Full text of Monthly Labor Review : February 1967, Vol. 90, No. 2

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Monthly
Labor

Review
FEBRUARY

1967

VOL.

90

NO.

Li.fc/2
<\olZ

Evolution of an Economist
Why the Unemployed Look for Work
The Economy in 1966
Papers From the IRRA Meeting
FEB 2 0 1967
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UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF LABOR
BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

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UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF LABOR
W. Willard Wirtz , Secretary

BUREAU OF LABOR STA TISTICS
A r t h u r M . R o ss,
R obert

Commissioner of Labor Statistics

J. M y e r s , Deputy Commissioner

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Monthly Labor Review
UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF LABOR

L aw r en c e R . K l e in ,

•

BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Editor-in-Chief

CONTENTS
Articles
1
1
5
9
12
18
23
24
26
27
28
30
32
39
48
53

The Economy in 1966
I. The Economic Setting
II. The Labor Force
III. Price Developments
Development of Labor Law in 1966
The Evolution of an Economist: A Review Essay
Papers From the IRRA Annual Meeting
The Trend to Autonomy in Collective Bargaining
Poverty in the Ghetto—The View From Watts
Operational Problems of the Job Corps
Trends in Employer Manpower Policies
Recent Influences on the Supply of Labor
Special Labor Force Report: Why the Unemployed Look for Work
Out of Uniform II. Educational Attainment Seen as a Key Factor for
Retired Servicemen
Occupational Classification: An Economic Approach
Hiring and Promotion Policies Under FEP Legislation

Departments
ii
in
57
59
62
64
73
80


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This Issue in Brief
The Labor Month in Review
Foreign Labor Briefs
Significant Decisions in Labor Cases
Chronology of Recent Labor Events
Developments in Industrial Relations
Book Reviews and Notes
Current Labor Statistics

February 1967 • Vol. 90 • No. 2

This Issue in Brief. . .

S teps toward development of a reliable system of
occupational classification as a tool for the econ­
omist are outlined in Occupational Glassification:
An Economic Approach, by G. G. Cain, W. Lee
Hansen, and Burton A. Weisbrod (p. 48). A good
occupational classification, assert the authors, can
serve as part of “a larger information system . . .
designed to reveal more about the current and
prospective labor-resource flexibility of the
economy.'’
I n The Evolution of an Economist (p. 18), Guy
Ronth reviews the recently published papers of
Paul A. Samuelson—“129 papers, nearly a mil­
lion words,” or about 37,000 words a year during
a 27-year span, “a monument to the learning and
industry of one economist.” “It is a genius ill
content with the boundaries of economics, one
that economists will have to follow in explora­
tions to unlikely places,” says the reviewer in re­
flecting upon Samuelson’s vast intellectual endow­
ments.
versus S tate jurisdiction, equal em­
ployment opportunity, and the power and com­
petence of the national labor boards ranked high
among the issues that came up for review by
Federal courts last year, according to Gresham
C. Smith’s roundup of the Development of Labor
Lam in 1966 (p. 12). New on the U.S. Supreme
Court’s term calendar were cases under the equal
employment opportunity provisions (Title V II)
of the Civil Rights Act of 1964. And, for the
first time in five consecutive terms, the court con­
cerned itself with cases arising under the Wage
and Hour Law.

F ederal

I n a second excerpt from their study on re­

tired servicemen’s adjustment to civilian em ploy­
ment (Out of Uniform II. Educational A t­

tainment Seen as a Key Factor for Retired Serv­
n

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icemen in the Establishment of a Second Career, p.
39), Laure M. Sharp and Albert D. Biderman re­
port that military service equips most servicemen
with “general skills for which there are many
civilian counterparts, but also much civilian
competition.” Ex-servicemen, they say, are usu­
ally evaluated “in common-denominator civilian
terms” rather than on the skills they acquired in
the service, and this means “primarily education
plus personality-type qualifications, for which
rank achieved in the military is one indicator.”
E xcerpts on a variety of topics are presented in
Papers From the IR R A Annual Meeting (p. 23),
selected from the many delivered to the annual
conference of the Industrial Relations Research
Association held in San Francisco in late Decem­
ber. Among them are discussions of current
trends in collective bargaining, employer man­
power policies, and influences on labor supply.
“E verywhere the proportion of Negroes is greater

in blue-collar jobs than in white-collar, the degree
of difference being correlated with the nature of
the industry and the type of jobs which pre­
dominate.” This is one of the conclusions of a
study of employment patterns, based on interviews
conducted by eight State and local fair employ­
ment practices agencies. The study, summarized
in Hiring and Promotion Policies Under FEP
Legislation (p. 53), was prepared by the Institute
of Labor and Industrial Relations, Wayne State
University. Another significant finding was that,
in these States and cities with F E P agencies, more
than half the respondents were not even aware of
their existence.
K athryn D. H oyle

attempts to answer the ques­
tion explicit in her Special Labor Force Report—
Why the Unemployed Look for Work (p. 32).
She classifies and analyzes pertinent data of 6 sur­
vey months of the past 3 years according to age,
sex, race, and duration of unemployment of the
jobseekers, and gives this answer: More than half
of them had either lost jobs (40 percent) or quit
them (15 percent), one-fourth were reentering the
labor force after absence for unknown reasons, and
one-fifth were persons—presumably youngsters—
who had never worked.

The Labor Month
in Review
Income Guarantees:
A Spectrum of Opinion
T h e guaranteed income, only a short time ago
considered the brainchild of radical economists and
idealistic political thinkers, has in the past year
been espoused by a variety of people for a variety
of reasons. Such groups as the President’s Com­
mission on Technology, Automation, and Eco­
nomic Freedom, the Council of Economic Ad­
visers, and the White House conference “To
Fulfill These Rights,” have considered income
guarantees among the possible answers to prob­
lems they are trying to solve, be they equal rights,
automation, unemployment, or consumption.
Much of this diversity was on view when five wellknown advocates and critics of the proposal ex­
plained their views to U.S. Chamber of Commerce
members in Washington on December 9, 1966.

Universal or Particular? The current discus­
sion of a guaranteed income was set in motion by
people who believe that technological- change will
require a divorce between work and income.
Robert Theobald, an English economist now livingin the TTnited States, is an active member of this
group. In his view, cybernation has resulted in
a divergence of “the needs of the businessman and
the characteristics of ever-larger parts of the
population . . . the problem is not that of un­
employment but of unemployability at any socially
acceptable wage.” To combat this situation, he
proposes to “guarantee to every citizen of the
United States . . . the right to an income from
the Federal Government sufficient to live with
dignity.”
Few economists have agreed with Theobald’s
assessment of the impact of cybernation. Yet the
guaranteed income has appealed to many as a more
efficient and effective way to attack poverty than
those now in use.

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How To Pay It. Whatever the purpose or amount,
most people who have proposed the guaranteed
income would distribute it through a negative in­
come tax, such as one devised by Milton Friedman,
professor of economics at the University of Chi­
cago. Friedman’s plan differs from Theobald’s
in that the guaranteed income he would provide
“is not equal to the income at which the taxpayer
neither pays taxes nor receives a subsidy”—the
breakeven level. Rather, a family receiving a
total pre-tax income below’ the breakeven point—
$3,000 in Friedman’s illustration—would receive
a payment determined by the tax rate. A nega­
tive rate of 50 percent, “the highest rate that
seems . . . at all feasible,” would thus result in
a $500 payment and a $2,500 income for a family
of four with a pre-tax income of $2,000.
Friedman supports the negative income tax “as
a substitute for present w-elfare programs; as a
device for accomplishing the objectives of these
programs more efficiently, at lower cost to the tax­
payer, and with a sharp reduction in bureauc­
racy.” As to the cost of such a program, he quoted
an estimate of $7 to $9 billion for 1964, a year
in which public assistance programs totaled $5.1
billion. “Clearly, the elimination of public as­
sistance plus only a modest reduction in other
programs would be enough to finance that
particular negative income tax with no net cost.”
James Tobin, professor of economics at Yale
University and a former member of the Council
of Economic Advisers, criticizes the existing
welfare system:
First, our present w elfare program s by no means
cover everyone who is in need. Second, they do not
meet adequately the needs of many whom they do
cover. Third, th eir adm inistration is an impossible
and costly burden which diverts resources and talent
from constructive rehabilitative social work. F ourth
and perhaps most im portant, they provide exactly
the wrong incentives to many of th eir beneficiaries—
incentives not to work, not to save, and even not to
live in families.

A negative income tax would, he feels, go a longway toward overcoming these defects. In addi­
tion, there would be the administrative ease of op­
erating through the largely automated Internal
Revenue Service.
Yet Tobin’s version of the negative income tax
differs from Friedman’s in that he does not intend
all government transfer payments, such as social
iii

IV

security, unemployment compensation, and the
like, to yield to payments under the new system, as
Friedman does. For this reason, he estimates that
the cost of such a program would range from $14
billion to $25 billion, depending on whether the
government provided housing and medical care in
kind, or increased payments enough to allow the
recipients to pay market rentals and to purchase
medical insurance, which he would prefer for
greater efficiency.
Opposition. Henry Hazlitt, economic journalist,
strongly opposes the proposal, partly because he
thinks it would create an “enormous vested inter­
est in building up the volume and variety of hand­
outs and the number of recipients.” (Friedman
had originally conceived of this disadvantage, but
he now believes that because his plan “is general
and linked to the positive income tax it is less likely
than are other plans to be extended to unreason­
able and dangerous limits.”)
Another criticism of the plan, seemingly shared
by many in the Chamber’s audience, was the al­
leged immorality of, and traditional American
distaste for, giving “something for nothing.”
Congressman Thomas B. Curtis considers that the
“value system of Western Man has for centuries
associated work with income.” “Specifically,” he
questions, “can a right to income without work be
adopted without creating deep cleavages and con­
flicts in our society?” Hazlitt, too, is concerned
that with payments a matter of right, “it is appar­
ently to be no business of the taxpayers if the
recipient chooses . . . to devote his guaranteed
leisure to gambling, dissipation, drunkenness, de­
bauchery, dope addiction, or a life of crime.”
To these arguments, Friedman responds: “True,
they may spend much of it in ways we disapprove
of—but they do now . . . .” And Tobin says that
“anecdotes aside, there is little evidence that wel­
fare recipients spend their money either less wisely
than their neighbors or more wisely.”
Incentives. Other objections rest on economic
grounds. Hazlitt notes that “millions of service
jobs are unfilled in this country because men and
women will often prefer to exist on small welfare
payments rather than . . . shine shoes, wash cars,
mow lawns, act as porters at railroads or bus sta­
tions, or do any number of other necessary jobs.”
Who, he wonders, “would be willing to take the

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MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, FEBRUARY 1967

smelly jobs, or any low-paid job, once the guar­
anteed income program is in effect?”
Congressman Curtis’ concern is different.
“Economic growth also would suffer to the extent
that a guaranteed annual income weakened incen­
tives to save . . . . The likely result would be a
higher rate of current consumption, less saving,
and a slowdown in the modernization and expan­
sion of plant and equipment.” This, he says, would
be a “direct threat to employment opportunities,”
which “depend upon a high level of investment.”
Retaining the incentive to provide for oneself
is probably the greatest concern of those consider­
ing income guarantees. For this reason most
of the participants rejected Theobald’s idea of
furnishing all the income required to bring
everyone to a predetermined level of adequacy.
(Theobald isn’t worried about providing incen­
tives since, he says, “surveys show that most
Americans in all income classes have an almost
pathological desire to toil.”)
It was partly this concern that led Friedman
and Tobin to the negative income tax, which would
reimburse an individual for only a portion of the
amount his income falls below the breakeven level.
A 50-percent marginal rate, for example, would
allow keeping half of every dollar earned and thus
create an incentive to work. At present, welfare
payments are reduced by the amount earned, which
is equivalent to a 100-percent rate.
Some Agreement. Whatever the debate on the
proposals under consideration, an income guar­
antee is something we have already promised, ac­
cording to almost all the symposium’s partici­
pants. As Congressman Curtis said, “for those
unable to work, our public assistance programs
have stood as a basic income guarantee, however
inadequate.”
The discussion also revealed the lack of gener­
ally accepted data to support many of the positions
taken, including those on the effects of automation
on employment, the impact of benefits on incen­
tives to work, and the propensity to debauchery
among relief recipients. And other income sub­
stitutes—such as family allowances, or providing
services in place of money—were not up for dis­
cussion. Certainly, the debate will continue, for
all participants agreed that the current programs
they were criticizing do not yet fulfill our implied
commitment to insure support for all.

The Economy in 1966
E ditor ’s N ote.— In a triad oj analytical summaries, this issue attempts to put

into perspective the varied and sometimes contradictory economic events oj
the past year, and to provide a sound basis jor understanding the country’s
economic activity in the coming months. Hyman L. Lewis describes the
economic setting in 1966 and the outlook jor 1967; Gertrude Bancroft M cNally
discusses employment and unemployment; and Pearl C. Ravner tells the 1966
price story.

I. The Economic Setting
H y m a n L. L e w

is *

h e r a t e of real economic growth was sufficient
in 1966, as it had been in 4 of the previous 5 years,
to reduce unemployment notably. The unemploy­
ment rate finally averaged less than 4 percent—
for the first time since the Korean War—while
labor shortages were no more serious at yearend
than earlier. But the improvement coincided with
sharp increases in prices and labor costs, giving
rise to fears of inflation. Resultant steps to slow
down demand necessarily created additional
imbalances.
Explanation of the old year’s developments—
and perspective for the price, wage, and employ­
ment patterns of 1967—cannot be found in the
annual averages, however. These averages fre­
quently smooth out aberrant months and quarters,
but at times they conceal basic changes. A
quarter-by-quarter review of the year’s demand
factors and of their response to governmental ac­
tions to temper the rate of expansion shows that
the boom had lost its vigor before the spring was
over.
The best gain of 1966 was the 6-percent rise in
real growth during the first quarter. In the
succeeding quarter, the pace fell far below 4
percent (the minimum necessary to hold unem­
ployment steady if labor force and productivity
grow at trend rates). In the final half, the

T

*Chief, Division of Economic
Statistics.


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Studies, Bureau of Labor

rate rebounded to about 4 percent, but the main
sources of strength were either ephemeral (inven­
tory accumulation) or highly unpredictable
(defense spending).
The decline in the rate of economic growth was
reflected in the unemployment rate, which leveled
off after February; in nonfarm payroll employ­
ment, which rose in the second half of the year at
only half the pace of the first h a lf; and in indus­
trial prices, which advanced more slowly during
the second half than in any similar period since
1963. But earlier rapid increases in demands and
shortages carried consumer prices and workers’
wages steadily upward.
Actions Against Inflation

At the beginning of the year, a price-wage spiral
was sufficiently likely that policies to stimulate
demand were no longer appropriate. Early in
the spring, the excise tax reductions of January 1
were rescinded for automobiles and telephone serv­
ice, withholding rates of personal income taxes
were increased, and the collection of corporate
taxes was speeded up. Another fiscal policy ac­
tion, suspension of the investment tax credit and
of certain accelerated depreciation procedures, was
proposed in September and made effective in early
November.
Monetary authorities carried the brunt of the
attack on inflation, taking their first step in De­
cember 1965. The rapid monetary expansion
which had begun in mid-1964 was brought to an
end in the spring of 1966, and the seasonally ad­
justed supply of money declined after June. In
l

2

November, it became apparent that monetary au­
thorities were embracing a somewhat easier money
policy.
Still another avenue of attack upon inflation was
extension of the Government’s guideposts for noninflationary price and wage behavior into direct
involvement in the setting of prices for certain
key commodities and the settlement of several
major labor-management disputes.
The Course of Demand

In the first quarter, the growth in demand had
already slowed down from the much higher rates
of the second half of 1965, when the realization
that the military conflict would be costly and pro­
longed gave a second wind to the prosperity result­
ing from the 1964 tax cut and Government pro­
grams to aid low-income persons. Demand slowed
down further after the fiscal policy actions of
March and the monetary restrictions took hold.
But each major segment of demand reacted differ­
ently.
Housing. Housing activity was the major cas­
ualty of monetary policy. The homebuilding
industry entered a recession in the spring, and the
year’s nonfarm starts sank to a postwar low. The
cause was not weakening demand or overbuilding:
Family incomes have been rising rapidly, and the
number of marriages was greater than in any year
since the immediate postwar period. Rather, it
was inability to finance sales. Housing activity
will rebound sharply when the monetary stringen­
cies are relieved.
Business Investment. The rate of growth in
plant and equipment expenditures was cut in half
in the second half of 1966. The slowdown re­
flected the tightening of credit, but a weakening
of demand after the mid-1965 spurt may have
been at least as important. The rate of utilization
of industrial capacity, which had risen steadily
since early 1961, stabilized after the first quarter
of 1966.
Investment and depreciation tax changes—a
demonstration of Government concern over the
increases in investment demand and in prices—
had an important psychological effect in late 1966,
and are no doubt playing a major role in dampen­
ing investment anticipations for 1967. But the

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MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, FEBRUARY 1967

leveling off in profits and the foreseeable difficul­
ties in maintaining margins are also important
deterrents.
Consumption. Consumer demand began the year
with considerable buoyancy, but made only small
dollar gains, and no real increase, in the second
quarter—apparently as a result of the sharp in­
crease in the tax take—and grew only moderately
thereafter. The major change in trend was a drop
in automobile sales in the second quarter; some
of the drop was attributed to the car safety pub­
licity and some to earlier buying as a hedge against
reimposition of excise taxes. By yearend, the
rebound had not returned sales to the levels a
year earlier. Demand for other durable goods
also dipped in the second quarter, but recovered
somewhat. Here the lack of newThousing was an
important factor; tighter credit may also have
contributed.
In the face of very sizable gains in personal
income, the edge was taken off real demand by the
sharp rises in personal tax payments and in prices.
From the first to third quarters of 1966, personal
tax payments rose 11 percent (partly as a result
of increased withholding and deficiency payments
on 1965 taxes) compared with an increase of only
1 percent in the same period of 1965. Personal
income after taxes was rising only half as fast as
it had been a year earlier. Consumers made up a
part of this difference by reducing their rate of
savings to a level which generally has not been
maintained for long.
Despite the increase in incomes there had been
a disappointingly small rise—or even a declinein purchasing power. In November, for instance,
the purchasing power of the average factory pro­
duction worker with three dependents was D/t
percent lower than a year earlier, despite an
increase in weekly earnings of $4.28.
Nevertheless, per capita physical consumption
of goods and services, which had risen about 3 per­
cent a year in 1962 to 1964 and 4.6 percent in 1965,
increased another 3.7 percent in 1966. The 1966
gain in consumption resulted not so much from
the rise in the individual worker’s income as from
the greatly expanded number of workers and the
large increases in transfer payments. In this
sense, the prosperity was widely shared and re­
sulted in a more broadly based demand and a
greater call, particularly for services and staples.

THE ECONOMY IN 1966

Increased consumption was also partially due to
the drop in the rate of savings. A 1967 rise in
the saving rate to a more customary level would
therefore dampen the increase in spending to be
expected from rising incomes.
Government. The only major sector in which ex­
penditures rose strongly throughout the year was
government, where the rate of increase was nearly
double the pace for the total gross national
product.1 Government purchases and employ­
ment accounted for three-eighths of the total in­
crease in GNP between the end of 1965 and a year
later. The rising government demand showed up
even more strongly in manpower: Of the increase
of 3 million in nonfarm payroll employment,
800,000 appeared on the government rolls, and
approximately half a million were added in major
defense industries and those servicing them. In
addition, the Armed Forces rose by more than half
a million.
After 3 years in which annual increases were
on the order of a billion dollars, Federal payrolls
and direct purchases rose at a $9 billion rate after
mid-1965, and even more rapidly in late 1966.
While the defense buildup was the major element
in the 1966 rise, its impact was much less than
during the Korean period, when, in a span of six
quarters, outlays rose from 4y2 percent of GNP
to 12% percent. The rise in the six quarters end­
ing December 1966 carried the ratio from 7 per­
cent to 8%. Thus, a slowdown—or even a re­
versal—in the rate of defense increase would have
considerably less effect than it had when Korean
hostilities ceased.
The rise in State and local outlays also was
unusually large. A sharp spurt in Federal grantsin-aid 2 was partially responsible. By contrast,
between late 1951 and mid-1953, there had been a
slowing down in the rate of increase in State and
local expenditures for goods and services.
In addition to actual hiring and buying, govern­
ment adds considerably to purchasing power
a The expenditure and receipts concepts used here are known
as “national income and products accounts.” These differ from
the A dm inistrative budget, mainly in including trust fund trans­
actions and in making allowances for tim ing differences. The
national income concept is comparable w ith data on private
expenditures and incomes, and provides a better picture of the
economic impact of government. See “The Budget of the U.S.
Government, F iscal Year 1967,” p. 376.
3 Many Federal outlays, such as for education, welfare, and
highways, appear under the State and local accounts.


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o

through social security and other payments for
which no personal service is currently rendered.
These payments, which had risen only moderately
between 1961 and 1964, jumped $3 billion in 1965
and some $5 billion in 1966. The increase in the
latter half of 1966, at a rate in excess of $7 billion
and going largely to the aged and to low-income
persons, significantly buttressed consumer demand.
Government receipts, again using the national
income accounts concept, kept pace with the rise
in payments during the calendar year. State and
local governments, which had deficits in every year
between 1949 and 1962 and small surpluses since,
apparently had a $3 billion or greater surplus dur­
ing 1966—the largest since at least 1929. Receipts
of the Federal Government probably exceeded ex­
penditures by about a billion dollars—somewhat
less than in 1965—as an unusually large surplus
of $3 billion (seasonally adjusted annual rate) in
the first half of 1966 was largely offset by a bal­
ance in the third quarter and a substantial deficit
in the final quarter.
In 1966, governments were taking somewhat
more money out of the economy than they were
putting in. The surplus occurred when the econ­
omy was expanding and the deficit when it had
begun to slow down. This could mean that the
government’s fiscal actions were salutary in that
they leaned against the wind. Probably more im­
portant than the relatively small balances, how­
ever, was the effect of government procurement on
private inventory and investment policy.
Weakening in demand thus was entirely in the
civilian economy and resulted both from specific
government policy and from reaction to previous
over-buying and to higher prices.
The Course of Prices and Wages

Economic developments are the result of both
anticipations and lags as well as the immediate
supply-demand situation. When most indicators
are pointing in one direction, anticipations gen­
erally tend to reinforce the trend. When all point
upward, they lead to advance buying and heavy
commitments to loan and to borrow. These, with
the profits resulting from increased volume, in
turn result in relaxed standards of hiring and
buying, competitive bidding for workers, exag­
geration of spot shortages, and a runup of costs.
Profits may rise even faster as the result of the

4
ability to pass on increased prices. Higher profits,
greater demand for labor, and rising prices all
set the stage for increased wages. Conversely,
when the indicators are indecisive or conflicting,
lags—typically the response of wages and some
of the slower moving prices to stimuli which may
have already disappeared—tend to become the
most prominent factor in the economic picture.
Analysis of demand indicates that the 1966 in­
flation did not represent a genuine “inflationary
gap”—a situation in which the capacity for real
growth is inadequate for the expansion in pur­
chasing power. Nor did the situation resemble
a wage-price spiral of the type generated in the
mid-fifties, when administered price and wage in­
creases caused prices to rise before the economy’s
potential for expansion had been exhausted. Al­
though there was little significant increase in real
output after early 1956, consumer and wholesale
prices both rose sharply for nearly 2 years longer
and wages also continued strongly upward.
Mainly, the recent wage-price problem seems
attributable to forces set in motion in late 1965—
bottlenecks resulting from increased general pros­
perity, various inelastic supply situations, and a
stepped-up military effort with no immediate
counterpressure from economic policy. These
frictions combined to permit the passing on of
costs which had been absorbed in the previous few
years of below-capacity operations. On the whole,
though, considering the new sources of demand in
recent years, trends were much more orderly than
in comparable situations in the 1950’s.
The Year Ahead

Extension of the trends in demand at the turn
of the year, together with the assumption that the
major impact of the defense expansion has already
been felt, indicates a real rate of growth for 1967
of around 4 percent. This is significantly less than
in the preceding 3 years. Even to achieve the
4-percent rate will require a continuing lift from
government.
Barring an unexpected change in conditions, the
labor force should expand in 1967 by 1.4 million,
or 1.8 percent of the civilian labor force. Again,
with average growth, the trend rise in productivity
will be about 2.5 percent (as measured in terms of


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MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, FEBRUARY 1967

GNP divided into total civilian employment).
Both these measures frequently fall wide of the
mark for a quarter or as long as a year or two,
and productivity gains may well fall short of trend
in 1967 because of the limited gain in output.
As a result of the fairly broad give in these
factors, it is possible to expect a 4-percent rate of
real growth to result in no change in the unem­
ployment rate, perhaps a moderate increase, but
hardly a decline. The 4-percent rate of growth
may be sufficient to prevent a significant rise in
the unemployment rate for a year or so. But it
could, if prolonged, dampen the increase in con­
sumer income, especially among the lower income
groups, and thereby weaken the confidence which
is necessary for a viable nondefense-oriented
economyRegardless of the rate of economic growth, a
considerable increase in wages is easily predict­
able, despite a cooling of the overall demand for
labor. Unit labor costs are therefore expected to
rise sharply for the second year in a row, confront­
ing management with cost problems at a time when
price increases will have become more difficult to
pass on. Similar rises in costs occurred in 1951-52
and 1956-57, without a satisfactory solution. How
these labor cost increases will affect a nonbooming
economy—in what combination of higher pro­
ductivity, lower profits, higher prices, and lower
employment—is one of the major questions for
1967.
Earlier in the decade, the economic sense in
cutting taxes despite a deficit was demonstrated.
Expansion was possible without inflation, how­
ever, because it started from a low level of man­
power and plant utilization. Economists will
never know how far the expansion could have gone
without inflation if the Viet Nam situation had not
escalated. In 1967, there may be a hard choice
between concern over an inevitable rise in wages
and prices, and concern over a lagging civilian
economy. Will we be able to walk the narrow line
between a “noninflationary” amount of rising de­
mand and rising unemployment? To do so will
require a judicious mixture of government eco­
nomic policy, and also a cooperative and con­
tinuing responsibility on the part of labor and
management.

THE ECONOMY IN 1966

II.

5

The Labor Force
Gertrude B a n c r o ft M cN a l l y *

c h i e v e m e n t of the interim goal of a 4-percent
unemployment rate marked 1966 as a year to re­
member.1 Three times during the year the total
unemployment rate fell to 3.7 percent, and rates
well below this were posted for certain specific
groups in the labor force. Nevertheless, workers
without much skill or experience, or handicapped
by racial discrimination or lack of education, were
still having great difficulties.
Unemployment has been lower in some earlier
years—most recently during the Korean conflict—
but employment was never higher than in 1966.
Except for agriculture, mining, transportation and
public utilities, and Federal Government, record
levels of employment were reached in each major
industry group.
Beyond the manpower requirements of industry,
the military action in Viet Nam demanded an un­
expectedly large number of men: During 1966,
some 900,000 men were drawn out of civilian life,
and almost half as many returned, for a net in­
crease of 500,000 in the strength of the Armed
Forces. Most of the civilian manpower needs
were met by expansion in the size of the labor
force, chiefly among women and teenagers. Be­
tween December 1965 and December 1966, the ba­
lance was achieved as follows:

A

Change, December 1965 to December 1966, in—
Total nonagriculturalemployment and the Armed ForcesUnemployment____________________________________
Agricultural employment-___ _______________________
Labor force________________________________________

Number
[In thousands]
+2,590
—150
—180
+2,260

No measure exists to gage the gross impact of
these net changes on the various job market mech­
anisms. Turnover rates in manufacturing suggest
that on the average there was more job activity in
1966 than in 1965; accessions and separations were
at a considerably higher rate in the year that has
just ended, with rates of new hires and quits rising
appreciably, and layoff rates down slightly.
Fears of labor shortages across the board proved
unwarranted, but at both ends of the occupational
ladder, apparent shortages did develop. Profes­
sional, technical, and some skill needs could not be

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met, nor could public or private employers main­
tain adequate staffs in low-paid service jobs. The
shortage of technical and skilled workers had its
obvious cause in an inadequate past investment in
training to meet the almost limitless needs of the
long economic boom and the military expansion.
The deficit in the numbers willing and available
to stay in low-paid service jobs is due, at least in
part, to the abundance of more attractive jobs else­
where. There was no decline in the proportion em­
ployed in service jobs, but there was perhaps great­
er mobility from one job to another. With rising
consumer income, there was more demand for hair­
dressers, waiters, restaurant cooks, bartenders, and
other service workers such as practical nurses and
hospital workers.
The lines of growth in employment and decline
in unemployment were less steady in 1966 than in
the preceding year, suggesting some slight wan­
ing in the power of the expansion. Total employ­
ment, which had risen in almost every month of
1965 (seasonally adjusted), fluctuated within a
narrow range in the early months of 1966, rose
during the summer, and stabilized again in the
early fall months. A sharp rise took place at the
end of the year. Between January and Decem­
ber, total employment rose 1.5 million in 1966, in
1965, 2.2 million.
Unemployment was much more sharply re­
duced in 1965 than in 1966—down 500,000 or 14
percent (seasonally adjusted) in 1965, but only
75,000 or 2.5 percent in 1966. The unemploy­
ment rate dropped 0.7 percentage points in 1965,
0.2 percentage points in 1966. In December 1966,
the rate was 3.8 percent, close to the year’s aver­
age. For craftsmen and nonfarm laborers, the
unemployment rates showed a slight upward drift
toward the end of the year.
Nonfarm payroll employment increased about
the same monthly amount in 1966 as in 1965.
However, the pace of the 1966 increase slowed
down temporarily in midsummer. The sharp
contraction in residential housing and other con­
struction as the money market tightened brought
on a persistent small decline in construction em­
ployment, beginning in April, and by November,
employment in this industry was below the level
*Of the Office of the Chief Economist, Bureau of Labor Sta­
tistics.
1
Unless otherwise indicated, the data cited are based on aver­
ages for 1966 and earlier years.

6

of a year ago. Employment in construction
activities and construction-related manufacturing
(lumber and wood products and stone, clay, glass
products) dropped by 100,000 or 2 percent. The
much publicized cutback in automobile sales and
production schedules had not affected employment
figures'by December.
Perhaps the only other signs of slackening in
the demand for labor toward the close of 1966
were a slight leveling-off in hours worked and a
reduction in nonfarm placements by the employ­
ment service. At 41.0 hours, the factory work­
week in December was down a little from the year
before and from the highs recorded earlier in the
year. Traditionally, a reduction in hours worked
is an early signal of employment cutbacks to come,
but in this case it may mean only an easing of the
pinch. Training of new workers has in all proba­
bility proceeded to the point where production
goals can be met with less reliance on overtime
work by the experienced work force. Better
trained workers, in combination with new and
more efficient equipment developed during the
long investment boom, have made excessively long
workweeks unnecessary in many plants.
The Labor Force

Growth in the labor force (including the Armed
Forces) averaged about 1.8 million over the
year—500,000 greater than was expected on the
basis of long-term trends. The year was the sec­
ond in which a large crop of postwar babies
turned 18. Instead of swamping the job market
and swelling the ranks of the unemployed, as some
had anticipated in the early 1960’s, they, together
with many older women, made it possible to ex­
pand the output of goods and services beyond
expectations.
Labor force participation rates continued to
drift down slightly for most age groups of men 18
and over, despite the expansion in job opportuni­
ties and military needs. For those under 25, there
was a greater tendency to remain in school, but
there are no special factors to explain the decline
in the rates of older men. Women continued to
seek and find work outside the home in increasing
proportions.
The actual civilian labor force, reflecting pop­
ulation size, rate of participation, and net with­


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MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, FEBRUARY 1967

drawals to the Armed Forces, grew by 1.4 million.
Of this increase in the civilian labor force, teen­
agers supplied one-half, and adult women the re­
mainder, while there was a small decline in the
number of adult civilian male workers.
The New Jobs

One-third of the new nonfarm jobs were in man­
ufacturing (1 million out of 3.1 million). The
annual rate of increase in jobs between 1965 and
1966 was higher than the year before in manufac­
turing and in government activities, particularly
Federal. Those activities most closely related to
defense production showed the largest percentage
gains in employment.
Some, but more modest, increases in growth rates
were achieved in other industries affected by pop­
ulation expansion, such as State and local govern­
ments and service industries.
Two out of 3 of the additional employed work­
ers (average 1965 to 1966) were women—1.3 out
of 1.9 million. Much of the increase in employ­
ment of men was supplied by teenagers—360,000.
Evidently there was a shifting of men from other
industries, or from among the unemployed, into
the high wage metalworking industries.
Employers made greater use of Negro 2 workers
to meet manpower needs in 1966. Close to 400,000
more Negroes were employed in nonagricultural
jobs in 1966, chiefly in clerical, operative, and serv­
ice (except private household) occupations.
The Unemployed in 1966

The jobseekers who kept the unemployment rate
close to 4 percent in 1966 were those who had re­
cently entered or reentered the labor force and
were not immediately hired when they started to
look for work, even though jobs of some kind were
available in the community.3
The changing composition of the unemployed
reflects this same development, one which has been
observed for several years. A smaller proportion

2 S tatistics for nonwhite workers are used to measure the
employment situation for Negroes. Negroes constitute about 92
percent of all nonwhites in the United States.
3 See “Why the Unemployed Look for Work,” p. 32 of this
issue.

THE ECONOMY IN 1966

are men 20 years of age and older, a larger pro­
portion are teenagers. And more and more of the
unemployed are looking for part-time work only.
Over the year, unemployment rates for many
population groups had fallen to levels thought im­
possible to achieve not long ago. With an overall
level of close to 4 percent, rates below 3 percent
were recorded for men in the age groups 25 to 64,
and for women 45 and older. Married men posted
a record low of only 1.9 percent, household heads
2.2 percent.
As might be expected from this composition pat­
tern of the unemployed, much of the unemploy­
ment was of short-term duration. Over half in
1966 had been continuously looking for work for
less than 5 weeks; not since the Korean conflict had
the proportion of short-term unemployed been so
high.
The 4 percent overall unemployment rate in 1966
meant substantially lower rates for certain groups,
but for Negroes the rates were still far too high
(7.5 percent for Negroes compared with 3.4 per­
cent for whites) and even further above the white
rates than in 1965.
Nonwhite teenage boys had an unemployment
rate of 21 percent in 1966, compared with 9.9 per­
cent for white boys. Nonwhite teenage girls not
only had higher unemployment rates in 1966 than
in 1965, but there was also a widening differential
between white and Negro girls in the proportion
in the labor force. Relatively fewer. Negro than
white girls are in the labor force, in part because
of the greater family responsibilities of the Ne­
groes in this age group, but perhaps also because
the job opportunities for Negroes are not attrac­
tive enough to make work seeking seem worth­
while. In the first three quarters of 1966, 1 out
of every 3 Negro girls in the population was either
unemployed or out of the labor force and not in
school; the comparable figure for white girls was
1 out of 4.
At the end of 1966, the seasonally adjusted rate
for all Negroes was slightly above the rate at the
beginning of the year, having risen somewhat in
the second and third quarters, and fallen back
part of the way. This failure to recover from the
deterioration that took place in the middle of the
year was most evident for adult men. It is possi­
ble that this upward drift in their unemployment
reflects the weakening in construction activities,

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7
where 1 out of every 6 employed Negro men is
working.
Youth Employment

The summer job program for young workers,
carried out by both government and the private
sector, was perhaps the major achievement in the
manpower field this year. By various means, the
public had become aware of the high unemploy­
ment rate of young people and the expected influx
of work seekers at the close of the school year.
Some 3.8 million teenagers were added to the labor
force between April and July 1966, but the num­
ber unemployed rose by 575,000 or just about the
expected seasonal amount. Thus, instead of crit­
ically high unemployment rates following on the
enormous labor force increase (more than is ex­
pected for the total labor force between one year
and the next), there was a valuable increase in the
labor supply, particularly of unskilled workers.
Teenagers contributed 10 percent of the Nation’s
man-hours worked in nonfarm industries in July.
Settled Issues

The year 1966 was a testing period for several
hypotheses that have been stoutly argued through
the years of high unemployment. At the end of
the year, there were new uncertainties about the
future of the boom and the probable course of
employment and unemployment, but some ques­
tions had been answered.
1. Increased aggregate demand can drive total
unemployment down to 4 percent, and far below
that for some types of workers. But, except for
occasional points in time, the vigorous economic
activity of the first three-quarters of the year 1966
brought no further gains in the direction of lower
unemployment. Most of the unemployed remain­
ing were (1) workers so handicapped by race, lack
of skill or education, poor health, or location that
they could not fill the jobs that were open; and
(2) workers who had so recently entered the labor
force that they did not know where the jobs were
or how to use the available mechanisms for place­
ment in the types of jobs they wanted.
2. At 4 percent unemployment, the bottlenecks
created by shortages of professional and skilled
workers may have been serious in individual cases

8

but they have not led to increasing overall unem­
ployment. Employers have resorted to overtime
hours, elimination of barriers created by previous
standards of education, color, and sex, use of parttime workers, on-the-job training, and other de­
vices to meet their manpower needs.
3. As a result of the foregoing, widespread
recognition has been given to the need for train­
ing—public, commercial, nonprofit, and on-the-job.
The inordinately high unemployment rate for
Negroes, particularly Negro youth, dramatized so
painfully by the demonstrations and disorders of
recent years, have made visible the heavy handi­
caps of those young people. High levels of em­
ployment have done little for them although there
has been some dissolving of the hard core of un­
employment of older workers with some job
experience.
4. With increasing demand, the pace of labor
force growth has stepped up beyond that sug­
gested by long-term trends, but this has not been
true across the board. Labor force participation
of younger people has increased, in some part be­
cause of the job-creation programs under the Eco­
nomic Opportunity Act—Neighborhood Youth
Corps. (Offsetting, for young men of draft age
and adequate economic resources, has been the
greater rate of school enrollment.) But there has
been no reversal of the modest downtrend in labor


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MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, FEBRUARY 1967

force rates for men 45 to 64 years old, nor of the
sharper reductions for men 65 and over. Avail­
ability of jobs cannot be the only factor affecting
job-seeking efforts of middle-age and older men.
Demands for manpower have been so strong over
the past 2 years that there has been no real test of
the effect on adult women of the competition of the
vast new supply of young workers. The novel de­
velopment has been the increasing labor force par­
ticipation of young adult women (age 20-34).
Meanwhile, women past 45 have continued to come
into the labor force. How the labor demand
might shift from one group to another in a period
of declining activity remains to be tested.
5. Finally, 1966 proved that in a period when
military needs were rising and civilian require­
ments were close to a record high, the problem of
unemployment of white youth could be held in
check, if not eliminated, even in the face of very
large increases in the number of labor force
entrants.. For Negro boys and girls, however, this
has not been true. For them the combination of
the stay-in-school campaign and job programs for
teenagers, stimulated by public concern, has not
been powerful enough. If their unemployment
rate could be brought down to the level of the rate
for white teenagers, an average of only 90,000 in­
stead of 215,000 Negro youth would have been
jobless in 1966.

THE ECONOMY IN 1966

III.

Price Developments
P e a r l C. R a v n e r *

E arly 1966 brought the first threat of inflation in
a decade, as farm and food prices as well as those
of raw industrial materials climbed steeply. As
the year advanced, consumer prices continued
steadily upward but wholesale prices leveled off in
September and then turned down.
By the end of the year, price trends varied so
greatly that they were used as evidence both by
those who foresaw inflation and by those who pre­
dicted an economic slowdown in the year ahead.
Wholesale farm and food prices had receded sub­
stantially from their August-September peak,
and, at yearend, prices of farm products were
slightly below and processed foods slightly above
their December 1965 levels. Industrial commod­
ity prices, after leveling off between July and
September, began to edge upward late in the year,
but more slowly than in the first half of 1966.
Prices of raw industrial materials dropped sharply
after mid-year, but those for finished goods con­
tinued to advance and were the chief cause of the
late 1966 upturn in industrial prices.
At the consumer level, more indications pointed
upward at yearend. Grocery store food prices had
declined only slightly from their August peak and
Chart 1.

W holesale and Consumer Prices, January
1964-October 1966


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

9
ended the year substantially higher than in Decem­
ber 1965. Prices of other commodities, particu­
larly shoes and clothing, rose more briskly as the
year advanced, and service prices began to increase
at the fastest pace since the Korean period. In
fact, service prices were a major factor in raising
the Consumer Price Index and causing it to con­
tinue to rise after mid-year while the Wholesale
Price Index (which includes only commodities)
remained stable or decreased.
For the year as a whole, consumer prices aver­
aged 3 percent and wholesale prices over 3
percent higher than in 1965. These price advances
roughly equalled those of the 1955-57 investment
boom inflation, but were much smaller than those
during the Korean emergency.
The American housewife focused on the fact
that grocery food prices over the year had aver­
aged 5 percent higher—on top of the 1965 rise
of
percent. During the 5 preceding years,
food prices had increased an average of only 1
percent annually.
Farm and Food Prices

The steep uptrend in 1965 and 1966 had many
causes. Higher income levels enabled more peo­
ple to buy more expensive foods, the Viet Nam
buildup increased purchases by the Armed Forces,
growing employment opportunities attracted lowpaid farm workers from such tasks as dairy farm­
ing, and the famine in India brought about larger
U.S. wheat shipments to that country. Unseason­
able freezes curtailed some fruit and vegetable
crops and several years of summer drought caused
farmers to use costly feeds instead of pasture for
beef and dairy herds.
Livestock and meat prices, particularly for
hogs and pork, were a major factor in the 1965early 1966 climb in farm and food prices. Dis­
couraged by several years of low prices, many
farmers had cut back their livestock production.
As hog and pork prices zoomed in 1965, hog rais­
ers boosted farrowings by 10 percent in the spring
of 1966. When these animals were marketed in
the fall, hog and pork prices dropped substan­
tially.
*Of the Office of Prices and Living Conditions, Bureau of Labor
Statistics.

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, FEBRUARY 1967

10
Chart 2.

W holesale Prices, January ‘64-October '66

IND EX (1957-59 =100)

In 1966, unlike the previous year, farm and food
price increases were not limited to livestock and
meats but were widely scattered throughout the
agricultural sector. Livestock prices rose 10 per­
cent, and wholesale prices of other farm products
also advanced sharply—poultry 6 percent, eggs 15
percent, and wheat and milk 13 percent each.
Higher farm prices were quickly transformed
into higher food prices. In 1966, retail prices
for meat averaged 10 percent more than in 1965,
eggs 15 percent, and bread and milk 6 percent.
For meals away from home, the li^-percent
price rise in 1966 was more than double that of
other recent years and the largest since 1953 (the
year these figures were first compiled). These
higher restaurant prices reflected not only in­
creased food costs but also the growing costs of
restaurant services which, like almost all consumer
service costs, climbed in 1966.

even during recessions and when commodity prices
were stable.
The acceleration in the rate of increase of service
prices, which had begun in the last half of 1965,
intensified in 1966 as new pressures were added to
those which had pushed service prices up in earlier
years. Prices for each large service group—rent,
household services, transportation, and medical
care—rose more in 1966 than at any time during the
preceding 5 years. For 1966 as a whole, service
prices averaged almost 4 percent higher than in
1965; medical care was up over 5 percent.
A significant portion of the 1966 price advance
came from those services where labor does not
form a large share of total costs. Financial serv­
ices and taxes (which make up one-fourth of the
service index) accounted for over one-third of
the rise in service prices as costs of mortgage in­
terest, property and auto insurance, and real es­
tate taxes rose substantially. Rent, an important
but slow-to-change cost, also moved up in 1966
and was responsible for 5 percent of the increase.
At the same time, those services where labor
does represent a high proportion of the final price
also went up steadily. Almost one-fourth of the
service price increase came from medical care
services (one-eighth of the service index) ; hos­
pital charges and physicians’ fees rose particu­
larly sharply. Fifteen percent of the 1966 ad­
vance resulted from rising costs of services perChart 3.

Consumer Prices, January '64-October ‘66

Consumer Services

The average family spends over one-third of
its money on “services" which include such di­
verse costs as utility rates, interest charges, bus
fares, insurance, as well as laundry babysitters’
fees, hairdressing, and auto repair charges.
Prices for the service group as a whole have in­
creased each year since the end of World War
II, nudging the general retail price level upward

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i oo
1964

1965

1966

THE ECONOMY IN 1960

formed by skilled labor such as home maintenance
and repair, haircuts, and auto repair. And those
services requiring less skilled labor—domestic
work, laundry, drycleaning—contributed another
10 percent to the rise in the service price level.
Gas, electric, and telephone utility rates showed
no price increase over the year, but public trans­
portation costs contributed 5 percent of the rise
in the service price level. Higher local transit
costs were a major factor.
The effect of Medicare, the growing cost of
money, and higher wTages were new upward influ­
ences. In addition, the longrun factors which
earlier had pushed service prices upward grew
even stronger. These included the expanding de­
mand for services, the low productivity character­
istic of many service industries, shortages of facil­
ities and trained personnel, and institutional
changes such as a wider use of medical insurance.
Industrial Materials and Products

As needs arising from the Viet Nam situation
were added to an already booming economy,
wholesale prices of industrial commodities began
to rise in 1965, after 6 years of stability. In the
first half of 1966, the upturn accelerated; it then
tapered off to about the same pace as in 1965. For
the year as a whole, industrial prices averaged 214
percent higher than in 1965, the same increases as
in the first year of the 1955-57 investment boom.
(In 1956, prices rose 4U> percent.) Many of the
wholesale price increases soon appeared as higher
consumer prices. Altogether, retail prices of all
commodities except food were almost 1% percent
higher than in 1965.
For the most part, the steep 1965-early 1966
price rises centered in raw industrial materials and
came from specific situations causing shortages at
a time of intense demand. The scarcity of cattle
hides—when a drought caused liquidation of herds
in Argentina—skyrocketed demand in world mar­
kets for U.S. hides and brought about a sharp rise
in prices for hides, leather, and—subsequently—
footwear. Stepped-up Government orders and a
shortage of railroad boxcars, coupled with antici­
patory buying because of a possible midyear strike,
caused West Coast lumber prices to zoom in the
spring of 1966. Shortages of some nonferrous
metals, particularly copper, grew intense as the
result of strikes at home and abroad and political
difficulties in some of the producer countries. As

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11
Chart 4.

Selected

W holesale

Industrial

Prices,

January 1964-October 1966

IND EX (!9 S 7 59 =100)

the situations improved, prices moved downward :
After mid-1966, hides and skin prices fell 32 per­
cent, lumber 7 percent, and nonferrous metals
2 percent. At the end of 1966, wholesale prices of
all crude materials were back to their December
1965 levels, as prices of other raw industrials, such
as rubber and wastepaper, also slid downward.
At the same time, the less dramatic but more
pervasive increases which in 1965 had pushed up
prices of intermediate and finished goods con­
tinued and spread to almost every industry. For
1966 as a whole, steel mill products averaged l 1/^
percent higher than in 1965, cotton products 2y2
percent, furniture 3 percent, tires 4 percent, and
gasoline 6 percent. In some producer durable in­
dustries, production bottlenecks as order backlogs
lengthened caused substantial increases—metal­
working machinery prices rose 5y2 percent. Even
the construction industry, which had been
affected by the tight money situation, showed con­
tinuing price rises. Despite the slide in lumber
prices from their mid-1966 peak, construction ma­
terial prices averaged
percent higher than in
1965.
Although the advance in industrial commodity
prices had diminished after mid-year, the end of
1966 brought a slight acceleration. Unlike the
increases in 1965 and early 1966, the late-1966 price
rises were spread among many industries and were
not the result of specific commodity increases.
They seemed to stem from underlying and persist­
ent influences still at work in the economy.

Development
of Labor Law
in 1966
Gresh a m

C. S m

it h

*

A s p e c t s o f t h e b o d y of American labor law re­
ceiving the attention of courts and administrative
agencies in 1966 ranged from the often-litigated
yet still stubborn question of the applicability of
State law in labor disputes to some of the first
court decisions under the equal employment op­
portunity provisions of the 1964 Civil Rights Act.
The year also saw the Supreme Court require the
National Railroad Adjustment Board to resolve
unions’ conflicting work claims in the railroad in­
dustry (in 1961 the Court had held that the
National Labor Relations Board has a similar duty
in industries subject to the National Labor Rela­
tions Act). The courts also grappled with the
sticky problem of non-Communist oaths, and up­
held the authority of the Secretary of Labor under
the Labor-Management Reporting and Disclosure
Act to regulate union elections and require reports
from labor relations consultants. Other actions
were the first Supreme Court decision arising un­
der the Federal Wage and Hour Law in five terms
and the first court endorsement of an NLRB
unfair labor practice finding based upon a union’s
failure to fairly represent all employees in its
bargaining unit.

Labor Relations

Federal-State Jurisdiction. In its continuing
effort to define the limits of State jurisdiction in
labor disputes, the U.S. Supreme Court faced the
issue of the application of State law to damage
suits against labor unions in two cases. In the first
case, the Court ruled that the NLRA does not pre­
clude a libel suit under State law whenever the de­
famatory statements are maliciously made and
12

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cause actual damage even though such statements
are made during the course of a union’s organiza­
tional campaign.1 The Court emphasized that the
purpose of the State law is to compensate the de­
famed individual, leaving the NLRB free to ad­
just the rights and duties between labor and man­
agement. Accordingly, the maj ority of the C ourt2
found that the activity regulated was merely a
peripheral concern of the NLRB and that the
overriding State interest in protecting persons
from the libel outweighed the possibility of con­
flict with the national labor policy. The Court
indicated that the present holding may be recon­
sidered if experience demonstrates that there is an
impairment of the uniform national labor policy.
The likelihood of Supreme Court reconsidera­
tion of the above ruling is highlighted by the
difficulty a lower court faced in applying the rule
in a subsequent decision. A U.S. court of appeals
held that an employer could not be sued for
allegedly slanderous statements made about a
discharged employee during the processing of a
grievance.3 In this case, the court found that the
parties to a collective bargaining agreement mustbe free to express their views on facts in con­
troversy in order to encourage the peaceful reso­
lution of such disputes. The inhibiting effect of
a defamation suit would interfere with the national
labor policy under the circumstances of this case.
Another case presenting a question of State
and Federal jurisdiction was United Mine W ork­
ers v. Gibbs.4 It arose after a coal company closed
a mine organized by the UMW and subsequently,
through a subsidiary, attempted to open a new
mine nearby with members of a rival union.
Violence ensued for 2 days. Thereafter, the
international representative of ITMW, who was
away during the 2 days, returned to prevent
further violence by UMW members and to
establish a limited picket line. This picket line
was maintained for 9 months while the mine re­
mained closed. A damage action was brought
^Special A ssistant to the Solicitor, U.S. Department of Labor.
1 Linn v. United P lan t Guard W orkers, Local l i b , 383 U.S.
53 (1966) ; see M onthly Labor Review , May 1966, pp. 532-533.
2 Justices Black, Douglas, and F ortas dissented from the Court’s
6 to 3 decision.
3 General M otors Gorp. v. Mendicki, 367 F. 2d 66 (C.A. 10,
Sept. 29, 1966) ; see M onthly Labor R eview, December 1966, pp.
1392-1393.
1 383 U.S. 715 (1966) ; see M onthly Labor Review , July 1966.
pp. 777-779.

DEVELOPMENT OF LABOR LAW IN 1966

against the UMW under section 303 of the Labor
Management Relations Act and State law for an
alleged secondary boycott, violence, and other
pressures to force the company to close the mine.
The District Court held that since union pressure
on the company constituted a primary dispute,
there was no violation of the secondary boycott
provisions of section 303 of the LMRA.
The Supreme Court found that the District
Court had properly entertained jurisdiction of the
claim based on State law because there was a sub­
stantial Federal claim and the relation between it
and the asserted State claims made up a single
case. Moreover, the Court noted previous hold­
ings that State law remedies against violence are
not preempted by Federal law since there is a
compelling State interest to maintain domestic
peace. However, in reversing the lower court’s
judgment, the Supreme Court ruled that it was
not clearly proved that the union had participated
in, authorized, or ratified the 2 days of violence.
The peaceful picketing which continued for more
than 9 months could have well been the real cause
for the closing of the mine.
In still another ruling on the application of
State or Federal law in a labor case, the Supreme
Court held that because there is no governing
provision under Federal law, the timeliness of an
action under section 301 of the LMRA to enforce
a collective bargaining contract is to be deter­
mined, as a matter of Federal law, by reference to
the appropriate State statute of limitations.5
Railway Labor. During 1966, labor disputes in
the railroad industry continued to concern the
Supreme Court. In the first6 of four unrelated
decisions, the High Court passed on the effect of

5 U nited Autom obile W orkers v. H oosier Cardinal Corp., 383
U.S. 696 (1966).
6 Brotherhood of L ocom otive Engineers v. Chicago, Rock Island
& Pacific R.R. Co., 382 U.S. 423 (1966).
'7 Public Law 88-108, 77 Stat. 132.
8 Brotherhood of R ailw ay and Steam ship Clerks v. Florida E ast
Coast Ry., 62 LRRM 2177 (U.S. Sup. Ct„ May 23, 1966) ; see
M onthly Labor R eview, July 1966, pp. 776-777.
9 NLRB v. Radio Engineers Union ( Columbia Broadcasting
S ystem ), 364 U.S. 573 (1961).
10 Transportation-Com m unication Em ployees’ Union v. Union
Pacific R.R. Co., 63 LRRM 2481 (U.S. Sup. Ct„ Dec. 5, 1966) ;
see p. 59, this issue.
11 W alker v. Southern R ailw ay Co., 63 LRRM 2491 (U.S. Sup.
Ct„ Dee. 5, 1966).

242-313 0 — 67------ 2


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13
the 1963 Federal law which established a proce­
dure for the elimination of certain positions on
railroads.7 However, many States have “full
crew laws” which prohibit trains from operating
within those States without crews of certain mini­
mum sizes. The Court found that it was not the
legislative purpose of the Federal law to super­
sede the State full crew laws nor was that to be
the effect of the arbitration awards made under the
Federal statute.
In a decision involving the controversial Florida
East Coast Railway,8 the Supreme Court per­
mitted the railroad to institute unilateral changes
in working conditions that are “reasonably neces­
sary” for continued operation during the pro­
tracted and bitter labor dispute. However, since
a collective bargaining agreement is the result of
years of struggle and negotiation and since the
spirit of the Railway Labor Act must be honored,
the Court cautioned that the “power to change and
revise the basic collective agreement must be close­
ly confined and supervised.”
In 1961, the Supreme Court told the NLRB that
it had a duty to resolve conflicting claims of unions
to the performance of work in cases arising under
the NLRA.9 In 1966, it imposed a similar duty
on the National Railroad Adjustment Board in a
case arising under the Railway Labor Act,10 The
Court criticized the NRAB for determining a dis­
pute between the telegraphers’ union and the rail­
road without determining the rights of employees
represented by the clerks’ union. The dispute
arose out of a claim that the railroad had assigned
work to a clerks’ union in violation of the collective
bargaining agreement with the telegraphers. The
Court stated: “By first ordering the railroad to
pay one union and then later, in a separate pro­
ceeding, ordering it to pay the other union, with­
out ever determining which union has the right to
perform the job . . . the Board abdicates its duty
to settle the entire dispute.” Therefore, the Board
should have exercised its exclusive jurisdiction to
settle such disputes in a single proceeding so as
to avoid piecemeal resolution.
In a case brought by a discharged railroad em­
ployee, the Court ruled that the employee was not
required to exhaust his remedies with the NRAB
before instituting his suit for violation of the col­
lective bargaining agreement.11 Last year, in

14
Republic Steel Carp. v. M addox,12 the Court

reached an opposite conclusion in a case where
the contract was subject to the LMRA. How­
ever, under the Railway Labor Act, the Court
noted, the processing of grievances by the NRAB
may take as long as 10 years before a decision is
reached, and if the employee is not successful be­
fore the Board, there is no means by which he may
obtain judicial review. The inadequacies of these
procedures led Congress to remedy these defects,13
but the new procedures were not available in this
case.
Fair Representation. During the year, the U.S.
Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit became
the first court to uphold an unfair labor practice
fin d in g by the NLRB based u p o n a u n io n ’s failure
to fairly represent all employees in the bargain­
ing unit.14 The U.S. Supreme Court first
enounced the doctrine of fair representation over
two decades ago in the now famous Steele v. Louis­
ville & N .R .R . Co. case.15 However, the Supreme
Court litigation in Steele and subsequent similar
cases 16 has been brought directly in the courts and
did not involve judicial scrutiny of NLRB find­
ings of union unfair labor practices. In the 1963
M iranda case,17 the Board had met with little suc­
cess in its first court test of an unfair labor prac­
tice finding based upon this judicially formulated
doctrine. Nevertheless, in Hughes Tool and sub­
sequent cases,18 the Board continued to apply the
representation doctrine in unfair labor practice
proceedings involving racial discrimination.
In the Rubber W orkers case, the U.S. Court of
Appeals agreed with the NLRB that a union’s
refusal to process a grievance—that the seniority
system and segregated plant facilities had sub­
jected Negro employees to discrimination—con­
stituted a breach of its duty of fair representation
and that the union had thereby committed an un­
fair labor practice. The union was ordered to
process the grievance through arbitration and to
propose certain contractual provisions prohibit­
ing racial discrimination. In rejecting the
union’s argument that the enactment of the equal
employment opportunity provisions of the 1964
Civil Rights Act had affected the NLRB’s juris­
diction in racial discrimination cases, the court
stated that the complainants may seek relief under


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MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, FEBRUARY 1967

either the Civil Rights Act or the National Labor
Relations Act whenever their rights under both
acts are violated.
Discrimination by Union. A U.S. court of ap­
peals enforced 19 an NLRB order based upon a
finding that a union engaged in an unlawful strike
when an employer attempted to use four plumbers
who were not union members, but who had been
referred by the New York City Commission on
Human Rights. The strike could not be justified
on the grounds that the employment of the four
nonunion craftsmen would violate the preferential
hiring provision of the union’s contract because
the contract provision, in effect, accords an unlaw­
ful preference to union members over nonunion
plumbers.
Duty to Bargain. In continuing to map out the
difficult area of what subjects are bargainable
issues, the NLRB held 20 that an employer must
bargain with his employees’ representatives over a
decision to terminate a portion of his operations
permanently. For economic reasons, the em­
ployer decided to close one of his three companies
which the Board found constituted a single em­
ployer. In distinguishing these facts from the
12 Republic S teel Corp. v. M addox, 379 U.S. 650 (1964) ; see
M onthly Labor R eview , March 1965, pp. 315-316.
13 Public Law 89-456 w as passed on June 2Q, 1966, to help
elim inate the backlog of cases before the NRAB and to provide
limited judicial review of NRAB awards. It provides for the
establishm ent of special boards of adjustm ent, upon the request
of a carrier or employees’ representative, to resolve disputes
which have been pending before the NRAB for 1 year or
more. It also provides that an aggrieved carrier, employee, or
group of employees may seek lim ited judicial review of an award
of the NRAB or the special boards to inquire into whether the
board had jurisdiction of the subject matter, whether the sta tu ­
tory requirements were complied with, and whether there was
any fraud or corruption on the part of a member of the board.
Board decisions are conclusive on questions of fact.
Local 12, U nited Rubber W orkers v. NLRB, 63 LRRM 2395
(C.A. 5, Nov. 9, 1966).
15 323 U.S. 192 (1944).
18 See T un stall v. Brotherhood of L ocom otive Firemen, 323 U.S.
210 (1944) ; Graham v. B rotherhood of L ocom otive Firemen, 338
U.S. 2312 (1949) ; Brotherhood of R ailroad Trainm en v. H oward,
343 U.S. 768 (1952) ; Syres v. Oil W orkers, 350 U.S. 892 (1955) ;
and H um phrey v. Moore, 375 U.S. 335 (1965).
17 NLRB v. M iranda Fuel Co., 326 F. 2d 172 (1963) ; see
M onthly Labor R eview, February 1964, p. 187.
18Independent M etal W orkers Union (H ughes Tool Co.), 147
NLRB 1573 (1964) ; and Local 1367, In tern ation al L ongshore­
men’s Association, 148 NLRB 397 (1964).
19 NLRB v. Local 2 Plum bers, 62 LRRM 2211 (C.A. 2, May 12,
1966) ; see M onthly Labor R eview, August 1966, pp. 893—894.
20 Osark Trailers, Inc., 161 NLRB No. 48 (Oct. 27, 1966).

D E V E L O P M E N T O F L A B O R L A W I N 1966

Supreme Court’s Darlington opinion and relying
heavily on the Court’s opinion in Fibreboard,21
the NLRB ruled that the employer is required to
consult with the union and give it an opportunity
to bargain over the effects of the closing on his
employees.
Massive Unfair Labor Practices. Upon finding
that an employer had engaged in “massive and de­
liberate” unfair labor practices in order to frus­
trate a union’s organizational campaign,22 the
NLRB decided that conventional remedies would
be inadequate in this case. Among the extraordi­
nary remedies fashioned by the Board to deal with
this unusual case were requirements that the em­
ployer mail to all employees in all the employer’s
plants a notice, prepared by the Board, promising
to refrain from the unlawful practices and to rec­
tify acts of reprisal; convene meetings on company
time of the employees in all plants and read the
notice to them; and give the union, upon request,
reasonable access to plant bulletin boards. These
remedies were in addition to the usual reinstate­
ment order, with back pay, for all employees discriminatorily discharged.
The Board, however, did not grant the union’s
request that it order the employer to bargain with
the union since the union had never achieved ma­
jority status. Although it was conceded that the
union might have attained a majority if it were
not for the employer’s unfair labor practices, the
Board stated that the policies of the NLRA do not
permit a bargaining order in such a situation.
The nature of the violations found in this case
prompted demands for withholding Government
contracts from employers found by the NRLB “to
be in open, flagrant, knowing, and purposeful vio­
lation of our laws.” 23
Internal Union Affairs

Union Elections. The U.S. Court of Appeals for
the Second Circuit decided two cases involving
the power of the Secretary of Labor to regulate
union elections under the Labor-Management Re­
porting and Disclosure Act. In the first,24 the
court held that the Secretary is not required to
prove that the outcome of elections would have
been different without the alleged violation of the


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

15
LMRDA, but only that there was a reasonable
probability that the elections may have been af­
fected by the violations. However, the court ruled
that the Secretary’s effort to set aside the 1962
elections was moot since the term of those elected
in 1962 had expired and new elections had been
held.
In the second case,25the court said that the Sec­
retary was entitled to an injunction to restrain a
union from holding an election, or from giving
effect to one already in process, where it is ap­
parent that the Secretary is likely to succeed in
his claim that the election under which the union’s
officers are currently serving was conducted in
violation of the LMRDA and the impending elec­
tion is apparently being conducted under sub­
stantially similar conditions.
Unlawful Expulsion. A U.S. court of appeals
held 26 that a union member’s expulsion for bring­
ing suit without resorting to the union internal
remedies as required by the union constitution was
unlawful and that the provision of the constitu­
tion authorizing the expulsion was inconsistent
with the LMRDA’s protection of a union mem­
ber’s right to sue and therefore was of no force
or affect under that act.
Non-Communist Oaths. In a decision arising un­
der the now repealed section of the NLRA which
had required the filing of non-Communist affi­
davits, the Supreme Court held that the filing of
false affidavits by union officials was not justified
by the official’s belief that the law was unconstitu21 In Textile Workers v. Darlington Manufacturing Co., 380
U.S. 263 (1965), see Monthly Labor Review, May 1965, pp. 566567, the Supreme Court stated, in dicta, that the total closing
of an employer’s plant to discourage union membership could not
be subject to an unfair labor practice charge. However, in
Fihreboarcl Paper Products Corp. v. NLRB, 379 U.S. 203 (1964),
the High Court held that an employer’s decision to subcontract
m aintenance work performed by his employees was a mandatory
subject of b argain in g; see Monthly Labor Review, February 1965,
p. 191.
22 J. P. Stevens and Co. and Industrial Union Department,
AFL-CIO, 157 NLKB No. 90 (Mar. 22, 1966) ; see Monthly Labor
Review, May 1966, pp. 533-534.
23 See the remarks of Congressman Frank Thompson at 112
Cong. Rec. 10910 (daily ed„ May 25, 1966).
si w i r t z v. Local Union JflO, International Union of Operating
Engineers, 62 LRRM 2777 (C.A. 2, Aug. 1, 1966).
-5 W irtz v. Local Union 545, International Union of Operating
Engineers, 63 LRRM 2109 (C.A. 2, Sept. 13, 1966) ; see Monthly
Labor Review, December 1966, p. 1391.
28 Ryan v. International Brotherhood of Electrical Workers,
361 F. 2di 942 (C.A. 7, June 10, 1966) ; see Monthly Labor Review,
September 1966, pp. 1002-1003.

16
tional.27 The provision in question was repealed
in 1959 and replaced by the LMRDA prohibition
on the holding of union offices by Communists (a
prohibition which lias since been held to be un­
constitutional 28). Without ruling on the constitu­
tionality of the previous NLRA provision, the
Court found that the officials had conspired to de­
fraud the U.S. Government, which is a crime even
when the law involved is invalid.
A U.S. court of appeals29 held invalid a union’s
use of a non-Communist oath30 because of its in­
herent vagueness. Although the court upheld a
union’s right to exclude and expel persons from
membership if it is established that they have
engaged in subversive activities or are members
of the Communist Party, the vagueness of the
union oath made it impossible to know what it is
that the members are forbidden to do and opened
the door to possible punishment of those members
who differ politically from the union’s majority
or who challenge the union’s leadership.
Attorney-Client Privilege. The U.S. Court of
Appeals for the Fifth Circuit ruled 31 that the
LMRDA’s exemption for communications “in the
course of a legitimate attorney-client relationship”
does not apply to the attorney’s activities directed
at persuading employees of his client prior to an
NLRB election. However, the Fifth Circuit con­
cluded that the attorney need not include in his
annual report information pertaining to labor re­
lations services or advice to clients for whom he
performed no persuader activities. This con­
clusion conflicts with a 1965 decision of the Fourth
Circuit in Douglas v. W irtz (which the Supreme
Court declined to review in 1966)32 since that case
held that once a consultant performs reportable
activities he must include in his annual report all
receipts and disbursements from all employers on
account of labor relations advice or services, and
that such report is not limited solely to persuader
activities.
Civil Rights

In the field of equal employment opportunities,
the year saw several important court decisions,
including some of the first court rulings under
Title V II (the equal employment opportunity pro­
visions) of the Civil Rights Act of 1964.


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M O N T H L Y L A B O R R E V IE W , F E B R U A R Y 1967

Aggrieved Person. A U.S. district court in Mis­
sissippi followed the interpretation of the Federal
Equal Employment Opportunity Commission
(EEOCj and ruled that under Title V II a labor
union may sue an employer who discriminates
against some of its members because they are
Negro.33 In so ruling, the court declared “the
practical interpretation of a statute by the execu­
tive agency charged with its administration or en­
forcement, although not conclusive in the courts,
is entitled to the highest respect.” Since the
EEOC, the Federal agency primarily responsible
for the administration of Title V II, had held that
a union was an “aggrieved” person entitled to file
a charge based upon racial discrimination against
some of its members, the court concurred with the
Commission.
Class Action. In another Title V II case, a U.S.
district court in Tennessee held that an employee
may maintain a class action under that Title to
enjoin racially discriminatory employment prac­
tices if such practices present a significant question
of fact common to others similarly situated.34 The
court found that the dual purpose of Title V II is
both the vindication of individual rights and the
protection of the public interest, and a privately
instituted class action is adaptable to such a two­
fold purpose.
Negro Teachers. Basing its decision on the Due
Process and Equal Protection clauses of the Con­
stitution, a U.S. court of appeals ruled that a
municipal school board improperly denied re­
employment to most of the school system’s Negro
27 Dennis v. United S tates, 62 LRRM 2345 (U.S. Sup. Ct., June
20, 1966) ; see Monthly Labor Review, August 1966, pp. 892-893.
^ United States v. Brown, 381 U.S. 437 (1965) ; see Monthly
Labor Review, September 1965, pp. 1108-1109.
23 H u rw itz v. Directors Guild of America, 364 F. 2d 67 (1966) :
see Monthly Labor Review, January 1966, pp. 63-64.
30 Article III, Section H of the Constitution of the Directors
Guild of America requires members to swear the follow ing oath :
“I am not a member of the Communist Party or affiliated with
such a party and I do not believe in and I am not a member nor
do I support any organization that believes in or teaches the
overthrow of the United States Government by force or by an
illegal or unconstitutional method.”
31 W ir tz v. Fowler, 63 LRRM 2333 (C.A. 5, Oct. 19, 1966).
32 353 F. 2d 30 (1965), cert. den. 383 U.S. 909 (1966).
33 International Chemical Workers Union v. Planters Manu­
facturing Co., 63 LRRM 2213 (N.D. Miss., Sept. 30, 1966) ; see
Monthly Labor Review, December 1966, pp. 1391-1392.
si Hall v. Werthan Bag Corp., 61 LRRM 2458 (M.D. Tenn..
Mar. 3, 1966) ; see Monthly Labor Review, May 1966, p. 534.

17

D E V E L O P M E N T O F L A B O R L A W I N 1966

teachers.35 In complying with a court desegrega­
tion order, the board transferred many Negro
pupils from a consolidated Negro school to the
schools of their respective counties and terminated
the employment of most of the Negro schools’
teachers. The appeals court said that the Su­
preme Court’s 1954 landmark school desegrega­
tion decision 3(5 “forbids the consideration of race
in faculty selection just as it forbids it in pupil
placement.” Accordingly, the court held that the
improperly discharged Negro teachers as a class
were entitled to an order compelling the school
board to establish and apply equally specific ob­
jectives standards for the employment and reten­
tion of teachers. Those qualified teachers wishing
to continue their employment were entitled to an
order requiring their reemployment and the
award of damages resulting from their wrongful
discharge.
Wage and Hour

Retail Exemption. The highlight of 1966 litiga­
tion under the Fair Labor Standards Act was the
first Supreme Court decision arising under the act
in five terms.37 In that decision, the Court ruled
that neither a sheet metal plant fabricating pro­
duction equipment for potato processors, nor a tire

dealer chiefly engaged in selling to companies
operating fleets of commercial vehicles, qualified
for the exemption from the minimum wage and
overtime provisions of the law for the employees
of certain retail and service establishments. Al­
though the law provides that a retail sale is one
which “is not for resale and is recognized as re­
tail or services in the particular industry,” the
Court stated that Congress did not intend to make
industry usage “the single touchstone.” On the
contrary, the Court held, certain types of sales—
such as sales of industrial manufacturing equip­
ment—were never intended by Congress to be
regarded as retail. The Court also held that
where the Secretary of Labor, on the basis of in­
quiry into an industry’s practices, has laid down
guidelines aimed at excluding from the retail cate­
gory sales usually made at significant discount
and in quantity, those guidelines would be upheld
in view of the “considerable discretion possessed
by the Secretary as the one responsible for the
actual administration of the act.”
33 Chambers v. Hendersonville City Board of Education, 62
LRRM 2753 (C.A. 4, June 6, 1966) ; see Monthly Labor Review,
October 1966, p p .1128-1129.
38 Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, 347 U.S. 483 (1954).
37 Idaho Sheet Metal Works v. W i r t z ; W ir tz v. Steepleton Gen­
eral Tire Co., 383 U.S. 190 (1966).

If all mankind, minus one, were of one opinion and only one person were of
the contrary opinion, mankind would be no more justified in silencing that one
person, than he, if he had the power, would be justified in silencing mankind.


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— J o h n S tu a r t M ill.

Liberty, 1859.

A Review Essay

The Evolution of an Economist
E

N o t e .— The following review-essay attempts the formidable task
of appraising the contributions made by Professor Samuelson to the
-field of economic thought as these are embodied in a recent collection
of his work. Readers who would like to comment on Dr. RoutK’s essay
are cordially invited to do so.

d i t o r ’s

Guy R o u t h *

I t i s w i t h a s e n s e o f a w e that I approach the
task of reviewing the massive volumes containing
the works of Paul Samuelson.1 Somehow, I feel,
it is they that ought to be reviewing me; it is the
field marshal, after all, who reviews the troops,
not the troops the field marshal. One thousand
eight hundred and thirteen pages, 129 papers,
nearly a million words (37,000 words a year for
the 27-year span from 1937 to 1964) are an impres­
sive monument to the learning and industry of
one economist. And this does not include what
Professor Samuelson calls the “nonscientific”
writing that has regularly enlivened the pages of
the London Financial Times, Nihon Keizai Shimbun, and Washington Post. Nor does it include
material from The Foundations of Economic
Analysis (1948), Linear Programming and Eco­
nomic Analysis (1958) nor from Samuelson’s
Economics , whose six editions have launched a
million students and made the author the Ameri­
can economist best known to English-speaking
students round the world.
The scope of the work is shown by the five books
into which the editor has classified the material:
P r o b le m s In p u r e th e o r y
T o p ic s in m a th e m a tic a l e c o n o m ic s
T r a d e , w e lf a r e a n d fisc a l p o lic y
E c o n o m ic s a n d p u b lic p o lic y
E c o n o m ic s— p a s t a n d p r e s e n t

18

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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

The books are further divided into a total of 23
parts, each dealing with a particular aspect of the
general theme. The editor comments in his pre­
face, “I hope that this arrangement will make the
book more useful to the reader than a strictly
chronological ordering.” This may be so for some
purposes, but it makes it more difficult if one is
interested in the unfolding of Samuelson’s thought
and the development over the years of economics
itself. The list of contents does not show the date
of each article and it is a rather laborious job to
ascertain this from the chronologically arranged
acknowledgments at the back.
Samuelson’s Phylogenesis

A classification by time and subject reveals an
interesting evolution. In Samuelson’s paleozoic
age, up to 1940, 7 of the 12 studies are classified
by the editor as “problems in pure theory.” In
the mesozoic age, from 1941 to 1950, there are 46
studies. To this period belong 14 of the 15 “math­
ematical investigations,” having little connection
with economics. Here, too, are 5 of the 7 “meta* Senior Lecturer in Economics, U niversity of Sussex.
1 Joseph E. Stiglitz, ed., The, Collected Scientific Papers of
Paul A. Samuelson (Cambridge, Mass., The M.I.T. Press, 1966),
1,813 pp. 2 vols. $25.

19

T H E E V O L U T IO N O F A N E C O N O M IS T

economic propositions.” In the tertiary period of
the cenozoic age, 1951 to 1960, the 49 studies em­
brace a bit of everything. There is only one
“mathematical investigation” (in 1953), but six
each on capital and growth, on trade, and on fiscal
and monetary policy. Now it is interesting to see
the emergence of the father figure: Ten deal with
other economists and the content of economic
thought, while three are on methodology. In the
quaternary period, 1961 to 1964, output rises to the
equivalent of 55 pieces per decade—that is, 22 ar­
ticles for the 4 years. Now the emphasis has
clearly shifted: Seven are concerned with public
policy, three with international trade, and eight
with economic thought or methodology.
In part, this evolution is no doubt the result of
age and experience; Samuelson’s proficiency as
mathematician and preeminence as economist are
long since established. The match, as it were, is
over and he can enjoy himself knocking the ball
about with Friedman, Solow, Tobin, and the rest,
or expatiating, in the dressing room, on the glories
that have been.
Of Samuelson the man, the last section, “Eco­
nomics—Past and Present,” is the most revealing
and can be enjoyed by teachers and nonteachers of
the subject alike and even, indeed, by those lapsed
economists who have retired into government or
business and are thus no longer called upon to
display or indulge a taste for pure theory. Some
of the pieces have been written to be spoken and
need the author’s dry monotone for their full ef­
fect. I think particularly of “Problems of the
American Economy: An Economist’s View,” de­
livered at Senate House in London in 1961 as the
Stamp Memorial lecture. Here, I was delighted
to witness in the packed hall aged professors,
whom I had long thought lacked the vitality to
smile, convulsed with laughter.
The same enthusiasm, I imagine, must have
greeted his presidential address to the American
Economic Association in 1961. He spoke of the
difficulty of selecting a topic for his address. “My
own scholarship has covered a great variety of
fields. And many of them involve questions like
welfare economics and factor-price equalization;
turnpike theorems and osculating envelopes; nonsubstitutability relations in Minkowski-RicardoLeontief-Metzler matrices of Mosak-Hicks type;


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or balanced-budget multipliers under conditions
of balanced uncertainty in locally impacted top­
ological spaces and molar equivalences. My
friends warn me that such topics are suitable
merely for captive audiences in search of a
degree—and even then not after dark.”
This formidable list is indeed a good reflection
of the sorts of problem he has been preoccupied
with over the years. Before choosing to talk
about economists rather than economics, he con­
siders two other possible themes: methodology or
the use of mathematics in economics. In fact, his
treatment of these two subjects in other papers
shows up rather well the serious weaknesses of
conventional economics and the contradiction be­
tween what Samuelson believes economists ought
to do and what he has done himself. It is to these
that I shall now turn.
The Literacy of Numbers

In “Economic Theory and Mathematics—An
Appraisal” (American Economic Revieio, 1952) he
argues that mathematics is language, that when
used in economics it cannot be worse than prose and
that, in principle, it cannot be better than prose.
He quotes with approval Schumpeter's version of
Fisher’s statement, “There is no place you can go
by railroad that you cannot go afoot.” It may
seem, on the face of it, that this is designed to
deflate mathematical economics; in fact, I see in
it an intent more sinister—an attempt to disarm
those who criticize the use of mathematics in eco­
nomics. “W hat’s all the excitement about?” he
says in effect. “Expressing economics in mathe­
matics is in principle no different from expressing
it in English or German.”
At the AEA meeting, his paper was followed by
some discussion that helps to get the subject into
focus. Allan G. Grucliy commented, “The
essence of science is measurement or exactitude.
What is measurable is scientific ; what is not meas­
urable is something other than science,” and
added, “Economics, which is based on measurable
data, is therefore in essence mathematical econom­
ics.” Fritz Machlup said, “I do not demy Pro­
fessor Samuelson’s assertion that mathematics is
a language and even one which for some purposes
is superior to English or German. But for other

20

purposes it is inferior or even altogether unsuit­
able. There are things that ought to be said but
cannot be said in mathematical language/’2
Gruchy would have been right if he had said,
“Economics, insofar as it is based on measurable re­
lationships, is in essence mathematical economics.”
Mathematics is a means of recording and com­
municating, but it has characteristics that dis­
tinguish it from language, just as photography,
painting, or music, which are also ways of com­
municating and recording, are distinguished from
language. Rembrandt’s painting of Belshazzar’s
Feast is not interchangeable with Daniel, Chapter
5, nor, for that matter, is poetry interchangeable
with prose. For “Macbeth hath murdered sleep”
we might substitute “Macbeth is a victim of schizo­
phrenia, a power lust conflicting with his culturally
conditioned self-regarding sentiment”—but if this
had been what the voice cried, the audience would
not have been so moved, except, perhaps, right out
of the theatre.
It seems to me that the application of mathe­
matics to economics itself implies a certain assump­
tion about economic phenomena. It assumes that
the clue to an understanding of economic phenom­
ena is the same as the clue to an understanding of
spatial relationships, as in geometry, or of relative
rates of change, as in differential calculus, or of
quantitative linear relationships as in linear pro­
graming. This might seem all right, but I have
been driven to the conclusion that the clue to
understanding economic phenomena lies precisely
in the recognition of their lack of these qualities.
Thus, the first act of the mathematical economist
must be to assume the economy into a shape that
can be expressed mathematically. The appealing
complexity and astonishing variety of human
behavior must be wished away, to be replaced by
what George Katona has called the reification of
economic entities. The stage is occupied by pup­
pets—demand, supply, price, production, consump­
tion, investment—that perform little plays in
which they respond in predetermined ways to each
other’s actions. Even when admission is made of
the existence of people, they are stripped of all
human attributes. Their acts of choice—vice or
virtue, bread or gin, spend or save, self or family—
are depicted as effortless slides along smooth
curves, in which one thing is traded for another.
The final travesty is perpetrated by the name given

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M O N T H L Y L A B O R R E V IE W , F E B R U A R Y 1967

to the device by which this process is illustrated—
the indifference curve. Anyone keeping his eyes
and ears open will be surprised to know that the
behavior of businessmen, too, is predetermined by
a simple set of curves, whose functions maximize
profits in a world devoid of passion, tears, and
deceit.
Empiricism v. Purism

Do I exaggerated Samuelson presents the
following as “the single most interesting result of
the theory of consumer’s behavior” :
Fundam ental Theorem of Consumption Theory.

Any
g o o d ( s im p le o r c o m p o s ite ) th a t is k n o w n a lw a y s t o
in c r e a s e in d e m a n d w h e n m o n e y in c o m e r is e s m u s t
d e fin ite ly s h r in k in d e m a n d w h e n i t s p r ic e a lo n e r is e s .

He explores at length the implications of the
axiom that if A is better than B and B better than
C, all the way down to Z, then A is better than Z.
It is interesting to see how he (in common with
other writers about welfare economics) uses the
language of an experimental psychologist meas­
uring the behavior of animals. “What is it that
as scientists we are able to actually observe of a
consumer who is in market equilibrium?” And
again, he speaks of “observable price ratios that
give orientation to the observable budget plane
passing through the observable optimum point.”
And, “full empirical implications for demand
behavior of the most general ordinal utility
analysis.” What is meant by “empirical,”
“observable,” “scientists,” in this context? Does
the welfare economist stand in a supermarket, note­
book in hand, observing the customers? Does he
go from door to door offering baskets of goods?
Does he study the data collected by market
research? “Empiric” in my dictionary is defined
as “based, acting, on observation and experiment,
not on theory.” What Samuelson means is made
plain by an article of 1938, where he wrote, “I
assume in the beginning as known, i.e., empirically
determinable under ideal conditions, the amounts
of n economic goods which will be purchased per
unit of time by an individual faced with the prices
of these goods and with a given total expenditure
and “all that follows shall relate to an idealized
individual. . . .”
2 American Economic Review, May 1952, Vol. XLII, No. 2,
p. 67 et seq.

T H E E V O L U T IO N O F A N E C O N O M IS T

So in the end, this is all an elaborate game
played by a coterie of teachers. Beyond this, its
only application is as teaching material, what
Sraffa called “a pedagogic instrument,” good for a
lecture series and a question or two in an exam.
Of course, welfare economics is notorious for its
lack of empirical content. But it does not stand
alone in this respect. In “Some Aspects of the
Pure Theory of Capital” (1937), uncertainty is
absent, the interest rate is a function of time and,
at any instant of time, all will be able to borrow or
lend in unlimited amounts at the rate indicated by
this function. In “The Rate of Interest Under
Ideal Conditions” (1939), it is assumed that all
net revenues are perfectly foreseen, and that all
markets are perfect and frictionless. In “An
Exact Consumption-loan Model of Interest with
or without the Social Contrivance of Money”
(1958), he sets out “ .. . to give a complete general
equilibrium solution to the determination of the
time-shape of interest rates” and assumes that men
will want to consume less during their working
years so that they can consume something when
they retire. To achieve this, 40-year-old A gives
some of his product to 20-year-old B, so that when
A gets to be 75 he can receive some of the product
that B is producing. “Our problem, then, is this:
In a stationary population (or, alternatively, one
growing in any prescribed fashion) what will be
the intertemporal terms of trade or interest rates
that will spring up spontaneously in ideally com­
petitive markets?” In “A Complete Capital
Model Involving Heterogeneous Capital Goods”
(with Robert M. Solow, 1956), it is assumed that
society maximizes the undiscounted sum of all
future utilities of consumption, with the current
capital stock placing a restraint on what can cur­
rently be produced, and labor ignored because
assumed constant.
There is a two-way relationship between the
alienation of reality and the application of mathe­
matics. You can apply these techniques only if
you pretend (that is, make assumptions or build
imaginary models) that the economy is like the
physical world, and you can get away with these
pretenses if you attract attention away from them
and focus it on the mathematical techniques. The
fact is, that you can say things in mathematics
that people would laugh at you for saying in
English.


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21

Most of the studies in these volumes are highly
abstract in content, studies in the pure theory of
this or that. “Pure” is used in economics to mean
uncontaminated by contact with reality, or that
which can be deduced not from empirically de­
rived data but from a few axioms. In the few
articles where he does examine data drawn from
the real world, they are in the form of national
aggregates without much analytic potential—he
plots aggregate annual income against national
consumption and corporate saving for the years
1921 to 1939 (1941) or annual average increases
in manufacturing earnings against annual rates of
unemployment for the (whole?) labor force (with
Robert M. Solow, 1960). He seems to be impa­
tient of this factual material, as if it puts reins on
his fancy. If this is so, the reins are soon cast
off. In the latter article (an address to the A E A ),
the authors say of their scatter diagram, correlat­
ing unemployment and increases in hourly earn­
ings: “A first look at the scatter is discouraging;
there are points all over the place.” No reason­
able man would disagree, but this does not deter
the authors from transforming these disparate
points into an immaculate curve that purports to
exhibit “the menu of choice between different de­
grees of unemployment and price stability . . . ”
It is true that they attach warning signals (using
the terms “roughly estimated,” “would seem,”
“something like,” and “guesses”) from which
other economists may discern that they do not take
their estimates very seriously; however, it is not
the other economists but the noneconomists in
whose hands a little economics becomes a danger­
ous thing. They seize on the beautifully simple
notion that stable prices can be bought for 5- to 7percent unemployment and that 3-percent unem­
ployment would cost inflation at the rate of 4 to 5
percent a year, and thus, as Pigou said in his
Stamp Memorial lecture in 1949, economists
sometimes “furnish forth for the ungodly blunt
instruments with which to bludgeon at birth use­
ful projects of social betterment.”
It is then surprising to find Samuelson so un­
compromisingly on the side of the empiricists in
his “Comment on Ernest Nagel’s ‘Assumptions in
Economic Theory’ ” (1962). He accepts as valu­
able (though perhaps not new) the dictum that
hypotheses or theories should be judged on their
“consequences,” or their ability to describe well

M O N T H L Y L A B O R R E V IE W , F E B R U A R Y 1967

22

and organize well empirical observations. “Un­
realistic” is a euphemism for “empirically dead
wrong,” and he ends this contribution; “The fact
that nothing is perfectly accurate should not be
an excuse to relax our standards of scrutiny of the
empirical validity that the propositions of eco­
nomics do or do not possess.”
Restless Genius

Yet some of the power of this collection would
be lost if the 129 pieces were all consistent one with
another—if Samuelson did not exercise his right
to contradict himself when he felt so inclined. I
have noted an evolution in his work, from the

controversies of welfare economics (equivalent to
the disputes of the medieval schoolmen) to a con­
cern for political economy. Keynes became an
economist because he believed he lacked the genius
to be a philosopher; inversely, Samuelson has too
great a genius to be only an economist. It is a
genius ill content with the boundaries of economics,
one that economists will have to follow in explora­
tions to unlikely places. There is a foretaste of
things to come in “Modern Economic Realities and
Individualism” (The Texas Quarterly, 1963) that
has about it the quality of the Book of Proverbs.
Could it be that Samuelson became a forecaster
because he thought he lacked the genius to be a
prophet ? If so, I am not sure he was right.

I have always considered it a priceless advantage to have been born as an
economist prior to 1936 and to have received a thorough grounding in classical
economics. It is quite impossible for modern students to realize the full
effect of what has been advisably called “The Keynesian Revolution” upon
those of us brought up in the orthodox tradition. What beginners today
often regard as trite and obvious was to us puzzling, novel, and heretical.


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— P a u l A . S a m u e lso n , “T h e G e n e r a l T h e o r y ,” in
S e y m o u r E. H a r r is , ed ., The New Economics.

Papers From the IRRA Annual Meeting
L a b o r i s s u e s which have been in the news were
important topics at the 19th annual winter meet­
ing of the Industrial Relations Research Associa­
tion in San Francisco December 27-30, 1966. Pa­
pers dealing with manpower problems, the war on
poverty, equal employment opportunity, and the
future of collective bargaining were presented.
Phoenix-like, the wage-price guidelines were
the subject of both the presidential address by
Commissioner of Labor Statistics Arthur M. Ross
and a panel discussion held jointly by the IRRA
and the American Economic Association.
The discussion of manpower problems ranged
from probable effects of dropping the draft to
manpower programs for private employers. The
argument that an adequate supply of military
manpower would be forthcoming if pay scales
were raised enough met skepticism. Both persons
who discussed the military manpower papers felt
that important factors other than money were in­
volved. Moreover, it was doubted that pay could
be raised sufficiently to meet demands of a real mili­
tary manpower crunch such as might result from a
medium-size or larger war. E. Robert Livernash,
in a paper excerpted in this issue, argued that em­
ployer training of workers tends to increase as
a result of tight labor conditions and increased
separation costs.
Some familiar predictions for manpower re­
appeared throughout the discussions. On-thejob training will be used to greater extent to
move qualified workers up, thus providing spots
for the disadvantaged at the bottom of the occu­
pational scale. The aged, Negroes, teenagers, and
women will continue in an employment squeeze
relative to mature white men. Employment op­
portunities will continue to shrink in the central
cities, where the Negroes are, and to mushroom in
the suburbs. The venerable cry for more statistics
was met by the call for better use of the current
wealth of statistical data.
A bit of skepticism about the war on poverty in
general and the Job Corps in particular was
voiced in the paper by Sar A. Levitan, one of those
excerpted in this issue. In his paper dealing with
community action programs, also excerpted in this


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issue, Paul Bullock argues that if the poverty pro­
gram is to succeed, bold innovations which involve
the community in achieving its own salvation must
be undertaken despite their political vulnerability.
Compulsion and conciliation were discussed in
connection with the equal employment opportunity
provisions of the 1964 Civil Rights Act. I t was
stated that a period is now available to assess
the effectiveness of conciliation of job opportunity
disputes. One discussant argued that the addition
of compulsory features to Title V II would be un­
wise regardless of future experience, since success­
ful implementation of the equal opportunity
program depended upon aggressive employer poli­
cies to recruit and promote minority group mem­
bers rather than merely surly compliance. A
compulsory law would have difficulty reaching
beyond the hiring gate.
New stresses on the structure of collective bar­
gaining were the subjects of several papers, includ­
ing that of Matthew A. Kelly, which is excerpted
in this issue. These stresses arise from current
inflationary conditions, trends toward and counter
movements to centralized bargaining, recent Su­
preme Court decisions which narrow union im­
munity to antitrust laws, reaction to strikes which
seriously inconvenience the public, and equal
employment opportunity issues.
Near the end of the sessions, Secretary of Labor
Wirtz called upon economists and statisticians
to remember that analysis and statistics are for
and about people. Statistics should present the
human rather than the statistical picture. As an
example, the Secretary cited the averaging of
unemployment rates in the slums with those in
the suburbs, under the concept of standard metro­
politan areas, which results in a statistical dis­
tortion. He charged those communicating with
the press to be clear as to the import of their find­
ings.
In this issue and the following one, the Review
presents brief portions of only a few of the many
papers delivered at the meeting. Titles and sub­
titles have been added, as well as necessary transi­
tions. Cuts have not been indicated.
23

24

M O N T H L Y L A B O R R E V IE W , F E B R U A R Y 1967

The Trend to Autonomy
in Collective Bargaining
M atthew A. K elly*
C u r r e n t p r e s s u r e s at the bargaining table are
more acute than at any time since the Korean
conflict. While this is to be expected in a period
of pronounced cost-of-living increases and short­
ages in the supply of labor, there is evidence of a
more far-reaching cause for the present extent
of crises in collective bargaining.

Trends in Steel and Auto Bargaining

One of the most important of the current pres­
sures for modification in existing bargaining
structures1 is a countermovement to the centrali­
zation trend which has been so dominant in labormanagement relations in recent years. Thus,
much of the deliberations at the Steelworkers con­
vention in Atlantic City last fall was devoted to
questions affecting the structure of bargaining.
The role of the international and the local was
discussed at length and specific steps were adopted
to “decentralize” policymaking regarding negotia­
tions to give the rank and file greater participation
in bargaining.
The convention decided that the union’s 163member wage policy committee will continue to be
responsible for setting general policy in negotia­
tions, but special industry problems will now be
delegated to separate policy committees for alumi­
num, basic steel, nonferrous metals, and can­
making. Moreover, the general wage policy
committee will no longer have the authority to
settle the contract for the entire jurisdiction of
the union. The separate committees, in addition
to participating in the setting of contract goals,
will now vote themselves on contract ratifications
or strike authorizations.
This decentralization of union procedure in bar­
gaining is only a step in meeting rank-and-file
pressures and local needs. I t remains to be seen
whether this and other modifications in the struc­
ture of bargaining in future negotiations will pro­
vide for a better handling of local problems, will
avoid their being lost in the vastness of industry­


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wide negotiations, and will generally dispel the
fairly widespread membership discontent over
their exclusion from negotiations and the neglect
of local issues.
The “local issues” problem and concern over the
centralized structure of bargaining has been grow­
ing particularly in the automotive industry. It
has always plagued automotive negotiations but
since World War II, the practice has been for the
final settlement to be made between small com­
mittees of company and union (international)
representatives. Much of the basic rank-and-file
dissatisfaction which was cited as prevailing in
steel, and is evident in other large-scale industries
with highly centralized bargaining structures, ex­
ists here. Local union officials are concerned over
their lessening role in the union structure gen­
erally and in collective bargaining in particular.
The members are more interested in at-the-job
conditions and local problems than they are in the
broad, “global” issues of the national bargaining.
Some Possible Adjustments

It would appear that the centralization of bar­
gaining structures and the standardization of con­
tract terms have been carried too far. But some
new and creative approaches to the bargaining
table need be demonstrated if the trend toward
centralization, which has been so dominant a char­
acteristic of the labor relations scene of recent
years, is to be modified through accommodation
rather than protracted strikes.2
Whatever may produce “creative bargaining,”
there is much opportunity to adjust the existing
centralized structures to meet the needs of greater
local participation and a more effective handling
♦Professor of Collective Bargaining, New York State School
of Industrial and Labor Relations, Cornell U niversity.
Two subjects covered by Dr. K elly’s paper were not included
in this excerpt. They concerned coordinated union bargaining
and union w ithdraw al from multiemployer bargaining units.
1 For the purposes of his paper, the author assumed “a broad
definition of the structure of collective bargaining, that is, one
which would be more or less inclusive of all the economic, in sti­
tutional, and locus-of-power considerations in a bargaining rela­
tionship.” See also the various definitions of the term in
Arnold R. Weber, ed., The Structure of Collective Bargaining
(New York, The Free Press of Glencoe, Inc., 1961).
2 There has been some progress in th is direction with some
noteworthy examples of “accommodation in the negotiation of
labor agreem ents” and “creative bargaining.” See, for example,
James J. Healy, ed., Creative Collective Bargaining: Meeting
Today’s Challenges to Lahor-Management Relations (Englewood
Cliffs, N.J., Prentice-H all, Inc., 1965).

PAPERS FROM THE IRRA ANNUAL MEETING

of local issues. A number of steps have already
been taken in this direction by labor and manage­
ment, and these are presented here along with some
suggestions of a broader nature.
Many contracts now make provision for “special
agreements.” These usually deal with a technical
or specialized subject matter, and experts are
needed for drafting and even administering them.
Such agreements, occasionally with effective dates
different from those of the master contract, are
most prevalent in welfare, pension, and other spe­
cialized benefit programs, but they have also been
used to meet the problems of wage incentives, job
evaluation, profitsharing, and other payment
plans.
There would seem to be much advantage in keep­
ing these issues separate from the general agree­
ment. They are too cumbersome for inclusion in
the master contract, and so specialized in nature
that they are well deserving of individual and even
local attention. However, if they are to be treated
separately in a special agreement and dealt with
in special negotiations, it would probably be nec­
essary for the parties to negotiate a cost rather
than a benefit. Thus, in order to fix the package
price of any given negotiations settlement, the
parties would need to agree that cents per hour or
dollars per shift or workweek could be taken out
of the agreed-upon money settlement for welfare,
pension, and other benefits.
Package Negotiations

The procedure of package negotiating provides
greater flexibility in collective bargaining since it
permits decentralization and self-determination by
local groups. There is some loss in the decentrali­
zation of the “allocation of the package” decision
(usually there are savings to be had in a
central fund’s purchase of uniform welfare bene­
fits and in the spreading of risks in pension pro­
grams) but these seem small compared to the gains
in satisfying local groups of employees as to
whether they want the moneys they gained in nego­
tiations to be in wages or in welfare, pension, or
other benefits.


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25
It is interesting to speculate whether all eco­
nomic items in the contract could not be handled in
the same fashion. In centralized negotiations
structures such as those in steel or automotive in­
dustries, this would provide the broadest flexibility
and widest area of employee self-determination of
working conditions. The basic agreement would
be a package agreement and the local areas would
determine the amount of the package settlement
which would go into wages, welfare, pension,
hours, vacations, holidays, paid sick leave, jury
duty, bereavement leave, supplementary unem­
ployment benefits, and other benefits. Manage­
ments’ concern for the personnel and manpower
problems connected with certain fringe benefits,
such as the encouragement of malingering and the
increase of nonproductive time, may well neces­
sitate that the master agreement set some nego­
tiated limits to this freedom of choice in the allo­
cation and use of the package settlement. Sim­
ilarly, it may not be practical in large multiplant
or multicompany contracts, as in automotives or
steel, to vary certain centralized benefit programs.
This is especially likely for pensions and where
employee benefit “rights” need to be protected as
employees move from one plant to the other. But
the case for uniformity for many of the “economic
items” listed above is far less compelling, and
much local unrest would be alleviated and much
employee satisfaction could be achieved through
adaptations of this sort in centralized bargaining
structures.
In many contract interpretation areas, the need
for standardization and centralized determination
also seems to be overstressed. For example, locals
could well be free to establish their own provisions
for the scheduling of vacations, the posting of
notices as to vacation time, and the method of pro­
viding preference in vacation time. Similarly,
local autonomy could be extended to the scheduling
of hours of work, the distribution of overtime, and
the setting of eligibility for paid holidays, sick
leave, and other paid leave. Also, apprenticeships
and in-plant training programs, grievance han­
dling, seniority, and sanitary conditions could all
be left for local determination and interpretation.

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, FEBRUARY 1967

26

Poverty in the Ghetto—
The View From W atts
P aul B ullock*

A m a j o r r o a d b l o c k encountered by any antipov­
erty effort in the urban ghetto is the deep cynicism
of its residents. The nature of the current pro­
gram exacerbates this difficulty, because its goals
are long-range and most of its important benefits
are deferred.
Though the urban ghetto remains isolated in
many ways from the rest of society, it does not
wholly escape the influence of those values which
infuse the life styles of the middle class. Perhaps
largely through exposure to television and motion
pictures, the poor become acutely aware of their
material deprivation and thus inclined to pursue
the acquisitive goals of the social order they live
in. Much to the dismay of those radicals who
prefer to view the poor as possible agents of social
revolution, the inhabitants of Watts, for example,
merely ask to share in the affluence of the larger
society.
Society at once condemns the ghetto for not liv­
ing up to its dominant standards of behavior and
morality and imposes conditions upon the ghetto
which preserve its isolation. The ghetto responds
to such conflicting demands with a kind of com­
munity schizophrenia: one part strives with excess
haste to emulate what it regards as the funda­
mental driving force of the larger society, that is,
the accumulation of money as quickly as possible
and the status that goes along with it; and the
other holds firmly to the traditional values of the
minority culture.
The “hustler,” it will be obvious, combines these
qualities in his one personality, uniquely adapted
to the mores of the ghetto. His is the philosphy
of the big gamble, the big risk, for the big
(though temporary) stakes. He is often the suc­
cess model for the youngsters in the neighborhood.1
Antipoverty programs will be abortive unless
their administrators understand the psychology of
the ghetto. The sustained self-discipline and
steady planning under parental guidance, inherent
in the usual process by which middle-class
youngsters undertake an education and a career,
are alien to the teenagers and young adults

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trapped in a slum ghetto. Nothing in their back­
ground suggests to them any certainty of reward
as the result of self-sacrifice and planned deferral
of the gratification of one’s present needs. Well
over half of them in Watts are in broken homes.
Consequently, there is strong emphasis on “having
a good time” whenever possible, partly as a means
of temporary escape from the frustrations and
anxieties of the ghetto.2 A job (the slang word
is a “slave”) may be regarded only as a source
of some “bread” to help finance a car, a “pad,”
or possibly a drug habit, rather than as a step up
a permanent career ladder. The Negro poor are
aware that even a more or less complete adaptation
to the cultural demands of our society does not
yet assure them of access to the advantages and
privileges enjoyed by the majority.
The accumulation of arrest and prison records
further inhibits many Watts residents in their
search for remunerative employment. Ironically,
even government agencies involved in the “war
on poverty” frequently discriminate against per­
sons with felony records, thus aggravating the
very alienation which constitutes their major
enemy.
The Neighborhood Legal Services financed by
OEO cannot assist the poor in such matters be­
cause their jurisdiction covers only civil cases, not
criminal, and much of their time is therefore
consumed by divorce cases and similar problems.
My concentration on what some might consider
the “pathology” of the urban ghetto should not
obscure the essential diversity of attitudes and
values which prevails even in Watts. A not
inconsiderable number of persons in the commun­
ity are homeowners, especially among those who
arrived during or just after World War II ; many
heads of households, including mothers separated
from their husbands, work long and hard; and
many youngsters, though not enough, manage to
survive the rigors of public “education” and
some make their way into college.
*Of the In stitu te of Industrial Relations, University of Cali­
fornia at Los Angeles.
1 For a moving and realistic account of life in the slum ghetto,
see Claude Brown, Manchild in the Promised Land (New York,
Macmillan Co., 1965). See also Lee Rainwater, “Crucible of
Id e n tity : The Negro Lower-Class F am ily,” Daedalus, W inter
1966, pp. 172-216.
2 St. Clair Drake and Horace R. Cayton observed these same
forces in the Negro ghetto of Chicago during World War II.
See their Black Metropolis, Vol. II (New York, Harper & Row,
Torchbook Edition, 1962), pp. 386-387.

PAPERS FROM THE IRRA ANNUAL MEETING

Operational Problems
of the Job Corps
S a r A . L e v it a n *

76,000 y o u t h s were enrolled in the Job
Corps during its first 21 months of operation.
Their status as of mid-November 1966 was as
follows: 29,000 were enrolled in the Job Corps,
13,000 had completed their course of training,
and 34,000 left voluntarily or were discharged
before completing their course of training. Most
of these 34,000 (the exact number is not known)
left within 3 months after enrollment.
The high ratio of turnover or dropout has
received considerable public attention. In view
of the characteristics of the youths who are en­
rolled in the Job Corps, a high dropout rate was
to be expected. Comparison with dropout rates
in other institutions, such as high school or col­
lege, is not helpful or meaningful. In the absence
of any suitable standard, it is useless to speculate
about the appropriate ratio of dropouts from
the Job Corps. No doubt, the improvement in
economic conditions since the Job Corps started
operation must have contributed to the record of
departures. In the tightening job market, many
enrollees were motivated not to plan for the long
run but to obtain jobs requiring a minimum of
preparation. Still, a number of factors which
may have contributed to the difficulties of the
program and the high dropout ratio could have
been avoided. Some may be the responsibility of
the Job Corps itself, others were beyond the
control of the agency.
S ome

Center Administration

L

As of November 13, 1966, the total Job Corps
enrollment of 29,186 was divided as follows:
Number

Conservation centers___________________________
Men’s urban centers______________________
Women’s centers_________________________
Special demonstration projects___________________

Enrollment

88
11
11

2

12,760
12,182
4,143
101

The Job Corps has delegated responsibility for
the operation of the conservation centers to the De­

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27
partment of Agriculture and the Department of
the Interior. The capacity of the conservation
centers ranges normally from 100 to 200, though a
few have a slightly higher capacity. The Job
Corps has retained the responsibility for curricu­
lum development and for general policy. The two
Federal departments are operating the conserva­
tion centers on a reimbursable basis and are
charged with the day-to-day responsibility for
administration.
To operate the urban centers, the Job Corps
turned to interested private contractors. Though
profits were small, there was no financial risk in­
volved, since contractors operate the centers on a
cost-plus-fixed-fee basis. Corporations found at­
tractive the chance to enter an expanding new
industry—education and training of the disad­
vantaged—and the centers also could serve as lab­
oratories for developing new techniques. Some
corporations viewed the contracts as a hedge
against the then slackening defense expenditures.
For a time it appeared that corporations were
better equipped than educational institutions to
run Job Corps centers. The outstanding failures
in administering centers were the universities.
The corporations were efficient in organizing
centers, unencumbered as they were by the red tape
so common at institutions of higher learning.
They got “the show on the road” in a minimum of
time. It was also anticipated that corporations
which had been traditionally engaged in trainingpersonnel and the development of complex de­
fense systems would have little trouble in innovat­
ing new approaches and techniques applicable to
the education and training of the disadvantaged.
But it does not appear that the corporations will
live up to these expectations. The high cost of
running centers has forced the Job Corps to cut
operating expenses, and budgets for development
and research in educational and training activities
at the centers have had to be tightened. Consid­
ering budget limitations, the corporate contractors
could attract few top-level people for their center
activity and have had to settle frequently for sec­
ond best, hiring ordinary garden variety educators.
*A staff member of the W. E. Upjohn In stitu te for Employ­
ment Research, Mr. Levitan is working under a Ford Foundation
grant to evaluate the Economic Opportunity Act.

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, FEBRUARY 1967

28

Trends in Employer
Manpower Policies
E.

R obert L iv e r n a s h *

E m p l o y e r s , under the stimulus of collective bar­
gaining and directly, have been increasingly active
and creative in the development of manpower
policies during the last decade. First, displace­
ment policies have been expanded in breadth and
coverage. The twin objectives have been to reduce
actual displacement and to minimize displacement
hardship. Dynamic changes in product markets,
relatively rapid technological change, and rela­
tively high unemployment created an economic
environment inviting the enhancement of employee
security. Second, under the stimulus of the civil
rights movement and the more recent tighter job
market, employment policies have been consider­
ably modified. Finally, some employers have
given significant emphasis to employee develop­
ment and training policies.
Prior to a discussion of specific policies,1 an
introductory emphasis on the social utility of a
tight market seems appropriate.
The necessity to hire and to train less experi­
enced and qualified individuals is of great social
value, as Arthur M. Ross has stated in a paper
presented at the second Princeton Manpower Sym­
posium.2 A tight job market is a virtual necessity
to provide effective assistance to displaced and dis­
advantaged employees. While these are familiar
facts, and even though they are subject to impor­
tant qualification noted subsequently in the paper,
♦Professor of Business Adm inistration, Graduate School of
Business Adm inistration, Harvard U niversity.
1 The original paper listed eight significant displacem ent poli­
cies : supplemental unemployment benefits, severance pay, special
early retirement, attrition, intraplant transfer, interplant trans­
fer, job placem ent and retraining assistance, and advance notice
and planned displacement. The author comments : “These policies
may be divided into two categories— separation policies and re­
tention policies. The former consist of financial aid to displaced
employees and assistance in obtaining new em ploym ent; the latter
encompass various transfer and internal training programs.
There appears to have been an im portant unplanned consequence
in the evolution of these two sets of p o lic ie s: separation costs
seem definitely to have grown relative to retention costs. The
increase in separation costs, in turn, stim ulates further develop­
ment and retention policies.”
2 Arthur M. Ross, “Theory and M easurement of Labor Short­
ages,” in Frederick H. Harbison and Joseph D. Mooney, eds.,
Critical Issues in Em ploym en t Policy, A Report of the Princeton
Manpower Symposium, May 12-13, 1966 (Princeton, N.J., Prince­
ton University Press, 1966), p. 33.


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discussion of the tight market environment tends,
as an opinion, to give undue emphasis to inflation­
ary pressures relative to social benefits.
Howrever, note should be taken that a tight job
market tends to revise the rules of the game for
employers. Employers are stimulated to avoid dis­
placement and to recruit, to select, and to train
more efficiently. In a loose market, rather passive
adjustment and inactivity probably minimizes em­
ployer costs. Maintaining a tight job market over
a period of years should result in cumulative ef­
fects from innovations and improvements in pri­
vate manpower policies. There is evidence today
of improved efficiency in training and, generally,
increased attention to manpower planning.
Employment Policies

Under job market and civil rights pressures, em­
ployment policies have become more active and less
routine. The following developments are note­
worthy : Intensified and more creative recruitment,
relaxed and less stereotyped selection standards,
adaptations in job design and job structure, devel­
opment of merit policies, and a spreading interest
in more comprehensive manpower planning. They
all are related and normal responses to a tight job
market. Search for experienced male employees
in the prime working ages shades over into relaxed
hiring standards, as it becomes necessary to select
less experienced and inexperienced older and
younger employees. Planned and unplanned re­
visions in job content and job structure are made
to accommodate hiring realities. Substitution of
women for men has been of significance. All of
these changes necessitate increased training.
One dimension of intensified recruitment, re­
ported in many specific instances, is extended geo­
graphic search and special efforts in labor surplus
areas. To some extent, plant location has been in­
fluenced by labor supply considerations. News­
paper accounts indicate plant locations in labor
surplus areas, though obviously a number of vari­
ables are involved. It is also difficult to judge the
impact of labor scarcities upon technological
change. What is not subject to debate is modifica­
tion in job content and job structure to adjust to
market scarcities. Companies add less skilled jobs
to the structure. They also divide and specialize
jobs to utilize less skilled employees. However,
the most significant adjustments are informal.

PAPERS FROM THE IRRA ANNUAL MEETING

With no formal change in job descriptions, the job
assignments of new employees are adapted to their
experience and to appropriate training sequences.
Skills are created by this process.
It is not possible to discuss at length the impor­
tant topic of manpower planning.3 Most com­
panies do some such planning, but relatively few
do what might be termed comprehensive planning.
One can point out social benefits from changed
employment policies as stimulated by a tight job
market. There is also social merit with respect to
changes in training and development policies. But
in this encouraging picture there remains a major
problem, the so-called unemployable individual.
Frank H. Cassell explored this question most ably
in his paper on “Jobs for the Hard-to-Employ in
Private Enterprise” presented at the 1966 Prince­
ton Manpower Symposium.4
The issue may be put in terms of what can rea­
sonably be expected from the private employer
in the reduction of selection standards. Cassell
also points out that attention must be concen­
trated first on making these people employable
to avoid the revolving door problem.
There is no question that meaningful work is be­
ing done as regards hard-to-employ individuals.
But manyxa progressive company stops short of the
point Cassell is talking about in lowering its se­
lection standards. It is one thing to hire an indi­
vidual, let’s say, without a high school diploma,
when his record indicates that all that is required
is some extra training; it is quite different to hire
an individual whose life record to date is one of
instability and general lack of achievement.
The employer is willing to make added training
investments, but the gamble of taking employees
with marginal promotion potential is not being
risked by more than a small minority of com­
panies. And this is the problem. Hopefully, the
particular barriers to employment can be isolated
and minimized by government-subsidized coopera­
tive programs. Reality requires, however, that
the considerable dimension of this problem be
recognized.
Development and Training

In recent years there appears to have been a
more analytic approach to training than in the
past. Job performance and skill requirements
have been studied and converted into more efficient
training programs. Detailed training procedures,
242-313 0 — 67—

3


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

29
job by job and step by step, can now be found in
many companies and, as a consequence, substantial
cuts in the time required for training have been
made. In addition, training is better balanced as
between the classroom and the job, and between
orientation and job instruction. There appears
to have been a considerable increase in the effi­
ciency with which training has been performed.
Executive development, career counseling, and
the motivation of people at work have created a
new frontier in personnel policy. The behavioral
scientists have been at work, not only in the uni­
versities but also in some of the larger companies.
While there are decided theoretical differences
among individual scholars, and consequently some
differences in action programs, a common guiding
principle of integrating the needs of the individual
with the goals of the organization seems to have
evolved. Various policies and programs, such as
management by objective, job enlargement, work
planning and review, feedback of results, and
others are emerging to implement these theoretical
ideas. As a matter of fact creativity in imple­
mentation may be lagging in this process.
Most work of this type has been carried on at the
executive and administrative level, but the ideas
and applications are working downward within
organizations. In one nonunion company, for ex­
ample, there is plantwide posting of job vacancies.
Promotions are made by giving great weight to
the qualifications and abilities of individuals.
Counseling is available to each employee and em­
ployees are encouraged to plan their future job
careers. Extensive training programs are avail­
able to employees to assist them to take advantage
of future opportunities. The employees have re­
sponded widely to these individual development
opportunities. Similar programs exist in a sig­
nificant group of companies.
There is no simple blueprint for the effective in­
tegration of the needs of the individual with the
goals of the organization. And added experience
is required to see just how constructive these de­
velopmental policies and practices will be. At the
moment one can only say that employee develop­
ment and motivation policies are recasting the ma­
jor emphasis of personnel activity in creative and
promising directions.
3 For general background, see Richard A. Lester, Manpower
Planning (Princeton, N.J., Princeton U niversity Press, 1966).
4 Harbison and Mooney, op. cit., p. 77.

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, FEBRUARY 1967

30

Recent Influences
on the Supply of Labor
J acob M in c e r *

A n i m p o r t a n t a s p e c t of the economic expansion
in its recent phase has been the growth of demand
originating from the military sector. This was
reflected by a growth in derived demand for labor
in industries which produce military supplies such
as manufacturing, and by direct transfers (draft)
of manpower from the civilian to the military
sector. These effects became pronounced in the
past 2 years. However, the increases in military
manpower which were small during 1965 reached
the magnitude of 500,000 men during 1966. This
is just about the amount by which the total male
labor force expanded during the year. Conse­
quently, the growth in the civilian male labor force
was reduced to zero, from a figure of half a mil­
lion during the preceding year. The growth of
total civilian employment was reduced by the same
amount from more than 2 million in 1965 to more
than 1.5 million in 1966.
The aggregate demand expansion had a different
time profile in 1966 than in 1965 : it was decelerat­
ing rather than accelerating. Nonetheless, the
average pace during the year was about as strong
as in the preceding year, as measured by the rate
of change in GNP or other indexes. The remark­
able fact about labor mobility during the past year
is that employment expanded in the sectors of
continued demand pressure at the same rate as a
year before, despite the withdrawal of half a mil­
lion men to the military. From October 1965 to
October 1966, nonagricultural and manufacturing
employment increased by 2.2 and 1.0 million work­
ers respectively, just as in the preceding year.
The manpower deficit was made up by a large
movement of labor from agriculture. During this
one year agricultural employment declined by
650,000, an absolute decline, on a shrinking base,
exceeding any annual decline since World War II,
and larger than the total decline during the pre­
ceding 3 years.
In contrast to the usual interindustry labor mo­
bility in the course of normal economic change,
manpower transferred from the civilian to the
military sector is drawn quickly and directly from
a specific population group. The effect is an in­

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tensification of the pressure of civilian labor de­
mands on the remaining population groups. Most
of the military expansion was furnished by young
men age 18-26. Given the very small labor force
elasticity of adult men, the big compositional labor
force effect was a larger than expected increase in
labor force participation of women.
These compositional shifts in labor force growth
were also reflected in the composition of employ­
ment growth: In 1966, the growth of nonagri­
cultural employment consisted of 0.7 million men
and 1.5 million women, compared with 1.0 and 1.2
million respectively in 1965. In manufacturing,
where the proportion of women employees re­
mained stationary and relatively low since 1950,
almost half of employment growth during the
past year consisted of women, compared with less
than a quarter during the preceding year and each
of the years since 1950, with the exception of the
Korean conflict period. Moreover, the relative
growth of the employment of women during the
past year was greater in those manufacturing in­
dustries where total employment growth was the
strongest : in durables compared with nondu­
rables, and within the durable goods sector.
Despite the almost complete absence of growth
in the male civilian labor force, total male civilian
employment grew by about 300,000 (compared
with 850,000 a year before). This small increase
was achieved by the 250,000 decrease in unemploy­
ment. Thus, the increase in male nonagricultural
employment (700,000) was due, in large part, to
the movement from agriculture.
The fact that the increase in military manpower
demands reduced the growth of the civilian male
labor force is not surprising. What is noteworthy
is that the induced component of the male labor
force growth has been quite small during the past
2 years, and has decreased rather than increased
from 1965 to 1966, despite increased manpower de­
mands on the male population. The explanation
lies, in large part, in the recent growth of school
enrollment of young men. Increases in enrollment
and consequent declines in labor force participa­
tion were much in excess of longer run trends.
To what extent the large changes in school
enrollment and consequent declines in labor force
participation of young men have been induced by
♦Of the National Bureau of Economic Research and Columbia
U niversity.

PAPERS FROM THE IRRA ANNUAL MEETING

military manpower policies is not easily ascertain­
able. As to labor force responses, the picture is
quite clear: The draft and the increased school
enrollment of actual or potential male coworkers
apparently resulted in increased labor force par­
ticipation of young women. Indeed, the recent
strong increases in the growth of the younger
female labor force constitutes a reversal of previ­
ous trends, when the strongest labor force upsurge
came from older women. Other factors, such as
the recent fertility decline, may have played a
part in these labor force developments. However,
in this matter, cause and effect are likely to run
in both directions.
The Supply of Teenagers

Taken together, recent school enrollment trends
and the draft to which they may have responded
represent a squeeze on that segment of the civilian
labor supply which was supposed to “inundate”
the job markets during this decade.
I am referring to the rapid growth of the teen­
age population during the recent years, a conse­
quence of the now faded postwar baby boom.
However, even before the most recent develop­
ments, the influx of teenagers has not been as
formidable as popular impressions or even sta­
tistical counts suggest. This is because school
enrollment trends have been so strong during the
past decade that the nonenrolled population of
teenagers has remained stationary, or even declin­
ing. All of the increases in the influx of
teenagers into the labor force, and much of the
increases in the 20-24 age group of male jobseekers
and workers, are students engaged in, or looking
for, part-time or seasonal work.1
Turning to the labor force of older men (60 and
over), their participation rates continued to de­
cline throughout the current upswing, but at a
lesser rate during the past 2 years. Of particular
interest, are the developments in the 60-64 age
group, where the labor force rate declined abruptly
after 1961. Apparently, the extension of OASDI
benefits to the 62-64 age group encouraged labor
force withdrawals which dominated over the stim­
ulating effects of improving job opportunities.
During the past year, however, the increased pres­
sure of demands on the male labor force stopped
and even reversed this decline. Evidently, the
fringes of the labor force are crowded not only

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31
with the ever popular “discouraged workers,” but
also with “encouraged workers” and even “encour­
aged nonworkers.”
Adjustments in the Supply

During the past year, the conjunction of civilian
and military demand pressures resulted in an ab­
solute and relative expansion in the employment
of women, all of which is attributable to expan­
sion of the elastic female labor force. Because of
this large expansion in the labor force, outflows
from unemployment were canceled by frictional
inflows, resulting in no net reduction in female
unemployment. In contrast, increases in male nonagricultural employment were achieved partly by
a reduction in unemployment and in greater part
by the movement from agriculture.
The contrasting behavior of the two segments
of the labor force results from the different labor
force elasticity in the two groups, a differential
which was exaggerated by the pressure of military
manpower demands. A survey of year-to-year
changes since 1947 confirms the generalization:
On the average, reductions in unemployment con­
stitute a much smaller source of changes in female
than in male labor supply. For both segments of
the labor force, reduction in unemployment is an
important source of employment expansion in the
initial phase of a business upswing, diminishing
in importance as job markets tighten and unem­
ployment pools shrink. As the expansion con­
tinues, employment increases are fed relatively
more by labor force additions, mainly of women
and of the more loosely attached segments of the
male labor force. Movements from agriculture
and other industrial and geographic mobility con­
tinues throughout the expansion and accelerates
when male job markets are particularly tight, as
was true this past year.
Looking at these processes from the supply side,
the movement from unemployment to employment
is least costly, interlabor force mobility more so,
and geographic mobility most costly. The succes­
sive unfolding of supply adjustments is consistent
with the cumulation of upward shifts in demand
at the centers of expansion during the business
upswing.
1 The widening of the Negro-white unemployment differential
during the past summer may well be a side effect of the enor­
mously increased seasonal influx of inexperienced students, tempo­
rarily intensifying competition for unskilled and service jobs.

Special Labor Force Report

Why the Unemployed
Look for Work

last jobs. The unemployment of persons who quit
their jobs and of labor force entrants showed little
change in this 2-year period.
Unemployed, persons
[ In thousands]

K a t h r y n D. H oy le*

are designed to as­
sist in measuring the utilization of the Nation’s
most important resource—its manpower. The
figures include all persons not working.who are
seeking work at a given time, regardless of their
financial needs or their reasons for trying to find
jobs. Workers who were laid off or who lost their
jobs do not account for all the unemployed, as the
unemployed also include workers who leave one
job to look for another and persons who enter
the job market either for the first time or after a
period outside the labor force.
The reasons people begin to look for work were
first identified in supplements to the regular Cur­
rent Population Survey taken in June and De­
cember 1964.1 Since that time, four additional
studies have been made—in June 1965, November
1965, January 1966, and June 1966. An averaging
of the 6 survey months produced the following ap­
proximate composite of the unemployed during
this period of rapid economic expansion:
T

he

unem ploym ent

The composition varied with the season. For
example, job losers ranged from one-fourth of the
unemployed in June 1966 to about half of the total
in December 1964 and January 1966. On the other
hand, more than one-fourth of the unemployed
were new entrants in June when school was out of
session, but less than one-sixth were in this cate­
gory in the winter months. (See table 1.)
Total unemployment fell by about 800,000 be­
tween June 1964 and June 1966; virtually all of
this drop took place among persons who lost their
32

June 1964-

Change 1964-66

6 weeks
5 weeks
Total or more Total or more

f ig u r e s

4 0 p e r c e n t h a d lo s t t h e ir p r e v io u s jo b s ;
15 p e r c e n t h a d q u it t h e ir l a s t j o b s ;
25 p e r c e n t w e r e r e e n te r in g t h e la b o r fo r c e a f t e r a
p e r io d o f a b s e n c e ; a n d
2 0 p e r c e n t w e r e n e w e n t r a n t s w h o h a d n e v e r h e ld
a f u ll- t im e job.


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June 1966

Total unemployed_______ 3,870
Lost job____________
939
Left job_________
623
R eentered labor force..
N ever w orked_______

1,204
1,205

1,132 4,692
402 1,713
222 549
280 1,182
229 1,248

5 weeks
Total or more

1,911 -822
1,012 -774
264 -2 6
367
267

22
- 43

-779
-610
-4 2
—87
-3 8

As the above tabulation shows, almost all of the
June 1964 to June 1966 unemployment reduction
took place among persons out of work for a month
or longer. Job leavers, reentrants, and new
workers all benefited moderately from the de­
crease in unemployment of 5 weeks or more, but
the largest drop—to 400,000 from 1 million—oc­
curred among job losers.
Age and Sex

Data on why people looked for work were classi­
fied according to age, sex, color, and whether seek­
ing part-time or full-time work, as well as by
duration of unemployment.
Job Losers. The individual worker often has
little control over job losses, which may result
from business failure, decreased workload, or
mechanization. Persons on layoff, whether tem­
porary or indefinite, as well as those who lose their
jobs permanently are termed job losers. How­
ever, if job loss were the only cause of unemploy­
ment, the unemployment rate would be substan­
tially lower. The total unemployment rate was
4.9 percent in June 1966 (down from 6.1 and 5.5
percent in the previous Junes) and ranged from
3.9 to 4.7 percent in the 3 winter months. The
*Of the D ivision of Employment and Unemployment Analysis.
Bureau of Labor Statistics.
1 Findings of the first two surveys were published in “The
Unemployed : Why They Started Looking for Work,” Monthly
Labor Review, October 1965, pp. 1196-1203, and were reprinted
as Special Labor Force Report No. 60.

WHY THE UNEMPLOYED LOOK FOR WORK

job-loser rate,2 however, was 1.2 percent in June
1966 (also down substantially from June 1964
and 1965) and varied from 1.6 to 2.3 percent in
the winter months. (See table 2.) In June 1966,
job losers accounted for one-fourth of all unem­
ployed persons; the proportion rose to one-half
of the unemployed in December 1964 and January
1966.
With increased age and work experience, fre­
quent or casual job shifting decreases; the more
experienced worker has usually finished his period
of job testing and found a field suited to his skills
and interests. Men age 25 and over are normally
the primary source of support for their families,
and the importance of a woman’s earnings to her
family’s income also increases as she moves out
of the teenage and young adult years. Women
also become freer of household responsibilities as
their children grow older. All these factors
strengthen the worker’s labor force attachment
and discourage job quitting and movement into
and out of the labor force.
Only a small proportion of the unemployed
14 to 17 year-olds gave job loss as the reason for
looking for work. Loss of a job becomes more
prevalent among older teenagers, since more 18 to
19 year-olds are out of school and in the labor force
full time; this progression continues. Job losers
accounted for more than 70 percent of the unem­
ployed men age 45-64 years and for more than half
of the unemployed women in this age group.
Although the preceding discussion relates to job
losers as a proportion of the unemployed in a given
age group, the job-loser rate is based on the per­
centage of the entire labor force at any age that
is unemployed due to the loss of a job. The agesex “differentials in job-loser rates are considerably
smaller than the differentials in the total unem­
ployment rates. For example, there is a wide gap
between teenage and adult overall unemployment
rates, but most of the difference is explained by
the appreciably higher entrant rate of teenagers.
It appears that once a teenage boy or girl has a
job, the likelihood that he will become unem­
ployed because he loses it is not much greater than
his adult counterpart’s.

2 Unless otherwise specified, all unemployment rates cited are
not adjusted for seasonality.
The job-loser, job-leaver, and
entrant rates are each calculated as a percent of the labor force ;
therefore, the sum of the rates for the three groups equals the
total unemployment rate.


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33
The typically higher unemployment rate for
adult women compared with adult men is also a
function of the women’s greater labor force mo­
bility. The job-loser rate for adult women is
about equal to or lower than that for adult men.
The reduction in the job-loser rate between June
1964 and June 1966 was responsible for most of
the drop in the total unemployment rate. The
total jobless rate fell to 4.9 from 6.1 percent in
this period. While the entrant and the job-leaver
rates showed little change, the job-loser rate
dropped to 1.2 from 2.2 percent. Job losers, there­
fore, account for most of the nonseasonal move­
ment in the total unemployment rate, though they
represent only two-fifths of the unemployed. The
latter proportion is based on surveys taken in 6
months when the economy was expanding rapidly,
and it is probable that during a period of slower
growth, and certainly during an economic down­
turn, the proportion of job losers would rise
sharply.
Job Leavers. Persons who left their jobs and im­
mediately started to look for work accounted for
12 to 18 percent of the unemployed. Some of
the reasons for quitting are obvious—differences
with the boss, unpleasant working conditions, low
wages, no opportunity for advancement, and the
like. Others quit in anticipation of job loss; this
reason might account for some persons reported
as job quitters among the unemployed in Novem­
ber when outdoor work halts in colder climates
and in January after the Christmas season.
The job-leaver rate is high among teenagers and
young adults who change jobs frequently before
deciding to settle in one. Other workers have to
leave their job because the family head moves
to another community. Some persons can look
for another job while remaining on their present
one; others have to quit to devote their full time
to finding new employment. Unless these job
leavers find work immediately, they are counted
in the unemployment statistics.
In all the special survey months, only 0.6-0.7
percent of the labor force had quit their previous
job. The availability of jobs enabled many job
leavers to move directly from one job to another
with little or no unemployment.
Labor Force Entrants. Most persons entering
the labor force for the first time are teenagers who
are still in school. Although many of these young-

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, FEBRUARY 1967

34
T a ble 1.
L ooking

1964,

U n em plo yed P e r so n s , b y R ea so n for
for W ork , A ge , a n d S e x , S elec ted M on ths
1965, a nd 1966
Percent distribution

T o tal

p loyed,
Age, sex, m o n th , and year 14 years T o tal
un em ­ Lost
and
over ployed job

Left
job

R een­
tered N ever
labor w orked
force

B oth Se x e s , 14 Y ears
and O ver
Ju n e 1964.
.. ... .
D ecem ber 1964 — .
Ju n e 1966..
. . . .. ..
N ovem ber 1966...
Jan u a ry 1966— . . .
Ju n e 1966...
...
. ..

4,692
3,466
4,287
2,966
3,290
3,870

100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0

36.5
49.1
33.3
39.8
49.5
24.2

11.7
13.0
11.7
18.3
15.9
13.5

25.2
21.9
26.9
25.4
21.8
31.1

26.6
16.0
28.1
16.5
12.7
31.1

1,885
825
1,819
817
764
1,883

100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0

9.4
22.8
7.6
16.4
25.5
6.6

5.3
7.4
4.9
15.9
15.3
5.3

28.1
17.3
28.6
18.7
20.7
31.5

57.3
52.5
59.0
48.8
38.4
56. 5

1,608
1,677
1, 318
1,109
1, 526
1,049

100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0

63.5
66.2
60.3
63.2
68.2
52.6

14.6
11.3
15.5
17.2
14.7
17.7

17.3
19.1
19.7
16.7
14.2
25.2

4.6
3.3
4. 5
2.8
2.9
4. 6

1,199
965
1,152
1,042
1,002
938

100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0

43.0
42.2
43.1
32.9
39.5
27.8

18.0
20.5
18.1
21.3
18.3
25.4

31.4
30.9
32.3
39.9
34.2
36.9

7.7
6. 4
6.6
5. 9
8.1
10.1

14-19 Y ears Old ,
B oth Sexes
Ju n e 1964.__ ____________
D ecem ber 1964— ---- . . .
June 1965. ------ ------- -----N ovem ber 1965.
J an u ary 1966 ---Ju n e 1966.. . . ________ .
Males , 20 Y ears and
O ver
Ju n e 1964.. __ . ---------- .
D ecember 1964...
Ju n e 1965. . . . . . . -----Novem ber 1965___ _ . .
Jan u a ry 1966____ . ------ .
Ju n e 1966-. ______ . . . .
F em ales , 20 Y ears and
O ver
Ju n e 1964... _ _ ______ . . .
December 1964__
Ju n e 1965. . . . ______ .
N ovem ber 1965. . . ___. . .
Jan u a ry 1966____ . . . ___
Ju n e 1966______________ . .

sters are not forced to work full time by economic
necessity, some of them do need temporary or parttime jobs to help pay school or family expenses.
These young workers also need to accumulate work
experience, but their very lack of experience and
their age make it especially difficult for them to find
jobs.
Over 30 percent of the unemployed were new en­
trants in June 1966, and, even in the winter months,
nearly one-sixth had no previous full-time work
experience. As would be expected, the entrant
rate causes most of the seasonal variation in the
total unemployment rate. About 1.6 percent of
the labor force was inexperienced and unemployed
in June 1964, 1965, and 1966; the new entrant rate
dipped to around 0.7 percent in the winter months.
The new entrant rate for teenagers reaches a high
of over 10 percent in June.
Women and teenagers account for a majority of
the reentrants, unemployed persons with previous
full-time work experience who were out of the labor


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force just prior to looking for work. A great
many of them, regardless of age or sex, come back
into the work force because of economic necessity.
Many of the teenagers have worked at summer
jobs and are looking for their first permanent full­
time jobs. Among adults of both sexes, seasonal
work is the primary reason for reentry. Some
persons drop out of the labor force temporarily
because of sickness and later return to look for
work. Others leave the labor force to supplement
educational or vocational skills and return when
the new skills have been acquired.
Divorce or separation forces many women to re­
enter the job market to support themselves and
their children. Others leave the labor force when
their families relocate geographically but return
to look for work when the new household is set up.
Still others, who want to work and whose families
need the money, can reenter the labor force only
after their children have reached school age.
While seasonal work is the primary reason for
reentry among adult men, other reasons include
discharge from the Armed Forces, illness, unpaid
vacation, and, to a lesser extent, release from hos­
pitals, prisons, or other institutions.
During the period June 1964-June 1966, 20 to
30 percent of the unemployed were persons with
previous work experience who had been out of the
labor force for various reasons. The rate for re­
entrants reached a high of 1.5 percent in June. In
the other survey months, unemployed reentrants
accounted for 1 percent of the labor force.
Unemployment Rates

New data on why people began to look for work
suggest that the total unemployment rate may not
fall to as low a point during economic expansion
as had previously been thought. The 2-year period
from June 1964 to June 1966 was one of rapid
economic growth, but the lowest seasonally ad­
justed unemployment rate was slightly below 4.0
percent. The actual rate fell 1.2 percentage points
from June 1964 to June 1966; all but 0.2 point of
the decline was in the job-loser rate. The jobleaver, reentrant, and new worker rates remained
at a combined average of around 3 percent in all
6 survey months.
The job-leaver rate was 0.7 percent in Novem­
ber 1965, January 1966, and June 1966; it can be

35

WHY THE UNEMPLOYED LOOK FOR WORK

assumed that this rate has little seasonal variation.
The rate did not improve over the 2-year period
probably because the continually favorable job
market encouraged workers to leave their jobs to
hunt for others.
The reentrant rate was unchanged over the
period at 1.5 percent in every June and 1.0 percent
in every other month; an average rate of around
1.2 percent can be assumed throughout the period.
The growth in the economy that occurred over this
2-year period and its attendant demand for work­
ers improved the situation for reentrants, although
this is not exhibited in their unemployment rate.
The abundance of job opportunities probably at­
tracted so many reentrants into the job market that
the rate was sustained.
The new entrant rate was about 0.5 percent in
November 1965 and January 1966 and 1.5 percent
in June 1966—an average of about 1.0 percent.
The large growth in the teenage labor force of 1.6
million maintained the new entrant rate with only
a small decline.
If these three rates averaged 3 percent, then
the job-loser rate must have been about 1.0 percent
when the total rate, seasonally adjusted, was 4.0
percent. A job-loser rate of 1 percent out of a
labor force of over 75 million is low, but it could
improve further. Job-loser rates are still high
among Negroes and less skilled workers.
As women and young workers constitute an everincreasing proportion of the work force, the en­
trant and job-leaver rates make up a more impor­
tant part of the total rate. As business conditions
improve, these secondary workers come into the job
market in large enough numbers to keep the jobleaver and entrant rates at fairly stable levels. A
combined rate of 3 percent for these groups, how­
ever, is not acceptable, especially in view of the
fact that the teenage entrant rate was 16y2 per­
cent in June 1966. Overall economic expansion
seems to affect these rates very little and very
slowly; in the short run, job market programs
aimed at specific groups will be needed to reduce
the total unemployment rate below S1/? percent.
1964-66 Changes

Total unemployment fell sharply between June
1964 and June 1966. As mentioned earlier, most
of the decline occurred in the cyclically responsive


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

job-loser component. There was also a small but
notable improvement in the employment-unem­
ployment picture for new entrants. Campaigns
to provide jobs for youth in the summers of 1965
and 1966 effectively absorbed the large growth in
the teenage labor force and made possible a slight
reduction in their unemployment rate. Neverthe­
less, the sharpest improvement in the 1964-66 pe­
riod occurred among job losers—leading to lower
jobless rates for all groups where losers constitute
a large part of the total unemployed, for example,
adult men, blue-collar workers, nonwhites, per­
sons unemployed 5 weeks or more, and workers in
the goods-producing industries.
Duration of Unemployment

In all 6 survey months, short periods of unem­
ployment were more common for labor force en­
trants than for job leavers and losers. However,
this difference narrowed substantially between
1964 and 1966. Nearly all of the 800,000 decline
in total unemployment from June 1964 to June
T able 2. U n em plo ym ent R ates , by R easo n for
L ooking for W ork , A ge , and S e x , S elec ted M o n t h s ,
1964, 1965, and 1966
T otal
unem ­
ploym ent
rate

Age, sex, m onth, and year

Jobloser
rate

Jobleaver
rate

Reen­ New
tra n t e n tra n t
rate
rate

B oth S e x e s , 14 Y ears and
O ver
June 1964
December 1964 _
June 1965
N ovem ber 1965-_
Jan u ary 1966 _
June 1966 _ _

6.1
4.7
5.5
3.9
4.4
4.9

2.2
2.3
1.8
1.6
2.2
1.2

0.7
.6
.6
.7
.7
.7

1.5
1.0
1.5
1.0
1.0
1.5

1.7
.8
1.6
.6
.5
1.5

22.0
13.7
20.8
11.8
11.8
18.5

2.1
3. 1
1.6
1.9
3.0
1.2

1.1
1.0
1.0
1.9
1.8
1.0

6.2
2.4
5.9
2.2
2.4
5.8

12.6
7.2
12.3
5.8
4.5
10.5

3.6
3.8
2.9
2.5
3.4
2.3

2.3
2.5
1.8
1.6
2.3
1.2

.5
.4
.4
.4
.5
.4

.6
.7
.6
.4
.5
.6

.2
.1
.1
.1
.1

5.2
4.1
4.8
4.3
4.2
3.9

2.2
1.7
2.1
1.4
1.7
1.1

.9
.8
.9
.9
.8
1.0

1.6
1.3
1.6
1.7
1.4
1.4

.4
.3
.2
.3
.3
.4

14-19 Y ears O l d , B oth
Se x es
June 1964
D ecem ber 1964
June 1965
N ovem ber 1965_
Jan u ary 1966
June 1966

-

-

Males , 20 Y ears and O ver
June 1964
D ecem ber 1964
June 1965
__
N ovem ber 1965__ _
Jan u ary 1966 _ _
June 1966

.3

F em a les , 20 Y ears and
Over
June 1964
December 1964
June 1965
_ _
N ovem ber 1965
January 1966
June 1966

_ _
__
- -

36
1966 took place among persons who had been un­
employed for 5 weeks or longer. The number of
job losers seeking work for at least a month fell
from 1 million to 400,000 in this period, account­
ing for four-fifths of the total reduction in unem­
ployment of 5 weeks or more. In June 1964, al­
most 60 percent of the job losers had been out of
work for a month or more, far higher than the 48
percent for job leavers and the 26 percent for en­
trants. By June 1966, the proportion of job losers
in this duration group w p down to 43 percent, the
same as the job-leaver proportion, compared with
21 percent for entrants.
Long-term unemployment, 15 weeks or more, fell
sharply—from 1 million in June 1964 to 475,000
in June 1966. Again, job losers showed the great­
est improvement; the number in the long-term
group dropped from 600,000 in 1964 to only 200,000 in 1966. Long-term joblessness also declined
for job leavers, reentrants, and new entrants in this
period, but the reductions for these groups were
proportionately less than for job losers.
Classification by Color

For many years the unemployment rates for
Negro workers have been about double the rates
for whites. The Negro job-loser rate was about
2i/2 times the white rate in June 1964, 1965, and
1966. Although job-loser rates for both color
groups fell during this period, the decline for Ne­
groes was not large enough to reduce the differ­
ential. (See table 3.)
Job losers are a more important component of
total unemployment for Negroes than for whites.
About 85 percent of the 700,000 decline in unem­
ployment for white workers took place among job
losers. In the same 2-year period, there was a
175,000 decline for Negro job losers; this decrease
was partially offset by a 50,000 rise in the number
of unemployed Negro entrants (mainly teen­
agers) .
The imbalance between the Negro and white jobloser rates was especially pronounced among adult
males. Between June 1964 and June 1965, the jobloser rate for men age 20 years and over fell more
rapidly for Negroes than for whites. From 1965
to 1966, both rates again fell, but the rate of decline
for Negro males slowed in comparison to that for
white males. The higher job-loser rate for Negro
men is attributable, in large part, to their concen­

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MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, FEBRUARY 1967

tration in semiskilled and unskilled jobs in indus­
tries where seasonal and economic cutbacks are
common. In addition, discrimination results in
Negro workers being the first ones fired and the
last ones recalled. The unemployment rates for
adult men who quit jobs or who entered the labor
force to look for work were low for whites and
Negroes.
Full Time, Part Time

The majority of unemployed persons seeking
full-time employment had been looking for work
steadily since they lost or left their last jobs. The
majority of those seeking part-time jobs were labor
force entrants—principally housewives or students
who were available for part-time work.
Entrant rates were high among persons lookingfor part-time work and did not improve from June
1964 to June 1966. O11 the other hand, the jobloser rate for this group was low—0.6 percent in
June 1966.
The rate of job loss among those seeking full­
time jobs (although nearly cut in half during the
2-year period) was appreciably higher than among
part-time jobseekers. The majority of those look­
ing for full-time work were adults.
Industry and Occupation

Traditionally, unemployment rates for indus­
tries and occupations have been carefully observed
barometers of economic change. These rates are,
however, subject to certain limitations which im­
pair their use as economic indicators. The new
information on why people started to look for
work helps to alleviate some of these problems.
One limitation of the overall rate is that the
occupation and industry reported for an unem­
ployed worker relate to his last job and therefore
provide, at best, only a good guess at the type of
job he is currently seeking. (This discussion ex­
cludes unemployed persons with no previous full­
time work experience.) A more serious limitation
is that unemployment rates by occupation and
industry include persons who are looking for work
after a period of absence from the labor force.
Their joblessness may have little or no relation­
ship to the current state of affairs in the occupa­
tion and industry in which they worked at some
time in the past. For example, labor force en-

37

WHY THE UNEMPLOYED LOOK FOR WORK
T able 3.

U nem ploym ent R a tes ,

by

R easo n

for L ooking for W ork , C olor , A ge ,
1964, 1965, a n d 1966

Total unemployment
rate

and

S e x , S e l ec ted M o n t h s .
Entrant rate

Job-leaver rate

Job-loser rate

Age, sex, month, and year
White
B

o th

S e x e s , 14 Y

____
________ - ___
-- -

J^foyPTUJip.r 1965
J snufiry i 9 66
14 -1 9 Y

ears

June 1Q64
December 1964
junft i Q65

Old, B

-

—

-- -—

- - -- __
....................

___
____

- M

ales,

Tune 1Q64
December 1964
JllTlft 1965
November 1965
January 1966
June 1966

20 Y

—

—

-

ears and

-

__

-

-

_
-

-

-------------________ —

__

_ _ ----___ _____

20 Y

-

-----------___ _______

ears and

O

_

_

__

-

—

-

- -

4 .8
9Z. ft
o
A D
ß
4.
Q
O. 11
q n
o.
U
r 9Z
0.

5 .5
4 .2
5 .0
3 .5
3 .9
4 .3

1 0 .8
8 .8
9 .3
7 .5
8 .2
9 .0

1 .9
2 .0
1 .6
1 .4
2 .0
1 .0

4 .8
4 .9
3 .6
3 .1
3 .9
2 .7

0 .6
.5
.6
.7
.6
.6

1 .2
1 .1
1 .1
1 .3
1 .3
1 .1

3 .0

2 0 .5
1 2 .7
1 9 .4
1 0 .0
1 0 .1
1 6 .8

3 3 .2
2 3 .2
3 0 .4
2 6 .6
2 6 .9
3 1 .6

1 .7
2 .8
1 .4
1 .6
2 .6
1 .0

5 .1
6 .3
2 .8
4 .9
7 .2
3 .2

1 .0
.8
.9
1. 6
1 .7
. 9

1 .9
2 .3
1 .3
4 .5
3 .0
1 .5

1 7 .8
9 .1
1 7 .1

3 .2
3 .4
2 .6

7 .0
7 .5
5 .4

1 .9
2 .1
1 .5

5 .2
6 .1
4 .0

.5
.

.

.9
5
. 7

.8
.9
. 7

2.2
3.2
2.0

4.7
5.7
5.0

1.4
2.2
1.0

3.1
4.0
3.2

.4
.5
.4

.8
.6
.8

.5
.6

.O
1. 1
1.0

4.6
3.6
4.4
3.9
3.7
3.4

8.9
7.8
7.7
6.9
7.8

1.9
1.6
1.9
1.2
1.4

.8
.7
.8
.9

1.6
1.8
1. 7
1. 3
1.8

6.6

.9

4.1
3.0
3.4
2.8
3.1
1.9

1.9
1.3
1.7
1.8
1.7
1.6

3.2
3.0
2.6
2.8
2.9
3.1

2 .8

5 .8
1 4 .9

2 6 .2
114.
A ß
D
ZD. o
17
I / , 9z
1A
ID. 7i
oß yn
ZD.

4
. 4

.9
Q
y

.

. i

v er

___ _ _ _
__
__ _______ ___ - - ______
_ - ___ __ _ ____ _
__ _ _
__
_ _
- ___- _____

trant rates in December and January were highest
for agricultural and construction workers, yet it
is unlikely that these entrants were looking for
farm or construction jobs even though their last
job, probably in the previous summer, had been
of that type.
Data on job loss overcome both of these diffi­
culties to some extent as they reflect the amount
of unemployment resulting from recent employ­
ment changes in industries and occupations. In
addition, a person who begins seeking work imme­
diately after losing his job is more likely to have
a strong attachment to an occupation or an indus­
try than someone whose last job was followed by
a period of withdrawal from the labor force.
The information obtained from the special sur­
veys shows significant differences between the
unemployment and job-loser rates. In December,
November, and January, the job-loser rate was
half or more of the unemployment rate for experi­
enced nonagricultural wage and salary workers;
in June 1966, it was less than two-fifths of the
total rate.
All of the improvement in the nonagricultural
wage and salary unemployment rate over the June
1964-June 1966 period occurred among job losers.

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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

Non white

White

Over

-

________ ____ - ________ _ _ - ____

em a les,

June 1964
December 1964 __
June 19*5
November 1965
January 1966
June 1966

--

Nonwhite

White

Sexes

o th

_____

196*

F

-

------

________
_
______

Tannery 1Q66
June 19*6

Non white

White

Ov er

ears and

Dee^mb^r 1Q64
Ju n e

Non white

.6
.9

1. 6

In June 1964, the unemployment rate for this
group was 5 percent and the job-loser rate was
2.5 percent. By June 1966, the total rate had
fallen to 3.8 percent and the job-loser rate to 1.4
percent, or less than two-fifths of the total. The
job-leaver and reentrant rates were unchanged
from June 1964 at 0.8 and 1.6 percent, respectively.
The difference between the job-loser and the
total unemployment rate was much larger for serv­
ice-producing industries than for nonfarm goodsproducing industries, the job-loser rate in
goods-producing industries being about double
that in the service-producing sector. These points
illustrate a basic difference in the work force in
these two segments of the economy.
Expanding employment opportunities in serv­
ices have attracted many young workers and adult
women, partly because these jobs are often part
time or temporary and partly because many of
them do not require the skill or strength that the
goods-producing industries do. The demand for
labor in services is met in large part by workers
entering the labor force to take jobs. Also,
women and young workers usually have fewer
financial responsibilities and can leave one job to
look for another more easily than can adult men

38
who make up the bulk of the workers in the goods producing industries. At the same time, seasonal
or other contractions in the demand for workers
in service industries are frequently accompanied
by the withdrawal of women and teenagers from
the labor force so that relatively few persons are
added to the unemployed by job loss. For ex­
ample, teenagers who work in summer camps, re­
sorts, and other recreational facilities return to
school in September.
In the goods-producing industries, the work
force is more stable, and cutbacks in employment
are more likely to be translated into a rise in un­
employment. Job loss, therefore, is a more im­
portant component of total unemployment in the
goods-producing industries.
The recent improvement in the nonagricultural
wage and salary unemployment rate has been
sharpest in the goods-producing industries. The
job-loser rate in these industries was cut in half—
from 3.4 percent in June 1964 to 1.7 percent in
June 1966. The job-loser rate in the service-pro­
ducing sector was reduced by two-fifths—to 1.1
from 1.8 percent.
An examination of differences in the total un­
employment rate and the job-loser rate for occupa­
tions reveals a pattern similar to that among in­
dustries. The job-loser rate is a less significant
component of the unemployment rate in white-col­
lar and service occupations than in blue-collar oc­
cupations. In all 6 survey months, the rate of
job loss accounted for half or less of the unemploy­
ment rate in each white-collar and service occupa­


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MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, FEBRUARY 1967

tion. In fact, in June 1966, the rate of job loss
was less than a third of the total unemployment
rate in each of these occupations. Since the
white-collar and service occupations are expand­
ing sectors and attract many women and teen­
agers, it is not surprising to find this gap between
unemployment and job-loser rates and to find it
accentuated in June.
In each occupation, the drop in the total unem­
ployment rate between June 1964 and June 1966
occurred mainly among job losers. The occupa­
tional data for reentrants refer only to persons
who have previously worked in a given field, but
they may indicate where the slight 1964-66 im­
provement for new workers occurred. Although
the overall reentrant rate was unchanged from
June 1964 to June 1966, it dropped to 1.3 from 1.6
percent for the only group where a decline oc­
curred—white-collar occupations. The reentrants
who had the necessary skills and education for
clerical and sales jobs, where the decline occurred,
found it somewhat easier to obtain jobs in June
1966 than 2 years earlier. A similar improvement
could probably also be extended to new entrants.
On the other hand, the occupations where the
reentrant rate rose slightly were nonfarm laborers
and service workers. These two occupations in­
clude the least skilled, least educated of our non­
farm labor force. New labor force entrants who
lack skills and completed educations must look
for work in these fields where they are further
hampered by their lack of full-time work expe­
rience.

Out of Uniform
II. Educational Attainment Seen as a KeyFactor for Retired Servicemen
in the Establishment of a Second Career
L aure M. S h a rp

and

A l b e r t D . B id e r m a n *

h e m i l i t a r y o c c u p a t i o n a l s t r u c t u r e equips the
majority of servicemen with general skills for
which there are many civilian counterparts, but
also much civilian competition. Retirees who
have acquired a technical or professional skill
through their military careers are more scarce;
though they sometimes experience difficulties in
converting these skills to the requirements of civil­
ian occupations, they are in a better competitive
position when they qualify. It appears that the
retired serviceman is usually evaluated in com­
mon-denominator civilian terms rather than on
the basis of his specific military-acquired skills.
This means primarily education plus personalitytype qualifications, for which rank achieved in
the military is one indicator.
Study of the employment experience of retired
officer and enlisted personnel1 also gave evidence
that, in the majority of cases, specific job match­
ing was probably not attempted by employers
either in hiring these men or in assigning them to
specific work. The retirees’ own perceptions
point to a feeling of relatively low utilization of
their military skills in their civilian occupations,
contrary to their expectations and their estimate
of their abilities relative to civilians.
What we are observing, then, is a downgrading
by the civilian occupational structure of the spe­
cific skill component in favor of categorical cri­
teria, such as rank and education, although it is
this specific skill component which the military
ideology (and, to some extent, the civilian ideology) tends to emphasize as a man’s unique con­
tribution. The man who succeeded in the mili­
tary despite his lack of formal educational

T


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credentials is most likely to have difficulty, at least
initially, in achieving satisfactory civilian em­
ployment.
More important than the specific “job matches”
is the strong correspondence between civilian and
military requirements and reward systems, in
which educational attainment constitutes perhaps
the key factor in successful individual outcomes.
The measures of adjustment obtained in the
Bureau of Social Science Research (BSSR) and
the Department of Defense (DOD) studies in­
cluded data on types of employers and j obs, trans­
fer of military skills, income, and stability on the
job. A varied pattern of adjustment to civilian
employment emerges for the retired men who
were employed.
Type of Employer

Prior to retirement, the men who participated in
the BSSR survey expressed a strong interest in
Government employment; enlisted personnel gave
the Federal Government a 2-to-l preference over
any other type of employer, officers expressed equal
preferences for business and Government employ­
ment. Actually, among jobholders, the proportion
of Government employees was the same f or officers
♦Of the Bureau of Social Science Research, Washington, D.C.
1
This is the second of two articles excerpted from “The Em­
ployment of Retired M ilitary Personnel,” a report of two Bureau
of Social Science Research studies conducted under the auspices
of the Office of Manpower Policy, Evaluation and Research, U.S.
Department of Labor. The first article ( “Out of Uniform— The
Employment Experience of Retired Servicemen,” Monthly Labor
Review, January 1966, pp. 15—21) described the scope of the
studies, the subjects’ preretirem ent employment preferences and
expectations, and their experiences upon actually entering the job
market.
39

40

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, FEBRUARY 1967
T a b l e 1. O c c u p a t io n

and

T ype

of

E m ployer

of

Jo b H

o l d e r s in

DOD S a m p l e

[Percent distribution]
Total

T ype of employer

Occupation
Num­
ber

Officers:2 Number.. . . . ____________ _ .
Percent- _____ _ _________
Engineering____________
___ ____ _________ .
Teaching______________________________________
Other professions________________________________
Business and managerial__________ ______________
Sales ___________ _ _ __ _ ____________ __ .
Clerical_________ ___________ _____________ _
Technical_____________________ ____________ . .
Skilled and semiskilled____ _ _ - _ ______________
Service. ___ _________________________________
Other... ___
. _
__
_________

832

Per­
Selfcent employed

74
52
56
265
116
30
64
24
50
101

100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
ICO
100

Enlisted m en:3 Number _________________ 1,900
Percent
______________ _
Professional ____________ . . . _____ . __________
90
____ .
Business and managerial___ . . . _______
207
Sales ________________ . . . . _____ ____________
136
Clerical________________________________________
126
Electronic technician___. . . . . . . ___________ _ .
78
Medical, laboratory, engineering technician________
65
Other technical_________ ___ ____________________
97
Skilled craftsman_______________________ ____ _
302
Skilled and semiskilled factory worker______________
107
Protective service_____________________ ___ . . .
177
177
Other service. ______ ___________ . . . . . _______
Other___ _____ ________________________________
338

100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100

Business 1

Government
Educa­
Medical
All
institution
tional
other
Large Medium Small institution
Federal State and
local

85
10
1

188
23
60

110
13
14

93
11
1

12
5
24

14
25
30
13
22
25
12
4

5
20
17
10
8
10
8

2
11
23
10
12
25
6
14

337
18
28
16
21
14
31
34
31
19
29
21
11
6

299
16
9
18
18
13
9
11
11
15
41
14
10
13

275
14
7
15
32
12
6
1
5
18
15
7
23
14

3
29
12
21
156
8
3
14
21
5
4
9
2
13
11

h

78
9
5
100
4
4
1
10
3

6
1

1fi9
2(1
9

66
8
6

44
5
3

4
1

23
21
1
43
37
8
18
37

14
8
1
7
3
4
30
9

21
5
3
7
2

495
26
24
17
2
45
45
28
38
29
12
23
14
35

150
8
11
9

89
5
6
6
5
2
1

2

4
2
66
3
12
3

33
2

2
1
5

6

3
(4)
8
6

2

15
1
(4)
1
3
1

6
1
6
9
5

8
5

28
7
7

2
1
6
n
7

1 Large business—over 2,500 employees; medium business—50 to 2,500
employees; small business—fewer than 50 employees.
2 Excludes 1 “no answer.”
3 Excludes 11 “no answer.”

4 Less than 1.0 percent.
N ote : Percentage distributions may not add to 100, because of rounding.

and enlisted men, and it was smaller than the pro­
portion who would have liked to find Government
employment. In the case of officers, this is partly
due to regulations governing dual employment,
dual compensation, and conflict of interest. More
important may be the long delays many applicants
encounter in the Government hiring process,
leading some to accept other work initially. Over
time, the number of retired military men who work
for Government agencies apparently increases.
When the DOD sample is compared with the
BSSR cohort, there seems to be a shift away from
business employment and toward the Federal
Government.
The types of employers for whom the May 1964
retirees were working 6 months after their retire­
ment are varied. There is no decided concentra­
tion in any one sector, although substantial num­
bers of officers are found in the insurance and real
estate businesses (19 percent). For enlisted men,
the Federal Government (primarily the Defense
and Post Office Departments) ranks high. What
is most interesting is the wide scattering of these
men throughout the civilian economy. The domi­
nant pattern, especially for enlisted men, is in

medium and small business establishments in a
variety of plants and retail stores.
Educational level accounts for the sharpest dif­
ferences in employment. Among officers who are
college graduates, over half work either for large
business establishments or for the F ederal Govern­
ment. Government employment is relatively more
frequent than business among those with fewer
years of education. F or enlisted men the opposite
holds true : Government employment is more fre­
quently reported by those who have more than a
high school education. These findings suggest that
the well-educated officer (usually also of a high
rank) can choose between desirable alternatives,
including affiliation with educational institutions,
which is desired by many but for which few have
the necessary qualifications. For the enlisted man
who has gone beyond high school, the opportunities
are more often in Government than in the business
or educational sectors, where his former rank may
be a handicap.
Education differences, as well as the skill re­
quirements of various occupations, account for the
obvious differences in the kinds of jobs retirees
took with various types of employers. This is


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OUT OF UNIFORM

shown in table 1, which is based on the DOD data.
While most of the findings are in the expected di­
rection, some merit special comment.
A high proportion of the officers in the Federal
Government are doing clerical or technical rather
than administrative or professional work—no
doubt a reflection of the selection of Federal em­
ployment by those less well qualified educationally.
One-fourth of the officers working as salesmen are
self-employed—these, no doubt, are predominantly
men working on commission, as are those who re­
gard themselves as employees of real estate, in­
surance, or financial agencies. Those engaged in
managerial administrative work—the largest
single category—are more likely to be found in
large business establishments.
Enlisted men working in Federal agencies fre­
quently hold clerical and technical positions; in
State and local agencies, they are much more likely
to be working in protective services as policemen
and guards. When enlisted men work as salesmen
(and quite a few of them do), it is often for small
business establishments, particularly retail stores.
Compared with officers doing sales work, they are
less often self-employed or connected with large
manufacturing, real estate, or insurance establish­
ments.
Type of Job

Officers as well as enlisted men find work in a
wide variety of fields. The diversity of jobs attests
the broad range of “transferable skills” (or per­
haps, more realistically, the generalized skill struc­
ture) which characterizes the military establish­
ment. Yet certain areas of concentration stand
out. And these, as we will show, are closely related
to specific military career patterns.
Among the men in the BSSR sample, 29 percent
of the officers held business and managerial jobs,
24 percent had professional jobs, and another 24
percent were salesmen. Among the enlisted men,
29 percent were doing skilled or semiskilled work,
23 percent were in service-type jobs, and 16 percent
were in clerical jobs.
Among earlier retirees represented in the DOD
sample, 31 percent of the officers were in businesses
other than sales, 23 percent in professional jobs,
and only 14 percent in sales work. Among the
DOD enlisted men, the largest group (36 percent)

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41
were service workers and only 22 percent were in
skilled and semiskilled occupations. When data
from the surveys are compared there appears to be
a tendency for officers as well as enlisted men to
accept sales or clerical jobs initially upon retire­
ment, but to shift gradually to other fields.
Highly competitive sales jobs, with remuneration
depending only on commissions, are often easy to
get, but many men find it quite difficult to make a
sufficient income in this kind of work.
Rank at retirement and educational level differ­
entiate men in various categories of civilian em­
ployment. Age bears little relationship to the
type of job held. Among officers, the degree hold­
ers are much more likely to work as professionals,
and much less frequently in sales or clerical posi­
tions. The men who have some college, but no
degree, have a profile quite similar to those who
have no more than a high school diploma. This
finding is consistent in this survey: for officers, the
college degree is crucial in qualifying men for pro­
fessional and upper level business jobs; the job
value of courses not part of a degree program is
apparently minimal.
Among enlisted men, the comparable dividing
line is the high school diploma. High school
graduates are likely to find white-collar work;
those who do not have a high school diploma are
much more likely to be employed as skilled work­
ers or in service jobs. College courses, however,
make a greater marginal contribution to occupa­
tional upgrading for enlisted men than for officers.
Enlisted men who have done some college work are
more likely to find employment in technical, sales,
and clerical work than those who have no more
than a high school diploma.
Rank and education are highly correlated.
Higher ranking officers are most likely to be col­
lege graduates. This explains the concentration
of retirees in professional occupations (engineers,
teachers, and doctors) among the top ranked of­
ficers. High-ranking officers also are much more
likely than junior officers to find jobs as business
executives. Among enlisted men, rank and edu­
cation operate in strictly parallel fashion : the men
in the lower grades are much more likely to end
up in service occupations than their higher ranked
fellow servicemen. Better education may have
a multiplier effect leading to promotions within
the service, with rank, in turn, contributing to su-

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, FEBRUARY 1967

42
perior civilian job status. A higher level of edu­
cation is a major attribute both in successfully
negotiating the military career ladder and in a
successful civilian career.
Military Skills and Civilian Jobs

The relation of military skills to civilian jobs
is difficult to assess in the absence of detailed job
descriptions. It is particularly difficult to deter­
mine the precise nature of the civilian jobs ob­
tained by our subjects. Judging from job titles,
we find that close relationships between a civilian
job and military occupational specialty occur only
in a minority of cases. And the relationships ob­
tain more often for enlisted men than for officers,
probably because the military duties of many offi­
cers are of an administrative-managerial rather
than technical-skilled nature. But, even among
enlisted men, close correspondence between mili­
tary speciality and civilian job is far from uni­
versal. Even in the military specialties where
transfer appears most likely (such as medical and
dental specialists; electronic, electrical, and me­
chanical repairmen; craftsmen) it would appear,
from the broad job categories, that no more than
one-third to one-half had moved into directly
comparable civilian jobs.
Most officers, regardless of their experience in
the military, tended to get jobs in the professions
or in the business and commercial fields. The ex­
ception was the small group of those who retired as
officers and who had specialized in ordnance or in
T able 2.

Occupation

M edian I ncome
D O D S am ple

and

holders i n

Officers
Occupation

Engineering____________ _________ __
Teaching __ _
Other professional-______________
Personnel work- ______
____
Financial.
. _- - _
Business and administration
____
Other business____ ________- Sales _
______
Clerical__- ___ ______________ Electronic technician
Medical, laboratory, or engineering
technician- .
...
Other technical - Skilled craftsman..
Skilled and semiskilled factory work.
Protective services___ . . . ____ .
Other service ____ . ______ . . .
Other
.
. . . .


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of

J ob­

Enlisted men

Num­ Median Num­ Median
ber income
ber income
72
51
54
32
36
94
100
108
28
13

$9,695
4,900
7,460
5,365
5,915
8,585
7,260
5,275
4,625
5,750

13
34
22

5,665
6,710
4,335

31
15
98

4,750
3,430
4,965

42

$6,815

45
32
21
29
120
132
121
77

6,120
4,830
4.750
6.750
5,730
4,430
3,965
6,170

65
96
284
100
171
171
324

5,960
5,925
4,995
4,220
4,150
3; 630
4,235

some fields usually the province of enlisted men.
This group had correspondingly high placements
in technical, clerical, sales, or skilled and service
jobs.
Of 81 officers whose major specialty was aircraft
pilot or crew member, 25 held executive-manager­
ial type jobs, 26 were salesmen, 7 were engineers,
9 were teachers or school officials, 4 were mechan­
ics, and only 3 were aviators. This very low em­
ployment of pilots in their specialty—combined
with the relative high unemployment rate of men
with this specialty— is noteworthy in view of the
complaint by the air transportation industry of a
severe shortage of air crew. The age of the re­
tirees presumably is a primary factor, not only be­
cause some are now too old to qualify as pilots in
commercial aviation, but also because the seniority
system of the industry would require the retiree to
stay too long in semiapprentice roles at very low
pay.
Job Slippage

Overall, the findings seem to indicate that offi­
cers whose military job specialties were in highdemand fields where there are currently shortages
found themselves placed most easily in their own
fields. But the relationships are not always as
automatic and clearcut as one might expect.
Some of the slippage may be voluntary—conceiv­
ably for some men a second career is the oppor­
tunity for a long-desired switch, for example, from
engineering or law to the real estate business.
However, our data suggest that the acceptance of
nonprofessional work may have resulted from job­
finding difficulties as much as from voluntary de­
cisions. The finding is most clear for officers in
the DOD sample who accepted a clerical job: 37
percent of them reported “great difficulty” in find­
ing a first job, whereas, overall, only about 14 per­
cent of the officers chose this answer. Our con­
sistent finding was that the same military specialty
groups in which relatively large numbers of men
were unemployed 6 months after retirement also
turned out to have the largest proportion of un­
related placements and members who reported dif­
ficulties in job-finding. Consequently, wTe conclude
there are very real transfer problems in some
specialties, including those which were believed to
have high civilian transferability, such as aircraft

OUT OF UNIFORM

and engineering. Furthermore, not only in air
transportation but in other areas as well, nontrans­
ferability of seniority status is probably a greater
employment barrier than nontransferability of
skill.
This does not mean the men feel that their mili­
tary experience was not helpful in obtaining the
jobs they held. Well over half of the retired offi­
cers and enlisted men in the DO I) sample selected
the most positive answer (“helped a great deal”)
when asked if their military background helped
qualify them for the work they are doing in ci­
vilian life.
What the findings suggest, perhaps, is that while
specific skills acquired in the military are unques­
tionably an asset, especially in fields where there
are acute personnel shortages, this is only one
part of the picture, and not necessarily the most
significant one. From the detailed data collected
in the employer and counselor surveys conducted
as part of our intensive study, it appears that the
retired serviceman is evaluated in common de­
nominator civilian terms rather than on the basis
of his specific military-acquired skills. This
means primarily education, plus personality-type
qualifications, for which rank achieved is one in­
dicator.2 There is also more indirect evidence
in our survey material that in the majority of
cases specific job matching probably was not at­
tempted by employers either at the time these men
were hired or when they were assigned. The
retirees’ own perceptions point to a feeling of
relatively low utilization of their military skills in
their civilian occupations, contrary to their
expectations.
Income

Considering the job qualifications of the mili­
tary retired population, the civilian incomes they
earned in 1963 and 1964 appear to be distinctly
low. The median income of officers from the

2
The only instance in which specific m ilitary experiences are
probably an im portant asset is employment in government ancl
defense industries, where certain technical or bureaucratic know­
how or personal connections m ight be an asset. It should be
noted, however, that these surveys show fewer than 30 percent
(20 percent in the DOD survey and 28 percent in the BSSR
study) of all officer respondents working for large business
establishm ents, of which defense industries are only one subgroup.
For enlisted men, the proportion is even lower.


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43
DOD sample was $6,130 in 1963—after 1 to 3
years in the civilian job market. Their colleagues
who retired later in 1964 and who were surveyed
6 months after retirement did somewhat better:
their median income was $7,785. Enlisted men’s
incomes were also lower for the earlier cohort:
$4,690 for those surveyed in 1963, $4,730 for the
more recent retirees.
The importance of rank and education as they
affect the retirees’ chances in the job market is
dramatically illustrated by income differences.
The highest ranking officers commanded about
$4,000 more annually than the lowest ranking offi­
cers ($9,500 and $5,135, respectively). The lowranking officers, in fact, averaged less than war­
rant officers. Among the top three grades of en­
listed men, the differences in median income were
small, ranging from $5,120 to $4,970. There is,
however, a substantial drop at the next lower level,
to $4,280, and a further sharp drop to $3,030 for
lowest level of enlisted retiree.
In the 1964 group, officers who were college
graduates had a median income of $9,490; for
those who did not graduate from high school it
was $5,830. The median income for enlisted men
without a high school diploma was $4,185 com­
pared with $4,815 for high school graduates and
$6,250 for college graduates. The findings for the
DOD group are similar.
Age and income are inversely related, with the
negative effect of age most marked among enlisted
men. Among officers, the relationship is more
complex, and the effect of age is less clear and less
important than the effect of rank and education.
Age at retirement, rank, and education are inter­
dependent variables because of promotion and re­
tention policies.
Officers with military backgrounds in research
and development and in the professions (law and
medicine) tended to have the best paying jobs.
These men, of course, are college graduates, and
many have a graduate or professional degree.
Among enlisted men, those with an electronic back­
ground had the highest median salary. The low­
est paid were those with a background in combat
arms and services.
Table 2 shows the 1965 median incomes for offi­
cers and enlisted men in the various civilian oc­
cupational groupings. In professional and man­
agerial occupations, the median incomes of enlisted

44
men are substantially less than those for officers,
but not in technical and skilled j obs. Among elec­
tronics and other technicians, skilled craftsmen,
and service workers, former enlisted men tend to
earn more than ex-officers.
Examination of the data indicates that the lowmedian incomes for the retired population as a
whole are due chiefly to the placement of many
men—both officers and enlisted men—in relatively
unskilled jobs: clerical work, sales, and protective
and other services for officers; clerical and serv­
ice jobs for enlisted men. In business, profes­
sional, and technical occupations, it would appear
that former militarymen are relatively well paid.
Thus there seems to be little evidence that these
men tend to settle for low-paying jobs because
of the availability of retirement income; rather,
the pay problems that are in evidence are due to
retirees, especially those with low levels of edu­
cation, being unable to enter better paying oc­
cupations and settling, therefore, for unskilled
occupations in which low wage rates prevail.
Job Stability

For most of the retirees, the first job accepted
following retirement turned out to be a perma­
nent one. It would not be unreasonable to as­
sume that, given the variety of tasks with which
they had had experience during military life,
these men might try several different jobs before
settling on some kind of second career employ­
ment. But for the majority this was not the
case. Among officers and enlisted men, age seems
to have very little relationship to the total num­
ber of jobs held. However, there is a relation­
ship between retirement rank and the proportion
of men who had held more than one job: those
who held higher military ranks were more stable.
In all cases, the higher ranked officers were
clearly the most stable employees—perhaps be­
cause they had had the least difficulty in locating
appropriate and well-paid jobs.
Employment stability is much more prevalent
in certain civilian occupations than in others.
Among the DOD officers who had been on retired
status from 1 to 3 years, 85 percent of the engi­
neers and 80 percent of the teachers had had only
one job since retirement. But 54 percent of the
medical, laboratory, and engineering technicians,

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53 percent of the clerical workers, and 48 per­
cent of the craftsmen had had two or more jobs
since retirement. There are no occupations held
by enlisted men which match the stability of exofficers who are teachers or engineers. The very
highest proportions of stable employees were
found in finance, managerial and related
occupations, and sales.
In general, job stability patterns accord with
expectations: those in professional, managerial,
and white-collar occupations experience less turn­
over than those in blue-collar occupations—in part
because white-collar and professional workers are
less likely to be laid off in slack periods. The data
also suggest that officers who have settled for oc­
cupations incongruent with their former high
status (skilled craftsman, medical or laboratory
technician, or other miscellaneous occupations)
are most likely to undergo frequent job changes.
Prior to retirement, men in the May 1964 sam­
ple were asked their opinions about how much
their military training and experience would help
in civilian jobs, how the utilization of their skills
in military and civilian jobs would compare, and
how their skills would compare with those of civil­
ians doing the same jobs. All jobholders were
asked the same questions again in the postretirement questionnaire.
Sixty-eight percent of the officers, but only 57
percent of the enlisted men, who had thought their
military background would be of great help in
their civilian jobs indicated that this was in fact
true in their present jobs. Among those who
thought their military background would be of
some help in their civilian jobs, over two-thirds
said it was of some or a great deal of help in their
present jobs. More surprising is the finding that
64 percent of the officers and 43 percent of the en­
listed men who, prior to retirement, thought their
military background would be of little help
changed their minds once they were working.
Skill Utilization

The area in which the retirees tended to experi­
ence the most serious disappointment was the ac­
tual utilization of their skills in civilian jobs.
Thirty-nine percent of the officers and 47 percent
of the enlisted men perceived less utilization,
whereas less than half as many—only 17 percent

OUT OF UNIFORM

45

of the officers and 20 percent of the enlisted men—had anticipated this. Conversely, prior to retire­
ment, 47 percent of the officers and 49 percent of
the enlisted men thought they would experience
greater skill utilization in their civilian jobs, but,
6 to 8 months later, only 32 percent of the officers
and 31 percent of the enlisted men thought they
were actually using their skills and abilities to a
greater degree than they had in the m ilitary
establishment.
This perception of low skill utilization is not
due to these men’s réévaluation of the skills they
had to offer. F or the most part, the retired
m ilitary m an continued to give the same high
opinion of his qualifications compared with those
of civilians doing identical jobs. In fact, the
proportion of those who considered themselves
better qualified than civilians goes up a little bit
after a few months on the job.

Assessment of Underutilization
W e have little reason to assume th at these men
have an unrealistic view of themselves and their
qualifications: their job aspirations, job behavior,
salary requirements, and rating of work values
all point to generally realistic self-assessments.
Perceived low levels of skill utilization can there­
fore be assumed to reflect the reality of many
job situations in which the retirees found them ­
selves. This is one area—perhaps the outstanding
one—where the m ilitary/civilian transition was
unsatisfactory from the point of view of the
individual. A t the time they left the service, lack
of skill utilization was not a m ajor grievance
among this group: 71 percent of the officers and
67 percent of the enlisted men indicated th at the
service had utilized their skills and abilities a
great deal (the most positive response). The
hopes for high skill use in civilian life were
frustrated, especially for men with relatively
low educational achievement (less than a college
degree for officers, no college at all for enlisted
m en). O ur data suggest th a t it is those officers
and enlisted men who are able to make the grade
in the service on the strength of their demonstrated
abilities, rather than form al education, who are
3
See Mayer N. Said and W illiam Simon, “Opportunities and
Commitments Among Officers,” The 'New M ilitary, Morris Janowitz, ed. (New York, R ussell Sage Foundation, 1964), pp.
257-285, for a related discusión of perceived skill utilization by
officers w ith different educational backgrounds.
242-313 O— 67-

4


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least able to m atch this status in civilian jobs.3
In the civilian world, form al educational attain ­
ment ranks higher than skill as a measure of
acceptance and placement.
Educational differences largely seem to account
for these feelings of skill underutilization, yet
age as well as m ilitary specialty and specific
civilian occupation play some part. In fact, the
latter probably is the crucial factor, but it is,
in turn, so strongly influenced by education th a t
it is difficult to isolate their respective effects.
Younger men more often indicated greater skill
use in the civilian job than did the older men.
Among officers, only those in the professional
specialties and those who had specialized in com­
munications, electronics, and research and develop­
ment reported more skill utilization in their
civilian job. A half or more of the men in each
of the other officer m ilitary occupational groups
reported less skill utilization after retirement.
Among the enlisted m ilitary, all occupational
groups reported less skill utilization in their
civilian j obs. Even among electronics technicians,
mechanics, and craftsmen, whose skill transference
is high, many more individuals said there was less
rather than more use of their skills in the civilian
job.
As could be expected, those with low skill u tili­
zation are disproportionately concentrated in the
civilian jobs which we have previously identified
as m arginal for both officers and enlisted men—
clerical work, craftsmen (for ex-officers), some
types of sales work, service jobs, and factory work.
More unexpected is the finding th a t even in related
occupations, perceived skill utilization is quite
low. Only in the professions, including teaching
and engineering, personnel work, and the execu­
tive, adm inistrative, and m anagerial areas, do at
least 35 percent of the officers indicate more skill
utilization in their civilian job than in their p re­
vious m ilitary assignment, B ut even here rela­
tively low skill utilization is reported by many.
Among the enlisted men, occupational outcomes
differentiate more sharply between skill utilizers
and nonskill utilizers. The overall low levels of
utilization are attributable to the relatively large
groups in unskilled jobs (clerical, factory work,
and services). Among those form er enlisted men
who were able to find higher level jobs such as in
business, as technicians, and even as salesmen, over

46
half saw themselves working at higher skill levels
in civilian life. F o r these men, the second career
appears to offer greater intrinsic rewards than the
m ilitary.

Training Needs
P rio r to retirement, relatively few officers and
enlisted men visualized the need for training in
order to qualify for the civilian jobs they hoped
to find. In particular, few of the enlisted men
were conscious of this need: only 27 percent (com­
pared with 45 percent of the officers). F u rth e r­
more, on-the-job training, rather than form al
schooling, was seen as the m ajor need.
Following retirem ent and early experience in a
civilian job, quite a few of the retirees revised their
views. This was especially tru e of men who had
not yet located a job: almost half of them, officers
as well as enlisted men, answered “yes” to the
question, “Do you think you m ight need additional
training to qualify for the kind of work you have
in m ind?”
B ut, even among jobholders, the number was
greater than it had been prior to retirem ent (36
percent of the enlisted men and 48 percent of the
officers). Both jobseekers and jobholders contin­
ued to see the need prim arily as one to be met by
on-the-job training. In the DOD sample, sim ilar
responses were obtained from men who had had
longer experience in the job market.
I t is not paradoxical th a t the better educated
men are more likely to see the need for further
form al education than those who have never been
to college. B etter educated men and women are
the main consumers of adult education.4 F u r ­
thermore, the job aspirations of the better educated
retirees are more likely to require additional in ­
struction or updating of knowledge. Younger
men were somewhat more willing to accept the
idea of undergoing fu rth er training than were
their older colleagues.
There can be little doubt from the data devel­
oped in this report th a t very specific retraining
needs exist among this group. Furtherm ore,
various forms of training m ight result in con­
siderable occupational and financial payoff for
those whose employment is m arginal in relation
to their potential. F o r the officer group, and espe­
cially its large m anagerial-adm inistrative compo­
nent, form al schooling, whether for a bachelor’s

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MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, FEBRUARY 1967

degree or advanced degree in adm inistration (ac­
counting methods, personnel adm inistration, and
so forth) appears to be the greatest need; it would
provide these men with the form al qualifications
as well as a placement channel, not only for em­
ployment in business organizations but also for
jobs in Federal, State, or local agencies and in
educational institutions. As to the latter espe­
cially, there appears to be a considerable gap
between the interests expressed by many institu­
tions in recruiting form er m ilitary personnel and
the actual placement experience of the 1964 cohort.
Because such institutions have by definition espe­
cially rigid and form al educational requirements,
lack of a degree is the chief obstacle to greater
utilization of personnel despite the expression of
much m utual interest.
The special problems of officers whose m ilitary
careers were in the aviation field also deserve
attention. I t is conceivable th a t special training
m ight qualify these men for positions in the air­
craft industry which they are not now able to fill,
and where seniority and age 'would pose less of a
problem than it does in jobs as pilots. Here, too,
form al education may be a necessity, but forms
of job-specific training should be investigated.
But, in all officer specialties, it would appear
th a t there is more slippage resulting in unsuit­
able, low-skill employment than a rational system
should tolerate. W hether retraining is the an­
swer, or whether more emphasis should be p u t on
placement or relocation activities, is an open ques­
tion. The findings suggest th a t the latter may be
the more im portant factor in many instances.
The handicap of having pursued certain special­
ties creates a special retraining need for some
enlisted men. In many of these instances, form al
education would be most useful, especially some
college work even short of a degree. B u t more
typically the hard-to-place enlisted man seems to
suffer from a combination of handicaps, of which
a low-transfer specialty, low educational attain ­
ment, and a poor record of promotion are merely
symptomatic. H is problems are not unlike those
of the civilian hard-core unemployed. Solutions
for those w ith special employment handicaps
would probably have to be sought through spe­
cifically designed experimental programs.
i
See John W. C. Johnstone and Ramon Rivera, Volunteers fo r
Learning— A S tu d y of th e E du cational P ursu its of Am erican
A du lts (Chicago, Aldine Publishing Co., 1965).

OUT OF UNIFORM

Contribution to Shortage Areas
I n the total context of efficient and rational m an­
power utilization, given the m agnitude of m ilitary
retired cohorts in years to come and the intention
of the overwhelming m ajority of these men to
rem ain in the labor force in a civilian capacity
until they reach the conventional retirem ent age
(in their sixties), the question of the contribution
made by these additions to the labor force is of
special interest.
The present study, focussed on individual ad­
justm ent to the transfer process from m ilitary to
civilian life, enables us only to speculate on the
topic. More systematic evaluation requires re­
search of a different order, directed at employers
and employment situations rather than a t job­
seekers and jobholders. However, from the place­
ment experience of the cohorts studied here, one
gains the impression that, to date, only a small
proportion of the retired officers and enlisted men
are working in shortage areas. To begin with, the
number of men with specific technical skills—in
engineering, electronics, medical fields, and the
skilled trades—is relatively low compared with
those whose experience was in the adm inistrative,
clerical, and service sector of the m ilitary estab­
lishment. Furtherm ore, especially among enlisted
men, there were sizable shifts in the transfer proc­
ess, away from the skilled and shortage occupa­
tions and into less technical jobs, which they either
preferred or found easier to locate or qualify for.
O f course, some of the adm inistrative and business
occupations—in particular, in the area of ac­
counting, bookkeeping, management control, and
so forth—are also skill shortage areas where re­
tirees no doubt make a valuable contribution.


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47

However, the contribution of this group to the
solution of technical shortage problems does not
appear to be a m ajor one so far.
I t is also w orth noting th a t one effort which has
been energetically pursued by many organizations,
both in the educational field and among associa­
tions of form er m ilitary personnel—namely, the
development of employment opportunities in
teaching (at the secondary and postsecondary
level), in school adm inistration, and in other non­
profit institutions—does not seem to have led to
the anticipated results. Em ploym ent is con­
centrated in business and the government sector.
Eelatively few men work for school systems and
hospitals, and employment in State and local gov­
ernment agencies is less often reported than in
Federal agencies.
Lack of form al educational qualifications prob­
ably plays a large p a rt in this situation, but it is
also likely th a t the jobseeking and jobfinding be­
havior of these men—use of inform al channels, or
applications to well-known firms—has a great
deal to do w ith it. School systems and other nonprofit employers who are interested in recruiting
m ilitary retirees must find efficient and direct
channels of communicating w ith potential recruits.
Such channels do not seem to be sufficiently de­
veloped at present.
I t is also clear th a t the possession of skills
alone—even needed skills—does not necessarily
qualify a man for openings which may exist. The
problem of age-appropriate work roles and incor­
porating older workers in established work hier­
archies and bureaucratic organizations is one
which the m ilitary retired share w ith other older
workers who need to sta rt second careers in
midlife.

48

Occupational Classification:
An Economic Approach
A w e l l - c o n c e i v e d s y s t e m of occupational classi­
fication can be a valuable tool for facilitating em­
pirical work in economics on topics concerned with
job markets, manpower supplies and requirements,
wage structures, and the like. This p a p e r1 con­
siders the nature of such a “well-conceived”
system.
Despite the potential importance of occupational
data and the Government’s interest in them, little
effort has been made by academic economists to
examine the conceptual basis of the occupational
classification system or to suggest modifications in
the light of their own objectives. W ith a new
occupational classification system set forth in the
th ird edition of the Dictionary of Occupational
Titles, and a Bureau of the Budget committee to
reexamine occupational classifications already
established, it is past time for economists to indi­
cate their own needs and to assess the usefulness of
existing and alternative classification systems.
The fundam ental position of this article is th at
occupational classifications can serve economists
as p a rt of a larger inform ation system, a system de­
signed to reveal more about the current and pros­
pective labor-resource flexibility of the economy.
W e suggest th a t to be useful to economists occu­
pational classifications need to be defined and de­
veloped with this objective in mind. We are
aware th at other disciplines may view the
objectives differently.
Labor-resource flexibility is, of course, only p art
of a larger class of resource substitution is s u e s substitutions between capital and labor, in p artic­
ular, receive and deserve considerable attention.
F o r this reason, the emphasis on flexibility among
types of labor that is im plicit in the emphasis on
occupational data may be too narrow for certain
problems.
The following rem arks are organized in two
parts. The first focuses on the meaning of the
1 By A ssistan t Professor Glen Cain, P rofessor W. Lee H an­
sen, and Professor Burton A. Weisbrod, U niversity of Wisconsin.
This is a revised version of a paper presented at the American
S tatistical Association m eeting in Los Angeles, August 1966.
2 T h e fix in g o f th e p o in t in tim e c o n tro ls f o r th e s ta t e of te c h ­
n o lo g y , p ric e s tr u c tu r e , a n d o th e r v a ria b le s t h a t n e e d to be giv en
to p e r m it a n e co n o m ic a lly m e a n in g fu l c o u n t o f jo b s a n d w o rk e rs .


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MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, FEBRUARY 1967

term, “occupational data classification,” and also
on the uses to which such a classification system
can be put. The second discusses the attributes of
an “ideal” system of occupational data classifica­
tion. We concern ourselves for the most p art with
conceptual issues rather than w ith the empirical
implementation of any particular occupational
classification and data system.

Meaning and Uses
By a “system of occupational data classification”
wre mean two things: F irst, one or more sets of
categories th a t provide job-skill descriptions and
worker-skill descriptions; and second, sets of data
relevant to those categories—th a t is, for a given
period of time, data on (a) numbers of jobs avail­
able at specified levels of skill and at specified
levels of wages and (b) numbers of workers pos­
sessing specified levels of skills and willing to
supply those skills, at specified levels of wages.2
In short, a system of occupational data consists of
useful sets of boxes filled w ith corresponding series
of quantity measures.
As economists our interest in such a system falls
into two m ajor categories: The process by which
employers choose among the alternative types of
labor th at are capable of producing given goods
and services; the process by which individuals
choose among alternative job and career oppor­
tunities. To understand and predict the outcomes
of these processes, economists need inform ation
about current and expected factor prices, factor
substitution possibilities that are technologically
feasible, and the preference patterns th at deter­
mine the willingness of people to take one job or
another. W ithout such inform ation, we can say
little or nothing about the choices employers and
workers will make in response to changes in tech­
nology or relative factor prices. The lack of this
inform ation, moreover, is the principal reason why
manpower projections and occupational forecasts
are so often empty of economic content.
Occupational data, as defined above, can be help­
ful in providing inform ation about substitutions
th at employers and workers are willing and able
to make. B ut that inform ation m ust be supple­
mented w ith data on current and anticipated fac­
tor prices.
Existing data on occupations do provide some
inform ation relevant to substitution possibilities,

OCCUPATIONAL CLASSIFICATION: AN ECONOMIC APPROACH

since workers w ithin occupational classes, as cur­
rently defined, tend to be better substitutes for
each other than are workers in different occupa­
tional classes. B ut the extent to which this is the
case is worthy of further study.
As noted, occupational data can be p a rt of an
inform ation system which facilitates decision­
m aking regarding production planning (short-run
and long-run), and job and career selection (shortrun and long-run).
W e now consider each of
these.

Production Planning
F o r given conditions of product demand, pro­
duction plans will be made by cost-minimizing
decisionmakers on the basis of inform ation con­
cerning the availability of various skills or occu­
pational groups—inform ation which is given by
an occupational data system—and on the basis of
schedules of prices at which these skills are of­
fered—which is not normally given by such a
system. This knowledge is then translated into
“lowest cost"’ production techniques by employers.
These adaptations of production plans to resource
availability and prices are a principal cause of
substitutions in the mix of labor inputs demanded.3
The substitution possibilities are, of course, a p rin ­
cipal determ inant of the elasticities of demand for
various types of labor.
The process of determ ining “lowest cost” pro­
duction techniques is actually more complex than
just suggested. Decisionmakers are in fact not
confronted solely by choices among various types
of labor, but also by choices among various types
of capital and, perhaps even more im portant, sub­
stitutions between various types of labor and cap­
ital, particularly in the long run. F o r this reason,
any occupational data system ideally should be
meshed with a broader inform ation system which
takes into account the other substitution possi­
bilities—the full range of which is encompassed
by the concept of the production function. In this
context we m ight note th at discussion of “needs”
3 These demand patterns w ill sometimes produce their own
supply responses as employers adjust their level and composition
of training activities.
4 The em pirical estim ates that have been made of production
functions have concentrated on substitutability between capital
and a single, undifferentiated labor input. There is reason to
expect and to hope, however, that future work w ill disaggregate
labor into various occupational subtypes.


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49

and “requirements” for workers w ith various skills
are likely to be seriously deficient because they
imply th at substitutions among types of labor and
between labor and capital cannot be made.4

Job and Career Choice
These choices are made by individuals largely on
the basis of inform ation about the relative attrac­
tiveness and rem uneration associated w ith various
kinds of work, the costs of securing the education
and training necessary for entry into various oc­
cupations, and the ease of shifting from one type
of work to another. The th ird type of inform a­
tion m ight well be provided by an occupational
data system. Again, we see th a t an occupational
data system must be regarded as p a rt of a larger
inform ation system, in this instance one produc­
ing indicators of longrun elasticities of supply for
various types of labor.
The two uses of occupational data just noted
included the possibility of adopting new produc­
tion techniques and of acquiring new skills, and
both of these require time. B ut even in the very
short run when these possibilities may be limited,
occupational data can improve the functioning of
the job m arket through reducing the costs of search
to both employers and workers. I f jobs and work­
ers skills were identified and described more pre­
cisely, the process of employers finding workers
and workers finding jobs would be facilitated. I t
is interesting to note th at the resulting reduction
in the costs of search could come about because of
a standardized classification alone, even in the
absence of data on the number of jobs and workers
available at various prices.

An Effective System
To serve the purposes of economists effectively,
an occupational classification and data system
should possess a variety of attributes th a t would
contribute to the likelihood th a t the system would
be useful for the purposes indicated above.
The first attribute we suggest stems directly
from our insistence th at the basic purpose of occu­
pational classifications for the economist is the pro­
vision of inform ation about factor substitution
possibilities. Occupational classes should there­
fore be relatively homogeneous, in the sense th a t
a high degree of substitutability should exist with-

50
in each class. F o r any given level of aggregation
of occupational classifications:
Each class of jobs should be such th a t the elas­
ticity of substitution among jobs in th a t class (or,
rather, among various workers who can perform
those jobs) will on average be higher than the
elasticity of substitution between jobs in different
classes. We use the term, “elasticity of substitu­
tion,” in its conventional sense—as a measure of
the technical ease w ith which one input may be
substituted for another to obtain a given output.
The higher the elasticity, the greater are the sub­
stitution possibilities.
Each class of workers should be such th a t cross­
elasticities of supply among workers in th a t class
will on average be higher than the cross-elasticities
between workers in th a t class and those in other
classes. Here, too, the higher the cross-elasticities,
the easier it is to substitute one worker for another.
The first condition views the classification from
the employers’ standpoint and depends on the
technical production function, which specifies the
extent to which factor substitutions among types
of labor are possible. The second condition views
the classification from the workers’ standpoint.
On the workers’ side, the substitutability of one job
for another depends on workers’ 'preferences along
w ith th eir abilities to perform various tasks. In
short, the elasticity of labor supply for any given
type of work depends on both the ability and w ill­
ingness to perform those tasks. The greater the
change in rem uneration required to cause workers
to switch types of work (which may involve the
acquisition of more education or tra in in g ), the
lower is the cross-elasticity of supply, and the more
disparate are the two types of work.5
I t may be noted th at our emphasis on crosselasticities as a criterion for defining classes of
jobs and classes of workers follows the usual defi­
nition in economics of an “industry” as compris­
ing those firms th at produce goods for which the
cross-elasticity of demand is high. Sim ilarly, a
“commodity” is often thought of as a group of
(not necessarily identical) items for which the
cross-elasticity of demand is high. O ur criterion
for determ ining “job” classes also uses this crosselasticity-of-demand concept, while our criterion
for determ ining “worker” classes is th a t crosselasticities of supply of workers should be high.


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MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, FEBRUARY 1967

In principle, the elasticities between any and
all pairs of occupations can be measured. Given
the paucity of current inform ation on this subject
and the potentially large number of occupational
classes, measurement m ight be prohibitively ex­
pensive. The same objection could be made con­
cerning economists’ definitions of “commodities”
and “industries,” and this has not prevented us
from devising useful—if less than ideal—group­
ings of commodities and industries th at have wide­
spread acceptance. F o r example, although all
automobiles are not the same, it is nonetheless use­
ful to discuss and to forecast the demand for a
group of diverse vehicles th a t are defined, at least
implicitly, in terms of substitutability criteria, and
which we label “automobiles.”

An Illustration
O ur approach to the problem of classifications
may be illustrated in the context of the policyoriented debate over “shortages” of engineers. In
prelim inary work on another research project,6 we
have found th a t occupational mobility (by several
measures) appears greater between the occupa­
tional groups of surveyors and civil engineers than
between the groups civil engineers and aeronauti­
cal engineers.7 Assuming these findings hold up
5 John Dunlop has suggested an approach to categorizing
occupations involving two dim ensions: (1) “job fam ilies,” that
include the characteristic of a “common m obility pattern,” and
(2) “job content,” th a t is related to the tasks performed. This
approach is consistent with the emphasis we have given to
workers’ substitution decisions— which ties in to Dunlop’s first
point— and to employers’ substitute decisions— which relates
to point (2 ). See “Job Vacancy Measures and Economic
A nalysis,” in The M easurem ent and In terp reta tio n of Job
Vacancies, A Conference Report of the National Bureau of Eco­
nomic Research (New York, Columbia U niversity Press, 1966),
pp. 27-47.
6 The research, by Cain and Hansen, uses the 1962 P ostcensal
Survey of scientists, engineers, and technicians, and is sponsored
by the National Science Foundation. A first report w ill be avail­
able later this year.
7 This finding actually refers to observed inter-“occupational”
m obility.
Strictly speaking, for the illustration to be valid
evidence for our point it should be true that an equivalent per­
centage change in wage rates of surveyors and civil engineers,
and of aeronautical and civil engineers (or better, “net remunera­
tion” ) should bring about greater occupational m obility in the
former case. The available data on occupational mobility, un­
fortunately, do not disclose the m agnitude of changes in relative
wage rates th at led to the actual occupational sh ifts— even assum ­
ing th at the only reason for the sh ifts was the change in wages.
We would not advocate obliterating the distinction between
the classes, “civil engineers” and. “surveyors” ; rather we suggest
th at it w ill be useful to combine and rank these occupations in
different w ays than have been customary.

OCCUPATIONAL CLASSIFICATION: AN ECONOMIC APPROACH

in the completed analysis, we would draw the fol­
lowing policy im plications:
1. a n y p r o je c te d s h o r ta g e o f c iv il e n g in e e r s w o u ld
b e s ig n ific a n tly le s s e n e d i f la r g e n u m b e r s o f s u r v e y ­
ors e x is te d ;
2. a n y p r o je c te d s h o r ta g e o f a e r o n a u tic a l e n g in e e r s
w o u ld b e le s s e n e d o n ly s lig h t ly b y t h e p r e s e n c e o f
la r g e n u m b e rs o f c iv il e n g i n e e r s ; a n d
3. th e o c c u p a tio n a l c a te g o r y o f “e n g in e e r s ” is
e it h e r to o b r o a d or, i f a g r o s s le v e l o f a g g r e g a tio n is
d e sir e d , th e c a te g o r y sh o u ld in c lu d e su r v e y o r s.

Furthermore, the implications of these findings
for individuals making career choices in the field
of engineering are significant; a “large” pool of
surveyors would tend to moderate wage increases
among civil engineers while a large pool of aero­
nautical engineers would not.
The new edition of the Dictionary of Occupa­
tional Titles provides separate classifications of
“salesman” and “salespersons,” and within these
classes there are 150 subtypes. By contract, the
occupation, “faculty-member college or univer­
sity,” contains no subtypes. By the cross-elas­
ticity criterion we propose, the sales classifications
have excessive detail while the faculty-member
class has too little. The cross-elasticities for em­
ployers and for workers between many of the sales
subtypes appear to exceed greatly the cross-elas­
ticities among, say, professors of physics, English,
L atin, and so forth—not to mention between labor
economists and m athematical economists. This
example shows th a t the numbers of individuals in
an occupational class may be a poor indicator of
the amount of within-class homogeneity.
As a second attribute, closely related to the cross­
elasticity notion, the occupation classification sys­
tem should be applicable to both types of substitu­
tions—by employers and by workers. A set of
categories useful for analyzing one type of substi­
tution may not be useful for the other. F o r ex8
This example may be compared w ith the case of certain types
of engineers and physical scientists. They may be good substi­
tutes for employers in production, and at the same time the two
occupations could also provide alternative career paths.—lateral
occupational m obility— for people trained as one or the other,
and thus they would be considered good substitutes to workers as
well.
»Such a system was proposed by Tinbergen, who wanted to
analyze the supply and demand of these types of sk ills to deter­
mine the distribution of wages and salaries th at would result.
See Jan Tinbergen, “Some Remarks on the Distribution of Labor
Incom es,’’ In tern a tio n a l Economic P apers, Vol. I, 1951 pp 1 9 5 207.


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51

ample, an employer may regard two technicians
as equivalent to th at of one engineer for the per­
formance of certain tasks. Thus, from the em­
ployer’s point of view, the system should be such
th at these two occupations can be combined, per­
haps with some differential w eighting scheme.
From the workers’ point of view, however, the d if­
ferent training required, the varied work activi­
ties performed, and the disparate salary levels
paid may make the two occupations relatively poor
substitutes. Thus, with respect to choices made by
workers, the two should not be put into the same
class.8

Standardization
The inform ational function of occupational
categories clearly requires th a t job descriptions be
codified in terms of skill requirements, and th at
worker-skill descriptions be codified in terms of
skill capabilities. In this way the process of staff­
ing by employers and jobfinding by workers
would be facilitated. Ju st as standardization of
size, quality, and so on, has been used effectively in
commodity markets, sim ilar gains could be
achieved by the standardization of skill descrip­
tions.
The desirability of some degree of standardiza­
tion can hardly be disputed, but the difficult ques­
tion is exactly what features of jobs and what
characteristics of workers should be standardized.
This issue is beyond our area of expertise, but we
are intrigued by the possibility of using a set of
quite basic or elemental skill attributes as the
building blocks for classification. I t would be
desirable to know the level of attainm ent th at a
person has in such skills as m anual dexterity of
various types, the ability to get along with people,
or the ability to do abstract reasoning, as well as
various combinations of these skills. Occupa­
tional titles or categories wTould then correspond
to various combinations and levels of such “ele­
mental attributes.” 9 The particular strength of
this feature is the possibility of developing a con­
tinuum of gradations of job requirements and skill
attainm ents, and of being able to recombine differ­
ent groupings to suit the needs of various users.
We are dubious th at the present state of knowl­
edge perm its the speedy development and appli-

52
cation of such a system, but we applaud the a t­
tem pts along this line which appear in the 1965
edition of the Dictionary o f Occupational Titles.
The occupational classification system should be
adaptable to changes th a t occur over time.
Changes in technology and educational policy may
bring about new types of jobs and different skill
levels which, in turn, alter the range of substitu­
tion possibilities. An im portant advantage of
classifications based on rather basic and elemental
skills is th a t they could be restructured without
great loss in continuity.
Occupational categories should be presented at
a level of detail th a t pays heed to the costs of ob­
taining it. In short, there is a level th a t balances
the benefits of additional detail—inform ation th a t
would enable workers to pick jobs more suitable
to their skills and preferences, and th a t would per­
m it employers to select more easily workers with
the desired skills—against the costs of obtaining
the additional detail. In view of the heterogene­
ity of uses for job m arket data, the optim al level
of detail will vary among uses and among occu­
pational groups. W e could point, again, to the
example of salespeople and professors.

Variety of Uses
In attem pting to sketch out the kind of occupa­
tional classification and data system th a t would be
of interest to economists, we have tried to make
clear the main uses to which such a system could
be put. These uses—involving substitution possi­
bilities among different types of labor—are not
likely to be the same as those desired by other
social scientists. Moreover, a system useful to
academic or government researchers, be they


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MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, FEBRUARY 1967

economists or sociologists, may not be of greatest
value to employers, workers, and government
officials responsible for action programs. In
short, many goals and objectives m ust be taken
into consideration before we can determine w hat is
an optim al system of classification, and we have
suggested th at no single system is likely to be
optimal for all purposes.10
In developing and implementing a system it
should be borne in m ind that more detailed stand­
ardization, added flexibility, and added precision
in measurement, all come at increased cost. Thus,
users of the data system—researchers as well as
labor and employer groups—have a serious obli­
gation to justify, in term s of real benefits to be
produced, the demands they make on govern­
mental agencies responsible for developing an oc­
cupational classification system. A t the same
time, Government agencies responsible for these
program s have an obligation to be responsive to
the needs of users of the system.
An occupational classification system and the
data it generates serve at best as a proxy for one
class of variables—labor and job substitutions—
w ith which we as economists are concerned.
Thus, we reiterate our hope th a t any system of
occupational classification will be recognized as
only one part, albeit a potentially im portant one,
of a larger system of inform ation for decision­
makers.
10 James Scoville offers a useful discussion of the various pur­
poses for which occupational classifications and data were col­
lected as these purposes evolved over the years. He m entions
briefly the economic, analytical purpose concerning the “char­
acteristics of manpower and technological change, such as train­
ing and education requirement,” and suggests th at the present
system has serious shortcom ings for this purpose. See “The D e­
velopment and Relevance of U.S. Occupational D ata,” In du stria l
and Labor R elations R eview , October 1965, pp. 70-79.

HIRING AND PROMOTION POLICIES UNDER FEP LEGISLATION

Hiring and Promotion Policies
Under FEP Legislation
E ditor’s N ote.—The following is excerpted, from

a 1966 study, “Patterns of Discrimination in
Employment,” prepared for the Equal Em ­
ployment Opportunity Commission {EEOC)
l>y the Institute of Labor and Industrial
Relations of Wayne State University—the
University of Michigan. Deletions and
minor editorial changes are not indicated.
The findings and conclusions are based
primarily on interviews conducted by eight
State and local fair employment practices
agencies.
t h e t i m e interviewing on this study 1 began,
the participating agencies had been in existence,
on the average, for more than 10 years. A few of
these agencies had conducted industry surveys
prior to this study, but, by and large, despite statu­
tory powders to engage in research considered nec­
essary to improve employment opportunities, there
had been comparatively little of this type of p ro ­
gram by public civil rights agencies. Although
this study has produced comparatively little hard
data of the type which can w ithstand the test of
statistical reliability and qualitative validity, it
has helped to demonstrate th a t a public agency
can, under its own authority, obtain data from
employers and union officials without a form al
complaint.

At

Employment Status of Negroes
According to the interviews, Negroes have been
employed in almost 40 percent of the companies
for periods exceeding 25 years. Though total em­
ployees are divided almost equally between whitecollar and blue-collar jobs, Negro employees
present a different pattern, with 60 percent in
blue-collar jobs and 40 percent in white-collar.
To look at this another way, Negroes represent 7.6
percent of all white-collar workers, but almost 12
percent of the workers in blue-collar jobs.
These figures are exceedingly gross. There is
no way to test their reliability, as in many in­
stances they were obtained verbally from company
representatives rather th an from official records.
In fact, in one area where investigators were able

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53

to gain access to data from the Equal Em ploym ent
O pportunity standard form for a number of the
stores they visited, there were marked discrep­
ancies between the inform ation provided during
the interview and th at submitted to the EEO C ,
with no method of determ ining which, if any, of
the figures were accurate.
Compensating somewhat for the lack of validity
checks of the study are the patterns which emerge
almost uniform ly from each agency and each in ­
dustry. Everywhere the proportion of Negroes
is greater in blue-collar jobs than in white-collar,
the degree of difference being correlated with the
nature of the industry and the type of jobs which
predominate.
The white-collar proportions for Negroes range
from less than 1 percent in Massachusetts (trans­
portation) to 12.7 percent in New York City (re­
tail stores). The proportion of blue-collar jobs
held by Negroes shows an even wider range, be­
tween 2.2 percent in Massachusetts and 60.9 per­
cent in the D istrict of Columbia (financial
institutions).
In most of the companies surveyed, Negroes have
for the most p art held traditional low-level jobs
such as unskilled maintenance, laborer, and other
service jobs; these three categories account for
more than twice the number in either higher skilled
blue-collar or low skilled white-collar jobs. The
pattern shows the smallest numbers in the profes­
sional and m anagerial strata.
I t is interesting th a t the total figure for all the
industries surveyed shows th a t nonwhites consti­
tute 9.7 percent of all employees. In 1960, Negroes
were slightly more than 10 percent of the total
population in the U nited States, and it m ight seem
that they are being employed in proportion. Such
a conclusion would be inaccurate, as the proper
base for comparison is not the total Negro popula­
tion but, rather, the total nonwhite labor force.
Twenty of the 23 communities in which interview­
ing was conducted had a nonwhite labor force in
excess of 9.7 percent. On this basis a conclusion
can be draw n that, in the companies and areas
1 The follow ing industries were stu d ied : financial in stitu tion s
in Washington, D.C. and Louisville ; public u tilities in New Jersey
and M issou ri; m anufacturing in W isconsin, Ohio, and Louisville ;
transportaton in M assachusetts and L o u isv ille; retail trade in
New York and L o u isv ille; and service establishm ents in Missouri.
In three other areas where interview s were conducted, California,
Michigan, and Philadelphia, Pa., a different interview form was
used and the results are not shown in the excerpt.

54
studied, utilization of m inority group workers is
not commensurate with the size of the manpower
pool.

Recruitment and Promotion
A ll .respondents were asked whether their estab­
lishment had any type of special program to
fu rth e r the objectives of equal employment oppor­
tunity, including the recruitm ent of Negro
workers. More than 60 percent of the respondents
reported no affirmative recruitm ent efforts. The
most prom inent source of finding qualified Negro
applicants, for those who did claim some effort,
would appear to be Negro or other private civil
rights organizations, w ith the U rban League men­
tioned most frequently. H igh schools, colleges,
and trade schools are used for this purpose, as
are community programs. The last, in most in­
stances, means participation in a Careers Day or
sim ilar program staged by the public schools
or other community institution or organization.
W here the potential Negro manpower reservoir
has been subsidized by a special training or edu­
cational program , as exemplified by scholarships,
loans, grants, and other financial assistance spe­
cifically earm arked for Negro youth, employers
and community leaders alike speak enthusiastically
about them ; nevertheless, but a very small propor­
tion of our respondents indicated participation
in or even knowledge of such efforts.
Slightly over 12 percent of the industry p a r­
ticipants were members of P lans for Progress
and an additional 6 percent were in some other
special program . Since respondents were gen­
erally personnel directors, plant managers, or
higher officials, it was surprising to find some
executives who were not aware of th eir company’s
involvement w ith Plans for Progress when other
sources revealed this to be the case. In general,
special program s, whether Plans for Progress or
some other type, will more likely be found in large
corporations and particularly those engaged in
m anufacturing or other activity, which raises the
probability th a t they have contracts w ith govern­
ment at one or more levels. Firm s w ith an ex­
tremely small probability of having a contract
or a program designed to recruit Negroes are
small, service establishments—for instance,, a res­
tau ran t or motel. F o r these firms the question


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MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, FEBRUARY 1967

about special program s was relatively inappro­
priate. The largest proportion of companies hav­
ing a program were found to be in the Ohio glass
industry and the airline industry in Massachusetts.
Most of the respondents were asked for their
opinion about the degree of influence or pressure
which unions have exerted in the direction of in­
creasing employment opportunities for Negroes
in these companies. A lthough the question was
designed to be asked only in unionized establish­
ments, it was used more widely than intended, and
not asked in some instances where it should have
been. W ith this caution in mind, it may neverthe­
less be of interest th a t 49 percent of the respond­
ents felt th a t the union exerted little or no in­
fluence on extending employment opportunities to
Negroes. Only 4.5 percent felt th a t unions exerted
a positive influence and 1.3 percent regarded the
influence as a negative one.
I t is more difficult to generalize about the pro­
motion aspect of the personnel process since such
practices appear to be closely correlated w ith type
of industry, th a t is, whether white-collar or bluecollar jobs prevail. Thus seniority, and job post­
ing and bidding, would seem to be the rule in
m anufacturing and public utilities, which are
more likely to have union contracts, whereas such
form al procedures are not used by any of the finan­
cial institutions or most of the service establish­
ments. I n the latter, promotions more commonly
rest upon the recommendation of an employee’s
immediate superior. A lthough seniority is an im­
portant factor in unionized places, it m ight be con­
jectured th a t it is also considered by most people
as an appropriate or acceptable answer in com­
panies where there is no collective bargaining and
where less form al procedures are probably the rule.
I t is questionable w hat the lack of form al pro­
motion procedures of a high num ber of respond­
ents (55 percent) connotes for their nonwhite
employees. W ith the spread of unions, the con­
cept of seniority in promotions and layoffs has
been instrum ental in stabilizing and equalizing job
security. There appears to be no comparable de­
velopment vis-a-vis Negro employees.
Aside from the above factors which hinder job
mobility, there is another which is both objective
and subjective. W here upgrading means giving
up accumulated seniority, workers may choose to
remain on the lower job. This would be the case

H I R I N G A N D P R O M O T IO N P O L I C I E S U N D E R F E P L E G IS L A T IO N

more often for Negroes, whose access to the job
market is perceived to be, and in reality is, more
limited than for whites. As a result, a Negro
worker may pass up an opportunity for a better
paying job or one with more authority to retain
his seniority. Respondents were asked if seniority
shifts from one job to another in their company.
Overall, in almost half of the establishments, it
does. Upon closer examination, however, one
finds that this is more true of industries with large
blue-collar work forces than in others.
It is apparent that the most popular method of
filling professional and executive positions is pro­
motion of employees already working for the com­
pany. This method accounts for 48.7 percent or
almost twice the number of responses as the next
twm categories, namely, newspaper advertising
(27.5 percent) and private employment agencies
(25 percent). Recruiting directly from colleges
or trade schools and personal referrals follow. It
has been known for some time that the public
employment services do not figure very signifi­
cantly in supplying this type of manpower to
employers, and this is borne out in the present
sample in which less than 8 percent report using
public agencies.
For secretarial, clerical, and other white-collar
jobs below the executive and professional levels,
the distribution differs somewhat, the rank order
being: advertisements, public employment agen­
cies, private agencies, personal referrals, “walkins” (that is, appearing at hiring gate or employ­
ment office seeking a job), promotion from within,
schools, and private civil rights organizations.
Most blue-collar workers appear to be recruited
by means of newspaper advertisements and public
employment agencies, as do the lower level of
white-collar personnel. Personal referrals are
also a productive source; however, “walk-ins” fig­
ure more importantly for this type of applicant
than for either professional or white-collar jobs.
The other sources—private employment agencies,
private civil rights organizations, promotions, and
direct recruiting from schools—are used infre­
quently. Unions account for a greater percent of
blue-collar workers, as hourly rated workers are
organized to a greater extent than any other group.
There is exaggerated and unrealistic reliance on
minimum educational requirements and perform­
ance on tests for various types of entry jobs, and as
criteria for upgrading and promotion. In a com­

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55

petitive job market, the employer might under­
standably demand or prefer a high school graduate
to a dropout if other qualifications are similar; but
today’s labor scarcity hardly warrants this. Re­
quirements such as these tend to further disad­
vantage educationally deprived jobseekers who
tend to do poorly on written and other tests which
rely heavily on language skills.
Civil Rights Organizations

Some of the most significant data sought con­
cerned the degree of knowledge of, or contact
with, public or private civil rights organizations
reported by company executives and their assess­
ment of the effectiveness of such agencies. The
responses indicate generally poor knowledge of the
existence of either public or private civil rights
agencies. Of the 180 companies (32.6 percent)
with some previous contact, 85 reported contact
with private agencies. Eleven respondents (2 per­
cent) said their firms had been subjected to a boy­
cott or some type of selective patronage; more
than twice that number (4.3 percent) had been
picketed, and 6 percent said they had received a
commendation for their employment policies and
affirmative action. More than 50 percent (286)
of the companies had neither contact with nor
knowledge of the public agency prior to the inter­
view. Of the remaining 241 companies, most
(117) claimed knowledge of the agency’s existence
but no contact; 42 had been named as respondent
in a formal complaint filed with the commission;
and the remaining 82 knew about the agency
through other types of contacts.
Fair employment practices legislation is a neces­
sary but not a sufficient cause in creating equality
of opportunity. This is to say that without such
legislation it is doubtful that any progress will
be made; however, the mere existence of legisla­
tion and the agencies which administer and en­
force it are not likely to accomplish the desired
objectives unless other ingredients are added. The
ingredients which appear to have the potency to
serve as intervening variables may be of varying
kinds: a contract with government, a top company
official imbued with the injustice of inequality, the
organized awareness and resistance of the Negro
community as exemplified by boycott of a com­
pany’s product or service (euphemistically called
“selective patronage”), or the more tension-pro-

56

M O N T H L Y L A B O R R E V IE W , F E B R U A R Y 1967

ducing and attention-getting measures presently
utilized by Negroes in demonstrations.
The Need for Research

The data reveal generally poor patterns of uti­
lization of Negroes and other non whites. The
numbers and occupational distribution of mi­
nority group employees in the firms studied
would substantiate the contention that there
is widespread discrimination. If such a con­
clusion is not presented here, it is primarily
for the reason that the concept of discrimina­
tion lacks discrete and precise definition. Does,
say, the absence of Negroes “prove” discrimina­
tory employment policies or practices? Con­
versely, does their presence prove that the man­
agement does not discriminate? If it wTere so
simple and clear a “black and white” situation,
assessment of discrimination would be easy to
establish. There are many mitigating factors to
be considered : to name only three, (a) the tight­
ness of the job market generally and how it affects
non whites specifically; (b) residential patterns
which affect the presence and proximity of non­
white applicants; and (c) the nature of the
business, that is, is the work force primarily
high-level technical, professional, or other whitecollar, or are there significant numbers of lower
level jobs which Negroes who have only limited
education and training can fill ?
Public agencies seem to need the same kind of
thrust and outreach into the community that
they ask of employers, and the analogy is
closer than one might suppose. An employer

who hires one or several Negroes for nontraditional jobs may thereby encourage a few
more Negroes to apply, whereas the company
which makes a concerted effort to inform the
total community that jobs are open and can­
didates considered only on merit irrespective
of racial or ethnic identification will probably
succeed in enlarging his potential manpower
pool to an unprecedented degree. Agencies
which continue to serve the minority com­
munity by acting primarily on behalf of
individuals will probably continue to be as anony­
mous as they appear to be after many years of
operation.
It would seem worthwhile for agencies not only
to adopt a broad approach toward eliminating
discrimination but to make greater use of research
as well. Although the latter carries the calculated
risk of contaminating an existing situation at
times by the very act of studying it, this approach
also has the potential of informing larger numbers
of people through its sponsorship of the research.
Undertaking the study of company and industry
patterns, for example, could serve several ends:
(a) provide employers with knowledge of and con­
tact with the agency; (b) produce empirical in­
formation about companies and areas which need
or might further benefit from assistance or pres­
sure; and (c) enhance the agency’s image and pos­
ture in the minority communities. Together, these
may help to create more and better job opportuni­
ties for nonwhites and decrease the growing sense
of frustration and hostility on the part of those
who have been denied equal access to the job
market.

Thus, the low education—low skill—discrimination chain makes the Negro
one of the most intractably disadvantaged groups to be dealt with in the
economy of the United States. All of these forces also have brought about a
significant reduction in the rate at which the Negro participates as a part
of the working population.


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— S e y m o u r L. W o lfb e in .

Employment, Unemployment, and PnUic Policy.

Foreign Labor Briefs*

Chile—S ie sta

On October 1, commercial establishments in the
Greater Santiago Area began a 6-month trial
period of working on the intensive workday
(jomada única), that is, a workday without a
mid-day break of several hours, the siesta. Stores
which were formerly closed during lunch time
remain open. Employees receive a 30-minute
lunch break which counts as working time for
wage and salary purposes. The workweek has
been reduced from 44 to 42 hours for trade in
general, with no loss in wages. The new hours
set by the Government seem to have had little
effect upon sales volume.
India —L a b o r U n rest

The year 1966 was marked by an unusual amount
of labor unrest in the form of agitation, demon­
strations, and strikes, sometimes violent, which
affected most occupations and industries in the
private and public sectors. Price increases and
the resulting decline in real earnings were major
causes of the general unrest. Other important
issues were job security, union jurisdiction, lack
of effective grievance machinery, and the level of
cost-of-living allowances.
Genuine labor grievances were often politically
exploited. Techniques of bringing pressure upon
the Government included hunger strikes, bandhs
(citywide or statewide shutdowns), go-slow tac­
tics, and violence, such as stone-throwing and
invasion of offices and residences. State govern­
ment employees used “mass casual leave” as a
pressure technique; such leave with pay is granted,
generally 10 days a year, to permit employees to
attend to personal affairs.
Italy —A g r ic u ltu r a l W orkers

A new contract covering 1.5 million agricultural
workers partially implements one of the goals of
the Five-Year Development Plan (1965-69) : re­

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ducing the gap between agricultural and industrial
wages. (Agricultural wages have been about 25
to 30 percent of those for unskilled workers in in­
dustry.) The new contract provides wage in­
creases ranging from 8 to 16 percent, a reduction
of the workweek to 45 from 48 hours, wage dif­
ferentials for unhealthful or dangerous work, in­
creased vacation allowances, and improvements in
other fringe benefits. It also stipulates that spe­
cial contracts to be worked out at the provincial
level must meet minimum standards set by the na­
tional contract. The new agreement was signed
October 14,1966, after 2 years of sporadic but dif­
ficult bargaining. The three national employee
unions and the two employer associations came to
agreement through mediation by the Ministry of
Labor.
New Zealand— W ages

The Court of Arbitration awarded an acrossthe-board 2)^-percent increase in the basic (mini­
mum) wages of approximately 1 million wage and
salary workers, effective December 1. Because of
the tight job market, this general increase (the
first since September 1964, when a 6-percent rise
was decreed) is expected to apply eventually to all
industrial wage rates. (The average monthly
wage in November 1966 was NZ£18, or US$44.86.)
The union had demanded a 9.5-percent increase,
while the employers opposed any rise. To avoid
adding to inflationary pressures, the Court lim­
ited the increase to gains in productivity cited by
the unions. Under existing law, the unions are
not permitted to apply for another increase for
6 months.
Sweden—T ea ch ers’ L ockou t

Half a million Swedish students attended teach­
erless “classes” from October 19 to November 6
because of the lockout of 20,800 teachers by the
Government’s collective bargaining board. The
lockout followed a refusal by the teachers—mem­
bers of the Confederation of Professional Associa­
tions (SACO)—to accept the final wage proposal
of a mediation commission. The Government de­
clined to intervene directly, despite growing public
♦Prepared in the Office of Foreign Labor and Trades Bureau of
Labor Statistics, on the basis of m aterial available in early
December.
57

58
pressure and a 3-day solidarity strike by other
SACO civil servants. The mediation commission
renewed its search for a solution and succeeded in
bringing the controversy to an end; the teachers
returned to their classes under a new contract
granting them salary increases averaging 33 per­
cent over a 3-year period.
United Kingdom —C o d eterm in a tio n

Reversing its traditional policy, the Trades
Union Congress (TUC) now favors representa­
tion of workers at each level of the management
structure. In a 70,000-word document recently
submitted to the Royal Commission on Trade
Unions and Employers’ Associations, the TUC
called for participation of union representatives
in the formulation of policy at the board of direc­
tors’ level, as well as at the plant level; initiation
of arbitration at the request of either party; estab­
lishment of the closed shop in some industries;
a stronger role for the TUC in disputes of its
affiliates; and less intervention by the Government
in wage matters and other union affairs.
United Kingdom —F reeze E x te n d e d

Continuing the severe austerity program ini­
tiated in mid-1966, the British Government an­
nounced that the wage-price freeze will be ex­
tended almost intact until July 1967. A White
Paper issued in late November states that only
workers in the lowest pay brackets or those show­
ing exceptional gains in productivity will be
allowed wage increases during the 6-month period
of “severe restraint” from January to July 1967.
Only in rare cases will pay increases to attract or
retain manpower be allowed.
Workers scheduled to receive a wage increase
during the last half of 1966 (as the result of con­
tracts entered into before imposition of the freeze)
will, as promised, be allowed to receive their de­


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M O N T H L Y L A B O R R E V IE W , F E B R U A R Y 1967

ferred increases during the first half of 1967.
For the vast majority of workers, however, there
will not be any “thaw,” as the Government
seems determined to end what it terms “the
recent tendency to seek improvements in pay or
hours (or both) at intervals of 12 months or less.”
Price increases will be allowed only where a rise
in the cost of imported inputs or taxation make
a price rise unavoidable. Though the paper was
drawn up in consultation with both industry and
labor, representatives of the TUC have attacked
it as too “irresolute” about holding down prices
while heralding “a new ice age” with regard to
wages. Spokesmen for the Confederation of
British Industry (CBI), though not equally
critical, stated that they had expected more flex­
ibility to adjust wages and prices.
Israel-Japan —M an pow er S im ila ritie s

Despite striking differences in area, population,
and natural resources, Israel and Japan show com­
mon factors in the effective application of human
resources to the economic development of the two
countries. An article in the June 1966 issue of
Finance and Development, a quarterly publication
of the International Monetary Fund, lists the com­
mon factors as : A strong sense of national purpose,
based on the desire in Israel to attain a European
standard of living, and in J apan to make up for
wartime losses. A high rate of capital investment
per worker in agriculture and industry. Appli­
cation of resources by entrepreneurs to profitable
lines of industrial production. Employment of
large numbers of skilled workers using inexpensive
machinery in small industrial establishments. A
surplus of wrorkers in both countries (at least until
1960) together with institutional and traditional
wage restraints, based in Israel on the policy of the
General Federation of Labor (Histadrut) and in
Japan on wage stratification by age group and life­
time adherence to a single employer.

Significant Decisions
in Labor Cases*

Railway Labor Jf&t

Adjustment Board’s Authority. Over a sharp
dissent, a majority of the U.S. Supreme Court
took the position 1that the National Railroad Ad­
justment Board has not only exclusive authority
but also the duty to decide jurisdictional disputes
in single proceedings, with the participation of all
the unions concerned. Regardless of the presence
or absence of all the unions, however, the Board
must base its decisions upon consideration of all
the circumstances pertaining to the disputed jobs,
including the employer’s agreements with other
unions and the customary practices relevant to
such agreements, the Court said.
The railroad installed IBM machines to per­
form work previously done by members of the
telegraphers’ and clerks’ unions. When the rail­
road assigned members of the clerks’ union to
operate the machines the telegraphers were no
longer needed. The telegraphers’ union claimed
its members should have been chosen to run the
machines and referred its claim to the National
Railway Adjustment Board. The clerks’ union
refused to participate in the proceeding. With­
out considering the railroad’s liability to the clerks
under their contract, the Board decided that the
telegraphers should have been awarded the jobs.
♦Prepared in the U.S. Department of Labor, Office of the
Solicitor. The cases covered in this article represent a selection
of the significant decisions believed to be of special interest. No
attem pt has been made to reflect all recent judicial and admin­
istrative developments in the field of labor law or to indicate the
effect of particular decisions in jurisdictions in which contrary
results may be reached based upon local statutory provisions, the
existence of local precedents, or a different approach by the courts
to the issue presented.
1 Transportation-Com m unication Em ployees Union v. Union
Pacific R ailroad Co. (U.S. Sup. Ct., Dec. 5, 1966).
2 John W iley & Sons v. L ivin gston , 376 U.S. 543, 550 ; S teele v.
L ouisville & N.R. Co., 323 U.S. 192 ; and U nited Steelw orkers of
A m erica v. W arrior & Gulf N avigation Co., 363 U.S. 574, 578-579.
3 Order of R ailw ay Conductors v. P itn ey, 326 U.S. 561; Slocum
v. D elaw are, L. & W. R. Co., 339 U.S. 239.


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Neither the district nor the appeals court would
enforce the Board’s decision. They believed that
the clerks’ union was an indispensable party, and
that the Board had failed in its exclusive juris­
dictional responsibility to decide the whole dispute
when it considered only the relationship between
the railroad and the telegraphers’ union.
The issue considered by the Supreme Court was
whether, in a dispute like this, the Board could
limit itself to considering the relationship be­
tween the petitioning party and the railroad, or
must its decision be based on a consideration of
the positions of all the parties concerned.
The telegraphers’ union argued that it was
proper for the Board to base its job award merely
on consideration of the contract between the two
parties, itself and the railroad, applying the com­
mon law principles that govern private contracts.
The majority of the court rejected the argument.
It said, in line with its previous rulings: 2 “A
collective bargaining agreement is not an ordinary
contract for the purchase of goods and services,
nor is it governed by the same old common-law
concepts which control such private contracts. . . .
In order to interpret such an agreement it is nec­
essary to consider the scope of other related col­
lective bargaining agreements, as well as the prac­
tice, usage, and custom pertaining to all such
agreements. This is particularly true when the
agreement is resorted to for the purpose of settling
a jurisdictional dispute over work assignments.”
The Court, further, cited its decisions in Pitney
and Slocum ,3 where it had taken the same position
and upheld the Board’s sole authority and respon­
sibility for interpreting contractual provisions in­
volved in railway labor disputes. It also pointed
to the analogy between the NRAB and the Na­
tional Labor Relations Board, the latter having
the duty under the Labor Management Relations
Act (section 10(k)) to hear and decide a dispute
in its entirety.
Upholding the lower courts, the High Court
said that, within the meaning of the Railway
Labor Act, the clerks’ union “certainly . . .
is ‘involved’ in this dispute. Without its presence,
unless it chose to default and surrender its claims
for its members, neither the Board nor the courts
below could determine this whole dispute.”
The case was remanded with instructions for
the Board to reconsider it in line with these rul­
ings.
59

60
In their joint concurring opinion, Justices
Stewart and Brennan referred to technological
changes, which—as in this case—cannot be ex­
plicitly provided for in the collective bargaining
agreements. They said that the Board must em­
ploy a “decisionmaking technique that rests on
fair procedure and industrial realities,” and this
can be accomplished by “proceeding as the Court
today directs.”
In a vigorous dissent, in which he accused the
majority of judicial legislation, Justice Fortas,
joined by the Chief Justice, asserted that there was
no basis in either the Railway Labor Act or previ­
ous court decisions for the majority’s holding.
Fortas noted that the scope of the NRAB’s au­
thority is limited to the arbitration of disputes
arising from established contractual relationships
and that nowhere is the Board empowered to make
awards between contending unions. He flatly
stated that the Railway Labor Act contains no
counterpart to the LMRA’s section 10 (k).
The dissent also raised the possibility that the
decision did not have to favor one union only but
could have benefited both, thus satisfying the com­
mon-law approach to private contracts, rather
than require participation in the proceeding by
all the parties concerned.
Suit for Damages. Two years ago the U.S. Su­
preme Court ruled in M a d d o x 4 that, under the
Labor Management Relations Act, an aggrieved
discharged employee must exhaust the grievance
procedure provided by the collective bargaining
agreement before resorting to court action. In the
present case,5 involving a damage suit by a dis­
charged railroad worker under the Railway Labor
Act, the Court refused to apply that ruling or to
overrule its earlier decisions6 that railroad work­
ers thus aggrieved may seek remedy either through
contractual procedure, with the right to review by
the National Railroad Adjustment Board, or
through action at law in a State court if State law
permits such claims.
The employee, a yard fireman, sued the railroad
in a State court, charging that the company had
unlawfully discharged him in violation of the col­
lective bargaining agreement. The railroad re­
moved the case to the Federal court which found
in favor of the employee and awarded him dam­
ages.

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M O N T H L Y L A B O R R E V IE W , F E B R U A R Y 1967

The Supreme Court, in refusing to follow M ad­
dox , noted that the collective bargaining agree­
ment involved in that case contained a voluntarily
established grievance procedure. It noted, further,
that “the Federal policy reflected in the LMRA
[favored] such agreed-upon contract grievance
procedures as the preferred method for settling
disputes.” Accordingly, the Court had ruled that
the procedure must be pursued before court action
could be taken in a case involving the LMRA.
The Court noted, howeTr ^ h a t provision for
arbitration of a discharge
ance is not a mat­
ter for voluntary agreem at under the Railway
Labor Act. That act requires the parties to arbi­
trate such disputes before the National Railroad
Adjustment Board. Two facts about the opera­
tions of the NRAB convinced the Court that em­
ployees should not be required to exhaust adminis­
trative remedies before going to court. First, it
was noted that under the procedures existing when
the claimant in this case filed his suit it might take
as long as 10 years for the NRAB to render a deci­
sion. Second, the Court recognized that if the em­
ployee did not receive a favorable award by the
Board, he could not get a court to review the
Board’s decision. The Court also pointed out that,
a new Federal law,7 in effect since June 20, 1966,
providing for special adjustment boards, “drasti­
cally revises the procedures in order to remedy the
defects” in the Board’s operation.
Justices Stewart and White joined in a dissent
by Justice Harlan, arguing primarily that the
NRAB is the proper and competent authority to
render decisions in such cases, and the Supreme
Court had said so in the past. Hence, stated the
dissent, exhaustion of remedies should be required
of aggrieved railroad workers as it is required of
the workers protected by the LMRA.
Labor Relations

Jurisdiction of NLRB. The National Labor Re­
lations Board held8 that two community-antenna
* Republic S teel Corp. v. M addox, ,379 U.S. 650 (1964) ; see also
M onthly Labor R eview , March 1965, p. 315.
s W alker v. Southern R ailw ay Co. (U.S. Sup. Ct., Dec. 5, 1966).
6 Moore v. Illinois C entral R ailroad Co., 312 U.S. 630 ; Slocum v.
D. L. & W. R. Co., 339 U.S. 239, 244 ; T ranscontinental and
W estern A ir, Inc. v. K oppel, 345 U.S. 653.
v p.L, 89-456 ; see also p. 14 of this issue.
8 A thens TV Cable, Inc. and Com m unications W orkers of A m er­
ica. 160 NLRB No. 95 (Sept. 22, 1966).

D E C IS IO N S IN L A B O R C A SE S

television systems which were jointly owned and
managed constituted a single employer for the
purpose of applying the Board’s jurisdictional
standard and, therefore, also for the purposes of
collective bargaining.
The employer operated a community antenna
television (CATV) system, but its revenue was
insufficient to meet the Board’s jurisdictional
standard. However, it' was 1 of 6 commonly man­
aged CATV concerns. One of these, Georgia TV,
owned 85 percent of the employer’s stock, shared
with it some director? t and officers, and had an
annual volume of business in excess of $128,000.
The employer’s office personnel prepared the pay­
roll for the employees of all four concerns actually
in operation, with all the checks being drawn on
a single payroll account maintained in the name
of Georgia TV. The four concerns made loans to
one another, their employees’ benefits were iden­
tical, and there were temporary transfers of em­
ployees from one to another.
The Board held that the employer and Georgia
TV constituted a single employer under the Labor
Management Relations Act, And since their com­
bined volume of business was more than sufficient
to meet the jurisdictional standard, the Board de­
clared jurisdiction over the employer’s operations.
The Board, further, announced a new policy
regarding the jurisdictional standard for the com­
munity antenna television systems. Upon review
of capital requirements involved in such opera­
tions, the Board said:
W e s h a ll n o lo n g e r f o llo w t h e m a jo r ity d e c is io n
in Warren,9 b u t s h a ll h e r e a f t e r a p p ly th e c o m ­
m u n ic a tio n s s y s te m j u r is d ic t io n a l s ta n d a r d to
a ll c o m m u n ity a n te n n a t e le v is io n s y s t e m s w i t h ­
o u t r e g a r d to w h e th e r or n o t t h e y u s e a m icro w a v e tr a n s m is s io n sy s te m in t h e c o n d u c t o f t h e ir
o p e r a tio n s. I n so d o in g , t h e b a s ic s ta n d a r d a s
a n n o u n c e d in R aritan Valley Broadcasting Co.,
Inc.,10 i s a m e n d e d t o e n c o m p a s s n o t o n ly t h e
o p e r a tio n o f r a d io a n d t e le v is io n b r o a d c a s tin g

8 W arren T elevision Corp., 128 NLRB 1. There the Board de­
cided to use retail industry standard, rather than the communica­
tions system standard, in jurisdictional testin g of CATV
operations.
10 122 NLRB 90.
11 Local 12, U nited R u M er W orkers v. N LRB (C A 5 Nov 9

2 42-313 0 — 67—

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61
s t a t io n s b u t a lso e s s e n t ia l lin k s to su c h a n o p e r a ­
tio n , in c lu d in g . . . c o m m u n ity a n te n n a t e le v is io n
s y s t e m s w h ic h d o a g r o s s v o lu m e o f b u s in e s s o f
a t l e a s t $ 1 00,000 p e r a n n u m .

Discrimination. Upholding the National Labor
Relations Board, a court of appeals held 11 that
a union’s failure to fairly represent all employees
in the bargaining unit because of racial considera­
tions constituted an unfair labor practice.
Until 1962, separate job designations and sepa­
rate seniority rolls were maintained for white and
Negro employees. Negro employees were laid off
before whites with less seniority. Plant facilities
were also segregated. In 1962, discussions be­
tween representatives of the union, the employer,
and the President’s Committee on Equal Employ­
ment Opportunity resulted in a verbal agreement
between the union and the employer to discontinue
racially discriminatory practices with regard to
job opportunities and layoffs.
Despite this change, the union refused to proc­
ess grievances filed prior to the agreement by
some of its Negro members concerning back wages
for layoffs occasioned by the racially separate
seniority system formally in effect, as well as those
concerning the continued segregated nature of
plant facilities. The Board held that the union,
in refusing to process the grievances, breached its
duty of fair representation and thereby committed
unfair labor practices violative of sections 8(b)
(1) (A), 8(b)(2), and 8(b)(3) of the LMRA.
Stressing that the union’s failure to provide fair
representation was an unfair labor practice, the
appeals court agreed that the union’s conduct vio­
lated 8(b)(1)(A ). It did not pass on whether
other sections were violated.
The argument that the Civil Rights Act of
1964’s ban on discrimination by labor unions af­
fected the jurisdiction of the NLRB was rejected.
The court stated that complainants may seek relief
under either Title V II of the Civil Rights Act or
the National Labor Relations Act whenever their
rights under both are violated. But, the court
held, the rights of individual employees to fair
representation can be “more fully achieved” be­
fore the Board owing to its exceptional com­
petence.

Chronology of
Recent Labor Events

December 7
T h e A F L -C I O a n n o u n c e d th e fo u n d in g o f a C o u n c il o f
P r o fe s s io n a l, S c ie n tific a n d C u ltu r a l E m p lo y e e s t o f u r th e r
u n io n is m a m o n g w h it e - c o lla r e m p lo y e e s.

December 11

December 4,1966
N e g o t ia to r s f o r m o r e th a n 100 c o m m e r c ia l la u n d r ie s in
N e w J e r s e y a n d L o c a l 284, L a u n d r y W o r k e r s, C le a n e r s
a n d D y e r s U n io n , a g r e e d o n a 3 -y e a r c o n tr a c t g iv in g 5,000
w o r k e r s a n im m e d ia te w a g e in c r e a s e o f 10 c e n ts a n h o u r,
a n d 5 c e n ts a n h o u r in D e c e m b e r o f 1967, 1968, a n d 1969,
w h ic h w i l l r a is e t h e h o u r ly b a s e p a y t o $1.72. F o u r d a y s
e a r lie r , r e p r e s e n t a t iv e s o f 4 0 0 c o m m e r c ia l la u n d r ie s in th e
N e w Y o r k C ity a r e a a n d t h e A m a lg a m a te d L a u n d r y W o r k ­
e r s a g r e e d o n a 3 -y e a r c o n tr a c t c o v e r in g 1 5 ,0 0 0 w o r k e r s .
T h e c o n tr a c t, e ffe c tiv e D e c e m b e r 5, in c r e a s e s t h e a v e r a g e
h o u r ly w a g e b y 15 c e n ts to $1.76. ( S e e p. 6 6 o f t h is is s u e .)

December 5
T h e S u p r em e C o u rt h e ld ( in Transportation-Communica­
tion Employees Union v. Union Pacific Railroad Co.) t h a t
th e N a t io n a l R a ilr o a d A d ju s tm e n t B o a r d h a s e x c lu s iv e
j u r is d ic t io n to h e a r a n d d e te r m in e a s s ig n m e n t o f w o r k
d is p u te s , a n d in d is p u te s o f t h i s t y p e in v o lv in g t w o u n io n s,
t h e r ig h t s o f b o th u n io n s s h o u ld b e d e te r m in e d b e f o re a n y
d e c is io n is r en d ered .
( S e e p. 59 o f t h is is s u e .)
T h e t r u s t e e s o f N e w Y o r k D i s t r i c t C o u n c il 9 o f t h e I n t e r ­
n a t io n a l B r o th e r h o o d o f P a in t e r s , P a p e r h a n g e r s a n d D e c ­
o r a to r s a p p o in te d M a r tin R a r b a c k to a n o r g a n iz in g p o s i­
tio n o n t h e C o u n cil. R a r b a c k w a s fo r m e r s e c r e ta r y -tr e a s ­
u r e r o f t h e C o u n cil, b u t w a s r e m o v e d fr o m t h e p o s itio n
w h e n h e w a s in d ic te d on c h a r g e s o f h a v in g t a k e n b r ib e s

M em b ers o f M a c h in is ts L o c a l 9 1 2 r a tifie d a 3 -y e a r c o n ­
t r a c t w it h th e G e n e r a l E le c t r ic Co. a t i t s j e t e n g in e p la n t
in E v e n d a le , O h io. T h e c o n tr a c t, c o v e r in g a b o u t 1,700
w o r k e r s , p r o v id e s w a g e in c r e a s e s o f 4 p e r c e n t r e tr o a c tiv e
to O cto b er 17, 3 p e r c e n t e ffe c tiv e O cto b er 2, 1967, a n d 3
p e r c e n t e ffe c tiv e S e p te m b e r 30, 1968. O n D e c e m b e r 7,
a s im ila r a g r e e m e n t h a d b een r a tifie d b y th e U n ite d A u to
W o r k e rs, w h ic h r e p r e s e n ts 4 ,6 0 0 w o r k e r s a t th e p la n t.
T h e tw o u n io n s s tr u c k t h e p la n t on O cto b er 16 a n d h a d
b e e n w o r k in g u n d e r a T a f t - H a r t le y in ju n c tio n s in c e O cto ­
b er 19. ( S e e p. 6 9 o f t h i s is s u e .)

December 12
T h e S u p r em e C o u rt aflirm ed th e 1964 ju r y -ta m p e r in g
c o n v ic tio n a n d 8 -y e a r p r is o n s e n te n c e o f T e a m s te r P r e s i­
d e n t J a m e s R . H o ffa . T h e d e c is io n b r o u g h t a b o u t a
2 4 -h o u r w a lk o u t b y m o re th a n 3 0 ,0 0 0 T e a m s te r s in D e tr o it
a n d M ilw a u k e e . O n O cto b er 4, a U n ite d S t a t e s C o u rt o f
A p p e a ls h a d u p h e ld H o ffa ’s c o n v ic tio n fo r m a il fr a u d a n d
c o n sp ir a c y in c o n n e c tio n w i t h th e T e a m s te r p e n s io n fu n d .
( S e e p. 72 o f t h is is s u e .)

December 18
S k ille d m e m b er s o f t h e U n ite d A u to W o r k e r s a c c e p te d a
2 -y e a r c o n tr a c t b e tw e e n th e u n io n a n d L e a r S ie g le r , In c.,
in D e tr o it, e n d in g a s t r ik e in v o lv in g 1,500 w o r k e r s w h ic h
s t a r t e d D e c e m b e r 2. P r o d u c tio n w o r k e r s h a d a c c e p te d
t h e c o n tr a c t on D e c e m b e r 12, b u t u n d e r a n e w p r o c ed u r e
a d o p te d b y th e A u to W o r k e r s a t i t s c o n v e n tio n l a s t M a y
( s e e M L R , J u ly 1966, p. 7 3 4 ) , s k ille d w o r k e r s — e v e n in a
m in o r ity — m a y v e to a n e w c o n tr a c t.
( S e e p. 69 o f t h is
i s s u e .)

fr o m lo c a l c o n tr a c to r s.

December 6
A f t e r 2 1/2 y e a r s o f n e g o tia tio n s , t h e M e tr o p o lita n O p era
a n d th e A m e r ic a n F e d e r a tio n o f M u s ic ia n s a g r e e d on th e
fin a l te r m s o f a c o n tr a c t f o r th e o r c h e s tr a m u s ic ia n s . R e t ­
r o a c tiv e to t h e 1 9 6 4 -6 5 se a so n , th e m u s ic ia n s w ill r e c e iv e
w a g e in c r e a s e s o f $10 a w e e k , in c r e a s in g in g r a d e d ste p s
to a t o t a l o f $ 7 0 a w e e k b y th e 1 9 6 3 -6 9 se a so n . T h e n u m ­
b e r o f w e e k ly p e r fo r m a n c e s w a s d e c r e a s e d fr o m s e v e n
u n d e r th e o ld c o n tr a c t t o s i x t h i s s e a so n , a n a v e r a g e o f
fiv e a n d o n e -h a lf n e x t s e a so n , a n d fiv e in t h e 1 9 6 8 -6 9 s e a ­
so n . T h e m u s ic ia n s w i l l a ls o r e c e iv e p a id v a c a tio n s , s ic k
le a v e , a n d f u l l f a m ily m e d ic a l p r o te c tio n .
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T h e B r o th e r h o o d o f R a ilw a y C lerk s, r e p r e s e n tin g a b o u t
1 52,000 w o r k e r s , a c c e p te d a 1 -y e a r c o n tr a c t o ffer e d b y th e
N a t io n ’s C la s s I R a ilr o a d s , s im ila r to o n e a c c e p te d b y th e
B r o th e r h o o d o f R a ilr o a d T r a in m e n a n d t h e B r o th e r h o o d
o f L o c o m o tiv e F ir e m e n a n d E n g in e m e n in N o v em b er.
( S e e M L R , D e c. 1966, p. 13 9 4 .)
T h e c o n tr a c t, w h ic h
b e c a m e e ffe c tiv e J a n u a r y 1, p r o v id e s a 5 -p e r ce n t w a g e
in c r e a s e a n d a th ir d w e e k o f v a c a tio n a f t e r 10 y e a r s .
( S e e p. 67 o f t h i s is s u e .)

December 20
E n d in g a 5 -w e e k s tr ik e b y 1 0,000 p r o d u c tio n a n d m a in ­
te n a n c e w o r k e r s , m e m b er s o f I B E W L o c a l 1 5 0 5 r a tifie d

63

CHRONOLOGY O F R E C E N T LABO R EV E N T S

a 3 -y e a r c o n tr a c t w it h R a y th e o n Co. in M a ssa c h u se tts.
I n th e fir s t y e a r , th e c o n tr a c t p r o v id e s w a g e in c r e a s e s o f
16, 13, a n d 11 c e n ts a n h o u r (d e p e n d in g o n p a y g r a d e s )
r e tr o a c tiv e to S e p te m b e r 5. I d e n t ic a l in c r e a s e s w i l l be
g iv e n in th e se c o n d y e a r , a n d a g e n e r a l 12 c e n ts a n h o u r
in c r e a se in th e th ir d y e a r . ( S e e p. 67 o f t h is i s s u e .)

December 23
M em b er s o f th e T r a n s p o r t W o r k e r s U n io n r a tifie d a 30m o n th c o n tr a c t c o v e r in g 13,000 g r o u n d a n d flig h t em p lo y ­
e e s o f P a n A m e r ic a n W o r ld A ir w a y s . W a g e s o f m e c h a n ic s
w e r e in c r e a s e d 59 c e n ts a n h o u r in th r e e ste p s , th e first
b e in g r e tr o a c tiv e to J u ly 1, 1966. F o u r th -y e a r s te w a r d s
a n d s te w a r d e s s e s w i l l r e c e iv e a n in c r e a s e o f $97 a m o n th
fo r 80 h o u r s o f flig h t s e r v ic e , a n d to p -p a id p e r so n n e l an
in c r e a s e o f $ 1 2 2 a m o n th . W a g e n e g o t ia t io n s m a y b e
r eo p en ed in 18 m o n th s.
H e a lth , p e n s io n , a n d m e d ic a l
b e n e fits w e r e im p r o v ed . O n O cto b er 1, P r e s id e n t J o h n so n

h a d a p p o in te d a 3 -m a n e m e r g e n c y b o a rd to r ec o m m en d
a s e ttle m e n t. ( S e e p. 67 o f t h is i s s u e .)

December 28
T h e N L R B g r a n te d a p e titio n b y t h e I n t e r n a t io n a l B r o t h ­
erh o o d o f E le c t r ic a l W o r k e r s to s e v e r a c r a f t u n it fr o m
a n o v e r a ll p r o d u c tio n u n it a t E . I. D u p o n t Co. a n d d e n ie d
p e t it io n s b y th e I B E W a t M a llin c k r o d t C h e m ic a l W o r k s
a n d b y t h e M o ld m a k e rs G u ild a t H o lm b er g , In c. I n i t s
d e c is io n th e B o a r d o v e r r u le d i t s 1954 American Potash
d e c is io n a n d r e v is e d th e National Tube d o c tr in e , w h ic h
fo r b a d e c r a f t s e v e r a n c e in th e s te e l, w e t m illin g , a lu m i­
nu m , a n d lu m b e r in d u s tr ie s . T h e B o a r d w i l l n o w d e c id e
p e titio n s fo r a l l in d u s t r ie s o n a c a s e b y c a s e b a s is , c o n ­
s id e r in g th e q u a lific a tio n s o f t h e u n io n w a n t in g t h e e le c ­
tio n , t h e h is to r y o f b a r g a in in g in t h e p la n t a n d th e
in d u s tr y in v o lv e d , a n d th e in t e g r a t io n o f c r a f t e m p lo y e e s
w it h o th e r w o r k e r s in th e p r o d u c tio n p r o c ess.

The web of rules of the workplace concerns compensation, discipline, lay­
offs, transfers and promotions, grievances, and a vast array of matters, some
common to all workplaces and others specialized for the type of activity—
factory, airline, railroad, mine, or office—and to the specific establishment.
The rules also establish norms of output, pace, and performance. Moreover,
the web of rules is never static, and procedures arose for the orderly change
of these rules. The industrial system creates an elaborate “government”
at the workplace and in the work community. I t is often observed that
primitive societies have intensive rules, customs, and taboos, but a study
of the industrial society reflects an even greater complex and a quite differ­
ent set of detailed rules.


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— C la r k K er r a n d o th e r s,

Industrialism and Industrial Man.

Developments in
Industrial Relations*

a r g a i n i n g a c t i v i t y toward the end of 1966 was
concentrated in nonmanufacturing. An addi­
tional 115,000 Communications Workers were
covered by agreements with the Bell System as the
1966 round of telephone negotiations continued.
In the public sector, pay increases were granted to
11.000 policemen and 4,000 firemen in Chicago in
December. Over 1,300 policemen and firemen
in Houston agreed in November to new contracts,
and teachers struck in the mid-West and far West.
In transportation, about 2,800 transit employees in
Washington, DC., agreed to a new contract in No­
vember ; and an agreement covering 2,500 Chicago
transit employees reached in November 1965, was
put into effect by an arbitration award on Decem­
ber 1, 1966. About 144,000 Bailway Clerks were
covered by a 1-year contract reached in mid-De­
cember with Class I Bailroads. The pact could
set a pattern for some 300,000 members of 10 other
nonoperating unions in early 1967. Some 5,600
members of the Air Line Pilots Association
reached agreement with three airlines and Pan
American World Airways agreed to contracts
covering 13,000 Transport Workers.
Strike idleness in November totaled 2,170,000
man-days, or 0.19 percent of the estimated total
working time, as opposed to 0.13 percent in No­
vember 1965 and 0.17 percent for the month in
1964.1 Some 320 stoppages involving 114,000
workers began during the month, compared with
289 stoppages involving 140,000 workers begin­
ning in November 1965.

B

Government

Early in December, pay raises were imple­
mented for policemen and firemen in Chicago.
The Chicago City Council passed a bill giving
11.000 policemen and 4,000 firemen a 9.05- to
10.17-percent increase in pay. The starting an­
64


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nual salaries of policemen and firemen were
raised to $6,792 from $6,228 and salaries of em­
ployees with more than 48 months of service were
raised to $8,316, from $7,548. At the same time,
salaries of police sergeants and fire lieutenants
were raised to $10,104 from $9,720, police lieutenents and fire captains to $11,688 from $11,256, and
police captains and fire battalion chiefs to $12,876
from $12,396.
The Houston City Council approved a $40-amonth raise November 2 for policemen and fire­
men, except trainees, beginning with the first pay
period after November 19. The cadet policemen
and firemen were to remain at $440 a month for
the 3-month training program, receive $480 in­
stead of $440 a month for 6 months, and get $507
a month after 1 year of service.
The Uniformed Sanitation Men’s Association
and the city of New York reached an agreement
on December 16 on a 1-year $450 annual increase
in salaries, retroactive to July 1, 1966, covering
10,000 workers in the Sanitation Department.
The starting salary was increased to $6,424 from
$5,974, while the maximum salary was raised to
$7,956 from $7,506 annually.
The contract included a $60-a-year contribution
by the city to establish a dental benefit fund be­
ginning January 1, 1967, and a $1 per manday contribution to establish an annuity plan be­
ginning April 1, 1967. The city agreed to assume
the entire cost of the pension plan beginning in
most cases after July 1, 1967. (Union members
are now paying 12y2 percent of the cost.) The
allowance for optional retirement for ordinary
disability was to be raised to 36 percent of pay
after 15 years of service, from 25 percent after 10
years.
In Chicago, the American Federation of Teach­
ers (AFT) conducted a strike of 550 teachers at
eight Cook County junior colleges. The AFT
labeled it the largest walkout of college teachers
in its history. Called against the county’s Junior
College Board of Education to secure an initial
contract, the strike affected some 38,000 students.
The teachers had won representation rights for
♦Prepared in the Division of Wage Economics, Bureau of Labor
Statistics, on the basis of published m aterial available in midDecember.
1 Strike figures for 1966 are preliminary.

65

D E V E L O P M E N T S I N I N D U S T R I A L R E L A T IO N S

faculty members during the summer of 1966, and
presented contract proposals in October. They
asked for a package increase of $200 a month ; the
board countered with 17 presettlement conditions,
including a no-strike pledge and no written con­
tract, according to the union. The 4-day walkout
ended on December 5, when the teachers agreed
not to strike while good faith bargaining con­
tinued. The board, in turn, withdrew its demands
for a no-strike pledge and its objection to a writ­
ten contract.
A teachers’ strike in Ohio ended on November
28 after a week-long walkout by some 300
members of the Youngstown Federation of Teach­
ers (Y FT). Though 950 teachers not affiliated
with the YFT reported for work, the school board
ordered schools closed and canceled classes for
some 40,000 students (including 9,000 in parochial
schools). The principal issues in the dispute were
the proposed ground rules for a representation
election. In October, the Board of Education had
recognized the Youngstown Education Associa­
tion (YEA) as bargaining agent for the city’s
1,250 teachers. YFT President John Wendle
called upon the board to hold a representation
election among classroom teachers only. (Mem­
bership in YEA included supervisory employees.)
The YEA agreed to the election if supervisory
personnel were allowed to vote. Despite Ohio’s
Ferguson Act which forbids strikes by public em­
ployees, the YFT set up picket lines which main­
tenance employees, custodians, and bus drivers re­
spected. A temporary injunction ordered all
teachers and pupils back to school on November
28, and school officials agreed to an election in 1968
when classroom teachers would vote as a separate
group.
In nearby Hubbard, Ohio, a strike by 40 teach­
ers ended with a $530 annual increase in wages and
benefits and the disposal of a number of grievances.
Some 3,700 students were affected by the week-long
dispute.
Teachers also conducted a strike in late Novem­
ber in East Chicago Heights, 111., and a walkout in
Denver, Colo.
In mid-November, the State, County, and Mu­
nicipal Employees and the city of New York
reached agreement on a 2 -year contract cover­
ing some 8,500 dietary and housekeeping aides,
about 100 institutional aides, and 8,500 nurses’
aides in municipal hospitals in the city. Minimum

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yearly salaries for dietary, housekeeping, and in­
stitutional aides were increased $375 retroactive to
July 1, with additional increases of $375 on July
1, 1967, and $150 on July 1, 1968. (Persons en­
tering these classifications after July 1, 1966, re­
ceived salary increases of $300 on July 1 of 1966
and 1967, and $150 on July 1,1968.) Workers on
payrolls for 1 year by July 1,1968, were to receive
another annual increase of $150; under the con­
tract language, workers on the rolls less than 1
year would receive no increase. A $180-a-year
psychiatric and communicable disease differential
was also provided.
Minimum salaries for nurses’ aides were raised
$300 a year effective January 1 of 1967 and 1968.
Those actually on the payrolls as of January 1,
1967, were to receive a wage increase of $375 a
year, while those with 6 months of service were to
receive a $75 one-time adjustment. On January 1,
1968, nurses’ aides with 1 year of service were to
receive a $375 increase and others on the payroll
a $150 increase. A $240 yearly psychiatric and
communicable disease differential and a $50 an­
nual uniform allowance were established (women
previously received $40 while men received free
uniforms). The pact called for an on-the-job
training program for positions of Inhalation
Therapist, Operating-room Technician, Deliveryroom Technician, and Ambulance Technician.
A welfare fund was to be established for all
aides on July 1, 1967, with the hospitals paying
$60 a year per employee, increasing to $85 on July
1, 1968. Separate negotiations continued on im­
provements in overtime, shift differentials, holi­
days, annual leave, and sick leave.
Services and Trade

Some 3,000 nurses in 33 private San Francisco
Bay area hospitals reached agreement in late Octo­
ber on a 17-month contract providing pay in­
creases totaling $100 to $130 a month by April
1967. Represented by the California Nurses’ As­
sociation, the nurses received a $25-a-month in­
crease retroactive to July 17, and additional in­
creases of $25 effective immediately, $25 to $55 in
January 1967, and $25 in April 1967, along with
several liberalized supplementary benefits.
In August, after a threat of mass resignations,
the nurses had won interim wage increases ranging
from $65 to $70 a month and had agreed to submit

66

M O N T H L Y L A B O R R E V IE W , F E B R U A R Y 1967

and Northern New Jersey. The contract provided
salary proposals to a three-member factfinding
for
a 25-percent increase in wages over 3 years.
board.2 On October 21, the board made its recom­
The
first increase reportedly would raise the aver­
mendations, and on October 27 the nurses ap­
age
hourly
wage to $1.76 from $1.61.
proved the new agreement by a vote of 2,323 to 44.
The
Office
and Professional Employees Union
The increases were to result in monthly salaries
and
12
signatory
AFL-CIO unions reached agree­
from $600 for first-year nurses to $700 for nurses
ment
on
a
2-year
contract
in early December. The
with 5 years’ experience.
pact covered some 2,700 office employees of these
Some 18,000 members of the Screen Actors
unions, and provided wage increases ranging from
Guild (SAG) and 17,500 members of the Amer­
$5 to $7 a week retroactive to October 1, and
ican Federation of Television and Eadio Artists
an additional $5 to $7.50 on October 1,1967. Other
(AFTEA) reached agreement with national tele­
terms included 4 weeks of vacation after 10 instead
vision and radio networks and advertising groups
of 12 years of service.
on 3-year contracts governing recorded radio and
Some 1,500 waiters, waitresses, busboys, cap­
television commercials, network television, and
tains, hostesses, checkers, and cashiers in about 100
transcriptions. Fee increases ranged up to 20 per­
restaurants were covered by a new 3-year contract
cent. Eate changes retroactive to November 16 in­
between the Hotel and Eestaurant Employees and
cluded increases in basic session fees to $120 from
the
Eestaurant League of New York. The No­
$105 per on-camera commercial, and to $90 from
vember
16 pact provided wage increases over the
$80 off camera. All use and reuse fees were also
life
of
the
agreement ranging from $6 to $9 a week
increased substantially. One new feature of the
and
improved
supplementary benefits. The agree­
contracts was the establishment “of ‘holding fees’
ment
is
expected
to set the pattern for 9,000 addi­
which insure payment to a player in a commercial
tional
restaurant
workers in New York City.
of at least one session fee—$90 or $120 every 13
The
Eetail
Clerks
negotiated a 3-year contract
weeks, whether or not the commercial is used, as
with
Stop
and
Shop,
Inc., for 7,000 employees in
long as the sponsor retains the right to use the
the
New
England
area.
Wages were increased 10
commercial.” Another first was the establishment
cents
an
hour
in
each
year
for full-time workers
of minimum fees for foreign use of American com­
and
7U>
cents
for
part-time
workers. The early
mercials : Two fees ($240 on camera, $180 off
December
contract
also
contained
provisions for
camera) must be paid for use in the United King­
an
eighth
paid
holiday,
an
improved
pension plan,
dom ; one additional session fee for use in the rest
and
(effective
in
May
1967)
an
improved
health
of Europe; and two extra session fees for other
and
welfare
plan
which
includes
hospitalization,
foreign uses.
major medical, death benefits, and a paycheck se­
The Electrical Workers (IBEW ) and the
curity clause. The contract was retroactive to No­
Columbia Broadcasting System, Inc., reached
vember
14.
agreement on a 44-month contract in mid-Novem­
Also
in
early December, First National Stores,
ber. Covering some 1,100 technicians, the agree­
Inc.
and
six
locals of the Meat Cutters signed a
ment provided for an $8-a-week wage increase
1-year
contract
covering some 7,000 employees in
retroactive to February 1, with additional in­
Maine,
Massachusetts,
New Hampshire, and Con­
creases of $10 a week on November 1 of 1966,1967,
necticut.
(Local
328
in
Providence, E.I., which
and 1968, bringing the base salary for the majority
had
been
a
party
to
earlier
agreements withdrew
of technicians to $250 a week in the last year of
from
bargaining
prior
to
the
settlement and was
the contract. A third paid holiday, Labor Day,
negotiating
separately
with
the
company.) Under
was provided. The accidental, death and dis­
the terms of the agreement, classified workers were
memberment insurance benefit was increased to
to receive $5 more a week and unclassified workers
$100,000 from $50,000, and weekly benefits for
$4. Part-time employees with less than 3 years of
total disability were increased to the base weekly
service were to receive 71/2 cents more an hour;
salary from a flat $100 a week for 52 weeks.
those
with 3 years or more were to get 10 cents.
On November 30, an agreement was reached by
the Amalgamated Clothing Workers and 400 com­
mercial laundries on a 3-year master contract for
2 See M onthly Lahor R eview , October 1966, p. 1131.
some 15,000 workers in Metropolitan New York

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D E V E L O P M E N T S I N I N D U S T R I A L R E L A T IO N S

The health and welfare plan was extended to in­
clude a major medical provision.
Transportation and Utilities

Three agreements covering some 5,600 pilots and
flight engineers represented by the Air Line Pilots
Association (ALPA) were concluded during No­
vember and early December. On November 4, an
accord for some 1,100 Northwest Airlines pilots on
a 32-month contract provided an estimated 9-per­
cent salary increase retroactive to September 1,
1965. On November 29, Braniff signed a 2-year
agreement covering another 1,100 pilots and pro­
viding the same salary increase. Both contracts
gave captains with 9 years of service $2,962 instead
of $2,721 (based on 85 flying hours a month).
Other terms common to both Braniff and North­
west were improved vacations, pensions, and sick
leave. In early December, Trans World Airlines
(TWA) agreed to a 15-month contract stipulating
a 13-percent wage increase to some 2,100 pilots and
1,300 flight engineers. The salary increase was
termed a catchup which brings “ALPA members
at TWA up to levels prevailing at similar airlines.”
Disability payments were the only supplementary
benefit improved.
On December 2, agreement was reached on 32month contracts between Pan American World
Airways, Inc. and the Transport Workers Union
(TWU) covering some 9,600 mechanics and
ground service employees, 2,900 flight service em­
ployees, and 500 port stewards.
Mechanics, ground service employees, and port
stewards received wage increases ranging from 12
to 21 cents an hour retroactive to July 1, further
increases of 12 to 22 cents on July 1, 1967,13 to 23
cents on January 1, 1968, and a wage reopening
provision on July 1, 1968. Other terms included
an eighth paid holiday, double time and a half
instead of double time for holiday work retro­
active to September 1, 1966, and a maximum sickleave accumulation of 70 instead of 60 days.
Flight service employees received monthly base
wage increases ranging from $17.35 to $30.40 retro­
active to July 1, and further increases ranging
from $18.20 to $31.90 on July 1, 1967, and from
3 See M onthly Lahor R eview , January 1967, p. 64.


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67
$19.10 to $33.50 on January 1, 1968, with a wage
reopening provision on July 1, 1968.
All 13,000 employees received improvements in
pensions and health and welfare benefits. Provi­
sions were made for the establishment of a Supple­
mental Variable Annuity Pension Plan, with the
company paying 1 percent of employee’s earnings
for employees voluntarily contributing from 1
percent to 10 percent. Effective on July 1, 1967,
employee contributions to the Cooperative Retire­
ment Income Plan were to be reduced one-fourth
from the previous 2.75 percent of the first $3,000,
and 5.5 percent of earnings in excess of $3,000,
with the company paying any additional money
required to maintain a funded plan. These per­
centages were to be further reduced by another
one-fourth on September 1,1968. Health and wel­
fare improvements included provisions for com­
pany assumption of the full cost instead of 75
percent of dependent insurance under the Basic
insurance plan, and the full cost for active em­
ployees under the Supplemental plan (employees
previously paid the full cost).
The company agreed to pay for life insurance
equal to twice the employee’s yearly salary, with
an employee option to increase coverage to three
times his yearly salary by paying for the addi­
tional coverage. Previously, workers were re­
quired to take a policy worth three times their
yearly salary, with the company paying two-thirds
of the premium.
Agreement was reached between the Brother­
hood of Locomotive Firemen and Enginemen
(BLFE) and Class I Railroads over the weekend
of November 20 on a 1614-month contract pat­
terned after the agreement with the Brotherhood
of Railroad Trainmen (BRT) negotiated in early
November.3 Covering 27,000 workers, the pact,
provided for a 5-percent wage increase retroactive
to August 12, and 3 weeks of paid vacation after
10 instead of 15 years. In mid-December, the
Railway Clerks accepted a 1-year contract cover­
ing 144,000 with terms similar to the one negoti­
ated by BLFE and BRT.
On November 19, agreement was reached on a
3-year contract between the D.C. Transit System,
Inc., and the Amalgamated Transit Union. Cov­
ering 2,800 drivers and maintenance workers, it
provided general increases totaling 36!/2 cents an

68

hour. There were additional increases in basic
wages in some nonoperating classifications rang­
ing from 3 to 13 cents an hour on October 29,1967.
The previous 13-cent cost-of-living allowance was
incorporated into base rates and, in lieu of the costof-living escalator adjustments for the first 18
months of the agreement, increases of 2y2 cents on
February 26, 1967, September 3, 1967, and Feb­
ruary 4, 1968, were guaranteed. On April 28,
1968, payment of the total 7i/2 cents an hour in
lieu of cost-of-living increments thus accumulated
will terminate, and the cost-of-living increment
that would have accrued if the cost-of-living
clause had operated will be substituted for the
accumulated payments. Automatic cost-of-living
escalation will resume on April 28, 1968, with
quarterly adjustments. Provisions were also
made for 4 weeks of vacation after 12 instead of
14 years of service; and effective July 1, 1968,
5 wTeeks of vacation after 24 instead of 25 years,
with an additional day of vacation for each year
of service after 28 instead of 30 years. Employer
and employee contributions to the pension fund
were increased and the company was to pay an
additional 2 cents an hour to the health and
welfare fund.
Under an arbitration awTard on December 1, the
Chicago Transit Authority and the Amalgamated
Transit Union were bound by a contract provid­
ing 3Qy2 cents an hour in wages over 3 years. Cov­
ering some 2,500 rapid transit employees, the
award provided for an increase to motormen,
switchmen, and yard foremen of 10y2 cents an
hour retroactive to December 1, 1965, and for ad­
ditional increases of 13 cents on December 1 of
1966 and 1967. Monthly rated employees received
wage increases of 2.5841 percent retroactive to
December 1,1965, and additional increases of 3.548
percent on December 1, 1966, and 3.871 percent on
December 1,1967. Consolidation of two classifica­
tions—Repairman A and Repairman B—resulted
in a Syj-cent-an-hour increase and a lengthening of
the progression schedule to 36 from 12 months for
those formerly in the B classification. An 8-centan-hour cost-of-living allowance was incorporated
into base rates and cost-of-living adjustments
were made retroactive to the date when they would
have gone into effect if there had been a contract
during 1966. In addition, a seventh paid holiday,


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M O N T H L Y L A B O R R E V IE W , F E B R U A R Y 1967

the employee’s birthday, was to be effective No­
vember 1,1967.
Other terms, similar to the settlement with the
Surface employees in December 1965, included 3
weeks of paid vacation after 7 instead of 10 years,
4 weeks after 17 instead of 20 years, and 5 weeks
after 23 instead of 25 years; an additional day
off or pay for holidays falling on the regular day
off or during the vacation; $4,000 life insurance
for employees with 5 years of service instead of
$2,500 for all employees; $65 instead of $56 a
week sickness and accident benefits, increased to
$67.50 on December 1,1966, and further increased
to $70 on December 1, 1967; improved sick leave;
and the establishment of a day’s funeral leave.
Three-year agreements covering approximately
115,000 employees were reached in late October
and November between the Communications
Workers and three large operating companies of
the Bell Telephone System. On October 23, the
Pacific Telephone and Telegraph Co. and the
CWA agreed to wage increases ranging from $3.50
to $8 a week for 36,000 employees. Reclassifica­
tion adjustments provided additional increases up
to $5 a week in some job categories. The increases
were retroactive to October 16 for 22,000 plant and
traffic department employees in northern Cali­
fornia and Nevada, and effective on November 13
for 14,000 plant and accounting department em­
ployees in southern California.
The Mountain States Telephone and Telegraph
Co. and the CWA agreed on November 11 to wage
increases ranging from $3.50 to $8 a week for 15,000 employees in seven States.4 Increases of $3.50
to $5.50 went to 7,300 traffic and clerical employees,
and 7,700 plant department employees received
advances of $5.50 to $8 weekly. Phoenix, Ariz.
and Laramie, Wyo. were upgraded to a higher
classification.
On November 12, Southern Bell Telephone and
Telegraph Co. and the Communications Workers
agreed to wage increases ranging from $3.50 to
$8 a week, depending on job classification, for 65,000 employees in nine southeastern States.5 All
contracts followed the Bell pattern in improvei Utah, Idaho, Wyoming, Colorado, Arizona, New Mexico, and
El Paso, Tex.
5
North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, Kentucky, Tennes­
see, Alabama, M ississippi, Louisiana, and Florida.

D E V E L O P M E N T S I N I N D U S T R I A L R E L A T IO N S

ments in vacations, pensions, life insurance, and
health benefits, with a wage reopener after 18
months.
Construction

The Carpenters and Millwrights in the Detroit
area ended a 6-week strike with an agreement with
employers in five southeastern Michigan counties.
The 4-year contract negotiated in May 1964 in­
cluded a reopening clause for health and welfare
insurance in 1966. (The 17,000 Carpenters and
Millwrights had been participating in the Detroit
and vicinity Construction Workers Insurance
Fund; however, the Carpenters refused to con­
tinue to participate in the fund.) The strike set­
tlement established a Carpenters Welfare Fund
to Which the employers agreed to contribute 30
cents for each hour worked, retroactive to October
1, 1966. They had contributed 15 cents an hour
to the group fund. The agreement also added an
immediate 10-cent-an-hour increase in wages and
an additional 10 cents on May 1, 1967, to the 23cent increase due on that date under the basic
agreement.
Metalworking

A strike of more than 5 weeks by the Electrical
Workers (IBEW ) against Raytheon Co. plants in
eastern Massachusetts was ended December 20
with membership ratification of a 3-year agree­
ment covering 10,000 production and maintenance
workers. The agreement provided 11-, 13-, and
16-cent-an-hour wage increases, depending on
labor grades, retroactive to September 5, the same
increase the second year, and a 12-cent-an-hour
increase the third year. Other terms included 4
weeks’ vacation after 20 instead of 25 years, in­
creased pension benefits the third year to $3 from
$2.40 a month per year of credited service, in­
creased health benefits, and establishment of sickleave credit of 1 day for each year of service. The
company estimated the package cost at 17y2 per­
cent over 3 years.
6 See M onthly L abor R eview , November 1966, p. 1276.
7 Workers exercised' their option for a ninth paid holiday in
1968, reducing1 their 1967 wage increase .4 of a percent to
2.6 /percent.
8 See M onthly Labor R eview , July 1966, p. 734.
0 The Electrical Workers (IB E W ), Painters, and Carpenters.
Some 2,200 M achinists and 80 Polishers rejected1 sim ilar terms
and struck the company on November 12, idling most produc­
tion workers at the plant by the end of the month.


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69
Some 4,600 Auto Workers and 1,700 Machinists
employed at the General Electric Co.’s Evendale
(Cincinnati), Ohio plant, were covered by a 3year-and-23-day agreement generally similar to
the company’s earlier settlement with the Elec­
trical Workers (IUE) and a 10-union coalition in
October.6 Special provisions dealt with local
problems. Workers struck the jet-engine facility
on October 17 over local issues and returned to
work on October 19 following the issuance of a
Taft-Hartley injunction. A 4-percent wage in­
crease retroactive to October 17, with 3-percent in­
creases effective both October 2, 1967,7 and Sep­
tember 30, 1968, and other benefits were similar to
the GE-coalition agreement.
The Machinists settlement provided for a joint
6-man union-management committee to study the
classification of 13 skilled jobs—with recommen­
dations due by April 1,1967. A system was estab­
lished to settle some 400 unresolved grievances,
with the union having the right to strike on March
3,1967, if the company refused to neg-otiate or
arbitrate the grievances.
A strike of 1,500 Auto Workers against the
Detroit plants of Lear Siegler, Inc. was settled in
December. Under a constitutional amendment
enacted at the union’s 20th convention in May,8
skilled workers may “vote separately on contract­
ual matters common to all and, in the same vote,
on those matters which relate exclusively to their
group,” thus exercising a veto over a settlement.
The 2-year agreement provided all workers an 11cent-an-hour increase over 2 years and a 3-cent-anhour cost-of-living adjustment in December under
a continuation of the escalation clause. In addi­
tion, 140 skilled workers were to receive a 10- to
20-cent-an-hour increase the first year and a 2.8percent (minimum 9-cent) increase the second
year. Increases in life and sickness and accident
insurance were provided for skilled workers. The
company also agreed to define the scope and con­
tent of the duties of the various skilled trades, a
first for the auto or auto parts industries. Other
terms included increased vacations and increased
medical benefits for all workers. Settlement was
preceded by a 1-day strike on November 1, and a
second strike from December 2 to December 19
when the skilled workers returned to work; other
workers settled a week earlier.
On November 11, members of three unions9 ac­
cepted a 3-year contract with the Automatic Elec-

70
trie Company for some 6,200 employees at the
company’s Northlake (Chicago), 111. plant. The
pact provided 10-cent-an-hour wage increases in
each of the 3 years, improved pensions, and other
benefits.
On December 23, the U.S. Court of Appeals up­
held an injunction ordering 2,150 striking Steel­
workers back to work at Union Carbide’s Satellite
Division in Kokomo, Ind. The court order was
issued by U.S. District Judge Leonard P. Walsh
under provisions of the Taft-Hartley Act provid­
ing for an 80-day “cooling off” period when a strike
threatens national security.10 The walkout began
September 30 when the parties failed to agree to a
new contract. Primary issues were wages and pen­
sions, but a key element was the Steelworkers’ de­
sire for a common contract expiration date with
two other unions (the Chemical Workers and the
Oil, Chemical, and Atomic Workers), to cover
some 8,000 workers employed by Union Carbide.
In July, the corporation had locked out 1,200
Oil, Chemical, and Atomic Workers at its metal di­
vision in Alloy, W. Ya. after that union rejected its
“complete and final” contract offer.11 The OCAW
then struck the Alloy p lan t12 and walkouts spread
to other Union Carbide plants, idling 8,000 work­
ers at 11 locations.
Two manufacturing plants of Western Elec­
tric reported 3-year agreements with the Electri­
cal Workers (IB E W )—one covering 6,400 em­
ployees of the Indianapolis works and the other
for 4,600 employees of the Columbus, Ohio, works.
Ratified September 30 and retroactive to Septem­
ber 10, the Indianapolis agreement added 11 to 17
cents to the base rates of production workers and
19 and 20 cents to skilled rates. Revised incentive
provisions were to be effective no later than Sep­
tember 10, 1967. The Columbus agreement pro­
vided a 12- to 23-cent-an-hour wage increase retro­
active to November 1. Both agreements were sub­
ject to reopening on wage rates and overtime com­
pensation after 18 months. Like other Bell System
agreements, they included a reduction in the social
10 The Kokomo plant produces heat-resistant alloys for jet
fighter planes and helicopters used in V iet Nam.
111 In October, an NLRB examiner found Union Carbide guilty
of unfair labor practices in the lockout and ordered the company
to make up wages lost during the lockout period.
12 The lockout became a strike in late September when the com­
pany announced it would reopen the plant, and the Chemical
Workers refused to return.
13 See M onthly Labor R eview , November 1966, p. 1274.


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M O N T H L Y L A B O R R E V IE W , F E B R U A R Y 1967

security offset to pension benefits to one-fourth
from one-third effective April 1967, and improved
life, hospital-surgical-medical, and major medical
insurance benefits. Earlier, the Communications
Workers had reached a similar agreement for
employees at the Tonawanda plant of Western
Electric.13
Workers at the Baltimore, Md., Orlando, Fla.,
and Denver, Colo., facilities of the Martin Division
of Martin-Marietta Corp., represented by the Auto
Workers, ratified a 3-year contract on November
20, providing 8-cents-an-hour wage increases each
year, additional inequity adjustments, and incor­
poration of 18 cents of the 19-cent-an-hour cost-ofliving allowance into the wage structure. The set­
tlement continued escalation review and covered
8,400 workers. Other provisions included a ninth
“floating” holiday, a fourth week of paid vacation
after 20 years of service, increased pension bene­
fits, an improved life and health insurance pro­
gram, and paid funeral leave. An SUB plan (still
to be worked out) was substituted for the extended
layoff benefit plan.
A 3-year agreement between the Hughes Air­
craft Co. and the Machinists covered some 2,000
workers in Tucson, Ariz. Wage increases of 7 to
11 cents were provided effective in each of the 3
years. A quarterly escalator clause was reestab­
lished after a 5-year lapse and hospitalization and
surgical benefits were improved.
The Midwest Manufacturing Corp., a subsidiary
of Admiral Corp., at Galesburg, 111., agreed with
the Machinists on a 3-year contract after a 13-day
strike that ended on November 13. A strike of
the Office and Professional Employees (OPEIU)
continued until November 22. Terms of the Ma­
chinists agreement covering 2,700 workers in­
cluded 10-cent-an-hour wage increases the 1st and
2d years and an 11-cent increase the 3d year.
Holidays, vacations, pensions, and medical bene­
fits were improved. The OPEIU local accepted
a similar package. The main issue in the Machin­
ists strike was time-study methods; the 130 Office
and Professional Workers were striking primarily
for a union shop.
Wage increases of 4 percent each year were in­
cluded in a 3-year contract between Globe-Union,
Inc. and the Allied Industrial Workers. Cover­
ing some 2,300 workers in seven Milwaukee area
plants, the pact provided an additional 3-cent-anhour raise the first year at two of the company’s

71

D E V E L O P M E N T S I N I N D U S T R I A L R E L A T IO N S

plants, an eighth paid holiday, and other bene­
fits. Ratified on November 22, the agreement was
reached 5 months prior to the scheduled March
1967 expiration of the previous contract. The
firm produces batteries and electrical and elec­
tronic parts.
Remington Arms Company, Inc., an affiliate of
Du Pont Co., and the independent Industrial Ma­
chine and Office Workers Union agreed in early
December on a 1-year contract for 2,700 workers
at the Bridgeport, Conn., plant. I t provided a
10- to 16-cent increase with an additional 3 to 10
cents for some hourly wage roll workers and a
$13- to $28-a-month increase for salaried workers,
with an additional $5 to $13 for those whose rates
had been $496 to $694 a month.
The Ford Motor Co. announced that 132,000
hourly workers would receive Christmas bonuses
of $53.38. Over $7 million was distributed to
workers with at least 1 year of seniority on the
last payday before December 25. A bonus clause
in the 1964 agreement between Ford and the Auto
Workers stipulates that when the SUB fund
reaches maximum funding, contributions go into
a special account to finance a Christmas bonus.
General Motors Corp. did not pay a Christmas
bonus because its fund lacked the money for a dis­
tribution. In 1965, GM paid Christmas bonuses
of $43 to 345,000 employees, while the Ford fund
was insufficient for payments in 1965. The
Chrysler agreement with the Auto Workers does
not contain a bonus clause.
Other Manufacturing

On November 8, announcement was made of a
2-year contract between the National Plastic Prod­
ucts Co. and the Rubber Workers affecting ap­
proximately 1,050 production and maintenance
workers in Odenton, Md. Wages were increased
16 to 29 cents an hour on October 25; an additional
6-percent increase was to be effective October 25,
1967. Terms of the contract included 8-oent and
16-cent shift differentials; $3,000 instead of $2,000
life insurance; $55 instead of $30 a week companypaid sickness and accident benefits for up to 26
instead of 13 weeks; 120 instead of 30 days of hos­
pitalization, improved surgical and diagnostic
benefits, and 10 days of maternal care; and, effec­
tive October 25, 1967, the institution of a pension


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

plan providing $3 a month for each year of service
after age 50.
A wage increase of 10 cents an hour retroactive
to July 17, for some 2,300 workers at Lowland,
Tenn., was agreed to in mid-October under a wage
reopening provision by the Textile Workers
(UTWA) and the American Enka Corp. The
company stated that it planned to increase its em­
ployment by approximately 1,300 workers before
the end of 1967.
Bassett Furniture Industries, Inc. of Martins­
ville and Bassett, Va., announced a wage increase
of 5 cents an hour for all hourly paid employees.
A company spokesman stated that this was the
sixth general wage hike at Bassett Industries in
the last 6 years. It was also announced that wages
for salaried employees would be adjusted on a
merit basis at a later date. The corporation em­
ploys over 3,000 workers in seven plants.
Wage increases of 7 cents an hour effective on
October 16 of both 1966 and 1967 were provided
in a 33-month agreement between the Jefferson
City Cabinet Co. and the Electrical Workers
(IUE) for 2,200 workers in Jefferson City, Tenn.
The contract provided for a wage reopener on
October 17,1968.
The New York Photoengravers Union Local
1-P and the Photo Engravers Board of Trade
of New York signed a 3-year $23.09- to $25.00-a
week package agreement more than 2 months be­
fore the January 31, 1967, expiration date of the
current contract, The contract gave some 1,000
workers employed by 20 commercial printing com­
panies the following pay increases:
Weekly increases
C u r r e n t -------------------------------------------------------------------------weekly November 7, January 1, January 1,
earnings
1966
1968
1969
D a y s h i f t .................................
N ig h t sh ift...............................
Second and third nigh t
sh ift------------

$173
185

$7.00
7.49

$6.00
6.51

$6.00
6.55

188

7.61

6.63

6.67

The employers agreed to increase weekly pay­
ments to the pension and welfare funds by a total
of $4.09 and to give vacation credits to temporary
and substitute employees on the basis of oneeleventh of a day’s pay for each day worked. The
union agreed to accept the first apprentices in 10
years and to join with employers in a retraining
program to fit journeymen with skills and tech­
niques for new job opportunities.

72
A 2-year contract, whose total value was esti­
mated at 28 cents per hour, was agreed to on Oc­
tober 26 by the Keebler Biscuit Co. (formerly
United Biscuit Co.) and the American Bakery
and Confectionery Workers representing 2,600
workers. Wages were increased 11 cents an hour
effective on October 31 of 1966 and November 6,
1967; additional classification adjustments and
improved night premiums were also provided.
The company agreed to increase its contributions
to the A.B.C. Union and Industry National Wel­
fare Fund to 17 cents an hour, from 14 cents. E f­
fective January 1,1967, employees were to receive
3 weeks of vacation after 9 instead of 10 years of
service and 4 weeks of vacation after 19 instead of
20 years. A year later, vacation qualifications
were to be further reduced to 8 and 18 years of
service for 3 and 4 weeks of paid vacation, re­
spectively, and time lost either because of com­
pensable accidents or union business was to be
counted as time worked in computing vacation
pay. The contract also provided various addi­
tional benefits for the different plants.14
A 2-year agreement covering some 2,600 workers
(represented by the Teamsters) employed in 65
fluid milk and ice cream plants in the San Joaquin
and Sacramento valleys of California 15 was rati­
fied in early November. Wages were increased
15 cents an hour, retroactive to September 1, with
an additional 12y2 cents becoming effective next
September. The companies increased their pay­
ment to the pension fund to 25 cents an hour, from
20 cents. A family optical plan became effective
on January 1,1967—reportedly the first time dairy
workers in California had achieved such a bene­
fit; like their other insurance benefits, the plan
featured a waiver of premiums for as much as 12
months for workers off the job through illness or
injury. Major medical coverage was extended to
dependents, and maximum annual sick leave was
increased to 240 hours, from 200.
Other Developments

In a 4 to 1 decision 16 on December 12, the Su­
preme Court upheld the 1964 jury-tampering con­
viction of Teamsters President James It. Hoffa.17
As a result of the conviction, Mr. Hoffa was sen­
tenced to serve an 8-year prison term and pay a
$10,000 fine for attempting to influence two jurors
in his 1962 trial in Nashville, Tenn. (That trial

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M O N T H L Y L A B O R R E V IE W , F E B R U A R Y 1967

on conspiracy charges—accepting payments from
a trucking firm to insure labor peace—had re­
sulted in a hung jury.18) Justice Potter Stewart’s
majority opinion rejected Mr. Hoffa’s contention
that his constitutional rights were violated by the
use as a Government “informer” of Edwin G. Partin, a Teamster official from Baton Rouge, La.
(Mr. Partin was in the employ of Mr. Hoffa dur­
ing the Nashville trial—a period during which
Mr. Hoffa allegedly made self-incriminating re­
marks to Mr. Partin.) Defense lawyers’ conten­
tions that the union leader’s rights under the
fourth (right to privacy), fifth (privilege against
self-incrimination), and sixth (right to counsel)
amendments had been violated were also rejected
by the court. Mr. Hoffa’s attorneys were expected
to petition the Supreme Court to rehear the case.
He also faces 5 years in prison and a $10,000 fine
for conspiracy and three counts of fraud in a July
1964 conviction in connection with the Teamster
pension fund.19
The court also upheld the conviction of Z. T.
Osborn, a Nashville attorney who once represented
Mr. Hoffa. Mr. Osborn had been sentenced to 3
years in jail and fined $5,000 for attempting to
tamper with the jury during the 1962 trial. The
court ruled that Mr. Osborn’s right to privacy had
not been violated when a Government agent with
a recorder concealed in his clothing recorded in­
criminating statements.
In a related development, Detroit area Team­
sters staged a 1-day wildcat walkout on December
15, protesting the court’s decision and their leader’s
impending imprisonment. Over 30,000 Teamsters
in the area, 2,000 in Milwaukee, Wis., and others
in Atlanta and Savannah, Ga., participated in the
work stoppage. Mr. Hoffa urged strikers to re­
turn to work and most went back to their jobs
within 24 hours.
u Denver, Col., Cincinnati, Ohio, Macon, Ga., Philadelphia, Pa.,
and Sioux Falls, S.D.
15 Covering dairies from Bakersfield, Calif., to the Oregon
border.
m Ju stices P otter Stewart, Hugo L. Black, W illiam J. Brennan,
Jr., and John M. Harlan voted in the m ajority w hile Chief Justice
Earl Warren dissented. Justices Byron B. W hite and Abe F ortas
disqualified them selves because of their involvem ent in a civil
suit against Mr. Hoffa by dissident team sters. Justices W illiam
O. Douglas and Tom C. Clark also did not participate, stating
that the Supreme Court should not have reviewed the appeal in
the first place.
17 See M onthly L abor Review , April 1964, p. 446.
18 See M onthly Labor Review , February 1963, p. 184.
119 See M onthly Labor R eview , December 1966, p. 1401.

Book Reviews
and Notes
Breaking Ground

By
Daniel M. Holland. New York, National
Bureau of Economic Research, 1966. 146 pp.
(Occasional Paper 97.) $4, Columbia Uni­
versity Press, New York.
It is remarkable that the spectacular growth of
private pensions since the late 1940’s has developed
with relative public apathy and government leth­
argy. In January 1965, however, the report of the
President’s Committee on Corporate Pension
Funds and Other Retirement and Welfare Pro­
grams was released, provoking extensive discus­
sion by employee and employer groups and by plan
administrators. Legislators are now taking a long
look at the size of the accumulated reserves, the
social impact, and the “favorable” tax status of
private pension plans. It is fortunate for all con­
cerned (although possibly unfortunate for the
author) that the above study has been released in
final form.
Daniel Holland, a very capable economist, has
undertaken the formidable task of providing some
perspective on the future growth of private pen­
sion plans. He concentrates on the order of mag­
nitude of reserves of pension funds and their
pattern of growth over the next generation. Using
a method of “precise mathematical computation,”
the author has developed 80 projections, selecting
by his own judgment the most likely to discuss.
I do not doubt that his conclusions will bring forth
criticism from those persons who are now en­
grossed in the problem of collecting and presenting
data to legislators in order to justify the present
status and assure the future growth of private
pension plans. These persons have comprehensive
actuarial training and also have a long and inti­
mate knowledge of private pension plans and their
developing trends. It is in this light that I be­
lieve that Holland has done a great service—
Private Pension F unds: Projected Growth.


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thoughtful projections are now available. With
the base that he has established and the comments
of the “experts” which will be forthcoming, more
reliable projections may become available.
I believe that the major failure of the projec­
tions, from a technical standpoint, is that each
element—coverage, beneficiaries, contributions,
benefit payments, and interest income—is produced
independently. Although the author attempts to
justify his method, the problem of the vast multi­
tude of heterogeneous plans makes it impossible to
carry out reasonably precise projections, as can
readily be done for a single plan.
— R obert J . M y ers
Chief A ctuary
Social Security A dm inistration

Economics Harnessed

By
Walter W. Heller. Cambridge, Mass., H ar­
vard University Press, 1966. 203 pp. $3.50.
In this volume, Walter Heller is doing what he
does naturally and superbly—articulating the
“New Economics.”
Of course, the “New Economics” is not really
very new, and Heller makes that clear. What is
new is not the theory of economics but the prac­
tice and acceptance of it by policymakers in and
out of Government. “Although we have made no
startling conceptual breakthroughs in economics
in recent years, we have, more effectively than ever
before, harnessed the existing economics—the eco­
nomics that has been taught in the Nation’s college
classrooms for some 20 years—to the purposes of
prosperity, stability, and growth.”
The book is an expansion of three lectures which
Heller presented at Harvard last spring. The
topics covered include the role of economics and
economists in Government, the fiscal teachings of
the new economics, and the complex question of
Federal-State-local fiscal interrelationships.
As expected, the book is a closely reasoned,
smooth flowing, effective presentation of such
terms as “full employment surplus,” “fiscal drag,”
and “revenue sharing,” many of which the author
brought to the attention of the public while chair­
man of the Council of Economic Advisers.

New Dimensions of Political Economy.

73

M O N T H L Y L A B O R R E V IE W , F E B R U A R Y 1967

74
The author recognizes that times have changed
since he was OEA Chairman. At that time, his
chief preoccupation was to stimulate more rapid
growth of the economy; economics provides rela­
tively simple, clear-cut answers to this problem.
The current task facing the Council is far more
complex and answers are less certain. Maintain­
ing a high rate of growth without creating damag­
ing imbalances in investment or prices in much
more difficult than stimulating that growth.
Heller provides a quite realistic contrast of the
success which the CEA has had in coping with the
macroeconomic issues such as fiscal or monetary
policy with its relative failures to budge Govern­
ment policy on such microeconomic questions as the
traditional farm programs and various types of
Government subsidies.
In terms of future policy debates, undoubtedly
the most useful, and controversial, chapter is the
final one. Here, the author explores in some depth
the tangled fiscal relations among Federal, State,
and local governments. This is perhaps the best
presentation of his “revenue sharing” proposal
under which State governments would be allocated
a certain fixed share annually of Federal income
tax receipts. Providing this support would relieve
the hard-pressed State budgets, bring about a bet­
ter balance between the regressive State sales levies
and the progressive Federal income tax, and work
toward equalizing the burdens carried by the dif­
ferent State governments.
Heller emphasizes the desirability of keeping
his proposal simple, and in the name of simplicity
rejects suggestions that have been offered which
would (1) inject additional Federal standards for
the use of these funds, (2) provide additional sup­
port to the localities as well as the States, and (3)
assure that the additional resources provided by
Federal taxes would not simply be at the expense
of the existing State revenues. The reader is nat­
urally left wondering whether the author’s
emphasis on “simplicity” is not sacrificing some
useful modifications of his proposal.


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Number Sense
Thinking W ith Figures in Business: Techniques
for Im proving Y our “Num ber Sense.” By

Roger A. Golde. Reading, Mass., AddisonWesley Publishing Co., 1966. 212 pp. $6.95.
In a way, this book is like a Broadway play.
Just the thing for the tired businessman. Espe­
cially, if it’s a case of figure fatigue. Serious
enough in its promise “to bring out the explorer in
you by uncovering new paths along which you can
pursue the important adventure of thinking with
figures in business,” the book lives up to the jacket
flap’s claim to provide “entertaining perceptual
experiments, unusual puzzles, and lighthearted
drawings . . . to put across important points.”
As a management consultant, the author knows
something about the mathematical prowess among
businessmen. Accordingly, he does not attempt to
teach the numbers trade itself, but he does tell a
lot about the tricks of the trade.
The book performs a service in striking the awe
out of such techniques as linear programing, sam­
pling, model building, and simulation. If nothing
else, it will help the businessman recognize the sit­
uations where these tools may come in handy, and
when to call for expert help.
Liberally sprinkled with anecdotes, the book—
set in mercifully large type—reads like a tran­
script of a conversation in a club locker room. The
things that are said may be serious, but they cer­
tainly do not sound lugubrious.
Let’s leave the parting shot to the author:
“Horse sense about numbers has not become obso­
lete with the introduction of the computer and the
emergence of sophisticated numerical techniques
for management analysis. Rather, it is needed
now more than ever. Those whose basic number
sense is weak are exactly those for whom modern
numerical approaches are just another source of
confusion which they must either ignore or if at all
possible sidestep.”

enle

— A go A m b re

C h ie f E c o n o m ist
B u r e a u o f L a b o r S t a t is t ic s

O ffice o f P u b lic a tio n s
B u r e a u o f L a b o r S t a t is t ic s

— P eter H

B O O K R E V IE W S A N D N O T E S

Taxing Issue
Federal Tax Policy. By Joseph A. Pechman.
W ashington, The Brookings Institution,
1966. 321 pp. $2.45.
An im portant public service is perform ed by
the author in th a t he has provided what should
be a guide for many policy decisions on taxes in
the future. The book is authoritative and com­
prehensive, yet readable; many issues frequently
obscured by technical language are explained
lucidly and simply here.
The volume can also double as a handbook on
nearly every aspect of the Federal tax structure—
the history of m ajor tax legislation, the cyclical
stabilizing (or destabilizing) effect of m ajor taxes,
their incidence, and th eir prdbable effect on re­
source allocation. Even historical statistics are
not neglected.
Mr. Pechman does not attem pt to break new
ground, but depends on sifting and summarizing
the most reliable and recent research on m ajor
issues. On fiscal policy, he is satisfied to present
“the new conventional wisdom.” Thus, he pre­
fers to accept rath er than challenge 'the assump­
tion th at m onetary, and consequently fiscal, policy
must serve dual—and sometimes inconsistent—
m asters: balance in our international accounts and
domestic economic growth. H e is also content to
assume th a t a deficit is always financed by borrow­
ing. He fails, however, to examine the ad­
vantages of printing press money over increases
in the national debt when it is desirable to raise
both the ratio of investment to consumption and
the national income.
The chapter on payroll taxes is a solid contri­
bution to a subject which has not received much
attention by tax experts, although payroll taxes
are now approaching corporate profits taxes in
revenue yields. Also, Federal payroll tax is now
the highest tax paid by 25 percent of the N ation’s
income recipients, including many living below
poverty levels. On the disputed subject of the
incidence of the O A S D H I tax, Mr. Pechman
leaves little doubt th at he thinks the burden of
both the employee and employer contribution rests
on the wage earner in most situations.
The chapters on the individual income tax and
the estate and g ift taxes are fascinating from a
sociological point of view. The postw ar history
of changes in the income tax and the progressive

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75

weakening of the estate and gift tax structures
raises considerable doubt as to whether these taxes
will be used in the future either to redistribute in­
come on a massive scale or to reduce accumulations
of family wealth. Nevertheless, the number of
wealthy people who do not avail themselves of
major “avoidance” features of the estate tax and
gift taxes is surprising.
The author’s case for continuing the corporate
income tax as an im portant p a rt of the Federal
revenue system, despite uncertainty as to its inci­
dence, is persuasive. Mr. Pechman believes th at
the value-added tax, often suggested as a substi­
tute, would not contribute greatly to a higher ex­
port surplus, mostly because the spread between
corporate income taxes in the U nited States and
other industrial countries is now small.

The discussion of Federal-State-local fiscal re­
lations is provocative as well as informative, and
one could wish this subject of critical importance
had been pursued at greater length. However,
this could well be the subject of another illumi­
nating book.
— M

ary

W.

S

m elker

D iv is io n o f E c o n o m ic S tu d ie s
B u r e a u o f L a b o r S t a t is t ic s

Education and Society
Education and the Development of Natio,ns. E d i­
ted by Jo h n W. Hanson and Cole S. Brembeck. New York, H olt, R inehart and W in­
ston, Inc., 1966. 529 pp. $4.95.
Two books, in effect, are included within one set
of paper covers. The first book, and by fa r the
more relevant, consists of several introductory
statements w ritten by the editors. In addition to
the general introduction, they preface each of the
eight parts with their own remarks. These sec­
tions add to about 60 pages, and w ith little addi­
tion would constitute a valuable small book on the
relevancy of education for the underdeveloped na­
tions of the world. The bulk of the published vol­
ume consists of reproduced readings—most of
them should not have been reproduced.
P a rt One is devoted to an account of the a tti­
tudes and expectations tow ard education of people
in the underdeveloped areas. Presum ably they
view form al education as the key to financial suc­
cess, much as we do. P a rt Two is devoted to the

M O N T H L Y L A B O R R E V IE W , F E B R U A R Y 1967

76
ethical issues, and P a r t T hree to economic develop­
ment. Since people in both developed and under­
developed countries are anxious to become richer,
it is im portant to give close scrutiny to P a rt Three.
The reprint in this section of “The Coefficient of
Ignorance,” by T. Balogh and P. P. Streeten, by
itself makes purchase of this book worthwhile.
The authors, by careful reasoning applied to actual
situations, show th at all this hullabaloo about the
m onetary value of an education is nonsense, espe­
cially in the underdeveloped countries.
The grow th in national income, not explained
by grow th in capital and labor, is a hodgepodge of
inadequate statistics plus the “hum an factor” in ­
cluding “improved knowledge, improved health
and skills, better organization and management,
economics of scale, external economics, changes in
the composition of output, etc.” I t would be as
logical and sensible to im pute all of the unex­
plained grow th in national income to improved
health as to improved education.
The editors’ summing up, “Tow ard a Theory of
Education for Development,” is excellent. They
present 12 requirements for such a theory, and
conclude th a t “the form al educational system alone
can never reshape societies in the modern image.”
I t is clear th a t they have serious doubts about most
of the papers they selected.
—A. J . J a ffe
B u r e a u o f A p p lie d S o c ia l R e s e a r c h
C o lu m b ia U n iv e r s it y

The Selection of Trainees Under MDTA.

P rep ared fo r
th e O ffice o f M a n p o w er P o lic y , E v a lu a t io n , a n d R e ­
se a r c h o f th e U .S . D e p a r tm e n t o f L a b o r b y J a c k
C h ern ick , B e r n a r d P . I n d ik , R o g e r C ra ig .
N ew
B r u n s w ic k , N .J ., R u tg e r s — T h e S t a t e U n iv e r s it y , I n ­
s t it u t e o f M a n a g e m e n t a n d L a b o r R e la tio n s , 1966.
124 pp.

The M otivation to W ork.

S u p p le m e n ta r y r e p o r t to “T h e
S e le c tio n o f T r a in e e s U n d e r M D T A .” B y B e r n a r d
P . In d ik . N e w B r u n s w ic k , N .J ., R u tg e r s — T h e S t a t e
U n iv e r s ity , I n s t it u t e o f M a n a g e m e n t a n d L a b o r R e ­

la tio n s , 1966.

73 pp.

Increasing E m ployability of Youth: The Role of W ork
Training. B y M a r tin M oed . N e w Y ork , N e w Y o rk
U n iv e r s ity ,
Y o u th , 1966.

C e n te r

fo r

th e

S tu d y

of

U n e m p lo y e d

19 pp.

Job Development and Training for W orkers in H ealth
Services. B y C h a r le s W . P h illip s , H a r v e y I. S cu d d er, L u c y M. K ra m e r.
(In H e a lth , E d u c a tio n , a n d
W e lfa r e I n d ic a to r s , U .S . D e p a r tm e n t o f H e a lth , E d ­
u c a tio n , a n d W e lfa r e , W a s h in g to n , A u g u s t 1966, pp.
1 4 -2 6 .

A lso r e p r in t e d .)

Apprenticeship Training.

(In N e w E n g la n d B u s in e s s
R e v ie w , F e d e r a l R e s e r v e B a n k o f B o s to n , B o sto n ,
M a ss., N o v e m b e r 1966, pp. 2 - 9 .)

The

Community Apprentice Program— A Feasibility
Study. B y T h o m a s S. I s a a c k . M o r g a n to w n , W e s t
V ir g in ia U n iv e r s ity , B u r e a u o f B u s in e s s R e se a r c h ,
1966. 28 pp.
(E c o n o m ic D e v e lo p m e n t S e r ie s, 9 .)

Employee Benefits
Pension Planning: Pensions, Profit Sharing, and Other
Deferred Compensation Plans. B y J o s e p h J. M elo n e
a n d E v e r e t t T . A lle n , Jr. H o m ew o o d , 111., R ic h a r d
D . I r w in , In c., 1966. 404 pp. $9.95.

Other Recent Publications

Preservation of Pension R ights on Change of Employment.
L o n d o n , M in is tr y o f L a b o r, N a t io n a l J o in t A d v is o r y
C o u n cil, 1966. 68 pp. 5s., H .M . S ta tio n e r y Office,

Education and Training
Studies in Higher Education of Negro Americans.

L on d on .

(In

J o u r n a l o f N e g r o E d u c a tio n , H o w a r d U n iv e r s ity ,
W a s h in g to n , F a ll 1966, e n tir e is s u e . $1.7 5 .)

The E ffect of Low Educational A ttainm ent on Incomes:
A Comparative S tudy of Selected E thnic Groups.
B y W a lt e r F o g e l. (In J o u r n a l o f H u m a n R e s o u r c e s :
E d u c a tio n , M a n p o w er, a n d W e lf a r e P o lic ie s , M a d i­
so n , W is., U n iv e r s it y o f W is c o n s in P r e ss , F a ll 1966,
pp. 2 2 -4 0 .

$ 2 .)

Education and Training Requirem ents for Occupations.
B y J a m e s G. S c o v ille . (In R e v ie w o f E c o n o m ic s an d
S t a t is t ic s , C a m b rid g e, M a ss., N o v e m b e r 1966, pp. 3 8 7 394.
$2.50, H a r v a r d U n iv e r s it y P r e s s , C am b rid g e,
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Pension Plans in Japan.
S o p h ia

U n iv e r s ity ,

23 pp.

( B u lle t in 1 2 .)

B y Y o s h io T e r a s a w a . T o k y o ,
S o c io -E co n o m ic I n s t it u t e , 1966.

Group Insurance Protection. B y R o b e r t E . B jo r h u s . (In
P e r s o n n e l J o u r n a l, S w a r th m o r e , P a ., D e c e m b e r 1966,
pp. 6 6 8 -6 7 3 .

75 c e n t s .)

Employee Stock Purchase Plans. B y M itc h e ll M ey er a n d
H a r la n d F o x . (In C o n fe r e n c e B o a r d R e co r d , N a t io n a l
I n d u s t r ia l C o n fe r e n c e B o a r d , In c., N e w Y ork , S e p ­
te m b e r 1966, pp. 2 3 - 2 9 .)

Development of Relocation Allowances as Manpower
Policy. B y E d w a r d C. a n d K a r e n S. K o z ia r a . (In
I n d u s t r ia l a n d L a b o r R e la t io n s R e v ie w , I th a c a , N .Y .,
O cto b er 1966, pp. 6 6 -7 5 . $ 1 .7 5 .)

BO O K R E V IE W S A N D N O T E S

77

The Case of Confused Application. B y S t u a r t R . W o lk .
{In L a b o r L a w J o u r n a l, C h ic a g o , N o v e m b e r 1966, pp.
6 9 4 -6 9 7 .

The Idea of Industrial Democracy in America, 1898-1915.
B y M ilto n D e rb er .
{In L a b o r H is to r y , T a m im e n t
I n s t it u t e , N e w Y ork , F a ll 1966, pp . 2 5 9 -2 8 6 .

$ 1 .3 5 .)

Health and Safety

Labor Force

Long-Range Im plications for Occupational Medicine. B y
C h r is tin e E in e r t, M .D . {In J o u r n a l o f O c c u p a tio n a l

The Changing Job Market.

M ed ic in e , B a ltim o r e , M d., D e c e m b e r 1966, pp. 6 3 7 6 4 0 . $1.50, H a r p e r & R o w , P u b lis h e r s , In c., H o eb er
M e d ic a l D iv is io n , N e w Y o r k .)

Annual Report of the Division of H ealth and Safety [of
the Tennessee Valley A u th o rity ] , Fiscal Year 1966.
C h a tta n o o g a , T e n n e s s e e V a lle y A u th o r ity , 1966.
pp.

48

Cost and Acquisition of Prescribed and Nonprescribed
Medicines, United States, July 1964-June 1965.
W a s h in g to n , U .S . D e p a r tm e n t o f H e a lth , E d u c a tio n ,
a n d W e lfa r e , P u b lic H e a lt h S e r v ic e , 1966. 59 pp.
( V it a l a n d H e a lt h S t a t i s t i c s D a t a F ro m th e N a tio n a l
H e a lt h S u r v e y . P H S P u b lic a tio n N o. 1 0 0 0 -S e r ie s 10,
N o. 3 3 .)
4 0 c e n ts, S u p e r in te n d e n t o f D o c u m e n ts ,
W a s h in g to n .

Industrial Relations

J o s e p h H . B a ll. W a s h in g to n , L a b o r P o lic y A s s o c ia ­
tio n , In c., 1966. 304 pp., b ib lio g r a p h y .

Boulwarism and the D uty to Bargain in Good Faith. B y
R ic h a r d C. C oop er. {In R u tg e r s L a w R e v ie w , N e w ­
a rk , N .J ., S u m m er 1966, pp. 6 5 3 -6 9 5 .

$2.5 0 .)

A Missed A lternative: Federal Courts as Arbiters of R ail­
w ay Labor Disputes, 1877-1895. B y G e r a ld G. E g g e r t.
{In L a b o r H is to r y , T a m im e n t I n s t it u t e , N e w Y ork ,
$ 2 .)

The Locomotive Firem en’s Dispute. B y D a v id L e v in so n .
{In L a b o r L a w J o u r n a l, C h ica g o , N o v e m b e r 1966, pp.
6 7 1 -6 9 0 .

B y R o b e r t C. G o o d w in .

{In

O c c u p a tio n a l O u tlo o k Q u a r te r ly , U .S . D e p a r tm e n t o f
L ab or, B u r e a u o f L a b o r S t a t is t ic s , W a s h in g to n , D e ­
c em b er 1966, pp. 2 3 -2 7 . 3 5 c e n ts , S u p e r in te n d e n t o f
D o c u m e n ts , W a s h in g t o n .)

Job Development fo r Youth.

B y G eo rg e B e n n e tt, N e w
Y ork , N e w Y o rk U n iv e r s ity , C e n te r f o r t h e S tu d y o f
U n e m p lo y e d Y o u th , 1966. 11 pp.

Negroes and Jobs.

B y N a t h a n ie l G old fin ger. {In A m e r ­
ic a n F e d e r a tio n is t, A F L -C I O , W a s h in g to n , N o v e m b e r
1966, pp. 2 0 - 2 5 .)

H ealth Manpower— A n Emerging Challenge. B y W illia m
M iren g o ff.
{In E m p lo y m e n t S e r v ic e R e v ie w , U -S.
D e p a r tm e n t o f L ab or, B u r e a u o f E m p lo y m e n t S e c u ­
r ity , W a s h in g to n , N o v e m b e r 1966, pp. 4 -1 1 . 4 0
c e n ts, S u p e r in te n d e n t o f D o c u m e n ts , W a s h in g to n .)

Socialism and the W orkers in Massachusetts, 1886-1912.

The Government-Subsidised Union Monopoly: A Study of
Labor Practices in the Shipping Industry. B y

F a ll 1966, pp. 2 8 7 -3 0 6 .

$ 2 .)

$ 1 .3 5 .)

B y H e n r y F . B e d fo r d . A m h e r st, U n iv e r s it y o f
M a s s a c h u s e t t s P r e s s , 1966. 3 1 5 pp ., b ib lio g r a p h y .
$6.50.

The Placement of Engineering Graduates, 1966.

N ew
Y ork , E n g in e e r in g M a n p o w er C o m m iss io n o f E n g i­
n e e r s J o in t C o u n c il, 1966. 24 pp. $1.50.

Job Vacancy Measurement.

B y M y ro n L. J o se p h .
{In
J o u r n a l o f H u m a n R e s o u r c e s : E d u c a tio n , M an p o w er,
a n d W e lf a r e P o lic ie s , M a d iso n , W is., U n iv e r s it y o f
W is c o n s in P r e s s , F a ll 1966, pp. 5 9 -8 0 . $ 2 .)

Occupational M obility W ithin the Firm. B y H . M. G ite lm an.
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I th a c a , N .Y ., O ctob er 1966, pp. 5 0 -6 5 .

$ 1 .7 5 .)

The Negro’s Occupational Progress. B y J o e L. R u s s e ll.
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Labor A rbitration and Technological Innovation. B y
P h ilip H a r r is . {In L a b o r L a w J o u r n a l, C h ica g o , N o ­
v e m b e r 1966, pp. 6 6 4 -6 7 0 .

$ 1.35.)

m e n t o f L ab o r, B u r e a u o f L a b o r S t a t is t ic s , W a s h ­
in g to n , D e c e m b e r 1966, pp. 8 -1 3 . 35 c e n ts, S u p e r in ­
te n d e n t o f D o c u m e n ts , W a s h in g t o n .)

In ju n ctive R elief Against a Union’s Violation of a NoS trike Clause. B y G eo rg e B . Y a n k w itt. {In C o rn ell

Experience Under the B ritish Local Em ploym ent Acts of
1960 and 1963. B y W illia m H . M ie m y k . {In I n d u s ­

L a w Q u a r te r ly , I th a c a , N .Y ., F a ll 1966, pp. 1 3 2 -1 4 8 .
$ 2 .5 0 .)

t r ia l a n d L a b o r R e la t io n s R e v ie w , I th a c a , N .Y ., O c­
to b e r 1966, pp. 3 0 -4 9 . $1.7 5 .)

The Emerging A n titru st Im plications of M andatory B ar­
gaining. B y J e r o m e S. R u b e n s te in . {In M a rq u e tte

Employees in Great B ritain Mid-1965— Age & Regional
Analysis. {In M in is tr y o f L a b o r G a z e tte , L o n d o n ,

L a w R e v ie w , M ilw a u k e e , W is., A u g u s t 1966, pp. 5 0 76. $ 1 .5 0 .)

242-313 0 — 67

0


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S e p te m b e r 1966, pp. 5 5 5 -5 6 1 .
O ffice, L o n d o n .)

5s., H .M . S ta tio n e r y

M O N T H L Y L A B O R R E V IE W , F E B R U A R Y 1967

78
Government Employees in Japan.

(In J a p a n L a b o r B u l­
le tin , J a p a n I n s t it u t e o f L ab or, T o k y o , O cto b er 1966,
pp. 4 - 8 .)

Fam ily E xpenditure in 1965.

(In M in is tr y o f L a b o r G a ­
z e tte , L o n d o n , S e p te m b e r 1966, pp. 5 5 2 -5 5 4 . 5s., H .M .
S ta tio n e r y O ffice, L o n d o n .)

The A ustrian Consumer Cooperatives— Their N ature and
Problems. B y A n d r e a s V u k o v ich . (In R e v ie w o f

Labor Organizations
S ky F ull of Storm : A B rief H istory of California Labor.
B y . D a v id F . S e lv in . B e r k e le y , U n iv e r s it y o f C a li­
fo r n ia , I n s t it u t e o f I n d u s t r ia l R e la tio n s , 1966. 86 pp.
$ 1.

Labor's Role: Democracy on the Job. B y D o n a ld S la im an.
(In A m e r ic a n F e d e r a tio n is t, A F L -C I O , W a s h ­
in g to n , N o v e m b e r 1966, pp. 8 - 1 2 .)

I n t e r n a t io n a l C o o p er a tio n , I n t e r n a t io n a l C o o p e r a tiv e
A llia n c e , L o n d o n , S e p te m b e r 1966, pp. 2 2 5 -2 3 0 .)

Productivity and Technological Change
The Evolving Society: The Proceedings of the F irst A n­
nual Conference on the Cybercultural Revolution —
Cybernetics and Automation. E d ite d b y A lic e M a ry
H ilto n . N e w Y ork , I n s t it u t e fo r C y b e r c u ltu r a l R e ­
se a r c h , 1966. 4 1 0 pp., b ib lio g r a p h y .

Personnel Management
The Management of H um an Relations.

B y S a u l W . G elle r m a n . N e w Y ork , H o lt, R in e h a r t a n d W in sto n ,
In c., 1966. 143 pp., b ib lio g r a p h y . $2.50, p a p erb a ck .

Men, Machines, and Modern Times. B y E lt in g E . M o riso n .
C a m b rid g e, M a ss., M .I.T . P r e s s , 1966.

2 3 5 pp.

The Turn Toward Technology.
Effects of Community Characteristics on Measures of Job
Satisfaction. B y C h a r le s L. H u lin . C h a m p a ig n , 111.,
U n iv e r s it y o f I llin o is , I n s t i t u t e o f L a b o r a n d I n d u s ­
t r ia l R e la tio n s , 1966.
8 pp. (R e p r in t S e r ie s, 1 6 2 ;
fr o m J o u r n a l o f A p p lie d P sy c h o lo g y , V o l. 50, N o. 2 .)

Computers Can Help Select Your Personnel. B y P . L.
M o rg a n . (In A d m in is tr a tiv e M a n a g e m e n t, N e w Y ork ,
N o v e m b e r 1966, p p . 14 4 7, 49.

6 0 c e n ts .)

The A rt of Tim e S tu d y : A n Exercise of Personal Judg­
ment. B y B e r tr a m G o ttlie b . I o w a C ity , U n iv e r s it y
o f I o w a , C o lleg e o f B u s in e s s A d m in is tr a tio n , C en ter
f o r L a b o r a n d M a n a g e m e n t, 1966. 36 pp. (M o n o g r a p h
S e r ie s, 2 .)
5 0 c e n ts.

Absenteeism in Delhi T extile Industry. B y K . N . V a id .
(In I n d ia n J o u r n a l o f I n d u s t r ia l R e la tio n s , S h r ir a m
C e n te r fo r I n d u s t r ia l R e la tio n s , N e w D e lh i, O ctob er
1966, pp. 1 5 9 -1 9 3 . $ 2 .5 0 .)

B y J o h n D ie b o ld .
Y ork , T h e D ie b o ld G rou p , In c., 1966. 33 pp.

N ew

The Im pact of Technological Change in the Meatpacking
Industry. W a s h in g to n , U .S . D e p a r tm e n t o f L ab o r,
B u r e a u o f E m p lo y m e n t S e c u r ity a n d N e b r a sk a S ta te
E m p lo y m e n t S e r v ic e, 1966. 59 pp.
(A u to m a tio n P r o ­
g r a m R e p o r t 1.)

Mechanization of the United States P rinting Industry.
B y E . C. B e n n e tt. 'S yd n ey, P r in t in g a n d K in d r e d
I n d u s t r ie s U n io n , N e w S o u th W a le s B r a n c h , 1966.
48 pp.

Social Security
Evaluation of Social W elfare Programs— Two Research
Models. B y P e r r y L e v in so n . (In W e lfa r e in R e ­
v ie w , U .S . D e p a r tm e n t o f H e a lth , E d u c a tio n , a n d W e l­
f a r e , W e lf a r e A d m in is tr a tio n , W a s h in g to n , D e c e m b e r
1966, pp. 5 -1 2 . 35 c e n ts, S u p e r in te n d e n t o f D o c u ­
m e n ts, W a s h in g to n .)

Prices and Consumption Economics
Interstate Benefit Program [A Sym posium].
The Consumer Price Index: H istory and Techniques.
W a s h in g to n , U .S . D e p a r tm e n t o f L ab or, B u r e a u o f
L a b o r S t a t is t ic s , 1966. 118 pp. b ib lio g r a p h y , ( B u l ­
l e t in 1 5 1 7 ). 60 c e n ts , S u p e r in te n d e n t o f D o c u m e n ts ,
W a sh in g to n .

(In U n ­
e m p lo y m e n t I n s u r a n c e R e v ie w , U .S . D e p a r tm e n t o f
L ab or, B u r e a u o f E m p lo y m e n t S e c u r ity , W a s h in g to n ,
A u g u s t 1966, pp. 1 -2 1 . 30 c e n ts, S u p e r in te n d e n t o f
D o c u m e n ts , W a s h in g to n .)

Public
Consumer Food Dollar. B y H e le n B . S h a ffer .
to n , E d it o r ia l R e s e a c h R e p o r ts, 1966.
V ol. I I , N o . 2 0 .)
$2.

W a s h in g ­
18 pp. (1966,

The W orking-W ife Household: Parts I and II. B y F a b ia n
L in d en . (In C o n fe r e n c e B o a r d R e co r d , N a t io n a l I n ­
d u s t r ia l C o n fe r e n c e B o a r d , N e w Y ork , N o v e m b e r 1966,
pp. 3 0 -3 2 a n d D e c e m b e r 1966, pp. 4 9 - 5 1 .)


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W ork and the Long-Term Unemployed. B y
M itc h e l S. R o s s.
(In I n d u s t r ia l a n d L a b o r R e la t io n s
F o ru m , C o r n e ll U n iv e r s ity , N e w Y o rk S t a t e S c h o o l
o f I n d u s t r ia l a n d L a b o r R e la tio n s , I th a c a , N .Y .,
D e c e m b e r 1966, pp. 2 1 7 -2 2 8 .)

1966 Railroad Retirem ent A ct Amendments.

(In M o n th ly
R e v ie w , U .S . R a ilr o a d R e tir e m e n t B o a r d , C h ica g o ,
N o v e m b e r 1966, pp . 2 - 4 ,1 3 .)

79

BO O K R E V IE W S A N D N O T E S

Degree of Protection Under Fam ily Allowances Schemes:
A Statistical Study of Selected Countries. B y
S u b r a m a n ia m N . Iy e r .
{In I n t e r n a t io n a l L a b o r R e ­
v ie w , G en ev a , N o v e m b e r 1966, pp. 4 7 7 -4 8 6 . 60 c e n ts.
D is tr ib u te d in U n ite d S t a t e s b y W a s h in g to n B r a n c h
o f IL O .)

{In

L o o k in g A h ea d , N a t io n a l P la n n in g A s s o c ia tio n , W a s h ­
in g to n , D e c e m b e r 1966, pp. 1 -4 , 7 - 8 .)

Projections 1970: In terindustry Relationships, Potential
Demand, Employment. W a s h in g to n , U .S . D e p a r t­
m e n t o f L ab o r, B u r e a u o f L a b o r S t a t is t ic s , 1966. 155
pp. ( B u lle t in 1 5 3 6 .) $1, S u p e r in te n d e n t o f D o c u ­
m e n ts, W a sh in g to n .

Wages and Hours
Salaries for Selected Occupations in Services for the Blind,
January 1966. W a s h in g to n , U .S . D e p a r tm e n t o f L a ­
bor, B u r e a u o f L a b o r S t a t is t ic s , 1966. 3 8 pp. ( B u l ­
l e t in 1 5 0 0 .) 3 0 c e n ts, S u p e r in te n d e n t o f D o c u m e n ts ,
W a sh in g to n .

Top Executive Compensation.

B y H a r la n d F o x . N e w
Y o rk , N a t io n a l I n d u s t r ia l C o n fe r e n c e B o a r d , In c.,
1966. 77 pp.
( P e r s o n n e l P o lic y S tu d y 2 0 4 .)

Wage Incentives : Selected References. W a sh in g to n , U .S .
D e p a r tm e n t o f L a b or, L ib r a ry , N o v e m b e r 1966.

The Economic Outlook fo r 1967. B y G er h a r d C olm .

Public Affairs: The Demanding ’7 Os. B y S o l M. L in o w itz .
{In C iv il S e r v ic e J o u r n a l, U .S . C iv il S e r v ic e C o m m is­
sio n , W a sh in g to n , J u ly - S e p t e m b e r 1966, pp. 1 9 -2 3 .
25 c e n ts, S u p e r in te n d e n t o f D o c u m e n ts , W a s h in g to n .)

Functionalism and W orld Politics: A S tu d y Based on
United Nations Programs Financing Economic Devel­
opment. B y J a m e s P a t r ic k S e w e ll. P r in c e to n , N .J .,
P r in c e to n U n iv e r s it y P r e s s , 1966.
r a p h y . $6.50.

359 pp., b ib lio g ­

7 pp.

Wage Chronology : General Motors Corp., 1939-66. W a s h ­
in g to n , U .S . D e p a r tm e n t o f L ab or, B u r e a u o f L ab or
S t a t is t ic s , 1966. 4 2 pp.
( B u lle t in 1 5 3 2 .) 30 c e n ts,
S u p e r in te n d e n t o f D o c u m e n ts , W a sh in g to n .

Industry Wage Survey— T extile Dyeing and Finishing,
W inter 1965-66. W a sh in g to n , U .S . D e p a r tm e n t o f
L a b o r, B u r e a u o f L a b o r S t a t is t ic s , 1966. 68 pp. ( B u l ­
le t in 1 5 2 7 .) 4 5 c e n ts , S u p e r in te n d e n t o f D o c u m e n ts ,
W a sh in g to n .

In d u stry Wage Survey— Industrial Chemicals, November
1965. W a s h in g to n , U .S . D e p a r tm e n t o f L ab or, B u ­
r e a u o f L a b o r S t a t is t ic s , 1966. 51 pp.
( B u lle t in
1 5 2 9 .) 4 0 c e n ts , S u p e r in te n d e n t o f D o c u m e n ts , W a s h ­
in g to n .

Area Wage Survey: The Green Bay, Wis., Metropolitan
Area, A ugust 1966. W a s h in g to n , U .S . D e p a r tm e n t o f
L a b o r, B u r e a u o f L a b o r S t a t is t ic s , 1966.
3 0 pp.
( B u l l e t i n 1 5 3 0 -5 .) 2.5 c e n ts, S u p e r in te n d e n t o f D o c u ­
m e n ts, W a s h in g to n . O th e r r e c e n t b u lle tin s in th is
s e r ie s in c lu d e th e m e tr o p o lita n a r e a s o f O k la h o m a
C ity , O k la . ; R a le ig h , N.C . ; C h a tta n o o g a , T e n n .-G a . ;
T a m p a -S t.
P e te r s b u r g ,
F la .
( B u lle t in s
1 5 3 0 -6
th r o u g h 1 5 3 0 -9 .)
V a r io u s p a g e s a n d p rices.

Interfirm Wage D ifferentials in Present-Day Japan —
Theoretical Framework. B y M a k o to S a k u r a b a y a s h i.
T o k y o , S o p h ia U n iv e r s ity , S o c io -E co n o m ic I n s t it u t e ,
I n d u s t r ia l R e la t io n s S e c tio n , 1966. 4 8 pp. ( B u lle t in

10 . )

Miscellaneous

E xports

and Economic Development. B y A lb e r t J.
R o b in so n .
{In Q u a r te r ly R e v ie w o f E c o n o m ic s a n d
B u s in e s s , U n iv e r s it y o f I llin o is , U rb a n a , 111., A u tu m n
1966, pp. 6 3 -7 4 . $ 1 .5 0 .)

Bonds of Organization: A n Appraisal of Corporate Human
Relations. B y E . W ig h t B a k k e . H a m d e n , C onn.,
A r ch ro n B o o k s, 1966.

239 pp.

2d ed.

$7.50.

Theory and Concepts of an A ctive H um an Resources
Policy. B y J a m e s A . S o ck n o t. {In I o w a B u s in e s s
D ig e s t, U n iv e r s it y o f I o w a , B u r e a u o f B u s in e s s a n d
E c o n o m ic R e se a r c h , I o w a C ity , O cto b er 1966, pp.
4 - 1 0 .)

College Women Seven Years A fte r Graduation: Resurvey
of Women Graduates— Class of 1957. W a s h in g to n ,
U .S . D e p a r tm e n t o f L ab or, W o m e n ’s B u r e a u , 1966.
54 pp. ( B u lle t in 2 9 2 .) 40 c e n ts , S u p e r in te n d e n t o f
D o c u m e n ts , W a sh in g to n .

Characteristics of Families Residing in “Poverty Areas,”
March 1966. W a sh in g to n , U .S . D e p a r tm e n t o f C om ­
m erce, B u r e a u o f t h e C e n su s, 1966. 5 pp. (C u r r e n t
P o p u la tio n R e p o r ts, S e r ie s P -2 3 , N o. 1 9 .)
15 c e n ts ,
S u p e r in te n d e n t o f D o c u m e n ts , W a sh in g to n .

Statistics on Incomes, Prices, Employment, and Produc­
tion. L o n d on , M in is tr y o f L ab or, 1966. 148 pp. $4,
B r it is h
Y ork.

I n fo r m a tio n

S e r v ic e s ,

S a le s

S e c tio n ,

N ew

South America, 1966 [A Sym posium ].

{In C u r r e n t H is ­
to r y , P h ila d e lp h ia , P a ., N o v e m b e r 1966, pp. 2 5 7 -3 0 6 ,
3 0 9 -3 1 0 . 95 c e n ts .)

Employm ent and Earnings Statistics for the United
States, 1909-66. U .S . D e p a r tm e n t o f L ab or, B u r e a u o f

Current Research and Development in Scientific Docu'mentation. W a s h in g to n , N a t io n a l S c ie n c e F o u n d a ­

L a b o r S t a t is t ic s , 1966. x x x i i, 7 8 8 pp.
( B u lle t in
1 3 1 2 -4 .) $4.50, S u p e r in te n d e n t o f D o c u m e n ts , W a s h ­
in g to n .

tio n , O ffice o f S c ie n c e I n fo r m a tio n S e r v ic e , 1966. 662
pp.
( N S F - 6 6 - 1 7 .)
$2, S u p e r in te n d e n t o f D o c u ­
m e n ts, W a sh in g to n .


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Current Labor Statistics
TABLES
A.—Labor Force and Employment1
81
81
82
82
83
83
84
85

86
91
95
95
96

A -l.
A -2 .
A -3 .
A -4 .
A -5 .
A -6 .
A -7 .
A -8 .
A -9 .
A -1 0 .
A -ll.
A -1 2 .
A -1 3 .

S u m m a r y e m p lo y m e n t a n d u n e m p lo y m e n t e s tim a te s , b y a g e a n d sex , s e a s o n a lly a d ju s te d
S e a s o n a lly a d ju s te d r a te s o f u n e m p lo y m e n t
R a t e s o f u n e m p lo y m e n t, b y a g e a n d se x , s e a s o n a lly a d ju s te d
E m p lo y e d p erso n s, b y a g e a n d se x , s e a s o n a lly a d ju s te d
U n e m p lo y e d p e r so n s, b y d u r a tio n o f u n e m p lo y m e n t, s e a s o n a lly a d ju s te d
F u ll- a n d p a r t-tim e s t a t u s o f t h e c iv ilia n la b o r fo rce, n o t s e a s o n a lly a d ju s te d
E m p lo y m e n t s t a t u s , b y color, se x , a n d a g e , s e a s o n a lly a d ju s tè d 1
T o t a l e m p lo y m e n t a n d u n e m p lo y m e n t r a te s, b y o c c u p a tio n , s e a s o n a lly a d j u s t e d 1
E m p lo y e e s in n o n a g r ic u ltu r a l e s t a b lis h m e n t s , b y in d u s tr y
P r o d u c tio n or n o n s u p e r v is o r y w o r k e rs in n o n a g r ic u ltu r a l e s ta b lis h m e n ts , b y in d u s tr y
E m p lo y e e s in n o n a g r ic u ltu r a l e s ta b lis h m e n ts , b y in d u s tr y d iv is io n a n d s e le c t e d g r o u p s, s e a s o n a lly a d j u s t e d
P r o d u c tio n w o r k e rs in m a n u fa c tu r in g in d u str ie s, b y m a jo r in d u s t r y g r o u p , s e a s o n a lly a d ju s te d
U n e m p lo y m e n t in su r a n c e a n d e m p lo y m e n t se r v ic e p r o g r a m o p e r a tio n s

B.—Labor Turnover
97

B -l.

L a b o r tu r n o v e r r a tes, b y m a jo r in d u s tr y g ro u p

C.—Earnings and Hours
100
113
113

C -l.
C -2 .
C -3 .

114
116
116

C -4 .
C -5 .
C -6 .

D.
117

D -l.

G ro ss h o u rs a n d e a r n in g s o f p r o d u c tio n w o rk ers, b y in d u s tr y
A v e r a g e w e e k ly h o u rs, s e a s o n a lly a d ju s te d , o f p r o d u c tio n w o r k e r s in s e le c te d in d u str ie s
A v e r a g e h o u r ly e a r n in g s e x c lu d in g o v e r tim e o f p r o d u c tio n w o r k e rs in m a n u fa c tu r in g , b y m a jo r in d u s tr y
group
A v e r a g e w e e k ly o v e r tim e h o u r s o f p r o d u c tio n w o r k e rs in m a n u fa c tu r in g , b y in d u s tr y
I n d e x e s o f a g g r e g a te w e e k ly m a n -h o u r s a n d p a y r o lls in in d u s tr ia l a n d c o n s tr u c tio n a c t iv it ie s
G ro ss a n d sp e n d a b le a v e r a g e w e e k ly e a r n in g s o f p r o d u c tio n w o r k e rs in m a n u fa c tu r in g

—Consumer and Wholesale Prices
C o n su m e r P r ic e

I n d e x — U .S .

c it y

average

for u r b a n

w age

e a rn ers

and

clerica l w o rk ers, all ite m s ,

groups, subgroups, and special groups of items
118

D -2 .

119

D -3 .
D -4 .
D -5 .
D -6 .

120
122
123

C o n su m e r P r ic e I n d e x — U .S . c it y a v e r a g e fo r u r b a n w a g e ea rn er s a n d c lerica l w o rk ers, s e le c t e d g r o u p s,
su b g r o u p s, a n d sp e c ia l g r o u p s o f ite m s , s e a s o n a lly a d ju s te d
C o n su m e r P r ic e I n d e x — U .S . a n d s e le c t e d a r ea s fo r u r b a n w a g e ea rn er s a n d c lerica l w o rk ers
I n d e x e s o f w h o le s a le p rices, b y g r o u p a n d su b g r o u p o f c o m m o d itie s
I n d e x e s o f w h o le s a le p r ice s fo r s p e c ia l c o m m o d it y g r o u p in g s
I n d e x e s of w h o le sa le p rices, b y s ta g e o f p r o c e s sin g a n d d u r a b ility o f p r o d u c t

E. —Work Stoppages
124

E -l.

W o rk s to p p a g e s r e s u ltin g fro m la b o r -m a n a g e m e n t d is p u te s

1 Tables A -l through A-6 are new monthly tables; A-7 and A-8 will appear quarterly in the February, May, August, and November issues of the Review.
Tables A-9 through A-13 were formerly numbered A-2 through A-6. Old table A -l has been discontinued.
N o t e : With the exceptions noted, the statistical series here from the Bureau of Labor Statistics are described in Techniques of Preparing Major B L S Statisti­
cal Series (BLS Bulletin 1168, 1954), and cover the United States without Alaska and Hawaii.

80


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A — LABO R FORCE A N D EM PLO YM ENT

81

A.—Labor Force and Employment
T able A -l.

Sum mary employment and unemployment estimates, by age and sex, seasonally adjusted
[In thousands]
Dec.
1966

Employment status

Nov.
1966

Oct.
1966

Sept.
1966

Aug.
1966

July
1966

June
1966

May
1966

Apr.
1966

Mar.
1966

Feb.
1966

Jan.
1966

Dec.
1965

Ammal
ave rage
1966

1965

80,164
17, 041
74, 065
4,206
69,859
2,976

78,357
75, 635
72,179
4, 585
67. 594
3, 456

T otal
Total labor force___- ............
......
Civilian labor force___ -----Employed________________________
Agriculture..,
..
_ ___
Nonagricultural industries. _____
Unemployed___
. . . . . . _______
M en , 20 Y ears

and

81, 249
77,927
75, 076
4,108
70,968
2,851

80,414
77,135
74,163
3,971
70,192
2,972

80,342
77,113
74,165
4,049
70,116
2,948

80,549
77,371
74,338
4,158
70,180
3,033

80, 233
77, 098
74, 072
4,144
69, 928
3,026

80,185
77, 086
73, 997
4, 238
69, 759
3, 089

79,313
76, 268
73,231
4,076
69,155
3,037

79, 674
76, 666
73, 799
4, 482
69, 317
2,867

79.315
76, 341
73, 435
4,363
69, 072
2, 906

79, 279
76.355
73. 521
4,442
69, 079
2,834

79, 644
76, 754
73,715
4, 429
69.286
3, 039

79. 408
76, 567
73, 441
4,486
68, 955
3,126

Over

Civilian labor force___ ______
____
Employed........ .............................. .
Agriculture..
___
...
Nonagricultural industries_______
Unemployed__ . . .
_____
Women, 20 Y ears

81,579
78,189
75,226
4,254
70,972
2,963

and

44,970 44,753 44,610 44,666 44,833 44,744 44, 780 44, 661 44, 836 44,822 44,823 44, 788 44, 751 44,786 44, 857
43,892 43,671 43,540 43, 583 43,691 43, 585 43,621 43, 597 43,772 43, 664 43, 680 43, 604 43, 579 43,667 43Ì 422
2,878 2,807 2,808 2,884 2,855 2, 854 2, 860 2, 861 3, 035 2, 980 2, 990 2,936 3, 035 2,894 3,174
41,014 40,864 40,732 40,699 40, 836 40, 731 40, 761 40,736 40, 737 40,684 40, 690 40,668 40, 544 40,773 40; 248
1,078 1,082 1,070 1,083 1,142 1,159 1,159 1, 064 1,064 1,158 1,143 1,184 1,172 1,119 i;435

Over

Civilian labor force____________________ 25,221 25,181 24,860 24,930 24,481 24,313 24,226 24, 082 24, 000 23,899 24, 016 24,145 24,121 24,427 23, 687
24,251 24,294 23,868 23,982 23, 527 23, 425 23, 286 23,121 23,133 23, 045 23,145 23, 228 23,157 23, 507 22, 630
Employed__________
744
Agriculture.. .
...
.. ___
656
593
633
647
687
682
632
675
728
732
754
765
769
748
Nonagricultural industries. ___ 23, 507 23,638 23, 275 23,349 22,880 22, 738 22, 604 22, 489 22, 405 22, 313 22,391 22, 463 22,388 22,832 21,882
Unemployed... . . . ___ . . . ______
970
887
992
948
954
888
940
961
919 1, 056
867
854
871
917
964
B oth Sexes, 14-19 Y ears
Civilian labor force______
... _
7,998
Employed________________________ 7, 083
Agriculture..
...
......
632
Nonagricultural industries. ___
6,451
Unemployed_____
____
___
915

7,993
7,111
645
6,466
882

T able A-2.

Selected unemployment rates

Dec.
1966

7,665
6, 755
570
6,185
910

7,517
6,600
532
6,068
917

8,057
7,120
656
6, 464
937

Nov.
1966

Oct.
1966

Sept.
1966

Aug.
1966

3.8
11.4

2.2
3.5
11.0

4.0
11.9

White workers____ . . . . . . . . .
Nonwhite workers. . . . . . . . .

3.3
7.6

3.2
7.4

3.4
7.6

3.3
7.8

8.2

1.7
3.4
4.2
3.5
4.0

1.7
3.4
4.3
3.4
3.9

1.9
3.4
4.1
3.6
4.1

1.9
3.4
4.1
3.6
4.2

3.5
4.5
3.7
4.3

Married men______ . ..
__________
Full-time workers 1__ ____________ _ .
Blue-collar workers_____ _______ _ . .
Experienced wage and salary workers___
Labor force time lost___________________

2.1

8.080
7,090
696
6,394
990

7,525
6,513
583
5,930
1, 012

7,830
6,894
719
6,175
936

7,620
6,726
651
6,075
894

7, 516
6,696
698
5,998
820

7,821
6,883
728
6,155
938

7,695
6,705
682
6,023
990

Jan.
1966

Dec.
1965

3.7
2.4
5.0

3.9
2.4
4.2

2.1

3.8
2.4
4.3

3.9
2.5
4.8
2.3
3.9

July
1966

2.0

May
1966

3.9

4.0

3.6
2.5
3.7

5.0
2.3
3.9
12.3

4.0
13.4

3.4
7.9

3.5
7.9

3.5
7.6

2.0

1.9
3.8
4.4
3.7
4.8

3.7
4.2
3.7
4.4

2.6

2.2
3.8
12.2 11.6 12.2
3.4

June
1966

3.7
4.6
3.5
4.6

2.6

4.0
2.4
4.9

2.1

1.8

Apr.
1966

3.7
2.4
4.3

Mar.
1966

Feb.
1966

7,091
6,127
663
5,464
964

Ammal
ave rage
1966

1965

3.9
2.5
4.6

4.6
3.2
6.3

3.8

3.7

4.0

4.1

2.1
3.6
12.0

5.0
2.3
3.6
11.7

4.4
2.3
3.6
10.9

4.2
2.5
3.8

12.0

5.1
2.3
4.0
12.9

2.2
3.8
12.0

4.5
13.6

3.4
7.0

3.4
7.2

3.3
7.0

3.5
7.0

3.7
7.5

3.4
7.5

4.1
8.3

1.8

1.9
3.4
4.2
3.5
4.1

1.9
3.3
4.0
3.3
4.0

1.9
3.5
4.2
3.5
4.3

3.7
4.4
3.7
4.4

1.8

1.9
3.5
4.2
3.5
4.2

2.4
4.3
5.3
4.2
5.0

3.4
4.0
3.4
4.1

2.6

2.6

2.6

2.6

1Adjusted by provisional seasonal factors.

Beginning in the September 1966 issue, the statistics on the labor force have been expanded.
Former table A -l has been replaced by tables A -l through A-8 in order to present more detail
on age and sex, duration of unemployment, full- and part-time status, color, and occupation
of the labor force.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

7,828
6,890
637
6,253
938

Seasonally adjusted rates of unemployment

Total (all civilian workers)_____ _. . . .
Men, 20 years and over_______
20-24 years____
... .
25 years and over.. . . . . . . .
Women, 20 years and over.. . . . . . .
Both sexes, 14-19 years.. . . . . . . .

3.8
2.4
5.2

8, 041
7,062
603
6, 459
979

2.8

M O N T H L Y L A B O R R E V IE W , F E B R U A R Y 1967

82
Table A-3.

Rates of unemployment, by age and sex, seasonally adjusted
D ec.
1966

A ge and sex

N ov.
1966

O ct.
1966

Sept.
1966

A ug.
1966

J u ly
1966

June
1966

M ay
1966

A pr.
1966

M ar,
1966

F eb .
1966

Jan.
1966

D ec.
1965

A nn u al
average
1966

3.8

T o tal, 14 years and over-----------------------------

3.9

3.7

3 .8

3 .9

3 .9

1965

4.0

4 .0

3 .7

3 .8

3 .7

4 .0

4.1

3.9

4.

12.5
6 .4
15.6

13.1
6.7
16.3

11.7
7.8
13.5

12.7
8.7
14.7

14.7
12.4
15.8

12.6
7.9
14.8

13.
7.
16.

14 to 17 years___________ . .
_____
14 and 15 years___ __ _____ _____
16 and 17 years------------------ ------------

12.1
8.8
13.7

11.1
7.6
12.8

12.7
8 .0
14.7

13.3
9.4
15.2

11.9
7.3
14.1

12.6
7.8
14.9

12.6
7.8
15.0

14.7
9 .5
17.2

18 years and over______
.
___ . .
* 18 and 19 y e a r s.. . _____ . . . . . .
20 to 24 y ears_____________
___
25 years and o v er_________________
25 to 54 years______________ . . .
55 years and over_____________

3.3
10.8
5.5
2.5
2.5
2.6

3 .3
10.8
5.2
2.5
2.6
2.4

3.4
11.4
5.3
2.6
2.7
2.5

3 .3
10.9
5.2
2.6
2 .6
2 .5

3 .5
11.1
5.5
2.7
2 .8
2.6

3 .5
12.1
4.6
2.8
2.7
2.8

3 .5
12.3
5.8
2.6
2.7
2 .4

3 .4
11.9
5.5
2 .6
2.6
2.8

3 .3
11.8
5.2
2 .5
2 .5
2 .5

3 .3
10.4
5.2
2.6
2 .6
2.7

3 .3
10.3
5 .0
2 .6
2.6
2.8

3 .5
11.2
5. 4
2.7
2.7
2 .8

3 .5
11.6
5.6
2 .7
2.8
2.8

3 .4
11.3
5. 3
2.6
2.6
2.6

4.
13.
6.
3.
3.
3.

M ales, 18 years and o v e r .. . ------------- . .
18 and 19 y e a r s ...
. ..
20 to 24 years_________
_.
. ... .
25 years and over------- --------------- --- . . .
25 to 54 years---------------------- . .
55 years and over________________

2.7
10.4
5.2
2.1
2.0
2.4

2.8
9.9
5.0
2.2
2.1
2.4

2.7
9.7
4 .2
2.1
2.1
2.4

2 .7
10.0
4.3
2.2
2.1
2 .7

2 .9
9.5
4.8
2.3
2.2
2 .8

3 .0
10.9
3 .6
2 .5
2.3
3.1

3 .0
11.5
5.0
2.3
2.2
2.6

2.8
10.8
4.9
2.1
1.9
3 .0

2.7
10.3
4.3
2.1
2 .0
2.7

2.9
9 .9
5.0
2.3
2.1
2.9

2 .9
9.3
4 .4
2.3
2.2
3 .0

2 .9
9 .7
4 .2
2. 5
2.3
3 .0

3 .0
9.9
5.1
2 .3
2. 2
2.7

2 .8
10.2
4. 6
2. 2
2.1
2.7

3.
12.
6.
2.
2.
3.

F em ales, 18 years and over-----------------------18 arid 19 y e a r s . . ---------------20 to 24 years___ _____ - _____ 25 years and over___
. ----'2 5 to 54 years____
...
.....
55 years and over............................. .

4.3
11.2
6.0
3.5
3.5
3 .0

4.1
11.8
5.4
3.2
3 .4
2 .4

4.6
13.2
6.7
3.5
3.8
2.8

4 .3
12.1
6 .5
3.3
3 .7
2 .3

4.6
12.8
6 .5
3 .5
3 .9
2 .3

4.4
13.5
5.9
3.3
3 .5
2.3

4 .5
13.1
6.8
3 .3
3 .6
2.1

4.6
13.3
6 .4
3 .5
3 .9
2 .6

4.3
13.5
6 .4
3 .2
3 .4
2 .0

4.1
11.1

4.1
11.5
5.9
3 .2
3 .4
2 .4

4 .4
13.1
7.1
3 .3
3. 5
2 .4

4.7
13.6
6.3
3 .6
3 .9
2 .9

4.4

5.

12.6
6.3
3.3
3.6
2 .4

14.

T able A-4.

5.5

3 .3
3 .5
2 .5

7.
4.
4.
2.

Employed persons, by age and sex, seasonally adjusted
[In thousands]

Age and sex

Dec.
1966

Oct.
1966

Nov.
1966

Sept.
1966

Aug.
1966

July
1966

June
1966

May
1966

Apr.
1966

Mar.
1966

Feb.
1966

Jan.
1966

Dec.
1965

Anriual
avei age
1966

1965
72,179

14 to 17 years____________
14 and 15 years______
16 and 17 years______

75,226 75, 076 74,163 74,165 74,338 74, 072 73,997 73,231 73, 799 73, 435 73, 521 73,715 73, 441 74, 065
3,692 3,577 3,324 3,257 3,539 3, 412 3,438 3, 231 3, 489 3,382 3, 397 3,546 3,406 3,439
i; 250 I! 196 1,059 1,079 1,214 1,139 1,198 1,107 1,258 1,223 1,142 1, 221 1,155 1,170
2j 442 2; 381 2, 265 2; 178 2,325 2,273 2,240 2,124 2,231 2,159 2, 255 2,325 2, 251 2,269

18 years and over________
18 and 19 years______
20 to 24 years................
25 years and over___
25 to 44 years____
45 years and over.

71,659
3| 520
8! 157
59,982
30,922
29,114

71,480
3,522
8j032
59| 926
30,608
29; 289

70,798
3,376
7,912
59', 510
30,347
29,021

70,837
3,294
7,856
59,687
30,372
29,162

70,805
3,595
7,948
59,262
30,139
29,059

70,616
3,586
7,989
59, 041
30, 028
28,904

70,440
3,542
8, 010
58,888
30, 086
28, 798

70,057
3,294
7,997
58,766
30,175
28, 588

70,304
3, 418
7,979
58,907
30, 211
28, 715

70,017
3,392
7, 850
58,775
30,244
28, 615

70,100
3, 347
7, 792
58,961
30,392
28, 641

70,212
3, 424
7,759
59,029
30,397
28,676

70,069
3,370
7,739
58,960
30, 410
28,587

70,626
3,452
7,963
59,211
30,330
28,882

69, 015
2,962
7, 702
58, ¿51
29, 998
28,353

M ales, 18 years and over____
18 and 19 years____ - ____
20 to 24 y e a r s .............. ........
25 years and over________
25 to 44 years________
45 years and over___

45,731
h823
4,619
39,289
20, 558
18,739

45,510
1,848
4,575
39, 087
20, 349
18,713

45,335
1,778
4, 534
39,023
20,315
18,667

45,326
i; 776
4,524
39,026
20,353
18,659

45,614
1,942
4,615
39,057
20,382
18,647

45, 572
1, 946
4,624
39, 002
20,363
18, 576

45,548
1,897
4,605
39,046
20, 444
18, 583

45,397
1,783
4,594
39,020
20, 565
18, 439

45,634
1,874
4,623
39,137
20, 578
18, 571

45,467
1,874
4,595
38,998
20, 576
18, 493

45,487
1,850
4,549
39,088
20, 633
18, 498

45,474
1,897
4, 553
39,024
20, 530
18, 521

45,420
1,839
4,543
39,038
20, 546
18, 490

45, 529
1,862
4, 599
39, 068
20,474
18, 595

45, 056
1, 634
4, 583
38,839
20, 448
18,391

Fem ales, 18 years and o v e r 18 and 19 y ea r s................. .
20 to 24 yea r s........... ...........
25 years and over_______
25 to 44 years_______
45 years and over___

25,928
1,697
3,538
20,693
10,364
10,375

25,970
1,674
3,457
20,839
10,259
10,576

25,463
1,598
3,378
20,487
10, 032
10,354

25, 511 25,191 25,044 24,892 24,660 24,670 24, 550 24,613 24,738 24,649 25,097
1,518 1,653 1,640 1,645 1, 511 1, 544 1, 518 1,497 1,527 1,531 1, 590
3,332 3,333 3,365 3, 405 3,403 3,356 3, 255 3, 243 3,206 3,196 3,364
20,661 20,205 20, 039 19,842 19, 746 19,770 19, 777 19,873 20,005 19,922 20,143
10,019 9,757 9,665 9,642 9,610 9,633 9, 668 9, 759 9,867 9, 864 9,856
10,503 10,412 10, 328 10, 215 10,149 10,144 10,122 10,143 10,155 10, 097 10,287

23,959
1,328
3,119
19, 512
9, 550
9,962

T o tal, 14 years and over_____

1

N o t e : D ue to the independent seasonal ad ju stm en t of several of the series, detail will not necessarily add to totals.


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

3,165
1, 091
2, 074

A .— L A B O R F O R C E A N D E M P L O Y M E N T

T able A-5.

83

Unemployed persons, by duration of unemployment, seasonally adjusted
[In thousands]
Dec.
1966

Duration of unemployment

Nov.
1966

Oct.
1966

Sept.
1966

Aug.
1966

July
1966

June
1966

May
1966

Apr.
1966

Mar.
1966

Feb.
1966

Jan.
1966

Annual
average

Dec.
1965

1966
Less than 5 weeks__ ______ _____
5 to 14 weeks____ . . ________ _
15 weeks and over_______ . _______
15-26 weeks._____ ________ ____
27 weeks and over____________
15 weeks and over as a percent of civilian
labor force_________________________

T able A-6.

1965

1,626
766
501
273
228

1,515
803
483
286
197

1,544
898
520
292
228

1,626
807
499
298
201

1,666
927
451
249
202

1,710
912
435
220
215

1,816
815
476
251
225

1,789
856
536
261
275

1,625
670
603
343
260

1,543
787
588
319
269

1, 514
'721
579
315
264

1,548
' 738
661
354
307

1,532
869
660
355
305

1,636
'804
536
295
241

1, 718
983
755
404
351

.6

0.6

0.7

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.7

0.8

0.8

0.9

0.9

0.8

.7

1.0

Full- and part-time status of the civilian labor force, not seasonally adjusted
[In thousands]

F u ll- and part-tim e em p loym ent status

December
1966

November
1966

October
1966

September
1966

Annual average
1966

1965

F ull T ime

C ivilian labor fo rce .____ ________ _____________
E m ployed:
F u ll-tim e schedules U . ...............................
Part tim e for econom ic reasons________
U nem ployed , looking for full-tim e w o rk ___
U n em ploym en t rate___________________________

66,233

66,308

66,424

66,889

66,933

66,135

62,296
1,886
2,051
3.1

62,702
1,634
1,972
3.0

62,890
1,648
1,886
2.8

63,216
1,762
1,911
2.9

62,629
1,960
2,344
3.5

61,109
2,209
2,817
4.3

11,112
10,431
681
6.1

11, 337
10,668
669
5.9

10,827
10,192
635
5.9

9,934
9,272
662
6.7

10,107
9,475
632
6.3

9,500
8,861
639
6.7

P art T ime
C iv ilia n labor force........................................................
E m p lo y ed (volu n tary part tim e )i.......... .........
U nem p loyed , looking for part-tim e w ork — .
U n em p lo y m en t rate___________________________
1 E m p loyed persons w ith a job b u t n ot at w ork are distributed propor­
tio n a tely am ong the full- and part-tim e em p loyed categories.


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

M O N T H L Y L A B O R R E V IE W , F E B R U A R Y 1967

84
T able A-7.

Employment status, by color, sex, and age, seasonally adjusted
[In thousands]
Annual
averages

Quarterly averages
Characteristics

1963

1964

1965

1966
4th

3d

2d

1st

4th

3d

2d

1st

4th

3d

2d

1st

4th

69,171
40,310
2i; 736
7,124
66,887
39,459
21, 019
6; 409
2,283
851
717
715
3.3
2.1
3.3
10.0

68,359
40,220
21,214
6,925
66; 058
39,321
20,519
6,218
2,301
899
695
707
3.4
2.2
3.3
10.2

68,062
40,319
20,807
6,936
65, 692
39; 433
20,093
6,167
2,369
886
715
769
3.5
2.2
3.4
11.1

68, 000
40,365
20,754
6,880
65,689
39,418
20, 070
6,200
2,311
947
684
680
3.4
2.3
3.3
9.9

67,685
40,174
20, 676
6,835
65,145
39,157
19,910
6,079
2,540
1,017
766
757
3.8
2.5
3.7
11.1

67, 226
40,343
20,509
6,374
64, 559
39,215
19,722
5,622
2,668
1,128
788
752
4.0
2.8
3.8
11.8

67, 013
40, 516
20,386
6,111
64,125
39,273
19, 545
5,307
2,888
1,243
840
805
4.3
3.1
4.1
13.2

66,717
40,496
20,296
5,925
63,832
39, 244
19,431
5,156
2,886
1,252
865
769
4.3
3.1
4.3
13.0

66,160
40, 257
20, 013
5,890
63,190
38,941
19,152
5, 097
2,970
1,315
861
794
4.5
3.3
4.3
13.5

65,891
40, 223
19,891
5, 777
62, 954
38,871
19, 028
5,055
2,938
1,353
863
722
4.5
3.4
4.3
12.5

66, 081
40,181
20,087
5,813
62,957
38, 798
19,155
5,004
3,125
1,384
932
809
4.7
3.4
4.6
13.9

65,602
40, 043
19,823
5,736
62,386
38, 594
18,836
4, 956
3,216
1,449
987
780
4.9
3.6
5. 0
13.6

65,244
39,921
19,692
5,631
61, 999
38,402
18,743
4,854
3,245
1,518
949
778
5.0
3.8
4.8
13.8

8,642
4,485
3,328
'829
7,990
4,259
3,097
635
652
226
231
195
7.5
5.0
6.9
23.5

8,641
4,477
3,284
880
7,954
4,256
3,044
653
687
221
239
227
8.0
4.9
7.3
25.8

8,539
4,421
3, 288
830
7,896
4,207
3, 081
608
643
214
207
222
7.5
4.8
6.3
26.7

8,656
4,489
3,302
864
8, 042
4,275
3,108
659
614
214
194
206
7.1
4.8
5.9
23.8

8,539
4,461
3,267
811
7,872
4,242
3,039
591
667
219
227
220
7.8
4.9
6.9
27.1

8,463
4,426
3,243
794
7,765
4,164
2,996
605
698
262
247
189
8.2
5.9
7.6
23.8

8,371
4,450
3,178
743
7,690
4,193
2,937
560
681
257
241
182
8.1
5.8
7.6
24.5

8,391
4,469
3,182
740
7,642
4,156
2,940
546
749
312
242
195
8.9
7.0
7.6
26.4

8,381
4,445
3,198
738
7,602
4,125
2,922
555
779
320
276
183
9.3
7.2
8.6
24.8

8,271
4,404
3,137
730
7,446
4, 081
2,842
523
825
323
296
207
10.0
7.3
9.4
28.4

8,284
4,431
3,133
720
7,467
4, 089
2,854
524
817
342
279
196
9.9
7.7
8.9
27.2

8,229
4,416
3, 080
732
7,420
4,054
2,800
567
808
362
281
166
9.8
8.2
9.1
22.7

8,168
4,374
3,077
717
7, 264
3,978
2, 782
504
904
397
295
213
11.1
9.1
9.6
29.7

1966

1965

68,424
40,318
21,128
6,978
66,097
39,417
20,426
6,254
2,327
901
703
724
3.4
2.2
3.3
10.4

67,187
40,401
20,469
6,317
64,432
39, 232
19,652
5, 548
Zt / 55
1,169
817
769
4.1

WHITE

Civilian labor force_________
Men, 20 years and over__
Women, 20 years and over.
Both sexes, 14-19 years---Employed_______ _______
Men, 20 years and over---Women, 20 years and over.
Both sexes, 14-19 years—
Unemployed--------------------Men, 20 years and over__
Women, 20 years and over.
Both sexes, 14-19 years---Unemployment rate................
Men, 20 years and over___
Women, 20 years and over
Both sexes, 14-19 years----

2 .9
4 .0
1 2 .3

NONWHITE

Civilian labor force_________
Men, 20 years and over__
Women, 20 years and over
Both sexes, 14-19 years---Employed________________
Men, 20 years and over---Women, 20 years and over
Both sexes, 14-19 years---Unemployed______________
Men, 20 years and over__
Women, 20 years and over
Both sexes, 14-19 years---Unemployment rate________
Men, 20 years and over__
Women, 20 years and over
Both sexes, 14-19 years__


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

8,617 8,449
4, 468 4,456
3,299 3, 218
774
849
7,968 7,747
4,250 4,190
3, 082 2,979
579
636
702
649
219
267
240
217
196
213
7. 5
8.3
5. 2
6. 0
775
7 .0
25. 5
25.1

A .— L A B O R F O R C E A N D E M P L O Y M E N T

T a b l e A-8.

85

Total employment and unemployment rates, by occupation, seasonally adjusted
Q uarterly averages

Characteristics

1966

1965

1964

1963

4th

3d

2d

1st

4th

3d

2d

1st

4th

3d

2d

1st

4th

33,995
9,600
7,395
12, 276
4,724
27, 089
9, 715
13,842
3,532
9,941
3,787

33,730
9,482
7,587
11,949
4, 713
27,165
9,679
13,752
3,734
9,729
3, 777

33,078
9,265
7,413
11,650
4, 750
27,175
9,547
13,941
3,688
9,474
3,950

32,515
8,949
7,216
11,494
4,856
27,271
9,459
13,993
3,818
9,619
4,073

32,378
8,911
7,121
11,529
4,816
26,835
9,427
13,577
3,831
9,642
4,110

32,399
9,010
7,398
11,187
4,804
26,483
9,303
13,360
3,820
9,480
4,218

32, 111
8,828
7,549
11,029
4,705
26,182
8,976
13,368
3,838
9,116
4,431

31,591
8,790
7,279
10,906
4,617
26,407
9,194
13,264
3,949
9,139
,4,318

31,423
8,738
7,398
10,725
4,563
25,770
9,074
13,056
3,640
9,225
4,388

31,143
8,509
7,477
10,663
4,495
25,529
9,040
12,962
3,527
9,277
4,500

31,035
8,511
7,476
10,665
4,382
25,535
8,890
12,928
3,716
9,427
4,430

30,870
8,428
7,457
10,613
4,372
25,316
8,934
12,755
3,628
9,097
4 , 479

30,565
8,388
7,431
10,403
4,344
25,238
9,026
12; 604
3,609
8', 957
4", 577

2.0
1.3
.9
3.0
2.4
4.2
2.8
4.2
7.6
4.4
2.2

2.1
1.5
1.0
3.0
2.6
4.4
2.7
4.6
7.8
4.4
2.0

2.0
1.2
1.1
2.7
3.1
4.2
2.7
4.4
7.2
4.8
2.7

2.0
1.2
1.2
2.8
2.7
4.1
3.0
4.2
6.7
4.4
2.0

2.2
1.4
1.1
2.9
3.4
4.6
2.8
4.9
7.8
4.6
3.0

2.1
1.3
1.1
3.1
3.1
5.2
3.6
5.4
8.1
5.0
2.6

2.3
1.5
1.1
3.4
3.3
5.6
3.9
5.9
8.0
5.3
2.4

2.5
1.7
1.2
3.6
3.5
5.5
3.9
5.5
9.0
5.7
2.4

2.4
1.4
1.3
3.5
3.4
6.0
4.1
6.1
9.9
5.5
3.1

2.4
1.8
1.4
3.3
3.0
6.2
4.1
6.4
10.7
5.7
3.1

2.7
1.8
1.2
3.9
3.9
6.2
4.0
6.5
10.3
6.0
3.1

2.8
1.8
1.6
4.1
3.3
6.7
4.3
7.0
11.2
6.1
3.1

2.9
1.8
1.5
4.4
3.9
7.1
4.7
7.4
11.7
5.9
2.6

A nnual
averages

1966

1965

E mployed (in thousands)
W hite-collar w o rk e rs... ________________
Professional and technical____________
M anagers, officials, and proprietors___
Clerical w orkers_______ ____ ______
______ _ . ___
Sales w o rk e rs..
Blue-collar w orkers. . . . . ________ _
C raftsm en and forem en____. . . . . .
O peratives. .
..................
N onfarm lab o rers..
Service w orkers. . . .
. . . . . _.
Farm ers and farm laborers. . . . .
. ..

33,332 32,104
9,322 8^883
i , 405
i , 340
l b 846 n , 166
4,759 4,715
27,169 26,466
9’ 598 9'221
13,880 13; 390
3,691 3; 855
7; 440 9 ,342
3; 876 4 ,265

U nem ploym ent R ate
W hite-collar w orkers________ _ _. ____
Professional and technical___________
M anagers, officials, and proprietors___
Clerical w orkers. . . . . .
_
_. .
Sales w orkers_________
.
_____
Blue-collar w orkers_______ ____________ _
C raftsm en and forem en..
O peratives____
.
______ . . . . . .
N onfarm laborers. .
Service w orkers___
.
. . . ____ . . . .
Farm ers and farm m anagers. __________


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

2.0
1.3
1.0
2.8
2.7
4.2
2.8
4.3
7.3
4.8
2.2

2.3
1.5
1.1
3.2
3.3
5.3
3.6
5.5
8.4
5.2
2.6

M O N T H L Y L A B O R R E V IE W , F E B R U A R Y 1967

86
T a b l e A-9.

Employees in nonagricultural establishments, by industry 1
Revised series; see box, p. 94.

[ in th o u sa n d s]

1966

1965

Annual
average

Ind u stry

Dec.2 Nov.2 Oct.
T o tal em p loyees.
M in in g ----- -----------------------------------------------M etal m in in g......................................................
Iron ores............................................................
Copper ores.....................................................
Coal m in in g.........................................................
B itu m in ou s......................................................
C rude petroleum and natural gas........... ..
C rude petroleum and natural gas fields.
Oil and gas field services.............................
Q uarrying and nonm etallic m in in g ............
C rushed and broken ston e........................
Sand and gravel.............................................
Contract construction....................... ........... .......
General b uild in g con tractors.......................
H e a v y construction..........................................
H ig h w a y and street co n stru ctio n ..........
Other h e a v y construction_____________
Special trade contractors................................
Plum b in g, heating, and air condition­
in g ............................................................... ..
P ain tin g, paperhanging, and deco­
rating................................ ........................... .
E lectrical w ork ...............................................
M asonry, plastering, stone, and tile
w ork_______________________________
R oofing and sheet m etal w ork ............... .
M anufacturing........ ................. ............... .............
D urable good s................................................
N ond u rab le g o o d s.......................................

Sept.

Aug.

July

June

May

Apr.

Mar.

Feb.

Jan.

Dec.

1965

1964

65,899 65,387 65,190 64,867 64,484 64,274 64,563 63,465 62,928 62,243 61,622 61,439 63,038 60,770 58,332
630
590
620
617
621
649
645
645
632
637
632
634
631
627
84.4
85.3
84.0
84.2
83.7
87.3
88.6
87.7
87.8
84.2
83.6
85.7
79.5
85.3
26.4
26.4
25.8
24.6
24.0
24.3
26.4
25.7
24.3
25.0
26.0
25.7
24.6
25.8
31.9
33.2
33.0
31.9
32.0
31.5
32.7
31.8
31.4
32.8
32.2
30.1
27.1
32.0
142.8 143.7 142.7 142.5 139.5 142.2 140.7 104.3 141.3 142.2 142.5 143.3 141.8 147.3
95.8 132.2 132.8 133.0 133.4 132.0 136.1
134.8 135.7 134.7 134.3 131.9 134.1 132.2
276.7 277.4 281.0 289.7 289.6 288.1 281.0 281.2 281.9 281.6 283.8 287.2 288.1 291.1
149.4 150.2 153.3 156.6 156.9 155.1 151.7 151.9 152.1 151.9 152.6 153.8 156.0 160.4
127.3 127.2 127.7 133.1 132.7 133.0 129.3 129.3 129.8 129.7 131.2 133.4 131.4 130.7
121.8 123.9 126.2 127.8 127.8 126.9 122.5 119.9 112.4 108.8 111.3 117.4 118.3 116.2
44.4
44.3
43.8
41.2
37.6
42.3
35.7
37.6
40.5
42.8
43.8
41.0
40.5
42.0
42.4
41.9
42.5
35.8
35.1
38.2
41.2
40.5
39.3
34.3
42.2
39.4
39.8
39.3
3,118 3,318 3,449 3,525 3,641 3,623 3,521 3,277 3,156 2,981 2,818 2,940 3,167 3,181 3,050
1,079. 6 1,107.3 1,125. 2 1,165.3 1,153.3 1,121.1 1, 037.1 1, 014.6 967.7 915.4 961.7 1, 028.8 997.6 949.1
' 677. 5 ' 740. 6 ' 758.8 ' 781.5 ' 782.2 '756.8 680.1 618.0 521.1 474.8 507.6 590.5 643.2 613.9
337. 0 386.9 401.1 411.9 411.7 397.8 345.3 296.4 224.3 199.8 220.0 275. 0 323.6 313.7
___ 340.5 353.7 357.7 369.6 370.5 359.0 334.8 321.6 296.8 275.0 287.6 315.5 319.6 300.3
1,560.9 1,601.3 1,641.0 1,694.0 1, 687.8 1,643.1 1, 559. 4 1,523. 7 1,492. 2 1,428.2 1,470.8 1, 547.5 1,540.6 1, 487.0
—
626

374.9

377.8

380.3

383.6

384.6

376.7

366.3

363.8

360.6

353.6

363.0

370.9

365.5

354.3

134.9
250.0

147.1
249.8

153.0
255.0

161.0
259.7

157.7
255.2

148.5
248.5

137.3
238.6

130.3
235.6

124.0
231.1

118.6
227.6

119.7
229.5

135.1
236.4

142.3
231.8

140.4
218.7

215.4 228.9 238.2 255.7 253.4 248.9 236.6 231.0 230.6 209.2 210.0 228.7 237.6 241.1
97.2 104.9 114.2 110.0 107.5
116.8 r17. 7 117.1 118.7 117.8 115.1 107.6 106.8 104.4
19,452 19,532 19,538 19,533 19,391 19,123 19,258 18,906 18,774 18,651 18,518 18,333 18,473 18,032 17,274
11,479 11,491 11,470 11, 434 11,249 11, 213 11,319 11,130 11, 039 10,921 10,822 10,707 10,727 10,386 9,816
7,973 8,041 8,068 8,099 8,142 7,910 7,939 7,776 7,735 7,730 7,696 7,626 7, 746 7,645 7,458

Durable goods
Ordnance and accessories...............................
A m m u n ition , except for sm all arm s___
S ighting and fire control e q u ip m e n t....
Other ordnance and accessories...............
L um ber and w ood products, except
furniture...................................................... .
Logging cam p s and logging contractors
Saw m ills and planing m ills............... .......
M illw ork, p lyw ood, and related prod­
u cts...............................................................
W ooden con tain ers......................................
M iscellaneous w ood p ro d u c ts................
F urniture and fixtures.................... ............. .
H ousehold fu r n itu r e ..................................
Office furniture............................................. .
Partitions; office and store fixtures____
Other furniture and fixtures.....................

57.6

271.0
199.9
14.8
56.3

266.4
196.8
14.8
54.8

263.0
195.0
14.7
53.3

259.1
191.7
14.7
52.7

256.4
189. 5
14.6
52.3

254.9
189.2
14.1
51.6

251.8
188.3
13.7
49.8

247.8
187.3
13.5
47.0

245.3
185.6
13.3
46.4

243.2
184.5
13.1
45.6

239.2
182.2
12.8
44.2

233.7
180.6
12.7
40.4

226.0
172.7
12.4
40.9

243.9
185.0
14.2
44.8

591.7
90.8
234.4

607.1
99.8
240.4

618.5
102.6
244.4

630.6
103.6
250.5

649.9
106.7
257.4

648. 5
106.2
256.5

653.5
106.6
259.0

626.4
94.8
251.3

617.6
88.5
251.3

609.6
87.4
248.8

602.9
86.2
244.6

602.5
84.5
247.1

613.5
91.0
250.0

610.1
89.0
250.8

604.2
87.7
253.1

154.0
35.4
77.1
467.1
335.1

154.9
34.9
77.1
468.9
337.3
34.8
47.1
49.7
638.9
32.6
124.2
37.8
66.7
44.0

159.8
35.0
76.7
467.0
336.0
34.2
47.0
49.8
644.3
32.4
124.3
38.3
67.9
44.0

164.5
35.1
76.9
465.6
335.2
33 8
47 3
49.3
653.4
32 2
125.9
39.0
69.5
44.2

171.4
36.5
77.9
466.5
335.1
33.7
48.6
49.1
661.3
32.3
126.3
39.7
71.5
43.5

172.5
36.1
77.2
451.9
325.9
33 Fi

173.1
36.9
77.9
458.4
330.3

167.6
36.3
76.4
450.5
326.2
4L 0

163.7 163.0
34.2
34.4
75.3
74.9
447.6 443.7
325.1 323.4
31 3
SI s
44 fi 42 Q
46! 5 46.1
625.9 616.9
32. £ 32.8
118.6 117.7
35.4
35.5
67.7
67.2
44 1 43.1

162.8
34.2
73.9
442.3
320.5
31 1
44 fi
46.1
619.1
33.2
116.1
36. C
68.3
42.5

163.9
34.3
74.3
443.4
321.6
30 7
44 6
46.5
629.9
33.4
116.3
37.4
69.3
43.5

162.7
34.4
73.2
429.1
309.7
29 6
43. 2
46.6
627.4
32.3
115.4
38.0
69.2
43.4

158.2
34.8
70.3
405.9
292.6
28.0
40 3

48! 7

166.5
35.4
75.9
447.2
326.0
2Q 9
44 R
46! 5
641.7
33.2
120.3
37.1
69.8
43.8

210.2
197.7

49.8
624.8

4 fi F>

46.0
661.6
32 4
125.2
39.6
72.7
42.2

4 5 .1

613.8
658.4 647.8
Stone, clay, and glass products........ ...........
30.8
F la t g la s s ................................ .......................
32. 9 33.1
111.9
122.6
Glass and glassware, pressed or b low n.
125.6 123.1
38.6
C em ent, h ydraulic.......................................
35.8
39.4
37.7
69.3
65.5
Structural clay products........................... .
72.5
71.1
43.2
P otter y and related products................
43 3
43.7
Concrete, gyp su m , an d plaster prod­
180.2
170.0 176.4
184.2 187.7 189.4 188.4 183.1 180.5 172.1 167.1 169.9 176.1 177.9 173.3
u c ts .—.............................. .............................
131.1 132.6 132.9 134.1 136.3 136.3 132.1 132.1 132.7 130.8 129.5 129.5 130.2 129.2 126.6
Other stone and m ineral products..........
Prim ary m etal in d u stries................ ............. 1,335.8 1,329.9 1,332.2 1, 344.9 1,351.8 1, 353. 4 1,355. 7 1,329. 6 1,321. 7 1,303. 4 1,291.4 1, 277. 0 1, 268.3 1,295.6 1, 233. 2
B last furnace and basic steel products.
645.0 644.0 649.4 ' 659. 7 669.8 676.9 673.4 656.4 649.1 634. £ 623.6 615.6 612.0 656.8 629.2
Iron and steel foundries______ ______ _
239.1 237.4 236.4 236.6 237.8 236.7 239.1 235.8 235. S 233.6 234.2 232.7 231.6 226.2 212.3
69.7
73.8
75.4
75.5
N onferrous sm elting and refining_____
76.2
77.9
75.7
75.9
78.6
78.6
78.6
76.8
78.5
78.5
79.2
N onferrous rolling, draw ing, and ex­
tru d in g...................................................... ..
212.5 211.1 211.4 212.0 209.2 206.5 207.0 205.9 205.8 205.2 204.0 201.6 198.6 194.4 186.0
75.2
80.5
84.3
84.0
86.3
85.6
87.4
N onferrous foundries...................... ............
85.6
87.9
88.0
89.2
88.0
85.7
86.3
88.5
M iscellaneous prim ary m etal in d u s­
60.8
64.0
66.4
67.6
tries...............................................................
70.8
68.5
68.4
68.4
68.4
71.5
69.7
68.4
69.6
68.1
69.6
Fabricated m etal products______________ 1,389.3 1,386.7 1,379.7 1,372. 5 1,360.9 1,339.2 1,360.8 1, 340.7 1,337.0 1,326.8 1, 319.5 1,310.5 1,313.5 1,268.3 1,189. 2
62.1
60.4
59.6
61.4
59.7
65.2
62.1
60.7
63.5
M etal cans.......................................... .............
61.6
62.0
65.9
60.6
66.0
64.0
C utlery, h and tools, and general hard­
144.0
155.3
158.9
161.0
163.4
163.3
161.5
161.2
160.7
w a r e .___________ ___________________
167.7 166.3 165.7 164.4 160.3 155.3
H eatin g eq u ip m en t and plu m b in g
80.2
78.7
79.6
79.0
80.1
79.4
79.9
79.9
80.2
79.1
79.6
fix tu re s.................... .......... ..................... ..
79.1
80.1
78.1
79.9
402.4 403.5 405.5 408.9 411.2 410.7 406.6 394.4 390.4 385.] 384.6 384.8 389. 0 375.5 354.1
Fabricated structural m etal p ro d u c ts..
9u. 4
97.8
102.0
102.5
105.0
103.5
108.
C
105.
£
105.6
114.3 113.2 110.8 109.3 108.1 107.2
Screw m ach in e products, bolts, etc____
252.4 251.9 249.0 241.9 231.1 221.5 234.5 235. £ 236.8 237. C 235. £ 234.4 235.2 221.3 198.6
M etal stam pings.......... ......... .......................
71. 4
76.7
80.0
82.
c
79.5
84.
f
82.2
81.6
81. £
81.6
85.6
84.8
84.0
85.3
C oating, engraving, and allied services.
83.7
57. 7
62.3
65.1
64.8
67.9
65.9
65.1
66.0
66.0
70.2
67.5
70.0
68.0
68.7
67.9
M iscellaneous fabricated w ire products.
M iscellaneous fabricated m etal prod­
157.0 155.8 153.6 152.5 152.2 150.9 153.0 151.9 151.4 146.7 146.8 144.8 144.1 140.3 130.7
u cts..................................................... ...........
See footnotes at end of table.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

87

A — LABO R FO RCE A N D EM PLO YM ENT

T

able

A-9.

Employees in non agricultural establishments, by industry 1— Continued
Revised series; see box, p. 94.

[In thousands]
1966

1965

A nn u al
average

In d u stry
D ec.2 N o v .2

Oct.

Sept.

A ug.

Ju ly

June

M ay

Apr.

M ar.

Feb.

Jan.

D ec.

1965

1964

Manufacturing—C ontinued
D u r a b l e g o o d s —C ontinued

M achinery_________ ____________________ 1,920.6 1,900.9 1,897.1 1,895. 3 1,891.1 1, 887. 5 1,882.0 1,855. 2 1,841.7 1,828.8 1, 813. 2 1, 793. 5 1, 780.1 1,725.8 1, 609.6
98.4
93.3
88.6
99.7
95.2
94.5
93.2
99.1
94.7
96.3
93.7
93.1
98.6
90.1
87.0
E n gin es and tu rb in es_______
______
145.1 143.8 143.9 143.9 145.2 148.2 147.5 147.9 147.9
145.9 142.1
138.9 135. 2 126.5
Farm m ach in ery and eq u ip m en t _____
279.7 277.8 277.5 279.2 279.2 281.4 279.2 274.2 270.8 268.7 265.4 261.2 259.4 255.3 236.3
C onstruction arid related r iia c h in e r y ...
M etalworking m ach in ery and eq u ip m e n t______________________________ 341.8 338.9 337.4 338.8 334.5 334.8 335.1 329.2 327.8 324.8 323.1 317.4 315.6 304.5 282.9
198.2 196.5 192.1
199.1
198.1
181.2
Special in d u stry m ach in ery....................... 205.4 204.3 203.7 204.0 203.3 203.0 202.9 199.5 198.1
286.3 284.2 282.3 281.0 280.8 280.5 279.6 275.0 273.1 272.7 270.8 268.8 267.7 259.0 243.4
General industrial m achinery_________
Office, com p u tin g, and accounting
225.6 223.6 220.7 218.6 217.3 214.8 213.1
210.2 208.4 206.1
203.7 202.6 201.6
189. 5 172.8
m ach in es_________________________
120.4 118.8 115.8 115.6 118.7 117.0 118.0 116.4 115.0 111.9 112.3 112.3 110.6 112.7 106.4
Service in d u stry m ach in es____________
212.4
214.3
205.4
221.5
219.6
214.5
211.2
200.2
197.7
206.9
203.1
196.7
217.3
187. 5 173.1
M iscellaneous m ach in ery______________
E lectrical eq u ip m en t and su p p lies______ 1,977.9 1,986.2 1,981.5 1,958. 0 1,939. 6 1, 887. 8 1,898.4 1,858.1 1,842.8 1,810.8 1,800.0 1, 778. 2 1, 768.9 1,658.1 1, 544. 3
197.1
196.3 198.9 198.0 198.2 195.0 193.4 187.1 185.6 184.1
181.9 181.1
179.4
170. 5 161.8
E lectric distrib u tion eq u ip m en t_______
218.7 215.0 220.6 218.7 219.8 216.6 215.8 206.9 208.8 206.6 204.0 202.1 200.6
L91.9 177.8
E lectrical in d u strial apparatus________
173.4 181.6 184.1
195.6 195.3 192.9 187.5 184.1
173.1
173.4
181.7 168.6 178.1
166. 6 160.9
H ousehold appliances_______ _______
190.1
192.8
194.7
193.4
181.9
194.6
194.2
195.4
190.6
188.7
186.5
184.5
181.7
172.3 158.0
E lectric ligh tin g and w iring eq u ip m en t.
163.4 162.9 154.6 153.2 152.3 152.1
191.7 195.8 191.5 185.1 177.1
152.3 153.6
135.1
118.8
R adio and T V receiving sets__________
476.7 486.3 480.9 478.3 476.6 468.4 465.8 458.3 454.2 449.2 443.6 440.4 436.5
416.8 408.6
C om m unication eq u ip m en t......................
304.9 264.8
E lectronic com p on en ts and accessories. 389.2 389.3 389.1 384.9 384.4 376.4 379.8 371.1 366.6 360.5 354.3 345.8 339.4
M iscellaneous electrical eq u ip m en t and
93.6
114.3 114.0 112.2 110.8 106.6 104. 5 105.7 105.4 104.0 103.0 101.5 101.5 104.3 100.1
su p p lies....................... .............................
T ransportation eq u ip m en t.......... ..............„ 2,014.7 1,994.5 1,974.4 1,953.2 1,777.9 1,865.3 1,921.1 1,910. 2 1,894.7 1,886. 6 1,867.4 1,839.1 1,837.2 1, 737.9 1,604. 3
807.7 881.2 884.3 877.8 881.2 877.2 868.3 885.4
903.2 891.4 881.9 712.1
843.4 752.9
Motor vehicles and eq uipm ent
819.9 809.4 794.6 786.8 776.2 767.2 748.6 735.6 726.6 715.5 702.8 688.8 675.0 625.2 605.4
Aircraft and p a r t s . . . . . . I _________ . . . .
171.3
173.1 170.9 171.9 173.2 177.1 176.5 173.0 164.7
170.9 166.1
170.8 166.7
158.8 145.1
S hip and boat b u ild in g and repairing .
60.3
59.1
57.6
60.6
61.0
60.0
59.2
58.0
57.3
57.5
60.8
59.7
50.2
55.7
R ailroad eq u ip m en t__________________ ________
58.2
58. 0
51.4
60.4
55.2
56.8
54.8
53.6
54.6
56.8
58.7
57.9
54.9
50.7
Other transportation e q u ip m e n t _____
Instrum ents and related products_______
E ngineering and scientific in stru m en ts.
M echanical m easuring and control
d ev ices____________________________
O ptical and op hth alm ic goods_________
O phthalm ic goods___________ _______
Surgical, m edical, and dental equipm e n t______________ . . . ___
_ _
Photographic eq u ip m en t and sup p lies.
W atches and clocks.......................................
M iscellaneous m anufacturing in d u stries..
Jew elry, silverw are, and p lated w a r e ...
T o y s, am usem ent, and sporting g ood s.
P ens, pencils, office and art m aterials
C ostu m e jew elry, b u tton s, and n otion s.
Other m anufacturing in d u stries_______
M usical in stru m en ts and parts

441.0
76.0

439.5
75.2

434.6
73.8

434.0
74.1

429.3
73.4

428.8
73.0

421.4
73.1

416.0
71.9

413.6
72.4

409.5
72.1

404.6
71.4

402.3
71.2

386.8
69.8

369.9
69.8

107.9
50.6
34.0

107.6
50.0
33.6

107.4
49.6
33.3

107.3
49.1
33.3

107.1
47.6
32.5

106.6
48.6
33.4

103.9
48.8
33.4

103.3
48.7
33.5

102.1
48.2
33.1

101.3
47.9
33.0

100.4
47.1
32.2

100.1
47.0
32.2

98.4
45.4
31.0

96.0
43.3
29.3

68.0
100.3

67.6
101.3
37.6

66.9
100.8
39.0

66.2
99.1
38.5

65.4
100.2
37.9

65.4
99.0
36.8

65.1
97.9
37.6

63.8
95.2
36.6

63.1
93.8
35.2

62.4
92.6
35.9

61.5
91.5
35.2

60.5
90.1
35.1

59.9
89.1
35.0

57.2
84.1
31.9

54.4
76.7
29.6

444.5
50.0

465.4
50.2
137.9
36.3
59.7
181.3
27.8

469.8
-50.1
141.4
36.4
59.7
182.2
27.8

463.2
48.9
138.6
36.4
58.7
180.6
27.4

456.6
48.7
132.2
36.5
59.6
179.6
27.2

431.9
45.3
121.5
36. 1
54.8
174.2
26. 8

447.2
48.6
125.7
36.2
58.6
178.1
26.6

438.5
48.4
121.3
35.5
57.5
175.8
26.6

430.9
48.5
114.9
35.4
57.0
175.1
26.5

422.9
47.9
109.1
35.3
56.8
173.8
26.7

414.7
47.4
104.4
34.6
56.1
172.2
26.3

401.3
45.8
99.2
33.1
53.4
169.8
26.2

436.5
47.3
124.0
35.6
57.4
172.2
26.3

421.2
45.5
118.0
33.6
56.0
168.1
24.6

397.6
43.7
105.2
31.9
55.5
161.4
21.9

442.1
_________

107.4
50.4
__________

—

_____

Ï78.2

N o n d u r a b le goods

Food and kindred products_____________ 1,748.3 1,801.4 1,838.0 1,881.0 1,897.1 1, 806. 8 1,751. 4 1,683.5 1,676.0 1,674. 7 1,671.8 1,686. 2 1,738.4 1, 752.0 1,750.4
329.9 330.7 330.0 327.9 329.7 326.8 319.9 311.3 307.3 307.6 309.3 310.4 322.1 317.3 316.2
Meat p r o d u c ts ... _____ _________
..
271.1 271.9 275.2 279.8 289.0 291.1 288.1 279.8 278.1 275.9 275.1 275.7 278.7 286.3 289.1
D a iry p rod ucts_______________________
C anned and preserved food, except
285.5 323.9 380.5 381.9 304.9 256.1 227.4 230.4 223.6 224.8 226.9 240.0 260.6 253.7
m eats
121.4 124.4 125,5 127.1
122.0 121.6 122.4 125.6 127.8
128.0 127.0 122.5 120.9 122.1
Grain m ill products______________ ____ 122.1
282.4 285.2 282.3 281.9 285.3 275. 5 285.2 279.1
278.9 280.1 278.7 279.9 281.9 286.4 290.8
B ak ery p rod ucts______________________
41.5
37.7
53.6
30.4
33.6
48.0
36.3
49.2
30.0
30.6
30.9
32.0
33.8
30.6
S u g a r . . . ____
77.1
75.2
75.3
81.8
76.5
81.3
82.3
80.2
71.2
70.0
69.6
75.3
77.8
69.5
75.5
C onfectionery and related products___
226.2 228.3 230.8 233.6 238.7 241.2 234.8 225.1 221.7 218.0 212.4 213.3 219.0 220.9 216.4
B everages_______________________ . . . .
M iscellaneous food and kindred prod141.6
140.7 141.6 144.5 142.1
141.7 142.5 142.0 140.2 139.3 139.4 139.1
137.7 138.2 140.1
u c ts________________________ _____
Tobacco m anufactures__________________
C igarettes
Cigars

89.4

91.0
39.7
22.0

94.8
39.5
22.4

94.8
39.8
22.2

T ex tile m ill p rod ucts_____________ ______
C otton broad w oven fabrics___ _______
Silk and sy n th etic broad w oven fabrics.
W eaving and finishing broad w o o le n s ..
Narrow fabrics and sm allw ares________
K n ittin g _________ ____ ______
______
F in ish in g textiles, except w ool and k n it.
Floor covering
Yarn and thread______________________
M iscellaneous textile goods........................

950.2
240.6
95.8
42.9
33.0
225.8
76.8

956.2
240.0
95.7
42.2
32.6
234.3
76.5
43.6
115.4
75.9

958.1
238.9
95.8
42.6
32.3
237.6
75.8
43.5
116.1
75.5

959.7
238. £
96.2
43.8
32. C
238.8
75.9
43.1
116.5
75.1

See footnotes at end of table.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

115.8
75.7

88.2
40. C
22.0

73.8
39.7
21.0

74.8
39.4
22.7

73.8
38.7
22.7

75.6
38.6
22.6

78.3
38.3
22.5

82.1
38.1
22.8

84.6
37.7
22.5

91.4
38.7
24.6

86.6
38.6
24.3

90.2
37.6
25.6

965.4
238.5
96.7
45.0
31. £
241.7
76.4
42.6
117.9
74.8

947.5
238.3
95.9
45. f
30.6
234.1
75.9
39. i
114.4
73.1

964.9
239.3
96.2
45.5
31.8
241.8
77.0
41.3
116.7
75.3

951.8
235.8
94.9
45.2
31.4
238.1
76.2
41.4
114.6
74.2

947.6
235.0
94.8
44.8
31.3
235.8
75.9
41.4
113.8
74.8

943.4
234.7
94.8
44.9
31.0
231.8
75.5
41.5
113.8
75.4

936.6
234.2
94.2
44.5
30.8
227.3
75.1
41.9
113.4
75.2

929.7
233.8
93.9
44.1
30.3
222.9
74.9
42.0
113.2
74.6

935.9
233.6
94.1
43.9
30.3
229.0
75.3
42.5
113.1
74.1

921.3
229.2
91.9
44.2
29.4
228.9
75.9
40.9
109.0
71.9

892.0
226.7
90.5
45.0
27.8
214.8
76.1
38.6
104.6
67.9

88

M O N T H L Y L A B O R R E V IE W , F E B R U A R Y 1967

T

able

A-9.

Employees in non agricultural establishments, by industry 1—Continued
Revised series; see box,

[in th o u sa n d s]
1966

.2

N ov

.2

Oct.

A ug.

Sept.

Ju ly

June

Apr.

M ay

Mar.

F eb.

Jan.

94.

Annual
average

1965

Industry
D ec

p.

D ec.

1965

1964

Manufacturing—C ontinued
Nondurable goods—C ontinued

.6

A pparel and related products...................... :, 402.8 1,418.2 1,420. 7 1, 414. 2 1,422.2 1, 353.1 1,414.4 1,396.9 1,380.4 1, 401. 0 1,391.3 1,331.8 1,374.3 1,353 1,302. 5
120.4
120.7 120.7 115.3 123.5 122.4 120.4
M e n ’s and b o y s’ suits and coats----------120.7 119.6
118.6 114.7
365.1 367.6 369.2 370.4 373.1 360.5 373.2 368.4 365.4 364.4 360.9 357.0 357.8 350.7 327. 4
M e n ’s and b o y s’ furnishings__________
W om en ’s, m isses’, and ju niors’ outer428.0 430.3 430.6 428.9 434.6 412.9 431.0 428.3 419.8 435.7 435.8 402.9 423.4 418.8 406.3
w ear________________________________
W om en ’s and children’s undergar128.9 132.1 131.7
130.0 128.8 120.4 126.9 124.9 124.8 124.6 123.1
118.2 123.2
m e n ts .---------- ---------- ------- ---------------120.3
27.2
28.2
29.2
28.4
27.0
24.9
26.1
30.7
H ats, caps, and m illinery
. . . __
27.2
27. 7
29
30. 9
28.4
78.0
80.7
80.4
82.3
80.3
81.5
83.6
80.5
78.1
80.9
G irls’ and children’s outerw ear_______
81.1
76.8
75.5
7A4
77.6
82.4
82.6
83.7
82.0
76.8
79.8
77.9
77.9
76.8
75.0
69.8
Fur goods and m iscellaneous ap parel--- ______
76.3
76.0
72.4
M iscellaneous fabricated textile prod174.0 177.3 176.9
173.5 171.1 158.7 169.2 169.6 167.9 166.8 163.8 159.8 168.5 161.2 154.1
u cts_________________________________

120.2

120.0

121.1

121.2

121.0
0

Paper and allied p r o d u c t s - - ___________
Paper and p u lp _______________________
Paperboard___________ - - - - - - - - C onverted paper and paperboard
products_______________ __________
Paperboard containers and boxes--------

684.0
219.7
72.3

684.6

220.1
70.3

679.5
218.9
69.5

677.1
219.7
69.7

683.8
223.5
70.3

678.2
225.1
69.5

679.0
223.2
69.4

661.4
216.8
68.4

659.4
215.7

655.6
214.6
68.5

653.3
213.8

651.7
213.6
68.3

655.0
214.2
67.8

640.0
213.0
67.3

625.5
213.1

176.0
216.0

176.0
218.2

175.0
216.1

173.7
214.0

175.3
214.7

171.4

172.3
214.1

167.0
209.2

167.6
208.1

165.8
206.7

164.8
206.1

163.8
206.0

164.3
208.7

159.3
200.4

152.5
193.3

997.7 1, 003.2
348.9 352.3
71.3
71. 5
83.7
82.9
316.9 318.5
51.6
52.2

981.0
345.6
70.1
81.1
310.5
51.2

951.5
335.7

212.2

6

68.0

68.6

1

Printing, p ub lishing and allied industries. 1,054. 1,047. 4 1,044.0 1,038. 2 1, 035.1 1, 030. 4 , 026.8 1, 015.3 1,014.6 1, 005.8 1, 004.3
356.8 353.3 354.1 353.7 350.7 352.3 346.7 350.5
363.7 359.3 358.4
N ew spaper p ub lishing and prin tin g___
73. 5
73. 9
73.3
72.2
72.0
74.2
74.0
72.6
71.9
71.9
Periodical p ub lishing and p rin tin g ____
90.8
89.1
89.9
87.4
90.0
89.8
87.1
86.5
85.1
Books
- - ______ - ____________
330.5
327.3
325.5 326.7 323.9 322.5 321.6 317.9
334.2 333.2 332.6
C om m ercial prin tin g__________________
56. 5
57.9
56.5
56.4
56.2
55.9
53.5
53.6
53.3
55.5
52.3
B ook b in ding and related in d u stries___
Other p ub lishing and printing indus131.8 131.9 131.1 129.5 127.
127.2 125.7 126.6
134.3 134.5 133.3
tries_________________________ ____ _

88.8

6

178.7
145.5
33.2

178.0
145.3
32.7

177.9
145.1
32.8

505.4
106.6
179.7
219.1

502.0
105.1
177.9
219.0

497.7
104.8
178.1
214.8

493.9
104.4
177.9

362.2
31.8
240.7
89.7
36.0

356.4
31.5
237.0
87.9
34.6

354.9
31.6
235.4
87.9
35.0

358.8
31.9
238.8

4,206 4,198 4,218 4,154 4,171 4,180
728 3
720
727.
711.9 715.
620 5 623 7 628 4 636
638 4 635.2
255. 0
268 3 267 5 264 3 246 3
79.9
80.9
81.4
79.6
81.0
79.9
107 3 105
104 5 104 0
105.
42. 4
43 0
44 1
39. 5
43 9
44 7
1,046.2 1,045.5 1, 045. 7 1,030.
, 03o! 7 1, 025. 5
7Q 5
91 5
9
82
81 5
79.8
266
264 5 261
201 7
259.9
187
7
237.3 236. 2 233
174.1
232.1
18 9
19 4
18. 4
19,4
19.3
18. 5
321.1 315. 5 326 7 325. 5 330 9 320. 4
938
942.3 937.3
949. 0 944 9 928. 7
790.3 784.9 786 5 796. 3 792 2 777. 7
33.
33.2
33.2
33 1
33. 5
33.2
112.5 112.9
112.9 112.9
111.5
631.6 633. 2 641 4 652. 7 652. 4 643.6
257.3 257.
260 3 264.6 263 9 261.
155.9 156.1
161.7 162.
159.6
158
176.6
177.1
179 7 182.8 182.
180.1
42.4
41.7
43.6
43.7
42.9
42.8

4,115
715.3
623.6
267. 5
80.4
105. 4
42.3
989.9
77.1
254. 2
227. 0
18.7
329.9
911. 4
761.
33.2
110.3
627. 7
254
154.6
176.2
42.1

4,077
711.9
619.6
269. 3
80.8
108.8
41.7
973.8
75.8
250.
223.8
18.
319.3
906.
757. 7
32.7
109. 9
627.1
254.6
154.9
175.8
41.8

R ubber and m iscellaneous p lastic prodnets...
T ires and inner tu b es_________________
Other rubber products________________
M iscellaneous plastic products________

536.2
110.4
186.5
239.3

534.2

Leather and leather products___________
Leather tanning and finishing_________
Footw ear, except rubber______________
Other leather products________________
H andbags and personal leather goods.

355.6
31.2
236.2

Transportation and public utilities_______

4,198


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

906.4
289.7
194.5
118.1
105.0

180.6
145.8
34.8

182.3
147.0
35.3

See footnotes at end of table.

122.6

917.5
293.1
122.4
104.0
65.0
50.9
81.1

181.4
147.2
34.2

967.7
303.7
209.9
129.8

965.4
301.2
209.8
128.9

944.0
296.1
205.2
123.8
102.7

182.8
146.9
35.9

185.4
148.1
37.3

188.2
149.8
38.4

190.1
151.6
38.5

186.4
148.5
37.9

182.9
146.6
36.3

110.1

185.2
238.9

529.3
109.2
183.5
236.6

523.2
108.8
182.7
231.7

520.5
109.3
180.9
230.3

509.6
109.1
177.9

222.6

514.2
107.9
180.9
225.4

357.7
31.1
235.2
91.4
37.8

355.1
30.8
233.3
91.0
37.7

356.9
31.2
235.7
90.0
36.7

364.8
31.9
242.0
90.9
37.0

350.3
31.2
234.6
84.5
33.3

6

6

970.3
305.5
214.1
130.1
109.0

1

88

964.5
302.8

6

2

8

6

8
6
6

81

8

6
112.8

6

—

125.8

104.0
64.6
52.2
81.8

212 2
211.0
210.8
129.8
127.5
111.2
110.8 111.0 112.2
109.5
66.2 66.5 66.6
68.9
68.6 68.2
50.7
52.9
52.1
52.5
55.1
50.6
6 93.0 92.4
94.7
94.2
90.6
96.1

948.6
296.7
205.8
124.6
107.1
66.7
60.3
87.4

88.2

125.3
918.0
291.5
201.7

122.9
103.5
65.1
54.3
82.6

Petroleum refining and related in d u stries.
Petroleum refining...................... ............... .
Other petroleum and coal products........

3

976.9
307.2
215.1
130.8

924.3
293.1

970.6
303.8

Railroad transportation_________________
Class I railroads _____________________
Local and interurban passenger tran sit__
Local and suburban transportation____
T axicabs______________________________
In tercity and rural bus lines__________
M otor freight transportation and storage.
P u b lic w arehousing___________________
Air transportation______________________
A ir transportation, com m on carriers___
Pipelin e transportation_________________
Other transportation____________________
C om m un ication ________________________
T elep hon e com m unication______ ______
Telegraph com m u n ication ____________
R adio and television broadcasting.........
Electric, gas, and sanitary services______
Electric com panies and system s_______
Gas com panies and system s___________
C om bined u tility sy stem s_____________
W ater, steam , and sanitary system s___

968.2
304. 5
.
128. 5
111. 5
67. 2
5u. /
93.

935.5
294.6
204.6
123.7
101.7
65.7
60.0
85.2

C hem icals and allied p rod ucts____ ______
Industrial chem icals___________________
P lastics m aterials and syn th etics_____
D ru g s.------ -----------------------------------------Soap, cleaners, and toilet goods________
PaintR varnishes, and allied p rod u cts-.
A gricultural c h e m ic a ls .--........................
Other chem ical p rod u cts......................... ..

6

0
8

0

6
8

66.0
64.1
86.1

66.6

68 6

77 0
302. 4
49.0
118.7

53.2
80.0

878.6
288.4
181.7
112.9
101.5
64.2
51.4
78.5

179.4
145.9
33.5

182.0
147. 5
34.5

183.9
149.6
34.2

494.0
105. 7
178.5
209.8

471.5

101.8

211.6

493.4
105.6
178.4
209.4

172.4
197.4

436.0
99.0
164.0
172.9

36.4

360.0
32.1
240.4
87.5
35.9

354.7
32.3
237.7
84.7
34.0

356.4
32.5
236.7
87.2
35.1

350.9
31.6
233.4
85.9
35.4

347.6
31.4
230.5
85.7
37.2

4,056
708.3
615.3
272.8
81.5
110. 9
41.1
969.8
78. 0
246.
.
18. 7
315.2
899. 4
751. 4
32.6
109.1
624.7
253. 4
154.8
175. 4
41.1

4,035
708.2
614.6
273.3
81.4
.
4L 0
96Ò.7
77.
245. 3
219.1
18. 7
311. 5
893 7
746. 3
32.4
108.7
623.2
252.7
154. 5
175 2
40.8

4,026
715.3
623. 7
274. 0
81.5
111.7
41.
953.0
78 7
241 2
214. 9
18 9
309.8
889 5
743 0
31.8
108.4
624 7
253. n
154
175
4 Ì.Ì

4,087
729. 7
632 4
273. (
81.8
?
42 f
991. £
84 ^
242
215 ?
19 f
313 (
891 f
743 i
32 S
109. (
626 (
253 .r
155 i176
41. 0

4,033
734
640 1
267 5
82.1
109 1
42 0
963.2
80 5
229 7
205
19 5
312 7
880 4
735 2
31
107.1
625 3
253 4

88.1

6
8
220 0
6
6

202.8

112 0
6

122.2

8

8
8

201.0

111

1

66.0

750 ]
8 3,951

8

8

155 0
176 5
40.5

665 O
83.4
42 1
919.' 1
82

2

190 7
O
313
847 9
706 1
32
102.9
614 7
248 9
153 3
174 1
38.4

20

6

6

A — LABO R FORCE A N D EM PLO YM ENT

T

able

A-9.

89

Employees in nonagricultural establishments, by in d u stry 1—Continued
Revised series; see box, p. 94.

[In thousands]
1966

1965

Annual
average

In d u stry
D ec.

N o v .2

Oct.

Sept.

A ug.

Ju ly

June

May

A pr.

Mar.

Feb.

Jan.

D ec.

1965

1964

W h olesale and retail trad e................... ............. 14,239 13,586 13,285 13,253 13,224 13,225 13,239 13,061 13,015 12,826 12,738 12,835 13,762 12,683 12,160
3,547 3,530 3,521 3,498 3, 521 3, 511 3,473 3,400 3,386 3,374 3,367 3,371 3,415 3,317 3,189
W holesale trade..................................................
M otor vehicles and au tom otive equip­
266.1 263.2 263.9 277.5 266.5 264.6 261.7 260.7 260.1 259.1 260.0 260.7 256.0 245.9
m e n t.........................................................
212.4 210.5 208.9 210.6 209.0 207.8 204.2 203.2 202.8 201.9 201.6 204.6 198. 2 192.0
D rugs, chem icals, and allied products—
152.4 151.2 150.5 150.1 148.6 148.3 146.2 145.4
145.8 144.8 142.5 144.6 141. 0 134.6
D ry goods and apparel__________ ______
515.1 517.4 532.1 530.2 506
522.7 529.5
497. S 509.1 520.6 509. 2 497.7
499. C 498.4
Groceries and related products.................
281.8
279.1 279.0 284.0 282.4 276.0 272.0 271.0 268.7 267.0 263.8 266.2 257.1 242.7
E lectrical g ood s.—........................................
H ardw are, plu m b in g, and heating
159.1
159.4 158.4 160.1 159.3 158.2
155.8 155.6 155.1 155.0 154.2 154.8 151.0 146.0
goods..............................................................
635.6 633.3
M achinery, eq u ip m en t, and su p p lie s ..
632.7 637.8 635.5 625.5 614.2 611.8 606.0 600.8 596.8 594.6 579.3 548.4
1,197.8 1,192.8 1,187. 9 1,194. 5 1,188.1 1,174. 9 1,154. 2 1,152. 4 1,147. 8 1,145. 0 1,139.9 1,153.7 1,124.8 1, 078. 5
M iscellaneous w holesalers.........................
K etail trade--------- --------------------------------- 10,692 10,056 9,864 9, 755 9,703 9, 714 9, 766 9, 661 9,629 9, 452 9, 371 9,464 10,347 9,366 8,971
2,159. 5 2,009.0 1, 938. 9 1,892. 3 1,885. 5 1, 907. 2 1,890. 9 1,888. C 1,846. 5 1,825. C 1, 916.1 2,493. 4 1,875.1 1, 763.1
General m erchandise stores.......................
1,369. 0 1,267.8 1,215.1 i; 185. 6 1,185.1 1, 201. 8 1,189. 7 1,183. 6 1,159.1 1,144. £ 1,207.1 1, 589.1 1,171. 3 1, 087.8
D ep artm en t stores.........................................
146.6 129.9
118.2 129. S 162.6
M ail order h ouses........ .................................
119.8 116.1 114.5 114.0 112.5 114.2 115.8
119.3 108.3
352.1 330.4 322.1 307.6 304.2 309.7 313.8 317.6 308.1
299.9 312.9 412.5 314.0 309.2
L im ited price variety stores......................
1,583.5 1,577. 0 1, 555. 5 1, 542. 2 1,548.9 1, 549. 8 1, 543. 7 1, 534.9 1, 535. 0 1,528. 5 1, 519. 5 1, 539.3 1,473. 5 1,419. 4
Food stores........................................................
1,403.3 1,398.6 1,378.5 1,368. 4 1,374.9 1,372. 6 1,366. 6 1,356. 6 1, 359. 6 1, 352.1 1,347. 8 1, 355. 0 1,299. 6 1, 250.1
Grocery, m eat, and vegetable s to r e s ...
686.1 665.8 654,6 632.7 632.6 652.0 644.9 661.7 624.9 615. 6 636.8 771.5 638.1
A pparel and accessories stores......................
616.4
114.3
110.3
108.3 106.3 106.7 109.3 106.0 106.5 103.9 107. C 111.9 137.6 105.0
M e n ’s and b o y s’ apparel stores...............
99.8
249.2 244.0 236.4 234.0 230.8 238.0 238.0 237.5 230.2 225.7 233.3 279.4 235.6 229.9
W om en ’s ready-to-w ear stores..................
107.3 103.5
102.2
102.6
98.3
98.4
F a m ily clothing stores.................................
96.6
96.4 100.3
129.1 102.4 102.6
97.9 100.4
134.6 129.8 131.3 123.3 124.1
127.8 127.9
143.6 121.1
116.4 120.5 142.0 123.9 117.5
Shoe stores............ ...........................................
438.0 431.6 427.1 426.7 426.4 425.3 421.2 420.4 420.7 420.0 420.3 439.3 411.2 394.5
Furniture and appliance stores....................
280.0 275.2 273.3 272.8 274.7 274.3 270.4 269.5 268.9 268.5 269.3 283.1 265.4 255.0
Fu rn itu re and h om e fu rn ish in g s............
2,028.0 2,046.7 2,055. 8 2,067.8 2,069. 5 2, 074. 4 2, 034. 9 2,001. 6 1, 949. 4 1, 919. 4 1,904.6 1,944.9 1,938. 7 1,848.1
E a tin g and drinking places................. ....... ..
3,160.6 3,133.6 3,122. 7 3,141. 0 3,151.5 3,157. 5 3,125.1 3,122. 0 3, 075.1 3, 062. 6 3, 066.9 3,158. 2 3, 029.5 2,929.4
Other retail trade_______ ______ ________
538.6 544. 5 549.6 563.0 568.5 568.8 553.5 550.4 538.3 529.0 533.9 548.9 541.8 533.0
B u ild in g m aterials and hardw are_____
1,487.9 1,477.5 1, 477. 6 1,485.4 1,490.6 1, 479. 6 1, 463. 0 1, 454.3 1, 445. 0 1, 442. 4 1, 446. 6 1,454. 7 1, 425. 5 1,366.8
A u to dealers and service station s............
751.8
747.3
745.3 747.5 751.5 749.3 745.1
M otor v eh icle dealers_______________
746.4 746.6 744.4 743.4 741.5 726.1 692.5
195.1
191.9 191.7 194.7 193. 5 191.1
187.4 183.9 178.2 176.5 179.9 190.7 178. 3 167.2
Other v eh icle and accessory d ea le rs..
541.
0
538.3
540.6 543.2 545. 6 539.2 530.5 524.0 520.2 521.5 523.3 522.5 521.1
Gasoline service station s......................
507.2
1,134.1 1,111.6 1,095. 5 1, 092. 6 1,092.4 1,109.1 1,108. 6 1,117.3 1,091.8 1, 091.2 1, 086.4 1,154.6 1, 062. 2 1, 029. 6
M iscellaneous retail stores.........................
429.4 425.6 418.4 415.1 414.3 416.5 413.1
D rug stores____________________ ____
413.9 410.0 409.6 411.8 432.4 401. 0 387.8
101.7 102. 5 100.5 100.7 101.1
Farm and garden sup p ly stores...........
106.5 111.3 113.9 106.8 101.0
97.6
96.6
97.4
94.6
113.7 109.7
104.3 102.9 102.9 104.0 105.6 109.2 114.2 118.1 119.2 116.1
F u el and ice dealers_________________
108.9 108.5

.4

___

F inan ce, insurance, and real esta te................
B a n k in g ...................... .........................................
C redit agencies other th an b an k s________
Savings and loan associations_________
Personal credit in stitu tio n s ......................
S ecurity dealers and exchanges__________
Insurance carriers_______________ ____ . . .
Life in su ra n ce._____ __________________
A ccident and h ealth insurance.............
Fire, m arine, and casu alty in s u r a n c e ...
Insurance agents, brokers, and serv ices..
R eal esta te..........................................................
Operative b uild ers.........................................
Other finance, insurance, and real esta te .

3,103

Services and m is c e lla n e o u s .............................
H otels and lodging p la c e s ...........................
H otels, tourist courts, and m otels...........
Personal services______ _________________
L aundries, cleaning and d yein g p lan ts.
M iscellaneous b usiness services_________
A d v e rtisin g .______ _______ ______ ____
C redit reporting and collecting agencies.
M otion p ictu res_________________________
M otion picture film ing and distrib­
u tin g _______________________________
M otion picture theaters and s e r v ic e s ...
Medical and other health services____ '...
H o sp ita ls_________________________ ___
Legal services___________________________
E d u cation al services________ ____ ______
E lem en tary and secondary schools____
H igher educational in stitu tio n s......... .
M iscellaneous services___________________
E ngineering and architectural services.
N onprofit research organizations______

9 ,72G

See footnotes at end of table.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

3,097
831. 9
332. 9
93.
181.8
141.1
909.3
479.3
66.2
325.8
242.2
557.7
36. 6
81. 4

5

3,099
830.1
333. 0
94. 2
181.2
14.16
907.3
479. 6
65. 0
324. 0
240. 7
565.1
39.1
81. 5

3,109
830.6
333.6
93.8
181.9
141. 7
908.3
480.8
63.7
324.7
241.4
571.6
40.1
81.9

3,146
839.2
337.5
95.8
182.9
144.0
915.1
484.0
64.0
327.1
244.2
583.4
43.2
82.6

3,148
835.4
337.3
96.9
181.3
144.7
911.2
482. 5
62.7
325.2
243.7
593.4
44.2
82.5

3,112
821.6
334.4
95.8
180.0
142.3
899.4
476.1
60.4
322.0
242.2
590.2
45.5
81.7

3,070
807.7
332.5
96.0
178.1
139.4
891.4
474.1
58.2
318.3
239.2
577.9
45.8
81.6

3,056
806.5
332.6
97.2
177.4
138.1
890.9
475.3
57.2
317.7
238.6
568.2
45.9
81.3

3,043
803.8
333.1
97.2
177.5
136.9
890.1
474.9
56.8
317.5
237.6
560.5
45.0
81.1

3,024
800.3
331.7
97.3
176.0
134.0
889.1
475.8
55.8
316.4
235.8
552.1
43.2
80.5

3,018
798.1
333.0
98.2
176.5
131.2
888.2
476.6
55.3
315.1
234.2
553.6
43.5
80.1

3,034
799.7
333.0
97.6
176.4
131.2
891.3
477.7
55.2
316.5
235.3
563.6
45.8
80.3

3,019
790.9
326.8
97.1
171. 8
128.9
890.8
478.7
54.5
315.7
233.1
569.0
46.9
79.7

2,957
766.5
314.8
94.5
164.3
125.8
889.5
474.6
55.2
316.2
225.6
556.4
46.2
78.9

9,741 9,751 9,707 9,772 9,782 9,702 9,572 9,465 9,331 9,250 9,176 9,245 9,098 8,709
622.0 645.1
687.9 789.5 789.5 702.7 661.7 640.4 617. 7 6Ï3.7 602.1 609. 0 653.8 636.2
563.6 583.0 612.2 650.9 653.1 624.4 594.9 579.4 561.5 558.4 546.9 551.7 578.8 567.8
1,013.1 1,015.1 1,008.1 1, 013. 7 1,016.8 1, 014. 7 1, 001. 6 995.3 988.2 982.6 983.5 988.8 982.2 953.9
551. 4 555.6 552.7 561.1 565.6 565.2 553.5 548.1 542.4 538.0 540.8 544.9 546.5 532.9
1,246.2 1,239.9 1, 227. 5 1, 232.0 1,225.6 1, 214.1 1,189.7 1,178. 3 1,169. 9 1,160. 0 1,144.1 1,159. 5 1,102. 2 1, 022.1
113.3 114.1
114.7 116.3 114.8 113.5 111.9 112.4 112.4 112.2 111.5 111.4 111.6 110.2
68. 9
68.6
68.2
68.7
67.7
68.5
67.9
67.4
66.5
63.0
67.3
66.9
67.9
65.6
185.2 187.3 190.7 199.8 202.1
192.7 180.9 179.8 173.6 171.5 177.9 183.2 183.3 177.4
57.8
55.6
55.9
52.3
46.6
53.2
52.8
47.8
47.6
49.9
57.1
48.2
42.8
58.5
127.4 131.7
140.4 134.3 132.0 126.0 121.6 124.7 126.1 135.1
137.9 143.9 143.6
134.7
2,304.5 2,286.5 2, 268. 7 2, 266. 3 2,260.1 2, 232. 7 2,197. 4 2,192. 2 2,178. 0 2,164.6 2,147. 9 2,139.1 2, 087. 8 1,963. 0
1,487.9 1,477.3 1, 464.1 1, 463.3 1,460.1 1, 440. 9 1, 421. 7 1,417.4 1, 413.1 1,403. 9 1, 393. 7 1,390. 3 1,364. 5 1, 295.1
199.3 198.8 198.6 201.0 202.3 196.0 188.4 187.9 188.2 186.4 185.0 187.7 182.7 173.9
1,094.7 1,069.0 973.7 873.2 886.1
965.3 1, 032.1 1, 028. 7 1,033.7 1, 023.9 1, 011.8 1, 013. 5 933.2 890.3
354.3 347.3 326.8 282.3 285.9 328.4 345.1
344.2 344.3 343.3 342.1 342.6 317.8 301.6
667.1 651. 4 577.9 524.1 533.4 569.9 618.4 615.0 620.2 611.8 603.4 604.4 551. 2 526.6
487.1 484.9 490.2 498.4 497.2 491.1 479.8 480.3 482.0 477.1 471.3 464.9 452.1 422.6
265.8 264.8 268.3 273.4 273.9 271.2 264.1
261.5 259.9 256.9 254.9 252.2 242.4 225.9
68.3
68.1
69.9
68.6
69.9
63.6
68.6
67.6
67.7
67.4
67.1
67.2
67.6
66.6
1

M O N T H L Y L A B O R R E V IE W , F E B R U A R Y 1967

90
T

able

A-9.

Employees in nonagricultural establishments, by industry 1— Continued
Revised series; see box, p. 94.

[In thousands]

1965

1966

A nn u al
average

Ind u stry
D ec.2 N o v .2
G overn m en t______________________ ____ —
Federal G o v e rn m en t4.....................................
E x ec u tiv e..............- ........................................D ep artm en t of D efen se--------------------P ost Office D ep a rtm en t..........................
Other agencies_________ ____ — ..........
L egislative____________________________
J u d icia l.............................................................
S tate and local g o v er n m en t5------------------S tate governm ent--------- --------------------S tate ed u cation ...........................................
Other state governm ent..........................
Local governm ent_______________ ____
Local ed u cation _____________________
Other local governm ent...........................

11,437 11,280
2,780 2,641
2,608.2
1,071.7
706.3
830.2
26.4
6,2
8,657 8,639
2,246.6
873.4
1,373.2
6.392.5
3,670.9
2.721.6

Oct.

Sept.

A ug.

June

11,139 10,885 10,507 10,557 10,906
2,612 2,589 2,641 2,637 2,592
2.579.3 2, 556. 4 2,608.0 2, 604. 2 2,559.8
1.057.4 1,042.8 1,055.4 1, 050.7 1, 034.8
689.6 682.0 689.4 683.1 673.6
832.3 831.6 863.2 870.4 851.4
26.6
27.1
27.0
26.2
26.5
5.9
5.9
5.9
6,1
6.1
8,527 8,296 7,866 7,920 8,314
2.219.0 2.147. 6 2,091. 4 2,112. 4 2.156.7
843.2 736.4 656.2 679.6 756.7
1,375.8 1, 411. 2 1,435.2 1, 432.8 1,400.0
6.308.4 6.148. 7 5,774.9 5,807. 4 6.156.8
3,599. 4 3, 391. 2 2,926.1 2,959.6 3,387.2
2.709.0 2, 757. 5 2,848. 8 2, 847.8 2,769.6

i Beginning w ith th e October 1966 issue, figures differ from those p reviously
published. T h e in d u stry series h ave been adjusted to M arch 1965 bench­
m arks (com prehensive cou n ts of em p loym en t). For com parable back data,
see E m p l o y m e n t a n d E a r n i n g s S t a t i s t i c s f o r th e U n i t e d S t a t e s , 1 9 0 9 -6 6 (B L S
B u lletin 1312-4). S tatistics from A pril 1965 forward are subject to further
revision w hen n ew benchm arks becom e available.
T h ese series are based upon estab lish m en t reports w hich cover a ll fulland part-tim e em ployees in nonagricultural estab lish m en ts w ho w orked
during, or received pay for an y part of th e p ay period w hich in clud es th e 12th
of th e m on th. Therefore, persons w ho w orked in more than 1 estab lish m en t
during th e reporting period are counted more th an once. Proprietors, selfem p loyed persons, unpaid fam ily workers, and dom estic servants are
excluded.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

J u ly

M ay

A pr.

10,834 10,795
2,513 2,496
2,481.5 2,461.5
1, 001. 5 991.9
660.2 652.8
819.8 816.8
25.4
25.4
6 .0
6 .0
8,321 8,302
2.139.1 2,132.2
786.7 787.4
1,352. 4 1,344.8
6,182.0 6,170.0
3.504.1 3, 507.6
2,677.9 2,662.4

M ar.
10,735
2,460
2.428.8
980.0
639.5
809.3
25.4
6.9
8,275
2.129.9
786.6
1,343.3
6.144.7
3.494.9
2.649.8

F eb.

Jan.

D ec.

1965

10,622 10,490 10,638 10,091
2,431 2,406 2,543 2,378
2.399.7 2.375.4 2, 511.8 2.346.7
964.8 956.2 951.6 938.5
632.4 624.4 771.5 614.2
802.5 794.8 788.7 793.9
25.4
25.2
24.9
25.0
5.9
5.9
5.9
5.9
8,191 8,084 8,095 7,713
2.113.3 2, 084.9 2,086. 4 1,995.9
773.0 755.6 757.6 679.1
1.340.3 1,329.3 1.328.8 1.316.8
6.077.3 5,999. 5 6, 008.5 5, 717.4
3, 441.6 3.379.5 3,383.6 3.119.9
2.635.7 2,620.0 2.624.9 2,597.5

1964
9,596
2,348
2,317. 5
933.7
599.9
783.9
24.5
5.8
7,249
1,856. 0
608.8
1.247.2
5,392.5
2.906.3
2.486.3

2 Prelim inary.
a B eginn in g January 1965, data relate to railroads w ith operating revenues
of $5,000,000 or m ore.
4 D a ta relate to civilian em p loyees w ho w orked on , or received p a y for
th e last day of th e m on th .
5 State and local governm ent data exclude, as n om in al em p loyees, elected
officials of sm all local u n its and paid volunteer firemen.

Source : U .S . D ep artm en t of L abor, Bureau of Labor S tatistics for all
series except those for th e Federal G overn m en t, w hich is prepared b y th e
U .S . C iv il Service C om m ission, and th a t for Class I railroads, w hich is
prepared b y th e U .S . Interstate C om m erce C om m ission.

A .— L A B O R F O R C E A N D E M P L O Y M E N T

T

able

A-10.

91

Production or nonsupervisory workers in nonagricultural establishments, by industry 1
Revised series; see box, p. 94.

[in th o u sa n d s]
1966

1965

A nnual
average

Ind u stry
D ec.2 N o v .2

Mining_______ _

...

-

486

Oct.

Sept.

A ug.

J u ly

June

M ay

A pr.

M ar.

F eb.

Jan.

D ec.

1965

1964

M eta l m in in g ___
_______________ . .
. . . . . . _______
Iron ores_______
C opper ores___________________________

487
70.9
21.6
26.3

490
70.9
21.8
26.5

496
72.5
22. S
26.9

506
73.5
22.5
27.3

502
72.8
21. 7
27.0

504
73.5
22 ^
27.0

491
70.8
21 7
26.2

452
70.1
20 6
26.3

482
69.5
20 0
26] 3

480
69.8
20 ?
26.2

484
69.6
20 ?
26.0

Coal m in in g ____________________________
B itu m in o u s .. ________________________

124.6
117. 4

124.5
117.4

124.2
117 0

124.0
116.8

121.0
114 3

123 8
116 5

122.5
114 8

86 8
79 8

123 6
115 5

124 5
116 1

124 5
116 0

C rude petroleum and natural g a s .. . . .
C rude petroleum and natural gas field s.
Oil and gas field services______________

190.6
81.5
109. 1

191.3
82.0
109.3

193.9
84.4
109. 5

201.9
87. Ò
114. 9

202.1
87.3
114.8

201.7
86.9
114 8

195.9
84.2
111 7

195 6
84.3
111 3

196 5
84.7
111 8

196 7
84Ì 8
111 9

199 0
85.4
113 6

86] 3
115 6

88] 4
114 ?

9l] 9
113 6

Quarrying and nonm etallic m in in g ... _ _
C rushed and broken sto n e____ ~_______

100.6
35.4

103.0
36.7

105.2
37. 5

106.4
38.0

106.5
37.9

105. 4
37 5

101.7
36 0

35 n

99 3

92 0
31 5

88 5
29 6

91.1
31 4

96 9
34 4

98 0
34 Q

95 8
34 3

Contract construction.......

2,622

General b u ild in g con tractors.. . ________
H e a v y construction_______________ ___
H ig h w a y and street construction______
O ther h ea v y construction . . . ___
Special trade contractors___ ______
___
P lum b in g, heating, and air conditionin g ____
_ _ _ _ ________
P ain tin g, paperhanging, and decor a tin g .. _______ ________ _
E lectrical w ork _______ __ ________ . . .
M asonry, plastering, stone and tile
w ork ____. . . _____________________
R oofing and sheet m etal w ork _________

Manufacturing...

..........

D urable goods____________ _________
N ondurable goods________________
_.

494
70.0
25] 8
I

494
69.5

497
65.9

24.’8

22] 1

24 1

2,499 2,339

2,597

2,820 2,950 3,026 3,141 3,122 3,026 2,788 2,673
2,461 2,687 2,707
932.2 959.3 977.3 1,017.3 1, 004. 4 975.0 891.6 869 7 823 9 772.9 818 9 886 0 856 2 817 8
587.3 648.4 667.9 689.9 690. 5 665.7 590.7 529.7 433 1 388 3 421 3 503 0 555 8 529 6
300. 5 348.8 364.3 374.9 374.4 360.2 308.6 259.6 189.0 165.1 185 6 239 4 288 5 279 5
286.8 299.6 303.6 315.0 316.1 305.5 282.1 270.1 244.1 223.2 235.7 263 6 267 3 250 1
1,300.4 1,342.2 1, 380. 7 1,433.8 1, 427.3 1,385. 5 1,305. 5 1,273.3 1,241.6 1,177.9 1,221.0 1,297.5 1,294.5 1,250.2
303 0

306. 1

309.6

312.1

312.9

306.0

296. 0

294.4

291.6

284. 4

294.1

302.2

297.3

286.1

119.8
200.3

131.9
201.2

137.5
206.4

145.3
211.1

141.8
206.4

133.3
200.2

122.6
191.1

116. 0
188 5

109.1
184 1

103 3
180.7

104.5
182.5

119 6
189.7

127 6
186.0

126. 5
174.0

194.1
95.4

208.2
96.1

217.4
95.5

234.3
97.1

231.8
96.2

227.7
93.9

215.4
86.6

209.9
85.9

209 6
83.6

188 4
76.2

189 4
84.1

208 0
93 5

216. 5
89. 5

220.2
87. 0

14,464 14,562 14,581
8,515 8, 540 8,530
5,949 6,022 6,051

14,582 14,417
8,501 8,304
6,081 6,113

14,159 14,351 14,074 13,969 13,878 13,775 13,617 13,769 13,413 12,781
8,277 8,419 8,277 8,207 8,113 8, 038 7,942 7,980 7,702 7,213
5,882 5,932 5,797 5,762 5,765 5,737 5,675 5, 789 5,711 5, 569

D u r a b le goods

132.6 132.7 129.3 126.6 122.8 120.2 119.1 117.0 113.4 111.9 110.0 106.8
Ordnance and accessories_______________
96.0 104.1
101.1
84.6
77.2
A m m un ition, except for sm all arm s___
82.6
79.4
76.7
76.1
75.2
73.0
68.1
74.2
71.1
69.3
63.6
6.2
6.2
Sighting and fire control eq u ip m en t___ --6.0
6.2
5.8
5.4
5.7
5.3
5.9
5.5
5.2
5 .0
41.6
36.8
Other ordnance and accessories............
37.8
37.2
36.4
35.1
32.5
32.2
31.6
30.4
27.4
30.0
26.6
Lum ber and w ood products, except
514.7 530.3 541.0 552.6 570.0 568.5 573.9 548.1 539.1 532.2 526.3 525.4 537.3 535.4 531.6
furniture____________________________
213.0
Saw m ills and plan in g m ills____
._ .
228.9 235.2 234.6 237.0 229.5 229.4 227.1 222.7 225.1 228.4 229.3 230.8
M illw ork, p lyw ood, and related prod128.2
u cts_______________________________
138.1 144.3 145.6 146.4
140.9 139.5 137.1 136.8 136.2 137.9 137.0 134.0
31.3
31. 6
32.2
W ooden containers......... . . . . . . ____
31.5
33.3
32.6
32.8
31.8
30.9
31.0
31.7
30.6
30.7
30.8
65. 6
66.1
66.2
66.2
M iscellaneous w ood products_________
66.0
65.6
66.9
66.9
65.2
64.3
63.1
60.5
64.6
63.5
62.6
387.9
390.0
387.7
Furniture and fixtu res________
_____
386.9 387.6 374.4 380.5 373.2 370.6 370.6 366.9 366.4 368.4 356.2 337.0
285.4 287.9 286.7 286.2 286.6 278.4 282.5 278.9 278.5 277.7 276.5 274.2 275.8 265.0 250.7
H ousehold furniture__________________
27. 5
26. 8
26.3
2b 1
21 9
Office furniture
26 5
35.3
35.1
34.4
Partitions; office and store fixtures____
35.3
29.7
36.3
35! 3
3l! 0
32] 8
32] 2
!
32! 8
32] 9
39.3
39.3
39.3
Other furniture and fixtures__________
35.3
38.9
34.8
38.5
37.8
36.0
35.9
35.6
35.5
35.0
35.2
35.7
517.4
498.3 511.7
Stone, clay, and glass products__________
525.7 533.2 532.7 529.7 521.3 515.6 502.1
493.4 495.1 505.3 503.9 493.8
25.6
25.6
25.4
F la t g la s s .. . . . . .
26 4
26 1
24 8
25 3
106.4 108.0 108.2 110.1 110.2 109.4 109.9 107.7 105.0 103.4 102.4 101.0 101.1
Glass”and glassware, pressed or b lo w n .
29.5
29.0
27.1
30.9
C em ent, hydraulic__________ ______ _
29.9
30.3
29.2
29.4
30.9
30.3
28.8
28.6
27.2
27.7
27.0
57.0
55. 7
54.9
61.9
Structural clay p rod ucts__________ . .
58.9
58.9
60.2
60.6
61.6
59.1
57.2
57.5
58.5
58.7
56.6
37.4
37.3
P o tter y and related products
35.4
37.6
36.5
37.0
36.9
36.4
37.2
37.0
37.3
37.9
Concrete, gypsum , and plaster prod129.6 135.8 139.2 142.8 146.1 146.9 145.6 141.0 138.6 131.7 127.5 129.3 135.4 137.2 134.3
u cts____________________________ .
98.5 100.2 100.6 101.2 103.5 103.4
Other stone and m ineral products_____
94.9
99.8
97.0
99.8
100.3
98.4
97.1
97.6
96.9
Prim ary m etal in d u stries_____ _________ 1,085.7 1,080.8 1,083.4 1,095.0 1,100.2 1,102.2 1,108.3 1, 085.3 1, 080. 0 1,063.6 1,052.7 1, 038.6 1, 029.1 1,057.8 1,003.6
522.4
527.6
B la st furnace and basic steel p rod u cts.. 523.3
537.2 545.8 553.6 551.8 537.1
530.9 517.8 506.9 498.5 494.1 538.0 515.6
203.8 202.5 201. 7 202.0 202.8 201.4 204.5 201.3 202.1
Iron and steel fo u n d r ie s ______________
199.9 200.8 199.6 198.5 193.9 181.9
60.1
60.6
60.3
61.3
N onferrous sm elting and refining.........
60.3
57.3
53.7
60.2
59.4
58.8
60.7
58.9
58.7
59.1
58.7
Nonferrous rolling, drawing, and ex165.0 163.8 164.1
tru d in g___________________________
164.4 162.0 158.7 160.4 159.5 159.6 159.1 158.3 156.1
149.4 141.6
153.1
73.7
74.3
75.0
72.0
N onferrous foundries__________________
75.1
62.5
74.4
67.5
74.4
70.9
72.7
73.1
72.4
70 9
72.6
M iscellaneous prim ary m etal indus56.2
57.2
58.3
55.2
tries_________
. . ________ ______
48.3
56.0
51.6
55.0
55.3
55.4
56.5
55.5
55.2
54.8
53.7
1,085.3 1,082. 5 1,077.3 1,071.1 1, 057.9 1, 035.2 1, 060.9 1, 045. 7 1,041.6 1, 031.5 1, 026. 0 1,018.9 1,023.6 982.4 914.0
Fabricated m etal p rod ucts____________
52.6
52.1
M e ta l cans_________________________ .
51.5
52.3
54.6
56.2
50.7
56.2
55.4
54.1
50.1
52.7
51.9
51.1
50.3
C utlery, hand tools, and general hard134.4 132.2 132.0 131.1 126.8 121.1 127.7 127.2 130.1 129.5 128.3 127.9 125.8 122.8 113.2
w a re.- _ ______ __ ___ ________ _
H ea tin g eq u ip m en t and p lu m b in g
60.3
59. 5
fixtures____ ____________________
59.5
60.5
60.2
59.1
60.3
58.6
60.2
60.9
60.1
60.1
60.5
59.6
60.7
Fabricated structural m etal p rod u cts.. 292.0 292.8 295.2 299.0 301.1 300.5 297.7 287.7 283.6 278.6 278.5 279.4 283.5 271.3 252.2
88.2
90.4
91.3
Screw m achine products, bolts, etc____
77.4
70.8
85.5
84.2
81.2
86.8
84.7
86.0
83.9
82.3
83.3
81.5
M eta l stam p in gs____________ _______
207.3 207.3 204.6 197.9 186.8 176.8 190.7 192.7 193.2 193.8 192.8 191.9 193.5 180.8 161.1
72.0
72.4
60.2
Coating, engraving, and allied services.
72.6
64.4
71.0
68.5
71.9
69.4
67.5
70.8
9.1
69.4
66.5
68.6
56.0
57.2
M iscellaneous fabricated w ire products.
46.3
57.1
50.4
55.3
55.1
53.0
55.3
55.0
53.6
53.6
53.5
52.8
52.7
M iscellaneous fabricated m etal prod116.4
u cts_______________________________
97.4
119.6 118.6
115.4 114.9 113.7 116.3 115.9 115.3 110.8 111.1 109.1 108.9 105. 5|

33.2 33 0

100.6 97.5

See footnotes a t end of table.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

92

M O N T H L Y L A B O R R E V I E W , F E B R U A R Y 1967

T

able

A-10.

Production or nonsupervisory workers in nonagricultural establishments, by
industry 1—Continued
Revised series; see box, p. 94.

[in thousands]

1966

1965

A nnual
average

Ind u stry
D e c .2 N o v .2

Oct.

Sept.

A ug.

J u ly

June

M ay

A pr.

Mar.

F eb.

Jan.

D ec.

1965

1964

M anufacturing—C ontinued

Durable goods—C ontinu ed
M a c h in e r y ... .
_________________ __ 1,350.9 1,336. 0 1,333. 4 1,332.3 1,325.3 1,323.7 1,325. 7 1,308.9 1,298.9 1,289. 3 1,279.1 1,261.7 1,253.0 1,208.3 1,120. 4
65.3
65.4
64.9
66.9
66.0
64.4
69.0
68.5
67.5
61.4
64.2
67.9
64.2
59.6
58.4
E ngines and tu rb in es__________________
____
98.6
107.3 105.9 106.0 104.5 106.7 110.1 109.6 110.1 110.3 108.7 105.1 102.0
92.1
Farm m achinery and eq u ip m en t______
184.4 182.6 178.9 177.7
189.9 190.0 189.7 191.4 190.7 192.9 192.5 189.2 186.9
175.1
160.5
C onstruction and related m ach in ery—
M etalw orkin g m achinery and equip260.0 257.4 255.7 255.6 253.0 252.7 253.8 250.2 249.0 247.0 245.8 241.2 239.2 229.6 212.6
m e n t______.
. . . __________
139.9 140.5 138.1
136.9 137.8
137.3 137.7 136.5
132.9 124.4
141.9 141.3 141.0 141.2 140.7
Special in d u stry m ach in ery---------------184.3 185.0 183.2
181.3 181.0
174.5
191.9 190.5 189.4 188.3 186.8 187.2 188.2 185.5
163.3
General in d u strial m ach in ery _________
Office, com p u tin g, and accounting
127.1 125.6 124.6 123.0
121.8 120.8 120.3 120.8 111.7 101.9
133.7 132.2 131.0 130.2 129.1
m ach in es_____ . . . ______ _________
82.1
83.2
81.1
83.7
81.9
80.6
77.2
84.2
81.2
77.7
78.1
76.8
78.5
85.6
73.2
Service in d u stry m ach in es______ __ . . .
159.9 157.7 155.6 154.8 146.0
175.1 173.5 171.6 169.5 168.3 167.6 166.5 162.9 162.1
134.1
M iscellaneous m ach in ery _____________
E lectrical eq u ip m en t and su p p lies______ 1,374.9 1,386.8 1,385. 3 1,365. 6 1,345.4 1,302. 2 1,322.4 1,291.1 1,281. 0 l, 256.3 1,252. 5 1,236.6 1,232.9 1,139. 8 1,036. 8
124.6 124.0
123.4 116.0
108.5
135.8 135.3 138.3 137.2 136.8 134.2 133.7 128.6 127.5 126.1
E lectric d istrib u tion e q u ip m e n t. ----149.3
147.7 145.6 143.9 142.5 134.7
122. 7
156.6 152.6 157.9 156.0 157.8 155.0 154.8 147.5
Electrical industrial a p p aratu s________
131.1 140.8 136.8 137.0 130.6 124.6
155. 5 155.6 153.5 148.6 144.4 134.1 143.0 145.6 143.9
H ou seh old ap plian ces___ _____________
Electric ligh tin g and w iring equip144.2 142.0
149.7 148.1
145.9
141.9 134.0
151.9 152.4 153.5 152.6 150.7 148.3 152.1
123.2
m e n t___
___ ____________
_____
154.3 158.6 154.2 148.8 141.2 128.6 128.8 121.6 120.5 120.8 121.4 122.4 124.2 107.1
91.8
R adio and T V receiving s e ts __________
234.5 245.4 241.9 240.3 236.8 233.0 234.9 232.3 229.7 227.5 224.9 223.0 221.7 209.0 201.4
C om m un ication eq u ip m en t______ . . .
194.0
Electronic com ponents and accessories.. 297.2 298.0 298.0 295.8 295.9 289.3 293.5 284.2 281.5 277.5 272.7 266.0 261.1 231.1
M iscellaneous electrical eq u ip m en t
79. 7
86.3
81.8
81.6
81.6
80.5
79.7
78.3
78.5
77.3
88.0
81.1
89.1
88.9
70.7
and su p p lies---------------------------------- T ransportation eq u ip m en t______________ 1, 447.1 1,429.9 1,413. 6 1,392. 9 1,215.4 1,299. 2 1,362.9 1,364.9 1,354.9 1,352.0 1,337.6 1,315.7 1,320.5 1,238.1 1,119.6
713.2 701.5 692.0 519.1 608.9 685.6 691.5 686.5 690.4 687.6 679.2 697.4 659.5 579.2
M otor veh icles and eq u ip m en t
Aircraft and parts___* . . . ----------- --------- 496.4 488.0 475.9 468.0 458.2 451.7 438.1 434.7 429.8 422.2 413.3 405.0 396.1 357.0 338.6
147.8
144.7 137.0 133.0 121.1
140.0 135.8 141.5 137.8 142.5 144.1 141.5 142.8 143.8 148.9
Ship and boat b uild in g and re p a ir in g ...
48.3
47.4
44.9
44.9
47.2
45.2
43.6
48.0
46.1
47.1
46.7
45.5
47.7
38.8
R ailroad eq u ip m en t- ___ ____
. .
48.2
46.8
48.4
41.9
50.5
45.0
44.0
44.8
45.2
46.7
48.8
48.1
45.0
41.8
Other transportation eq u ip m en t
Instru m en ts and related p rod ucts_______
Engineering and scientific in stru m en ts.
M echanical m easuring and control dev ic e s_____________________ ________
O ptical and op hth alm ic goods_________
O phthalm ia goods
Surgical, m edical, and den tal eq u ip m en t.
Photographic eq u ip m en t and su p p lie s .
W atelies and e,looks

283.2

283.6
40.1

282.4
40.0

279.8
39.0

279.4
38.9

274.9
38.1

277.4
38.3

271.2
37.6

267.9
37.3

267.0
37.7

264.2
37.7

260.6
37.2

259.4
37.1

247.3
35.9

234.0
36.0

70.4
35.8

70.9
36.5
26.0
47.1
58.2
30.8

70.6
35.7
25. 6
46.7
57.4
32. 0

70.6
35.6
25.4
46.2
56.8
31.6

70.4
35.1
25. 5
46.4
57.6
31.0

70.0
34.0
24.8
45.6
57.3
29.9

70.3
35.0
25.6
45.4
57.7
30.7

68.1
35.4
25.7
44.6
55.7
29.8

67.8
35.3
25.7
43.9
55.0
28.6

67.1
35.0
25.5
43.8
54.2
29.2

66.4
34.7
25.3
43.0
53.7
28.7

65.9
33.9
24.6
42.2
52.8
28.6

65.6
33.9
24.6
41.8
52.5
28.5

64.5
32.6
23.6
39.7
49.0
25.8

62.9
30.8
22.2
37.5
43.3
23.5

M iscellaneous m anufacturing in d u stries..
Jew elry, silverw are, and p lated w a r e ...
T o y s, am u sem en t, and sporting g o o d s .
P ens, pencils, office and art m aterials
C ostum e jew elry, b u tton s, and n o tio n s.
Other m anufacturing in d u str ie s ______
M u sical in stru m en ts and parts

354.2
38.9

375.4
39.3
117.2
26. 6
49.7
142.6
22.8

378.5
38.8
120.2
26.7
49.7
143. ]
22.9

372.0
37.9
117.3
26.9
48.5
141.4
22.6

366.7
38.0
111. 5
26.9
49.6
140.7
22.6

343.6
34.9
101.2
26. 7
45.4
135. 4
22.2

358.3
38.1
105.3
26.8
48.5
139.6
22.0

350.6
38.1
101.5
26.1
47.7
137.2
22.1

343.6
38.0
95.3
26.2
47.2
136.9
22.0

336.4
37.6
89.7
26.1
47.0
136.0
22.2

328.8
37.2
85.4
25.5
46.2
134.5
21.9

316.3
36.0
80.2
24.0
43.8
132.3
21.8

349.7
37.3
103.6
26.5
47.5
134.8
21.9

336.9
35.8
98.4
24.9
46.1
131.6
20.5

317.9
34.3
87.1
23.6
45.7
127.1
18. 1

47.2
57.0

139.4

Nondurable goods
Food and kindred p rod ucts___ _________ 1,157. 3 1,208. 3 1, 243.9 1,283. 8 1,291.0 1,200.4 1,151.8 1,093.2 1,086.4 1,087.1 1,084. 5 1,098. 0 1,145.9 1,155.1 1,157. 3
264.3 265.4 265.6 262.9 263.5 261.1 254.9 246.7 243.0 243.5 245.0 246.0 257.5 251.8 252.5
M eat p rod ucts________ . . _________
121.3 121.6 123.8 127.2 133.4 135.6 133.7 128.3
126.6
123.6
123.2 125.3 131.0
125.0
134.8
D airy p rod ucts_______________________
Canned and preserved food, except
241.9 280.1 335.8 336.2 260.9 213.7
186.0
189.1
181.9 183.4
185.8 199.0 220.1 214.8
m e a t s _____ _ .
.
.
. . .
88.8
90.3
85.8
85.1
87.9
89.7
85.3
83.5
84.9
84.8
84.5
85.4
88.2
90.6
90.5
. ___
Grain m ill p rod ucts_____
162.6 166.1 164.0 164.6 167.3 157. 1 166.6 161.2 160.7 161.7 160.6 161.4 163.5 165.8 167.0
B ak ery p rod u cts________
__________
26.6
23.5
22.9
25.2
46.1
41.7
23.3
23.8
24.1
26.9
34.8
41.2
29. 4
30.7
Sugar _____
64.5
62.1
56.1
57.7
56.2
61.9
67.8
69.1
66.9
56.7
62.0
62.1
67.0
61.9
62.1
C onfectionery and related p rod ucts___
117.0 118.7 120.6 121.7 124.2 126.0 122.7 116.2 113.7 111.4 106.2 107.3 111.5 113.3 111.8
B everages____
__________________
M iscellaneous food and kindred prod91.7
90.5
89.9
92.9
93.3
89.8
89.0
89.5
91.5
92.1
95.5
93.4
93.2
93.6
94.3
u c ts _________
. . . ______________
Tobacco m an ufactures___________
Cigarettes
___ _ .
Cigars .

____

T extile m ill p rod ucts___ ________. ____
C otton broad w oven fabrics___________
Silk and sy n th etic broad w oven fabrics.
W eaving and finishing broad w o o le n s..
Narrow fabrics and sm all w ares-------- .
K n ittin g ______
...
___ _
Finish in g textiles, except w ool and k n it.
Floor covering
Y arn and th read .
... .
____ _ .
M iscellaneous textile goods______ ___
See footnotes at end of table.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

77.0

78.5
32.7
20. 5

846.2 852.4
221. 6 220.8
86.4
86.4
37.3
36.6
29. C
29.6
200.5 209.5
64.4
64.7
35. i
107.5 107.1 1
62.6 1 62.8 1

82.2
32.4
20.9

82.1
32.7
20.6

75.5
32.8
20.4

854.0
219.6
86.5
36. Ç
28.8
212.8
63.8
35.7
107.6
62.3

855.5
218.7
86.9
38.2
28.5
214.0
63.9
35. 3
108.0
62.0

862.5
219.4
87.4
39.3
28.3
217.2
64.4
34. Ç
109.6
62.0

61.7
32.5
19.5

62.6
32.2
21.0

843.7 861.6
219.3 220.0
86.3
86.8
39.1
39.9
27.1
28.3
209.5 217.3
63.9
65.0
32.2
33.6
106.1 108.5
60. 0
62.2

61.7
31.6
21.0

63.6
31.5
21.0

66.2
31.3
20.8

69.6
31.2
21.1

72.3
31.0
20.8

79.0
32.0
22.8

74.6
32.1
22.6

78.4
31.4
24. 0

849.7
216.8
85.5
39.6
28. C
213.7
64.4
33.7
106.5
61.5

845.6
215.8
85.5
39.3
27.9
211.4
64.3

841.7
215.7
85.6
39.4
27.6
207.3
63.9
34.0
105.7
62.5

835.8
214.9
85.1
39.1
27.4
203.4
63.7
34.5
105.4
62.3

829.9
214.8
84.9
38.6
27.0
199.2
63.7
34.7
105.1
61.9

835.9
214.7
85.0
38.5
27.1
204.9
63.9
35.1
105.0
61.7

823.1
210.5
82.9
38.8
26.2
205.8
64.5
33.7
101.0
59.7

798.2
208.8
81.7
39.5
24.6
193.1
65.3
32.0
96.8
56.6

33.8

105.7
61.9

A .— L A B O R F O R C E A N D E M P L O Y M E N T

T

able

A-10.

93

Production or nonsupervisory workers in non agricultural establishments, by
industry 1—Continued

____________________________

Revised series; see box, p. 94.

[In th o u s a n d s ]

1965

1966
I n d u s try
D e c .2 N o v .2

O ct.

S ept.

A ug.

J u ly

June

M ay

A p r.

M a r.

Feb.

Jan.

D ec.

A nnual
average
1965

1964

Manufacturing—C o n tin u e d
Nondurable goods—C o n tin u e d
A p p a re l a n d re la te d p ro d u c ts ______ ____ 1,245. 9 1,260. 1,263. 1, 257. 1,264. 1,198. 1,257.9 1,241. 1,225. 1,246. 1,238.
1,181.1 1,222. 1,205. 1,158.3
M e n ’s a n d b o y s ’ s u its a n d c o ats______
107.6 107.
107.:
107.
107.
102.7
110.7 109.
107.
108.f
108.:
107. C 108.7
106.
102.6
M e n ’s a n d b o y s ’ fu rn ish in g s __________
329.4 331.8 333.
334.
337.3 325. C 337.7 333.
330.
329. £ 326.4 323.
323.8 318.f
297.1
W o m e n ’s, m isses’, a n d ju n io r s ’ o u te r­
w e a r.................................... ...........................
381.7 384.6 385.
383. C 389.0 368.6 385.3 383.1
374.
390.
390.6 359.2 379.1 375.1
363.3
W o m e n ’s a n d c h ild re n ’s u n d e rg a r­
m e n ts ................... ............................. ..........
113.5 116.9 116.
115.1
114.5 106.1
112.4
. e 110. £ 110.2
108.8
104.1
106.8
108.8
106.5
H a ts , caps, a n d m illin e ry _____________
24.3
25.1
25.
26.0
24.1
24.0
2 1 .Ç
23.
27. £
27.8
24.7
25. £
25.4
26.4
70.3
G irls’ a n d c h ild re n ’s o u te rw e a r........ .......
71.7
71. f
71.5
73.5
72.7
74.9
72.2
70. C
72.7
73.1
68.8
70.2
69.4
67.4
71.9
73.
F u r goods a n d m iscellaneous a p p a r e l...
71.
71.7
69.4
66.5
67. £
67.7
66.7
64.8
59.5
65. S
65.8
63.0
M iscellan eous fab ric a te d te x tile p ro d ­
u c ts ............. ................... ...............................
148.3 151.6 151.5
147. S 145.0 132.9 143.4 143.6 142.3 141.2 139.0
134.8 143.4 136.7 130.0
530.3 533.7 528.7
P a p e r a n d allied p r o d u c ts ............................
526.5 533.5 527.8 529.8 515.0 514.0 509.6 506.8 506.9
510.7 498.5 488.8
172.4 173.5 172.0 173.2 176.5 178.0 177.0 171.5 170.8
P a p e r a n d p u lp .............................................
169.7 169.1 169. £ 169.9 169.1
169.9
55.3
55.6
54.9
P a p e rb o a rd ____________ ________ _____
54.6
55.2
54.9
54.9
53. 7
53.7
53.3
53.3
53.6
53.4
53.0
53.7
C o n v e rte d p a p e r a n d p a p e rb o a rd p ro d ­
129.1 129.5 128.8 127.3 128.8 125.7 126.5 122.8 123.5
u c ts ____________________ ____________
121.9 120.3 119.7 120.7 116.6 112.4
173.2 175.4 173.3 171.1 172.0 169.2 171.4 167.0 166.0 164.7 164.1
P a p e rb o a rd co n ta in ers a n d b o x e s...........
164.3 166.4 159.3 153.5
P rin tin g , p u b lis h in g , a n d allied in d u s ­
672.2 666.0 664.0 661.4 657.8 653.2 653. 0 645.6 645.2 640.5 638.1
t r i e s . . .......................... ................... ..........
184.8 181.6 181.3 181.2 177.7 178.0 178.2 177.8 178.7 175.3 177.3 632.9 637.8 621.8 602.1
N e w s p a p e r p u b lis h in g a n d p rin tin g ___
176.6 179.5 175.6 169.7
26.1
25.9
25.8
25.7
P erio d ica l p u b lis h in g a n d p r in t in g ..
25.5
25.7
25.2
25.4
26.2
26.2
25.7
25. 4
26.1
25.9
55.3
54.7
54.7
B o o k s__________ _________ ____ ____
56.5
54.6
54.4
55.9
55.3
54.5
53.4
52.0
49.9
47.3
51.1
262.9 261.3 261.4 259.6 256.5 254.8 256.2 254.1 253.0 252.8
C o m m ercial p r in t in g .............................
249.2 248.5 249.9 242.8 236.3
46.7
46.6
46.3
47.0
48.3
B o o k b in d in g a n d re la te d in d u s trie s ___
44.0
44.2
46.9
43.8
46.3
42.8
42.0
41.8
39.5
42.7
O th e r p u b lis h in g a n d p rin tin g in d u s ­
95.1
95.1
94.4
93.1
trie s ................................................. .........
93.1
89.6
92.4
89.2
87.9
91.6
89.2
88.1
86.3
83.2
88.7
C hem icals and allied p rod ucts____ ______ 577.7 576.8 575.2 576.6 583.5 577.8 579.8 570.4 567.7 560.6 552.9 548.1
547.3 545.3 529.4
171.1 171.1 168.8 171.4 172.9 171.8
Industrial ch em icals_____________ ____
171.7 168.2 168.1 167.7 167.1 165.8 166.8 166.4 165.5
139.6 139.2 138.8 139.9 142.1 141.2 140.5 137.2 137.0 136.1 135.3
Plastics m aterials and sy n th etics______
135.1 134.4 131.3 122.2
67.8
67.9
67.3
67.3
69.2
D rugs.............................................................. ..
65.6
65.1
68.7
65.1
68.0
64.7
64.1
61.7
59.8
64.3
68.2
67.8
69.6
68.7
68.6
Soap, cleaners, and toilet good s_______
65.6
61.4
66.3
60.9
67. 5
62.6
62.6
64.4
62.4
62.8
36.9
36.6
37.4
36.9
39.0
P aints, varnishes, and allied p ro d u cts..
37.2
38.7
36.7
36.5
36.2
38.5
35.9
36
9
36.3
36.2
33.0
33.6
33. 6
31.8
31.6
A gricultural ch em icals........... ....................
40.7
31.5
44.5
40.2
35.7
35.1
33.3
34. 6
34.0
32.1
60. 5
61.2
60.2
60.1
60.1
Other chem ical p rod ucts_______ ____ _
55.9
54.9
59.6
54.1
57.9
51.9
51.3
50.0
49.3
50.7
Petroleum refining and related in d u s­
112.7 114.3 114.7 116.2 118.2 118.2 117.0 113.7 111.9 110.3 109.8 109.5
t r i e s . . ............................ ............. .................
110.9 112.4 114.2
89.3
88.8
88.8
89.3
90.4
Petroleum refining..................................... ..
87.9
87.6
87.4
90.3
87.4
89.6
87.1
88.3
90.4
87.7
25.0
23.9
25.9
26.9
27.8
O ther petroleum and coal products........
25.8
24.3
27.9
22.9
27.4
22.4
22.4
24.1
23.2
23.8
R ubber and m iscellaneous plastic prod­
420.1 419.0 414.7 409.2 406.1 395.1 400.5 393.4 390.8 387.6 384.2 385.0
u cts........ ..................................... ...................
386.6 366.6 336.3
77.2
77.4
78.3
77.4
Tires and inner tu b es..................................
78.6
7fi fi
75.5
74.2
77. 3
74.0
73.8
74.9
72.7
70.9
75.5
Other rubber p rod ucts.............................. .
148.3 147.1 146.0 145.0 143.0 140.0 143.2 142.4 141.0 141.5 141.1
142.2 142.2 136.4 128.6
187.0
185.7
193.2 193.6 191.3
M iscellaneous plastic p rod ucts________
177.8 180.7 175.5 175.6 172.1 169.3 167.9 168.9 157.5 136.8
L eather and leather p r o d u c ts ..................... 309.8 312.8 310.3 312.4 319.9 306.0 317.9 312.4 310.7 315.1 316.5 311.1
312.9 308.3 305.5
27.1
27.2
Leather tanning and fin ish in g_________
26.9
27. 2
27.9
27.5
27. 2
27.5
27.8
27.8
28.1
28.3
28.4
27.5
27.5
208.7 208.1 206.3 208.8 214.9 207.8 213.7 210.3 208.9 212.6 214.1 211.2
Footw ear, except rubber______________
207.8 204.8
210.7
77.6
73.9
77.1
76.4
Other leather products________________
77.1
74.6
71. 0
74.3
76.4
74.7
74.3
71.6
73.3
73.0
73.8
33.3
33.1
32.2
H andbags and personal leather goods.
32.5
29.9
30.3
29.0
31.6
31.2
31.5
29.4
32.3
30.3
30.7
Transportation and public u tilities:
Local and interurban passenger transit:
76.7
76.9
76.7
Local and suburban transportation___
75.2
75.5
75.7
76.0
76.5
77.2
77.1
77.2
77.8
79.3
77.5
39.0
39.4
40.4
In tercity and rural bus lin es__________
41.2
40.6
36.3
38.7
38.0
37.5
37.2
38.1
38.4
38.7
38.7
954.8 955.1 956.0 942.0 942.4 935.7 901.5 886.3
M otor freight transportation and Storage874.
1
882.5
865.5
878.2
904.9
836.7
81.0
78.5
P u b lic w arehousing_______________ . . . .
72.8
71.6
69.7
69.9
67.2
66.1
68.1
67.7
68.9
72.4
74.6
70.7
15.3
15.4
15.8
P ipelin e transportation_________________
16.3
16.3
16.3
15.6
15.6
15.6
15.7
15.8
16.3
16.9
15.9
747.0 741.1 742.9 754.7 750.4 735.0 720.2
C om m unication . .......... ..................... .............
716.4
710.6
705.6 702.5 705.8 698.1 674.5
630.9 624.8 626.9 638.2 634.0 619.9
T elephone com m u n ication .................. ......
603.0
606.7
598.4
593.8
591.2
587.2
565.9
593.0
23.1
23.1
23.0
23.1
Telegraph com m unication 3___________
23.1
22.8
22.7
22.5
22.4
22.3
22.1
22.2
22.9
22.3
90.9
91.1
90.9
91.3
R adio and television broadcasting_____
91.2
90 2
88.7
88.8
87.7
87.4
87.1
88.4
86.8
84.0
545.5 547.5 556.7 567.5 567.1 559.7 545.1
E lectric, gas, and sanitary serv ices............
544.7
542.4
540.8
541.9 543.6 544.0 535.1
218.9 219.3 222.0 226.1 225.3 222.5 216.6 216.3
E lectric com panies and sy ste m s_______
215.1
214.2
214.3
214.8
211.7
214.7
134.2 134.4 137.1 140.2 140.4 138.5 133.7 134.0
Gas com panies and sy ste m s______ ____
134.0 134.1
134.6 135.4 135.7 134.5
156.0 156.8 160.0 162.9 163.1
C om bined u tility system s_____________
161.0 157 9 157.9 157.3 156.9 157.1
157.7 158.1 155.5
36.4
37.0
37.6
38.3
W ater, steam , and sanitary system s___
38.3
37.7
36.9
36.5
36.0
35.6
35.9
35.3
33.4
35.8
W holesale and retail trade________________ 12,771 12,123 11,936 11,802 11,787 11,798 11,815
3,000 2,988 2,982 2, 960 2,984 2, 977 2[ 945 11,643 11,595 11,419 11,339 11,433 12,363 11,326 10,869
W holesale trade___________ _____ _______
2,875 2,864 2,855 2,850 2,856 2,902 2,818 2,719
M otor veh icles and au tom otive eq u ip ­
m en t____ ____ ______ _______________
223.0 220.3 221.1 223.7 223.0 221.8 219.7 218.6 218.0 217.4 218.3
214.9 206.8
Drugs, chem icals, and allied p rod u cts..
176.7 174. 4 172.6 174.1 172.7 171.5 168.3 167.8 167.8 167.3 167.0 219.1
170.4 164.2 159.0
D ry goods and ap parel._____ _________
123.9 122. 8 122.5 122.1 120.7 120.9 118.9 117.7 118.6 117.6 115.0 117.0 114.2 110.4
Groceries and related p rod ucts.................
459.8 465.2 452.4 454.6 468.6 467.1 443.8 436.8 436.5 436.0 447.0 460.3 449.0 439.9
E lectrical goods_______________________
231.6 228.9 227.3 233.1 232.3 226.9 223.8 224.2 222.6 221.4 219.2 220.0 214.0 203.5
Hardware, plum bing, and heating goods.
135.1 135.6 134.7 136.4 135.6 134.7 132.2 131.9 131.3 131.4 130.9 131.7 128.5 125.1
M achinery, eq u ip m en t, and su p p lie s ...
538.4 536.7 537.2 542.9 541.1 531.4 519.6 517.7 512.3 507.5 503.6 502.1 490.6 465.4
M iscellaneous w holesalers................. .......
, 012.1 ,009.7 1,005.1 1,011.9 , 009.2
996.9 977.7 976.4 972.1 970.3 966.3 980.6 956.2 920.0
See footnotes at end of table.

110

242-313 0 — 67------ 7

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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, FEBRUARY 1967

94
T able A -1 0 .

P rod u ction or nonsupervisory workers in nonagricultural establishm ents, b y
in d u stry 1—-Continued
fVmtimiorl
Revised series; see box below.

[In thousands]

1965

1966

Annual
average

Industry
July

Aug.
Wholesale and retail trade—Continued
Retail trade-------------- -------------------General merchandise stores-------------Department stores----------------------Mail order houses-----------------------Limited price variety stores----------Food stores--------------------- ------------Grocery, meat, and vegetable stores.
Apparel and accessories stores----------Men’s and boys’ apparel stores------Women’s ready-to-wear stores-------Family clothing stores------- ---------Q b o o Q torP<?

9 ,7 7 1

___ _______

Furniture and appliance stores--------Furniture and home furnishings----Eating and drinking places-------------Other retail trade---- ---------------------Building materials and hardware—
Motor vehicle dealers------------------Other vehicle and accessory dealers.
Drug stores------- -----------------------Fuel and ice dealers--------------------Finance, insurance, real estate 4-------------Banking-----------------------------------------Credit agencies other than banks---------Savings and loan associations-----------Security dealers and exchanges------------Insurance carriers-----------------------------Life insurance-------------------------------Accident and health insurance----------Fire, marine, and casualty insurance...
Services and miscellaneous:
Hotels and lodging places:
Hotels, tourist courts, and motels------Personal services:
Laundries, cleaning and dyeing plants..
Motion pictures:
.
Motion picture filming and distribu­
tion___________________________ _

2 ,4 7 5

9 ,1 3 5
9 9 7 .0
2 6 6 .1
1 3 8 .9
3 3 1 .5
4 7 0 .6
3 0 2 .1
6 1 7 .8
1 0 3 .8
2 2 6 .2
9 9 .5
1 1 7 .5
3 8 5 .8
2 4 6 .7
8 8 8 .9
,7 7 4 .5
4 6 2 .3
6 4 0 .5
1 6 9 .2
3 9 2 .8
9 8 .8

May

Dec.

Apr.

8,803 8,821 8,870 8,768 8,731 8 ,5 6 4
1, 734.8 1, 731. 7 ., 750.1 [, 732. 7 1,729. 2 1 6 9 0 .3
1,084.6 1, 087. 5 [, 100.8 L,089. 4 1,083. 6 1 0 6 1 .3
122.2 112.2 108.7 107.0 106.6 105.1 106.7 1 0 8 .5
287.1 283.7 289.3 292.9 296.8 2 8 7 .2
3 0 1 .3
3 0 9 .9
4 4 3 .8 1,431.4 1, 438.9 l, 440. 0 [, 433. 0 1, 425. 6 1,4 2 5 .6
4 6 6 .9
2 7 8 .6 1,269.1 1,276.8 1, 274. 5 1, 267.8 [, 259.2 1, 2 6 2 .1
2 9 9 .9
567.0 567.7 585.7 579.6 596.0 5 5 9 .1
5 8 6 .6
5 9 8 .5
9 3 .7
95.5
95.7
98.9
96.7
96.2
9 7 .7
100.1
211.7 209.2 215.9 216.0 215.3 2 0 8 .1
2 1 3 .6
2 2 1 .4
88.8
91.1
90.6
94.8
93.2
90.6
9 4 .6
9 5 .9
112.8 1 1 4 .1 106.1 107.0 110.4 111.9 127.5 1 0 4 .7
375.3 375.1 373.6 370.3 369.4 3 6 9 .8
3 7 5 .5
3 7 9 .6
239.5 241.5 240.5 237.4 236.1 2 3 5 .9
2 4 0 .3
2 4 2 .1
,9 1 2 .2
,9 1 8 .0 1,932.4 1,934.8 1,940. 2 1,903.9 1,869.4 , 819. 2
2,772. 5 2,780. 0 2,748. 7 2,741. 2 , 700. 3
2,762.0
7
3
8
.8
,7 4 8 .1
486.7 492.3 490.9 476.6 473.7 4 6 1 .6
4 7 3 .0
4 6 7 .7
638.9 642.0 640.8 636.9 639.0 6 3 9 .7
6 3 4 .5
6 3 6 .7
169.0 168.1 166.3 162.9 159.6 1 5 4 .1
1 6 5 .9
1 6 5 .8
377.9 376.5 379.1 375.7 375.8 3 7 2 .7
3 8 1 .2
3 8 8 .1
88.8 89.7 91.6 95.2 100.0
88.9
9 5 .0
9 0 .1
8 ,9 5 4
8 4 8 .8
1 6 5 .0

2 ,4 7 0
6 9 3 .5
2 6 4 .3
7 4 .8
1 2 3 .9
6 4 0 .2
2 7 8 .1
5 7 .5
2 7 3 .1

2 ,4 7 3
6 9 1 .6
2 6 4 .4
7 5 .5
1 2 4 .8
6 3 8 .7
2 7 8 .1
5 6 .4
2 7 2 .0

5 2 8 .0

5 4 5 .9

4 9 8 .8

5 0 2 .9

3 5 .9

3 4 .8

8 ,8 4 2
7 7 9 .6
1 1 3 .2

2 ,4 8 5
6 9 2 .8
2 6 5 .3
7 5 .4

8 ,5 7 7
7 5 8 .1
1 0 8 .7
1 2 2 .5
2 9 1 .1
4 1 0 .5
2 4 9 .2
5 7 2 .2
1 0 1 .3
9 3 .3
1 0 4 .4
3 7 0 .3
2 3 6 .9
7 7 1 .6
6 9 4 .7
4 5 8 .1
6 3 8 .2
1 5 5 .8
3 7 4 .7
1 0 4 .0

9 ,4 6 1
3 3 1 .1
4 8 7 .9
1 5 5 .2
3 9 0 .8
4 3 2 .3
2 5 8 .6
7 0 6 .1
1 2 6 .7
2 5 6 .7
1 2 2 .3
1 2 5 .5
3 8 8 .7
2 5 0 .7
8 0 9 .2
7 9 3 .4
4 7 3 .1
6 3 7 .9
1 6 6 .5
3 9 5 .4
1 0 2 .4

2 6 5 .3
7 8 .8
1 1 7 .9
6 2 6 .9
2 7 7 .5
4 7 .5
2 6 7 .7

2 ,4 1 0
6 6 5 .3
2 6 6 .9
8 0 .0
1 1 5 .2
6 2 6 .6
2 7 7 .7
4 7 .1
2 6 7 .4

2 ,4 3 2
6 6 8 .9
2 6 7 .4
7 9 .7
1 1 5 .8
6 3 1 .0
2 7 9 .9
4 7 .0
2 6 8 .9

2 ,4 2 5
6 6 2 .6
2 6 3 .3
7 9 .7
1 1 3 .8
6 3 2 .7
2 8 1 .7
4 6 .5
2 6 9 .1

2 ,3 8 6
6 4 5 .9
2 5 4 .1
7 8 .2

6 6 9 .9
0 4 8 .0
1 1 0 .7
2 7 9 .0
4 1 9 .4
2 5 3 .4
5 5 1 .1
9 6 .8
2 0 3 .8
8 8 .9
1 0 0 .4
3 6 9 .0
2 3 5 .6
7 8 9 .3
, 690. 5
4 5 2 .8
6 3 8 .4
1 5 2 .5
3 7 1 .9
1 0 4 .3

211.2

8 ,5 0 8
8 ,1 5 1
7 2 1 .2 1 ,6 1 3 . 0
9 9 8 .0
0 7 6 .0
112.1 1 0 1 .3
2 8 5 .4
2 9 3 .4
3 6 8 .7 1 ,3 2 0 .9
2 0 4 .8 1 ,1 6 0 .6
5 7 5 .0
5 5 7 .0
9 0 .2
9 4 .6
2 0 9 .1
2 1 3 .7
9 5 .4
9 5 .6
1 0 2 .7
1 0 8 .1
3 6 3 .6
3 4 9 .8
2 3 4 .4
2 2 5 .8
8 0 6 .7 1 ,7 2 2 . 0
6 7 2 .8 2, 5 8 7 .8
4 6 0 .5
467,
5 9 6 .8
6 2 6 .0
144.4
1 5 4 .9
3 5 4 .8
3 6 6 .2
9 5 .6
9 5 .9

275.9

2,454
671.9
265.2
77.6
123.2
628.2
276.0
49.9
268.2

2,441
671.3
265.5
78.8
121.7
628.5
277.4
49.0
268.0

610.5

612.9

585.7

556.5

541.9

5 2 2 .0

5 1 0 .8

5 1 5 .0

5 4 1 .8

5 3 2 .4

499.7

494.3

4 8 9 .0

4 8 4 .7

4 8 6 .8

4 9 0 .3

4 9 0 .3

4 7 4 .4

28.5

28.6

2 9 .5

2 9 .7

3 2 .1

3 4 .8

3 0 .3

2 7 .2

512. C 511.5

35. Í

36. £

32. £

2 ,4 3 1
6 6 9 .1
2 6 6 .3
7 8 .8

120.6
6 2 9 .0
2 7 7 .4
4 8 .3
2 6 9 .2

2 ,4 1 3

666.2

111.6
6 3 8 .9
2 8 3 .7
4 7 .0
2 7 1 .3

repair, and maintenance, etc., at the site of construction or working in shop
or yards at jobs (such as precutting and preassembling) ordinarily performed
by members of the construction trades.
Nonsupervisory workers include employees (not above the working super­
visory level) such as office and clerical workers, repairmen, salespersons,
operators, drivers, attendants, service employees, linemen, laborers, janitors,
watchmen, and similar occupational levels, and other employees whose
services are closely associated with those of the employees listed.
2 Preliminary.
3 Data relate to nonsupervisory employees except messengers.
4 Nonoffice salesmen excluded from nonsupervisory count for all series
in this division.

Caution
The revised series on employment, hours, and earnings, and labor turnover in non­
agricultural establishments should not be compared with those published in issues prior
to October 1966. (See footnote 1, table A-9, and “BLS Establishment Employment
Estimates Revised to March 1965 Benchmark Levels” appearing in the September 1966
issue of E m p lo y m e n t a n d Earnings and M o n th ly R eport o n th e Labor Force.) More­
over, when the figures are again adjusted to new benchmarks, the data presented in this
issue should not be compared with those in later issues which reflect the adjustments.
Comparable data for earlier periods are published in E m p lo y m e n t a n d Earnings
S ta tistic s for the U nited S ta te s , 1909-66 (BLS Bulletin 1312-4), which is available at
depository libraries or which may be purchased from the Superintendent of Documents
for $4.50 a copy.
For an individual industry, earlier data may be obtained upon request
to the Bureau.

1964

2,493
685.1
266.9
77.5
125.5
635.5
277.5
52.1
271.4

508.2
3 3 .8

8, 489

1965

2,526
698.3
269.7
78.4
127.7
645.4
282.2
54.4
274.5

2,522
701.9
269.5
77.4
126.5
647.5
282.6
5 5 .5

1 For comparability of data with those published in issues prior to October
1966, and coverage of these series, see footnote 1, table A-9.
. . ,•
For mining and manufacturing data, refer to production and related
workers; for contract construction, to construction workers; and for all other
industries, to nonsupervisory workers.
.
, „
Production and related workers include working foremen and all nonsuper­
visory workers (including leadmen and trainees) engaged in fabricating,
processing, assembling, inspection, receiving, storage, handling, packing
warehousing, shipping, maintenance, repair, janitorial, and watchmen
services, product development, auxiliary production for plant s own use
(e.g., powerplant), and recordkeeping and other services closely associated
with the above production operations.
.
, .
Construction workers include working foremen, journeymen, mechanics,
apprentices, laborers, etc., engaged in new work, alterations, demolition,


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

June

A .— L A B O R F O R C E A N D E M P L O Y M E N T
T

able

A - l l.

95
Employees in nonagricultural establishments, by industry division and selected groups
seasonally adjusted 1
F ’
Revised series; see box, p. 94.

[in th o u sa n d s]
1966

1965

In d u stry d ivision and group
D e c .2 N o v .2

Oct.

Sept.

A ug.

July

June

M ay

Apr.

Mar.

F eb.

Jan.
65, 066 64,818 64,466 64,168 64,199 64,072 63, 983 63, 517 63,350
63, 247 62,811 62,469
627
623
625
628
636
636
632
628
595
637~
634
635
3,282 3, 212 3, 202 3, 228 3,251 3,297 3,300 3,238 3,333 3, 419
3,323 3,318
19, 465 19, 422 19,312 19, 204 19, 262 19,128 19,167 19,002 18,923
18,840 18,722 18, 566
11, 471 11, 434 11,387 11,322 11, 324 11,210 11, 220 11,122 11,065 11, 007
10,911 10,805
268
269
262
265
260
257
257
253
249
245
243
238
604
605
609
607
621
622
628
623
633
642
633
638
466
464
460
459
462
456
458
456
451
451
448
446
637
636
633
633
637
643
641
643
647
649
646
648
1,352 1,352 1,351 1,341 1,351 1,338
1,333 1,315 1,307 1,300 1,295 1, 290
1,385 1,377 1,365 1,357 1,360 1,346 1,348 1,341 1,345 1,344
1,332 1,322
1,927 1,918 1,912 1,903 1,901 1,888 1,865 1, 846 1,827
1,818
1,958 1,964 1,962 1,941 1,948 1,903 1,904 1,877 1,860 1,824 1,810 1,797
1,981 1,966 1,951 1,945 1,910 1,888 1,915 1,901 1,887 1,881 1,805 1, 773
1,853 1,819
441
439
432
439
431
430
428
424
418
415
412
406
452
444
442
440
443
439
443
443
441
438
434
428
7,994 7,988 7,925 7,882 7,938 7,918 7,947 7,880 7, 858 7,833
7,811
1,767 1,780 1, 750 1,737 1, 765 1,763 1,760 1,748 1,757 1,767 1,762 7,761
1,758
83
86
78
79
80
86
85
85
86
86
85
85
953
951
952
950
957
955
957
952
950
948
945
942
1,410 1,405 1,403 1,390 1,395 1,388 1,424 1,412 1,396 1,386 1,384
1,356
683
682
670
676
677
674
679
665
664
662
661
657
1,049 1,043 1,039 1, 035 1,035 1,031
1, 026 1,018 1, 017 1,009 1,007 1,003
978
974
969
965
968
963
961
945
937
936
932
927
184
183
182
182
184
186
183
183
182
181
181
182
533
528
523
517
520
515
518
508
506
500
496
494
354
356
355
355
357
350
361
364
363
358
358
357
4,194 4,193 4,165 4,168 4,105 4,122 4,143 4,132 4,114 4,109
4,105 4, 091
13,390 13, 380 13, 340 13,268 13, 264 13,256 13, 217 13,164 13,128 13,085 13,045
3, 508 3, 502 3, 486 3, 474 3,483 3,483 3,470 3,445 3,434 3,422 3, 404 13,009
3,391
9, 882 9,878 9,854 9, 794 9,781 9,773 9,747 9, 719 9,694 9,663 9,641
9,618

T o ta l..___________________________________
Mining___________________________________
Contract construction_______________________
Manufacturing_____________________________
Durable goods____________________________
Ordnance and accessories_________________
Lumber and wood products, except furniture.
Furniture and fixtures___________________
Stone, clay, and glass products____________
Primary metal industries_______ ____ _____
Fabricated metal products________________
Machinery..___ ___ ____ ________________
Electrical equipment and supplies_________
Transportation equipment________________
Instruments and related products........... ........
Miscellaneous manufacturing industries____
Nondurable goods_________________________
Food and kindred products_________ _____
Tobacco manufactures___________________
Textile mill products____________________
Apparel and related products_____________
Paper and allied products_______ _________
Printing, publishing, and allied industries__
Chemicals and allied products_____________
Petroleum refining and related industries.......
Rubber and miscellaneous plastic products...
Leather and leather products_____________
Transportation and public utilities____________
Wholesale and retail trade___________________
Wholesale trade________________________
Retail trade______________________ IIIIIIIII

D ec.
62, 241
633
3,334
18,492
10, 725
232
626
442
642
1,284
1,310
1,786
1,751
1,807
401
444
7,767
1,758
86
939
1,381
654
997
924
182
492
354
4,083
12,941
3,378
9,563

Finance, insurance, and real estate____________

3,119

3,109

3,102

3,100

3,100

3,095

3,090

3,076

3,068

3, 064

3,051

3,052

3,049

Service and miscellaneous________ ___________

9,814

9,780

9,712

9,649

9, 647

9,609

9,549

9,515

9,484

9,463

9,410

9,363

9,329

Government_______________________________
Federal_____________________________
State and lo ca l..._____ ____________________

11,175 11, 099 11, 008 10,923 10,934 10, 929 10,885 10, 762 10, 705 10, 630 10,521
2,638 2, 621 2, 615 2,594 2,610 2,601 2,571 2,523 2,501 2,477 2,451
8, 537 8, 478 8, 393 8,329 8,324 8,328 8, 314 8,239 8,204 8,153 8,070

1 For coverage of th e series, see footnote 1, tab le A -9.
2 Prelim inary.

n o t e : i he seasonal adjustm ent m ethod used is described in

Seasonal Factor Method (1966)

request.

T

able

A-12.

10,435 10,380
2,423 2,397
8, 012 7,983

The BLS

w hich m a y be obtained from th e B ureau on

Production workers in manufacturing industries, by major industry group, seasonally
adjusted 1
Revised series; see box, p. 94.

[In thousands]
1966

1965

M ajor in d u stry group
D e c .2 N o v .2
M anufacturing . _

Oct.

Sept.

A ug.

July

14, 467 14,450 14,350 14, 268 14,330 14,201

June

M ay

Apr.

14, 281 14,154 14,100

Mar.

Feb.

Jan.

D ec.

14,048 13,967 13,833 13, 779

D urable goods_____ . . .
Ordnance and accessoriesL um ber and w ood products, except furniture
Furniture and f i x t u r e s . . _____
S tone, clay, and glass p rod u cts. .
P rim ary m etal industries . .
F abricated m etal p rod u cts___
M achinery
E lectrical eq u ip m en t and supplies
T ransportation eq u ip m en t
Instru m en ts and related p r o d u c ts..
M iscellaneous m anufacturing in d u stries.

8,501
131
527
386
509
1,101
1,081
1,354
1,356
1,413
282
361

8, 480
131
528
385
507
1,104
1,073
1,351
1,365
1,401
281
354

8,442
128
529
381
507
1,102
1,062
1,346
1,363
1,392
280
352

8,395
126
531
380
507
1, 092
1,055
1,339
1,350
1,389
277
349

8,395
124
542
382
512
1,100
1,060
1,338
1,353
1, 353
278
353

8,293
122
543
378
515
1,090
1,043
1,331
1,320
1,324
277
350

8, 328
120
550
381
515
1,086
1,048
1,312
1,327
1,358
276
355

8,261
118
546
379
516
1, 070
1,046
1,299
1,308
1,351
273
355

8,226
114
554
374
521
1, 066
1,049
1,284
1,297
1,344
270
353

8,190
112
563
375
525
1,058
1,047
1,278
1,268
1,344
269
351

8,123
110
556
372
520
1,055
1,039
1,274
1,260
1,323
266
348

8,033
106
557
370
525
1,051
1,029
1,262
1,233
1,296
261
343

7,973
100
549
367
516
1,044
1,020
1, 256
1, 216
1,290
258
357

N ond u rab le goods .
Food an d kindred products
T obacco m anufactures . . . .
T ex tile m ill p r o d u c ts ___
A pparel and related products . . .
Paper and allied p r o d u c ts..
P rin tin g, p ub lishing, and allied industries .
C hem icals and allied products
Petroleum refining and related industries .
R ubber and m iscellaneous p lastic products .
L eather and leather p rod ucts. _

5,966
1,175
71
849
1,252
528
667
584
115
417
308

5,970
1,185
74
848
1,249
531
662
582
115
413
311

5,908
1,156
66
847
1,246
525
659
576
114
409
310

5, 873
1,145
67
848
1,234
520
657
575
114
403
310

5,935
1,170
68
856
1, 239
528
659
582
115
406
312

5,908
1,165
73
850
1,232
530
656
577
115
403
307

5,953
1,166
74
854
1,268
525
654
578
115
403
316

5,893
1,154
73
850
1,257
519
648
564
113
396
319

5,874
1,163
74
847
1,239
518
647
559
113
395
319

5,858
1,174
74
846
1,230
515
642
560
112
390
315

5,844
1,169
73
843
1,231
514
641
558
113
387
315

5,800
1,163
73
842
1,204
512
639
555
113
386
313

5,806
1,163
73
838
2,229
509
633
553
113
384
311

.

1For d efinition of production w orkers, see footnote 1, tab le A -10.
2 Prelim inary.


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

N o t e : T h e seasonal adjustm ent m eth od used is described in

Seasonal Factor Method (1966) w hich m a y be

request.

The BLS

ob tain ed from the B ureau on

M O N T H L Y L A B O R R E V IE W , F E B R U A R Y 1967

96
T able A -1 3 .

U n em p loym en t insurance and em ploym ent service program operations 1
[A ll item s except average benefit am ounts are in thousands]
1965

1966
Item

E m p lo y m en t serv ice:2
fv|ç\y ap plications for w ork ______________
N onfarm p lacem en ts__________ ___ __

Sept.

Oct.

N ov.

794
613

819
592

Ju ly

A ug.

801
619

896
549

869
619

1,314
622

M ar.

A pr.

M ay

June

906
568

F eb.

852
460

850
547

806
533

Jan.

N ov.

D ec.

905
452

707
462

795
531

S tate u n em p loym en t insurance programs:
1,285
1,004
769
985
665
1,399
1,019
690
693
626
826
709
915
Initial claim s 3 * _ _ _ ______ ____ _
Insured u n e m p lo y m e n t5 (average w eek ly
1,307
1,033
1,590
1,644
862
1,044
1,301
793
947
755
928
903
753
VOlllTTlft) 0
__________ - ________
2.3
3.0
2.9
3.6
1.9
3.7
1.8
2.3
2.1
1.6
2.0
1.9
1.6
R ate of in su rpd u n em p loym en t ^____ ___
3, 495
4, 555
5,852
5,653
5,587
3,385
4,098
3,022
3,087
2,817 3,639
2, 476
2,960
W eeks of u n em ploym en t"com pensated .. .
A verage w eek ly ben efit am ou nt for total
$38.08
$40.57 $39. 84 $39.68 $40.65 $39.05 $38.72 $38.86 $39.38 $39.83 $39.66 $39.36 $38.81
UP em p loym ent
__
_ _______
$217,171 $212,659 $172,110 $132,158
T otal benefits paid
_ ____________ -- $114, 814 $93,697 $106, 548 $143, 058 $113,812 $114,358 $126,149 $155,494 $225,472
U n em p loym en t com pensation for ex-service­
m en: 8 9
__
__ ___ _
Initial e.lai m s 36
Insured u n e m p lo y m en t8 (average w eek ly
—
volume.)
-- - ________
W eeks of u n em p loym en t c o m p e n s a te d ...
T otal b enefits paid _ _________________

15

13

12

16

17

14

12

13

17

18

20

20

18

16
59
$2, 450

14
51
$2,117

15
63
$2, 561

19
81
$3,204

19
63
$2,443

17
72
$2,872

18
76
$2,936

22
92
$3, 558

27
121
$4,620

31
120
$4, 572

32
126
$4,816

29
111
$4,278

25
94
$3,654

U n em ploym en t com pensation for Federal
civilian em p lo y e e s:910
Initial el ai m s 3
____
Insured u n e m p lo y m e n t5 (average w eek ly
volu m e)
_ ________ _
W eeks of u n em p loym en t com p en sa ted .. .
_______
_ ___
T otal benefits p aid

9

9

7

8

11

9

7

7

8

11

19

12

10

17
67
$2,752

16
60
$2, 466

16
67
$2,731

18
79
$3,239

19
65
$2,645

18
79
$3,255

18
78
$3,217

21
92
$3, 718

26
118
$4,717

29
109
$4,319

29
100
$3,973

23
94
$3, 740

21
82
$3, 336

6

6

7

8

18

25

42

6

5

4

11

14

9

26
69
$77.68
$5,154

28
54
$79.10
$4,148

30
68
$77.32
$5, 092

28
66
$71.04
$4, 587

25
52
$75.89
$3,840

1,381

1,679
J------------

1,739

1,394

1,123

Railroad u nem ploym en t insurance:
in su red u n em p loym en t (average w eek ly
volu m e)
-__ _______ N u m b er of p aym en ts 12 _
A verage am ount of benefit p aym en t I3„ .
A ll programs: 18

18
38
$73.80
$2, 550

$71. 99
$2,126

16
36
$72. 07
$2, 422

15
35
$74.96
$2,499

16
31
$72.16
$2,138

15
54
$60.07
$2,913

18
77
$50.55
$ 3 ,75C

23
53
$69. 79
$3, 606

955

799

802

980

1,001

841

916

1,112

16

34

—

1 Includes d ata for P u erto R ico b eginning January 1961 w hen the C om m on­
w ealth ’s program becam e part of th e Federal-State U I system .
2 Includes G uam and th e Virgin Islands.
a In itial claim s are notices filed b y workers to indicate th ey are starting
periods of u n em ploym en t. Excludes tran sition s claim s under State programs.
4 Includes interstate claim s for th e V irgin Islands.
! N u m b er of workers reporting th e com pletion of at least 1 w eek of unem In itial claim s and S tate insured u nem ploym en t include
program for Puerto R ican sugarcane workers.
7 T h e rate is the n um ber of insured u nem ployed expressed
the average covered em p loym en t in a 12-month period.
s E xclud es data on claim s and p aym en ts m ade join tly w ith
9 Includes th e V irgin Islands.
.
io E xcludes data on claim s and p aym en ts made jo in tly w ith


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

data under the
as a percent of
other programs.
.
State programs.

u A n application for benefits is filed b y a railroad worker at th e beginning
of his first period of u nem ploym en t in a benefit year; no application is re­
quired for subsequent periods in the sam e year.
12 P a y m en ts are for u nem ploym en t in 14-day registration periods,
is T h e average am ount is an average for all com pensable periods, not ad­
justed for recovery of o verpaym ents or settlem en t of u nd erpaym ents.
i4 A djusted for recovery of overpaym ents and settlem ent of und erpaym ents,
is R epresents an u nduplicated count of insured u n em p lo y m en t under the
State, Ex-servicem en and U C F E programs a nd the Railroad U n em p lo y m en t
Insurance A ct.
S o u r c e : U .S . D ep artm en t of Labor, Bureau o f E m p lo y m en t S ecu rity for
all item s except railroad u nem ploym en t insurance w hich is prepared b y the
U .S . Railroad R etirem ent Board.

B .— L A B O R T U R N O V E R

97

B.—Labor Turnover
T

able

B - l.

Labor turnover rates, by m ajor industry group 1
[Per 100em p lo y ees]______________ Revised

series; see box, p. 94.

1966

1965

A nnual
average

M ajor in d u stry group
N o v .2

Oct.

Sept.

A ug.

Ju ly

June

M ay

A pr.

Mar.

F eb.

Jan.

D ec.

N ov.

1965

1964

Accessions: T otal
M anufacturing:
A c tu a l_____ __________________________

Seasonally adjusted_________________

D urable good s............................. ............... .......
O rdnance and accessories_____________
L um ber and w ood products, except
furniture____________________________
F u rn itu re and fixtures________ _______
Stone, cla y, and glass p rod ucts...... .........
P rim ary m etal in d u stries______ ____ _
F abricated m etal p rod ucts_______ ____
M a c h in e ry _______ ___________________
E lectrical eq u ip m en t and su p p lies____
T ransportation eq u ip m en t____________
Instru m en ts and related p rod ucts..........
M iscellaneous m anufacturing in d u s­
tr ie s________________________________
N ond u rab le g ood s_____ ________________
F ood and kindred p rod u cts___________
T ob acco m an ufactures________________
T ex tile m ill p rod ucts_______ _________
A pparel and related p rod ucts_________
Paper and allied p rod ucts_____________
P rin tin g, p u b lish in g, and allied in d u s­
tr ie s_______________ ________________
C hem icals and allied p rod u cts________
Petroleum refining and related in d u s­
tries______ _________________________
R ubber and m iscellaneous p lastic
p rod u cts____________________________
L eather and leather p rod u cts___ _____
N on m anu factu ring:
M eta l m in in g ___________________________
Coal m in in g ___________________________

3.9

5.1

6.1

6.4

4-9

5.1

6.0

5.1

5.1

4-6

5.3

5.1

4.6

4.8

5.2

4.9

4.2

4-9

4-9

4.6

3.1

4.8

3 .9

4.9

4.3

4 .0

3.7
3.8

4.8
4.5

5.9
4.3

6.2
4.2

4.5
3 .8

6.5
4.8

4.9
3.6

4.6
3.6

4.9
3.7

4.2
3.4

4.7
3.5

3.1
2 .0

3 .9
2.8

4.1
2.9

3.7
2 .0

4.3
5.0
3.0
2.5
4.4
3.1
3.7
4.0
3.3

5.9
7.4
3.9
3.3
5.4
3.9
5.1
5.1
3.9

6.9
8.5
4.5
3.8
6 .2
4.2
5.5
8.4
4.2

7.0
8.9
5.0
4.4
7.1
4.4
5.9
9 .0
4.3

6.4
6.8
4.6
3.0
5.2
3 .8
4.3
4.5
4.1

10.2
7.8
6.7
5.6
6.9
5.7
6.2
6.2
5.9

8.6
6.8
5.3
3.8
5.5
3 .9
4.6
4.8
3 .9

8.8
6.3
5.5
3.4
5.0
3.6
4.3
4.2
3.4

7.3
6.5
5.7
3 .9
5.2
3.8
4.7
5.4
3.8

5.9
5.6
3.8
3.5
4.6
3 .5
4.2
4.3
3.5

6.1
5.6
4 .0
4 .0
5.0
3.9
4.7
5.2
3.6

3.7
3.8
2.4
2.7
3 .2
2.7
3.4
3.5
2.5

4.9
5.3
2.8
3 .0
4.3
3.4
4.2
4.1
2.9

6 .0
5.5
4 .0
2.9
4.6
3 .3
3.9
4.7
3 .2

5.3
4.8
3.8
3 .0
4.2
3 .0
3.3
4.1
2.8

6.7

5.1

4.8

8.3

9 .2

8.3

7.7

7.8

7 .0

6.8

6.9

6.5

6.7

3.3

4 .7

6.3

5.7

4.3
5.9
4.5
4.2
4.8
3.2

5.4
7.6
6.1
5.2
5.8
4.4

6.3
9.2
7.1
5.9
6.7
4.8

6.7
10.3
15.9
6.3
7.5
4.4

6.0
9.2
9 .0
5.3
7.4
3 .9

7.1
10.2
4.8
6.3
7 .0
6.8

5.3
6.7
3 .7
5.5
6.8
4.3

4.7
5.7
3 .0
5.5
5.6
3.7

4.8
5.5
4.2
5.3
5.8
3.8

4.2
4.6
4.5
4.4
5.8
3.2

4.4
4.4
4.9
4.6
6.4
3.3

3.1
3.4
7.7
3.1
3 .7
2.3

4 .0
5.1
4.2
4 .0
4.9
2.9

4.6
6.1
6 .0
4.3
5.8
3.2

4.3
6.1
6.8
3.8
5.5
2.8

3.3
2.1

4.1
2.7

4.9
3 .0

4.4
2.8

3 .7
2.6

5.5
5.1

3.8
3.1

3.4
2.8

3.5
3.4

3.2
2.6

3 .2
2.5

2.5
1.7

3 .0
2.0

3 .2
2.4

3.1
2.1

1.1

1.9

2.0

2.0

2.2

4.5

2.3

2.3

1.9

1.5

1.9

1.3

1.3

1.8

1.6

4.8
5.3

6.0
6.2

6.9
6.6

7.1
7.3

5.9
7.5

7.3
7.4

5.4
6.5

4.9
5.5

5.3
6.0

4.4
6.1

4.7
7.1

3.1
4.4

4.4
5.5

4.4
5.4

3 .9
5.1

2.2
1.6

3.0
2.0

3 .0
1.8

3.6
2.2

3.2
1.6

6.4
1.8

3.9
1.7

3.4
1.7

2.9
1.7

2.9
1.4

3.3
1.8

2.5
1.1

2.8
1.5

3 .2
1.7

3 .2
1.7

A ccessions: N e w hires

Manufacturing:
Actual____________ _______ _____
Seasonally adjusted_____ ______________

Durable goods______________________
Ordnance and accessories___________
Lumber and wood products, except
furniture______ _________________
Furniture and fixtures______________
Stone, clay, and glass products.......... .
Primary metal industries___________
Fabricated metal products__________
Machinery_________ ______________
Electrical equipment and supplies___
Transportation equipment__________
Instruments and related products...i..
Miscellaneous manufacturing indus­
tries____ _______________________
Nondurable goods........... ...... ....................
Food and kindred products_________
Tobacco manufactures______________
Textile mill products_______________
Apparel and related products________
Paper and allied products___ _______
Printing, publishing, and allied indus­
tries____________ ______________
Chemicals and allied products_______
Petroleum refining and related indus­
tries____________________________
Rubber and miscellaneous plastic
products________________________
Leather and leather products________
N onmanufacturing:
Metal m inin g...____________________
Coal mining________________________
See footnotes at end of table.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

3.1

4.1

4.7

4.8

3. 8

3.9

3.6

3. 7

3.9

3.5

4.0

4.0

4.1

3.6

3.9

3.7

4.3

3.9

3.8

3.8

3.6

2 9

3 1

2 fi

3.0
3. 0

4.1
4. 0

4.5
3.7

4.5
3.4

3.5
3.1

5.5
4.1

4. 0
3 .0

3.7
2.8

3.8
2.9

3 .2
2.7

3.3
2.7

2.3
1.3

2. 9
1.7

3 0
1.8

2 4
li

3.6
4. 6
2. 4
2. 0
3. 7
2. 7
3. 2
2.9
2.9

5.3
6. 7
3. 3
2. 6
4. 6
3.3
4. 3
3.9
3. 5

6.1
7.6
3.8
3 .2
5. 4
3.7
4. 7
4.1
3.8

6.3
7.9
4.1
3.1
5.4
3. 5
4. 6
4. 0
3.8

5.8
6 .0
3 .7
2.3
4 .0
2.9
3.4
3.1
3.3

9.2
7.1
5.7
4.7
5.9
4.9
5.3
4.7
5.4

7.4
6.2
4.3
3.1
4.6
3.3
3.9
3.4
3.4

7.0
5.6
4.1
2.7
4.1
3.1
3.6
3 .0
3.1

6.0
5.9
3.8
2.7
4.2
3.2
3.9
3.3
3.3

4.5
4.9
2.6
2.1
3.6
3 .0
3.4
3 .0
3 .0

4.4
4.9
2.5
2 .0
3.7
3.2
3.7
3. 2
3.1

3.1
3.3
1.5
1.3
2.5
2.1
2.7
2.3
2.1

4.3
4.6
2.1
1. 6
3. 4
2.6
3.3
2. 8
2.5

4 8
4. 7
2 7
2. 0
3 5
2.6
2.9
2 8
2.6

4 1
3 9
2 4
1 8

4.1

7.5

8 .2

7.2

5.4

6.3

5.4

5.2

5.0

4.3

4 .0

2.5

3 .9

4.5

3 .8

3.3
4.3
3.6
3.3
3.4
2.8

4.2
5. 5
4.3
4.1
4.3
4.0

5.0
7. 0
4.8
4.9
5. 0
4. 4

5.2
7.9
10.0
5.2
5. 4
3.9

4 .4
7.0
4.0
4.0
4.5
3 .4

5.7
7.6
3.2
5.3
5.2
6.0

4.1
4.8
2.3
4.6
4.6
3.8

3.6
3.8
1.8
4.5
4.1
3 .2

3.6
3.4
2 .0
4.2
4.4
3.2

3 .0
2.8
1.8
3.4
3.7
2.6

3 .0
2.7
2.0
3.4
3.9
2.6

2.1
2.1
4.5
2.4
2.2
1.8

2.9
3.3
1.2
3.2
3.3
2.4

3. 2
4.1
3. 3
3. 3
3. 7
2.5

2. 8
3 8
3. 7
2 7
3. 3
2 .0

2.7
1.8

3.5
2.3

4.1
2.6

3.7
2.4

3.1
2.1

4.6
4.5

3.2
2.6

2.9
2.4

2.8
2.8

2.6
2.0

2.6
1.9

1.9
1.2

2.4
1.5

2.6
1.9

2.4
1.6

5.6

3.1

3 .2

2.2

2 9

2 2
2 1
2 2
1.9

.9

1.7

1.8

1.7

2.0

3.8

1.9

1.7

1.5

1.2

1.2

.8

1.0

1.4

1.1

4.1
4.2

5.3
4.8

6.1
.3

A 7
5.6

4.4
5.3

6.4
6.4

4.6
5.1

4.1
4.3

4.3
4.7

3.5
4.3

3.5
5.1

2.5
3.3

3.6
4.2

3.4
3.9

2.6
3.4

1.9
1.0

2.4
1.3

2.5
1.2

2.7
1.4

2.7
1.1

5.2
1.1

2.6
1.1

2.1
1.0

2.0
1.1

2 .0
.9

1.9
1.0

1.8
.7

1.9
.9

2.2
.9

2.1
.9

M O N T H L Y L A B O R R E V IE W , F E B R U A R Y 1967

98
T able B - l.

Labor turnover rates, by m ajor industry group ^ C o n tin u e d
[Per 10 0 em ployees]

R e v is e d s e r ie s ; s e e b o x , p . 9 4 .

1966

1965

A nnual
average

M ajor in d u stry group
N o v .2

Oct.

Sept.

A ug.

Ju ly

June

May

Apr.

Mar.

Feb.

Jan.

D ec.

N ov.

1965

1964

Separations: T otal
M anufacturing:
A ctu al—...............---

Seasonally adjusted.

D urable goods............. ............. ....... ............... -

Ordnance and accessories.....................

Lum ber and w ood products, except
furniture.......................... - ......................... Furniture and fixtu res................................
Stone, clay, and glass products................
Prim ary m etal in d u str ie s ......................Fabricated m etal products.......- ...............
M achinery------------ ------- -------- —---------Electrical eq u ip m en t and su p p lies-----T ransportation eq u ip m en t-------- ---------

Instruments and related products-----M iscellaneous m anufacturing in d u s­
tries___________________ ____________
N ondurable goods----------------------------Food and kindred p rod u cts----------T obacco m anufactures------------------T extile m ill p rod ucts------------ --------A pparel and related p rod u cts-------Paper and allied p rod ucts--------- -—
Prin tin g, p ub lishing, and allied in d u s­
tries....... .......................................................
C hem icals and allied p rod u cts. — ——
Petroleum refining and related indusR ubber and m iscellaneous plastic prod­
u cts________________________________
Leather and leather p rod ucts.......... —N onm anufacturing:
M etal m in in g ...
Coal m in in g ___

5.3

4.4

4.3

4 .2

4.8

6.6

4.4

4.5

5.1

4.8

5.0

4.9

4.7

3.8

4.5

6.1

2.0

2.8

4.0

5.5
3.1

5.4
3 .0

4.2
2.5

4.1
2.7

7.1
5.0
4.3
2.9
4.6

7.5

9.4
8 .3

6.8

4.1

4.1

4.3

3.9
2.7

3 .8
2.4

3.5

3.7

2. 1

2. 1

5.4
5.2
3.7
2.3
4.1

6.3
5.0
4.5

6.7

7.0

7.1

7.3

6.0

6.1

6.2

6.1

4.2

4.1

3.7

5.0
3.3
3.8
4.8
3 .0

4.2
2.9
5.1
3.2
3.6
4.1

8.6

7.2

6.6

5.4

7.3

6. 1

5.3

11.0

6.2

6.6

7.9
8.3
6.5
7.2
5.1

4.6
5.6
3.4
4.7

3.5

4.6
3.0

3 .2
2.4

7.2

6.8

5.4
8.4
4.9
5.3
5.8
4.1

5.6
7.0
5.1
5.8
5.3
4.9

5.6
6.7
7.2

1.8

3.5
2.5

5.1
4.6

3.0

4.0

6.4
4.5
3.6
5.4
3 .8
4 .0
9.8
3.3

4.7
7.8
4.6
5.1
3.4

3.6

4-4

6.6

2.8

6.6

4.1

4.6

4.7

8.6

6.8

3.1
4.0

4.3

8.4
5.9
4.3
6.3
4.5
4.5
6.4
3.7

4.7
3.6
5.3
3.2
4.0
4.3
3.6

2.6

5.8

2.6

2.6

4.7
3.3
3.4
3.9
2.9

4.5
3.1
3.5
3.8

5.7

5.4
4.7
5.6
6.7
5.0

3.6

4.5
5.5
4.0
5.0
5.9
3.4

3.3

3.5

3.1

2.2

2.6

2.6

5.5
5.5
7.9
3.5

2.8

6.0

2.8

6.6

2.6

3.9
4 .0

4.1

3.

3 .7

3.6

1. 6

2. 1

3.8
2.5

3.
3.

6.7
4.3
4.3
2.9
3.9
2.3
2.9
3.9

6.2

6.1

4.7
4.0
3.5
3.9
2.5

5.1
3.9
3.0
4.2

2.8

2.2

2.2

3.1
4.3
2.7

5.
4.
3.
2.
4.
2.
3.
4.
2.

3.0
4.2
2.5

4.2
3 .0
3.2
3.8
2.7

5.0

4.6

6.3

10.9

6.8

5.9

5.

4.4
5.6

4.5
5.8
9.2
4.3
5.8
3.3

4.6

4.4

4.4

6.8

6.8
10.8

6. 1

4.7
5.6
3.3

3.8
5.1
5.6
3.9
4.5
2.9

4.
6.
6.
3.
5.
2.

2.9
2.3

2.8
1.8

2. 1

2.8

6.1

2.6

3.3

7.2
4 .0
5.9
3.0

3.4

3.8
5.2
2.9

2.8

6.4
4.1
5.8
3.1

3.1
1.9

2.8

3.1

3.

1.9

2.2

2.

1.7

2. 1

3.9

2.6

2.1

2.0

1.8

1.9

1. 6

1.5

1.8

1.9

1.9

1.9

1.

4.3
5.1

5.5
5.9

7.2
8 .4

6.2

5.7

4.7
6.3

6.2

4 .0
5.1

4.1

8.1

4.8
5.6

4.6

7.8

4.8
5.7

6.0

3.9
5.6

4.1
4 .6

4.2
5.3

3.
5.

3.2

4.0

6.0

3.7
2.5

2.9
1.3

3.2

3.2

2.4

1.8

3.8
1.5

3.1

1.6

1.8

2.2

1.8

2.7
1.7

3.3
1.7

3.2
1.9

3.1
1.9

3.
1.

1.7

1.9

1.
1.

1.9

‘•5

Separations: Quits
M anufacturing:
A ctu al____________

Seasonally adjusted .
D urable goods......... ......... : -------------Ordnance and accessories---------- ,
L um ber and wood p roducts, except
furniture_________________________
F u rn itu re and fixtures--------------------Stone, clay, and glass products--------P rim ary m etal in d u stries----------------Fabricated m etal p rod ucts--------------M achinery-------------------------------------E lectrical eq u ip m en t and su p p lies-----T ransportation eq u ip m en t-----------------Instru m en ts and related p rod ucts-----M iscellaneous m anufacturing in d u s­
tries__________________ ____ _______
N ondurable goods-----------------------Food and kindred p rod ucts------Tobacco m an u factu res..............—
T extile m ill products--------- -----------------A pparel and related p rod ucts---------- ■--Paper and allied products--------- --------P rin tin g, p ub lishing, and allied in d u s­
tries________________________________
C hem icals and allied p rod ucts------------Petroleum refining and related in d u sR ubber and m iscellaneous p lastic
p rod ucts-----------------------------------------Leather and leather p rod ucts------------N onm anufacturing:
M etal m in in g ...
Coal m in in g -----

See footnotes at end of table.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

1.9

1.4

2.5

2.5

2.3

1.8

2.7

2.6

2.6

2.5

2.5

2.5

2.5

2.7

2.7

2.4

2.S

2.3

2.2

1.9

2.6
1.6

4.2

3.4
1.9

2.3
1.5

2.3
1.5

2.3
1.4

2.3
1.4

2.2

1.7

1.7

1.3

1.5

1.7

2.6

1.3

1. 2

1. 2

.8

1.0

1.1

6. 1
6.2

4.6
4.2
2.5
1.5

5.3
4.4
2.4
1.5
2.7
1.9

5.2
4.4
2.4
1.5

4.3
4.3

3 .2
3.3

2.8

2.5
2.4

3.4
3.1

2.0

1. 6
1.1
2.0

1.6
1.1
2.0

1. 2
.8

3.1
3.0
1.5
.9

1. 6
1. 2

1

1.5

1.1

1.8
1. 2

1.9
1.4

1.8

1.4

1.5

1. 6

1.4
1.5

1.0
1. 2

1.1

2.6

2.0
1. 8
1.8

5.0
4 .0
2.5
1.5
2.7
1.9
2.3

1.3

1.3
1.4

1
1
1
1
1

4.9

3.3

2. 1

1.1

2.8

4.5

1.7

2.4

6.9
6.5
4.4
3.8
4.8
3.5
4.2
3.1
3.7

3.1

4.6

6.5

3.4
3.2
1.9
1.3
2.4
1.5
1.9

4.7
4.8

1. 6

2.0

2.6
1.8

3.0
1.9
2.5

2.9
2.7
1.9

3.1
3.9
2.3
3.6
3.4
2.7

5 .0
6.7
3 .4
5.1
4.7
5.1

1.7
1.0

2
.2
1.4

3.7
3 .3

2.4
3. 0
1.8

3.6

3.6
2.7
4.0
2.7
3.1
2.5

4 .0
4.7
2.8

4.9
4.6
3.5

2.5

2.6

1.9

2.8

3.1
1.7
3.7

2.2
2.1
3.1
2.1 1.1
1.4

.9

2.8
2.0
2.1

1.4
2.5

3.1

1.5

.9
3
2

.9

1.8

2.1
1.8

1.7

1.7
1.9

1.7

1.9

1.8

1.4
1.7
1.4
1.5

3.2

3.4

3.2

3.1

2.5

2.5

2.0

2.5

2.6

2

2.7
3.0
1.4

2.7

2.7
2.7
1.7

2.4
2.4
1.7

2.0
2.0

2.1
2.0

1. 6

1.9

2. 1

1.7

2.2

1.5

1.1

1.3

2.4
1. 5

1
2

1.4

3.2

2.9

2.5

2.8

2.0

1.6

1.7

1.3

2.4
1.5

2
.6
1.7

1.7
.9

1.8
1.0

1.3
.7

1.5
.8

3.2
2.3
2.3
1.3

2.8

1.7
3.3

2.2
2
.0
1.3

1.0

2.6
3.4

3.5
4.3

5 .3
6 .3

4.3
5.9

1.1
.7

1.7
.8

4.8

2.7
.9

2.9.0 1.8
2.7.0
.6

2.9
4.2

2.2
2.0
1.3

1.8
2. 1

2.1
11.2.8

2.9
3.9

3.0
4.0

3.2

2
.2
3.3

1.7
2.7

1.6

1.3

1.2

.8

.6

.5

1.2
.4

2.8

2.2

3.9

1.7

1.0

2.0
1
9

2
.2
1.3
1.5
.8
.6

.5

.5

.9

2
.8
4.4

1.1

2.5

.1
2
.2 2
3.0
2.9

1.5
2.4

1.3

1.5
.5

.6

B.—LABOR TURNOVER
T able

B -l.

99

Labor turnover rates, by major industry group ^C ontinued
[Per 100employees]

Revised series; see box, p. 94.

1966

1965

Annual
average

Major industry group
Nov . 2

Oct.

Sept.

Aug.

July

June

May

Apr.

Mar.

Feb.

Jan.

Dec.

Nov.

1965

1964

Separations: Layoffs
Manufacturing:
Actual___________________________
Seasonally adjusted. .. ------------ --Durable goods______________________
Ordnance and accessories___________
Lumber and wood products, except
furniture________________________
Furniture and fixtures______________
Stone, clay, and glass products_______
Primary metal industries________ --Fabricated metal products__________
Machinery________________ _____
Electrical equipment and supplies____
Transportation equipment__________
Instruments and related products.........
Miscellaneous manufacturing industries___ ________________________
Nondurable goods____ _______________
Food and kindred products_________
Tobacco manufactures.. ____ ___
Textile mill products..............................
Apparel and related products________
Paper and allied products___________
Printing, publishing, and allied industries______
____. . . _________
Chemicals and allied products_______
Petroleum refining and related industries____ _______________________
Rubber and miscellaneous plastic
products________________________
Leather and leather products_______
Nonmanufacturing:
_____ _ ___
Metal mining______
C oalm ining... . . ___ _____

1.3
1.1

1.1

1.0

1.0

1.1

1.1

1.0
1.1

1.1

.8

.8

.3

.5

.4

2.8
.8

1.7
.7

1.3
.5

1.4
.7

1.1

1.1

.7
1.1
.4
.4
1.3
.4

.6
1.0
.6
.4
1.2
.4

1.0

1.7
.8
1.1
.3
.5
1.6
.4

.4

1.0

1.7

1.3

2.2
.6

.9
.3

.8

.7
.9

.6

.9
1.1
1.1

.5
1.0
.8
.3
2.8
.3

1.1
1.7
1.0
1.0
7.1
.8

.8

.4
1.3
.4
.5
2.0
.3

.5
.5
.9
.4
1.3
.4
.4
1.3
.3

1.2

.7
.4

1.0

1.2

1.3
1.2

1.9
1.4

1 5
1.3

14

.7

1.9

1.1
^4

1 2

1 2

.6
.8

.9
.3

1. 6

.6

1.3

2. 6

34

2.1

24
1.3
1.5
.5
.6
21

1.0

.8
.6
.8

.3
1.0
.4
.4
1.3
.4

.4
1.0

.8

1.2

1.4
.4
1.1
.3
.4
1.9
.3

1.1
.4
.4
1.2
.3

.9

.8
1.2
.5
.5
1. 5
_4

jj

1 0

.o
?

1

17

1 8

1K
12

15
10
14

14
^3

-8
21
a

7

1 0

11 . 7/
15
1.8
11 . Q
y
11 . 0Q
11 . 7i

.Q
O
18
g
12
2 3
. yQ

3.1

.8

.8

1.1

2.3

1.1

1.3

1.1

.9

1.3

2.8

8.1

3.1

2.3

2.8

1.7
4.0
4.2
.9
1.7
.7

1.5
3.6
1.7
.8
1.6
.4

1.4
3.3
1.5
.6
1.6
.5

1.3
2.3
4.8
.6
1.8
.5

1.7
2.3
3.2
1.1
3.2
.5

1.1
1.9
1.4
.5
2.0
.4

1.1
2.1
1.7
.4
1.9
.4

1.3
2.2
4.5
.4
2.6
.5

1.3
2.5
3.8
.5
2.0
.5

1.1
2.4
3.8
.6
1.3
.5

1.7
3. 0
7.1
.9
2.2
.8

23
44
5. 7
13
3.3
i n

18
3Q
91

16
9Q
44

19
33
49

21
7

24
g

26
g

.7
.4

.6
.5

.7
.6

.8
.3

.6
.5

.6
.7

.6
.7

.6
.5

.6
.6

.6
.4

.9
.6

1.2
7

J)

7

10
. 0Q

4 4

.6

.6

.9

.6

.6

.3

.4

.4

.5

.5

.8

1n

J)

.7

.7

.6

2.7

.7
.7

.8

.9

.7
1.4

.7

.8

1.3

1.2

.9

.9

.8

.9

1.8

1.0

.6
1.1

1.8

2.1

i n
.9

1.6

1.2

.3

.3

.2
.2

.2
.2

.8
1.2

.3
.4

.3
.7

.3

.9

.4

.6

.6

.7
.4

1.3

1.1

1 For comparability of data with those published in issues prior to October
1966, see footnote 1, table A-9.
Month-tO-month changes in total employment in manufacturing and
nonmanufacturing industries as indicated by labor turnover rates are not
comparable with the changes shown by the Bureau’s employment series
for the following reasons: (1 ) the labor turnover series measures changes


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

0.9
1.1

2.0

.8

1.2
1.0

7
1 2

1.5
7
.’ 9

15
1.8

7
.'9

during the calendar month, while the employment series measures changes
from midmonth to midmonth and (2 ) the turnover series excludes personnel
changes caused by strikes, but the employment series reflects the influence
of such stoppages.
2 Preliminary.

M O N T H L Y L A B O R R E V IE W , F E B R U A R Y 1967

100

C.—Earnings and Hours
T

able

C -l.

Gross hours and earnings of production workers,1by industry
Revised series; see box, p. 94.
1966

1965

Industry
Dec. 2 Nov.2

Oct.

Sept.

Aug.

July

June

May

Apr.

Mar.

Feb.

Jan.

Dec.

Annual
average
1965

1964

Average weekly earnings
M ining.--------------------------- ----------- — $132.29 $131.35 $134. 78 $133.73 $131. 58 $131.46 $132. 80 $130. 85 $121. 72 $127. 37 $126.30 $126. 48 $127.41 $123. 52 $117.74
135.98 135.14 136.64 134.62 135. 79 134. 93 132. 51 133. 88 129. 79 130.62 132. 19 131.67 127. 30 122.54
Metal mining..............................................
138. 53 136. 29 142.23 138. 32 143.99 142. 35 136. 27 139. 63 133. 74 133. 74 136. 36 133. 50 129.24 125.83
Iron ores______ ____ -------- -------------143.55 142. 46 140.62 140. 51 139.64 138. 13 137. 26 138. 97 135. 99 137. 49 139. 64 140. 60 136. 71 130.42
Copper ores_______________ _______
145.08 156.98 151. 00 149. 33 145. 70 153. 41 152. 31 111. 52 143. 44 142. 45 142. 04 143. 31 137.45 126.88
Coal mining_______________ _______
147.02 159.80 154.09 152. 44 148. 03 156. 98 155. 12 112. 85 146.08 144. 79 144. 73 146. 37 140. 23 128.91
Bituminous—......... ........... ...............—
124.68 123.68 123.68 121. 84 123. 70 121. 70 121. 84 122. 41 121. 69 120. 42 121. 27 119.97 116.18 112.63
Crude petroleum and natural gas______
129.34 129.74 129. 34 125.96 129. 68 126. 98 127. 30 129. 15 126. 36 127. 39 128. 84 126. 79 123. 62 120.95
Crude petroleum and natural gas fields.
120.83 118.86 118.86 118.46 119. 26 118. 28 117. 75 117. 13 118.09 115. 37 115. 54 114. 37 110. 31 106.43
Oil and gas field services------------ -----124. 03 129.44 129.44 128.46 127. 64 126. 90 122. 29 120. 31 116. 48 113. 70 112. 05 117. 78 117.45 111.85
Quarrying and nonmetallic mining------124. 75 130.95 131.49 131.14 130.9 128. 87 121. 47 119. 20 114.29 109. 03 107. 65 117.00 116.58 110.62
Crushed and broken stone__________
Contract construction................................... 147.68 143.39 152.08 151.67 149.38 150.15 146. 69 141. 71
136.26 141. 70 140. 56 138.00 137. 27 135. 05 132. 09
General building contractors---------------138.16 155. 55 156.09 152. 34 154. 07 150. 45 137. 07
Heavy construction__________________
131. 58 154.86 157.04 153.47 195. 46 151. f,4 134. 06
Highway and street construction------145.13 156.91 155.04 151. 44 152.21 148. 42 140. 76
Other heavy construction----------------151. 20 157.96 157.88 155.70 156. 59 153. 38 150. 88
Special trade contractors---- ------- -------Plumbing, heating, and air condition­
159.18 165. 85 166.21 163.90 163.12 161. 09 160. 27
ing........ ..........................................—
141.91 144.68 145.16 143.08 145. 04 141. 21 140. 30
Painting, paperhangmg, and decorating
178.13 185. 26 183.46 180.45 180.12 177. 45 177. 00
Electrical work-----------------------------Masonry, plastering, stone, and tile
135. 05 144. 79 142.90 143. 72 144.63 140. 65 139. 15
work___________ _______________
121. 48 132. 46 129.17 128.16 129. 23 123. 90 118. 61
Roofing and sheet metal work— .........
Average weekly
Mining_____ _____-........ ...... ..........
Metal mining............ ................—
Iron ores........................ —..........
Copper ores_________________
Coal mining________________ —
Bituminous_____ ___________
Crude petroleum and natural gas.

42.4

Oil and gas field services_______
Quarrying and nonmetallic mining.
Crushed and broken stone______
Contract construction__________ ____ ___
General building contractors______ ___
Heavy construction............... ......... .........
Highway and street construction____
Other heavy construction.....................
Special trade contractors_______ ______
Plumbing, heating, and air condition­
in g - ............ — ------- ----------- ------- Painting, paperhanging and decorating.
Electrical work____________________
Masonry, plastering, stone, and tile
work____ ______________________
Roofing and sheet metal work—............

37.2

Mining_____________________ ________
Metal mining............ ................................
Iron ores_________________________
Copper ores___ _____________ ____
Coal mining____ ____________________
Bituminous____ ____________ _____
Crude petroleum and natural gas______
Crude petroleum and natural gas fields
Oil and gas field services.___ ______
Quarrying and nonmetallic mining____
Crushed and broken stone__________

$3.12

Contract construction_________________
General building contractors__________
Heavy construction_________________
Highway and street construction____
Other heavy construction......... ...........
Special trade contractors_____________
Plumbing, heating, and air condition­
ing—
Painting, paperhanging and decorating
Electrical work______ _____________
Masonry, plastering, stone, and tile
work______________________
Roofing and sheet metal work__

3.97

See footnotes at end of table.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

140. 59
131. 74
137. 94
135. 05
141. 05
148. 15

143. 26
134. 32
139. 47
133. 95
143. 42
150. 26

139.05
130. 30
131.41
123. 00
137.16
147. 38

138. 34
129. 23
133. 23
126. 64
138. 06
146. 21

139. 87
132.13
132. 65
124. 74
139.91
148. 34

138.01
128.16
137.90
136.45
139.60
144.99

132.06
122.79
131.78
130.00
133.93
138. 35

156. 21 157.12 155. 54 155. 94 156.78 152.08 144.40
137. 28 136. 26 134.64 133. 13 136. 54 134. 97 128. 52
173. 57 174. 60 172.60 173. 94 175. 72 169. 89 165.17
138. 98 142. 00 134. 92 125. 58 135. 76 133. 56 127.31
117. 57 123.20 119. 39 118. 74 118. 52 117.65 112. 49
hours

43.1
41.3
44.5
47.1
49.4

43.4
42.7
43.4
43.3
41.8
42.2
42.7
40.7
44.3
47.0
49.0

42.9
42.2
41.8
43.3
41. 5
41.7
42.6
40.8
44. 1
45.8
46.9

41.4
42.5
42.7
43.7
32.8
32.9
42.8
41.0
44.2
45.4
46. 2

42.6
41.6
40.9
42.9
41.1
41. 5
43.0
40.5
44.9
44.8
45.9

42.1
41.6
40.9
43.1
40. 7
40.9
42.4
40.7
43.7
43.9
44. 5

42.3
42.1
41.7
43.5
40.7
41.0
42.7
40.9
44.1
43.6
44.3

42.9
41.8
40.7
43.8
41.3
41.7
43.0
40.9
44.5
45.3
46.8

42.3
41.6
41.9
43.4
39.9
40.2
42.4
40.8
43.6
45.7
47. 2

41.9
41.4
40.2
42.9
39.0
39.2
42.5
41.0
43.8
45.1
45.9

38.4
36.8
42.2
43.6
40.6
37.7

39.0
37.1
43.4
44.8
41.7
38.1

38.3
36.6
42.5
43.7
41.0
37.5

37.0
35.7
39.5
39.9
39.1
36.8

36.9
35.8
40.1
40.8
39.4
36.4

37.7
36.8
40.9
41.6
40.4
37.1

36.4
35.6
38. 2
38.2
38.1
36.3

36.5
35.6
39.3
39.7
39.0
36.1

37.1
36.4
38.9
38. 5
39.3
36.9

37.4
36.1
40.8
41.6
40.0
36.8

37.2
35.8
40.8
41.4
40.1
36.6

39.2
36.2
39.2

39.4
36.5
39.4

39.4
37.0
39.5

39.1
36.3
39.0

38.9
35.7
38.9

38.1
35.2
38.4

38.7
35.3
38.8

38. 5
34.7
38. 7

38.6
34.4
39.0

39.0
35.1
39.4

38.6
35.8
38.7

38.1
35.7
38. 5

35.4
35.8

34.6
35.1

35.4
35.6

35.8
34.9
34.7
34.4
36.2
35.2
33.6
33.4
Average hourly earnings

35. 5
35.0

33.9
32.8

32.2
32.8

34.9
33.2

34.6
34.5

34. 5
34.4

$3.12
3.23
3.33
3.27
3. 72
3. 76
2.92
3.17
2.74
2. 75
2.66

$3.12
3. 21
3.30
3.26
3 72
3. 76
2.91
3.18
2. 72
2. 76
2.70

$3.11
3.20
3.30
3.24
3.71
3.74
2.91
3.17
2. 72
2.76
2. 70

$3.06
3.19
3.27
3.26
3.66
3.70
2.86
3.11
2.68
2.73
2.66

$3.05
3.18
3.31
3. 21

3.95
3.86
3. 57
3. 40
3. 75
4.20

3.95
3.84
3.66
3. 56
3.79
4.19

3.96
3.83
3.69
3. 61
3.80
4.21

4. 20
4.02
4. 70

4. 22
4. 03
4. 69

4.08
3. 67

4.09
3. 70

42.1
42.1
41.6
43.9
39.0
39.1
42.7
40.8
44.1
45.1
46.9

43.2
42.1
41.3
43.7
42.2
42.5
42.5
40.8
43. 7
46.9
48.5

43.0
42.7
43.1
43.4
40.7
41.2
42.5
40.8
43.7
46.9
48.7

43.0
42.2
42.3
43.1
40.8
41.2
42.6
40.5
44.2
47.2
49.3

43.1
42.7
43.5
43.5

36.3
35.3
38.7
38.7
38.7
36.0

38.5
36.9
42.5
43.5
41.4
37.7

38.3
36.7
42.3
43.5
40.8
37.5

37.9
35.3
37.9

39.3
35.9
39.5

33.1
33.1

2. 87
3.14
2. 68
2.71
2.65

$3.06
3.16
3.28
3.19
3.67
3.72
2.85
3.12
2.67
2. 70
2.63

$3.05
3.14
3.26
3.17
3.67
3. 72
2.86
3.12
2. 67
2.67
2.59

$2. 94
3.15
3.27
3.18
3.40
3. 43
2.86
3.15
2. 65
2.65
2.58

$2.99
3.12
3. 27
3.17
3. 49
3 52
2.83
3.12
2.63
2.60
2.49

$3.00
3.14
3.27
3.19
3. 50
3. 54
2.84
3.13
2.64
2.59
2.45

$2.99
3.14
3.27
3. 21
3. 49
3 53
2.84
3.15
2. 62
2. 57
2.43

$2.97
3.15
3.28
3. 21
3.47
3. 51
2.79
3.10
2. 57
2.60
2. 50

$2.92
3. 06
3.16
3.15
3.45
3.49
2.74
3.03
2.53
2.57
2.47

$2.81
2.96
3.13
3.04
3. 26
3.30
2.65
2.95
2.43
2. 48
2.41

3.89
3. 75
3. 61
3. 52
3. 73
4.13

3.85
3.70
3. 55
3.47
3. 65
4.11

3.83
3.69
3.54
3.47
3. 62
4.09

3.83
3.70
3. 47
3. 36
3.60
4.10

3.81
3. 68
3.44
3. 31
3.58
4.07

3.80
3. 65
3.41
3. 22
3. 55
4. 05

3. 82
3. 66
3. 44
3. 22
3.60
4.06

3. 79
3. 63
3.39
3.19
3.54
4. 05

3. 77
3. 63
3.41
3.24
3.56
4. 02

3.69
3. 55
3.38
3.28
3.49
3.94

3. 55
3.43
3.23
3.14
3.34
3. 78

4.24
4. 01
4.68

4.16
3.92
4.58

4.14
3.92
4. 56

4.12
3.89
4. 55

4.12
3.93
4. 55

4.10
3.90
4. 52

4. 06
3.86
4. 50

4.04
3. 88
4.46

4.04
3.87
4. 46

4.02
3.89
4. 46

3.94
3.77
4. 39

3. 79
3.60
4.29

4.13
3.68

4.06
3.60

4. 04
3. 57

4. 03
3. 52

4.01
3.53

4.04
3. 52

4.00
3. 52

3.98
3. 64

3.90
3.62

3.89
3.57

3. 86
3.41

3.69
3.27

C — E A R N IN G S A N D H O U R S

T

able

C -l.

101

Gross hours and earnings of production workers,1 by industry—Continued
Revised series; see box, p. 94.
1966

1965

Industry
Dec.2 Nov.2 Oct.

Sept.

Aug.

July

June

May

Apr.

Mar.

Feb.

Jan.

Dec.

Annual
average
1965

1964

Average weekly earnings
. $114.68 $113.9« $113.8, $113. 71 $111.73 $111.11 $112. 74 $112.0. $111. 24 $110.9. $110. 2' $110. 0( $110.96
. 124.7Í 123. 48 124.0' 123.9' 120. 54 119.81 121. 87 121.81 121.54 120.66 120.66 119.96 120.98
. 100. 5( 100.1( 99. 9' 99. 54 99. 2Í 99.14 99.21 98.3C 96.96 96.88 96.88 95. 5? 96.96
Ordnance and accessories___________ . 141.2f 137.92 136. K 136. 91 134.87 133. 83 134.2C 134. 51 133. 46 132.82 134.06 136.21 138.03
Ammunition, except for small arms. . 139.72 136.12 135. 5f 135. 83 135. 83 134. 2C 134.31 136. Of 134. 5E 134.6‘ 136.66 140. IE 141. 01
Sighting and fire control equipment.
135. 5i 121. 6( 128.96 125. 66 127. e: 133. 6f 131. 5 130.42 134. 51 136.2C 135. 79 137. 78
Other ordnance and accessories.........
145. O' 142.24 141. 43 139. 07 133.7 133. 9C 134. 98 132. 44 132. 06 129. 03 127.58 126. 98 130.82

Manufacturing.......................
Durable goods_______
Nondurable goods____

furniture________________
Sawmills and planing m ills...
Millwork, plywood, and
products________________
Wooden containers___ _____
Miscellaneous wood productsFurnitUre and fixtures____________
Household furniture..____ _____
Office furniture_______ _________
Partitions; office and store fixtures.
Other furniture and fixtures........

_ 91.66
_ 82.7:

91.83
84.99

.
.

97.84 100.12 100.61 100.12
76. 82 75. 44 76.78 76.91
88.15 88.58 88. 38 87. 77

98.66
75.07
89. 42

94.83
86.67

94.83
87.26

94. 07
87. 72

93. 66
86. 90

93.94
86.92

94. 66
86.94

$107. 53 $102.97
117.18 112.19
94.6
90.91
131.57
136. 08
127. 08
121.93

122.72
124.84
129.34
116.40

92.48
85.48

88.91
82.6?

88.88
81.99

88. 75
82.22

89.82
82.82

88. 54
82. 01

85.24
79.60

99.63 100.91 102. 61 100.08
75.95 76. 91 77. 7] 76.31
87.12 87.56 88.19 87.35

97.88
73.80
87.14

97. 47
73.62
85. 90

98.18
72.98
85. 90

98.70
75.18
86.11

96.93
72.75
84. 67

93 11
68 63
81.79

92. 74 93.86 93. 21 93.26 89.13 91.96 90.67 88.75 90.06 88.58 88.15 92.23 87.98 84.46
87.13 88.19 87.14 87.15 82.61 85.7( 84.87 83.84 84.87 84.05 83.23 87.96 83.21
79 93
113. 69 115. 01 114. 58 115. 02 110. 50 112. 41 111. 02 107. 78 108. 54 109.37 108.11 108.11 104.06
97.88
114.68 117.74 118. 83 119. 63 115.93 119.54 116. 60 113. 58 113. 02 110.83 110. 43 114. 36 112.86 105
85
100. 25 98.28 100. 91 101.48 99. 36 97. 75 98. 41 97.02 94.58 94.43 92.70 91.65 95.85 92.18 87.33

.
.

93.18
87.56

Average weekly hours
Manufacturing............... .
Durable goods___
Nondurable goods.
Ordnance and accessories___________
Ammunition, except for small arms.
Sighting and fire control equipment.
Other ordnance and accessories........

41.4
42.3
40. 2

41.3
42. 0
40. 2

41.4
42.2
40.3

41.5
42.3
40.3

41.4
42.0
40.5

41.0
41.6
40.3

41.6
42.3
40.5

41.5
42.3
40.3

41.2
42.2
39.9

41.4
42.2
40.2

41.3
42.2
40.2

41.2
42.1
39.8

41.7
42.6
40.4

41.2
42.0
40.1

40.7
41.4
39.7

43. 6
42. 6
45.9

42.7
41. 5
42.9
45. 3

42.3
41.2
39.1
45.2

42.4
41.3
41. 6
44.7

42.0
41.3
40.8
43.7

42.1
41.3
41.3
43.9

42.2
41.2
42.7
44.4

42.3
41.6
42.3
44.0

42.1
41.4
41.8
44.0

41.9
41.3
42.7
43.3

42.3
41.8
43.1
43.1

42.7
42.6
42.7
42.9

43.0
42.6
43.6
43.9

41.9
42.0
40.6
41.9

40.5
40.4
40.8
40.7

40.2
39. 2

40.1
39. 9

40.7
40. 5

40.7
40.4

40.9
40.8

40.9
40.8

41.2
41.0

41.7
41.4

41.1
40.9

40.6
40.5

40.4
39.8

40.9
40.5

41.2
40.8

40.8
40.6

40.4
40.2

40.6
40.8
41.4

40.1
41.3
41. 0

40.7
41. 0
41,2

40.9
41. 5
41.3

41.2
41.8
41. 4

41.0
41.5
40.9

41.7
41.8
41.3

42.4
42.7
41.6

41.7
41.7
41.4

41.3
41.0
41.3

41.3
40.9
41.1

41.6
41.0
41.1

42.0
42.0
41.6

41 6
41.1
41.3

41 2
39. 9
41.1

41.6
41. 3

41.4
41.1
42.9
41. 4
42. 0

41.9
41. 6
43. 4
42. 2
42.4

41.8
41.3
43.4
42. 9
43.0

42.2
41.7
43.9
43. 5
43.2

40.7
40.1
42.5
41.7
42.5

41.8
41.4
43.4
43.0
42.6

41.4
41.0
43.2
42.4
42.0

40.9
40.7
42.6
41.3
41.3

41.5
41.4
42.9
41.4
41.6

41.2
41.0
43.4
41.2
41.2

41.0
40.8
42.9
40.9
41.1

42.7
42.7
42.9
42. 2
42.6

41. 5
41. 4
42.3
41.8
41.9

41.2
41.2
41.3
40. 4
41.0

—

Lumber and wood products, except
furniture_______________________
Sawmills and planing mills_________
Millwork, plywood, and related
products________________________
Wooden containers________________
Miscellaneous wood products________
Furniture and fixtures____________
Household furniture____________
Office furniture________________
Partitions; office and store fixtures.
Other furniture and fixtures______

42.3

Average hourly earnings
Manufacturing________
Durable goods___
Nondurable goods.
Ordnance and accessories___________
Ammunition, except for small arms.
Sighting and fire control equipment.
Other ordnance and accessories____
Lumber and wood products, except
furniture________________________
Sawmills and planing mills__________
Millwork, plywood, and related
products________________________
Wooden containers_________________
Miscellaneous wood products..______
Furniture and fixtures____________
Household furniture____________
Office furniture________________
Partitions; office and store fixtures.
Other furniture and fixtures______
See footnotes at end of table.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

$2. 77
2, 96
2. 50

$2. 76
2.94
2. 49

$2. 75
2. 94
2. 48

$2. 74
2.93
2. 47

$2. 70
2.87
2. 45

$2. 71
2.88
2. 46

$2.71
2.88
2. 45

$2.70
2.88
2.44

$2. 70
2.88
2.43

$2.68
2.86
2. 41

$2.67
2.86
2.41

$2. 67
2.85
2.40

$2.60
2.84
2.40

$2.61
2.79
2.36

$2.53
2.71
2.29

3. 24
3. 28
3.16

3.23
3. 28
3.16
3.14

3.23
3.29
3.11
3.13

3.23
3.29
3.10
3.11

3. 21
3.29
3.08
3.06

3.18
3. 25
3.09
3. 05

3.18
3.26
3.13
3.04

3.18
3. 27
3.11
3. 01

3.17
3. 25
3.12
3.00

3.17
3.26
3.15
2.98

3.17
3.27
3.16
2.96

3.19
3.29
3.18
2.96

3.21
3.31
3.16
2.98

3.14
3.24
3.13
2.91

3.03
3.09
3.17
2.86

2.28
2.11

2.29
2.13

2.33
2.14

2.33
2.16

2. 30
2.15

2.29
2.13

2.28
2.12

2. 27
2.10

2.25
2.09

2.19
2.04

2.20
2.06

2.17
2.03

2.18
2.03

2.17
2.02

2.11
1.98

2.43
1.84
2.16

2. 44
1.86
2.16

2. 46
1.84
2.16

2.46
1. 85
2.14

2.43
1.84
2.12

2.43
1.83
2.13

2.42
1.84
2.12

2. 42
1.82
2.12

2.40
1.83
2.11

2.37
1.80
2.11

2.36
1.80
2.09

2.36
1.78
2.09

2.35
1.79
2.07

2.33
1.77
2.05

2.26
1.72
1.99

2.24
2.12

2.24
2.12
2. 65
2. 77
2. 34

2. 24
2.12
2. 65
2. 79
2. 38

2.23
2.11
2. 64
2. 77
2.36

2. 21
2.09
2.62
2.75
2.30

2.19
2.06
2. 60
2. 78
2. 30

2.20
2. 07
2.59
2.78
2.31

2.19
2.07
2. 57
2.75
2.31

2.17
2.06
2.53
2. 75
2.29

2.17
2.05
2.53
2.73
2.27

2.15
2.05
2.52
2.69
2. 25

2.15
2.04
2.52
2.70
2.23

2.16
2.06
2.52
2.71
2.25

2.12
2. 01
2.46
2.70
2.20

2. 05
1.94
2.37
2.62
2.13

—

2.37

M O N T H L Y L A B O R R E V IE W , F E B R U A R Y 1967

102
T able C -l.

Gross hours and earnings of production workers,1by industry—Continued
Revised series; see box, p. 94.
1965

1966

Annual
average

Industry
Dec.2 Nov.2 Oct.

Sept.

Aug.

July

June

May

Apr.

Mar.

Feb.

Jan.

Dec.

1965

1964

Average weekly earnings
M anufacturing—Continue d
Durable goods—Continued
$114. 09 $112. 83 $110. 54 $110. 66 $112. 25 $110.04 $105. 50
Stone, clay, and glass products------------- $114.26 $115. 51 $116. 47 $116. 05 $115.75 $113.82 $115.60 $114.63
161.18 159.87 153. 99 152. 44 141.60 151.01 152.34 155. 86 154. 51 152. 08 151. 30 146. 91 149. 60 144.14
Flat glass---------------------- --------------Glass and glassware, pressed or blown-. 115.23 112.75 111.38 111.38 110.30 109.76 111.79 111.79 109. 34 111.92 110. 70 111. 37 111.78 106. 25 102.21
124.42 121. 30
Cement, hydraulic------------------------- 128.61 137. 48 132.39 133. 76 132. 61 134. 82 131. 87 132.19 132. 51 130. 94 126. 98 129. 79 127.82
97. 61 97.20 98.16 97.99 98.12 97.94 97.94 97.29 98.00 96.28 93.38 93. 66 95.04 94.02 89. 82
Structural clay products-----------------102.11 100.15 100. 44 98.50 95. 94 99.00 98.95 98.80 97. 91 97. 66 97. 91 98.09 95.12 93.53
Pottery and related products-----------Concrete, gypsum, and plaster products. 113.25 116. 42 121.38 121. 76 122.94 120.87 120. 87 118.10 116.95 113.62 108. 62 110. 33 113.62 113.08 108. 32
Other stone and mineral products------- 115.64 115.92 118.86 117. 32 115. 79 114. 68 116. 47 116.60 115.63 114. 24 113. 55 111. 22 114.06 110.62 107.01
Primary metal industries----------------- 138.93 138.69 139. 02 140. 77 138.09 136.86 139. 50 139.07 138. 74 136.83 136.08 135. 34 132.48 133.88 130.00
Blast furnace and basic steel products.. 142. 91 142. 97 144.84 147.80 145.85 147. 03 147.68 146. 97 146. 56 143. 56 141. 69 140. 24 134. 21 140.90 138.43
128. 46 127. 01 129.07 125. 72 119. 84
Iron and steel foundries------------------- 131.20 129.68 130.90 129. 73 126.69 121.13 128.01 127.58 128.90 128.60 125.93
125. 82 126.30 124. 44 120. 22
Nonferrous smelting and refining------- 134. 47 132.18 132.91 132. 71 130.62 130.09 128. 83 128. 83 129. 32 126.96
Nonferrous rolling, drawing, and ex­
134.
20
134.
81
135. 86 135.42 130.07 122. 26
136.14
134.
90
137.
20
135.83
133.
55
138.
22
136.
47
139.10
139.29
truding—
Nonferrous foundries...------------------- 125.24 122.93 121.67 123. 26 118. 02 114.80 119.29 118.86 118.16 117. 59 117.17 118. 43 118.83 113. 55 110.54
Miscellaneous primary metal indus­
tries____ _______________________ 153. 47 153. 56 153.12 153. 91 146.89 141. 86 147. 74 149. 64 146.03 149. 80 150. 82 148. 14 150.14 143. 09 133. 77
Average weekly hours
Stone, clay, and glass products-----------Flat glass-------------------------------------Glass and glassware, pressed or blown.
Cement, hydraulic________________
Structural clay products-----------------Pottery and related products-----------Concrete, gypsum, and plaster prod­
ucts____________________________
Other stone and mineral products-----Primary metal industries------------------Blast furnace and basic steel products.
Iron and steel foundries_________ ....
Nonferrous smelting and refining------Nonferrous rolling, drawing, and ex­
truding________________________
Nonferrous foundries----- ----------------Miscellaneous primary metal indus­
tries____________________ _______

41.6
40.7
40.5

41.7
43.8
41.0
42.3
40.5
40.2

42.2
43.8
40.8
41.5
40.9
39.9

42.2
43.5
40.8
41.8
41.0
39.7

42.4
42.7
40.7
41.7
41.4
39.4

42.0
40.0
40.5
42.0
41.5
39.0

42.5
42.3
41.1
41.6
41. 5
39.6

42.3
42.2
41.1
41.7
41.4
39.9

42.1
42.7
40.2
41.8
41.7
40.0

42.1
42.8
41.3
41.7
41. 5
39.8

41.4
42.6
41.0
40.7
40.6
39.7

41.6
42.5
41.4
41.6
40.9
39.8

42.2
41.5
41.4
41.1
41.5
40.2

42.0
42.5
40.4
41.2
41.6
39.8

41.7
41.9
40.4
41.4
41.2
39.8

42.1
41.3

42.8
41.4

44.3
42.3

44.6
41.9

45.2
41.8

45.1
41.7

45.1
42.2

44.4
42.4

44.3
42.2

43.7
42.0

42.1
41.9

42.6
41.5

43.7
42.4

44.0
41.9

43.5
41.8

42.1
40.6
43.3
43.1

41.9
40.5
42.8
42.5

42.0
40.8
43.2
42.6

42.4
41.4
43.1
42.4

42.1
41.2
42.8
42.0

41.6
41.3
41.2
42.1

42.4
41.6
43.1
42.1

42.4
41.4
43.1
42.1

42.3
41.4
43.4
42.4

42.1
40.9
43.3
41.9

42.0
40.6
43.4
41.7

41.9
40.3
43.2
41.8

41.4
38.9
43.9
42.1

42.1
41.2
43.5
41.9

41.8
41.2
42.8
41.6

44.3
42.6

44.5
42.1

43.6
42.1

44.3
42.8

44.1
42.0

43.5
41.0

44.4
42.3

44.2
42.3

43.8
42.2

44.0
42.3

44.2
42.3

44.4
42.6

44.4
42.9

43.5
41.9

42.6
41.4

43.6

43.5

43.5

43.6

42.7

41.6

43.2

43.5

42.7

43.8

44.1

43.7

43.9

43.1

42.2

41.4

Average hourly earnings

2.77
3.16
2. 41

$2.77
3.68
2.75
3.25
2. 40
2. 54

$2.76
3.65
2.73
3.19
2. 40
2. 51

$2.75
3. 54
2.73
3.20
2. 39
2. 53

$2.73
3. 57
2.71
3.18
2.37
2. 50

$2.71
3. 54
2. 71
3.21
2.36
2. 46

$2. 72
3.57
2. 72
3.17
2.36
2. 50

$2.71
3.61
2. 72
3.17
2.35
2.48

$2.71
3. 65
2.72
3.17
2.35
2.47

$2.68
3.61
2.71
3.14
2.32
2. 46

$2.67
3. 57
2.70
3.12
2.30
2. 46

$2.66
3.56
2.69
3.12
2.29
2. 46

$2.66
3.54
2.70
3.11
2.29
2.44

$2.62
3. 52
2.63
3.02
2.26
2.39

$2. 53
3.44
2.53
2.93
2.18
2.35

2. 69
2.80

2. 72
2.80

2.74
2.81

2. 73
2.80

2.72
2.77

2.68
2. 75

2. 68
2.76

2.66
2.75

2.64
2. 74

2.60
2.72

2.58
2.71

2.59
2.68

2.60
2. 69

2.57
2.64

2.49
2.56

3.30
3. 52
3.03
3.12

3.31
3. 53
3.03
3.11

3.31
3. 55
3.03
3.12

3. 32
3. 57
3.01
3.13

3.28
3.54
2.96
3.11

3. 29
3. 56
2. 94
3. 09

3.29
3. 55
2.97
3. 06

3.28
3. 55
2.96
3.06

3.28
3.54
2.97
3.05

3. 25
3. 51
2.97
3.03

3.24
3.49
2.96
3.02

3.23
3.48
2.94
3. 01

3.20
3.45
2. 94
3.00

3.18
3.42
2. 89
2.97

3.11
3.36
2.80
2.89

3.14
2. 94

3.13
2.92

3.13
2.89

3.12
2. 88

3.08
2.81

3.07
2.80

3.09
2.82

3.08
2.81

3.08
2.80

3.05
2.78

3. 05
2.77

3.06
2.78

3.05
2.77

2.99
2.71

2.87
2. 67

3.52

3. 53

3.52

3. 53

3.44

3.41

3. 42

3.44

3. 42

3. 42

3. 42

3.39

3.42

3. 32

3.17

Stone, clay, and glass products________
Flat glass________________________
Glass and glassware, pressed or blown.
Cement, hydraulic________________
Structural clay products-----------------Pottery and related products---------...
Concrete, gypsum, and plaster prod­
ucts___ ______________ ________ _
Other stone and mineral products____

$2.76

Primary metal industries------------------Blast furnace and basic steel products..
Iron and steel foundries____________
Nonferrous smelting and refining____
Nonferrous rolling, drawing, and ex­
truding________________________
Nonferrous foundries_______________
Miscellaneous primary metal indus­
tries___________________________
See footnotes at end of table.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

0 .— E A R N IN G S A N D H O U R S

T

able

103

C -l. Gross hours and earnings of production workers,1 by industry—Continued
Revised series; see box, p. 94.
1966

1965

Industry
Dec.2 Nov.2 Oct.
Manufacturing—Continued
Durable goods—Continued
Fabricated metal products.........................
Metal cans................................................
Cutlery, hand tools, and general hard­
ware.......................................................
Heating equipment and plumbing fix­
tures............ ..........................................
Fabricated structural metal products..
Screw machine products, bolts, etc.......
Metal stampings......... ............................
Coating, engraving, and allied services.
Miscellaneous fabricated wire products.
Miscellaneous fabricated metal prod­
ucts........................................................
Machinery.............. ........ ............................
Engines and turbines..............................
Farm machinery and equipment_____
Construction and related machinery__
Metalworking machinery and equip­
ment___________________________
Special industry machinery......... ........
General industrial machinery................
Office, computing and accounting ma­
chines............... ........ ............. ..............
Service industry machines__________
Miscellaneous machinery........................

Sept.

Aug.

July

June

May

Apr.

Mar.

Feb.

Jan.

Dec.

Annual
average
1965

1964

Average weekly earnings
$125. 40 $123.38 $124.26 $124.84 $121.26 $119. 42 $121. 70 $121.84 $119.99 $119.85 $119.00 $118. 02 $119. 71 $116.20
137. 34 136 73 143. 66 148.40 151.52 142. 68 142. 03 138.14 135. 36 135.14 133.66 135.68 137.49 $111. 76
131.82
118. 58 116. 20 116. 06 116.34 113.15 109. 76 113.15 114.81 113.85 113.98 113. 57 112.88 114. 93 111. 22
107.64
110. 28 110. 28 113. 30
125.11 122. 80 123. 54
133.90 132.44 130. 79
134. 78 137. 34
109. 36 107.74 108.10
112. 98 112. 44

114. 40
123. 83
130. 92
138.85
110. 59
113.10

112.06
121.11
125. 24
131.70
108. 29
110. 20

106.13
118. 56
121.67
129. 74
105. 73
110.04

110. 70
121.13
128.25
131. 58
107.19
111. 25

110. 70
120.27
128.25
133. 36
106.85
111.51

108.40
117. 73
126. 66
132. 75
105. 00
108. 58

108. 00
117. 03
128. 37
131.89
105.84
108. 26

108. 27
116. 76
127.18
130.29
104.92
109. 56

105.60
116.48
126.17
130.11
102.18
107. 01

109. 08
118. 72
125.89
132.41
103.74
108. 38

138.16 136. 78
147. 31 143.40
127. 58
134.39 134. 08

121. 40 119. 28 120. 56 121.13 118. 58 117. 03 120.56 120.56 117.88 117.87 116.34 115. 37
136.34 136. 53 133.55 131. 89 135.83 135. 83 134.03 134.95 133.76 132.41
138. 69 143. 81 143.72 141. 53 142.76 146. 06 144.86 141.57 137.99 135.85
130. 29 131. 57 127.31 124. 85 130. 82 131.63 131. 94 133. 06 130.54 129.02
135.14 135. 33 132.99 132. 25 134.85 133.67 132. 50 133.42 132.37 130.16

133.48
140.71
127.56
131. 24

157.85 155. 23 152.97 153.05 148.46 149. 70 155. 04 156. 37 153.45 153. 64 152.52 150. 75
131. 87 129. 36 128.92 129. 80 126.14 122. 41 127. 74 126. 28 124.55 125. 24 124.36 124. 24
138. 47 136. 66 137. 46 138. 40 135.39 131.46 135.69 134.64 132. 24 132.54 132.41 131. 67
133. 42 132.18 132. 06 131. 02 127.80 129. 36 131.44 130. 59 128.94 132.13 133.06 133.80
119. 55 119. 55 118.14 115. 64 115.37 114.12 117. 74 115. 23 115. 79 115.92 115.51 113.44
133.80 132. 76 132. 02 130.83 127.16 124. 85 128.32 128. 32 127. 30 127.87 127.43 125.97

151.92 144.37 137. 06
126.05 120.22 114.86
132.88 126. 56 120.83

105. 06
114.26
120. 73
128.60
100.43
104.92

102 91
110 27
113 85
123 41
95. 58
99.46

114.95 113.42 108.65
127.58
133.44
121.72
126.39

121.69
127.30
118.82
120.25

133.24 127.20 120.60
115.35 112.19 107.16
126.22 120.93 115.83

Average weekly hours
Fabricated metal products.........................
Metal cans.................................................
Cutlery, hand tools, and general hard­
ware_____________ ______________
Heating equipment and plumbing fix­
tures......................................................
Fabricated structural metal products. .
Screw machine products, bolts, etc___
Metal stampings_____ ____ _________
Coating, engraving, and allied services.
Miscellaneous fabricated wire products.
Miscellaneous fabricated metal products.

42.8

42.7
42.2

42.9
43.8

42.4
44.7

41.9
45.5

42.7
43.9

42.6
43.7

42.1
42.9

42.2
42.3

42.2
42.1

42.0
41.9

42.6
42.8

42.1
43.1

41.7
42.8

41.9

41.5

41.6

41.7

41.6

40.5

41.6

41.9

41.4

41.6

41.6

41.5

42.1

41.5

41.4

40.1
42.7
45. 6

40.1
42.2
45.2
43.2
41.6
42. 0
42.0

41.2
42.6
45.1
43.6
41.9
41.8
42.3

41.3
42.7
45.3
43.8
42.7
42.2
42.5

41.2
42.2
44.1
42.9
42.3
41.9
42.2

39.9
41.6
43.3
42.4
41.3
42.0
41.5

41.0
42.5
45.0
43.0
42.2
42.3
42.6

40.7
42.2
45.0
43.3
41.9
42.4
42.6

40.0
41.6
44.6
43.1
41.5
41.6
42.1

40.0
41.5
45.2
43.1
42.0
41.8
42.4

40.1
41.7
45.1
43.0
41.8
42.3
42.0

39.7
41.6
44.9
42.8
41.2
41.8
41.8

40.7
42.4
44.8
43.7
42.0
42.5
41.8

40.1
41.7
43.9
43.3
41.5
41.8
41.7

40.2
41.3
42.8
43.0
41.2
41.1
41.0

42.8

43.7
42.3
40.5
42. 7

43.7
41.4
41.1
42.9

43.9
42.8
41.9
43.1

43.5
42.9
41.2
42.9

43. 1
42.5
40.8
42.8

44.1
43.0
42.2
43.5

44.1
43.6
42.6
43.4

43.8
43.5
42.7
43.3

44.1
42.9
43.2
43.6

44.0
42.2
42.8
43.4

43.7
41.8
42.3
43.1

44.2
42.9
42.1
43.6

43.1
41.7
41.4
42.7

42.4
40.8
41.4
41.9

46.7
44.7
44. 1

46.2
44.0
43.8

45.8
44.0
44.2

46.1
44.3
44.5

45.4
43.8
44.1

45.5
42.8
43.1

46.7
44.2
44.2

47.1
44.0
44.0

46.5
43.7
43.5

46.7
44.1
43.6

46.5
44.1
43.7

46.1
43.9
43.6

46.6
44.7
44.0

45.4
43.4
42.9

44.5
42.7
42.1

42.9
41.8
44.9

42.5
41.8
44.7

42.6
41.6
44.6

42.4
41.3
44.5

41.9
41.5
44.0

42.0
41.2
43.5

42.4
42.2
44.4

42.4
41.6
44.4

42.0
41.8
44.2

42.9
42.0
44.4

43.2
41.7
44.4

43.3
41.4
44.2

43.4
42.1
44.6

42.4
41.4
43.5

41.3
40.9
42.9

$2.84
3.20

$2.82
3.21

$2.81
3.19

$2.81
3.17

$2.76
3.19

$2.68
3.08

41.9
42.3

Machinery____________ ____ _________
Engines and turbines..............................
Farm machinery and equipment_____
Construction and related machinery__
Metalworking machinery and equip­
ment__ _________________________
Special industry machinery....................
General industrial machinery________
Office, computing and accounting ma­
chines............................................. ......
Service industry machines______ ____
Miscellaneous machinery____ _______

42.4
42. 0

44.0
43.2

Average hourly earnings
Fabricated metal products____________
Metal cans________________________
Cutlery, hand tools, and general hard­
ware............................ ..........................
Heating equipment and plumbing fix­
tures___ _______________________
Fabricated structural metal products...
Screw machine products, bolts, etc___
Metal stampings....................... ..............
Coating, engraving, and allied services.
Miscellaneous fabricated wire products.
Miscellaneous'fabricated metal products.
Machinery_________________ _______
Engines and turbines............................
Farm machinery and equipment_____
Construction and related machinery...
Metalworking’machinery and equipment.
Special industry machinery__________
General industrial m achinery....____
Office, computing and accounting ma­
chines........................................... ........
Service industry machines___________
Miscellaneous machinery........................
See footnotes at end of table.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

$2.93

$2.91
3. 27

$2.91
3. 24

$2.91
3.28

$2.86
3.32

$2.85
3.33

$2.85
3.25

$2.86
3.25

2. 83

2.80

2. 79

2.79

2.72

2. 71

2.72

2. 74

2.75

2.74

2. 73

2. 72

2. 73

2.68

2.60

2. 75
2. 93
2. 93

2.75
2.91
2. 93
3.12
2. 59
2.69
2.84

2. 75
2. 90
2. 90
3.15
2. 58
2.69
2.85

2.77
2.90
2.89
3.17
2. 59
2.68
2.85

2.72
2.87
2.84
3.07
2.56
2.63
2.81

2. 66
2. 85
2.81
3. 06
2. 56
2. 62
2. 82

2.70
2.85
2.85
3.06
2. 54
2. 63
2.83

2.72
2.85
2.85
3.08
2. 55
2.63
2.83

2.71
2.83
2.84
3.08
2. 53
2.61
2.80

2. 70
2.82
2.84
3.06
2.52
2. 59
2. 78

2. 70
2.80
2.82
3.03
2.51
2. 59
2.77

2.66
2.80
2.81
3.04
2.48
2.56
2.76

2.68
2.80
2.81
3. 03
2.47
2.55
2.75

2.62
2.74
2.75
2.97
2.42
2.51
2.72

2.56
2.67
2.66
2.87
2.32
2.42
2.65

3.14
3.38
2.95
3.14

3.13
3.39
3.15
3.14
3.36
2.94
3.12

3.12
3.35
3.17
3.15
3.34
2.93
3.11

3.11
3. 36
3.14
3.14
3. 32
2. 93
3.11

3.07
3.35
3.09
3.10
3.27
2.88
3.07

3.06
3. 33
3.06
3. 09
3. 29
2. 86
3.05

3.08
3. 32
3.10
3.10
3. 32
2.89
3.07

3.08
3. 35
3.09
3.08
3.32
2. 87
3.06

3.06
3.33
3.09
3.06
3. 30
2.85
3.04

3.06
3.30
3.08
3.06
3.29
2.84
3.04

3.04
3.27
3.05
3.05
3.28
2.82
3. 03

3.03
3.25
3.05
3.02
3.27
2.83
3.02

3.02
3.28
3. 03
3. 01
3.26
2.82
3.02

2.96
3.20
2.94
2.96
3.18
2.77
2.95

2.87
3.12
2.87
2.87
3. 08
2.69
2.87

3.11
2.86
2. 98

3.11
2.86
2. 97

3.10
2. 84
2. 96

3.09
2.80
2.94

3.05
2.78
2.89

3. 08
2. 77
2. 87

3.10
2. 79
2.89

3.08
2.77
2.89

3. 07
2.77
2.88

3.08
2. 76
2.88

3.08
2.77
2.87

3.09
2.74
2.85

3.07
2.74
2.83

3.00
2.71
2.78

2.92
2.62
2.70

2. 61
—

2. 87
3.14
3. 41

$2.85
3.22

M O N T H L Y L A B O R R E V IE W . F E B R U A R Y 1967

104
T able C -l.

Gross hours and earnings of production workers,1 by industry—Continued
Revised series; see box, p. 94.
1965

1966

Annual
average

Industry
Dec.2 Nov.2 Oct.

Sept.

Aug.

July

June

May

Apr.

Mar.

Feb.

Jan.

Dec.

1965

1964

Average weekly earnings
Manufacturing—Continued
Durable goods—Continued
Electrical equipment and supplies-------Electric distribution equipment-------Electrical industrial apparatus ______
Household appliances---------- ------Electric lighting and wiring equipment -------- ------------ ------Radio and TV receiving sets------------Communication equipment_________
Electronic components and accessoriesMiscellaneous electrical equipment
and supplies..................-........ -............

$111.37 $109. 74 $109.86 $110.12 $107.68 $106.11 $108. 62 $108.62 $107. 68 $107. 53 $108. 05 $107. 79 $110. 04 $105. 78 $101. 66
122.98 119.99 117.32 119. 99 115. 64 117.46 117. 73 116. 05 113.98 115. 50 113. 57 113.98 116. 75 113. 02 110. 83
116. 76 117.60 119. 57 117. 74 118.15 117.17 118.13 117.73 118.28 117. 58 115.35 117.15 113. 28 109. 56
122.18 120.89 119.94 122. 51 119.42 116. 28 118. 28 119. 97 118. 69 114. 24 117. 86 119. 00 122. 41 114. 54 107.33
104.14 103.38 103. 73 103. 82 101.93 99.20 101. 59 101. 84 101. 09 101. 43 100. 78 100.69 102.67 99.14 95.04
91.65 93.90 98.41 94. 07 93.96 91.57 91. 87 89.17 91. 80 92.50 93. 43 93. 30 95.88 91.31 87. 25
122.60 122.18 122. 22 118.37 117. 33 119. 81 120. 51 118. 82 120.25 121. 25 121. 11 122. 55 116.47 112. 07
91.60 91.37 92.00 91.66 91.03 89. 27 93. 02 92. 21 91.35 91.80 92. 25 91.39 92.29 88.88 86.18
127. 26 126. 72 124.62 122.43 115.14 114.34 117. 79 117. 79 118. 03 117. 50 120.35 118. 66 121. 82 115.36 108. 67

145. 09 145.18
Transportation equipment --- 151.71
Motor vehicles and equipment______
146.93 145.92
Aircraft and parts. ----------------— -Ship and boat building and repairing.. 132. 07 128.61
139. 26
Railroad equipment
_ _ __ __ __
94.38
Other transportation equipment--------

146.63
154. 43
144.05
134.18
141. 04
97.20

144. 84
151. 87
143. 52
129. 60
136.15
99.14

139.35
142. 27
144.09
129.34
135. 74
97. 27

137. 94
140.42
142. 23
130.29
136. 68
93. 30

140.25
143. 40
143. 22
132. 40
133.32
96.87

139. 07
141. 54
143. 44
128. 75
137. 94
96.96

141. 47
149. 02
139. 43
128. 65
138.20
95. 20

140. 06
144. 57
141.48
130.10
132. 44
95.20

140. 71
146. 02
142.14
129. 58
133. 82
91.42

142.46
148.14
143. 00
128. 86
135. 71
89. 47

145. 53
155. 38
141. 59
125. 66
135. 96
94.24

137. 71
147. 63
131. 88
121.50
129. 44
92. 69

130. 09
138.03
125. 03
121.10
127. 08
93. 89

Average weekly hours
41.1
42.4
42.0
41.4

41.3
41.9
42.0
41.5

41.4
42.7
42.4
42.1

41.1
41.9
42.2
41.9

40.5
42.1
42.5
40.8

41.3
42.5
42.3
41.5

41.3
42.2
42.8
41.8

41.1
41.6
42.5
41.5

41.2
42.0
42. 7
40.8

41.4
41.6
42.6
41.5

41.3
41.6
42.1
41.9

42.0
42.3
42.6
42.8

41.0
41.4
41. 8
41.2

40.5
41.2
41. 5
40.5

40.0

40.7
40.3
41. 7
39.9

41.0
41.7
41. 7
40.0

41.2
40.2
42. 0
40.2

41.1
40.5
41.1
40.1

40.0
39.3
40.6
39.5

40.8
39.6
41.6
40.8

40.9
38.6
41.7
40.8

40.6
39.4
41.4
40.6

40.9
39.7
41.9
40.8

40.8
40.1
42.1
41.0

40.6
39.7
42.2
40.8

41.4
40.8
42.7
41.2

40.8
39.7
41.3
40.4

40.1
39.3
40.9
39.9

42.0

42.1

42.1

41.5

40.4

39.7

40.9

40.9

40.7

40.8

41.5

41.2

42.3

41.2

40.7

42.8

42.7
43.1
43.3
40.7
40.6
39.0

43.0
43.5
43.0
41.8
41.0
40.0

42.6
42.9
43.1
40.5
40.4
40.8

42.1
41.6
43.4
40.8
40.4
40.7

41.8
41.3
43.1
41.1
40.8
39.2

42.5
42.3
43.4
41.9
40.4
40.7

42.4
42.0
43.6
41.4
41.3
40.4

43.0
43.7
42.9
41.5
41.5
40.0

42.7
42.9
43.4
41.7
40.5
40.0

42.9
43.2
43.6
41.4
40.8
38.9

43.3
43.7
44.0
41.3
41.0
38.9

44.1
45.3
43.7
40.8
41.2
40.1

42.9
44.2
42.0
40.5
40.2
40.3

42. 1
43.0
41. 4
40.5
40.6
41.0

$2.61
2. 73
2. 76
2. 84
2.47
2.33
2. 88
2. 25

$2. 61
2. 74
2. 74
2. 84
2. 48
2.35
2. 87
2. 24

$2. 62
2. 76
2. 75
2. 86
2. 48
2.35
2. 87
2.24

$2.60
2. 75
2. 73
2. 83
2. 48
2.33
2. 85
2. 23

$2.58
2.73
2.71
2. 78
2.43
2.30
2. 82
2.20

$2.51
2.69
2. 64
2. 65
2.37
2.22
2.74
2.16

Electrical equipment and supplies-------Electric distribution equipment--------Electrical industrial apparatus. ______
Household appliances______________
Electric lighting and wiring equipment
------------------------- ----------Radio and TV receiving sets------ -----Communication equipment_______ Electronic components and accessories.
Miscellaneous electrical equipment and
supplies------------- ---------------------

41.4
42.7

Transportation equipment-----------------Motor vehicles and equipm ent______
Aircraft and parts------ ---------- ------Ship and boat building and repairing..
Railroad equipment _______________
Other transportation equipment_____

41.7
41.0
40.0

43.6
41.4

Average hourly earnings
$2.67
2.83
2. 78
2.92
2. 54
2.33
2.94
2.29

$2.66
2.80
2.80
2.89
2. 53
2.36
2.93
2. 30

$2. 66
2. 81
2. 82
2.91
2. 52
2.34
2.91
2. 28

$2. 62
2.79
2. 78
2. 85
2. 48
2. 33
2.89
2. 26

Electrical equipment and supplies_____
Electric distribution equipment______
Electrical industrial apparatus______
Household appliances!._____________
Electric lighting and wiring equipment.
Radio and TV receiving s e ts ________
Communication equipment.. _____
Electronic components and accessories.
Miscellaneous electrical equipment and
supplies____________ __________

$2.69
2.88

3. 03

3.01

2.96

2. 95

2.88

Transportation equipment____________
Motor vehicles and equipment___ ___
Aircraft and parts__ "...1___________
Ship and boat building and repairing..
Railroad equipment__
_________.
Other transportation equipment_____

3.39

3.40
3. 52
3.37
3.16
3. 43
2. 42

3.41
3.55
3.35
3. 21
3.44
2.43

3. 40
3. 54
3.33
3. 2C
3. 37
2.43

3.30
3. 40
3.30
3.17
3.35
2.38

See footnotes at end of table.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

2.93
2. 54
2.34
2. 29

3.37
3.19

$2. 61
2. 75
2. 77
2.80
2.48
2.33
2. 87
2. 25

$2. 63
2. 75
2. 76
2.87
2.49
2.31
2. 89
2. 26

$2.62
2.74
2. 77
2.86
2.49
2.33
2. 87
2. 25

2. 88

2. 88

2.90

2.88

2.90

2.88

2. 88

2. 85

2. 80

2.67

3.30
3.3S
3.30
3.16
3.3C
2.38

3.28
3.37
3.29
3.11
3.34
2.40

3.29
3.41
3.25
3.1C
3.33
2. 38

3.28
3. 37
3. 26
3.12
3.27
2.38

3. 28
3.38
3.26
3.13
3.28
2. 35

3.29
3.39
3.25
3.12
3.31
2.30

3.30
3. 43
3.24
3. 08
3.3C
2.35

3.30
3.44
3. 21
3.05
3.3C
2.32

3. 21
3.34
3.14
3. 00
3.22
2. 30

3.09
3.21
3. 02
2.99
3. IS
2.29

$2.63
2. 77
2. 77
2.85
2. 49
2.32
2.88
2. 28

0 .— E A R N IN G S A N D H O U R S

T

able

C -l.

105

Gross hours and earnings of production workers,1 by industry—Continued
Revised series; see box, p. 94.
1966

1965

In d u stry
D e c .2 N o v .2

Oct.

Sept.

A ug.

J u ly

June

M ay

Apr.

M ar.

F eb.

Jan.

D ec.

A nn u al
average
1965

1964

A verage w eek ly earnings
M a n u fa c tu rin g —C o n tin u e d

Durable goods—C o n tin u e d
In s tru m e n ts a n d re la te d p ro d u c ts .............. $114.81 $115. 08 $114.93
E n g in ee rin g a n d scientific in s tru m e n ts .
132. 75 133.18
M e c h a n ic al m e a su rin g a n d c ontrol
d ev ices_____________________________
114.81 115.92 116.20
O p tic a l a n d o p h th a lm ic goods________
105. 34 103. 66 102. 26
O p h th a lm ic g o o d s .. . ..............................
93.96 92. 57
S u rg ical, m e d ic al, a n d d e n ta l e q u ip ­
m e n t_________________ _____________
97. 27 96.46 96.12
P h o to g ra p h ic e q u ip m e n t a n d s u p p lie s.. 135. 41 134. 4/ 136. 78
W atch e s a n d d o c k s __________________
92. 03 91. 65
M iscellan eo u s m a n u fa c tu rin g in d u s trie s ..
J ew e lry , s ilv e rw are, a n d p la te d w are .
T o y s , a m u se m e n t, a n d s p o rtin g go o d s..
P e n s, p encils, office a n d a r t m a te ria ls.
C o stu m e je w elry , b u tto n s , a n d n o tio n s
O th e r m a n u fa c tu rin g in d u s trie s ______
M u sic a l in s tru m e n ts a n d p a r ts _____

$114. 78 $112.17 $111.90 $113. 94 $113.79 $112. 71 $113.10 $112. 67 $111. 72 $111. 72 $108.47 $103. 63
133. 06 128. 59 131.89 131. 82 .131.40 130.28 133.18 131. 70 132.25 134.23 125.33 119. 66
115. 08 112.74 112.19 115.60 115.75 114. 63 114.48 114.06 114. 06 109. 06 108. 62 103. 79
103. 83 101.26 101.92 102.66 102.48 97.68 101. 88 101.22 99.84 100. 86 98.65 94.81
94. 07 91.58 93. 25 93.30 92.48 88. 44 92.06 91.24 90.17 90.64 89.40 86. 07
95. 71 93. 50 91.94 95.30 94.89 93.38 93.89 92. 57 93.20 93.89 90.23 88. 22
136. 03 132.25 131. 58 133. 67 133. 90 134.29 131. 63 132.85 129. 86 131. 54 127. 84 120.38
92.48 92.70 91.35 91.17 89.91 90. 50 91.62 91.02 89.35 91.27 87.85 84.50

91.94 90.05 90.09 89.20 88.22
109. 40 108. 29 108. 63 105.42 102. 51
79.40 79. 60 78.41 79.00
90. 03 89.38 88. 07 86. 43
79.93 80. 98 81.18 80. 00
99. 06 97. 44 97.28 96. 40 95.04
104. 83 103. 42 99.39 99. 63

86. 24 88. 62 88.62 87. 74 89. 28 88.84
95. 35 100. 94 100.28 100.04 100.19 97.27
77. 60 78. 80 78. 40 78.40 79.59 78. 59
84. 02 87.48 86.05 84.42 85.44 84. 80
78.56 82.42 81.20 79. 37 81. 81 81.81
93. 62 95.04 95.75 94.56 95.47 95.88
97. 28 100.45 99.39 98.42 99. 53 102.18

87.52 87.48
96.63 103.39
77. 20 76.64
82.29 85. 70
80.17 80. 40
94.24 94. 60
97.20 99.77

85.39
95.53
76.44
82.82
77. 62
92. 46
97.75

82.37
91.58
74.30
78. 80
73.90
89. 60
94.66

A v erag e w e ek ly h o u rs
In s tru m e n ts a n d re la te d p ro d u c ts .............
E n g in ee rin g a n d scientific in s tru m e n ts
M e c h a n ic al m e a su rin g a n d c ontrol
d ev ices_______________ _____________
O p tic a l a n d o p h th a lm ic goods________
O p h th a lm ic goods__________ _______
S u rg ical, m e d ic al, a n d d e n ta l e q u ip ­
m e n t..................................... ............. ...........
P h o to g ra p h ic e q u ip m e n t a n d supplies"
W atch e s a n d c lo c k s ...____ __________
M iscellan eous m a n u fa c tu rin g in d u s trie s ..
Je w e lry , silv erw are, a n d p la te d w a re —
T o y s , a m u se m e n t, a n d s p o rtin g goods.
P e n s , p en cils, office a n d a r t m a te ria ls .
C o stu m e je w elry , b u tto n s , a n d n o tio n s .
O th e r m a n u fa c tu rin g in d u s trie s _______
M u sic a l in s tru m e n ts a n d p a r ts ............

41.9

42.0
43.1

42.1
43.1

42.2
43.2

41.7
42.3

41.6
43.1

42.2
42.8

42.3
42.8

41.9
42.3

42.2
43.1

42.2
42.9

42.0
42.8

42.0,
43.3

41.4
41.5

40.8
40.7

41.3
41.8

42.0
41.3
40.5

42.1
41.4
40.6

42.0
41.7
40.9

41.6
41.5
40.7

41.4
41.6
40.9

42.5
41.9
41.1

42.4
42.0
41.1

42.3
40.7
40.2

42.4
42.1
41.1

42.4
42.0
41.1

42.4
41.6
40.8

41.0
42.2
41.2

41.3
41.8
41.2

40.7
41.4
40.6

40.7
43.4

40.7
43.1
40.9

40.9
43.7
41.1

40.9
43.6
41.1

40.3
42.8
41.2

39.8
43.0
40.6

40.9
43.4
40.7

40.9
43.9
40.5

40.6
43.6
40.4

41.0
43.3
40.9

40.6
43.7
41.0

40.7
43.0
40.8

41.0
43.7
41.3

40.1
42.9
40.3

40.1
41.8
39.3

40.5
42.9

40.2
42.3
39.9
41.3
38.8
40.1
42.1

39.2
39.4
38.8
38.9
38.7
39.5
40.2

40.1

40.1

39.7

40.4

41.0

41.4

39.4
40.5
40.4
40.1
41.0

39.2
40.4
40.2
40.4
40.9

39.2
40.2
39.1
39.9
40.5

39.4
40.3
40.3
40.8
41.3

40.2
40.7
39.1
40.0
40.3
40.8
42.4

39.6
40.6
38.6
39.0
39.3
40.1
40.5

40.5
42.9
39.3
41.6
40.4
40.6
41.4

41.0

40.7

39.2
40.4
39.6
40.2
40.9

38.9
39.4
39.1
40.0
40.8

40.6

40.4

42.6

42.0

40.0

40.1

40.0
41.0
39.5
40.2
41.7

39.4
40.4
39. 6
40.0
40.9

39.7
40.2
39.8
40.1
41.0

41.5

41.2

41.1

39.9

39.6

A v erag e h o u rly e arn in g s
I n s tr u m e n ts a n d re la te d p ro d u c ts _______
E n g in ee rin g a n d scientific in s tru m e n ts
M ec h a n ic al m e a su rin g a n d co n tro l
d ev ices_____________________________
O p tic a l a n d o p h th a lm ic goods________
O p h th a lm ic goods__ _______________
S u rg ical, m e d ic al, a n d d e n ta l e q u ip ­
m e n t— ______ _________ __________
P h o to g ra p h ic e q u ip m e n t a n d su p p lie s!
W atch e s a n d clocks________________

$2. 74

$2. 74
3. 08

$2. 73
3.09

$2.72
3. 08

$2.69
3.04

$2.69
3.06

$2. 70
3.08

$2.69
3.07

$2.69
3.08

$2.68
3.09

$2.67
3.07

$2.66
3.09

$2.66
3.10

$2.62
3.02

$2.54
2.94

2. 78
2. 52

2.76
2. 51
2.32

2. 76
2. 47
2. 28

2. 74
2.49
2.30

2.71
2. 44
2. 25

2.71
2. 45
2. 28

2. 72
2.45
2.27

2. 73
2.44
2.25

2.71
2.40
2. 20

2. 70
2.42
2.24

2. 69
2.41
2.22

2. 69
2.40
2. 21

2.66
2.39
2.20

2. 63
2.36
2.17

2.55
2.29

2.39
3.12

2. 37
3.12
2. 25

2.35
3.13
2. 23

2.34
3.12
2.25

2. 32
3.09
2.25

2.31
3.06
2. 25

2.33
3.08
2. 24

2.32
3.05
2. 22

2.30
3.08
2. 24

2.29
3.04
2. 24

2. 28
3.04
2.22

2.29
3.02
2.19

2. 29
3. 01
2. 21

2. 25
2.98
2.18

2.20
2.88
2.15

M iscellan eous m a n u fa c tu rin g in d u s trie s ..
Je w e lry , silv erw are, a n d p la te d w a re ..
T o y s , a m u se m e n t, a n d s p o rtin g goods.
P e n s , p en cils, office a n d a r t m a te ria ls ..
C o stu m e je w elry , b u tto n s , a n d n o tio n s .
O th e r m a n u fa c tu rin g in d u s trie s _____
M u sic a l in s tru m e n ts a n d p a r t s .. . ___

2. 27
2. 55

2.24
2. 56
1.99
2.18
2. 06
2. 43
2. 49

2.23
2. 55
1.99
2.18
2. 05
2. 42
2.48

2.23
2.51
1.99
2.18
2. 05
2.41
2.43

2. 20
2.47
1.99
2.15
2.01
2.37
2.43

2. 20
2. 42
2. 00
2.16
2.03
2. 37
2.42

2. 21
2.45
2. 00
2.16
2.04
2.37
2. 45

2. 21
2. 44
2.00
2.13
2. 02
2.37
2.43

2. 21
2. 44
2.00
2.10
2.03
2.37
2.43

2. 21
2.42
2. 02
2.12
2.03
2.34
2.41

2. 21
2.39
2. 01
2.12
2.03
2.35
2.41

2. 21
2.38
2.00
2.11
2.04
2.35
2.40

2.16
2.41
1.95
2.06
1.99
2.33
2.41

2.14
2.33
1.95
2.05
1.96
2.30
2.39

2.08
2.25
1.91
2.00
1.89
2.24
2.32

See footnotes at en d of table.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

2. 44

2.12

M O N T H L Y L A B O R R E V I E W , F E B R U A R Y 1967

106
T

able

C -l.

Gross hours and earnings of production workers,1 by industry—Continued
Revised series; see box, p. 94.
1965

1966
Ind u stry
D e c .2 | N o v .2

Oct.

Sept.

A ug.

June

J u ly

M ay

Apr.

M ar.

F eb.

Jan.

D ec.

A nn u al
average
1965

1964

A verage w eek ly earnings
M anufacturing—C ontinued

Nondurable goods

$104.24 $103. 89 $102.21 $101. 66 $101. 59 $101.34 $102.26
pnnr| and kindred products ___
__ $106.66 $104.90 $104. 08 $104.92 $103. 34 $105. 59
108.53 106.27 105. 73 106. 00 108.53 108.62
____ __ __ __ 116. 20 115.21 113. 28 114.78 108.79 109. 74 109. 86
Meat- prod n u t s __ _____
112.
92
110.68 108.20 107. 52 107. 26 106. 59 107. 01 107.10
109.
23
111.94
111.
14
110.30
110.
93
D airy products______ __ _ ________
C anned and preserved food, except
81. 09 82.18 79. 54 79.56
79.52 82.39 86.93 86. 71 82.58 80.89 84. 50 83.11
118. 42 120. 38 118. 22 114. 04 113.36 114.40 115. 00 114.66 118. 49
__
__ 124.40 122.67 124. 47 124.55 106.08 106. 71 106.34 104.23 102. 66 101. 75 101. 85 101.35 102.77
Grain m ill products . .
105. 06 104.14 105.99 106.11
Rflkcry products
__________
111.12 101.12 119.23 121. 54 127. 75 121. 84 120. 41 117. 42 119.39 116.48 105. 57 108. 58
87. 02 84.75 85.97 84. 50 84.10 84.40
87.64 87.38 88.44 89.06 89. 06 87.36 87.91
C onfectionery and related p rod u cts----121.36
121.
29 119.66 118.73 119.97 130.23 121.67 117.33 117. 74 115.37 114. 00 113. 43 117.10
Rcvcragcs
__
__ _________- M iscellaneous food and kindred prod106.76 105.16 104.25 104.55 102. 41 101. 50 102.24 101. 64 99. 84 99.30 101.44 99.17 100. 85
ucts
- -- __
______ - -- 82.68 87.23 88. 55 86.94 86.49 84. 64 87.91 82.30 82. 68
Tohapp.o manufactures. _ _
_
_ _ 89.24 81.62 81.93 83.41 106.11
104. 72 106.92 103.45 105. 57 102. 80 111. 25 101.38 103. 09
100. 77 105. 72 106.23
65.12 66.33 65. 28 66.15 66.15 64.05 64. 90
64. 25 63.71
66.41
68.43
64.
61
Cligars
84.35 81.45 79.90 81.22 81.22 79.84 80.79
___ 82.60 83.42 83.20 83.38 83.36 81.76 89.
T evtile m ill products
_ ___
8Ö 83.38 82.64 84.15 84.97 84.39 83. 57
86.25 87.49 86.46 87.06 86. 23 85. 63
Cotton broad woven fabrics. _
70 87.31 8 9. 85 89. 85 87. 87 87. 71 85.14 86.68 86.24 84. 83 86.63
Silk and synthetic broad woven fabrics. 85.06 87.11 86.
89.76 87.03 87.23 87.44 85.80 85. 80
86.53
88.
39
90.90
88.60
87.
78
87.99
85.68
Weaving and finishing broad woolens..
79.27 78. 47 79. 52 79.10 77. 38 79.48
80.90 81.36 82.15 81.90 81.25 80.48 81.64
N arrow fabrics and small wares . . . __
72.31 68. 63 70. 59 69. 87 68. 02 68. 71
71.06 72. 77 73. 71 72. 93 74. 24 70.27 72.31

___ - ________
Knitting
..
Finishing textiles, except wool and
knit
-

94.40

Yam and thread. -_____
Miscellaneous textile goods__________

77.00
94.98

93.30
86. 46
77. 42
96.10

92.66
86.25
78.17
96.11

91.59
86.05
79.05
95. 90

90. 74
85. 43
79. 00
93.95

89.03
80.39
78. 07
92. 65

41.5
42.1
42.4

41.3
42.2
42.1

41.3
41.8
42.1

41.8
42.2
42.5

41.5
40.9
42.5

41.9
41.1
43.6

41.2
41.3
42.9

40.9
40.8
42.1

38.6
45.1
39.9
46.3
39.9
40.7

39.8
46.1
40.3
39.5
40.2
40.7

41.2
46.3
40.5
41.4
40.3
40.8

40.9
45.2
40.8
42.2
40.3
41.8

39.7
46.3
41. 2
43.6
39.0
44.6

37.8
46. 0
40.9
42.9
39.6
42.1

43.1
38.5
37.6
37.6
41.5
43.1
42.7
40.8
41.3
38.5
42.8
42.8
41.4
42.9

42.9
39.2
39.3
37.1

41.8
38.1
39.3
36.3
42.1
42.9
43.8
42.8
42.1
39.7
42.6
42.5
42.7
42.9

41.6
37.6
38.5
36.2
41.5
42.6
43.8
42.7
41.7
38.4
41.8
40.6
42.2
42.5

41.9
38.5
39.6
37.0

41.6
42.8
42.5
41.4
41.7
39. (
42.9
42.7
41.8
43.1

42.5
40.1
39.2
36.5
41.9
43.1
42.8
42.0
42.0
39. C
42.8
42.6
42.5
43.2

$2. 54
2.73
2.64

$2.52
2. 71
2.62

$2.51
2.72
2.61

$2.49
2. 66
2. 57

$2. 52
2. 67
2. 59

$2.53
2. 66
2.58

$2.54
2.66
2. 57

$2.53
2.65
2. 56

2.07
2. 70
2.63
2.56

2.18
2.96

2.06
2. 72
2.61
2.40
2.19
2.98

2.11
2.69
2.62
2.88
2.21
2.91

2.12
2.62
2.60
2.88
2. 21
2. 87

2. 08
2. 60
2. 59
2.93
2.24
2.92

2.14
2. 57
2. 60
2. 84
2. 22
2. 89

2.15
2.58
2. 58
2.86
2. 22
2. 89

2.46

2.44

2.22

2.12
2.68

2.43
2.09
2.69
1.79

2.46
2.08
2.71
1.77
1.99
2.02
2.04
2.09
1.95
1.87
2.14
2.02
1.86
2.22

2.45
2.17
2. 70
1.77
1.98
2.01
2. 04
2.07
1.93
1.87
2.13
2.01
1.85
2.19

2. 44
2.32
2. 72
1.76
1.97
2.01
2. 04
2. 07
1.93
1.83
2.13
1.98
1.85
2.18

2.44
2.30
2. 70
1.76
1.98
2.01
2. 02
2.08
1.93
1.84
2.15
1.99
1.84
2. 21

2.42
2. 27
2.68
1. 75
1.93
1.93
1.98
2.04
1.91
1.84
2.09
1.95
1.80
2.18

"P'1nop covering

94.17
83.18
78.94
95.25

$99. 87 $97.17
107.27 105.98
105. 08 102.12
78. 60 75.66
113.40 109. 07
101. 40 97.12
110.33 106. 57
83.53 79.98
114. 09 109. 89
98.79
79.21
97.27
63. 95

96. 25

78.17
80.28
83.90
83. 69
75.99
68.29

73.39
74. 34
79. 24
76.86
73.03
65.45

75. 66
93.45
64. 08

91.94
81.41
76. 79
92. 02

90. 87
82.41
76. 72
92.23

87.96
81.25
76.72
90.95

90.25
76.46
93. 96

85. 85
81. 51
73. 70
88.20

81.90
76.26
66.99
83.63

40.4
40.1
42. 0

40.5
39.6
41.9

40.8
40.0
41.8

40.7
40.8
41.8

41.4
41 3
42.0

41.1
41.1
42.2

41.0
41.4
42.2

39.3
44. 2
40.4
42.1
39.2
40.6

38.3
43.6
40.1
41. 2
38.7
40.6

38.8
44.0
39.9
43.1
39.8
40.2

39.7
44.4
40.1
43.3
39.3
40.0

38.8
44.1
39.9
41.4
39.3
39.8

39.0
45.4
40.3
46.6
40.0
40.8

39.3
45.0
40.4
42.6
39.4
40.6

3 8 .8
44.7
40.3
42.8
39.4
40.4

42.0
38.3
38.6
37.9
42.2
43.2
44.3
44.0
41.5
39.3
43.8
41.5
42.6
43.5

41.6

41.9
38.3
38.5
37.8
42.3
43. 6
44. 0
43.4
42.3
39.0
44.2
42.4
42.9
43.0 1

42.8
39.6
40.9
37.8
42.3
43.8
44.0
43.5
42.3
38. 6
43.9
42.7
43.1
43.1

42.2

42.4

38.1
38.4
36.6
41.8
43.5
43.5
42.9
41.6
38.0
42.7
42.1
43.1
42.7

43.1
39.0
38.9
37.3
42.3
43.3
44.2
42.9
42.5
38.6
43.6
44.3
43.2
43.7

42.4

38.1
39.1
37.3
41.4
42.6
43.0
43.3
41.3
37.5
43. 8
41.1
42.5
42.6

37.9
37.7
37.4
41.8
42.7
43.7
42.7
41.3
38.8
42.5
42.9
42.6
42.2

38.8
39.1
38.6
41. 0
42. 0
4 3 .3
41.1
40. 8
38. 5
42. 0
41. 9
41. 1
41. 4

$2. 51
2. 67
2. 56

$2.49
2. 65
2. 55

$2.49
2. 66
2.56

$2. 47
2. 63
2. 55

$2.43
2. 61
2.49

$2.37
2.56
2.42

2.17
2.60
2.56
2.85
2.19
2. 90

2. 09
2. 60
2. 55
2. 77
2.16
2. 87

2.07
2.59
2.54
2.69
2.15
2. 85

2. 05
2.60
2.54
2. 55
2.14
2.85

2.04
2.61
2. 55
2.33
2.11
2.87

2.00
2.52
2.51
2.59
2.12
2. 81

1.95
2.44
2.41
2.49
2. 03
2.72

2.40
2.27
2. 70
1. 75
1.93
1.94
1.98
2. 01
1.9C
1.83
2.01
1.95
1. 8(
2.15

2.37
2.21
2. 67
1. 75
1.92
1.93
1.97
2. 01
1.83
1. 81
2.03
1.92
1. 79
2.14

2.37
2.22
2. 72
1.75
1.92
1.94
1.96
2. 01
1.87
1.81
2. 07
1.93
1.78
2.14

2.35
2.16
2.64
1. 75
1.91
1.94
1.95
2.00
1.86
1.79
2. 06
1.93
1.78
2.13

2. 34
2.12
2.65
1. 74
1.91
1.93
1.96
2.00
1.87
1.78
2.07
1.95
1.77
2.15

2.33
2.09
2. 58
1.71
1. 87
1.88
1.92
1.96
1.84
1.76
2.02
1.9C
1.73
2.09

2.27
1.95
2.39
1.66
1. 79
1. 77
1.83
1.87
1.79
1.70
1.95
1.82
1.63
2.02

91.54
80.93
76. 68
94. 61

91.54
80.15
76. 50
91.59

Average weekly hours
Food and kindred products

______ __
Meat products _
_ _ __
Dairy products___ . .
_____
Canned and preserved food, except
meats ____ . . .. -- - ____ Grain mill products.. ______ . .. .
"Rakery products
_ ____ ____
_____
- _____ ______
Sugar
Confectionery and related products----Beverages
_ __
__ ___
Miscellaneous food and kindred prod­
ucts
. . . . _____. . . ____ .
Tobacco manufactures___
. ____
Cigarettes
. . . _____ _ ___
Cigars
- ___
__
Textile mill products__ _______ _ __
Cotton broad woven fabrics__’. __ ___
Silk and synthetic broad woven fabrics.
Weaving and finishing broad woolens—
Narrow fabrics and small wares____
Knitting
. ____ ____ _ _____
Finishing textiles, except wool and knit.
Floor covering. . . . . .
___
Yam and thread ______ _____ - __
Miscellaneous textile goods____ .. . . .

45.4
40.1
40.2
41.0
43.4
40.2

41.3
42.7
41.9
41.9
41.7
38. (
43.5
41.
42.

‘
‘

42.6
44.7
43.5
43.7
42.3
39.3
43.8
41.8
42.9
43.1

Average hourly earnings
Food and kindred products____ ____ —
Meat products_____________ ______
Dairy products____________________
Canned and preserved food, except
meats__________________________
Grain mill products________________
Bakery products___________________
Sugar.._______ ___________________
Confectionery and related products___
Beverages________________________
Miscellaneous food and kindred prod­
ucts_____________ ______________
Tobacco manufactures
Cigarettes_________
Cigars.___________
Textile mill products_________________
Cotton broad woven fabrics_________
Silk and synthetic broad woven fabrics.
Weaving and finishing broad woolens..
Narrow fabrics and smallwares.............
Knitting_________________________
Finishing textiles, except wool and knit.
Floor covering_____________________
Yam and thread___________________
Miscellaneous textile goods__________
See footnotes at end of table.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

$2.57
2.76
2.64
2. 74
2.62

1.82

2.00
2.02

2.01

2.03

2.03
2.04

2.10

2.10

1.94
1.87
2.17

1.97
1.89
2.18
2.02

1.86

2.24

1.87
2.24

2.20

2.94

2.00
2.02

2.04
2.09
1.97
1.89
2.16
2.02

1.87
2. 23

ior

C.— E A R N I N G S A N D H O U R S
T

able

C - l.

Gross hours and earnings of production workers,1 by industry—Continued
Revised series; see box, p. 94.
1966

Industry
Dec.2 Nov.2 Oct.

Annual
average

1965

Sept. | Aug. | July

June | May | Apr. | Mar. | Feb.

Jan.

Dec.

1965

j

1964

Average weekly earnings
Manufacturing—Continued
Nondurable goods—Continued
Apparel and related products_______ _
Men’s and boys’ suits and coats______
Men’s and boys’ furnishings_________
Women’s, misses’, and juniors’ outerwear___________________________
Women’s and children’s undergarments____________________ _ _.
Hats, caps, and millinery__ _
Girls’ and children’s outerwear.. ___
Fur goods and miscellaneous apparel .
Miscellaneous fabricated textile* products____________________________

$ 70.06

8 8 .46
6 1 .34

$

70.06
86.71
6 0 .64

$

70.64
8 7 .17
59.84

$ 67 .

83
84.83
59.36

$

70.11
87.19
6 0 .10

$ 67.88

8 5 .03
58.56

$

6 8 .6 3
85 . 86
5 9 .78

$ 6 8 .2 6

$ 67.51

8 5 .6 9
5 8 .30

83 . 54
57 . 67

$

6 9 .37
8 5 .2 5
5 9 .0 9

$ 68.81

85 . 69
59.31

$

66.05
8 3 .7 6
5 8 .4 6

$

6 7 .15
8 4 .2 0
58 . 56

$ 66 .

61
81 . 86
5 7 .9 0

$

64 . 26
7 6 .2 3
56 . 09

71.44

71.44

72.21

68.67

73.56

71.90

7 1 .3 4

7 1 .3 4

7 1 .3 4

73 . 63

7 2 .3 8

6 6 .73

6 8 .6 8

68 . 68

6 3 .16

6 5 .80
70.81
62.48
76.43

6 6 .12
72.69
6 2 .48
77 . 46

64.18
67.86
59.86
72.04

63.92
75 38
63.86
74.23

61.99
71 28
63.86
73 43

6 2 .5 3
70 30
64.01
74.54

6 2 .5 9
67 . 71
6 3 .1 5
7 4 .1 7

6 1 .3 9
66 . 40
6 2 .4 7
7 1 .5 4

6 3 .0 7
74 03
6 4 .01
7 1 .57

6 2 .5 3
74 43
64.75
7 1 .93

5 9 .45
42
6 1 .2 2
7 0 .4 0

60 .9 6

6 0 .19

5 8 .9 7

6 33
7 2 .0 4

6 0 .79
70 . 81

58 . 00
67 .5 1

78.56

80.96

76.58

76.23

69 . 92

7 4 .1 0

7 4 .3 0

73 . 71

74.11

7 3 .34

72.35

63.01
77.39

OS

a

66 . 78

7 5 .0 8

7 3 .7 3

7 0 .4 7

Paper and allied products___ _ . . ..
Paper and pulp.____ . . .
. .. ...
Paperboard . _ _ . ____ . . . . .
Converted paper and paperboard nroducts___ ______ ___ _________ ..
Paperboard containers and boxes_____

120 . 53 121.09 121.37 121.92 120 . 77
138.26 138.43 138 . 43 138.29 137.39
140 . 43 139 . 05 138.91 138.12

120 . 50 120.18 119 . 03 117.50 117.34 116.37 115 . 83 117 . 82
137 . 56 135.45 134.25 132 . 76 131 . 72 131.28 130 . 69 131.87
139 . 38 138 . 78 139 . 54 141.22 136 . 96 133 . 95 136 . 05 138.16

114.22
128.16
132.14

109.57
121.88
124.32

106.17
108.45

103.91 104.66
108 . 54 110 . 08

9 6 .2 8
100 . 56

Printing, publishing and allied industries.
Newspaper publishing and printing__
Periodical publishing and printing
Books.. ______
Commercial printing__ _ . .
______
Bookbinding and related industries___
Other publishing and printing industries____________________________

126.22 124 . 48
130.96 128.83
132.59
114.67
128.96 127 . 76
95.59
95 . 94
128.51

105.84
109.91

124.94

104 . 75 105.75
110 . 68 111.89

104.23
109 . 82

125.51
127 . 73
136 . 04
115 . 93
129 . 52
9 6 .29

122 . 85 121.83
125.17 124.17
132 93 132 . 76
115 . 78 114.11
127.20 126.25
92.19
93.60

125.12
127.39
139.03
117 . 04
129.04
94.92

125 . 71 126.81

124.16

123 . 00

103.57 102.34
108 . 89 106 . 01

102.41
107.35

9 9 .4 2
1 0 1.50 101.26 102.97
105.92 104 . 00 1 0 8.50 104.23

122.54
125 . 58
129 . 44
117 . 43
125.37
9 3 .6 5

122.22 120.82
125 . 24 122.40
12/5 58 124 74
116 84 112 59
125.45 124 . 03
9 4 .1 4
9 5 .01

121 . 06
119 . 95
126
114 36
125.77
9 4 .95

119 . 74
119 . 62
124 90
111 22
124 . 03
94 .1 7

122 . 43

122.88

125 . 05 124.41

123.13

no

117.73
118.57
124 50
111 22
120.59
9 0 .5 8

1 2 2.30
125.43
120 67
114 51
124 . 80
9 3 .9 3

123 . 24 125 . 22

118.12 114 . 35
119 . 85 116 . 84
125 3 122 01
110 68 106
120.96 1 1 6.42
8 9 .4 0
9 1 .5 7

S

QO

120.90

1 1 6 .1 0

3 6 .1
3 8 .1
3 7 .3

3 6 .4
3 7 .9
3 7 .6

3 5 .9
3 6 .3
3 6 .9

Average weekly hours
Apparel and related products__________
Men’s and boys’ suits and coats______
Men’s and boys’ furnishings_________
Women’s, misses’, and juniors’ outerwear____
_ ______________
Women’s and children’s undergarments________________
_____ _
Hats, caps, and millinery_____
Girls’ and children’s outerwear. ____
Fur goods and miscellaneous apparel
Miscellaneous fabricated textile* products____________________________

3 6 .3
3 8 .8
3 7 .4

3 6 .3
3 8 .2
3 7 .2

3 3 .7
3 6 .5
3 5 .8

3 6 .6
3 8 .4
3 7 .4

3 5 .7
3 7 .7
37.1

3 6 .9
39.1
3 7 .8

3 6 .3
3 8 .3
37 .3

3 3 .7

3 3 .9

3 2 .7

3 4 .7

3 7 .6
3 6 .5
3 5 .7
37.1

3 8 .0
36 .9
3 5 .7
37 .6

37.1
3 4 .8
3 4 .4
36 2

37 .6
37 . 5
36 .7
37 .3

3 6 .7
3 8 .5
3 7 .6

3 6 .5
3 8 .6
3 6 .9

3 4 .4

3 4 .8

3 4 .8

36 .9
36 . 0
36 .7
3 6 .9

3 7 .0
37 . 0
3 7 .0
3 6 .9

3 6 .6
3 6 .6
3 6 .5
3 6 .9

3 6 .1
3 7 .8
3 6 .5

3 6 .9
3 8 .4
3 7 .4

3 6 .6
3 8 .6
3 7 .3

3 5 .7
3 7 .9
3 7 .0

3 4 .8

3 5 .4

3 4 .8

3 3 .2

3 3 .5

3 4 .0

3 3 .9

3 5 .9
3 5 .7
3 5 .9
3 6 .5

37 .1
37 . 2
3 7 .0
3 6 .7

3 7 .0
3 7 .4
3 7 .0
3 6 .7

3 5 .6
3 6 .2
3 5 .8
36 .1

3 6 .5
3 6 .7
3 5 .7
3 6 .2

3 6 .7
36 5
3 6 .4
3 6 .5

3 6 .4
.36 .3
3 5 .8
3 6 .1

3 8 .5

3 8 .7

3 9 .3

38 .1

3 8 .5

36 .8

3 8 .0

38 .1

3 7 .8

3 8 .4

3 8 .0

3 7 .1

3 8 .7

3 8 .4

3 8 .3

Paper and allied products____________
Paper and pulp__________
Paperboard . . . . . . . .
Converted paper and paperboard products___ . . ________
___ . . .
Paperboard containers and boxes. . . .

4 3 .2
44 .6

4 3 .4
44.8
45 .3

4 3 .5
44 .8
4 5 .0

4 3 .7
44 .9
45.1

43 .6
4 4 .9
44 7

4 3 .5
45.1
45 . 4

4 3 .7
4 5 .0
4 5 .5

4 3 .6
4 4 .9
4 5 .9

4 3 .2
4 4 .7
4 6 .3

4 3 .3
4 4 .5
4 5 .5

43.1
4 4 .5
4 4 .5

4 2 .9
4 4 .3
4 5 .2

4 3 .8
4 4 .7
4 5 .9

43 .1
4 4 .5
4 5 .1

4 2 .8
4 4 .0
4 4 .4

42 .3
4 2 .2

4 2 .0
42.6

41.9
42 .9

42 .3
43 .2

42 .2
4 2 .9

41.9
4 2 .4

4 2 .2
4 3 .0

42 .1
4 2 .7

4 1 .6
4 1 .9

4 1 .8
4 2 .6

4 1 .6
4 2 .2

4 1 .5
4 1 .6

4 2 .2
4 3 .4

4 1 .6
4 2 .2

4 1 .5
4 1 .9

Printing, publishing and allied industries.
Newspaper publishing and printing__
Periodical publishing and printing _.
Books. . 1 _______
. . . ..*
_______ I
Commercial printing___ ____
Bookbinding and related industries___
Other publishing and printing indust r i e s . ____
____ _

3 9 .2
37.1
40 .3
3 8 .7

3 8 .9
3 6 .6
40 .3
41.1
3 9 .8
3 9 .0

39 .1
3 6 .6
41.1
4 1 .7
40.1
3 9 .3

39.1
36 .5
41.5
4 1 .8
40 .2
38 .9

39 .0
36 .6
40 . 9
42.1
4 0 .0
3 9 .0

3 8 .8
36 .2
40 6
41 .8
39 .7
3 8 .9

3 8 .9
3 6 .4
40 . 2
4 2 .7
3 9 .8
3 8 .7

3 8 .8
3 6 .3
39 . 0
4 2 .8
3 9 .7
39 .1

3 8 .6
3 6 .0
39 . 6
41 . 7
3 9 .5
3 8 .9

3 8 .8
3 5 .7
40 0
4 2 .2
3 9 .8
3 9 .4

3 8 .5
3 5 .6
39 . 4
41 5
3 9 .5
3 9 .4

38.1
3 5 .5
39 . 4
4 1 .5
3 8 .9
3 7 .9

3 9 .2
3 7 .0
38 8
42.1
4 0 .0
3 9 .3

3 8 .6
36 .1
40 . 2
41 3
3 9 .4
3 8 .8

3 8 .5
3 6 .4
4 0 .4
40 8
3 9 .2
3 8 .7

3 9 .3

3 8 .8

3 8 .8

3 8 .9

3 8 .8

3 8 .8

3 8 .5

3 8 .4

3 8 .6

3 9 .2

3 9 .0

3 9 .0

3 9 .5

3 9 .0

3 8 .7

Average hourly earnings
Apparel and related products__________
Men’s and boys’ suits and coats______
Men’s and boys’ furnishings__
.. .
Women’s, misses’, and juniors’ outerwear. _____ _
_____ __ _
Women’s and children’s undergarments.
Hats, caps, and millinery___________
Girls’ and children’s outerwear______
Fur goods and miscellaneous apparel...
Miscellaneous fabricated textile* products_____ __________ _
_______

$

1.93
2 . 28
1.6 4
2.1 2
1.7 3
1.7 6

$

1.93
2 . 27
1.63

1.93
2.2 7
1.6 0

$ 1.90

2 .2 5
1.60

1.90
2 .2 3
1 .5 9

2 .1 2
1.7 5
1.9 4
1.75
2.0 6

2 .1 3
1.7 4
1.9 7
1.7 5
2.0 6

2 .1 0
1.73
1.9 5
1.7 4
1.99

2.1 2
1.70
2 01
1.74
1.9 9

$

$

$

1.87
2.2 2
1.57
2 .0 9
1 .6 8
1.98
1.7 4
1.9 9

$

1.87
2 .2 3
1.59
2 .0 5
1.6 9
1 .9 0
1.7 3
2 . 02

$

1.87
2 .2 2
1.5 8
2 . 05
1.71
1. 85
1.7 3
2 . 01

$

1.87
2 . 21
1.5 8
2.0 5
1.71
1.8 6
1.74
1 .9 6

$

1.88
2 .2 2
1.5 8
2 .0 8
1 .7 0
1.9 9
1.7 3
1.95

$

1.88
2 .2 2
1.5 9
2 .0 8
1.6 9
1.9 9
1.7 5
1 .9 6

$

1.85
2 . 21
1.5 8

$

1.86
2.2 1
1.57

2 . 01
1.67
1. 89
1.71
1 .9 5

2 .0 5
1.67
1. 89
1.6 9
1. 99

$

1.83
2 .1 6
1.5 4
2 .0 2
1 .6 4
1.9 2
1.6 7
1.94

$

1.7 9
2 .1 0
1.5 2
1.9 7
1 .6 2
1.9 2
1 .6 2
1 .8 7

2 . 01

2.0 3

2.0 6

2.01

1.9 8

1 .9 0

1.95

1.9 5

1.9 5

1.9 3

1.93

1.9 5

1.94

1.9 2

1.84

Paper and allied products... _____ . _.
Paper and p u lp ....
....
_ _.
Paperboard-____ ______________
Converted paper and paperboard products_____________
________ __
Paperboard containers and boxes.. ._

2 . 79
3 .1 0

2 . 79
3.0 9
3.1 0

2 . 79
3.0 9
3 . 09

2 . 79
3 .0 8
3 .0 8

2 . 77
3 .0 6
3 .0 9

2 . 77
3 . 05
3 .0 7

2 . 75
3 . 01
3 .0 5

2 . 73
2 .9 9
3 .0 4

2 .7 2
2.9 7
3 .0 5

2 . 71
2 .9 6
3 . 01

2 . 70
2 .9 5
3 . 01

2 .7 0
2 .9 5
3.0 1

2.6 9
2.95
3 . 01

2.6 5
2 . 88
2 .9 3

2 .5 6
2 . 77
2 . 80

2.5 1
2 .5 7

2.5 2
2 . 58

2 .5 0
2.58

2.5 0
2 .5 9

2 .4 7
2 .5 6

2 .4 8
2.5 6

2 .4 8
2 .5 6

2 .4 6
2 . 55

2 .4 6
2 .5 3

2 .4 5
2 . 52

2.4 4
2.51

2 .4 4
2 . 50

2.4 4
2 . 50

2.3 9
2 . 47

2 .3 2
2 .4 0

Printing, publishing and allied industries.
Newspaper publishing and printing__
Periodical publishing and printing. .
Books.. _______ _
. _. “
Commercial printing____
. . . ____
Bookbinding and related industries___
Other publishing and printing industries____________________________
See footnotes at end of table.

3 .2 2
3 . 53
3 . 20
2 . 47

3 . 20
3 .5 2
3 .2 9
2.7 9
3.21
2 . 46

3.21
3 .4 9
3.3 1
2 . 78
3.2 3
2 .4 5

3 .2 0
3.4 9
3.3 5
2 80
3.21

2. 44

3 .1 5
3 . 42
3 .2 5
2 .7 5
3 .1 8
2 . 40

3 .1 4
3 .4 3
3.2 7
2 . 73
3 .1 8
2.3 7

3 .1 5
3 .4 5
3 .2 2
2 . 75
3 .1 5
2 .4 2

3 .1 5
3 .4 5
3 . 22
2 . 73
3 .1 6
2 . 43

3 .1 3
3 .4 0
3 .1 5
2 . 70
3 .1 4
2 .4 2

3 .1 2
3 .3 6
3 .1 5
2 . 71
3 .1 6
2 . 41

3 .1 1
3 .3 6
3 .1 7
2 .6 8
3 .1 4
2 .3 9

3 .0 9
3 .3 4
3 .1 6
2 . 68
3 .1 0
2 .3 9

3.1 2
3.3 9
3.11
2 .7 2
3 .1 2
2.3 9

3 .0 6
3 .3 2
3 .1 3
2 .6 8
3 .0 7
2 .3 6

2 .9 7
3 .2 1
3 .0 2
2 .6 2
2 .9 7
2 . 31

3 . 27

3 . 22

3 . 24

3 .2 6

3 .2 0

3.1 7

3 .1 8

3 .2 0

3 .1 9

3 .1 9

3 .1 9

3 .1 6

3 .1 7

3 .1 0

3 .0 0


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

M O N T H L Y L A B O R R E V IE W , F E B R U A R Y 1967

108
T able C - l.

Gross hours and earnings of production workers,1 by industry—Continued
Revised series; see box, 94.
1966

1965

Industry
Dec.2 Nov.2 Oct.

Sept.

Aug.

July

June

May

Apr.

Mar.

Feb.

Jan.

Dec.

Annual
average
1965

1964

Average weekly earnings
Manufacturing—Continued
Nondurable goods— Continued
$126. 96 $127.87 $127. 56 $127.14 $125.70 $126. 00 $125.76 $124.49 $124.66 $122. 64 $123.19 $122.18 $123.35 $121. 09 $116. 48
Chemicals and allied products----Industrial chemicals__
-- - --- 141. 88 145. 09 143. 99 142. 04 140.53 141. 53 140. 77 139. 26 139. 26 137.76 137.34 136. 27 138. 32 136. 08 131.04
Plastics materials and synthetics----- — 122. 25 126. 48 125. 88 125. 33 125. 50 126. 52 125.97 124.98 125. 99 122.09 123. 25 121. 25 122. 98 120.70 116.89
117. 03 116. 75 115. 77 114. 24 111. 23 110. 68 111.78 111.93 111.66 111.25 111. 79 111.38 110.15 106.90 102.77
Drugs
Soap, cleaners, and toilet goods— ---- 125. 08 122. 35 122. 06 122. 77 122.93 121.42 121.93 118.12 117. 29 116. 62 116.31 116. 03 117. 59 113.15 108.68
Paints, varnishes, and allied products.. 117. 55 117. 01 117.83 119. 83 118. 58 118. 01 119. 99 120. 70 118. 72 115. 65 114. 40 112. 75 114. 26 113.15 109.03
105. 65 104. 23 106. 27 105.15 103. 39 104. 23 102. 48 105.94 107. 88 106. 48 103.25 102. 53 102. 24 100.69 97.63
Agricultural chemicals.
Other chemical products-------- ----- 124. 49 122.18 122. 64 123. 97 121. 51 120. 38 121. 55 119. 00 118. 43 115. 62 116. 72 116. 75 116. 90 116. 90 112.98
Petroleum refining and related industries. 146. 36 145. 59 145. 43 146. 80 142. 72 147.06 145.95 145. 61 145.69 141. 62 140. 61 141. 62 140.95 138.42 133.76
153.97 153.24 150.12 152. 04 148. 57 153. 91 152. 40 154.15 154. 21 149. 58 148.10 148. 39 148.87 145. 05 139. 52
Petroleum refining.
Other petroleum and coal products----- 119. 00 119. 99 128. 29 130. 87 123. 48 125. 27 124. 37 116. 42 115,87 111.87 112. 86 114. 09 110.62 115.90 112. 49
Rubber and miscellaneous plastic products__ - . . . . ------------ 112.98 113. 25 113. 52 114.21 111.04 110. 27 111.30 111.57 110. 62 110. 46 111. 14 111.41 113.42 109. 62 104. 90
Tires and inner tu b e s---- . . . - 161.92 165.10 166. 66 165. 99 163. 02 162. 94 161. 55 163. 44 162. 79 159. 56 161. 01 162. 62 167.17 158.06 142. 54
110. 35 110.62 110. 20 110. 72 106.91 104.34 107. 33 106. 24 105.06 105. 57 106. 24 106. 75 108. 71 103.82 99.96
Other rubber products---. ...
94. 76 94. 35 94.81 95.04 93.11 92.21 93.38 93. 56 93.11 93. 60 93. 79 92. 74 94. 08 92. 35 90. 06
Miscellaneous plastic products. ..
77.61

Leather and leather products----------T-pptbpr t,arming and finishing __
Footwear, except rubber.. . . . .. ..
Other leather products. . . . . . . .
Handbags and personal leather goods.

74.49
76. 60

76.03 74. 68 74.09 75. 85 74.49 76.05 74.88 73.33 73.92 75. 26
103.97 103. 53 101.45 100.19 100.19 102.66 103.16 102. 09 101.93 100.21
72.58 70.88 71.25 73.32 72.71 73.88 71.62 69.94 71.05 72.34
76. 05 75. 66 72.18 73.71 70. 88 72. 77 72.96 71.63 72. 77 73.33
76.58 71. 82 66.22 70. 49 68. 63 68. 60 68. 63 67.89 69.91 70.09

74.11 74.87
99.31 101. 02
71.39 71.94
71.44 74.11
65.88 68.22

71.82
97. 99
68.80
70.49
67.86

68. 98
94.19
66. 55
66. 73
64.88

Average weekly hours
Chemicals and allied products-----Industrial chemicals__ . . . ---Plastics materials and synthetics . . . . . . .
Drugs_____
..
- -Soap, cleaners, and toilet goods----Paints, varnishes, and allied products..
Agricultural chemicals.
.....
Other chemical products. . . . . . . .

41.9
42.1
41.3
41.5
42.4
41.1
42.6
42.2

42.2
42.8
42.3
41.4
41.9
41.2
42.2
41.7

42.1
42.6
42.1
41.2
41.8
41.2
43.2
42.0

42.1
42.4
42.2
40.8
41.9
41.9
42.4
42.6

41.9
42.2
42.4
40.3
42.1
41.9
42.2
41.9

42.0
42.5
42.6
40.1
41.3
41.7
42.2
41.8

42.2
42.4
42.7
40.5
41.9
42.4
42.7
42.5

42.2
42.2
42.8
40.7
41.3
42.5
44.7
41.9

42.4
42.2
43.0
40.9
41.3
42.1
46.5
41.7

42.0
42.0
42.1
40.9
41.5
41.6
45.7
41.0

41.9
42.0
42.5
41.1
41.1
41.3
43.2
41.1

41.7
41.8
42.1
41.1
41.0
41.0
42.9
41.4

42.1
42.3
42.7
41.1
41.7
41.4
42.6
41.6

41.9
42.0
42.5
40.8
40.7
41.6
43.4
41.9

41.6
41.6
42.2
40.3
40.4
41.3
43.2
42.0

Petroleum refining and related industries.
Petroleum refining. _ . .
Other petroleum and coal products___

42.3
42.3
42.5

42.2
42.1
42.7

42.4
41.7
44.7

42.8
42.0
45.6

42.1
41.5
44.1

43.0
42.4
44.9

42.8
42.1
44.9

42.7
42.7
42.8

42.6
42.6
42.6

41.9
41.9
41.9

41.6
41.6
41.8

41.9
41.8
42.1

41.7
41.7
41.9

42.2
41.8
43.9

41.8
41.4
43.6

Rubber and miscellaneous plastic products... ._ ____ . . . ----- --------Tires and inner tubes. .
. ----- -Other rubber products. . ____ .
Miscellaneous plastic products. . . . .

42.0
44.0
41.8
41.2

42.1
44.5
41.9
41.2

42.2
44.8
41.9
41.4

42.3
44.5
42.1
41.5

41.9
44.3
41.6
41.2

41.3
43.8
40.6
40.8

42.0
43.9
41.6
41.5

42.1
44.9
41.5
41.4

41.9
44.6
41.2
41.2

42.0
44.2
41.4
41.6

42.1
44.6
41.5
41.5

42.2
44.8
41.7
41.4

42.8
45.8
42.3
42.0

42.0
44.4
41.2
41.6

41.3
41.8
40.8
41.5

Leather and leather products___ - - - - - Leather tanning and finishing__
Footwear, except rubber. _____ . _
Other leather products. . .
Handbags and personal leather goods.

39.0
39.0
38.3

38.4
40.3
38.0
39.0
38.0

38.1
40. 6
37.5
38.8
37.8

37.8
40.1
37.7
37.4
35.6

39.1
40. 4
39.0
39.0
38.1

39.0
40. 4
39.3
37.7
37.3

39.2
40 9
39.3
38.5
37.9

38.6
41.1
38.3
38.4
37.5

37.8
41. 0
37.4
37.9
37.1

38.5
41 1
38.2
38.5
38.2

39.2
40. 9
39.1
38.8
38.3

38.8
40 7
38.8
38.0
36.6

39.2
4L 4
39.1
38.8
37.9

38.2
41. 0
37.8
38.1
37.7

37.9
40. 6
37.6
37.7
37.5

Average hourly earnings
Chemicals and allied products_________ $3. 03
3. 37
Industrial chemicals__
Plastics materials and synthetics ___
2.96
2. 82
Drugs______ . _____ ..
.
___
2.95
Soap, cleaners, and toilet goods___
2.86
Paints, varnishes, and allied products..
2. 48
Agricultural chemicals._. . . . _ _
Other chemical products. _____ __ _ 2. 95

$3. 03
3.39
2.99
2. 82
2. 92
2. 84
2. 47
2. 93

$3. 03
3. 38
2.99
2. 81
2.92
2. 86
2.46
2. 92

$3.02
3.35
2.97
2. 80
2. 93
2. 86
2. 48
2.91

$3.00
3. 33
2.96
2. 76
2.92
2.83
2. 45
2.90

$3.00
3.33
2. 97
2. 76
2. 94
2. 83
2. 47
2. 88

$2.98
3. 32
2.95
2.76
2.91
2.83
2. 40
2.86

$2.95
3.30
2.92
2.75
2.86
2.84
2.37
2.84

$2. 94
3. 30
2.93
2. 73
2.84
2.82
2.32
2.84

$2. 92
3. 28
2.90
2. 72
2.81
2.78
2.33
2.82

$2.94
3. 27
2.90
2.72
2.83
2. 77
2.39
2.84

$2.93
3. 26
2.88
2. 71
2.83
2. 75
2.39
2.82

$2.93
3. 27
2.88
2. 68
2.82
2.76
2. 40
2.81

$2.89
3.24
2. 84
2. 62
2.78
2.72
2.32
2. 79

$2. 80
3.15
2. 77
2. 55
2. 69
2. 64
2.26
2.69

Petroleum refining and related industries.
Petroleum refining
Other petroleum and coal products___

3.46
3. 64
2.80

3. 45
3. 64
2.81

3. 43
3. 60
2. 87

3. 43
3. 62
2. 87

3. 39
3. 58
2.80

3.42
3. 63
2. 79

3.41
3. 62
2.77

3.41
3.61
2. 72

3. 42
3. 62
2.72

3. 38
3. 57
2. 67

3. 38
3.56
2. 70

3.38
3. 55
2.71

3. 38
3. 57
2. 64

3.28
3. 47
2. 64

3.20
3.37
2.58

Rubber and miscellaneous plastic products__ ____ _ _________ _ ______
Tires and inner tubes
_ .
Other rubber products____ _____ ___
Miscellaneous plastic products_______

2.69
3.68
2. 64
2. 30

2.69
3.71
2. 64
2.29

2. 69
3.72
2. 63
2.29

2. 70
3. 73
2. 63
2. 29

2. 65
3.68
2. 57
2. 26

2. 67
3. 72
2. 57
2.26

2.65
3.68
2.58
2. 25

2. 65
3. 64
2. 56
2.26

2. 64
3. 65
2. 55
2. 26

2.63
3. 61
2.55
2. 25

2. 64
3. 61
2.56
2.26

2. 64
3.63
2. 56
2. 24

2. 65
3. 65
2. 57
2. 24

2.61
3. 56
2. 52
2. 22

2. 54
3.41
2. 45
2.17

1.99

1.98
2. 58
1.91
1.95
1.91

1. 96
2. 55
1.89
1.95
1.90

1. 96
2. 53
1. 89
1.93
1. 86

1.94
2. 48
1. 88
1.89
1.85

1.91
2 48
1. 85
1.88
1. 84

1.94
2
1.88
1.89
1.81

1. 94
9 51
1.87
1.90
1.83

1.94
9, 49
1.87
1.89
1.83

1.92
9 48
L 86
1.89
1.83

1.92
9 45
L 85
1.89
1.83

1.91
2 44
1.84
1.88
1.80

1.91
2 44
1.84
1.91
1.80

1.88
2 39
1.82
1.85
1.80

1.82
2 32
1.77
1.77
1.73

Leather and leather products______ _
Leather tanning and finishing.
Footwear, except rubber.
Other leather products.
Handbags and personal leather goods.
See footnotes at end of table.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

1.91
2. 0C
—

C.— E A R N I N G S A N D H O U R S

T

able

C - l.

109

Gross hours and earnings of production workers,1 by industry—Continued
Revised series; see box, p. 94.
1966

1965

Industry
Dec.3 Nov . 2

Oct.

Sept.

Aug.

July

June

May

Apr.

Mar.

Feb.

Jan.

Dec.

Annual
average
1965

1964

Average weekly earnings
Transportation and public utilities:
Railroad transportation:
Class I railroads3-________ ______
Local and interurban passenger transit:
Local and suburban transportation...
Intercity and rural bus lines_______
Motor freight transportation and storage.
Public warehousing______________
Pipeline transportation____________
Communication__________________
Telephone communication________
Telegraph communication4_______
Radio and television broadcasting...
Electric, gas, and sanitary services___
Electric companies and systems.......
Gas companies and systems___ ___
Combined utility systems________
Water, steam, and sanitary systems.

$113.94
144.10
136.43
98.23
151.52
121.84
116.33
127.62
157. 95
140. 45
142. 54
129. 90
153.61
112.89

$115.56 $ 112.
141.37 149.
138.14 138.
96.64 98.
152. 25 152.
119. 54 119.
114. 24 114.
130.16 131.
154. 77 152.
141. 20 137.
142.12 139.
131.36 128.
154. 40 149.
111. 79 111.

$113.
158.
136.
98.
148.
117.
112.

131.
149.
136.
139.
124.
148.
109.

$137. 54 $135.83 $132. 75 $135.12 $139.91 $131.94 $132.76 $130.80 $121.80
113.52 113.52 111.83 109.36 109.10 108.42 109.30 108.20 104.16
141. 24 142.46 143.60 131.77 138.16 140.87 135. 29 133.72 125.83
137.06 133.14 131.36 131.88 132.40 128.96 132.80 130.48 124. 02
95.92 95.04 92.43 92. 59 95.34 93.26 94.13 93.09 91.53
148.96 151. 00 153.18 150. 75 151. 00 150.32 148.88 145.85 142. 55
118.44 116. 47 116.29 116.47 117. 74 115. 20 117. 45 114.62 110.15
113.15 111.63 111.08 111.63 112.87 110.12 112.59 109.08 105.32
131. 50 127.17 124. 99 124.26 123.54 123.97 124.99 122.55 116. 05
150.86 148.13 148.92 148.45 150.42 148. 45 150. 75 147. 63 140.66
134. 72 135.14 133.99 133.25 135.62 135.20 134. 05 131.24 125.25
137. 78 137. 78 136.29 136. 29 136. 54 137. 03 135.38 133.31 127.62
122. 72 124.14 122.61 121.99 124.92 124.31 123.30 120.83 116. 03
147.33 147. 03 146. 26 144.89 149.29 148.19 147. 42 143. 79 135.55
108.39 108.53 110. 00 107.83 110.51 108. 58 106.55 105.'41 100.77

$114.
148.
136.
98.
150.
119.
114.
131.
152.
139.
143.
124.
152.
112.

Average weekly hours
Transportation and public utilities:
Railroad transportation :
Class I railroads3________________
Local and interurban passenger transit:
Local and suburban transportation...
Intercity and rural bus lines_______
Motor freight transportation and storage.
Public warehousing______________
Pipeline transportation____________
Communication__________________
Telephone communication________
Telegraph communication 4_______
Radio and television broadcasting...
Electric, gas, and sanitary services___
Electric companies and systems___
Gas companies and systems_______
Combined utility systems________
Water, steam, and sanitary systems.

42.2
43.8
42. 5
41.8
41. 4
41.3
41. 4
42.4
40. 5
41.8
41.8
41. 5
42.2
41.2

42.8
43.1
42.9
41.3
40.6
40.8
40.8
43.1
40. 2
41.9
41.8
41. 7
42.3
41.1

42.1
45.6
43.1
40.9
41.4
40.9
40.9
43.4
39.9
41.4
41.4
41.3
41.5
41.2

42.4
47.7
43.1
41.3
41.1
40.7
40.7
43.5
39.7
41.5
41.8
41.0
41.6
41.1

42.6
45.0
42.9
40.8
41.2
41.1
41.2
43.4
39.7
42.1
42.7
41.0
42.3
41.7

44.8

44.1

43.1

44.3

44.7

42.7

44.4

43.6

43.5

43.0
44.0
43.1
39.8
40.7
40.7
40.7
43.4
39.7
41.2
41.5
40.5
41.5
40.9

43.0
44.8
42.0
39.6
40.7
40.3
40.3
43.7
39.5
41.2
41.5
40.7
41.3
40.8

42.2
45.3
41.7
39.0
41.4
40.1
40.1
43.1
39.5
41.1
41.3
40.6
41.2
41.2

41.9
42.1
42.0
39.4
41.3
40.3
40.3
42.7
39.8
41.0
41.3
40.8
40.7
41.0

41.8
44.0
42.3
40.4
40.7
40.6
40.6
42.6
39.9
41.6
41.5
41.5
41.7
41.7

41.7
44.3
41.6
40.2
40.3
40.0
39.9
42.6
39.8
41.6
41.4
41.3
42.1
41.6

42.2
43.5
42.7
40.4
40.9
40.5
40.5
43.1
40.2
41.5
41.4
41.1
42.0
41.3

42.1
43.7
42.5
40.3
41.2
40.5
40.4
43.0
39.9
41.4
41.4
41.1
41.8
41.5

42.0
42.8
41.9
40.5
41.2
40.2
40.2
42.2
39.4
41.2
41.3
41. 0
41.2
41.3

Average hourly earnings
Transportation and public utilities :
Railroad transportation:
Class I railroads3__________________
Local and interurban passenger transit:
Local and suburban transportation___
Intercity and rural bus lines_________
Motor freight transportation and storage.
Public warehousing________________
Pipeline transportation_______________
Communication_____________________
Telephone communication__________
Telegraph communication4_________
Radio and television broadcasting____
Electric, gas, and sanitary services_____
Electric companies and systems______
Gas companies and systems_________
Combined utility systems___________
Water, steam, and sanitary systems__
See footnotes at end of table.

2 4 2 -3 1 3 0 — 67 ------- 8


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

$2.70
3.29
3. 21
2.35
3.66
2.95
2.81
3.01
3.90
3.36
3.41
3.13
3.64
2.74

$2.70
3.28
3. 22
2.34
3. 75
2.93
2.80
3.02
3.85
3.37
3.40
3.15
3.65
2.72

$2.68
3.28
3. 22
2.40
3.69
2.92
2.79
3.04
3.83
3.33
3.38
3.10
3.61
2. 70

$2.68
3. 33
3.17
2.38
3.61
2. 89
2. 76
3.02
3. 76
3. 29
3. 34
3.04
3. 58
2. 67

$2. 69
3.30
3.18
2.41
3.65
2.90
2. 77
3.02
3. 83
3.31
3.37
3.04
3. 61
2.69

$3. 07

$3.08

$3.08

$3.05

$3.13

$3.09

$2.99

$3.00

$2.80

2.64
3.21
3.18
2.41
3.66
2.91
2.78
3.03
3.80
3.27
3.32
3.03
3.55
2.65

2.64
3.18
3.17
2.40
3.71
2.89
2. 77
2.91
3. 75
3.28
3.32
3.05
3.56
2.66

2.65
3.17
3.15
2.37
3.70
2.90
2. 77
2.90
3.77
3.26
3.30
3.02
3.55
2.67

2.61
3.13
3.14
2.35
3.65
2.89
2.77
2.91
3.73
3.25
3.30
2.99
3.56
2.63

2.61
3.14
3.13
2.36
3. 71
2.90
2.78
2.90
3.77
3.26
3.29
3.01
3.58
2.65

2. 60
3.18
3.10
2.32
3.73
2.88
2.76
2.91
3.73
3.25
3.31
3.01
3. 52
2.61

$2. 59
3.11
3.11
2. 33
3.64
2.90
2. 78
2. 90
3.75
3.23
3. 27
3.00
3. 51
2. 58

2.57
3.06
3.07
2.31
3.54
2.83
2.70
2.85
3.70
3.17
3.22
2.94
3.44
2.54

2.48
2.94
2.96
2.26
3.46
2.74
2.62
2.75
3.57
3.04
3.09
2.83
3.29
2. 44

M O N T H L Y L A B O R R E V IE W , F E B R U A R Y 1967

110
T able 0-1.

Gross hours and earnings of production workers,1 by industry—Continued
Revised series; see box, p. 94
1965

1966

Dec.2 Nov.2

Oct.

Sept.

Aug.

June

July

May

Apr.

Mar.

Feb.

Jan.

Dec.

Annual
average
1965

1964

Average weekly earnings
Wholesale and -ratal 1 trade
_________ $79.77
Wholesale trade
___________ -- - 113. 42
Motor vehicles and automotive equipment
___
Drugs ^heirde.^ls and allied products
Dry goods and apparel
_ _________
Groceries and related products----------- —
Electrical goods
___ _ _____
Hardware, plumbing, and heating
good s
__________ ___
Machinery equipment, and supplies __
Miscellaneous wholesalers
69.29
Retail trade
:
__
General merchandise stores
Department stores. __ ________
Mail order houses __ __ ____ - __
Limited price variety stores ___ _
Food stores
____ _ - ______
Grocery, meat, and vegetable stores.. —
Apparel and accessories stores ______
Men’s and boys’ apparel stores
Women’s ready-to-wear stores
___
Family clothing stores __
Shoe stores
__

$79.79 $79.86 $79.92 $80.73 $80.94 $79. 45 $78.60 $78. 23 $77.86 $77. 70 $77. 54
112.87 112. 74 111.93 111.38 112.20 110.70 111. 11 110.43 109. 48 109. 08 108. 53
105. 41 105. 41 106. 26 103.42 105.58 104. 08 103. 83 103.42 103. 07 101. 75 101.50
115. 20 115. 49 115. 66 113.08 114.33 113. 36 114.29 113.88 112. 00 111.48 112. 44
109.44 110.78 108. 95 109.16 107.82 106. 96 107. 54 105. 75 105. 08 105.18 103.32
103. 63 103. 07 103.89 103. 66 105. 75 101. 34 100. 85 99.54 99.23 99. 06 98. 09
127.25 128.87 127. 97 123. 65 123. 48 125. 24 127.15 126.85 125. 85 126. 58 124. 84
108. 00
124.94
111.88
68. 84
60.45
63.76
72. 72
46. 66
72.26
73. 48
58. 56
71.78
52. 79
58. 00
55.99

108.95
124.84
111.60
68.87
61. 01
64.94
70. 04
46. 66
71.81
72.70
58. 97
71.69
52.97
58. 86
58.02

108.12
122.18
111.35
69.09
61.38
65. 54
71.25
46. 66
72.76
74.00
59. 01
71.48
52.98
57. 32
60. 41

$77.29 $76. 53 $74. 28
109. 59 106. 49 102.31
102. 06
112. 06
105. 26
98. 53
130. 24

100.14 96.79
109. 08 105.04
103.19 99. 94
96. 76 94.16
122. 84 111. 79

106. 90 106.34 106. 86 106. 34 106.49 105. 67 106. 37 105.41 105. 67 101.91
123. 49 123.37 121. 66 120. 83 120. 01 117. 96 117. 55 116.88 117.99 115.23
110.83 111.10 110.83 110. 68 110. 28 109. 07 109. 34 109. 89 111. 11 107. 20
70.11 70. 48 69.14 67.64 67. 47 67.12 67.30 67. 49 67. 71 66. 61
62. 24 62.93 61.49 59. 88 59. 73 59.40 59. 22 58. 53 60. 55 58.81
66. 50 67.18 65.52 63.83 63.69 62.98 62. 98 62. 08 63.30 62.98
71.66 71.55 71.96 70.64 68.61 68. 94 67. 40 66. 78 79. 80 71.00
48.00 47. 23 46. 03 44.54 44. 97 44.82 44.53 44. 53 46. 53 44.10
74.84 75.05 73. 49 70.81 70.26 70.26 70.35 70.35 70.17 70.32
75.90 76.33 74. 74 71.81 71.26 71.26 71.69 71. 57 71.32 71. 69
59.84 60. 52 58.92 58. 03 58.18 56. 90 57.05 58. 38 60.38 57. 46
73.64 74. 78 73. 44 70.90 69. 65 68. 56 69. 40 71.20 70. 79 69. 84
52.63 54.26 52.81 52. 49 52. 33 51. 19 51.04 52. 49 54. 54 51. 46
59.99 60.12 57. 67 57. 38 57. 55 57.23 56. 40 59. 04 60.70 56. 45
60.52 59. 88 57. 66 56. 36 59. 67 55. 67 56. 52 56. 65 59.40 56. 64

98.01
111.52
104.38
64. 75
56. 77
61.18
70.12
41. 53
68. 51
69. 55
55. 26
67. 53
49. 73
54. 27
55. 21

Average weekly hours
37.1
Wholesale and retail trade
__________
40.8
Wholesale trade__ __________ - ___
Motor vehicles and automotive equipment,
_ ___ ___ __Drugs chemicals, and allied products
Dry goods and apparel
_
__
—
Groceries and related products___ _
Electrical goods ____ _____
_ .
Hardware,“ plumbing, and heating
goods
____
___
Machinery, equipment, and supplies__
Miscellaneous wholesalers __ ____ _
35.9
Retail trade--------___------------------------General merchandise stores _ ___
Department stores
_____
___
Mail order houses __ . _____
Limited price variety stores__ ^------ —
Food stores
_
__ ___
Grocery, meat, and vegetable stores. _ —
____
Apparel and accessories stores
Men’s and boys’ apparel stores.
Women’s ready-to-wear stores._
Family clothing stores____ ______
Shoe stores
__________
____

36.6
40.6

36.8
40.7

37.0
40.7

37.9
40.8

38.0
41.1

37.3
40.7

36.9
40.7

36.9
40.6

36.9
40.7

37.0
40.7

37.1
40.8

37.7
41.2

37.7
40. 8

37.9
40. 6

41.5
40. 0
38.0
40.8
42.7

41.5
40.1
38.2
40.9
43.1

42.0
40.3
37.7
40.9
42.8

41.7
40.1
38.3
41.3
42.2

42.4
40.4
38.1
42.3
42.0

41.8
40.2
38.2
40.7
42.6

41.7
40.1
38.0
40.5
43.1

41.7
40. 1
37.5
40.3
43.0

41.9
40.0
37.8
40.5
43.1

41.7
40.1
37.7
40.6
43.2

41.6
40.3
37.3
40.7
42.9

42.0
40. 6
38.0
41. 4
44.3

41.9
40. 4
37.8
41. 0
42.8

41.9
40.4
38.0
41. 3
41.1

40.6
41.1
40.1
35.3
32.5
32.2
36.0
30.9
33.3
33.4
32.0
33.7
31.8
32.4
30.1

40.5
41.2
40.0
35.5
32.8
32.8
34.5
30.7
33.4
33.5
32.4
34.3
32.1
32.6
30.7

40.8
41.0
40.2
35.«
33.0
33.1
35.1
30.7
34.0
34.1
32.6
34.7
32.5
32.2
31.3

40.8
41.3
40.3
36.9
34.2
34.1
35.3
32.0
35.3
35.3
34.0
36.1
33.1
33.7
34.0

40.9
41.4
40.4
36.9
34.2
34.1
34.9
31.7
35.4
35.5
34.0
36.3
33.7
33.4
32.9

41.1
41.1
40.3
36.2
33.6
33.6
35.1
31.1
34.5
34.6
33.1
36.0
32.8
32.4
31.0

40.9
41.1
40.1
35.6
32.9
32.9
34.8
30.3
33.4
33.4
32.6
35.1
32.4
32.6
30. C

40.8
41.1
40.1
35.7
33.0
33.0
33.8
30.8
33.3
33.3
32.5
35.0
32.5
32.7
30.6

40.8
41.1
40.1
35.7
33.0
32.8
34.3
30.7
33.3
33.3
32.7
34.8
32.4
32.7
31.1

40.6
41. 1
40.2
35.8
32.9
32.8
33.7
30.5
33.5
33.5
32.6
34.7
32.1
32.6
31.4

40.7
41.3
40.4
35.9
32.7
32.5
33.9
30.5
33.5
33.6
32.8
34.9
32.4
32.8
31.3

40.8
41. 4
40.7
36.6
35.9
34. 4
42.0
33.0
33.9
33.8
34.5
36.3
34.3
34. 1
33.0

40.6
41. 3
40.3
36. 6
33.8
33. 5
36. 6
31. 5
34.3
34.3
33.6
36.0
33.2
33.4
32.0

40.5
41.0
40. 3
37. 0
34.2
33. 8
37. 7
31. 7
34.6
34. 6
33.9
36. 7
33. 6
33. 5
32.1

Average hourly earnings
Wholesale and retail trade____ ___ ____
Wholesale trade___
_____________
Motor vehicles and automotive equip­
ment _________ ___________
Drugs, chemicals, and allied products
Dry goods and apparel _____. . . .
Groceries and related products.
___
Electrical goods ____ _
_______
Hardware,“ plumbing, and heating
goods . . .
. . . . . .
Machinery, equipment, and supplies__
Miscellaneous wholesalers __ _____
Retail trade
__ __
_____
General merchandise stores.. . . .
Department stores_________
_
Mail order houses ____ _
__
Limited price variety stores
Food stores
. . . . ._
Grocery, meat, and vegetable stores.
Apparel and accessories stores .
__
Men’s and boys’ apparel stores. . . .
Women’s ready-to-wear stores . .
Family clothing stores___________
Shoe stores__
. . _
___
See footnotes at end of table.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

$2.15
2. 78

1.93

$2.18
2. 78

$2.17
2. 77

$2.16
2. 75

$2.13
2. 73

$2.13
2. 73

$2.13
2. 72

$2.13
2.7C

$2.12
2. 72

$2.11
2.69

$2.10
2.68

$2. 09
2.66

$2.05
2.66

$2. 03
2. 61

$1.96
2. 52

2. 54
2.88
2.88
2. 54
2.98

2. 54
2.88
2.90
2. 52
2. 99

2.53
2.87
2.89
2. 54
2.99

2.48
2.82
2.85
2. 51
2.93

2. 49
2. 83
2.83
2. 50
2.94

2.49
2.82
2.80
2. 49
2.94

2. 49
2. 85
2. 8C
2. 49
2.95

2. 48
2. 8'
2.82
2. 47
2.95

2. 46
2.80
2. 78
2. 45
2. 92

2. 44
2. 78
2. 79
2. 44
2.93

2. 44
2.79
2. 77
2.41
2.91

2.43
2. 76
2. 77
2.38
2. 94

2.39
2. 70
2. 73
2. 36
2. 87

2.31
2.60
2. 63
2. 28
2. 72

2. 66
3.04
2. 79
1.95
1.86
1.98
2.05
1.51
2.1"
2.2(
1.83
2.13
1. 6(
1. 7t
1.86

2.69
3.03
2.79
1.94
1.86
1.98
2.03
1. 55
2.1.
2. r
1.85
2.09
1. 6,
1.8(
1.89

2.65
2.98
2.77
1.93
1.86
1.98
2.03
1.55
2.14
2.1"
1. 81
2. 06
1.63
1.78
1.93

2.62
2.99
2. 75
1.96
1.85
1.95
2. Of
1.56
2.15
2. L
1.76
2.0<
1. 5(
1.76
1.76

2.60
2.98
2. 75
1.91
1.84
1.97
2.05
1.49
2.15
2.15
1.76
2.06
1.61
1.86
1.85

2. 60
2. 96
2. 75
1.91
1. 83
1.95
2. 05
1.48
2.1C
2.16
1. 78
2. 0'
1.6
1.78
1.86

2. 60
2. 9'
2. 76
1.90
1.82
1.9'
2. 0C
1.47
2.12
2.15
1.78
2.02
1.62
1.76
1. 86

2.61
2. 92
2. 75
1.89
1.8:
1.9C
2. 0C
1.4i
2.1
2.14
1. 7f
1.9t
1.6
1.76
1.9,

2.59
2. 87
2. 72
1.88
1.8C
1.92
2.01
1. 4f
2. 1
2. 14

2. 62
2. 86
2. 72
1.88
1.8C
1.92
2. Of
1.46
2. 1(
2. 14
1.7
2. 0(
1.59
1. 7C
1.86

2. 59
2.83
2. 75
1.88
1.79
1.91
1.9"
1.46
2. 1(
2 . i;
1.78
2.0'
1.69
1.86
1.8

2.59
2. 8E
2.73
1.85
1.73
1.81
1.96
1.41
2. 0'
2.11
1.7,
1.9,
1.59
1.78
1. 86

2.51
2. /9
2. 66
1. 82
1. / 4
1. 88
1.94
1. 4f
2. Of
2. 09
1. 71
1. 94
1.
1. 69
1. 7"

2. 42
2. 72
2.59
1. 75
1.66
1.81
1.86
1.31
1. 98
2. 01
1.63
1.84
1.48
1.62
1. 72

1. 74

1.9"
1. 58
1.7,
1.7!

C — E A R N IN G S A N D H O U R S

111

Table C - l. Gross hours and earnings of production workers,1 by industry—Continued
Revised series; see box, p. 94.
1966

1965

Industry
Dec.2 Nov.2

Oct.

Sept.

Aug.

July

June

May

Apr.

Mar.

Feb.

Jan.

Dec.

Annual
average
1965

1964

Average weekly earnings
Wholesale and retail trade—Continued
Retail trade—Continued
Furniture and appliance stores___
Furniture and home furnishings _
Eating and drinking places 5_______
Other retail trade________________
Building materials and hardware. _
Motor vehicle dealers_________ . . .
Other vehicle and accessory dealers
Drug stores____________________
Fuel and ice dealers_____________
Finance, insurance, and real estate6____
Banking_________________________
Credit agencies other than banks_____
Savings and loan associations______
Security dealers and exchanges_______
Insurance carriers__________________
Life insurance___________________
Accident and health insurance_____
Fire, marine, and casualty insurance.

$91. 65 $91.34 $91.64 $91.37 $91.77 $89.89 $88.59 $87.81 $88.09 $87.47 $89.21
90. 55 90.39 90.46 91.20 90.12 89.89 88.65 87.47 87.30 86.63 88.03
48.10 47. 91 48. 00 48.93 48.79 47.40 46. 51 46.31 46.31 46.38 46.17
86. 37 86. 80 85. 81 86.90 87. 53 86.46 84.99 85.01 84. 00 83.81 84.03
92.32 93. 41 93.21 93.28 93.51 92. 64 90.91 90.49 88.81 88.38 89.02
110. 59 109. 91 106. 50 108.97 110. 77 110.25 108.46 108.28 107.50 104.92 104.98
90.29 90. 48 89.20 91.54 92.82 89.38 88.54 87.03 86.76 86.76 87.16
62. 87 63.39 63. 46 64.60 65.15 63.50 61.70 61.72 61.20 61.58 61.41
104.98 102. 61 99. 25 97.29 98.33 97.11 98.18 98.41 99.54 102.38 103.97
$93.00 92.75 93. 25 92. 01 92.13 92.75 91.88 92.63 92.50 91.76 92.13 91.76
82. 73 82.81 82.14 82.21 82.43 81.18 82.21 82.21 81.84 81.47 82.28
86.02 86.71 85.27 85.96 86. 41 84.75 86.56 86.18 85.28 86. 26 87.10
86. 61 87. 32 86. 25 87.05 89. 07 85.38 86.81 86. 54 85.56 86.16 87.70
131. 72 131. 72 133. 20 132.82 135.42 139.13 149.71 148.93 145.16 144. 02 139.13
100.81 100. 44 99.70 99.32 99.80 99.06 98. 69 98.85 98.85 99.22 98.21
100. 93 100. 56 99. 82 99.82 99. 65 98.92 98.64 98.19 98.92 98.82 98.26
90. 27 88. 93 90.27 89.65 88.91 89.17 88.56 88.43 88.32 88.67 86.14
103.19 102. 71 101. 52 101.41 101. 90 101.41 100.93 100.81 100.70 101.08 100.17

$92.75 $88.18 $85.44
91.98 86.98 83.82
46.23 j 45. 76 44.38
84.46 83.44 80.75
90.10 88.41 85. 46
106.52! 105.32 100.76
86.24 85.89 85.41
63.55 61.60 59.57
100.62 96.05 93.09
90.88 88.91 85.79
80.35 79.24 76. 67
85.28 84.29 80.89
84.67 84.67 82.72
138. 28 127.43 120.99
97.61 95.86 92. 01
97. 52 95.63 91.73
86.35! 85.38 81.70
100. 20 97.92 94.75

Average weekly hours
Wholesale and retail trade—-Continued
Retail trade— Continued
Furniture and appliance stores____
Furniture and home furnishings _.
Eating and drinking places5________
Other retail trade_________________
Building materials and hardware.
Motor vehicle dealers____________
Other vehicle and accessory dealers Drug stores____________________
Fuel and ice dealers_____________
Finance, insurance, and real estate6____
Banking__________________________
Credit agencies other than banks____
Savings and loan associations______
Security dealers and exchanges______
Insurance carriers__________________
Life insurance___________________
Accident and health insurance_____
Fire, marine, and casualty insurance.

37.2

39.0
39.2
33.4
39.8
41.4
42.7
43.2
33.8
42.5

39.2
39.3
33.5
40.0
41.7
42.6
43.5
33.9
42.4

39.5
39.5
33.8
40.1
41. 8
42.6
43.3
34.3
41.7

39.9
40.0
35.2
40.8
42.4
42.9
43.8
35.3
41.4

39.9
39.7
35.1
40.9
42.7
43.1
44.2
35.6
42.2

39.6
39.6
34.1
40.4
42.3
42.9
43.6
34.7
41.5

39.2
39.4
33.7
39.9
41.7
42.7
43.4
33.9
41.6

39.2
39.4
33.8
40.1
41.7
42.8
43.3
34.1
41.7

39.5
39.5
33.8
40.0
41.5
43.0
43.6
34.0
42.0

39.4
39.2
34.1
40.1
41.3
43.0
43.6
34.4
43.2

39.3
39.3
34.2
40.4
41.6
43.2
43.8
34.5
43.5

40.5
40.7
34.5
40.8
42.3
43.3
44.0
35.7
43.0

39.9
39.9
35.2
40.9
42.1
43.7
43.6
35.4
42.5

40.3
40.3
35.5
41.2
42.1
44. 0
43.8
36.1
42.9

37.1
37.1
37.4
36.7
37.0
37.2
36.7
37.3
37.8

37.3
37.3
37.7
37. 0
37.0
37.2
36.7
36.9
37.9

37.1
37.0
37.4
36.7
37.0
37.2
36.7
37.3
37.6

37.3
37.2
37.7
37.2
37.1
37.2
36.7
37.2
37.7

37.4
37.3
37.9
37.9
37.1
37.1
36.5
37.2
37.6

37.2
36.9
37.5
36.8
37.5
37.1
36.5
37.0
37.7

37.2
37.2
37.8
37.1
37.9
37.1
36.4
36.9
37.8

37.3
37.2
37.8
37.3
37.8
37.3
36.5
37.0
37.9

37.3
37.2
37.9
37.2
38.0
37.3
36.5
36.8
38.0

37.3
37.2
38.0
37.3
37.8
37.3
36.6
37.1
38.0

37.3
37.4
38.2
37.8
37.1
37.2
36.8
36.5
37.8

37.4
37.2
37.9
37.3
38.2
37.4
36.8
36.9
38.1

37.2
37.2
37.8
37.3
37.7
37.3
36.5
36.8
38.1

37.3
37.4
37.8
37.6
37.0
37.1
36.4
36.8
37.9

Average hourly earnings
Wholesale and retail trade—Continued
Retail trade—Continued
Furniture and appliance stores_____
Furniture and home furnishings...
Eating and drinking places 5________
Other retail trade________________
Building materials and hardware___
Motor vehicle dealers_____________
Other vehicle and accessory dealers..
Drug stores_____________________
Fuel and ice dealers______________
Finance, insurance, and real estate 6____
Banking__________________________
Credit agencies other than banks_____
Savings and loan associations______
Security dealers and exchanges______
Insurance carriers________ __________
Life insurance___________________
Accident and health insurance_____
Fire, marine, and casualty insurance.
See footnotes at end of table.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

$2.50

$2.35
2. 31
1.44
2.17
2.23
2.59
2. 09
1.86
2. 47

$2. 33
2. 30
1.43
2.17
2. 24
2. 58
2. 08
1.87
2. 42

$2.32
2. 29
1.42
2.14
2. 23
2. 50
2. 06
1.85
2.38

$2.29
2. 28
1.39
2.13
2. 20
2.54
2.09
1.83
2. 35

$2.30
2. 27
1.39
2.14
2.19
2. 57
2.10
1.83
2.33

$2.27
2.27
1.39
2.14
2.19
2.57
2.05
1.83
2.34

$2.26
2.25
1.38
2.13
2.18
2.54
2.04
1.82
2.36

$2.24
2.22
1.37
2.12
2.17
2.53
2. 01
1.81
2.36

$2.23
2.21
1.37
2.10
2.14
2.50
1.99
1.80
2.37

$2.22
2.21
1.36
2.09
2.14
2.44
1.99
1.79
2.37

$2.27
2.24
1.35
2.08
2.14
2.43
1.99
1.78
2.39

$2.29
2.26
1.34
2.07
2.13
2.46
1.96
1.78
2.34

$2.21
2.18
1.30
2.04
2.10
2.41
1.97
1.74
2.26

$2.12
2.08
1.25
1.96
2.03
2.29
1.95
1.65
2.17

2. 50
2.23
2.30
2. 36
3. 56
2.71
2. 75
2.42
2. 73

2. 50
2. 22
2. 30
2. 36
3. 56
2. 70
2. 74
2. 41
2.71

2. 48
2.22
2.28
2.35
3. 60
2. 68
2. 72
2. 42
2. 70

2.47
2. 21
2.28
2.34
3. 58
2. 67
2.72
2.41
2.69

2.48
2. 21
2. 28
2.35
3.65
2. 69
2. 73
2.39
2. 71

2.47
2.20
2.26
2.32
3.71
2.67
2.71
2.41
2. 69

2.49
2.21
2.29
2.34
3.95
2.66
2. 71
2.40
2.67

2.48
2.21
2.28
2.32
3.94
2.65
2.69
2.39
2. 66

2.46
2.20
2.25
2.30
3.82
2.65
2.71
2.40
2.65

2.47
2.19
2.27
2.31
3.81
2.66
2.70
2.39
2.66

2.46
2.20
2.28
2.32
3.75
2.64
2.67
2.36
2.65

2.43
2.16
2.25
2.27
3.62
2.61
2.65
2.34
2.63

2.39
2.13
2.23
2. 27
3.38
2.57
2.62
2.32
2.57

2.30
2. 05
2.14
2.20
3.27
2.48
2.52
2.22
2.50

112

M O N T H L Y L A B O R R E V IE W , F E B R U A R Y 1967

T

able

C -l. Gross hours and earnings of production workers,1by industry—Continued
Revised series; see box, p. 94.
1966

1965

Industry
Dec.2 Nov.2

Oct. ! Sept.
1

Aug.

July

June

May

Apr.

Mar.

Feb.

Jan.

Dec.

Annual
average
1965

1964

Average weekly earnings
Services and miscellaneous:
Hotels and lodging places:
Hotels, tourist courts, and motels 5-----Personal services:
Laundries, cleaning and dyeing plants ,,
Motion pictures:
Motion picture filming and distributing.

$54. 68 $55. 06 $53.73 $53. 58 $53. 72 $52. 68 $52. 97 $52.36 $52.13 $52. 59 $52.36 $52.73 $51.17 $49. 54
61.99

62. 65

61.88

60. 74

62.15

61.76

61.44

60. 04

59. 82

58. 90

59. 44

59.68

58.98

55. 73

158. 59 164. 55 159.29 162. 51 165. 68 160.19 148. 71 147. 66 146. 07 148. 80 153.97 156. 75 148. 08 136.17
Average weekly hours

Services and miscellaneous:
Hotels and lodging places:
Hotels, tourist courts, and motels 5___
Personal services:
Laundries, cleaning and dyeing plants,.
Motion pictures:
Motion picture filming and distributing.

—

36.7

37.2

36.8

38.0

38.1

37.1

37.3

37.4

37.5

37.3

37.4

37.4

37.9

38.4

37.8

38.2

38.2

38.2

38.6

38.6

38.4

38.0

38.1

38.0

38.1

38.5

38.8

38.7

41.3

42.3

41.7

42.1

42.7

41.5

40.3

39.8

39.8

40.0

40.2

40.4

39.7

39.7

$1. 29

Average hourly earnings
Services and miscellaneous:
Hotels and lodging places:
Hotels, tourist courts, and motels 5----Personal services:
Laundries, cleaning and dyeing plants _.
Motion pictures:
Motion picture filming and distributing.

—

$1.49

$1. 48

$1.46

$1.41

$1.41

$1.42

$1.42

$1.40

$1.39

$1. 41

$1.40

$1.41

$1.35

1.64

1.64

1.62

1.59

1.60

1.61

1.60

1.58

1.57

1.55

1.56

1.55

1. 52

1.44

3. 84

3.89

3.82

3.86

3.88

3.86

3.69

3.71

3.67

3. 72

3.83

3.88

3.73

3.43

1 For comparability of data with those published in issues prior to October
1966, see footnote 1, table A-9. For employees covered, see footnote 1, table
A-10.
* .rie iim iiu u y .

3 Based upon monthly data summarized in the M-300 report by the Interstate Commerce Commission, which relate to all employees who received
pay during the month, except executives, officials, and staff assistants (ICC
Group 1). Beginning January 1965, data relate to railroads with operating
revenues of $5,000,000 or more.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

4 Data relate to nonsupervisory employees except messengers.
5 Money payments only, tips not included.
6 Data for nonoffice salesmen excluded from all series in this division.
S o u r c e : U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics for all
series except that for Class I railroads. (See footnote 3.)

C — E A R N IN G S A N D H O U R S

T

able

113

C - 2. Average weekly hours, seasonally adjusted, of production workers in selected industries 1
Revised series; see box, p. 94.
1966

1965

Industry division and group
Dec.

Nov.2 Oct.

Sept.

Aug.

July

June

May

Apr.

Mar.

Feb.

Jan.

Dec.

Mining___________________________________________

42.4

42.4

42.6

42.9

42.4

43.2

42.9

42.6

41.7

43.2

42.7

42.6

42.9

Contract construction____ ___ _ ____ ___ _ .

38.8

37.1

37.3

37.7

36.9

37.8

37.4

36.1

37.2

38.5

38.1

37.8

38.6

Manufacturing..

...

41.0

41.3

41.3

41.5

41.4

41.0

41.3

41.5

41.5

41.5

41.5

41.4

41.3

Durable goods____________ ____
___
___
Ordnance and accessories__
____
____
Lumber and wood products, except furniture...
Furniture and fixtures___
___. . . . _ _
Stone, clay, and glass products. _____ _
Primary metal industries____ . ____ . . . __
Fabricated metal products.. . . . . __ . ___ _
Machinery.
________ _
.....
Electrical equipment and supplies.............
Transportation equipment____________
Instruments and related products. _____ _ . . .
Miscellaneous manufacturing industries____ _____

______ _

_____

....

41.9
43.0
40.5
40.6
42.2
42.0
42.5
43.6
40.8
41.8
41.7
40.2

42.0
42.7
40.5
41.1
41.6
42.5
42.3
44.0
40.9
41.9
41. 7
40.0

42.2
42.2
40.4
41.2
41.8
42.7
42.4
43.9
41.1
42.4
42.0
40.0

42.3
42.5
40.3
41. 2
41.9
42.5
42.7
44.3
41.3
42.9
42.2
39.9

42.1
42.1
40.3
41.6
41.8
42.4
42.2
43.8
41.2
43.2
41.7
40.0

41.8
42.7
40.6
41.0
41.5
41.6
42.1
43.3
40.9
42.1
41.7
39.7

42.0
42.1
40.5
41.8
41.9
42.0
42.3
43.8
41.2
42.3
42.0
40.1

42.2
42. 4
41.4
42.0
41.8
42.2
42.4
43.8
41.3
42.2
42.4
40.3

42.3
42.2
41.3
41.6
42.1
41.8
42.4
43.7
41. 4
43.4
42.0
40.0

42.3
42. 0
41.1
41. 9
42.8
41.9
42.4
44. 0
41.3
42.9
42. 4
40.3

42.4
42.3
41.2
41. 7
42. 4
41. 9
42. 5
43. 9
41. 5
43.3
42.3
40.2

42. 4
42 4
41. 4
41. 7
42. 5
41. 9
42. 5
43 8
41. 5
43 4
42 2
40.0

42.2
42 4
41 fi
41 7
43 0
41 3
42.3
43 8
41 4
43 0
41 7

Nondurable goods_______ . _ . . . ___
___
Food and kindred products_______________
Tobacco manufactures................ . . . .
Textile mill products..
______ _ _
Apparel and related products___ . . . . _ _
Paper and allied products _____
___
Printing, publishing, and allied industries_____ . . . .
Chemicals and allied products__ . . . ___
Petroleum refining and related industries______
Rubber and miscellaneous plastic products___ ______
Leather and leather products___
....

40.0
41.2
39.0
41.0
36.6
42.9
38.7
41.8
42.6
41.5
38.2

40. 2
41.1
38.5
41.1
36.4
43.5
39.0
42.2
42. 4
42.1
38.8

40.2
41.0
37.7
41.3
36.7
43.1
39.0
42.2
42.4
42.1
38.8

40.2
41.2
38.7
42.1
35.6
43.4
38.9
42.0
41.8
42.0
38.3

40.2
41.1
37.8
42.0
36.3
43.3
38.9
42.0
41.9
41.8
38.6

40.1
41.3
37.9
41.7
36.2
43.4
39.0
42.0
42.4
41.5
38.3

40.3
41.0
38.0
42.2
36.5
43.4
39. 0
42. 0
42.5
41.7
38.7

40.3
40.9
38.5
42.2
36.5
43.7
38.7
41.9
42.5
42.1
39.0

40.3
41.1
39.2
41.9
36. 4
43.7
38.9
42.3
42. 6
42.4
39.0

40. 4
41.1
39. 4
42. 4
36. 5
43. 5
38. 7
42. 0
42. 6
42.2
38.5

40. 5
41. 5
41.3
42.3
36. 5
43. fi
38. 7
42.1
42 fi
42.3
38.7

40.2
41.1
38.9
42 2
36.3
43 3
38 fi
42 0
42 3
42. 3
38.5

40 2
41 1
37 8
42 0
3fi 4
43 fi
38 7
42 O
42 O
42 3
38.4

36.8
40.5
35.6

36.9
40.6
35.7

36.9
40.7
35. 7

37.0
40.7
35.8

37.3
40.8
36.1

37.3
40.9
36.1

37.2
40.6
36.0

37. 0
40.7
35.9

37.1
40.7
35.9

37.1
40.8
36.0

37.3
40.9
36.1

37 4
41. 0
36.2

37 4
40. 9
36.3

Wholesale and retail trade____ . . . . . .
Wholesale trade___ _ _____ _____ .
Retail trad e_________ . ____

I ^ or ®m Ed°yees covered, see footnote 1, table A-10.

N ote : The seasonal adjustment method used is described in The BLS Seasonai Factor Method (1966) which may be obtained from the Bureau on re­
quest.

prenm inary.

T

able

4o! 2

C-3. Average hourly earnings excluding overtime of production workers in manufacturing, by
major industry group 1
Revised series; see box, p. 94.
1966

1965

Major industry group

Manufacturing__ ______

Annual
average

Dec.

Nov.2 Oct.

Sept.

Aug.

July

June

May

Apr.

Mar.

Feb.

Jan.

Dec.

1965

1964

$2.64

$2.63

$2.62

$2.61

$2. 57

$2. 59

$2.58

$2.58

$2. 58

$2. 56

$2.56

$2.56

$2. 54

$2.50

$2. 44

Durable goods._ _ ___ ___
Ordnance and accessories _
Lumber and wood products, except
furniture________
Furniture and fixtures.
Stone, clay, and glass products _
Primary metal industries. _
Fabricated metal products
Machinery___ __
Electrical equipment and supplies
Transportation equipment. . . _
Instruments and related products __. _
Miscellaneous manufacturing indus­
tries___________ _

2.81

2.80
3. 07

2. 79
3.08

2.78
3.07

2.73
3.06

2.74
3. 04

2.74
3.04

2. 74
3.05

2. 74
3. 04

2.72
3. 05

2. 72
3. 04

2. 72
3. 05

2.70
3.07

2.67
3. 03

2.60
2. 96

2.20
2.14
2.63
3.16
2.76
2.95
2.56
3.22
2. 62

2.22
2.13
2.62
3.15
2.75
2.94
2. 55
3.22
2.60

2.22
2.12
2. 61
3.15
2.75
2.92
2.54
3. 21
2.60

2.19
2.11
2.59
3.13
2.71
2.89
2.52
3.13
2.58

2.18
2.10
2. 57
3.15
2. 71
2. 89
2.52
3.13
2.58

2.17
2.10
2. 57
3.14
2. 70
2.89
2. 52
3.13
2. 59

2.16
2.10
2. 57
3.13
2.71
2.89
2. 52
3.12
2. 57

2.13
2. 09
2. 57
3.13
2.71
2.88
2. 52
3.11
2. 58

2. 09
2. 07
2. 55
3.11
2.70
2.87
2. 51
3.11
2.57

2.10
2. 06
2. 55
3. 09
2. 69
2.86
2.51
3.11
2. 56

2.08
2. 06
2. 54
3.09
2.68
2.86
2. 51
3.10
2. 56

2. 08
2. 06
2. 54
3. 07
2.67
2.85
2. 51
3.10
2. 55

2. 08
2. 03
2. 49
3.04
2.63
2.81
2. 49
3. 04
2.52

2. 03
1.97
2.42
2.99
2. 57
2.75
2.44
2.96
2. 47

2.16

2.14

2.14

2.12

2.14

2.14

2.13

2.14

2.13

2.13

2.13

2.08

2. 07

2. 02

Nondurable goods____
Food and kindred products
Tobacco manufactures
Textile mill products______
Apparel and related products. _
Paper and allied products..
Printing, publishing, and allied indus­
tries. _ _
Chemicals and allied products
Petroleum refining and related indus­
tries... _______ ___
Rubber and miscellaneous plastic
products . . .
Leather and leather products..

2. 40

2.38
2. 42
2.09
1.91
1.89
2.62

2.37
2. 40
2. 05
1.90
1.88
2.62

2.36
2.39
2. 04
1.89
1.86
2.61

2. 34
2.37
2.12
1.88
1.85
2. 60

2.35
2.39
2.27
1.88
1.84
2.60

2. 34
2.41
2.26
1.88
1.83
2. 58

2.34
2. 42
2. 24
1.83
1.83
2.57

2.33
2.43
2.24
1.83
1.83
2. 57

2.32
2. 41
2.18
1.82
1.84
2.55

2.31
2.38
2.17
1.82
1.84
2. 55

2.31
2.38
2.13
1.82
1.82
2.55

2.31
2.36
2. 09
1.81
1.83
2.53

2. 27
2.33
2.06
1.78
1.80
2. 50

2.21
2.27
1.91
1.71
1.76
2. 43

(3)

(3)
2. 92

(3)
2.91

(3)
2.90

(3)
2.88

(3)
2.89

(3)
2.87

(3)
2.84

0
2.82

(3)
2.81

(3)
2.83

(3)
2.83

(3)
2. 83

(3)
2. 79

(3)
2. 72

3.32

3.30

3.29

3. 27

3.28

3. 28

3.27

3. 30

3.28

3.29

3.28

3.27

3.18

3.10

2.56
1.93

2.55
1.91

2.55
1.91

2. 52
1.88

2.55
1.86

2. 52
1.88

2. 52
1.88

2. 52
1.89

2. 51
1.87

2. 51
1.86

2. 51
1.86

2.51
1.86

2.49
1.84

2. 44
1.78

J or comparability of data with those published in issues prior to Octob
1966, see footnote 1, table A-9. For employees covered, see footnote 1, tab
A-10. Average hourly earnings excluding overtime are derived by assumir
that overtime hours are paid for at the rate of time and one-half.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

2 Preliminary.
3 Not available because average overtime rates are significantly above
time and one-half. Inclusion of data for the group in the nondurable goods
total has little effect.

M O N T H L Y L A B O R R E V IE W , F E B R U A R Y 1967

114
T able C -4 .

A verage w eekly overtim e hours of production workers in m anufacturing, b y industry 1
Revised series; see box, p. 94.
1965

1966
Dec.2 Nov.2 Oct.
3.9
Manufacturing
_
. ___
4.3
Durable goods
_
3.3
Nondurable goods
Durable goods
Ordnance and accessories
Ammunition, except for small arms__
Sighting and fire control equipment — —
Other ordnance and accessories__ __
Lumber and wood products, except
furniture
Sawmills and planing mills . .
Millwork, plywood, and related prodnets
Wooden containers_____
___
Miscellaneous wood products------------ —
Furniture and fixtures -__
TTonsehold furniture
Office furniture
Partitions; office and store fixtures. _
Other furniture and fixtures __
Stone, clay, and glass products...
F l a t g la s s

_

_

Glass and glassware, pressed or blown..
Cement, hydraulic__
Structural clay products. _ _
Pottery and related products______ .
Concrete, gypsum, and plaster products
Other stone and mineral products____ _____
Primary metal industries . _ _
Blast furnace and basic steel products..
Iron and steel foundries
Non ferrous smelting and refining__ _
Nonferrous rolling,~ drawing, and ex­
truding. . . .
.
. .
Nonferrous foundries .
Miscellaneous primary metal indus­
tries
.
...
Fabricated metal products.
Metal cans
Cutlery, handtools, and general hardware
_
Heating equipment and plumbing fix­
tures
Fabricated structural metal products
Screw machine products, bolts, etc. . .
Metal stampings
Coating, engraving, and allied services. —
Miscellaneous fabricated wire products.
Miscellaneous fabricated metal prodnets
a
Machinery
. . .
Engines and turbines
Farm machinery and equipment
Construction and related machinery
Metalworking machinery and equip­
ment
Special industry machinery
General industrial machinery
Office, computing, and accounting ma­
chines
Service industry machines
Miscellaneous machinery
Electrical equipment and supplies
Electric distribution equipment
Electrical industrial apparatus
Household appliances
Electric lighting and wiring equipment. —
Radio and TV receiving sets
Communication equipment
Electronic components and accessories.
Miscellaneous electrical equipment
and supplies
Transportation equipment.
Motor vehicles and equipment... _
Aircraft and parts...
Ship and boat building and repairing..
Railroad equipment___
. ______.
Other transportation equipment_____ _____
Instruments and related products..
Engineering and scientific instruments.
Mechanical measuring and control devices.. . . .
__ ___
Optical and ophthalmic goods__ . .
Ophthalmic goods.
Surgical, medical, and dental equip­
ment___
Photographic equipment and supplies
Watches and clocks
_______ __ __
See footnotes at end of table.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

Annual
average

Sept.

Aug.

July

June

May

Apr.

Mar.

Feb.

Jan.

Dec.

1965

1964

3.9
4.2
3.4

4.1
4.5
3.6

4.2
4.6
3.7

4.0
4.3
3.5

3.8
4.1
3.5

4.0
4.4
3.5

4.0
4.4
3.4

3.9
4.3
3.3

3.9
4.2
3.3

3.8
4.2
3.3

3.7
4.1
3.1

4.0
4.4
3.4

3.6
3.9
3.2

3.1
3.3
2.9

4.5
3.5
4.7
6.6

4.1
3.3
2.2
6.2

4.2
3.5
3.4
6. 0

4.1
3.5
3.0
5.6

3.7
3.0
3.4
5.4

3.9
3.1
4.1
5.6

3.7
3.1
3.6
5.0

3.6
3.0
3.5
5.2

3.4
2.9
3.4
4.5

3.5
3.2
3.7
4.4

3.9
3.8
3.4
4.0

4.0
3.8
4.0
4.4

3.0
3.1
1.6
2.9

1.8
1.8
1.3
2.0

3.4
3.3

3.9
3.9

4.0
3.9

4.1
4.1

4.1
4.1

4.2
4.3

4.4
4.5

4.3
4.4

4.0
4.0

3.7
3.8

3.8
3.8

3.9
3.8

3.8
3. 7

3.4
3.4

3.2
3.8
3.8
3.8
3.7
4.8
3.4
4.2
4.3
6.6
4.0
3.0
3.4
2.9

3.7
3.7
4.0
4.3
4.1
5.0
4.7
4.5
4.6
4.8
4.0
2.8
3.7
2.8

3.8
4.0
4.2
4.3
4.0
4.9
5.5
5.1
4.7
3.8
4. 1
3.0
3.7
3.0

3.9
4.6
4.1
4.2
3.9
5.2
5.4
5.0
4.8
4.0
4.1
3.0
3.7
2.7

3.9
4.5
4.0
3.3
2.9
4.7
4.1
4.6
4.7
4.2
4.1
3.3
3.9
2.0

4.2
4.4
3.9
4.0
3.7
4.7
4.9
4.5
4.9
3.6
4.6
2.7
4.0
2.6

4.7
4.7
3.9
3.8
3.6
4.6
4.3
4.1
4.8
4.1
4.5
2.8
3.9
2.2

4.4
4.2
3.9
3.4
3.3
4.5
3.6
3.4
4.6
4.8
4.0
2.7
3.8
2.5

4.1
3.4
3.8
3.7
3.6
4.3
4.0
3.4
4.5
4.4
4.4
2.7
3.6
2.3

3.9
3.6
3.6
3.5
3.5
4.5
3.6
3.2
4.0
4.3
4.3
2.3
3.1
2.4

3.9
3.6
3.6
3.4
3.3
4.0
3.5
3.1
4.0
4.3
4.0
2.5
3.3
2.3

4.2
4.2
3.7
4.4
4.4
4.2
4.7
4.2
4.3
3.4
4.2
1.9
3.5
2.4

4.0
3. 5
3.6
3.6
3.6
3.5
3.7
3.7
4.2
4.1
4.0
2.2
3.6
2.2

3.6
2.8
3.4
3.2
3.4
2. 5
2.4
3.1
3.9
3.7
3.6
2.1
3.3
2.0

5.3
3.7
4.0
2.4
5.2
4.2

6.6
4.3
4.2
2.8
5.4
4.4

7.0
4.2
4.5
3.3
5.3
4.3

7.3
4.2
4.1
3.0
5.1
4.2

7.2
4.0
3.9
3.1
4.5
3.8

7.1
4.4
4.2
2.9
5.4
4.0

7.0
4.3
4.0
2.8
5.1
3.8

6.8
4.3
4.1
2.8
5.6
3.9

6.3
4.0
4.0
2.4
5.6
3.6

5.0
4.0
3.9
2.3
5.6
3.5

5.3
3.4
3.6
1.8
5.1
3.2

6.0
3.8
3.5
1.5
5.5
3.5

6.2
3.5
3.8
2.8
5.5
3.5

5.9
3.3
3.2
2.4
4.7
3.1

6.3
4.9

6.3
4.8

6.3
5.2

6.0
4.4

5.5
3.7

6.5
4.7

6.2
4.5

5.9
4.6

5.9
4.5

5.9
4.5

6.0
4.7

5.9
4.7

5.0
3.9

3.9
3.2

6.2
4.5
3.9

6.5
4.8
3.6

6.5
5.0
5.1

5.4
4.7
5.6

4.8
4.3
6.9

5.7
4.6
4.6

6.0
4.6
4.8

5.4
4.3
4.4

6.1
4.3
3.8

6.3
4.2
4.0

6.1
4.1
3.4

6.1
4.4
2.9

5.2
4.0
4.5

4.0
3.4
3.8

3.4

3.6

3.8

3.5

3.1

3.6

3.7

3.6

3.4

3.3

3.4

3.8

3.4

3.1

2.5
4.3
7.3
5.4
4.8
4.5

3.3
4.5
7.2
5.8
5.0
4.5

3.2
4.7
7.3
6.0
5.7
4.5

3.0
4.4
6.5
5.4
5.1
4.4

2.3
4.1
5.9
5.1
4.4
4.4

3.1
4.3
7.0
5.1
5.0
4.5

3.0
4.1
6.9
5.3
5.1
4.6

2.6
3.6
6.7
5.3
4.8
4.0

2.4
3.5
6.8
5.3
4.8
4.1

2.5
3.4
7.0
5.2
4.7
4.4

2.1
3.4
6.7
5.3
4.3
4.0

2.7
4.1
6.7
5.6
4.8
4.1

2.3
3.6
5.4
5.2
4.3
3.8

2.2
3.0
4.3
4. 5
3.8
3.1

3.9
5.4
5.1
3.0
4.5

4.2
5.6
4.9
3.7
4.9

4.4
5.7
5.8
4.0
4.9

4.3
5.4
6.0
3.4
4.9

3.8
5.2
5.8
3.2
5.2

4.9
5.8
5.7
3.7
5.3

4.6
5.8
6.0
4.2
5.3

4.0
5.6
5.8
4.4
5.1

4.3
5.7
5.4
4.3
5.1

4.1
5.6
4.4
4.0
5.0

3.7
5.3
3.9
3.7
4.5

3.8
5.5
4.9
3.7
4.7

3.4
4.6
4.1
2.9
4.2

2.7
3.9
3.1
2.6
3.5

7.5
5. 7
5.4

7.5
5.7
5.8

7.6
6.1
6.0

7.1
5.4
5.6

7.4
4.7
5.0

8.2
5.8
5.8

8.3
5.5
5.7

8.0
5.3
5.1

8.2
5.6
5.1

8.0
5.6
5.2

7.6
5.4
5.1

7.7
5.9
5.4

6.7
4.8
4.4

5.9
4.1
3.5

3.8
3.4
6.5
3.3
3.9
4.0
3.4
3.0
2.9
3.3
2.7

4.1
3.5
6.6
3.5
3.8
4.2
3.7
3.4
3.7
3.4
2.7

3.9
3.3
6.6
3.6
4.4
4.7
4.1
3.3
3.3
3.6
2.9

3.5
3.7
6.3
3.2
3.7
4.3
3.8
3.2
2.9
2.9
2.7

3.2
3.4
5.9
3.2
3.9
4.3
3.6
2.8
2.7
2.7
2.9

4.0
3.7
6.3
3.4
4.1
4.5
3.6
3.1
2.5
3.2
3.3

4.0
3.3
6.3
3.4
3.9
4.7
3.8
3.1
1.9
3.4
3.4

3.7
3.3
6.3
3.3
3.5
4.5
3.6
2.8
2.4
3.0
3.3

4.2
3.5
6.4
3.3
3.7
4.4
2.9
2.8
2.3
3.3
3.3

4.6
3.3
6.2
3.4
3.4
4.3
3.5
2.9
2.3
3.4
34

4.9
3.0
6.1
3.2
3.3
4.1
3.3
2.8
2.3
3.6
2.9

5.0
3.2
6.1
3.6
3.8
4.2
4.4
3.1
3. 0
3.8
3.0

3.4
2.9
5.4
2.8
2.9
3.5
3.0
2.7
2.4
2.7
2.4

2.3
2.3
4.7
2.3
2.6
3.0
2.2
2.1
1.7
2.2
2.1

4.2
4.7
5.0
5.1
3.8
2.2
2.1
3. 7
4.3

3.8
5.2
5.9
4.9
4.5
3.2
2.8
4.0
4.7

3.5
4.9
5.2
5.1
3.7
3.0
3.4
4.0
4.5

3.1
4.8
5.0
5.2
3.9
3.5
3.1
3.5
3.9

2.5
4.5
4.4
5.0
4.1
3.9
2.6
3.4
4.0

2.8
4.4
4.2
5.1
4.2
3.1
3.2
3.8
4. 5

3. 0
4.4
4.1
5.2
4.0
3.6
3.3
3.8
4. 5

2.9
5.1
5.8
4.6
4.2
3.7
2.9
3.5
3.7

2.9
4.7
4.7
5.1
4.4
3.0
2.8
3.6
4. 0

3. 5
4.8
5.3
5.0
3.8
2.9
2.0
3.7
4.2

3.2
5.1
5.5
5.6
3.8
3.1
2.0
3.5
3.9

4.2
5.7
6.9
4.9
3.6
3.1
2.5
3.6
4.5

3.2
4.8
6.2
3.3
3.4
2.6
2.9
3.0
3.4

2.6
3.9
5.0
2.5
3.1
2.8
3.2
2.4
2.3

4.1
3.0
2.6

4.4
3.3
2.8

4.4
3.5
2.9

3.8
3.1
2.5

3.9
3.0
2.8

4.1
3.3
2. 8

4.3
3.2
2.8

4. 0
2.2
2.1

3.8
3.3
2.9

4. 0
3.2
2.7

4.1
2.9
2.6

3.4
2.9
2.5

2.9
2.7
2.4

2.5
2.4
2.1

2. 7
4.6
2.8

2.8
5.1
2.9

2.9
5.1
2.8

2.7
4.1
2.6

2.6
3.9
2.3

2.8
46
2.4

2.9
4.8
2.4

2. 6
4. 9
2.5

2. 7
4.7
2.8

2.4
5. 0
2.6

2.5
4.3
2.5

2.1
3.0
4.0
4.6
3.2 1 2.4

2.0
3.3
1 .6

C.— E A R N IN G S A N D H O U R S
Ta b l e

C 4.

115

Average weekly overtime hours of production workers in manufacturing, by
industry 1—Continued
Revised series; see box, p. 94.
1966

Industry
Dec.2 Nov.2

Manufacturing—Continued
Durable goods—Continued
Miscellaneous manufacturing industries.
Jewelry, silverware, and plated ware...
Toys, amusement and sporting goods. .
Pens, pencils, office and art materials..
Costume jewelry, buttons, and notions. —
O ther manufacturing industries___
Musical instruments and parts_____ —
Nondurable goods
Food and kindred products___________
Meat products__________________ . . .
Dairy products____________________
Canned and preserved food, except
meats__________________________
Grain mill products________________
Bakery products___________________
Sugar____________________________
Confectionery and related products___
Beverages_________________________
Miscellaneous food and kindred products.
Tobacco manufactures_______________
Cigarettes_______________ _________
Cigars____________________________
Textile mill products_________________
Cotton broad woven fabrics_________
Silk and synthetic broad woven fabrics.
Weaving and finishing broad woolens..
Narrow fabrics and smallwares_______
Knitting_________________________
Finishing textiles, except wool and knit. —
Floor covering____________ _____. . . .
Yarn and thread___________________
Miscellaneous textile goods__________
Apparel and related products__________
Men’s and boys’ suits and coats_______
Men’s and boys’ furnishings__________.
Women’s, misses’, juniors’ outerwear. _
Women’s and children’s undergar­
ments__________________________ _
Hats, caps, and millinery____________ .
Girls’ and children’s outerwear_______ .
Fur goods and miscellaneous apparel..
Miscellaneous fabricated textile prod­
ucts____________________________ _
Paper and allied products______________.
Paper and pulp.___________________ _
Paperboard_______________________ _
Converted paper and paperboard
products________________________ _
Paperboard containers and boxes........ .
Printing, publishing, and allied indus­
tries________
.
Newspaper publishing and printing__ Periodical publishing and printing.. . . . Books____________________________ _
Commercial printing________________ .
Bookbinding and related industries___Other publishing and printing indus­
tries_____________________________
Chemicals and allied products__________Industrial chemicals___________•____ .
Plastics materials and synthetics_____ Drugs___ ________________________ _
Soap, cleaners, and toilet goods_______ Paints, varnishes, and allied products.. Agricultural chemicals_______________.
Other chemical products_____________ Petroleum refining and related indus­
tries____________________________ _
Petroleum refining__________________ .
Other petroleum and coal products___ Rubber, miscellaneous plastic products. .
Tires and inner tubes_______________ .
Other rubber products_______________
Miscellaneous plastic products________.
Leather and leather products.__________ .
Leather tanning and finishing.._______
Footwear, except rubber_____________
Other leather products_______________
Handbags and personal leather goods. .

1965

Oct.

Sept.

Aug.

July

June

May

3.2
5. 0
2.9
3.0
2.6
3.1
4.0

3.4
5.3
3.2
2.8
3.1
3.2
3.7

3.3
4.9
3.3
2.7
2.9
3.2
3.5

3.1
4.6
3.1
2.4
2.9
2.9
2.9

2.3
2.2
2.3
2.0
2.2
2.3
2.3

2.8
4.2
2.3
2.8
3.4
2.7
3.1

2.9
4.1
2.6
2.2
3.0
2.9
3.2

2.8
4.1
2.6
2.0
2.6
2.8
2.8

3.1
4.3
2.7
2.4
3.0
3.1
3.2

2.9
3.7
2.5
2.1
3.0
2.9
3.5

4.0
5. 0
3. 5

4.2
4.8
3.6

4.4
5.1
4.0

4.0
4.2
3.9

4.7
4.5
4.6

4.2
4.3
4.3

3.8
3.9
3.7

3.4
3.5
3.5

3.4
3.4
3.3

2.9
6.6
3. 4
4.0
3.1
3. 6
4.9
1.2
1.2
1.1
4.2
5.2
4.6
3.9
4.1
2.3
5.2
5.1
4.0
4.9
1.5
1.6
1.3
1.3

3.2
7.7
3.7
3.8
3.1
3.8
4.8
1.4
1.7
1.1
4.2
5.0
4.3
3.9
4.1
2.5
5.1
5.3
4.4
5.2
1.7
2.0
1.4
1.3

3.5
8.5
3.8
4.4
3.1
4.0
5.0
1.5
1.8
.9
4.4
5.2
4.7
4.3
4.3
2.7
4.9
5.4
5.0
5.2
1.5
1.7
1.3
1.2

3.4
7.0
3.8
4.0
2.9
4.2
4.2
1.7
2.2
1.2
4.4
5.1
5.2
4.3
3.9
3.1
4.8
4.9
4.9
4.7
1.7
1.8
1.5
1.4

3.6
7.9
4.3
4.8
2.3
6.7
4.4
1.7
2.5
.8
4.4
5.5
5.6
5.0
3.7
2.6
4.5
3.5
4.7
4.2
1.3
1.3
1.1
1.3

3.1
7.3
3.9
4.0
2.5
4.4
4.2
1.5
1.9
1.0
4.6
5.3
4.9
5.2
4.4
2.8
5.9
4.5
5.1
5.1
1.5
1.7
1.4
1.5

3.1
6.4
3.5
3.7
2.3
3.5
4.1
1.2
1.2
1.3
4.6
5.3
6.0
5.5
4.0
2.8
5.6
4.1
5.0
5.2
1.5
1.7
1.3
1.5

2.8
5.6
3.3
3.5
1.9
3.6
3.8
1.3
1.6
1.1
4.5
5.3
5.5
5.3
3.9
2.2
5.7
4.2
5.2
5.0
1.4
1.4
1.2
1.4

1.9
1.2
1.4
1.8

2.2
1.3
1.4
2.1

1.9
1.2
1.5
1.5

1.9
1.7
1.8
1.6

1.5
1.3
1.7
1.1

1.5
1.3
1.9
1.6

1.5
1.0
1.6
1.6

2.4
5.5
6.3
7.8

3.0
5.7
6.6
7.2

2.4
5.8
6.5
7.4

2.4
5.6
6.4
7.4

1.6
5.5
6.3
7.6

1.9
5.7
6.5
7.7

4.2
5.0

4.3
5.5

4.5
5.7

4.3
5.0

4.3
4.9

3.6
3.3
4.3
4.2
3.8
2.7

3.9
3.1
5.6
4.8
4.3
3.2

4.0
3. 0
5.8
5.2
4.4
3.3

3.7
2.7
4.6
5.4
4.1
3.1

3.4
3.4
3.8
3.3
2.8
3.7
2.7
3.9
3.0

3.6
3.5
3.7
3.2
2.9
3.9
2.9
4.6
3.6

3.9
3.5
3.5
3.2
3.1
3.9
3.4
4.2
3.8

3.5
3.4
3.4
3.5
2.6
3.8
3.3
3.7
3.3

Apr. 1 Mar.

Feb. 1 Jan.

Annual
average

Dec.

1965

2.7
3.7
2.4
1.8
2.7
2.8
2.7

3.2
5.3
2.9
3.2
2.9
2.9
3.6

2.7
3.6
2.6
2.3
2.4
2.7
3.0

2.4
3.3
2.1
1.8
2. 0
2.5
3.1

3.6
3.5
3.4

3.5
4.2
3.2

3.8
4.3
3.3

3.8
4.2
3.6

3.6
4.2
3.5

2.7
5.6
3.1
4.6
2.6
3.1
3.9
1.0
.9
1.1
4.6
5.5
5.7
5.1
4.4
2.5
5.8
4.4
5.2
4.8
1.6
1.6
1.3
1.8

3.3
6.3
3.2
4.5
2.4
2.8
4.4
1.9
2.9
1.2
4.6
5.6
5.5
5.2
4.5
2.3
5.5
4.7
5.4
4.9
1.5
1.8
1.2
1.5

2.6
6.0
3.1
3.4
2.5
2.7
4.0
.9
.6
1.2
4.3
5.4
4.8
4.7
4.1
2.1
5.1
4.0
5.2
4.8
1.3
1.5
1.1
1.2

2.7
6.9
3.3
3.7
2.7
3.2
4.5
1.3
.9
1.2
4.6
5.3
5.5
4.6
4.2
2.4
5.6
6.2
5.1
5.3
1.4
1.6
1.2
1.2

2.9
6.6
3.3
3.9
2.4
3.3
4.3
1.1
.8
1.3
4.2
4.8
5.3
4.4
3.6
2.5
4.6
5.1
4.7
4.3
1.4
1.5
1.2
1.3

2.8
6.3
3.1
3.7
2.2
3.1
4.0
1.6
1.6
2.1
3.6
4.3
5.0
3.4
3.1
2.1
4.2
4.4
3.6
3.6
1.3
1.0
1.0
1.3

1.3
1.0
1.4
1.2

1.7
1.9
1.6
1.3

1.6
1.9
1.8
1.3

1.1
1.3
1.4
1.2

1.4
1.2
1.1
1.6

1.4
1.4
1.4
1.4

1.4
1.4
1.3
1.2

1.9
5.6
6.7
7.8

1.9
5.3
6.2
8.2

2. 0
5.3
6.2
7.5

1.8
5.1
6.2
7.0

1.7
5.0
6.1
7.5

2.2
5.5
6.2
7.7

2.1
5. 0
6.0
7.0

1.9
4.7
5.7
6.3

4.3
5.2

3.9
5.0

3.7
4.5

3.9
4.8

3.7
4.5

3.5
4.2

4.0
5.2

3.5
4.5

3.3
4.1

3.4
2.6
3.9
4.9
3.8
2.8

3.5
3.0
3.3
5.4
3.7
2.8

3.5
3.0
3.4
5.4
3.8
3.0

3.3
2.6
3.7
5.1
3.6
2.8

3.5
2.3
4.1
5.1
3.9
3.0

3.0
2.0
3.7
4.4
3.5
2.4

2.8
1.9
3.4
4.3
3.1
2.2

3.6
3.2
3.1
4.6
3.9
2.6

3.1
2.4
3.8
4.2
3.4
2.5

2.9
2.4
4. 0
3.8
3.1
2.4

3.2
3.3
3. 5
3. 5
2.3
3.2
3. 0
3.8
3.3

3.0
3.4
3.4
3.4
2.5
3.4
3.7
4.3
3.6

2.6
3.4
3.2
3.3
2.8
2.9
3.8
6.5
3.4

2.9
3.7
3.4
3.6
2.8
3. 0
3.4
8.9
3.1

3.6
3.3
3.2
3. 0
2.9
3.1
2.7
7.3
2.7

3.1
3.1
3.0
3.2
3. 0
2.9
2.6
4.7
3. 0

3.0
2.9
2.9
2.8
3.1
2.8
2.2
4.1
2.9

3.5
3. 0
3.0
2.9
3.2
3.2
2.3
4.0
2.9

3.1
3.0
3.0
2.9
2.6
2.5
2.7
4.9
3.0

2.7
2.7
2.6
2.7
2. 0
2.5
2.5
4.6
3.0

1964

3.7
3.1
3.3
3.7
3.6
3.5
3.4
2.6
2.4
2.4
2.6
2.8
2.5
2.7
2.3
2.2
2.6
2.6
3.1
3. 0
2.3
2. 0
1.9
2.2
2.1
1.8
6.8
7.4
5.8
6.7
6.7
5. 0
4.6
3.9
3.8
4.2
4. 0
5.5
5.0
3.9
4.3
4.7
4.7
4.4
4.3
4.2
4.4
4.4
4.3
4.1
3.4
4.7
5.8
6.4
6.1
5.7
5.4
6.5
6.6
5.8
6.7
6.8
6.7
6.1
4.3
3.3
4.2
4.4
4.0
3.8
3.7
3.5
3.6
3.6
3.7
4.1
2.7
3.3
3.5
4.4
4.5
4.0
4.2
4.1
4.2
3.9
4.0
4.0
4.3
4.0
3.7
2.2
2.1
2.0
2.2
2.3
2.1
1.9
2.1
2.4
2.1
1.7
2.3
1.8
3.4
3.4
3.5
3.3
3.8
4. 0
3.5
3.5
3.5
3.3
3.6
3.3
2.9
2.1
1.6
2.0
1.7
2.1
1.9
1.6
1.9
2.2
1.9
2.0
1.6
1.5
1.8
2.5
2.5
2.8
2.3
2.1
2.1
2.2
2.4
2.2
2.5
2. 0
1.7
2.2
2.7 1 1.8
2.8
2.0
2.0
1.9
2.5
2.4
1.7
1.8
1.9
2.0
1 For comparability of data with those published in issues prior to October
either the straight-time workday or workweek or (2) they occurred on week
1966^ see footnote 1, table A-9. For employees covered, see footnote 1, table
ends or holidays or outside regularly scheduled hours. Hours for which
only shift differential, hazard, incentive, or other similar types of premiums
These series cover premium overtime hours of production and related
were paid are excluded.
workers during the pay period which includes the 12th of the month. Over­
2 Preliminary.
time hours are those paid for at premium rates because (1) they exceeded


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

3.3
2.8
5.1
4.4
6.1
4.2
4.0
2.1
3.4
1.6
2.8
2.9

M O N T H L Y L A B O R R E V IE W , F E B R U A R Y 1967

116
T able C -5 .

Indexes of aggregate w eekly m an-hours and payrolls in industrial and construction
activities 1
Revised series; see box, p. 94.

11957 - 5 9 = 1 0 0 ]

1965

1966

Annual
average

Activity
Dec.2 Nov.2 Oct.

Sept.

Aug.

July

June

May

Apr.

Mar.

Feb.

Jan.

Dec.

1965

1964

Man-hours
Total________________________________
Mining--------------------------------------------Contract construction____________ _____
Manufacturing______ ____________ ____

116.1
81.8
106.1
119.7

117.2
81.4
111.5
120.0

119.6
84.1
123.6
120.6

120.0
84.7
126.1
120.7

119.6
86. 5
131.4
119.1

117. 2
85.9
132. 4
116.0

118.8
86.9
126.1
119.1

114.6
83.7
112.4
116.5

112.2
74.3
107.4
114.9

111.5
81.5
102.5
114.6

109.2
80.2
92.5
113.7

108.6
81.3
97.8
111.9

112.5
84.1
108.6
114 6

109.1
82.9
110.2
110.2

103.2
82.7
105.2
103.9

Durable goods______________________
Ordnance and accessories___________
Lumber and wood products, except
furniture_______________________
Furniture and fixtures______________
Stone, clay, and glass products______
Primary metal industries___________
Fabricated metal products__________
Machinery_______________________
Electrical equipment and supplies___
Transportation equipment__________
Instruments and related products____
Miscellaneous manufacturing indus­
tries___________________________

127.2
162.8

126.7
159.4

127.2
154.0

126.9
150.9

123.2
145.2

121.5
142. 5

125.8
141.5

123.6
139.3

122.1
134.4

120.9
132.0

119.6
130.8

118.1
128.3

120.0
122.3

114.1
113.1

105.5
118.7

92.3
129.6
105.5
115.8
131.6
140.2
154.2
124.6
130.0

95.0
129.8
109.2
114.7
129.9
137.6
153.5
122.9
130.4

98.1
130.7
111.7
115.3
130.1
137.3
153.9
122.2
130.4

100.2
130.0
113. 5
117.7
130.2
138.0
152.1
119.4
129.3

104.1
131.6
115.4
117.3
127.2
135.9
148.6
103.0
127.7

103.7
122.5
114.5
116.3
122.7
134.5
141.9
109.3
125.5

105.6
128.1
115.2
119.2
128.2
137.9
146.7
116.5
128.2

102.0
124.3
112.8
116.5
126.2
136.3
143.3
116.4
125.6

98.9
122.0
110.9
115.8
124.3
134.3
141.5
117.2
122.9

96.4
123.7
108.0
113.5
123.4
134.2
139.4
116.3
123.6

94.8
121.6
104.5
112.1
122.6
132.8
139.5
115.4
122.3

95.9
120.8
105.4
110.2
121.2
130.2
137.4
114.6
120.0

98.8
126.4
109.0
108.0
123.6
130.6
139.1
117.1
119.5

97.5
119.0
108.1
112.9
117.2
123.0
125.6
106.8
112.3

95.7
111.6
105.4
106.2
107.9
112.1
113.0
94.8
104.6

117.3

123.2

124.7

121.5

120.1

109.9

117.3

114.8

111.5

111.0

108.0

102.3

115.7

109.8

102.7

Nondurable goods___________________
Food and kindred products_________
Tobacco manufactures_____________
Textile mill products___ ___________
Apparel and related products_______
Paper and allied products---------------Printing, publishing, and allied in­
dustries________________________
Chemicals and allied products_______
Petroleum refining and related indus­
tries___________________________
Rubber and miscellaneous plastic
products_______________________
Leather and leather products_______

111.0
95.2
94.5
103.1
118.6
116.9

111.2
98.8
92.0
104.5
120.1
118.3

112,0
101.7
98.3
105.0
121.3
117.3

112.6
106.3
100.4
105. 8
117.7
117.5

113.7
106.1
87.7
107.2
122.5
118.4

108.9
99.5
70.8
103.4
114.2
117.2

110.4
94.0
73.4
108.4
121.1
118.2

107.3
88.6
72.1
106.0
118.8
114.7

105.6
86.9
73.9
103.4
116.2
113.4

106.5
87.1
77.2
105.2
120.6
112.7

105.9
87.6
84.0
104.5
118.9
111.4

103.8
88.4
83.9
102.6
110.5
110.9

107.5
93.8
93.9
104.4
115.9
114.2

105.2
94.0
86.2
101.5
115.0
109.8

101.7
94.0
92.9
96.8
109.1
106.8

121.2
116.5

119.0
117.1

119,2
116.6

118.7
116.9

118.0
117.9

116.4
116.8

116.7
117.9

115.1
116.0

114.3
116.1

114.2
113.4

113.0
111.5

110.9
110.1

114.8
110.9

110.2
110.1

106.5
106.0

78.8

79.7

80.3

82.2

82.2

83.9

82.6

80.2

78.7

76.3

75.5

75.7

76.4

78.3

78.9

155.0
98.8

155.0
98.4

153.9
96.7

152.1
96.7

149.7
102.4

143.6
97.7

147.9
102.1

145.8
98.6

143.8
96.2

143.2
99.3

142.2
101.5

142.8
98.7

145.6
100.5

135.4
96.3

122.1
94.6

87.4
145.1
146.8

97.7
137.9
145.3

96.5
125.4
143.8

97.5
131.4
141.3

100.0
145.2
144.3

97.0
144.3
136.3

93.1
132.4
124.3

Payrolls
Mining . . .
________ ___ __
Contract construction__
Manufacturing___ _

___

102.4
149.4
156.7

101. 7
155.9
156.4

105.2
173.0
156.9

105.6
173.2
156.9

105.4
177.0
156.7

106.5
171.1
152.5

102.5
152.6
149.0

workers and for contract construction, to construction workers, as defined
in footnote 1, table A-10.
2 Preliminary.

i For comparability of data with those published in issues prior to October
1966, see footnote 1, table A-9.
For mining and manufacturing, data refer to production and related

T able C -6 .

105.2
180.3
148.6

Gross and spendable average w eekly earnings of production workers in m anufacturing 1
R ovicaH e e rie « ' s e e hnv.

[In current and 1957-59 dollars!1

1965

1966

Annual
average

Item
Nov.2 Oct.

Sept.

Aug.

July

June

May

Apr.

Mar.

Feb.

Jan.

Dec.

Nov.

1965

1964

Manufacturing
3ross average weekly earnings:
Current dollars_____ _____________ _ $113.99 $113. 85 $113. 71 $111.78 $111.11 $112.74 $112. 05 $111.24 $110.95 $110.27 $110. 00 $110. 92 $109. 71 $107. 53 $102.97
1957-59 dollars______________________
99.47 99.43 99. 66 93.22 98.07 99.86 99. 51 98. 88 99.06 98.81 99.10 99.93 99. 20 97. 84 95. 25
Spendable average weekly earnings:
Worker with no dependents:
Current dollars. ____ ___________
92. 82 92. 72 92. 61 91.14 90.63 91.87 91. 35 90.73 90. 51 90.00 89. 79 91.80 90.83 89.08 84. 40
1957-59 dollars . . . . _____________ 80.99 80.98 81. 17 80. 09 79.99 81.37 81.13 80. 65 80.81 80. 65 80.8£ 82.70 82.12 81.06 78.08
Worker with 3 dependents:
Current dollars_____ ___________ 100. 76 100.65 100. 54 99. 00 98. 47 99. 77 99.22 98. 57 98. 34 97.80 97.58 99. 62 98.61 96. 78 92.18
1957-59 dollars_____________________ 87.92 87. 90 88.12 86. 99 86.91 88.37 88.12 87.62 87.80 87.63 87.91 89. 75 89.16 88.06 85.27
1 For comparability of data with those published in issues prior to October
1966, see footnote 1, table A-9. For employees covered, see footnote 1, table
A-10.
Spendable average weekly earnings are based on gross average weekly
earnings as published in table C -l less the estimated amount of the workers’
Federal social security and income tax liability. Since the amount of tax
liability depends on the number of dependents supported by the worker as
well as on the level of his gross income, spendable earnings have been com­


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puted for 2 types of income receivers: (1) A worker with no dependentsand (2) a married worker with 3 dependents.
The earnings expressed in 1957-59 dollars have been adjusted for changes
in purchasing power as measured by the Bureau’s Consumer Price Index.
2 Preliminary.
N o t e : These series are described in “The Calculation and Uses of Spend­
able Earnings Series,” Monthly Labor Review, April 1966, pp. 406-410.

D .— C O N S U M E R A N D W H O L E S A L E P R I C E S

117

D.—Consumer and Wholesale Prices
I a b l e D 1. Consumer Price Index1— U.S. city average for urban wage earners and clerical workers,
all items, groups, subgroups, and special groups of items
[1957-59=100 unless otherwise specified]
1966

1965

Group

Annual
average

Dec.

Nov.

Oct.

Sept.

Aug.

July

June

May

Apr.

Mar.

Feb.

Jan.

Dec.

1965

1966

All items____________
All items (1947-49=100).

114.7
140.7

114.6
140.6

114.5
140.5

114.1
140.0

113.8
139.6

113.3
139.0

112.9
138.5

112.6
138.2

112.5
138.0

112.0
137.4

111.6
136.9

111.0

136.2

111.0
136.2

109.9
134.8

113.1
138.8

Food_______________________
Food at home______________
Cereals and bakery products.
Meats, poultry, and fish____
Dairy products___________
Fruits and vegetables______
Other foods at home 2______
Food away from home_______

114. 8
112.6
118. 8
110.9
116. 5
114.3
105. 7
126.3

114.8
112. 8
118.6
111.8
116.7
114.9
104. 8
125.7

115.6
113.8
118.3
113.8
117.1
115.3
106.0
125.2

115.6
114.0
118.4
114.8
116.0
116.6
105.3
124.6

115.8
114.4
117.3
114.5
114.8
122.3
104.9
124.0

114.3
112.7
114.8
114.3
111.0
121.5
102.1
123.5

113.9
112.3
114.7
114.2
109.6
121.7
101.3
122.8

113.5
112. 0
114.3
113.9
109.3
119.2
102.8
122.2

114.0
112.7
114.1
115.6
108.9
119.8
103.6
121.6

113.9
112.6
113.6
116.9
108.1
117.4
103.7
121.2

113.1
111.8
113.2
115. 7
107.0
116.5
103.5
120.8

111.4
109.8
113.0
112.9
106.6
111.3
102.9
120.4

110.6
108.9
112.2
110.1
106.1
103.8
119.9

108. 8 114. 2
107.2 112. 6
111.2 115. 8
105.1 114.1
105.0 111. 8
115.2 117. 6
101.8 103. 9
117.8 123.2

Housing____________
Shelter 2___________
Rent____________
Homeownership
Fuel and utilities 5. . .
Fuel oil and coal A.
Gas and electricity.

113. 0
116. 4
111. 3
118. 6
108. 4
110. 2
107. 9
106. 7

112.6
115.8
111.2
117. 8
108. 3
108.9
108.1
106. 5

112.2
115.5
111.0
117.4
108.1
108. 3
108.0
106.1

111.8
115.0
110.7
116.8
108.0
107.4
108.1
105.7

111.5
114.6
110.6
116.4
107.9
107.0
108.1
105.2

111.3
114.4
110.3
116.2
107.9
107.0
108.1
105.1

114.1
110.2
115.8
108.0
107.0
108.1
104.8

111.1

110.7
113.5
110.2
115.0
108.2
108.0
108.2
104.6

110.3
113.0
110.1
114.3
108.3
108.5
108.3
104.4

109.6
112.3
109.9
113.5
106.6
108.9
108.2
104.0

109.4
112.1
109.8
113.3
106.5
109.0
108.2
103.8

109.2
112.0
109.7
113.1
106.4
108.9
107.9
103.6

109.4
111.8
109.5
112.9
108.1
108.6
108.0
103.6

108. 5
110. 6
108.9
111.4
107.2
105.6
107.8
103.1

111. 1
114.1
110.4
115.7
107.7
108.3
108.1
105.0

Apparel and upkeep 8.
Men’s and boys’__
Women’s and girls’.
Footwear_________

112.3
112. 6
108. 1
122.9

112.0
112.4
107.8
122.8

111.5
111.5
107.5
122.2

110.7
111.2
106.3
121.3

109.2
109.9
103.8
120.4

109.2
109.6
104.6
119.8

109.4
110.1
104.7
119.8

109.3
109.9
105.0
119.0

108.7
109.6
104.2
118.1

108.2
109.0
103.9
116.9

107.6
108.6
103.1
116.2

107.3
108.6
102.6
115.6

108.1
109.3
104.3
115.6

106.8
107.4
103.1
112.9

109.6
110.3
105.1
119.6

113.8
111. 7
129.8

114.5
112.6
129.6

114.3
112.3
129.6

113.3
111.3
129.5

113.5
111.6
129.2

113.5
111.5
129.1

112.2
110.7
122.8

112.0
110.5
122.1

112.0
110.5
122.1

111.4
109.9
122.1

111.1

109.6
122.0

111.2
109.6
122.0

111.6
110.1
122.0

111.1

109.7
121.4

112.7
111. 0
125.8

Health and recreation_____
Medical care___________
Personal care___________
Reading and recreation__
Other goods and services #.

121.0
131.9
113. 7
118.4
115. 9

120.8
131.3
113.4
118.3
116.0

120.4
130. 4
113.3
118. 0
115.9

119.9
129.4
113.0
117.5
115.7

119.5
128.4
112.7
117.4
115. 5

119.1
127.7
112.5
117.2
115.3

118.7
127.0
112.2
117.0
114.9

118.4
126.3
112.0
116.8
114.7

118.1
125.8
111.6
116.8
114.3

111.0

116.6
113.8

117.1
124.5
110.8
115.9
113.6

116.9
124.2
110.4
115.7
113.4

116.6
123.7
110.0
115.4
113.4

115.6
122.3
109.9
115.2
111.4

119. 0
127.7
112.2
117.1
114.9

Special groups:
All items less shelter_____
All items less food_______

114.3
114.9

114. 4
114.8

114.3
114.4

113.9
113.8

113.6
113.4

113.1
113.2

112.6
112.8

112.4
112.5

112.4
112.2

111.9
111.6

111.4
111.3

110.8
111.1

110.8
111.3

109.6
110.4

112.9
113.0

Commodities 10__
Nondurables
Durables 1012__
Services1012 u__

110.1
113. 0
103.1
125. 2

110.2
112.9
103.5
124.7

110.3
113.1
103.5
124.1

110.0
112.9
102.7
123.5

109.8
112.5
103.0
123.0

109.3
111.8
103.0
122.6

109.0
111.5
102.6
122.0

108.8
111.3
102.5
121.5

108.8
111.4
102.3
121.1

108.4
111.1

102.0
120.1

108.0
110. 6
101.8
119.7

107.4
109.6
101.9
119.5

107.4
109.4
102.4
119.3

106.4
107.9
102.6
117.8

109.2
111.8
102.7
122.3

Commodities less food n>________________
Nondurables less food_____ __________
Apparel commodities_______________
Apparel commodities less footwear. __
Nondurables less food and apparel___
New cars_________________________
Used cars_____________________
Household durables IS______________ ]]
Housefurnishings____________________

107.7
111. 4
111. 2
108. 8
111. ()
98. 6
114.2
97. 7

107.6
110. 9
110.4
108.1
111.2
98.4
120.8
97.4
99.5

107.0
110.5
109.7
107.4
111.0

100. 0

107.8
111.3
110.9
108.6
111.5
99.3
119.3
97.6
99.9

94.4
120.1
97.3
99.3

106.6
109.6
107.9
105.5
110.5
95.8
122.1
97.0
98.9

106.7
109.7
108.1
105.8
110.6
96.7
120.3
96.9
98.8

106.4
109.5
108.3
106.0
110.1
96.8
118.2
96.7
98.6

106.3
109.3
108.3
106.1
110.0
97.0
117.5
96.7
98.5

106.0
109.0
107.6
105.6
109.8
97.4
117.4
96.4
98.3

105.6
108.6
107.1
105.2
109.4
97.1
115.4
96.2
98.0

105. 4
108.3
106.5
104.6
109.3
97.2
114.0
96.1
97.8

105.3
108.0
106.2
104.3
109.1
97.4
114.8
96.1
97.6

105.7
108.4
107.2
105.5
109.1
98.7
118.2
96.1
97.8

105.1
107.2
105.8
104.4
108.0
99.0
120.8
96.9
97.9

106.5
109.7
108.5
106.3
110.3
97.2
117.8
96.8
98.8

Services less rent1012_________
Household services less rent >o_
Transportation services_____
Medical care services________
Other services mu__________

128.3
124. 9
126.5
139. 4
128.9

127.7
124.2
126.1
138.6
128.5

127.1
123.5
125.9
137.4
128.2

126.5
123.0
125.5
136.2
127.5

125.9
122.4
125.3
134.7
127.1

125.5
122.1
125.0
133.9
126.7

124.8
121.7
123.2
133.0
126.4

124.1
120.9
123.0
132.1
125.9

123.6
120.2
123.0
131.4
125.5

122.5
118.5
122.6
130.8
125.0

122.0
118.1
122.6
129.9
124.1

121.8
117.9
122.5
129.5
123.8

121.6
118.4
121.3
128.9
123.2

120.0
117.0
119.3
127.1
121.8

125.0
121.5
124.3
133.9
126.5

1 The CPI measures the average change in prices of goods and services
purchased by urban wage-earner and clerical-worker families. Beginning
January 1964, the index structure has been revised to reflect buying patterns of
wage earners and clerical workers in the 1960’s. The indexes shown here are
based on expenditures of all urban wage-earner and clerical-worker consumers,
including single workers living alone, as well as families of two or more
persons.
2 Includes eggs, fats and oils, sugar and sweets, nonalcoholic beverages, and
prepared and partially prepared foods.
3 Also includes hotel and motel room rates not shown separately.
4 Includes home purchase, mortgage interest, taxes, insurance, and main­
tenance and repairs.
* A ™ c^udes telephone, water, and sewerage service not shown separately.
6 Called “Solid and petroleum fuels” prior to 1964.
7 Includes housefurnishings and housekeeping supplies and services.
8 Incudes dry cleaning and laundry of apparel, infants’ wear, sewing
materials, jewelry, and miscellaneous apparel, not shown separately.
9 Includes tobacco, alcoholic beverages, and funeral, legal, and bank
service charges.
” Recalculated group—indexes prior to January 1964 have been recomputed.
' Includes foods, paint, furnace filters, shrubbery, fuel oil, coal, household
textiles, housekeeping supplies, apparel, gasoline and motor oil, drugs and


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

117.6
125.3

111.0

pharmaceuticals, toilet goods, nondurable recreational goods, newspapers,
magazines, books, tobacco, and alcoholic beverages.
12 Includes home purchase, which was classified under services prior to
1964, building materials, furniture and bedding, floor coverings, household
appliances, dinnerware, tableware, cleaning equipment, power tools, lamps,
Venetian blinds, hardware, automobiles, tires, radios, television sets, tape
recorders, durable toys, and sports equipment.
13 Excludes home purchase costs which were classified under this heading
prior to 1964.
14 Includes rent, mortgage interest, taxes and insurance on real property,
home maintenance and repair services, gas, electricity, telephone, water,
sewerage service, household help, postage, laundry and dry cleaning, furni­
ture and apparel repair and upkeep, moving, auto repairs, auto insurance,
registration and license fees, parking and garage rent, local transit, taxicab,
airplane, train, and bus fares, professional medical services, hospital services,
health insurance, barber and beauty shop services, movies, fees for sports,
television repairs, and funeral, bank, and legal services.
13 Called “Durables less cars” prior to 1964. Does not include auto parts,
durable toys, and sports equipment.
16 Includes the services components of apparel, personal care, reading and
recreation, and other goods and services. Not comparable with series pub­
lished prior to 1964.

M O N T H L Y L A B O R R E V IE W , F E B R U A R Y 1967

118

T able D-2. Consumer Price I n d e x U . S . city average for urban wage earners and clerical workers,
selected groups, subgroups, and special groups of items, seasonally adjusted 2
[1957-59=100 unless otherwise specified]
1965

1966
Group
Dec.

Nov.

Oct.

Sept.

Aug.

July

June

May

Apr.

Mar.

Feb.

Jan.

Dec.

Food-------- ------- -----------------------------Food at home--------------------- ----------Meats, poultry, and fish---------------Dairy products---------------------------Fruits and vegetables-------------------Other foods at home----------------------

115.0
112.9
111. 1
115.7
117.5
105.2

115.1
113.3
111.4
116.0
119.6
104.0

115.6
113.8
112.5
116.4
120.4
104.1

115.3
113.7
112.4
115.8
121.0
103.8

115.5
113.9
112.9
114.9
121.4
105.1

113.2
111.3
114.1
111.6
113.9
102.9

114.0
112.4
115.9
110.7
115.8
102.9

114.0
112.6
116.0
110.2
115.3
104.0

114.3
113.2
117.1
109.4
117.7
104.5

114.2
112.9
117.7
108.0
117.4
104.4

113.1
111.8
115.7
106.7
117.7
103.3

111.6
110.0
112.9
105.9
113.9
102.1

110.8
109.2
110.3
105.4
114.1
103.3

Fuel and utilities 3-------------------------Fuel oil and coal4---- -------------------

108.0
108.9

108.1
108.3

108.1
108.5

108.2
108.8

108.4
109.2

108.4
109.3

108.4
109.2

108.5
109.5

108.2
107.7

106.3
106.9

106.3
106.5

106.0
106.6

107.7
107.3

Apparel and upkeep 5-------------------- --Men’s and boys’---------------------------Women’s and girls’------------------------Footwear---------- . --------------------------

111.7
112. 0
107.0
122.7

111.3
111.7
106.5
122.6

110.8
111.1
106. 0
122.1

110.5
111. 0
105.8
121.3

109.6
110.2
104.5
120.6

109.6
109.9
105.1
120.2

109.5
110.2
105.0
119.9

109.4
109.9
105.4
119.0

108.8
109.7
104.5
118.1

108.5
109.4
104.4
117.0

108.0
109.0
103.8
116.3

107.8
109.0
103.6
115. 6

107.6
108.8
103.3
115.4

Transportation-------------------------------Private__________________________

113. 5
111.4

113.9
111.9

113.8
111.7

113.5
111.5

113.5
111.6

113.4
111.4

112.3
110.8

112.0
110.5

112.3
110.8

111.8
110.5

111.4
110.0

110.8
109.2

111.3
109.8

Special groups:
Commodities 8______________________
Nondurables--------------------------------Durables 6 ?----------------------------------

110.1
113.1
102.9

110.1
112.9
103.1

110.1
112.9
103. 3

109.9
112.8
102.9

109.8
112.4
103.2

109.1
111.4
103.1

108.9
111.5
102.6

109.0
111.6
102.5

109.0
111.6
102.3

108.6
111.4
102.1

108.1
110.7
101.9

107.5
109.8
101.9

107.4
109. 5
102.2

Commodities less food 6______________
Nondurables less food--------------------Apparel commodities------------------Apparel commodities less footwear.
New cars---------------------------------- --Used cars______________________ —
Housefurnishings__________________

107.4
111. 1
110 4
108. 0
Q7 5
114 4
100.0

107.4
111.0
110.0
107.6
97.4
118. 0
99.8

107.3
110.5
109.4
107.1
97.5
119.4
99.5

107.0
110.3
109.5
107.1
96.2
118.7
99.3

106.9
109.8
108.4
106.0
97.1
120.8
99.2

106.8
109.9
108.3
106.1
97.9
118.6
98.9

106.5
109.6
108.4
106.2
97.4
116.8
98.4

106.4
109.4
108.4
106.3
97.4
117.6
98.4

106.0
109.1
107.8
105.9
97.4
118.2
98.0

105.7
108.8
107.4
105.6
96.9
117.6
97.8

105.6
108.6
107.0
105.2
96.8
117.3
97.9

105.4
108.1
106.8
104.9
96.6
116.5
97.9

105.4
108.1
106. 5
104.8
97.6
118.4
97.8

1 See footnote 1, table D -l.
2 Beginning January 1966, seasonally adjusted national indexes were com­
puted for selected groups, subgroups, and special groups where there is a
significant seasonal pattern of price change. Previously published indexes
for the year 1965 have been adjusted. No seasonally adjusted indexes will be
shown for any of the individual metropolitan areas for which separate indexes
are published. Previously, the Bureau of Labor Statistics has made
available only seasonal factors, rather than seasonally adjusted indexes (e.g.,
Department of Labor Bulletin 1366, Seasonal Factors, Consumer Price Index:
Selected Series). The factors currently used were derived by the BLS


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

Seasonal Factor Method using data for 1956-65. These factors will be up­
dated at the end of each calendar year, but the revised factors will be used only
for future seasonal adjustments and not for revision of previously published
indexes. A detailed description of the BLS Seasonal Factor Method is
available upon request.
3 See footnote 5, table D -l.
4 See footnote 6, table D -l.
5 See footnote 8, table D -l.
8 See footnote 10, table D -l.
' See footnote 12, table D -l.

D .— C O N S U M E R A N D W H O L E S A L E P R I C E S

I a b l e D—
3.

119

Consumer Price Index— U.S. and selected areas for urban wage earners and clerical
workers 1
[1957-59=100 unless otherwise specified]
1966

1965

Area Dec.

Nov.

Oct.

Sept.

Aug.

July

June

May

Apr.

Mar.

Feb.

Jan.

Dec.

Annual
average
1965

194749 = 100

1964

Dec.
1966

All items
U.S. city average 3 _________

114.7

114.6

114.5

114.1

113.8

113.3

112.9

112.6

112.5

112.0

111.6

111.0

111.0

109.9

108.1

140.7

Atlanta, Ga . _______________ .
Baltimore, Md________________
Boston, Mass_______ _____ ____
Buffalo, N.Y. (Nov. 1963 = 100)___
Chicago, Ul.-Northwestern Ind___
Cincinnati, Ohio-Kentucky... __

113.3
114.5
(4)
(4)
112.2
111.2

(4)
(4)
(4)
108.0
111.9
(4)

(4)
(4)
118.5
(4)
112.0
(4)

112.8
114.3
(4)
(4)
111.9
111.7

(4)
(4)
(4)
107.7
111.4
(4)

(4)
(4)
117.1
(4)
110.5
(4)

111.1
113.4
(4)
(4)
110.6
110.2

(4)
(4)
(4)
106.6
110.2
(4)

(4)
(4)
116.8
(4)
109.9
(4)

110.3
112.5
(4)
(4)
109.9
109.1

(4)
(4)
(4)
105.8
109.3
(4)

(4)
(4)
113.9
(4)
108.6
(4)

109.2
110.9
(4)
(4)
108.8
107.9

108.1
109.6
113. 2
103.5
107. 6
107.2

106.7
107.9
111. 1
101.1
106.1
106.3

140.3
142.1
(4)

Cleveland, Ohio________________
(4)
Dallas, Tex. (Nov. 1963=100) ... ..
(4)
Detroit, Mich__________________ 113.3
Honolulu, Hawaii (Dec. 1963=100). 106.6
Houston, Tex_____ . . . .. ___ _ (4)
Kansas City, Mo.-Kansas_______ 117.3

110.9
106.5
112.7
(4)
(4)
(4)

(4)
(4)
112.6
(4)
112.4
(4)

(4)
(4)
112.1
105.6
(4)
117.1

110.2
105.6
111.9
(4)
(4)
(4)

(4)
(4)
111.3
(4)
111.6
(4)

(4)
(4)
111.2
104.6
(4)
116.5

109.7
104.6
110.6
(4)
(4)
(4)

(4)
(4)
110.2
(4)
110.9
(4)

(4)
(4)
109.6
104.4
(4)
115.3

108.1
103.4
108.8
(4)
(4)
(4)

(4)
(4)
108.4
(4)
110.0
(4)

(4)
(4)
108.0
103.9
(4)
114.6

106.9
101 4
106.4
102.1
108.5
113.3

105.2
100 1
104. 0
100.3
107.2
109.8

(4)
145.1

Los Angeles-Long Beach, Calif....... 116.3
Milwaukee, Wis___ ___________ .
(4)
Minneapolis-St. Paul, Minn_____
(4)
NewYork,N.Y.-Northeastern N.J. 117.6
Philadelphia, Pa.-N.J_____ ____ 115.3
Pittsburgh, Pa__ ______ ______ (4)
Portland, Oreg.-Wash.5_________
(4)

116.3
111.6
(4)
117.7
115.0
(4)
(4)

115.9
(4)
113.4
117.8
115.0
114.1
116.6

115.7
(4)
(4)
117.3
114.7
(4)
(4)

114.6
111.5
(4)
116.7
114.5
(4)
(4)

115.0
(4)
112.0
116.3
113.7
112.8
115.5

114.5
(4)
(4)
115.3
113.4
(4)
(4)

114.2
110.1
(4)
115.2
113.1
(4)
(4)

114.3
(4)
111.8
115.2
113.2
113.0
II4 . 7

113.7
(4)
(4)
114.8
112.7
(4)
(4)

113.4
109.5
(4)
114.2
112.4
(4)
(4)

112.8
(4)
110.5
113.4
111.6
111.0
112.9

113.2
(4)
(4)
113.5
111.8
(4)
(4)

112.5
108.2
109.5
112.2
110.6
110.2

110.2
106.0
108.0
110.4
108.8
108.5
109.0

145. 0
(4)
(4)
141. 7
141. 6
(4)
(4)

St. Louis, M o.-Ill_____________ _ 114.9
San Diego, Calif. (Feb. 1965=100)... (4)
San Francisco-Oakland, Calif____ 117.2
Scranton, Pa.5__________________
(4)
Seattle, Wash. ________________
(4)
Washington, D.C.-M d.-Va_____ _ (4)

(4)
103. 5
(4)
116.2
115.6
114.6

(4)
(4)
(4)
(4)
(4)
(4)

114.7
(4)
116.4
(4)
(4)
(4)

(4)
102.0
(4)
115.5
114.5
114.0

(4)
(4)
(4)
(4)
(4)
(4)

113.6
(4)
115.2
(4)
(4)
(4)

(4)
101.6
(4)
114-1
113.7
112.8

(4)
(4)
(4)
(4)
(4)
(4)

112.1
(4)
114.9
(4)
(4)
(4)

(4)
101.2
(4)
113.9
112.6
111.9

(4)
(4)
(4)
(4)
(4)
(4)

111.5
(4)
113.6
(4)
(4)
(4)

109.9
100.1
112.7

1 1 1 .8

141 5
135.3
(4)
139. 7

108.1

142.6

111.0
109.6

110.6
109.3
109.7
108.1

148.7
(4)
(4)
(*)

106.4

1 1 1 .0

Food
U.S. city average3 _____ _____

114.8

114.8

115.6

115.6

115.8

114.3

113.9

113.5

114.0

113.9

113.1

111.4

110.6

108.8

Atlanta, Qa__
___ .
Baltimore, Md. . . . .
Boston, Mass___ _ . . . .
Buffalo, N.Y. (Nov. 1963=100)___
Chicago, Ill.-Northwestern Ind___
Cincinnati, Ohio-Kentucky______

113. 8
116.0
118.8
109.3
114.7
111.7

114. 0
115.9
118.5
109.7
114.7
112.4

114. 7
116.7
119.3
109.7
115.4
113.6

114. 2
117.9
119.3
109. 9
116.3
113.4

114. 0
117.4
118.9
110.5
116.8
113.9

112. 5
116.2
117.0
108.8
114.1
112.1

112. 4
115.9
115.7
108.5
114.3
111.6

115.3
115.3
108.0
113.6
110.7

112 8
116.3
116.6
109.2
114.2
111.2

115.5
116.0
108.0
115.1
110. 9

115.5
115.4
108.2
114.2
no. 9

112.7
113.6
106.0
112.0
108 9

111.5
112.5
105.2
111.2
107.8

109.3 5106. 6
112.5 109.8
104.1 101.5
108.8 106.1
106 9 10/, 5

Cleveland, Ohio______
Dallas, Tex. (Nov. 1963=100)_____
Detroit, Mich_____________ __
Honolulu, Hawaii (Dec. 1963=100).
Houston, Tex______________ _ .
Kansas City, Mo.-Kansas________

111. 5
110.9
113.1
108.0
116. 9
117. 8

111.8
111.0
113.1
108.7
116.6
117.5

112.1
111.0
113. 5
108.4
117. 0
118.7

112.4
111.1
113.7
107.3
117.0
119.0

113.1
111.6
114.4
106.6
117.0
118.1

111. 1
110.1
112.8
106.5
115. 8
117.1

111.1
109.4
112.0
106.6
114.4
116.9

110 0
109.4
111 5
106.2
114 1
116. 0

110.3
110.2
111. 6
106.6
114.8
116.5

nn 1
109. 0
111 3
106. 7
114 3
116. 7

109 8 106 9
108. 6 107. 6
110 0 108 9
106.4 106.2
113 ß 113 9
116 4 115 3

107 9 1 0 4 8
106.2 103 9
107 Q 1 0 5 0
1 0 5 !9
1 0 3 !5
109 9
114 4 in 3

109 1
100 5
101 9
lOo! 8
105 7
107 9,

Los Angeles-Long Beach, Calif... .
Milwaukee, Wis... . . .
Minneapolis-St. Paul, Minn_____
New York, N.Y.-Northeastern N.J.
Philadelphia, Pa.-N.J________ .
Pittsburgh, Pa__________ _ .
Portland, Oreg.-Wash.5________ .

114.0

113.7
114.3
112.6
115.7
113. 5
111.4
116.0

114.2

113.7

112.4

113.4

1 1 2 .9

1 1 2 .1

1 1 1 .1

112.3
115.1
113.2
111.6
II4 . 7

111.6
114.5
112.9
111.4
115.5

113.0
113.5
111.7
114.4
112.5
111.5
II4 . 7

113.5

113.4
116.3
114.5
112.8
116.1

113.8
116.2
113.3
116.4
114.9
112.8
115.6

112.8

114.2
116.5
114.5
112.8
115.6

112.4
115.0
113.4
112.8

1 1 0 .3
1 1 2 .1

109.3
111. 5
109.5
109 3
111 2

no. 7
107 7
107.1
109.8
107.2
107 5
109 5

108.2
105 0

112.7
115.1
112.8
111.9
113.4

119.7

119.4

118.1

117. 2

115.0
113. 8
115.1
115.1

114.7
113.7
115.2
115.6

119.8
106.8
114. 2
US. 7
114.9
115.8

113.6
112.6
114.1
114.3

113.6
112. 5
114.3
114.1

St. Louis, M o.-lll_________ . . .
San Diego, Calif. (Feb. 1965 = 100)_
San Francisco-Oakland, Calif_____
Scranton, Pa.5. ._ ___ . . . _ .
Seattle, Wash_________ . _
Washington, D.C.-Md.-Va___ .

112.9
115. 3
114.0
111.2
115.6
119.2
114.4
113.1
114.3
114.7

118.6
106.6
115.1
113.2
114. 7
113.5

' See footnote 1, table D -l. Indexes measure time-to-time changes in
prices. They do not indicate whether it costs more to live in one area than in
another.
2 The areas listed include not only the central city but the entire urban
portion of the Standard Metropolitan Statistical Area, as defined for the 1960
Census of Population; except that the Standard Consolidated Area is used
for New York and Chicago.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

117. 0
106.3
113.9
112 1
114.4
113.6

1 1 4 .0

117.1

116.7

114.7
118 1
114. 0
114.2

114.6
112 8
113. 7
113.8

112. 6
111.3
114.2
111.9
111 7
113 0

109.5
109 7
111 8

116 3 114.4
106 6
113.8 112.9
119. 1 110 8
112 9 111 5
113.2 1 1 0 . 6

1 0 4 .6

108.4
105.2
104 8
107 1

114.0

111 5
109 7

107.6

111.8
10Q 5
110 3

1 1 0 .2

107.7
105 6
108 7
106! 0

1 1 0 .4

IO7 7
110 3
108.4

3 Average of 56 “cities” (metropolitan areas and nonmetropolitan urban
places) beginning January 1966.
4 All items indexes are computed monthly for 5 areas and once every 3
months on a rotating cycle for other areas.
5 Old series.
610-month average.

120

M O N T H L Y L A B O R R E V IE W , F E B R U A R Y 1967

T

able

D-4.

Indexes of wholesale prices,1 by group and subgroup of commodities
[1957-59 = 100, unless otherwise specified]2
1965

1966
Commodity group

Annual
average

Dec.3 Nov.

Oct.

Sept.

Aug.

July

June

May

Apr.

Mar.

Feb.

Jan.

Dec.

1965

1964
100.5

All commodities__ ___________ . —-----

105.9

105.9

106.2

106.8

106.8

106.4

105.7

105.6

105.5

105.4

105.4

104.6

104.1

102.5

Farm products and processed foods______

106.7

107.1

108.8

111.5

111.3

109.9

107.7

107.9

108.7

109.4

109.8

107.7

106.5

102.1

98.0

Farm products--------------------------Fresh and dried fruits and vegetablesGrains_____________ _____________
Livestock and live poultry__________
Plant and animal fibers. . _
. . . ...
Fluid milk__ . ----- ------------ ...
Eggs-------------------------------------------Hay, hayseeds, and oilseeds------------Other farm products---------------------Processed foods__________ _____ —
____
Cereal and bakery productsMeats, poultry, and fish____________
Dairy products and ice cream._ __ __
Canned and frozen fruits and vege­
tables_____________________
Sugar and confectionery . _ . ___ _
Packaged beverage materials----------Animal fats and oils________________
Crude vegetable oils. _____________
Refined vegetable oils______________
Vegetable oil end products__________
Miscellaneous processed foods _____
All commodities except farm products___
All commodities except farm and foods__
Textile products and apparel__________
Cotton products___________________
Wool products_______________ ___
Manmade fiber textile products______
Silk products____________________ .
Apparel ________________________
Miscellaneous textile products______
Hides, skins, leather, and leather prod­
ucts___________________ _______
Hides and skins__________________ .
Leather__________________________
For,» wear________
___ _______
Other leather products_____________
Fuel and related products, and power.—
Coal_____________________ ______
Coke
. —
___ ___ —. ___
Gas fuels !________________________
Electric power s._.
_ ...
Petroleum products, refined_________
Chemicals and allied products . .
Industrial chemicals___________ . ..
Prepared paint.— .
____
Paint materials______ ______ . . . ..
Drugs and pharmaceuticals_____ _ __
Fats and oils inedible._
______ ..
Mixed fertilizer.
Fertilizer materials____ ____________
Other chemicals and allied products__
Rubber and rubber products__ .. _ ...
Crude rubber. . . . ________ _ __ .
Tires and tu b e s___ _ _ __ ____
Miscellaneous rubber products_______
Lumber and wood products___________
Lumber________ ________________
Millwork_____ _ __ ___ _ ____ _
Plywood__ . . . . . ______ ____ _
Pulp, paper, and allied products____ .
AVoodpulp__________________ . __
Wastepaper___ _________ ______ .
Paper____________________________
Paperboard.
___
Converted paper and paperboard prod­
ucts_____
_ ____
Building paper and board___________

101.8
101.3
101.5
95.5
71.0
123.7
109.0
124. 5
100.5
110.6
118.0
104.4
122. 4

102.5
4104. 2
98.0
96.9
4 70.9
124.4
121.8
122.9
98.7
4110. 7
118.7
4104. 2
122.6

104.4
97.9
98.9
103.8
71.4
125.8
114.7
121.5
100.8
112.4
118.7
108.1
124.5

108.7
110.4
104.6
106.7
71.7
125.4
128.0
126.3
102.3
113.8
118.9
112.2
124.2

108.1
97.7
105.6
109.4
72.3
124.1
108.6
139.2
102.5
113.8
118.9
111.1
124.0

107.8
107.0
103.1
107.1
90.5
119.3
98. 5
135.2
101.3
111.7
115.5
110.0
119.8

104.2
99.7
94.9
108.5
90.3
112.6
90.9
122.6
101.1
110.6
114.0
109.9
116.5

104.5
103.3
93.6
110.4
90.3
111.0
86.9
120.2
101.4
110.5
113.0
110.9
114.9

106.4
111.0
91.2
112.4
89.9
111.9
101.8
116.9
102.5
110.6
112.6
110.9
114.8

106.8
101.7
90.8
114.2
89.7
112.7
118.5
115.6
102.1
111.5
112.2
113.3
115. 0

107.4
98.0
92.9
116.7
89.5
111.5
116.3
116.6
102.3
111.8
112.1
114.9
113.0

104.5
97.5
92.4
112.6
89.6
108.4
99.8
113.5
102.5
110.3
111.8
112.7
110.9

103.0
92.2
90.1
109.0
89.6
108.0
118.2
110.8
103.5
109.4
111.2
110.5
111.3

98.4
101.8
89.0
98.9
91.1
103.5
93.5
112.9
97.6
105.1
109.0
101.0
108.5

94.3
103.2
94. 1
84.7
98.3
102.0
90.8
110.1
98.6
101.0
107.8
90.8
107.8

105.9
112. 6
90.5
97.5
98.1
101.2
106.6
113.7
106.3
105.5
101.9
102.7
104.9
87.0
163.2
105.6
119.7

4105.9
4112.1
490.4
4105. 6
99.2
102.2
4106. 8
114.6
106.3
4105. 5
102.1
103.0
105.1
4 87.7
161.1
105.5
119.1

105.7
111.6
90.5
108.9
100.1
97.0
108.2
115.1
106.4
105.3
102.2
103.3
105.6
88.1
161.1
105.3
118.8

103.7
111.4
90.5
115.9
112.4
107.6
110.4
114.2
106.6
105.2
102.2
103.1
106.1
88.8
158.6
105.1
120.3

102.3
110.9
93.5
120.9
127.5
118.4
108.7
114.1
106.6
105.2
102.4
103.3
106.6
89.6
156.7
105.2
121.2

104.5
109.8
93.5
106.3
113.0
109.8
103.8
114.0
106. 2
105.2
102.4
103.0
106.7
90.1
152.1
105.0
123.3

104.9
109.4
93.5
105.8
105.6
104.7
101.9
112.5
105.8
104.9
102.2
102.8
106.5
90.0
143.8
104.8
124.1

105.4 104.8
109.3 109.3
93.5
93.5
107.7 115.2
105.6 106.7
108.5 111.3
101.9 102.5
113.1 114.0
105.7 105.3
104.7 104.3
102.2 102.2
102.6 102.3
106.4 106.3
89.9
90.5
140. 9 151.6
104.9 104.7
124.7 125.1

104.8
109.7
93.5
121.8
104.3
112.0
103.0
114.4
105.2
104.0
102.1
101.8
106.0
90.8
151.4
104.7
126.3

105.2
110.1
93.5
126.2
107.6
116.0
102.5
114.1
105.1
103.8
102.0
101.5
105.8
91.0
155.3
104.7
124.2

104.7
109.4
93.5
125.8
106.5
116.1
99.5
114.0
104.6
103.5
101.9
101.0
105.9
91.3
147.6
104.6
124.7

105.1
108.8
93.4
116.4
100.3
109.1
98.4
114.1
104.2
103.2
102.0
101.2
105.4
91.9
143.6
104.3
130.0

102.1
109.0
93.8
113.4
100.9
97.0
101.2
113.6
102.9
102.5
101.8
100.2
104.3
95.0
134.3
103.7
123.0

104.8
111.8
96.9
95.4
84.5
82.2
89.7
108.9
101.2
101.2
101.2
99.6
103.0
95.8
117.3
102.8
117.9

117.5
1C9.3
116. 2
120.3
115.0
102.1
102.2
112. 0
130.6
100.3
100. 2
98.2
96.4
108.0
90.6
94.7
95.1
106.0
105.0
101.2
95.0
87. 6
93.9
99.3
102.5
104. 5
110.1
87.6
103.0
98.0
90.5
108.5
97.2

4117. 5
114.3
114.1
120.1
115.1
102.7
4101.9
112. 0
4130. 6
4100.3
101.3
98.0
4 96.0
4107. 8
90.4
95.0
4 91. 6
105.9
105.0
101.2
4 95. 0
87.9
4 93. 9
99.2
4103.0
4105. 6
110.3
86.9
103.0
98.0
92.7
4108. 5
97.2

118.7 119.9
120.8 134.2
117. 5 121.8
120.1 119.1
115.6 115.1
102.6 102.2
100.6
99.6
112.0 112.0
130.7 129.2
100.2 100.3
101.3 101.0
97.9
98.0
95.9
95.8
107.3 106.8
90.2
90.3
95.0
94.8
94.5 103.8
106.1 105.8
103.7 102.5
101.2 101.0
94.6
94.7
87.4
87.9
93.4 93.4
98.9
99.0
104.8 105.9
108. 0 109.5
110.8 110.9
89.2
88.1
103.1 103.1
98. 0 98.0
98.8 102.9
108.4 108.4
97.2
97.2

121.2 122.7
141.2 156.4
124.9 126.0
119.1 119.0
116.0 116.6
102.0 101.4
97.6
98.5
112.0 112.0
128.9 128.3
100.3 100.3
99.9
100.7
97.9
97.9
95.9
95.8
106.8 106.8
90. 5 90.4
94. 7 94.5
105.5 105.3
105.4 105.5
102.5 104.2
100.7 100.3
95.1
95.1
89.0
88.8
93.9
93.9
99.0
99.0
106.2 106.6
110.2 110.5
110.9 110.7
90.0
91.5
103.2 103.2
98.0
98.0
106.7 113.2
108.4 108.2
97. 2 97.2

122.9
161.0
126.6
118.9
115.7
101.5
97.2
109.4
128.5
100.2
100.2
97.6
95.8
106.8
89.9
94.3
101.6
105.5
104.8
100.0
95.4
89.5
94.4
98.9
107.7
112.0
110.6
92.2
103.0
98.0
112.7
108.0
97.2

122.8
163.0
125.1
118.9
115.4
100.4
96.9
107.3
128.3
100.2
98.4
97.7
96.0
106.2
90.2
94.1
102.5
105. 5
106.6
100.0
95.4
90.0
94.4
98.7
109.6
113.2
110.4
100.3
102.7
98.0
112.0
107.1
97.2

120.6 118.7
148.8 147.8
122.4 123.3
118. 2 115.4
114.4 112.5
100.0
99.9
94.9
97.5
107.3 107.3
129.2 128.2
100.3 100.4
97.2
97.7
97.6
97.6
95.6
95.2
106.2 105.9
90.4
89.8
94.1
94.4
104.0 106.4
105.8 105.4
105.5 104.7
100.0 100.2
95.4
94.3
90.0
91.2
94.4
91.1
98.7
98.7
108.4 105.6
110.8 107.2
109.6 109.3
102.4
97.7
102.3 101.8
98.0
98.0
110.3 108.7
106.0 105.4
97.0
97.1

117.8
152.8
118.0
115.0
111.6
100.3
98.2
107.3
128.9
100.4
97.8
97.6
95.2
105.9
89.5
94.5
110.0
105.3
104.7
100.2
94.1
91.0
91.1
98.5
103.7
105.6
108.4
94.0
101.3
98.0
105.5
105.4
96.7

116.0
140.0
116.6
114.6
110.3
100.5
98.1
107.3
128.2
100.4
98.3
97.6
95.1
105.9
89.5
94.4
113.1
105.4
103.8
100.2
93.7
90.0
91.1
97.9
102.8
104.3
107.9
93.9
101.2
98.0
105.8
105.2
96.7

114.6
132.3
114.2
113.8
110.2
ICO. 6
97.6
107.3
128.6
100.7
98.4
97.6
95.5
105.9
89.0
94.6
110.1
105. 5
103.8
99.8
93.5
89.6
91.1
97.7
101.9
103.4
107.9
92.1
100.9
98.1
104.6
104.9
96.5

109.2
111.2
108.1
110.7
106.1
98.9
96.5
107.3
124.1
100.8
95.9
97.4
95.0
105.4
89.8
94.4
112.7
105.1
103.5
99.8
92.9
90.0
90.0
97.1
101.1
101.9
107.7
92.3
99.9
98.1
99.4
104.1
96.4

104.6
87.5
102.9
108.5
103.1
97.1
96.9
106.3
121.3
101.1
92.7
96.7
94.2
104.7
91.0
95.0
96.8
103.9
100.1
99.4
92.5
90.6
89.0
96.9
100.6
100.7
108.5
92.3
99.0
96.1
92.4
103.6
96.4

103.2
92.7

103.1
93.1

102.7
92.7

102. 4
92.4

102.2
92.4

102.2
92.4

100.9
92.5

100.8
92.5

100.4
92.5

99.3
92.7

98.3
94.0

See footnotes at end of table.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

103. 0
93.0

103. 0
92.7

102.8
92.8

101.6
92.5

D .— C O N S U M E R A N D W H O L E S A L E P R I C E S

T

able

D-4.

121

Indexes.of wholesale prices,1 by group and subgroup of commodities—Continued
[1957-59=100, unless otherwise specified]2
1966

1965

Commodity group

All commodities except farm and foods—
Continued
Metals and metal products___________
Iron and steeL __ -------- ___ ___ __ _
Nonferrous metals____. . . _ _ ..
Metal containers . . .
......
Hardware..- ... Plumbing fixtures and brass fittings...
Heating equipment......
............
Fabricated structural metal products..
Fabricated nonstructural metal prod­
ucts_______ ___________________
Machinery and motive products________
Agricultural machinery and equipment.
Construction machinery and equip­
ment_______ __________________
Metalworking machinery and equip­
ment_____ _ _
..
. . . ---General purpose machinery and equip­
ment___ ______________________
Miscellaneous machinery___
....
Special industry machinery and equip­
ment 6____________________ ____ _
Electrical machinery and equipment __
Motor vehicles............
......
Transportation equipment, railroad
rolling stock6____________________
Furniture and other household durables..
Household furniture________________
Commercial furniture______________
Floor coverings___ _
____ . . .
Household appliances___
_______
Television, radio receivers, and phono­
graphs_______________ ________
Other household durable goods______
Nonmetallic mineral products_____ . .
Flat glass__________ _ _____ ____
Concrete ingredients____ __________
Concrete products_________ ___ _
Structural clay products______ ____
._ .
Gypsum products___ . . . . . .
Asphalt roofing ?.. ......... ...... . .
__ .
Other nonmetallic minerals_______
Tobacco products and bottled beverages..
Tobacco products__________ ______
Alcoholic beverages. _____ __ __
Nonalcoholic beverages... . . . . . . ..
_ ___
Miscellaneous products___ _
Toys, sporting goods, small arms, am­
munition_______ ____ ______ _
Manufactured animal feeds.. .. __ .
Notions and accessories..
_ .
Jewelry, watches, and photographic
equipment__ _____. _____ ______
Other miscellaneous products.. _

Dec.3 Nov.3 Oct.

Sept.

Aug.

July

June

May

Apr.

Mar.

Feb.

Jan.

Dec.

1965

1964

108.9 4109.0
102. 8 4102.8
120.5 121.0
110.2 110.2
111. 6 <111.5
110.5 110. 5
93.4
93.4
104.9 104.8

108.6
102.5
120.3
110.1
110.9
110.6
93.3
104.6

108.4
102.5
119.9
110.1
110.3
110.6
92.9
104.4

108.5
102.7
120.4
110.1
110.1
110.0
92.5
104.2

108.8
102. 2
122.9
110.1
109.8
110.0
92.9
104. 2

108.7
102.0
123.2
110.1
109.8
108.5
92. 5
104.1

108.4
101.8
122.5
110.1
109.6
107.9
92.1
103.8

108.2
102.0
122.1
110.0
108.4
107.1
92.1
103.7

108.0
102.3
120.8
109.8
108.3
105.7
91.8
103.1

107.5
102.2
119.5
109.8
107.4
104.9
91.7
102.6

107.0
102.0
118.3
109.8
107.3
104.8
91.5
102.3

106.6
101.7
117. 2
109.8
107.2
104.9
91.6
102. 0

105. 7
101.4
115.2
107. 6
106. 0
103.1
91. 7
101. 2

102.8
100.5
105.9
105.5
104.8
100.9
92.0
99.3

113.2 <113.1
107.9 <107. 7
120.6 <120.4

112.7
107.1
118.5

112.4
106.3
118. 2

112.3
106.2
118.3

111.2
106.0
118.5

111.2
105.9
118.4

110.9
105.8
118.2

110.9
105.2
118.1

110.9
105. 0
118.0

110.5
104.7
117.8

110.0
104.4
117.3

109.7
104.2
117.0

109.4
103.7
115.1

108. 5
102.9
112.9

120.8 <120.6

119.8

119.4

118.9

118.9

118.9

118.9

118.5

117.9

117.5

116.9

116.5

115.3

112.4

126.3 <126.0

125.6

125.0

124.0

123.5

123.5

122.5

121.0

121.0

120.8

119.6

118.9

116.9

112.6

112.4 112.2
108.1 <107.8

111.8
107.4

111. 1
106.8

110.6
106.6

110.0
106.5

109.8
106.0

109.3
105.9

108.5
105.7

107.3
105.8

106.8
105.6

106.8
105.4

106.5
105.4

105.1
105.2

104 4
104.5

114.3 114.1
101.4 <100.7
101.7 101.7

113.9
99.5
101.7

113.2
99.2
100.1

112.9
99.1
100.5

112.2
99.0
100.7

111.8
98.8
100.7

110.8
98.9
100.9

110.0
98.4
100.2

109.9
98.2
100.3

109.4
97.8
100.4

109.1
97.0
100.5

109.0
96.6
100.5

108.0
96.8
100.7

105.9
96.8
100. 5

101.0 101.0
100.4 4100.3
111.7 111.5
108.1 108.0
96.6
96.6
89.2 <89.2

101.0
99.7
110.3
107.3
96.6
<88.9

101.0
99.2
109.8
106.0
96.6
<88.7

101.0
99.1
109.4
105.8
96.6
<88.8

101.0
99.0
109.1
105.8
96.8
<89.1

101.0
98.9
108.9
105.3
97.1
89.4

101.0
98.9
108.9
105.3
97.5
89.4

101.0
98.6
108.3
104.1
97.5
89.3

101.0
98.4
107.2
104.1
97.5
89.1

101.0
98.4
107.2
104.1
97.7
89.0

101.0
98.3
107.0
104.1
97.7
89.0

101.0
98.2
106.7
104.0
97.5
88.8

100.9
98.0
106. 2
103. 7
97.7
89.2

100. 5
98. 5
105.3
103.2
99.4
91.3

83.8
109.8
103.2
103.3
104.2
103.7
107.2
103.5
95.7
101.3

83.8
4109. 6
4103. 3
<103.3
<104.2
103.5
107.1
103.5
97.6
<101.3

83.3
107.9
103.0
100.6
103.9
103.6
106. 7
102.7
97.6
101.8

110.1

110.1

83.1
107.8
102.7
99.7
103.8
103.3
106.7
102. 7
97.6
101.8

110.3 <110.2
101.1 101.0
132.2 132.2
120. 5 118. 5

83.8
109.3
103.2
102.1
104.3
103.5
106.9
102.7
97.6
102.0
110.1
110.3
101.0
132.2
118. 2

110.1

110.1

110.3
101.0
132.2
120.4

110.3
101.0
132.2
121.1

83.5
107.8
102.7
100.3
103.7
103.1
106.5
102.7
97.6
101.7
110.0
110.3
101.0
131.8
120.5

83.5
106.7
102.5
100.2
103.6
103. 0
106.5
102.7
94.4
101.2
109.8
110.3
131.0
115.7

83.5
106.7
102.4
100.2
103.7
102.7
106.3
102.2
94.4
101.7
109.4
110.3
101.0
128.5
115.1

83.5
106.7
102.3
99.5
103.8
102.7
106.0
101.4
94.8
101.8
109.4
110.2
101.0
128.5
113.0

83.5
106.9
102.1
99.2
103.8
102.2
105.9
101.4
94.8
102.1
109.2
109.8
101.0
128.5
113.1

83.8
107.1
102.1
99.9
103.7
102.1
105.8
101.4
94.8
101.7
108.0
106.6
101.0
128.5
116.0

83.9
106.8
102.0
99.9
103.6
102.0
105.6
101.4
94.6
101.8
108.1
106.6
101.1
128.5
114.3

84.5
106.2
101.6
99.9
103.4
101.8
105.6
97.4
94.6
100.9
107.9
106.0
101.3
128.5
112.5

85.2
105.4
101.7
100.9
103.2
101.5
105.1
104.0
92.8
101. 3
107.7
106.2
100.8
128.3
111.0

87.2
104. 2
101.5
102.4
102.8
100.9
104.2
108.2
88.8
101.5
107.4
106.0
100.7
127.0
109.2

104.8
132.0
100.8

104.8
128.4
100.8

105.0
128.1
100.8

104.8
132.3
100.8

104.9
133.6
100.8

104.5
132. 6
100.8

103.7
124.1
101.8

103.7
123.1
100.8

103.7
119.2
99.8

103.3
119.6
99.8

103.3
124.8
99.8

103.2
121.8
99.1

103.1
118.6
99.1

102. 7
116.3
99.1

101.0
113.9
99.1

106.1 <106.1
107.0 <107.0

105.2
106.0

105.2
105.9

105.3
105.7

105.5
105.4

105.2
105.2

105.1
105.2

105.1
105.0

105.1
104.7

105.1
104.9

105.0
105.0

105.1
104.9

104.4
103.7

103.5
102.5

1 As of January 1961, new weights reflecting 1958 values were introduced
into the index. See “Weight Revisions in the Wholesale Price Index 18901960,” Monthly Labor Review, February 1962, pp. 175-182.
2 As of January 1962, the indexes were converted from the former base of
1947-49=100 to the new base of 1957-59 = 100. Technical details and earlier
data on the 1957-59 base furnished upon request to the Bureau.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

Annual
average

101 . 0

2 Preliminary.
< Revised.
5January 1958=100.
6January 1961 = 100.
i Formerly titled “prepared asphalt roofing.”

M O N T H L Y L A B O R R E V IE W , F E B R U A R Y 1967

122
T able D-5.

Indexes of wholesale prices for special commodity groupings 1
[1957-59=100, unless otherwise specified]2
1965

1966

Annual average

Commodity group
Dec. 3 Nov. Oct. Sept. Aug. July June May Apr. Mar. Feb.
109.8 110.6
125.3 125.0
106.3 106.3
97.6 98.0
102.8 102.0
100.2 101.3
99.9 98.1
97.9 99.5
102.5 105.1
94.8 94.4
92.7 92.7
113.8 113.8
101.2 101.2
97.1 97.5
93.4 94.0
73.8 76.0
103.7 103.7
118.3 118.3
101.4 101.4
105.6 105. 6
94.9 94.9
103.8 103.8
104.1 104.1
100.0 100.0
108.7 108.7
Dermatologicals6---- - - - - - - - - 110.6 110.6
105. 8
105.8
Analgesics A _
.
_
Anti-obesity preparations 8----------------------- 102.9 102.9
104.9
104.9
Cough and cold preparations 8
89.4 89.4
Vitamin* s
107.5 107.5
Proprietary preparations8. . .
....
100.3 100.3
104.4 104.4
Cough and cold preparations 8---- . . .
109.6 109.6
Laxatives and elimination aids 6___ _
Internal analgesics 8___ .. ------- -------------- 108.4 108.4
106.0 106.0
'Tonics and alteratives ®
External analgesics6 . . . .
- ------- - - 106.9 106.9
116.3 116.3
Antiseptics 8------------ ------------------------103.6 103.6
Antacids 6
100.9 4101.6
Lumber and wood products (excluding millwork).
Softwood lumber...'.
.
..
.
..
----- 100.8 101. 4
Pulp, paper, and allied products (excluding building
paper and board)___
. . . - .. . . . - . . . 103.4 103.4
107.5 4107.5
Special metals and metal products 7. _. ___ . . . .
Steel mill products..
.. .
. . . - . . . . - - 105.3 105.2
110.6 4110.2
Machinery and equipment__
.
- .
Agricultural machinery (including tractors)..
------- 122.5 4122.4
128.1 4127.8
Metalworking machinery.
__
. . . .
All tractors
__
_____
___ 122.4 4122.3
121.9 4121.7
___
..
__
Industrial valves .
99.1 4 99.1
Industrial fittings. __ . .
.
...
83.7 83.7
Anti-friction bearings and components___
. .
Abrasive grinding wheels . . _____
_____
___ 94.7 94 .7
___ ______ 103.9 104.0
Construction materials_________

All foods
_
_
All fish
-- __ ______ ____ -All commodities except farm products_____________
Textile products, excluding hard and bast fiber products5.
Bituminous coal—domestic sizes___
.
Refined petroleum products____
_____ . --------East Coast markets.. .
__
Midcontinent markets . . .......... . . . .
Gulf Coast markets.
._
.
.
...
._ . .
...
Pacific Coast markets___ _
Midwest, markets ®
__ _
Soaps----------------------------------- -------------------------Synthetic detergents_________________ ___________
Pharmaceutical preparations..
Ethical preparations «______ . . . ----------------AntMofp.etivfiR 6
. . .
Ant.i-arthritics 6
_
Sedatives and hypnotics ». _ --------- -------Ataractics 6
Anti-spasmodics and anti-cholinergics 6--------Cardiovasculare and anti-hypertensives 6 . .

1 See footnote 1, table D-4.
2 See footnote 2, table D-4.
2 Preliminary.
4 Revised.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

Jan.

Dec.

1965

1964

111.3
131.3
106.4
98.4
101.2
101.3
98.1
98.6
105.1
96.4
92.0
113.8
101.2
97.3
93.8
76.0
103.7
118.3
101.4
105.6
94.9
103.8
104.1
100.0
108.7
110.6
105.8
102.9
101.5
89.4
107.5
100.3
104.4
109.6
108.4
103.9
106.9
116.3
103.6
103.7
103.2

114.0
131.4
106.6
98.6
99.4
101.0
98.1
100.2
104.9
90.4
93.3
113.8
101.2
97.2
93.8
76. C
103.7
118.3
101.4
105.6
94.9
103. 8
104.1
100. 0
108.7
110.6
105.8
102.9
101. 5
89.4
107. 0
100.3
102.3
108.9
108.4
101.1
107.5
116.3
103.6
105.1
104.6

112.4
129.5
106.6
99.0
97.4
100.7
96.4
100.2
104.5
90.4
93.3
113.8
101.2
97.0
93.7
76.0
103.7
118.3
101.4
102.3
94.9
103.8
104.1
100.0
108.7
110.6
105.8
102.9
104.9
88.1
106.8
100.3
102.3
108.9
107.9
101.1
107.5
116.3
103.6
105.8
105.2

110.9
129.7
106.2
99.1
95. 6
99.9
96.4
100.2
102.4
90.4
93.3
113.7
100.5
96.8
94.0
77.2
103.7
118.3
101.4
102.3
94.9
103.8
104.1
100.0
108.7
110.6
105.8
102.9
104.9
88.1
105.3
100.3
102.3
108.0
105.4
103.2
107.9
111.0
103.0
106.4
105.8

109.0
127.2
105.8
98.8
94.5
100.2
96.3
100.2
104.1
87.8
93.3
113.7
99.3
96.6
93.8
77.2
100.6
118.3
101.4
102.3
94.9
103.8
104.1
100.0
108.7
110.6
105.8
100.0
104.9
88.1
105.2
100.3
103.9
108.0
104.8
100.2
107.9
111.0
103.0
107.7
107.5

109.1
126.9
105.7
98.7
93.6
98.4
96.3
97.1
100.7
89.4
92.0
113.7
99.3
96.2
94.1
78.3
100.6
118.3
101.4
102.3
94.9
103. 8
104.1
100.0
108.7
110.6
105.8
100.0
104.9
88.1
103.0
100.3
101.2
107.0
194. 8
92.8
105.8
101.8
103.0
110.3
109.0

110.2
126.5
105.3
98.8
92.9
97.7
96.3
97.7
100.2
89.4
89.0
113.7
99.3
96.2
94.1
78.3
100.6
118.3
101.4
102.3
94.9
103.8
104.1
100.0
108.7
110.6
105.8
100.0
104.9
88.1
103.0
100.3
101.2
107.0
104.8
92.8
105.8
101.8
103.0
109.0
106. 5

110.9
126.7
105.2
98.6
97.7
97.2
98.2
93.7
98.6
89.4
93.3
113.7
99.7
96.5
95.0
82.3
100.6
118.3
100.0
102.3
94.9
103.8
104.1
100.0
108.7
110.6
105.8
100.0
104.4
88.1
102.2
100.3
100.5
107.0
104.8
92.8
105.8
96.4
102.8
105.1
102.6

110.8
123.2
105.1
98.5
100.0
97.8
98.2
98.9
98.6
86.8
93.9
113.7
99.7
96.5
95.0
82.3
100.6
118.3
100.0
102.3
94.9
103.8
104.1
100.0
108.7
110.6
105.8
100.0
104.4
88.1
102.1
100.3
99.9
107.0
102. 5
92.8
105.8
101.8
102.8
103.0
100.9

108.9 108.3
124.5 119.3
104.6 104.2
98.3 98.6
100.0 99.7
98.3 98.4
98.2 98.2
98.5 98.6
99.7 99.7
88.3 88.3
93.8 93.8
113.7 113.1
99.7 99.7
96.5 96.8
94.9 95.0
82.3 82.3
100. 6 100.6
118.3 118.3
100.0 100.0
1C2.3 102.3
94.9 94.9
103.8 103.8
104.1 104. 1
100. C 100.0
108.7 108.7
110.6 110.6
105.8 105.8
100.0 100.0
102.1 104.4
88.1 88.1
102.1 103.0
100.3 100.3
99.9 102.4
107.0 106.9
102.5 102.1
92.8 98.2
105.8 107.3
101.8 102.9
102.8 102.8
102.0 100.9
99.9 99.1

104.5
112.8
102.9
99.1
96.6
95.9
95.3
97.6
95.1
90.6
91.7
112.3
100.5
96.5
94.7
82.0
100.6
115.3
100.0
102.3
94.9
103.8
102.3
100.0
108.7
110.0
105.5
100.0
102.9
88.1
102.7
100.3
100.9
106.0
102.3
95. C
105.2
104.9
102.9
99.8
99.1

100.8
107.4
101.2
98.9
96.7
92.7
93.6
89.7
94.0
87.4
88.0
107.1
99.6
97.1
95.4
85.4
100.6
113.3
100.0
100.2
97.6
103.8
100.6
100.0
108.7
108.8
101.8
100.0
103.5
87.7
103.1
100.3
101.0
105.4
102.2
100.2
103.1
108.6
103.0
98.9
99.3

103.5
107.2
105.1
109.4
120.2
127.2
120.7
121.0
100.5
83.4

103.6
106.6
105.1
108.9
119.9
126.4
120.3
118.8
100.5
4 83.2

103.6
106.8
105.0
108.5
120.0
125.2
120.0
118.4
99.1
83.2

103.6
107.0
104.5
108.3
120.2
124.4
120.0
117.4
94.8
83.1

103.4
106.9
104.5
108.1
120.1
124.5
120.0
116.7
93.9
83.1

103.1
106.8
104. 3
107.8
120.1
122.8
120.0
115.7
93.9
83.0

102.7
106.5
104.3
107.2
119.9
121.1
119.6
114.2
92.9
83.0

102.2
106.3
104.3
106.9
120.0
120.9
119.4
110.5
92.9
83.0

101.7
106. 0
104. 2
106. 5
119. 6
120. 7
119.1
109.4
92.9
83.0

101.5
105.7
104.1
106.0
119.1
120.0
118.8
109.3
91.9
84.0

101.2
105.4
103.9
105.7
118. 7
119. 5
118. 6
108.9
91.9
83.7

100.2
104.7
103.3
105.0
116.6
117.4
116.8
105.7
90.8
84.1

99.3
102.6
102.8
103.8
114.3
112.6
114.4
107.2
92.7
89.0

9 4 .7 4 94 .7
104.3 104.3

9 4 .7
104 . 5

94.1
104.6

9 3 .3
104.8

93 .3
105.1

93 .3
104.3

9 3 .3
103.2

93 .3
102.4

93 .3
101.9

9 3 .3
101.4

9 4 .2
100.8

96.1
99 .6

5 Formerly titled “textile products, excluding hard fiber products.”
« New series. January 1961-100.
7 Metals and metal products, agricultural machinery and equipment, and
motor vehicles.

D .— C O N S U M E R A N D W H O L E S A L E P R I C E S

T

able

D-6.

123

Indexes of wholesale prices,1 by stage of processing and durability of product
[1957-59 = 100] 2
1966

Commodity group
Dec.3 Nov. Oct. Sept. Aug.

1965 Annual averag

July June May Apr. Mar.

Feb.

Jan.

Dec.

All commodities------------------------------ ---------------- 105.9 105.9 106.2 106.8 106.8 106.4 105.7 105.6 105.5 105.4 105.4 104.6 104.1

1965

1964

102.5

100.

98.9
98.3
99 8

94.
91
97

Stage of processing
Crude materials for further processing_____________
Crude foodstuffs and feedstufls. _____ ------- _
Crude nonfood materials except fuel. _____ __ _
Crude nonfood materials, except fuel, for
manufacturing____ _ ---- -- __ _ ----- —
Crude nonfood materials, except fuel, for
construction__________________________
Crude fuel- _______ _
_ _ ------------- --------Crude fuel for manufacturing______________
Crude fuel for nonmanufacturing . __ ______
Intermediate materials, supplies, and components___
Intermediate materials and components for manu­
facturing____ __ _
_ _ __ ___ _ _ _ _
Intermediate materials for food manufacturing.
I: ermediate materials for nondurable manu­
facturing_____ ____ __ ------------ ------Intermediate materials for durable manu­
facturing____ _ _ ___ __ --------------- _.
Components for manufacturing____________
Materials and components for construction_____
Processed fuels and lubricants___ ____________
Processed fuels and lubricants for manufac­
turing—
Processed fuels and lubricants for nonmanu­
facturing__ _____ _ __________________
Containers, nonreturnable____________________
Supplies------------ -- ------------------------------------Supplies for manufacturing ______________
Supplies for nonmanufacturing_____________
Manufactured animal feeds____________
Other supplies ______ _ _ __ __________
Finished goods (goods to users, including raw foods
and fuels)_________________ _________________
Consumer finished goods____________________
Consumer foods .. _ _ ___ _ _ ___________
Consumer crude foods________________
Consumer processed foods-------------------Consumer other nondurable goods_________
Consumer durable goods___ ____________
Producer finished goods ______
___ _ _ ...
Producer finished goods for manufacturing__
Producer finished goods for non manufacturing.

100.8 4101.1 103.6 106.1 107.4 107.8 105.6 105.7 106.3 106.9 107.5 105.2 103.2
102.2 102.5 106.2 109.9 111.2 109.1 106. G 106,5 107.5 108.3 109.6 106.8 104.1
97.4 97.6 98. 2 98.9 100.2 105.7 105.1 104.5 104.5 104.6 103.8 102.2 101.3
96.8 97.0 97.7 98.5 100.0 106.1 105.4 104.7 104.7 104.8 104.0 102.2 101.2
104.3
109.1
109.1
109.3

104.3
108.9
*108. 9
109.1

104.3
108.1
108.1
108.3

103.9
107. C
107. C
107.2

103.8
106.2
106.2
106.4

103.7
105.5
105.5
105.6

103.6
105.3
105.3
105.5

103.7
105.0
105.0
105.2

103.9
104.0
103.9
104.2

103.8
105.2
105.1
105.5

103.8
105.9
105.8
106.2

103.6
105.6
105.5
105.9

99.5

97.

103.4
105.4
105.3
105.7

103. 2
103.3
103. 2
103.5

102
102
102
102.

105.4 105.3 105.3 105.6 105.8 105.4 104.9 104.8 104.3 103.9 103.8 103.4 103.0

102.2

100

104.5 104.4 104.3 104.6 104.8 104.4 104.1 104.1 103.7 103.4 103.2 102.8 102. 6
110.9 4111. 2 111.6 113.6 114.8 111.9 110.0 109.8 110.1 110.8 111.1 109.7 108.8
99.2 99.2 99. 5 99.8 100.1 100.2 100.0 99.7 99.4 99.2 99.0 98.9 98.9

102.0
106.6

100
104

98. 7

97.

107.1
107.0
104.2
101.7

106.6 106.1 105.8 105.5 105.2
104.1 103.3 102.9 102.5 102.3
104.3 103.4 102.7 102.3 101.9
100.3 99.8 100.2 100.7 100.9

104.6
101.3
101.4
99. 5

102.
99.
100.
98

102.9 103.4 103.5 103.1 103.1 102.8 102.8 101.9 101.7 101.2 101.5 101.9 102.1

101. 0

99.

99.7 100.8
105.3 105.2
112.6 111.6
109.3 109.5
113.3 111.8
124.8 121.2
104.2 ‘ 104.0

100.9
105.1
111.5
109.5
111.6
120.9
103.9

100.5
104.9
112.8
109.7
113.4
125.0
104.3

100.4
104.9
113.3
109.5
114.1
126.3
104.6

99.9
105.1
112.7
109.6
113.3
125.0
104.1

100.2
105.1
110.0
109.2
109.7
116.9
103.4

98.7
105.1
109.5
108.9
109.2
116.0
103.0

97.9
105.1
108.3
108.3
107.6
112.4
102.8

97.4
104.8
108. 0
108.0
107.4
112.7
102.3

97.9
104.3
109.3
107.7
109.3
117.7
102.1

98.7
104.2
108.2
107.3
108.0
114.8
101.9

98.8
104.1
107.0
106.6
106.6
111.7
101.6

97.1
102.1
106.0
106.1
105.4
109.7
100.9

95.
100.
105.
105.
104.
107.
100.

107.6 4107.8
106.6 4107.0
110.5 111.3
107.9 ‘ 112.7
110.9 <111.0
105.5 105.7
101.3 <101.2
110.0 4109.8
113.6 ‘ 113.4
106.4 4106.1

107.8
107.2
112.2
108.1
112.8
105.5
100.9
109.1
112.7
105.4

108.1
107.8
114.5
116.6
114.2
105.4
100.0
108.4
112.0
104.8

107.5
107.1
112.8
105.3
114.0
105.2
100.1
108.3
111. 7
104.7

107.0
106.4
111.2
106.0
112.0
105.0
100.2
108.1
111.4
104.7

106.4
105.7
109.5
99.3
111.1
104.9
100.1
107.9
111.2
104.6

106.2
105.6
109.6
99.9
111.1
104.5
100. 2
107.6
110.8
104.4

106.3
105.9
110.7
107.8
111.2
104.3
99.8
107.0
110.0
103.8

106.4
106.1
111.5
107.6
112.1
104.1
99.7
106.8
109.8
103.7

106.3
106.0
111.5
105.6
112.4
104.0
99.7
106.6
109.0
103.5

105.6
105.2
109.5
101.0
110.8
103.9
99.7
106.2
109.1
103.3

105.3
104.9
108.9
102.6
109.9
103.7
99.6
106.0
108.8
103.2

103.6
102.8
104.5
100.2
105.2
102.8
99.6
105.4
108.0
102.9

101.
100.
100.
99.
100.
101.
99.
104.
106.
102.

107.0 4106. 9
104.9 105.1
106.2 4106.2
107.1 4107.0
105.3 105.3
104.1 4104. 7
103.9 106.3
104.1 104.6

106.6
105.8
106.3
106.7
105.8
106.0
105.6
106.0

106.2
107.1
106.4
106.3
106.5
108.4
104.4
108.7

106.2
107.0
106.4
106.3
106.5
108.2
105.0
108.4

106.2
106.4
106.0
106.1
105.8
108.2
112.4
108.0

106.2
105.2
105.6
106.1
105.1
105. 8
112.4
105.4

106.1
105.0
105.5
106.1
104.8
105.8
110.1
105.6

105.7
105.1
105.1
105.6
104.6
107.0
113.9
106.6

105.3
105.3
105.0
105.1
104.7
107.3
114.7
106.9

104.9
105.5
104.9
104.8
104.8
107.5
111.4
107.3

104.6
104.5
104.4
104.5
104.3
105.3
108.2
105.1

104.2
103.9
104.1
104.2
103.8
104.0
105.4
104.0

103.7
101.5
102.8
103.7
101.9
100.7
104.7
ICO. 5

102.
99.
101.
102.
99.
97.
98.
97.

4107.0
4106. 6
104.3
102.5

106.8
105.9
104.5
102.6

106.8
105. 5
104.6
102.1

106.9
105.4
104.6
102.1

106.6
105.1
104.5
101.7

106.7
105.0
104.5
101.8

106.8
104.8
104.8
100.7

Durability of product
Total durable goods_____________________________
Total nondurable goods_________________________
Total manufactures. _________________________ __
Durable manufactures-_
_ ____ ___ _ . _
Nondurable manufactures . __ __ _______
Total raw or slightly processed goods. _________ ...
Durable raw or slightly processed goods_____
Nondurable raw or slightly processed goods...
1 See footnote 1, table D-4.
2 See footnote 2, table D-4.
2 Preliminary.
4Revised.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

N ote : For description of the series by stage of processing, see “New BLS
Economic Sector Indexes of Wholesale Prices,” Monthly Labor Review,
December 1955, pp. 1448-1453; and by durability of product and data begin­
ning with 1947, see Wholesale Prices and Price Indexes, 1957 (BLS Bulletin
1235, 1958).

124

M O N T H L Y L A B O R R E V IE W , F E B R U A R Y 1967

E.—Work Stoppages
T

able

E -l.

Work stoppages resulting from labor-management disputes 1
Workers involved in stoppages

Number of stoppages
Month and year

In efEect dur­
ing month

Beginning in
month or year

233
241
364
442
376
416
306
336
346
238
146

375
375
399
529
651
586
639
556
574
584
469
346

1,130,000
2,380,000
3,470,000
4,600,000
2,170,000
1,960.000
3,030,000
2,410,000
2 , 2 2 0 ,0 0 0
3,540,000
2,400,000
1,530, 000
2,650, 000
1,900, 0 0 0
1,390.000
2 , 060, 0 0 0
1 , 880, 0 0 0
1,320,000
1,450, 000
1,230,000
941,000
1,640, 000
53,300
80. 600
79, 300
140, 000
192, 000
124, 000
126, 0 0 0
73,100
374,000
214,000
141, 000
42, 000

----------------------------------1965: January--------February.. ---------- -------------------------March
. . . .
..
.
. _______
A p r il.__ ___ . . .
. . ..
— . ..
M a y __
____
- - ___
June . .
.
......
July________________________________________
---- . . -----— .
August___ _ .
September . . . . . . . . .. . . . .
-------October..
.
. —
...
-------November. . . . .
December___
___
- -----------

244
208
329
390
450
425
416
388
345
321
289
158

404
393
511
603
669
677
702
685
631
570
505
371

98,800
45,100
180, 0 0 0
141,000
127,000
268,000
156,000
109,000
155,000

1966: January 2 .. ._ ____ ______ . . . .
February2 __ . . .
.
.....
March 2____
. . . ______ - - ---------------April2.
. . . . . ---------------------------------M a y 2. __
- _______
. - ------- - -June 2__ ______ _________________ .. . --------July 2 __ _____________ ______ ____ .. . ------August 2 ________________ _____ ____ ____ ..
September2 ____ . . _ _______ - - - - - - - - . _
October2. _____ _ ______ _______________ ..
November2.
_
. . . . . ___ ___ .
December 2 . .

205
240
310
350
480
430
420
440
380
390
320
150

335
380
450
500
640
660
660
700
620
630
550
360

JQ4fi

~

_ __ __ ___ _
__ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ __
_____ __ ______ __
__
__ ____ __ _
____ ___ _________
__
_ _ _ _ __ __
_________ ___
_________ ____ _
_
_
_ _____
_ _ __
_______ _ __ _ __
_ ___ ___ ___
_ _ ________ ___ _ ___
__ ____
____ ___

1947

iq48
1949
1950
1951
1Q5?
1953
IQ5 4
1955
1950
1957
1Q5«
1959
1Q
0O

1961
1962
1963
1964

Beginning in
month or year

_ ___

______

___

____
_ __
_ _____
_ _ __ ______
January___
. . .
....
. __
February__
.
________
___ . . . .
.
.
...
March __
April__
___________
..
.
. .
. .
M a y __
___ - ___
-__. . .
June_____________________________ ______ ____
July__ __________________ _ ________________
August ______________ _____________________
September___ ______ _________ -. — ----------— ------- ------October.. _______
November___ _________________ __________
December----- ---------- ------------- ----------------

2,862
3,573
4,750
4,985
3,693
3,419
3,606
4,843
4,737
5,117
5,091
3,468
4,320
3,825
3,673
3,694
3,708
3,333
3,367
3,614
3,362
3,655
211

1 The data Include all known strikes or lockouts involving 6 workers or
more and lasting a full day or shift or longer. Figures on workers involved
and man-days idle cover all workers made idle for as long as 1 shift in estab­
lishments directly involved in a stoppage. They do not measure the indirect

In effect dur­
ing month

Man-days idle during month
or year

Number

Percent of
estimated
working time
0.27
.46
.47
1.43
.41
.37
.59
.44
.23
.57
.26

195,000
133,000
432, 000
549.000
274,000
149,000

16,900,000
39,700,000
38,000,000
116,000,000
34,600,000
34,100,000
50,500,000
38,800,000
22,900,000
59,100,000
28,300,000
22,600.000
28,200,000
33,100,000
16,500,000
23,900, 000
69,000. 000
19,100,000
16,300,000
18,600,000
16,100, 0 0 0
22,900,000
898, 000
1,040,000
816,000
1,170,000
2 , 400, 000
1, 900,000
1, 740, 000
1, 2 0 0 , 0 0 0
2, 390, 000
6 , 590,000
1, 730,000
1 , 060, 0 0 0
1, 740, 000
1 , 440,000
1,770,000
1, 840, 000
1,850,000
2, 590,000
3, 670, 000
2, 230,000
2 , 1 1 0 ,0 0 0
1, 770,000
1,380,000
907, 000

.18
.15
.16
. 17
. 19
.23
.34

140, 000
24, 300

183,000
149,000
274,000
194, 000
201, 000
354,000
334,000
229, 000
250,000
209, 000
192,000
75,800

101, 000
107, 000
198, 000
228,000
208,000
150, 0 0 0
235,000
108, 0 0 0
117, 000
193, 000
114,000
32, 700

127, 000
142, 000
236,000
379, 000
294,000
243, 000
299,000
331, 000
221, 000
260, 0 0 0
221, 000
148,000

1, 0 0 0 , 000
865, 000
1,350, 000
2,450,000
2,870, 000
1,950,000
2,980,000
3,420, 000
1,950, 000
2, 290, 000
2,170,000
1,810,000

.09
.09
. 11
.23
.26
. 17
.28
.28
.17

1 0 1 ,0 0 0

91,400
116,000
123,000
187,000
249, 000
2 2 2 ,0 0 0

.2 1

.26
.29
.14
.2 2

.61
.17
.14
. 16
.13
.18
.09
.1 1

.08
.1 1

.24
.18
.15
. 12
.23
.61
.17
.1 0

.2 0
.2 0

.16
. 13
.08

.2 0

.19
. 16

or secondary effect on other establishments or industries whose employees
are made idle as a result of material or service shortages.
2 Preliminary.

Note
Publication of monthly and quarterly work-injury frequency rates for manufacturing
industries (table F -l) ended with those in the October issue. The survey from which
these data came has been discontinued. Annual frequency and severity rates for manu­
facturing and nonmanufacturing industries will continue to be compiled and will be
available upon request.


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