.................................... Mining.......................................... Oil and gas extraction…………… Apr. Nov. p 2006 GOODS-PRODUCING……………… 2005 136,636 136,745 136,941 137,147 114,560 114,645 114,835 115,040 equipment.............................. Communications equipment… 205.1 146.8 198.9 144.4 201.9 146.2 197.5 144.0 197.3 144.1 198.4 145.1 198.7 145.1 198.6 145.9 199.0 145.8 198.6 143.5 198.8 143.4 198.3 143.2 198.9 141.7 198.7 144.1 199.1 143.6 Semiconductors and electronic components.......... Electronic instruments………. 452.0 435.6 462.8 437.6 453.2 435.9 453.7 436.2 455.8 437.7 457.2 436.5 460.6 438.3 461.9 437.8 464.8 440.3 466.3 437.0 466.8 438.3 467.1 438.4 466.5 437.6 468.0 437.7 466.5 438.0 Electrical equipment and appliances............................... Transportation equipment......... 433.5 1,771.2 435.5 1,764.6 430.3 1,774.3 431.9 1,780.5 432.0 1,768.2 433.2 1,768.5 434.2 1,780.2 435.8 1,774.1 438.0 1,782.6 437.1 1,764.8 438.8 1,761.2 438.3 1,764.4 438.1 1,752.8 436.4 1,739.8 437.0 1,736.2 Furniture and related products.....……………………… 565.4 Miscellaneous manufacturing 652.2 Nondurable goods..................... 5,272 Production workers................ 3,841 Food manufacturing.................. 1,477.6 556.3 651.4 5,197 3,799 1,484.4 563.8 650.6 5,235 3,814 1,479.7 563.4 649.0 5,235 3,823 1,479.1 564.4 651.1 5,226 3,822 1,478.7 564.4 651.0 5,213 3,812 1,479.0 565.1 650.3 5,207 3,810 1,480.5 563.3 650.1 5,199 3,801 1,482.2 562.4 648.7 5,204 3,807 1,487.4 558.4 649.0 5,206 3,807 1,487.3 554.8 651.6 5,197 3,803 1,486.6 553.3 653.5 5,189 3,793 1,491.8 550.0 654.6 5,170 3,774 1,487.8 542.4 657.1 5,171 3,771 1,491.6 539.7 657.4 5,159 3,771 1,485.6 Beverages and tobacco products………………………… Textile mills……………………… Textile product mills................... Apparel…………………………. Leather and allied products....... Paper and paper products......... 191.9 217.6 169.7 257.2 39.6 484.2 194.7 195.6 161.1 238.3 37.5 469.4 192.8 208.1 167.0 246.7 39.7 477.1 194.6 208.9 167.8 245.8 39.1 477.2 194.2 205.5 166.0 245.2 38.5 477.0 194.5 202.9 162.7 243.3 37.7 474.4 194.7 200.8 160.5 243.2 37.8 472.1 193.7 199.2 160.2 240.2 37.7 471.8 194.1 196.4 160.3 239.5 37.5 470.1 194.2 194.7 160.9 240.9 37.2 469.9 195.5 192.4 160.6 235.6 37.0 466.5 195.6 188.0 159.9 234.8 37.1 464.6 196.4 187.5 159.2 233.2 37.2 463.4 195.4 186.3 158.1 231.4 36.5 463.9 195.3 185.3 157.6 230.2 36.5 463.6 Printing and related support activities………………………… Petroleum and coal products..... Chemicals.................................. Plastics and rubber products.. 646.3 112.1 872.1 803.4 635.9 114.3 868.6 797.0 639.7 110.9 867.0 805.9 638.6 109.9 868.1 805.5 638.3 111.2 865.5 805.8 638.4 111.6 865.2 803.2 636.9 112.5 864.9 802.6 635.4 113.1 864.8 800.6 635.0 114.1 867.4 802.2 633.5 115.7 869.6 801.6 634.4 115.9 872.9 799.7 632.5 116.4 871.1 796.8 633.2 116.9 871.9 783.2 637.2 116.6 871.2 782.7 636.1 116.9 870.1 781.7 111,513 113,602 112,494 112,621 112,869 113,086 PROVIDING……………………… 89,709 91,612 90,621 90,782 90,994 91,180 91,277 91,375 91,449 91,640 91,786 91,935 92,072 92,310 92,518 26,229 5,897.3 3,076.6 2,039.8 26,132 5,820.8 3,034.8 2,024.7 26,157 5,840.5 3,046.3 2,026.6 26,187 5,853.1 3,051.7 2,031.1 26,225 5,869.1 3,061.5 2,032.6 26,207 5,879.6 3,067.0 2,034.4 26,194 5,889.5 3,070.2 2,038.8 26,197 5,893.6 3,073.3 2,038.9 26,226 5,901.5 3,078.1 2,042.0 26,227 5,908.8 3,084.0 2,042.0 26,241 5,919.2 3,093.8 2,041.3 26,258 5,919.6 3,093.6 2,040.8 26,320 5,934.7 3,097.7 2,048.5 26,338 5,951.8 3,104.6 2,052.2 SERVICE-PROVIDING................... 113,199 113,313 113,417 113,630 113,809 114,011 114,172 114,416 114,625 PRIVATE SERVICETrade, transportation, and utilities................................ Wholesale trade......................... Durable goods………………….. Nondurable goods…………… 25,959 5,764.4 2,999.2 2,022.4 Electronic markets and agents and brokers…………… 742.8 780.9 761.3 767.6 770.3 775.0 778.2 780.5 781.4 781.4 782.8 784.1 785.2 788.5 795.0 Retail trade................................. 15,279.6 15,318.4 15,356.4 15,346.0 15,353.9 15,377.6 15,336.6 15,302.8 15,295.9 15,306.4 15,298.2 15,289.8 15,297.8 15,327.9 15,314.1 Motor vehicles and parts dealers 1……………………… Automobile dealers.................. 1,918.6 1,261.4 1,907.8 1,246.7 1,913.6 1,253.9 1,907.5 1,249.5 1,912.4 1,250.2 1,909.6 1,245.7 1,910.7 1,248.0 1,908.4 1,246.6 1,908.3 1,247.9 1,906.4 1,248.4 1,906.2 1,246.2 1,906.2 1,245.4 1,906.4 1,245.0 1,904.2 1,244.0 1,908.0 1,245.1 Furniture and home furnishings stores.................... 576.1 588.4 580.3 585.6 586.5 585.3 589.7 589.4 589.5 589.9 589.2 587.9 589.9 586.5 590.9 Electronics and appliance stores....................................... 535.8 538.3 547.7 541.9 543.9 544.3 542.9 541.9 541.7 540.2 537.4 535.8 534.0 531.6 530.5 See notes at end of table. Monthly Labor Review • February 2007 47 Current Labor Statistics: Labor Force Data 12. Continued—Employment of workers on nonfarm payrolls by industry, monthly data seasonally adjusted [In thousands] Annual average 2005 Industry 2006 2006 Dec. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. p Dec. p Building material and garden supply stores........................... 1,276.1 Food and beverage stores........ 2,817.8 1,322.6 2,827.9 1,299.9 2,815.7 1,311.0 2,815.8 1,320.5 2,818.6 1,324.9 2,822.6 1,325.8 2,825.7 1,328.4 2,820.1 1,326.5 2,819.4 1,329.1 2,825.2 1,324.9 2,831.2 1,327.2 2,832.1 1,329.2 2,833.8 1,321.0 2,842.4 1,312.2 2,845.1 Health and personal care stores…………………………… 953.7 Gasoline stations………………… 871.1 955.5 860.9 963.4 869.5 955.6 868.3 951.8 868.8 955.8 865.5 952.6 865.7 955.6 856.9 954.0 862.9 954.8 862.1 955.8 857.8 956.2 858.1 954.8 854.8 962.6 854.6 958.6 853.8 Clothing and clothing accessories stores …………… 1,414.6 1,439.1 1,444.7 1,432.8 1,431.8 1,426.9 1,421.2 1,414.3 1,426.2 1,436.0 1,438.6 1,437.4 1,443.1 1,467.3 1,467.7 Sporting goods, hobby, book, and music stores……… 647.0 General merchandise stores1… 2,934.3 Department stores…………… 1,595.1 Miscellaneous store retailers…… 899.9 Nonstore retailers……………… 434.6 646.7 2,912.0 1,550.2 885.0 434.3 650.7 2,944.6 1,580.5 892.1 434.2 651.7 2,952.4 1,578.3 891.2 432.2 651.7 2,947.5 1,573.2 889.8 430.6 649.7 2,973.5 1,580.1 891.0 428.5 646.8 2,937.5 1,566.8 889.7 428.3 644.9 2,926.3 1,558.3 886.6 430.0 644.5 2,909.0 1,550.5 883.0 430.9 641.4 2,907.2 1,548.0 882.8 431.3 644.0 2,900.5 1,542.1 880.7 431.9 638.0 2,894.9 1,536.2 880.6 435.4 638.3 2,893.8 1,535.6 880.9 438.8 647.4 2,882.9 1,533.2 881.9 445.5 650.0 2,873.6 1,525.4 882.2 441.5 Transportation and warehousing............................ 4,360.9 500.8 Air transportation……………… Rail transportation……………… 227.8 60.6 Water transportation…………… Truck transportation…………… 1,397.6 4,465.0 486.5 225.1 64.1 1,437.3 4,403.9 486.2 226.3 63.4 1,414.7 4,420.7 488.1 226.2 63.1 1,419.2 4,430.4 487.6 225.9 62.5 1,421.0 4,430.2 486.4 225.6 62.4 1,424.4 4,441.6 487.3 225.8 62.9 1,431.9 4,453.1 485.4 225.8 62.6 1,431.6 4,459.2 485.2 225.7 62.8 1,435.6 4,470.6 485.9 225.5 63.7 1,442.2 4,472.6 486.7 225.1 64.3 1,442.8 4,484.4 488.1 224.7 65.5 1,446.8 4,493.8 488.1 224.8 65.6 1,448.7 4,509.6 484.5 223.9 66.8 1,448.9 4,523.3 489.3 225.1 67.9 1,455.8 Transit and ground passenger transportation…………………… 389.2 37.8 Pipeline transportation………… 394.3 39.0 394.3 37.9 396.5 38.1 398.3 38.2 396.7 38.5 392.6 38.6 397.1 38.8 394.6 38.9 394.6 39.2 392.6 39.4 394.2 38.8 392.3 39.6 393.2 39.8 390.0 39.8 2005 Scenic and sightseeing transportation…………………… 28.8 27.1 27.8 26.8 27.2 27.3 27.3 27.4 26.9 26.7 26.9 26.6 26.6 28.3 28.5 Support activities for transportation…………………… Couriers and messengers……… Warehousing and storage Utilities ………………………….……… Information…………………...… 552.2 571.4 594.7 554.0 3,061 570.7 584.4 636.5 548.5 3,055 559.8 577.8 615.7 550.9 3,054 564.6 578.3 619.8 549.8 3,052 569.8 576.5 623.4 549.6 3,058 566.9 575.6 626.4 547.7 3,058 568.5 577.3 629.4 548.9 3,056 571.1 579.9 633.4 548.8 3,048 573.0 580.9 635.6 547.9 3,048 569.9 583.6 639.3 547.9 3,043 569.9 583.7 641.2 547.7 3,051 571.0 586.4 642.3 547.8 3,052 572.9 590.5 644.7 546.9 3,054 577.9 597.2 649.1 548.2 3,057 575.1 598.5 653.3 549.2 3,071 Publishing industries, except Internet………………………… 904.1 903.8 903.4 902.9 904.7 904.5 905.8 903.9 902.4 902.9 902.6 900.2 902.1 905.0 905.6 Motion picture and sound recording industries…………… Broadcasting, except Internet. 377.5 327.7 377.5 331.4 382.3 327.9 385.8 326.5 385.6 328.5 385.5 328.9 380.3 330.7 372.0 331.0 375.5 331.4 372.0 331.6 376.8 332.2 374.7 332.3 374.6 332.1 371.9 333.8 378.1 336.0 Internet publishing and broadcasting…………………… Telecommunications…………… 31.5 992.0 34.5 972.9 32.9 976.7 32.0 973.7 33.7 973.7 33.6 971.5 33.9 972.2 34.2 972.7 33.9 968.5 33.3 969.3 34.5 971.0 35.0 974.2 35.8 975.0 36.3 973.5 37.0 977.6 ISPs, search portals, and data processing………………… 377.5 50.6 Other information services……. 8,153 Financial activities ………...…... Finance and insurance…………. 6,022.8 383.2 51.4 8,363 6,183.5 379.7 50.7 8,250 6,095.0 379.6 51.7 8,271 6,107.0 381.1 51.0 8,298 6,132.3 383.1 50.9 8,314 6,150.9 382.1 51.1 8,340 6,166.6 382.8 51.6 8,352 6,174.7 385.3 51.3 8,348 6,165.4 382.1 51.5 8,368 6,187.2 383.4 50.9 8,379 6,195.8 383.9 51.3 8,408 6,219.6 382.2 51.8 8,415 6,227.1 384.9 51.6 8,422 6,228.9 385.1 52.0 8,434 6,237.8 20.8 21.5 20.9 21.0 21.0 21.1 21.2 21.3 21.5 21.6 21.6 21.7 21.8 21.7 21.8 related activities1……………… 2,869.0 Depository credit 2,936.8 2,902.4 2,902.3 2,914.8 2,922.7 2,932.3 2,934.8 2,928.9 2,936.1 2,937.2 2,952.8 2,956.2 2,957.4 2,959.6 intermediation1………………… 1,769.2 Commercial banking..…….... 1,296.0 1,803.3 1,319.3 1,781.8 1,302.4 1,776.2 1,295.4 1,787.4 1,305.8 1,792.3 1,310.8 1,797.8 1,313.7 1,800.8 1,316.2 1,799.7 1,317.1 1,803.3 1,319.4 1,805.1 1,320.8 1,812.4 1,328.1 1,818.3 1,334.5 1,819.6 1,333.0 1,824.6 1,336.3 786.1 816.3 796.9 800.1 803.8 807.0 810.5 813.5 812.8 817.4 820.8 825.4 830.4 829.2 829.0 Insurance carriers and related activities……………… 2,259.3 2,315.8 2,284.8 2,293.4 2,302.0 2,308.9 2,310.9 2,312.7 2,309.1 2,318.1 2,321.7 2,324.8 2,324.0 2,326.0 2,332.3 87.7 93.1 90.0 90.2 90.7 91.2 91.7 92.4 93.1 94.0 94.5 94.9 94.7 94.6 95.1 Real estate and rental and leasing……………………… 2,129.6 Real estate……………………… 1,456.9 Rental and leasing services…… 645.8 2,179.3 1,503.2 647.2 2,154.9 1,484.8 642.4 2,163.7 1,494.4 641.6 2,165.5 1,495.0 642.8 2,163.4 1,492.7 642.8 2,173.5 1,500.9 644.5 2,177.3 1,501.3 648.1 2,182.2 1,503.8 649.9 2,181.1 1,503.8 648.0 2,183.6 1,504.8 649.4 2,188.2 1,506.4 652.2 2,187.5 1,505.0 652.9 2,192.9 1,512.4 650.0 2,196.5 1,517.0 649.0 Monetary authorities— central bank…………………… Credit intermediation and Securities, commodity contracts, investments……… Funds, trusts, and other financial vehicles……………… Lessors of nonfinancial intangible assets……………… 26.9 28.9 27.7 27.7 27.7 27.9 28.1 27.9 28.5 29.3 29.4 29.6 29.6 30.5 30.5 Professional and business services…………………………… 16,954 Professional and technical 17,553 17,293 17,316 17,387 17,431 17,458 17,499 17,539 17,592 17,617 17,636 17,662 17,726 17,800 services1………………………… 7,053.4 Legal services………………… 1,168.0 7,372.2 1,173.4 7,215.3 1,168.6 7,243.8 1,171.6 7,266.5 1,172.3 7,297.0 1,174.5 7,319.0 1,175.2 7,337.6 1,171.8 7,359.6 1,170.0 7,398.0 1,171.0 7,407.6 1,171.5 7,420.1 1,172.6 7,438.5 1,173.5 7,469.6 1,175.9 7,505.2 1,179.0 Accounting and bookkeeping services………………...……… 849.3 889.2 880.7 872.8 874.6 876.8 879.8 881.0 885.5 884.8 881.9 893.1 893.7 914.5 924.6 Architectural and engineering services……………………… 1,310.9 1,385.7 1,345.9 1,352.2 1,360.1 1,369.1 1,373.7 1,380.6 1,384.3 1,392.9 1,398.0 1,399.3 1,400.6 1,407.2 1,412.4 . See notes at end of table 48 Monthly Labor Review • February 2007 12. Continued—Employment of workers on nonfarm payrolls by industry, monthly data seasonally adjusted [In thousands] Industry Annual average 2005 2006 2005 2006 Dec. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. p Dec.p 1,195.2 1,278.3 1,228.1 1,242.8 1,247.9 1,254.0 1,262.1 1,274.1 1,278.3 1,288.0 1,294.4 1,298.4 1,300.8 1,296.2 1,303.4 853.0 921.3 887.0 892.5 898.1 905.7 908.4 911.3 912.2 918.6 922.4 926.4 944.2 949.3 958.6 1,758.9 1,809.4 1,775.7 1,791.6 1,794.7 1,796.4 1,797.6 1,802.1 1,805.4 1,811.1 1,816.2 1,822.3 1,826.8 1,823.0 1,826.8 Administrative and waste services…………………………… 8,141.5 Administrative and support 8,371.1 8,301.7 8,280.1 8,325.8 8,337.8 8,341.0 8,359.2 8,373.9 8,382.4 8,393.2 8,393.9 8,396.2 8,433.8 8,467.9 services 1……………………… 7,803.8 Employment services 1……… 3,578.2 Temporary help services…… 2,549.4 766.4 Business support services…… Services to buildings 8,023.9 3,656.7 2,631.8 790.6 7,959.6 3,677.1 2,658.1 768.1 7,936.1 3,646.8 2,631.8 773.1 7,981.1 3,659.4 2,633.7 778.2 7,991.1 3,658.2 2,634.6 782.0 7,994.2 3,658.0 2,632.2 783.2 8,012.1 3,662.3 2,646.3 786.1 8,026.1 3,663.2 2,636.3 788.2 8,033.8 3,663.5 2,633.4 789.7 8,046.9 3,667.2 2,632.1 791.3 8,047.4 3,653.3 2,623.5 797.2 8,047.5 3,641.2 2,621.1 801.0 8,083.8 3,665.5 2,631.3 802.2 8,118.5 3,678.0 2,651.6 804.1 and dwellings………………… 1,737.5 1,797.5 1,770.9 1,769.4 1,784.9 1,790.6 1,792.3 1,795.9 1,800.4 1,803.1 1,803.5 1,803.0 1,807.9 1,811.2 1,820.5 Waste management and remediation services…………. 337.6 347.2 342.1 344.0 344.7 346.7 346.8 347.1 347.8 348.6 346.3 346.5 348.7 350.0 349.4 17,372 2,835.8 17,839 2,918.8 17,573 2,862.4 17,621 2,871.1 17,666 2,883.7 17,709 2,892.4 17,743 2,902.6 17,776 2,906.9 17,794 2,902.4 17,828 2,911.0 17,894 2,936.0 17,946 2,949.4 17,976 2,944.2 18,018 2,951.4 18,068 2,954.9 Computer systems design and related services………… Management and technical consulting services…………… Management of companies and enterprises……..………..... Educational and health services………………...………. Educational services…….……… Health care and social assistance……….……………… 14,536.3 14,920.0 14,710.9 14,749.8 14,782.5 14,816.7 14,839.9 14,869.5 14,891.5 14,917.2 14,958.3 14,996.4 15,031.5 15,066.1 15,113.0 Ambulatory health care services 1……………………… 5,113.5 Offices of physicians…………… 2,093.5 Outpatient care centers……… 473.2 Home health care services…… 821.0 Hospitals………………………… 4,345.4 5,283.3 2,153.7 489.4 867.1 4,427.1 5,189.6 2,118.4 483.4 838.9 4,379.1 5,209.2 2,123.2 484.9 846.1 4,382.9 5,225.8 2,126.5 486.4 852.7 4,388.9 5,243.0 2,131.5 487.4 857.6 4,397.6 5,251.0 2,138.0 487.6 858.5 4,404.3 5,262.2 2,145.2 487.6 862.5 4,413.0 5,267.6 2,150.1 488.7 862.1 4,421.7 5,281.5 2,155.2 488.1 867.6 4,429.2 5,299.4 2,159.0 490.0 872.8 4,440.8 5,321.0 2,172.5 492.1 877.7 4,451.7 5,332.6 2,174.1 494.1 880.7 4,458.2 5,344.6 2,179.4 492.4 883.5 4,461.7 5,369.0 2,187.0 493.4 887.6 4,468.8 2,900.8 1,584.2 2,308.8 806.7 13,142 2,869.5 1,578.6 2,272.7 805.5 12,918 2,875.2 1,579.3 2,282.5 809.4 12,948 2,877.9 1,577.8 2,289.9 810.2 12,981 2,877.5 1,576.4 2,298.6 811.5 13,022 2,884.7 1,579.6 2,299.9 813.6 13,049 2,890.0 1,583.9 2,304.3 812.0 13,074 2,896.4 1,583.0 2,305.8 807.0 13,092 2,909.6 1,589.7 2,296.9 795.0 13,156 2,905.8 1,583.8 2,312.3 804.3 13,188 2,906.9 1,584.7 2,316.8 802.0 13,209 2,915.9 1,587.5 2,324.8 802.8 13,257 2,927.8 1,591.8 2,332.0 805.1 13,324 2,938.9 1,595.6 2,336.3 803.8 13,364 Nursing and residential care facilities 1………………… 2,855.0 Nursing care facilities………… 1,577.4 Social assistance 1……………… 2,222.3 Child day care services……… 789.7 Leisure and hospitality……….. 12,816 Arts, entertainment, and recreation……….…….…… 1,892.3 1,926.6 1,905.1 1,902.1 1,907.6 1,908.3 1,918.1 1,921.6 1,923.7 1,933.4 1,933.9 1,923.7 1,939.9 1,947.4 1,954.3 Performing arts and spectator sports………………… 376.3 398.8 380.6 379.8 386.8 388.3 395.3 400.3 400.1 403.6 402.7 401.4 405.0 405.7 406.7 Museums, historical sites, zoos, and parks………………… 120.7 123.9 121.1 121.2 121.3 121.3 122.8 124.2 123.7 124.0 124.7 125.6 125.7 126.4 127.1 1,395.3 1,404.0 1,403.4 1,401.1 1,399.5 1,398.7 1,400.0 1,397.1 1,399.9 1,405.8 1,406.5 1,396.7 1,409.2 1,415.3 1,420.5 Amusements, gambling, and recreation……………………… Accommodations and food services…………………… 10,923.0 11,215.6 11,013.2 11,045.9 11,073.7 11,113.4 11,131.0 11,151.9 11,168.7 11,222.8 11,253.6 11,284.8 11,316.9 11,376.8 11,409.6 Accommodations………………. 1,818.6 1,833.3 1,822.8 1,823.4 1,824.2 1,827.1 1,821.5 1,821.0 1,816.4 1,830.2 1,834.0 1,847.0 1,845.3 1,854.4 1,860.9 Food services and drinking places…………………………… 9,104.4 Other services…………………… 5,395 Repair and maintenance……… 1,236.0 Personal and laundry services 1,276.6 9,382.3 5,432 1,248.5 1,283.9 9,190.4 5,401 1,239.6 1,276.4 9,222.5 5,417 1,239.1 1,289.6 9,249.5 5,417 1,240.5 1,285.3 9,286.3 5,421 1,243.9 1,282.2 9,309.5 5,424 1,247.1 1,282.4 9,330.9 5,432 1,252.0 1,281.1 9,352.3 5,431 1,251.0 1,280.6 9,392.6 5,427 1,244.4 1,282.9 9,419.6 5,430 1,250.5 1,279.3 9,437.8 5,443 1,253.9 1,285.6 9,471.6 5,450 1,253.4 1,286.8 9,522.4 5,443 1,250.8 1,286.4 9,548.7 5,443 1,250.4 1,285.9 Membership associations and organizations…………………… 2,882.2 Government.................................. Federal........................................ Federal, except U.S. Postal Service.................................... U.S. Postal Service……………… State........................................... Education................................ Other State government.......... Local........................................... Education................................ Other local government........... 2,899.2 2,885.3 2,888.5 2,890.8 2,894.6 2,894.3 2,899.1 2,899.3 2,899.2 2,899.7 2,903.1 2,909.3 2,905.4 2,906.3 21,804 2,732 21,990 2,728 21,873 2,732 21,839 2,725 21,875 2,731 21,906 2,731 21,922 2,731 21,938 2,729 21,968 2,733 21,990 2,739 22,023 2,730 22,076 2,729 22,100 2,725 22,106 2,719 22,107 2,712 1,957.3 774.2 5,032 2,259.9 2,771.6 14,041 7,856.1 6,184.6 1,958.3 770.1 5,080 2,295.1 2,785.2 14,181 7,938.0 6,243.1 1,957.5 774.5 5,057 2,280.0 2,777.0 14,084 7,882.0 6,202.1 1,952.8 772.3 5,034 2,257.4 2,776.6 14,080 7,874.3 6,205.5 1,959.2 772.0 5,053 2,275.3 2,777.8 14,091 7,881.8 6,209.2 1,959.0 771.9 5,060 2,281.2 2,778.7 14,115 7,896.1 6,218.9 1,960.2 770.5 5,064 2,284.5 2,779.2 14,127 7,905.0 6,222.2 1,958.8 770.4 5,073 2,291.0 2,782.1 14,136 7,905.5 6,230.6 1,961.0 771.6 5,075 2,292.6 2,782.3 14,160 7,915.4 6,245.0 1,962.4 777.0 5,078 2,292.9 2,785.3 14,173 7,926.5 6,246.8 1,960.4 769.6 5,088 2,298.8 2,789.5 14,205 7,951.6 6,252.9 1,959.0 770.2 5,113 2,321.1 2,791.5 14,234 7,970.7 6,263.0 1,954.7 770.2 5,109 2,314.3 2,794.3 14,266 7,995.1 6,270.9 1,949.5 769.0 5,107 2,313.1 2,793.5 14,280 8,003.7 6,276.3 1,947.8 764.5 5,106 2,311.2 2,794.5 14,289 8,014.5 6,274.2 1 Includes other industries not shown separately. NOTE: See "Notes on the data" for a description of the most recent benchmark revision. p = preliminary. Monthly Labor Review • February 2007 49 Current Labor Statistics: Labor Force Data 13. Average weekly hours of production or nonsupervisory workers1 on private nonfarm payrolls, by industry, monthly data seasonally adjusted Industry Annual average 2005 2006 2005 2006 Dec. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. TOTAL PRIVATE………………………… 33.8 33.9 33.8 33.8 33.8 33.8 33.9 33.8 33.9 33.9 33.8 33.8 33.9 33.8 33.9 GOODS-PRODUCING……………………… 40.1 40.5 40.2 40.4 40.4 40.4 40.6 40.3 40.6 40.7 40.6 40.3 40.6 40.4 40.7 Natural resources and mining…………… 45.6 45.6 45.6 46.0 45.4 45.2 45.5 44.9 46.0 45.9 45.3 45.1 45.7 46.1 45.5 Construction………………………………… 38.6 39.0 38.6 38.9 38.9 38.8 39.1 38.5 39.0 38.9 39.0 38.4 39.2 39.0 39.8 Manufacturing……………………............. Overtime hours.................................. 40.7 4.6 41.1 4.4 40.8 4.6 40.9 4.5 41.0 4.6 41.1 4.5 41.2 4.5 41.1 4.5 41.2 4.5 41.5 4.5 41.3 4.4 41.1 4.3 41.2 4.3 41.0 4.1 41.0 4.2 Durable goods..…………………............ Overtime hours.................................. Wood products.................................... Nonmetallic mineral products.............. Primary metals..................................... Fabricated metal products................... Machinery………………………………… Computer and electronic products…… Electrical equipment and appliances… Transportation equipment.................... Furniture and related products……….. Miscellaneous manufacturing.............. 41.1 4.6 40.0 42.2 43.1 41.0 42.1 40.0 40.6 42.4 39.2 38.7 41.4 4.4 39.8 43.0 43.5 41.4 42.4 40.5 41.0 42.7 38.8 38.7 41.2 4.6 40.2 42.6 43.4 41.1 41.9 40.3 40.9 42.5 38.3 38.5 41.3 4.5 40.2 43.1 43.7 41.2 41.9 40.5 41.2 42.5 38.2 38.5 41.4 4.6 40.3 43.0 43.7 41.3 42.0 40.5 41.3 42.7 38.6 38.5 41.4 4.6 40.4 43.0 43.5 41.5 42.1 40.6 41.2 42.8 38.5 38.6 41.6 4.6 40.4 43.3 43.4 41.7 42.6 40.7 41.3 43.1 38.6 38.8 41.5 4.5 40.0 43.0 43.6 41.3 42.4 40.5 41.1 43.0 38.8 38.6 41.6 4.5 39.5 43.4 43.7 41.5 42.5 40.8 41.1 43.0 38.7 38.8 41.8 4.5 40.0 43.4 44.0 41.6 42.9 40.7 41.4 43.7 38.8 38.7 41.6 4.4 39.8 43.2 43.7 41.7 42.6 40.5 40.9 42.9 39.1 38.8 41.3 4.3 39.6 43.0 43.5 41.3 42.3 40.4 40.7 42.6 38.8 38.6 41.4 4.3 39.7 42.7 43.6 41.6 42.7 40.4 40.8 42.4 39.2 38.7 41.2 4.1 39.1 42.3 43.5 41.2 42.3 40.2 40.7 42.5 39.0 38.8 41.2 4.2 39.3 42.6 43.3 41.0 42.4 40.4 40.4 42.6 39.1 38.7 Nondurable goods................................. Overtime hours.................................. Food manufacturing............................ Beverage and tobacco products.......... Textile mills……………………………… Textile product mills…………………… Apparel................................................ Leather and allied products................. Paper and paper products……………… 39.9 4.4 39.0 40.1 40.3 39.0 35.7 38.4 42.5 40.6 4.4 40.1 40.7 40.6 40.0 36.5 39.0 42.9 40.2 4.6 39.4 40.1 40.9 40.0 35.6 39.3 42.7 40.3 4.5 39.6 40.0 40.8 40.2 35.9 39.3 42.5 40.4 4.5 39.7 40.2 40.7 40.3 35.9 39.3 42.5 40.5 4.4 39.9 40.4 40.3 39.8 36.0 39.5 42.4 40.6 4.4 39.8 40.3 40.4 40.3 36.4 38.9 43.0 40.6 4.5 39.9 41.0 40.4 40.4 36.6 39.2 43.1 40.7 4.5 40.0 41.2 40.7 40.2 36.8 39.0 43.3 40.9 4.5 40.2 41.9 40.8 40.4 36.8 39.2 43.6 40.7 4.3 39.9 41.1 41.2 40.5 36.6 39.5 43.4 40.7 4.2 40.3 40.7 40.7 39.8 36.7 38.8 43.0 40.7 4.3 40.4 40.8 40.6 39.2 37.0 38.8 42.9 40.6 4.2 40.5 40.9 40.4 39.8 36.9 37.8 42.6 40.6 4.3 40.5 40.8 40.9 39.0 36.9 38.4 42.3 Printing and related support activities............................................. Petroleum and coal products………… Chemicals……………………………… Plastics and rubber products………… 38.4 45.5 42.3 40.0 39.2 45.0 42.5 40.6 38.4 44.5 42.5 40.5 38.9 45.1 42.6 40.5 39.0 44.9 42.8 40.5 39.0 44.9 42.7 40.7 39.2 45.2 42.7 40.7 39.2 45.3 42.3 40.6 39.3 45.4 42.6 40.8 39.1 45.5 42.9 41.1 39.1 45.4 42.7 40.9 39.2 45.0 43.0 40.5 39.4 45.1 42.5 40.7 39.1 44.8 41.9 40.6 39.4 44.8 42.0 40.6 PRIVATE SERVICEPROVIDING……………………………. 32.4 32.5 32.4 32.4 32.3 32.4 32.4 32.3 32.4 32.4 32.4 32.4 32.4 32.4 32.4 Trade, transportation, and utilities.......………………...................... Wholesale trade........………………....... Retail trade………………………………… Transportation and warehousing……… Utilities…………………………………… Information………………………………… Financial activities………………………… 33.4 37.7 30.6 37.0 41.1 36.5 35.9 33.4 38.0 30.4 36.9 41.4 36.6 35.8 33.4 37.9 30.5 36.8 41.4 36.6 35.9 33.3 37.8 30.5 36.6 41.2 36.6 35.9 33.3 37.9 30.4 36.7 41.1 36.5 35.7 33.3 37.9 30.4 36.8 41.0 36.6 35.7 33.5 38.1 30.6 36.7 41.2 36.6 35.7 33.3 37.9 30.4 36.7 41.3 36.5 35.5 33.4 38.0 30.4 36.9 41.2 36.5 35.6 33.4 38.0 30.4 36.9 41.6 36.7 35.7 33.4 38.0 30.3 37.0 41.7 36.7 35.5 33.4 37.9 30.4 36.9 41.4 36.7 35.7 33.4 38.0 30.4 36.9 41.8 36.7 35.8 33.5 38.0 30.5 36.9 41.9 36.4 35.8 33.4 38.1 30.4 36.8 42.0 36.6 36.0 Professional and business services…………………………………… Education and health services………… Leisure and hospitality…………………… Other services……………........................ 34.2 32.6 25.7 30.9 34.6 32.5 25.7 30.9 34.4 32.5 25.6 30.9 34.6 32.5 25.7 31.0 34.5 32.5 25.5 30.9 34.5 32.5 25.6 30.9 34.6 32.5 25.6 31.0 34.4 32.5 25.6 30.9 34.6 32.6 25.6 30.9 34.7 32.5 25.6 30.9 34.7 32.4 25.6 30.9 34.7 32.5 25.8 30.8 34.7 32.4 25.7 30.9 34.6 32.5 25.6 30.9 34.6 32.4 25.8 30.9 1 Data relate to production workers in natural resources and mining and manufacturing, construction workers in construction, and nonsupervisory workers in the service-providing industries. 50 Nov. p Dec.p Monthly Labor Review • February 2007 NOTE: See "Notes on the data" for a description of the most recent benchmark revision. p = preliminary. 14. Average hourly earnings of production or nonsupervisory workers1 on private nonfarm payrolls, by industry, monthly data seasonally adjusted Industry Annual average 2005 2006 2005 2006 Dec. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. p Dec.p TOTAL PRIVATE Current dollars……………………… Constant (1982) dollars…………… $16.13 8.18 $16.76 8.24 $16.37 8.21 $16.43 8.18 $16.49 8.21 $16.55 8.21 $16.63 8.20 $16.66 8.17 $16.73 8.18 $16.79 8.17 $16.84 8.17 $16.88 8.25 $16.94 8.34 $16.99 8.36 $17.06 8.35 GOODS-PRODUCING............................... 17.60 18.02 17.76 17.79 17.80 17.82 17.87 17.93 18.00 18.00 18.06 18.08 18.15 18.21 18.29 18.72 19.46 16.56 15.68 17.33 15.27 19.91 20.02 16.81 15.95 17.67 15.32 19.11 19.63 16.68 15.79 17.50 15.29 19.30 19.63 16.69 15.82 17.51 15.31 19.39 19.67 16.69 15.80 17.51 15.30 19.49 19.67 16.71 15.84 17.54 15.30 19.66 19.71 16.75 15.88 17.58 15.34 19.77 19.87 16.77 15.90 17.62 15.30 19.83 20.03 16.78 15.91 17.65 15.28 19.86 20.06 16.78 15.92 17.66 15.26 20.02 20.11 16.83 15.98 17.72 15.30 20.11 20.17 16.83 15.99 17.73 15.29 20.26 20.24 16.88 16.04 17.78 15.33 20.43 20.37 16.89 16.09 17.79 15.35 20.56 20.43 16.96 16.13 17.87 15.40 PRIVATE SERVICE-PRIVATE SERVICEPROVIDING..........……………….............. 15.74 16.42 16.00 16.07 16.14 16.21 16.29 16.32 16.38 16.46 16.51 16.56 16.62 16.67 16.73 Trade,transportation, and utilities………………………………….... Wholesale trade.................................... Retail trade........................................... Transportation and warehousing……… Utilities…………………………………… Information.............................................. Financial activities.................................. 14.92 18.16 12.36 16.70 26.68 22.06 17.94 15.40 18.90 12.58 17.28 27.42 23.23 18.81 15.09 18.54 12.39 16.85 27.35 22.57 18.27 15.13 18.54 12.43 16.91 27.48 22.95 18.34 15.19 18.61 12.46 16.99 27.58 22.77 18.45 15.22 18.68 12.47 17.06 27.53 22.96 18.50 15.30 18.71 12.56 17.18 27.49 23.09 18.66 15.31 18.79 12.53 17.16 27.29 23.09 18.66 15.39 18.85 12.59 17.28 27.39 23.19 18.71 15.48 18.94 12.65 17.41 27.52 23.30 18.81 15.49 19.00 12.64 17.40 27.42 23.36 18.88 15.52 19.10 12.65 17.47 27.35 23.44 19.02 15.55 19.09 12.69 17.47 27.39 23.51 19.11 15.54 19.14 12.64 17.50 27.47 23.47 19.20 15.58 19.19 12.67 17.55 27.39 23.59 19.29 Professional and business services................................................. 18.08 19.12 18.43 18.57 18.67 18.80 18.91 18.94 19.02 19.14 19.20 19.31 19.42 19.51 19.62 Education and health services................................................. Leisure and hospitality.......................... Other services......................................... 16.71 9.38 14.34 17.38 9.75 14.77 17.00 9.49 14.51 17.06 9.46 14.54 17.12 9.57 14.58 17.20 9.61 14.64 17.25 9.66 14.67 17.30 9.70 14.71 17.36 9.72 14.75 17.40 9.75 14.76 17.47 9.80 14.80 17.51 9.83 14.86 17.56 9.87 14.89 17.63 9.94 14.94 17.67 10.00 15.01 Natural resources and mining............... Construction........................................... Manufacturing......................................... Excluding overtime........................... Durable goods…………………………… Nondurable goods……………………… 1 Data relate to production workers in natural resources and mining and manufacturing, construction workers in construction, and nonsupervisory workers in the service-providing industries. NOTE: See "Notes on the data" for a description of the most recent benchmark revision. p = preliminary. Monthly Labor Review • February 2007 51 Current Labor Statistics: Labor Force Data 15. Average hourly earnings of production or nonsupervisory workers1 on private nonfarm payrolls, by industry Industry Annual average 2005 2005 TOTAL PRIVATE…………………………… $16.13 Seasonally adjusted…………………… – 2006 2006 Dec. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. p Dec.p $16.76 – $16.38 16.37 $16.53 16.43 $16.53 16.49 $16.56 16.55 $16.72 16.63 $16.62 16.66 $16.63 16.73 $16.75 16.79 $16.74 16.84 $16.91 16.88 $17.02 16.94 $16.99 16.99 $17.08 17.06 GOODS-PRODUCING.................................. 17.60 18.02 17.82 17.73 17.72 17.73 17.82 17.89 18.00 18.03 18.12 18.20 18.26 18.26 18.38 Natural resources and mining…………. 18.72 19.91 19.21 19.44 19.38 19.57 19.78 19.75 19.74 19.79 19.90 20.01 20.26 20.45 20.65 Construction.…………............................... 19.46 20.02 19.67 19.49 19.56 19.53 19.61 19.78 19.98 20.12 20.23 20.35 20.45 20.42 20.52 Manufacturing………………………………… 16.56 16.81 16.80 16.74 16.70 16.69 16.74 16.74 16.76 16.70 16.79 16.88 16.89 16.93 17.10 Durable goods..………………….............. Wood products ...................................... Nonmetallic mineral products …………… Primary metals ...................................... Fabricated metal products …................. Machinery …………..…………………… Computer and electronic products ........ Electrical equipment and appliances .... Transportation equipment ..................... Furniture and related products .............. Miscellaneous manufacturing ............... 17.33 13.16 16.61 18.94 15.80 17.03 18.39 15.24 22.10 13.45 14.08 17.67 13.39 16.59 19.35 16.17 17.20 18.96 15.52 22.41 13.81 14.36 17.65 13.21 16.53 19.18 16.18 17.06 18.70 15.56 22.70 13.53 14.20 17.55 13.15 16.50 19.39 16.12 17.07 18.69 15.47 22.32 13.55 14.07 17.52 13.14 16.54 19.25 16.06 17.01 18.72 15.48 22.29 13.49 14.07 17.52 13.14 16.60 19.21 16.08 16.99 18.58 15.42 22.31 13.52 14.30 17.54 13.24 16.71 19.37 16.04 16.95 18.73 15.37 22.27 13.72 14.37 17.58 13.32 16.59 19.13 16.09 17.03 18.67 15.42 22.39 13.68 14.40 17.62 13.46 16.56 19.14 16.13 17.03 18.78 15.46 22.50 13.67 14.28 17.52 13.43 16.57 19.17 16.18 17.13 19.02 15.55 21.92 13.76 14.53 17.69 13.46 16.72 19.34 16.10 17.14 19.08 15.65 22.44 13.84 14.51 17.80 13.53 16.51 19.67 16.21 17.26 19.18 15.61 22.59 13.98 14.47 17.81 13.61 16.59 19.39 16.26 17.45 19.25 15.63 22.51 14.04 14.47 17.87 13.67 16.51 19.73 16.29 17.56 19.22 15.53 22.57 14.12 14.38 18.05 13.63 16.73 19.43 16.49 17.77 19.51 15.69 22.75 14.38 14.45 Nondurable goods………………………... Food manufacturing ...........................… Beverages and tobacco products ......... 15.27 13.04 18.76 15.32 13.13 18.20 15.34 13.14 18.53 15.37 13.09 18.35 15.29 13.02 18.17 15.27 13.04 18.12 15.36 13.09 18.32 15.29 13.12 18.17 15.27 13.14 17.94 15.31 13.11 18.15 15.25 13.15 17.93 15.31 13.16 18.21 15.32 13.13 18.45 15.34 13.18 18.20 15.47 13.32 18.36 12.38 11.67 10.24 11.50 17.99 15.74 24.47 19.67 14.80 12.55 11.94 10.61 11.44 18.01 15.80 24.08 19.60 14.96 12.45 11.93 10.48 11.33 17.93 15.91 24.46 19.87 14.79 12.50 11.80 10.63 11.24 17.89 15.90 24.54 19.97 14.94 12.38 11.79 10.60 10.99 17.77 15.69 24.56 19.95 14.83 12.40 11.79 10.62 11.11 17.81 15.77 24.58 19.66 14.84 12.42 11.97 10.62 11.26 18.01 15.72 24.52 19.78 14.87 12.41 12.03 10.59 11.46 17.90 15.77 24.09 19.54 14.87 12.55 12.04 10.64 11.72 17.95 15.65 23.67 19.36 14.94 12.54 12.13 10.69 11.58 18.27 15.75 23.44 19.26 14.99 12.64 11.96 10.58 11.65 17.93 15.81 23.30 19.19 15.02 12.59 12.02 10.61 11.44 18.15 15.80 23.87 19.43 15.03 12.82 11.84 10.60 11.64 18.10 15.87 24.17 19.57 14.98 12.74 11.98 10.53 11.58 18.05 15.93 24.44 19.61 15.04 12.64 11.92 10.61 11.69 18.25 15.92 23.99 19.88 15.18 PRIVATE SERVICEPROVIDING …………………………………… 15.74 16.42 16.00 16.22 16.21 16.24 16.43 16.27 16.26 16.41 16.35 16.56 16.68 16.65 16.73 Textile mills ........................................... Textile product mills .............................. Apparel ................................................. Leather and allied products …………… Paper and paper products ……………… Printing and related support activities .. Petroleum and coal products …………… Chemicals ………………………………… Plastics and rubber products ................ Trade, transportation, and utilities…….……....................................... Wholesale trade …………………………… Retail trade ………………………………… Transportation and warehousing ………… Utilities ………..…..….………..…………… 14.92 18.16 12.36 16.70 26.68 15.40 18.90 12.58 17.28 27.42 14.95 18.58 12.24 16.84 27.40 15.18 18.64 12.46 16.90 27.49 15.22 18.65 12.46 16.93 27.56 15.23 18.60 12.49 17.05 27.55 15.44 18.87 12.69 17.19 27.65 15.30 18.71 12.56 17.07 27.29 15.36 18.74 12.60 17.27 27.14 15.53 19.07 12.68 17.50 27.43 15.45 18.93 12.62 17.45 27.13 15.57 19.09 12.70 17.51 27.47 15.59 19.14 12.70 17.48 27.51 15.44 19.16 12.52 17.48 27.44 15.43 19.22 12.53 17.49 27.44 Information……………………………….. 22.06 23.23 22.57 23.04 22.80 22.85 23.14 23.05 22.95 23.15 23.27 23.60 23.68 23.53 23.68 Financial activities……..………................. 17.94 18.81 18.24 18.45 18.45 18.47 18.77 18.59 18.58 18.81 18.79 19.02 19.22 19.19 19.28 18.08 19.12 18.45 18.87 18.78 18.83 19.21 18.88 18.87 19.24 18.96 19.19 19.50 19.44 19.66 services……………………………………… 16.71 Professional and business services……………………………………… Education and health 17.38 17.03 17.08 17.12 17.21 17.29 17.26 17.32 17.42 17.45 17.53 17.55 17.62 17.67 Leisure and hospitality …………………… 9.38 9.75 9.60 9.54 9.63 9.63 9.65 9.70 9.63 9.62 9.69 9.83 9.90 10.00 10.13 Other services…………………................... 14.34 14.77 14.54 14.58 14.57 14.69 14.78 14.75 14.70 14.66 14.70 14.89 14.91 14.93 15.05 1 Data relate to production workers in natural resources and mining and manufacturing, construction workers in construction, and nonsupervisory workers in the service-providing industries. 52 Monthly Labor Review • February 2007 NOTE: See "Notes on the data" for a description of the most recent benchmark revision. p = preliminary. 16. Average weekly earnings of production or nonsupervisory workers1 on private nonfarm payrolls, by industry Industry Annual average 2005 2006 2006 2005 Dec. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. p Dec.p TOTAL PRIVATE………………… Seasonally adjusted.......... 544.33 567.90 552.01 553.31 558.71 555.33 553.76 557.36 556.42 559.39 566.81 563.76 560.09 563.11 565.42 567.15 572.85 569.18 570.83 569.19 573.25 570.54 582.08 574.27 574.26 574.26 579.01 578.33 GOODS-PRODUCING……………… 705.31 729.90 719.93 710.97 708.80 712.75 711.02 722.76 736.20 730.22 741.11 742.56 746.83 739.53 753.58 Natural resources and mining……………………….. 853.71 907.98 875.98 886.46 868.22 874.78 899.99 892.70 913.96 906.38 909.43 912.46 940.06 942.75 939.58 750.22 781.03 749.43 744.52 745.24 749.95 753.02 767.46 791.21 792.73 807.18 799.76 811.87 792.30 806.44 Manufacturing……………………… 673.37 690.73 695.52 684.67 679.69 684.29 676.30 689.69 692.19 683.03 693.43 698.83 697.56 697.52 711.36 731.70 533.40 713.20 842.71 669.01 728.96 737.77 532.36 699.22 843.92 674.71 728.46 723.06 520.74 697.95 855.10 665.76 716.94 720.07 516.40 694.68 841.23 660.07 712.72 725.33 525.60 703.84 835.64 665.71 716.98 713.88 528.28 716.86 825.16 649.62 705.12 729.57 538.13 718.35 834.07 666.13 723.78 734.75 539.75 728.64 834.50 669.40 723.78 721.82 538.54 720.80 831.98 665.00 729.74 735.90 542.44 734.01 839.36 669.76 725.02 740.48 535.79 719.84 859.58 674.34 733.55 740.90 543.04 715.03 843.47 679.67 745.12 738.03 533.13 698.37 858.26 674.41 744.54 756.30 539.75 707.68 854.92 687.63 767.66 735.59 767.66 764.83 753.21 752.54 754.35 751.07 754.27 766.22 766.51 767.02 778.71 781.55 778.41 805.76 618.97 938.03 635.76 957.58 644.18 989.72 637.36 950.83 631.58 951.78 632.22 957.10 613.26 926.43 630.68 965.01 632.31 969.75 634.44 916.26 640.09 962.68 641.57 973.63 643.96 961.18 638.28 961.48 652.70 994.18 527.35 536.15 530.38 514.90 516.67 519.17 521.36 526.68 534.50 532.51 548.06 549.41 550.37 552.09 570.89 manufacturing.......................... 545.21 556.09 552.38 541.70 544.51 554.84 547.50 557.28 558.35 555.05 562.99 559.99 561.44 560.82 567.89 Nondurable goods....................... 608.95 508.55 621.78 526.10 624.34 524.29 619.41 517.06 613.13 507.78 615.38 512.47 612.86 507.89 619.25 522.18 621.49 525.60 620.06 524.40 620.68 527.32 629.24 538.24 626.59 535.70 627.41 543.02 635.82 548.78 751.54 498.47 455.52 366.17 441.96 764.04 741.37 509.35 477.34 387.27 446.03 772.17 735.64 515.43 485.55 377.28 448.67 781.75 721.16 510.00 476.72 379.49 438.36 762.11 717.72 498.91 476.32 380.54 428.61 746.34 726.61 503.44 469.24 385.51 442.18 748.02 732.80 498.04 472.82 380.20 430.13 761.82 754.06 501.36 482.40 388.65 450.38 771.49 751.69 510.79 486.42 391.55 458.25 779.03 765.93 504.11 482.77 388.05 448.15 792.92 747.68 519.50 481.99 388.29 460.18 778.16 744.79 514.93 480.80 388.33 441.58 787.71 745.38 516.65 464.13 395.38 452.80 778.30 746.20 513.42 480.40 390.66 443.51 777.96 741.74 523.30 474.42 390.45 459.42 782.93 604.73 618.71 617.31 618.51 611.91 616.61 609.94 613.45 610.35 609.53 615.01 627.26 630.04 627.64 633.62 CONSTRUCTION Durable goods…………………… 712.95 526.65 Wood products ......................... 700.78 Nonmetallic mineral products.... 815.78 Primary metals…………………… 647.34 Fabricated metal products......... Machinery………………………… 716.55 Computer and electronic products.................................. Electrical equipment and appliances............................... Transportation equipment……… Furniture and related products………………………… Miscellaneous Food manufacturing................... Beverages and tobacco products.................................. Textile mills……………………… Textile product mills……………… Apparel…………………………… Leather and allied products....... Paper and paper products……. Printing and related support activities……………… Petroleum and coal products………………………… 1,114.51 Chemicals………………………… 831.76 1,084.14 1,086.02 1,089.58 1,075.73 1,088.89 1,113.21 1,088.87 1,079.35 1,071.21 1,046.17 1,093.25 1,099.74 1,109.58 1,055.56 833.62 854.41 856.71 855.86 841.45 844.61 824.59 822.80 816.62 815.58 833.55 825.85 823.62 842.91 Plastics and rubber products………………………… PRIVATE SERVICEPROVIDING………….................... Trade, transportation, and utilities……………………… Wholesale trade......…………...... Retail trade………………………… 591.58 607.88 609.35 606.56 597.65 603.99 594.80 603.72 611.05 604.10 612.82 614.73 609.69 609.12 626.93 509.58 532.84 516.80 527.15 521.96 521.30 535.62 523.89 528.45 539.89 533.01 536.54 545.44 537.80 542.05 498.43 685.00 377.58 514.54 718.24 383.11 499.33 702.32 375.77 500.94 706.46 375.05 500.74 701.24 372.55 502.59 699.36 375.95 517.24 722.72 388.31 509.49 707.24 381.82 516.10 712.12 385.56 526.47 732.29 393.08 520.67 719.34 387.43 523.15 723.51 388.62 523.82 734.98 386.08 515.70 728.08 379.36 516.91 730.36 383.42 Transportation and warehousing……………………… 618.58 Utilities……………………………… 1,095.90 Information………………………… 637.06 623.08 615.16 611.17 620.62 629.15 624.76 638.99 654.50 650.89 649.62 652.00 648.51 647.13 1,136.51 1,131.62 1,118.84 1,127.20 1,121.29 1,144.71 1,129.81 1,118.17 1,141.09 1,131.32 1,145.50 1,160.92 1,149.74 1,149.74 805.00 850.81 823.81 847.87 827.64 827.17 851.55 832.11 837.68 861.18 856.34 868.48 878.53 856.49 864.32 Financial activities………………… 645.10 672.43 651.17 673.43 654.98 651.99 681.35 654.37 657.73 682.80 665.17 673.31 699.61 683.16 690.22 Professional and business services……………… 618.87 662.21 632.84 652.90 646.03 645.87 666.59 647.58 654.79 671.48 659.81 663.97 684.45 672.62 678.27 Education and Education and health services…………………… 544.59 564.92 553.48 560.22 554.69 555.88 563.65 557.50 562.90 571.38 567.13 569.73 572.13 570.89 572.51 Leisure and hospitality…………… 241.36 250.11 241.92 241.36 242.68 243.64 248.01 246.38 249.42 255.89 253.88 251.65 256.41 253.00 257.30 Other services……………………… 443.37 456.58 447.83 451.98 448.76 450.98 458.18 454.30 455.70 457.39 457.17 458.61 462.21 459.84 463.54 1 Data relate to production workers in natural resources and mining and manufacturing, NOTE: See "Notes on the data" for a description of the most recent benchmark revision. construction workers in construction, and nonsupervisory workers in the service- Dash indicates data not available. providing industries. p = preliminary. Monthly Labor Review • February 2007 53 Current Labor Statistics: Labor Force Data 17. Diffusion indexes of employment change, seasonally adjusted [In percent] Timespan and year Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Private nonfarm payrolls, 278 industries Over 1-month span: 2002............................................... 2003.............................................. 2004.............................................. 2005………………………………… 43.5 51.6 52.5 64.2 37.2 50.2 61.3 64.6 33.6 62.1 52.7 64.0 38.8 64.9 60.8 62.8 40.8 59.9 54.9 56.7 38.5 57.6 58.5 55.9 39.2 56.5 59.0 59.4 41.7 51.4 60.4 55.9 48.0 56.5 53.6 55.8 50.2 55.0 53.1 57.7 52.2 51.4 62.2 53.6 52.9 55.6 60.4 56.1 Over 3-month span: 2002............................................... 2003............................................... 2004............................................... 2005………………………………… 39.6 55.9 51.3 70.5 33.8 53.2 55.9 66.7 34.9 57.0 56.8 66.0 33.8 64.2 61.3 66.9 35.3 70.3 57.2 63.3 42.3 65.6 59.4 62.4 39.2 59.9 62.8 60.3 34.4 55.2 63.7 62.6 42.6 57.9 59.9 57.7 48.6 59.0 53.4 59.0 48.7 60.4 57.2 57.7 50.2 55.8 62.2 57.9 Over 6-month span: 2002............................................... 2003............................................... 2004............................................... 2005………………………………… 34.7 49.8 54.1 63.8 33.1 51.8 57.2 63.3 31.1 55.0 57.6 67.1 33.3 60.8 56.3 68.2 33.5 63.5 56.5 67.1 36.5 63.7 58.1 67.1 32.7 63.3 65.8 63.5 32.4 62.6 63.8 62.9 40.8 58.3 61.9 62.6 44.8 62.1 59.2 62.1 47.7 55.4 62.8 61.5 47.5 55.2 60.8 59.2 Over 12-month span: 2002............................................... 2003............................................... 2004............................................... 2005………………………………… 34.5 40.3 60.1 67.3 31.5 42.1 61.0 65.3 32.9 44.8 59.5 66.0 33.5 48.4 58.8 64.7 34.2 50.7 58.3 65.8 35.1 57.7 60.3 65.3 32.7 57.0 60.6 67.6 33.1 55.2 62.8 66.4 37.1 56.7 60.3 66.5 36.7 58.3 58.8 66.4 37.2 60.1 59.7 65.5 39.2 60.3 61.3 65.3 Manufacturing payrolls, 84 industries Over 1-month span: 2002............................................... 2003............................................... 2004............................................... 2005………………………………… 34.5 41.1 36.9 63.1 17.3 45.2 48.2 48.2 17.3 47.0 43.5 56.0 10.7 63.1 48.2 53.0 22.0 50.0 38.7 47.0 17.3 48.2 37.5 58.9 17.3 56.5 42.3 51.2 31.5 43.5 45.8 44.6 26.8 41.7 44.0 40.5 38.1 43.5 44.6 47.6 42.3 40.5 48.2 43.5 42.3 42.3 51.8 34.5 Over 3-month span: 2002............................................... 2003............................................... 2004............................................... 2005………………………………… 15.5 45.2 35.1 56.5 11.3 42.9 39.9 52.4 13.7 43.5 40.5 52.4 9.5 57.7 42.3 51.2 8.9 60.1 35.1 47.6 11.9 58.3 33.9 54.8 15.5 55.4 40.5 48.2 15.5 46.4 41.7 52.4 17.9 47.0 42.3 39.3 29.2 42.9 40.5 42.3 30.4 42.9 39.9 35.7 33.3 37.5 43.5 38.7 Over 6-month span: 2002............................................... 2003............................................... 2004............................................... 2005………………………………… 11.9 28.0 31.5 42.9 11.3 32.7 35.1 41.7 7.1 35.1 36.3 50.0 8.3 47.0 34.5 50.6 9.5 50.0 32.1 51.2 10.7 52.4 33.3 53.0 7.1 54.2 44.0 45.8 9.5 52.4 39.3 45.8 12.5 48.8 32.1 47.6 16.1 51.2 36.9 45.2 25.0 41.1 34.5 44.6 24.4 38.7 39.3 38.1 Over 12-month span: 2002............................................... 2003............................................... 2004............................................... 2005............................................... 10.7 13.1 44.6 44.6 6.0 14.3 44.6 40.5 6.5 13.1 41.7 40.5 6.0 20.2 40.5 40.5 8.3 23.2 37.5 39.3 7.1 35.7 36.3 42.3 7.1 36.9 32.1 48.8 8.3 38.1 33.9 48.8 10.7 36.3 32.7 44.6 10.7 44.0 33.3 45.2 9.5 44.6 33.3 43.5 10.7 44.6 37.5 42.9 NOTE: Figures are the percent of industries with employment increasing plus one-half of the industries with unchanged employment, where 50 percent indicates an equal balance between industries with increasing and decreasing employment. 54 Monthly Labor Review • February 2007 See the "Definitions" in this section. See "Notes on the data" for a description of the most recent benchmark revision. Data for the two most recent months are preliminary. 18. Job openings levels and rates by industry and region, seasonally adjusted 1 Levels (in thousands) Industry and region June 2 Total ……………………………………………… Percent 2006 July Aug. 2006 Sept. Oct. p Nov. June Dec. July 2.8 Aug. 2.8 Sept. 2.9 Oct. 3.0 Nov. 3.0 p Dec. 3,960 3,844 4,061 4,154 4,248 4,288 4,433 3.1 3.2 Total private 2………………………………… 3,476 3,363 3,604 3,659 3,790 3,828 3,953 3.0 2.9 3.1 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.3 Construction……………………………… 161 148 162 140 134 103 118 2.1 1.9 2.1 1.8 1.8 1.4 1.6 Manufacturing…………………………… 301 305 310 307 364 355 395 2.1 2.1 2.1 2.1 2.5 2.4 2.7 Trade, transportation, and utilities……… 640 605 686 736 639 673 788 2.4 2.3 2.6 2.7 2.4 2.5 2.9 Professional and business services…… 616 651 661 728 805 780 814 3.4 3.6 3.7 4.0 4.4 4.3 4.4 Education and health services………… 659 643 678 691 754 719 738 3.6 3.5 3.7 3.7 4.0 3.9 3.9 Leisure and hospitality…………………… 487 482 501 520 573 599 570 3.6 3.6 3.7 3.8 4.2 4.3 4.1 467 478 464 492 476 465 485 2.1 2.1 2.1 2.2 2.1 2.1 2.1 3.4 Industry Government………………………………… Region 3 Northeast………………………………… 699 699 747 824 791 819 900 2.7 2.7 2.8 3.1 3.0 3.1 South……………………………………… 1,507 1,498 1,548 1,582 1,630 1,553 1,702 3.0 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.1 3.4 Midwest…………………………………… 777 739 809 783 764 776 808 2.4 2.3 2.5 2.4 2.4 2.4 2.5 West……………………………………… 935 911 955 991 1,062 1,119 1,055 3.0 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.4 3.6 3.4 1 Detail will not necessarily add to totals because of the independent seasonal adjustment of the various series. 2 Includes natural resources and mining, information, financial activities, and other services, not shown separately. 3 Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, West Virginia; Midwest: Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, Wyoming. NOTE: The job openings level is the number of job openings on the last business day of the month; the job openings rate is the number of job openings on the last business day of the month as a percent of total employment plus job openings. P = preliminary. 19. Hires levels and rates by industry and region, seasonally adjusted 1 Levels (in thousands) Industry and region Percent 2006 June Total2……………………………………………… 4,899 July Aug. Sept. 2006 Oct. Nov. p Dec. 4,995 4,831 4,803 4,988 5,042 4,889 June 3.6 July 3.7 Aug. 3.6 Sept. 3.5 Oct. 3.7 Nov. 3.7 Dec.p 3.6 Industry Total private 2………………………………… 4,508 4,741 4,396 4,395 4,615 4,681 4,534 4.0 4.2 3.9 3.9 4.1 4.1 4.0 Construction……………………………… 366 365 351 338 356 383 321 4.9 4.9 4.7 4.5 4.8 5.1 4.3 Manufacturing…………………………… 378 380 353 325 358 370 358 2.7 2.7 2.5 2.3 2.5 2.6 2.5 Trade, transportation, and utilities……… 1,099 1,045 1,070 968 984 990 937 4.2 4.0 4.1 3.7 3.8 3.8 3.6 Professional and business services…… 905 967 860 988 994 1,055 1,000 5.2 5.6 4.9 5.7 5.7 6.0 5.7 Education and health services………… 465 521 482 465 531 488 500 2.6 2.9 2.7 2.6 3.0 2.7 2.8 Leisure and hospitality…………………… Government………………………………… 846 850 794 827 886 918 948 6.5 6.5 6.1 6.3 6.7 6.9 7.2 392 338 409 380 353 355 348 1.8 1.5 1.9 1.7 1.6 1.6 1.6 Region 3 Northeast………………………………… 729 841 738 718 731 717 810 2.9 3.3 2.9 2.8 2.9 2.8 3.2 South……………………………………… 1,877 1,849 1,907 1,993 1,944 1,944 1,804 3.9 3.8 3.9 4.1 4.0 4.0 3.7 Midwest…………………………………… 1,072 1,123 1,008 997 1,096 1,047 1,051 3.4 3.6 3.2 3.1 3.5 3.3 3.3 West……………………………………… 1,207 1,177 1,160 1,122 1,204 1,283 1,176 4.0 3.9 3.9 3.7 4.0 4.3 3.9 1 Detail will not necessarily add to totals because of the independent seasonal adjustment of the various series. 2 Includes natural resources and mining, information, financial activities, and other services, not shown separately. Midwest: Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, Wyoming. 3 Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, West Virginia; NOTE: The hires level is the number of hires during the entire month; the hires rate is the number of hires during the entire month as a percent of total employment. p = preliminary. Monthly Labor Review • February 2007 55 Current Labor Statistics: Labor Force Data 20. Total separations levels and rates by industry and region, seasonally adjusted 1 Levels (in thousands) Industry and region June 2 Total ……………………………………………… Percent 2006 July Aug. Sept. 2006 Oct. Nov. p Dec. June 3.4 July 3.3 Aug. 3.2 Sept. 3.2 Oct. 3.3 Nov. 3.5 p Dec. 4,631 4,479 4,386 4,380 4,524 4,699 4,521 3.3 Total private 2………………………………… 4,299 4,168 4,083 4,050 4,246 4,400 4,235 3.8 3.7 3.6 3.6 3.7 3.9 3.7 Construction……………………………… 324 415 348 332 351 420 366 4.3 5.5 4.6 4.4 4.7 5.6 4.9 2.5 Industry Manufacturing…………………………… 370 358 364 391 344 346 358 2.6 2.5 2.6 2.8 2.4 2.4 Trade, transportation, and utilities……… 1,082 935 997 1,004 962 1,011 1,012 4.2 3.6 3.8 3.9 3.7 3.9 3.9 Professional and business services…… 755 735 705 781 933 990 860 4.4 4.2 4.1 4.5 5.3 5.7 4.9 Education and health services………… 424 431 460 390 413 422 408 2.4 2.4 2.6 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.3 Leisure and hospitality…………………… 802 818 801 711 762 804 824 6.2 6.3 6.1 5.4 5.8 6.1 6.2 315 306 304 322 278 296 268 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.5 1.3 1.3 1.2 2.7 Government………………………………… Region 3 Northeast………………………………… 724 763 695 766 763 699 682 2.8 3.0 2.7 3.0 3.0 2.7 South……………………………………… 1,858 1,687 1,703 1,659 1,599 1,936 1,714 3.8 3.5 3.5 3.4 3.3 4.0 3.5 Midwest…………………………………… 871 1,087 942 904 1,028 992 1,098 2.8 3.4 3.0 2.9 3.2 3.1 3.5 1,137 979 1,070 1,031 1,101 1,053 1,029 3.8 3.3 3.6 3.4 3.7 3.5 3.4 West……………………………………… 1 Detail will not necessarily add to totals because of the independent seasonal adjustment of the various series. 2 Includes natural resources and mining, information, financial activities, and other services, not shown separately. Midwest: Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, Wyoming. 3 Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, West Virginia; NOTE: The total separations level is the number of total separations during the entire month; the total separations rate is the number of total separations during the entire month as a percent of total employment. p = preliminary. 21. Quits levels and rates by industry and region, seasonally adjusted Levels1 (in thousands) Industry and region June 2 Total ……………………………………………… Percent 2006 July Aug. Sept. 2006 Oct. Nov. p Dec. June 2.0 July 1.9 Aug. 1.9 Sept. 1.8 Oct. 1.9 Nov. 2.1 Dec.p 2,699 2,623 2,597 2,473 2,606 2,794 2,681 2.0 Total private 2………………………………… 2,554 2,469 2,442 2,309 2,461 2,651 2,539 2.3 2.2 2.2 2.0 2.2 2.3 2.2 Construction……………………………… 154 157 143 131 135 142 142 2.0 2.1 1.9 1.7 1.8 1.9 1.9 Manufacturing…………………………… 190 189 194 182 195 216 221 1.3 1.3 1.4 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 Trade, transportation, and utilities……… 615 586 604 594 571 653 621 2.4 2.3 2.3 2.3 2.2 2.5 2.4 Professional and business services…… 386 412 388 401 425 495 442 2.2 2.4 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.8 2.5 Education and health services………… 290 277 300 262 278 279 270 1.6 1.6 1.7 1.5 1.6 1.6 1.5 Leisure and hospitality…………………… 622 549 542 495 544 561 583 4.8 4.2 4.1 3.8 4.1 4.2 4.4 146 156 153 159 143 143 141 .7 .7 .7 .7 .6 .6 .6 1.5 Industry Government………………………………… Region 3 Northeast………………………………… 358 378 404 383 366 411 378 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.5 1.4 1.6 South……………………………………… 1,153 1,081 1,095 1,029 1,047 1,141 1,134 2.4 2.2 2.3 2.1 2.2 2.4 2.3 Midwest…………………………………… 552 562 551 522 605 563 544 1.8 1.8 1.7 1.6 1.9 1.8 1.7 West……………………………………… 631 598 553 544 579 632 611 2.1 2.0 1.8 1.8 1.9 2.1 2.0 1 Detail will not necessarily add to totals because of the independent seasonal adjustment of the various series. 2 Includes natural resources and mining, information, financial activities, and other services, not shown separately. Midwest: Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, Wyoming. 3 Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, West Virginia; 56 Monthly Labor Review • February 2007 NOTE: The quits level is the number of quits during the entire month; the quits rate is the number of quits during the entire month as a percent of total employment. p = preliminary. 22. Quarterly Census of Employment and Wages: 10 largest counties, second quarter 2006. County by NAICS supersector Establishments, second quarter 2006 (thousands) Average weekly wage1 Employment June 2006 (thousands) Percent change, June 2005-062 Second quarter 2006 Percent change, second quarter 2005-062 United States3 .............................................................................. Private industry ........................................................................ Natural resources and mining .............................................. Construction ......................................................................... Manufacturing ...................................................................... Trade, transportation, and utilities ........................................ Information ........................................................................... Financial activities ................................................................ Professional and business services ..................................... Education and health services ............................................. Leisure and hospitality ......................................................... Other services ...................................................................... Government ............................................................................. 8,774.8 8,496.4 123.8 875.1 364.2 1,895.9 144.2 846.1 1,425.8 794.6 708.1 1,109.9 278.3 135,481.1 114,201.0 1,904.1 7,870.8 14,256.1 26,042.5 3,065.0 8,219.2 17,646.2 16,871.9 13,570.7 4,446.1 21,280.1 2.0 2.2 2.7 5.5 -.1 1.5 -.1 1.9 4.2 2.7 2.0 1.2 1.0 $784 774 790 820 952 682 1,188 1,141 944 735 330 509 836 4.4 4.6 13.3 5.8 4.2 4.0 4.7 5.4 4.4 4.4 4.8 4.3 3.3 Los Angeles, CA .......................................................................... Private industry ........................................................................ Natural resources and mining .............................................. Construction ......................................................................... Manufacturing ...................................................................... Trade, transportation, and utilities ........................................ Information ........................................................................... Financial activities ................................................................ Professional and business services ..................................... Education and health services ............................................. Leisure and hospitality ......................................................... Other services ...................................................................... Government ............................................................................. 387.2 383.3 .6 14.1 15.9 55.8 8.9 25.1 43.2 28.2 27.1 164.3 3.9 4,196.7 3,607.8 12.0 158.4 468.3 804.7 210.4 249.3 600.9 463.3 394.2 246.0 588.9 2.0 2.3 4.8 6.1 -1.0 1.8 4.6 1.9 (4) 2.0 2.4 4.0 .1 882 864 1,317 876 938 749 1,433 1,368 1,007 810 491 410 993 3.6 4.2 20.6 3.9 5.2 4.3 -2.9 5.6 6.3 4.0 4.9 2.8 .5 Cook, IL ........................................................................................ Private industry ........................................................................ Natural resources and mining .............................................. Construction ......................................................................... Manufacturing ...................................................................... Trade, transportation, and utilities ........................................ Information ........................................................................... Financial activities ................................................................ Professional and business services ..................................... Education and health services ............................................. Leisure and hospitality ......................................................... Other services ...................................................................... Government ............................................................................. 134.0 132.8 .1 11.7 7.3 27.4 2.5 15.0 27.5 13.2 11.3 13.4 1.2 2,565.5 2,246.9 1.5 100.6 246.7 480.5 59.5 220.8 436.6 360.2 240.1 96.5 318.7 1.4 1.6 -2.4 5.3 -2.2 .7 -2.5 1.1 3.7 1.9 3.3 .0 .0 942 936 998 1,147 960 771 1,308 1,477 1,186 799 416 676 983 4.3 4.8 7.3 6.2 4.9 4.6 6.9 7.4 2.0 4.6 8.9 6.0 .8 New York, NY ............................................................................... Private industry ........................................................................ Natural resources and mining .............................................. Construction ......................................................................... Manufacturing ...................................................................... Trade, transportation, and utilities ........................................ Information ........................................................................... Financial activities ................................................................ Professional and business services ..................................... Education and health services ............................................. Leisure and hospitality ......................................................... Other services ...................................................................... Government ............................................................................. 115.7 115.5 .0 2.2 3.0 21.3 4.2 17.6 23.1 8.1 10.5 16.7 .2 2,312.6 1,860.5 .1 31.6 39.8 241.4 132.1 369.5 466.0 279.5 201.2 85.2 452.1 2.2 2.8 4.2 7.1 -6.2 1.5 1.4 3.2 3.2 2.1 2.5 -.1 -.3 1,453 1,557 1,272 1,386 1,066 1,100 1,826 2,810 1,660 956 711 876 1,028 7.8 7.4 11.2 7.9 -.8 6.6 6.8 10.8 4.5 6.5 6.6 7.4 9.4 Harris, TX ..................................................................................... Private industry ........................................................................ Natural resources and mining .............................................. Construction ......................................................................... Manufacturing ...................................................................... Trade, transportation, and utilities ........................................ Information ........................................................................... Financial activities ................................................................ Professional and business services ..................................... Education and health services ............................................. Leisure and hospitality ......................................................... Other services ...................................................................... Government ............................................................................. 92.0 91.6 1.4 6.3 4.6 21.2 1.3 10.0 17.9 9.6 7.0 10.7 .4 1,941.2 1,695.4 71.2 141.6 176.3 406.2 32.2 116.8 317.6 201.9 170.6 57.1 245.8 4.1 4.6 8.7 8.7 5.4 3.4 .0 1.6 6.3 3.9 2.3 1.6 .9 959 976 2,680 912 1,189 862 1,150 1,180 1,075 806 366 553 843 7.5 7.6 17.2 7.5 4.7 5.6 4.5 7.2 6.6 4.5 9.3 4.3 6.3 Maricopa, AZ ................................................................................ Private industry ........................................................................ Natural resources and mining .............................................. Construction ......................................................................... Manufacturing ...................................................................... Trade, transportation, and utilities ........................................ Information ........................................................................... Financial activities ................................................................ Professional and business services ..................................... Education and health services ............................................. Leisure and hospitality ......................................................... Other services ...................................................................... Government ............................................................................. 91.2 90.7 .5 9.2 3.4 19.3 1.5 11.0 19.5 8.7 6.4 6.4 .6 1,784.4 1,601.1 9.8 181.4 137.5 361.7 31.9 149.7 311.5 185.1 175.9 48.2 183.4 5.7 6.0 -2.7 11.6 2.8 4.7 -2.7 4.8 5.9 6.0 6.0 3.6 2.8 794 782 644 806 1,076 765 942 1,020 769 829 383 556 892 4.5 5.2 18.4 6.1 6.0 3.9 3.6 3.4 5.2 6.4 9.4 7.8 .2 See footnotes at end of table. Monthly Labor Review • February 2007 57 Current Labor Statistics: Labor Force Data 22. Continued—Quarterly Census of Employment and Wages: 10 largest counties, second quarter 2006. County by NAICS supersector Establishments, second quarter 2006 (thousands) Average weekly wage1 Employment June 2006 (thousands) Percent change, June 2005-062 Second quarter 2006 Percent change, second quarter 2005-062 Orange, CA .................................................................................. Private industry ........................................................................ Natural resources and mining .............................................. Construction ......................................................................... Manufacturing ...................................................................... Trade, transportation, and utilities ........................................ Information ........................................................................... Financial activities ................................................................ Professional and business services ..................................... Education and health services ............................................. Leisure and hospitality ......................................................... Other services ...................................................................... Government ............................................................................. 95.5 94.1 .2 7.1 5.6 18.0 1.4 11.4 19.3 9.9 7.1 14.1 1.4 1,530.4 1,375.7 6.9 109.0 183.8 270.6 31.4 139.5 275.6 136.5 173.4 49.0 154.6 1.8 1.7 .2 5.8 .3 .8 -2.6 -1.1 2.8 3.2 3.2 -.1 2.6 $916 907 549 945 1,137 845 1,226 1,381 966 811 392 542 995 6.3 6.1 -6.8 4.8 11.8 3.8 3.2 4.2 8.7 4.1 5.7 4.2 7.7 Dallas, TX ..................................................................................... Private industry ........................................................................ Natural resources and mining .............................................. Construction ......................................................................... Manufacturing ...................................................................... Trade, transportation, and utilities ........................................ Information ........................................................................... Financial activities ................................................................ Professional and business services ..................................... Education and health services ............................................. Leisure and hospitality ......................................................... Other services ...................................................................... Government ............................................................................. 66.6 66.1 .5 4.3 3.2 14.9 1.7 8.4 13.9 6.3 5.1 6.5 .4 1,462.9 1,304.6 7.5 80.4 148.0 303.9 53.0 140.3 261.4 137.0 129.7 40.5 158.3 3.3 3.7 4.7 3.0 2.7 2.5 -1.4 3.8 6.5 4.2 3.1 1.0 .5 956 966 2,925 924 1,118 916 1,271 1,249 1,039 906 422 604 874 4.9 5.0 39.2 8.5 5.5 4.3 5.0 5.4 .8 7.6 5.0 6.3 4.0 San Diego, CA ............................................................................. Private industry ........................................................................ Natural resources and mining .............................................. Construction ......................................................................... Manufacturing ...................................................................... Trade, transportation, and utilities ........................................ Information ........................................................................... Financial activities ................................................................ Professional and business services ..................................... Education and health services ............................................. Leisure and hospitality ......................................................... Other services ...................................................................... Government ............................................................................. 91.6 90.2 .8 7.3 3.3 14.7 1.3 10.1 16.5 8.0 6.8 21.3 1.4 1,327.9 1,105.9 11.6 95.9 105.1 218.9 37.2 84.8 215.4 122.9 157.8 56.3 222.0 1.4 1.7 -5.3 2.9 -.4 2.4 -1.3 1.2 1.0 1.1 3.9 2.7 .1 850 830 522 862 1,117 691 1,839 1,065 1,013 785 376 468 949 4.7 4.3 .6 3.0 4.5 2.1 19.9 1.9 5.0 4.7 3.3 2.6 6.5 King, WA ...................................................................................... Private industry ........................................................................ Natural resources and mining .............................................. Construction ......................................................................... Manufacturing ...................................................................... Trade, transportation, and utilities ........................................ Information ........................................................................... Financial activities ................................................................ Professional and business services ..................................... Education and health services ............................................. Leisure and hospitality ......................................................... Other services ...................................................................... Government ............................................................................. 74.7 74.2 .4 6.6 2.5 14.7 1.7 6.8 12.4 6.2 5.8 17.1 .5 1,160.2 1,006.5 3.4 67.6 111.6 220.2 72.9 76.8 180.6 117.9 110.0 45.5 153.7 3.7 4.3 2.8 14.5 4.6 2.3 5.0 2.3 7.5 2.5 1.9 .1 .0 988 996 1,172 940 1,368 859 1,754 1,232 1,156 774 417 532 939 6.1 6.8 5.7 5.5 8.7 5.3 4.7 6.9 8.3 4.0 5.6 6.0 2.1 Miami-Dade, FL ............................................................................ Private industry ........................................................................ Natural resources and mining .............................................. Construction ......................................................................... Manufacturing ...................................................................... Trade, transportation, and utilities ........................................ Information ........................................................................... Financial activities ................................................................ Professional and business services ..................................... Education and health services ............................................. Leisure and hospitality ......................................................... Other services ...................................................................... Government ............................................................................. 84.1 83.8 .5 5.7 2.6 22.9 1.7 10.0 16.8 8.5 5.6 7.6 .3 993.7 860.3 8.9 51.9 47.9 248.7 21.8 71.8 138.8 131.1 99.8 35.0 133.4 1.8 2.0 4.1 14.6 -3.2 2.8 -5.5 4.8 -3.8 3.4 -1.1 3.8 .1 786 763 459 850 727 731 1,108 1,096 888 764 457 497 924 3.0 5.0 1.1 7.7 7.4 5.3 5.4 4.2 1.8 5.8 (4) 2.9 -4.8 1 Average weekly wages were calculated using unrounded data. 2 Percent changes were computed from quarterly employment and pay data adjusted for noneconomic county reclassifications. See Notes on Current Labor Statistics. 3 58 Totals for the United States do not include data for Puerto Rico or the Monthly Labor Review • February 2007 Virgin Islands. 4 Data do not meet BLS or State agency disclosure standards. NOTE: Includes workers covered by Unemployment Insurance (UI) and Unemployment Compensation for Federal Employees (UCFE) programs. Data are preliminary. 23. Quarterly Census of Employment and Wages: by State, second quarter 2006. State Establishments, second quarter 2006 (thousands) Average weekly wage1 Employment June 2006 (thousands) Percent change, June 2005-06 Second quarter 2006 Percent change, second quarter 2005-06 United States2 ................................... 8,774.8 135,481.1 2.0 $784 4.4 Alabama ............................................ Alaska ............................................... Arizona .............................................. Arkansas ........................................... California ........................................... Colorado ........................................... Connecticut ....................................... Delaware ........................................... District of Columbia ........................... Florida ............................................... 116.5 20.8 148.7 81.1 1,249.0 174.2 111.5 30.0 31.2 586.6 1,944.8 327.2 2,581.3 1,185.3 15,733.0 2,277.7 1,700.6 430.4 677.9 7,889.6 2.3 3.8 5.7 2.4 2.4 2.8 1.5 2.0 .4 3.2 672 788 753 612 888 794 971 851 1,300 722 4.3 4.2 4.1 3.2 4.5 3.3 2.8 6.8 5.3 4.8 Georgia ............................................. Hawaii ............................................... Idaho ................................................. Illinois ................................................ Indiana .............................................. Iowa .................................................. Kansas .............................................. Kentucky ........................................... Louisiana ........................................... Maine ................................................ 263.8 37.4 54.7 347.4 154.6 92.5 84.8 109.2 122.2 49.1 4,054.1 621.8 660.0 5,912.4 2,917.5 1,502.9 1,339.5 1,797.2 1,831.7 616.0 3.2 2.5 5.7 1.7 .9 1.9 1.2 1.2 -3.9 .8 743 704 612 837 684 639 667 672 680 632 3.1 4.0 7.4 4.1 3.0 4.1 5.0 3.4 10.2 3.8 Maryland ........................................... Massachusetts .................................. Michigan ............................................ Minnesota ......................................... Mississippi ......................................... Missouri ............................................. Montana ............................................ Nebraska ........................................... Nevada .............................................. New Hampshire ................................ 162.9 207.8 256.7 173.0 68.6 171.7 41.2 57.4 70.7 48.6 2,567.8 3,256.7 4,320.8 2,731.9 1,127.4 2,743.6 442.8 915.6 1,284.6 639.1 1.6 1.1 -1.0 2.3 .9 1.6 4.3 1.1 5.2 1.2 855 963 783 789 587 703 575 632 748 774 4.7 5.1 1.8 4.0 5.6 3.7 4.0 5.7 1.4 2.5 New Jersey ....................................... New Mexico ...................................... New York .......................................... North Carolina ................................... North Dakota ..................................... Ohio .................................................. Oklahoma .......................................... Oregon .............................................. Pennsylvania ..................................... Rhode Island ..................................... 277.5 52.6 570.4 241.1 25.3 291.5 96.2 127.9 332.2 35.9 4,053.9 824.4 8,566.2 3,965.0 342.4 5,396.5 1,512.5 1,732.5 5,675.5 490.7 1.0 5.0 1.0 3.0 2.7 .4 3.0 3.0 1.0 .6 948 653 962 690 591 716 639 710 766 755 5.1 4.6 5.4 3.8 5.3 3.3 7.4 3.3 3.9 4.7 South Carolina .................................. South Dakota .................................... Tennessee ........................................ Texas ................................................ Utah .................................................. Vermont ............................................ Virginia .............................................. Washington ....................................... West Virginia ..................................... Wisconsin .......................................... 125.0 29.6 136.1 532.8 86.4 24.6 219.6 210.9 48.3 162.6 1,858.5 396.1 2,749.2 9,965.6 1,182.9 307.7 3,697.5 2,911.9 714.3 2,828.3 1.5 2.3 2.2 3.8 5.6 1.1 2.1 3.0 1.6 1.1 646 563 703 781 655 665 822 799 636 685 4.2 4.3 4.9 5.8 5.3 3.1 4.4 5.1 3.9 3.3 Wyoming ........................................... 23.9 278.6 5.1 685 10.3 Puerto Rico ....................................... Virgin Islands .................................... 60.0 3.4 1,039.6 45.3 -.4 3.2 435 679 4.1 5.6 1 2 Average weekly wages were calculated using unrounded data. Totals for the United States do not include data for Puerto Rico or the Virgin Islands. NOTE: Includes workers covered by Unemployment Insurance (UI) and Unemployment Compensation for Federal Employees (UCFE) programs. Data are preliminary. Monthly Labor Review • February 2007 59 Current Labor Statistics: Labor Force Data 24. Annual data: Quarterly Census of Employment and Wages, by ownership Year Average establishments Average annual employment Total annual wages (in thousands) Average annual wage per employee Average weekly wage Total covered (UI and UCFE) 1996 .................................................. 1997 .................................................. 1998 .................................................. 1999 .................................................. 2000 .................................................. 2001 .................................................. 2002 .................................................. 2003 .................................................. 2004 .................................................. 2005 .................................................. 7,189,168 7,369,473 7,634,018 7,820,860 7,879,116 7,984,529 8,101,872 8,228,840 8,364,795 8,571,144 117,963,132 121,044,432 124,183,549 127,042,282 129,877,063 129,635,800 128,233,919 127,795,827 129,278,176 131,571,623 $3,414,514,808 3,674,031,718 3,967,072,423 4,235,579,204 4,587,708,584 4,695,225,123 4,714,374,741 4,826,251,547 5,087,561,796 5,351,949,496 $28,946 30,353 31,945 33,340 35,323 36,219 36,764 37,765 39,354 40,677 $557 584 614 641 679 697 707 726 757 782 $28,658 30,058 31,676 33,094 35,077 35,943 36,428 37,401 38,955 40,270 $551 578 609 636 675 691 701 719 749 774 $28,582 30,064 31,762 33,244 35,337 36,157 36,539 37,508 39,134 40,505 $550 578 611 639 680 695 703 721 753 779 $31,397 32,521 33,605 34,681 36,296 37,814 39,212 40,057 41,118 42,249 $604 625 646 667 698 727 754 770 791 812 $28,320 29,134 30,251 31,234 32,387 33,521 34,605 35,669 36,805 37,718 $545 560 582 601 623 645 665 686 708 725 $40,414 42,732 43,688 44,287 46,228 48,940 52,050 54,239 57,782 59,864 $777 822 840 852 889 941 1,001 1,043 1,111 1,151 UI covered 1996 .................................................. 1997 .................................................. 1998 .................................................. 1999 .................................................. 2000 .................................................. 2001 .................................................. 2002 .................................................. 2003 .................................................. 2004 .................................................. 2005 .................................................. 7,137,644 7,317,363 7,586,767 7,771,198 7,828,861 7,933,536 8,051,117 8,177,087 8,312,729 8,518,249 115,081,246 118,233,942 121,400,660 124,255,714 127,005,574 126,883,182 125,475,293 125,031,551 126,538,579 128,837,948 $3,298,045,286 3,553,933,885 3,845,494,089 4,112,169,533 4,454,966,824 4,560,511,280 4,570,787,218 4,676,319,378 4,929,262,369 5,188,301,929 Private industry covered 1996 .................................................. 1997 .................................................. 1998 .................................................. 1999 .................................................. 2000 .................................................. 2001 .................................................. 2002 .................................................. 2003 .................................................. 2004 .................................................. 2005 .................................................. 6,946,858 7,121,182 7,381,518 7,560,567 7,622,274 7,724,965 7,839,903 7,963,340 8,093,142 8,294,662 99,268,446 102,175,161 105,082,368 107,619,457 110,015,333 109,304,802 107,577,281 107,065,553 108,490,066 110,611,016 $2,837,334,217 3,071,807,287 3,337,621,699 3,577,738,557 3,887,626,769 3,952,152,155 3,930,767,025 4,015,823,311 4,245,640,890 4,480,311,193 State government covered 1996 .................................................. 1997 .................................................. 1998 .................................................. 1999 .................................................. 2000 .................................................. 2001 .................................................. 2002 .................................................. 2003 .................................................. 2004 .................................................. 2005 .................................................. 62,146 65,352 67,347 70,538 65,096 64,583 64,447 64,467 64,544 66,278 4,191,726 4,214,451 4,240,779 4,296,673 4,370,160 4,452,237 4,485,071 4,481,845 4,484,997 4,527,514 $131,605,800 137,057,432 142,512,445 149,011,194 158,618,365 168,358,331 175,866,492 179,528,728 184,414,992 191,281,126 Local government covered 1996 .................................................. 1997 .................................................. 1998 .................................................. 1999 .................................................. 2000 .................................................. 2001 .................................................. 2002 .................................................. 2003 .................................................. 2004 .................................................. 2005 .................................................. 128,640 130,829 137,902 140,093 141,491 143,989 146,767 149,281 155,043 157,309 11,621,074 11,844,330 12,077,513 12,339,584 12,620,081 13,126,143 13,412,941 13,484,153 13,563,517 13,699,418 $329,105,269 345,069,166 365,359,945 385,419,781 408,721,690 440,000,795 464,153,701 480,967,339 499,206,488 516,709,610 Federal government covered (UCFE) 1996 .................................................. 1997 .................................................. 1998 .................................................. 1999 .................................................. 2000 .................................................. 2001 .................................................. 2002 .................................................. 2003 .................................................. 2004 .................................................. 2005 .................................................. 51,524 52,110 47,252 49,661 50,256 50,993 50,755 51,753 52,066 52,895 NOTE: Data are final. Detail may not add to total due to rounding. 60 Monthly Labor Review • February 2007 2,881,887 2,810,489 2,782,888 2,786,567 2,871,489 2,752,619 2,758,627 2,764,275 2,739,596 2,733,675 $116,469,523 120,097,833 121,578,334 123,409,672 132,741,760 134,713,843 143,587,523 149,932,170 158,299,427 163,647,568 25. Annual data: Quarterly Census of Employment and Wages, establishment size and employment, private ownership, by supersector, first quarter 2005 Size of establishments Industry, establishments, and employment Total Fewer than 5 workers1 5 to 9 workers 10 to 19 workers 20 to 49 workers 50 to 99 workers 100 to 249 workers 250 to 499 workers 500 to 999 workers 1,000 or more workers Total all industries2 Establishments, first quarter .................. Employment, March ............................... 8,203,193 108,400,665 4,937,585 7,342,119 Natural resources and mining Establishments, first quarter .................. Employment, March ............................... 122,314 1,591,414 69,037 110,672 23,171 153,458 15,130 203,615 9,542 285,777 3,024 207,152 1,679 254,726 505 175,153 170 114,603 56 86,258 Construction Establishments, first quarter .................. Employment, March ............................... 831,198 6,801,693 541,438 788,401 136,884 897,445 81,651 1,095,463 49,546 1,480,278 13,963 946,712 6,186 911,056 1,178 393,664 279 185,993 73 102,681 Manufacturing Establishments, first quarter .................. Employment, March ............................... 365,703 14,154,939 139,265 241,424 62,539 419,954 55,531 763,046 53,217 1,655,600 25,598 1,792,309 19,498 2,996,843 6,468 2,232,678 2,432 1,644,836 1,155 2,408,249 Trade, transportation, and utilities Establishments, first quarter .................. Employment, March ............................... 1,857,536 25,178,580 986,399 1,648,596 378,634 2,519,528 243,020 3,253,554 154,658 4,670,426 53,059 3,660,431 32,572 4,845,270 6,921 2,356,307 1,746 1,132,759 527 1,091,709 Information Establishments, first quarter .................. Employment, March ............................... 141,249 3,044,649 80,206 111,997 20,516 136,803 16,131 220,670 13,347 410,443 5,569 384,425 3,553 539,896 1,153 393,212 518 352,742 256 494,461 Financial activities Establishments, first quarter .................. Employment, March ............................... 801,843 7,920,659 514,145 838,192 145,932 961,226 80,803 1,069,124 39,849 1,186,061 11,798 805,249 6,105 917,119 1,872 647,897 884 614,198 455 881,593 Professional and business services Establishments, first quarter .................. Employment, March ............................... 1,352,317 16,461,563 914,425 1,277,785 186,219 1,223,193 116,874 1,575,508 77,281 2,339,310 29,848 2,069,104 19,141 2,908,692 5,588 1,909,120 2,075 1,412,210 866 1,746,641 Education and health services Establishments, first quarter .................. Employment, March ............................... 758,591 16,369,857 356,913 659,950 171,672 1,139,990 109,414 1,470,423 69,888 2,099,073 25,217 1,757,066 17,969 2,693,346 3,985 1,355,658 1,810 1,260,059 1,723 3,934,292 Leisure and hospitality Establishments, first quarter .................. Employment, March ............................... 683,022 12,325,005 265,161 421,191 115,748 780,979 124,094 1,739,011 128,070 3,861,338 37,122 2,485,398 10,332 1,460,338 1,563 528,449 624 422,549 308 625,752 Other services Establishments, first quarter .................. Employment, March ............................... 1,097,218 4,284,985 889,756 1,069,170 117,854 769,066 56,303 741,466 24,642 715,321 5,518 375,264 2,603 380,117 429 143,056 95 62,317 18 29,208 1 Includes establishments that reported no workers in March 2005. 2 Includes data for unclassified establishments, not shown separately. 1,368,471 900,660 620,350 210,747 119,647 29,663 9,060,122 12,154,050 18,712,178 14,484,991 17,908,651 10,135,444 10,633 5,437 7,202,266 11,400,844 NOTE: Data are final. Detail may not add to total due to rounding. Monthly Labor Review • February 2007 61 Current Labor Statistics: Labor Force Data Table 26. Average annual wages for 2004 and 2005 for all covered workers1 by metropolitan area Average annual wages3 Metropolitan area2 2005 Percent change, 2004-05 Metropolitan areas4 .............................................................. $40,917 $42,253 3.3 Abilene, TX ............................................................................ Aguadilla-Isabela-San Sebastian, PR ................................... Akron, OH .............................................................................. Albany, GA ............................................................................ Albany-Schenectady-Troy, NY .............................................. Albuquerque, NM ................................................................... Alexandria, LA ....................................................................... Allentown-Bethlehem-Easton, PA-NJ .................................... Altoona, PA ............................................................................ Amarillo, TX ........................................................................... 27,103 18,579 36,548 30,930 38,557 34,530 29,003 37,461 29,115 30,780 27,876 18,717 37,471 31,741 39,201 35,665 30,114 38,506 29,642 31,954 2.9 0.7 2.5 2.6 1.7 3.3 3.8 2.8 1.8 3.8 Ames, IA ................................................................................ Anchorage, AK ...................................................................... Anderson, IN .......................................................................... Anderson, SC ........................................................................ Ann Arbor, MI ........................................................................ Anniston-Oxford, AL .............................................................. Appleton, WI .......................................................................... Asheville, NC ......................................................................... Athens-Clarke County, GA .................................................... Atlanta-Sandy Springs-Marietta, GA ..................................... 32,689 40,652 31,719 28,937 44,926 29,915 33,618 29,989 31,702 43,250 33,889 41,712 31,418 29,463 45,820 31,231 34,431 30,926 32,512 44,595 3.7 2.6 -0.9 1.8 2.0 4.4 2.4 3.1 2.6 3.1 Atlantic City, NJ ..................................................................... Auburn-Opelika, AL ............................................................... Augusta-Richmond County, GA-SC ...................................... Austin-Round Rock, TX ......................................................... Bakersfield, CA ...................................................................... Baltimore-Towson, MD .......................................................... Bangor, ME ............................................................................ Barnstable Town, MA ............................................................ Baton Rouge, LA ................................................................... Battle Creek, MI ..................................................................... 35,700 28,785 33,513 42,144 33,707 41,815 29,882 34,598 33,162 36,576 36,735 29,196 34,588 43,500 34,165 43,486 30,707 35,123 34,523 37,994 2.9 1.4 3.2 3.2 1.4 4.0 2.8 1.5 4.1 3.9 Bay City, MI ........................................................................... Beaumont-Port Arthur, TX ..................................................... Bellingham, WA ..................................................................... Bend, OR ............................................................................... Billings, MT ............................................................................ Binghamton, NY .................................................................... Birmingham-Hoover, AL ........................................................ Bismarck, ND ......................................................................... Blacksburg-Christiansburg-Radford, VA ................................ Bloomington, IN ..................................................................... 32,386 34,675 29,957 30,084 30,290 32,168 37,983 30,825 30,906 29,288 33,572 36,530 31,128 31,492 31,748 33,290 39,353 31,504 32,196 30,080 3.7 5.3 3.9 4.7 4.8 3.5 3.6 2.2 4.2 2.7 Bloomington-Normal, IL ......................................................... Boise City-Nampa, ID ............................................................ Boston-Cambridge-Quincy, MA-NH ...................................... Boulder, CO ........................................................................... Bowling Green, KY ................................................................ Bremerton-Silverdale, WA ..................................................... Bridgeport-Stamford-Norwalk, CT ......................................... Brownsville-Harlingen, TX ..................................................... Brunswick, GA ....................................................................... Buffalo-Niagara Falls, NY ...................................................... 38,823 33,614 52,976 47,264 30,695 35,599 67,223 24,222 30,408 34,923 39,404 34,623 54,199 49,115 31,306 36,467 71,095 24,893 30,902 35,302 1.5 3.0 2.3 3.9 2.0 2.4 5.8 2.8 1.6 1.1 Burlington, NC ....................................................................... Burlington-South Burlington, VT ............................................ Canton-Massillon, OH ........................................................... Cape Coral-Fort Myers, FL .................................................... Carson City, NV ..................................................................... Casper, WY ........................................................................... Cedar Rapids, IA ................................................................... Champaign-Urbana, IL .......................................................... Charleston, WV ..................................................................... Charleston-North Charleston, SC .......................................... 30,218 37,319 31,304 33,932 36,799 32,284 36,546 32,595 34,236 32,233 31,084 38,582 32,080 35,649 38,428 34,810 37,902 33,278 35,363 33,896 2.9 3.4 2.5 5.1 4.4 7.8 3.7 2.1 3.3 5.2 Charlotte-Gastonia-Concord, NC-SC .................................... Charlottesville, VA ................................................................. Chattanooga, TN-GA ............................................................. Cheyenne, WY ...................................................................... Chicago-Naperville-Joliet, IL-IN-WI ....................................... Chico, CA .............................................................................. Cincinnati-Middletown, OH-KY-IN ......................................... Clarksville, TN-KY ................................................................. Cleveland, TN ........................................................................ Cleveland-Elyria-Mentor, OH ................................................. 41,897 35,743 32,701 31,007 45,181 29,082 39,170 28,353 31,529 39,172 43,728 37,392 33,743 32,208 46,609 30,007 40,343 29,870 32,030 39,973 4.4 4.6 3.2 3.9 3.2 3.2 3.0 5.4 1.6 2.0 Coeur d’Alene, ID .................................................................. College Station-Bryan, TX ..................................................... Colorado Springs, CO ........................................................... Columbia, MO ........................................................................ Columbia, SC ........................................................................ Columbus, GA-AL .................................................................. Columbus, IN ......................................................................... Columbus, OH ....................................................................... Corpus Christi, TX ................................................................. Corvallis, OR ......................................................................... 27,505 27,716 36,318 30,462 32,619 30,263 38,076 38,687 31,907 37,248 28,208 29,032 37,268 31,263 33,386 31,370 38,446 39,806 32,975 39,357 2.6 4.7 2.6 2.6 2.4 3.7 1.0 2.9 3.3 5.7 See footnotes at end of table. 62 2004 Monthly Labor Review • February 2007 Table 26. Average annual wages for 2004 and 2005 for all covered workers1 by metropolitan area — Continued Average annual wages3 Metropolitan area2 Percent change, 2004-05 2004 2005 Cumberland, MD-WV ............................................................ Dallas-Fort Worth-Arlington, TX ............................................ Dalton, GA ............................................................................. Danville, IL ............................................................................. Danville, VA ........................................................................... Davenport-Moline-Rock Island, IA-IL ..................................... Dayton, OH ............................................................................ Decatur, AL ............................................................................ Decatur, IL ............................................................................. Deltona-Daytona Beach-Ormond Beach, FL ......................... $28,143 43,925 31,972 31,218 27,855 34,555 36,996 32,772 36,487 29,346 $28,645 45,337 32,848 31,861 28,449 35,546 37,922 33,513 38,444 29,927 1.8 3.2 2.7 2.1 2.1 2.9 2.5 2.3 5.4 2.0 Denver-Aurora, CO ................................................................ Des Moines, IA ...................................................................... Detroit-Warren-Livonia, MI .................................................... Dothan, AL ............................................................................. Dover, DE .............................................................................. Dubuque, IA ........................................................................... Duluth, MN-WI ....................................................................... Durham, NC ........................................................................... Eau Claire, WI ....................................................................... El Centro, CA ......................................................................... 44,568 38,499 45,798 29,492 32,358 31,596 32,512 45,892 30,161 28,935 45,940 39,760 46,790 30,253 33,132 32,414 32,638 46,743 30,763 29,879 3.1 3.3 2.2 2.6 2.4 2.6 0.4 1.9 2.0 3.3 Elizabethtown, KY ................................................................. Elkhart-Goshen, IN ................................................................ Elmira, NY ............................................................................. El Paso, TX ............................................................................ Erie, PA ................................................................................. Eugene-Springfield, OR ......................................................... Evansville, IN-KY ................................................................... Fairbanks, AK ........................................................................ Fajardo, PR ........................................................................... Fargo, ND-MN ....................................................................... 30,144 34,626 31,048 27,988 31,247 31,344 34,388 37,847 20,331 31,571 30,912 35,573 32,989 28,666 32,010 32,295 35,302 39,399 20,011 32,291 2.5 2.7 6.3 2.4 2.4 3.0 2.7 4.1 -1.6 2.3 Farmington, NM ..................................................................... Fayetteville, NC ..................................................................... Fayetteville-Springdale-Rogers, AR-MO ............................... Flagstaff, AZ .......................................................................... Flint, MI .................................................................................. Florence, SC .......................................................................... Florence-Muscle Shoals, AL .................................................. Fond du Lac, WI .................................................................... Fort Collins-Loveland, CO ..................................................... Fort Smith, AR-OK ................................................................. 32,281 29,506 33,678 29,121 38,243 31,838 28,586 31,760 35,522 28,251 33,695 30,325 34,598 30,733 37,982 32,326 28,885 32,634 36,612 29,599 4.4 2.8 2.7 5.5 -0.7 1.5 1.0 2.8 3.1 4.8 Fort Walton Beach-Crestview-Destin, FL .............................. Fort Wayne, IN ...................................................................... Fresno, CA ............................................................................ Gadsden, AL .......................................................................... Gainesville, FL ....................................................................... Gainesville, GA ...................................................................... Glens Falls, NY ...................................................................... Goldsboro, NC ....................................................................... Grand Forks, ND-MN ............................................................. Grand Junction, CO ............................................................... 31,163 34,204 31,429 27,904 30,832 32,849 30,288 27,461 27,601 29,965 32,976 34,717 32,266 28,438 32,992 33,828 31,710 28,316 28,138 31,611 5.8 1.5 2.7 1.9 7.0 3.0 4.7 3.1 1.9 5.5 Grand Rapids-Wyoming, MI .................................................. Great Falls, MT ...................................................................... Greeley, CO ........................................................................... Green Bay, WI ....................................................................... Greensboro-High Point, NC ................................................... Greenville, NC ....................................................................... Greenville, SC ....................................................................... Guayama, PR ........................................................................ Gulfport-Biloxi, MS ................................................................. Hagerstown-Martinsburg, MD-WV ......................................... 36,302 27,060 32,593 34,861 34,129 30,592 33,557 22,359 28,857 32,088 36,941 28,021 33,636 35,467 34,876 31,433 34,469 23,263 31,688 33,202 1.8 3.6 3.2 1.7 2.2 2.7 2.7 4.0 9.8 3.5 Hanford-Corcoran, CA ........................................................... Harrisburg-Carlisle, PA .......................................................... Harrisonburg, VA ................................................................... Hartford-West Hartford-East Hartford, CT ............................. Hattiesburg, MS ..................................................................... Hickory-Lenoir-Morganton, NC .............................................. Hinesville-Fort Stewart, GA ................................................... Holland-Grand Haven, MI ...................................................... Honolulu, HI ........................................................................... Hot Springs, AR ..................................................................... 29,655 38,204 29,145 48,381 27,973 29,568 28,058 35,505 36,618 26,176 29,989 39,144 30,366 50,154 28,568 30,090 30,062 36,362 37,654 27,024 1.1 2.5 4.2 3.7 2.1 1.8 7.1 2.4 2.8 3.2 Houma-Bayou Cane-Thibodaux, LA ...................................... Houston-Baytown-Sugar Land, TX ........................................ Huntington-Ashland, WV-KY-OH ........................................... Huntsville, AL ......................................................................... Idaho Falls, ID ....................................................................... Indianapolis, IN ...................................................................... Iowa City, IA .......................................................................... Ithaca, NY .............................................................................. Jackson, MI ........................................................................... Jackson, MS .......................................................................... 31,689 44,656 30,434 40,964 28,937 38,968 33,777 36,071 35,031 32,178 33,696 47,157 31,415 42,401 29,795 39,830 34,785 36,457 35,879 33,099 6.3 5.6 3.2 3.5 3.0 2.2 3.0 1.1 2.4 2.9 See footnotes at end of table. Monthly Labor Review • February 2007 63 Current Labor Statistics: Labor Force Data Table 26. Average annual wages for 2004 and 2005 for all covered workers1 by metropolitan area — Continued Average annual wages3 Metropolitan area2 2005 Jackson, TN ........................................................................... Jacksonville, FL ..................................................................... Jacksonville, NC .................................................................... Janesville, WI ........................................................................ Jefferson City, MO ................................................................. Johnson City, TN ................................................................... Johnstown, PA ....................................................................... Jonesboro, AR ....................................................................... Joplin, MO ............................................................................. Kalamazoo-Portage, MI ......................................................... $32,525 36,870 23,969 34,022 30,027 29,293 28,315 27,540 28,386 36,113 $33,286 38,224 24,803 34,107 30,991 29,840 29,335 28,550 29,152 36,042 2.3 3.7 3.5 0.2 3.2 1.9 3.6 3.7 2.7 -0.2 Kankakee-Bradley, IL ............................................................ Kansas City, MO-KS .............................................................. Kennewick-Richland-Pasco, WA ........................................... Killeen-Temple-Fort Hood, TX ............................................... Kingsport-Bristol-Bristol, TN-VA ............................................ Kingston, NY .......................................................................... Knoxville, TN ......................................................................... Kokomo, IN ............................................................................ La Crosse, WI-MN ................................................................. Lafayette, IN .......................................................................... 31,322 38,650 37,611 28,883 33,100 29,506 34,718 44,394 30,445 34,064 31,802 39,749 38,453 30,028 33,568 30,752 35,724 44,462 31,029 35,176 1.5 2.8 2.2 4.0 1.4 4.2 2.9 0.2 1.9 3.3 Lafayette, LA ......................................................................... Lake Charles, LA ................................................................... Lakeland, FL .......................................................................... Lancaster, PA ........................................................................ Lansing-East Lansing, MI ...................................................... Laredo, TX ............................................................................. Las Cruces, NM ..................................................................... Las Vegas-Paradise, NV ....................................................... Lawrence, KS ........................................................................ Lawton, OK ............................................................................ 33,042 32,077 31,163 34,296 36,706 25,954 27,492 37,066 27,665 27,276 34,729 33,728 32,235 35,264 38,135 27,401 28,569 38,940 28,492 28,459 5.1 5.1 3.4 2.8 3.9 5.6 3.9 5.1 3.0 4.3 Lebanon, PA .......................................................................... Lewiston, ID-WA .................................................................... Lewiston-Auburn, ME ............................................................ Lexington-Fayette, KY ........................................................... Lima, OH ............................................................................... Lincoln, NE ............................................................................ Little Rock-North Little Rock, AR ........................................... Logan, UT-ID ......................................................................... Longview, TX ......................................................................... Longview, WA ........................................................................ 30,239 28,995 30,415 36,051 31,618 32,108 34,019 25,281 29,925 32,742 30,704 29,414 31,008 36,683 32,630 32,711 34,920 25,869 32,603 33,993 1.5 1.4 1.9 1.8 3.2 1.9 2.6 2.3 8.9 3.8 Los Angeles-Long Beach-Santa Ana, CA ............................. Louisville, KY-IN .................................................................... Lubbock, TX .......................................................................... Lynchburg, VA ....................................................................... Macon, GA ............................................................................. Madera, CA ........................................................................... Madison, WI ........................................................................... Manchester-Nashua, NH ....................................................... Mansfield, OH ........................................................................ Mayaguez, PR ....................................................................... 45,085 36,466 29,061 30,956 32,275 28,108 37,250 43,638 32,352 19,066 46,592 37,144 30,174 32,025 33,110 29,356 38,210 45,066 32,688 19,597 3.3 1.9 3.8 3.5 2.6 4.4 2.6 3.3 1.0 2.8 McAllen-Edinburg-Pharr, TX .................................................. Medford, OR .......................................................................... Memphis, TN-MS-AR ............................................................ Merced, CA ............................................................................ Miami-Fort Lauderdale-Miami Beach, FL .............................. Michigan City-La Porte, IN ..................................................... Midland, TX ........................................................................... Milwaukee-Waukesha-West Allis, WI .................................... Minneapolis-St. Paul-Bloomington, MN-WI ........................... Missoula, MT ......................................................................... 24,529 29,786 38,292 29,122 38,557 30,065 35,566 39,315 45,064 28,625 25,315 30,502 39,094 30,209 40,174 30,724 38,267 40,181 45,507 29,627 3.2 2.4 2.1 3.7 4.2 2.2 7.6 2.2 1.0 3.5 Mobile, AL .............................................................................. Modesto, CA .......................................................................... Monroe, LA ............................................................................ Monroe, MI ............................................................................ Montgomery, AL .................................................................... Morgantown, WV ................................................................... Morristown, TN ...................................................................... Mount Vernon-Anacortes, WA ............................................... Muncie, IN ............................................................................. Muskegon-Norton Shores, MI ................................................ 31,925 33,127 27,917 39,106 32,694 30,516 31,112 30,016 30,742 32,578 33,496 34,325 29,264 39,449 33,441 31,529 31,215 31,387 32,172 33,035 4.9 3.6 4.8 0.9 2.3 3.3 0.3 4.6 4.7 1.4 Myrtle Beach-Conway-North Myrtle Beach, SC .................... Napa, CA ............................................................................... Naples-Marco Island, FL ....................................................... Nashville-Davidson--Murfreesboro, TN ................................. New Haven-Milford, CT ......................................................... New Orleans-Metairie-Kenner, LA ......................................... New York-Northern New Jersey-Long Island, NY-NJ-PA ...... Niles-Benton Harbor, MI ........................................................ Norwich-New London, CT ..................................................... Ocala, FL ............................................................................... 26,074 39,026 34,856 37,394 43,007 34,487 55,431 34,718 41,443 29,013 26,642 40,180 38,211 38,753 43,931 37,239 57,660 35,029 42,151 30,008 2.2 3.0 9.6 3.6 2.1 8.0 4.0 0.9 1.7 3.4 See footnotes at end of table. 64 Percent change, 2004-05 2004 Monthly Labor Review • February 2007 Table 26. Average annual wages for 2004 and 2005 for all covered workers1 by metropolitan area — Continued Average annual wages3 Metropolitan area2 Percent change, 2004-05 2004 2005 Ocean City, NJ ...................................................................... Odessa, TX ............................................................................ Ogden-Clearfield, UT ............................................................. Oklahoma City, OK ................................................................ Olympia, WA .......................................................................... Omaha-Council Bluffs, NE-IA ................................................ Orlando, FL ............................................................................ Oshkosh-Neenah, WI ............................................................ Owensboro, KY ..................................................................... Oxnard-Thousand Oaks-Ventura, CA ................................... $30,227 31,744 30,406 32,328 35,033 35,208 35,041 38,135 30,606 42,805 $31,033 33,475 31,195 33,142 36,230 36,329 36,466 38,820 31,379 44,597 2.7 5.5 2.6 2.5 3.4 3.2 4.1 1.8 2.5 4.2 Palm Bay-Melbourne-Titusville, FL ........................................ Panama City-Lynn Haven, FL ............................................... Parkersburg-Marietta, WV-OH .............................................. Pascagoula, MS .................................................................... Pensacola-Ferry Pass-Brent, FL ........................................... Peoria, IL ............................................................................... Philadelphia-Camden-Wilmington, PA-NJ-DE-MD ................ Phoenix-Mesa-Scottsdale, AZ ............................................... Pine Bluff, AR ........................................................................ Pittsburgh, PA ........................................................................ 37,912 30,257 30,427 32,323 30,361 37,182 45,008 38,816 29,892 37,821 38,287 31,894 30,747 34,735 32,064 39,871 46,454 40,245 30,794 38,809 1.0 5.4 1.1 7.5 5.6 7.2 3.2 3.7 3.0 2.6 Pittsfield, MA .......................................................................... Pocatello, ID .......................................................................... Ponce, PR ............................................................................. Portland-South Portland-Biddeford, ME ................................ Portland-Vancouver-Beaverton, OR-WA ............................... Port St. Lucie-Fort Pierce, FL ................................................ Poughkeepsie-Newburgh-Middletown, NY ............................ Prescott, AZ ........................................................................... Providence-New Bedford-Fall River, RI-MA .......................... Provo-Orem, UT .................................................................... 34,672 26,784 19,430 34,983 39,973 31,726 36,773 27,906 36,841 29,501 35,807 27,686 19,660 35,857 41,048 33,235 38,187 29,295 37,796 30,395 3.3 3.4 1.2 2.5 2.7 4.8 3.8 5.0 2.6 3.0 Pueblo, CO ............................................................................ Punta Gorda, FL .................................................................... Racine, WI ............................................................................. Raleigh-Cary, NC .................................................................. Rapid City, SD ....................................................................... Reading, PA .......................................................................... Redding, CA .......................................................................... Reno-Sparks, NV ................................................................... Richmond, VA ........................................................................ Riverside-San Bernardino-Ontario, CA ................................. 30,463 29,998 37,082 38,450 27,945 35,414 31,036 37,260 39,629 34,287 30,165 31,937 37,659 39,465 28,758 36,210 32,139 38,453 41,274 35,201 -1.0 6.5 1.6 2.6 2.9 2.2 3.6 3.2 4.2 2.7 Roanoke, VA ......................................................................... Rochester, MN ....................................................................... Rochester, NY ....................................................................... Rockford, IL ........................................................................... Rocky Mount, NC .................................................................. Rome, GA .............................................................................. Sacramento--Arden-Arcade--Roseville, CA ........................... Saginaw-Saginaw Township North, MI .................................. St. Cloud, MN ........................................................................ St. George, UT ...................................................................... 32,801 40,176 37,243 34,150 30,569 32,930 41,317 36,322 31,693 24,518 32,987 41,296 37,991 35,652 30,983 33,896 42,800 36,325 31,705 26,046 0.6 2.8 2.0 4.4 1.4 2.9 3.6 0.0 0.0 6.2 St. Joseph, MO-KS ................................................................ St. Louis, MO-IL ..................................................................... Salem, OR ............................................................................. Salinas, CA ............................................................................ Salisbury, MD ........................................................................ Salt Lake City, UT .................................................................. San Angelo, TX ..................................................................... San Antonio, TX .................................................................... San Diego-Carlsbad-San Marcos, CA ................................... Sandusky, OH ....................................................................... 29,047 38,640 30,490 34,681 31,118 35,562 28,990 33,919 42,382 32,586 30,009 39,985 31,289 36,067 32,240 36,857 29,530 35,097 43,824 32,631 3.3 3.5 2.6 4.0 3.6 3.6 1.9 3.5 3.4 0.1 San Francisco-Oakland-Fremont, CA ................................... San German-Cabo Rojo, PR ................................................. San Jose-Sunnyvale-Santa Clara, CA .................................. San Juan-Caguas-Guaynabo, PR ......................................... San Luis Obispo-Paso Robles, CA ........................................ Santa Barbara-Santa Maria-Goleta, CA ................................ Santa Cruz-Watsonville, CA .................................................. Santa Fe, NM ........................................................................ Santa Rosa-Petaluma, CA .................................................... Sarasota-Bradenton-Venice, FL ............................................ 55,793 18,158 69,637 23,219 32,942 37,471 37,386 32,590 38,512 32,118 58,634 18,745 71,970 23,952 33,759 39,080 38,016 33,253 40,017 33,905 5.1 3.2 3.4 3.2 2.5 4.3 1.7 2.0 3.9 5.6 Savannah, GA ....................................................................... Scranton--Wilkes-Barre, PA .................................................. Seattle-Tacoma-Bellevue, WA .............................................. Sheboygan, WI ...................................................................... Sherman-Denison, TX ........................................................... Shreveport-Bossier City, LA .................................................. Sioux City, IA-NE-SD ............................................................. Sioux Falls, SD ...................................................................... South Bend-Mishawaka, IN-MI .............................................. Spartanburg, SC .................................................................... 32,839 31,329 45,095 34,844 31,623 31,435 30,830 32,030 33,812 34,984 34,104 32,057 46,644 35,067 32,800 31,962 31,122 33,257 34,086 35,526 3.9 2.3 3.4 0.6 3.7 1.7 0.9 3.8 0.8 1.5 See footnotes at end of table. Monthly Labor Review • February 2007 65 Current Labor Statistics: Labor Force Data Table 26. Average annual wages for 2004 and 2005 for all covered workers1 by metropolitan area — Continued Average annual wages3 Metropolitan area2 2005 Spokane, WA ......................................................................... Springfield, IL ......................................................................... Springfield, MA ...................................................................... Springfield, MO ...................................................................... Springfield, OH ...................................................................... State College, PA .................................................................. Stockton, CA .......................................................................... Sumter, SC ............................................................................ Syracuse, NY ......................................................................... Tallahassee, FL ..................................................................... $31,643 38,256 35,793 29,298 30,287 33,042 34,175 26,770 35,863 32,610 $32,621 39,299 36,791 30,124 30,814 34,109 35,030 27,469 36,494 33,548 3.1 2.7 2.8 2.8 1.7 3.2 2.5 2.6 1.8 2.9 Tampa-St. Petersburg-Clearwater, FL .................................. Terre Haute, IN ...................................................................... Texarkana, TX-Texarkana, AR .............................................. Toledo, OH ............................................................................ Topeka, KS ............................................................................ Trenton-Ewing, NJ ................................................................. Tucson, AZ ............................................................................ Tulsa, OK ............................................................................... Tuscaloosa, AL ...................................................................... Tyler, TX ................................................................................ 35,328 29,839 30,185 35,122 32,071 50,467 33,992 34,014 32,223 33,704 36,374 30,597 31,302 35,848 33,303 52,034 35,650 35,211 34,124 34,731 3.0 2.5 3.7 2.1 3.8 3.1 4.9 3.5 5.9 3.0 Utica-Rome, NY ..................................................................... Valdosta, GA ......................................................................... Vallejo-Fairfield, CA ............................................................... Vero Beach, FL ...................................................................... Victoria, TX ............................................................................ Vineland-Millville-Bridgeton, NJ ............................................. Virginia Beach-Norfolk-Newport News, VA-NC ..................... Visalia-Porterville, CA ............................................................ Waco, TX ............................................................................... Warner Robins, GA ............................................................... 30,174 24,779 37,118 31,812 33,316 36,228 33,458 27,927 30,709 34,535 30,902 25,712 38,431 32,591 34,327 36,387 34,580 28,582 32,325 36,762 2.4 3.8 3.5 2.4 3.0 0.4 3.4 2.3 5.3 6.4 Washington-Arlington-Alexandria, DC-VA-MD-WV ............... Waterloo-Cedar Falls, IA ....................................................... Wausau, WI ........................................................................... Weirton-Steubenville, WV-OH ............................................... Wenatchee, WA ..................................................................... Wheeling, WV-OH ................................................................. Wichita, KS ............................................................................ Wichita Falls, TX .................................................................... Williamsport, PA .................................................................... Wilmington, NC ...................................................................... 53,134 32,322 32,399 30,173 26,440 28,772 34,618 28,144 30,050 30,379 55,525 33,123 33,259 30,596 27,163 29,808 35,976 29,343 30,699 31,792 4.5 2.5 2.7 1.4 2.7 3.6 3.9 4.3 2.2 4.7 Winchester, VA-WV ............................................................... Winston-Salem, NC ............................................................... Worcester, MA ....................................................................... Yakima, WA ........................................................................... Yauco, PR ............................................................................. York-Hanover, PA .................................................................. Youngstown-Warren-Boardman, OH-PA ............................... Yuba City, CA ........................................................................ Yuma, AZ ............................................................................... 32,396 36,559 40,428 26,497 18,274 34,966 31,943 30,913 25,978 33,787 36,654 41,094 27,334 17,818 36,834 32,176 32,133 27,168 4.3 0.3 1.6 3.2 -2.5 5.3 0.7 3.9 4.6 1 Includes workers covered by Unemployment Insurance (UI) and Unemployment Compensation for Federal Employees (UCFE) programs. 2 Includes data for Metropolitan Statistical Areas (MSA) and Primary Metropolitan Statistical Areas (PMSA) as defined by OMB Bulletin No. 99-04. In the New England areas, the New England County Metropolitan Area (NECMA) definitions were used. 66 Percent change, 2004-05 2004 Monthly Labor Review • February 2007 3 Each year’s total is based on the MSA definition for the specific year. Annual changes include differences resulting from changes in MSA definitions. 4 Totals do not include the six MSAs within Puerto Rico. 27. Annual data: Employment status of the population [Numbers in thousands] Employment status Civilian noninstitutional population........... Civilian labor force............................…… Labor force participation rate............... Employed............................………… Employment-population ratio.......... Unemployed............................……… Unemployment rate........................ Not in the labor force............................… 1 1996 200,591 133,943 66.8 126,708 63.2 7,236 5.4 66,647 19971 203,133 136,297 67.1 129,558 63.8 6,739 4.9 66,837 19981 205,220 137,673 67.1 131,463 64.1 6,210 4.5 67,547 19991 207,753 139,368 67.1 133,488 64.3 5,880 4.2 68,385 20001 212,577 142,583 67.1 136,891 64.4 5,692 4 69,994 2001 215,092 143,734 66.8 136,933 63.7 6,801 4.7 71,359 2002 217,570 144,863 66.6 136,485 62.7 8,378 5.8 72,707 2003 221,168 146,510 66.2 137,736 62.3 8,774 6 74,658 2004 2005 2006 223,357 147,401 66 139,252 62.3 8,149 5.5 75,956 226,082 149,320 66 141,730 62.7 7,591 5.1 76,762 228,815 151,428 66.2 144,427 63.1 7,001 4.6 77,387 Not strictly comparable with prior years. 28. Annual data: Employment levels by industry [In thousands] Industry 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 Total private employment............................… 100,169 103,113 106,021 108,686 110,996 110,707 108,828 108,416 109,814 111,899 114,184 Total nonfarm employment…………………… 119,708 122,776 125,930 128,993 131,785 131,826 130,341 129,999 131,435 133,703 136,174 Goods-producing............................……… 23,410 23,886 24,354 24,465 24,649 23,873 22,557 21,816 21,882 22,190 22,570 Natural resources and mining................. 637 654 645 598 599 606 583 572 591 628 684 Construction............................…………… 5,536 5,813 6,149 6,545 6,787 6,826 6,716 6,735 6,976 7,336 7,689 Manufacturing............................………… 17,237 17,419 17,560 17,322 17,263 16,441 15,259 14,510 14,315 14,226 14,197 Private service-providing.......................... 76,759 79,227 81,667 84,221 86,346 86,834 86,271 86,599 87,932 89,709 91,615 Trade, transportation, and utilities.......... 24,239 24,700 25,186 25,771 26,225 25,983 25,497 25,287 25,533 25,959 26,231 Wholesale trade............................……… 5,522.00 5,663.90 5,795.20 5,892.50 5,933.20 5,772.70 5,652.30 5,607.50 5,662.90 5,764.40 5,897.60 Retail trade............................………… 14,142.50 14,388.90 14,609.30 14,970.10 15,279.80 15,238.60 15,025.10 14,917.30 15,058.20 15,279.60 15,319.30 Transportation and warehousing......... 3,935.30 4,026.50 4,168.00 4,300.30 4,410.30 4,372.00 4,223.60 4,185.40 4,248.60 4,360.90 4,465.80 Utilities............................……………… 639.6 620.9 613.4 608.5 601.3 599.4 596.2 577 563.8 554 548.5 Information............................…………… 2,940 3,084 3,218 3,419 3,631 3,629 3,395 3,188 3,118 3,061 3,055 Financial activities............................…… 6,969 7,178 7,462 7,648 7,687 7,807 7,847 7,977 8,031 8,153 8,363 Professional and business services…… 13,462 14,335 15,147 15,957 16,666 16,476 15,976 15,987 16,395 16,954 17,552 Education and health services………… 13,683 14,087 14,446 14,798 15,109 15,645 16,199 16,588 16,953 17,372 17,838 Leisure and hospitality…………………… 10,777 11,018 11,232 11,543 11,862 12,036 11,986 12,173 12,493 12,816 13,143 Other services…………………………… 4,690 4,825 4,976 5,087 5,168 5,258 5,372 5,401 5,409 5,395 5,432 Government…………………………………… 19,539 19,664 19,909 20,307 20,790 21,118 21,513 21,583 21,621 21,804 21,990 Monthly Labor Review • February 2007 67 Current Labor Statistics: Labor Force Data 29. Annual data: Average hours and earnings of production or nonsupervisory workers on nonfarm payrolls, by industry Industry 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 Private sector: Average weekly hours.......……................................. Average hourly earnings (in dollars)......................... Average weekly earnings (in dollars)........................ 34.3 12.04 413.28 34.5 12.51 431.86 34.5 13.01 448.56 34.3 13.49 463.15 34.3 14.02 481.01 34 14.54 493.79 33.9 14.97 506.72 33.7 15.37 518.06 33.7 15.69 529.09 33.8 16.13 544.33 33.9 16.76 567.87 Goods-producing: Average weekly hours............................................. Average hourly earnings (in dollars)....................... Average weekly earnings (in dollars)...................... 40.8 13.38 546.48 41.1 13.82 568.43 40.8 14.23 580.99 40.8 14.71 599.99 40.7 15.27 621.86 39.9 15.78 630.04 39.9 16.33 651.61 39.8 16.8 669.13 40 17.19 688.17 40.1 17.6 705.31 40.5 18.02 729.87 46 15.1 695.07 46.2 15.57 720.11 44.9 16.2 727.28 44.2 16.33 721.74 44.4 16.55 734.92 44.6 17 757.92 43.2 17.19 741.97 43.6 17.56 765.94 44.5 18.07 803.82 45.6 18.72 853.71 45.6 19.9 908.01 Average weekly hours............................................ Average hourly earnings (in dollars)...................... Average weekly earnings (in dollars)..................... Manufacturing: 38.9 15.11 588.48 38.9 15.67 609.48 38.8 16.23 629.75 39 16.8 655.11 39.2 17.48 685.78 38.7 18 695.89 38.4 18.52 711.82 38.4 18.95 726.83 38.3 19.23 735.55 38.6 19.46 750.22 39 20.02 781.04 Average weekly hours............................................ Average hourly earnings (in dollars)...................... Average weekly earnings (in dollars)..................... Private service-providing: 41.3 12.75 526.55 41.7 13.14 548.22 41.4 13.45 557.12 41.4 13.85 573.17 41.3 14.32 590.65 40.3 14.76 595.19 40.5 15.29 618.75 40.4 15.74 635.99 40.8 16.15 658.59 40.7 16.56 673.37 41.1 16.8 690.83 Average weekly hours..………................................ Average hourly earnings (in dollars)....................... Average weekly earnings (in dollars)...................... 32.6 11.59 377.37 32.8 12.07 395.51 32.8 12.61 413.5 32.7 13.09 427.98 32.7 13.62 445.74 32.5 14.18 461.08 32.5 14.59 473.8 32.4 14.99 484.81 32.3 15.29 494.22 32.4 15.74 509.58 32.5 16.42 532.84 Trade, transportation, and utilities: Average weekly hours............................................. Average hourly earnings (in dollars)....................... Average weekly earnings (in dollars)...................... Wholesale trade: 34.1 11.46 390.64 34.3 11.9 407.57 34.2 12.39 423.3 33.9 12.82 434.31 33.8 13.31 449.88 33.5 13.7 459.53 33.6 14.02 471.27 33.6 14.34 481.14 33.5 14.58 488.42 33.4 14.92 498.43 33.4 15.4 514.61 Average weekly hours......................................... Average hourly earnings (in dollars)................... Average weekly earnings (in dollars).................. Retail trade: 38.6 13.8 533.29 38.8 14.41 559.39 38.6 15.07 582.21 38.6 15.62 602.77 38.8 16.28 631.4 38.4 16.77 643.45 38 16.98 644.38 37.9 17.36 657.29 37.8 17.65 667.09 37.7 18.16 685 38 18.91 718.3 Average weekly hours......................................... Average hourly earnings (in dollars)................... Average weekly earnings (in dollars).................. Transportation and warehousing: Average weekly hours......................................... Average hourly earnings (in dollars)................... Average weekly earnings (in dollars).................. Utilities: Average weekly hours......................................... Average hourly earnings (in dollars)................... Average weekly earnings (in dollars).................. Information: Average weekly hours......................................... Average hourly earnings (in dollars)................... Average weekly earnings (in dollars).................. Financial activities: 38.6 13.8 533.29 38.8 14.41 559.39 38.6 15.07 582.21 38.6 15.62 602.77 38.8 16.28 631.4 38.4 16.77 643.45 38 16.98 644.38 37.9 17.36 657.29 37.8 17.65 667.09 37.7 18.16 685 38 18.91 718.3 39.1 13.45 525.6 39.4 13.78 542.55 38.7 14.12 546.86 37.6 14.55 547.97 37.4 15.05 562.31 36.7 15.33 562.7 36.8 15.76 579.75 36.8 16.25 598.41 37.2 16.52 614.82 37 16.7 618.58 36.9 17.28 637.14 42 19.78 830.74 42 20.59 865.26 42 21.48 902.94 42 22.03 924.59 42 22.75 955.66 41.4 23.58 977.18 40.9 41.1 40.9 41.1 41.4 23.96 24.77 25.61 26.68 27.42 979.09 1,017.27 1,048.44 1,095.90 1,136.08 36.4 16.3 592.68 36.3 17.14 622.4 36.6 17.67 646.52 36.7 18.4 675.32 36.8 19.07 700.89 36.9 19.8 731.11 36.5 20.2 738.17 36.2 21.01 760.81 36.3 21.4 777.05 36.5 22.06 805 36.6 23.23 850.81 Average weekly hours......................................... Average hourly earnings (in dollars)................... Average weekly earnings (in dollars).................. Professional and business services: Average weekly hours......................................... Average hourly earnings (in dollars)................... Average weekly earnings (in dollars).................. Education and health services: Average weekly hours......................................... Average hourly earnings (in dollars)................... Average weekly earnings (in dollars).................. Leisure and hospitality: Average weekly hours......................................... Average hourly earnings (in dollars)................... Average weekly earnings (in dollars).................. Other services: Average weekly hours......................................... Average hourly earnings (in dollars)................... Average weekly earnings (in dollars).................. 35.5 12.71 451.49 35.7 13.22 472.37 36 13.93 500.95 35.8 14.47 517.57 35.9 14.98 537.37 35.8 15.59 558.02 35.6 16.17 575.51 35.5 17.14 609.08 35.5 17.52 622.87 35.9 17.94 645.1 35.8 18.8 672.4 34.1 13 442.81 34.3 13.57 465.51 34.3 14.27 490 34.4 14.85 510.99 34.5 15.52 535.07 34.2 16.33 557.84 34.2 16.81 574.66 34.1 17.21 587.02 34.2 17.48 597.56 34.2 18.08 618.87 34.6 19.12 662.23 31.9 12.17 388.27 32.2 12.56 404.65 32.2 13 418.82 32.1 13.44 431.35 32.2 13.95 449.29 32.3 14.64 473.39 32.4 15.21 492.74 32.3 15.64 505.69 32.4 16.15 523.78 32.6 16.71 544.59 32.5 17.38 564.95 25.9 6.99 180.98 26 7.32 190.52 26.2 7.67 200.82 26.1 7.96 208.05 26.1 8.32 217.2 25.8 8.57 220.73 25.8 8.81 227.17 25.6 9 230.42 25.7 9.15 234.86 25.7 9.38 241.36 25.7 9.75 250.11 32.5 10.85 352.62 32.7 11.29 368.63 32.6 11.79 384.25 32.5 12.26 398.77 32.5 12.73 413.41 32.3 13.27 428.64 32 13.72 439.76 31.4 13.84 434.41 31 13.98 433.04 30.9 14.34 443.37 30.9 14.77 456.6 Natural resources and mining Average weekly hours............................................ Average hourly earnings (in dollars)...................... Average weekly earnings (in dollars)..................... Construction: NOTE: Data reflect the conversion to the 2002 version of the North American Industry Classification System (NAICS), replacing the Standard Industrial Classification (SIC) system. N AICS-based data by industry are not comparable with SIC-based data. 68 Monthly Labor Review • February 2007 30. Employment Cost Index, compensation,1 by occupation and industry group [December 2005 = 100] 2004 Series Dec. 2005 Mar. June 2006 Sept. Dec. Mar. June Percent change Sept. Dec. 3 months ended 12 months ended Dec. 2006 2 Civilian workers ……….…….........…………………………………….… 97.0 98.0 98.6 99.4 100.0 100.7 101.6 102.7 103.3 0.6 3.3 Workers by occupational group Management, professional, and related……………………… Management, business, and financial…………………… Professional and related…………………………………… Sales and office………………………………………………… Sales and related…………………………………………… Office and administrative support………………………… 96.8 97.7 96.3 96.8 96.3 97.1 98.0 99.0 97.5 97.7 97.3 98.0 98.5 99.4 98.1 98.4 97.9 98.7 99.4 99.7 99.3 99.3 99.2 99.4 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.9 101.3 100.7 100.5 99.9 100.9 101.6 101.9 101.4 101.6 101.1 101.9 103.0 102.7 103.2 102.4 101.7 102.8 103.7 103.2 104.0 103.0 102.3 103.5 .7 .5 .8 .6 .6 .7 3.7 3.2 4.0 3.0 2.3 3.5 Natural resources, construction, and maintenance………… Construction and extraction……………………………… Installation, maintenance, and repair…………………… Production, transportation, and material moving…………… Production…………………………………………………… Transportation and material moving……………………… Service occupations…………………………………………… 97.0 97.1 96.9 97.7 97.7 97.6 97.0 97.8 97.6 98.0 98.4 98.5 98.2 97.8 98.8 98.5 99.1 99.0 99.1 98.8 98.3 99.5 99.4 99.6 99.7 99.6 99.8 99.4 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.8 100.7 100.9 100.4 100.4 100.5 100.8 102.0 102.0 102.0 101.1 101.0 101.3 101.4 103.0 103.0 103.0 101.8 101.6 102.2 102.5 103.6 103.7 103.6 102.4 102.0 102.8 103.5 .6 .7 .6 .6 .4 .6 1.0 3.6 3.7 3.6 2.4 2.0 2.8 3.5 Workers by industry Goods-producing……………………………………………… Manufacturing………………………………………………… Service-providing……………………………………………… Education and health services…………………………… Health care and social assistance……………………… Hospitals………………………………………………… Nursing and residential care facilities……………… Education services……………………………………… Elementary and secondary schools………………… 96.9 96.9 97.0 96.4 96.7 96.2 96.6 96.1 96.0 98.0 98.2 97.9 97.2 97.8 97.5 97.5 96.7 96.4 99.0 99.1 98.5 97.6 98.5 98.2 98.3 97.0 96.7 99.8 99.8 99.3 99.1 99.3 99.3 99.2 99.0 98.9 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.3 100.1 100.9 100.6 101.1 101.2 101.0 100.2 100.2 101.3 101.0 101.6 101.3 102.0 101.9 101.4 100.7 100.5 102.0 101.4 102.9 103.5 103.5 103.2 102.6 103.4 103.5 102.5 101.8 103.5 104.2 104.3 104.0 103.7 104.1 104.2 .5 .4 .6 .7 .8 .8 1.1 .7 .7 2.5 1.8 3.5 4.2 4.3 4.0 3.7 4.1 4.2 95.8 97.1 97.5 99.0 100.0 100.6 101.2 102.4 103.8 1.4 3.8 97.2 98.2 98.9 99.5 100.0 100.8 101.7 102.5 103.2 .7 3.2 Workers by occupational group Management, professional, and related……………………… Management, business, and financial…………………… Professional and related…………………………………… Sales and office………………………………………………… Sales and related…………………………………………… Office and administrative support………………………… Natural resources, construction, and maintenance………… Construction and extraction………………………………… Installation, maintenance, and repair……………………… Production, transportation, and material moving…………… Production…………………………………………………… Transportation and material moving……………………… Service occupations…………………………………………… 97.1 97.9 96.5 96.8 96.2 97.2 97.1 97.2 97.0 97.8 97.7 97.9 97.7 98.5 99.1 98.0 97.8 97.2 98.1 97.9 97.7 98.1 98.5 98.6 98.3 98.5 99.1 99.6 98.8 98.5 97.9 98.9 98.9 98.7 99.3 99.0 99.1 99.0 99.0 99.6 99.7 99.5 99.3 99.2 99.5 99.5 99.5 99.6 99.7 99.6 99.8 99.5 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 101.1 101.3 101.0 100.5 99.9 100.9 100.8 100.7 100.9 100.4 100.4 100.4 100.8 101.9 102.0 101.8 101.6 101.1 101.9 102.1 102.2 102.1 101.1 101.0 101.2 101.5 102.9 102.7 103.1 102.3 101.7 102.7 103.0 103.1 103.0 101.7 101.6 102.0 102.3 103.5 103.1 103.9 102.9 102.3 103.4 103.6 103.7 103.4 102.3 102.0 102.6 103.1 .6 .4 .8 .6 .6 .7 .6 .6 .4 .6 .4 .6 .8 3.5 3.1 3.9 2.9 2.3 3.4 3.6 3.7 3.4 2.3 2.0 2.6 3.1 Workers by industry and occupational group Goods-producing industries…………………………………… Management, professional, and related…………………… Sales and office……………………………………………… Natural resources, construction, and maintenance……… Production, transportation, and material moving……….. 96.9 95.6 95.8 97.3 97.8 98.0 98.0 96.8 97.9 98.6 99.0 99.2 98.0 98.9 99.2 99.8 100.2 99.7 99.6 99.8 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.3 100.2 99.9 100.6 100.3 101.3 100.7 102.7 101.9 101.0 102.0 101.6 102.1 102.7 101.6 102.5 102.0 102.8 103.3 102.0 .5 .4 .7 .6 .4 2.5 2.0 2.8 3.3 2.0 Construction………………………………………………… Manufacturing………………………………………………… Management, professional, and related………………… Sales and office…………………………………………… Natural resources, construction, and maintenance…… Production, transportation, and material moving…….. 96.7 96.9 95.1 96.3 97.9 97.9 97.4 98.2 97.6 97.6 98.3 98.7 98.5 99.1 98.9 98.7 99.2 99.3 99.7 99.8 99.8 99.9 99.5 99.8 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.7 100.1 100.0 99.5 100.1 100.2 101.9 101.0 100.5 102.8 100.8 100.9 103.0 101.4 101.3 101.3 101.5 101.5 103.6 101.8 101.4 102.1 102.1 101.9 .6 .4 .1 .8 .6 .4 3.6 1.8 1.4 2.1 2.1 1.9 Service-providing industries………………………………… Management, professional, and related…………………… Sales and office……………………………………………… Natural resources, construction, and maintenance……… Production, transportation, and material moving……….. Service occupations………………………………………… 97.3 97.4 96.9 96.7 97.7 97.7 98.3 98.6 97.9 97.9 98.3 98.5 98.9 99.1 98.5 99.0 98.8 99.0 99.5 99.5 99.3 99.4 99.6 99.5 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 101.0 101.3 100.6 101.2 100.6 100.9 101.8 102.2 101.5 102.5 101.3 101.5 102.7 103.2 102.3 103.6 101.9 102.3 103.4 103.8 102.9 104.0 102.6 103.1 .7 .6 .6 .4 .7 .8 3.4 3.8 2.9 4.0 2.6 3.1 Trade, transportation, and utilities………………………… 97.0 98.1 98.5 99.4 100.0 100.8 101.4 102.4 103.0 .6 3.0 3 Public administration ……………………………………… Private industry workers……………………………………… See footnotes at end of table. Monthly Labor Review • February 2007 69 Current Labor Statistics: Compensation & Industrial Relations 30. Continued—Employment Cost Index, compensation,1 by occupation and industry group [December 2005 = 100] 2004 Series Dec. 2005 Mar. June 2006 Sept. Dec. Mar. June Percent change Sept. Dec. 3 months ended 12 months ended Dec. 2006 Wholesale trade…………………………………………… Retail trade………………………………………………… Transportation and warehousing……………………… Utilities……………………………………………………… Information………………………………………………… Financial activities………………………………………… Finance and insurance………………………………… Real estate and rental and leasing…………………… Professional and business services……………………… Education and health services…………………………… Education services……………………………………… Health care and social assistance…………………… Hospitals……………………………………………… Leisure and hospitality…………………………………… Accommodation and food services…………………… Other services, except public administration…………… 96.0 97.1 98.5 95.1 96.8 96.8 97.8 91.2 98.5 96.7 96.4 96.7 96.0 97.7 97.9 97.2 97.7 98.1 98.4 98.1 98.3 98.4 98.7 96.9 99.1 97.7 97.1 97.8 97.5 98.5 98.7 98.0 97.7 98.8 98.6 99.3 99.2 99.4 100.0 96.7 99.5 98.4 97.5 98.5 98.2 99.1 98.9 98.6 99.2 99.5 99.7 99.5 99.5 99.2 99.5 98.6 99.6 99.3 99.6 99.3 99.2 99.6 99.5 99.9 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.3 100.6 100.4 107.8 100.9 101.2 101.5 99.8 101.1 101.0 100.7 101.1 101.3 100.6 100.5 101.4 100.8 101.2 101.0 109.3 102.1 101.8 102.4 99.3 102.2 101.8 101.5 101.9 102.0 101.3 101.4 102.7 102.4 101.9 101.6 110.1 103.0 102.1 102.6 100.2 102.9 103.2 103.2 103.2 103.2 102.4 102.5 103.6 102.9 102.7 102.2 110.4 103.2 102.5 102.9 100.8 103.5 104.1 104.2 104.1 103.9 103.7 104.0 104.0 0.5 .8 .6 .3 .2 .4 .3 .6 .6 .9 1.0 .9 .7 1.3 1.5 .4 2.9 2.7 2.2 10.4 3.2 2.5 2.9 .8 3.5 4.1 4.2 4.1 3.9 3.7 4.0 4.0 96.1 96.9 97.2 99.1 100.0 100.5 100.9 103.2 104.1 .9 4.1 Workers by occupational group Management, professional, and related……………………… Professional and related…………………………………… Sales and office………………………………………………… Office and administrative support………………………… Service occupations…………………………………………… 96.2 96.1 96.5 96.4 95.5 97.0 96.8 97.5 97.4 96.2 97.3 97.1 97.6 97.5 96.7 99.0 98.9 99.3 99.2 99.1 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.3 100.2 100.9 101.0 100.6 100.8 100.8 101.5 101.6 101.2 103.3 103.4 103.3 103.5 103.1 104.0 104.0 104.1 104.2 104.5 .7 .6 .8 .7 1.4 4.0 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.5 Workers by industry Education and health services……………………………… Education services……………………………………… Schools………………………………………………… Elementary and secondary schools……………… Health care and social assistance……………………… Hospitals………………………………………………… 96.1 96.1 96.1 96.0 96.5 96.7 96.7 96.6 96.6 96.4 97.6 97.6 97.0 96.9 96.9 96.6 98.0 98.0 99.0 98.9 98.9 98.8 99.5 99.5 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.3 100.2 100.2 100.2 101.3 100.9 100.8 100.5 100.5 100.5 102.9 101.3 103.7 103.5 103.5 103.6 105.1 103.3 104.3 104.1 104.1 104.2 105.7 104.3 .6 .6 .6 .6 .6 1.0 4.3 4.1 4.1 4.2 5.7 4.3 95.8 97.1 97.5 99.0 100.0 100.6 101.2 102.4 103.8 1.4 3.8 State and local government workers………………………… 3 Public administration ……………………………………… 1 Cost (cents per hour worked) measured in the Employment Cost Index consists of wages, salaries, and employer cost of employee benefits. 2 Consists of private industry workers (excluding farm and household workers) and State and local government (excluding Federal Government) workers. 3 Consists of legislative, judicial, administrative, and regulatory activities. 70 Monthly Labor Review • February 2007 NOTE: The Employment Cost Index data reflect the conversion to the 2002 North American Classification System (NAICS) and the 2000 Standard Occupational Classification (SOC) system. The NAICS and SOC data shown prior to 2006 are for informational purposes only. Series based on NAICS and SOC became the official BLS estimates starting in March 2006. 31. Employment Cost Index, wages and salaries, by occupation and industry group [December 2005 = 100] 2004 Series Dec. 2005 Mar. June 2006 Sept. Dec. Mar. June Percent change Sept. Dec. 3 months ended 12 months ended Dec. 2006 1 Civilian workers ……….…….........…………………………………….… 97.5 98.1 98.7 99.4 100.0 100.7 101.5 102.6 103.2 0.6 3.2 Workers by occupational group Management, professional, and related……………………… Management, business, and financial…………………… Professional and related…………………………………… Sales and office………………………………………………… Sales and related…………………………………………… Office and administrative support………………………… 97.5 98.4 97.1 97.2 96.6 97.6 98.3 99.1 97.8 97.8 97.3 98.2 98.8 99.5 98.3 98.4 97.8 98.8 99.4 99.6 99.3 99.3 99.2 99.4 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.8 101.2 100.6 100.4 99.8 100.8 101.6 102.0 101.4 101.6 101.3 101.8 102.9 102.7 103.1 102.4 102.0 102.6 103.6 103.1 103.8 103.0 102.5 103.3 .7 .4 .7 .6 .5 .7 3.6 3.1 3.8 3.0 2.5 3.3 Natural resources, construction, and maintenance………… Construction and extraction……………………………… Installation, maintenance, and repair…………………… Production, transportation, and material moving…………… Production…………………………………………………… Transportation and material moving……………………… Service occupations…………………………………………… 97.4 97.4 97.4 97.8 97.5 98.2 97.6 97.8 97.8 97.8 98.3 98.2 98.4 98.2 98.7 98.4 99.0 98.9 98.9 98.9 98.7 99.4 99.3 99.5 99.6 99.5 99.7 99.5 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.7 100.7 100.6 100.6 100.7 100.5 100.5 101.8 101.9 101.6 101.2 101.2 101.2 101.2 102.7 102.9 102.6 101.9 101.8 102.1 102.2 103.4 103.7 103.1 102.5 102.3 102.7 103.2 .7 .8 .5 .6 .5 .6 1.0 3.4 3.7 3.1 2.5 2.3 2.7 3.2 Workers by industry Goods-producing……………………………………………… Manufacturing………………………………………………… Service-providing……………………………………………… Education and health services…………………………… Health care and social assistance……………………… Hospitals………………………………………………… Nursing and residential care facilities……………… Education services……………………………………… Elementary and secondary schools………………… 97.2 97.4 97.5 97.0 97.1 96.7 96.9 96.9 96.9 97.9 98.2 98.2 97.6 98.0 97.6 97.7 97.4 97.1 98.7 98.9 98.7 98.0 98.5 98.2 98.4 97.6 97.3 99.5 99.6 99.4 99.1 99.2 99.2 99.1 99.0 98.9 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.7 100.7 100.7 100.4 100.8 100.9 100.7 100.2 100.0 101.8 101.7 101.5 101.1 101.8 101.7 101.2 100.5 100.3 102.3 101.9 102.7 103.1 103.2 102.9 102.2 103.0 102.9 102.9 102.3 103.3 103.8 104.1 103.8 103.3 103.5 103.4 .6 .4 .6 .7 .9 .9 1.1 .5 .5 2.9 2.3 3.3 3.8 4.1 3.8 3.3 3.5 3.4 97.0 97.9 98.3 99.3 100.0 100.5 101.1 102.0 103.5 1.5 3.5 97.6 98.3 98.9 99.5 100.0 100.7 101.7 102.5 103.2 .7 3.2 Workers by occupational group Management, professional, and related……………………… Management, business, and financial…………………… Professional and related…………………………………… Sales and office………………………………………………… Sales and related…………………………………………… Office and administrative support………………………… Natural resources, construction, and maintenance………… Construction and extraction………………………………… Installation, maintenance, and repair……………………… Production, transportation, and material moving…………… Production…………………………………………………… Transportation and material moving……………………… Service occupations…………………………………………… 97.8 98.5 97.2 97.2 96.6 97.6 97.5 97.5 97.4 97.8 97.5 98.2 97.9 98.6 99.2 98.2 97.8 97.3 98.2 97.8 97.8 97.8 98.3 98.3 98.5 98.6 99.2 99.7 98.8 98.5 97.8 99.0 98.7 98.5 99.1 98.9 98.9 98.9 99.0 99.6 99.5 99.6 99.3 99.2 99.4 99.4 99.3 99.5 99.6 99.5 99.7 99.6 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 101.1 101.3 100.9 100.4 99.8 100.9 100.7 100.7 100.7 100.6 100.7 100.4 100.6 102.0 102.2 101.8 101.6 101.3 101.9 101.8 102.0 101.6 101.2 101.2 101.2 101.3 103.0 102.8 103.1 102.4 102.0 102.6 102.8 103.0 102.6 101.8 101.7 102.0 102.0 103.6 103.1 104.0 103.0 102.6 103.3 103.4 103.7 103.0 102.4 102.2 102.6 102.9 .6 .3 .9 .6 .6 .7 .6 .7 .4 .6 .5 .6 .9 3.6 3.1 4.0 3.0 2.6 3.3 3.4 3.7 3.0 2.4 2.2 2.6 2.9 Workers by industry and occupational group Goods-producing industries…………………………………… Management, professional, and related…………………… Sales and office……………………………………………… Natural resources, construction, and maintenance……… Production, transportation, and material moving……….. 97.2 97.2 96.2 97.4 97.5 97.9 98.0 96.8 97.9 98.2 98.7 98.8 97.9 98.6 98.9 99.5 99.7 99.7 99.4 99.5 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.7 101.1 99.8 100.7 100.7 101.8 101.7 103.4 101.9 101.3 102.3 102.4 102.2 102.7 101.9 102.9 102.8 103.1 103.4 102.4 .6 .4 .9 .7 .5 2.9 2.8 3.1 3.4 2.4 Construction………………………………………………… Manufacturing………………………………………………… Management, professional, and related………………… Sales and office…………………………………………… Natural resources, construction, and maintenance…… Production, transportation, and material moving…….. 96.9 97.4 97.5 97.2 97.1 97.5 97.3 98.2 98.2 97.9 97.8 98.3 98.3 98.9 98.9 98.6 98.6 99.0 99.4 99.6 99.9 100.0 99.1 99.5 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.6 100.7 101.1 99.5 100.9 100.7 102.0 101.7 101.5 103.8 101.7 101.3 102.9 101.9 102.2 101.1 102.3 101.8 103.7 102.3 102.3 102.0 103.0 102.3 .8 .4 .1 .9 .7 .5 3.7 2.3 2.3 2.0 3.0 2.3 Service-providing industries………………………………… Management, professional, and related…………………… Sales and office……………………………………………… Natural resources, construction, and maintenance……… Production, transportation, and material moving……….. Service occupations………………………………………… 97.7 97.9 97.3 97.6 98.2 98.0 98.4 98.7 97.9 97.8 98.5 98.6 99.0 99.2 98.5 98.9 98.9 99.1 99.5 99.6 99.3 99.4 99.7 99.6 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.8 101.1 100.5 100.7 100.4 100.6 101.7 102.0 101.4 101.8 101.0 101.3 102.6 103.1 102.4 103.0 101.7 102.0 103.3 103.7 102.9 103.4 102.4 102.9 .7 .6 .5 .4 .7 .9 3.3 3.7 2.9 3.4 2.4 2.9 Trade, transportation, and utilities………………………… 97.3 97.9 98.4 99.5 100.0 100.4 100.9 102.1 102.7 .6 2.7 2 Public administration ……………………………………… Private industry workers……………………………………… Monthly Labor Review • February 2007 71 Current Labor Statistics: Compensation & Industrial Relations 31. Continued—Employment Cost Index, wages and salaries, by occupation and industry group [December 2005 = 100] 2004 Series Dec. 2005 Mar. June 2006 Sept. Dec. Mar. June Percent change Sept. Dec. 3 months ended 12 months ended Dec. 2006 Wholesale trade…………………………………………… Retail trade………………………………………………… Transportation and warehousing……………………… Utilities……………………………………………………… Information………………………………………………… Financial activities………………………………………… Finance and insurance………………………………… Real estate and rental and leasing…………………… Professional and business services……………………… Education and health services…………………………… Education services……………………………………… Health care and social assistance…………………… Hospitals……………………………………………… Leisure and hospitality…………………………………… Accommodation and food services…………………… Other services, except public administration…………… 96.1 97.4 98.7 97.4 97.6 97.8 99.2 90.7 99.0 97.0 96.8 97.1 96.5 97.6 97.5 97.1 97.5 98.0 98.2 98.4 98.4 98.7 99.1 96.8 99.5 97.9 97.4 97.9 97.4 98.3 97.9 97.8 97.4 98.8 98.8 99.2 99.2 99.8 100.7 96.2 99.7 98.4 97.8 98.6 98.1 98.8 98.3 98.4 99.0 99.6 99.9 99.5 99.3 99.4 99.7 98.3 99.7 99.3 99.7 99.2 99.1 99.5 99.3 99.8 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.2 100.5 100.1 100.8 101.0 101.3 101.6 99.8 101.0 100.7 100.7 100.7 100.9 100.6 100.5 101.3 100.7 100.9 100.7 102.1 101.7 102.3 102.8 99.9 102.3 101.6 101.4 101.6 101.8 101.3 101.3 102.6 102.7 101.9 101.4 103.0 102.6 102.5 102.9 100.8 103.0 103.0 103.1 103.0 102.9 102.3 102.2 103.4 103.0 102.8 101.9 103.5 102.4 102.8 103.2 101.4 103.5 104.0 104.1 103.9 103.7 103.7 103.8 103.8 0.3 .9 .5 .5 -.2 .3 .3 .6 .5 1.0 1.0 .9 .8 1.4 1.6 .4 3.0 2.8 1.9 3.5 2.4 2.8 3.2 1.4 3.5 4.0 4.1 3.9 3.7 3.7 3.8 3.8 97.0 97.6 97.8 99.1 100.0 100.3 100.8 102.8 103.5 .7 3.5 Workers by occupational group Management, professional, and related……………………… Professional and related…………………………………… Sales and office………………………………………………… Office and administrative support………………………… Service occupations…………………………………………… 97.0 96.9 97.6 97.5 96.8 97.5 97.4 98.1 98.0 97.3 97.8 97.7 98.0 97.9 97.7 99.0 98.9 99.4 99.3 99.3 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.2 100.2 100.6 100.7 100.3 100.7 100.7 101.2 101.4 100.8 102.9 103.0 102.6 102.7 102.4 103.5 103.6 103.2 103.4 103.9 .6 .6 .6 .7 1.5 3.5 3.6 3.2 3.4 3.9 Workers by industry Education and health services……………………………… Education services……………………………………… Schools………………………………………………… Elementary and secondary schools……………… Health care and social assistance……………………… Hospitals………………………………………………… 97.0 96.9 96.9 96.9 97.3 97.7 97.4 97.3 97.3 97.1 98.1 98.3 97.6 97.5 97.5 97.2 98.5 98.6 99.0 98.9 98.9 98.9 99.4 99.4 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.2 100.1 100.1 100.0 101.0 100.9 100.7 100.4 100.4 100.3 103.0 101.4 103.1 103.0 103.0 103.0 104.8 103.1 103.6 103.4 103.4 103.4 105.5 104.4 .5 .4 .4 .4 .7 1.3 3.6 3.4 3.4 3.4 5.5 4.4 97.0 97.9 98.3 99.3 100.0 100.5 101.1 102.0 103.5 1.5 3.5 State and local government workers………………………… 2 Public administration ……………………………………… 1 Consists of private industry workers (excluding farm and household workers) and State and local government (excluding Federal Government) workers. 2 Consists of legislative, judicial, administrative, and regulatory activities. NOTE: The Employment Cost Index data reflect the conversion to the 2002 North 72 Monthly Labor Review • February 2007 American Classification System (NAICS) and the 2000 Standard Occupational Classification (SOC) system. The NAICS and SOC data shown prior to 2006 are for informational purposes only. Series based on NAICS and SOC became the official BLS estimates starting in March 2006. 32. Employment Cost Index, benefits, by occupation and industry group [December 2005 = 100] 2004 Series Dec. 2005 Mar. June 2006 Sept. Dec. Mar. June Percent change Sept. Dec. 3 months ended 12 months ended Dec. 2006 Civilian workers…………………………………………………. 95.7 97.6 98.3 99.5 100.0 100.9 101.6 102.8 103.6 0.8 3.6 Private industry workers………………………………………… 96.2 98.1 99.0 99.7 100.0 101.0 101.7 102.5 103.1 .6 3.1 Workers by occupational group Management, professional, and related……………………… Sales and office………………………………………………… Natural resources, construction, and maintenance………… Production, transportation, and material moving…………… 95.4 95.8 96.4 97.7 98.2 97.6 98.0 98.7 99.0 98.5 99.3 99.3 99.8 99.3 99.8 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 101.3 100.8 101.1 100.1 101.8 101.6 102.7 101.0 102.8 102.0 103.5 101.6 103.4 102.9 104.0 102.0 .6 .9 .5 .4 3.4 2.9 4.0 2.0 Service occupations…………………………………………… 97.0 98.3 98.9 99.5 100.0 101.5 102.2 103.0 103.6 .6 3.6 96.3 96.0 96.1 98.3 98.3 98.1 99.6 99.4 98.7 100.4 100.0 99.4 100.0 100.0 100.0 99.6 99.0 101.5 100.4 99.7 102.3 101.3 100.5 103.0 101.7 100.8 103.7 .4 .3 .7 1.7 .8 3.7 94.1 95.5 96.0 99.0 100.0 100.7 101.3 104.1 105.2 1.1 5.2 Workers by industry Goods-producing……………………………………………… Manufacturing………………………………………………… Service-providing……………………………………………… State and local government workers………………………… NOTE: The Employment Cost Index data reflect the conversion to the 2002 North American Classification System (NAICS) and the 2000 Standard Occupational Classification (SOC) system. The NAICS and SOC data shown prior to 2006 are for informational purposes only. Series based on NAICS and SOC became the official BLS estimates starting in March 2006. Monthly Labor Review • February 2007 73 Current Labor Statistics: Compensation & Industrial Relations 33. Employment Cost Index, private industry workers by bargaining status and region [December 2005 = 100] 2004 Series Dec. 2005 Mar. June 2006 Sept. Dec. Mar. June Percent change Sept. Dec. 3 months ended 12 months ended Dec. 2006 COMPENSATION Workers by bargaining status1 Union………………………………………………………………… Goods-producing………………………………………………… Manufacturing………………………………………………… Service-providing………………………………………………… 97.3 97.2 97.8 97.3 97.9 97.7 98.3 98.1 98.8 98.8 99.1 98.8 99.6 99.6 99.7 99.6 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.5 99.9 99.3 101.0 101.8 101.2 100.1 102.2 102.4 101.8 100.5 102.9 103.0 102.2 100.8 103.6 0.6 .4 .3 .7 3.0 2.2 .8 3.6 Nonunion…………………………………………………………… Goods-producing………………………………………………… Manufacturing………………………………………………… Service-providing………………………………………………… 97.2 96.8 96.6 97.3 98.3 98.1 98.2 98.3 98.9 99.0 99.1 98.9 99.5 99.9 99.8 99.4 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.9 100.5 100.3 101.0 101.7 101.4 101.3 101.8 102.6 102.0 101.7 102.7 103.2 102.5 102.1 103.4 .6 .5 .4 .7 3.2 2.5 2.1 3.4 Workers by region1 Northeast…………………………………………………………… South………………………………………………………………… Midwest……………………………………………………………… West………………………………………………………………… 96.6 97.7 96.9 97.4 97.6 98.9 97.8 98.4 98.5 99.3 98.4 99.3 99.2 99.7 99.5 99.7 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.9 101.0 100.7 100.6 101.8 101.6 101.7 101.8 102.5 102.8 102.3 102.5 103.3 103.5 102.8 103.0 .8 .7 .5 .5 3.3 3.5 2.8 3.0 Workers by bargaining status1 Union………………………………………………………………… Goods-producing………………………………………………… Manufacturing………………………………………………… Service-providing………………………………………………… 97.6 97.1 97.1 98.0 97.9 97.5 97.6 98.2 98.7 98.5 98.3 99.0 99.5 99.2 99.0 99.7 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.3 100.5 100.6 100.1 101.2 101.6 101.2 100.9 101.7 101.9 101.4 101.6 102.3 102.3 101.7 102.2 .6 .4 .3 .6 2.3 2.3 1.7 2.2 Nonunion…………………………………………………………… Goods-producing………………………………………………… Manufacturing………………………………………………… Service-providing………………………………………………… 97.6 97.3 97.5 97.7 98.3 98.0 98.4 98.4 98.9 98.7 99.0 99.0 99.5 99.6 99.8 99.5 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.8 100.7 100.7 100.8 101.8 101.9 101.8 101.7 102.7 102.4 102.0 102.7 103.3 103.0 102.5 103.4 .6 .6 .5 .7 3.3 3.0 2.5 3.4 Workers by region1 Northeast…………………………………………………………… South………………………………………………………………… Midwest……………………………………………………………… West………………………………………………………………… 97.2 98.0 97.1 98.0 97.8 98.9 97.8 98.4 98.6 99.3 98.2 99.3 99.2 99.7 99.4 99.6 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.8 101.0 100.4 100.7 101.7 101.6 101.4 102.1 102.5 102.9 102.0 102.7 103.1 103.6 102.6 103.2 .6 .7 .6 .5 3.1 3.6 2.6 3.2 WAGES AND SALARIES 1 The indexes are calculated differently from those for the occupation and industry groups. For a detailed description of the index calculation, see the Monthly Labor Review Technical Note, "Estimation procedures for the Employment Cost Index," May 1982. 74 Monthly Labor Review • February 2007 NOTE: The Employment Cost Index data reflect the conversion to the 2002 North American Classification System (NAICS) and the 2000 Standard Occupational Classification (SOC) system. The NAICS and SOC data shown prior to 2006 are for informational purposes only. Series based on NAICS and SOC became the official BLS estimates starting in March 2006. 34. National Compensation Survey: retirement benefits in private industry by access, participation, and selected series, 2003—05 Series Year 2003 2004 2005 All retirement Percentage of workers with access All workers…………………………………………………………………………… 57 59 60 White-collar occupations…………………………………………………………… 67 69 70 Blue-collar occupations…………………………………………………………… 59 59 60 Service occupations………………………………………………………………… 28 31 32 Full-time……………………………………………………………………………… 67 68 69 Part-time……………………………………………………………………………… 24 27 27 Union………………………………………………………………………………… 86 84 88 Nonunion…………………………………………………………………………… 54 56 56 Average wage less than $15 per hour…………………………………………… 45 46 46 Average wage $15 per hour or higher…………………………………………… 76 77 78 Goods-producing industries………………………………………………………… 70 70 71 Service-producing industries……………………………………………………… 53 55 56 Establishments with 1–99 workers………………………………………………… 42 44 44 Establishments with 100 or more workers……………………………………… 75 77 78 Percentage of workers participating All workers…………………………………………………………………………… 49 50 50 White-collar occupations…………………………………………………………… 59 61 61 Blue-collar occupations…………………………………………………………… 50 50 51 Service occupations………………………………………………………………… 21 22 22 Full-time……………………………………………………………………………… 58 60 60 Part-time……………………………………………………………………………… 18 20 19 Union………………………………………………………………………………… 83 81 85 Nonunion…………………………………………………………………………… 45 47 46 Average wage less than $15 per hour…………………………………………… 35 36 35 Average wage $15 per hour or higher…………………………………………… 70 71 71 Goods-producing industries………………………………………………………… 63 63 64 Service-producing industries……………………………………………………… 45 47 47 Establishments with 1–99 workers………………………………………………… 35 37 37 Establishments with 100 or more workers……………………………………… 65 67 67 Take-up rate (all workers) 1…………………………………………………………… – – 85 Defined benefit Percentage of workers with access All workers…………………………………………………………………………… 20 21 22 White-collar occupations…………………………………………………………… 23 24 25 Blue-collar occupations……………………………………………………………… 24 26 26 Service occupations………………………………………………………………… 8 6 7 Full-time……………………………………………………………………………… 24 25 25 Part-time……………………………………………………………………………… 8 9 10 Union…………………………………………………………………………………… 74 70 73 Nonunion……………………………………………………………………………… 15 16 16 Average wage less than $15 per hour……………………………………………… 12 11 12 Average wage $15 per hour or higher……………………………………………… 34 35 35 Goods-producing industries………………………………………………………… 31 32 33 Service-producing industries………………………………………………………… 17 18 19 Establishments with 1–99 workers………………………………………………… 9 9 10 Establishments with 100 or more workers………………………………………… 34 35 37 Percentage of workers participating All workers…………………………………………………………………………… 20 21 21 White-collar occupations…………………………………………………………… 22 24 24 Blue-collar occupations……………………………………………………………… 24 25 26 Service occupations………………………………………………………………… 7 6 7 Full-time……………………………………………………………………………… 24 24 25 Part-time……………………………………………………………………………… 8 9 9 Union…………………………………………………………………………………… 72 69 72 Nonunion……………………………………………………………………………… 15 15 15 Average wage less than $15 per hour……………………………………………… 11 11 11 See footnotes at end of table. Monthly Labor Review • February 2007 75 Current Labor Statistics: Compensation & Industrial Relations 34. Continued–National Compensation Survey: retirement benefits in private industry by access, participation, and selected series, 2003—05 Series Year 2003 2004 2005 Average wage $15 per hour or higher……………………………………………… 33 35 34 Goods-producing industries………………………………………………………… 31 31 32 Service-producing industries………………………………………………………… 16 18 18 Establishments with 1–99 workers………………………………………………… 8 9 9 Establishments with 100 or more workers………………………………………… 33 34 36 – – 97 1 Take-up rate (all workers) …………………………………………………………… Defined contribution Percentage of workers with access All workers…………………………………………………………………………… 51 53 53 White-collar occupations…………………………………………………………… 62 64 64 Blue-collar occupations……………………………………………………………… 49 49 50 Service occupations………………………………………………………………… 23 27 28 Full-time……………………………………………………………………………… 60 62 62 Part-time……………………………………………………………………………… 21 23 23 Union…………………………………………………………………………………… 45 48 49 Nonunion……………………………………………………………………………… 51 53 54 Average wage less than $15 per hour……………………………………………… 40 41 41 Average wage $15 per hour or higher……………………………………………… 67 68 69 Goods-producing industries………………………………………………………… 60 60 61 Service-producing industries………………………………………………………… 48 50 51 Establishments with 1–99 workers………………………………………………… 38 40 40 Establishments with 100 or more workers………………………………………… 65 68 69 Percentage of workers participating All workers…………………………………………………………………………… 40 42 42 White-collar occupations…………………………………………………………… 51 53 53 Blue-collar occupations……………………………………………………………… 38 38 38 Service occupations………………………………………………………………… 16 18 18 Full-time……………………………………………………………………………… 48 50 50 Part-time……………………………………………………………………………… 14 14 14 Union…………………………………………………………………………………… 39 42 43 Nonunion……………………………………………………………………………… 40 42 41 Average wage less than $15 per hour……………………………………………… 29 30 29 Average wage $15 per hour or higher……………………………………………… 57 59 59 Goods-producing industries………………………………………………………… 49 49 50 Service-producing industries………………………………………………………… 37 40 39 Establishments with 1–99 workers………………………………………………… 31 32 32 Establishments with 100 or more workers………………………………………… 51 53 53 Take-up rate (all workers) 1…………………………………………………………… – – 78 Employee contribution required…………………………………………………… – – 61 Employee contribution not required………………………………………………… – – 31 Not determinable……………………………………………………………………… – – 8 Offering retirement plans……………………………………………………………… 47 48 51 Offering defined benefit plans………………………………………………………… 10 10 11 Offering defined contribution plans…………………………………………………… 45 46 The take-up rate is an estimate of the percentage of workers with access to a plan who participate in the plan. 48 Employee contribution requirement Percent of establishments 1 NOTE: Where applicable, dashes indicate no employees in this category or data do not meet publication criteria. 76 Monthly Labor Review • February 2007 35. National Compensation Survey: health insurance benefits in private industry by access, participation, and selected series, 2003—05 Series Year 2003 2004 2005 Medical insurance Percentage of workers with access All workers………………………………………………………………………………… 60 69 White-collar occupations………………………………………………………………… 65 76 70 77 Blue-collar occupations………………………………………………………………… 64 76 77 Service occupations……………………………………………………………………… 38 42 44 Full-time…………………………………………………………………………………… 73 84 85 Part-time…………………………………………………………………………………… 17 20 22 Union……………………………………………………………………………………… 67 89 92 Nonunion………………………………………………………………………………… 59 67 68 Average wage less than $15 per hour………………………………………………… 51 57 58 Average wage $15 per hour or higher………………………………………………… 74 86 87 Goods-producing industries…………………………………………………………… 68 83 85 Service-producing industries…………………………………………………………… 57 65 66 Establishments with 1–99 workers……………………………………………………… 49 58 59 Establishments with 100 or more workers…………………………………………… 72 82 84 All workers………………………………………………………………………………… 45 53 53 White-collar occupations………………………………………………………………… 50 59 58 Blue-collar occupations………………………………………………………………… 51 60 61 Service occupations……………………………………………………………………… 22 24 27 Full-time…………………………………………………………………………………… 56 66 66 Part-time…………………………………………………………………………………… 9 11 12 Union……………………………………………………………………………………… 60 81 83 Percentage of workers participating Nonunion………………………………………………………………………………… 44 50 49 Average wage less than $15 per hour………………………………………………… 35 40 39 Average wage $15 per hour or higher………………………………………………… 61 71 72 Goods-producing industries…………………………………………………………… 57 69 70 Service-producing industries…………………………………………………………… 42 48 48 Establishments with 1–99 workers……………………………………………………… 36 43 43 Establishments with 100 or more workers…………………………………………… 55 64 65 Take-up rate (all workers) 1……………………………………………………………… – – 75 All workers………………………………………………………………………………… 40 46 46 White-collar occupations………………………………………………………………… 47 53 54 Blue-collar occupations………………………………………………………………… 40 47 47 Service occupations……………………………………………………………………… 22 25 25 Full-time…………………………………………………………………………………… 49 56 56 Part-time…………………………………………………………………………………… 9 13 14 Union……………………………………………………………………………………… 57 73 73 Dental Percentage of workers with access Nonunion………………………………………………………………………………… 38 43 43 Average wage less than $15 per hour………………………………………………… 30 34 34 Average wage $15 per hour or higher………………………………………………… 55 63 62 Goods-producing industries…………………………………………………………… 48 56 56 Service-producing industries…………………………………………………………… 37 43 43 Establishments with 1–99 workers……………………………………………………… 27 31 31 Establishments with 100 or more workers…………………………………………… 55 64 65 All workers………………………………………………………………………………… 32 37 36 White-collar occupations………………………………………………………………… 37 43 42 Blue-collar occupations………………………………………………………………… 33 40 39 Service occupations……………………………………………………………………… 15 16 17 Full-time…………………………………………………………………………………… 40 46 45 Part-time…………………………………………………………………………………… 6 8 9 Union……………………………………………………………………………………… 51 68 67 Percentage of workers participating Nonunion………………………………………………………………………………… 30 33 33 Average wage less than $15 per hour………………………………………………… 22 26 24 See footnotes at end of table. Monthly Labor Review • February 2007 77 Current Labor Statistics: Compensation & Industrial Relations 35. Continued–National Compensation Survey: health insurance benefits in private industry by access, participation, and selected series, 2003—05 Series Year 2003 2004 2005 Average wage $15 per hour or higher………………………………………………… 47 53 Goods-producing industries……………………………………………………………… 42 49 49 Service-producing industries…………………………………………………………… 29 33 33 Establishments with 1–99 workers……………………………………………………… 21 24 24 Establishments with 100 or more workers……………………………………………… 44 52 51 – – 78 Percentage of workers with access…………………………………………………… 25 29 29 Percentage of workers participating…………………………………………………… 19 22 22 Percentage of workers with access…………………………………………………… – – 64 Percentage of workers participating…………………………………………………… – – 48 Percent of establishments offering healthcare benefits………………………………………...…………………………………… 58 61 63 Employer share………………………………………………………………………… 82 82 82 Employee share………………………………………………………………………… 18 18 18 Employer share………………………………………………………………………… 70 69 71 Employee share………………………………………………………………………… 30 31 29 1 Take-up rate (all workers) ……………………………………………………………… 52 Vision care Outpatient prescription drug coverage Percentage of medical premium paid by employer and employee Single coverage Family coverage 1 The take-up rate is an estimate of the percentage of workers with access to a plan who participate in the plan. NOTE: Where applicable, dashes indicate no employees in this category or data do not meet publication criteria. 78 Monthly Labor Review • February 2007 36. National Compensation Survey: percent of workers in private industry with access to selected benefits, 2003—05 Year Benefit 2003 2004 2005 Life insurance……………………………………………………………………… 50 51 52 Short-term disabilty insurance…………………………………………………… 39 39 40 Long-term disability insurance…………………………………………………… 30 30 30 Long-term care insurance………………………………………………………… 11 11 11 Flexible work place………………………………………………………………… 4 4 4 Flexible benefits………………………………………………………………… – – 17 Dependent care reimbursement account……………………………………… – – 29 Healthcare reimbursement account…………………………………………… – – 31 Health Savings Account…………………………………………………………… – – 5 Employee assistance program…………………………………………………… – – 40 Holidays…………………………………………………………………………… 79 77 77 Vacations………………………………………………………………………… 79 77 77 Sick leave………………………………………………………………………… – 59 58 Personal leave…………………………………………………………………… – – 36 Paid family leave………………………………………………………………… – – 7 Unpaid family leave……………………………………………………………… – – 81 18 14 14 Section 125 cafeteria benefits Paid leave Family leave Employee assistance for childcare……………………………………………… Nonproduction bonuses…………………………………………………………… 49 47 NOTE: Where applicable, dashes indicate no employees in this category or data do not meet publication criteria. 47 37. Work stoppages involving 1,000 workers or more Annual average 2005 Measure 2005 Number of stoppages: Beginning in period............................. In effect during period…...................... 2006 Dec. 2006 Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. Nov. p Oct. Dec.p 22 24 20 23 1 4 0 3 1 4 2 5 2 6 1 5 4 7 1 4 4 6 1 6 3 5 1 5 0 3 Workers involved: Beginning in period (in thousands)….. 99.6 In effect during period (in thousands)… 102.2 70.1 191 35.0 41.5 .0 6.5 3.6 10.1 4.2 12.9 3.1 14.2 5.0 13.9 10.8 18.2 3.0 10.4 19.6 25.8 3.9 22.2 15.0 19.9 1.9 20.6 .0 16.3 Days idle: Number (in thousands)….................... 1,736.1 2,687.5 241.5 130.0 124.3 261.5 176.1 179.8 188.0 146.8 215.4 247.7 342.7 349.2 326.0 .01 (2) (2) .01 .01 .01 .01 .01 .01 .01 .01 .01 .01 1 Percent of estimated working time … 1 .01 .01 Agricultural and government employees are included in the total employed and total working time; private household, forestry, and fishery employees are excluded. An explanation of the measurement of idleness as a percentage of the total time worked is found in "Total economy measures of strike idleness," October 1968, pp. 54–56. 2 Less than 0.005. NOTE: p = preliminary. Monthly Labor Review , Monthly Labor Review • February 2007 79 Current Labor Statistics: Price Data 38. Consumer Price Indexes for All Urban Consumers and for Urban Wage Earners and Clerical Workers: U.S. city average, by expenditure category and commodity or service group [1982–84 = 100, unless otherwise indicated] Annual average Series 2005 CONSUMER PRICE INDEX FOR ALL URBAN CONSUMERS All items.......................................................................... All items (1967 = 100).................................................... Food and beverages..................................................... Food..................…....................................................... Food at home…......................................................... Cereals and bakery products…................................ Meats, poultry, fish, and eggs…............................... 2005 Dec. 2006 Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. 195.3 585.0 191.2 190.7 189.8 209.0 184.7 201.6 603.9 195.7 195.2 193.1 212.8 186.6 196.8 589.4 193.2 192.9 191.7 208.4 185.7 198.3 593.9 194.5 194.1 193.4 210.6 185.8 198.7 595.2 194.4 194.0 192.6 210.3 185.4 199.8 598.6 194.5 194.0 192.3 210.9 185.9 201.5 603.5 194.2 193.7 191.5 210.9 185.5 202.5 606.5 194.7 194.2 191.9 211.9 184.7 202.9 607.8 195.1 194.5 192.2 212.8 186.0 203.5 609.6 195.6 195.0 192.6 214.6 185.1 203.9 610.9 196.0 195.5 193.1 214.6 187.1 202.9 607.9 196.7 196.2 194.1 213.6 188.0 201.8 604.6 197.5 197.1 195.1 214.6 188.1 201.5 603.6 197.2 196.8 194.3 214.5 188.4 201.8 604.5 197.4 197.0 194.3 214.8 188.6 Dairy and related products ……….………………………… Fruits and vegetables…........................................... Nonalcoholic beverages and beverage 182.4 241.4 181.4 252.9 183.2 252.3 183.7 258.5 183.4 253.4 183.0 248.5 181.3 246.6 181.0 248.0 179.6 248.0 180.8 249.1 180.0 249.2 179.9 258.2 182.0 261.6 180.6 256.8 181.0 257.2 materials…............................................................ Other foods at home…............................................. Sugar and sweets…............................................... Fats and oils…....................................................... Other foods…......................................................... 144.4 167.0 165.2 167.7 182.5 147.4 169.6 171.5 168.0 185.0 145.5 167.6 167.8 165.2 183.3 147.2 169.1 169.3 169.9 184.3 147.3 169.1 167.3 170.4 184.7 148.0 169.2 170.1 168.5 184.5 146.3 168.8 171.0 165.0 184.3 146.6 170.0 171.3 168.6 185.4 146.6 170.0 171.9 167.3 185.6 146.3 171.0 173.3 166.9 186.9 146.9 170.6 173.5 167.5 186.1 147.5 169.8 172.1 167.9 185.0 148.3 170.1 172.5 169.1 185.2 148.9 169.2 172.7 168.1 184.0 148.5 168.7 172.4 166.7 183.5 111.3 193.4 131.3 195.9 195.7 224.4 217.3 113.9 199.4 136.6 200.7 203.2 232.1 225.1 112.4 196.0 133.7 196.4 198.3 225.6 220.5 112.6 196.6 134.1 198.0 200.0 226.8 220.9 113.4 197.2 134.7 199.5 200.5 228.3 221.6 113.0 197.6 135.2 200.1 201.3 229.9 222.3 113.2 198.0 135.8 200.1 201.7 230.7 222.9 114.3 198.7 136.0 200.8 202.2 231.2 223.6 114.4 199.2 136.3 201.6 203.7 232.2 224.4 115.0 199.7 136.8 201.3 204.7 233.6 225.2 113.8 200.2 137.3 201.2 205.1 234.2 226.2 114.2 200.5 137.6 201.4 205.0 233.9 227.1 113.7 201.1 138.0 201.9 204.4 234.8 228.0 113.8 201.6 138.6 201.6 204.5 234.9 228.9 115.1 202.2 139.1 201.1 204.8 235.1 230.0 130.3 230.2 136.0 238.2 122.8 232.8 127.5 233.4 133.4 234.1 140.4 234.9 140.4 235.8 137.9 236.9 139.1 237.9 142.8 238.8 141.1 239.7 135.0 240.4 135.7 241.3 130.7 242.1 127.7 242.8 117.6 179.0 161.6 208.6 166.5 126.1 119.5 116.1 110.8 116.5 194.7 177.1 234.9 182.1 127.0 119.5 114.1 110.7 116.1 191.6 174.7 227.8 180.0 126.4 117.5 114.1 108.9 115.9 198.7 182.1 229.5 188.1 126.5 114.9 112.4 103.0 116.2 194.6 177.5 230.5 182.8 126.8 116.6 112.7 106.3 116.2 192.3 174.8 230.4 179.9 126.7 122.0 116.2 115.0 116.2 190.8 173.2 236.4 177.7 126.9 123.4 118.0 116.3 116.3 192.0 174.4 239.8 178.8 127.2 122.4 116.5 114.4 116.4 197.6 180.4 239.1 185.6 127.3 118.9 113.0 110.3 116.4 198.5 181.1 241.9 186.2 127.1 113.8 110.3 102.3 116.2 199.0 181.5 245.3 186.4 127.1 116.1 110.8 105.7 116.4 199.6 182.0 237.1 187.4 127.1 121.7 114.4 114.6 116.2 190.1 171.5 227.9 176.4 127.4 123.3 116.4 116.4 118.3 190.6 172.1 227.2 177.0 127.2 121.7 115.6 113.9 117.1 192.6 174.2 233.2 179.0 127.0 118.6 113.2 110.2 116.7 122.6 173.9 170.2 116.5 123.5 180.9 177.0 115.0 121.4 172.7 168.9 113.3 122.3 175.9 172.1 116.6 122.8 175.8 171.9 118.7 125.4 177.4 173.5 118.2 126.1 184.1 180.4 118.3 125.8 187.6 183.9 115.0 123.0 187.3 183.2 114.4 119.1 189.0 184.9 115.6 120.6 188.5 184.5 116.5 124.2 180.6 176.5 119.4 125.6 174.8 170.7 117.6 124.5 173.9 170.0 114.1 123.0 175.4 171.8 95.6 137.9 139.4 195.7 194.7 111.9 206.9 217.3 323.2 276.0 336.7 281.7 439.9 109.4 104.2 113.7 95.6 137.6 140.0 221.0 219.9 117.3 215.6 226.6 336.2 285.9 350.6 289.3 468.1 110.9 104.6 116.8 95.8 138.3 139.2 187.3 186.2 114.0 210.7 217.6 328.4 280.8 342.0 284.9 449.7 109.7 103.9 115.3 96.2 139.3 139.3 199.2 198.2 114.4 211.2 219.9 329.5 282.0 342.9 284.7 453.6 109.9 104.1 115.7 96.2 139.3 139.5 198.1 197.0 114.9 212.9 221.3 332.1 283.1 346.1 286.5 460.4 110.2 104.3 115.7 96.0 138.8 140.0 205.8 204.7 115.4 213.4 222.6 333.8 284.3 348.0 287.8 463.3 110.6 105.2 115.6 96.0 138.4 140.4 235.4 234.4 115.8 213.9 225.3 334.7 285.3 348.8 288.5 464.6 111.1 105.8 115.8 95.8 137.7 140.9 250.9 249.8 117.0 214.9 229.2 335.6 286.3 349.7 289.0 466.1 111.2 105.5 115.7 95.7 137.2 141.5 248.4 247.3 117.0 215.5 234.3 336.0 286.3 350.3 289.2 467.6 111.2 105.2 115.9 95.6 136.9 142.1 255.6 254.6 117.9 216.7 237.4 337.0 287.1 351.2 289.8 469.3 111.3 105.0 116.3 95.5 136.4 142.4 254.4 253.2 118.2 216.2 234.3 337.7 287.6 352.1 290.2 471.1 111.3 104.7 117.5 95.3 136.3 141.0 220.1 219.0 118.7 217.0 229.5 338.3 288.1 352.7 290.6 472.0 111.1 104.5 118.4 95.2 136.8 139.3 193.8 192.7 118.9 218.5 226.9 339.3 288.1 354.0 291.4 474.2 111.2 104.1 118.5 94.9 136.8 137.3 191.4 190.3 119.5 218.5 220.4 340.1 286.6 355.6 291.9 477.7 111.2 103.7 118.1 94.8 137.1 136.2 199.3 198.1 119.5 218.8 217.8 340.1 285.9 356.0 292.4 477.2 110.8 102.8 118.0 152.7 365.6 162.1 388.9 157.6 374.3 158.3 379.2 158.4 382.0 158.4 383.1 158.6 383.1 158.9 384.7 159.5 386.7 160.3 386.3 163.9 391.3 166.6 393.9 167.1 398.4 167.4 398.5 167.6 399.5 440.9 84.7 468.1 84.1 455.3 84.3 457.2 84.5 457.2 84.5 457.2 84.4 457.7 84.5 458.6 84.2 460.2 84.3 462.9 84.3 473.4 84.3 481.7 84.2 482.9 84.0 483.7 83.3 484.0 83.1 82.6 94.9 81.7 95.8 82.2 95.2 82.1 95.2 82.0 95.2 81.9 95.0 82.1 95.4 81.7 95.2 81.8 95.4 81.9 95.6 81.8 95.9 81.7 96.1 81.5 96.8 80.8 96.5 80.6 96.8 13.6 12.5 13.1 13.0 13.0 13.0 12.9 12.8 12.7 12.7 12.5 12.3 11.9 11.4 11.2 12.8 313.4 502.8 10.8 321.7 519.9 11.7 317.3 513.1 11.6 318.2 515.1 11.5 319.1 515.9 11.4 320.0 519.0 11.1 320.0 518.1 10.8 320.2 517.5 10.7 321.5 521.5 10.6 321.2 521.5 10.6 321.7 521.1 10.5 323.3 520.8 10.4 324.3 521.1 10.3 324.3 519.4 10.3 326.7 527.3 185.6 154.4 203.9 190.2 155.8 209.7 187.6 155.4 206.6 188.1 155.8 206.4 188.6 155.6 207.9 189.1 155.2 208.5 189.1 155.0 208.5 189.4 154.6 208.7 189.9 155.2 209.1 189.7 155.0 209.5 190.1 154.9 210.1 191.3 156.4 210.7 192.0 156.6 211.7 192.2 156.1 212.3 193.3 159.0 212.5 1 1,2 Other miscellaneous foods ……….………………… 1 Food away from home ……….………………………………… 1,2 Other food away from home ……….…………………… Alcoholic beverages…................................................ Housing......................................................................... Shelter...............…..................................................... Rent of primary residence….................................... Lodging away from home……………………………… 3 Owners' equivalent rent of primary residence………. 1,2 Tenants' and household insurance ……….…………… Fuels and utilities…................................................. Fuels...............….................................................... Fuel oil and other fuels…..................................... Gas (piped) and electricity…................................ Household furnishings and operations…................. Apparel ......................................................................... Men's and boys' apparel…....................................... Women's and girls' apparel….................................. 1 Infants' and toddlers' appare ……….……………………… Footwear…............................................................... Transportation............................................................... Private transportation...............….............................. 2 New and used motor vehicles……….…………………… New vehicles…...................................................... 1 Used cars and trucks ……….……………………………… Motor fuel….............................................................. Gasoline (all types)…............................................. Motor vehicle parts and equipment…...................... Motor vehicle maintenance and repair…................. Public transportation...............…................................ Medical care.................................................................. Medical care commodities...............…....................... Medical care services...............….............................. Professional services…............................................ Hospital and related services…............................... 2 Recreation ……….………………………………………….……… 1,2 Video and audio ……….……………………………………… 2 Education and communication ……….……………………… 2 Education ……….………………………………………….……… Educational books and supplies…......................... Tuition, other school fees, and child care…........... 1,2 Communication ……….……………………………………… 1,2 Information and information processing ……….…… 1,2 Telephone services ……….…………………………… Information and information processing 1,4 other than telephone services ……….…………… Personal computers and peripheral 1,2 equipmen ……….…………………………………… Other goods and services............................................. Tobacco and smoking products...............…............... 1 Personal care ……….………………………………………….… 1 Personal care products ……….…………………………… 1 Personal care services ……….…………………………… See footnotes at end of table. 80 2006 Monthly Labor Review • February 2007 38. Continued—Consumer Price Indexes for All Urban Consumers and for Urban Wage Earners and Clerical Workers U.S. city average, by expenditure category and commodity or service group [1982–84 = 100, unless otherwise indicated] Annual average 2005 Series 2005 Miscellaneous personal services...............….... 2006 Dec. 2006 Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. 303.0 313.6 306.6 308.2 309.3 310.9 311.3 312.4 313.3 312.9 314.4 316.4 317.6 318.2 318.7 160.2 191.2 142.5 168.4 119.5 164.0 195.7 145.9 176.7 119.5 160.0 193.2 141.3 166.3 117.5 161.3 194.5 142.6 168.7 114.9 161.4 194.4 142.8 169.1 116.6 162.8 194.5 144.7 173.3 122.0 165.5 194.2 148.6 181.8 123.4 166.9 194.7 150.3 185.6 122.4 166.3 195.1 149.3 183.8 118.9 166.4 195.6 149.3 183.8 113.8 166.6 196.0 149.4 184.5 116.1 164.4 196.7 146.0 177.7 121.7 162.5 197.5 143.0 171.2 123.3 161.8 197.2 142.1 169.7 121.7 162.1 197.4 142.5 170.9 118.6 202.6 115.3 230.1 233.7 225.7 268.4 216.3 114.5 238.9 241.9 230.8 277.5 200.4 114.9 233.2 235.0 227.8 272.3 206.0 115.3 234.9 236.2 228.2 273.2 205.7 115.3 235.7 237.8 228.7 273.9 209.3 115.1 236.6 239.6 228.8 274.6 222.3 115.1 237.1 240.4 229.6 275.5 229.2 114.9 237.7 241.0 230.7 275.8 228.4 114.6 239.2 242.0 231.8 276.6 231.6 114.6 240.2 243.4 232.7 277.2 231.2 114.3 240.9 244.1 232.2 279.1 216.6 113.8 241.1 243.8 231.7 280.8 205.0 113.8 240.9 244.7 232.3 281.2 203.5 113.5 240.9 244.7 231.5 281.1 207.3 113.3 241.2 245.0 230.8 280.9 196.0 186.1 188.7 144.5 170.1 201.2 180.2 243.2 221.2 177.1 198.7 200.9 140.3 197.4 236.6 202.7 191.9 194.7 148.0 178.2 213.9 186.7 253.3 229.6 196.9 203.7 205.9 140.6 223.0 244.7 197.4 187.7 190.0 143.3 168.1 199.2 180.1 248.8 224.2 180.0 200.1 202.1 140.1 190.7 238.7 199.0 189.3 191.6 144.7 170.5 204.3 182.0 251.2 225.9 189.5 200.8 202.6 139.9 202.1 239.7 199.5 189.4 191.9 144.9 171.0 204.2 182.2 251.0 226.5 186.4 201.6 203.6 140.3 201.1 241.1 200.8 190.3 193.0 146.8 175.0 207.5 184.4 250.9 227.3 188.6 202.6 204.9 141.5 208.3 242.4 202.8 192.3 194.7 150.6 182.9 219.2 188.7 251.0 227.8 201.4 203.0 205.5 141.7 236.6 243.2 203.9 193.5 195.6 152.3 186.5 225.5 191.0 251.8 228.4 209.3 203.3 205.7 141.5 251.4 243.7 204.3 193.7 196.1 151.3 184.9 224.8 190.2 253.9 229.9 211.3 203.6 205.9 140.7 249.0 244.7 204.9 194.0 196.6 151.3 184.9 227.6 190.4 254.6 231.0 215.1 203.9 206.2 139.6 256.0 245.8 205.4 194.4 197.1 151.4 185.5 227.3 191.0 255.4 231.6 214.7 204.4 206.7 139.9 255.0 246.5 204.1 193.1 196.0 148.0 179.1 214.2 187.8 256.2 231.8 199.1 204.9 207.2 140.9 222.3 246.6 202.6 191.2 194.9 145.1 173.1 203.8 184.8 254.4 231.5 181.3 205.6 207.8 141.2 196.9 247.5 202.3 190.7 194.5 144.3 171.7 202.5 183.8 254.6 231.5 180.4 205.3 207.6 140.6 194.6 247.5 202.6 191.1 194.8 144.7 172.7 205.8 184.5 254.9 231.7 185.2 205.1 207.3 139.9 202.4 247.5 191.0 568.9 190.5 190.1 188.9 208.9 184.7 182.2 238.9 197.1 587.2 194.9 194.4 192.2 213.1 186.1 180.9 251.0 192.5 573.3 192.5 192.2 190.7 208.4 185.6 183.0 249.6 194.0 577.7 193.8 193.4 192.4 210.8 185.4 183.5 256.2 194.2 578.6 193.7 193.3 191.7 210.5 185.1 183.3 251.3 195.3 581.8 193.8 193.2 191.4 211.1 185.8 182.7 245.9 197.2 587.3 193.4 192.8 190.5 211.2 185.1 180.8 244.0 198.2 590.5 193.9 193.3 190.9 212.2 184.4 180.5 246.0 198.6 591.7 194.2 193.7 191.2 213.1 185.4 179.1 245.7 199.2 593.2 194.6 194.1 191.6 214.9 184.7 180.3 247.0 199.6 594.6 195.2 194.7 192.2 214.8 186.7 179.4 247.9 198.4 591.0 195.9 195.5 193.3 214.1 187.5 179.4 257.3 197.0 586.7 196.7 196.2 194.2 214.9 187.5 181.4 260.8 196.8 586.1 196.5 196.0 193.4 214.9 188.0 179.9 255.1 197.2 587.3 196.5 196.1 193.2 215.2 188.0 180.3 254.7 143.7 166.5 164.3 167.8 182.8 111.8 193.3 131.1 195.8 191.2 217.5 216.5 130.0 208.8 117.9 177.9 159.7 208.1 165.4 121.8 119.1 115.6 110.4 119.3 121.8 173.0 170.3 94.7 146.7 169.1 170.5 168.7 185.2 114.2 199.1 136.2 200.6 198.5 224.8 224.2 135.3 216.0 116.8 193.1 174.4 234.0 180.2 122.6 119.1 114.0 110.3 118.6 123.1 180.3 177.5 94.7 144.9 167.1 166.9 165.6 183.7 112.9 195.8 133.6 196.3 194.2 219.2 219.7 122.4 211.2 116.4 190.2 172.4 227.4 178.3 121.9 117.2 113.5 108.3 117.6 120.9 171.6 168.8 94.8 146.7 168.5 168.3 170.4 184.4 113.0 196.4 133.7 198.0 195.8 220.0 220.1 126.1 211.7 116.2 197.3 179.7 228.9 186.4 122.0 114.3 112.0 102.1 115.8 121.6 174.9 172.2 95.2 146.7 168.7 166.5 171.2 185.0 113.8 197.0 134.4 199.4 196.1 221.2 220.8 133.1 212.4 116.5 193.2 175.0 229.7 181.1 122.4 116.1 112.7 105.4 118.1 122.1 174.8 172.0 95.2 147.3 168.7 169.0 169.4 184.8 113.4 197.4 134.8 200.5 196.6 222.4 221.4 140.4 213.0 116.5 190.8 172.4 229.8 178.3 122.5 121.6 115.7 114.3 120.8 124.7 176.6 173.8 95.1 145.7 168.2 169.9 165.7 184.5 113.4 197.8 135.6 200.3 196.8 223.1 222.0 139.8 213.9 116.5 189.4 170.8 235.8 176.1 122.5 123.1 117.5 115.9 120.3 125.4 183.9 181.2 95.1 145.9 169.4 170.5 169.1 185.5 114.4 198.4 135.8 200.6 197.4 223.7 222.7 136.6 214.8 116.6 190.4 171.8 238.9 177.1 122.8 121.9 116.5 114.0 120.2 125.1 187.7 184.9 95.0 146.1 169.5 170.9 167.9 185.9 115.0 198.9 136.0 201.0 198.9 224.7 223.5 138.7 215.7 116.7 196.0 177.8 238.3 183.7 122.9 118.4 113.0 109.8 116.8 122.6 187.1 184.2 94.9 145.6 170.4 172.5 167.9 187.0 115.2 199.4 136.3 200.8 199.7 225.8 224.3 142.6 216.5 116.7 196.7 178.3 241.3 184.1 122.7 113.2 110.3 101.3 115.9 119.1 189.0 186.1 94.9 146.3 170.0 172.5 168.2 186.2 114.2 199.9 136.7 200.7 200.3 226.5 225.3 141.1 217.3 116.6 197.2 178.6 244.6 184.3 122.7 115.7 110.9 105.4 117.7 120.3 188.6 185.8 94.8 146.8 169.3 171.3 168.6 185.3 114.5 200.2 137.1 200.9 200.4 226.6 226.2 134.0 218.0 116.8 197.7 179.0 235.8 185.3 122.7 121.4 114.5 114.3 118.5 123.9 180.1 177.1 94.5 147.7 169.5 171.4 169.8 185.3 113.8 200.8 137.5 201.8 199.6 227.5 227.1 134.7 218.8 116.6 188.1 168.7 226.6 174.3 122.8 123.1 116.4 115.9 121.8 125.2 173.7 170.7 94.3 148.3 168.7 171.3 168.9 184.3 114.1 201.4 138.3 201.9 199.9 227.8 228.0 129.3 219.5 118.6 188.9 169.4 226.3 175.1 122.8 121.8 115.8 114.2 120.5 124.2 172.7 169.9 93.9 147.8 168.1 171.3 167.3 183.7 115.3 202.0 138.7 201.1 200.5 228.3 229.1 127.1 220.1 117.4 190.9 171.5 232.2 177.1 122.6 118.6 113.0 110.4 116.8 122.6 174.4 171.7 93.7 Commodity and service group: Commodities...........…............................................ Food and beverages…......................................... Commodities less food and beverages…............. Nondurables less food and beverages…............ Apparel …......................................................... Nondurables less food, beverages, and apparel…................................................. Durables….......................................................... Services….............................................................. 3 Rent of shelter ……….…………………………………… Transporatation services….................................. Other services….................................................. Special indexes: All items less food…............................................ All items less shelter…........................................ All items less medical care…............................... Commodities less food…..................................... Nondurables less food…..................................... Nondurables less food and apparel…................. Nondurables…..................................................... 3 Services less rent of shelter ……….………………… Services less medical care services…................ Energy….............................................................. All items less energy…........................................ All items less food and energy…....................... Commodities less food and energy….............. Energy commodities...................................... Services less energy….................................... CONSUMER PRICE INDEX FOR URBAN WAGE EARNERS AND CLERICAL WORKERS All items.................................................................... All items (1967 = 100)............................................... Food and beverages................................................ Food..................….................................................. Food at home….................................................... Cereals and bakery products….......................... Meats, poultry, fish, and eggs…......................... 1 Dairy and related products ……….………………… Fruits and vegetables…...................................... Nonalcoholic beverages and beverage materials…....................................................... Other foods at home…....................................... Sugar and sweets…......................................... Fats and oils….................................................. Other foods…................................................... 1,2 Other miscellaneous foods ……….…………… 1 Food away from home ……….…………………………… 1,2 Other food away from home ……….……………… Alcoholic beverages…........................................... Housing.................................................................... Shelter...............…................................................ Rent of primary residence…............................... 2 Lodging away from home ……….…………………… 3 Owners' equivalent rent of primary residence … 1,2 Tenants' and household insurance ……….…… Fuels and utilities…........................................... Fuels...............….............................................. Fuel oil and other fuels…................................ Gas (piped) and electricity….......................... Household furnishings and operations…............ Apparel ................................................................... Men's and boys' apparel…................................. Women's and girls' apparel…............................. 1 Infants' and toddlers' apparel ……….……………… Footwear…......................................................... Transportation.......................................................... Private transportation...............…......................... 2 New and used motor vehicles ……….……………… See footnotes at end of table. Monthly Labor Review • February 2007 81 Current Labor Statistics: Price Data 38. Continued—Consumer Price Indexes for All Urban Consumers and for Urban Wage Earners and Clerical Workers: U.S. city average, by expenditure category and commodity or service group [1982–84 = 100, unless otherwise indicated] Annual average 2005 Series 2005 New vehicles…............................................ 2006 Dec. 2006 Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. 138.9 138.6 139.3 140.3 140.3 139.9 139.5 138.8 138.3 137.9 137.4 137.4 137.8 137.9 138.2 140.3 196.3 195.4 111.5 209.3 215.5 140.8 221.6 220.7 116.9 218.1 225.0 140.0 188.0 187.0 113.6 213.2 216.6 140.1 199.9 198.9 113.9 213.6 219.0 140.3 198.7 197.7 114.3 215.4 220.4 140.8 206.5 205.6 114.9 215.8 221.6 141.3 236.1 235.2 115.3 216.3 224.0 141.8 251.3 250.3 116.5 217.4 227.5 142.4 248.8 247.8 116.6 218.0 232.0 143.0 256.2 255.3 117.5 219.1 234.1 143.2 255.1 254.1 117.8 218.6 231.4 141.9 220.8 219.7 118.4 219.4 227.8 140.1 194.4 193.4 118.6 221.1 225.6 138.1 192.0 191.0 119.2 221.1 219.7 137.0 199.8 198.8 119.2 221.4 217.4 322.8 269.2 337.3 284.3 436.1 335.7 279.0 351.1 291.7 463.6 328.2 273.9 342.8 287.4 446.4 329.1 275.0 343.6 287.2 450.1 331.5 276.3 346.4 288.9 455.4 333.2 277.3 348.3 290.2 458.4 334.2 278.4 349.2 290.8 459.9 335.0 279.4 350.0 291.3 461.2 335.5 279.4 350.6 291.5 462.8 336.5 280.3 351.6 292.1 464.8 337.3 280.6 352.5 292.5 466.7 337.8 281.1 353.1 292.8 467.5 338.9 281.0 354.6 293.6 469.9 339.8 279.7 356.3 294.2 473.9 340.0 279.1 356.7 294.7 473.0 106.8 108.2 107.1 107.2 107.5 107.9 108.4 108.5 108.6 108.7 108.5 108.3 108.4 108.5 108.1 103.4 103.9 103.2 103.3 103.6 104.4 104.9 104.7 104.5 104.3 104.1 103.9 103.5 103.3 102.4 111.4 113.9 112.6 113.1 113.1 113.0 113.2 113.0 113.3 113.5 114.5 115.3 115.4 114.9 114.8 Education ……….……………………………………… Educational books and supplies….............. 151.0 367.1 160.3 390.7 155.6 375.5 156.7 380.6 156.7 383.5 156.8 384.9 156.9 384.7 157.2 386.2 157.8 388.1 158.4 387.6 161.7 393.0 164.7 395.4 165.2 400.9 165.4 401.0 165.5 402.0 Tuition, other school fees, and child care… 427.1 86.4 453.3 86.0 440.5 86.2 443.3 86.3 443.2 86.3 443.1 86.2 443.5 86.3 444.4 86.0 446.1 86.1 448.0 86.2 457.7 86.2 466.6 86.2 467.4 86.1 468.0 85.4 468.3 85.2 84.9 84.3 84.6 84.6 84.6 84.5 84.6 84.3 84.4 84.5 84.5 84.4 84.4 83.7 83.5 95.0 95.9 95.3 95.3 95.4 95.2 95.6 95.3 95.5 95.7 96.0 96.2 96.9 96.7 96.9 14.2 13.0 13.6 13.6 13.5 13.6 13.5 13.3 13.3 13.3 13.1 12.9 12.4 11.9 11.6 12.6 322.2 504.2 10.7 330.9 521.6 11.6 326.6 515.0 11.4 327.6 517.1 11.3 328.4 517.9 11.3 329.4 520.9 11.0 329.3 519.9 10.7 329.3 519.4 10.5 330.8 523.5 10.4 330.7 523.3 10.5 331.0 522.9 10.3 332.2 522.4 10.2 333.1 522.7 10.2 332.9 521.1 10.2 335.7 528.6 1 Used cars and trucks ……….…………………… Motor fuel…................................................... Gasoline (all types)….................................. Motor vehicle parts and equipment…............ Motor vehicle maintenance and repair…....... Public transportation...............…..................... Medical care....................................................... Medical care commodities...............…............ Medical care services...............…................... Professional services…................................. Hospital and related services…..................... 2 Recreation ……….……………………………………… Video and audio 1,2 ……….…………………………… 2 Education and communication ……….…………… 2 1,2 Communication ……….…………………………… 1,2 Information and information processing … 1,2 Telephone services ……….………………… Information and information processing other than telephone services 1,4 ……….… Personal computers and peripheral 1,2 equipment ……….……………………… Other goods and services.................................. Tobacco and smoking products...............….... 1 184.0 188.3 185.8 186.3 186.8 187.2 187.2 187.3 187.9 187.9 188.2 189.2 189.9 190.0 191.1 1 154.5 155.7 155.4 155.8 155.6 155.2 155.0 154.7 155.1 155.0 155.0 156.3 156.5 156.0 158.6 1 204.2 303.4 209.8 314.1 206.9 307.0 206.6 308.6 208.0 309.7 208.5 311.4 208.6 311.8 208.6 312.7 209.2 313.8 209.7 313.9 210.2 315.1 210.8 316.8 211.9 317.9 212.5 318.5 212.7 318.7 161.4 190.5 144.7 173.2 119.1 165.7 194.9 148.7 182.6 119.1 161.2 192.5 143.4 170.8 117.2 162.6 193.8 144.8 173.5 114.3 162.7 193.7 145.1 174.0 116.1 164.3 193.8 147.2 178.7 121.6 167.3 193.4 151.8 188.4 123.1 168.9 193.9 153.7 192.8 121.9 168.2 194.2 152.7 190.8 118.4 168.5 194.6 152.8 191.1 113.2 168.8 195.2 153.0 191.8 115.7 166.1 195.9 148.9 183.6 121.4 163.8 196.7 145.3 176.0 123.1 163.1 196.5 144.4 174.6 121.8 163.5 196.5 145.0 176.1 118.6 210.6 115.1 226.1 114.6 207.8 114.9 214.2 115.2 213.9 115.3 218.1 115.2 233.2 115.2 241.1 115.0 240.1 114.8 243.8 114.8 243.4 114.5 226.2 114.0 212.7 113.9 211.2 113.6 215.7 113.3 Personal care ……….………………………………… Personal care products ……….………………… Personal care services ……….………………… Miscellaneous personal services...............… Commodity and service group: Commodities...........…....................................... Food and beverages….................................... Commodities less food and beverages…........ Nondurables less food and beverages…...... Apparel …................................................... Nondurables less food, beverages, and apparel…............................................ Durables….................................................... Services…......................................................... 3 Rent of shelter ……….……………………………… Transporatation services…............................ Other services…............................................. 225.7 234.1 229.2 230.7 231.2 231.8 232.2 232.8 234.3 235.2 235.9 236.3 235.8 236.2 236.6 209.5 225.9 260.0 216.6 230.6 268.2 211.2 228.3 263.5 211.9 228.6 264.4 213.1 229.0 265.0 214.3 229.0 265.7 215.0 229.5 266.6 215.6 230.3 266.8 216.5 231.0 267.6 217.6 231.4 268.1 218.3 231.1 269.6 218.4 231.3 271.0 219.3 232.2 271.4 219.5 231.9 271.2 220.0 231.4 270.9 191.0 183.4 185.4 146.5 174.6 208.4 182.5 197.5 189.2 191.3 150.6 183.8 223.0 189.5 192.3 184.8 186.7 145.3 172.4 205.9 182.2 193.9 186.6 188.2 146.8 175.1 211.9 184.2 194.2 186.5 188.4 147.0 175.6 211.7 184.5 195.5 187.6 189.5 149.1 180.1 215.6 186.9 197.8 189.8 191.3 153.6 189.3 229.4 191.8 199.0 191.1 192.4 155.5 193.4 236.6 194.2 199.4 191.3 192.8 154.5 191.6 235.7 193.4 199.9 191.6 193.3 154.6 191.9 239.1 193.8 200.4 192.0 193.8 154.8 192.5 238.7 194.4 198.8 190.3 192.5 150.8 184.7 223.1 190.5 196.9 188.0 191.0 147.3 177.6 210.9 186.9 196.7 187.6 190.8 146.4 176.3 209.5 186.1 197.2 188.0 191.2 147.0 177.7 213.5 186.9 215.9 217.2 177.2 193.5 194.6 140.6 197.7 232.3 224.7 225.3 196.8 198.0 199.2 141.1 223.0 239.9 221.1 220.6 179.3 194.9 195.9 140.4 190.7 234.6 223.4 222.2 188.8 195.4 196.2 140.2 202.0 235.4 222.9 222.5 185.9 196.1 197.1 140.7 200.9 236.5 222.7 223.0 188.4 197.0 198.2 141.9 208.4 237.5 222.7 223.4 202.0 197.4 198.7 142.2 236.9 238.2 223.3 224.0 210.0 197.7 198.9 141.9 251.4 238.8 225.3 225.5 211.8 197.9 199.1 141.2 249.1 239.7 225.8 226.4 215.7 198.0 199.2 140.0 256.2 240.6 226.3 227.0 215.3 198.6 199.8 140.4 255.4 241.4 227.2 227.4 198.7 199.2 200.4 141.4 222.3 241.7 225.2 226.9 180.6 199.9 201.0 141.7 196.7 242.6 225.5 227.1 179.8 199.7 200.9 141.1 194.4 242.8 225.8 227.6 184.7 199.6 200.7 140.4 202.1 243.0 Special indexes: All items less food…....................................... All items less shelter…................................... All items less medical care….......................... Commodities less food…............................... Nondurables less food…................................ Nondurables less food and apparel…............ Nondurables…............................................... 3 Services less rent of shelter ……….…………… Services less medical care services…........... Energy…........................................................ All items less energy…................................... All items less food and energy….................. Commodities less food and energy…........ Energy commodities................................. Services less energy…............................... 82 1 Not seasonally adjusted. 2 Indexes on a December 1997 = 100 base. 3 Indexes on a December 1982 = 100 base. Monthly Labor Review • February 2007 4 Indexes on a December 1988 = 100 base. NOTE: Index applied to a month as a whole, not to any specific date. 39. Consumer Price Index: U.S. city average and available local area data: all items [1982–84 = 100, unless otherwise indicated] Pricing All Urban Consumers sched- 2006 ule1 U.S. city average…………………………………………… July Aug. Sept. Urban Wage Earners 2006 Oct. Nov. Dec. July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. M 203.5 203.9 202.9 201.8 201.5 201.8 199.2 199.6 198.4 197.0 196.8 197.2 Northeast urban……….………………………………………….……… M 217.5 218.1 216.3 215.2 214.8 215.2 213.5 214.2 212.7 211.1 210.9 211.5 Size A—More than 1,500,000........................................... M 220.1 220.7 219.1 217.7 217.4 217.8 214.3 215.1 214.0 212.1 212.2 212.7 M 128.2 128.5 127.2 126.9 126.4 126.7 128.6 128.9 127.5 127.0 126.5 126.9 M 194.6 195.1 193.7 192.3 192.8 192.9 190.0 190.4 188.7 187.0 187.5 187.8 M 196.3 196.9 195.7 194.1 194.5 194.7 190.7 191.3 189.8 187.9 188.3 188.6 M 124.1 124.1 123.2 122.6 123.1 123.0 123.8 123.8 122.5 121.7 122.2 122.3 M 190.1 190.9 189.1 187.1 187.0 187.1 188.6 189.3 187.3 185.1 185.2 185.5 South urban…….….............................................................. M 197.0 197.1 195.8 194.7 194.3 194.8 194.3 194.5 192.9 191.5 191.1 191.8 Size A—More than 1,500,000........................................... M 198.9 199.2 198.3 197.2 196.6 197.3 197.1 197.5 196.4 195.0 194.4 195.1 M 125.5 125.4 124.4 123.7 123.4 123.8 124.2 124.2 122.9 122.1 121.8 122.3 M 198.0 198.3 197.1 195.7 195.4 196.0 198.1 198.5 196.9 195.2 195.2 195.7 West urban…….…............................................................... M 206.7 207.5 207.8 207.1 206.3 206.2 201.7 202.5 202.4 201.3 200.6 200.8 Size A—More than 1,500,000........................................... M 210.0 210.7 211.3 210.5 209.7 209.6 203.3 204.0 204.3 203.0 202.2 202.4 M 125.6 126.2 125.9 125.5 125.1 125.0 125.5 126.0 125.6 125.0 124.5 124.6 M M M 186.2 125.6 196.0 186.7 125.7 196.6 186.1 124.8 195.6 185.0 124.2 194.3 184.7 124.1 194.2 184.9 124.3 194.6 184.5 125.0 194.8 185.1 125.1 195.4 184.3 124.0 194.1 182.8 123.3 192.5 182.6 123.1 192.5 183.0 123.4 192.9 Chicago–Gary–Kenosha, IL–IN–WI………………………….. Los Angeles–Riverside–Orange County, CA……….………… M M 199.3 211.4 200.4 211.9 199.6 212.9 197.5 211.4 197.9 211.1 197.8 210.6 192.8 204.5 193.8 205.0 192.8 205.3 190.3 203.5 190.8 203.3 190.9 202.9 New York, NY–Northern NJ–Long Island, NY–NJ–CT–PA… M 223.1 224.1 222.9 221.7 220.9 221.3 216.8 217.8 216.9 215.3 214.7 215.2 Boston–Brockton–Nashua, MA–NH–ME–CT……….………… 1 225.1 – 224.5 – 223.1 – 223.9 – 224.3 – 223.4 – Cleveland–Akron, OH…………………………………………… 1 193.1 – 190.7 – 189.4 – 184.3 – 181.7 – 179.5 – Dallas–Ft Worth, TX…….……………………………………… 1 191.7 – 192.0 – 188.4 – 193.9 – 193.7 – 189.6 – Washington–Baltimore, DC–MD–VA–WV ……….……………… 1 130.7 – 130.2 – 129.3 – 129.8 – 129.9 – 128.7 – Atlanta, GA……………………..………………………………… 2 – 197.3 – 192.7 – 194.8 – 195.8 – 190.9 – 193.1 Region and area size2 3 Size B/C—50,000 to 1,500,000 ……….………………………… 4 Midwest urban ……….………………………………………….………… Size A—More than 1,500,000........................................... 3 Size B/C—50,000 to 1,500,000 ……….………………………… Size D—Nonmetropolitan (less than 50,000)…………..... 3 Size B/C—50,000 to 1,500,000 ……….………………………… Size D—Nonmetropolitan (less than 50,000)…………..... 3 Size B/C—50,000 to 1,500,000 ……….………………………… Size classes: 5 A ……….………………………………………….…………..…………… 3 B/C ……………………….….………………………………………….… D…………….…………...................................................... Selected local areas 6 7 Detroit–Ann Arbor–Flint, MI…………………………………… 2 – 198.6 – 196.6 – 196.4 – 194.0 – 191.2 – 191.0 Houston–Galveston–Brazoria, TX……………………………… 2 – 182.5 – 180.4 – 179.2 – 182.0 – 178.9 – 177.5 Miami–Ft. Lauderdale, FL……………...……………………… 2 – 205.6 – 204.8 – 205.4 – 204.6 – 203.1 – 203.6 Philadelphia–Wilmington–Atlantic City, PA–NJ–DE–MD…… 2 – 216.4 – 211.6 – 211.6 – 215.8 – 211.1 – 211.2 San Francisco–Oakland–San Jose, CA…….………………… 2 – 210.7 – 211.0 – 210.4 – 206.7 – 206.2 – 205.6 Seattle–Tacoma–Bremerton, WA………………...…………… 2 – 209.6 – 209.8 – 209.3 – 205.1 – 203.9 – 204.3 Foods, fuels, and several other items priced every month in all areas; most other goods and services priced as indicated: M—Every month. 1—January, March, May, July, September, and November. 2—February, April, June, August, October, and December. Report: Anchorage, AK; Cincinnatti, OH–KY–IN; Kansas City, MO–KS; Milwaukee–Racine, WI; Minneapolis–St. Paul, MN–WI; Pittsburgh, PA; Port-land–Salem, OR–WA; St Louis, MO–IL; San Diego, CA; Tampa–St. Petersburg–Clearwater, FL. 2 Regions defined as the four Census regions. 3 Indexes on a December 1996 = 100 base. NOTE: Local area CPI indexes are byproducts of the national CPI program. Each local index has a smaller sample size and is, therefore, subject to substantially more sampling and other measurement error. As a result, local area indexes show greater volatility than the national index, although their long-term trends are similar. Therefore, the Bureau of Labor Statistics strongly urges users to consider adopting the national average CPI for use in their escalator clauses. Index applies to a month as a whole, not to any specific date. Dash indicates data not available. 1 4 The "North Central" region has been renamed the "Midwest" region by the Census Bureau. It is composed of the same geographic entities. 5 6 Indexes on a December 1986 = 100 base. In addition, the following metropolitan areas are published semiannually and appear in tables 34 and 39 of the January and July issues of the CPI Detailed 7 Indexes on a November 1996 = 100 base. Monthly Labor Review • February 2007 83 Current Labor Statistics: Price Data 40. Annual data: Consumer Price Index, U.S. city average, all items and major groups [1982–84 = 100] Series Consumer Price Index for All Urban Consumers: All items: Index..................……............................................... Percent change............................…………………… Food and beverages: Index................……................................................. Percent change............................…………………… Housing: Index....………………............................................... Percent change............................…………………… Apparel: Index........................……......................................... Percent change............................…………………… Transportation: Index........................………...................................... Percent change............................…………………… Medical care: Index................……................................................. Percent change............................…………………… Other goods and services: Index............……..................................................... Percent change............................…………………… Consumer Price Index for Urban Wage Earners and Clerical Workers: All items: Index....................……………................................... Percent change............................…………………… 84 Monthly Labor Review • February 2007 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 156.9 3.0 160.5 2.3 163.0 1.6 166.6 2.2 172.2 3.4 177.1 2.8 179.9 1.6 184.0 2.3 188.9 2.7 195.3 3.4 201.6 3.2 153.7 3.2 157.7 2.6 161.1 2.2 164.6 2.2 168.4 2.3 173.6 3.1 176.8 1.8 180.5 2.1 186.6 3.3 191.2 2.5 195.7 2.4 152.8 2.9 156.8 2.6 160.4 2.3 163.9 2.2 169.6 3.5 176.4 4.0 180.3 2.2 184.8 2.5 189.5 2.5 195.7 3.3 203.2 3.8 131.7 –.2 132.9 .9 133.0 .1 131.3 –1.3 129.6 –1.3 127.3 –1.8 124.0 –2.6 120.9 –2.5 120.4 –.4 119.5 –.7 119.5 .0 143.0 2.8 144.3 0.9 141.6 –1.9 144.4 2.0 153.3 6.2 154.3 0.7 152.9 –.9 157.6 3.1 163.1 3.5 173.9 6.6 180.9 4.0 228.2 3.5 234.6 2.8 242.1 3.2 250.6 3.5 260.8 4.1 272.8 4.6 285.6 4.7 297.1 4.0 310.1 4.4 323.2 4.2 336.2 4.0 215.4 4.1 224.8 4.4 237.7 5.7 258.3 8.7 271.1 5.0 282.6 4.2 293.2 3.8 298.7 1.9 304.7 2.0 313.4 2.9 321.7 2.6 154.1 2.9 157.6 2.3 159.7 1.3 163.2 2.2 168.9 3.5 173.5 2.7 175.9 1.4 179.8 2.2 184.5 5.1 191.0 1.1 197.1 3.2 41. Producer Price Indexes, by stage of processing [1982 = 100] Grouping Finished goods....…………………………… Finished consumer goods......................... Finished consumer foods........................ Annual average 2005 2006 2005 Dec. 2006 Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept.p Oct.p Nov.p Dec.p 155.7 160.4 155.7 160.3 165.9 156.7 158.7 164.2 157.5 159.9 165.7 157.1 158.0 163.0 153.8 159.1 164.5 154.4 160.7 166.5 154.8 161.2 167.2 154.2 161.8 168.0 156.1 161.7 168.3 156.4 162.3 168.8 158.3 160.3 165.9 159.2 158.4 163.3 158.1 159.7 164.4 157.6 160.5 165.5 160.4 excluding foods..................................... Nondurable goods less food................. Durable goods...................................... Capital equipment................................... 161.9 172.0 136.6 144.6 169.1 182.6 136.8 146.8 166.5 178.7 136.6 145.3 168.7 181.7 137.3 145.8 166.2 177.9 137.5 146.2 168.0 180.6 137.4 146.4 170.7 184.7 137.1 146.6 171.9 186.5 137.1 146.7 172.3 187.2 136.7 146.7 172.5 188.8 134.1 145.8 172.5 188.4 135.1 146.4 168.2 181.7 135.6 146.7 165.0 176.8 135.9 146.8 166.7 177.8 139.0 148.7 167.1 178.6 138.8 148.7 Intermediate materials, supplies, and components........………… 154.0 164.0 159.6 161.6 160.7 161.2 163.1 164.9 166.1 166.6 167.4 165.4 163.2 163.8 164.0 for manufacturing...................................... Materials for food manufacturing.............. Materials for nondurable manufacturing... Materials for durable manufacturing......... Components for manufacturing................ 146.0 146.0 163.2 158.3 129.9 156.0 146.3 175.3 180.8 134.5 149.8 146.3 170.8 164.4 130.8 151.2 146.0 172.2 167.6 131.4 151.9 144.6 173.4 169.6 131.7 152.7 144.4 173.3 170.5 133.1 153.9 143.7 173.1 175.4 133.8 156.3 144.4 176.2 182.4 134.0 157.3 145.7 178.1 183.4 134.4 158.2 147.5 177.7 186.4 135.0 158.6 146.8 178.1 186.7 135.7 158.4 148.1 176.3 186.9 136.0 158.4 147.7 175.9 187.5 136.0 158.0 148.2 175.2 186.3 136.1 157.7 148.6 174.4 185.9 136.1 Materials and components for construction......................................... Processed fuels and lubricants................... Containers.................................................. Supplies...................................................... 176.6 150.0 167.1 151.9 188.4 162.7 175.0 157.1 181.7 162.6 169.9 154.1 184.2 167.2 170.5 155.3 185.0 160.1 171.2 155.6 185.5 160.0 173.1 155.9 186.7 165.6 172.8 156.2 188.2 167.4 173.3 156.5 189.2 169.4 176.3 156.8 190.2 169.2 176.6 157.2 190.7 171.5 177.1 157.5 191.0 161.6 178.0 157.5 190.8 150.5 177.3 158.4 189.8 154.1 177.2 159.0 189.6 155.7 177.3 159.4 Crude materials for further processing.......................………………… Foodstuffs and feedstuffs........................... Crude nonfood materials............................ 182.2 122.7 223.4 185.4 119.3 231.7 200.6 123.4 255.2 199.0 119.3 255.7 182.9 116.6 229.3 178.4 114.2 223.4 183.0 113.1 232.4 186.9 112.7 239.6 181.6 116.9 226.7 186.2 118.8 233.4 191.1 119.3 241.8 183.8 121.3 227.1 165.1 124.9 191.2 190.8 127.4 234.6 195.8 127.0 243.8 Special groupings: Finished goods, excluding foods................ Finished energy goods............................... Finished goods less energy........................ Finished consumer goods less energy....... Finished goods less food and energy......... 155.5 132.6 155.9 160.8 156.4 161.0 145.9 157.8 162.6 158.6 158.7 141.9 156.9 162.0 157.1 160.3 145.7 157.4 162.4 157.9 158.8 139.1 156.9 161.5 158.3 160.1 143.1 157.2 161.8 158.5 161.9 149.6 157.2 161.9 158.5 162.7 151.9 157.3 161.9 158.7 163.0 153.1 157.7 162.4 158.6 162.8 155.4 156.9 161.8 157.5 163.1 155.0 157.8 162.7 158.0 160.3 144.3 158.2 163.3 158.3 158.2 136.4 158.1 163.0 158.5 160.0 138.0 159.3 163.8 160.2 160.3 139.0 160.0 164.9 160.3 and energy................................................ Consumer nondurable goods less food 164.3 166.6 165.1 166.0 166.5 166.7 166.5 166.9 166.6 165.4 165.8 166.1 166.4 168.0 168.1 and energy.............................................. 187.1 191.5 188.7 189.8 190.6 191.0 191.0 191.7 191.6 191.9 191.6 191.8 192.1 192.0 192.3 Intermediate materials less foods and feeds.................................................. Intermediate foods and feeds..................... Intermediate energy goods......................... Intermediate goods less energy.................. 155.1 133.8 149.2 153.3 165.4 135.4 162.6 162.3 160.8 134.1 162.1 156.8 163.0 135.0 166.5 158.3 162.1 133.6 160.5 158.7 162.6 133.8 160.4 159.4 164.6 133.0 165.9 160.3 166.5 133.1 168.1 162.0 167.6 133.9 169.9 162.9 168.2 135.2 169.3 163.8 169.0 134.6 170.9 164.4 166.9 135.2 161.3 164.3 164.6 135.7 150.3 164.5 165.0 139.5 154.1 164.2 165.2 141.7 155.0 164.3 and energy................................................ 154.6 163.9 158.3 159.7 160.3 161.0 162.0 163.7 164.7 165.6 166.2 166.1 166.3 165.8 165.7 Crude energy materials.............................. Crude materials less energy....................... Crude nonfood materials less energy......... p = preliminary 234.0 143.5 202.4 228.5 152.2 244.5 274.0 147.6 215.6 274.5 144.7 216.1 233.6 144.9 224.0 223.6 144.1 227.7 231.6 146.4 239.4 233.5 151.4 259.5 216.9 153.4 255.4 224.7 155.8 259.3 240.2 153.9 250.9 218.1 156.2 253.8 169.4 157.2 247.9 230.1 159.8 250.5 242.8 159.8 251.7 Finished consumer goods Materials and components Finished consumer goods less food Intermediate materials less foods Monthly Labor Review • February 2007 85 Current Labor Statistics: Price Data 42. Producer Price Indexes for the net output of major industry groups [December 2003 = 100, unless otherwise indicated] NAICS Industry 2006 2005 Dec. Total mining industries (December 1984=100)............................. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept.p Oct.p Nov.p Dec. p 234.6 312.2 132.5 156.9 234.3 308.9 136.8 160.2 207.4 259.2 137.4 163.4 202.0 247.1 140.0 167.2 210.6 257.1 146.1 172.7 215.4 259.3 154.8 174.3 204.2 241.7 150.3 176.6 211.3 252.6 154.0 174.1 220.4 270.1 151.8 175.6 204.8 242.1 152.9 173.2 172.6 185.0 151.8 173.2 211.9 255.0 152.1 173.8 219.0 269.3 150.1 174.0 152.8 146.2 105.5 105.1 99.8 144.7 108.4 107.8 103.9 209.2 154.1 146.4 106.0 105.6 100.1 144.9 109.6 108.2 104.5 216.1 153.5 145.1 106.4 106.1 100.2 145.6 109.8 109.5 104.8 205.9 155.0 145.2 106.6 106.0 100.3 145.9 110.1 110.5 105.2 222.8 157.2 144.1 106.5 106.1 100.4 146.4 110.2 110.6 105.3 249.2 158.5 144.7 106.6 106.8 100.5 146.6 110.9 111.7 105.4 260.0 159.5 146.4 106.9 106.6 100.4 146.5 109.6 112.9 105.5 267.6 159.4 147.4 106.2 106.8 100.4 146.6 108.7 113.3 105.6 267.4 159.8 147.5 105.5 107.0 100.6 146.8 107.4 113.7 105.8 268.3 156.8 147.9 105.9 106.9 100.6 147.0 107.5 114.1 105.9 227.1 155.8 147.3 105.9 107.2 100.7 146.8 105.8 114.1 106.5 213.1 156.5 148.8 107.0 107.4 100.5 147.2 105.7 114.3 106.3 211.9 157.0 150.3 106.5 106.7 100.4 147.7 105.7 114.6 106.1 216.9 325 326 (December 1984=100)………………………………….………… Chemical manufacturing (December 1984=100)…………………… 193.9 148.2 Plastics and rubber products manufacturing 195.7 149.0 196.2 149.1 196.2 148.7 195.7 148.8 196.6 148.8 197.2 148.9 197.6 149.5 197.8 150.5 197.9 150.6 198.8 151.6 198.0 150.9 197.0 150.6 331 332 333 334 335 336 337 Primary metal manufacturing (December 1984=100)……………… Fabricated metal product manufacturing (December 1984=100)… Machinery manufacturing………………………..…………………… Computer and electronic products manufacturing………………… Electrical equipment, appliance, and components manufacturing Transportation equipment manufacturing…………………………… Furniture and related product manufacturing 160.7 151.1 106.8 96.6 110.9 102.5 160.0 163.9 152.0 107.4 96.5 111.9 103.1 160.7 165.6 152.5 107.6 96.5 112.3 103.2 161.3 166.4 153.0 107.8 96.5 112.8 103.4 161.5 171.4 153.6 108.0 96.7 114.1 103.4 161.6 178.4 154.3 108.3 96.6 116.0 103.4 162.3 182.3 155.4 108.6 96.5 117.6 103.1 162.5 186.7 156.4 108.9 96.5 117.8 101.1 162.9 186.9 157.3 109.1 96.5 119.2 101.9 163.0 188.1 157.7 109.4 96.6 119.5 102.2 163.1 189.5 157.7 109.9 96.5 119.9 102.3 163.4 187.1 158.1 110.1 96.3 119.6 105.1 163.7 187.3 158.5 110.3 96.6 119.3 104.8 163.8 339 Miscellaneous manufacturing………………………………………… 103.6 104.0 103.9 104.2 104.5 104.9 104.8 105.1 105.2 104.9 104.8 105.3 105.4 107.9 115.0 95.3 111.9 48.3 114.0 109.2 115.9 98.7 115.6 45.6 120.5 109.6 115.1 97.0 114.1 58.3 120.4 112.4 116.1 102.9 120.5 44.9 112.0 113.2 114.9 105.6 120.1 44.4 111.8 114.3 116.1 103.9 118.7 48.9 111.6 114.7 116.8 96.9 118.7 44.7 113.0 113.8 117.0 97.0 118.6 49.3 108.1 113.5 118.4 96.2 119.3 52.4 120.0 113.3 118.8 100.5 120.3 63.6 134.1 112.7 120.0 100.5 119.2 52.7 118.4 112.9 121.2 97.0 119.4 48.9 125.0 112.1 115.0 103.4 119.5 51.8 128.2 Air transportation (December 1992=100)…………………………… 173.2 Water transportation…………………………………………………… 108.0 Postal service (June 1989=100)……………………………………… 155.0 177.7 109.4 164.7 180.1 109.6 164.7 182.5 111.0 164.7 182.7 110.5 164.7 179.7 111.1 164.7 185.4 110.9 164.7 186.9 111.5 164.7 185.6 111.9 164.7 176.4 112.2 164.7 175.6 113.1 164.7 175.8 111.4 164.7 167.1 111.2 164.7 131.3 127.0 123.5 121.5 121.0 120.8 122.3 126.2 123.3 116.7 121.6 121.2 116.7 104.4 121.2 149.9 107.7 106.3 116.9 104.1 121.4 151.3 108.3 107.3 116.9 104.2 121.6 151.5 108.5 107.3 117.2 104.2 121.7 151.7 108.6 107.3 117.1 104.4 121.7 152.1 108.7 108.0 117.2 104.4 121.7 152.3 108.8 108.0 117.6 104.4 121.8 152.5 109.0 108.0 117.8 104.5 121.8 153.3 110.1 108.4 117.8 104.5 121.8 153.6 110.2 108.9 117.7 104.5 121.8 153.8 110.4 109.2 117.9 104.4 122.1 155.3 110.6 109.0 118.1 104.4 122.2 154.9 110.5 109.3 118.2 104.7 122.3 155.6 110.7 109.3 105.0 102.9 97.3 98.9 110.4 108.4 110.3 102.5 112.7 140.0 106.6 105.4 100.6 97.2 99.0 111.2 105.6 110.3 103.8 112.8 143.6 104.4 105.5 101.1 97.1 99.3 111.4 105.5 110.4 102.7 114.4 144.1 105.9 105.2 101.7 97.6 99.2 111.4 106.5 111.3 103.2 114.2 144.3 106.7 105.3 102.6 97.8 99.0 111.9 106.9 111.3 103.1 114.9 144.7 105.3 106.1 103.8 97.8 99.6 113.5 107.5 110.6 103.1 111.6 144.9 106.5 106.0 103.4 98.1 99.5 114.2 107.2 110.8 102.9 114.6 144.8 106.6 106.4 100.9 98.4 99.8 114.5 109.5 111.8 102.6 116.4 144.9 106.7 106.5 100.9 98.7 100.2 114.7 109.2 111.3 102.8 112.9 145.4 108.2 106.7 102.7 99.0 100.2 114.6 110.4 110.7 102.9 113.5 146.3 108.9 107.1 102.4 99.4 100.1 115.1 108.9 110.8 102.7 112.5 145.6 107.3 107.0 105.1 98.8 100.0 115.6 106.7 110.8 103.4 115.1 146.0 107.2 107.0 105.7 99.5 99.9 116.1 107.1 110.7 102.4 117.8 146.3 108.3 130.6 102.0 118.4 98.0 102.1 103.4 131.7 131.8 103.2 117.8 98.3 102.4 103.4 133.8 132.7 103.6 117.8 98.3 102.6 104.0 133.5 132.8 103.6 118.8 98.4 102.6 104.0 134.9 132.9 103.5 118.9 98.5 103.3 104.0 135.7 134.1 103.5 118.4 99.1 103.6 104.0 136.3 134.4 103.5 118.6 101.5 103.7 104.2 137.3 134.7 104.7 119.2 99.4 103.8 104.2 138.1 135.5 104.7 120.0 98.6 104.2 104.5 139.1 135.5 104.7 119.9 98.3 104.3 104.5 138.1 136.1 104.9 119.7 101.4 104.5 104.8 136.2 136.2 104.7 120.4 101.5 104.5 105.3 135.4 136.2 104.7 120.5 100.7 104.8 105.2 139.5 211 212 213 311 312 313 315 316 321 322 323 324 Oil and gas extraction (December 1985=100) ............................. Mining, except oil and gas…………………………………………… Mining support activities……………………………………………… Total manufacturing industries (December 1984=100)................ Food manufacturing (December 1984=100)………………………… Beverage and tobacco manufacturing........................................... Textile mills.................................................................................... Apparel manufacturing………………………………...……………… Leather and allied product manufacturing (December 1984=100) Wood products manufacturing……………………………………… Paper manufacturing..................................................................... Printing and related support activities........................................... Petroleum and coal products manufacturing (December 1984=100)………….………………………………… (December 1984=100)……………………………………………… Retail trade 441 442 443 446 447 454 Motor vehicle and parts dealers……………………………………… Furniture and home furnishings stores……………………………… Electronics and appliance stores…………………………………… Health and personal care stores……………………………………… Gasoline stations (June 2001=100)………………………………… Nonstore retailers……………………………………………………… Transportation and warehousing 481 483 491 Utilities 221 Utilities…………………………………………………………………… 129.6 Health care and social assistance 6211 6215 6216 622 6231 62321 Office of physicians (December 1996=100)………………………… Medical and diagnostic laboratories………………………………… Home health care services (December 1996=100)………………… Hospitals (December 1992=100)…………………………………… Nursing care facilities………………………………………………… Residential mental retardation facilities……………………………… Other services industries 511 515 517 5182 523 53112 5312 5313 5321 5411 541211 5413 Publishing industries, except Internet ……………………………… Broadcasting, except Internet………………………………………… Telecommunications…………………………………………………… Data processing and related services……………………………… Security, commodity contracts, and like activity…………………… Lessors or nonresidental buildings (except miniwarehouse)……… Offices of real estate agents and brokers…………………………… Real estate support activities………………………………………… Automotive equipment rental and leasing (June 2001=100)……… Legal services (December 1996=100)……………………………… Offices of certified public accountants……………………………… Architectural, engineering, and related services (December 1996=100)……………………………………………… 54181 Advertising agencies…………………………………………………… 5613 Employment services (December 1996=100)……………………… 56151 Travel agencies………………………………………………………… 56172 Janitorial services……………………………………………………… 5621 Waste collection………………………………………………………… 721 Accommodation (December 1996=100)…………………………… p = preliminary. 86 Monthly Labor Review • February 2007 43. Annual data: Producer Price Indexes, by stage of processing [1982 = 100] Index 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 Finished goods Total............................................................................... Foods............................…………………………….…… Energy............……………………………………….….… Other…...............................………………………….…… 131.3 133.6 83.2 142.0 131.8 134.5 83.4 142.4 130.7 134.3 75.1 143.7 133.0 135.1 78.8 146.1 138.0 137.2 94.1 148.0 140.7 141.3 96.8 150.0 138.9 140.1 88.8 150.2 143.3 145.9 102.0 150.5 148.5 152.7 113.0 152.7 155.7 155.7 132.6 156.4 160.3 156.7 145.9 158.6 Intermediate materials, supplies, and components Total............................................................................... Foods............……………………………………….….… Energy…...............................………………………….… Other.................…………...………..........………….…… 125.7 125.3 89.8 134.0 125.6 123.2 89.0 134.2 123.0 123.2 80.8 133.5 123.2 120.8 84.3 133.1 129.2 119.2 101.7 136.6 129.7 124.3 104.1 136.4 127.8 123.2 95.9 135.8 133.7 134.4 111.9 138.5 142.6 145.0 123.2 146.5 154.0 146.0 149.2 154.6 164.0 146.3 162.6 163.9 113.8 121.5 85.0 105.7 111.1 112.2 87.3 103.5 96.8 103.9 68.6 84.5 98.2 98.7 78.5 91.1 120.6 100.2 122.1 118.0 121.0 106.1 122.3 101.5 108.1 99.5 102.0 101.0 135.3 113.5 147.2 116.9 159.0 127.0 174.6 149.2 182.2 122.7 234.0 176.7 185.4 119.3 228.5 210.0 Crude materials for further processing Total............................................................................... Foods............................…………………………….…… Energy............……………………………………….….… Other…...............................………………………….…… 44. U.S. export price indexes by end-use category [2000 = 100] Category 2005 Dec. 2006 Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. ALL COMMODITIES…………….................................... 107.7 108.5 108.6 108.8 109.6 110.4 111.2 111.6 112.1 111.7 111.4 111.8 112.5 Foods, feeds, and beverages……………...…………… Agricultural foods, feeds, and beverages…............. Nonagricultural (fish, beverages) food products…… 121.9 121.7 123.6 122.8 122.8 122.7 121.9 121.6 124.2 121.7 121.5 123.2 121.0 120.8 122.5 122.0 121.9 122.9 125.6 125.7 125.0 128.5 128.9 125.6 129.5 129.8 126.9 128.8 129.1 126.0 130.2 130.9 124.5 135.8 137.4 122.4 138.6 140.3 123.9 Industrial supplies and materials……………...………… 127.9 129.9 130.6 131.3 133.9 136.5 138.8 139.2 141.2 139.5 137.3 137.8 139.8 Agricultural industrial supplies and materials…........ 117.4 116.9 117.2 116.8 117.2 116.4 117.3 116.6 118.8 118.1 117.8 120.2 124.2 Fuels and lubricants…...............................………… 163.4 172.0 169.7 173.5 187.0 194.9 196.3 199.0 207.2 191.1 177.5 180.5 186.5 Nonagricultural supplies and materials, excluding fuel and building materials…………...… Selected building materials…...............................… 125.7 106.5 127.0 107.2 128.1 108.4 128.5 108.5 129.8 108.6 132.0 109.0 134.7 109.8 134.9 109.8 136.0 110.1 136.3 110.0 135.5 110.5 135.5 110.5 136.8 111.4 Capital goods……………...…………………………….… 97.7 Electric and electrical generating equipment…........ 103.6 Nonelectrical machinery…...............................……… 92.5 98.1 103.7 92.8 98.1 104.0 92.7 98.2 104.4 92.7 98.4 104.5 92.7 98.4 104.6 92.7 98.4 104.8 92.7 98.5 104.8 92.7 98.3 104.9 92.4 98.5 105.1 92.6 98.7 105.9 92.7 98.8 106.0 92.6 98.8 106.2 92.6 Automotive vehicles, parts, and engines……………... 103.9 104.1 104.2 104.4 104.6 104.7 104.9 105.1 105.1 105.2 105.3 105.3 105.5 Consumer goods, excluding automotive……………... 101.9 Nondurables, manufactured…...............................… 101.6 Durables, manufactured…………...………..........…… 101.5 102.3 102.3 101.5 102.4 102.5 101.4 102.3 102.4 101.3 102.6 102.7 101.4 103.2 103.0 102.2 103.5 103.3 102.4 103.7 103.6 102.5 103.9 103.7 102.9 104.0 103.8 103.1 103.9 103.6 103.0 103.9 103.7 102.9 104.0 104.0 102.8 Agricultural commodities……………...………………… Nonagricultural commodities……………...…………… 121.7 107.6 120.8 107.8 120.7 108.0 120.2 108.8 120.9 109.6 124.1 110.3 126.5 110.5 127.7 111.0 127.1 110.6 128.4 110.1 134.1 110.2 137.2 110.8 121.0 106.8 Monthly Labor Review • February 2007 87 Current Labor Statistics: Price Data 45. U.S. import price indexes by end-use category [2000 = 100] 2005 Category Dec. 2006 Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. ALL COMMODITIES…………….................................... 112.3 113.7 112.8 112.7 115.1 117.2 117.3 118.2 118.8 116.2 113.3 113.8 115.1 Foods, feeds, and beverages……………...…………… Agricultural foods, feeds, and beverages…............. Nonagricultural (fish, beverages) food products…… 117.5 127.2 95.9 119.2 129.7 95.8 116.7 125.4 97.2 117.0 125.4 98.3 116.2 124.6 97.6 118.1 127.1 98.1 118.0 126.8 98.5 118.1 126.5 99.4 120.6 129.9 99.8 120.9 130.4 99.8 121.1 130.9 99.2 121.6 132.2 98.1 122.6 133.7 97.9 Industrial supplies and materials……………...………… 158.6 163.8 160.8 160.4 170.1 178.2 178.1 180.9 182.8 172.2 160.4 162.2 166.9 Fuels and lubricants…...............................………… Petroleum and petroleum products…………...…… 202.4 196.6 211.7 208.1 203.3 206.0 201.5 207.2 221.1 230.7 233.9 245.4 230.2 242.6 237.6 251.3 240.9 253.7 216.3 225.9 192.3 202.5 195.5 199.2 204.8 207.7 Paper and paper base stocks…............................... 106.1 106.7 107.5 107.7 109.3 110.4 111.3 111.9 112.9 113.1 113.0 113.2 112.9 Materials associated with nondurable supplies and materials…...............................……… Selected building materials…...............................… Unfinished metals associated with durable goods… Nonmetals associated with durable goods…........... 117.8 116.9 145.8 100.5 118.3 118.5 150.8 100.9 118.8 118.5 157.4 101.0 119.3 118.0 161.1 100.8 119.0 118.1 165.4 101.0 119.5 120.0 180.2 101.0 120.6 117.2 193.2 101.1 121.7 116.8 184.2 101.2 121.4 115.2 188.7 101.5 121.8 115.8 194.4 101.3 122.1 112.1 192.4 101.5 123.0 110.8 193.7 101.6 123.1 110.6 195.8 101.6 Capital goods……………...…………………………….… Electric and electrical generating equipment…........ Nonelectrical machinery…...............................……… 91.0 99.3 88.1 91.1 99.8 88.1 91.1 100.0 88.0 91.1 100.1 88.0 91.0 100.3 87.8 91.0 100.9 87.7 91.2 102.1 87.8 91.3 102.2 87.9 91.3 102.1 87.9 91.3 102.7 87.8 91.3 102.6 87.8 91.4 102.9 87.8 91.5 103.0 87.9 103.6 103.4 103.5 103.5 103.6 103.7 103.9 104.1 104.1 104.1 104.3 104.3 104.3 99.6 Consumer goods, excluding automotive……………... Nondurables, manufactured…...............................… 102.7 Durables, manufactured…………...………..........…… 96.2 Nonmanufactured consumer goods…………...……… 101.2 99.8 103.1 96.3 101.6 99.9 102.9 96.5 101.4 99.6 102.8 96.3 98.2 99.5 102.6 96.4 98.4 99.7 102.5 96.9 98.4 99.8 102.6 97.0 98.6 100.3 103.0 97.5 99.7 100.4 103.0 97.7 100.1 100.5 103.0 97.8 100.5 100.6 102.9 98.0 101.8 100.7 103.1 98.1 101.7 101.0 103.4 98.3 101.9 Automotive vehicles, parts, and engines……………... 46. U.S. international price Indexes for selected categories of services [2000 = 100, unless indicated otherwise] Category 88 2004 Dec. 2005 Mar. June 2006 Sept. Dec. Mar. June Sept. Dec. Air freight (inbound)……………...................................... Air freight (outbound)……………...……………………… 125.1 104.7 126.3 103.8 125.6 107.2 127.5 112.4 124.6 112.0 124.6 113.5 129.2 117.2 128.9 116.9 127.2 113.8 Inbound air passenger fares (Dec. 2003 = 100)………… Outbound air passenger fares (Dec. 2003 = 100))…..... Ocean liner freight (inbound)…………...………..........… 112.5 105.4 122.7 114.5 105.0 121.3 116.1 120.5 128.5 118.3 120.1 127.9 108.5 110.8 126.8 110.5 110.6 125.4 121.0 128.7 114.9 123.9 126.4 114.2 118.5 119.3 114.0 Monthly Labor Review • February 2007 47. Indexes of productivity, hourly compensation, and unit costs, quarterly data seasonally adjusted [1992 = 100] Item 2003 IV 2004 I II 2005 III IV I II 2006 III IV I II III IV Business Output per hour of all persons........................................ Compensation per hour…………………………….……… Real compensation per hour……………………………… Unit labor costs…...............................…………………… Unit nonlabor payments…………...………..........……… Implicit price deflator……………………………………… 130.3 153.6 118.9 117.9 119.5 118.5 131.4 154.4 118.5 117.5 122.9 119.5 132.8 155.7 118.3 117.3 126.1 120.6 133.0 157.5 119.0 118.5 125.6 121.1 133.5 160.0 119.9 119.9 125.9 122.1 134.6 161.7 120.5 120.1 127.9 123.0 134.8 161.8 119.4 120.0 129.9 123.7 136.2 164.7 119.9 120.9 131.2 124.7 136.1 165.7 119.7 121.8 132.4 125.7 137.4 170.8 122.9 124.4 130.2 126.6 137.7 170.2 120.9 123.6 134.2 127.5 137.6 170.5 120.2 123.9 134.6 127.9 138.0 173.7 123.1 125.9 132.1 128.2 129.9 152.9 118.4 117.7 120.5 118.7 130.6 153.5 117.8 117.5 123.6 119.8 132.1 154.8 117.6 117.2 126.7 120.7 132.2 156.5 118.3 118.4 126.6 121.4 132.3 158.6 118.9 119.9 127.0 122.5 133.6 160.5 119.5 120.1 129.4 123.5 134.1 160.8 118.7 119.9 131.8 124.3 135.4 163.5 119.1 120.8 133.2 125.3 135.2 164.5 118.8 121.7 134.4 126.4 136.3 169.6 122.0 124.4 132.2 127.3 136.7 169.0 120.0 123.6 136.5 128.3 136.6 169.2 119.3 123.9 136.7 128.6 137.1 172.6 122.3 125.9 133.7 128.8 136.6 152.0 117.7 110.9 111.2 110.0 117.8 112.1 111.5 137.4 151.8 116.5 110.1 110.5 109.2 131.3 115.1 112.0 138.2 153.2 116.4 110.5 110.8 109.7 139.7 117.7 113.1 139.7 154.9 117.1 110.6 110.9 109.8 143.1 118.7 113.5 139.8 157.0 117.6 111.7 112.3 110.2 143.6 119.1 114.6 141.2 158.7 118.2 112.2 112.4 111.5 150.2 121.9 115.6 142.1 159.1 117.4 111.9 111.9 111.9 161.4 125.2 116.4 142.2 161.8 117.9 114.1 113.8 114.9 152.9 125.1 117.6 142.3 162.8 117.6 114.1 114.4 113.3 163.7 126.8 118.5 145.9 167.4 120.4 113.8 114.7 111.1 177.3 128.8 119.4 144.3 167.1 118.7 115.2 115.8 113.7 172.1 129.3 120.3 145.7 167.5 118.1 114.2 114.9 112.1 184.4 131.4 120.4 – – – – – – – – – 162.4 161.9 125.3 99.7 161.7 157.4 120.8 97.4 163.0 159.7 121.4 98.0 164.1 163.0 123.2 99.3 166.3 165.3 123.9 99.4 168.7 166.2 123.8 98.5 171.2 167.8 123.8 98.0 172.6 170.7 124.3 98.9 173.9 170.9 123.4 98.2 175.7 176.4 126.9 100.4 177.3 173.9 123.6 98.1 179.9 173.9 122.6 96.7 180.9 176.8 125.4 97.8 Nonfarm business Output per hour of all persons........................................ Compensation per hour…………………………….……… Real compensation per hour……………………………… Unit labor costs…...............................…………………… Unit nonlabor payments…………...………..........……… Implicit price deflator……………………………………… Nonfinancial corporations Output per hour of all employees................................... Compensation per hour…………………………….……… Real compensation per hour……………………………… Total unit costs…...............................…………………… Unit labor costs............................................................. Unit nonlabor costs...................................................... Unit profits...................................................................... Unit nonlabor payments…………...………..........……… Implicit price deflator……………………………………… Manufacturing Output per hour of all persons........................................ Compensation per hour…………………………….……… Real compensation per hour……………………………… Unit labor costs…...............................…………………… NOTE: Dash indicates data not available. Monthly Labor Review • February 2007 89 Current Labor Statistics: Productivity Data 48. Annual indexes of multifactor productivity and related measures, selected years [2000 = 100, unless otherwise indicated] Item 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 Private business Productivity: Output per hour of all persons......…………….............. 86.4 Output per unit of capital services……………………… 102.9 Multifactor productivity…………………………………… 93.0 Output…...............................………………………….…… 73.2 87.3 104.4 93.7 76.8 87.5 103.3 93.5 79.2 90.1 103.5 95.1 82.8 91.8 103.7 96.0 87.2 94.4 103.0 97.5 91.5 97.2 102.0 98.7 96.2 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 102.8 96.3 100.2 100.5 107.0 95.2 101.8 102.0 111.2 96.4 104.7 105.5 115.0 98.6 107.7 110.6 118.0 98.9 109.6 115.0 82.5 71.2 78.7 84.0 86.2 73.6 82.0 83.6 88.7 76.6 84.7 84.7 90.5 80.0 87.1 87.1 94.1 84.1 90.8 88.5 96.3 88.8 93.9 91.6 98.9 94.3 97.5 95.3 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 98.6 104.4 100.3 106.8 97.3 107.1 100.2 112.3 97.2 109.4 100.8 115.3 98.7 112.1 102.7 116.6 100.1 116.3 104.9 119.3 Productivity: Output per hour of all persons........……………………… 86.8 Output per unit of capital services……………………… 103.9 Multifactor productivity…………………………………… 93.5 Output…...............................………………………….…… 73.2 87.8 105.2 94.3 76.7 88.3 104.3 94.3 79.3 90.7 104.2 95.6 82.8 92.1 104.1 96.3 87.2 94.7 103.4 97.7 91.5 97.3 102.3 98.8 96.3 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 102.7 96.3 100.1 100.5 106.9 95.1 101.8 102.1 111.1 96.3 104.6 105.5 114.9 98.6 107.7 110.6 – – – – 82.2 70.5 78.3 83.6 85.6 72.9 81.4 83.5 88.1 76.0 84.1 84.7 90.1 79.5 86.6 87.0 93.7 83.7 90.5 88.5 96.0 88.5 93.7 91.5 98.9 94.2 97.5 95.2 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 98.7 104.5 100.4 106.7 97.3 107.3 100.2 112.4 97.3 109.6 100.9 115.4 98.9 112.3 102.8 116.6 – – – – Productivity: Output per hour of all persons...………………………… Output per unit of capital services……………………… Multifactor productivity…………………………………… Output…...............................………………………….…… 73.5 93.7 86.7 72.1 76.1 96.7 89.1 76.4 79.4 98.2 90.6 80.3 82.4 97.7 91.0 83.1 86.9 100.3 93.6 89.2 91.7 100.5 95.8 93.8 95.8 100.3 96.5 97.3 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 101.5 93.6 98.7 94.9 108.7 92.7 102.5 94.4 115.3 93.5 106.6 95.3 117.4 94.9 105.6 96.6 – – – – Inputs: Hours of all persons..................................................... Capital services…………...………..........………….…… Energy……………….………......................................... Nonenergy materials.................................................... Purchased business services....................................... Combined units of all factor inputs…………...………... 98.0 76.9 107.1 71.9 81.7 83.1 100.4 78.9 110.4 74.8 84.7 85.7 101.2 81.8 113.7 78.8 88.9 88.7 100.8 85.1 110.3 86.0 88.5 91.3 102.6 88.9 108.2 92.9 92.1 95.3 102.3 93.3 105.4 97.7 95.0 97.9 101.6 97.1 105.5 102.6 100.0 100.9 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 93.5 101.4 90.6 93.3 100.7 96.2 86.8 101.9 89.3 88.3 98.2 92.1 82.6 102.0 82.5 85.1 97.3 89.4 82.3 101.8 87.0 91.0 99.5 91.4 – – – – – – Inputs: Labor input................................................................... Capital services…………...………..........………….…… Combined units of labor and capital input……………… Capital per hour of all persons.......................…………… Private nonfarm business Inputs: Labor input................................................................... Capital services…………...………..........………….…… Combined units of labor and capital input……………… Capital per hour of all persons......………………………… Manufacturing [2000 = 100] NOTE: Dash indicates data not available. 90 Monthly Labor Review • February 2007 49. Annual indexes of productivity, hourly compensation, unit costs, and prices, selected years [1992 = 100] Item 1961 1971 1981 1991 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 Business Output per hour of all persons........................................ Compensation per hour…………………………….……… Real compensation per hour……………………………… Unit labor costs…...............................…………………… Unit nonlabor payments…………...………..........……… Implicit price deflator……………………………………… 50.6 14.4 62.5 28.5 25.3 27.3 69.0 25.1 80.2 36.3 34.1 35.5 80.8 59.3 89.3 73.5 69.1 71.8 95.9 95.1 97.4 99.1 96.7 98.2 109.5 119.9 105.2 109.5 110.0 109.7 112.8 125.8 108.0 111.5 109.4 110.7 116.1 134.7 112.0 116.0 107.2 112.7 119.1 140.4 113.5 117.9 110.0 114.9 123.9 145.3 115.7 117.3 114.1 116.1 128.7 151.2 117.7 117.5 118.3 117.8 132.6 156.9 118.9 118.3 125.1 120.8 135.4 163.5 119.9 120.7 130.4 124.3 137.7 171.3 121.7 124.4 132.8 127.5 53.5 15.0 64.8 28.0 24.8 26.8 70.7 25.2 80.7 35.7 33.8 35.0 81.7 59.7 89.8 73.1 67.7 71.1 96.1 95.0 97.4 98.9 96.8 98.1 109.4 119.6 104.9 109.3 111.0 109.9 112.5 125.2 107.5 111.3 110.9 111.1 115.7 134.2 111.5 116.0 108.7 113.3 118.6 139.5 112.8 117.7 111.6 115.4 123.5 144.6 115.1 117.1 116.0 116.7 128.0 150.4 117.1 117.5 119.6 118.3 131.8 155.9 118.1 118.3 126.0 121.1 134.6 162.3 119.0 120.6 132.2 124.9 136.7 170.1 120.8 124.4 134.8 128.2 57.9 16.7 72.4 27.5 28.8 23.8 50.3 30.9 29.5 72.7 27.3 87.4 36.5 37.6 33.6 50.5 38.1 37.8 82.9 62.4 93.9 74.8 75.3 73.5 81.0 75.5 75.4 97.4 95.5 97.9 99.3 98.0 102.7 93.2 100.2 98.7 113.7 118.3 103.8 102.9 104.1 99.5 137.0 109.5 105.9 117.9 124.1 106.6 104.0 105.3 100.4 129.1 108.0 106.2 122.4 133.0 110.5 107.4 108.6 104.2 108.7 105.4 107.5 124.7 138.6 112.1 111.6 111.2 112.6 82.2 104.5 108.9 129.7 143.6 114.3 110.7 110.7 110.8 98.0 107.4 109.6 134.6 149.5 116.3 111.0 111.0 111.1 109.9 110.7 110.9 138.8 154.2 116.9 110.7 111.1 109.7 139.5 117.7 113.3 142.0 160.6 117.8 113.1 113.1 112.9 157.1 124.7 117.0 – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – 96.3 95.6 98.0 99.2 98.5 98.7 127.9 118.8 104.2 92.9 102.7 99.5 133.5 123.4 106.0 92.4 103.0 99.5 139.4 134.7 112.0 96.7 103.7 101.4 141.5 137.9 111.5 97.4 102.2 100.6 151.5 147.9 117.7 97.6 100.4 99.5 160.9 158.3 123.2 98.4 102.3 101.0 163.8 161.4 122.3 98.5 110.5 106.6 171.6 168.9 123.9 98.4 – – 178.4 175.3 124.5 98.2 – – Nonfarm business Output per hour of all persons........................................ Compensation per hour…………………………….……… Real compensation per hour……………………………… Unit labor costs…...............................…………………… Unit nonlabor payments…………...………..........……… Implicit price deflator……………………………………… Nonfinancial corporations Output per hour of all employees................................... Compensation per hour…………………………….……… Real compensation per hour……………………………… Total unit costs…...............................…………………… Unit labor costs............................................................. Unit nonlabor costs...................................................... Unit profits...................................................................... Unit nonlabor payments…………...………..........……… Implicit price deflator……………………………………… Manufacturing Output per hour of all persons........................................ Compensation per hour…………………………….……… Real compensation per hour……………………………… Unit labor costs…...............................…………………… Unit nonlabor payments…………...………..........……… Implicit price deflator……………………………………… Dash indicates data not available. Monthly Labor Review • February 2007 91 Current Labor Statistics: Productivity Data 50. Annual indexes of output per hour for selected NAICS industries, 1987–2005 [1997=100] NAICS Industry 1987 1990 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 Mining 21 211 212 2121 2122 2123 Mining…………………………………………………… Oil and gas extraction………………………………… Mining, except oil and gas…………………………… Coal mining……………………………………………… Metal ore mining………………………………………… Nonmetallic mineral mining and quarrying…………… 2211 2212 Power generation and supply………………………… Natural gas distribution………………………………… 3111 3112 3113 3114 3115 Animal food……………………………………………… Grain and oilseed milling……………………………… Sugar and confectionery products…………………… Fruit and vegetable preserving and specialty…….. Dairy products…………………………………………… 85.5 80.1 69.8 58.4 71.2 88.5 85.1 75.7 79.3 68.1 79.9 92.3 101.7 95.3 94.0 88.2 98.5 97.3 101.3 98.1 96.0 94.9 95.3 97.1 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 103.6 101.2 104.6 106.5 109.5 101.3 111.4 107.9 105.9 110.3 112.7 101.2 111.2 119.4 106.8 115.8 124.4 96.2 109.1 121.6 109.0 114.4 131.8 99.3 113.9 124.0 111.4 112.2 142.4 103.6 116.2 130.3 114.0 113.1 146.3 108.1 107.2 112.4 115.4 112.8 139.4 112.5 – – – – – – 65.6 67.8 71.1 71.4 88.5 89.0 95.2 96.0 100.0 100.0 103.7 99.0 103.5 102.7 107.0 113.2 106.4 110.1 102.9 115.4 105.1 114.1 107.5 118.6 – – 83.6 81.1 87.6 92.4 82.7 91.5 88.6 89.5 87.6 91.1 93.8 98.7 93.2 98.3 97.6 86.1 90.0 97.8 98.8 97.8 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 109.0 107.5 103.5 107.1 100.0 110.9 116.1 106.5 109.5 93.6 109.7 113.1 109.9 111.8 95.9 131.4 119.5 108.6 121.4 97.1 142.7 122.4 108.0 126.6 104.9 137.0 123.9 112.5 122.6 110.6 149.4 129.9 116.3 126.0 106.8 – – – – – 3116 3117 3118 3119 3121 Animal slaughtering and processing………………… 97.4 Seafood product preparation and packaging……… 123.1 Bakeries and tortilla manufacturing…………………… 100.9 Other food products…………………………………… 97.5 Beverages……………………………………………… 77.1 94.3 119.7 94.5 92.5 87.6 99.0 110.3 100.7 104.1 103.2 94.2 118.0 97.3 105.1 102.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 120.2 103.8 107.8 99.0 101.2 131.6 108.6 111.4 90.7 102.6 140.5 108.3 112.6 90.8 103.7 153.0 109.9 106.2 92.7 107.3 169.8 110.7 112.0 99.8 106.8 173.3 111.1 118.7 107.9 108.9 158.7 114.3 118.5 111.5 – – – – – 3122 3131 3132 3133 3141 Tobacco and tobacco products……………………… Fiber, yarn, and thread mills…………………………… Fabric mills……………………………………………… Textile and fabric finishing mills……………………… Textile furnishings mills………………………………… 71.9 66.5 68.0 91.3 91.2 79.1 74.4 75.3 82.0 88.0 97.3 91.9 95.5 84.3 92.3 98.4 98.9 98.1 85.0 93.8 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 98.5 102.1 104.2 101.2 99.3 91.0 103.9 110.0 102.2 99.1 95.9 101.3 110.1 104.4 104.5 98.2 109.1 110.3 108.5 103.1 67.0 133.3 125.4 119.8 105.5 78.7 148.8 136.8 125.2 114.4 82.3 150.8 139.1 121.0 120.7 – – – – – 3149 3151 3152 3159 3161 Other textile product mills……………………………… Apparel knitting mills…………………………………… Cut and sew apparel…………………………………… Accessories and other apparel………………………… Leather and hide tanning and finishing……………… 92.2 76.2 69.8 97.8 79.8 91.4 86.2 70.1 101.3 64.6 95.9 109.3 85.2 112.1 79.7 97.2 122.1 90.6 112.6 91.2 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 96.7 96.1 102.3 109.0 100.0 107.6 101.4 114.6 99.2 104.8 108.9 108.9 119.8 98.3 115.1 103.1 105.6 119.5 105.2 114.9 105.3 112.0 104.0 76.1 83.2 104.5 106.4 117.3 78.9 80.9 117.7 92.7 110.9 73.3 83.8 – – – – – 3162 3169 3211 3212 3219 Footwear………………………………………………… 76.7 Other leather products………………………………… 99.4 Sawmills and wood preservation……………………… 77.6 Plywood and engineered wood products…………… 99.8 Other wood products…………………………………… 103.2 78.1 102.9 79.4 102.9 105.5 96.5 74.4 90.4 101.5 99.8 103.7 80.3 95.9 101.1 100.5 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 102.1 113.2 100.3 105.2 101.1 117.3 105.8 104.7 98.8 104.6 122.3 113.4 105.4 98.9 103.1 130.7 109.1 108.8 105.3 104.9 102.7 95.1 114.5 110.5 114.4 103.2 101.3 121.3 107.3 114.4 101.1 129.0 117.3 101.8 119.4 – – – – – 3221 3222 3231 3241 3251 Pulp, paper, and paperboard mills…………………… Converted paper products…………………………… Printing and related support activities………………… Petroleum and coal products………………………… Basic chemicals………………………………………… 81.7 89.0 97.7 72.1 94.6 84.0 90.1 97.6 76.1 93.4 98.4 97.2 98.8 89.9 91.3 95.4 97.7 99.9 93.5 89.4 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 102.5 102.5 100.6 102.2 102.7 111.1 100.1 102.8 107.1 115.7 116.3 101.1 104.6 113.5 117.5 119.9 100.5 105.3 112.1 108.8 133.1 105.7 110.2 118.0 123.7 141.4 109.6 111.2 119.3 136.1 145.4 112.5 114.0 123.2 148.7 – – – – – 3252 3253 3254 3255 3256 Resin, rubber, and artificial fibers…………………… Agricultural chemicals………………………………… Pharmaceuticals and medicines……………………… Paints, coatings, and adhesives……………………… Soap, cleaning compounds, and toiletries………… 77.4 80.4 87.3 89.3 84.4 76.4 85.8 91.3 87.1 84.8 95.4 89.9 95.9 92.3 96.1 93.1 91.7 100.0 99.1 97.3 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 106.0 98.8 93.8 100.1 98.0 109.8 87.4 95.7 100.3 93.0 109.8 92.1 95.6 100.8 102.8 106.2 90.0 99.5 105.6 106.0 123.1 99.2 96.7 108.9 124.0 122.2 108.2 100.6 115.3 118.0 123.3 115.6 104.2 119.4 127.7 – – – – – 3259 3261 3262 3271 3272 Other chemical products and preparations………… Plastics products……………………………………… Rubber products………………………………………… Clay products and refractories………………………… Glass and glass products……………………………… 75.4 83.1 75.5 86.9 82.3 77.8 85.2 83.5 89.4 79.1 93.5 94.5 92.9 97.4 87.5 94.0 96.6 94.2 102.4 94.7 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 99.2 104.2 99.4 101.2 101.4 109.3 109.9 100.2 102.7 106.7 119.7 112.3 101.7 102.9 108.2 110.4 114.6 102.3 98.4 102.8 120.9 123.8 107.1 99.7 107.4 123.1 129.4 110.9 103.5 114.9 118.8 130.6 112.0 109.3 113.7 – – – – – 3273 3274 3279 3311 3312 Cement and concrete products……………………… Lime and gypsum products…………………………… Other nonmetallic mineral products…………………… Iron and steel mills and ferroalloy production……… Steel products from purchased steel………………… 93.6 88.2 83.0 64.8 79.7 96.6 85.4 79.5 70.2 84.4 99.7 90.0 91.4 90.0 100.6 102.0 93.7 96.0 94.1 100.5 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 105.1 114.9 99.0 101.3 100.6 105.9 104.4 95.6 104.8 93.8 101.6 98.5 96.6 106.0 96.4 98.0 101.8 98.6 104.4 97.9 102.4 98.5 106.0 124.9 96.8 108.2 106.7 112.6 130.3 93.9 102.0 103.4 107.8 157.7 94.1 – – – – – 3313 3314 3315 3321 3322 Alumina and aluminum production…………………… Other nonferrous metal production…………………… Foundries………………………………………………… Forging and stamping………………………………… Cutlery and hand tools………………………………… 90.5 96.8 81.8 85.4 86.3 90.7 96.3 86.6 89.0 85.4 95.9 102.7 93.1 93.9 97.2 95.4 105.9 96.0 97.4 103.8 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 101.5 111.3 101.2 103.5 99.9 103.5 108.4 104.5 110.9 108.0 96.6 102.3 103.6 121.1 105.9 96.2 99.5 107.4 120.7 110.3 124.4 107.7 116.7 125.0 113.6 126.7 120.2 116.3 133.2 113.4 136.8 120.9 123.7 140.1 111.8 – – – – – 3323 3324 3325 3326 3327 Architectural and structural metals…………………… Boilers, tanks, and shipping containers ……………… Hardware………………………………………………… Spring and wire products……………………………… Machine shops and threaded products……………… 88.7 86.0 88.7 82.2 76.9 87.9 90.1 84.8 85.2 79.2 93.3 97.3 97.2 99.0 98.3 93.9 100.7 102.2 102.4 99.8 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 101.0 100.0 100.5 110.6 99.6 102.0 96.5 105.2 111.4 104.2 100.7 94.2 114.3 112.6 108.2 101.7 94.4 113.5 111.9 108.8 106.2 105.7 115.4 129.3 115.1 109.0 108.5 125.3 139.4 115.9 103.7 99.9 123.6 134.4 113.0 – – – – – Utilities Manufacturing 92 Monthly Labor Review • February 2007 50. Continued–Annual indexes of output per hour for selected NAICS industries, 1987—2005 [1997=100] NAICS Industry 1987 1990 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 3328 3329 3331 3332 3333 Coating, engraving, and heat treating metals……..… Other fabricated metal products……………………… Agriculture, construction, and mining machinery…… Industrial machinery…………………………………… Commercial and service industry machinery……… 75.5 91.0 74.6 75.1 86.9 81.3 86.5 83.3 81.6 95.6 102.2 96.3 95.4 97.1 103.6 101.7 98.2 95.7 98.5 107.2 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.9 101.9 103.3 95.1 105.9 101.0 99.6 94.3 105.8 109.8 105.5 99.9 100.3 130.0 100.9 107.3 96.7 100.3 105.8 94.3 116.3 106.5 103.6 117.6 97.6 118.5 111.6 116.1 117.0 104.5 125.5 111.4 126.7 125.0 106.1 – – – – – 3334 3335 3336 3339 3341 HVAC and commercial refrigeration equipment…… Metalworking machinery……………………………… Turbine and power transmission equipment………… Other general purpose machinery…………………… Computer and peripheral equipment………………… 84.0 85.1 80.2 83.5 11.0 90.6 86.5 85.9 86.8 14.7 96.4 99.2 91.3 94.0 49.9 97.2 97.5 98.0 94.9 72.6 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 106.2 99.1 105.0 103.7 140.4 110.2 100.3 110.8 106.0 195.8 107.9 106.1 114.9 113.7 234.9 110.8 103.3 126.9 110.5 252.0 118.6 112.9 130.8 118.1 298.9 130.0 115.4 143.0 128.3 375.4 130.4 117.1 124.0 124.0 431.7 – – – – – 3342 3343 3344 3345 3346 Communications equipment………………………… Audio and video equipment…………………………… Semiconductors and electronic components……… Electronic instruments………………………………… Magnetic media manufacturing and reproduction… 39.8 61.7 17.0 70.2 85.7 48.4 77.0 21.9 78.5 83.7 74.4 141.6 63.8 97.9 105.0 84.5 106.1 83.1 97.6 103.1 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 107.1 105.4 125.8 102.3 106.4 135.4 119.6 173.9 106.7 108.9 164.1 126.3 232.4 116.7 105.8 152.9 128.4 230.4 119.3 99.8 128.3 149.9 263.9 118.4 110.4 143.2 170.7 324.4 125.7 126.1 143.5 242.8 362.4 141.7 140.3 – – – – – 3351 3352 3353 3359 3361 Electric lighting equipment…………………………… Household appliances………………………………… Electrical equipment…………………………………… Other electrical equipment and components……… Motor vehicles………………………………………… 91.1 73.3 68.7 78.7 75.4 88.2 76.5 73.6 76.0 85.6 91.9 91.8 98.0 92.0 88.5 95.8 91.9 100.4 96.3 91.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 104.4 105.3 100.2 105.2 113.4 102.7 103.9 98.7 113.8 122.6 102.0 117.2 99.4 119.1 109.7 106.7 124.7 101.0 112.7 110.0 112.3 133.0 101.8 114.4 126.0 111.6 147.5 103.2 116.5 140.7 120.4 157.6 110.2 116.2 142.0 – – – – – 3362 3363 3364 3365 3366 Motor vehicle bodies and trailers…………………… Motor vehicle parts…………………………………… Aerospace products and parts……………………… Railroad rolling stock…………………………………… Ship and boat building………………………………… 85.0 78.7 86.5 55.6 95.5 75.9 76.0 89.1 77.6 99.6 97.4 92.3 94.9 81.8 93.1 98.5 93.0 98.9 80.8 93.5 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 102.9 105.0 120.2 103.3 99.3 103.1 110.0 120.0 116.5 112.0 98.8 112.3 103.2 118.5 121.9 88.7 114.8 116.7 126.1 121.5 105.4 130.4 118.1 145.9 131.0 109.8 136.9 124.3 139.8 133.9 108.2 138.3 116.8 126.1 136.8 – – – – – 3369 3371 3372 3379 3391 3399 Other transportation equipment……………………… Household and institutional furniture………………… Office furniture and fixtures…………………………… Other furniture-related products……………………… Medical equipment and supplies……………………… Other miscellaneous manufacturing………………… 73.7 85.2 85.8 86.3 76.3 85.4 62.9 88.2 82.2 88.9 82.9 90.5 94.1 97.2 84.9 94.8 96.6 95.9 101.5 99.8 86.3 97.6 100.5 99.7 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 111.5 102.2 100.0 106.9 108.7 102.0 113.8 103.1 98.2 102.0 110.4 105.0 132.4 101.9 100.2 99.5 114.6 113.6 140.2 105.5 98.0 105.0 119.3 111.7 150.9 112.1 115.8 110.2 131.2 118.1 163.7 115.1 126.6 110.0 141.1 124.6 168.7 118.2 129.5 121.1 143.4 125.8 – – – – – – 42 423 4231 4232 4233 Wholesale trade………………………………………… 73.2 Durable goods………………………………………… 62.3 Motor vehicles and parts……………………………… 74.5 Furniture and furnishings……………………………… 80.5 Lumber and construction supplies…………………… 109.1 79.8 67.5 78.6 90.1 108.4 94.0 90.1 94.6 102.7 101.6 97.1 94.7 96.1 103.2 103.9 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 103.4 106.9 106.4 99.9 105.4 110.9 118.9 120.4 102.3 109.3 116.2 124.6 116.6 112.4 107.6 118.0 128.3 119.9 110.5 116.4 123.8 139.7 133.4 116.0 123.9 127.9 145.5 137.8 123.9 133.2 134.7 159.8 144.0 129.8 138.9 135.5 164.8 153.0 127.2 131.5 4234 4235 4236 4237 4238 Commercial equipment………………………………… 28.0 Metals and minerals…………………………………… 101.7 Electric goods…………………………………………… 42.8 Hardware and plumbing……………………………… 82.2 Machinery and supplies……………………………… 74.1 34.2 103.1 50.3 88.0 81.5 74.5 105.2 83.8 99.2 90.0 88.1 102.3 89.2 99.2 94.3 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 124.8 100.9 105.9 101.8 104.3 160.3 94.0 127.4 104.3 102.9 179.0 93.9 152.7 103.7 105.5 213.4 94.4 147.4 100.5 102.8 261.0 96.3 159.4 102.6 100.3 288.1 97.8 165.9 104.0 103.1 332.2 108.9 194.7 107.7 111.9 359.1 105.0 201.8 105.9 118.2 4239 424 4241 4242 4243 Miscellaneous durable goods ………………………… Nondurable goods……………………………………… Paper and paper products…………………………… Druggists' goods……………………………………… Apparel and piece goods……………………………… 89.8 91.0 85.6 70.7 86.3 90.5 98.9 81.0 80.6 99.3 99.5 98.5 95.4 94.8 90.6 101.0 99.2 95.0 99.5 97.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.8 99.1 98.4 94.2 103.6 113.7 100.8 100.1 93.1 105.1 114.7 105.1 100.9 85.9 108.8 116.8 105.1 104.6 84.9 115.2 124.6 105.8 116.6 89.8 122.8 119.5 110.7 119.7 100.5 125.9 134.8 113.5 131.1 106.4 130.8 135.7 114.2 144.9 112.0 144.1 4244 4245 4246 4247 4248 Grocery and related products………………………… Farm product raw materials…………………………… Chemicals……………………………………………… Petroleum……………………………………………… Alcoholic beverages…………………………………… 87.9 81.6 90.4 83.8 99.3 96.2 79.4 101.1 109.3 110.0 103.9 87.4 98.7 100.6 101.5 100.4 89.2 98.7 106.9 101.2 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 101.1 94.3 97.1 88.5 106.5 101.0 101.6 93.3 102.9 105.6 102.4 105.1 87.9 138.1 108.4 101.8 102.1 85.3 140.6 106.4 98.6 98.1 89.1 153.6 106.8 104.3 98.2 91.9 155.9 107.9 103.2 109.1 90.1 167.0 103.0 101.5 100.5 88.1 152.8 108.9 4249 425 Miscellaneous nondurable goods…………………… 111.2 Electronic markets and agents and brokers………… 64.3 109.0 74.3 99.8 95.4 101.2 100.4 100.0 100.0 105.4 103.3 106.8 110.9 115.0 119.3 111.9 117.8 106.1 117.8 109.1 111.8 119.7 107.4 126.7 98.1 44-45 441 4411 4412 4413 Retail trade……………………………………………… Motor vehicle and parts dealers ……………………… Automobile dealers …………………………………… Other motor vehicle dealers ………………………… Auto parts, accessories, and tire stores …………… 79.1 78.3 79.2 70.6 71.8 81.4 82.7 84.1 69.7 79.0 94.0 95.5 95.8 88.3 95.2 97.6 98.5 98.3 98.1 97.8 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 105.7 106.4 106.5 109.6 105.1 112.7 115.1 116.3 114.8 107.6 116.1 114.3 113.7 115.3 108.4 120.1 116.0 115.5 124.6 101.3 125.6 119.9 117.2 133.6 107.7 131.6 124.3 119.5 133.8 115.1 138.0 127.4 124.7 142.8 110.3 142.7 128.0 123.4 150.5 118.6 442 4421 4422 443 444 Furniture and home furnishings stores ……………… Furniture stores ………………………………………… Home furnishings stores ……………………………… Electronics and appliance stores …………………… Building material and garden supply stores………… 75.1 77.3 71.3 38.0 75.8 79.0 84.8 71.0 47.7 79.5 93.7 93.6 93.3 87.8 91.9 97.3 96.0 98.7 93.5 96.6 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 104.1 104.3 104.1 122.6 107.4 110.8 107.5 115.2 150.6 113.8 115.9 112.0 121.0 173.7 113.3 122.4 119.7 126.1 196.7 116.8 129.3 125.2 134.9 233.5 120.8 134.6 128.8 142.6 292.7 127.1 147.0 139.4 157.1 334.7 134.6 149.4 138.4 163.8 365.1 135.1 Wholesale trade Retail trade Monthly Labor Review • February 2007 93 Current Labor Statistics: Productivity Data 50. Continued–Annual indexes of output per hour for selected NAICS industries, 1987—2005 [1997=100] 1987 1990 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 4441 4442 445 4451 4452 Building material and supplies dealers ……………………... 77.6 Lawn and garden equipment and supplies stores …….. 66.9 Food and beverage stores …………………………………… 110.9 Grocery stores…………………………………………………… 111.1 Specialty food stores …………………………………………… 138.5 81.6 69.0 107.5 106.9 127.2 93.4 83.9 102.3 102.7 102.9 97.1 93.8 101.0 100.9 101.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 108.3 102.3 100.0 99.6 100.5 115.3 105.5 101.9 102.5 96.4 115.1 103.1 101.1 101.1 98.5 116.7 118.4 103.9 103.3 108.2 121.3 118.3 104.8 104.8 105.3 127.5 125.7 107.2 106.7 112.2 134.0 140.2 113.1 112.3 121.1 134.6 139.4 119.1 117.3 137.4 4453 446 447 448 4481 Beer, wine and liquor stores …………………………………… Health and personal care stores ……………………………… Gasoline stations ……………………………………………… Clothing and clothing accessories stores ………………… Clothing stores ………………………………………………… 94.7 84.0 83.9 66.3 67.1 98.7 91.0 84.2 69.8 70.0 95.4 91.4 99.4 92.7 91.7 101.7 96.3 99.5 99.5 98.8 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 105.9 104.0 106.7 106.3 108.7 100.3 107.1 110.7 114.0 114.2 107.0 112.2 107.7 123.5 125.0 108.3 116.2 112.9 126.4 130.3 111.4 122.9 125.1 131.3 136.0 118.4 129.5 119.9 138.9 141.8 129.9 134.0 122.3 139.2 141.0 147.6 132.8 129.5 147.5 153.7 4482 4483 451 4511 4512 Shoe stores ……………………………………………………… Jewelry, luggage, and leather goods stores …………….. Sporting goods, hobby, book, and music stores …….. Sporting goods and musical instrument stores …………… Book, periodical, and music stores …………………………… 65.3 64.5 74.4 70.5 84.3 70.8 68.1 82.1 79.5 87.9 96.4 94.1 95.0 94.7 95.4 103.7 98.8 95.9 95.1 97.6 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 94.2 108.7 107.9 111.6 100.9 104.9 122.5 114.0 119.3 104.0 110.0 130.5 121.1 127.8 108.7 111.5 123.9 127.1 132.4 116.9 125.2 118.7 127.5 132.7 117.8 132.5 132.9 131.3 136.7 121.8 124.9 144.5 151.1 160.1 134.8 129.4 137.2 164.2 172.8 149.3 452 4521 4529 453 4531 General merchandise stores …………………………………… Department stores ……………………………………………… Other general merchandise stores …………………………… Miscellaneous store retailers ………………………………… Florists …………………………………………………………… 73.5 87.2 54.8 65.1 77.6 75.1 83.9 61.2 69.5 73.3 92.0 94.6 87.2 88.8 82.4 96.7 98.5 93.8 94.8 92.8 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 105.3 100.4 114.7 108.9 102.3 113.4 104.5 131.0 111.3 116.2 120.2 106.2 147.3 114.1 115.2 124.8 103.8 164.7 112.6 102.7 129.1 102.0 179.3 119.1 113.8 136.9 106.8 188.8 126.1 108.9 140.7 109.0 192.9 131.2 103.0 146.1 109.6 203.5 142.0 127.5 4532 4533 4539 454 4541 4542 4543 Office supplies, stationery and gift stores ………………….. Used merchandise stores ……………………………………… Other miscellaneous store retailers …………………………… Nonstore retailers ……………………………………………… Electronic shopping and mail-order houses ……………….. Vending machine operators …………………………………… Direct selling establishments ………………………………… 61.4 64.5 68.3 50.7 39.4 95.5 70.8 66.4 70.4 75.0 54.7 43.4 95.1 74.1 91.7 85.9 88.9 79.8 72.5 86.4 93.2 93.3 94.8 97.0 91.4 85.5 94.6 101.7 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 111.5 119.1 105.3 114.3 120.2 106.3 101.9 119.2 113.4 103.0 128.9 142.6 105.4 104.2 127.3 116.5 104.4 152.2 160.2 111.1 122.5 132.3 121.9 96.9 163.6 179.6 95.7 127.9 141.5 142.0 94.4 182.1 212.7 91.2 135.0 153.9 149.7 99.9 195.5 243.6 102.3 127.0 173.0 155.7 97.2 216.1 272.8 110.4 131.8 182.6 168.1 104.3 222.3 284.2 112.7 128.7 481 482111 48412 48421 491 492 Air transportation………………………………………………… 81.1 Line-haul railroads……………………………………………… 58.9 General freight trucking, long-distance ……………………. 85.7 Used household and office goods moving………………… 106.7 U.S. Postal service ……………………………………………… 90.9 Couriers and messengers……………………………………… 148.3 77.5 69.8 89.2 112.6 94.2 138.5 95.3 92.0 95.8 101.4 97.7 101.5 98.8 98.4 95.3 97.7 96.7 100.2 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 97.6 102.1 99.4 91.0 101.6 112.6 98.2 105.5 99.1 96.1 102.8 117.6 98.2 114.3 101.9 94.8 105.5 121.9 91.9 121.9 103.2 84.0 106.3 123.4 102.2 131.9 107.0 81.6 106.4 131.1 112.7 142.0 110.7 86.2 107.8 134.1 125.6 146.4 109.8 88.7 110.1 126.5 – – – – – – 5111 5112 51213 515 5151 5152 5171 5172 5175 Newspaper, book, and directory publishers………………… 105.9 Software publishers……………………………………………… 10.2 Motion picture and video exhibition …………………………… 90.7 Broadcasting, except internet………………………………… 99.5 Radio and television broadcasting …………………………… 98.1 Cable and other subscription programming……………….. 105.6 Wired telecommunications carriers …………………………… 56.9 Wireless telecommunications carriers………………………. 75.6 Cable and other program distribution………………………… 105.2 96.3 28.4 109.2 98.2 97.7 100.3 66.0 70.4 100.0 92.7 73.2 99.4 102.5 104.8 92.8 87.6 90.0 92.6 92.5 88.3 98.9 101.3 103.4 93.0 96.5 101.7 92.6 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 103.9 134.8 99.8 100.8 91.5 136.2 107.7 110.5 97.1 104.1 129.2 101.8 102.9 92.6 139.1 116.7 145.2 95.8 107.7 119.2 106.5 103.6 92.1 141.2 122.7 152.8 91.6 105.8 117.4 101.6 99.2 89.6 128.1 116.7 191.9 87.7 104.7 122.1 99.8 104.0 95.1 129.8 124.1 217.9 95.0 109.6 138.1 100.6 106.7 94.4 145.9 130.2 242.5 101.2 107.0 161.6 103.9 108.2 91.4 158.4 131.3 288.7 113.7 – – – – – – – – – 52211 Commercial banking …………………………………………… 72.8 80.7 95.6 100.0 100.0 96.9 99.1 101.7 97.5 100.3 102.6 108.1 – 90.5 60.6 77.0 88.5 68.8 97.1 100.2 88.7 119.5 109.0 96.9 102.4 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 115.1 113.2 112.2 120.4 129.4 111.9 119.9 134.9 112.2 114.4 133.3 114.1 112.6 130.3 120.4 113.7 148.5 118.3 134.5 154.7 – – – 82.9 95.9 98.1 76.2 107.9 95.9 90.6 102.5 107.3 96.2 103.4 100.6 100.0 100.0 100.0 107.6 89.2 124.8 105.8 97.9 109.8 100.9 107.5 108.9 94.4 106.9 102.2 111.4 112.9 97.6 110.0 120.7 104.2 101.3 133.0 92.1 – – – 89.3 70.1 94.6 87.0 93.0 90.4 100.1 96.4 100.0 100.0 111.4 95.6 115.5 99.0 119.4 101.4 115.2 102.5 127.6 106.0 147.3 119.2 167.7 117.5 – – - - 90.8 91.3 89.8 94.5 94.7 94.1 100.0 100.0 100.0 118.8 117.1 121.4 124.8 121.5 129.7 131.9 127.4 139.9 135.4 127.7 148.6 137.6 123.1 163.3 141.0 128.7 160.3 141.1 130.8 154.3 – – – 82.9 96.0 80.0 102.4 97.7 100.3 99.6 99.1 100.0 100.0 100.3 101.0 106.4 100.9 112.9 103.5 109.3 103.8 113.3 104.4 115.6 106.3 122.2 107.1 – 108.8 NAICS Industry Transportation and warehousing Information Finance and insurance Real estate and rental and leasing 532111 53212 53223 Passenger car rental …………………………………………… Truck, trailer and RV rental and leasing ……………………… Video tape and disc rental……………………………………… 541213 54181 541921 Tax preparation services……………………………………… Advertising agencies…………………………………………… Photography studios, portrait…………………………………… 56151 56172 Travel agencies………………………………………………… Janitorial services……………………………………………… 6215 621511 621512 Medical and diagnostic laboratories…………………………… Medical laboratories…………………………………………… Diagnostic imaging centers…………………………………… 7211 722 Traveler accommodations……………………………………… Food services and drinking places …………………………… Professional, scientific, and technical services Administrative and waste management Assistance Accommodation and food services 94 Monthly Labor Review • February 2007 50. Continued–Annual indexes of output per hour for selected NAICS industries, 1987—2005 [1997=100] 1987 1990 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 Full-service restaurants …………………………… 92.1 Limited-service eating places ……………………… 96.5 89.9 Special food services ……………………………… Drinking places, alcoholic beverages……………… 136.7 Industry 99.4 103.6 99.8 123.3 96.2 104.1 100.8 104.6 96.1 102.0 98.3 102.4 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.9 101.2 100.6 99.7 100.8 100.4 105.2 98.8 103.0 102.0 115.0 100.6 103.6 102.5 115.3 97.6 104.4 102.7 114.9 102.9 104.2 105.4 117.6 118.6 104.9 106.9 118.8 112.6 107.5 106.8 122.8 119.7 89.9 82.1 98.4 94.8 107.7 103.2 93.3 102.4 99.2 108.0 99.8 96.4 98.6 100.9 106.6 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 103.6 108.5 106.8 100.1 69.2 106.0 108.5 103.3 105.1 76.3 109.4 108.1 94.8 107.6 73.8 108.9 114.4 91.8 110.9 81.2 103.6 110.2 94.6 112.5 100.5 104.0 119.4 95.7 103.8 100.4 112.1 126.2 93.3 111.5 102.9 - NAICS 7221 7222 7223 7224 Other services (except public administration) 8111 81211 81221 8123 81292 Automotive repair and maintenance……………… 85.9 Hair, nail and skin care services ………………… 83.4 Funeral homes and funeral services……………… 103.7 Drycleaning and laundry services ………………… 97.1 Photofinishing ……………………………………… 95.8 NOTE: Dash indicates data are not available. 51. Unemployment rates, approximating U.S. concepts, nine countries, seasonally adjusted [Percent] 2004 Country 2004 2005 I II 2005 III IV I II 2006 III IV I II III United States……… 5.5 5.1 5.7 5.6 5.5 5.4 5.2 5.1 5.0 5.0 4.7 4.7 4.7 Canada……………… 6.4 6.0 6.6 6.5 6.3 6.4 6.2 6.0 6.0 5.8 5.7 5.5 5.6 Australia…………… 5.5 5.1 5.7 5.6 5.6 5.2 5.1 5.1 5.1 5.2 5.2 5.0 4.8 Japan……………… 4.8 4.5 4.9 4.7 4.8 4.6 4.6 4.4 4.4 4.5 4.3 4.1 - France……………… 9.8 9.7 9.8 9.8 9.8 9.8 9.9 9.8 9.7 9.5 9.4 9.0 10.3 Germany…………… 10.3 11.2 10.2 10.3 10.4 10.5 11.4 11.4 11.2 10.9 10.8 10.6 Italy………………… 8.1 7.8 8.3 8.1 8.0 8.0 7.9 7.9 7.7 7.6 7.3 7.1 - Sweden……………… 6.6 7.7 6.7 6.8 6.6 6.4 - - - - - - - United Kingdom…… 4.8 4.8 4.8 4.8 4.7 4.7 4.7 4.8 4.8 5.1 5.3 5.5 - NOTE: Dash indicates data not available. Quarterly figures for France, Germany, Italy, and Sweden are calculated by applying annual adjustment factors to current published data, and therefore should be viewed as less precise indicators of unemployment under U.S. concepts than the annual figures. There are breaks in series for Germany (2005) and Sweden (2005). For details on breaks in series, see the technical notes of the report Comparative Civilian Labor Force Statistics, Ten Countries, 1960-2005 (Bureau of Labor Statistics, October 19, 2006), available on the Internet at http://www.bls.gov/fls/flscomparelf.htm. For further qualifications and historical annual data, see the full report, also available at this site. Monthly and quarterly unemployment rates, updated monthly, are available on the Internet at ftp://ftp.bls.gov/pub/special.requests/ForeignLabor/flsjec.txt. Monthly Labor Review • February 2007 95 Current Labor Statistics: International Comparisons 52. Annual data: employment status of the working-age population, approximating U.S. concepts, 10 countries [Numbers in thousands] Employment status and country Civilian labor force 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 133,943 14,623 9,115 66,450 24,982 39,142 22,677 7,301 4,459 28,239 136,297 14,884 9,204 67,200 25,116 39,415 22,751 7,536 4,418 28,401 137,673 15,135 9,339 67,240 25,434 39,752 23,002 7,617 4,402 28,474 139,368 15,403 9,414 67,090 25,791 39,375 23,174 7,848 4,430 28,777 142,583 15,637 9,590 66,990 26,099 39,302 23,359 8,138 4,489 28,952 143,734 15,891 9,752 66,860 26,393 39,459 23,521 8,130 4,530 29,085 144,863 16,366 9,907 66,240 26,710 39,413 23,726 8,311 4,544 29,335 146,510 16,729 10,092 66,010 26,930 39,276 24,017 8,394 4,567 29,557 147,401 16,955 10,244 65,770 26,969 39,711 24,066 8,505 4,576 29,776 149,320 17,108 10,524 65,850 27,019 40,760 24,156 8,480 4,693 30,094 66.6 64.8 64.5 62.9 55.5 57.1 47.3 58.8 64.1 62.4 66.8 64.7 64.6 63.0 55.7 57.1 47.3 59.2 64.0 62.4 67.1 65.0 64.3 63.2 55.6 57.3 47.3 60.8 63.3 62.5 67.1 65.3 64.3 62.8 56.0 57.7 47.6 61.1 62.8 62.5 67.1 65.8 64.0 62.4 56.4 56.9 47.9 62.6 62.8 62.8 67.1 65.8 64.4 62.0 56.6 56.7 48.1 64.4 63.8 62.9 66.8 65.9 64.4 61.6 56.8 56.7 48.2 63.9 63.7 62.7 66.6 66.7 64.4 60.8 57.0 56.4 48.5 64.9 64.0 62.9 66.2 67.3 64.6 60.3 57.1 56.0 49.1 65.2 64.0 63.0 66.0 67.3 64.7 60.0 56.7 56.4 49.0 65.7 63.7 63.0 66.0 67.0 65.4 60.0 56.5 57.6 48.7 65.4 64.9 63.1 United States……………………………………………… 124,900 Canada……………………………………………………… 13,210 8,256 Australia…………………………………………………… Japan……………………………………………………… 63,900 France……………………………………………………… 21,955 Germany…………………………………………………… 35,780 Italy………………………………………………………… 20,032 6,730 Netherlands………………………………………………… Sweden…………………………………………………… 4,056 United Kingdom…………………………………………… 25,691 126,708 13,338 8,364 64,200 22,036 35,637 20,122 6,858 4,019 25,941 129,558 13,637 8,444 64,900 22,176 35,508 20,167 7,163 3,973 26,413 131,463 13,973 8,618 64,450 22,597 36,059 20,368 7,321 4,034 26,686 133,488 14,331 8,762 63,920 23,080 36,042 20,615 7,595 4,117 27,051 136,891 14,681 8,989 63,790 23,714 36,236 20,971 7,908 4,229 27,368 136,933 14,866 9,091 63,460 24,167 36,350 21,357 7,947 4,303 27,599 136,485 15,223 9,271 62,650 24,311 36,018 21,663 8,079 4,310 27,812 137,736 15,579 9,481 62,510 24,337 35,615 21,969 8,083 4,303 28,073 139,252 15,861 9,677 62,640 24,330 35,604 22,106 8,118 4,276 28,358 141,730 16,080 9,987 62,910 24,392 36,185 22,268 8,078 4,333 28,637 62.9 59.3 59.2 60.9 49.2 52.4 42.0 54.9 58.3 57.0 63.2 59.1 59.3 60.9 49.1 52.0 42.0 55.6 57.7 57.3 63.8 59.6 59.0 61.0 49.1 51.6 41.9 57.8 56.9 58.2 64.1 60.4 59.3 60.2 49.7 52.3 42.2 58.7 57.6 58.5 64.3 61.3 59.6 59.4 50.4 52.1 42.6 60.6 58.4 59.1 64.4 62.0 60.3 59.0 51.4 52.2 43.2 62.6 60.1 59.4 63.7 61.9 60.1 58.4 52.0 52.2 43.8 62.5 60.5 59.5 62.7 62.4 60.3 57.5 51.9 51.5 44.3 63.1 60.7 59.6 62.3 63.0 60.7 57.1 51.6 50.8 44.9 62.8 60.3 59.8 62.3 63.3 61.2 57.1 51.2 50.6 45.0 62.7 59.5 60.0 62.7 63.4 62.1 57.3 51.0 51.2 44.9 62.3 59.9 60.0 7,404 1,246 739 2,100 2,787 3,200 2,544 478 404 2,439 7,236 1,285 751 2,250 2,946 3,505 2,555 443 440 2,298 6,739 1,248 759 2,300 2,940 3,907 2,584 374 445 1,987 6,210 1,162 721 2,790 2,837 3,693 2,634 296 368 1,788 5,880 1,072 652 3,170 2,711 3,333 2,559 253 313 1,726 5,692 956 602 3,200 2,385 3,065 2,388 230 260 1,584 6,801 1,026 661 3,400 2,226 3,110 2,164 183 227 1,486 8,378 1,143 636 3,590 2,399 3,396 2,062 232 234 1,524 8,774 1,150 611 3,500 2,593 3,661 2,048 311 264 1,484 8,149 1,093 567 3,130 2,639 4,107 1,960 387 300 1,417 7,591 1,028 537 2,940 2,627 4,575 1,889 402 361 1,458 5.6 8.6 8.2 3.2 11.3 8.2 11.3 6.6 9.1 8.7 5.4 8.8 8.2 3.4 11.8 9.0 11.3 6.1 9.9 8.1 4.9 8.4 8.3 3.4 11.7 9.9 11.4 5.0 10.1 7.0 4.5 7.7 7.7 4.1 11.2 9.3 11.5 3.9 8.4 6.3 4.2 7.0 6.9 4.7 10.5 8.5 11.0 3.2 7.1 6.0 4.0 6.1 6.3 4.8 9.1 7.8 10.2 2.8 5.8 5.5 4.7 6.5 6.8 5.1 8.4 7.9 9.2 2.2 5.0 5.1 5.8 7.0 6.4 5.4 9.0 8.6 8.7 2.8 5.1 5.2 6.0 6.9 6.1 5.3 9.6 9.3 8.5 3.7 5.8 5.0 5.5 6.4 5.5 4.8 9.8 10.3 8.1 4.6 6.6 4.8 5.1 6.0 5.1 4.5 9.7 11.2 7.8 4.7 7.7 4.8 United States……………………………………………… 132,304 Canada……………………………………………………… 14,456 8,995 Australia…………………………………………………… Japan……………………………………………………… 65,990 France……………………………………………………… 24,742 38,980 Germany…………………………………………………… Italy………………………………………………………… 22,576 Netherlands………………………………………………… 7,208 Sweden…………………………………………………… 4,460 28,129 United Kingdom…………………………………………… Participation rate1 United States……………………………………………… Canada……………………………………………………… Australia…………………………………………………… Japan……………………………………………………… France……………………………………………………… Germany…………………………………………………… Italy………………………………………………………… Netherlands………………………………………………… Sweden…………………………………………………… United Kingdom…………………………………………… Employed Employment-population ratio2 United States……………………………………………… Canada……………………………………………………… Australia…………………………………………………… Japan……………………………………………………… France……………………………………………………… Germany…………………………………………………… Italy………………………………………………………… Netherlands………………………………………………… Sweden…………………………………………………… United Kingdom…………………………………………… Unemployed United States……………………………………………… Canada……………………………………………………… Australia…………………………………………………… Japan……………………………………………………… France……………………………………………………… Germany…………………………………………………… Italy………………………………………………………… Netherlands………………………………………………… Sweden…………………………………………………… United Kingdom…………………………………………… Unemployment rate United States……………………………………………… Canada……………………………………………………… Australia…………………………………………………… Japan……………………………………………………… France……………………………………………………… Germany…………………………………………………… Italy………………………………………………………… Netherlands………………………………………………… Sweden…………………………………………………… United Kingdom…………………………………………… 1 Labor force as a percent of the working-age population. 2 Employment as a percent of the working-age population. NOTE: There are breaks in series for the United States (1997, 1998, 1999, 2000, 2003, 2004), Australia (2001), Germany (1999, 2005), and Sweden (2005). For details on 96 Monthly Labor Review • February 2007 breaks in series, see the technical notes of the report Comparative Civilian Labor Force Statistics, Ten Countries, 1960-2005 (Bureau of Labor Statistics, October 19, 2006), available on the Internet at http://www.bls.gov/fls/flscomparelf.htm. For further qualifications and historical annual data, see the full report, also available at this site. 53. Annual indexes of manufacturing productivity and related measures, 16 economies [1992 = 100] Measure and economy 1980 1990 1991 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 68.4 74.2 69.3 63.6 – 49.1 65.4 82.3 60.5 77.2 75.3 69.1 78.5 67.3 73.1 57.3 93.5 93.4 91.6 94.4 82.7 89.8 96.8 98.5 92.7 99.0 97.3 98.7 98.3 93.1 94.6 90.1 96.3 95.3 96.6 99.0 92.7 96.8 99.1 99.7 96.4 98.3 96.5 99.0 98.7 96.3 95.5 94.3 102.7 105.8 105.9 101.7 108.3 101.3 102.5 100.3 101.2 101.0 102.8 102.0 99.9 101.8 107.3 104.1 108.1 110.8 104.8 103.3 118.1 105.2 107.9 112.7 109.4 108.5 107.6 113.1 99.9 104.9 118.2 106.7 112.1 112.4 105.7 111.0 129.7 112.9 112.7 112.7 116.0 110.2 111.1 117.3 98.7 108.6 125.1 105.0 116.8 109.7 112.6 116.1 142.6 121.5 114.3 109.0 116.7 113.3 112.5 120.5 101.6 107.2 130.2 104.0 121.7 114.2 114.7 120.7 160.8 126.5 121.5 117.7 125.8 119.9 113.3 121.2 101.8 108.3 142.0 105.4 130.2 119.6 117.8 120.4 179.3 132.7 122.9 117.1 132.6 120.4 112.5 124.5 99.2 110.2 150.7 106.9 136.7 124.5 119.2 124.9 199.4 140.9 121.5 119.0 138.7 123.4 112.5 129.3 102.7 112.1 164.1 112.4 147.7 131.9 126.7 131.7 216.4 148.4 125.7 123.2 148.2 132.0 116.0 138.5 105.9 113.2 176.8 119.4 149.2 129.0 130.9 128.9 214.8 155.1 126.9 123.4 150.7 135.4 116.2 139.2 108.9 115.8 172.6 123.4 165.0 131.7 135.2 133.1 235.8 166.7 131.1 124.2 157.4 136.7 114.2 143.4 111.9 116.3 190.7 126.8 175.5 130.7 140.5 142.3 252.2 171.7 134.5 129.3 164.2 141.6 111.3 146.4 121.6 118.8 204.5 132.3 187.8 130.8 139.7 150.4 281.2 179.9 141.0 138.8 170.0 146.6 112.4 153.7 128.8 120.6 227.9 139.7 194.0 135.6 142.4 154.1 305.1 192.7 144.9 141.6 176.7 154.8 112.5 160.0 132.4 121.5 241.9 143.3 Output United States…………………..…… 73.6 Canada……………………………… 85.0 Australia……………………………… 89.6 Japan………………………………… 60.8 Korea………………………………… 28.6 Taiwan……………………………… 45.4 Belgium……………………………… 78.2 Denmark…………………………… 92.3 France……………………………… 80.0 Germany…………………………… 85.3 Italy…………………………………… 81.0 Netherlands………………………… 76.9 Norway……………………………… 105.7 Spain……………………………….. 78.6 Sweden……………………………… 90.7 United Kingdom…………………… 87.3 98.2 106.0 104.1 97.1 88.1 91.0 101.0 101.7 97.7 99.1 100.5 99.0 101.7 98.4 110.1 105.3 96.8 99.0 100.9 102.0 96.0 96.4 100.7 100.3 99.2 102.4 100.2 99.8 99.4 100.3 104.1 100.1 104.2 105.9 103.6 96.3 105.1 100.9 97.0 97.0 95.9 92.0 97.6 97.7 102.0 96.1 101.9 101.4 112.2 114.1 108.9 94.9 117.1 106.9 101.4 107.5 100.6 94.9 104.1 104.5 104.7 97.8 117.5 106.2 117.3 119.6 108.7 98.9 130.8 112.7 104.2 112.7 106.2 94.0 109.1 108.2 105.2 101.5 132.5 107.9 121.6 119.6 111.6 103.0 139.2 118.7 104.6 107.5 106.3 92.0 107.8 109.8 109.4 104.0 137.1 108.6 129.0 127.7 114.7 106.1 146.0 125.5 109.5 116.3 113.3 96.1 109.6 111.3 114.1 110.7 147.6 110.6 137.7 134.0 117.9 99.2 134.5 129.5 111.3 117.2 119.0 97.2 109.9 115.1 113.3 117.4 159.5 111.3 143.7 145.0 117.6 99.9 163.7 139.0 111.2 118.2 123.1 98.2 109.6 119.4 113.2 124.1 173.9 112.3 152.7 159.4 122.5 105.1 191.5 149.2 115.7 122.5 128.7 104.8 112.9 127.4 112.6 129.6 189.7 115.0 144.2 152.7 122.4 99.3 195.7 138.1 115.7 122.5 130.0 106.6 111.8 127.2 111.8 133.7 185.6 113.5 148.2 154.2 127.7 97.5 210.5 148.3 114.8 119.0 129.9 104.4 110.4 127.2 111.2 133.5 196.4 110.5 149.9 152.9 130.0 102.7 222.2 155.9 113.4 115.7 132.3 105.2 107.8 125.8 114.9 134.7 203.6 110.7 159.6 155.9 129.9 107.5 246.8 170.6 117.9 119.6 134.5 108.8 108.6 127.8 121.4 135.2 224.4 113.0 163.0 157.0 129.9 108.7 264.1 181.7 117.3 121.6 136.5 112.3 106.4 128.1 124.4 135.6 233.5 111.7 Total hours United States……………………… 107.5 Canada……………………………… 114.6 Australia……………………………… 129.3 Japan………………………………… 95.5 Korea………………………………… – Taiwan……………………………… 92.4 Belgium……………………………… 119.7 Denmark…………………………… 112.1 France……………………………… 132.3 Germany…………………………… 110.5 Italy…………………………………… 107.6 Netherlands………………………… 111.2 Norway……………………………… 134.7 Spain……………………………….. 116.7 Sweden……………………………… 124.0 United Kingdom…………………… 152.3 105.0 113.5 113.6 102.9 106.4 101.4 104.3 103.3 105.5 100.1 103.3 100.3 103.4 105.7 116.4 116.9 100.5 103.9 104.4 103.1 103.6 99.6 101.5 100.6 102.9 104.1 103.8 100.8 100.7 104.1 109.0 106.2 101.4 100.1 97.8 94.7 97.1 99.6 94.7 96.8 94.8 91.1 95.0 95.8 102.1 94.4 94.9 97.5 103.8 103.0 103.9 91.9 99.2 101.7 94.0 95.4 91.9 87.5 96.8 92.4 104.8 93.2 99.4 99.6 104.6 106.4 102.8 89.1 100.9 99.8 92.4 100.0 91.6 85.3 98.2 92.3 106.6 93.5 105.9 102.7 104.2 109.0 99.1 88.8 97.6 97.7 91.5 98.6 91.0 81.3 95.8 91.1 107.7 97.0 105.3 104.4 106.0 111.8 100.0 87.9 90.8 99.2 90.2 98.8 90.1 80.1 96.7 91.8 112.1 102.2 103.9 105.0 105.7 112.1 100.1 82.4 75.0 97.6 90.5 100.1 89.7 80.8 97.7 92.4 114.2 106.5 105.9 104.1 105.1 116.5 98.7 79.9 82.1 98.7 91.5 99.4 88.7 79.6 97.4 92.3 110.3 110.7 106.0 99.9 103.4 120.9 96.7 79.8 88.5 100.5 92.1 99.4 86.8 79.4 97.3 91.9 106.4 114.4 107.3 96.3 96.6 118.4 93.5 77.1 91.1 89.0 91.2 99.3 86.3 78.7 96.2 91.4 102.7 115.4 107.5 92.0 89.8 117.1 94.5 73.3 89.3 89.0 87.5 95.8 82.5 76.4 96.7 88.7 99.3 114.8 103.0 87.2 85.4 117.0 92.5 72.2 88.1 90.8 84.3 89.5 80.6 74.3 96.8 85.9 94.5 113.4 99.6 83.7 84.9 119.2 93.0 71.5 87.8 94.9 83.6 86.2 79.1 74.2 96.6 83.2 94.2 112.2 98.5 80.9 84.0 115.8 91.2 70.5 86.5 94.3 80.9 85.9 77.2 72.6 94.5 80.0 93.9 111.6 96.5 78.0 90.5 88.5 86.7 90.6 68.0 85.2 90.1 93.6 88.5 89.4 87.7 89.8 92.3 79.9 87.8 88.7 95.6 95.0 94.6 96.5 85.5 93.5 97.3 97.8 93.9 91.4 94.3 94.8 97.5 88.4 95.5 99.8 102.0 102.0 106.8 102.7 115.9 105.9 104.8 102.4 104.3 106.2 105.7 104.5 101.5 109.4 97.4 104.5 105.3 103.9 104.1 104.7 133.1 111.1 105.6 106.0 108.0 111.0 107.3 109.0 104.5 113.4 99.8 106.0 107.3 106.5 112.6 108.3 161.6 120.2 108.6 108.2 110.7 117.0 112.0 112.1 109.2 118.3 106.8 107.9 109.3 107.4 122.4 109.1 188.1 128.2 110.6 112.6 112.5 122.5 120.0 114.6 113.8 121.1 115.2 108.3 112.2 109.0 125.1 112.7 204.5 132.1 114.7 116.5 116.3 124.9 124.1 117.6 118.8 124.0 121.0 112.3 118.7 114.6 127.5 115.6 222.7 137.1 116.5 119.6 117.2 126.7 123.3 122.4 125.8 124.9 125.6 121.5 123.4 117.1 132.3 115.5 223.9 139.6 118.0 122.6 121.0 129.6 125.6 126.5 133.0 124.7 130.3 129.0 134.7 120.9 139.3 114.9 239.1 142.3 120.1 125.0 127.0 136.3 128.7 132.8 140.5 126.6 136.8 136.1 137.9 124.6 148.0 116.4 246.7 151.4 126.4 130.9 130.6 140.6 133.5 138.9 149.0 131.6 143.8 141.8 147.8 129.1 154.0 117.2 271.6 145.0 131.9 136.5 137.4 144.0 136.9 146.8 157.9 135.4 151.7 150.1 158.2 133.0 161.9 114.6 285.0 147.3 135.8 145.7 141.4 147.2 140.6 152.8 164.3 142.2 159.2 156.8 161.4 134.6 166.3 115.1 325.5 144.0 138.8 150.6 144.7 148.0 145.1 158.0 169.7 147.0 163.5 164.2 168.8 139.8 176.6 117.0 345.6 146.3 144.6 153.7 148.7 149.7 149.5 163.2 175.6 153.0 167.2 171.7 Output per hour United States……………………… Canada………………………….…… Australia…………………….……… Japan………………………………… Korea…………………………..…… Taiwan……………………………… Belgium…………………………...… Denmark…………………………… France……………………………… Germany………………………...…… Italy……………………………...…… Netherlands…………………...…… Norway……………………………… Spain……………………………….. Sweden…………………………….. United Kingdom……………….…… Hourly compensation (national currency basis) United States……………………… Canada……………………………… Australia……………………………… Japan………………………………… Korea………………………………… Taiwan……………………………… Belgium……………………………… Denmark…………………………… France……………………………… Germany…………………………… Italy…………………………………… Netherlands………………………… Norway……………………………… Spain……………………………….. Sweden……………………………… United Kingdom…………………… See notes at end of table. 55.9 47.9 – 58.6 – 29.6 52.5 44.5 37.1 53.6 30.6 60.5 39.0 28.0 37.3 35.8 Monthly Labor Review • February 2007 97 Current Labor Statistics: International Comparisons 53. Continued— Annual indexes of manufacturing productivity and related measures, 16 economies Measure and economy 1980 1990 1991 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 Unit labor costs (national currency basis) United States……………………… 81.8 Canada……………………………… 64.6 Australia……………………………… – Japan………………………………… 92.1 Korea………………………………… 44.4 Taiwan……………………………… 60.3 Belgium……………………………… 80.3 Denmark…………………………… 54.1 France……………………………… 61.3 Germany…………………………… 69.4 Italy…………………………………… 40.7 Netherlands………………………… 87.6 Norway……………………………… 49.7 Spain……………………………….. 41.5 Sweden……………………………… 51.0 United Kingdom…………………… 62.4 96.8 94.8 94.7 95.9 82.1 94.9 93.0 95.0 95.5 90.3 90.2 91.1 93.9 85.8 92.9 98.5 99.2 99.7 97.9 97.4 92.2 96.5 98.1 98.1 97.4 93.0 97.6 95.7 98.8 91.8 100.0 105.9 99.3 96.5 100.8 101.0 107.0 104.6 102.3 102.2 103.1 105.2 102.9 102.4 101.6 107.4 90.8 100.4 97.4 93.8 99.4 101.4 112.7 105.6 97.9 94.1 98.7 102.4 99.8 96.4 104.6 108.1 84.4 99.4 95.7 94.7 106.5 97.6 124.6 106.5 96.4 96.0 95.4 106.2 100.8 95.6 110.7 108.9 85.3 102.7 93.6 97.9 108.7 94.0 131.9 105.5 96.8 103.3 96.4 108.2 106.6 95.1 112.0 112.9 88.5 104.1 92.2 95.5 109.0 93.4 127.1 104.5 94.5 98.9 92.4 104.2 109.5 97.1 116.7 114.5 85.2 106.5 91.2 95.9 108.3 96.1 124.2 103.4 94.8 102.1 88.3 105.2 109.6 98.3 126.8 113.4 83.3 113.6 90.3 94.0 111.0 92.5 112.3 99.1 97.2 103.0 87.3 105.1 111.7 97.8 129.5 111.2 79.4 114.8 91.2 91.7 109.9 87.3 110.5 95.9 95.6 101.4 85.7 103.3 110.9 95.9 132.7 111.8 77.4 114.0 92.4 96.6 113.1 90.3 114.8 97.6 99.6 106.1 86.7 103.8 114.9 99.8 136.8 113.6 83.3 115.0 89.6 98.0 113.8 88.0 115.2 87.0 100.6 109.9 87.3 105.3 119.8 102.4 141.0 116.4 79.5 118.4 90.2 101.8 115.2 80.5 113.0 85.8 101.0 112.7 86.1 104.0 126.3 104.3 135.1 119.7 77.9 118.6 85.9 102.9 119.1 76.5 115.8 80.1 98.4 108.5 85.1 100.9 129.2 102.8 131.7 122.0 71.7 117.6 87.0 103.1 124.1 75.9 113.3 75.9 99.8 108.5 84.1 96.7 132.9 102.0 132.6 125.9 69.1 119.8 Unit labor costs (U.S. dollar basis) United States……………………… 81.8 Canada……………………………… 66.7 Australia……………………………… – Japan………………………………… 51.5 Korea………………………………… 57.3 Taiwan……………………………… 42.1 Belgium……………………………… 88.3 Denmark…………………………… 57.9 France……………………………… 76.9 Germany…………………………… 59.6 Italy…………………………………… 58.5 Netherlands………………………… 77.5 Norway……………………………… 62.6 Spain……………………………….. 59.3 Sweden……………………………… 70.2 United Kingdom…………………… 82.2 96.8 98.1 100.7 83.9 90.7 88.7 89.5 92.7 92.8 87.3 92.7 87.9 93.3 86.2 91.3 99.5 99.2 105.2 103.7 91.8 98.2 90.8 92.3 92.5 91.3 87.5 96.9 90.0 94.5 90.5 96.3 106.0 99.3 90.4 93.2 115.3 104.2 99.6 95.1 95.1 96.3 99.3 80.6 96.9 88.9 86.3 67.8 85.3 97.4 83.0 98.9 125.8 109.6 100.4 94.2 89.4 94.2 98.6 76.3 93.2 92.1 82.6 63.7 86.2 95.7 83.4 107.2 131.7 126.5 101.1 105.2 103.5 101.3 115.8 76.2 104.8 108.6 89.5 69.6 91.8 93.6 86.7 115.7 109.6 128.6 96.7 100.4 107.6 99.7 112.3 85.2 99.2 107.7 91.3 76.9 92.0 92.2 83.3 110.3 97.8 105.3 91.3 84.8 90.4 83.8 93.8 79.2 87.4 102.3 80.0 64.9 98.8 91.2 78.1 92.6 93.0 69.6 77.5 83.9 92.0 79.3 93.4 77.7 87.2 104.3 77.7 61.1 106.6 90.3 76.5 97.4 103.1 74.0 77.2 82.5 89.0 75.0 89.4 75.7 83.2 103.1 72.9 55.9 105.1 91.2 74.6 86.9 102.6 76.7 77.2 70.3 75.6 63.8 76.2 65.1 70.7 93.6 63.5 49.1 97.8 92.4 75.4 79.5 94.2 69.7 72.6 71.1 76.9 62.6 74.2 65.5 71.3 94.5 62.6 46.9 93.7 89.6 75.4 84.2 89.1 72.3 63.4 75.8 84.2 66.6 79.5 72.1 77.3 109.8 67.7 47.6 100.7 90.2 87.8 102.2 88.1 74.4 62.7 91.1 103.4 78.7 94.0 91.0 94.3 118.6 83.4 56.2 109.7 85.9 95.5 119.2 89.7 79.3 60.4 97.5 109.4 85.5 100.2 102.2 102.1 121.4 93.3 56.9 122.0 87.0 102.8 128.7 87.4 86.8 59.4 99.0 109.3 84.5 96.1 105.3 101.3 128.0 96.4 53.9 123.5 NOTE: Data for Germany for years before 1991 are for the former West Germany. Data for 1991 onward are for unified Germany. Dash indicates data not available. 98 Monthly Labor Review • February 2007 54. Occupational injury and illness rates by industry, 1 United States Industry and type of case Incidence rates per 100 full-time workers 3 2 1989 1 1990 1991 1992 1993 4 1994 4 1995 4 1996 4 1997 4 1998 4 1999 4 2000 4 2001 4 5 PRIVATE SECTOR 8.6 4.0 78.7 8.8 4.1 84.0 8.4 3.9 86.5 8.9 3.9 93.8 8.5 3.8 – 8.4 3.8 – 8.1 3.6 – 7.4 3.4 – 7.1 3.3 – 6.7 3.1 – 6.3 3.0 – 6.1 3.0 – 5.7 2.8 – Agriculture, forestry, and fishing Total cases ............................…………………………. Lost workday cases..................................................... Lost workdays........………........................................... 10.9 5.7 100.9 11.6 5.9 112.2 10.8 5.4 108.3 11.6 5.4 126.9 11.2 5.0 – 10.0 4.7 – 9.7 4.3 – 8.7 3.9 – 8.4 4.1 – 7.9 3.9 – 7.3 3.4 – 7.1 3.6 – 7.3 3.6 – Mining Total cases ............................…………………………. Lost workday cases..................................................... Lost workdays........………........................................... 8.5 4.8 137.2 8.3 5.0 119.5 7.4 4.5 129.6 7.3 4.1 204.7 6.8 3.9 – 6.3 3.9 – 6.2 3.9 – 5.4 3.2 – 5.9 3.7 – 4.9 2.9 – 4.4 2.7 – 4.7 3.0 – 4.0 2.4 – Construction Total cases ............................…………………………. Lost workday cases..................................................... Lost workdays........………........................................... 14.3 6.8 143.3 14.2 6.7 147.9 13.0 6.1 148.1 13.1 5.8 161.9 12.2 5.5 – 11.8 5.5 – 10.6 4.9 – 9.9 4.5 – 9.5 4.4 – 8.8 4.0 – 8.6 4.2 – 8.3 4.1 – 7.9 4.0 – General building contractors: Total cases ............................…………………………. Lost workday cases..................................................... Lost workdays........………........................................... 13.9 6.5 137.3 13.4 6.4 137.6 12.0 5.5 132.0 12.2 5.4 142.7 11.5 5.1 – 10.9 5.1 – 9.8 4.4 – 9.0 4.0 – 8.5 3.7 – 8.4 3.9 – 8.0 3.7 – 7.8 3.9 – 6.9 3.5 – Heavy construction, except building: Total cases ............................…………………………. Lost workday cases..................................................... Lost workdays........………........................................... 13.8 6.5 147.1 13.8 6.3 144.6 12.8 6.0 160.1 12.1 5.4 165.8 11.1 5.1 – 10.2 5.0 – 9.9 4.8 – 9.0 4.3 – 8.7 4.3 – 8.2 4.1 – 7.8 3.8 – 7.6 3.7 – 7.8 4.0 – Special trades contractors: Total cases ............................…………………………. Lost workday cases..................................................... Lost workdays........………........................................... 14.6 6.9 144.9 14.7 6.9 153.1 13.5 6.3 151.3 13.8 6.1 168.3 12.8 5.8 – 12.5 5.8 – 11.1 5.0 – 10.4 4.8 – 10.0 4.7 – 9.1 4.1 – 8.9 4.4 – 8.6 4.3 – 8.2 4.1 – Manufacturing Total cases ............................…………………………. Lost workday cases..................................................... Lost workdays........………........................................... 13.1 5.8 113.0 13.2 5.8 120.7 12.7 5.6 121.5 12.5 5.4 124.6 12.1 5.3 – 12.2 5.5 – 11.6 5.3 – 10.6 4.9 – 10.3 4.8 – 9.7 4.7 – 9.2 4.6 – 9.0 4.5 – 8.1 4.1 – Total cases ............................…………………………. Lost workday cases..................................................... Lost workdays........………........................................... 14.1 6.0 116.5 14.2 6.0 123.3 13.6 5.7 122.9 13.4 5.5 126.7 13.1 5.4 – 13.5 5.7 – 12.8 5.6 – 11.6 5.1 – 11.3 5.1 – 10.7 5.0 – 10.1 4.8 – – – – 8.8 4.3 – Lumber and wood products: Total cases ............................………………………… Lost workday cases.................................................. Lost workdays........………........................................ 18.4 9.4 177.5 18.1 8.8 172.5 16.8 8.3 172.0 16.3 7.6 165.8 15.9 7.6 – 15.7 7.7 – 14.9 7.0 – 14.2 6.8 – 13.5 6.5 – 13.2 6.8 – 13.0 6.7 – 12.1 6.1 – 10.6 5.5 – Furniture and fixtures: Total cases ............................………………………… Lost workday cases.................................................. Lost workdays........………........................................ 16.1 7.2 – 16.9 7.8 – 15.9 7.2 – 14.8 6.6 128.4 14.6 6.5 – 15.0 7.0 – 13.9 6.4 – 12.2 5.4 – 12.0 5.8 – 11.4 5.7 – 11.5 5.9 – 11.2 5.9 – 11.0 5.7 – Stone, clay, and glass products: Total cases ............................………………………… Lost workday cases.................................................. Lost workdays........………........................................ 15.5 7.4 149.8 15.4 7.3 160.5 14.8 6.8 156.0 13.6 6.1 152.2 13.8 6.3 – 13.2 6.5 – 12.3 5.7 – 12.4 6.0 – 11.8 5.7 – 11.8 6.0 – 10.7 5.4 – 10.4 5.5 – 10.1 5.1 – Primary metal industries: Total cases ............................………………………… Lost workday cases.................................................. Lost workdays........………........................................ 18.7 8.1 168.3 19.0 8.1 180.2 17.7 7.4 169.1 17.5 7.1 175.5 17.0 7.3 – 16.8 7.2 – 16.5 7.2 – 15.0 6.8 – 15.0 7.2 – 14.0 7.0 – 12.9 6.3 – 12.6 6.3 – 10.7 5.3 11.1 Fabricated metal products: Total cases ............................………………………… Lost workday cases.................................................. Lost workdays........………........................................ 18.5 7.9 147.6 18.7 7.9 155.7 17.4 7.1 146.6 16.8 6.6 144.0 16.2 6.7 – 16.4 6.7 – 15.8 6.9 – 14.4 6.2 – 14.2 6.4 – 13.9 6.5 – 12.6 6.0 – 11.9 5.5 – 11.1 5.3 – Industrial machinery and equipment: Total cases ............................………………………… Lost workday cases.................................................. Lost workdays........………........................................ 12.1 4.8 86.8 12.0 4.7 88.9 11.2 4.4 86.6 11.1 4.2 87.7 11.1 4.2 – 11.6 4.4 – 11.2 4.4 – 9.9 4.0 – 10.0 4.1 – 9.5 4.0 – 8.5 3.7 – 8.2 3.6 – 11.0 6.0 – Electronic and other electrical equipment: Total cases ............................………………………… Lost workday cases.................................................. Lost workdays........………........................................ 9.1 3.9 77.5 9.1 3.8 79.4 8.6 3.7 83.0 8.4 3.6 81.2 8.3 3.5 – 8.3 3.6 – 7.6 3.3 – 6.8 3.1 – 6.6 3.1 – 5.9 2.8 – 5.7 2.8 – 5.7 2.9 – 5.0 2.5 – Transportation equipment: Total cases ............................………………………… Lost workday cases.................................................. Lost workdays........………........................................ 17.7 6.8 138.6 17.8 6.9 153.7 18.3 7.0 166.1 18.7 7.1 186.6 18.5 7.1 – 19.6 7.8 – 18.6 7.9 – 16.3 7.0 – 15.4 6.6 – 14.6 6.6 – 13.7 6.4 – 13.7 6.3 – 12.6 6.0 – Instruments and related products: Total cases ............................………………………… Lost workday cases.................................................. Lost workdays........………........................................ 5.6 2.5 55.4 5.9 2.7 57.8 6.0 2.7 64.4 5.9 2.7 65.3 5.6 2.5 – 5.9 2.7 – 5.3 2.4 – 5.1 2.3 – 4.8 2.3 – 4.0 1.9 – 4.0 1.8 – 4.5 2.2 – 4.0 2.0 – Miscellaneous manufacturing industries: Total cases ............................………………………… Lost workday cases.................................................. Lost workdays........………........................................ 11.1 5.1 97.6 11.3 5.1 113.1 11.3 5.1 104.0 10.7 5.0 108.2 10.0 4.6 – 9.9 4.5 – 9.1 4.3 – 9.5 4.4 – 8.9 4.2 – 8.1 3.9 – 8.4 4.0 – 7.2 3.6 – 6.4 3.2 – Total cases ............................…………………………. Lost workday cases..................................................... Lost workdays........………........................................... 5 Durable goods: See footnotes at end of table. Monthly Labor Review • February 2007 99 Current Labor Statistics: Injury and Illness Data 54. Continued—Occupational injury and illness rates by industry,1 United States Industry and type of case2 Incidence rates per 100 workers 3 1989 1 1990 1991 1993 4 1994 4 1995 4 1996 4 1997 4 1998 4 1999 4 2000 4 2001 4 1992 Nondurable goods: Total cases ............................…………………………..… Lost workday cases......................................................... Lost workdays........………............................................... 11.6 5.5 107.8 11.7 5.6 116.9 11.5 5.5 119.7 11.3 5.3 121.8 10.7 5.0 – 10.5 5.1 – 9.9 4.9 – 9.2 4.6 – 8.8 4.4 – 8.2 4.3 7.8 4.2 – 7.8 4.2 – 6.8 3.8 – Food and kindred products: Total cases ............................………………………….. Lost workday cases...................................................... Lost workdays........………............................................ 18.5 9.3 174.7 20.0 9.9 202.6 19.5 9.9 207.2 18.8 9.5 211.9 17.6 8.9 – 17.1 9.2 – 16.3 8.7 – 15.0 8.0 – 14.5 8.0 – 13.6 7.5 12.7 7.3 – 12.4 7.3 – 10.9 6.3 – Tobacco products: Total cases ............................………………………….. Lost workday cases...................................................... Lost workdays........………............................................ 8.7 3.4 64.2 7.7 3.2 62.3 6.4 2.8 52.0 6.0 2.4 42.9 5.8 2.3 – 5.3 2.4 – 5.6 2.6 – 6.7 2.8 – 5.9 2.7 – 6.4 3.4 - 5.5 2.2 – 6.2 3.1 – 6.7 4.2 – Textile mill products: Total cases ............................………………………….. Lost workday cases...................................................... Lost workdays........………............................................ 10.3 4.2 81.4 9.6 4.0 85.1 10.1 4.4 88.3 9.9 4.2 87.1 9.7 4.1 – 8.7 4.0 – 8.2 4.1 – 7.8 3.6 – 6.7 3.1 – 7.4 3.4 – 6.4 3.2 – 6.0 3.2 – 5.2 2.7 – Apparel and other textile products: Total cases ............................………………………….. Lost workday cases...................................................... Lost workdays........………............................................ 8.6 3.8 80.5 8.8 3.9 92.1 9.2 4.2 99.9 9.5 4.0 104.6 9.0 3.8 – 8.9 3.9 – 8.2 3.6 – 7.4 3.3 – 7.0 3.1 – 6.2 2.6 - 5.8 2.8 – 6.1 3.0 – 5.0 2.4 – Paper and allied products: Total cases ............................………………………….. Lost workday cases...................................................... Lost workdays........………............................................ 12.7 5.8 132.9 12.1 5.5 124.8 11.2 5.0 122.7 11.0 5.0 125.9 9.9 4.6 – 9.6 4.5 – 8.5 4.2 – 7.9 3.8 – 7.3 3.7 – 7.1 3.7 – 7.0 3.7 – 6.5 3.4 – 6.0 3.2 – Printing and publishing: Total cases ............................………………………….. Lost workday cases...................................................... Lost workdays........………............................................ 6.9 3.3 63.8 6.9 3.3 69.8 6.7 3.2 74.5 7.3 3.2 74.8 6.9 3.1 – 6.7 3.0 – 6.4 3.0 – 6.0 2.8 – 5.7 2.7 – 5.4 2.8 – 5.0 2.6 – 5.1 2.6 – 4.6 2.4 – Chemicals and allied products: Total cases ............................………………………….. Lost workday cases...................................................... Lost workdays........………............................................ 7.0 3.2 63.4 6.5 3.1 61.6 6.4 3.1 62.4 6.0 2.8 64.2 5.9 2.7 – 5.7 2.8 – 5.5 2.7 – 4.8 2.4 – 4.8 2.3 – 4.2 2.1 – 4.4 2.3 – 4.2 2.2 – 4.0 2.1 – Petroleum and coal products: Total cases ............................………………………….. Lost workday cases...................................................... Lost workdays........………............................................ 6.6 3.3 68.1 6.6 3.1 77.3 6.2 2.9 68.2 5.9 2.8 71.2 5.2 2.5 – 4.7 2.3 – 4.8 2.4 – 4.6 2.5 – 4.3 2.2 – 3.9 1.8 – 4.1 1.8 – 3.7 1.9 – 2.9 1.4 – Rubber and miscellaneous plastics products: Total cases ............................………………………….. Lost workday cases...................................................... Lost workdays........………............................................ 16.2 8.0 147.2 16.2 7.8 151.3 15.1 7.2 150.9 14.5 6.8 153.3 13.9 6.5 – 14.0 6.7 – 12.9 6.5 – 12.3 6.3 – 11.9 5.8 – 11.2 5.8 – 10.1 5.5 – 10.7 5.8 – 8.7 4.8 – Leather and leather products: Total cases ............................………………………….. Lost workday cases...................................................... Lost workdays........………............................................ 13.6 6.5 130.4 12.1 5.9 152.3 12.5 5.9 140.8 12.1 5.4 128.5 12.1 5.5 – 12.0 5.3 – 11.4 4.8 – 10.7 4.5 – 10.6 4.3 – 9.8 4.5 – 10.3 5.0 – 9.0 4.3 – 8.7 4.4 – Transportation and public utilities Total cases ............................…………………………..… Lost workday cases......................................................... Lost workdays........………............................................... 9.2 5.3 121.5 9.6 5.5 134.1 9.3 5.4 140.0 9.1 5.1 144.0 9.5 5.4 – 9.3 5.5 – 9.1 5.2 – 8.7 5.1 – 8.2 4.8 – 7.3 4.3 – 7.3 4.4 – 6.9 4.3 – 6.9 4.3 – Wholesale and retail trade Total cases ............................…………………………..… Lost workday cases......................................................... Lost workdays........………............................................... 8.0 3.6 63.5 7.9 3.5 65.6 7.6 3.4 72.0 8.4 3.5 80.1 8.1 3.4 – 7.9 3.4 – 7.5 3.2 – 6.8 2.9 – 6.7 3.0 – 6.5 2.8 – 6.1 2.7 – 5.9 2.7 – 6.6 2.5 – Wholesale trade: Total cases ............................…………………………..… Lost workday cases......................................................... Lost workdays........………............................................... 7.7 4.0 71.9 7.4 3.7 71.5 7.2 3.7 79.2 7.6 3.6 82.4 7.8 3.7 – 7.7 3.8 – 7.5 3.6 – 6.6 3.4 – 6.5 3.2 – 6.5 3.3 – 6.3 3.3 – 5.8 3.1 – 5.3 2.8 – Retail trade: Total cases ............................…………………………..… Lost workday cases......................................................... Lost workdays........………............................................... 8.1 3.4 60.0 8.1 3.4 63.2 7.7 3.3 69.1 8.7 3.4 79.2 8.2 3.3 – 7.9 3.3 – 7.5 3.0 – 6.9 2.8 – 6.8 2.9 – 6.5 2.7 – 6.1 2.5 – 5.9 2.5 – 5.7 2.4 – Finance, insurance, and real estate Total cases ............................…………………………..… Lost workday cases......................................................... Lost workdays........………............................................... 2.0 .9 17.6 2.4 1.1 27.3 2.4 1.1 24.1 2.9 1.2 32.9 2.9 1.2 – 2.7 1.1 – 2.6 1.0 – 2.4 .9 – 2.2 .9 – .7 .5 – 1.8 .8 – 1.9 .8 – 1.8 .7 – Services Total cases ............................…………………………..… Lost workday cases......................................................... Lost workdays........………............................................... 5.5 2.7 51.2 6.0 2.8 56.4 6.2 2.8 60.0 7.1 3.0 68.6 6.7 2.8 – 6.5 2.8 – 6.4 2.8 – 6.0 2.6 – 5.6 2.5 – 5.2 2.4 – 4.9 2.2 – 4.9 2.2 – 4.6 2.2 – - 1 N = number of injuries and illnesses or lost workdays; EH = total hours worked by all employees during the calendar year; and 200,000 = base for 100 full-time equivalent workers (working 40 hours per week, 50 weeks per year). 2 4 Beginning with the 1993 survey, lost workday estimates will not be generated. As of 1992, BLS began generating percent distributions and the median number of days away from work by industry and for groups of workers sustaining similar work disabilities. Data for 1989 and subsequent years are based on the Standard Industrial Classification Manual, 1987 Edition. For this reason, they are not strictly comparable with data for the years 1985–88, which were based on the Standard Industrial Classification Manual, 1972 Edition, 1977 Supplement. Beginning with the 1992 survey, the annual survey measures only nonfatal injuries and illnesses, while past surveys covered both fatal and nonfatal incidents. To better address fatalities, a basic element of workplace safety, BLS implemented the Census of Fatal Occupational Injuries. 5 Excludes farms with fewer than 11 employees since 1976. 3 The incidence rates represent the number of injuries and illnesses or lost workdays per 100 full-time workers and were calculated as (N/EH) X 200,000, where: 100 - Monthly Labor Review • February 2007 NOTE: Dash indicates data not available. 55. Fatal occupational injuries by event or exposure, 1998-2003 Fatalities Event or exposure 1 1998-2002 20023 average2 Number 2003 Number Percent Total……………..................................................................... 6,896 5,534 5,559 100 Transportation incidents................................................................ Highway incident……..................................................................... Collision between vehicles, mobile equipment…………............. Moving in same direction…………........................................... Moving in opposite directions, oncoming…………................... Moving in intersection…………................................................ 2,549 1,417 696 136 249 148 2,385 1,373 636 155 202 146 2,367 1,350 648 135 269 123 42 24 12 2 5 2 27 33 17 (4) 281 367 303 358 192 380 63 92 235 293 373 312 323 164 356 64 71 194 324 321 252 347 186 336 43 68 208 6 6 5 6 3 6 1 1 4 Assaults and violent acts............................................................... Homicides…............………............................................................ Shooting……………………………………………………………… Stabbing……………………………………………………………… Self-inflicted injuries............………................................................ 910 659 519 61 218 840 609 469 58 199 901 631 487 58 218 16 11 9 1 4 Contact with objects and equipment.…………............................. Struck by object…............………................................................... Struck by falling object………….................................................. Struck by flying object…......…………......................................... Caught in or compressed by equipment or objects…............……… Caught in running equipment or machinery………….................. Caught in or crushed in collapsing materials…............………....... 963 547 336 55 272 141 126 872 505 302 38 231 110 116 911 530 322 58 237 121 126 16 10 6 1 4 2 2 Falls..………………………................................................................ Fall to lower level…............………................................................. Fall from ladder…………............................................................. Fall from roof…......…………....................................................... Fall from scaffold, staging…......…………................................... Fall on same level…............………................................................ 738 651 113 152 91 65 719 638 126 143 88 64 691 601 113 127 85 69 12 11 2 2 2 1 Exposure to harmful substances or environments..……………… Contact with electric current…............………................................ Contact with overhead power lines…………............................... Contact with temperature extremes…............………..................... Exposure to caustic, noxious, or allergenic substances…............… Inhalation of substances…………............................................... Oxygen deficiency…............………............................................... Drowning, submersion………….................................................. 526 289 130 45 102 50 89 69 539 289 122 60 99 49 90 60 485 246 107 42 121 65 73 52 9 4 2 1 2 1 1 1 Fires and explosions ..………………………................................... 190 165 198 4 Vehicle struck stationary object or equipment in roadway……… Vehicle struck stationary object, or equipment on side of road.................................................................. Noncollision incident................................................................... Jackknifed or overturned—no collision…………...................... Nonhighway (farm, industrial premises) incident............................ Overturned………….................................................................... Worker struck by a vehicle…………………………………………… Rail vehicle…….………….…...………………………………………… Water vehicle …............................................................................. Aircraft…………………………………………………………………… 1 Based on the 1992 BLS Occupational Injury and Illness Classification Manual . Includes other events and exposures, such as bodily reaction, in addition to those shown separately. 2 3 Excludes fatalities from the Sept. 11, 2001, terrorist attacts. The BLS news release of September 17, 2003, reported a total of 5,524 fatal work injuries for calendar year 2003. Since then, an additional 10 job-related fatalities were identified, bringing the total job-related fatality count for 2002 to 5,534. 4 Equal to or greater than 0.5 percent. NOTE: Totals for major categories may include subcategories not shown separately. Percentages may not add to totals because of rounding. Monthly Labor Review • February 2007 101 COMPENSATION AND WORKING CONDITIONS U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS Medical Plan Type, Fee Arrangement, and Financial Intermediaries, 2006 by Frank Conlon Bureau of Labor Statistics Originally Posted: February 27, 2007 BLS data show that just over half of all workers in private industry participated in some kind of employer-provided healthcare plan as of March 2006; of those, 55 percent were enrolled in "fee-for-service plans" and 29 percent were enrolled in health maintenance organizations. According to the National Compensation Survey (NCS)1, in March 2006, 52 percent of private sector workers participated in an employer provided medical plan. The fee arrangements in such plans generally fall into one of two types--indemnity and prepaid. BLS defines an indemnity plan, also known as a "fee-for-service" plan, as a medical plan that reimburses the patient or the provider as expenses are incurred. By contrast, prepaid plans are Health Maintenance Organizations (HMOs) whose enrollees pay a set fee whether or not costs are incurred. Approximately 55 percent of participating workers are covered by indemnity plans, while about 29 percent are covered by prepaid plans.2 (See table 1.) A closer look at the data reveals interesting patterns. For example, 9 in 10 participants in indemnity plans are restricted in their choice of service providers. (See table 2.) One such restriction is made through Preferred Provider Organizations (PPOs). PPOs have contracts with certain medical providers known as "designated" or "preferred" providers. The employee may visit any provider he or she chooses, but the reimbursement is more generous when the employee visits one of the designated or preferred providers. Even more restrictive are Exclusive Provider Organization (EPO) plans, in which enrollees must use the EPO providers exclusively in order to receive coverage. Even when the data are broken down by occupation, industry, employment size, or other variables, it generally remains the case that about 9 in 10 participants in indemnity plans are restricted in their choice of providers. There was one notable exception: Union workers are more likely to be in a plan with unrestricted choice of providers than are nonunion workers. (See chart 1.) Among employees who participate in employer-provided medical plans, 29 percent are enrolled in prepaid plans (HMOs). According to the BLS definition, prepaid medical insurance plans come with one of two types of restrictions on choice of service providers: Participants can use network providers only (applicable to 3-in-5 prepaid plan participants), or they can use nonnetwork providers but face financial disincentives. Doctor visits, hospital stays, operations, and all other healthcare services are provided by members of the HMO. Generally, all health services are managed by a primary care provider who is also under contract with the HMO. The insured may change providers, as long as the new providers are members of the HMO network. If the insured opt to go outside the network for health services, they typically will not be covered under the plan (unless they were previously authorized by the primary care provider). As can be seen in table 3, among private industry workers enrolled in prepaid healthcare plans, those with no option to go outside the network outnumber those with the option to go outside the network by nearly a 3-to-2 margin. Indeed, among the various worker characteristics shown in the table, only nonmetropolitan workers were more likely than not to have the option of obtaining services from providers who are not part of the network. NCS data also provide estimates on financial intermediaries for indemnity plans. In this context, a financial intermediary is defined as the entity responsible for paying the costs of medical and administrative services to healthcare providers on behalf of the employer and its plan members. Employer-provided medical insurance plans are classified as either self-insured or not self-insured. Self-insured plans are those for which employers directly assume the cost of health insurance payouts for their employees. Plans that are not self-insured are financed through insurance carriers or other independent carriers. (See table 4.) Page 1 COMPENSATION AND WORKING CONDITIONS U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS Approximately 45 percent of workers employed by organizations with 100 or more employees were covered under selfinsured plans, while only 17 percent of workers in establishments with fewer than 100 employees were covered under selfinsured plans (See chart 2.) Another way to look at this issue is to note that about 3 out of 4 participants in self-insured plans work in larger establishments--those with 100 or more employees. NOTE: Standard errors have not been calculated for NCS benefits estimates. Consequently, none of the statistical inferences made in this report could be verified by a statistical test. Frank Conlon Economist, Division of Compensation Data Analysis and Planning, Office of Compensation and Working Conditions, Bureau of Labor Statistics. Telephone: (202) 691-6258; E-mail: Conlon.Frank@bls.gov Notes 1 The National Compensation Survey (NCS) provides comprehensive measures of occupational earnings, compensation cost trends, benefit incidence, and detailed benefits plan provisions. For more technical information on these data, see the technical note in National Compensation Survey: Employee Benefits in Private Industry in the United States, March 2006, Summary 06-05 (Bureau of Labor Statistics, August 2006. pp. 33-35. 2 In the March 2006 NCS survey, 16 percent of workers covered by employer-provided medical plans were in plans coded as "not determinable." The data used in this article, which come from the NCS March 2006 summary database, may differ from those published in the detailed provisions bulletin due to sample, collection method, timing, and other factors. Table 1. Percent of workers with employer-provided medical insurance by fee arrangement, private industry, March 2006 Fee Arrangement Characteristics Indemnity Prepaid Not Determinable All workers 55 29 16 White-collar occupations 55 30 15 Blue-collar occupations 57 26 17 Service occupations 48 32 20 Full time 55 29 16 Part time 46 31 24 Union 47 27 26 Nonunion 56 29 14 Average wage less than $15 per hour 59 26 15 Average wage $15 or greater per hour 52 31 17 Goods producing 58 26 16 Service producing 53 30 16 1 to 99 workers 57 29 14 100 or more workers 54 29 18 Metropolitan areas 52 31 17 Nonmetropolitan areas 72 16 12 Page 2 COMPENSATION AND WORKING CONDITIONS U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS Table 2. Indemnity medical plans: percent of workers by choice of plan provider, private industry, March 2006 Choice of plan providers Restricted All workers 90 White-collar occupations Blue-collar occupations Not restricted Not determinable 9 1 90 8 1 89 10 1 Service occupations 88 11 1 Full time 90 9 1 Part time 90 8 2 Union 84 14 1 Nonunion 90 8 1 Average wage less than $15 per hour 91 8 1 Average wage $15 or greater per hour 89 10 1 Goods producing 90 10 1 Service producing 90 9 2 1 to 99 workers 91 8 2 100 or more workers 89 10 1 Metropolitan areas 90 9 2 Nonmetropolitan areas 89 11 1 Table 3. Prepaid medical plans: percent of workers by choice of plan providers, private industry, March 2006 Choice of plan providers Characteristics Restricted, no option to go outside network Restricted, option to go outside network Not determinable All workers 58 39 3 White-collar occupations 58 39 3 Blue-collar occupations 59 40 2 Service occupations 57 38 5 Full time 58 39 3 Part time 58 41 1 Union 67 32 2 Nonunion 57 41 3 Average wage less than $15 per hour 58 39 3 Average wage $15 or greater per hour 58 39 2 Goods producing 60 39 1 Service producing 57 39 3 1 to 99 workers 58 39 2 100 or more workers 58 39 3 Metropolitan areas 59 38 3 Nonmetropolitan areas 44 53 3 Page 3 COMPENSATION AND WORKING CONDITIONS U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS Table 4. Indemnity medical plans: percent of workers by financial intermediary, private industry, March 2006 Characteristics Financial Intermediary Self-insured Not self-insured Not determinable All workers 32 66 2 White-collar occupations 32 65 2 Blue-collar occupations 31 67 2 Service occupations 37 61 1 Full time 32 66 2 Part time 35 61 4 Union 34 64 2 Nonunion 32 66 2 Average wage less than $15 per hour 31 67 2 Average wage $15 or greater per hour 34 64 2 Goods producing 34 64 1 Service producing 32 66 2 1 to 99 workers 17 82 1 100 or more workers 45 52 3 Metropolitan areas 31 67 2 Nonmetropolitan areas 37 61 1 Data for Chart 1. Indemnity medical plans: percent of workers participating in restricted and not restricted plans by bargaining status, private industry, March 2006 Restricted Not Restricted Union 84 14 Nonunion 90 8 Page 4 COMPENSATION AND WORKING CONDITIONS U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS Data for Chart 2. Indemnity medical plans: percent of workers participating in plans, self-insured and not self-insured, by size of establishment, private industry, March 2006 1 to 99 workers 100 or more workers Self-insured 17 45 Not self-insured 82 52 U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics | Division of Information and Marketing Services, PSB Suite 2850, 2 Massachusetts Avenue, NE Washington, DC 20212-0001 | www.bls.gov/OPUB | Telephone: 1-202-691-5200 | Contact Us Page 5
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