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REVIEW
U.S. Departm ent o f Labor
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
B ureau o f L abor Statistics
U.S. Department of Labor
Elaine L. Chao, Secretary
Bureau of Labor Statistics
Kathleen P. Utgoff, Commissioner
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Cover designed by Melvin Moxley
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
MONTHLY
LABOR
R E V IE W _
Volume 125, Number 12
Decem ber 2002
Labor productivity growth in wholesale trade, 1990-2000
3
Overall growth was spurred by information and communication technologies
in the fastest growing industries o f the wholesale trade sector
Christopher Kask, David Kiernan, and Brian Friedman
Baseball negotiations: a new agreement
15
The new contract does not solve all o f baseball’s problems,
but it goes far toward improving the game’s economic health
Paul D. Staudohar
Is the
ECI
sensitive to the method of aggregation? an update
23
Current research covering the 1995-2002 period confirms that this index
still is relatively insensitive to the aggregation formula used in its construction
Michael K. Lettau, Mark A. Loewenstein, and Steve P. Paben
Departments
Labor month in review
2
Précis
29
Book reviews
30
Current labor statistics
33
Index to volume 125
99
Editor-in-Chief: Deborah P. Klein • Executive Editor: Richard M. Devens • Managing Editor: Anna Huffman Hill • Editors: Brian
I. Baker, Richard Hamilton, Leslie Brown Joyner • Book Reviews: Roger A. Comer, Richard Hamilton • Design and Layout: Catherine
D. Bowman, Edith W. Peters • Contributors: Anthony J. Barkume, Wendy Carlton
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Labor Month in Review
The December Review
Our articles this month are on topics that
sometimes receive what some might call
“bad press.” Christopher Kask, David
Kieman, and Brian Friedman research
productivity growth among “middle
m en,” or m ore accurately, in the
wholesale trade industry. Their key
finding is that information and com
munication technology are changing the
very n ature and structure o f the
industry, while sharper competition has
put many smaller local and regional
wholesalers at risk. As a result o f
tech n o lo g ical changes, increased
competition, and other factors, labor
productivity increased at an average rate
of 3.4 percent per year, compared with
the 2.1-percent rate o f growth in the
aggregate business sector.
Paul D. Staudohar chronicles the
negotiations leading to a new contract
between major league baseball players and
the team owners. To the restrained delight
o f baseball fans, the parties reached
agreement without a strike or lockout.
Moreover, according to Staudohar, the
agreement improved the economics of the
game in general and that all parties,
including the fans, will benefit.
M ichael K. L ettau, M ark A.
Loewenstein, and Steve P. Paben follow
up on the potential impact the method
chosen to aggregate the Employment
Cost Index (ECI) might have. The ECI is
a quarterly index measuring changes in
the cost o f w ages and benefits,
controlling for the industry-occupation
mix of jobs. Such indexes can be affected
by the m ethod used to add up the
individual cells, generally depending,
among other things, on the degree of
price substitution that occurs among
cells. In the case of compensation, the
choice of aggregation has little effect, a
result that may be contrasted to the
often significant effects that have been
found in price measures such as the
Consumer Price Index.
2 Monthly Labor Review
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Employment by county
in 2001
The 248 U.S. counties with 100,000 or
more employees accounted for about
two-thirds of total U.S. employment
covered by Unemployment Insurance
and Unemployment Compensation for
Federal Employees programs in 2001.
Placer County, CA, had the largest
over-the-year percentage increase in
employment (6.0 percent), followed by
the co u n ties o f C o llier, FL (5.9
percent), C ollin, TX (5.7 percent),
Manatee, FL (5.1 percent), and Lee, FL
(4.7 percent). The median employment
increase among the largest counties
was 0.1 percent in 2001.
The largest absolute gains were
recorded in the counties of Harris, TX
(30,999), San Diego, CA (24,326), Los
Angeles, CA (22,633), Clark, NV (22,362),
and Orange, CA (20,580).
More than 100 o f the 248 largest
counties recorded employment declines
in 2001. Of the 111 that experienced
declines in employment, the largest
percentage decline was in Elkhart
County, IN ( - 6 . 8 percent). The counties
of Lorain and Mahoning, OH, had the
next largest decline (-3.5 percent each),
followed by San Francisco County, CA,
and Macomb County, Ml (-3.4 percent
each).
The largest absolute declines in
employment in 2001 occurred in Cook
C ounty, IL (-3 7 ,3 5 1 ), N ew York
County, NY (-32,910), Wayne County,
Ml (-27,974), Santa Clara County, CA
(-22,112), and San Francisco County,
CA (-20,423).
Annual pay in 2001
Among metropolitan areas, the largest
percentage increase in average annual
pay from 2000 to 2001 occurred in
Lafayette, LA (8.1 percent). The next
largest increase occurred in Dutchess
C ounty, N Y (7.4 p e rc e n t). F our
December 2002
m etro p o litan areas re p o rte d 6.8percent increases in average annual
pay: Enid, OK, Fresno, CA, OdessaMidland, t x , and Pensacola, FL. In
comparison, average annual pay o f
em ployees in m e tro p o litan areas
nationwide increased by 2.4 percent
from 2000 to 2001.
Despite experiencing the largest
decline (-13.5 percent) in average
annual pay among the 10 metropolitan
areas with decreases in 2001, San Jose,
C A , re ta in e d its p o sitio n as the
m etropolitan area with the highest
average annual pay ($65,926).
San Francisco, CA, had the second
highest average annual pay level
($59,761), followed by New York, NY
($58,963), New Haven-BridgeportS tam ford-W aterbury-D anbury, CT
($52,177), and Middlesex-SomersetHunterdon, NJ ($49,830). Average pay
levels in these five metropolitan areas
ranged from 31 to 74 percent above
the average for all metropolitan areas
in the N a tio n . A nnual pay in
metropolitan areas averaged $37,897
in 2001, up from $37,017 in 2000.
Q u a lity c h a n g e s in
cars and light trucks
The retail equivalent value o f quality
changes for the 2003 m odel year
d o m estic lig h t tru c k s av e rag e d
$232.65,. or 39.9 percent of the average
$583.03 over-the-year increase in
m anufacturer’s suggested list prices.
O f the $232.65 value, $126.80 was for
federally mandated and nonmandated
safety im provem ents and $105.85
w as fo r n o n m a n d a te d q u a lity
changes.
The re ta il eq u iv ale n t v alue o f
quality changes for the 2003 model
y ea r d o m estic p a sse n g e r cars
averaged $25.08. This represents 5.4
percent of the average $465.63 overthe-year increase in m anufacturer’s
suggested list prices.
Q
Wholesale Trade Productivity
Labor productivity growth
in wholesale trade, 1990-2000
Use o f information and communication technologies
in the fastest-growing wholesale trade industries
spurred strong labor productivity growth
in the sector as a whole, over the 1990-2000 period
Christopher Kask,
David Kiernan,
and
Brian Friedman
Christopher Kask and
David Kiernan are
economists, and
Brian Friedman is a
supervisory economist,
all in the Office of
Productivity and
Technology, Bureau of
Labor Statistics.
Email:
Kask_C@bls.gov
Kiernan_D@bls.gov
Friedman_B@bls.gov
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
ccording to the most recent economic
census, there were more than 453,000
wholesale trade establishments in the
United States in 1997, with total sales exceeding
$4 trillion. These sales substantially exceeded
total sales in the retail trade sector and also ex
ceeded the value of all manufacturing industry
shipments in the same year. BLS data show that
7.3 million workers were employed in wholesale
trade industries in 2000, or about 6.5 percent of
total business employment.
The wholesale trade industry provides an im
portant link in the supply chain connecting pro
ducers with consumers in the economy. Whole
sale firms act as intermediaries between goodsproducers and the business customers that buy
their products. These customers may be retail
establishments, manufacturers, mining establish
ments, contractors, other wholesalers, or govern
ment agencies, among others. Wholesale estab
lishments are characterized by the fact that they
usually do not sell directly to household con
sumers—with few exceptions, their customers
are businesses or institutions.
Wholesalers provide services both to the pro
ducers of the products that pass through their
operations as well as to their customers who pur
chase those goods. In addition to the basic dis
tribution function, wholesalers may be involved
in marketing, sales, customer support, and mar
ket research— activities that benefit the
wholesaler’s supplier. For the benefit of the cus
A
tomer, wholesalers provide ready access to prod
ucts in appropriate quantities, information on
product characteristics and availability, sales ad
vice, credit and financing, customer service, and
technical support.1
The rapid diffusion of information and com
munications technology throughout the sector
and the economy has led to shifts in the nature of
the wholesale business. These shifts, in some
cases, may threaten the traditional structure of
the industry. In addition, heightened competi
tive pressures can place at risk the survival of
many small local and regional wholesale firms that
typify the industry.
Both the wholesale and retail trade industries
are involved in getting the products of the goodsproducing sector to consumers and other endusers. The wholesale-retail partnership in the dis
tribution function invites comparisons between
the two sectors, yet their differences are more
striking than their similarities. In 2000, wholesale
trade’s 7.3 million workers were less than a third
of the nearly 25 million employed in retail trade.
At the same time, wholesale sector sales exceeded
sales in retail trade, reflecting much higher levels
of sales per employee in wholesale establish
ments. On average, employees in wholesale trade
earn more per hour and work longer hours per
week than workers in the retail sector. These dif
ferences reflect the presence of higher levels of
skilled workers and fewer part-time workers in the
wholesale sector. Wholesale trade’s lower labor
Monthly Labor Review
December 2002
3
Wholesale Trade Productivity
intensity and more highly skilled workforce, relative to retail
trade, are likely to have played a role in the extent to which
wholesalers were able to more quickly adapt to technological
change.2
Wholesalers invested heavily in computers and other hightech equipment and in computer software, allowing them to
take advantage of technological advances more rapidly and
to a greater extent than did retailers.3 For example, wholesal
ers’ quick adoption of new technology made it possible for
them to take advantage of the growing use of Universal Prod
uct Code symbols on the products they handled to automate
their operations. These advances, in turn, made feasible new
production strategies such as just-in-time inventory manage
ment—the process in which shipments of production inputs
are received just prior to their use. This strategy increases
efficiency and helps to reduce inventory holding costs, ben
efiting both wholesalers and their customers. Wholesale firms
were able to improve their efficiency in handling products and
to offer new services to their customers.
These factors are reflected in relatively rapid labor produc
tivity growth in the wholesale trade sector. Labor productiv
ity, defined here as output per hour of labor input, grew at an
average rate of 3.4 percent per year in wholesale trade from
1990 to 2000— substantially exceeding the 2.4-percent aver
age rate in retail trade and the 2.1-percent per-year growth rate
for the business sector as a whole. The strong growth in
wholesale trade made an important contribution to overall la
bor productivity growth in the 1990s.4
Trends in wholesale trade labor productivity and its com
ponents, output and labor input, are examined in this article.
(Throughout the article, references to ‘productivity’ denote
labor productivity.) Analysis is based on recently-introduced
bls productivity measures for the sector that cover overall
wholesale trade; the two major groups of industries within
wholesale trade (wholesale durable goods and wholesale non
durable goods); and the 18 industries classified in wholesale
trade at the 3-digit level of the U.S. Standard Industrial Classi
fication (SIC) system.5 The data series currently cover the
period from 1987 to 2000; they are updated as additional source
data become available.6
Productivity trends are often analyzed over the course of a
full business cycle in order to minimize cyclical effects on the
results. The latest complete cycle stretched from a peak that
occurred in July 1990 to the most recent business cycle peak
in March 2001. Accordingly, this article focuses on trends
over the 1990-2000 period. Output and productivity growth
rates began to accelerate near the middle of the decade, par
ticularly in certain ‘high-tech’ industries such as the manufac
ture of computer equipment, electronic components and ac
cessories (including semiconductors), and communications
equipment. This speedup has attracted a great deal of scru
tiny by researchers. Many of these studies have compared
4 Monthly Labor Review
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
December 2002
growth rates before and after 1995 to determine the magnitude
of the acceleration. To investigate the question of whether
there was a productivity speedup in wholesale trade, trends
over the 1990-95 and 1995-2000 periods are examined.
The wholesale trade sector
Wholesalers reduce transactions costs throughout the sup
ply chain by specializing in areas their suppliers and custom
ers do not. Suppliers need not contract with many customers,
and customers’ time and monetary costs of searching for and
transporting materials are reduced.7
Distribution functions include storing, handling, and
transporting of goods. Storage generally takes place in
wholesaler-owned or -leased warehouses. One of the
wholesaler’s most fundamental functions is the breaking up
of large quantities of goods into smaller quantities and sell
ing to many customers. While products are in inventory,
wholesalers may sort, package, refrigerate, or assemble prod
ucts. Then, they deliver, or arrange for the delivery of, the
products to customers.
Wholesalers also provide customers with product infor
mation, customer service, and credit services. Wholesalers
offer sales and marketing support to their customers by spon
soring events or promotions, or by providing display casing
and signs.
Types o f wholesale operations. There are three main types of
wholesale operation: merchant wholesalers, manufacturers’
sales branches and offices ( msbos ), and wholesale agents
and brokers. Merchant wholesalers represent the largest pro
portion of the three types in terms of sales, total employment,
and number of establishments. In 1997, merchant wholesalers
operated 376,330 establishments (83 percent of all wholesale
trade establishments) that employed 4.6 million people (79
percent of total wholesale trade employment), and had sales
of more than $2.3 trillion (57 percent of total wholesale trade
sales). Merchant wholesalers take ownership of goods, per
form distribution and other services, and then sell the goods.
Manufacturers’ sales branches and offices ( msbos ) are the
second largest type of wholesaler both in terms of total sales
and number of employees, msbos perform wholesale func
tions much like merchant wholesalers, but do so for a single
manufacturer by which they are owned and operated. Manu
facturers’ sales branches hold a stock of goods while sales
offices do not. msbos generally run the largest operations of
the three types. In 1997, msbos had, on average, about seven
times the sales per establishment and two and a half times the
employees per establishment as did merchant wholesalers.
Wholesale agents and brokers have the lowest sales and few
est employees of the three types. Agents and brokers prima
rily act as intermediaries, arranging sales between two parties.
Agents and brokers usually do not take ownership of the
goods nor do they own facilities to deliver the goods.
Factors affecting productivity trends in
wholesale trade
A primary catalyst for change in wholesale trade, as in other
sectors, was the strong growth in information and communi
cation technology that began in the 1980s. The growing use
of computers and networks made possible a number of inno
vations that transformed the wholesale industry. These de
velopments, in turn, set the stage for a new business climate
in the industry that featured increased competition and in
creasing scale of operations.
While the 1980s saw a rapid acceleration in the use of in
formation and communications technology in wholesale trade,
the foundations for this transformation were formed up to a
decade earlier. The development of the machine-readable
Universal Product Codes (upcs), or bar codes, provided a
means of automatically identifying products and cataloguing
relevant information about them. This made it possible for
wholesalers to automate the movement of goods through their
distribution network, yielding rewards in terms of speed, ac
curacy, and efficiency, and leading to reduced unit costs.8
The emergence of Electronic Data Interchange (EDI) stan
dards to enable the transfer of information between indepen
dent information systems made quick and automatic trans
mission of business data along the supply chain possible and
allowed wholesaler-distributors to take full advantage of the
benefits of automation. The development of Automated Clear
ing House (ACH) networks helped to facilitate electronic fi
nancial flows. The growing use of electronic payments under
a c h auspices supported the growth of electronic commerce
(e-commerce) transactions. Together, these developments
created the necessary infrastructure for the growth of tech
nology-based systems in wholesale trade.
Some observers saw the rise of the Internet and the growth
of e-commerce and business-to-business electronic transac
tions as signaling the decline of the wholesaler-distributor,
but this has not occurred. Wholesalers have adapted to the
new environment and have managed to retain much of their
customer base.
Technology-basedfactors. The wholesale sector’s extensive
use of information technology (IT) is well-documented.9
Though Internet-based transactions are growing in whole
sale trade, most e-commerce transactions in the sector are
made over Electronic Data Interchange (EDI) ordering formats.
Typically, these systems are not Internet-based and have been
available for more than 25 years.10 e d i technologies include
systems designed to improve operating efficiency, track in
ventory, and reduce decision time, labor input, and paper flow.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
With e d i , wholesalers have the ability to provide inventory
management for their customers.
The Universal Product Codes are at the heart of the ed i
technology. Unique codes are placed onto products. These
codes are then used to organize information about those prod
ucts. Wholesalers utilize upcs for keeping track of their in
ventory. When a coded product enters stock, the upc is
scanned, and the product is registered into inventory. When
a coded product leaves stock, it is scanned again and re
moved from registered inventory. This allows wholesalers to
keep a constant count of how much of each particular product
is in stock. Inventory replenishment software, when pro
vided with customer inventory information, can project the
timing and composition of future shipments. Logistics soft
ware plots starting and destination points and calculates the
most cost-efficient and least time-consuming route. Audit
verification software increases accuracy in accounts payable
by comparing invoices to purchase orders and immediately
paying the matching invoices.11
When a wholesaler uses some of these systems together,
they can provide their customers with inventory management
services in which the wholesaler provides the service of be
ing responsible for the timing and composition of new ship
ments. By tracking customer sales using upcs as the tracking
tool, the wholesaler can view customer inventory levels at
any time. The wholesaler then uses inventory replenishment
software with prearranged shipping parameters installed to
forecast timing and composition of new shipments. When
customer inventory levels reach a certain point, the whole
saler can send the shipment without further consultation with
the customer.12 This operation shifts customer inventory man
agement responsibility from the customer to the wholesaler,
allowing the wholesaler to charge for providing the service.
These developments facilitate the just-in-time delivery
strategy that, by its nature, involves cooperation and infor
mation-sharing between wholesalers and their customers.
The just-in-time approach first took hold in the automobile
manufacturing industry as American manufacturers attempted
to remain competitive with the Japanese automotive industry
by emulating Japanese production techniques. While it is
often thought to benefit mainly manufacturers, just-in-time
inventory control benefits wholesalers as well. In addition to
representing an additional service that a wholesale firm can
offer, the same systems that allow wholesalers to supply their
customers on a just-in-time basis also allow them to econo
mize on their own inventory holdings—leading to wholesale
industry productivity increases.13
Online exchanges. Online exchanges allow buyers and sell
ers to communicate directly with each other via the Internet.
Sellers post catalogues containing product listings and infor
mation; buyers can then shop the catalogues on their Web
Monthly Labor Review
December 2002
5
Wholesale Trade Productivity
browser. The buyer and seller complete transactions, arrange
payment, and arrange shipment directly on the Internet.
Wholesalers especially benefit from online exchanges, as they
may act as both buyer and seller. Wholesalers can browse
supplier catalogues for hard-to-find products or for lower
prices while incurring minimal transaction costs. Acting as a
seller, wholesalers can reach out to a larger population of cus
tomers and can market products at a limited cost.
Online exchanges can be detrimental to the wholesale sec
tor by making it possible for customers to purchase directly
from manufacturers. This may reduce or eliminate some whole
saler functions or even completely displace them in the sup
ply chain.14 Online exchanges can also affect industry struc
ture by allowing easy access into previously exclusive local
markets. Resulting heightened competition may have been
detrimental to less-efficient wholesalers.
While the technological basis for e-commerce has existed
for many years, in most wholesale industries only a modest
share of sales by merchant wholesalers are completed through
electronic channels.15 However, three large wholesale indus
tries rely on e-commerce sales much more extensively—drugs,
drug proprietaries, and druggists’ sundries wholesale; motor
vehicles and automotive parts and supplies wholesale; and
professional and commercial equipment and supplies whole
sale. Together, these three industries accounted for 63 per
cent of all e-commerce sales by merchant wholesalers.
Changes in the business environment. The diffusion of tech
nology and technology-related innovations through the sec
tor made it possible for wholesale firms to more effectively
manage larger collections of goods and to service a larger and
more geographically expansive customer base. This environ
ment provided an opportunity for wholesale firms to obtain
scale economies through expansion. At the same time, con
solidation and increasing concentration were occurring among
wholesalers’ customers. It has been argued that consolida
tion in customer markets is one of the primary influences lead
ing to consolidation in wholesale industries.16 Larger whole
saler-distributors covering a wider geographic area have a
competitive advantage over small local firms in dealing with
large regional or national customers, such as retail chains.
There is evidence that consolidation is a continuing trend
in the wholesale trade sector, and that increasing concentra
tion is taking place in certain industries. A study based on
surveys of wholesale industry firms documents “significant
consolidation between 1985 and 1995” in a majority of de
tailed wholesale trade industries.17 Data from the Censuses
of Wholesale Trade show an overall decline in the number of
wholesale trade establishments between 1987 and 1997—ac
companied by substantial increases in the average size of
wholesale establishments as measured by the average num
ber of employees per establishment.
6 Monthly Labor Review
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
December 2002
On the other hand, measures of concentration, such as
the proportion of sales accounted for by the largest firms,
indicate increasing concentration from 1987 to 1997 in only
a few wholesale industries at the 3-digit sic level. The
data for the overall wholesale sector show little change in
concentration between 1987 and 1997. Despite some move
ment towards increasing concentration, wholesale trade
remains less concentrated than other sectors— local and
regional wholesalers still account for the vast majority of
firms in the industry.18
Traditionally, wholesalers’ revenue has been based on a
fixed markup over cost. Under this approach, customers who
are nearby or who require few special services are charged at
the same rate as customers who are more costly to serve.
There is little correlation between the rates charged by the
wholesaler and the level of services they provide on a cus
tomer-by-customer basis.19 The industry, however, has be
gun a move toward fee-for-service. Under this approach, the
wholesaler charges only a small standard markup over cost;
beyond that, each customer pays specifically for services they
obtain from the wholesaler. The electronic-based systems
tracking product by upc make these fees for service possible.
Other variations in the traditional business model of the
wholesaler-distributor have begun to emerge under the
heightened competitive pressures that now exist in wholesale
trade. Of note is a strategy that rejects the conventional ap
proach under which a wholesaler purchases products, holds
them in inventory, then sells them to customers as demand
conditions dictate.20 Under the alternative approach, the
wholesaler-distributor holds minimal stock in inventory. As
their orders are received, they locate a supplier for the prod
ucts and arrange for them to be shipped directly to the cus
tomer. Under this model, the wholesaler acts essentially as an
agent/broker in the sense that they do not take possession of
the goods and are not directly involved in distributing them
to the customer. A more complete variation from traditional
models includes “integrated supply” arrangements under
which, in some cases, the customer outsources their entire
procurement operation to the wholesaler.21
A new category of wholesale operation, first reported in
the 1997 Census of Wholesale Trade, illustrates the extent to
which businesses throughout the supply chain are highly
integrated and, in some cases, intermingled. It also shows
how shifts that occur over time can further complicate the
task of distinguishing certain types of businesses and can
undermine the precision of the measures. The outsourcing
of domestic manufacturing operations to foreign countries—
often because of relatively low foreign labor costs— has
given rise to a class of wholesalers whose business differs
from the traditional form of wholesale operation. These “own
brand importer-marketers” are essentially manufacturing
firms that have shifted their production overseas. Their ac-
tivity is included in the wholesale sector because they are
primarily engaged in importing and distributing their prod
ucts. Unlike a traditional wholesaler, however, an own brand
importer-marketer typically engages in many of the same ac
tivities as would a manufacturer. They are involved in prod
uct development or acquisition; obtaining patents and trade
marks; licensing the manufacture of the products abroad;
and advertising and marketing the product to a degree not
characteristic of wholesalers.22 Overall, own brand importermarketers make up a small share of wholesale trade (3.4 per
cent of wholesale trade sales in 1997), but they represent a
significant share of wholesale trade imports. They account
for the majority of imports in certain wholesale industries.
For example, in 1997, own brand importer-marketers made up
more than 80 percent of imported wholesale motor vehicles
and automotive parts and supplies, and more than 11 percent
of total sales in the industry.
Wholesale trade productivity trends
The 3.4-percent annual increase in wholesale trade labor
productivity from 1990 to 2000 resulted from annual out
put growth of 4.7 percent and labor hours growth of 1.2
percent. (See table 1 and chart 1.) Productivity growth
rates varied substantially across the sector, rising 5.6 per
cent per year in the durable-goods wholesale trade major
group but only 0.7 percent per year in nondurable-goods
wholesale trade. More than 80 percent of wholesale
trade’s productivity growth occurred in three durable
goods industries: 42 percent can be attributed to profes-
1 A n n u a l p e r c e n t c h a n g e in o u t p u t p e r h o u r a n d r e la t e d s e r ie s :
iy y u - y o , a n a
S IC
code
W h o le s a le t r a d e in d u s t r ie s , 1 9 9 0 - 2 0 0 0 ,
ly y o - z u u u
In d u stry
2000
E m p lo y
1990-2000
m ent
(th o u
O u tp u t
O u tp u t
sands) per hour
A n n u a l p e rc e n t c h a n g e
1 9 9 5 -2 0 0 0
1990-9 5
H ours
O u tp u t
per hour
O u tp u t
Hours
O u tp u t
per hour
O u tp u t
Hours
W h o le s a le tr a d e
50,51
Wholesale tra d e ......................
7,290
3.4
4.7
1.2
2.7
3.5
.7
4.0
5.8
1.7
4,337
5.6
7.1
1.4
4.9
5.6
.6
6.3
8.6
2.2
540
3.3
4.6
1.2
2.8
4.6
1.7
3.8
4.6
.8
W h o le s a le d u r a b le g o o d s
50
501
502
503
504
505
506
507
508
509
Wholesale durable g o o d s .....
Motor vehicles and auto
motive parts and supplies ...
Furniture and home
fu rn is h in g s ............................
Lumber and other
construction m a terials.........
Professional and commercial
equipment and sup plies.......
Metals and minerals, except
pe troleu m ..............................
Electrical g o o d s ......................
Hardware and plumbing and
heating equipment and
s u p plies..................................
Machinery, equipment and
s u p plies..................................
Miscellaneous durable
goods .....................................
187
1.2
3.0
1.7
1.7
2.0
.3
.8
4.0
3.2
302
-1 .7
.6
2.4
-3 .3
-2 .0
1.4
-.1
3.3
3.4
976
17.1
19.5
2.0
16.0
15.9
-.1
18.3
23.3
4.2
165
599
-.9
9.2
.7
11.0
1.6
1.7
-1 .0
8.6
-.1
9.0
.9
.4
- .8
9.8
1.5
13.1
2.3
3.0
326
1.7
2.8
1.1
1.8
2.6
.8
1.6
3.0
1.4
871
2.4
3.0
.5
1.6
1.3
-.3
3.3
4.6
1.3
372
3.9
4.9
.9
2.3
4.8
2.5
5.6
5.0
-.6
2,953
277
.7
2.2
1.7
2.9
1.0
.7
.2
2.4
1.1
3.0
0.9
0.5
1.2
1.9
2.3
2.8
1.1
.9
263
2.3
5.5
3.1
2.7
4.0
1.2
1.9
7.1
5.1
233
1.3
2.3
1.0
-2 .0
.2
2.2
4.6
4.5
-.1
988
105
.6
3.7
2.0
1.3
1.3
-2 .4
.9
2.3
2.0
.7
1.1
-1 .6
.4
5.1
2.0
1.9
1.6
-3.1
168
-.6
1.1
1.8
.0
1.3
1.3
-1 .3
.9
2.2
156
-.1
-2 .4
-2 .3
2.1
-2 .4
-4 .4
-2 .2
-2 .4
-.2
165
.1
1.2
1.1
-1 .3
-.9
.4
1.5
3.3
1.8
598
.3
1.4
1.1
-2 .0
.2
2.3
2.7
2.6
-.1
W h o le s a le n o n d u r a b le g o o d s
51
511
512
513
514
515
516
517
518
519
Wholesale nondurable goods ..
Paper and paper products....
Drugs, drug proprietaries, and
druggists’ sun dries...............
Apparel, piece goods, and
n o tio n s ...................................
Groceries and related
p ro d u c ts .................................
Farm-product raw materials ...
Chemicals and allied
p ro d u c ts .................................
Petroleum and petroleum
p ro d u c ts .................................
Beer, wine, and distilled
alcoholic beverages.............
Miscellaneous nondurable
goods .....................................
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Monthly Labor Review
December 2002
7
Wholesale Trade Productivity
Chart 1. Labor productivity (output per hour), output, and hours in wholesale trade, 1990-2000
(In d e x e s, 1 9 9 0 = 1 0 0 )
(In d e x e s, 1 9 9 0 = 1 00 )
160
150
140
130
120
110
100
90
sional and commercial equipment and supplies; 24 percent
to electrical goods; and 15 percent to motor vehicles and
autom otive parts and supplies.23 (See table 2.) While
these three industries are relatively advanced in the whole
sale trade sector in terms of technological and managerial
T a b l e 2.
W h o le s a le t r a d e s e c to r g r o w th in la b o r
p r o d u c t iv it y a n d in d u s tr y c o n tr ib u t io n s , 1 9 9 0 2000 (a n n u a l p e rc e n t c h a n g e a n d p e rc e n t
c h a n g e c o n t r ib u t io n s )
SIC
code
50, 51
501
502
503
504
505
506
507
508
509
511
512
513
514
515
516
517
518
519
Industry
Wholesale tra d e ...........................................................
Motor vehicles and automotive parts and supplies.....
Furniture and home fu rn is h in g s.................................
Lumber and other construction m a te ria ls.................
Professional and commercial equipment and
s u p p lie s .....................................................................
Metals and minerals, except petroleum ....................
Electrical g o o d s ...........................................................
Hardware and plumbing and heating equipment and
s u p p lie s .......................................................................
Machinery, equipment and supplies...........................
Miscellaneous durable goods......................................
Paper and paper p ro d u cts..........................................
Drugs, drug proprietaries, and druggists’ sundries ..
Apparel, piece goods, and no tions............................
Groceries and related p ro d u cts.................................
Farm-product raw m aterials.........................................
Chemicals and allied products....................................
Petroleum and petroleum products............................
Beer, wine, and distilled alcoholic b e verag es..........
Miscellaneous nondurable go ods...............................
O utput
per
hour
3.4
.5
.0
-.1
1.4
.0
.8
.0
.2
.1
.1
.1
.0
.1
.1
.0
-.1
.0
.0
note: The sum of the annual percent change contributions for individual
industries is approximately equal to the annual percent change for the
sector.
8 Monthly Labor Review
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
December 2002
innovation, rapid growth in the high-tech products handled
in two of them—wholesale professional and commercial
equipment and supplies and wholesale electrical goods—
has a substantial effect on these two industries’ output
and productivity growth, as well as that of the durable
goods major group and overall wholesale trade.
Durable-goods wholesale trade. The durable goods whole
sale major group includes firms that buy and sell many of the
high-tech products that were in such high demand during the
1990s. Productivity in the group of industries increased 5.6
percent per year, reflecting output growth of 7.1 percent per
year and annual hours growth of 1.4 percent. Seven of the
nine industries in the durable-goods wholesale trade group
recorded productivity increases during the period.
The most rapid productivity increase among all wholesale
trade industries, 17.1 percent per year, occurred in the profes
sional and commercial equipment and supplies industry. Out
put expanded at a rate of 19.5 percent per year, while hours
increased at a rate of only 2 percent per year. A substantial
portion of output growth in the industry can be attributed to
particular goods. Computer equipment and supplies made up
60 percent of industry sales in 1997, up from 48 percent in
1987. Demand for these products was increasing during the
1990s, as they became business and household staples by
the end of the decade. The industry also ranked third in all of
wholesale trade (second in the major group) in percentage of
sales made via e-commerce.24
The electrical goods wholesale industry had the second
highest rate of productivity growth from 1990-2000,9.2 per
cent per year. Output in the industry grew 11 percent per
year, while labor hours increased 1.7 percent per year. The
industry includes high-tech products such as semiconduc
tors and cellular phone parts and equipment that were in heavy
production and high demand during the period. Reflecting
sales of these high-tech products, industry sales jumped to
$370 billion in 2000 from $ 139 billion in 1990—an increase of
165 percent.
Productivity in the motor vehicle and automotive parts and
supplies industry increased at a rate of 3.3 percent per year
from 1990-2000 as output increased 4.6 percent per year and
labor hours increased 1.2 percent per year. During this period,
the industry experienced much change due in large part to
overhauls in the automobile manufacturing industry. Auto
mobile manufacturers led the way in implementing a just-intime delivery strategy, effectively forcing wholesalers in the
industry to do the same.25 This management strategy encour
aged the use of inventory sharing and supplier-managed in
ventory for seamless ordering and delivery scheduling. Also
encouraging the use of inventory sharing between trading
partners in the industry is the composition of the industry.
The motor vehicle and automotive parts and supplies indus
try is one of only two wholesale industries in which manufac
turers’ sales branches and offices ( msbos ) have greater sales
than merchant wholesalers. This is especially the case in the
motor vehicles portion of the industry where msbo sales were
more than $142 billion higher than those of merchant whole
salers. In 2000, 20 percent of all industry sales were e-com
merce transactions, 99.6 percent of which were completed over
e d i formats.
Nondurable-goods wholesale trade. Labor productivity in
the nondurable-goods wholesale trade group rose 0.7 percent
per year on average during the 1990s, quite weak relative to
that in durable-goods wholesale trade. While the increase in
labor hours of 1 percent per year was somewhat lower than the
rate in durable goods wholesale, the average annual output
growth of 1.7 percent was far lower. Just as in the durable
goods group, productivity growth rates varied substantially
among nondurable goods wholesale industries. Unlike
durables, however, there were no nondurable goods indus
tries with especially rapid productivity increases.
Productivity increased over the period in seven of the nine
nondurable-goods industries. The most rapid increase, 3.7
percent per year, occurred in the wholesale farm-product raw
materials industry. Although industry output grew at a mod
est 1.3 percent per year, this growth was achieved in combina
tion with average annual declines in employment and labor
hours (2.1 and 2.4 percent, respectively). Farm-product raw
materials are heavily tied to exports. In 1997, 39 percent of
industry sales represented sales to exporters, the highest pro
portion of export sales among the 3-digit sic wholesale indus
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
tries. Agricultural products exports are strongly influenced
by economic conditions abroad.
Wholesale farm-product raw materials is one of the indus
tries for which Census data indicate a clear shift toward con
solidation and increasing concentration during the period
studied. Between 1987 and 1997, the number of firms in the
industry dropped to 6,994 from 9,084—a decline of 23 percent.
In addition, the proportion of industry sales accounted for by
the largest firms increased considerably: the share of sales
attributable to the 8 largest firms increased to 34.8 percent
from 25.9 percent, and the share attributable to the 50 largest
firms rose to 54.8 percent from 44.8 percent. The employment
decline in the industry kept pace with the consolidation of
firms and establishments. Rather than seeing an increase in
the average employment size of each establishment, the aver
age establishment size remained constant at about 10 employ
ees per establishment throughout the period.
The most rapid output growth over the 1990-2000 period in
nondurable-goods wholesale trade occurred in drugs, drug
proprietaries, and druggists’ sundries. Output in this industry
increased at an average annual rate of 5.5 percent between
1990 and 2000. This industry also recorded the most rapid
increase in labor input in the wholesale trade sector—horns
rose at an annual average rate of 3.1 percent, reflecting strong
employment growth of 3.2 percent per year. The combination
of strong output and labor input growth resulted in productiv
ity growth of 2.3 percent per year.
The drug-wholesaling industry underwent rapid expansion
over the period studied. From 1987 to 1997, the number of
establishments operating in the industry increased by 64 per
cent. Increasing concentration in the industry over this pe
riod is well documented; it generally followed a pattern
whereby a single drug-wholesaling firm acquired another firm
and, over time, several firms.26 The proportion of sales ac
counted for by the eight largest firms in the industry increased
to 40.3 percent in 1997, up from 30.5 percent in 1987. The
proportion of sales accounted for by the 20 largest firms in
creased to 65.4 percent from 51.8 percent.
The moderate productivity growth in drug wholesaling is
surprising given the pace of expansion in the industry and the
degree to which drug wholesalers have adopted technologi
cally advanced inputs and processes. For example, merchant
wholesalers in the drugs, drug proprietaries, and druggists’
sundries industry had, by far, the highest proportion of sales
occurring through e-commerce channels in the wholesale sec
tor in 2000—nearly 40 percent.27 However, this industry was
also one of the first to invest in high-tech equipment and adopt
advanced processes. Many of the largest gains from these
investments and process changes may have been realized in
the past.
The increased concentration occurring in drug wholesal
ing during the 1990s might be expected to lead to strong labor
Monthly Labor Review
December 2002
9
Wholesale Trade Productivity
productivity growth as inefficient firms dissolve or are ab
sorbed by larger, more efficient firms. In his study of consoli
dation in the drug wholesaling industry, however, Adam J.
Fein points out that consolidation in this industry occurred
mainly through a small number of firms acting as “consolidat
ing agents.”28 The acquiring firms did not necessarily pos
sess a clear efficiency advantage over the firms they acquired.
In addition, cost and efficiency disadvantages can arise when
companies are combined, as business organization becomes
more complex and differing corporate structures and cultures
are merged.29
Was there a productivity speedup
in wholesale trade?
Many industries experienced accelerating productivity
growth during the second half of the 1990s. This was re
flected at the economy-wide level in a speedup of businesssector productivity growth—to a 2.6-percent rate of increase
in the 1995-2000 period from 1.5 percent in 1990-95. Produc
tivity growth also accelerated in the wholesale trade sector in
the second half of the 1990s, and a substantial share of the
overall productivity acceleration has been attributed to whole
sale trade.30
Wholesale trade productivity growth expanded to a rate of
4 percent per year in the second half of the decade, up from 2.7
percent per year in the first half—a 1.3-percentage-point in
crease. This slightly exceeded the 1.2-percentage-point
speedup in manufacturing productivity, but was surpassed
by the 1.6-percentage-point productivity acceleration in the
retail trade sector.
Both durable-goods and nondurable-goods wholesale
trade had faster productivity growth in the latter half of the
1990s than in the earlier half. In durable-goods wholesale,
productivity growth was more rapid and the acceleration
somewhat larger, increasing to a 6.3-percent average rate from
a 4.9-percent rate. (See chart 2.) In nondurable-goods whole
sale, productivity growth rose to a 1.2-percent average rate
from a 0.2-percent rate. (See chart 3.)
Among the component industries of the wholesale trade
sector, occurrences of a productivity acceleration from 199095 to 1995-2000 were mixed. Only 9 of the 18 wholesale trade
industries had more rapid productivity increases in the later
period than in the earlier one. In addition, two wholesale
Chart 2. Annual percent change in labor productivity: wholesale trade, durable-goods wholesale, and
component industries, 1990-95 and 1995-2000
(Annual percent change)
5
10
15
20
5
10
15
20
Total wholesale trade
Total durable-goods wholesale
Motor vehicles, auto parts, supplies
Furniture and home furnishings
Lumber and other construction materials
Professional & commercial equipment & supplies
Metals & minerals, except petroleum
Electrical goods
Hardware, plumbing & heating equipment
Machinery, equipment and supplies
Miscellaneous durable goods
10 Monthly Labor Review
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
(Annual percent change)
December 2002
industries with productivity declines from 1990 to 1995 had
lower rates of productivity decline in the 1995-2000 period.
On the other hand, seven wholesale trade industries had
poorer productivity performance in the second half of the
1990s compared to the first half.
While accelerating productivity growth throughout the
1990s was somewhat more common among industries in the
durable-goods wholesale trade group, both durable-goods
wholesale and nondurable-goods wholesale industries made
significant contributions to the speedup. Industries handling
high-tech products played a role in the speedup, but ac
counted for only about a third of the overall growth rate in
crease. Productivity growth in electrical goods increased 1.2
percentage points in the latter period relative to the first half
of the decade, and professional and commercial equipment
and supplies had a 2.3-percentage-point acceleration. Other
durable-goods wholesale industries with significant produc
tivity growth increases in the second half of the 1990s were
motor vehicles and automotive parts and supplies (1 percent
age point); machinery, equipment and supplies (1.7 percent
age points); and miscellaneous durable goods (3.3 percent
age points). In the lumber and other construction materials
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
industry, a productivity decline of 0.1 percent per year from
1995 to 2000 represented a significant improvement over the
3.3-percent-per-year decline the industry recorded in the ear
lier period. By providing a smaller offset to the sector’s pro
ductivity growth in the latter half of the 1990s, this industry
also had a part in the overall productivity acceleration.
In the nondurable-goods wholesale trade group, the ap
parel, piece goods, and notions industry had the largest ab
solute increase in productivity growth in the second half of
the 1990s—following a 2-percent-per-year productivity de
cline in the earlier period, productivity in the industry in
creased at a 4.6-percent rate in the later period, an overall
increase of 6.6 percentage points. Similarly, miscellaneous
nondurable goods increased 2.7 percent per year in the 19952000 period, following a 2-percent-per-year decline in the first
half of the 1990s—a 4.7-percentage-point difference. Signifi
cant improvements in productivity growth over the decade
also occurred in farm-product raw materials wholesale and
beer, wine, and distilled alcoholic beverages wholesale (fol
lowing a decline in the earlier period); both industries had
productivity growth rate increases of 2.8 percentage points
relative to their 1990-95 growth rates.
Monthly Labor Review
December 2002
11
Wholesale Trade Productivity
Measurement of labor productivity and unit labor costs for wholesale trade industries
Indexes of output per hour (labor productiv
ity) for wholesale trade industries are calcu
lated by dividing an index of real output by
an index of total hours of all workers in the
industry. Indexes of real output are derived
by removing price change from (deflating)
total sales or revenues. Indexes of total hours
are calculated as the product of employment
and average weekly hours.
Data on industry sales for wholesale trade
industries are published by the Bureau of the
Census. For economic census years, total in
dustry sales are published, by commodity
line, for three categories of wholesalers: mer
ch ant w holesalers, m an u factu rers’ sales
branches and offices ( m s b o s ), and agents and
brokers. Sales by agents and brokers are ad
justed to remove the value of sales, other than
their fees, for which agents and brokers do
not take ownership. Total sales reported in
clude sales between establishm ents within
the industry. Data are reported on sales be
tween wholesale establishments by industry.
These sales (sales between wholesale estab
lishments) are netted out of the total sales by
industry. The sales of wholesale trade estab
lishments to other wholesalers are assumed
to occur within industries and not across 3digit sic wholesale trade industries.
For inter-census years, annual industry
sales data are published for merchant whole
salers only. After deflation of sales of mer
chant wholesalers, real output of m s b o s and
agents and brokers is estimated based on an
extrapolation of the change in real output of
the commodities produced by manufacturers.
The real output of all wholesalers is adjusted
for changes in intra-industry sales. The ad
justm ent is based on a linear interpolation of
the intra-industry sales between two eco
nomic census years.
12 Monthly Labor Review
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
December 2002
Deflators for the wholesale trade industries
are developed by the Bureau of Economic
Analysis (BEA). These deflators are derived as
a weighted combination of price indexes. The
price indexes are b l s producer price indexes
( p p is ) matching the commodities sold in the in
dustry and b l s import price indexes. Weights
are commodity line sales by merchant wholesal
ers, which are published every 5 years in the
Census of Wholesale Trade. These weights are
supplemented with import data from the b e a
Input/Output tables.
Indexes of labor input, that is total hours of
all workers, are derived from data on employ
ment and average weekly hours. Data on em
ployment for all employees and average weekly
hours for all nonsupervisory workers are ob
tained from the Current Employment Statistics
(CES) survey. Employment and average weekly
hours for all self-employed and unpaid family
workers are obtained from the Current Popula
tion Survey (CPS). Average weekly hours of su
pervisory workers are assumed to be constant
from year to year. No adjustments are made to
the indexes of total hours to account for the
changing composition of the workforce arising
from shifts in the amount of education and expe
rience. ( b l s does produce labor composition
measures for the business and nonfarm busi
ness sectors.)
Indexes of unit labor costs are computed as
the ratio of current dollar total compensation to
the index of real output. Compensation is total
payroll plus all supplemental payments paid by
the firm. Total compensation is reported for eco
nomic census years in the Census of Wholesale
Trade. Annual payroll is reported by the b l s
Covered Employment and Wage Program (com
monly referred to as the e s - 2 0 2 program). An
nual supplements for non-census years are esti
mated using ratios of payroll to compensation
derived from the Census of Wholesale trade.
Notes
1 U .S . I n d u s tr y a n d T rade O u tlo o k , 2 0 0 0 , (The McGraw-Hill
Companies and the U.S. Department o f Commerce), Chapter 41,
W holesale Trade.
2 Unpublished B LS data show that real capital services per hour of
labor input (the capital-to-labor ratio) was substantially higher in the
wholesale trade sector than in the retail trade sector during the period
studied. In addition, the capital-to-labor ratio grew nearly three times
as rapidly from 1990 to 2000 in wholesale trade as in retail trade (a
7.6-percent annual rate in wholesale vs. 2.6 percent in retail) and
twice as rapidly over the long-term period from 1970 though 2000 (a
6-percent annual rate in wholesale vs. 3 percent in retail).
3 Jack E. Triplett and Barry P. Bosworth, “Productivity in the
Services Sector.” Paper prepared for American Economic Associa
tion, session on Productivity in Services, Boston, M A, January 9,
2000, p.6; McKinsey Global Institute, U .S . P r o d u c t i v i t y G r o w th ,
1 9 9 5 - 2 0 0 0 , section on Wholesale Trade, on the Internet at: http:/
/ W W W . m ck in se y .co m /k n o w led g e/m g i/fe a tu r e/in d c x . asp.
Data
on investment in high-tech equipment by industry can be found in
Belinda Bonds and Tim Aylor, “Investment in New Structures and
Equipment in 1992 by Using Industries,” S u r v e y o f C u r r e n t B u s i
n e ss (Bureau o f Economic Analysis, December 1998), pp. 2 6 -5 1 .
4 See William Gullickson and Michael J. Harper, “Bias in aggre
gate productivity trends revisited,” M o n th ly L a b o r R e v ie w , March
2 0 0 2 , pp. 3 2 -4 0 . Data supporting this article show that the
wholesale trade sector contributed significantly to the growth in
multifactor productivity for the private business sector.
5 BLS R e le a s e s N e w S e r ie s o n P r o d u c tiv ity a n d C o s ts in W h ole
s a le T ra d e I n d u s tr ie s , 1 9 9 0 - 2 0 0 0 , u s d l 0 2 -3 4 7 (U.S. Department
o f Labor), June 20, 2002.
6 The industry productivity data in this article are based on the
Standard Industrial Classification (SIC) system. Beginning with the
next annual update in 2003, which will incorporate 2001 data, the
industry series will be based on the North American Industry Clas
sification System (NA IC S).
7 Don E. Sherman, “The Role of the Wholesaler Distributor,” IBM
Wholesale Distribution Reference Room, January 12, 1998, on the
Internet
at:
http ://w h olesaledistrib ution.services.ibm .com /
W D R efR oo m. ns f/W h iteP a p ers.
8 Stephen Brown, R e vo lu tio n a t th e C h eck o ut C o u n ter (Harvard
University Press, 1997). See the Introduction by John T. Dunlop
and Jan Rivkin, pages 1 1 -1 3 . The comments describe effects in
retail trade, but in many cases, they apply equally well to the
wholesale trade sector.
9 See, for example, McKinsey Global Institute, U .S. P ro d u c tiv
ity G r o w th , 1 9 9 5 —2 0 0 0 .
counting framework designed to track products as they are pur
chased, held in inventory, and finally sold, the authors dem on
strate that such a firm can realize substantial productivity gains
through careful management o f inventories. They conclude that
such “productivity gains are made possible by the computer revo
lution which allows a firm to track accurately its purchases and
sales of inventory items and to use the latest software to minimize
inventory holding costs.”
14 Adam J. Fein, Michael J. Skinner, and James Solodar, “The
Promise and Peril of Online Exchanges,” M odern D istr ib u tio n M a n
agem en t, Vol. 29, No. 3, December 10, 1999, on the Internet at:
h t t p : / / w w w .p e m b r o k e c o n s u l t i n g . c o m / p d f s / P r o m i s e P e r il.p d f.
15 2 0 0 0 E -c o m m e rc e M u lti- s e c to r R e p o rt (U .S. Departm ent o f
Commerce, Census Bureau), March 18, 2002, available through
the E-stats inform ation page, on the Internet at: h ttp ://
w w w .cen su s.gov/eos/w w w /eb u sin ess6l4.h tm . According to the
report, which covers only merchant wholesalers, 7.7 percent o f
merchant w holesalers’ sales in overall wholesale trade in 2000
were made using electronic channels. Nearly 90 percent o f these
electonic sales were made over E D I systems. The start-up costs of
installing E D I systems are substantial. In the wholesale sector,
where small firms predominate, it may be the case that only the
largest firms (those with the widest geographic reach) would ben
efit enough from installing such a system to justify the cost.
16 Adam J. Fein, “Understanding Consolidation: What are the
Triggers?” J u s t-I n -T im e (Industrial Distribution Association, September/October 1997).
17 Results o f this study are discussed in the U .S . In d u s try a n d
The study, by the Distribution Research and
Education Foundation o f the National Association o f WholesalerDistributors, is titled C o n so lid a tio n in W holesale D is tr ib u tio n : U n
Trade O u tlook, 2 0 0 0 .
d e r s ta n d in g I n d u s tr y C h a n g e.
18 In his discussion o f the wholesale trade industry in the U .S.
In d u stry a n d Trade O u tlook, Adam J. Fein notes: “To some extent,
the low level o f concentration reflects the fact that com petition
among wholesaler-distributors typically occurs in geographically
distinct markets. A wholesaler-distributor can dominate one re
gion o f the country yet account for a very small proportion o f
national sales.” U .S . In d u s try a n d T rade O u tlo o k , 2000.
19 Robert L. Steiner, “A dual-stage view o f the consumer goods
econom y,” J o u r n a l o f E c o n o m ic Issu es, March 2001.
20 Greg Girard, “The e-Changing Face o f Wholesale Distribu
tio n ,” S u p p ly C h a in M a n a g e m e n t R e v ie w , Fall 1999, pp. 1 7 -2 0 .
21 U .S . In d u s try a n d Trade O u tlo o k , 2000.
10 2 0 0 0 E-commerce M u lti-sector Report (U.S. Department of Com
merce, Census Bureau), March 18, 2002, available through the E-stats
information page, on the Internet at: http://w w w .census.gov/eos/
w w w /eb u sin ess6 14.htm .
22 Robert L. Steiner, “The ‘Own-Brand Marketer’ Debuts in the
1997 Census,” R e v ie w o f I n d u s tr ia l O r g a n iz a tio n , Volume 12, Is
sues 5 -6 (Kluwer Academic Publishers, December 1997), pp. 8 0 9 816.
11 Buddy Bradford, “The Route Delivery Problem,” IBM Whole
sale D istribution Reference Room, Decem ber 6, 1999, on the
Internet at: h ttp ://w h o le sa le d istr ib u tio n .se rv ic es.ib m .co m /
W D R ef R oom , ns f/W h ite P apers.
23 The industry contributions to productivity growth in the whole
sale trade sector are calculated as the exponential o f the difference
between the year-to-year weighted changes in the logarithms o f the
industry output indexes and the year-to-year weighted changes in the
logarithms of the industry hours indexes. The weights used for the
industry output indexes are the average industry share (over the 2
years for which the change in output is derived) of the total sales for
the wholesale trade sector. The weights used for the industry hours
indexes are the average industry share (over the 2 years for which the
change in hours is derived) of the total hours for the wholesale trade
sector. Average industry contributions over various time periods are
derived by chaining together the year-to-year contributions to form
12 Rick Bushnell, “ Typical Distributor Inventory Before and
After Electronic Commerce,” IB M W holesale Distribution Refer
ence Room, December 6, 1999.
13 See W. Erwin Diewert and Ann Marie Smith, “Productivity
Measurement for a Distribution Firm,” National Bureau o f Eco
nomic Research, N B E R Working Paper Series, Working Paper no.
4812, July 1994. Using data from a distribution firm and an ac
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Monthly Labor Review
December 2002
13
Wholesale Trade Productivity
an index. The average annual percent change in this index over a
given period represents the average industry contribution over the
period.
24 2 0 0 0 E -c o m m e rc e M u lti- s e c to r R e p o rt (U .S. Department o f
Commerce, Census Bureau).
25 See Susan Helper, “Com plim entarity and Cost Reduction:
Evidence from the Auto Supply Industry,” N B E R Working Paper
No. 6033. The author describes how U.S. automakers adopted the
Japanese idea that their suppliers ought to be a source o f continu
ous incremental cost reductions.
26 Adam J. Fein, “Understanding evolutionary processes in non
manufacturing industries.”
27 2 0 0 0 E -c o m m e rc e M u lti- s e c to r R e p o r t (U .S. Department o f
Commerce, Census Bureau).
28 Adam J. Fein, “Understanding evolutionary processes in non
manufacturing industries.”
29 See Konstanze K inne, “E fficiencies in Merger A n alysis,”
I n te r e c o n o m ic s , Novem ber-D ecem ber 1999 (1 9 9 9 /0 6 ), Hamburg
Institute o f International Economics (H W W A ), on the Internet at:
h ttp ://w w w .h w w a .d e /P u b lik a tio n e n /I n te r e c o n o m ic s / 1 9 9 9 /
ie_ d o cs 19 9 9 /ie 9 9 0 6 -k in n e .h tm .
30 McKinsey Global Institute, U .S. P ro d u c tiv ity G row th , 1 9 9 5 2000.
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14 Monthly Labor Review
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
December 2002
Baseball Negotiations
Baseball negotiations:
a new agreem ent
The 2002 collective bargaining agreement between Major
League Baseball s owners and players may result in almost
a billion dollars moving from high- to low-revenue teams
over 4 years; a new luxury tax threshold was established,
minimum salaries were increased, and random drug testing
for steroids was adopted on an experimental basis
Paul D. Staudohar
Paul D. Staudohar is
professor of business
administration,
School of Business
and Economics,
California State
University, Hayward,
California.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
he modem history of collective bargaining
in baseball is replete with work stoppages.
Since 1972, every round of negotiations
between Major League Baseball’s owners and
players has produced either a strike or a lockout.
That year’s baseball season began with a 13-day
spring-training strike. The 1973 season saw an
18-day lockout, also during spring training.
Problems continued in 1976 with a 17-game
spring-training lockout, in 1980 with an 8-day
spring-training strike, in 1981 with a 50-day
midseason strike, in 1985 with a 2-day midseason
strike, and in 1990 with a 32-day spring-training
lockout. Then came the big 1994-95 strike, the
longest ever in professional sports, lasting a total
of 232 days. Exhibit 1 summarizes these events
and the main issues that were in contention
between the parties.
Prior to the 1972 strike, in 1966, Marvin Miller
was hired as the first full-time director of the
Major League Baseball Players Association. He
came from the Steelworkers Union and brought a
new approach to player negotiations. Instead of
adopting the paternalism of the past, Miller used
a more traditional trade union approach, con
fronting the owners with demands and backing
them up with power.
Miller’s big breakthrough occurred on free
agency. Since the late 19th century, a reserve clause
T
in players’ contracts stipulated that the club to
which a player belonged controlled the right to that
player, unless he was sold, traded, or released. In
what economists call a monopsony, there was only
one buyer of a player’s services. This arrangement
kept players’ salaries low.
In 1970, Curt Flood challenged the reserve
clause after he was traded from the St. Louis
Cardinals to the Philadelphia Phillies. He refused
to report to the Phillies and filed a lawsuit against
Major League Baseball on antitrust grounds,
claiming that his freedom in the labor market was
restricted by the reserve clause. The U.S. Supreme
Court mled against Flood in 1972, because its
earlier 1922 precedent gave baseball an exemption
from the antitmst law. So Flood lost, but his
lawsuit stirred the pot for future challenges.
A couple of years later, Jim “Catfish” Hunter
of the Oakland Athletics agreed with club owner
Charles O. Finley that $50,000, half of Hunter’s
1974 salary, would be placed into an insurance
trust. Back in 1970, the farsighted Miller had
negotiated a provision for arbitrating the players’
grievances with the owners. When Finley failed
to pay the $50,000 in a timely fashion, the union
filed a grievance that was submitted to arbitration
under the collective bargaining agreement.
Arbitrator Peter Seitz found that Finley had
breached Hunter’s contract. After Seitz declared
Monthly Labor Review
December 2002
15
Baseball Negotiations
Exhibit 1.
Baseball work stoppages, 1972 to present
Year
Type
When
Main issue
Length
1972................
1973................
1976................
1980................
1981................
1985................
1990................
1994-95 .........
Strike
Lockout
Lockout
Strike
Strike
Strike
Lockout
Strike
Spring training
Spring training
Spring training
Spring training
Midseason
Midseason
Spring training
Midseason
Benefit plan
Contract
Free agency
Free agency
Free agency
Salary arbitration
Salary arbitration
Salary cap
13 days
18 days1
17 days
8 days
50 days
2 days2
32 days3
232 days
1 Owners delayed opening training camps, so no games were lost.
2 Twenty-five games that were lost were made up at the end of
the season.
3 Seventy-eight games that were lost were rescheduled. The
regular season started 1 week late.
Hunter a free agent, Hunter signed a 5-year contract with the
New York Yankees for $3.75 million, showing the salary clout
that a free agent had in the labor market.
In 1975, another case went before arbitrator Seitz. This
case was even more important, because it was a direct assault
on the reserve clause. Andy Messersmith of the Los Angeles
Dodgers and Dave McNally of the Baltimore Orioles had
both played for their clubs for a year without signing a
contract. When the case came before Seitz, he interpreted the
reserve clause to allow for only a 1-year rollover, declaring
Messersmith and McNally free agents.
This breaking of the reserve clause led to a 1977 agreement
between the union and M ajor League Baseball which
stipulated that players were eligible for free agency after 6
years. Subsequently, there have been work stoppages over
free agency (in 1980 and 1981), but the 6-year waiting period
continues to be applied.
Salary arbitration also has been a source of conflict.
Established in the 1973 collective bargaining agreement,
salary arbitration allows players with about 2.7 or more years
of major league experience to submit a final offer on their
salary for the coming year to an arbitrator. The club also
makes a final offer, and the arbitrator picks one of the two
salaries offered, which both the player and the club must
accept. Although salary arbitration itself has continued over
the years, disputes over its eligibility rules led to the 1985
and 1990 work stoppages.
Key aspects of negotiations
The negotiation process in baseball can be assessed in terms
o f four areas: (1) dividing up the revenue, (2) joint problem
solving, (3) constructive attitudes, and (4) intragroup
16 Monthly Labor Review
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
December 2002
S ource: Data from author’s files and Paul D. Staudohar, P la y in g
f o r D o lla rs : L a b o r R e la tio n s a n d th e S p o r ts B u sin e ss (Ithaca, n y ,
Cornell University Press, 1996), pp. 29-31, 45-51.
dynamics among the owners and the players.
D ividing revenue.
The biggest area for p o ten tial
disagreement is money: allocating the revenues that Major
League Baseball gets from gate receipts, broadcasting,
concessions, and other sources. Baseball is different from
industries like autos and telecom m unications in that
collective bargaining does not directly set wages for
employees. Instead, baseball salaries are determined by
individual negotiations between a player, usually represented
by an agent, and his team. But collective bargaining creates
benefits such as salary arbitration and free agency, which
influence the outcomes of individual negotiations.
How much money is there to share? Unlike other
industries, baseball and other sports are unique in that
financial data are not ordinarily available. A typical company
discloses data in quarterly reports, but most sports teams are
not publicly owned and are therefore not obligated to disclose
their finances. Still, a good idea of the overall financial health
of Major League Baseball can be determined.
About 40 percent of Major League Baseball’s revenues
come from broadcasting, mostly television. A 2001-06
agreement with Fox Television Network to broadcast games
increases Major League Baseball’s revenues by 45 percent
over the previous payment for the same package. Another 6year agreement with ESPN, which includes radio and Internet
rights, provides an even greater increase. The bottom line is
that each team is receiving national broadcasting revenues
of $ 18.6 million annually, an increase of about two-thirds over
the previous deals with the television networks.
Additional funds come from the sale of local broadcasting
rights. There is some revenue sharing among teams, but the
lion’s share is kept by the club. This arrangement causes a
rich-poor disparity. For example, the New York Yankees
received S52 million from local television revenues in 2001, while
several teams in smaller markets got less than one-tenth that
much. Notwithstanding the disparity, virtually all clubs are
getting more in local broadcasting money. Moreover, ticket
prices to games and attendance at stadiums are at high levels.
So, as the 2002 contract negotiations began, there was
plenty of money to be divided up—about $3.5 billion, much
more than the $1.7 billion available when the last work
stoppage occurred. A major cause of the 1994-95 strike was
the slicing o f national television revenues by more than half
as a result of an agreement with NBC and ABC that ill-advisedly
based revenues on advertising sales; also, ESPN reduced its
up-front money paid to Major League Baseball. This revenue
shortfall put particular pressure on small-market clubs that
were dependent on national television money. Naturally,
these clubs looked to collective bargaining for relief—a
remedy that increased the complexity o f the 1994-95
negotiations. With more money on the table in the 2002
negotiations, the small-market clubs were generally in better
shape financially than they had been and didn’t want to kill
the golden goose.
The disparity in high- and low-revenue teams means that
clubs like the Yankees can afford to pay players more because
o f the large amounts o f money those teams generate from
local television broadcasts. Wealthy teams attract better
players and are more likely to win games. Salaries are generally
high in baseball, averaging a record $2.4 million in 2002. The
multitalented Alex Rodriguez of the Texas Rangers earns $25
million a year. Also, players are now getting paid a greater
share of total revenue: 56 percent in 2001, compared with 38
percent in 1990 and 21 percent in 1975.1
Major League Baseball Commissioner Bud Selig claimed
that teams lost a total of $511 million in 2001 and that only
five teams made money. The problem with this statement is
that it refers to “accounting numbers,” not the actual value
of teams’ assets. As Major League Baseball’s Chief Operating
Officer Paul Beeston once said, “Under generally accepted
accounting principles, I can turn a $4 million profit into a $2
million loss and I can get every national accounting firm to
agree with me.”2A better indication of the value of baseball
franchises is what they are bought and sold for. Forbes
magazine estimates that the average value o f a team rose to
$233 million from $115 million in the 5 years from 1995 to
2000.3
Joint problem solving. Except for the recent cooperation
on antitrust matters, there has been no evidence of joint
problem solving in baseball. In the wake of the 1994-95 strike,
the parties agreed to seek a change in baseball’s exemption
from antitrust law. The bill they jointly proposed was passed
into law as the Curt Flood Act of 1998, named after the
aforementioned player who lost a 1972 court case trying to
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
get the exemption overturned. The new law removes
baseball’s antitrust exemption for purposes o f labor relations
only.4 This means that, in the event of a work stoppage, the
monopoly power o f major league baseball could be legally
challenged.
Although the Flood Act is admirable as an example of
labor-management cooperation, it does not provide much
help in preventing a work stoppage. The reason is that, in
order to sue on antitrust grounds, the players must first
decertify the union as their representative, but there is little
chance of that happening, because the union is indispensable
to the collective bargaining process. At best, the Act could
be used to prevent a stoppage from going on for a lengthy
period.
Constructive attitudes. Attitudes are another key factor in
negotiations. Both Marvin Miller and his successor, Donald
Fehr, have approached negotiations with the owners from a
sober, tough-minded vantage point. Meanwhile, the owners
have hired like-m inded negotiators o f their own, and
bargaining has become increasingly knotty.
There were high hopes that attitudes would be different this
time around. The beginning of informal bargaining talks in late
summer 2000 showed some promise. Fehr appeared to adopt a
more conciliatory approach. Similarly, the chief negotiators for
the owners, Beeston and attorney Rob Manfred, were more
inclined toward problem solving than doing battle. They realized
the importance of starting the negotiations early, thereby laying
a foundation for later agreement.
But these informal talks failed to ripen into substantive
understandings. First, Commissioner Selig’s views coincided
with those of baseball executive Sandy Alderson, who was
successful in defeating the umpires’ union in a confrontation
in 1999. Then, two other events also intervened to affect
attitudes. One was the September 11,2001, terrorist attacks,
and the other was the owners’ vote to contract the number of
baseball franchises.
A week before the terrorist attacks, the commissioner’s
office notified the union that the owners would seek changes
in the collective bargaining agreement that was due to expire
after the 2001 season. This notification, a formality that, under
the National Labor Relations Act, typically heralds the
opening of formal negotiations, does not necessarily mean
that formal talks will actually commence. Indeed, as it turned
out, an opportunity to begin serious discussion was lost.
With the Nation concentrating on more important things
than baseball after the terrorist attacks, it appeared that either
a quick settlement would be reached or negotiations would
be put off for a year by extending the current agreement.
However, neither of these alternatives was realistically
considered. Instead, on November 6,2001, the owners voted,
28 to 2, to eliminate two teams by the start of the 2002 season.
No teams were specified, but they were widely believed to be
Monthly Labor Review
December 2002
17
Baseball Negotiations
the Montreal Expos and the Minnesota Twins. In response
to the announcement of the contraction in the media, the
Major League Baseball Players Association filed a grievance,
and lawsuits were brought in Minnesota and Florida (whose
Tampa Bay Devil Rays and Florida Marlins might also be
affected by the contraction) protesting the owners’ intentions.
Whatever positive attitudes had been developing between
labor and management were shattered by the contraction
proposal. Negotiations began, but the talks broke down, and
the union continued to pursue its grievance to arbitration. The
lawsuit in Minnesota forestalled contraction for 2002. The
Twins were contractually obligated to play in the Metrodome
that year, and a county district court issued an injunction
against folding the team.
Intragroup dynamics. Although both the players and the
owners are far from united among themselves, historically the
players have held together better. In the past, negotiations have
faltered when the owners failed to come up with a unified
approach. By contrast, the players’ cohesiveness has helped
the union put up a united front at the bargaining table,
leading to impressive monetary and other gains.
On one issu e— co n tractio n — the ow ners show ed
solidarity, with the only two opposing votes coming from the
owners of the two franchises—Montreal and Minnesota—
that were slated to go. On a range of other issues, however,
such as revenue sharing, debt servicing, and whether a work
stoppage would be acceptable, interests diverged, and the
owners split into factions.
Four clubs—Atlanta, Los Angeles, Anaheim, and the
Chicago Cubs— are part of large corporations (AOL-Time
Warner, Rupert M urdoch’s NewsCorp., Disney, and the
Tribune Company, respectively). Other clubs, such as
Arizona, San Francisco, and Texas, are highly leveraged in
order to finance new ballparks and pay high salaries to
players. One group of owners, typically from smaller markets,
was closely aligned with Selig. Among these individuals were
David Glass from Kansas City, Drayton McLane from
Houston, John Moores from San Diego, and Carl Pohlad from
Minnesota.
One of Selig’s chief aims was to gain consensus among the
owners. If owners are trying to gain the attention of the media,
expressing different views, management’s effectiveness at the
bargaining table is undercut. For this reason, Selig indicated
that he was the only management spokesman on labor issues
and that any owner who spoke independently would be fined a
million dollars. (A similar gag rule was in effect in previous
negotiations.) When Boston Red Sox Chairman John
Harrington told the Boston Globe that there would not be
another work stoppage and that the current agreement might
be extended through 2002, Selig reportedly fined him “several
hundred thousand” dollars. He was not fined the full million
dollars because he convinced Selig that his comments were
18 Monthly Labor Review
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
December 2002
made before the commissioner’s edict was made known, but
were not printed until afterward.5 Recognizing the need to
give full support to Selig, the owners voted unanimously in
late 2000 to extend his contract as commissioner for 3 years,
through the end o f2006.
Issues
Having twice sparred over free agency and salary arbitration,
it was doubtful that the parties would go to the mat on these
issues. More likely to be a source of friction were the luxury
tax and revenue sharing, issues addressed in the report of
the Commissioner’s Blue Ribbon Panel in 2000. The panel,
consisting of former Federal Reserve Board Chairman Paul
Volcker, columnist George Will, former Senator George
Mitchell, and Yale President Richard Levin, studied the
economics of baseball for 18 months and produced a detailed
and comprehensive report that was of significant aid to
negotiations.
The luxury tax was a bone of contention in the 1994-95
strike. The owners had proposed a salary cap limiting team
payrolls (similar to caps that were adopted for basketball and
football). The players, naturally, wanted no part o f it. A
compromise was reached in the form of a luxury tax, penalizing
clubs with high payrolls by imposing a surcharge above a
certain amount and then distributing the tax revenues to
poorer clubs. The tax addresses baseball’s problem of wealthy
teams in big markets having a competitive edge over lowrevenue teams in smaller markets.
Experience has shown that the luxury tax had minimal
effect on deterring big-spending teams like the Yankees or
Dodgers from gobbling up attractive free agents. But the
system was in place, and the focus o f attention in the
negotiations was on whether and to what extent the tax
should be made more punitive.
Table 1 shows experience with the luxury tax under the
1995-2001 agreement. The tax was not applied for the 2000
and 2001 seasons, pursuant to the agreement. Under the initial
arrangement, the luxury tax was estimated on opening-day
payrolls, but the actual tax was based on final payrolls
computed in December. Therefore, teams were able to lower
the actual tax by trading or releasing players during the
season.
It is clear from the total luxury tax paid during the 3 years
listed in the table that even the Orioles and Yankees did not
pay much in tax. To have a deterrent effect on big-spending
clubs, the tax rate would have to be increased significantly.
The Commissioner’s Blue Ribbon Panel recommended raising
the rate from 34 percent in 1999 to 50 percent annually.
As regards revenue sharing, under the expired agreement
the owners contributed about 20 percent of their local revenue
to the revenue-sharing pool. The panel recommended that
owners increase these contributions to as much as 50 per-
■ L u x u ry ta x e s p a id , 1 9 9 7 -9 9
Year
Taxes paid
Total, 1997-99:
Baltimore O rioles..............................
New York Y ankees............................
Los Angeles D odgers.......................
Boston Red S o x ...............................
Cleveland Indians.............................
Atlanta B ra v e s ..................................
New York M ets...................................
Florida M arlins...................................
$10,643,897
9,919,651
2,712,672
2,205,960
2,065,496
1,795,582
1,137,992
139,607
1997:
New York Y ankees............................
Baltimore O rioles..............................
Cleveland Indians.............................
Atlanta B ra v e s ..................................
Florida M a rlins...................................
4,431,180
4,030,228
2,065,496
1,299,957
139,607
1998:
Baltimore O rioles..............................
Boston Red S o x ...............................
New York Y ankees............................
Atlanta B ra v e s ..................................
Los Angeles D odgers.......................
3,138,621
2,184,734
684,390
495,625
49,593
1999:
New York Y ankees............................
Baltimore O rioles..............................
Los Angeles D odgers.......................
New York M ets...................................
Boston Red S o x ...............................
4,804,081
3,475,048
2,663,079
1,137,992
21,226
S ources: Lo s A n ge le s Tim es, Dec. 26,1997, p. C2; N ew York Times,
May 4,1999, p. C30; San Francisco Exam iner, January 23,2000, p. D3.
cent. Local revenues are only part of the revenues shared,
but they include crucial sources such as local radio and
television monies, proceeds from ticket sales, and returns
from suite rentals, concessions, and parking.
The revenue-sharing issue is tied to contraction, in that if
low-income teams are eliminated, the richer teams would be
able to keep more o f their money. For instance, the Expos and
Twins each received nearly $20 million from revenue sharing.
Thus, if they were to disband, the other baseball owners
would reduce their revenue-sharing donations by $40 million.
They would also divide up the Expos’ and Twins’ receipts
from the national television agreement—$18.6 million per
team— and another $2 million per team from licensing and
merchandising revenues.6
The owners contemplated having a team salary cap similar
to what has existed for several years in basketball and
football. (Interestingly, about a hundred years ago, the
National League had an individual salary cap of $2,400 per
player.)7The cap means that each team is limited to paying all
of its players no more than a specified amount of payroll.8
Because the players were vehemently opposed to a cap and
a cap was not recommended by the Blue Ribbon Panel, it did
not become a focus of attention in negotiations.
The panel did recommend a salaryfloor. Some clubs with
low payrolls can afford to pay more. A salary floor would
require teams to be competitive in their payrolls. The panel
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
recommended that clubs have a payroll of at least $40 million
in order to receive money from revenue sharing. In 2001, the
Twins had the lowest payroll in baseball, $24 million; the next
lowest club was the Oakland Athletics, at $34 million.
The negotiations
Bargaining talks began on January 9, 2002, about 2 months
after the agreement expired. As expected, the owners brought
proposals on a luxury tax and revenue sharing to the table.
Commissioner Selig asked for a luxury tax of 50 percent on
payrolls in excess of $98 million. On revenue sharing, he
proposed that teams place 50 percent of their locally generated
revenue, after deductions for ballpark expenses, into a pool
that would then be distributed equally to all teams. These
proposals were consistent with what was recommended by
the Blue Ribbon Panel.
On February 13, 2002, the union rejected the owner’s
luxury tax proposal without making a counteroffer. Only a
small change (to 22 percent) was offered on revenue sharing.
Around this time, Bob DuPuy, Selig’s longtime personal
attorney, headed up the owners’ bargaining team, although
there was no doubt that the last word rested with Selig. Major
League Baseball attorney Rob Manfred continued to be part
of the management bargaining group. Assisting Don Fehr
was Gene Orza, the union’s attorney. The parties were meeting
only sporadically at this point, with little, if any, sense of
urgency.
About once a month during the talks, Selig made
announcements to the media, seeking to influence public
opinion in the owners’ favor. In late March, he said that there
would be no lockout during the 2002 season. Thus, if there
was a work stoppage, it would come from the players in the
form of a strike. The no-lockout pledge, however, was not
really a meaningful gesture, because a lockout during the
current season would not be a wise choice by the owners.
Some observers began to wonder what the owners might do
when the season was over.9 Selig next opined that unless the
current system were changed, six to eight teams were in
danger of folding, and that Major League Baseball teams
collectively were $4 billion in debt.10He then suggested that
baseball’s debt problems were so severe that one team might
stop paying its players and another might not be able to
finish the season.11
Independent research confirmed that the average Major
League Baseball team was $ 109 million in debt and was worth
$286 million, for a debt-to-value ratio of 38 percent (in contrast
to 25 percent for the National Football League and 34 percent
for the National Basketball Association), and that nine teams
had debt-to-value ratios above 50 percent.12These high-debt
teams could not afford a strike.
Even more effective in swaying public opinion than Selig’s
media effort was the negative publicity caused by some
Monthly Labor Review
December 2002
19
Baseball Negotiations
baseball players’ use of steroids to enhance their performance.
In a much-publicized article, former player Ken Caminiti revealed
that he had used steroids when he won the National League
Most Valuable Player Award in 1996 and that at least half of the
big-league players used them as well.13Another former player,
Jose Canseco, also admitted using steroids and thought that
some 85 percent of current players were doing so.
Earlier, Selig had proposed random testing not only for
steroids, but for other performance-enhancing drugs and
illegal drugs as well. After the controversy erupted, the union
leaders felt obligated to assess the players’ views, in order to
determine a consensus on testing. However, for a long time,
the union had insisted that such testing was an invasion of
privacy and would not be allowed under any circumstances,
a position that much of the public disagreed with. To make
matters worse for the union, Fehr was on the board of the
United States Olympic Committee, which strictly prohibits
performance-enhancing drugs.14Soon, public opinion, which
in the past had been more favorable toward the players,
shifted to a more evenhanded outlook.
In August, the union finally agreed to steroid testing on a
trial basis for 2003. It did not, however, agree to testing for
other performance-enhancing drugs or illegal drugs such as
cocaine. Although, as the old adage would have it, “better
late than never,” the agreement cost the union in the forum of
public opinion.
Another major issue on which agreement in principle was
reached was that of a worldwide draft of players. The National
Basketball Association and the National Hockey League have
long had global drafts, but Major League Baseball’s current
draft covered only players from the United States (including
Puerto Rico) and Canada, although foreign players attending
U.S. schools also were eligible. About half of the players in
the minor leagues are foreign bom .15 Without a global draft,
high-revenue teams, such as the Yankees and Red Sox, were
in a better position than low-revenue teams to sign the best
foreign players to free-agent contracts. A worldwide draft
levels the playing field, allowing low-revenue teams greater
access to the best players. The owners proposed that the
draft be 40 rounds, while the union wanted only 16 rounds.
Cuba was excluded from the draft.
The parties made little progress on revenue sharing and
the luxury tax. On August 12,2002, it appeared almost certain
that the union would announce a strike for late August or
early September. Surprisingly, it elected not to do so, leaving
the public with the hope that there might be a settlement.
Arguably, the union would have little choice but to strike if
reasonable terms could not be agreed upon. Under American
labor law, if an impasse occurs in bargaining, management
can implement its own proposals. Presumably, the owners
would do so prior to the 2003 season. By striking near the
end of the 2002 season, when the players would have received
most of their salaries, greater pressure would be exerted on
20
Monthly Labor Review
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
December 2002
the owners, who would lose significant revenue from
television and the postseason playoffs. By contrast, power
would shift to the owners if they could present the players
with a fait accompli before the 2003 season, when players
had not yet received any paychecks. Still, as the owners
learned to their dismay near the end of the 1994-95 strike,
declaring an impasse may not be sufficient for imposing
unilateral term s if they have com m itted unfair labor
practices.16
On August 16, the union’s executive board set an August
30 strike deadline. The announcement of the strike stimulated
negotiations because it placed a clear limit on the time
remaining to work out a deal. It also brought into sharper
focus the implications of a strike. Should the season be wiped
out, which was now a real possibility, it would cost the owners
more than a billion dollars. Under the terms of its national
broadcast rights contract with the Fox Television Network,
Major League Baseball would have to pay Fox for lost games,
which alone would cost more than $500 million.17The players
would forfeit 16.9 percent of their salaries.18Although overall
levels of attendance were robust, total attendance was down
6 percent in the major leagues, due partly to the anticipation
of a strike. With the shadow o f the anniversary of September
11, 2001, creeping up, the event made the parties more
conciliatory.
The two most difficult issues to resolve were the luxury
tax and revenue sharing, because they involved the most
money. On the luxury tax, the owners proposed a threshold
of $102 million for 2003, increasing annually to $ 111 in 2006.
The players proposed that portions of payrolls above $125
million be taxed in 2003, increasing annually to $ 145 million in
2005, with no tax in the final year. The owners proposed a tax
rate o f 37.5 percent for the first year a team exceeded the
threshold, escalating to 50 percent the fourth time it did so.
The players countered with 15 percent and 40 percent,
respectively.
On the luxury tax issue, there was an understanding
between the parties that computation of the threshold would
be based, not on the 25-man payroll, but on the 40-man roster
expenditures. (Besides the 25 players on a major league team,
15 additional players under contract are assigned to minor
league clubs.) Also, the benefit plan contribution by teams
would be included in the threshold. Thus, the 25-man payroll
o f the Yankees (the highest in baseball) in 2002 was $135
million, but it increases to $ 171 million when the 15 additional
salaries and the benefit plan contribution are factored in.19
Under the previous agreement, revenue sharing was done
by a split-pool system in which each team contributed 20
percent o f its net local revenue to the pool, after deducting
ballpark expenses. The pool was then redistributed, with 75
percent going to all 30 teams and 25 percent to only those
teams with local revenue below the major league average.
The owners wanted to replace this arrangement with a
straight-pool system wherein revenues would be divided
evenly among all teams. The owners reduced their initial
proposal of a 50-percent rate to 37 percent, and the union
moved up from 25 percent to 33.3 percent. Although the
union initially wanted to retain the split-pool system, it agreed
to the equal-sharing concept of the straight-pool system.
Still, the union insisted that the combined luxury tax and
revenue-sharing proposals of the owners were tantamount
to a salary cap. On August 19, Don Fehr sent a memo to all
players’ agents, arguing against the owners’ position and
citing figures to illustrate the large increases in revenue that
would be lost by wealthy clubs. For instance, the Yankees
would have to give up $86.9 million in revenue, far more than
the $28 million forfeited in 2001.20One day after Fehr’s memo
was circulated, management made a significant concession
on revenue sharing, proposing that a total of $235 million be
transferred instead of $282 million.21 This concession seemed
to break the logjam, and the parties started to hammer away
at their differences.
The settlement
To the delight of baseball fans, the parties reached agreement,
averting a strike that few really wanted. The principal result is
that nearly a billion dollars in revenue may move from the
richer teams to the poorer ones over the 4-year life of the
agreement, from 2003 to 2006.22 In the 1 lth-hour settlement,
reached on August 30, the parties agreed that all teams will
contribute 34 percent o f their local revenues to a fund that
will be divided equally among teams. In addition, a central
fund component was established by a formula that provides
another $72.2 million, taken annually from richer teams and
distributed to poorer teams. The component will be 60 percent
funded in 2003,80 percent in 2004, and 100 percent in 200506.23
The luxury tax threshold was established at payrolls above
$117 million in 2003, $120.5 million in 2004, $128 million in
2005, and $ 136.5 million in 2006. The tax rate will range from
17.5 percent to 40 percent, depending on the year and the
number of times the team exceeds the threshold. Luxury tax
revenues will be used to fund player benefits and player
development programs.
As noted earlier, random drug testing of all players for
steroids was agreed to for 2003 on an experimental basis. But
the details are disappointing. If 5 or more percent of the
players test positive, random testing will occur in 2004-05. If
2.5 or a smaller percent test positive in consecutive years,
mandatory testing will cease. The testing applies to the entire
40-man roster of clubs, but, given the possibility that players
will use steroids and then stop for a while to avoid a positive
test, the new program is expected to have minimal effect.24
Also, the program does not apply to muscle enhancers such
as human growth hormone or androstenedione, substances
that are banned by the National Football League and the
International Olympic Committee.
Although a worldwide amateur draft of players was agreed
to, the details will be considered by a joint committee that will
study and report on the issues. The hope is that the new
draft system will be in place by June 2003. Free-agency
compensation was eliminated, so teams will no longer have
to give up players in the amateur draft if they sign free agents.
Minimum salaries were increased from the current $200,000
to $300,000, an important gain for young players. The parties
agreed that contraction will not take place during the life of
the agreement, thus backing off from this divisive issue.
Accordingly, the earliest a team could be eliminated would be
for the 2007 season.
The owners ratified the agreement by a vote of 29 to 1,
with the dissenting vote cast by Yankees owner George
Steinbrenner. The Yankees, by far the richest team in baseball,
will lose the most from the new deal, with revenue-sharing
and luxury tax bills that probably will exceed $50 million in
2003. But the Yankees’ loss is the gain of low-revenue teams
such as the Twins and Expos, which will have more money to
sign their star players without losing them to rich teams.
However, because a salary floor was not adopted in the
agreement, low-revenue clubs can simply divert the money
to other uses instead of spending it on players. Also, mid
range journeymen players could lose out under the deal, as
teams that continue to sign high-priced superstars fill out
their rosters with players at the minimum salary level to avoid
the bite of the greater luxury tax.
In 2002, the owners and the players were able to agree to
terms without a work stoppage. The agreement, which was
reached only after significant compromises by both sides,
appears to be a good one. It does not solve all of baseball’s
problems; for example, there will still be substantial revenue
disparities among franchises and, therefore, a competitive
imbalance of teams on the field. But the parties went far
toward improving the game’s economic health, and the
owners, players, and fans will harvest the benefits of the
agreement in the years to come.
□
Notes
For their various contributions to this article, the
author is grateful to national baseball writers John Byczkowski o f the
C in c in n a ti E n q u ire r and John Shea o f the S a n F r a n c isc o C h r o n ic le ;
Brian Baker o f the Bureau o f Labor Statistics; Sharon Melnyk and
A cknowledgments:
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Carol Vendrillo o f the University o f California, Berkeley; and Barry
Zepel o f the California State University, Hayward.
1 Tom Verducci, “Let’s Make a Deal,” S p o rts Illu s tra te d , Aug. 5,
Monthly Labor Review
December 2002
21
Baseball Negotiations
2002, p. 43.
13 Tom Verducci, “Totally Juiced,” S p o rts Illu stra ted , June 3, 2002,
p. 37.
2 Michael K. Ozanian and Kurt Badenhausen, “Baseball Going
Broke? Don’t Believe It,” The W all S tre e t J o u rn a l, July 27, 2000, p.
A22. The authors are statistics editors at F o r b e s magazine.
14 Sam Walker, “Which Side Are You On?” The W all S tree t Jou rn al,
June 14, 2002, p. W4.
3 Ibid.
4 The Flood Act is reprinted and discussed in Paul D. Staudohar,
D ia m o n d M in e s : B a s e b a l l a n d L a b o r (Syracuse, n y , Syracuse
University Press, 2000).
15 Gary Klein, “Draft Takes a World View,” L o s A n g e le s T im es,
June 4, 2002, p. B8.
5 Ross Newhan, “Owners Told to Zip It,” L o s A n g e le s Times, Jan.
18, 2001, p. B4.
16 This point is discussed in Paul D. Staudohar, “The Baseball
Strike o f 1994-95,” M o n th ly L a b o r Re-view, March 1997, pp. 21-27;
see esp. p. 26.
6 Bill Chaikin, “Judge Rules in Favor o f Twins,” L o s A n g eles Times,
Nov. 17, 2001, p. B6.
17 Emily Nelson and Vanessa O’Connell, “Baseball Strike Would
Leave Marketers Out,” The Wall S tree t Journal, Aug. 22, 2002, p. B l.
7 William Nack, “Collision at Home,” S p o rts I llu s tra te d , June 4,
2001, p. 74.
8 For details, see Paul D. Staudohar, “Salary Caps in Professional
Team Sports,” C o m p e n s a tio n a n d W orking C o n d itio n s, spring 1998,
pp. 3 -1 1 .
9 Tom Verducci, “Striking Out,” S p o rts Illu s tra te d , Apr. 8, 2002,
p. 25.
10 Ross Newhan, “Commissioner Says 6 to 8 Teams in Peril,” L o s
A n g e le s T im es, May 17, 2002, p. B l.
11 Richard Justice, “Selig: Team May Go Under,” S a n F r a n c isc o
C h ro n ic le , July 11, 2002, p. C l.
19
Ross Newhan, “Next, A Suit o f Pinstripes?” L os A n g e le s Tim es,
Aug. 24, 2002, p. D l.
20 Don Fehr’s memo was provided to me by John Byczkowski,
national baseball writer for the C in c in n a ti E n qu irer.
21 Ronald Blum, “Owners Put New Offer on Table,” L o s A n g e le s
Tim es, Aug. 22, 2002, p. B5.
22 Sam Walker, “Strike Averted, Baseball Teams Try to Woo Fans,”
The W all S tre e t J o u rn a l, Sept. 3, 2002, p. B l.
12 Michael K. Ozanian and Kurt Badenhausen, “Baseball Owners,
Deep in Debt, Can Still Avert a Strike,” The W all S tre e t J o u rn al, July
17, 2002, p. D12. The nine teams mentioned were identified as the
Arizona Diamondbacks, Boston Red Sox, Detroit Tigers, Florida
Marlins, Milwaukee Brewers, Montreal Expos, Minnesota Twins,
Philadelphia Phillies, and Tampa Bay Devil Rays.
22 Monthly Labor Review
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
18 “Numbers,” Time, Aug. 26, 2002, p. 23.
December 2002
23 John Shea, “Stoppage Avoided for First Time in 30 Years,” San
F r a n c isc o C h ro n ic le , Aug. 31, 2002, p. A15.
24 Tom Verducci, “A Dopey Policy,” S p o r ts I llu s tr a te d , Sept. 16,
2002, p. 27.
ECI Aggregation Sensitivity
Is the ECI sensitive to the m ethod
of aggregation? an update
A previous M onthly Labor R e v ie w article by the first two
authors indicated that the ECI is relatively insensitive to
the choice o f aggregation formula used in its construction;
data from 1995 to 2002 show that this is still the case
Michael K. Lettau,
Mark A. Loewenstein,
and
Steve P. Paben
Michael K. Lettau
and Mark A.
Loewensteln are
senior research
economists In the
Office of
Compensation and
Working Conditions,
Bureau of Labor
Statistics, Washington,
d c ; Steve Paben is a
m athem atical
statistician in the
same office.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
he Em ploym ent Cost Index, or ECI,
measures changes in employers’ cost of
compensating workers, controlling for
changes in the industrial-occupational com
position of jobs. Employers’ labor cost has two
components: wages and salaries, and the cost of
all nonwage benefits, including employer costs
for workers’ health insurance, employer con
tributions to workers’ pension plans, and em
ployer Social Security contributions.
The ECI is a quarterly index that is computed
from survey information on a sample o f es
tablishments and jobs, weighted to represent the
universe of establishments and occupations in
the economy. In computing the national ECI, the
quotes reporting compensation for individual
jobs must be aggregated into a single index
number. The aggregation process involves two
key steps: (1) estimating the mean compensation
for each of the various classes of labor defined
on the basis of industry and major occupation
and (2) weighting the cell means for the different
types of labor to obtain a single index number. Using
both arithmetic and geometric cell means, Michael
K. Lettau, Mark A. Loewenstein, and Aaron
Cushner constructed fixed-weight, current-weight,
and superlative indexes of the increase in private
employers’ compensation costs.1They found that
the estimation of compensation growth is not very
sensitive to the choice of index formula employed.
T
The C onsum er P rice Index (C P I) faces
methodological issues similar to those which
confront the ECI— issues discussed at length in
the Boskin report.2 In August 2002, the Bureau
of Labor Statistics began publishing a new index
called the Chained Consumer Index for All Urban
Consumers (C-CPI-U). This index employs a
Tomquist formula and uses expenditure data in
adjacent periods to eliminate substitution bias
across expenditure categories. An experimental
version of the index for the first half o f the 1990s
suggests that it grew annually by 0.2 percentage
point less, on average, than the CPI-U. This dif
ference has increased significantly in the years
since then.3
In their analysis of the ECI, Lettau, Loewenstein,
and Cushner reported on indexes from September
1981 to December 1994.4There now are 6/4 years
of additional data. In light of the continued
interest in the CPI methodology, it is useful to
update the original study.
Quarterly changes in indexes
The ECI is calculated as the weighted sum of the
compensation relatives for the various categories
of labor, where the weight for category i is simply
the rth category’s share of total labor compen
sation in the base period. This type of index is
known as a Laspeyres index. Other weighting
Monthly Labor Review
December
2002
23
ECI Aggregation Sensitivity
Table 1.
Three-month percent change in four unchained total-compensation indexes, March 1995-June 2002
L a s p e y re s in d e x
Y e a r a n d q u a rte r
P a a s c h e in d e x
Fisher in d e x
T o rn q u is t in d e x
P e rc e n t
S ta n d a rd
P e rc e n t
S ta n d a rd
P e rc e n t
S ta n d a rd
P e rc e n t
S ta n d a rd
change
e rro r
change
e rro r
change
e rro r
change
e rro r
1995:
M a rch .................
J u n e ....................
S e p te m b e r.........
Decem ber...........
0.876
.719
.639
.454
0.088
.083
.089
.080
0.876
.714
.644
.442
0.088
.083
.090
.077
0.876
.717
.642
.448
0.088
.083
.090
.078
0.876
.716
.642
.447
0.088
.083
.090
.079
1996:
M a rch...................
J u n e ....................
S e p te m b e r.........
D ecem ber...........
985
.819
.699
.617
.120
.094
.075
.074
1.025
.806
.694
.606
.121
.085
.080
.083
1.005
.813
.696
.612
.120
.089
.077
.077
1.005
.812
.697
.612
.120
.088
.076
.077
1997:
M a rch.................
J u n e ....................
S e p te m b e r.........
Decem ber...........
.817
.783
.879
.893
.100
.091
.067
.140
.789
.792
.917
.912
.106
.102
.068
.140
.803
.787
.898
.903
.102
.095
.067
.140
.796
.783
.894
.903
.102
.095
.067
.140
1998:
M a rch.................
J u n e ....................
S e p te m b e r.........
D ecem ber...........
.903
.832
1.015
.559
.080
.072
.105
.117
.887
.848
1.076
.599
.086
.085
.100
.130
.895
.840
1.046
.579
.080
.077
.102
.122
.891
.837
1.045
.578
.080
.077
.102
.123
1999:
M a rch .................
J u n e ....................
S e p te m b e r.........
Decem ber...........
.686
1.061
.906
.864
.099
.118
.120
.065
.724
1.048
.912
.835
.102
.133
.129
.068
.705
1.054
.909
.850
.099
.124
.124
.066
.692
1.054
.905
.845
.101
.124
.124
.066
2000:
M a rch.................
J u n e ....................
S e p te m b e r.........
D ecem ber...........
1.497
1.121
.990
.689
.105
.075
.113
.075
1.489
1.125
1.026
.694
.117
.076
.119
.086
1.493
1.123
1.008
.691
.110
.074
.115
.080
1.489
1.119
1.002
.687
.109
.074
.114
.080
2001:
M a rch.................
J u n e ....................
S e p te m b e r.........
D ecem ber...........
1.378
.936
.990
.810
.109
.084
.084
.082
1.324
.971
1.042
.767
.118
.087
.077
.093
1.351
.954
1.016
.789
.112
.084
.079
.087
1.331
.946
1.009
.788
.113
.084
.080
.087
2002:
M a rch .................
J u n e ....................
1.132
1.019
.106
.122
1.092
1.032
.137
.149
1.112
1.025
.121
.135
1.103
1.020
.121
.137
schemes also are possible.5 A Paasche index uses currentperiod quantities to aggregate across the various price
relatives. The Fisher ideal index is simply a geometric
average of the Laspeyres and Paasche indexes. The Tornquist
index is a weighted geometric mean of the price relatives,
where the weights are the average shares o f spending on the
various inputs in the 2 years. The latter two indexes,
sometimes called superlative indexes, allow for the pos
sibility that employers substitute one type of labor input for
another in response to a change in relative wages.6
Table 1 presents 3-m onth percent changes in the
Laspeyres, Paasche, Fisher ideal, and Tornquist indexes for
total compensation from 1995 to 2002. The table also presents
estimated standard errors, calculated with the use of balanced
repeated replication, for these changes. The annual average
percent change in the Laspeyres index is 3.59. The cor
24 Monthly Labor Review
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
December 2002
responding figures for the Paasche, the Fisher ideal, and the
Tornquist indexes are 3.61,3.60, and 3.58, respectively.
As in the earlier study by Lettau and colleagues, dif
ferences among the various indexes are very small and are
swamped by the standard errors of the estimates themselves.7
Chained indexes
Let ZT_1>X (a) be the Laspeyres index in period x relative to
period x - 1 when period a is used as the base year. This index
is given by
( 1)
V i,t w =
r
where E.adenotes employment in cell i during period a and W “
T
represents the updated average compensation in cell i during
period x. The chained index in period t is then given by
Lct = L0l (0)Lj 2(1) • ••L t_lt (i - 1 ) .
(2)
That is, the chained Laspeyres index in period t is constructed
by chaining together the series o f one-period Laspeyres
indexes, each of which has a different base and thus uses a
different weight. The chained Paasche, chained Fisher ideal,
and chained Tomquist indexes are defined similarly. Table 2
presents percent changes in the chained indexes from 1995
to 2002. These changes are very close to each other and to
those for the unchained indexes.
Table 2.
Chained geometric cell means
The previous section analyzed the sensitivity of the ECl to
the method chosen to aggregate over the various industryoccupation cells. The current section focuses on the process
by which individual job quotes are aggregated to obtain cell
means. In that process, compensation in cell / during period
x is estim ated by chaining together the proportionate
changes in compensation in cell i during all previous periods,
with the proportionate change in compensation during period
x calculated as the ratio of the mean compensation in period
x + 1 to the mean compensation in period x. That is, the
updated compensation used in equation (1) is given by
Three-month percent change in chained total-compensation indexes, March 1995-June 2002
L a s p e y re s in d e x
Fisher in d e x
P a a s c h e in d e x
T ö rn q u is t in d e x
Y e a r a n d q u a rte r
P e rc e n t
change
S ta n d a rd
e rro r
P e rc e n t
change
S ta n d a rd
e rro r
P e rc e n t
change
S ta n d a rd
e rro r
P e rc e n t
change
S ta n d a rd
e r ro r
1995:
M a rch .............................
J u n e ...............................
S e p te m b e r.....................
Decem ber.......................
0.883
.708
.644
.440
0.088
.082
.092
.081
0.876
.702
.647
.428
0.088
.082
.093
.078
0.879
.705
.646
.434
0.088
.082
.092
.079
0.879
.705
.646
.433
0.088
.082
.092
.079
1996:
M a rch .............................
J u n e ...............................
S e p te m b e r.....................
Decem ber.......................
1.007
.822
.672
.610
.126
.091
.076
.078
1.036
.807
.672
.596
.124
.085
.082
.085
1.022
.815
.672
.603
.125
.087
.078
.080
1.022
.814
.673
.603
.125
.087
.078
.080
1997:
M a rch .............................
J u n e ...............................
S e p te m b e r.....................
Decem ber.......................
.799
.772
.862
.900
.102
.089
.070
.146
.772
.786
.910
.929
.109
.101
.070
.146
.786
.779
.886
.914
.104
.094
.069
.145
.779
.775
.882
.915
.104
.094
.069
.146
1998:
M a rch.............................
J u n e ...............................
S e p te m b e r.....................
D ecem ber.......................
.900
.835
1.036
.566
.081
.077
.107
.143
.882
.847
1.104
.614
.092
.093
.102
.158
.891
.841
1.070
.590
.084
.083
.104
.148
.887
.837
1.069
.590
.083
.083
.104
.149
1999:
M a rch .............................
J u n e ................................
S e p te m b e r.....................
Decem ber.......................
.618
1.069
.909
.838
.141
.132
.133
.065
.656
1.043
.918
.820
.135
.154
.147
.069
.637
1.056
.913
.829
.137
.141
.139
.066
.621
1.056
.910
.825
.146
.141
.140
.066
2000:
M a rch.............................
J u n e ...............................
S e p te m b e r.....................
D ecem ber.......................
1.467
1.105
.999
.664
.110
.075
.118
.077
1.466
1.102
1.033
.658
.124
.079
.121
.086
1.466
1.104
1.016
.661
.115
.075
.118
.081
1.463
1.100
1.011
.657
.115
.075
.117
.081
2001:
M a rch.............................
J u n e ................................
S e p te m b e r.....................
Decem ber.......................
1.389
.950
.979
.794
.108
.081
.085
.090
1.333
.980
1.036
.733
.118
.089
.078
.102
1.361
.965
1.007
.763
.111
.084
.080
.095
1.344
.958
.999
.763
.112
.084
.081
.096
2002:
M a rch.............................
J u n e ...............................
1.123
1.040
.124
.118
1.082
1.041
.159
.148
1.102
1.041
.141
.132
1.094
1.036
.141
.134
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Monthly Labor Review
December
2002
25
ECI Aggregation Sensitivity
SijTWijT
(3)
j£ llr
- Ï,
¿ ¡ * w» k ,mm
■51 V -1
s t
w Ut -1
J^ T
where / ' denotes the subsample of jobs during periods x - 1
and x belonging to cell /, s is the sample weight for they'th
quote in cell i during period x - 1 and x, and W is
compensation paid for the /th job in cell /. Instead of using
arithmetic means to calculate the proportionate changes in
compensation each period, one can use geometric means.
Table 3 presents quarterly changes in the geometric mean
indexes.8By construction, a geometric mean index will grow
at a slower rate than its counterpart arithmetic mean index in
calculating the proportionate change in cell compensation.
However, as in Lettau and colleagues’ earlier study, the
difference of the average annual growth rate for the geometric
Table 3
mean index and that for the arithmetic mean index is very
small—0.07 percentage point, to be exact.9
The use of geometric means has a more sizable effect on
the estimated CPI: “From December 1990 through February
1997, the CPI-U-XG [a Laspeyres index using geometric
means] rose 16.2 percent, which is equivalent to an annual
growth rate of 2.46 percent. During that same time, the
CPI-U-XL [the corresponding index using arithmetic means]
rose 18.6 percent, which is equivalent to an annual growth
rate of 2.80 percent, for an annualized difference of 0.34
percent.”10
Estimator using actual compensation
The simplest way to estimate the compensation relative for
category-/ labor would be to compare the average com-
Three-month percent change in total-compensation indexes, March 1995-June 2002
L a s p e y re s in d e x
P a a s c h e in d e x
Y e a r a n d q u a rte r
A rith m e tic c e ll m e a n s
G e o m e tr ic c e ll m e a n s
A r ith m e tic c e ll m e a n s
G e o m e tr ic c e ll m e a n s
1995:
M a rch.......................................
J u n e .........................................
S e p te m b e r..............................
Decem ber.................................
0.859
.711
.603
.446
0.850
.616
.623
.389
0.870
.696
.641
.398
0.851
.610
.642
.392
1996:
M a rc h ........................................
J u n e .........................................
S e p te m b e r..............................
D ecem ber................................
.940
.813
.644
.577
.921
.785
.672
.605
1.059
.779
.615
.634
1.007
.720
.624
.690
1997:
M a rch.......................................
J u n e .........................................
S e p te m b e r..............................
D ecem ber................................
.859
.804
.818
.916
.761
.816
.800
.842
.802
.704
.864
.987
.667
.744
.818
.902
1998:
M a rch.......................................
J u n e .........................................
S e p te m b e r..............................
D ecem ber................................
.894
.845
1.065
.600
.996
.814
.913
.586
.881
.820
1.134
.710
.989
.785
.962
.730
1999:
M a rch.......................................
J u n e .........................................
S e p te m b e r..............................
Decem ber.................................
.348
1.133
.870
.866
.626
.962
.815
.859
.589
.932
.954
.825
.709
.882
.854
.835
2000:
M a rch.......................................
J u n e .........................................
S e p te m b e r..............................
D ecem ber.................................
1.529
1.149
1.010
.641
1.451
1.190
.941
.714
1.523
1.097
1.082
.591
1.448
1.140
.901
.703
2001:
M a rch .......................................
J u n e .........................................
S e p te m b e r..............................
D ecem ber.................................
1.310
.963
.932
.872
1.344
.960
.956
.886
1.317
.954
1.101
.800
1.334
.938
1.077
.821
2002:
M a rch .......................................
J u n e .........................................
1.068
1.105
.946
1.030
1.082
1.059
.972
.972
26 Monthly Labor Review
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
December 2002
pensation for category-/ jobs in the current period with the
average compensation for category-/jobs in the base period.
However, because the ECI sample changes over time, that
would involve comparing averages across jobs that might be
dissimilar. To avoid this problem, the current estimator
obtains the compensation relative by chaining together the
previous one-period compensation relatives, where com
pensation in each period relative to the previous period is
estimated only from those jobs which are in the sample in
both periods.
The current estimator chains at the cell level. Another way
of dealing with the rotating ECI sample is to chain at the
aggregate level.11 Specifically, one can calculate the ECI in
each period relative to the previous period as the weighted
sum o f compensation relatives estimated by using jobs that
are in the sample in both periods. The ECI in the current
period can then be obtained by chaining together the
previous one-period ECI relatives. That is, let
(4)
^ =
1
j
denote the average observed compensation in period T, and
let
LT - l ,T ( 0) = _Ì________
S « ,-i
(5)
i
denote the Laspeyres index in period T relative to period T - l ,
using period 0 as the base year and using each cell’s average
sample compensation (rather than its updated compensation).12
Then the alternative Laspeyres index using observed sample
wages rather than updated wages is given by
(6)
^
™
1 T h r e e - m o n th p e r c e n t c h a n g e in t o t a lc o m p e n s a t io n in d e x , M a r c h 1 9 9 5 J u n e 2002
Year a n d q u a rte r
P erce nt c h a n g e
S tand ard error
1995:
March
J u n e ............................
S epte m be r.................
Decem ber....................
0.848
.693
.605
.476
0.086
.090
.097
.096
1996:
M arch..........................
J u n e ............................
S epte m be r.................
Decem ber...................
.920
.850
.655
.549
.119
.103
.079
.072
1997:
M a rch..........................
J u n e ............................
S epte m be r.................
Decem ber....................
.873
.787
.779
.859
.111
.087
.080
.145
1998:
M a rch..........................
Ju n e ............................
S e p te m b e r.................
Decem ber...................
.952
.857
1.022
.505
.093
.083
.107
.147
1999:
M a rch..........................
J u n e ............................
S epte m be r.................
Decem ber....................
.390
1.098
.891
.874
.228
.124
.121
.061
2000:
M a rch..........................
J u n e ............................
S epte m be r.................
Decem ber....................
1.519
1.157
.986
.644
.120
.071
.128
.084
2001:
M a rch..........................
J u n e .............................
S eptem ber..................
Decem ber...................
1.322
1.000
.899
.849
.103
.081
.095
.119
2002:
M a rch..........................
J u n e ............................
1.110
1.064
.133
.138
Lt = L01 (0)Lj 2 (0) •*•Lt_l t (0) .
This index is simpler to construct than one using updated wages,
in that it is not necessary to cany over updated compensation
from one period to the next.13
Table 4 presents quarterly percent changes in the indexes
using actual compensation. These quarterly changes are very
close to those produced by indexes using updated com
pensation.
DATA FROM SEPTEMBER 1981 TO DECEMBER 1994 indicate
that the choice of aggregation formula has little effect on the
estimated annual percent change in labor compensation, a
key component of the ECI. Data from 1995 to 2002 show that
this is still the case. The situation is in contrast to that
pertaining to the CPI, for which the choice of aggregation
formula does make some difference.
Notes
1 See Michael K. Lettau, Mark A. Loewenstein, and Aaron Cushner,
“Is the eci sensitive to the method of aggregation?” Monthly Labor
Review, June 1997, pp. 3-11.
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2 Michael J. Boskin, Ellen Dulberger, Robert Gordon, Zvi Griliches,
and Dale Jorgenson, Toward a More Accurate Measure of the Cost of
Living, Final Report to the U.S. Senate Finance Committee (Washington,
Monthly Labor Review
December
2002
27
ECI Aggregation Sensitivity
December 1996). For a summary of these issues and of the Boskin
report itself, see the winter 1998 issue of the Journal of Economic
Perspectives and Roger J. Gordon, “The Boskin Commission Report and
Its Aftermath,” National Bureau of Economic Research Working Paper
No. 7759, June 2000.
dc ,
3 See “Note on a New, Supplemental Index on Consumer Price
Change,” Aug. 16, 2002, available on the Internet at http://
w w w .bls.gov/cpi/superlink.htm .
4 Lettau, Loewenstein, and Cushner, “Is the
eci
sensitive?”
measured in the same units—dollars per hour—whereas the cpi aggregates
across disparate goods that are measured in different units.
9 Like table 1, table 4 of that study also inadvertently omitted the
estimates for December 1994. They were 139.8, 139.4, 141.0, and
140.8 for the Laspeyres arithmetic, Laspeyres geometric, Paasche
arithmetic, and Paasche geometric indexes, respectively. The series
with the arithmetic means presented in table 3 of the current article
differ slightly from the Laspeyres and Paasche series reported in table
1. Their calculation was modified slightly to make them identical to
the geometric mean series other than the means calculation.
5 Ibid.
10 See “The Experimental
6 A more detailed discussion of the various indexes, as well as their
formulas, can be found in Lettau, Loewenstein, and Cushner, Ibid.
7 Ibid. Table 1 of that study inadvertently omitted the estimates of
the four indexes for December 1994. The omitted estimates, which
the table reported as index numbers rather than percent changes,
were 176.5, 179.2, 177.9, and 178.1 for the Laspeyres, Paasche,
Fisher, and TOrnquist indexes, respectively.
8 The geometric mean index set forth for the eci in this article differs
from the one that has been constructed for the cpi. In obtaining the
geometric mean of compensation in cell i during a given period here,
employment shares, and not budget shares, are used as weights. Doing this
is possible because the eci aggregates across labor services that are all
28 Monthly Labor Review
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
December 2002
cpi
using Geometric Means
(cpi- u -xg),”
Oct.
16, 2001; on the Internet at http://www.bls.gov/cpi/cpigmrp.htm.
11 See Mark A. Loewenstein, “An Alternative Chaining Approach
to Handle eci Sample Changes,” mimeo, February 2002.
12 Note that the updated average wage for cell i is identical to the
observed average wage for cell i in period t if the sample has not
changed between period 0 and period t.
13 The eci was initially modeled on the cpi. The alternative approach
using observed rather than updated prices requires that the units in
which prices are measured be constant over time. Thus, this approach
will not work with the cpi.
Precis
Flows of factory jobs
The flows of job creation, destruction,
and reallocation are far larger then the
net changes that result from them. Scott
Schuh and Robert K. Trieste, in the New
E ngland E co n o m ic Review , both
document this general and well-known
fact and explore the importance of intra
firm jo b shifts across regions and
employment reallocation within in
dustries in explaining the net changes
in regional manufacturing employment.
In general, Schuh and Trieste confirm,
manufacturing employment has tended to
converge across regions since the
beginning of the last century. This has
largely been a reflection o f sharply
d eclining shares o f m anufacturing
employment in New England and the
Middle Atlantic States and rapidly rising
shares in the South Atlantic and Pacific
States. These changes in the share of
employment accounted for by factory
jobs have magnified the changes in
population distribution from the north
and east toward the south and west.
How much of the flow of jobs that
underlies this change in the distribution
o f manufacturing employment is the
result o f firms shifting employment
across regions? First, most employment
flows are between firms; even among
multi-plant firms, two-third of flows are
between separate companies, according
to the authors’ analysis o f the Census
Bureau’s Longitudinal Database. How
ever, Schuh and Trieste say, “... although
intra-firm and intra-industry job re
allocation between regions makes up
relatively small shares o f total gross
employment flows, these flows account
for a substantial portion of the differences
in manufacturing employment growth
rates across regions.”
The authors point out several
interesting avenues o f research their
findings suggest: the factors associated
with a firm ’s regional mobility, the
m agnitude o f adjustm ent costs as
sociated with these reallocations of
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
employment, and any cyclical patterns of
job flows. It should be noted as well that
the Longitudinal Database under
development at the Bureau o f Labor
Statistics will give researchers the ability
to study sectors of the economy other than
manufacturing.
Regional cycles:
spillovers or common
shocks?
There are, according to Michael A.
Kouparitsas writing in the Federal Reserve
Bank of Chicago’s Economic Perspectives,
three factors to understand when studying
regional cyclical fluctuations. Common
shocks, such as changes in monetary,
fiscal, or general demand conditions, form
one such factor. A second factor might
include region-specific shocks, such as a
weather phenomenon or a disaster. The
third possibility is of a regional shock
spilling over into other regions.
Kouparitsas believes, based on the
high degree o f co-movement among
regional incomes, that purely regionspecific shocks must have little im
portance. Therefore, the bulk of his paper
is aimed at deciding whether spillovers
or common shocks are behind the high
degree of correlation. His summary tool
is a variance decomposition of regional
income at business cycle frequencies.
He finds that while common sources
o f innovation account for significant
shares ranging from 55 to 94 percent of
variation in income in every region and
within-region shocks have a statistically
significant, but smaller, influence in many,
there is no case in which a shock in one
region has a statistically significant
influence on another region.
Regional perspectives
M ichael Kouparitsas used part o f his
research to contribute “A regional
p ersp ectiv e on the U .S. business
cycle,” to the Chicago F ed Letter
series of essays on issues. Two o f his
colleagues Rick Kaglik and Michael
Munley used the same forum to issue
“Using data and anecdotal evidence
to understand the regional economy.”
K ouparitsas presents some o f the
fa c tu a l issu es th a t he so u g h t to
explain in his more detailed Economic
Perspectives article. He finds that
among the regions, the Southeast has
virtually the same volatility in the growth
of income as that of the U.S. aggregate
and that the Great Lakes region is similar
to the Southeast in this regard. Only
the Plains region is more sensitive to
the U.S. cycle, while the other five
regions are less sensitive
K aglik and M unley outline the
methods the Chicago Federal Reserve
Bank uses to understand the regional
economy the Bank serves. The regional
analyses that result from these efforts
is useful not only to the Federal Reserve
in its economic and financial policy
goals, but to the Bank’s customers and
other participants in the regional,
national, and even in tern atio n al
economies.
The first step in understanding a
region’s economy is to step back a bit
to get some perspective on the area’s
long-term dynamics. This is often done
in research conferences am ong
academ ic and other high -lev el
researchers. Next, understand current
statistics and short-term trends. This is
the day-to-day work o f the B ank’s
econom ics and statistical staffers.
Third, is to fill in the interstices between
statistics and models with flesh-andblood anecdotes gained through
extensive conversations with business
and labor leaders, journalists, local
officials, trades associations, chambers
of commerce, and, in fact anyone who
can help develop a better sense o f what
is happening on the shop floors or the
retail aisles or the office cubes or the
bank counting rooms.
□
Monthly Labor Review December 2002
29
Book Reviews
Job provisions and pay
How New is the “New Employment
Contract? ” Evidence from North
American Pay Practices. By David
I. Levine, Dale B elm an, Gary
Chamess, Erica L. Groshen and K.C.
Shaughnessy. Kalamazoo, MI, W.E.
Upjohn Institute for Employment Re
search, 2002,263 pp., $40/cloth; $22/
softcover.
As one could guess by the number of
authors, this book has its basis in a num
ber o f independently conducted re
search studies. However, the book as a
whole is much better than the sum of its
parts. David Levine, who collaborated
with the other authors on each of the
studies, was also the lead author on ev
ery chapter so that the book has conti
nuity and consistency from chapter to
chapter.
The “new employment contract” in
the title refers to the belief that worker
pay has become increasingly geared to
occupational labor market conditions,
firm financial prospects, and individual
worker performance. In this view, jobs
with this new employment contract have
been displacing jobs in which pay had
been buffered from market develop
ments, pay differences within the firm
reflected internal priorities, and pay
growth came from promotion within the
organization—jobs with “old” employ
ment contracts.
The book’s objective is to find evi
dence on the extent to which the “old”
employment contract has been actu
ally displaced by the “new” contract.
With one exception (discussed sepa
rately below), the authors look for this
evidence in changes in the systematic
pay differences between firms that
persist after accounting for differences
in worker occupations, skills, and abili
ties. Specifically, if the new employ
ment contract is displacing the old
one, these inter-firm differences in pay
should have become less important
over time.
30 Monthly Labor Review
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Using several different data sources,
the book does report a number of inter
esting findings about how the wage
structure has changed in recent years.
In a survey of large employers in the
Cleveland area, total variation in pay in
creased about 19 percent between 1980
and 1996, but very little of this increase
could be attributed to increased variabil
ity in pay among workers in the same
job (Chapter 5). Using another survey
having detailed data on job skills, the
investigators conclude a substantial
proportion of the increased variation in
pay is not accounted by widening skill
differentials between workers (Chapter
6). Based on these and the other re
sults reported in the book, the authors
suggest that systematic differences in
pay between firms and industries con
tinue to be important in job markets.
Is the new employment contract then
being introduced at a slower pace than
commonly believed? Unfortunately, it
is difficult to make this inference from
the evidence on the wage structure be
cause there are so many competing ex
planations for why inter-firm pay differ
ences exist. The authors discuss sev
eral possible scenarios but do not con
sider how other labor market develop
ments could have changed both employ
ment provisions and pay differences (for
example, the reduced importance of gen
der in occupational mobility).
Researcher specialists should be fa
miliar with most of the book’s research
findings because the chapters are based
on journal articles that have already been
published. However, many researchers
may have missed a study that takes a
different approach to obtaining evi
dence on changes in employment pro
visions (see Chapter 7). If employment
relationships depend on norms of con
duct shared by managers and workers,
then changes in these norms may also
alter the employment contract. In 1997,
the authors fielded a survey of attitudes
toward employment practices in the Ca
nadian cities of Vancouver and Toronto,
as well as in the Silicon Valley area of
December 2002
California. The questions they ask were
also part of a 1984-85 Canadian survey,
allowing them to compare changes over
time in Canada as well as differences
between the (presumably more marketoriented) workers in Silicon Valley and
Canada in the late 90s. Generally, they
found the perceptions of fairness did
not change that much in Canada. Per
haps what is more surprising is that no
tions of fairness in the Canadian cities
were very similar to those held in Sili
con Valley.
Because the book systematically ad
dresses a fairly wide range of issues
about pay differences, it could provide
useful supplem entary reading for
courses in labor economics or industrial
relations. (It may be less useful for un
dergraduates, as there is much re
searcher jargon sprinkled throughout
the text.) For background, students
might also read the review by Katz and
Autor in the Handbook o f Labor Eco
nomics (Chapter 26), which takes a more
wide-ranging view o f the sources o f
wage inequality but also calls for more
research on the inter-firm pay differences
that are the focus o f this book.
—Anthony J. Barkume
Compensation Research and
Program Development Group.
Bureau of Labor Statistics
Banking in the Middle East
Islamic Banking. By Mervyn K. Lewis
and Latifa M. Algaoud. Northamp
ton, MA, Edward Elgar Publishing,
2001,274 pp., $90/hardcover.
In to d a y ’s interdependent global
economy, most financial activity is per
formed according to the commercial cus
toms of advanced Western nations. In
the book Islamic Banking, two authors
discuss whether this activity can also
be conducted according to the mandates
of a traditionalist Middle Eastern religion.
An Islamic bank resembles a cross be
tween a nonprofit development bank
and a socially conscious stock portfo
lio in that its investments are designed
to achieve specific social goals, yet its
income alternatives are severely re
stricted by rigid selection criteria.
Mervyn Lewis, an Australian finance
professor, and Latifah Algaoud, a
Bahraini finance minister, describe the
conditions under which such an entity
can coexist and compete in the interna
tional finance industry.
Islamic banking fundamentally differs
from W estern-style banking in its
project-oriented focus on the invest
ment, as opposed to the specific-return
focus of each individual investor. In
stead o f each player setting his level of
commitment to an investment according
to his own risk/retum threshold, each
project is evaluated in terms of its over
all virtue, and all investors stand to gain
or lose equally. Investments must steer
clear of gambling or uncertainty, and
must conform to the “value pattern of
Islam.” Any risk inherent in an invest
ment project must be distributed fairly
among all participants; no one is guar
anteed a return. Financing arrangements
in the Muslim world take the form of part
nerships working toward a common
goal; they are not to be used as ends in
themselves.
The most glaring practical difference
in the two banking systems is the Is
lamic ban on riba—translated from the
Arabic as “interest” or “usury.” Inter
est-based transactions guarantee an in
vestment return in spite of the uncer
tainty o f the project, thus protecting
some of the parties to the transaction
and not others. Interest-based transac
tions also provide a means to earn money
from money—without working— and
this is believed to be sinful. Other pro
hibited financial instruments include de
rivatives, which represent no ownership
rights and resemble gambling, and col
lateral, which indicates a lack of trust in
the partnership, favoring the financier
over the entrepreneur.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Westerners take for granted that in
terest-based financing is a natural prod
uct of the evolution o f trade. The au
thors’ treatment of its historical ante
cedents, including a similar ban on in
terest in the Christian Middle Ages, rec
reates a logical continuum. Over time, a
distinction was made between accept
able interest and usury, which is exces
sive and exploitative. While exploita
tion is wrong, Westerners acknowledge
the time value of money and uphold that
opportunity cost can be expressed in
dollar terms. Because interest loans are
contractually bound to be repaid regard
less of the funds’ use, moral hazard and
adverse selection are mitigated, as are
the costs of project research and moni
toring. Added costs accrue to a finan
cier who has to educate himself in a tech
nical field, investigate the competency
o f the entrepreneur, and constantly
watch program expenses in order to
safeguard his investment. Interestbased debt financing limits these costs
and is thus considered the most efficient
arrangement.
Making no distinction between in
terest and usury, Islamic banks seek to
enhance the flow of financial transac
tions using other, non-forbidden instru
ments. Various forms o f equity-based
arrangements make up the full inventory
of Islamic banking services. Sharia, or
Islamic law, holds that best practices
arise from profit- and loss-sharing part
nerships, and Islamic banks typically
operate as an intermediary between two
primary forms. In a mudaraba, a single
investing entity is paired with a single
entrepreneurial entity for the purpose
of completing a specific project. When
the project is complete, each party takes
his return according to the result of the
project. If the result is an ongoing con
cern, the investor and the entrepreneur
remain ownership partners unless or
until another arrangement is made. A
musharaka allows the assets of several
smaller investors to be pooled and con
tributed to projects determined by the
bank itself. Working like preferred stock,
each investor is given proportionate
ownership of his investment object, an
asset that, by definition, must exist.
With the bank existing as an intermedi
ary, research and monitoring expenses
are reduced, and risk of failure is mini
mized. Entrepreneurs don’t solicit
strangers; wealthy people don’t canvass
the countryside seeking a man with a
good idea. Both gain access to experi
enced, qualified bankers that can evalu
ate project integrity and risks, and build
new relationships.
The authors cite examples of Islamic
banking in several countries as case stud
ies. These examples depict Islamic bank
ing in action: the services these banks
provide; the tools of their trade; the cul
ture and corporate structure common to
them; their customer base; financial
health; and future growth opportunity.
Pakistan, Sudan, and Iran offer examples
of government-imposed Islamic banking
with no other forms of competition na
tionally. Other case studies demonstrate
the growth of Islamic banks within more
conventional banking centers. Practically
every example indicates that Islamic banks
have had to diversify their offerings be
yond the preferred mudaraba and
musharaka partnerships to attract and
maintain customers. Boards of religious
advisers, which govern Islamic banks,
have permitted the use of asset markup
and resale, revenue sharing, and install
ment buy-back plans to supplement
mudaraba and musharaka—while pro
nouncing other alternatives as contrary
to Islam. The new financial instruments
have helped to make Islamic banks more
attractive to Muslims using conventional
Western banks, but they also blur the dis
tinction between the two.
The ultimate tone of Islamic Bank
ing is ambiguous— sometimes apolo
gist, sometimes enthusiast, sometimes
“just the facts, ma’am”— due perhaps to
the backgrounds of the two authors and
their unique Arabic-Western perspec
tive. On the one hand, the authors are
outstanding in contextualizing the evo
lution of and demand for Islamic bank-
Monthly Labor Review
December 2002
31
Book Reviews
ing on its path through our common his
tory. Careful explanation and detailed
development help Western audiences
understand the Arabic Islamic cultural
perspective. Islamic banking style stems
from a broader theory of ethical practice
in commerce and rigid business account
ability to scripture in a culture where re
ligion is not dissociated from things secu
lar. This stands in stark contrast to the
United States today.
On the other hand, it is difficult for
the Western reader to grasp how well
Islamic banking actually fulfills its reli
gious obligations in practice. Praxis is
always the hard part to conceptualize:
the point where theory becomes prac
tice, where the word becomes flesh,
where banks finance long-term industry
and trade projects without utilizing debt
securities, interest based loans, or col
lateral. Using a conventional bank, a
farmer might take out a loan at 10 per
cent interest to buy some land to farm.
He might grow produce and sell a por
tion o f it to pay his monthly mortgage,
due in 30 years. The bank would secure
its loan using the farmland as its collat-
32 Monthly Labor Review
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
eral. In an Islamic bank, because inter
est and collateral are not allowed, the
scenario plays out differently. A cashpoor farmer wants to buy some land. The
bank secures money from a group of in
vestors and buys the land; each inves
tor owns a percentage of the land, but
the farmer is allowed to use it. The bank
then marks up the price of the land by 10
percent and sells it to the farmer in
monthly installments. For each install
ment payment the farmer makes, a share
of the ownership is transferred to him. If
the farmer does not pay every install
ment, the bank and its depositors keep
part of the land. In this hypothesis, the
technical difference in Western bank
ing and Islamic banking is the propor
tional sharing of risk. This occurs when
the banks’ depositors actually take own
ership of the land and thus share in the
possibility that the farm will yield a bad
crop, preventing the farmer from paying
his bill. Instead of getting their money
back, the depositors get some old piece
of land. The actual difference here be
tween Western banking and Islamic
banking is slightly more elusive.
December 2002
The ever-increasing popularity of
Islam and a movement to return to tra
ditionalist values improve Islam ic
banks’ chances o f survival in modem
financial markets. However, human
nature indicates that adaptations will
continue to occur. Greed and materi
alism are not exclusive to Westerners;
Muslim business ventures are also
measured according to their bottom
line. Investors will always seek the
best return possible, or at least some
security against loss. Therefore, Is
lamic banks will have to develop cul
turally acceptable alternatives that
provide the security and reasonable
rates of return not inherent in the Is
lamic financial system. The book’s
authors even suggest that the future
of Islamic banking depends on its cre
ativity. For now, it seems that the more
Islam ic banks can im itate Western
banks, the more competitive they will
become.
—Wendy Carlton
Bureau of Labor Statistics,
Atlanta region
C urrent Labor Statistics
Notes on labor statistics
34
Labor compensation and collective
bargaining data—continued
46
28. Employment Cost Index, private nonfarm workers,
by bargaining status, region, and area s iz e .................... 72
29. Participants in benefit plans, medium and large firm s..... 73
30. Participants in benefits plans, small firms
and government.................................................................... 74
31. Work stoppages involving 1,000 workers or m o re........... 75
Comparative indicators
1. Labor market indicators.................................................
2. Annual and quarterly percent changes in
compensation, prices, and productivity..................
3. Alternative measures of wages and
compensation changes................................................
47
47
Labor force data
4. Employment status of the population,
seasonally adjusted....................................................
5. Selected employment indicators,
seasonally adjusted....................................................
6. Selected unemployment indicators,
seasonally adjusted....................................................
7. Duration of unemployment,
seasonally adjusted....................................................
8. Unemployed persons by reason for unemployment,
seasonally adjusted....................................................
9. Unemployment rates by sex and age,
seasonally adjusted....................................................
10. Unemployment rates by States,
seasonally adjusted....................................................
11. Employment of workers by States,
seasonally adjusted....................................................
12. Employment of workers by industry,
seasonally adjusted....................................................
13. Average weekly hours by industry,
seasonally adjusted....................................................
14. Average hourly earnings by industry,
.. seasonally adjusted....................................................
15. Average hourly earnings by industry............................
16. Average weekly earnings by industry...........................
17. Diffusion indexes of employment change,
seasonally adjusted....................................................
18. Establishment size and employment covered under ui,
private ownership, by naics supersector................
19. Annual data establishment, employment, and wages,
covered under ui and ucfe, by ow nership...............
20. Annual data: Establishments, employment,
and wages covered under ui and ucfe, by S ta te .....
21. Annual data: Employment and average annual pay of
ui- and ucFE-covered workers, by largest counties ..
22. Annual data: Employment status of the population ...
23. Annual data: Employment levels by industry.............
24. Annual data: Average hours and earnings level,
by industry................................................................
Price data
48
49
50
50
51
51
52
52
53
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
66
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
76
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
86
86
Productivity data
43. Indexes of productivity, hourly compensation,
and unit costs, data seasonally adjusted ....................... 87
44. Annual indexes of multifactor productivity...................... 88
45. Annual indexes of productivity, hourly compensation,
unit costs, and prices.......................
89
46. Annual indexes of output per hour for selected
industries........................................................................... 90
International comparisons data
67
67
Labor compensation and collective
bargaining data
25. Employment Cost Index, compensation,
by occupation and industry group.................................
26. Employment Cost Index, wages and salaries,
by occupation and industry group.................................
27. Employment Cost Index, benefits, private industry
workers, by occupation and industry group.................
32. Consumer Price Index: U.S. city average, by expenditure
category and commodity and service groups................
33. Consumer Price Index: U.S. city average and
local data, all item s...........................................................
34. Annual data: Consumer Price Index, all items
and major groups..............................................................
35. Producer Price Indexes by stage of processing.................
36. Producer Price Indexes for the net output of major
industry groups................................................................
37. Annual data: Producer Price Indexes
by stage of processing......................................................
38. U.S. export price indexes by Standard International
Trade Classification.........................................................
39. U.S. import price indexes by Standard International
Trade Classification.........................................................
40. U.S. export price indexes by end-use category.................
41. U.S. import price indexes by end-use category................
42. U.S.international price indexes for selected
categories of services........................................................
47. Unemployment rates in nine countries,
data seasonally adjusted..................................................
48. Annual data: Employment status of the civilian
working-age population, 10 countries............................
49. Annual indexes of productivity and related measures,
12 countries......................................................................
93
94
95
Injury and illness data
68
70
71
50. Annual data: Occupational injury and illness
incidence rates.................................................................. 96
51. Fatal occupational injuries by event
or exposure............................................................................ 98
Monthly Labor Review
December 2002
33
Notes on Current Labor Statistics
This section of the Review presents the prin
cipal statistical series collected and calcu
lated by the Bureau o f Labor Statistics:
series on labor force; employment; unem
ployment; labor compensation; consumer,
producer, and international prices; produc
tivity; international comparisons; and injury
and illness statistics. In the notes that fol
low, the data in each group of tables are
briefly described; key definitions are given;
notes on the data are set forth; and sources
of additional information are cited.
General notes
The following notes apply to several tables
in this section:
Seasonal adjustment. Certain monthly
and quarterly data are adjusted to eliminate
the effect on the data of such factors as cli
m atic conditions, industry production
schedules, opening and closing of schools,
holiday buying periods, and vacation prac
tices, which might prevent short-term evalu
ation of the statistical series. Tables con
taining data that have been adjusted are iden
tified as “ seasonally adjusted.” (All other
data are not seasonally adjusted.) Seasonal
effects are estimated on the basis of past
experience. When new seasonal factors are
computed each year, revisions may affect
seasonally adjusted data for several preced
ing years.
Seasonally adjusted data appear in tables
1-14, 16-17, 43, and 47. Seasonally ad
justed labor force data in tables 1 and 4-9
were revised in the February 2002 issue of
the JReview. Seasonally adjusted establish
ment survey data shown in tables 1, 12-14
and 16-17 were revised in the July 2002
Review and reflect the experience through
March 2002. A brief explanation of the sea
sonal adjustment methodology appears in
“Notes on the data.”
Revisions in the productivity data in
table 49 are usually introduced in the Sep
tember issue. Seasonally adjusted indexes
and percent changes from month-to-month
and quarter-to-quarter are published for nu
merous Consumer and Producer Price Index
series. However, seasonally adjusted in
dexes are not published for the U.S. average
All-Items CPI. Only seasonally adjusted per
cent changes are available for this series.
Adjustments for price changes. Some
data—such as the “real” earnings shown in
table 14—are adjusted to eliminate the ef
fect o f changes in price. These adjustments
are made by dividing current-dollar values
by the Consumer Price Index or the appro
priate component of the index, then multi
plying by 100. For example, given a current
34
Monthly Labor Review
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
hourly wage rate of $3 and a current price
index number of 150, where 1982 = 100, the
hourly rate expressed in 1982 dollars is $2
($3/150 x 100 = $2). The $2 (or any other
resulting values) are described as “real,”
“constant,” or “ 1982” dollars.
Sources of information
Data that supplement the tables in this sec
tion are published by the Bureau in a variety
of sources. Definitions of each series and
notes on the data are contained in later sec
tions of these Notes describing each set of
data. For detailed descriptions of each data
series, see BLS Handbook o f Methods, Bul
letin 2490. Users also may wish to consult
Major Programs o f the Bureau o f Labor Sta
tistics, Report 919. News releases provide
the latest statistical information published
by the Bureau; the major recurring releases
are published according to the schedule ap
pearing on the back cover of this issue.
More information about labor force, em
ployment, and unemployment data and the
household and establishment surveys under
lying the data are available in the Bureau’s
m onthly publication, E m ploym ent and
Earnings. Historical unadjusted and season
ally adjusted data from the household sur
vey are available on the Internet:
http://www.bls. gov/cps/
Historically comparable unadjusted and sea
sonally adjusted data from the establishment
survey also are available on the Internet:
http://www.bls.gov/ces/
Additional information on labor force data
for areas below the national level are pro
vided in the BLS annual report, Geographic
Profile o f Employment and Unemployment.
For a comprehensive discussion of the
Employment Cost Index, see Employment
Cost Indexes and Levels, 1975-95, BLS Bul
letin 2466. The most recent data from the
Employee Benefits Survey appear in the fol
lowing Bureau o f Labor Statistics bulletins:
Employee Benefits in Medium and Large
Firms; Employee Benefits in Small Private
Establishments; and Employee Benefits in
State and Local Governments.
More detailed data on consumer and pro
ducer prices are published in the monthly
periodicals, The CPI Detailed Report and
Producer Price Indexes. For an overview of
the 1998 revision of the C P I , see the Decem
ber 1996 issue of the Monthly Labor Re
view. Additional data on international prices
appear in monthly news releases.
Listings o f industries for which produc
tivity indexes are available may be found on
the Internet:
http ://www. bis. gov/lpc/
December 2002
For additional information on interna
tional comparisons data, see International
Comparisons o f Unemployment, BLS Bulle
tin 1979.
Detailed data on the occupational injury
and illness series are published in Occupa
tional Injuries and Illnesses in the United
States, by Industry, a BLS annual bulletin.
Finally, the Monthly Labor Review car
ries analytical articles on annual and longer
term developments in labor force, employ
ment, and unemployment; employee com
pensation and collective bargaining; prices;
productivity; international comparisons;
and injury and illness data.
Symbols
n.e.c. = not elsewhere classified,
n.e.s. = not elsewhere specified.
p = preliminary. To increase the time
liness of some series, preliminary
figures are issued based on repre
sentative but incomplete returns,
r = revised. Generally, this revision
reflects the availability o f later
data, but also may reflect other ad
justments.
Comparative Indicators
(Tables 1-3)
Comparative indicators tables provide an
overview and comparison of major BLS sta
tistical series. Consequently, although many
of the included series are available monthly,
all measures in these comparative tables are
presented quarterly and annually.
Labor market indicators include em
ployment measures from two major surveys
and information on rates of change in com
pensation provided by the Employm ent
Cost Index (ECI) program. The labor force
participation rate, the em ploym ent-topopulation ratio, and unemployment rates
for major demographic groups based on the
Current Population (“household”) Survey
are presented, while measures of employ
ment and average weekly hours by major
industry sector are given using nonfarm pay
roll data. The Em ploym ent Cost Index
(compensation), by major sector and by bar
gaining status, is chosen from a variety of
BLS compensation and wage measures be
cause it provides a comprehensive measure
o f employer costs for hiring labor, not just
outlays for wages, and it is not affected by
employment shifts among occupations and
industries.
D ata on changes in com pensation,
prices, and productivity are presented in
table 2. Measures of rates of change of com
pensation and wages from the Employment
Cost Index program are provided for all ci
vilian nonfarm workers (excluding Federal
and household workers) and for all private
nonfarm workers. Measures of changes in
consumer prices for all urban consumers;
producer prices by stage o f processing; over
all prices by stage of processing; and overall
export and import price indexes are given.
Measures of productivity (output per hour
of all persons) are provided for major sec
tors.
A lternative measures o f wage and
compensation rates of change, which re
flect the overall trend in labor costs, are sum
marized in table 3. Differences in concepts
and scope, related to the specific purposes
of the series,
contribute to the variation in changes among
the individual measures.
Notes on the data
Definitions of each series and notes on the
data are contained in later sections of these
notes describing each set o f data.
Employment and
Unemployment Data
(Tables 1; 4—24)
Household survey data
Description of the series
Employment data in this section are ob
tained from the Current Population Survey,
a program of personal interviews conducted
monthly by the Bureau of the Census for
the Bureau of Labor Statistics. The sample
consists of about 60,000 households selected
to represent the U.S. population 16 years of
age and older. Households are interviewed
on a rotating basis, so that three-fourths of
the sample is the same for any 2 consecutive
months.
Definitions
Employed persons include (1) all those
who worked for pay any time during the
week which includes the 12th day of the
month or who worked unpaid for 15 hours
or more in a family-operated enterprise and
(2) those who were temporarily absent from
their regular jobs because of illness, vaca
tion, industrial dispute, or similar reasons. A
person working at more than one job is
counted only in the job at which he or she
worked the greatest number of hours.
Unemployed persons are those who did
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
not work during the survey week, but were
available for work except for temporary ill
ness and had looked for jobs within the pre
ceding 4 weeks. Persons who did not look
for work because they were on layoff are
also counted among the unemployed. The
unemployment rate represents the num
ber unemployed as a percent of the civilian
labor force.
The civilian labor force consists of all
employed or unemployed persons in the
civilian noninstitutional population. Persons
not in the labor force are those not
classified as employed or unemployed. This
group includes discouraged workers, defined
as persons who want and are available for a
job and who have looked for work sometime
in the past 12 months (or since the end of
their last job if they held one within the past
12 months), but are not currently looking,
because they believe there are no jobs
available or there are none for which they
would qualify. The civilian noninstitu
tional population comprises all persons 16
years of age and older who are not inmates
of penal or mental institutions, sanitariums,
or homes for the aged, infirm, or needy. The
civilian labor force participation rate is
the
proportion
o f the
civilian
noninstitutional population that is in the
labor force. The employment-population
ratio is employ-ment as a percent o f the
civilian nonin-stitutional population.
Notes on the data
rate the experience through June, are pro
duced for the July-December period, but no
revisions are made in the historical data.
F or additional information on na
tional household survey data, contact the
Division o f Labor Force Statistics: (202)
691-6378.
Establishment survey data
Description of the series
Employment, hours, and earnings data
in this section are compiled from payroll
records reported monthly on a voluntary ba
sis to the Bureau of Labor Statistics and its
cooperating State agencies by about 300,000
establishments representing all industries
except agriculture. Industries are classified
in accordance with the 1987 Standard In
dustrial Classification (SIC) Manual. In most
industries, the sampling probabilities are
based on the size o f the establishment; most
large establishments are therefore in the
sample. (An establishment is not necessar
ily a firm; it may be a branch plant, for ex
ample, or warehouse.) Self-employed per
sons and others not on a regular civilian pay
roll are outside the scope of the survey
because they are excluded from establish
ment records. This largely accounts for the
difference in employment figures between
the household and establishment surveys.
Definitions
From time to time, and especially after a
decennial census, adjustments are made in
the Current Population Survey figures to
correct for estimating errors during the
intercensal years. These adjustments affect
the comparability of historical data. A de
scription of these adjustments and their ef
fect on the various data series appears in the
Explanatory N otes o f Employm ent and
Earnings.
Labor force data in tables 1 and 4 -9 are
seasonally adjusted. Since January 1980,
national labor force data have been season
ally adjusted with a procedure called X -l 1
ARIMA which was developed at Statistics
Canada as an extension of the standard X -l 1
method previously used by bls . A detailed
description o f the procedure appears in the
X -l 1 ARIMA Seasonal Adjustment Method,
by Estela Bee Dagum (Statistics Canada,
Catalogue No. 12-564E, January 1983).
At the beginning of each calendar year,
historical seasonally adjusted data usually
are revised, and projected seasonal adjust
ment factors are calculated for use during
the January-June period. The historical sea
sonally adjusted data usually are revised for
only the most recent 5 years. In July, new
seasonal adjustment factors, which incorpo
An establishm ent is an economic unit
which produces goods or services (such as a
factory or store) at a single location and is
engaged in one type of economic activity.
Employed persons are all persons who
received pay (including holiday and sick
pay) for any part of the payroll period in
cluding the 12th day o f the month. Persons
holding more than one job (about 5 percent
o f all persons in the labor force) are counted
in each establishment which reports them.
Production workers in manufacturing
include working supervisors and nonsupervisory workers closely associated with pro
duction operations. Those workers men
tioned in tables 11-16 include production
workers in manufacturing and mining; con
struction workers in construction; and
nonsupervisory workers in the following in
dustries: transportation and public utilities;
wholesale and retail trade; finance, insur
ance, and real estate; and services. These
groups account for about four-fifths of the
total employment on private nonagricultural payrolls.
Earnings are the payments production
or nonsupervisory workers receive during
the survey period, including premium pay
Monthly Labor Review
December 2002
35
Current Labor Statistics
for overtime or late-shift work but exclud
ing irregular bonuses and other special
paym ents. R eal earnings are earnings
adjusted to reflect the effects of changes in
consumer prices. The deflator for this series
is derived from the Consumer Price Index
for Urban Wage Earners and Clerical Workers
(CPI-W).
Hours represent the average weekly
hours o f production or nonsupervisory
workers for which pay was received, and
are different from standard or scheduled
hours. Overtime hours represent the por
tion of average weekly hours which was in
excess of regular hours and for which over
time premiums were paid.
The D iffusion Index represents the
percent of industries in which employment
was rising over the indicated period, plus
one-half o f the industries with unchanged
employment; 50 percent indicates an equal
balance between industries with increasing
and decreasing employment. In line with Bu
reau practice, data for the 1-, 3-, and 6-month
spans are seasonally adjusted, while those
for the 12-month span are unadjusted. Data
are centered within the span. Table 17 pro
vides an index on private nonfarm employ
ment based on 356 industries, and a manu
facturing index based on 139 industries.
These indexes are useful for measuring the
dispersion of economic gains or losses and
are also economic indicators.
Notes on the data
Establishment survey data are annually ad
justed to comprehensive counts of employ
ment (called “benchmarks”). The latest ad
justment, which incorporated March 2001
benchmarks, was made with the release of
May 2002 data, published in the July issue
of the Review. Coincident with the bench
mark adjustment, historical seasonally ad
justed data were revised to reflect updated
seasonal factors. Unadjusted data from April
2000 forward and seasonally adjusted data
from January 1997 forward were revised
with the release of the May 2002 data.
In addition to the routine benchmark re
visions and updated seasonal factors intro
duced with the release o f the May 2002
data, the first estimates for the transporta
tion and public utilities; retail trade; and fi
nance, insurance, and real estate industries
were published from a new probabilitybased sample design. These industries are
the third group to convert to a probabilitybased sample under a 4-year phase-in plan
of a sample redesign project. The comple
tion o f the phase-in for the redesign, in June
2003 for the services industry, will coincide
with the conversion of national establish
ment survey series from industry coding
based on the 1987 Standard Industrial Clas
sification (SIC) system to the North Ameri
36
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
can Industry Classification System (NAICS).
For additional information, see the the June
2002 issue of Employment and Earnings.
Revisions in State data (table 11) oc
curred with the publication of January 2002
data.
Beginning in June 1996, the bls uses the
X-12- arima methodology to seasonally ad
just establishment survey data. This proce
dure, developed by the Bureau of the Cen
sus, controls for the effect of varying sur
vey intervals (also known as the 4- versus
5-week effect), thereby providing improved
measurement of over-the-month changes and
underlying economic trends. Revisions of
data, usually for the most recent 5-year pe
riod, are made once a year coincident with
the benchmark revisions.
In the establishment survey, estimates
for the most recent 2 months are based on
incomplete returns and are published as pre
liminary in the tables (12-17 in theReview).
When all returns have been received, the es
timates are revised and published as “final”
(prior to any benchmark revisions) in the
third month of their appearance. Thus, De
cember data are published as preliminary in
January and February and as final in March.
For the same reasons, quarterly establish
ment data (table l ) are preliminary for the
first 2 months o f publication and final in the
third month. Thus, fourth-quarter data are
published as preliminary in January and
February and as final in March.
For additional information on estab
lishment survey data, contact the Division
o f Current Employment Statistics: (202)
691-6555.
Unemployment data by
State
Description of the series
Data presented in this section are obtained
from the Local Area Unemployment Statis
tics (LAUS) program, which is conducted in
cooperation with State employment secu
rity agencies.
Monthly estimates of the labor force,
employment, and unemployment for States
and sub-State areas are a key indicator of
local economic conditions, and form the ba
sis for determining the eligibility o f an area
for benefits under Federal economic assis
tance programs such as the Job Training
Partnership Act. Seasonally adjusted unem
ployment rates are presented in table 10.
Insofar as possible, the concepts and defini
tions underlying these data are those used in
the national estimates obtained from the CPS.
Notes on the data
Data refer to State o f residence. Monthly
December 2002
data for all States and the D istrict o f
Columbia are derived using standardized
procedures established by bls . Once a year,
estimates are revised to new population
controls, usually with publication of January
estim ates, and benchm arked to annual
average cps levels.
F or additional information on data
in this series, call (202) 691-6392 (table 10)
or (202) 691-6559 (table 11).
Covered employment and
wage data (ES-202)
Description of the series
E m p l o y m e n t , w a g e , a n d e st a b l is h m e n t data
in this section are derived from the quarterly
tax reports submitted to State employment
security agencies by private and State and
local government employers subject to State
unemployment insurance (ui) laws and from
Federal, agencies subject to the Unemploy
ment Compensation for Federal Employees
( u c f e ) program. Each quarter, State agencies
edit and process the data and send the infor
mation to the Bureau o f Labor Statistics.
The Covered Employment and Wages
data, also referred as ES-202 data, are the
most complete enumeration o f employment
and wage information by industry at the na
tional, State, metropolitan area, and county
levels. They have broad economic signifi
cance in evaluating labor market trends and
major industry developments.
Definitions
In general, e s -202 monthly employment data
represent the number of covered workers
who worked during, or received pay for, the
pay period that included the 12th day of the
month. Covered private industry employ
ment includes most corporate officials, ex
ecutives, supervisory personnel, profession
als, clerical workers, wage earners, piece
workers, and part-time workers. It excludes
proprietors, the unincorporated self-em
ployed, unpaid family members, and certain
farm and domestic workers. Certain types
of nonprofit employers, such as religious
organizations, are given a choice of coverage
or exclusion in a number of States. Workers
in these organizations are, therefore, reported
to a limited degree.
Persons on paid sick leave, paid holiday,
paid vacation, and the like, are included. Per
sons on the payroll of more than one firm
during the period are counted by each uisubject employer if they meet the employ
ment definition noted earlier. The employ-
ment count excludes workers who earned no
wages during the entire applicable pay period
because of work stoppages, temporary lay
offs, illness, or unpaid vacations.
Federal employment data are based on
reports of monthly employment and quarterly
wages submitted each quarter to State agencies
for all Federal installations with employees
covered by the Unemployment Com pensa
tion for Federal Employees (ucee) program,
except for certain national security agen
cies, which are omitted for security rea
sons. Employment for all Federal agencies for
any given month is based on the number of
persons who worked during or received pay
for the pay period that included the 12th of
the month.
An establishment is an economic unit,
such as a farm, mine, factory, or store, that
produces goods or provides services. It is typi
cally at a single physical location and engaged
in one, or predominantly one, type of eco
nomic activity for which a single industrial clas
sification may be applied. Occasionally, a single
physical location encompasses two or more
distinct and significant activities. Each activity
should be reported as a separate establishment
if separate records are kept and the various
activities are classified under different four
digit sic codes.
Most employers have only one establish
ment; thus, the establishment is the predomi
nant reporting unit or statistical entity for re
porting employment and wages data. Most
employers, including State and local govern
ments who operate more than one establish
ment in a State, file a Multiple Worksite Re
port each quarter, in addition to their quarterly
ui report. The Multiple Worksite Report is
used to collect separate employment and wage
data for each of the employer’s establishments,
which are not detailed on the ui report. Some
very small multi-establishment employers do
not file a Multiple Worksite Report. When the
total employment in an employer’s secondary
establishments (all establishments other than
the largest) is 10 or fewer, the employer gener
ally will file a consolidated report for all estab
lishments. Also, some employers either can
not or will not report at the establishment level
and thus aggregate establishments into one con
solidated unit, or possibly several units, though
not at the establishment level.
For the Federal Government, the reporting
unit is the installation: a single location at
which a department, agency, or other govern
ment body has civilian employees. Federal agen
cies follow slightly different criteria than do
private employers when breaking down their
reports by installation. They are permitted to
combine as a single statewide unit: 1) all instal
lations with 10 or fewer workers, and 2) all
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installations that have a combined total in the
State of fewer than 50 workers. Also, when
there are fewer than 25 workers in all second
ary installations in a State, the secondary in
stallations may be combined and reported with
the major installation. Last, if a Federal agency
has fewer than five employees in a State, the
agency headquarters office (regional office,
district office) serving each State may consoli
date the employment and wages data for that
State with the data reported to the State in
which the headquarters is located. As a result
of these reporting rules, the number of report
ing units is always larger than the number of
employers (or government agencies) but
smaller than the number of actual establish
ments (or installations).
Data reported for the first quarter are tabu
lated into size categories ranging from worksites
of very small size to those with 1,000 em
ployees or more. The size category is deter
mined by the establishment’s March employ
ment level. It is important to note that each
establishment of a multi-establishment firm is
tabulated separately into the appropriate size
category. The total employment level of the
reporting multi-establishment firm is not used
in the size tabulation.
Covered employers in most States report
total wages paid during the calendar quarter,
regardless of when the services were per
formed. A few State laws, however, specify
that wages be reported for, or based on the
period during which services are performed
rather than the period during which compen
sation is paid. Under most State laws or regu
lations, wages include bonuses, stock options,
the cash value of meals and lodging, tips and
other gratuities, and, in some States, employer
contributions to certain deferred compensa
tion plans such as 401 (k) plans.
Covered employer contributions for oldage, survivors, and disability insurance ( o a sd i ),
health insurance, unemployment insurance,
workers’ compensation, and private pension
and welfare funds are not reported as wages.
Employee contributions for the same pur
poses, however, as well as money withheld
for income taxes, union dues, and so forth, are
reported even though they are deducted from
the worker’s gross pay.
Wages of covered Federal workers rep
resent the gross amount of all payrolls for all
pay periods ending within the quarter. This
includes cash allowances, the cash equivalent
of any type of remuneration, severance pay,
withholding taxes, and retirement deductions.
Federal employee remuneration generally cov
ers the same types of services as for workers
in private industry.
Average annual wages per employee for
any given industry are computed by dividing
total annual wages by annual average employ
ment. A further division by 52 yields average
weekly wages per employee. Annual pay data
only approximate annual earnings because an
individual may not be employed by the same
employer all year or may work for more than
one employer at a time.
Average weekly or annual pay is affected
by the ratio of full-time to part-time workers
as well as the number of individuals in highpaying and low-paying occupations. When
average pay levels between States and indus
tries are compared, these factors should be
taken into consideration. For example, indus
tries characterized by high proportions of parttime workers will show average wage levels
appreciably less than the weekly pay levels of
regular full-time employees in these industries.
The opposite effect characterizes industries
with low proportions of part-time workers, or
industries that typically schedule heavy week
end and overtime work. Average wage data also
may be influenced by work stoppages, labor
turnover rates, retroactive payments, seasonal
factors, bonus payments, and so on.
Notes on the data
Beginning with the release of data for 2001,
publications presenting data from the Covered
Employment and Wages (CEW) program have
switched to the 2002 version of the North
American Industry Classificatiion System
(NAICS) as the basis for the assignment and
tabulation of economic data by industry. NAICS
is the product of a cooperative effort on the
part of the statistical agencies of the United
States, Canada, and Mexico. Due to difference
in naics and Standard Industrial Classifica
tion (SIC) structures, industry data for 2001 is
not comparable to the sic-based data for ear
lier years.
Effective January 2001, the cew program
began assigning Indian Tribal Councils and re
lated establishments to local government own
ership. This bls action was in response to a
change in Federal law dealing with the way
Indian Tribes are treated under the Federal
Unemployment Tax Act. This law requires
federally recognized Indian Tribes to be treated
similarly to State and local governments. In
the past the CEWprogram coded Indian Tribal
Councils and related establishments in the
private sector. As a result of the new law,
cew data reflects significant shifts in em
ployment and wages between the private sec
tor and local government from 2000 to 2001.
Data also reflect industry changes. Those
accounts previously assigned to civic and
social organizations were assigned to tribal
governments. There were no required indus
try changes for related establishments owned
Monthly Labor Review
December 2002
37
Current Labor Statistics
by these Tribal Councils. These tribal busi
ness establishments continued to be coded ac
cording to the economic activity of that entity.
To insure the highest possible quality of
data, State employment security agencies
verify with employers and update, if neces
sary, the industry, location, and ownership clas
sification of all establishments on a 3-year cycle.
Changes in establishment classification codes
resulting from the verification process are in
troduced with the data reported for the first
quarter of the year. Changes resulting from
improved employer reporting also are intro
duced in the first quarter. For these reasons,
some data, especially at more detailed geo
graphic levels, may not be strictly comparable
with earlier years.
The2000 county data used to calculate the
2000-2001 changes were adjusted for changes
in industry and county classification to make
them comparable to data for 2001. As a result,
the adjusted 2000 data differ to some extent
from the data available on the Internet at:
http://www.bls.gov/cew/home.htm.
County definitions are assigned according
to Federal Information Processing Standards
Publications as issued by the National Insti
tute of Standards and Technology. Areas
shown as counties include those designated
as independent cities in some jurisdictions
and, in Alaska, those areas designated by the
Census Bureau where counties have not been
created. County data also are presented for
the New England States for comparative pur
poses, even though townships are the more
common designation used in New England
(and New Jersey).
For additional information on the covered
employment and wage data, contact the Divi
sion of Administrative Statistics and Labor
Turnover at (202) 691-6567.
Compensation and
Wage Data
(Tables 1-3; 25-31)
Compensation and wage data are gathered
by the Bureau from business establishments,
State and local governments, labor unions, col
lective bargaining agreements on file with the
Bureau, and secondary sources.
pensation per hour worked and includes
wages, salaries, and employer costs o f em
ployee benefits. It uses a fixed market
basket of labor—similar in concept to the Con
sumer Price Index’s fixed market basket of
goods and services—to measure change over
time in employer costs of employing labor.
Statistical series on total compensation
costs, on wages and salaries, and on benefit
costs are available for private nonfarm work
ers excluding proprietors, the self-employed,
and household workers. The total compensa
tion costs and wages and salaries series are
also available for State and local government
workers and for the civilian nonfarm economy,
which consists of private industry and State
and local government workers combined. Fed
eral workers are excluded.
The Employment Cost Index probability
sample consists of about 4,400 private non
farm establishments providing about 23,000
occupational observations and 1,000 State and
local government establishments providing
6,000 occupational observations selected to
represent total employment in each sector. On
average, each reporting unit provides wage and
compensation information on five well-speci
fied occupations. Data are collected each quar
ter for the pay period including the 12th day
of March, June, September, and December.
Beginning with June 1986 data, fixed em
ployment weights from the 1980 Census of
P opulation are used each q u arter to
calculate the civilian and private indexes and
the index for State and local governments.
(Prior to June 1986, the em ploym ent
weights are from the 1970 Census of Popu
lation.) These fixed weights, also used to
derive all of the industry and occupation
series indexes, ensure that changes in these
indexes reflect only changes in compensa
tion, not employment shifts among indus
tries or occupations with different levels of
wages and compensation. For the bargaining
status, region, and metropolitan/non-metropolitan area series, however, employment
data by industry and occupation are not
available from the census. Instead, the 1980
employment weights are reallocated within
these series each quarter based on the cur
rent sample. Therefore, these indexes are not
strictly comparable to those for the aggre
gate, industry, and occupation series.
Definitions
Employment Cost Index
Description of the series
The Employment Cost Index (ECi) is a quar
terly measure of the rate of change in com
38
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Total compensation costs include wages,
salaries, and the employer’s costs for em
ployee benefits.
Wages and salaries consist of earnings
before payroll deductions, including produc
December 2002
tion bonuses, incentive earnings, commis
sions, and cost-of-living adjustments.
Benefits include the cost to employers
for paid leave, supplemental pay (includ
ing nonproduction bonuses), insurance, retire
ment and savings plans, and legally required
benefits (such as Social Security, workers’ com
pensation, and unemployment insurance).
Excluded from wages and salaries and em
ployee benefits are such items as payment-in
kind, free room and board, and tips.
Notes on the data
The Employment Cost Index for changes in
wages and salaries in the private nonfarm
economy was published beginning in 1975.
Changes in total compensation cost—wages
and salaries and benefits combined—were
published beginning in 1980. The series of
changes in wages and salaries and for total
compensation in the State and local govern
ment sector and in the civilian nonfarm
economy (excluding Federal employees) were
published beginning in 1981. Historical in
dexes (June 1981=100) are available on the
Internet:
http://www.bls.gov/ect/
F or additional information on the
Employment Cost Index, contact the Office
of Compensation Levels and Trends: (202)
691-6199.
Employee Benefits Survey
Description of the series
Employee benefits data are obtained from
the Employee Benefits Survey, an annual
survey of the incidence and provisions of
selected benefits provided by employers.
The survey collects data from a sample o f
approximately 9,000 private sector and
State and local government establishments.
The data are presented as a percentage of em
ployees who participate in a certain benefit, or
as an average benefit provision (for example,
the average number of paid holidays provided
to employees per year). Selected data from the
survey are presented in table 25 for medium
and large private establishments and in table
26 for small private establishments and State
and local government.
The survey covers paid leave benefits
such as holidays and vacations, and personal,
funeral, jury duty, military, family, and sick
leave; short-term disability, long-term dis
ability, and life insurance; medical, dental,
and vision care plans; defined benefit and
defined contribution plans; flexible benefits
plans; reimbursement accounts; and unpaid
family leave.
Also, data are tabulated on the inci-
dence o f several other benefits, such as
severance pay, child-care assistance, well-ness
program s, and em ployee assistance
programs.
Definitions
Employer-provided benefits are benefits
that are financed either wholly or partly by
the employer. They may be sponsored by a
union or other third party, as long as there is
some employer financing. However, some
benefits that are fully paid for by the em
ployee also are included. For example, long
term care insurance and postretirement life
insurance paid entirely by the employee are
included because the guarantee of insurabil
ity and availability at group premium rates
are considered a benefit.
Participants are workers who are covered
by a benefit, whether or not they use that benefit.
If the benefit plan is financed wholly by
employers and requires employees to complete
a minimum length of service for eligibility, the
workers are considered participants whether or
not they have met the requirement. If workers
are required to contribute towards the cost of a
plan, they are considered participants only if
they elect the plan and agree to make the required
contributions.
Defined benefit pension plans use pre
determined formulas to calculate a retirement
benefit (if any), and obligate the employer to
provide those benefits. Benefits are generally
based on salary, years of service, or both.
Defined contribution plans generally
specify the level of employer and employee
contributions to a plan, but not the formula for
determining eventual benefits. Instead, indi
vidual accounts are set up for participants, and
benefits are based on amounts credited to these
accounts.
Tax-deferred savings plans are a type of
defined contribution plan that allow par
ticipants to contribute a portion of their sal
ary to an employer-sponsored plan and defer
income taxes until withdrawal.
Flexible benefit plans allow employees
to choose among several benefits, such as life
insurance, medical care, and vacation days, and
among several levels of coverage within a given
benefit.
Notes on the data
Surveys of employees in medium and large
establishments conducted over the 1979-86
period included establishments that employed
at least 50,100, or 250 workers, depending on
the industry (most service industries were
excluded). The survey conducted in 1987
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
covered only State and local governments with
50 or more employees. The surveys conducted
in 1988 and 1989 included medium and large
establishments with 100 workers or more in
private industries. All surveys conducted over
the 1979-89 period excluded establishments
in Alaska and Hawaii, as well as part-time
employees.
Beginning in 1990, surveys of State and
local governm ents and sm all private
establishments were conducted in evennumbered years, and surveys of medium and
large establishments were conducted in oddnumbered years. The small establishment
survey in clu d es all private nonfarm
establishm en ts w ith few er than 100
w orkers, w hile the State and local
government survey includes all governments,
regardless of the number of workers. All
three surveys include full- and part-time
workers, and workers in all 50 States and
the District of Columbia.
For additional information on the Em
ployee Benefits Survey, contact the Office of
Compensation Levels and Trends on the
Internet:
http://www.bls.gov/ebs/
Work stoppages
Description of the series
Data on work stoppages measure the number
and duration of major strikes or lockouts (in
volving 1,000 workers or more) occurring dur
ing the month (or year), the number of work
ers involved, and the amount of work time lost
because of stoppage. These data are presented
in table 27.
Data are largely from a variety of pub
lished sources and cover only establishments
directly involved in a stoppage. They do
not measure the indirect or secondary effect
of stoppages on other establishments whose
employees are idle owing to material short
ages or lack of service.
Definitions
Number o f stoppages: The number of
strikes and lockouts involving 1,000 workers
or more and lasting a full shift or longer.
Workers involved : The number of work
ers directly involved in the stoppage.
Number of days idle: The aggregate
number of workdays lost by workers involved
in the stoppages.
Days o f idleness as a percent o f
estim ated w orking time: A ggregate
workdays lost as a percent of the aggregate
number of standard workdays in the period
multiplied by total employment in the period.
Notes on the data
This series is not comparable with the one
terminated in 1981 that covered strikes in
volving six workers or more.
F or additional information on work
stoppages data, contact the Office o f Com
pensation and Working Conditions: (202)
691-6282, or the Internet:
http:/www. bls.gov/cba/
Price Data
(Tables 2; 32-42)
P rice data are gathered by the Bureau
o f Labor Statistics from retail and pri
mary markets in the United States. Price in
dexes are given in relation to a base period—
1982 = 100 for many Producer Price Indexes,
1982-84 = 100 for many Consumer Price In
dexes (unless otherwise noted), and 1990 =
100 for International Price Indexes.
C o nsum e r Price Ind exes
Description of the series
The Consumer Price Index (CPI) is a mea
sure of the average change in the prices paid
by urban consumers for a fixed market bas
ket of goods and services. The CPI is calcu
lated monthly for two population groups,
one consisting only of urban households
whose primary source o f income is derived
from the employment of wage earners and
clerical workers, and the other consisting of
all urban households. The wage earner index
(CPI-W) is a continuation of the historic in
dex that was introduced well over a halfcentury ago for use in wage negotiations. As
new uses were developed for the CPI in re
cent years, the need for a broader and more
representative index became apparent. The
all-urban consumer index (CPI-U), introduced
in 1978, is representative of the 1993-95
buying habits o f about 87 percent of the
noninstitutional population of the United
States at that time, compared with 32 per
cent represented in the CPI-W. In addition to
wage earners and clerical workers, the CPI-U
covers professional, managerial, and techni
cal workers, the self-employed, short-term
workers, the unemployed, retirees, and oth
ers not in the labor force.
The CPI is based on prices of food, cloth
ing, shelter, fuel, drugs, transportation fares,
doctors’ and dentists’ fees, and other goods
and services that people buy for day-to-day
living. The quantity and quality o f these
items are kept essentially unchanged between
major revisions so that only price changes
will be measured. All taxes directly associ-
Monthly Labor Review
December 2002
39
Current Labor Statistics
ated with the purchase and use of items are
included in the index.
Data collected from more than 23,000 re
tail establishments and 5,800 housing units
in 87 urban areas across the country are used
to develop the “U.S. city average.” Separate
estimates for 14 major urban centers are pre
sented in table 33. The areas listed are as
indicated in footnote 1 to the table. The area
indexes measure only the average change in
prices for each area since the base period, and
do not indicate differences in the level of
prices among cities.
Notes on the data
In January 1983, the Bureau changed the
way in which homeownership costs are
meaured for the CPI-U. A rental equivalence
method replaced the asset-price approach
to homeownership costs for that series. In
January 1985, the same change was made in
the CPi-W. The central purpose of the change
was to separate shelter costs from the in
vestment component of home-ownership so
that the index would reflect only the cost of
shelter services provided by owner-occu
pied homes. An updated CPI-U and CPI-W
were introduced with release of the January
1987 and January 1998 data.
F or ADDITIONAL INFORMATION, contact
the Division o f Prices and Price Indexes:
(202)691-7000.
Producer Price Indexes
Description of the series
Producer Price Indexes (ppi) measure av
erage changes in prices received by domestic
producers of commodities in all stages of
processing. The sample used for calculating
these indexes currently contains about 3,200
commodities and about 80,000 quotations
per month, selected to represent the move
ment of prices o f all commodities produced
in the manufacturing; agriculture, forestry,
and fishing; mining; and gas and electricity
and public utilities sectors. The stage-ofp rocessing stru ctu re o f ppi organizes
products by class of buyer and degree of
fabrication (that is, finished goods, inter
mediate goods, and crude materials). The
traditional commodity structure o f ppi or
ganizes products by similarity o f end use
or material composition. The industry and
product structure o f ppi organizes data in
accordance with the Standard Industrial
Classification (SIC) and the product code
extension of the sic developed by the U.S.
Bureau of the Census.
To the extent possible, prices used in
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
calculating Producer Price Indexes apply to
the first significant commercial transaction
in the United States from the production or
central marketing point. Price data are gen
erally collected monthly, primarily by mail
questionnaire. Most prices are obtained di
rectly from producing companies on a vol
untary and confidential basis. Prices gener
ally are reported for the T uesday of the week
containing the 13th day of the month.
Since January 1992, price changes for the
various commodities have been averaged
together with implicit quantity weights
representing their importance in the total net
selling value of all commodities as of 1987.
The detailed data are aggregated to obtain
indexes for stage-of-processing groupings,
commodity groupings, durability-of-product
groupings, and a number of special composite
groups. All Producer Price Index data are
subject to revision 4 months after original
publication.
F or additional information, contact
the Division o f Industrial Prices and Price
Indexes: (202) 691-7705.
international Price Indexes
Description of the series
The International Price Program produces
monthly and quarterly export and import
price indexes for nonmilitary goods and ser
vices traded between the United States and
the rest of the world. The export price index
provides a measure of price change for all
products sold by U.S. residents to foreign
buyers. (“Residents” is defined as in the na
tional income accounts; it includes corpora
tions, businesses, and individuals, but does
not require the organizations to be U.S.
owned nor the individuals to have U.S. citi
zenship.) The import price index provides a
measure of price change for goods purchased
from other countries by U.S. residents.
The product universe for both the import
and export indexes includes raw materials,
agricultural products, semifinished manufac
tures, and finished manufactures, including
both capital and consumer goods. Price data
for these items are collected primarily by mail
questionnaire. In nearly all cases, the data are
collected directly from the exporter or im
porter, although in a few cases, prices are
obtained from other sources.
To the extent possible, the data gathered
refer to prices at the U.S. border for exports
and at either the foreign border or the U.S.
border for imports. For nearly all products,
the prices refer to transactions completed dur
ing the first week of the month. Survey re
December 2002
spondents are asked to indicate all discounts,
allowances, and rebates applicable to the re
ported prices, so that the price used in the
calculation of the indexes is the actual price for
which the product was bought or sold.
In addition to general indexes of prices for
U.S. exports and imports, indexes are also
published for detailed product categories of
exports and imports. These categories are
defined according to the five-digit level of
detail for the Bureau of Economic Analysis
End-use Classification, the three-digit level
for the Standard Industrial Classification
(SITC), and the four-digit level of detail for the
Harm onized System. A ggregate im port
indexes by coun-try or region of origin are
also available.
BLS publishes indexes for selected catego
ries o f internationally traded services, calcu
lated on an international basis and on a balance-of-payments basis.
Notes on the data
The export and import price indexes are
weighted indexes of the Laspeyres type. The
trade weights currently used to compute both
indexes relate to 2000.
Because a price index depends on the same
items being priced from period to period, it is
necessary to recognize when a product’s
specifications or terms of transaction have
been modified. For this reason, the Bureau’s
questionnaire requests detailed descriptions of
the physical and functional characteristics of
the products being priced, as well as informa
tion on the number of units bought or sold,
discounts, credit terms, packaging, class of
buyer or seller, and so forth. When there are
changes in either the specifications or terms of
transaction of a product, the dollar value of
each change is deleted from the total price
change to obtain the “pure” change. Once this
value is determined, a linking procedure is em
ployed which allows for the continued repric
ing of the item.
For additional information, contact
the Division of International Prices: (202)
691-7155.
Productivity Data
(Tables 2; 43-46)
Business and major sectors
Description of the series
The productivity measures relate real output
to real input. As such, they encompass a fam-
ily of measures which include single-factor
input measures, such as output per hour, out
put per unit of labor input, or output per
unit of capital input, as well as measures of
multifactor productivity (output per unit of
combined labor and capital inputs). The Bu
reau indexes show the change in output rela
tive to changes in the various inputs. The
measures cover the business, nonfarm busi
ness, manufacturing, and nonfmancial corpo
rate sectors.
Corresponding indexes of hourly compen
sation, unit labor costs, unit nonlabor pay
ments, and prices are also provided.
Definitions
Output per hour of all persons (labor pro
ductivity) is the quantity of goods and ser
vices produced per hour of labor input. Out
put per unit of capital services (capital
productivity) is the quantity of goods and
services produced per unit of capital ser
vices input. Multifactor productivity is the
quantity of goods and services produced per
combined inputs. For private business and pri
vate nonfarm business, inputs include labor
and capital units. For manufacturing, inputs
include labor, capital, energy, non-eneigy ma
terials, and purchased business ser-vices.
Compensation per hour is total com
pensation divided by hours at work. Total
compensation equals the wages and salaries
of employees plus employers’ contributions
for social insurance and private benefit plans,
plus an estimate o f these payments for the
self-employed (except for nonfmancial cor
porations in which there are no self-em
ployed). Real compensation per hour is
com pensation per hour deflated by the
change in the Consumer Price Index for All
Urban Consumers.
Unit labor costs are the labor compen
sation costs expended in the production of a
unit o f output and are derived by dividing
compensation by output. Unit nonlabor
payments include profits, depreciation,
interest, and indirect taxes per unit of out
put. They are computed by subtracting com
pensation of all persons from current-dollar
value of output and dividing by output.
Unit nonlabor costs contain all the
com ponents o f unit nonlabor payments
except unit profits.
Unit profits include corporate profits
with inventory valuation and capital con
sumption adjustments per unit of output.
H ours o f all persons are the total
hours at work o f payroll w orkers, selfem ployed persons, and unpaid fam ily
workers.
Labor inputs are hours o f all persons
adjusted for the effects o f changes in the
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
education and experience o f the labor force.
Capital services are the flow of ser
vices from the capital stock used in pro
duction. It is developed from measures of
the net stock o f physical assets—equip
ment, structures, land, and inventories—
weighted by rental prices for each type of
asset.
Combined units of labor and capital
inputs are derived by combining changes
in labor and capital input with weights
which represent each component’s share
of total cost. Combined units o f labor,
capital, energy, materials, and purchased
business services are similarly derived by
com bining changes in each input with
weights that represent each input’s share
of total costs. The indexes for each input
and for com bined units are based on
changing weights which are averages o f the
shares in the current and preceding year
(the Tornquist index-number formula).
Notes on the data
Business sector output is an annuallyweighted index constructed by excluding
from real gross domestic product ( g d p ) the
following outputs: general government,
nonprofit institutions, paid employees of
private households, and the rental value
of owner-occupied dwellings. Nonfarm
business also excludes farming. Private
business and private nonfarm business
further exclude government enterprises.
The measures are supplied by the U.S. De
partment o f Commerce’s Bureau of Eco
nomic Analysis. Annual estimates of manu
facturing sectoral output are produced by
the Bureau of Labor Statistics. Quarterly
m anufacturing output indexes from the
Federal Reserve Board are adjusted to these
annual output measures by the b l s . Com
pensation data are developed from data of
the Bureau of Economic Analysis and the
Bureau of Labor Statistics. Hours data
are developed from data of the Bureau of
Labor Statistics.
The productivity and associated cost
measures in tables 4 3 -4 6 describe the re
lationship between output in real terms
and the labor and capital inputs involved
in its production. They show the changes
from period to period in the amount o f
goods and services produced per unit of
input.
Although these measures relate output
to hours and capital services, they do not
measure the contributions o f labor, capi
tal, or any other specific factor o f produc
tion. Rather, they reflect the joint effect
o f many influences, including changes in
technology; shifts in the composition of
the labor force; capital investment; level
o f output; changes in the utilization of
capacity, energy, material, and research
and development; the organization o f pro
duction; managerial skill; and characteris
tics and efforts of the work force.
FOR ADDITIONAL INFORMATION On this
productivity series, contact the Division
o f P roductivity R esearch: (202) 691 —
5606.
Industry productivity
measures
Description of the series
The b l s in d u s try p ro d u c tiv ity d ata
supplement the measures for the business
economy and major sectors with annual
measures of labor productivity for selected
industries at the three- and four-digit levels
o f the Standard Industrial Classification
system. In addition to labor productivity,
the industry data also include annual
measures o f compensation and unit labor
co sts fo r th re e -d ig it in d u s trie s and
measures of multifactor productivity for
three-digit manufacturing industries and
railro ad tran sp o rta tio n . The in d u stry
measures differ in methodology and data
sources from the productivity measures
for the major sectors because the industry
measures are developed independently of
the National Income and Product Accounts
fram ew ork used for the m ajor sector
measures.
Definitions
Output per hour is derived by dividing
an index o f industry output by an index of
labor input. For most industries, output
indexes are derived from data on the value
o f in d u stry o u tp u t ad ju sted for price
change. For the remaining industries, out
put indexes are derived from data on the
physical quantity o f production.
The labor input series consist o f the
hours of all employees (production workers
and nonproduction workers), the hours of all
persons (paid employees, partners, propri
etors, and unpaid family workers), or the
number of employees, depending upon the
industry.
Unit labor costs represent the labor
com pensation costs per unit o f output
produced, and are derived by dividing an
index o f labor compensation by an index
o f output. Labor compensation includes
payroll as w ell as su p p lem en tal pay-
Monthly Labor Review
December 2002
41
Current Labor Statistics
merits, including both legally required ex
penditures and paym ents for voluntary
programs.
M ultifactor productivity is derived
by dividing an index o f industry output
by an index o f the combined inputs con
sumed in producing that output. Com
bined inputs include capital, labor, and
intermediate purchases. The measure of
capital input used represents the flow of
services from the capital stock used in
production. It is developed from measures
o f the net stock o f physical asse ts—
equipment, structures, land, and invento
ries. The measure o f intermediate pur
chases is a combination of purchased ma
terials, services, fuels, and electricity.
Definitions
For the principal U.S. definitions of the labor
force, employment, and unemployment, see
the Notes section on Employment and Unem
ployment Data: Household survey data.
Notes on the data
Notes on the data
The industry measures are compiled from
data produced by the Bureau of Labor Sta
tistics and the Bureau of the Census,with
additional data supplied by other govern
m ent agencies, trade associations, and
other sources.
For most industries, the productivity
indexes refer to the output per hour of all
employees. For some trade and services
industries, indexes o f output per hour of
all persons (including self-employed) are
constructed. For some transportation in
dustries, only indexes o f output per em
ployee are prepared.
FOR ADDITIONAL INFORMATION on this
series, contact the Division o f Industry
Productivity Studies: (202) 691-5618.
International
Comparisons
(Tables 4 7-49)
Labor force and
unemployment
Description of the series
Tables 47 and 48 present comparative meas
ures of the labor force, employment, and un
em ploym ent— approxim ating U.S. con
cepts—for the United States, Canada, Aus
tralia, Japan, and several European countries.
The unem ployment statistics (and, to a
lesser extent, employment statistics) pub
lished by other industrial countries are not,
in most cases, comparable to U.S. unemploy
ment statistics. Therefore, the Bureau ad
justs the figures for selected countries, where
necessary, for all known major definitional
42
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differences. Although precise comparability
may not be achieved, these adjusted figures
provide a better basis for international com
parisons than the figures regularly published
by each country. For further information on
adjustments and comparability issues, see
Constance Sorrentino, “International unem
ployment rates: how comparable are they?”
Monthly Labor Review, June 2000, pp. 3-20.
The adjusted statistics have been adapted to
the age at which compulsory schooling ends
in each country, rather than to the U.S. stan
dard of 16 years of age and older. Therefore,
the adjusted statistics relate to the popula
tion aged 16 and older in France, Sweden, and
the United Kingdom; 15 and older in Austra
lia, Japan, Germany, Italy from 1993 onward,
and the Netherlands; and 14 and older in Italy
prior to 1993. An exception to this rule is
that the Canadian statistics for 1976 onward
are adjusted to cover ages 16 and older,
whereas the age at which compulsory school
ing ends remains at 15. The institutional
population is included in the denominator of
the labor force participation rates and em
ployment-population ratios for Japan and
Germany; it is excluded for the United States
and the other countries.
In the U.S. labor force survey, persons on
layoff who are awaiting recall to their jobs
are classified as unemployed. European and
Japanese layoff practices are quite different
in nature from those in the United States;
therefore, strict application of the U.S. defi
nition has not been made on this point. For
further information, see Monthly Labor Re
view, December 1981, pp. 8-11.
The figures for one or more recent years
for France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands,
and the United Kingdom are calculated using
adjustment factors based on labor force sur
veys for earlier years and are considered pre
liminary. The recent-year measures for these
countries, therefore, are subject to revision
whenever data from more current labor force
surveys become available.
There are breaks in the data series for the
United States (1990,1994,1997,1998,1999,
2000), Canada (1976) France (1992), Ger
many (1991), Italy (1991, 1993), the Neth
erlands (1988), and Sweden (1987).
For the United States, the break in series
December 2002
reflects a major redesign o f the labor force
survey questionnaire and collection method
ology introduced in January 1994. Revised
population estimates based on the 1990 cen
sus, adjusted for the estimated undercount,
also were incorporated. In 1996, previously
published data for the 1990-93 period were
revised to reflect the 1990 census-based
population controls, adjusted for the un
dercount. In 1997, revised population con
trols were introduced into the household sur
vey. Therefore, the data are not strictly
conparable with prior years. In 1998, new
composite estimation procedures and minor
revisions in population controls were intro
duced into the household survey. Therefore,
the data are not strictly comparable with data
for 1997 and earlier years. See the Notes sec
tion on Employment and Unemployment
Data of this Review.
BLS recently introduced a new adjusted
series for Canada. Beginning with the data
for 1976, Canadian data are adjusted to more
closely approximate U.S. concepts. Adjust
ments are made to the unemployed and labor
force to exclude: (1) 15-year-olds; (2) pas
sive jobseekers (persons only reading news
paper ads as their method of job search); (3)
persons waiting to start a new job who did
not seek work in the past 4 weeks; and (4)
persons unavailable for work due to personal
or family responsibilities. An adjustment is
made to include full-tine students looking for
full-time work. The impact of the adjust
ments was to lower the annual average unem
ployment rate by 0.1-0.4 percentage point
in the 1980s and 0.4-1.0 percentage point in
the 1990s.
For France, the 1992 break reflects the
substitution of standardized European Union
Statistical Office ( e u r o s t a t ) unemployment
statistics for the unemployment data esti
mated according to the International Labor
Office ( i l o ) definition and published in the
Organization for Economic Cooperation and
Development (OECD) annual yearbook and
quarterly update. This change was made be
cause the e u r o s t a t data are more up-to-date
than the OECD figures. Also, since 1992, the
e u r o s t a t definitions are closer to the U.S.
definitions than they were in prior years. The
impact of this revision was to lower the un
employment rate by 0.1 percentage point in
1992 and 1993, by 0.4 percentage point in
1994, and 0.5 percentage point in 1995.
For Germany, the data for 1991 onward
refer to unified Germany. Data prior to 1991
relate to the former West Germany. The im
pact of including the former East Germany
was to increase the unemployment rate from
4.3 to 5.6 percent in 1991.
For Italy, the 1991 break reflects a revi
sion in the method of weighting sample data.
The impact was to increase the unemploy
ment rate by approximately 0.3 percentage
point, from 6.6 to 6.9 percent in 1991.
In October 1992, the survey methodol
ogy was revised and the definition of unem
ployment was changed to include only those
who were actively looking for a job within
the 30 days preceding the survey and who
were available for work. In addition, the
lower age limit for the labor force was raised
from 14 to 15 years. (Prior to these changes,
b l s adjusted Italy’s published unemploy
ment rate downward by excluding from the
unemployed those persons who had not
actively sought work in the past 30 days.)
The break in the series also reflects the incor
poration of the 1991 population census re
sults. The impact of these changes was to
raise Italy’s adjusted unemployment rate by
approximately 1.2 percentage points, from
8.3 to 9.5 percent in fourth-quarter 1992.
These changes did not affect employment
significantly, except in 1993. Estimates by
the Italian Statistical Office indicate that em
ployment declined by about 3 percent in
1993, rather than the nearly 4 percent indi
cated by the data shown in table 44. This
difference is attributable mainly to the incor
poration of the 1991 population benchmarks
in the 1993 data. Data for earlier years have
not been adjusted to incorporate the 1991
census results.
For the Netherlands, a new survey ques
tionnaire was introduced in 1992 that allowed
for a closer application o f ilo guidelines.
E u r o s t a t has revised the Dutch series back
to 1988 based on the 1992 changes. The 1988
revised unemployment rate is 7.6 percent;
the previous estimate for the same year was
9.3 percent.
There have been two breaks in series in
the Swedish labor force survey, in 1987 and
1993. Adjustments have been made for the
1993 break back to 1987. In 1987, a new
questionnaire was introduced. Questions
regarding current availability were added
and the period o f active workseeking was
reduced from 60 days to 4 weeks. These
changes lowered Sweden’s 1987 unem
ployment rate by 0.4 percentage point,
from 2.3 to 1.9 percent. In 1993, the mea
surement period for the labor force sur
vey was changed to represent all 52 weeks
o f the year rather than one week each
month and a new adjustment for popula
tion totals was introduced. The impact
was to raise the unem ployment rate by
approximately 0.5 percentage point, from
7.6 to 8.1 percent. Statistics Sweden re
vised its labor force survey data for 198792 to take into account the break in 1993.
The adjustment raised the Swedish unem
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
ployment rate by 0.2 percentage point in
1987 and gradually rose to 0.5 percentage
point in 1992.
Beginning with 1987, BLS has adjusted the
Swedish data to classify students who also
sought work as unemployed. The impact of
this change was to increase the adjusted un
employment rate by 0.1 percentage point in
1987 and by 1.8 percentage points in 1994,
when unemployment was higher. In 1998,
the adjusted unemployment rate had risen
from 6.5 to 8.4 percent due to the adjustment
to include students.
The net effect of the 1987 and 1993
changes and the b l s adjustment for stu
dents seeking w ork lowered Sw eden’s
1987 unemployment rate from 2.3 to 2.2
percent.
FOR ADDITIONAL INFORMATION on this se
ries, contact the Division of Foreign Labor
Statistics: (202) 691-5654.
Manufacturing productivity
and labor costs
Description of the series
Table 49 presents comparative indexes of
manufacturing labor productivity (output per
hour), output, total hours, compensation per
hour, and unit labor costs for the United
States, Canada, Japan, and nine European
countries. These measures are trend compari
sons—that is, series that measure changes
over time—rather than level comparisons.
There are greater technical problems in com
paring the levels of manufacturing output
among countries.
b l s constructs the comparative indexes
from three basic aggregate measures—output,
total labor hours, and total compensation.
The hours and compensation measures refer
to all employed persons (wage and salary
earners plus self-employed persons and un
paid family workers) in the United States,
Canada, Japan, France, Germany, Norway,
and Sweden, and to all employees (wage and
salary earners) in the other countries.
Definitions
Output, in general, refers to value added
in manufacturing from the national ac
counts o f each country. However, the
output series for Japan prior to 1970 is
an index o f industrial production, and the
national accounts measures for the United
Kingdom are essentially identical to their
indexes o f industrial production.
The 1 9 7 7 -9 7 o u tp u t data for the
United States are the gross product origi
nating (value added) measures prepared
by the Bureau o f Economic Analysis of
the U.S. Department o f Commerce. Com
parable manufacturing output data cur
rently are not available prior to 1977.
U.S. gross product originating is a chaintype annual-weighted series. (For more in
formation on the U.S. measure, see Robert
E. Yuskavage, “Im proved Estim ates of
G ross Product by Industry, 1 9 5 9 -9 4 ,”
Survey o f Current Business, August 1996,
pp. 133-55.) The Japanese value added
series is based upon one set o f fixed price
weights for the years 1970 through 1997.
Output series for the other foreign econo
mies also employ fixed price weights, but
the weights are updated periodically (for
example, every 5 or 10 years).
To preserve the comparability of the U.S.
measures with those for other economies, b l s
uses gross product originating in manufac
turing for the United States for these com
parative measures. The gross product origi
nating series differs from the manufacturing
output series that b l s publishes in its news
releases on quarterly measures of U.S. pro
ductivity and costs (and that underlies the
measures that appear in tables 43 and 45 in
this section). The quarterly measures are on
a “sectoral output” basis, rather than a valueadded basis. Sectoral output is gross output
less intrasector transactions.
Total labor hours refers to hours worked
in all countries. The measures are developed
from statistics of manufacturing employment
and average hours. The series used for France
(from 1970 forward), Norway, and Sweden
are official series published with the national
accounts. Where official total hours series are
not available, the measures are developed by
b l s using employment figures published with
the national accounts, or other comprehen
sive employment series, and estimates of an
nual hours worked. For Germany, b l s uses
estimates of average hours worked developed
by a research institute connected to the Min
istry of Labor for use with the national ac
counts employment figures. For the other
countries, b l s constructs its own estimates
of average hours.
Denmark has not published estimates of
average hours for 1994-97; therefore, the BLS
measure of labor input for Denmark ends in
1993.
Total compensation (labor cost) includes
all payments in cash or in-kind made directly
to employees plus employer expenditures for
legally required insurance programs and con
tractual and private benefit plans. The mea
sures are from the national accounts of each
country, except those for Belgium, which are
developed by BLS using statistics on employ-
Monthly Labor Review
December 2002
43
Current Labor Statistics
ment, average hours, and hourly compensa
tion. For Canada, France, and Sweden, com
pensation is increased to account for other sig
nificant taxes on payroll or employment. For
the United Kingdom, compensation is reduced
between 1967 and 1991 to account for em
ployment-related subsidies. Self-employed
workers are included in the all-employed-persons measures by assuming that their hourly
compensation is equal to the average for wage
and salary employees.
Notes on the data
In general, the measures relate to total manu
facturing as defined by the International Stan
dard Industrial Classification. However, the
measures for France (for all years) and Italy
(beginning 1970) refer to mining and manu
facturing less energy-related products, and
the measures for Denmark include mining and
exclude manufacturing handicrafts from 1960
to 1966.
The measures for recent years may be
based on current indicators of manufacturing
output (such as industrial production in
dexes), employment, average hours, and
hourly compensation until national accounts
and other statistics used for the long-term
measures become available.
F OR ADDITIONAL INFORMATION On this se
ries, contact the Division of Foreign Labor
Statistics: (202) 691-5654.
Occupational Injury
and Illness Data
(Tables 50-51)
Survey of Occupational
Injuries and Illnesses
Description of the series
The Survey of Occupational Injuries and Ill
nesses collects data from employers about their
workers’ job-related nonfatal injuries and ill
nesses. The information that employers pro
vide is based on records that they maintain un
der the Occupational Safety and Health Act of
1970. Self-employed individuals, farms with
fewer than 11 employees, employers regulated
by other Federal safety and health laws, and
Federal, State, and local government agencies
are excluded from the survey.
The survey is a Federal-State coopera
tive program with an independent sample
44
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
selected for each participating State. A strati
fied random sample with a Neyman alloca
tion is selected to represent all private in
dustries in the State. The survey is strati
fied by Standard Industrial Classification
and size of employment.
Definitions
Under the Occupational Safety and Health
Act, employers maintain records of nonfatal
work-related injuries and illnesses that in
volve one or more of the following: loss of
consciousness, restriction o f work or motion,
transfer to another job, or medical treatment
other than first aid.
Occupational injury is any injury such as
a cut, fracture, sprain, or amputation that re
sults from a work-related event or a single, in
stantaneous exposure in the work environment.
Occupational illness is an abnormal con
dition or disorder, other than one resulting
from an occupational injury, caused by expo
sure to factors associated with employment.
It includes acute and chronic illnesses or dis
ease which may be caused by inhalation, ab
sorption, ingestion, or direct contact.
Lost workday injuries and illnesses
are cases that involve days away from work,
or days of restricted work activity, or both.
Lost workdays include the number of
workdays (consecutive or not) on which
the employee was either away from work
or at work in some restricted capacity, or
both, because o f an occupational injury or
illness, b l s measures of the number and
incidence rate o f lost workdays were dis
continued beginning with the 1993 sur
vey. The num ber o f days aw ay from
work or days o f restricted work activity
does not include the day o f injury or
onset o f illness or any days on which
the employee would not have worked,
such as a Federal holiday, even though
able to work.
Incidence rates are computed as the num
ber of injuries and/or illnesses or lost work
days per 100 full-time workers.
Notes on the data
The definitions of occupational injuries and
illnesses are from Recordkeeping Guidelines
fo r Occupational Injuries and Illnesses (U. S.
Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Sta
tistics, September 1986).
Estimates are made for industries and em
ployment size classes for total recordable cases,
lost workday cases, days away from work
cases, and nonfatal cases without lost work
days. These data also are shown separately for
December 2002
injuries. Illness data are available for seven cat
egories: occupational skin diseases or disorders,
dust diseases of the lungs, respiratory condi
tions due to toxic agents, poisoning (systemic
effects of toxic agents), disorders due to physi
cal agents (other than toxic materials), disorders
associated with repeated trauma, and all other
occupational illnesses.
The survey continues to measure the num
ber of new work-related illness cases which
are recognized, diagnosed, and reported during
the year. Some conditions, for example, long
term latent illnesses caused by exposure to car
cinogens, often are difficult to relate to the
workplace and are not adequately recognized
and reported. These long-term latent illnesses
are believed to be understated in the survey’s
illness measure. In contrast, the overwhelming
majority of the reported new illnesses are those
which are easier to directly relate to workplace
activity (for example, contact dermatitis and
carpal tunnel syndrome).
Most of the estimates are in the form of
incidence rates, defined as the number of inju
ries and illnesses per 100 equivalent full-time
workers. For this purpose, 200,000 employee
hours represent 100 employee years (2,000
hours per employee). Full detail on the avail
able measures is presented in the annual bulle
tin, Occupational Injuries and Illnesses:
Counts, Rates, and Characteristics.
Comparable data for more than 40 States
and territories are available from the b l s Of
fice of Safety, Health and Working Condi
tions. Many of these States publish data on
State and local government employees in ad
dition to private industry data.
Mining and railroad data are furnished to
b l s by the Mine Safety and Health Adminis
tration and the Federal Railroad Administra
tion. Data from these organizations are in
cluded in both the national and State data
published annually.
With the 1992 survey, b l s began publish
ing details on serious, nonfatal incidents re
sulting in days away from work. Included are
some major characteristics of the injured and
ill workers, such as occupation, age, gender,
race, and length of service, as well as the cir
cumstances of their injuries and illnesses (na
ture of the disabling condition, part of body
affected, event and exposure, and the source
directly producing the condition). In general,
these data are available nationwide for de
tailed industries and for individual States at
more aggregated industry levels.
F o r a d d i t i o n a l i n f o r m a t i o n on occu
pational injuries and illnesses, contact the Of
fice of Occupational Safety, Health and Work
ing Conditions at (202) 691-6180, or access
the Internet at: http://www.bls.gov/iif/
Census of Fatal
Occupational Injuries
The Census of Fatal Occupational Injuries
compiles a complete roster of fatal job-re
lated injuries, including detailed data about
the fatally injured workers and the fatal
events. The program collects and cross
checks fatality information from multiple
sources, including death certificates, State
and Federal workers’ compensation reports,
Occupational Safety and Health Administra
tion and Mine Safety and Health Adminis
tration records, medical examiner and au
topsy reports, media accounts, State motor
vehicle fatality records, and follow-up ques
tionnaires to employers.
In addition to private wage and salary
workers, the self-employed, family members,
and Federal, State, and local government
workers are covered by the program. To be
included in the fatality census, the decedent
must have been employed (that is working
for pay, compensation, or profit) at the time
of the event, engaged in a legal work activity,
or present at the site of the incident as a re
quirement of his or her job.
Definition
A fatal work injury is any intentional or
unintentional w ound or dam age to the
body resulting in death from acute expo
sure to energy, such as heat or electricity,
or kinetic energy from a crash, or from the
absence o f such essentials as heat or oxy
gen caused by a specific event or incident
or series o f events within a single work
day or shift. Fatalities that occur during a
person’s commute to or from work are ex
cluded from the census, as well as workrelated illnesses, which can be difficult
to identify due to long latency periods.
Notes on the data
Twenty-eight data elements are collected,
coded, and tabulated in the fatality pro
gram, including information about the fa
tally injured worker, the fatal incident, and
the m achinery or equipm ent involved.
Summary worker demographic data and
event characteristics are included in a na
tional news release that is available about
8 months after the end o f the reference
year. The Census o f Fatal Occupational
Injuries was initiated in 1992 as a joint
Federal-State effort. M ost States issue
summary information at the time o f the
national news release.
F o r a d d i t i o n a l i n f o r m a t i o n on the
Census o f Fatal Occupational Injuries con
tact the BLS Office of Safety, Health, and
Working Conditions at (202) 691-6175, or
the Internet at:
http://www. bis. gov/iif/
Where to find additional data
Current and historical statistics from Bureau of Labor Statistics surveys are
available at the addresses listed on the inside back cover of this Review, or on
the Internet at
http://www.bls.gov
\1H -
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Monthly Labor Review
December 2002
45
Current Labor Statistics:
Comparative Indicators
1. L a b o r m a rk e t in d ic a to rs
S elected in dicators
2000
2000
2001
III
2001
IV
II
I
2002
IV
III
1
II
III
Employment data
Employment status of the civilian noninstltutionalized
population (household survey):1
Labor force participation rate.........................................................
67.2
66.9
67.0
Employment-population ratio.........................................................
Unemployment rate........................................................................
64.5
63.8
4.0
4.8
64.3
4.1
4.0
4.2
Men...............................................................................................
16 to 24 years............................................................................
25 years and over......................................................................
3.9
9.7
2.8
4.1
4.8
11.4
3.6
4.7
3.9
9.8
2.8
4.0
9.6
2.9
4.2
16 to 24 years............................................................................
8.9
3.2
9.7
8.5
3.3
4.0
8.4
4.2
10.6
3.1
4.1
25 years and over......................................................................
3.7
67.1
64.4
3.0
67.2
64.4
8.7
3.3
66.9
66.8
66.9
66.5
66.7
66.6
63.9
63.6
63.1
62.8
62.8
4.5
4.6
11.2
3.4
4.8
4.9
5.6
5.7
5.6
5.7
62.8
5.7
11.5
3.7
12.7
4.4
4.3
4.8
5.5
12.9
4.5
5.5
9.2
3.4
10.0
3.7
10.6
4.4
11.0
4.4
5.9
6.0
12.8
4.9
5.8
5.9
13.3
4.6
11.2
5.5
10.8
4.8
4.3
Employment, nonfarm (payroll data), in thousands:1
Total..................................................................................................
Goods-producing........................................................................
Manufacturing.........................................................................
Service-producing......................................................................
131,720
111,018
131,922
110,989
131,876
111,219
25,649
18,473
106,051
24,949
17,695
106,978
25,681
18,494
106,195
132,185
111,551
25,626
18,400
106,559
132,559
111,687
25,493
18,196
106,941
132,193
131,943
131,130
111,332
25,136
17,872
107,057
110,939
24,786
17,538
107,157
110,035
24,375
17,174
106,755
130,759
109,594
130,706
130,844
24,049
109,505
23,879
109,574
23,787
16,883
106,711
16,776
106,827
16,691
107,057
Average hours:
Private sector................................................................................
Manufacturing.............................................................................
O vertim e............................................................................................
34.5
41.6
4.6
34.2
40.7
3.9
41.5
4.5
34.4
34.3
41.1
4.4
34.3
41.0
4.1
34.2
40.8
3.9
4.1
4.4
4.1
4.2
1.0
.9
.7
.7
1.3
1.4
.9
1.0
34.1
34.1
40.7
3.9
40.5
3.8
34.2
40.8
4.0
34.2
41.0
4.2
34.1
40.8
4.1
1.2
.8
.8
1.0
1.1
.9
1.1
.9
.6
Employment Cost Index2
Percent change in the ECI, compensation:
All workers (excluding farm, household and Federal workers)....
.9
Goods-producing3....................................................................
4.4
3.8
.9
.6
1.3
.9
.7
.8
1.2
.9
.6
Service-producing3...................................................................
State and local government workers...........................................
4.4
3.0
4.3
4.2
1.0
1.3
.7
.7
1.4
.9
1.0
.6
1.0
2.1
.8
.6
1.1
.6
1.2
.4
.6
2.2
Workers by bargaining status (private industry):
Union................................................................................................
Nonunion..........................................................................................
4.0
4.4
4.2
4.1
1.2
1.0
.5
.7
.7
1.5
1.1
1.0
1.0
.9
1.4
.7
1.1
1.1
1.0
1.1
1.2
.5
1 Quarterly data seasonally adjusted.
2 Annual changes are December-to-December changes. Quarterly changes are calculated using the last month of each quarter.
3 Goods-producing industries Include mining, construction, and manufacturing. Service-producing industries include all other private sector industries.
46 Monthly Labor Review
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
December 2002
2. Annual and quarterly percent changes in compensation, prices, and productivity
S e le c te d m e a s u re s
2000
2000
2001
III
2001
IV
I
II
2002
III
IV
1
II
III
Compensation data1,2
Employment Cost Index— compensation (wages,
salaries, benefits):
Civilian nonfarm.........................................................................
4.1
4.1
1.0
0.7
1.3
0.9
1.2
0.8
1.0
0.9
0.9
Private nonfarm....................................................................
4.4
4.2
.9
.7
1.4
1.0
.9
.8
1.1
1.1
.6
9
Employment Cost Index—wages and salaries:
3.8
3.7
1.1
6
1.1
g
10
7
8
7
3.9
3.8
1.0
.6
1.2
1.0
.8
.8
.9
1.0
.4
1.6
3.4
.8
.2
1.3
1.0
.2
- .9
.7
.5
.6
Finished goods...........................................................................
3.5
-1 .8
.6
.4
.9
.8
- .3
-3 .2
1.1
.2
.2
Finished consumer goods....................................................
4.3
-2 .4
.8
.1
1.2
1.0
- .3
-4 .3
1.5
.4
.0
Capital equipment...................................................................
1.2
1.0
-7 .2
1.1
-.1
-7.1
-.1
.1
2.9
- .3
- .7
Private nonfarm....................................................................
Price data1
Consumer Price Index (All Urban Consumers): All Items......
Producer Price Index:
Intermediate materials, supplies, and components...............
4.0
-.2
1.0
- .3
.2
.6
-1 .0
-3 .6
.9
1.1
1.1
Crude materials...........................................................................
31.1
-8 .8
2.1
9.4
-3 .5
-6 .6
-12.0
-1 2 .2
8.0
37.1
1.9
5.4
Productivity data3
Output per hour of all persons:
Business sector...........................................................................
3.0
1.1
.4
2.1
-1 .5
-.2
1.8
7.6
8.3
1.8
Nonfarm business sector...........................................................
2.9
1.1
.6
1.7
-1 .5
-.1
2.1
7.3
8.6
1.7
5.1
Nonfinancial corporations4........................................................
2.1
1.4
2.6
- .7
-2 .6
2.2
3.2
10.8
4.6
5.0
5.7
1
Annual changes are December-to-December changes.
Quarterly changes are
3 Annual rates of change are computed
by comparing annual averages.
calculated using the last month of each quarter. Compensation and price data are not
Quarterly percent changes reflect annual rates of change in quarterly indexes.
seasonally adjusted, and the price data are not compounded.
The data are seasonally adjusted.
2
Excludes Federal and private household workers.
4 Output per hour of all employees.
3. Alternative measures of wage and compensation changes
Q u a r te rly a v e ra g e
C o m p o n e n ts
2001
III
F o u r q u a r te rs e n d in g
2002
IV
I
II
2001
III
III
2002
IV
1
II
III
Average hourly compensation:1
All persons, business sector.............................................................
All persons, nonfarm business sector..............................................
0.9
1.0
1.4
1.5
3.0
2.9
4.2
3.9
5.3
4.9
2.0
1.8
1.5
1.4
1.4
1.4
2.4
2.3
3.5
3.3
1.2
.9
1.0
.9
2.1
.8
8
.9
1.1
1.0
1.1
.4
.9
6
3.9
2.9
4.0
4n
3.7
3j
1.2
.5
2.2
4.1
40
3.4
4.1
4.4
4.1
4.2
1.4
.7
.6
1.0
1.1
1.1
1.1
.6
4.2
4.1
4.2
4.7
3.8
3.9
4.5
3.9
3.6
4.7
3.5
3.8
1.0
.8
1.0
.8
1.9
.7
.8
1.6
.7
.5
.9
.9
.7
1.0
.5
.8
1.0
.9
1.0
.3
.7
.4
1.0
.4
1.8
3.6
3.6
3.6
3.6
3.9
3.7
38
4.4
3.6
3.6
3.5
35
4.4
3.4
3.4
3.5
36
4.2
3.5
3.2
3.2
32
4.3
3.1
3.1
Employment Cost Index— compensation:
Civilian nonfarm2..................................................................................
Union................................................................................................
Nonunion.........................................................................................
State and local governments..........................................................
Employment Cost Index—wages and salaries:
Civilian nonfarm2..................................................................................
Private nonfarm.................................................................................
Union................................................................................................
Nonunion.........................................................................................
State and local governments..........................................................
1 Seasonally adjusted. "Quarterly average" is percent change from a quarter ago, at an annual rate.
2 Excludes Federal and household workers.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Monthly Labor Review
December 2002
47
Current Labor Statistics:
4.
Labor Force Data
E m p lo y m e n t sta tu s o f th e p o p u la tio n , b y se x, a g e , ra c e , a n d H is p a n ic o rig in , m o n th ly d a ta s e a s o n a lly a d ju s te d
[Numbers in thousands]
E m ploym ent status
2000
2002
2001
Annual average
2001
O ct
Nov.
Dec.
Jan.
Feb.
Mar.
Apr.
May
June
July
Aug.
Sept.
Oct.
211,864
141,815
66.9
135,073
212,581
142,280
66.9
134,615
212,767
142,279
66.9
134,253
212,927
142,314
66.8
134,055
213,089
141,390
66.4
133,468
213,206
142,211
66.7
134,319
213,334
142,005
66.6
133,894
213,492
142,570
66.8
133,976
213,658
142,769
66.8
134,417
213,842
142,476
66.6
134,053
214,023
142,390
66.5
134,045
214,225
142,616
66.6
134,474
214,429
143,277
66.8
135,185
214,643
143,123
66.7
134,914
63.8
6,742
4.8
70,050
63.3
7,665
5.4
70,301
63.1
8,026
5.6
70,488
63.0
8,259
5.8
70,613
62.6
7,922
5.6
71,699
63.0
7,891
5.5
70,995
62.8
8,111
5.7
71,329
62.8
8,594
6.0
70,922
62.9
8,351
5.8
70,889
62.7
8,424
5.9
71,366
62.6
8,345
5.9
71,633
62.8
8,142
5.7
71,609
63.0
8,092
5.6
71,152
62.9
8,209
5.7
71,519
TO TAL
Civilian noninstitutional
population1......................... 209,699
Civilian labor force.............. 140,863
Participation rate.........
67.2
Employed........................ 135,208
Employment-pop64.5
ulation ratio2.............
5,665
Unemployed...................
Unemployment rate....
4.0
Not in the labor force........ 68,836
M en , 2 0 y e a rs a n d o v e r
Civilian noninstitutional
population1.........................
Civilian labor force..............
Participation rate........
Employed.......................
Employment-pop-
92,580
93,659
94,015
94,077
94,161
94,315
94,414
94,479
94,622
94,694
94,756
94,906
95,020
71,590
76.4
68,587
71,940
76.5
68,486
71,935
76.5
68,204
71,988
76.5
68,276
94,228
71,534
75.9
67,818
94,262
70,930
76.6
68,580
71,718
76.1
68,157
71,723
76.0
68,013
72,098
76.4
68,193
72,428
76.7
68,647
72,288
76.4
68,390
72,172
76.2
68,405
72,203
76.2
68,447
72,473
76.4
68,711
72,342
76.1
68,545
ulation ratio2.............
Agriculture...................
Nonagricultural
industries..................
Unemployed...................
Unemployment rate....
74.1
2,252
73.2
2,102
72.8
2,132
72.5
2,082
72.5
2,141
72.0
2,207
72.3
2,185
72.1
2,084
72.2
2,213
72.7
2,125
72.3
2,138
72.2
2,256
72.2
2,221
72.4
2,226
72.1
2,432
66,328
2,350
3.3
66,485
3,003
4.2
66,354
3,454
4.8
66,122
3,731
5.2
66,135
3,712
5.2
65,611
3,716
5.2
65,973
3,560
5.0
65,929
3,710
5.2
65,980
3,905
5.4
66,522
3,781
5.2
66,251
3,899
5.4
66,149
3,767
5.2
66,226
3,757
5.2
66,485
3,762
5.2
66,114
3,796
5.2
101,078
61,565
60.9
59,352
102,060
62,148
60.9
59,596
102,371
62,269
60.8
59,302
102,438
62,321
60.8
59,288
102,492
62,481
61.0
59,205
102,550
62,056
60.5
59,102
102,651
62,703
61.1
59,588
102,728
62,320
60.7
59,227
102,847
62,724
61.0
59,333
102,936
62,597
60.8
59,337
103,038
62,481
60.6
59,316
103,127
62,590
60.7
59,364
103,256
62,783
60.8
59,710
103,335
62,929
60.9
59,835
103,416
63,045
61.0
59,764
58.7
818
58.4
817
57.9
842
57.9
852
57.8
859
57.6
824
58.0
829
57.7
804
57.7
732
57.6
760
57.6
749
57.6
814
57.8
772
57.9
845
57.8
865
58,535
2,212
3.6
58,779
2,551
4.1
58,460
2,967
4.8
58,436
3,033
4.9
58,346
3,276
5.2
58,277
2,954
4.8
58,759
3,116
5.0
58,423
3,093
5.0
58,602
3,391
5.4
58,577
3,260
5.2
58,567
3,165
5.1
58,550
3,226
5.2
58,938
3,073
4.9
58,991
3,094
4.9
58,899
3,281
5.2
16,042
16,146
16,195
16,252
16,275
16,310
16,293
16,292
16,231
16,243
16,182
16,202
16,212
16,189
16,206
8,369
52.2
7,276
8,077
50.0
6,889
8,071
49.8
6,827
8,023
49.4
6,761
7,845
48.2
6,574
7,800
47.8
6,548
7,790
47.8
6,575
7,962
48.9
6,655
7,748
47.7
6,450
7,744
47.7
6,434
7,707
47.6
6,347
7,629
47.1
6,276
7,630
47.1
6,318
7,874
48.6
6,639
7,737
47.7
6,609
45.4
235
42.7
225
42.2
229
41.6
220
40.4
246
40.1
241
40.4
233
40.8
239
39.7
209
39.6
213
39.2
223
38.7
213
39.0
196
41.0
227
40.8
7,041
1,093
13.1
6,664
1,187
14.7
6,598
1,244
15.4
6,541
1,262
15.7
6,328
1,271
16.2
6,307
1,252
16.1
6,342
1,215
15.6
6,416
1,308
16.4
6,240
1,298
16.8
6,221
1,310
16.9
6,124
1,360
17.6
6,064
1,352
17.7
6,122
1,312
17.2
6,411
1,236
15.7
6,376
1,131
14.6
174,428
117,574
67.4
113,475
175,888
118,144
67.2
113,220
176,372
118,506
67.2
112,878
176,500
118,566
67.2
112,652
176,607
118,403
67.0
112,388
176,713
117,759
66.6
111,876
176,783
176,866
118,472
67.0
112,632
118,159
66.8
112,286
176,972
118,661
67.1
112,426
177,087
118,742
67.1
112,563
177,217
118,530
66.9
112,382
177,345
118,678
66.9
112,446
177,486
118,919
67.0
112,844
177,628
119,021
67.0
113,010
177,777
118,969
66.9
112,882
65.1
4,099
3.5
64.4
4,923
4.2
64.0
5,628
4.7
63.8
5,914
5.0
63.6
6,015
5.1
63.3
5,883
5.0
63.7
5,840
4.9
63.5
5,873
5.0
63.5
6,236
5.3
63.6
6,179
5.2
63.4
6,148
5.2
63.4
6,233
5.3
63.6
6,075
5.1
63.6
6,011
5.1
63.5
6,087
5.1
25,218
25,559
16,719
65.4
15,270
25,686
16,748
65.2
15,144
25,720
16,687
64.9
15,040
25,752
16,833
65.4
15,122
25,785
16,769
65.0
15,119
25,813
16,747
64.9
15,131
25,839
16,758
64.9
14,969
25,868
16,941
65.5
15,045
25,898
16,887
65.2
15,168
25,930
16,822
64.9
15,027
25,961
16,618
64.0
14,976
26,000
16,753
64.4
15,142
26,039
17,053
65.5
15,420
26,081
16,603
65.8
15,334
60.8
1,269
7.6
59.7
1,450
8.7
59.0
1,604
9.6
58.5
1,647
9.9
58.7
1,711
10.2
58.6
1,650
9.8
58.6
1,616
9.6
57.9
1,789
10.7
58.2
1,896
11.2
58.6
1,718
10.2
58.0
1,794
10.7
57.7
1,642
9.9
58.2
1,611
9.6
59.2
1,633
9.6
58.6
1,665
9.8
W o m en , 2 0 ye a rs an d over
Civilian noninstitutional
Civilian labor force..............
Employment-population ratio2.............
Agriculture...................
Nonagricultural
industries..................
Unemployed...................
Unemployment rate....
B o th s e x e s , 1 6 t o 1 9 y e a rs
Civilian noninstitutional
population1..........................
Civilian labor force..............
Employment-population ratio2.............
Agriculture...................
Nonagricultural
industries..................
Unemployed...................
Unemployment rate....
229
W h ite
Civilian noninstitutional
Civilian labor force.............
Employment-population ratio2.............
Unemployed...................
Unemployment rate...
B la c k
Civilian noninstitutional
Civilian labor force.............
16,940
65.0
15,275
Employment-population ratio2.............
Unemployed...................
Unemployment rate...
See footnotes at end of table.
Monthly Labor Review
Digitized for48
FRASER
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
December 2002
4 . C o n tin u e d — E m p lo y m e n t s ta tu s o f th e p o p u la tio n , b y s e x , a g e , r a c e , a n d H is p a n ic o r ig in , m o n th ly d a ta s e a s o n a lly a d ju s te d
[Numbers in thousands]
A n n u al a v e ra g e
2001
2 002
E m p lo y m e n t s tatu s
2 000
2001
O ct.
Nov.
Dec.
Jan.
Feb.
Mar.
A pr.
M ay
June
Ju ly
A ug.
S ept.
O ct.
population1..........................
Civilian labor force..............
Participation rate.........
Employed........................
Employment-pop-
22,393
23,122
23,351
23,417
23,478
23,542
23,604
23,664
23,732
23,797
23,867
23,935
23,999
24,065
24,129
15,368
68.6
14,492
15,751
68.1
14,714
15,956
68.3
14,824
15,932
68.0
14,751
16,013
68.2
14,753
15,988
67.9
14,700
16,011
67.8
14,867
15,908
67.2
14,743
16,156
16,085
67.6
14,963
16,146
67.6
14,959
16,304
16,240
67.7
15,014
16,294
16,216
67.2
14,952
ulation ratio2.............
Unemployed...................
Unemployment rate....
64.7
63.6
1,037
6.6
63.5
63.0
62.8
62.4
63.0
62.3
62.7
62.9
62.7
62.9
62.6
62.7
62.0
1,132
7.1
1,181
7.4
1,260
7.9
1,288
8.1
1,143
7.1
1,165
7.3
1,279
7.9
1,122
7.0
1,187
7.4
1,238
7.6
1,225
7.5
1,198
7.4
1,264
7.8
H ispanic o rigin
Civilian noninstitutional
876
5.7
The population figures are not seasonally adjusted.
68.1
15,066
67.7
15,095
NOTE: Detail for the above race and Hispanic-origin groups will not sum to totals
2 Civilian employment as a percent of the civilian noninstitutional population.
5.
68.1
14,877
because data for the "other races" groups are not presented and Hispanics are included
in both the white and black population groups.
S e le c te d e m p lo y m e n t in d ic a to rs , m o n th ly d a ta s e a s o n a lly a d ju s te d
[In thousands]
A nnu al ave ra g e
2001
S e lected c atego ries
2002
2000
2001
O ct.
Nov.
Dec.
Jan.
Feb.
M ar.
Apr.
M ay
Ju n e
Ju ly
A ug.
Sept.
O ct.
135,208
72,293
62,915
135,073
72,080
62,992
134,615
71,871
62,744
134,253
71,570
62,683
134,055
71,577
62,478
133,468
71,114
62,354
134,319
71,457
62,862
133,894
71,299
62,595
133,976
71,397
62,579
134,417
71,894
62,524
134,053
71,524
62,528
134,045
71,509
62,536
134,474
71,552
62,922
135,185
72,004
63,181
134,914
71,854
63,061
Married men, spouse
present................................
43,368
43,243
42,983
42,861
42,772
42,823
43,275
43,317
43,167
43,548
43,140
43,273
43,371
43,225
43,376
Married women, spouse
present................................
33,708
33,613
33,227
33,330
33,209
33,174
33,703
33,552
33,446
33,371
33,362
33,361
33,723
33,997
33,773
Women who maintain
families................................
8,387
8,364
8,256
8,331
8,458
8,396
8,417
8,320
8,266
8,397
8,465
8,521
8,419
8,357
8,377
2,034
1,233
38
1,884
1,233
27
1,898
1,290
26
1,865
1,276
12
1,879
1,313
27
1,917
1,311
49
1,930
1,293
21
1,825
1,264
29
1,896
1,216
34
1,911
1,156
40
1,909
1,158
29
2,031
1,227
27
1,927
1,231
24
2,054
1,221
25
2,186
1,322
34
123,128
19,053
104,076
890
103,186
8,674
101
123,235
19,127
104,108
803
103,305
8,594
101
122,710
19,223
103,487
867
102,620
8,505
95
122,507
19,172
103,335
790
102,545
8,507
77
122,196
19,183
103,013
736
102,277
8,524
92
122,145
19,047
103,098
725
102,373
8,213
97
122,770
19,286
103,485
709
102,775
8,257
86
122,545
19,218
103,327
677
102,650
8,200
89
122,366
19,347
103,019
791
102,228
8,234
103
123,071
19,811
103,260
775
102,485
8,305
105
122,627
19,630
102,997
810
102,187
8,208
95
122,196
19,709
102,486
855
101,631
8,268
99
122,885
19,596
103,289
887
102,402
8,368
87
123,327
19,442
103,885
934
102,951
8,439
91
122,653
19,423
103,230
902
102,328
8,582
94
3,190
3,672
4,329
4,206
4,267
3,973
4,228
3,997
4,151
3,996
3,899
4,177
4,325
4,217
4,262
1,927
2,355
2,983
2,796
2,809
2,549
2,755
2,721
2,690
2,626
2,588
2,723
2,880
2,687
2,908
Characteristic
Employed, 16 years and over..
Men.......................................
Women..................................
Class o f worker
Agriculture:
Wage and salary workers.....
Self-employed workers........
Unpaid family workers.........
Nonagricultural industries:
Wage and salary workers.....
Government..........................
Private industries.................
Private households........
Other...............................
Self-employed workers......
Unpaid family workers........
Persons at work part tim e’
All industries:
Part time for economic
reasons...............................
Slack work or business
conditions.......................
Could only find part-time
work................................
Part time for noneconomic
reasons..............................
Nonagricultural industries:
Part time for economic
reasons...............................
Slack work or business
conditions.......................
Could only find part-time
work................................
Part time for noneconomic
reasons..............................
944
1,007
1,108
1,121
1,161
1,089
1,120
1,021
1,131
1,064
1,031
1,096
1,159
1,202
1,130
18,722
18,707
18,644
18,587
18,540
18,291
18,395
18,530
18,793
18,887
19,170
19,138
19,120
18,833
18,484
3,045
3,529
4,222
4,017
4,119
3,781
3,998
3,848
4,009
3,818
3,758
3,949
4,060
4,068
4,148
1,835
2,266
2,898
2,679
2,717
2,448
2,615
2,605
2,587
2,515
2,472
2,609
2,715
2,596
2,834
924
989
1,082
1,096
1,138
1,068
1,089
1,001
1,122
1,033
1,022
1,074
1,131
1,174
1,097
18.165
18.177
18,065
18.007
17.960
17.717
17.886
18,004
18.274
18.350
18.739
18.572
18.609
18.300
17.884
' Excludes persons "with a job but not at work" during the survey period for such reasons as vacation, illness, or industrial disputes.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Monthly Labor Review
December 2002
49
Current Labor Statistics:
6.
Labor Force Data
Selected unemployment indicators, monthly data seasonally adjusted
[Unemployment rates]
A n n u al a v e ra g e
2001
2002
S e le c te d c a te g o rie s
2000
2001
O c t.
N o v.
D ec .
Jan.
Feb.
M a r.
A p r.
M ay
June
J u ly
Aug.
S e p t.
O c t.
C h ara cteristic
Total. 16 years and over..............................
Both sexes, 16 to 19 years.....................
Men, 20 years and over...........................
Women, 20 years and over....................
4.0
13.1
3.3
3.6
4.8
14.7
4.2
4.1
5.4
15.4
4.8
4.8
5.6
15.7
5.2
4.9
5.8
16.2
5.2
5.2
5.6
16.1
5.2
4.8
5.5
15.6
5.0
5.0
5.7
16.4
5.2
5.0
6.0
16.8
5.4
5.4
5.8
16.9
5.2
5.2
5.9
17.6
5.4
5.1
5.9
17.7
5.2
5.2
5.7
17.2
5.2
4.9
5.6
15.7
5.2
4.9
5.7
14.6
5.2
5.2
White, total................................................
Both sexes, 16 to 19 years................
Men, 16 to 19 years.........................
Women, 16 to 19 years..................
Men, 20 years and over.....................
Women, 20 years and over...............
3.5
11.4
12.3
10.4
2.8
3.1
4.2
12.7
13.8
11.4
3.7
3.6
4.7
13.1
14.7
11.5
4.4
4.1
5.0
13.5
15.8
11.1
4.7
4.2
5.1
13.7
14.6
12.8
4.6
4.5
5.0
14.2
13.7
14.6
4.7
4.2
4.9
14.0
15.4
12.6
4.4
4.4
5.0
14.5
16.3
12.7
4.5
4.3
5.3
14.0
15.4
12.5
4.8
4.6
5.2
14.8
15.4
14.2
4.8
4.5
5.2
15.6
17.7
13.4
4.7
4.4
5.3
16.4
19.1
13.6
4.8
4.4
5.1
14.8
17.5
12.1
4.7
4.3
5.1
13.8
15.3
12.3
4.7
4.3
5.1
13.7
14.4
13.0
4.7
4.5
Black, total................................................
Both sexes, 16 to 19 years................
Men, 16 to 19 years.........................
Women, 16 to 19 years...................
Men, 20 years and over.....................
Women, 20 years and over................
7.6
24.7
26.4
23.0
7.0
6.3
8.7
29.0
30.5
27.5
8.0
7.0
9.6
30.2
31.2
29.1
8.2
8.5
9.9
32.1
31.6
32.6
8.7
8.4
10.2
33.4
32.0
34.8
9.1
8.7
9.8
30.7
32.1
29.0
8.9
8.4
9.6
27.9
30.0
25.6
8.7
8.5
10.7
31.0
36.9
24.7
10.1
9.0
11.2
35.4
37.3
33.5
9.3
10.2
10.2
30.2
36.8
22.3
8.6
9.5
10.7
30.2
30.0
30.4
10.4
8.8
9.9
28.0
20.5
34.8
9.0
8.9
9.6
30.5
30.5
30.4
8.8
8.3
9.6
27.7
34.7
20.8
9.3
7.9
9.8
23.1
24.8
21.3
9.7
8.5
Hispanic origin, total.............................
5.7
6.6
7.1
7.4
7.9
8.1
7.1
7.3
7.9
7.0
7.4
7.6
7.5
7.4
7.8
Married men, spouse present..............
Married women, spouse present.........
Women who maintain families............
Full-time workers...................................
Part-time workers..................................
2.0
2.7
5.9
3.9
4.8
2.7
3.1
6.6
4.7
5.1
3.1
3.6
6.8
5.4
5.5
3.3
3.6
8.0
5.6
5.6
3.4
3.7
8.0
5.8
5.6
3.5
3.4
7.9
5.7
5.2
3.4
3.8
8.0
5.7
4.8
3.4
3.7
7.3
5.8
5.2
3.9
3.9
8.6
6.2
5.2
3.6
3.9
8.1
5.9
5.6
4.1
3.8
8.2
6.1
5.0
3.5
3.7
8.4
5.9
5.4
3.4
3.5
7.3
5.7
5.6
3.6
3.6
7.2
5.7
5.3
3.4
3.8
8.0
5.8
5.3
4.1
3.9
6.4
3.6
3.4
4.0
3.1
5.0
2.3
3.8
2.1
7.5
5.0
4.7
7.3
5.2
5.3
5.1
4.1
5.6
2.8
4.6
2.2
9.7
5.8
5.8
8.3
6.0
6.5
5.3
6.0
6.1
2.8
5.5
2.3
9.0
6.0
5.3
8.9
6.4
6.9
5.5
6.1
6.4
3.5
5.4
2.4
9.3
6.2
6.1
8.9
6.8
7.2
6.1
6.1
7.1
3.0
5.5
2.4
9.6
5.9
5.9
9.4
6.6
7.0
5.9
6.2
6.3
2.2
5.4
2.3
10.3
6.0
4.5
7.9
6.7
7.5
5.5
5.8
6.5
2.8
5.5
2.7
9.5
6.1
6.3
8.8
7.0
7.5
6.3
5.4
6.5
3.1
5.4
2.8
12.4
6.5
6.0
9.3
7.2
7.6
6.6
6.1
7.2
3.2
5.8
2.5
9.0
6.3
4.4
8.9
6.7
6.3
7.5
5.7
7.0
4.0
5.6
2.6
9.1
6.3
7.9
9.1
6.8
7.3
6.1
5.9
6.6
4.1
5.9
2.3
8.3
6.2
3.8
10.3
6.3
6.8
5.6
5.3
6.8
3.7
5.8
2.5
9.7
6.0
6.0
9.5
6.3
6.5
5.9
4.8
6.8
3.1
5.4
2.4
9.8
6.0
8.0
9.3
6.5
6.9
5.9
5.0
6.9
3.1
5.1
2.7
8.8
6.2
5.2
9.9
6.4
6.5
6.2
5.2
7.3
3.0
5.4
2.8
6.7
6.4
3.5
7.3
4.2
7.8
4.6
8.1
5.0
8.8
4.9
8.1
5.2
8.3
5.3
8.0
5.4
9.0
5.7
8.5
5.6
7.9
5.6
8.7
5.1
8.4
5.1
7.8
5.0
8.8
4.8
2.7
1.7
3.3
2.3
3.9
2.7
4.2
2.9
4.3
3.1
4.2
2.9
4.1
2.9
4.3
2.7
4.7
3.0
4.9
2.9
4.7
2.9
4.4
2.9
4.3
2.7
4.7
2.9
4.4
3.1
In d u stry
Nonagricultural wage and salary
workers.........................................................
Mining........................................................
Construction..............................................
Manufacturing..........................................
Durable goods.......................................
Nondurable goods................................
Transportation and public utilities.........
Wholesale and retail trade.....................
Finance, insurance, and real estate......
Services.....................................................
Government workers....................................
Agricultural wage and salary workers.......
E ducational a tta in m e n t'
Less than a high school diploma.................
High school graduates, no college..............
Some college, less than a bachelor’s
degree...........................................................
College graduates.........................................
1 Data refer to persons 25 years and over.
7. Duration of unemployment, monthly data seasonally adjusted
[Numbers in thousands]
W eeks of
u n e m p lo y m e n t
Less than 5 weeks............................
5 to 14 weeks.....................................
15 weeks and over............................
A n n u al a v e ra g e
2000
2001
2001
2002
O c t.
N o v.
D ec.
Jan .
Feb.
M ar.
A p r.
M ay
2,828
2,515
2,561
3,078
2,411
2,688
2,793
2,818
2,854
2,876
2,531
2,952
1,383
1,178
1,355
1,333
1,360
1,494
1,316
1,636
15.0
8.1
15.4
8.1
16.6
8.9
17.1
2,833
2,163
1,746
949
797
3,084
2,522
2,042
1,136
906
3,090
2,573
2,317
1,207
1,110
3,024
2,724
15 to 26 weeks...............................
27 weeks and over........................
2,543
1,803
1,309
665
644
2,410
1,295
1,115
2,978
2,586
2,546
1,418
1,127
Mean duration, in weeks..................
Median duration, in weeks...............
12.6
5.9
13.2
6.8
13.0
7.4
14.4
7.6
14.5
8.2
14.6
8.8
Monthly Labor Review
Digitized for50
FRASER
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
December 2002
9.8
June
J u ly
2,729
2,784
3,103
1,434
1,669
2,896
2,464
2,883
17.3
11.7
Aug.
S e p t.
O c t.
2,708
2,511
2,900
1,315
1,585
2,715
2,471
1,349
1,533
2,880
2,431
2,783
1,309
1,474
16.4
8.6
16.2
8.4
17.8
9.5
17.5
9.6
2,980
1,324
1,656
8.
Unemployed persons by reason for unemployment, monthly data seasonally adjusted
[Numbers in thousands]
R e a s o n fo r
u n e m p lo y m e n t
Job losers1.........................................
On temporary layoff......................
Not on temporary layoff.................
Job leavers..........................................
New entrants......................................
A n n u a l a v e ra g e
2000
2001
2,492
842
1,650
775
1,957
431
3,428
1,049
2,379
832
2,029
453
2002
2001
O c t.
N o v.
D ec.
Jan .
Feb.
M ar.
A p r.
M ay
4,297
1,288
3,009
880
2,113
466
4,501
1,157
3,344
848
2,197
497
4,492
1,107
3,385
908
2 361
495
4,354
1,124
3,231
879
2 191
479
4,326
1,106
3,220
877
2 268
485
4,270
1,066
3,204
862
2 471
557
4,525
1,095
3,430
1,017
4,598
1,091
3,506
902
2 433
499
2 450
519
June
J u ly
Aug.
S e p t.
O c t.
4,579
1,061
3,518
836
? 360
4,580
1,224
3,356
818
? 375
4,560
1,151
3,410
824
2 270
4,535
999
3,536
781
2 263
4,737
1 054
3,682
838
2 344
584
571
619
526
469
Percent of unemployed
Job losers1.........................................
On temporary layoff.......................
Not on temporary layoff.................
Job leavers..........................................
Reentrants..........................................
New entrants......................................
44.1
50.8
55.4
56.0
54.4
55.1
54.4
52.3
53.2
54.5
54.8
54.9
55.1
56.0
56.4
14.9
29.2
13.7
34.6
7.6
15.6
35.3
12.3
30.1
6.7
16.6
38.8
11.3
27.2
6.0
14.4
41.6
10.5
27.3
6.2
13.4
41.0
11.0
28.6
6.0
14.2
40.9
11.1
27.7
6.1
13.9
40.5
11.0
28.5
6.1
13.1
39.3
12.9
40.3
12.7
42.1
14.7
40.2
13.9
41.2
10.6
30.3
6.8
12.0
28.8
6.1
12.9
41.6
10.7
28.9
5.9
10.0
28.2
7.0
9.8
28.5
6.8
10.0
27.4
7.5
12.3
43.6
9.6
27.9
6.5
12.6
43.9
10.0
27.9
5.6
1.8
2.4
3.0
3.2
3.2
3.1
3.0
3.0
3.2
3.2
3.2
3.2
3.2
3.2
3.3
.6
1.4
.3
.6
1.4
.3
.6
1.5
.3
.6
1.5
.3
.6
1.7
.3
.6
1.5
.3
.6
1.6
.3
.6
1.7
.7
1.7
.4
.6
1.7
.3
.6
1.7
.4
.6
1.7
.4
.6
16
.4
.5
16
.4
.6
1.6
Percent of civilian
labor force
Job losers1.........................................
Job leavers.........................................
New entrants......................................
.4
.3
' Includes persons who completed temporary jobs.
9.
Unemployment rates by sex and age, monthly data seasonally adjusted
[Civilian workers]
Sex and age
2000
Total, 16 years and over...................
16 to 24 years.................................
16 to 19 years.............................
16 to 17 years..........................
18 to 19 years..........................
20 to 24 years.............................
25 years and over..........................
25 to 54 years..........................
55 years and over...................
4.0
9.3
13.1
15.4
11.5
7.1
3.0
3.1
2.6
Men, 16 years and over..................
16 to 24 years..............................
16 to 19 years...........................
16 to 17 years........................
18 to 19 years........................
20 to 24 years...........................
25 years and over........................
25 to 54 years........................
55 years and over.................
Women, 16 years and over............
16 to 24 years..............................
16 to 19 years...........................
16 to 17 years........................
18 to 19 years........................
25 years and over........................
25 to 54 years........................
55 years and over.................
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
2001
A nnu al a ve ra g e
2001
O c t.
N ov.
2002
D ec .
Jan .
F eb .
M a r.
A p r.
M ay
June
J u ly
Aug.
S e p t.
4.8
10.6
14.7
17.1
13.2
8.3
3,7
3.8
3.0
5.4
11.5
15.4
17.4
14.2
9.3
4.2
4.4
3.4
5.6
11.7
15.7
17.5
14.8
9.5
4.4
4.6
3.5
5.8
11.9
16.2
18.8
14.8
9.6
4.5
4.7
4.0
5.6
11.9
16.1
17.0
15.2
9.7
4.4
4.7
3.5
5.5
11.6
15.6
16.5
14.7
9.5
4.5
4.6
3.8
5.7
12.5
16.4
18.0
15.1
10.3
4.5
4.7
3.5
6.0
12.3
16.8
19.4
15.1
10.0
4.9
5.0
4.0
5.8
11.6
16.9
20.7
14.8
8.9
4.8
5.0
4.2
5.9
12.2
17.6
20.8
15.6
9.3
4.8
4.9
4.2
5.9
12.3
17.7
20.9
16.1
9.5
4.6
4.8
3.7
5.7
12.2
17.2
19.7
16.0
9.6
4.5
4.6
4.0
5.6
11.8
15.7
3.9
9.7
14.0
16.8
12.2
7.3
2.8
2.9
2.7
4.8
11.4
15.9
18.8
14.1
8.9
3.6
3.7
3.3
5.5
12.4
17.2
20.3
15.1
9.8
4.2
4.3
3.7
5.9
13.0
17.7
20.4
16.2
10.5
4.5
4.6
4.1
5.8
12.8
17.2
20.0
15.6
10.5
4.5
4.5
4.2
5.6
12.4
16.8
19.6
15.4
10.2
4.4
4.5
4.1
5.9
13.7
18.5
20.8
16.7
11.1
4.5
4.7
3.6
6.1
13.0
18.1
19.6
17.2
10.3
4.8
4.9
4.3
5.9
12.5
18.6
23.7
15.6
9.4
4.8
4.9
4.5
6.1
12.9
19.6
23.2
17.4
9.5
4.9
5.0
4.6
6.0
13.0
19.8
23.9
17.4
9.6
4.7
4.8;
4.0
6.0
13.7
20.1
24.5
17.8
10.5
4.6
4.7
4.1
5.9
13.2
17.8
21.5
15.9
10.8
4.5
5.7
3.9
4.1
8.9
12.1
14.0
10.8
7.0
3.2
3.3
4.7
9.7
13.4
15.3
12.2
7.5
3.7
3.8
5.3
10.5
13.6
14.5
13.3
8.7
4.2
4.4
5.4
10.3
13.7
14.5
13.3
8.3
4.4
4.7
5.5
10.7
14.3
13.6
13.9
8.7
4.6
4.7
5.8
10.7
15.2
17.4
14.1
8.3
4.8
5.1
5.7
11.4
15.6
18.3
13.7
9.1
4.6
4.8
3.2
2.8
3.0
3.5
3.7
3.7
3.8
5.7
11.6
15.6
17.9
14.8
9.4
4.6
4.8
3.4
5.4
10.6
14.2
15.1
14.1
8.7
4.5
4.6
3.8
5.4
10.3
13.5
17.2
11.1
8.5
4.5
4.6
2.7
5.5
11.2
14.3
15.3
13.4
9.4
4.4
4.6
3.4
6.0
11.6
15.4
19.2
12.9
9.6
5.0
5.1
2.6
5.8
11.0
15.1
17.6
14.0
8.7
4.6
4.8
3.7
5.8
12.5
16.3
17.6
15.1
10.6
4.5
4.7
3.8
*
5.4
11.3
15.8
16.4
15.2
8.7
4.3
4.6
Monthly Labor Review
December 2002
19.3
13.6
9.7
4.5
4.6
3.7
3.5
51
Current Labor Statistics:
10.
Labor Force Data
Unemployment rates by State, seasonally adjusted
S ta te
S e p t.
Aug.
S e p t.
2 001
2002p
2002p
Alabama.........................................................
District of Columbia......................................
Idaho..............................................................
S ta te
5.5
6.2
5.1
5.2
5.7
5.7
7.3
5.7
5.0
6.4
5.7
7.5
5.7
5.0
6.4
4.1
3.6
3.3
6.6
5.0
5.1
4.0
3.8
6.0
5.6
5.2
4.1
4.1
6.1
5.3
4.0
4.5
5.1
5.6
4.7
4.6
4.0
5.3
6.2
5.2
4.7
4.2
5.4
6.3
5.0
3.5
4.3
5.6
6.0
4.3
3.7
4.5
5.9
5.9
4.0
3.9
4.6
5.2
5.9
4.1
4.2
4.0
5.5
3.6
5.8
4.3
5.2
6.2
4.4
6.1
4.0
5.2
5.8
3.0
5.9
Aug.
Aug.
S e p t.
2001
2002p
2002p
Missouri
4.8
4.6
3 1
5.2
4.0
4.7
4.0
3.4
5.0
4.7
4.8
3.9
3.5
4.9
4.5
4.5
4.9
5.2
5.8
2.6
5.3
6.1
5.9
6.3
3.2
5.4
6.0
5.6
6.2
3.5
4.4
4.0
6.9
4.8
4.5
5.6
4.3
7.0
5.3
4.8
5.6
4.2
6.8
5.2
5.1
South Carolina..............................................
5.7
3.5
4.6
5J
Utah...............................................................
4.6
5.4
4.6
4.6
6.1
5.0
5.4
2.6
4.8
6.2
5.3
3.8
3.9
6.6
4.7
4.5
4.1
4.2
4.1
7.2
5.9
5.2
3.6
4.0
3.9
7.4
6.1
5.1
3.9
North Carolina..............................................
Virginia...........................................................
West Virginia.................................................
W yoming........................................................
p = preliminary
Dash indicates data not available.
11. Employment of workers on nonfarm payrolls by State, seasonally adjusted
[In thousands]
S e p t.
Aug.
S e p t.
2001
2002p
2002p
S e p t.
Aug.
S e p t.
2001
2002p
2002p
Alabama..........................................
Alaska..............................................
Arizona............................................
Arkansas.........................................
California.........................................
1,916.5
292.0
2,257.4
1,154.7
14,700.5
1,897.9
294.6
2,251.9
1,150.7
14,662.5
1,897.7
294.7
2,235.9
1,148.7
14,645.6
Missouri...........................................
Montana..........................................
Nebraska.........................................
Nevada...........................................
2,728.5
391.4
912.0
1,053.4
624.9
2,677.4
395.6
907.0
1,070.8
627.3
2,678.4
396.4
906.8
1,068.8
624.8
Colorado.........................................
Connecticut.....................................
Delaware.........................................
District of Columbia.......................
Florida..............................................
2,226.1
1,678.6
418.1
652.6
7,208.1
2,185.5
1,674.8
416.1
653.2
7,329.5
2,184.8
1,673.0
414.8
649.8
7,229.4
New Jersey.....................................
North Dakota..................................
4,014.3
757.7
8,619.2
3,897.7
331.2
4,002.1
761.0
8,559.7
3,885.5
328.9
4,001.8
759.5
8,539.2
3,895.5
331.0
Georgia............................................
Hawaii..............................................
Idaho...............................................
Illinois...............................................
Indiana.............................................
3,945.9
556.6
570.0
5,993.5
2,937.8
3,864.5
549.4
563.3
5,930.7
2,905.4
3,866.9
549.9
563.2
5,919.0
2,899.7
Oregon............................................
Pennsylvania..................................
Rhode Island..................................
5,548.4
1,513.4
1,589.6
5,696.5
478.0
5,511.4
1,518.8
1,582.7
5,658.3
483.0
5,504.1
1,521.5
1,581.1
5,642.0
481.3
Iowa.................................................
Kansas.............................................
Kentucky.........................................
Maine..............................................
1,468.1
1,363.7
1,818.3
1,936.7
609.6
2,903.8
1,365.1
1,832.4
1,932.4
610.8
1,467.5
1,366.0
1,837.7
1,932.8
610.8
South Carolina...............................
South Dakota..................................
Tennessee......................................
Texas...............................................
Utah.................................................
1,835.1
379.1
2,703.9
9,501.6
1,081.6
1,831.9
381.4
2,703.1
9,412.7
1,065.1
1,834.3
378.4
2,697.5
9,422.3
1,062.4
Maryland.........................................
Massachusetts...............................
Michigan.........................................
Minnesota.......................................
Mississippi......................................
2,477.4
3,323.4
4,571.9
2,665.6
1,133.4
2,446.6
3,275.1
4,537.0
2,644.8
2,687.2
2,462.7
3,276.0
4,540.7
2,644.2
1,130.3
Virginia............................................
Washington.....................................
West Virginia...................................
Wisconsin.......................................
Wyoming.........................................
297.2
3,523.7
2,689.7
733.6
2,822.5
246.8
297.1
3,495.8
2,648.0
723.2
2,833.3
251.9
296.4
3,495.5
2,633.0
727.2
2,835.6
246.5
S ta te
S ta te
.><1v
i- fi Ì* r
>1
-?
*. »*3:1
: 0 i
. »
. iii>k r! &•
f ¡ii.
’ 1.
Tci- i
v S lK v
p = preliminary. Dash indicates data not available.
NOTE: Some data in this table may differ from data published elsewhere because of the continual updating of the data base.
Digitized for52
FRASER
Monthly Labor Review
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
December 2002
l.\j
12. E m p lo y m e n t o f w o rk e rs o n n o n fa rm p a y ro lls b y in d u s try , m o n th ly d a ta s e a s o n a lly a d ju s te d
[In thousands]_____________________________________________________________________________________________
In dustry
2002
2001
A nnual average
2000
2001
Oct.
Nov.
June
July
A ug.
S ep t.p
O c t.p
TOTAL.................................
PRIVATE SECTOR..................
131,739
111,079
131,922
110,989
131,414
110,349
131,087
109,987
130,890
109,768
130,871
109,734
130,706
109,544
130,701
109,505
130,680
109,495
130,702
109,496
130,736
109,525
130,790
109,562
130,829
109,624
130,829
109,536
130,915
109,569
GOODS-PRODUCING..................
M in in g '.......................................
Metal mining...............................
Oil and gas extraction................
Nonmetallic minerals,
except fuels.............................
25,709
24,944
24,511
24,353
23,861
23,812
23,801
564
32
339
560
32
336
558
32
334
555
32
333
551
33
329
555
32
333
23,748
552
32
330
23,694
566
34
340
23,905
564
32
339
23,870
566
34
340
24,130
568
33
342
23,975
565
36
338
24,261
565
33
339
24,041
543
41
311
114
111
110
110
111
111
111
111
112
112
110
110
111
111
111
C onstruction...............................
General building contractors.....
Heavy construction, except
building....................................
Special trades contractors.........
6,698
1,528
6,685
1,462
6,643
1,456
6,629
1,454
6,634
1,459
6,615
1,459
6,597
1,458
6,593
1,462
6,541
1,452
6,541
1,454
6,549
1,454
6,519
1,445
6,556
1,450
6,556
1,469
6,545
1,475
901
4,269
922
4,300
922
4,265
925
4,250
924
4,251
919
4,237
914
4,225
908
4,223
901
4,188
908
4,179
910
4,185
899
4,175
898
4,198
898
4,189
893
4,177
M anufacturing............................
Production workers..............
18,469
12,628
17,695
11,933
17,302
11,620
17,158
11,513
17,062
11,437
16,947
11,362
16,880
11,305
16,822
11,264
16,800
11,250
16,758
11,245
16,757
11,236
16,742
11,247
16,690
11,212
16,640
11,164
16,596
11,132
Durable goods.........................
Production workers..............
11,138
7,591
10,636
7,126
10,343
6,889
10,237
6,809
10,166
6,753
10,070
6,690
10,023
6,653
9,976
6,625
9,976
6,620
9,963
6,619
9,944
6,603
9,922
6,609
9,889
6,591
9,832
6,539
9,801
6,520
Lumber and wood products....
Furniture and fixtures...............
Stone, clay, and glass
products.................................
Primary metal industries.........
Fabricated metal products......
Industrial machinery and
equipment.............................
Computer and office
equipment...........................
Electronic and other electrical
equipment.............................
Electronic components and
accessories.........................
Transportation equipment.......
Motor vehicles and
equipment............................
Aircraft and parts...................
Instruments and related
products...............................
Miscellaneous manufacturing
industries...............................
832
558
786
519
777
500
772
495
770
494
771
492
771
491
769
491
767
497
770
494
767
495
766
495
768
495
764
488
764
488
579
698
1,537
571
656
1,483
564
637
1,455
561
625
1,438
558
617
1,437
555
607
1,427
551
601
1,425
550
596
1,422
551
598
1,425
549
597
1,428
552
593
1,425
554
589
1,428
557
589
1,418
558
586
1,412
557
582
1,409
2,120
2,010
1,935
1,909
1,887
1,868
1,855
1,846
1,842
1,826
1,829
1,826
1,810
1,801
1,798
361
343
328
325
322
317
315
315
313
308
304
301
296
296
295
1,719
1,631
1,542
1,520
1,499
1,478
1,459
1,445
1,443
1,437
1,428
1,426
1,408
1,392
1,380
682
1,849
661
1,760
616
1,729
605
1,720
595
1,709
582
1,680
571
1,682
566
1,674
566
1,671
567
1,675
566
1,679
563
1,661
555
1,675
550
1,661
544
2,660
1,013
465
947
461
921
458
921
452
920
449
902
437
913
427
915
419
912
416
914
416
920
411
905
409
918
407
912
400
913
396
852
830
829
825
822
818
816
813
811
807
805
803
799
798
793
Dec.
Jan.
Feb.
Mar.
A pr.
M ay
553
32
332
394
380
375
372
373
374
372
370
371
372
371
374
370
372
370
Nondurable goods..................
Production workers..............
7,331
5,038
7,059
4,808
6,959
4,731
6,921
4,704
6,896
4,684
6,877
4,672
6,857
4,652
6,846
4,639
6,824
4,630
6,808
4,626
6,813
4,633
6,820
4,638
6,801
4,621
6,808
4,625
6,795
4,612
Food and kindred products.....
Tobacco products....................
Textile mill products.................
Apparel and other textile
products.................................
Paper and allied products........
Printing and publishing............
Chemicals and allied products
Petroleum and coal products...
Rubber and miscellaneous
plastics products....................
Leather and leather products..
1,684
34
528
1,691
34
478
1,690
34
459
1,690
34
451
1,685
34
448
1,686
34
444
1,686
33
441
1,685
34
440
1,689
33
436
1,687
34
434
1,691
34
432
1,687
35
429
1,683
38
427
1,694
37
427
1,693
37
426
633
657
1,547
1,038
127
566
834
1,490
1,022
126
546
627
1,463
1,018
127
537
626
1,453
1,015
127
537
624
1,444
1,012
126
536
622
1,437
1,008
126
531
621
1,428
1,011
126
527
620
1,419
1,010
126
523
615
1,413
1,008
125
520
612
1,407
1,006
125
522
612
1,405
1,008
125
525
612
1,406
1,008
126
524
613
1,401
1,006
125
516
612
1,403
1,010
126
511
613
1,401
1,006
125
1,011
71
958
60
939
56
932
56
930
56
928
56
924
56
929
56
927
55
928
55
929
55
936
56
929
555
927
57
926
57
106,050
106,978
106,903
106,734
106,629
106,741
106,665
106,726
106,775
106,832
106,875
106,978
107,112
107,081
107,221
7,019
4,529
236
7,065
4,497
234
6,974
4,427
232
6,907
4,367
232
6,856
4,332
233
6,850
4,343
235
6,837
4,341
234
6,814
4,330
233
6,799
4,330
230
6,793
4,328
228
6,790
4,334
229
6,780
4,328
227
6,765
4,323
228
6,725
4,293
226
6,726
4,300
225
476
1,856
196
1,281
14
471
480
1,848
192
1,266
15
462
478
1,831
193
1,236
15
442
480
1,831
189
1,187
15
433
481
1,827
188
1,159
15
429
481
1,824
188
1,171
15
429
479
1,826
187
1,171
15
429
478
1,819
186
1,172
15
427
476
1,830
190
1,162
15
427
475
1,827
193
1,165
15
425
472
1,829
193
1,172
15
424
471
1,834
192
1,167
15
422
466
1,827
190
1,176
15
421
469
1,816
189
1,160
15
418
471
1,827
188
1,156
15
418
2,490
1,639
2,570
1,716
2,547
1,696
2,540
1,689
2,524
1,679
2,507
1,660
2,496
1,652
2,484
1,643
2,469
1,628
2,465
1,626
2,456
1,615
2,452
1,608
2,442
1,597
2,432
1,588
2,426
1,584
SERVICE-PRODUCING................
Transportation and public
u tilitie s....................................
Railroad transportation............
Local and interurban
passenger transit...................
Trucking and warehousing.....
Water transportation................
Transportation by air...............
Pipelines, except natural gas..
Transportation services.........
Communications and public
Communications.....................
Electric, gas, and sanitary
851
852
851
851
845
847
844
841
841
839
841
844
845
844
842
W holesale trade.........................
7,024
6,776
6,728
6,693
6,702
6,702
6,689
6,681
6,678
6,681
6,681
6,679
6,671
6,663
6,657
Retail trade..................................
Building materials and garden
23,307
23,522
23,470
23,449
23,318
23,396
23,331
23,332
23,345
23,327
23,308
23,339
13,295
23,291
23,292
1,016
2,837
2,491
1,044
2,897
2,559
1,052
2,888
2,552
1,049
2,877
2,540
1,050
2,853
2,520
1,049
2,856
2,520
1,048
2,892
2,550
1,053
2,901
2,560
1,061
2,915
2,575
1,068
2,897
2,560
1,066
2,884
2,542
1,067
2,885
2,544
1,066
2,850
2,515
2,067
2,856
2,513
1,071
2,851
2,505
General merchandise stores....
Department stores..................
See footnotes at end of table.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Monthly Labor Review
December 2002
53
Current Labor Statistics:
Labor Force Data
12. C o n tin u e d — E m p lo y m e n t o f w o rk e rs o n n o n fa rm p a y ro lls b y in d u s try , m o n th ly d a ta s e a s o n a lly a d ju s te d
________________ _____ ____________________________________________________________________________________________
A nnual average
2000
Food stores................................
Automotive dealers and
service stations......................
New and used car dealers.....
Apparel and accessory stores...
Furniture and home furnishings
stores......................................
Eating and drinking places.......
Miscellaneous retail
establishments........................
Hotels and other lodging places
Personal services......................
Business services......................
Services to buildings................
Personnel supply services......
Help supply services..............
Computer and data
processing services...............
Auto repair services
and parking.............................
Miscellaneous repair services...
Motion pictures..........................
Amusement and recreation
services...................................
2001
O ct.
Nov.
2002
Dec.
Jan.
Feb.
Mar.
Apr.
M ay
June
July
A ug.
S ept.p
3,521
3,541
3,442
3,448
3,430
3,421
3,402
3,392
3,392
3,397
3,394
3,388
3,392
3,392
3,387
2,412
1,114
1,193
2,425
1,121
1,189
2,426
1,123
1,177
2,434
1,126
1,173
2,438
1,131
1,163
2,436
1,133
1,187
2,430
1,134
1,172
2,426
1,131
1,175
2,429
1,129
1,170
2,434
1,133
1,169
2,432
1,128
1,173
2,437
1,127
1,178
2,443
1,130
1,177
2,438
1,131
1,171
2,438
1,131
1,173
1,134
8,114
1,141
8,256
1,136
8,239
1,156
8,224
1,156
8,190
1,138
8,238
1,143
8,161
1,143
8,154
1,141
8,152
1,146
8,130
1,148
8,121
1,153
8,144
1,154
8,125
1,153
8,129
1,158
8,141
3,080
317
3,110
3,086
3,038
3,069
3,083
3,088
3,085
3,086
3,090
3,087
3,088
3,085
3,073
7,560
3,710
2,029
1,430
253
681
7,712
3,800
2,053
1,434
256
720
7,743
3,812
2,061
1,439
257
740
7,751
3,821
2,068
1,442
260
747
7,748
3,818
2,070
1,444
261
752
7,748
3,819
2,070
1,450
262
755
7,745
3,812
2,072
1,446
263
754
7,740
3,809
2,074
1,447
264
753
7,743
3,813
2,075
1,446
264
756
7,732
3,813
2,073
1,446
264
756
7,733
3,819
2,071
1,444
264
762
7,737
3,819
2,073
1,445
263
767
7,745
3,822
2,075
1,448
263
773
7,773
3,837
2,078
1,450
264
783
7,814
3,860
2,082
1,453
264
802
748
769
750
745
734
729
726
722
723
723
723
718
714
714
713
251
2,346
1,589
257
2,369
1,595
261
2,379
1,600
261
2,377
1,597
262
2,372
1,594
259
2,372
1,594
260
2,376
1,593
260
2,375
1,591
259
2,374
1,989
261
2,369
1,583
263
2,366
1,579
261
2,365
1,576
260
2,366
1,574
262
2,366
1,577
263
2,372
1,578
757
1,504
773
1,544
779
1,552
780
1,553
778
1,558
778
1,557
783
1,557
784
1,556
785
1,556
786
1,550
787
1,548
789
1,553
792
1,557
789
1,570
794
1,582
40,460
832
1,914
1,251
9,858
994
3,887
3,487
40,970
849
1,870
1,269
9,572
1,016
3,446
3,084
40,923
859
1,814
1,272
9,393
1,022
3,249
2,906
40,834
860
1,810
1,266
9,277
1,025
3,126
2,799
40,883
865
1,805
1,284
9,265
1,025
3,107
2,782
10,908
865
1,811
1,290
9,231
1,022
3,080
2,761
40,901
868
1,811
1,282
9,207
1,018
3,070
2,758
40,963
872
1,811
1,289
9,237
121
3,107
2,795
41,025
857
1,796
1,286
9,312
1,027
3,175
2,857
41,093
856
1,789
1,279
9,330
1,023
3,198
2,888
41,152
862
1,801
1,285
9,332
1,023
3,205
2,902
41,215
862
1,795
1,282
9,325
1,034
3,196
2,875
41,347
863
1,788
1,285
9,395
1,041
3,257
2,925
41,336
874
1,782
1,287
9,330
1,042
3,188
2,869
41,386
873
1,791
1,289
9,320
1,041
3,174
2,860
2,095
2,225
2,232
2,221
2,219
2,213
2,208
2,198
2,190
2,190
2,191
2,193
2,191
2,190
2,193
1,248
366
594
1,257
374
583
1,253
375
575
1,259
375
577
1,259
376
574
1,262
376
581
1,262
379
574
1,260
377
572
1,261
377
574
1,262
375
578
1,265
378
581
1,266
379
584
1,266
377
588
1,266
378
595
1,261
378
591
Finance, insurance, and
real estate.................................
Finance......................................
Depository institutions.............
Commercial banks.................
Savings institutions................
Nondepository institutions......
Security and commodity
brokers...................................
Holding and other investment
offices.....................................
Insurance..................................
Insurance carriers....................
Insurance agents, brokers,
and service............................
Real estate................................
Services1....................................
2001
'■O
In dustry
o
o
[In thousands]
1,728
1,721
1,702
1,685
1,680
1,699
1,649
1,635
1,611
1,621
1,631
1,649
1,662
1,638
1,640
Health services..........................
Offices and clinics of medical
doctors....................................
Nursing and personal care
facilities...................................
Hospitals...................................
Home health care services.....
Legal services...........................
Educational services..................
Social services...........................
Child day care services..........
Residential care.......................
Museums and botanical and
zoological gardens.................
Membership organizations.......
Engineering and management
services...................................
Engineering and architectural
services..................................
Management and public
relations.................................
10,197
10,381
10,476
10,502
10,530
10,551
10,575
10,602
10,611
10,626
10,660
10,687
10,711
10,729
10,753
1,924
2,002
3,018
2,025
2,029
2,033
3,041
2,046
2,044
2,050
2,061
2,067
2,075
2,079
2,085
1,795
3,990
643
1,010
2,325
2,903
712
806
1,847
4,096
636
1,037
2,433
307
716
864
1,862
4,141
639
1,047
2,454
3,110
721
884
1,866
4,153
640
1,049
2,458
3,121
721
888
1,871
4,164
641
1,051
2,463
3,135
723
891
1,876
4,174
643
1,053
2,473
3,149
723
896
1,875
4,184
642
1,054
2,485
3,155
722
899
1,879
4,193
643
1,056
2,489
3,162
723
902
1,883
4,199
643
1,059
2,501
3,167
925
903
1,886
4,207
644
1,066
2,518
3,164
722
901
1,887
4,221
643
1,065
2,511
3,165
726
904
1,888
4,233
646
1,065
2,529
3,181
726
904
1,893
4,244
646
1,065
2,538
3,203
736
906
1,896
4,247
646
1,072
2,550
3,199
731
906
1,900
4,255
651
1,077
2,566
3,204
731
909
106
2,475
110
2,468
110
2,474
109
2,473
110
2,473
110
2,471
109
2,471
109
2,470
109
2,477
108
2,480
109
2,484
109
2,476
108
2,472
108
2,478
107
2,481
3,419
3,593
3,616
3,620
3,621
3,624
3,629
3,631
3,636
3,649
3,636
3,634
3,634
3,659
3,665
1,017
1,053
1,056
1,051
1,048
1,047
1,044
1,044
1,041
1,042
1,034
1,032
1,030
1,029
1,028
1,090
1,166
1,178
1,182
1,184
1,192
1,193
1,191
1,202
1,209
1,204
1,214
1,211
1,224
1,224
Government................................
Federal.......................................
Federal, except Postal
Service..................................
State...........................................
Education.................................
Other State government.........
Local...........................................
Education.................................
Other local government..........
20,681
2,777
20,933
2,616
21,065
2,622
21,100
2,622
21,122
2,616
21,137
2,615
21,162
2,609
21,196
2,608
21,185
2,611
21,206
2,600
21,211
2,601
21,228
2,607
21,289
2,611
21,293
2,621
21,346
2,645
1,917
4,785
2,032
2,753
13,119
7,440
5,679
1,767
4,885
2,096
2,789
13,432
7,646
5,786
1,778
4,925
2,118
2,807
13,483
7,693
5,825
1,776
4,925
2,121
2,804
13,518
7,710
5,849
1,776
4,932
2,124
2,808
13,559
7,723
5,852
1,776
4,935
2,127
2,808
13,575
7,732
5,861
1,777
4,937
2,130
2,807
13,593
7,746
5,871
1,782
4,940
2,133
2,807
13,617
7,767
5,878
1,784
4,942
2,135
2,807
13,645
7,754
5,879
1,777
4,945
2,141
2,804
13,661
7,770
5,891
1,783
4,935
2,135
2,800
13,675
7,755
5,920
1,790
4,950
2,155
2,795
13,671
7,788
5,883
1,792
4,948
2,145
2,803
13,730
7,837
5,893
1,810
4,958
2,163
2,795
13,714
7,808
5,906
1,836
4,958
2,163
2,795
13,743
7,829
5,914
’ Includes other industries not shown separately.
p = preliminary.
No te : See "Notes on the data" for a description of the most recent benchmark revision.
Monthly Labor Review
Digitized for54
FRASER
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
December 2002
13. Average weekly hours of production or nonsupervisory workers on private nonfarm payrolls, by industry, monthly
data seasonally adjusted
________________
In d u s tr y
A n n u a l a v e ra g e
2000
2001
2002
2 001
O c t.
N ov.
D ec .
Jan.
Feb.
M ar.
A p r.
M ay
June
J u ly
Aug.
S e p t.p
O c t.p
PRIVATE SECTOR..................................
34.5
34.2
34.0
34.1
34.1
34.1
34.2
34.2
34.2
34.2
34.3
34.0
34.1
34.2
34.2
GOODS-PRODUCING.................................
41.0
40.4
40.1
40.2
40.2
40.3
40.4
40.5
40.4
40.3
40.5
40.0
40.3
40.3
40.1
MINING..........................................................
43.1
43.5
43.0
43.5
43.8
43.0
43.4
43.3
42.4
43.0
43.3
42.7
43.3
42.8
42.8
MANUFACTURING.....................................
Overtime hours.....................................
41.6
4.6
40.7
3.9
40.5
3.8
40.4
3.8
40.8
3.8
40.6
3.9
40.7
3.9
41.0
4.1
40.9
4.2
40.9
4.2
41.1
40.7
4.3
4.0
40.9
4.2
40.8
4.1
40.7
4.1
Durable goods..........................................
Overtime hours....................................
Lumber and wood products.................
Furniture and fixtures............................
Stone, clay, and glass products..........
Primary metal industries......................
Blast furnaces and basic steel
products..............................................
42.1
4.7
41.0
40.0
43.1
44.9
41.0
3.9
40.6
39.0
43.6
43.6
40.7
3.7
30.7
38.6
43.6
43.4
40.6
3.7
40.7
38.8
43.6
43.0
40.9
3.8
41.0
39.2
43.4
43.7
41.0
3.9
40.5
40.1
43.8
43.6
41.1
3.9
40.9
40.3
44.1
43.8
41.3
4.1
41.1
40.6
43.6
44.4
41.4
4.1
40.8
40.8
43.8
44.3
41.3
4.1
40.8
40.4
43.4
44.1
41.5
4.2
41.0
40.2
43.7
44.6
41.0
3.9
41.2
40.1
43.2
44.1
41.2
4.1
41.0
40.3
43.3
44.3
41.3
4.1
41.1
40.2
43.4
44.2
41.2
4.2
41.0
39.7
43.4
44.6
46.0
42.6
44.6
41.4
44.5
41.1
43.9
41.0
44.4
41.3
44.5
41.3
44.8
41.6
45.5
41.7
45.1
41.6
45.6
41.9
46.1
42.0
45.5
41.7
45.8
41.7
46.0
41.6
46.3
41.6
Industrial machinery and equipment...
Electronic and other electrical
equipment............................................
Transportation equipment....................
Motor vehicles and equipment..........
Instruments and related products.......
Miscellaneous manufacturing.............
42.2
40.6
40.2
39.9
40.1
40.1
40.1
40.5
40.6
40.7
40.9
40.3
40.8
40.7
40.5
41.1
43.4
44.4
41.3
39.0
39.4
41.9
42.7
40.9
37.9
39.0
41.5
42.4
40.7
37.3
39.0
41.6
42.5
40.6
37.4
39.4
41.9
43.2
40.6
38.0
38.7
42.7
44.3
40.5
38.2
38.9
42.3
43.7
40.4
38.4
39.4
42.4
43.9
40.6
38.8
39.5
42.6
44.4
40.4
38.8
39.4
42.3
44.2
40.4
38.8
39.4
43.5
44.1
40.9
39.6
38.7
41.7
42.9
40.4
38.4
38.7
42.2
43.8
40.7
38.5
38.8
42.6
44.3
40.8
38.6
38.3
42.5
44.4
40.7
38.9
N o ndurable g o o d s ...................................
Overtime hours....................................
Food and kindred products..................
Textile mill products..............................
Apparel and other textile products......
Paper and allied products....................
40.8
4.4
41.7
41.2
37.8
42.5
40.3
4.0
41.1
39.9
37.3
41.6
40.1
4.0
41.2
39.4
36.6
41.4
40.1
3.9
41.0
39.3
36.9
41.3
40.1
3.9
40.9
40.0
36.9
41.3
40.0
4.0
41.0
40.2
36.7
41.1
40.2
40.4
4.2
41.4
41.4
37.4
41.5
40.3
4.3
41.2
41.5
37.1
41.6
40.4
3.9
41.0
40.9
36.7
41.5
4.3
41.2
41.4
37.0
41.9
40.6
4.3
41.6
41.5
37.0
41.6
40.2
4.2
41.0
41.6
36.8
41.2
40.5
4.2
41.3
41.8
36.8
41.7
40.2
4.0
40.8
41.2
36.9
41.4
40.1
4.0
40.8
41.0
36.6
41.3
Printing and publishing.........................
Chemicals and allied products............
Rubber and miscellaneous
plastics products.................................
Leather and leather products...............
38.3
42.5
38.1
42.3
37.9
42.0
37.8
41.9
37.8
41.9
37.3
41.9
37.4
41.9
37.5
42.0
37.2
41.8
37.5
42.3
37.7
42.5
37.3
42.1
37.7
42.6
37.5
42.4
37.5
41.9
41.4
40.7
36.6
40.8
36.9
40.5
37.0
40.9
37.2
41.1
36.3
40.5
36.2
40.7
37.5
37.3
41.6
37.5
41.2
36.7
41.3
36.8
41.0
36.7
41.2
35.7
40.8
35.6
40.9
36.3
SERVICE-PRODUCING...............................
32.8
32.7
32.6
32.6
32.7
32.7
32.7
32.8
32.7
32.8
32.8
32.6
32.7
32.8
32.8
TRANSPORTATION AND
PUBLIC UTILITIES.................................
38.2
38.1
38.2
38.2
38.3
38.4
38.3
38.3
38.4
38.5
38.4
38.3
38.3
38.6
38.4
38.5
38.5
38.6
29.0
29.1
29.1
28.8
28.9
29.0
29.3
38.6
38.2
38.0
38.9
W HOLESALE TRADE................................
38.5
38.2
38.0
38.2
38.3
38.2
38.3
38.4
RETAIL TRADE...........................................
28.9
28.9
28.8
28.8
28.9
28.9
29.0
29.1
p = preliminary.
NOTE: See "Notes on the data" for a description of the most recent benchmark revision.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Monthly Labor Review
December 2002
55
Current Labor Statistics:
Labor Force Data
14. Average hourly earnings of production or nonsupervisory workers on private nonfarm payrolls, by industry,
seasonally adjusted
A n n u a l a v e ra g e
2001
2002
In d u s try
2000
2001
O c t.
N o v.
D ec.
Jan .
Feb.
M ar.
A p r.
M ay
June
J u ly
Aug
S e p t.p
O c t.p
PRIVATE SECTOR (in curre nt dollars)..
$13.75
$14.32
$14.46
$14.52
$14.56
$14.58
$14.61
$14.64
$14.66
$14.69
$14.74
$14.76
$14.83
$14.85
$14.89
G oo d s-p ro d u cin g ....................................
15.40
15.92
16.05
16.11
16.18
16.24
16.28
16.29
16.32
16.35
16.39
16.38
16.44
16.48
16.53
Mining.....................................................
17.24
17.56
17,70
17.68
17.51
17.69
17.66
17.72
17.63
17.87
17.70
17.78
17.87
17.82
17.81
Construction.......................................... .
17.88
18.34
18.40
18.47
18.60
18.65
18.68
18.74
18.83
18.77
18.81
18.87
18.90
18.98
Manufacturing........................................
14.38
14.83
14.99
15.03
15.08
15.13
15.17
15.19
15.19
15.27
15.31
15.28
15.34
15.35
18.98
15.44
Excluding overtime............................
13.62
14.15
14.31
14.36
14.39
14.42
14.46
14.45
14.43
14.53
14.56
14.57
14.59
14.62
13.70
S e rvice-p rod ucing...................................
13.24
13.85
14.00
14.06
14.10
14.11
14.13
14.18
14.19
14.23
14.27
14.31
14.37
14.40
14.43
Transportation and public utilities.......
16.22
16.79
16.96
17.03
17.09
17.09
17.11
17.21
17.21
17.26
17.31
17.27
17.28
17.36
17.38
Wholesale trade....................................
15.20
15.86
15.97
15.98
16.07
16.10
16.19
16.23
16.11
16.12
16.15
16.14
16.28
16.29
16.29
Retail trade............................................
9.46
9.77
9.84
9.90
9.89
9.90
9.92
9.95
9.97
9.99
10.05
10.09
10.10
10.11
Finance, insurance, and real estate....
15.07
15.80
15.97
16.00
16.00
16.06
16.08
16.14
16.18
16.17
10.06
16.27
16.38
16.43
16.53
16.56
Services..................................................
13.91
14.67
14.88
14.94
14.98
15.01
15.04
15.08
15.13
15.16
15.19
15.26
15.30
15.34
15.39
7.86
8.00
8.06
8.10
8.14
8.14
8.13
8.12
8.09
8.11
8.13
8.13
8.14
8.14
8.14
PRIVATE SECTOR (in co n s ta n t (1982)
d o lla rs)........................................................
p - preliminary. Dash indicates data not available.
No t e : See "Notes on the data" for a description of the most recent benchmark revision.
56
Monthly Labor Review
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
December 2002
15. Average hourly earnings of production or nonsupervisory workers on private nonfarm payrolls, by industry
2002
2001
A n n u a l a v e ra g e
In d u s try
PRIVATE SECTOR.....................................
2000
2001
O c t.
N o v.
D ec .
J an .
Feb.
M a r.
A p r.
M ay
June
J u ly
Aug.
S e p t.p
$13.76
$14.32
$14.49
$14.54
$14.62
$14.65
$14.67
$14.67
$14.69
$14.67
$14.68
$14.65
$14.70
$14.92
$14.91
17.74
17.65
17.76
17.71
17.80
17.79
18.67
18.74
18.90
18.97
19.10
19.12
O c t.p
MINING..........................................................
17.22
17.56
17.72
17.61
17.58
17.89
17.76
17.73
17.70
CONSTRUCTION.........................................
17.88
18.34
18.57
18.54
18.69
18.56
18.62
18.66
18.70
MANUFACTURING.....................................
14.37
14.83
14.97
15.07
15.17
15.15
15.16
15.16
15.20
15.23
15.28
15.26
15.32
14.40
15.42
15.68
12.43
12.59
15.43
17.36
15.74
12.53
12.62
15.48
17.46
15.66
12.58
12.55
15.62
17.60
15.81
12.57
12.71
15.52
17.49
15.80
12.63
12.74
15.69
17.54
15.95
12.60
12.67
15.79
17.61
Durable g o o d s ..........................................
Lumber and wood products.................
Furniture and fixtures............................
Stone, clay, and glass products..........
Primary metal industries......................
Blast furnaces and basic steel
products..............................................
Fabricated metal products...................
14.82
11.94
11.74
14.53
16.41
15.28
12.26
12.24
15.00
16.92
15.46
12.37
12.42
15.09
17.08
15.55
12.40
12.45
15.13
17.24
15.66
12.42
12.56
15.10
17.19
15.61
12.38
12.61
15.12
17.15
15.63
12.39
12.59
15.17
17.15
15.63
12.35
12.57
15.12
17.20
15.66
12.33
12.54
15.35
17.25
19.82
13.87
20.41
14.25
20.52
14.33
20.66
14.42
20.53
14.56
20.53
14.57
20.63
14.51
20.66
14.60
20.69
14.66
20.81
14.64
20.92
14.71
21.07
14.61
20.90
14.69
20.96
14.80
21.02
14.84
Industrial machinery and equipment...
15.55
15.89
16.07
16.16
16.23
16.31
16.33
16.31
16.30
16.35
16.36
16.47
16.55
16.58
16.53
13.79
18.46
18.80
14.41
11.63
14.51
19.06
19.40
14.81
12.16
14.78
19.41
19.83
14.97
12.24
14.88
19.54
19.96
14.98
12.35
14.97
19.71
20.19
15.09
12.39
14.86
19.57
19.99
15.09
12.46
14.90
19.69
20.05
15.10
12.42
14.93
19.65
20.09
15.12
12.39
14.87
19.68
20.22
14.91
19.65
20.17
15.11
12.36
15.11
12.37
15.04
19.75
20.36
15.14
12.28
15.05
19.37
19.76
15.24
12.30
15.06
19.86
20.56
15.28
12.39
15.05
20.04
20.71
15.40
12.44
15.07
20.31
21.11
15.45
12.43
13.68
12.51
21.34
11.16
9.29
16.25
14.16
12.89
21.50
11.35
9.43
16.87
14.26
12.89
20.71
11.34
9.44
17.14
14.36
13.10
21.46
11.40
9.49
17.19
14.45
13.17
31.37
11.53
9.60
17.26
14.47
13.14
14.46
13.10
22.47
11.65
9.82
17.25
14.53
13.18
22.80
11.65
9.93
17.33
14.55
13.25
23.09
11.73
9.93
17.51
14.60
13.29
23.26
11.69
9.95
17.53
14.69
13.34
23.34
11.74
14.60
13.24
21.21
11.66
9.72
17.19
14.47
13.08
21.71
11.64
9.77
17.17
9.91
17.73
20.83
11.75
9.95
17.55
14.69
13.26
20.61
11.80
9.94
17.66
14.66
13.23
20.29
11.74
9.96
17.60
14.40
18.15
21.99
14.82
18.61
22.08
14.93
18.74
22.23
14.91
18.83
22.38
15.04
18.88
22.19
15.01
18.87
22.10
15.06
18.95
22.45
15.12
18.93
22.39
15.11
19.01
22.39
15.05
18.96
22.02
15.11
19.14
22.15
15.15
19.32
22.22
15.18
19.28
22.11
15.32
19.45
22.46
15.34
19.30
22.48
12.85
10.17
13.39
10.31
13.53
10.24
13.57
10.20
13.69
10.29
13.71
10.31
13.65
10.35
13.61
10.40
13.68
10.39
13.69
10.43
13.66
10.27
13.76
10.37
13.71
10.27
13.74
10.04
13.77
10.08
PUBLIC UTILITIES..................................
16.21
16.79
16.98
17.05
17.11
17.13
17.12
17.19
17.26
17.18
17.24
17.28
17.26
17.40
17.38
W HOLESALE TRADE................................
15.22
15.86
11.42
11.45
11.47
11.57
11.58
11.57
11.58
11.54
11.57
11.52
11.58
11.75
11.70
RETAIL TR ADE...........................................
9.46
9.77
9.87
9.91
9.89
9.96
9.95
9.98
10.00
9.98
10.00
9.98
10.01
10.15
10.13
AND REAL ESTATE...............................
15.14
15.80
15.91
15.97
16.14
16.07
16.13
16.17
16.23
16.18
16.27
16.25
16.31
16.57
16.52
SERVICES...................................................
13.93
14.67
14.87
14.99
15.15
15.14
15.17
15.16
15.16
15.12
15.08
15.02
15.05
15.36
15.39
Electronic and other electrical
equipment............................................
Transportation equipment....................
Motor vehicles and equipment..........
Instruments and related products.......
N o ndurable g o o d s ...................................
Food and kindred products..................
Textile mill products..............................
Apparel and other textile products......
Paper and allied products....................
Chemicals and allied products............
Petroleum and coal products...............
Rubber and miscellaneous
plastics products..................................
TRANSPORTATION AND
FINANCE, INSURANCE,
p = preliminary.
NOTE: See "Notes on the data" for a description of the most recent benchmark revision.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Monthly Labor Review
December 2002
57
Current Labor Statistics:
Labor Force Data
16. Average weekly earnings of production or nonsupervisory workers on private nonfarm payrolls, by industry
Industry
Annual average
2002
Nov.
Dec.
Jan.
Feb.
Mar.
Apr.
$489.74
273.45
$492.66
491.64
274.31
$494.36
495.13
275.72
$502.93
496.50
281.91
$492.24
497.18
275.46
$497.31
499.68
277.36
$497.31
500.69
275.82
$497.99
501.37
274.53
June
$500.25
502.40
275.77
$509.40
505.58
280.66
Aug.
Sept.p
$501.03
501.84
275.75
$505.68
505.70
277.54
$514.74
507.87
281.74
$508.73
509.24
277.83
July
MINING...........................................
743.04
763.86
772.59
.764.27
771.76
754.96
761.90
757.07
750.48.
766.37
767.78
763.68
768.61
768.96
766.75
CONSTRUCTION...........................
702.68
720.76
737.23
724.91
719.57
714.56
716.87
716.54
723.69
728.13
740.23
740.88
749.32
754.45
745.68
MANUFACTURING
Current dollars...........................
Constant (1982) dollars............
598.21
343.21
603.58
337.01
607.78
338.41
613.35
342.08
625.00
350.34
612.06
342.51
610.95
340.74
620.04
343.89
620.16
341.87
622.91
343.39
631.06
347.69
614.98
338.46
629.65
345.58
636.02
348.12
630.68
344.63
Durable goods...............................
623.92
626.48
632.31
636.00
651.46
636.89
637.70
645.52
646.76
649.15
656.36
634.23
654.53
662.61
658.74
Lumber and wood products.....
Furniture and fixtures................
Stone, clay, and glass
products.................................
Primary metal industries..........
Blast furnaces and basic
steel products........................
Fabricated metal products.......
Industrial machinery and
equipment.............................
Electronic and other electrical
equipment..............................
Transportation equipment........
Motor vehicles and
equipment............................
Instruments and related
products.................................
Miscellaneous manufacturing...
489.13
469.20
497.76
477.36
507.17
481.90
507.16
485.55
507.98
501.14
493.96
504.40
495.60
501.08
503.88
504.30
509.09 506 31/50
510.87
504.86
520.00
508.59
517.04
449.49
519.14
516.03
526.67
519.79
520.38
503.00
626.24
737.26
654.00
737.71
666.98
739.56
662.69
748.22
649.30
763.24
645.62
746.03
646.24
746.03
645.62
758.52
667.73
762.45
675.83
767.31
687.31
782.21
682.59
769.12
684.43
774.81
699.77
780.53
693.18
783.65
911.72
590.86
910.29
589.95
906.98
591.83
915.24
596.99
909.48
614.43
907.43
600.28
915.97
597.81
933.83
607.36
937.26
606.92
951.02
611.95
972.78
619.29
965.01
599.01
957.22
614.04
972.54
620.12
966.92
620.31
656.21
645.13
646.01
648.02
667.49
657.29
658.10
663.82
660.15
665.45
669.12
658.80
671.93
676.46
667.81
567.18
800.73
571.69
798.61
580.85
809.40
587.76
818.73
603.29
841.62
573.60
827.81
576.63
825.01
588.24
835.13
581.42
844.27
582.98
842.99
592.58
847.28
571.90
780.61
584.33
848.02
589.96
863.72
580.20
867.24
834.28
828.38
844.76
856.28
892.40
871.56
868.17
883.96
907.88
905.63
910.09
810.16
914.92
931.95
939.40
595.96
453.57
605.73
460.86
607.78
457.78
611.18
461.89
623.22
477.02
612.65
469.74
611.55
473.20
616.90
483.21
607.42
479.57
607.42
479.96
620.74
485.06
609.60
468.63
620.37
479.49
628.32
480.18
628.82
483.53
Nondurable goods......................
558.55
570.65
574.68
580.14
588.12
575.91
574.46
581.29
582.65
586.37
521.25
877.90
459.79
529.78
851.40
452.87
538.80
834.61
445.66
544.96
862.69
450.30
546.56
880.44
465.87
533.48
854.76
465.23
523.20
881.43
471.41
533.17
912.28
483.48
533.79
932.52
485.81
543.25
962.85
486.80
592.76
550.21
983.90
489.81
587.60
546.94
982.61
480.17
592.76
Food and kindred products......
Tobacco products.....................
Textile mill products..................
Apparel and other textile
products.................................
Paper and allied products........
553.43
839.45
494.68
597.88
554.27
828.52
489.70
547.72
829.86
478.99
351.54
690.63
351.74
701.79
344.56
714.74
351.13
718.54
358.08
724.92
350.89
709.95
357.58
705.69
368.25
713.43
369.40
717.46
369.40
728.42
373.13
727.50
362.71
728.70
366.16
730.08
364.80
743.49
363.27
730.40
Printing and publishing.............
Chemicals and allied products..
Petroleum and coal products....
Rubber and miscellaneous
plastics products.....................
Leather and leather products....
551.52
771.38
932.80
564.64
787.20
945.02
568.83
787.08
926.99
572.54
793.74
939.96
576.02
800.51
934.20
555.37
790.65
932.78
558.73
790.22
938.41
568.51
793.17
920.23
560.58
794.62
900.23
559.86
800.11
887.41
563.60
815.36
917.01
562.07
809.51
928.80
573.80
819.40
904.30
582.16
830.52
968.03
577.56
808.67
948.66
531.99
381.75
544.97
374.25
549.32
372.74
553.66
376.38
568.14
380.73
555.26
378.38
556.92
380.88
559.37
386.88
564.98
388.59
564.03
382.78
569.62
384.10
554.53
373.32
563.48
369.72
564.71
358.43
563.19
367.92
TRANSPORTATION AND
PUBLIC UTILITIES......................
626.09
641.38
645.24
646.20
660.45
644.09
648.85
651.50
654.15
657.99
668.91
663.55
667.96
676.86
665.65
WHOLESALETRADE....................
585.20
605.85
606.10
611.27
627.33
608.96
615.98
614.55
615.40
615.86
630.63
616.63
623.32
636.40
624.00
RETAIL TRADE..............................
273.39
282.35
282.28
282.44
289.78
279.88
284.57
286.43
287.00
289.42
297.00
295.41
295.30
295.37
292.76
590.80
FINANCE, INSURANCE,
AND REAL ESTATE....................
547.04
570.38
569.58
573.32
592.34
575.31
582.29
580.50
581.03
577.63
597.11
581.75
588.79
608.12
591.42
SERVICES.......................................
454.86
479.71
483.28
487.18
498.44
487.51
493.03
492.70
491.18
489.89
497.64
489.65
493.64
505.34
501.71
p - preliminary.
N o t e : See "Notes on the data" for a description of the most recent benchmark revision. Dash indicates data not available.
58
May
o
O ct.
O
PRIVATE SECTOR
Current dollars............................ $474.38
Seasonally adjusted................
Constant (1982) dollars...........
272.16
2002
2001
CL ^
2000
Monthly Labor Review
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
December 2002
17.
Diffusion indexes of employment change, seasonally adjusted
[In percent]
T im e s p a n a n d y e a r
J an .
Feb.
M a r.
A p r.
June
M ay
J u ly
S e p t.
Aug.
Nov
O c t.
D ec .
Private nonfarm payrolls, 356 industries
Over 1-month span:
1998..................................................
1999..................................................
2000..................................................
2001..................................................
2002..................................................
62.4
55.3
55.9
49.4
47.3
57.5
58.6
57.5
45.7
41.4
59.1
53.6
57.9
50.3
49.7
60.2
58.4
51.2
42.4
47.8
57.5
55.5
50.1
47.3
50.9
56.8
57.8
55.8
43.2
49.4
54.6
57.1
57.8
44.5
48.6
59.1
54.8
51.4
42.5
48.8
57.2
57.1
52.4
42.4
49.3
53.0
57.2
52.4
40.5
49.9
57.9
60.4
53.2
39.3
56.8
58.1
52.7
44.1
2000..................................................
2001..................................................
2002..................................................
65.3
59.2
60.4
45.5
40.1
66.3
57.6
61.4
46.1
43.2
65.3
59.5
59.4
40.8
42.5
65.9
55.2
53.2
43.4
46.5
62.7
60.2
52.4
37.8
48.0
58.2
57.2
55.5
43.2
50.1
58.9
59.4
56.6
39.3
47.1
59.1
59.2
56.2
38.0
45.1
59.8
59.7
51.2
35.3
48.1
57.9
58.9
51.0
33.7
45.5
57.1
61.2
53.2
36.3
58.8
60.7
51.6
38.9
Over 6-month span:
1998..................................................
1999..................................................
2000..................................................
2001..................................................
2002..................................................
70.2
60.2
61.1
44.7
37.0
67.4
58.9
59.4
42.7
41.6
64.7
58.5
58.1
39.5
43.4
61.5
59.7
57.9
40.1
44.4
64.1
57.2
54.2
40.8
46.5
62.1
60.8
52.4
35.8
46.0
59.1
61.2
52.9
37.0
46.8
58.8
62.5
54.2
32.4
44.7
57.5
62.7
52.4
34.3
60.2
61.8
48.7
33.1
59.2
61.2
45.7
34.1
58.4
62.8
46.5
35.6
Over 12-month span:
1998..................................................
1999..................................................
2000..................................................
2001..................................................
2002..................................................
69.9
61.2
61.4
41.5
35.2
67.9
60.1
59.9
41.5
36.0
67.6
58.2
58.8
38.9
37.3
65.6
61.0
56.2
37.5
38.5
64.1
60.7
62.7
61.6
53.6
36.2
61.7
62.2
53.0
34.1
62.2
61.1
51.0
33.6
-
60.8
63.8
47.7
34.4
-
59.4
62.2
45.2
33.9
60.8
59.7
44.5
33.3
58.9
60.5
42.9
34.4
-
-
-
Over 3-month span:
1998..................................................
1999..................................................
55.3
37.3
_
_
_
_
_
Manufacturing payrolls, 139 industries
57.0
47.4
44.9
34.9
35.3
52.6
41.2
52.2
26.8
37.9
52.2
42.6
49.3
38.2
40.4
52.9
46.0
46.0
29.0
47.4
44.9
46.3
49.3
28.3
47.1
47.4
43.4
50.7
30.5
40.4
38.2
50.0
57.4
34.9
48.9
52.9
42.6
36.8
25.7
41.9
44.9
46.0
39.0
31.6
40.1
38.6
45.6
42.3
31.3
42.3
42.3
51.5
47.1
25.0
-
41.5
49.3
40.8
30.9
J-fr.
Over 1-month span:
1998..................................................
1999..................................................
2000..................................................
2001..................................................
2002..................................................
59.2
39.3
48.2
21.3
24.6
57.0
39.3
48.9
21.3
30.1
54.8
39.7
48.9
18.4
37.1
51.8
40.1
44.5
23.5
38.6
48.2
41.2
46.7
19.9
40.1
38.2
43.8
52.2
23.2
41.2
41.9
44.1
46.0
17.3
38.6
43.0
46.3
38.6
19.1
34.6
43.0
42.3
29.0
16.2
38.2
44.1
34.2
18.0
32.7
47.8
39.0
18.4
40.4
45.2
36.0
18.0
ni?'.
Over 3-month span:
1998..................................................
1999..................................................
2000..................................................
2001..................................................
2002..................................................
-
-
-
-
Over 6-month span:
1998..................................................
1999..................................................
2000..................................................
2001..................................................
2002..................................................
60.7
36.4
47.8
20.2
19.9
54.4
36.0
45.2
16.9
26.8
49.3
37.5
44.5
14.0
29.8
40.1
40.4
50.0
16.2
38.2
45.2
37.5
41.9
16.5
36.4
42.6
42.3
37.9
13.2
34.2
39.0
43.0
36.0
14.7
32.4
38.2
44.5
35.3
11.8
28.3
34.6
48.2
32.4
14.0
-
41.2
43.0
26.1
13.2
35.7
44.5
21.3
17.6
-
-
33.1
47.4
21.7
16.5
-
Over 12-month span:
1998..................................................
1999..................................................
2000..................................................
2001..................................................
2002.................................................
54.8
38.6
49.3
13.6
18.0
52.2
34.6
44.1
13.6
18.0
51.8
32.4
39.3
13.6
20.2
46.7
36.0
36.8
15.4
19.9
40.4
37.9
35.3
12.1
40.1
39.0
34.2
11.0
38.2
40.1
33.8
11.0
37.5
40.4
28.7
11.0
36.4
44.5
22.1
12.9
34.6
44.5
19.1
12.9
35.7
43.4
17.6
14.0
34.2
44.5
14.0
14.0
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
0:'
*;;:s
7 . : y'
if
-
MK
X.i *■
. rii
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Dash indicates data not available.
NOTE: Figures are the percent of industries with employment
increasing plus one-half of the industries with unchanged
employment, where 50 percent indicates an equal balance
between industries with inceasing and decreasing employment.
Data for the 2 most recent months shown in each span are
preliminary. See the "Definitions" in this section. See "Notes on
the data” for a description of the most recent benchmark
revision.
Monthly Labor Review
December 2002
59
Current Labor Statistics:
18.
Labor Force Data
Establishment size and employment covered under Ul, private ownership, by Supersector, first quarter 2001
Size o f e stablishm ents
Industry, establishm ents, and
em plo ym en t
Total
Fewer than
5 w o rk e rs 1
10 to 19
w o rkers
20 to 49
w o rke rs
50 to 99
w o rkers
100 to 249
w o rkers
250 to 499
w o rkers
500 to 999
w o rke rs
1,000 o r
m ore
w o rke rs
Total all in d u strie s2
Establishments, first quarter .........
Employment, March ........................
7,665,968
108,932,804
4,526,062
6,886,752
1,304,741
8,633,337
858,606
11,588,220
598,438
18,104,061
208,084
14,323,060
121,189
18,158,276
31,149
10,611,556
11,678
7,917,065
6,021
12,710,477
N atural resources a nd m ining
Establishments, first quarter .........
Employment, March .......................
127,969
1,566,104
74,644
110,942
23,304
154,199
15,169
203,845
9,501
285,486
2,935
200,360
1,700
254,358
499
172,011
167
109,973
50
74,930
C o n stru ctio n
Establishments, first quarter .........
Employment, March ........................
765,649
6,481,334
494,254
714,992
127,017
832,978
75,983
1,020,982
47,230
1,410,131
13,591
925,178
6,040
890,282
1,176
390,630
293
197,146
65
99,015
M anufacturing
Establishments, first quarter .........
Employment, March ........................
398,837
16,806,452
148,682
255,376
67,510
453,750
60,267
830,685
58,942
1,836,858
28,633
2,009,224
22,490
3,456,620
7,636
2,622,512
3,198
2,166,352
1,479
3,175,075
Trade, tra n sp o rta tio n , and u tilitie s
Establishments, first quarter .........
Employment, March ........................
1,840,104
25,518,430
969,760
1,629,626
376,578
2,507,906
244,890
3,278,074
153,450
4,630,611
53,110
3,670,363
32,898
4,888,033
6,970
2,343,794
1,813
1,191,894
635
1,378,129
Inform ation
Establishments, first quarter .........
Employment, March ....................... .
150,855
3,692,948
84,672
113,812
20,636
137,426
17,119
234,492
14,772
457,236
6,698
465,567
4,475
685,746
1,476
507,063
674
462,533
333
629,073
Financial a c tiv itie s
Establishments, first quarter .........
Employment, March ........................
716,808
7,623,126
458,390
750,421
128,266
843,311
71,615
952,198
37,529
1,121,825
11,731
801,994
6,084
917,250
1,808
621,240
897
609,199
488
1,005,688
P rofessio nal a nd b usiness services
Establishments, first quarter .........
Employment, March .........................
1,238,267
16,441,289
825,617
1,170,098
173,773
1,140,772
107,694
1,451,932
73,807
2,245,729
29,139
2,022,745
19,405
2,951,873
5,654
1,933,668
2,177
1,480,878
1,001
2,043,594
E d ucation and health services
Establishments, first quarter ......... .
Employment, March .........................
679,762
14,712,829
321,428
603,470
155,333
1,027,913
96,121
1,291,605
61,097
1,836,799
22,789
1,589,809
15,989
2,383,443
3,721
1,274,120
1,690
1,178,727
1,594
3,526,943
Leisure and h o sp ita lity
Establishments, first quarter ..........
Employment, March ........................
627,875
11,590,048
249,542
390,258
104,548
705,222
110,374
1,542,760
117,264
3,560,715
33,939
2,263,935
9,463
1,344,217
1,725
586,269
667
453,703
353
742,969
O ther services
Establishments, first quarter ..........
Employment, March ........................
954,627
4,187,740
750,261
977,871
115,619
752,689
55,756
734,980
24,254
703,687
5,498
372,499
2,630
384,044
484
160,249
102
66,660
23
35,061
1 Includes establishments that reported no workers in March 2001.
2 Includes data for unclassified establishments, not shown separately.
60
5 to 9
w o rkers
Monthly Labor Review
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
December 2002
NOTE: Detail may not add to totals due to rounding. Data reflect the movement of
Indian Tribal Council establishments from private industry to the public sector. See
Notes on Current Labor Statistics.
19.
Annual data: establishments, employment, and wages covered under Ul and UCFE by ownership
Year
Average
establishm ents
Average
annual
em plo ym en t
Total annual wages
(In thousands)
Average annual
wages
per em ployee
Average
w eekly
w age
Total covered (Ul and UCFE)
1992 ......................................................
1 9 9 3 ......................................................
1 9 9 4 ......................................................
1 9 9 5 ......................................................
1 9 9 6 ......................................................
1 9 9 7 ......................................................
1 9 9 8 ......................................................
1 9 9 9 ......................................................
2 0 0 0 ......................................................
2001 ......................................................
6,532,608
6,679,934
6,826,677
7,040,677
7,189,168
7,369,473
7,634,018
7,820,860
7,879,116
7,984,529
107,413,728
109,422,571
112,611,287
115,487,841
117,963,132
121,044,432
124,183,549
127,042,282
129,877,063
129,635,800
$2,781,676,477
2,884,472,282
3,033,676,678
3,215,921,236
3,414,514,808
3,674,031,718
3,967,072,423
4,235,579,204
4,587,708,584
4,695,225,123
$25,897
26,361
26,939
27,846
28,946
30,353
31,945
33,340
35,323
36,219
$498
507
518
536
557
584
614
641
679
697
$25,622
26,055
26,633
27,567
28,658
30,058
31,676
33,094
35,077
35,943
$493
501
512
530
551
578
609
636
675
691
$25,547
25,934
26,496
27,441
28,582
30,064
31,762
33,244
35,337
36,157
$491
499
510
528
550
578
611
639
680
695
$27,789
28,643
29,518
30,497
31,397
32,521
33,605
34,681
36,296
37,814
$534
551
568
586
604
625
646
667
698
727
$25,434
26,095
26,717
27,552
28,320
29,134
30,251
31,234
32,387
33,521
$489
502
514
530
545
560
582
601
623
645
$35,066
36,940
38,038
38,523
40,414
42,732
43,688
44,287
46,228
48,940
$674
710
731
741
777
822
840
852
889
941
Ul covered
1 9 9 2 ......................................................
1 9 9 3 ......................................................
1 9 9 4 ......................................................
1 9 9 5 ......................................................
1 9 9 6 ......................................................
1 9 9 7 ......................................................
1 9 9 8 ......................................................
1 9 9 9 ......................................................
2 0 0 0 ......................................................
2001 ......................................................
6,485,473
6,632,221
6,778,300
6,990,594
7,137,644
7,317,363
7,586,767
7,771,198
7,828,861
7,933,536
104,288,324
106,351,431
109,588,189
112,539,795
115,081,246
118,233,942
121,400,660
124,255,714
127,005,574
126,883,182
$2,672,081,827
2,771,023,411
2,918,684,128
3,102,353,355
3,298,045,286
3,553,933,885
3,845,494,089
4,112,169,533
4,454,966,824
4,560,511,280
Private In d u stry covered
1 9 9 2 ......................................................
1 9 9 3 ......................................................
1 9 9 4 ......................................................
1 9 9 5 ......................................................
1 9 9 6 ......................................................
1 9 9 7 ......................................................
1 9 9 8 ......................................................
1 9 9 9 ......................................................
2 0 0 0 ......................................................
2001 ......................................................
6,308,719
6,454,381
6,596,158
6,803,454
6,946,858
7,121,182
7,381,518
7,560,567
7,622,274
7,724,965
89,349,803
91,202,971
94,146,344
96,894,844
99,268,446
102,175,161
105,082,368
107,619,457
110,015,333
109,304,802
$2,282,598,431
2,365,301,493
2,494,458,555
2,658,927,216
2,837,334,217
3,071,807,287
3,337,621,699
3,577,738,557
3,887,626,769
3,952,152,155
State gove rnm ent covered
1 9 9 2 ......................................................
1 9 9 3 ......................................................
1 9 9 4 ......................................................
1 9 9 5 ......................................................
1 9 9 6 ......................................................
1 9 9 7 ......................................................
1 9 9 8 ......................................................
1 9 9 9 ......................................................
2 0 0 0 ......................................................
2001 ......................................................
58,801
59,185
60,686
60,763
62,146
65,352
67,347
70,538
65,096
64,583
4,044,914
4,088,075
4,162,944
4,201,836
4,191,726
4,214,451
4,240,779
4,296,673
4,370,160
4,452,237
$112,405,340
117,095,062
122,879,977
128,143,491
131,605,800
137,057,432
142,512,445
149,011,194
158,618,365
168,358,331
Local gove rnm ent covered
1 9 9 2 ......................................................
1 9 9 3 ......................................................
1 9 9 4 ......................................................
1 9 9 5 ......................................................
1 9 9 6 ......................................................
1 9 9 7 ......................................................
1 9 9 8 ......................................................
1 9 9 9 ......................................................
2 0 0 0 ......................................................
2001 ......................................................
117,923
118,626
121,425
126,342
128,640
130,829
137,902
140,093
141,491
143,989
10,892,697
11,059,500
11,278,080
11,442,238
11,621,074
11,844,330
12,077,513
12,339,584
12,620,081
13,126,143
$277,045,557
288,594,697
301,315,857
315,252,346
329,105,269
345,069,166
365,359,945
385,419,781
408,721,690
440,000,795
Federal G overnm ent covered (UCFE)
1 9 9 2 ......................................................
1 9 9 3 ......................................................
1 9 9 4 ......................................................
1 9 9 5 ......................................................
1 9 9 6 ......................................................
1 9 9 7 ......................................................
1 9 9 8 ......................................................
1 9 9 9 ......................................................
2 0 0 0 ......................................................
2001 ......................................................
47,136
47,714
48,377
50,083
51,524
52,110
47,252
49,661
50,256
50,993
3,125,404
3,071,140
3,023,098
2,948,046
2,881,887
2,810,489
2,782,888
2,786,567
2,871,489
2,752,619
$109,594,650
113,448,871
114,992,550
113,567,881
116,469,523
120,097,833
121,578,334
123,409,672
132,741,760
134,713,843
NOTE: Detail may not add to totals due to rounding. Data reflect the movement of Indian Tribal Council establishments from private industry to
the public sector. See Notes on Current Labor Statistics.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Monthly Labor Review
December 2002
61
Current Labor Statistics:
20.
Labor Force Data
Annual data: establishments, employment, and wages covered under Ul and UCFE, by State
Average
establishm ents
State
2001
A verage annual
em ploym ent
20002001
change
2001
Total annual wages
(In thousands)
20002001
change
2001
Average w eekly
wage
20002001
change
20002001
change
2001
Total United States .........
7,984,529
154,540
129,635,800
-185,779
$4,695,225,123
$109,884,920
$697
$18
A labam a.............................
A la s k a ................................
A rizo n a ...............................
Arkansas ............................
C a lifornia............................
112,356
19,287
118,706
72,814
1,065,699
30
467
3,546
587
74,645
1,854,462
283,033
2,243,652
1,127,151
14,981,757
-23,500
7,479
22,942
-3,731
138,284
55,822,097
10,237,292
74,963,072
30,725,592
619,146,651
1,284,088
553,237
2,546,248
963,862
7,497,476
579
696
643
524
795
21
20
16
18
3
C o lo ra d o ............................
C onnecticut.......................
Delaw are............................
District of C olum bia..........
F lo rid a ................................
153,824
108,201
25,253
28,414
454,077
5,347
414
505
9
9,367
2,201,379
1,665,607
406,736
635,749
7,153,589
14,728
-9,121
482
-1,535
92,606
83,547,602
78,272,099
15,629,636
35,543,559
225,713,701
2,274,669
2,095,243
787,067
1,790,086
9,933,356
730
904
739
1,075
607
15
29
36
56
19
G e o rg ia ..............................
H a w a ii................................
Id a h o ...................................
Illin o is.................................
In d ia n a ...............................
230,232
35,439
46,480
319,588
151,376
5,219
1,412
1,084
-2,723
-1,328
3,871,763
557,146
571,314
5,886,248
2,871,236
-10,941
3,961
8,137
-54,259
-63,392
136,039,438
17,412,210
15,864,510
230,054,835
91,246,189
3,195,926
469,266
263,832
4,050,811
183,520
676
601
534
752
611
18
12
1
20
14
I o w a ....................................
Kansas ...............................
K e n tu cky............................
Louisiana ...........................
M a in e ..................................
91,006
80,521
108,025
115,807
46,206
-5,825
52
302
-2,386
1,344
1,429,543
1,319,667
1,736,575
1,869,966
593,166
-13,432
5,984
-26,160
827
2,472
41,223,534
39,792,114
52,133,417
54,473,146
17,092,043
919,492
1,221,387
1,367,028
2,345,871
750,886
555
580
577
560
554
18
15
23
24
22
M a ryla n d ............................
M assachusetts..................
Michigan ............................
M in n e so ta ..........................
Mississippi ........................
147,158
191,824
259,556
156,031
63,207
622
6,848
5,809
487
-748
2,421,899
3,276,224
4,476,659
2,609,669
1,111,255
16,392
21,104
-107,880
1,325
-25,520
92,644,873
147,348,234
167,385,129
95,479,188
28,806,869
5,096,016
3,574,494
-2,295,158
3,107,396
151,385
736
865
719
704
499
36
16
7
23
14
Missouri .............................
M ontana.............................
Nebraska ...........................
Nevada ..............................
New H a m p sh ire ................
163,121
40,477
52,653
49,635
46,070
138
2,136
836
1,770
171
2,652,876
383,905
883,920
1,043,748
610,192
-23,960
4,862
1,516
25,919
3,685
86,009,694
9,672,371
25,083,293
34,569,506
21,650,267
2,000,438
472,112
646,745
1,717,063
582,754
623
485
546
637
682
19
18
13
16
14
New J e rs e y ........................
New M e x ic o ......................
New Y o r k ...........................
North C a rolina...................
North D a kota.....................
256,536
48,439
538,898
224,426
23,326
-13,793
522
9,822
2,208
38
3,876,194
729,422
8,423,312
3,805,498
311,632
-1,221
12,293
-47,446
-57,272
2,412
171,793,642
20,935,825
393,598,666
121,866,007
8,011,085
2,443,618
1,216,191
9,383,346
1,858,872
378,510
852
552
899
616
494
12
23
27
19
19
O h io ....................................
Oklahoma ..........................
O re g o n ...............................
Pennsylvania ....................
Rhode Is la n d .....................
285,567
90,603
111,073
331,405
33,636
4,705
1,574
2,150
16,187
311
5,434,769
1,463,622
1,596,753
5,552,366
468,952
-77,865
11,771
-11,175
-5,535
1,351
180,885,154
41,004,250
53,018,365
194,211,696
15,758,369
1,681,299
1,821,743
317,098
5,158,632
507,610
640
539
639
673
646
15
20
9
19
19
South C a ro lin a ..................
South D a k o ta ....................
Tennessee .........................
Texas ..................................
Utah ....................................
114,979
27,365
125,165
494,088
68,607
5,613
221
140
4,509
2,470
1,786,899
364,715
2,625,746
9,350,770
1,050,674
-33,210
598
-41,005
62,437
6,551
52,275,679
9,337,014
82,762,402
337,047,962
31,600,715
986,967
306,302
1,275,641
12,484,223
1,082,204
563
492
606
693
578
21
15
18
21
16
V e rm o n t.............................
V irg in ia ...............................
W ashington.......................
West V irg in ia .....................
Wisconsin ..........................
W yo m in g ............................
24,156
195,639
221,450
46,620
148,227
21,288
287
3,048
1,775
-186
2,374
429
298,020
3,436,172
2,689,507
685,754
2,717,660
237,278
1,558
8,411
-14,921
-845
-18,388
6,446
9,011,468
126,222,350
100,746,663
19,187,832
85,713,725
6,654,092
439,492
5,662,779
413,740
726,836
1,733,629
459,596
581
706
720
538
607
539
25
30
7
21
17
23
Puerto R ic o ........................
Virgin Is la n d s ....................
51,733
3,236
-633
-17
1,007,919
44,330
-18,234
1,981
19,884,381
1,294,885
578,173
120,936
379
562
17
29
NOTE: Detail may not add to totals due to rounding.
Digitized for62
FRASER
Monthly Labor Review
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
December 2002
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
21. Annual data: Employment and average annual pay for all workers
covered under Ul and UCFE in the 249 largest U.S. counties
E m ploym ent
C o unty'
2001
United States4 .................... 129,635,800
Percent
change,
2000-20012
Average annual pay
Ranked by
percent
change,
2000-20013
2001
Percent
change,
2000-20012
-.1
-
36,219
2.5
Jefferson, A L .....................
Madison, A L .......................
Mobile, A L ...........................
Montgomery, AL ...............
Anchorage, AK ..................
Maricopa, A Z .....................
Pima, A Z .............................
Pulaski, A R ........................
Alameda, CA .....................
Contra Costa, CA .............
380,680
156,169
167,000
129,878
133,842
1,561,773
326,917
240,754
697,181
337,444
-1.0
1.3
-1.5
-.9
3.1
1.2
-.6
-.7
-.1
.7
197
54
212
192
16
61
170
175
135
80
35,453
37,089
29,502
29,979
37,998
35,689
30,690
32,261
46,489
44,744
4.2
3.5
3.1
3.8
3.7
1.6
5.1
4.7
3.1
5.7
Fresno, CA ........................
Kern, C A .............................
Los Angeles, C A ...............
Marin, C A ............................
Monterey, C A .....................
Orange, C A ........................
Placer, CA .........................
Riverside, C A .....................
Sacramento, C A ...............
San Bernardino, C A ..........
322,084
242,232
4,103,370
111,939
166,186
1,411,944
116,185
491,535
588,426
545,113
-.1
1.5
.6
1.3
.8
1.6
6.1
4.2
3.0
2.8
136
49
87
55
75
46
1
8
18
21
27,878
30,106
40,891
43,547
31,735
40,252
34,773
29,971
39,173
30,995
6.5
5.3
3.1
2.2
5.9
2.6
4.1
2.8
3.8
3.6
San Diego, C A ...................
San Francisco, C A ............
San Joaquin, C A ...............
San Mateo, C A ..................
Santa Barbara, CA ...........
Santa Clara, C A .................
Santa Cruz, C A ..................
Solano, CA ........................
Sonoma, C A ......................
Stanislaus, C A ...................
1,218,982
586,085
204,504
369,868
177,234
1,002,637
102,669
121,402
194,922
164,473
2.0
-3.3
1.9
.1
.8
-2.3
.9
3.0
2.1
2.2
37
246
39
120
76
233
64
19
32
30
38,418
61,068
30,818
62,288
33,626
65,931
35,022
33,496
36,145
29,591
2.3
6.1
5.3
-7.2
3.2
-13.5
-2.2
5.7
1.1
4.9
Tulare, CA .........................
Ventura, C A .......................
Adams, C O ........................
Arapahoe, C O ....................
Boulder, C O .......................
Denver, C O ........................
El Paso, C O .......................
Jefferson, CO ....................
Larimer, C O .......................
Fairfield, C T .......................
132,878
293,208
146,043
285,963
184,755
461,996
240,100
210,375
121,880
421,211
.0
1.5
.6
-.2
3.2
-.6
.9
.1
2.3
-1.0
130
50
88
144
13
171
65
121
29
198
24,732
37,783
34,753
44,999
44,310
46,134
34,391
37,819
33,248
63,163
4.2
1.9
4.0
-2.7
-2.8
4.0
4.1
4.5
2.6
3.3
Hartford, C T .......................
New Haven, C T .................
New London, C T ...............
New Castle, DE .................
Washington, DC ...............
Alachua, FL .......................
Brevard, F L ........................
Broward, F L .......................
Collier, FL ...........................
Duval, F L ............................
497,280
363,265
124,684
282,318
635,734
119,148
184,725
663,954
110,230
436,663
-.5
-1.1
1.6
.2
-.2
.7
1.7
2.1
5.9
1.8
163
201
47
112
145
81
43
33
2
41
45,050
39,483
38,505
42,849
55,909
26,917
32,798
33,966
30,839
33,721
3.2
2.9
4.8
5.8
5.6
2.9
2.2
2.2
2.9
2.9
Escambia, F L .....................
Hillsborough, FL ...............
Lee, F L ...............................
Leon, FL .............................
Manatee, FL ......................
Miami-Dade, F L .................
Orange, FL ........................
Palm Beach, F L .................
Pinellas, F L ........................
Polk, FL ..............................
121,285
595,768
171,902
142,981
118,788
993,834
602,668
499,688
448,788
184,471
.8
1.8
4.5
.9
5.2
1.6
.2
3.9
3.3
.1
77
42
5
66
4
48
113
9
12
122
28,610
32,874
29,432
30,287
26,629
34,524
32,218
35,957
31,742
28,890
7.1
3.7
4.6
3.5
4.4
3.6
3.5
2.1
1.5
3.6
Sarasota, F L ......................
Seminole, FL .....................
Volusia, F L .........................
Chatham, G A .....................
Clayton, G A .......................
Cobb, G A ............................
Dekalb, G A ........................
Fulton, GA .........................
Gwinnett, G A .....................
Richmond, G A ...................
147,206
145,147
142,478
122,608
114,982
301,520
305,903
754,870
289,538
104,694
4.5
2.2
-.2
-.2
-.3
-.1
-.7
.1
2.9
-.9
6
31
146
147
151
137
176
123
20
193
29,030
31,951
26,064
30,549
38,301
40,174
39,648
47,761
39,405
29,431
1.9
3.6
3.9
3.0
4.2
3.6
2.7
1.5
.9
2.9
See footnotes at end of table.
Monthly Labor Review
December 2002
63
Current Labor Statistics:
Labor Force Data
21. Continued—Annual data: Employment and average annual pay for
all workers covered under Ul and UCFE in the 249 largest U.S.
counties
E m ploym ent
C o u n ty 1
2001
Average annual pay
Percent
change,
2000-20012
Ranked by
percent
change,
2000-20013
2001
Percent
change,
2000-20012
Honolulu, H I .......................
Ada, I D ................................
Cook, I L ..............................
Du Page, I L ........................
Kane, I L ..............................
Lake, I L ...............................
Peoria, I L ............................
Sangamon, I L ....................
Will, I L .................................
Winnebago, I L ...................
409,669
182,309
2,630,768
580,938
194,374
316,150
102,764
145,195
145,570
139,815
.4
2.7
-1.5
-.2
-.1
-.3
-1.8
.2
.1
-2.9
99
23
213
148
138
152
223
114
124
241
32,531
33,081
44,108
43,470
33,362
43,970
33,288
36,259
34,280
31,951
2.1
-4.0
2.8
2.1
3.7
3.2
6.1
4.3
6.1
1.4
Allen, I N ..............................
Elkhart, I N ...........................
Lake,IN ..............................
Marlon, I N ...........................
St. Joseph, I N ....................
Vanderburgh, IN ...............
Linn, IA ...............................
Polk, I A ...............................
Johnson, K S ......................
Sedgwick, K S ....................
183,329
113,524
194,624
591,406
124,967
109,418
119,914
263,469
292,984
249,863
-2.3
-6.8
-1.9
-1.3
-3.1
.1
-1.7
-.2
2.4
.1
234
249
226
210
244
125
219
149
27
126
32,830
30,797
32,017
37,885
30,769
30,494
34,649
34,944
37,204
33,937
1.7
1.5
1.4
3.8
3.7
3.1
1.6
3.8
-.1
3.8
Shawnee, K S .....................
Fayette, K Y ........................
Jefferson, K Y .....................
Caddo, L A ..........................
East Baton Rouge, L A .....
Jefferson, L A .....................
Lafayette, L A .....................
Orleans, L A ........................
Cumberland, M E ...............
Anne Arundel, M D ............
100,462
167,714
431,347
120,877
243,392
213,911
119,294
263,427
168,147
200,174
.3
-2.4
-1.7
1.3
-1.1
-.4
4.5
.1
1.3
2.8
105
237
220
56
202
160
7
127
57
22
30,513
32,237
34,688
29,354
30,397
29,326
32,364
32,880
32,327
37,190
3.9
5.0
4.1
2.0
3.9
4.6
8.2
3.7
5.1
4.9
Baltimore, M D ....................
Howard, M D .......................
Montgomery, M D ..............
Prince Georges, M D .........
Baltimore City, M D ............
Bristol, MA .........................
Essex, MA .........................
Hampden, M A ....................
Middlesex, M A ...................
Norfolk, M A ........................
360,128
132,935
449,881
304,022
381,155
218,818
306,111
204,824
850,295
327,067
.2
1.3
.9
.5
.4
-1.1
.2
.9
1.4
.7
115
58
67
94
100
203
116
68
52
82
36,240
40,191
45,893
38,986
40,508
32,012
39,242
33,357
51,734
44,173
6.2
6.1
5.0
5.2
5.0
4.1
.5
3.6
.0
2.2
Plymouth, M A ....................
Suffolk, MA ........................
Worcester, M A ...................
Genesee, M l ......................
Ingham, M l.........................
Kalamazoo, M l...................
Kent, Ml ..............................
Macomb, M l .......................
Oakland, Ml .......................
Ottawa, Ml .........................
166,471
602,983
321,044
160,442
174,290
116,728
339,510
326,600
755,451
115,880
.8
.1
.3
-3.0
-.3
-1.7
-1.8
-3.2
-1.4
-2.5
78
128
106
242
153
221
224
245
211
239
34,929
58,906
37,299
35,995
35,753
33,908
34,570
40,481
45,038
32,246
3.4
4.0
-.9
-.9
2.3
3.8
1.7
-1.0
1.2
.9
Washtenaw, M l ..................
Wayne, Ml .........................
Anoka, M N .........................
Dakota, M N ........................
Hennepin, M N ....................
Ramsey, M N ......................
Hinds, M S ...........................
Greene, M O .......................
Jackson, M O ......................
St. Louis, M O .....................
195,562
848,463
109,521
155,662
863,674
333,380
134,285
140,739
384,942
641,151
.2
-2.4
-.3
1.3
-.8
.0
-.9
-.9
-2.3
-.8
117
238
154
59
186
131
194
195
235
187
40,249
42,968
34,585
35,683
45,495
40,400
31,138
28,065
37,405
38,929
.2
1.2
1.9
3.8
3.8
3.4
1.8
4.1
3.7
2.1
St. Louis City, M O .............
Douglas, NE ......................
Lancaster, N E ....................
Clark, N V ............................
Washoe, NV ......................
Hillsborough, NH ..............
Rockingham, NH ..............
Atlantic, NJ ........................
Bergen, N J .........................
Burlington, N J ....................
245,192
325,629
148,200
720,184
193,571
192,712
130,917
141,240
453,626
187,398
-2.2
-.7
.9
3.2
2.4
.0
.7
.9
1.5
3.6
231
177
69
14
28
132
83
70
51
11
40,834
32,866
29,352
32,648
34,231
39,320
36,642
32,555
46,828
38,776
5.8
1.6
2.9
1.6
4.5
.3
2.3
4.8
1.1
3.1
See footnotes at end of table.
64 Monthly Labor Review
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
December 2002
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
21. Continued— Annual data: Employment and average annual pay for
all workers covered under Ul and UCFE in the 249 largest U.S.
counties
E m ploym ent
C o u n ty 1
2001
Camden, N J .......................
Average annual pay
Percent
change,
2000-20012
Ranked by
percent
change,
2000-20013
2001
Percent
change,
2000-20012
Hudson, N J ........................
Mercer, N J .........................
Middlesex, N J ....................
Monmouth, N J ...................
Morris, NJ ...........................
Ocean, N J ...........................
Passaic, N J ........................
Somerset, N J .....................
199,869
361 569
237,253
215,524
399,332
240,757
277,653
133,657
175,108
176,713
.5
-.5
.0
2.6
1.3
3.2
.4
3.7
-1.1
1.7
95
164
133
25
60
15
101
10
204
44
36,530
46 526
47^638
46,831
47,726
40,399
53,829
31,034
39,192
55,769
4.0
4.2
.4
4.9
2.7
1.8
-11.0
1.9
3.8
1.8
Union, N J ............................
Bernalillo, N M ....................
Albany, N Y .........................
Bronx, N Y ...........................
Dutchess, N Y .....................
Erie, N Y ..............................
Kings, N Y ............................
Monroe, N Y .......................
Nassau, N Y .......................
New York, N Y ....................
236,609
309,166
229,957
214,227
112,912
454,839
439,343
393,783
593,368
2,342,338
-.1
.7
-.5
.4
2.5
-1.1
-.1
-.7
-.8
-1.5
139
84
165
102
26
205
140
178
188
214
46,204
31,663
37,848
34,248
38,748
32,103
31,952
36,597
40,599
74,883
2.0
4.9
5.7
4.3
7.4
1.9
3.9
3.3
1.4
3.2
Oneida, N Y ........................
Onondaga, N Y ...................
Orange, N Y ........................
Queens, N Y .......................
Rockland, N Y .....................
Suffolk, N Y .........................
Westchester, N Y ................
Buncombe, NC ..................
Cumberland, N C ...............
Durham, N C .......................
108,686
249,754
120,903
478,661
107,348
581,938
404,974
105,378
106,381
169,609
-1.8
-1.1
.7
-.7
.4
.1
-.4
-.3
-2.8
.3
225
206
85
179
103
129
161
155
240
107
28,381
33,469
30,218
36,963
38,720
38,706
48,716
28,701
26,981
48,076
4.0
3.0
2.9
5.7
3.9
2.2
3.5
3.8
3.3
-2.6
Forsyth, NC .......................
Guilford, N C .......................
Mecklenburg, N C ..............
Wake, N C ...........................
Butler, O H ...........................
Cuyahoga, O H ...................
Franklin, OH ......................
Hamilton, O H .....................
Lorain, OH .........................
Lucas, O H ...........................
180,155
274,077
514,036
385,777
126,863
796,353
702,628
559,852
103,115
234,678
-.7
-2.0
.3
.9
-.5
-1.6
.2
-1.1
-3.5
-1.7
180
229
108
71
166
217
118
207
247
222
34,693
33,217
41,775
36,996
32,325
37,533
36,090
38,339
32,194
33,088
2.0
3.1
3.1
4.6
2.6
2.8
3.2
2.0
.6
2.6
Mahoning, OH ...................
Montgomery, OH ..............
Stark, O H ............................
Summit, O H .......................
Oklahoma, O K ...................
Tulsa, O K ............................
Clackamas, OR ................
Lane, O R ...........................
Marion, OR ........................
Multnomah, OR .................
108,769
298,982
173,888
261,098
415,507
342,502
133,997
137,574
126,999
444,393
-3.7
-1.5
-1.6
-2.1
.4
.6
-.2
-1.9
-.6
-1.1
248
215
218
230
104
89
150
227
172
208
26,860
34,783
29,197
33,416
30,161
32,771
33,699
28,983
28,785
37,668
3.5
.7
2.4
2.1
3.2
5.2
3.7
4.0
2.4
2.4
Washington, O R ................
Allegheny, P A ....................
Berks, P A ............................
Bucks, P A ...........................
Chester, P A .......................
Cumberland, P A ................
Dauphin, PA ......................
Delaware, P A .....................
Erie, P A ..............................
Lancaster, P A ....................
228,453
711,532
165,263
246,491
217,148
122,649
173,292
214,106
128,893
218,415
1.4
.3
-.7
.6
.6
-.6
.3
1.0
-2.3
-.3
53
109
181
90
91
173
110
63
236
156
42,222
38,086
32,807
35,239
44,216
33,996
34,855
38,494
29,293
31,493
-5.0
3.7
2.5
3.5
1.0
3.6
3.5
4.5
3.3
2.2
Lehigh, P A .........................
Luzerne, P A .......................
Montgomery, P A ...............
Philadelphia, P A ...............
Westmoreland, P A ............
York, PA .............................
Providence, R l ...................
Charleston, S C ..................
Greenville, SC ...................
Richland, S C ......................
172,860
141,944
485,822
658,827
134,128
165,879
288,650
180,711
226,362
205,841
.2
-.8
.5
-.7
-.4
-1.0
-.7
-1.0
-3.0
-.5
119
189
96
182
162
199
183
200
243
167
35,564
28,924
44,366
40,813
28,827
31,936
34,566
29,013
32,622
30,591
.8
3.8
1.3
2.8
3.0
3.3
3.5
4.8
4.3
3.3
See footnotes at end of table.
Monthly Labor Review
December 2002
65
Current Labor Statistics:
Labor Force Data
21. Continued—Annual data: Employment and average annual pay for
all workers covered under Ul and UCFE in the 249 largest U.S.
counties
Average annual pay
Em ploym ent
C o unty'
2001
Percent
change,
2000-20012
Ranked by
percent
change,
2000-20013
Percent
change,
2000-20012
2001
Spartanburg, S C ................
Minnehaha, S D ..................
Davidson, T N .....................
Hamilton, T N ......................
Knox, T N .............................
Shelby, T N ..........................
Bexar, T X ............................
Cameron, T X .....................
Collin, T X ............................
Dallas, T X ...........................
117,262
106,717
434,006
187,724
203,470
496,647
655,195
111,374
181,007
1,550,835
-2.2
1.1
-.1
-.3
.6
-.5
.9
2.1
5.7
-.6
232
62
141
157
92
168
72
34
3
174
31,856
29,205
35,509
31,240
30,765
35,791
31,032
22,142
41,338
44,909
4.1
3.5
1.9
2.2
2.2
4.2
3.7
2.7
2.0
1.2
Denton, TX ........................
El Paso, T X ........................
Harris, TX ...........................
Hidalgo, T X ........................
Jefferson, T X .....................
Lubbock, TX ......................
Nueces, T X ........................
Tarrant, TX ........................
Travis, T X ...........................
Salt Lake, U T .....................
122,552
248,407
1,864,100
168,610
118,764
118,042
143,470
709,162
534,861
530,497
.9
-1.2
1.7
3.1
-1.9
2.1
.7
.5
-.7
-.1
73
209
45
17
228
35
86
97
184
142
30,788
25,847
43,751
22,313
32,570
26,577
29,406
37,287
41,698
33,210
5.1
3.1
4.5
2.8
4.1
1.1
4.3
5.2
.9
3.2
Utah, U T .............................
Arlington, V A ......................
Chesterfield, V A .................
Fairfax, V A .........................
Henrico, VA .......................
Norfolk, VA ........................
Richmond, V A ....................
Virginia Beach, V A ............
Clark, WA ...........................
King, W A .............................
143,423
159,170
107,721
542,984
169,827
146,414
164,906
166,007
114,716
1,146,191
.5
.3
-.1
2.7
2.0
.8
-.7
.9
2.1
-.9
98
111
143
24
38
79
185
74
36
196
28,266
55,390
32,957
52,641
37,869
33,504
40,173
26,750
33,125
47,186
1.3
4.8
3.4
2.1
4.8
4.1
4.0
5.3
3.0
-.6
Pierce, W A .........................
Snohomish, W A .................
Spokane, W A .....................
Kanawha, W V ....................
Brown, W l ...........................
Dane, W l.............................
Milwaukee, W l ...................
Waukesha, W l ...................
238,600
209,657
190,057
111,552
141,950
279,208
522,022
224,721
-1.5
-.3
.0
-.8
-.3
1.9
-.8
.6
216
158
134
190
159
40
191
93
31,261
36,388
29,310
31,601
32,631
34,097
35,736
37,092
4.7
3.6
-1.5
4.8
3.5
3.9
2.9
3.7
San Juan, PR ....................
324,791
-.5
169
22,179
4.1
1 Includes areas not officially designated as
counties.
See Notes on Current Labor
Statistics.
2 Percent changes were computed from
annual employment and pay data adjusted for
noneconomic county reclassifications.
See
Notes on Current Labor Statistics.
4
Totals for the United States do not include
data for Puerto Rico.
Note: Data pertain to workers covered by
Unemployment
Insurance
(Ul)
and
Unemployment Compensation for Federal
Employees (UCFE) programs. The 248 U.S.
counties comprise 66.2 percent of the total
covered workers in the United States.
3 Rankings
for
percent
change
in
employment are based on the 249 counties that
are comparable over the year.
22.
Annual data: Employment status of the population
[Numbers in thousands]
1 99 2
1 99 3
1 99 4
1 99 5
1 99 6
1997
1998
1 99 9
2000
2001
Civilian noninstitutional population...........
192,805
194,838
196,814
198,584
200,591
203,133
205,220
207,753
209,699
211,864
Civilian labor force...................................
128,105
129,200
131,056
132,304
133,943
136,297
137,673
139,368
140,863
141,815
Labor force participation rate...............
66.4
66.3
66.6
66.6
66.8
67.1
67.1
67.1
67.2
66.9
Employed.............................................
118,492
120,259
123,060
124,900
126,708
129,558
131,463
133,488
135,208
135,073
Employment-population ratio..........
61.5
61.7
62.5
62.9
63.2
63.8
64.1
64.3
64.5
63.8
Agriculture......................................
3,247
3,115
3,409
3,440
3,443
3,399
3,378
3,281
3,305
3,144
115,245
117,144
119,651
121,460
123,264
126,159
128,085
130,207
131,903
131,929
6,742
E m p lo y m e n t s ta tu s
9,613
8,940
7,996
7,404
7,236
6,739
6,210
5,880
5,655
Unemployment rate..........................
7.5
6.9
6.1
5.6
5.4
4.9
4.2
4.0
4.8
Not in the labor force...............................
64,700
65,638
65,758
66,280
66,647
66,837
4.5
67,547
68,385
68,836
70,050
Monthly Labor Review
66
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
December 2002
23. Annual data: Employment levels by industry
[In thousands]
Industry
Total employment.............................................
Private sector................................................
Goods-producing......................................
Mining......................................................
Construction...........................................
Manufacturing.........................................
Service-producing.....................................
Transportation and public utilities.......
Wholesale trade.....................................
Retail trade.............................................
Finance, insurance, and real estate....
Federal.................................................
Local.....................................................
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
108,601
110,713
91,872
23,352
114,163
95,036
23,908
117,191
119,608
131,720
131,922
108,709
25,507
111,018
110,989
24,944
610
4,668
601
4,986
18,321
100,189
24,493
580
125,865
106,042
25,414
128,916
97,885
24,265
581
122,690
103,133
5,160
18,524
5,418
18,495
590
6,020
18,675
18,805
539
6,415
18,552
92,925
6,132
95,115
97,727
100,451
6,253
6,482
6,408
6,648
6,611
6,800
21,597
21,966
22,295
6,911
34,454
7,109
7,389
7,555
36,040
37,533
39,055
19,557
19,823
2,686
4,612
20,206
2,669
4,606
2,699
4,582
12,056
12,276
12,525
89,956
23,231
635
4,492
18,104
18,075
85,370
5,718
5,997
87,361
5,811
5,981
90,256
5,984
6,162
19,356
6,602
19,773
6,757
20,507
6,896
29,052
30,197
31,579
33,117
18,645
18,841
2,915
4,488
19,128
2,870
19,305
2,969
4,408
11,267
11,438
6,378
21,187
6,806
2,822
4,635
4,576
11,682
11,849
19,419
2,757
24,962
596
5,691
103,409
6,834
6,911
22,848
4,709
12,829
25,669
543
6,653
18,473
565
6,685
17,695
106,051
106,978
7,031
6,947
23,337
7,065
6,776
23,522
7,578
40,457
7,712
40,970
20,702
2,777
4,786
20,933
2,616
4,885
13,139
13,432
NOTE: See "Notes on the data" for a description of the most recent benchmark revision.
24. Annual data: Average hours and earnings of production or nonsupervisory workers on nonfarm
payrolls, by industry
_____________________
Industry
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
Private sector:
Average weekly hours..................................................
Average hourly earnings (in dollars)..........................
Average weekly earnings (in dollars).........................
34.4
10.57
363.61
34.5
10.83
373.64
34.7
11.12
385.86
34.5
11.43
394.34
34.4
11.82
406.61
34.6
12.28
424.89
34.6
12.78
442.19
34.5
13.24
456.78
34.5
13.76
474.72
34.2
14.32
489.74
43.9
14.54
638.31
44.3
14.60
646.78
44.8
14.88
666.62
44.7
15.30
683.91
45.3
15.62
707.59
45.4
16.15
733.21
43.9
16.91
742.35
43.2
17.05
736.56
43.1
17.22
742.18
43.5
17.56
763.86
38.0
14.15
537.70
38.5
14.38
553.63
38.9
14.73
573.00
38.9
15.09
587.00
39.0
15.47
603.33
39.0
16.04
625.56
38.9
16.61
646.13
39.1
17.19
672.13
39.3
17.88
702.68
39.3
18.34
720.76
41.0
11.46
469.86
41.4
11.74
486.04
42.0
12.07
506.94
41.6
12.37
514.59
41.6
12.77
531.23
42.0
13.17
553.14
41.7
13.49
562.53
41.7
13.90
579.63
41.6
14.37
597.79
40.7
14.83
603.58
38.3
13.43
514.37
39.3
13.55
532.52
39.7
13.78
547.07
39.4
14.13
556.72
39.6
14.45
572.22
39.7
14.92
592.32
39.5
15.31
604.75
38.7
15.69
607.20
38.4
16.21
622.46
38.2
16.79
641.38
38.2
11.39
435.10
38.2
11.74
448.47
38.4
12.06
463.10
38.3
12.43
476.07
38.3
12.87
492.92
38.4
13.45
516.48
38.3
14.07
538.88
38.3
14.59
558.80
38.5
15.22
585.97
38.2
15.86
605.85
28.8
7.12
205.06
28.8
7.29
209.95
28.9
7.49
216.46
28.8
7.69
221.47
28.8
7.99
230.11
28.9
8.33
240.74
29.0
8.74
253.46
29.0
9.09
263.61
28.9
9.46
273.39
28.9
9.77
282.82
35.8
10.82
387.36
35.8
11.35
406.33
35.8
11.83
423.51
35.9
12.32
442.29
35.9
12.80
459.52
36.1
13.34
481.57
36.4
14.07
512.15
36.2
14.62
529.24
36.4
15.14
551.10
36.1
15.80
570.38
32.5
10.54
342.55
32.5
10.78
350.35
32.5
11.04
358.80
32.4
11.39
369.04
32.4
11.79
382.00
32.6
12.28
400.33
32.6
12.84
418.58
32.6
13.37
435.86
32.7
13.93
455.51
32.7
14.67
479.71
Mining:
Average weekly hours................................................
Average hourly earnings (in dollars)........................
Average weekly earnings (in dollars)......................
Construction:
Average weekly hours................................................
Average hourly earnings (in dollars).........................
Average weekly earnings (in dollars)......................
Manufacturing:
Average weekly hours................................................
Average hourly earnings (in dollars)........................
Average weekly earnings (in dollars)......................
Transportation and public utilities:
Average weekly hours................................................
Average hourly earnings (in dollars)........................
Average weekly earnings (in dollars)......................
Wholesale trade:
Average weekly hours................................................
Average weekly earnings (in dollars)......................
Retail trade:
Average weekly hours................................................
Average hourly earnings (in dollars).......................
Finance, insurance, and real estate:
Average weekly hours................................................
Average hourly earnings (in dollars).......................
Services:
Average weekly hours................................................
Average weekly earnings (in dollars)......................
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Monthly Labor Review
December 2002
67
Current Labor Statistics:
25.
Labor Force Data
Employment Cost Index, com pensation,1 by occupation and industry group
[June 1989 = 100]
2000
Series
Sept.
P ercent change
2002
Dec.
Mar.
Sept.
Dec.
Mar.
June
Sept.
3 m o nths
12 m onths
ended
ended
Sept. 2002
Civilian workers2.....................................................................
149.5
150.6
152.5
155.6
156.8
158.4
159.9
161.3
0.9
3.7
151.5
150.0
153.7
151.8
145.6
148.5
152.5
151.3
154.6
152.8
146.5
150.0
154.4
153.2
156.6
155.3
148.2
152.0
157.7
156.7
159.6
158.8
151.1
155.0
158.9
157.5
161.2
160.0
152.0
156.9
160.5
158.5
163.7
162.0
153.7
158.4
162.1
159.3
165.6
163.3
155.1
159.4
163.5
161.4
166.3
164.9
156.4
161.3
.9
1.3
.4
1.0
.8
1.2
3.7
3.0
4.2
3.8
3.5
4.1
G oods-producing........................................................................
M anufacturing...........................................................................
Service-producing......................................................................
Services......................................................................................
Health services.......................................................................
Hospitals................................................................................
Educational services..............................................................
148.0
148.7
150.1
151.2
149.0
149.5
149.7
148.8
149.3
151.1
152.4
150.7
151.3
150.6
150.7
151.3
153.0
154.3
152.5
153.2
151.7
153.2
153.3
156.4
158.1
156.7
158.2
156.1
154.4
154.6
157.6
159.0
158.3
160.0
156.6
156.3
156.6
159.1
160.2
160.5
162.3
157.1
157.7
158.1
160.7
161.1
161.8
163.8
157.4
158.7
159.1
162.2
163.2
163.1
165.7
161.6
..6
.6
.9
1.3
.8
1.2
2.7
3.6
3.8
3.7
3.2
4.1
4.7
3.5
Public adm inistration3...............................................................
Nonmanufactu ring......................................................................
146.9
148.3
150.6
153.8
155.2
156.5
157.5
160.2
1.7
4.2
149.6
150.7
152.6
156.0
157.2
158.7
160.2
161.7
.9
3.7
149.9
149.8
150.9
150.9
153.0
153.0
155.9
156.0
157.2
157.2
158.9
159.0
160.7
160.5
161.6
161.6
.6
.7
3.7
3.6
Precision production, craft, and repair occupations....... .
Machine operators, assemblers, and inspectors.............
Transportation and material moving occupations...........
Handlers, eguipm ent cleaners, helpers, and laborers....
152.6
152.9
152.2
154.4
151.2
152.3
145.5
145.8
146.0
139.9
149.4
153.6
154.1
153.7
155.3
151.4
153.4
146.4
146.7
146.8
141.1
150.4
155.7
156.5
156.3
157.3
152.3
156.1
148.2
148.7
148.3
142.6
152.2
158.7
159.6
159.2
160.2
155.0
159.5
151.0
151.8
150.4
145.6
154.9
160.1
160.9
160.3
161.8
156.7
160.8
151.9
152.5
151.5
146.3
156.5
161.9
162.8
161.5
164.4
157.7
162.8
153.6
153.7
153.6
148.7
158.7
163.8
164.3
162.5
166.6
161.6
164.2
155.1
155.7
154.7
149.6
159.9
164.6
165.3
153.6
167.0
161.6
165.6
156.3
156.9
155.4
151.0
161.4
.5
.6
.7
.2
.0
.9
.8
.8
.5
.9
.9
3.7
3.6
2.8
4.2
4.3
3.8
3.5
3.4
3.3
3.7
4.2
Service occupations.................................................................
146.6
148.1
150.0
152.6
154.8
156.4
157.4
159.0
1.0
4.2
148.4
149.5
151.4
154.3
155.5
157.1
158.7
159.7
.6
3.5
147.9
147.2
151.3
149.6
145.8
145.1
148.7
151.4
149.3
146.7
149.4
147.5
148.8
148.2
151.9
150.5
146.8
146.7
149.3
151.5
149.7
147.8
150.1
147.7
150.7
150.1
154.5
153.0
148.2
148.2
151.3
154.2
152.2
149.1
151.8
150.4
153.1
152.5
156.8
155.3
150.8
151.7
153.3
156.0
153.8
151.3
154.0
152.0
154.4
153.7
158.1
156.5
151.9
153.0
154.6
156.9
154.7
152.7
155.3
153.2
156.2
155.5
160.1
158.4
153.6
154.1
156.6
159.1
156.7
154.6
156.9
156.0
157.6
156.9
161.9
160.2
154.8
155.2
158.1
161.1
158.6
155.8
158.3
157.5
158.6
157.9
162.9
161.1
155.9
156.3
159.1
162.2
159.6
156.7
158.9
159.2
.6
.6
.6
.6
.7
.7
.6
.7
.6
.6
.4
1.1
3.6
3.5
3.9
3.7
3.4
3.0
3.8
4.0
3.8
3.6
3.2
4.7
150.6
151.1
152.6
153.9
144.5
146.3
147.4
142.8
153.5
153.9
152.9
148.3
149.6
152.1
152.7
146.2
142.2
143.4
151.7
152.2
153.7
155.1
145.3
147.9
148.3
143.9
154.1
154.7
153.4
149.4
150.6
154.4
154.9
146.6
144.4
144.5
153.8
154.6
155.8
157.5
147.7
149.6
150.5
145.4
156.9
157.8
159.0
160.9
150.9
152.2
153.5
148.2
160.7
162.8
158.1
153.7
155.4
158.6
160.0
150.9
149.7
149.7
158.2
159.0
160.3
162.2
151.4
154.2
155.5
151.1
161.5
163.4
159.1
155.5
157.1
159.5
160.6
153.2
150.9
151.7
159.9
160.9
162.1
164.1
153.2
155.9
157.3
152.5
163.9
166.0
161.3
156.5
157.5
161.9
162.3
153.5
152.4
152.9
161.8
162.4
164.0
165.6
155.2
157.0
158.9
153.9
165.5
166.1
164.8
159.5
160.0
166.3
164.4
155.6
154.2
154.5
162.7
163.5
164.7
166.5
156.6
158.5
160.8
155.4
168.2
169.0
167.2
159.6
160.3
165.9
166.1
156.0
156.1
156.3
.6
.7
.4
.5
.9
1.0
1.2
1.0
1.6
1.7
1.5
.1
.2
- .2
1.0
.3
1.2
1.2
3.7
3.6
3.6
3.5
3.8
4.1
4.8
4.9
4.7
3.8
5.8
3.8
3.2
4.6
3.8
3.4
4.3
4.4
W orkers, by occupational group:
W hite-collar w orkers...................................................................
Professional specialty and technical....................................
Executive, adminitrative, and m anagerial...........................
Administrative support, including clerical............................
Blue-collar w orkers....................................................................
Service occupations...................................................................
W orkers, by industry division:
Private industry workers......................................................
Excluding sales occupations................................................
W orkers, by occupational group:
W hite-collar w orkers................................................................
Excluding sales occupations.............................................
Professional specialty and technical occupations...........
Executive, adminitrative, and m anagerial occupations..
Sales occupations..................................................................
Administrative support occupations, including clerical...
4
Production and nonsupervisory occupations ..................
W orkers, by industry division:
G oods-producing......................................................................
Excluding sales occupations.........................................
W hite-collar occupations....................................................
C onstruction............................................................................
M anufacturing.........................................................................
Excluding sales occupations.........................................
N ondurables...........................................................................
Excluding sales occupations.........................................
Service occupations............................................................
Transportation and public utilities.......................................
Transportation.....................................................................
Public utilities........................................................................
C om m unications...............................................................
Electric, gas, and sanitary services..............................
W holesale and retail trade...................................................
Excluding sales occupations.........................................
W holesale trade...................................................................
Retail trade...........................................................................
General merchandise stores...........................................
Food stores.........................................................................
See footnotes at end of table.
68
Monthly Labor Review
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
December 2002
157.3
158.3
156.0
151.0
152.6
155.1
156.9
148.7
147.3
146.1
25. C ontinued—Em ploym ent Cost index, com pensation,1 by occupation and industry group
[June 1989 = 100]
2000
S e rie s
S e p t.
D ec.
M ar.
June
P e rc e n t c h a n g e
2002
2001
S e p t.
D ec .
M ar.
June
S e p t.
3 m o n th s
12 m o n th s
ended
ended
S e p t. 2 0 0 2
Finance, Insurance, and real estate..................................
155.2
155.7
157.9
159.5
160.9
161,3
165.2
167.3
168.0
0.4
4.4
Excluding sales occupations.........................................
Banking, savings and loan, and other credit agencies..
Insurance.............................................................................
Services.................................................................................
158.4
166.5
155.2
154.1
158.4
150.6
151.1
159.9
159.2
161.2
170.8
157.6
Health services...................................................................
Hospitals...........................................................................
Educational services.........................................................
Colleges and universities...............................................
157.4
165.8
154.8
152.9
157.5
149.0
149.2
158.8
158.6
156.5
160.5
152.7
153.5
162.3
162.2
163.1
172.7
159.3
157.8
163.0
154.7
155.9
162.6
162.6
164.7
175.4
159.9
160.0
165.2
156.8
158.4
166.4
166.2
165.0
174.5
161.3
161.0
166.2
158.4
160.3
167.6
167.5
169.8
182.1
164.0
162.6
166.3
160.6
162.8
168.5
168.1
171.3
184.2
166.1
163.7
166.6
162.0
164.5
169.0
168.4
172.1
184.6
167.1
164.9
167.2
163.2
166.2
173.5
172.0
.5
.2
.6
.7
.4
.7
1.0
2.7
2.1
4.5
5.2
4.5
3.1
1.2
4.1
4.9
4.3
3.5
Nonmanufacturing................................................................
150.0
151.1
153.1
154.7
156.3
157.6
159.3
161.1
162.0
.6
3.6
White-collar workers..........................................................
Excluding sales occupations........................................
Blue-collar occupations.....................................................
Service occupations..........................................................
152.6
153.8
143.9
146.3
153.7
155.1
144.8
147.8
155.8
157.5
146.9
149.5
157.5
159.1
148.1
150.7
159.0
160.9
150.2
152.1
160.5
162.3
150.6
154.1
162.2
164.2
152.2
155.9
164.1
165.7
154.0
156.9
164.8
166.6
155.4
158.4
.4
.5
.9
1.0
3.6
3.5
3.5
4.1
State a nd lo ca l gove rnm ent w o rk e rs......................................
147.8
148.9
150.3
151.2
154.3
155.2
156.1
156.7
160.1
2.2
3.8
147.3
146.6
149.2
148.3
145.9
148.3
147.4
150.7
149.4
147.2
149.5
148.4
152.4
150.7
148.6
150.4
149.2
153.7
151.6
149.0
153.7
152.8
156.4
154.2
151.5
154.4
153.2
157.6
155.6
153.2
155.2
153.6
159.5
156.9
154.0
155.7
154.1
159.6
158.0
154.7
159.3
158.1
162.3
161.0
158.4
2.3
2.6
1.6
1.9
2.4
3.6
3.5
3.8
4.4
4.6
Services....................................................................................
148.0
148.9
149.9
150.6
154.4
154.9
155.5
155.9
159.7
2.4
3.4
Services excluding schools5................................................
Health services...................................................................
Hospitals...........................................................................
147.6
148.8
150.1
151.9
154.5
156.1
157.9
158.7
161.0
1.4
4.2
151.6
152.0
148.7
149.0
148.1
151.7
152.1
152.2
149.6
149.9
148.5
153.7
154.4
154.7
Schools.............................................................................
Elementary and secondary.........................................
Colleges and universities............................................
150.0
150.7
147.9
148.2
147.3
150.5
150.1
150.5
149.0
154.3
157.1
157.4
154.1
154.4
152.8
153.8
158.5
159.1
154.5
154.8
153.1
159.6
160.4
160.7
154.8
155.1
153.4
160.0
161.4
161.8
155.1
155.4
153.6
160.4
163.5
164.1
159.2
159.6
157.7
164.7
1.3
1.4
2.6
2.7
2.7
2.7
4.1
4.3
3.3
3.4
3.2
3.6
Public administration3.............................................................
146.9
148.3
150.6
151.9
151.9
155.2
156.5
157.9
160.2
1.7
4.2
Workers, by occupational group:
White-collar workers.................................................................
Professional specialty and technical...................................
Executive, administrative, and managerial.........................
Administrative support, including clerical...........................
Workers, by Industry division:
1 Cost (cents per hour worked) measured in the Employment Cost Index consists of
wages, salaries, and employer cost of employee benefits.
2 Consists of private industry workers (excluding farm and household workers) and
State and local government (excluding Federal Government) workers.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
3 Consists of legislative, judicial, administrative, and regulatory activities.
4 This series has the same industry and occupational coverage as the Hourly
Earnings index, which was discontinued In January 1989.
5 Includes, for example, library, social, and health services.
Monthly Labor Review
December 2002
69
Current Labor Statistics:
Compensation & Industrial Relations
26. Em ploym ent Cost Index, w ages and salaries, by occupation and industry group
[June 1989 = 100]_____________
2000
2001
P e rc e n t c h a n g e
2002
S e rie s
S e p t.
D ec .
M ar.
June
S e p t.
D ec .
M a r.
June
S e p t.
3 m o n th s
12 m o n th s
ended
ended
S e p t. 2 0 0 2
C ivilian w o rk e rs 1.........................................
147.0
147.9
149.5
150.8
152.3
153.4
154.8
156.1
157.2
0.7
3.2
149.2
148.3
151.6
148.5
142.0
145.7
150.2
149.6
152.4
149.6
142.9
147.1
151.7
151.1
154.0
151.6
144.7
148.6
153.1
152.155.8
152,7
146.0
149.7
154.5
154.2
156.7
154.6
147 6
155.6
155.1
158.1
155.7
148 ft
157.0
155.6
160.7
157.3
149 7
158.4
156.2
162.6
158.4
151 n
159.6
158.0
163.5
159.6
151 Q
.8
1.2
.6
.8
3.3
2.5
4.3
3.2
151.2
153.0
154.2
155.1
‘ 56.2
.7
3.3
145.3
146.5
148.9
151.0
148.3
147.3
149.6
147.0
148.5
150.5
152.6
149.8
148.8
150.5
147,6
150.0
151.7
153.6
151.8
151.2
151.0
149.5
150.7
153.4
156.2
153.7
15.5
154.6
150.5
151.7
154.5
157.1
155.5
155.5
155.1
151.8
153.1
155.9
158.1
157.3
157.2
155.3
153.1
154.5
157.2
158.8
158.5
158.6
155.6
153.9
155.4
156.4
160.7
159.6
160.3
.5
Services...................................................................................
Health services.....................................................................
Hospitals..............................................................................
Educational services...........................................................
144.3
145.7
148.0
149.9
146.7
145.6
148.9
2.4
2.9
3.1
3.3
2.9
3.8
4.4
3.0
Public administration2.............................................................
Nonmanufacturing....................................................................
144.6
147.2
146.1
148.1
147.6
149.7
148.7
149.7
150.3
152.6
151.6
153.8
152.5
155.0
153.4
156.4
154.8
157.5
.9
.7
3.0
3.2
Private In d u stry w o rk e rs .........................................................
146.8
146.5
147.7
147.6
149.4
149.5
150.9
150.8
152.1
152.2
153.3
153.3
154.7
154.9
156.3
156.1
157.0
157.0
.4
Excluding sales occupations..............................................
.6
3.2
3.2
Workers, by occupational group:
White-collar workers..............................................................
Excluding sales occupations............................................
Professional specialty and technical occupations...........
Executive, adminitrative, and managerial occupations..
Sales occupations................................................................
Administrative support occupations, including clerical...
Blue-collar w orkers................................................................
Precision production, craft, and repair occupations.......
Machine operators, assemblers, and inspectors............
Transportation and material moving occupations...........
Handlers, equipment cleaners, helpers, and laborers....
149.7
149.9
148.6
152.3
149.0
149.1
141.9
142.0
142.9
136.5
145.0
150.6
151.1
150.2
153.0
148.7
150.1
142.8
142.8
143.7
137.6
146.2
152.3
153.0
152.1
154.7
149.2
152.3
144.6
144.6
145.6
139.5
148.0
153.8
154.4
153.2
156.5
151.5
153.6
145.9
145.7
146.9
140.7
149.8
154.8
155.7
154.8
157.2
151.2
155.3
147.5
147.7
148.1
142.1
151.0
156.1
156.9
155.9
158.6
152.6
156.5
148.3
148,4
149.0
142.8
152.4
157.7
158.6
156.7
161.3
153.6
158.2
149.6
149.2
150.5
144.8
154.2
159.4
160.0
157.4
163.6
157.0
159.2
150.9
151.0
151.6
145.2
155.1
160.0
169.8
158.2
164.3
156.9
160.3
151.7
151.8
152.0
146.3
156.0
Service occupations...............................................................
143.5
144.9
146.4
147.5
148.7
150.6
152.0
152.8
153.9
.7
3.5
Production and nonsupervisory occupations3..................
145.0
146.0
147.7
149.0
150.3
151.5
152.7
154.0
154.7
.5
2.9
Workers, by industry division:
Goods-producing....................................................................
Excluding sales occupations........................................
White-collar occupations..................................................
Excluding sales occupations........................................
Blue-collar occupations....................................................
Construction..........................................................................
Manufacturing.......................................................................
White-collar occupations..................................................
Excluding sales occupations........................................
Blue-collar occupations.....................................................
Durables................................................................................
Nondurables.........................................................................
144.3
143.4
147.9
146.0
142.0
139.4
145.7
148.7
146.6
143.4
146.1
145.0
145.2
144.6
148.7
147.2
143.1
140.7
146.5
149.2
147.5
144.6
147.3
145.4
147.0
146.3
150.5
148.9
144.7
142.1
148.5
151.1
149.9
146.4
149.0
147.5
148.6
147.8
152.3
150.5
146.1
143.9
150.0
152.7
150.5
147.8
150.5
149.0
149.5
148.7
152.6
150.8
147.4
145.1
150.7
152.8
150.5
149.1
151.5
149.3
150.5
149.7
153.6
151.7
148.4
146.3
151.7
153.1
152.2
156.6
154.5
150.7
148.2
154.4
156.6
153.9
152.8
155.3
153.1
153.9
153.0
157.9
155.4
151.5
149.0
155.4
157.7
155.0
153.5
156.0
154.4
.5
.5
2.9
2.9
3.2
3.1
153.3
151.0
150.3
151.7
153.9
151.7
150.9
155.0
152.9
149.6
147.0
153.1
154.9
152.3
151.7
153.9
151.9
Service-producing...................................................................
Excluding sales occupations........................................
White-collar occupations..................................................
Excluding sales occupations........................................
Blue-collar occupations.....................................................
Service occupations..........................................................
Transportation and public utilities......................................
Transportation....................................................................
Public utilities......................................................................
Communications.............................................................
Electric, gas, and sanitary services.............................
Wholesale and retail trade..................................................
Excluding sales occupations........................................
Wholesale trade.................................................................
Excluding sales occupations........................................
Retail trade.........................................................................
General merchandise stores..........................................
Food stores.......................................................................
147.9
148.3
150.0
151.2
141.6
143.5
141.3
137.4
146.4
146.7
145.9
146.4
148.2
149.6
151.3
144.8
139.7
140.2
148.9
149.4
150.9
152.3
142.2
144.8
142.3
138.6
147.1
147.4
146.6
147.4
150.5
151.3
152.5
154.3
144.3
146.1
143.7
139.8
148.7
149.2
148.1
148.4
150.7
151.6
154.9
146.9
143.8
143.3
151.9
152.6
154.0
155.6
145.3
147.2
145.7
141.6
151.0
151.8
149.9
150.1
151.9
154.5
156.5
147.8
145.5
144.5
153.2
154.2
155.2
157.2
147.5
148.4
146.7
142.6
152.0
153.3
150.4
150.6
153.1
154.1
157.4
148.8
145.7
145.7
151.9
156.1
157.2
158.2
148.1
149.4
149.2
145.7
153.6
155.2
151.7
152.1
154.8
157.9
150.7
146.5
146.7
156.1
157.2
158.2
160.4
149.4
151.6
150.5
147.4
154.3
155.3
153.0
153.0
157.7
158.5
159.9
161.6
151.1
152.4
152.1
148.6
156.4
157.1
155.5
155.7
158.4
159.3
160.5
162.5
151.8
153.5
153.4
149.6
158.2
159.6
156.5
155.5
Workers, by occupational group:
White-collar workers.................................................................
Professional specialty and technical...................................
Executive, adminitrative, and m anagerial..........................
Administrative support, including clerical...........................
Blue-collar workers..................................................................
Service occupations.................................................................
Workers, by industry division:
Goods-producing......................................................................
Manufacturing.........................................................................
Service-producing....................................................................
See footnotes at end of table.
70
Monthly Labor Review
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
December 2002
149.0
151.6
153.2
145.2
142.2
141.6
-
157.2
159.4
150.9
147.9
148.0
-
161.3
161.2
152.7
148.9
148.9
-
160.4
162.6
152.9
150.1
150.1
.6
,8
1.2
.7
1.1
.4
.5
.5
.4
-.1
3.4
3.3
2.2
4.5
3.8
3.2
.7
.5
.5
.3
2.8
2.8
2.6
.8
.6
3.0
3.3
.6
.6
.5
.5
.6
.7
.7
.5
.5
.8
.4
.5
.4
.6
.5
.7
.9
.7
1.2
1.6
.6
-.1
2.8
2.7
3.1
3.2
3.0
3.0
3.0
3.4
3.4
3.3
3.4
3.4
2.9
3.4
4.6
4.9
4.1
4.1
4.1
3.3
-
-
-.6
4.1
.9
3.3
.1
.8
.8
2.8
3.0
3.0
26. C ontinued— Em ploym ent Cost Ind ex, w ages and salaries, by o ccu p ation and industry group
[June 1989 = 100]____________________________________________________________________________________________________
2000
P e rc e n t c h a n g e
2002
2 00 1
3 m o n th s
1 2 m o n th s
ended
ended
S e r ie s
S e p t.
D ec.
M a r.
June
S e p t.
D ec.
M a r.
June
S e p t.
S e p t. 2 0 0 2
156.0
159.1
171.7
155.0
158.2
163.7
155.4
155.4
160.5
159.6
160.3
164.5
181.2
157.1
159.5
164.0
157.3
157.1
161.2
159.9
162.0
165.7
182.8
158.6
160.3
164.0
158.4
158.6
161.2
159.9
162.4
166.1
182.7
159.6
161.5
164.6
159.9
160.2
165.2
163.1
0.2
.2
-.1
.6
.7
.4
.7
156.1
155.0
155.8
159.1
173.2
153.6
157.1
162.8
153.6
153.3
159.6
158.4
1.0
2.5
2.0
4.2
4.4
5.5
3.9
2.8
1.1
3.8
4.5
3.5
3.0
149.5
152.3
153.9
142.8
146.0
150.9
153.8
155.3
143.9
147.1
152.2
155.0
156.9
145.8
148.2
153.5
156.4
158.3
146.4
150.1
155.0
158.0
160.1
147.5
151.4
156.5
159.6
161.3
149.0
152.3
157.2
160.2
162.1
149.8
153.4
.4
.4
.5
.5
.7
3.3
3.4
3.3
2.7
3.5
148.3
150.2
151.2
154.3
155.2
156.1
156.7
160.1
1.8
3.1
147.1
147.4
147.3
145.0
143.9
148.0
148.2
148.8
146.2
145.1
149.0
149.1
150.1
147.0
146.0
149.8
149.8
151.5
147.6
146.5
152.7
153.0
153.9
149.8
149.1
153.3
153.4
155.1
150.9
150.8
153.9
153.6
156.6
151.9
151.6
154.4
154.1
156.8
152.8
152.1
157.4
157.5
159.0
155.1
154.5
1.9
2.2
1.4
1.5
1.6
3.1
2.9
3.3
3.5
3.6
147.9
148.7
149.5
150.2
153.7
154.2
154.6
155.0
158.4
2.2
3.1
Health services.....................................................................
Hospitals.............................................................................
Educational services...........................................................
Schools...............................................................................
Elementary and secondary..........................................
Colleges and universities.............................................
146.7
147.7
147.7
148.0
148.1
147.9
148.3
147.9
149.3
149.2
148.7
148.9
148.5
149.5
149.1
149.9
149.5
149.5
149.7
149.0
151.4
150.7
151.9
151.8
150.0
150.2
149.5
151.8
153.2
154.2
154.2
153.6
153.8
152.8
156.5
154.9
155.8
155.7
154.0
154.1
153.1
156.7
156.7
157.8
157.7
154.2
154.3
153.4
156.8
157.3
158.6
158.8
154.5
154.6
153.6
157.3
159.1
160.5
160.6
158.1
158.3
157.4
160.7
1.1
1.1
1.1
2.3
2.4
2.5
2.2
3.9
4.1
4.2
2.9
2.9
3.0
2.7
Public adm inistration2...............................................................
144.6
146.1
147.6
148.7
150.3
151.6
152.5
153.4
154.8
.9
3.0
Finance, insurance, and real estate...................................
Excluding sales occupations..........................................
Banking, savings and loan, and other credit agencies.
Insurance...............................................................................
Services....................................................................................
Business services................................................................
Health services.....................................................................
Hospitals..............................................................................
Educational services...........................................................
Colleges and universities.................................................
151.7
153.3
165.0
150.7
150.6
155.3
146.6
144.9
153.4
152.5
151.7
154.1
165.7
150.8
151.8
156.0
148.1
146.8
154.3
152.9
153.9
156.6
169.4
152.4
153.8
158.2
149.8
148.5
155.4
154.1
Nonm anufacturing.................................................................
W hite-collar w orkers............................................................
Excluding sales occupations.........................................
Blue-collar occupations......................................................
Service occupations............................................................
146.9
149.6
150.7
140.3
143.4
147.9
150.6
151.9
140.9
144.7
S tate and lo ca l g o v e rn m e n t w o rk e rs .......................................
147.2
154.6
157.6
170.8
153.3
155.0
160.8
151.8
151.0
W orkers, by occupational group:
W hite-collar w orkers..................................................................
Professional specialty and technical....................................
Executive, administrative, and m anagerial..........................
W orkers, by industry division:
Services......................................................................................
Services excluding schools4.................................................
' Consists of private industry workers (excluding farm and household workers) and
State and local governm ent (excluding Federal Government) workers.
2 C onsists of legislative, judicial, adm inistrative, and regulatory activities.
a This series has the same industry and occupational coverage as the Hourly
Earnings Index, which was discontinued in January 1989.
4 Includes, for example, library, social, and health services.
27. Employment Cost Index, benefits, private industry workers by occupation and industry group
[June 1989 = 100]
2000
2 00 1
P e rc e n t c h a n g e
2002
3 m o n th s
1 2 m o n th s
ended
ended
S e rie s
S e p t.
D ec.
M a r.
June
S e p t.
D ec.
M a r.
June
S e p t.
S e p t. 2 0 0 2
P riva te in d u s try w o rk e rs .............................................................
157.5
158.6
161.5
163.2
165.2
166.7
169.3
171.6
173.1
0.9
4.8
W orkers, by occupational group:
W hite-collar workers..................................................................
Blue-collar w orkers....................................................................
160.4
153.1
161.5
154.1
165.2
155.7
167.4
156.7
169.5
158.3
171.2
159.2
173.5
162.2
176.1
164.0
177.2
166.2
.6
1.3
4.5
5.0
W orkers, by industry division:
G oods-produdng........................................................................
Service-producing......................................................................
M anufacturing..............................................................................
Nonm anufacturing.....................................................................
155.7
157.9
154.9
158.1
156.2
159.4
154.8
159.7
158.5
162.6
157.1
162.9
159.6
164.6
157.9
164.9
160.8
167.1
158.5
167.4
162.6
168.4
160.4
168.6
165.8
170.7
163.7
171.1
167.4
173.3
165.5
173.5
168.8
174.9
166.8
175.2
.8
.9
.8
1.0
5.0
4.7
5.2
4.7
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Monthly Labor Review
December 2002
71
Current Labor Statistics:
Compensation & Industrial Relations
28. Employment Cost Index, private nonfarm workers by bargaining status, region, and area size
[June 1989 = 100]
2000
2001
2002
P e rc e n t c h a n g e
S e r ie s
S e p t.
D ec.
M a r.
June
S e p t.
D ec.
M a r.
June
S e p t.
3 m o n th s
1 2 m o n th s
ended
ended
S e p t. 2 0 0 2
COMPENSATION
W orkers, b y b a rg a in in g s ta tu s 1
Union...................................................................................................
G oods-producing.........................................................................
Service-producing........................................................................
Manufacturing...............................................................................
Nonm anufacturing......................................................................
146.1
146.8
145.2
147.1
145.0
146.9
147.3
146.4
147.4
146.2
147.9
147.9
147.6
147.9
147.3
149.5
149.3
149.5
148.8
149.4
151.0
150.6
151.2
149.9
151.1
153.1
151.6
154.2
151.4
153.5
154.8
153.4
156.0
153.4
155.0
156.3
154.7
157.6
154.6
156.6
158.1
156.2
159.9
155.9
158.6
1.2
1.0
1.5
.8
1.4
4.7
3.7
5.8
4.0
5.1
Nonunion............................................................................................
G oods-producing.........................................................................
Service-producing........................................................................
Manufacturing.............................................................................. .
Non m anufacturing.......................................................................
150.6
148.4
151.2
149.2
150.7
151.6
149.3
152.3
149.9
151.8
153.8
151.6
154.4
152.4
153.9
155.3
153.1
155.9
153.7
155.4
156.7
154.0
157.5
154.4
157.0
157.8
155.3
158.6
155.5
158.2
159.6
157.2
160.3
157.6
159.9
161.4
158.6
162.2
159.1
161.7
162.5
159.5
162.9
160.1
162.4
.5
.6
.4
.6
.4
3.5
3.6
3.4
3.7
3.4
149.3
147.6
152.2
150.8
150.3
148.6
153.3
151.8
151.6
151.1
154.8
154.3
153.7
152.3
156.0
156.0
155.2
153.5
157.4
157.6
156.3
154.6
158.6
159.4
158.3
156.2
161.1
160.4
159.9
157.6
162.2
162.9
160.5
158.9
163.5
163.8
.4
.8
.6
.6
3.4
3.5
3.9
3.9
150.1
148.8
151.0
150.3
153.1
152.1
154.6
153.7
156.0
154.8
157.4
155.6
159.1
157.5
160.9
158.5
161.8
160.0
.6
.9
3.7
3.4
Union...................................................................................................
G oods-producing.........................................................................
Service-producing........................................................................
M anufacturing...............................................................................
Non m anufacturing........................................................................
140.0
140.2
140.1
141.4
139.2
141.2
141.3
141.5
142.6
140.4
142.1
142.4
142.2
143.9
141.1
143.7
144.2
143.7
145.5
142.7
145.1
145.3
145.4
146.7
144.3
147.4
146.3
148.9
148.0
147.1
148.4
147.2
150.0
149.0
148.1
149.8
158.6
151.4
150.2
149.6
151.3
150.0
152.9
151.0
151.1
1.0
.9
1.0
.9
1.0
4.3
3.2
5.2
3.3
4.7
Nonunion............................................................................................
G oods-producing.........................................................................
Service-producing........................................................................
M anufacturing...............................................................................
Non m anufacturing...................................................................... .
148.1
145.8
148.7
147.2
148.0
149.0
146.8
149.6
148.0
148.9
150.8
148.8
151.4
150.1
150.7
152.2
150.3
152.7
151.6
152.0
153.4
151.1
154.1
152.2
153.3
154.4
152.1
155.1
153.1
154.4
155.9
153.5
156.7
154.7
155.9
157.5
154.8
158.3
156.1
157.5
158.1
155.5
158.9
156.8
158.1
.4
.5
.4
.4
.4
3.1
2.9
3.1
3.0
3.1
145.3
145.3
148.6
148.2
146.0
146.3
149.6
149.2
147.3
148.3
150.9
151.3
149.2
149.3
152.3
152.9
150.6
150.2
153.6
154.3
151.7
151.2
154.7
156.0
153.5
152.5
157.1
156.4
154.9
153.6
158.5
158.7
154.9
154.7
159.2
159.3
.1
.7
.4
.4
3.0
3.0
3.6
3.2
147.1
144.7
148.0
146.0
149.8
147.4
151.2
148.8
152.4
149.7
153.7
150.5
155.1
151.7
156.7
152.6
157.4
153.8
.4
.8
3.3
2.7
W orkers, b y re g io n 1
Northeast...........................................................................................
South..................................................................................................
Midwest (formerly North C entral).................................................
W est...................................................................................................
W orkers, b y area s iz e 1
M etropolitan areas..........................................................................
Other areas......................................................................................
W AGES AND SALARIES
W orkers, b y b a rg a in in g s ta tu s 1
W orkers, by re g io n 1
Northeast...........................................................................................
South.................................................................................................
M idwest (formerly North Central).................................................
W est...................................................................................................
W orkers, b y area s iz e 1
Metropolitan areas..........................................................................
Other areas.......................................................................................
' The indexes are calculated differently from those for the occupation and Industry groups. For a detailed description of the Index calculation, see the Monthly Labor Review
Technical Note, "Estimation procedures for the Employment Cost Index," May 1982.
72 Monthly Labor Review
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
December 2002
29. Percent of full-tim e em ployees participating in em ployer-provided benefit plans, and in selected features within plans,
medium and large private establishments, selected years, 1980-97
________________________________
Ite m
Scope of survey (in 000's)...........................................
Number of employees (in 000’s):
With medical care......................................................
With life insurance.....................................................
With defined benefit plan..........................................
1984
1982
1980
1988
1986
1993
1991
1989
1997
1995
21,352
21,043
21,013
21,303
31,059
32,428
31,163
28,728
33,374
38,409
20,711
20,498
17,936
20,412
20,201
17,676
20,383
20,172
17,231
20,238
20,451
16,190
27,953
28,574
19,567
29,834
30,482
20,430
25,865
29,293
18,386
23,519
26,175
16,015
25,546
29,078
17,417
29,340
33,495
19,202
10
75
-
9
25
76
25
9
26
73
26
-
-
-
-
99
9.8
10
27
72
26
88
3.2
99
10.0
11
29
72
26
85
32
96
9.4
80
3.3
89
9.1
81
3.7
89
9.3
25
3.7
100
24
3.3
98
8
30
67
28
80
3.3
92
10.2
21
3.3
96
9
29
68
26
83
3.0
91
9.4
23
3.6
99
10
26
71
26
84
3.3
97
9.2
22
3.1
97
21
3.1
97
22
3.3
96
20
3.5
95
Tim e-off plans
Participants with:
Paid lunch time............................................................
Average minutes per day.........................................
Paid rest time...............................................................
Average minutes per day.........................................
Paid funeral leave.......................................................
Average days per occurrence.................................
Paid holidays...............................................................
Average days per year.............................................
Paid personal leave....................................................
Average days per year.............................................
Paid vacations.............................................................
Unpaid maternity leave..............................................
Unpaid paternity leave...............................................
Unpaid family le a ve ...................................................
-
99
10.1
20
-
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
100
99
10.0
24
3.8
99
62
-
67
-
67
-
70
-
69
33
16
68
37
18
67
37
26
65
60
53
58
56
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
84
_
93
97
97
97
95
90
92
83
82
77
76
58
62
46
62
8
66
70
18
76
79
28
75
80
28
81
80
30
86
82
42
78
73
56
85
78
63
26
27
46
-
51
-
36
$11.93
58
$35.93
43
$12.80
63
$41.40
44
$19.29
64
$60.07
47
$25.31
66
$72.10
51
$26.60
69
$96.97
61
$31.55
76
$107.42
67
$33.92
78
$118.33
69
$39.14
80
$130.07
96
96
96
96
92
94
94
91
87
87
69
72
74
-
64
64
72
10
59
78
8
49
71
7
42
71
6
44
76
5
41
77
7
37
74
6
33
40
43
47
48
42
45
40
41
42
43
51
49
46
43
45
44
-
53
55
_
_
_
Insurance plans
Participants in medical care plans...............................
Percent of participants with coverage for:
Home health care......................................................
Percent of participants with employee
contribution required for:
Average monthly contribution................................
Family coverage.......................................................
Average montmy contrioution................................
Percent of participants with:
Accidental death and dismemberment
insurance..................................................................
Retiree protection available......................................
Participants in long-term disability
_
Participants in sickness and accident
54
51
Participants in short-term disability plans ’ .................
Retirement plans
Participants in defined benefit pension plans............
Percent of participants with:
Normal retirement prior to age 65...........................
Benefit coordinated with Social Security...............
Participants in defined contribution plans..................
Participants in plans with tax-deferred savings
arrangements............................................................
84
82
76
63
63
59
56
52
50
55
98
58
97
53
45
52
45
63
97
47
54
56
64
98
35
57
62
59
98
26
55
62
62
97
22
64
63
55
98
7
56
54
52
95
6
61
48
52
96
4
58
51
52
95
10
56
49
-
-
-
60
45
48
48
49
55
57
-
-
-
33
36
41
44
43
54
55
_
_
_
_
_
_
10
36
12
52
12
38
5
32
7
84
Other benefits
Employees eligible for:
Premium conversion Dlans........................................
The definitions for paid sick leave and short-term disability (previously sickness and
accident insurance) were changed for the 1995 survey. Paid sick leave now includes only
plans that specify either a maximum number of days per year or unlimited days. Shortterms disability now includes all insured, self-insured, and State-mandated plans available
on a per-disability basis, as well as the unfunded per-disability plans previously reported as
sick leave. Sickness and accident insurance, reported in years prior to this survey, included
only insured, self-insured, and State-mandated plans providing per-disability bene
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
2
5
£
5
12
23
13
fits at less than full pay.
2 Prior to 1995, reimbursement accounts included premium conversion plans, which
specifically allow medical plan participants to pay required plan premiums with pretax
dollars.
Also, reimbursement accounts that were part of flexible benefit plans were
tabulated separately.
Note : Dash indicates data not available.
Monthly Labor Review
December 2002
73
Current Labor Statistics:
Compensation & Industrial Relations
30. Percent of full-tim e em ployees participating in em ployer-provided benefit plans, and in selected features
within plans, small private establishments and State and local governments, 1987, 1990, 1992, 1994, and 1996
S m a ll p riv a te esta b lis h m e n ts
Item
1990
1992
1994
S ta te an d local g o ve rn m e n ts
1996
1987
1990
1992
1994
Scope of survey (in 000's)................................
32,466
34,360
35,910
39,816
10,321
12,972
12,466
12,907
Number of employees (in 000’s):
With medical care...........................................
With life insurance..........................................
With defined benefit plan................................
22,402
20,778
6,493
24,396
21,990
7,559
23,536
21,955
5,480
25,599
24,635
5,883
9,599
8,773
9,599
12,064
11,415
11,675
11,219
11,095
10,845
11,192
11,194
11,708
Participants with:
Paid lunch tim e.................................................
Average minutes per day.............................
Paid rest time................................................. ...
Average minutes per day..............................
Paid funeral leave............................................
Average days per occurrence.......................
Paid holidays....................................................
8
37
48
27
47
2.9
84
9
37
49
26
50
3.0
82
-
-
-
-
-
_
50
3.1
82
51
3.0
80
17
34
58
29
56
3.7
81
11
36
56
29
63
3.7
74
10
34
53
29
65
3.7
75
62
3.7
73
Average days per year1.................................
Paid personal leave.........................................
Average days per year..................................
Paid vacations..................................................
9.5
11
2.8
88
9.2
12
2.6
88
7.5
13
2.6
88
7.6
14
3.0
86
10.9
38
2.7
72
13.6
39
2.9
67
14.2
38
2.9
67
11.5
38
3.0
66
Paid sick leave2...............................................
47
53
50
50
97
95
95
94
Unpaid leave....................................................
Unpaid paternity leave.....................................
Unpaid family leave......................................... .
17
8
_
_
-
47
48
“
51
33
“
59
-
57
30
“
18
7
-
66
64
93
-
76
78
36
Tim e-off plans
-
44
-
-
93
93
90
87
82
79
36
87
84
47
84
81
55
Insurance plans
Participants in medical care plans....................
Percent of participants with coverage for:
Home health care..........................................
Extended care facilities.................................
Physical exam................................................
69
71
79
83
26
80
84
28
Percent of participants with employee
contribution required for:
Self coverage..................................................
Average monthly contribution......................
Family coverage.............................................
42
$25.13
67
47
$36.51
73
52
$40.97
76
52
$42.63
75
35
$15.74
71
38
$25.53
65
43
$28.97
72
47
$30.20
71
Average monthly contribution......................
$109.34
$150.54
$159.63
$181.53
$71.89
$117.59
$139.23
$149 70
Participants in life insurance plans...................
Percent of participants with:
Accidental death and dismemberment
insurance........................................................
Survivor income benefits................................
Retiree protection available............................
Participants in long-term disability
insurance plans...............................................
Participants in sickness and accident
insurance plans................................................
64
64
61
62
85
88
89
87
78
1
19
76
1
25
79
2
20
77
1
13
67
1
55
67
1
45
74
1
46
64
2
46
19
23
20
22
31
27
28
30
14
21
22
21
15
93
90
87
91
47
92
89
88
16
100
8
92
89
10
100
10
92
87
13
99
49
Participants in short-term disability plans2......
_
-
*
6
26
26
-
-
-
20
22
15
29
Retirement plans
Participants in defined benefit pension plans..
Percent of participants with:
Normal retirement prior to age 65.................
Early retirement available..............................
Ad hoc pension increase in last 5 years......
Terminal earnings formula............................
Benefit coordinated with Social Security......
Participants in defined contribution plans.........
Participants in plans with tax-deferred savings
arrangements...................................................
54
95
7
58
49
50
95
4
54
46
31
33
17
24
_
-
-
-
-
53
44
92
90
33
100
18
34
38
9
9
9
9
23
28
28
45
45
24
-
Other benefits
Employees eligible for:
Flexible benefits plans..................................... .
Reimbursement accounts 3.............................
Premium conversion plans ............................
1
2
3
4
5
5
5
5
8
14
19
12
5
31
50
64
7
-
1 Methods used to calculate the average number of paid holidays were revised
Sickness and accident insurance, reported in years prior to this survey,
in 1994 to count partial days more precisely. Average holidays for 1994 are
not comparable with those reported in 1990 and 1992.
included only insured, self-insured, and State-mandated plans providing per-
2 The definitions for paid sick leave and short-term disability (previously
3 Prior to 1996, reimbursement accounts included premium conversion plans,
which specifically allow medical plan participants to pay required plan
sickness and accident insurance) were changed for the 1996 survey. Paid sick
leave now Includes only plans that specify either a maximum number of days
disability benefits at less than full pay.
premiums with pretax dollars. Also, reimbursement accounts that were part of
per year or unlimited days. Short-term disability now includes all insured, self-
flexible benefit plans were tabulated separately.
insured, and State-mandated plans available on a per-disability basis, as well
as the unfunded per-disability plans previously reported as sick leave.
Note : Dash indicates data not available.
74 Monthly Labor Review
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
December 2002
31. Work stoppages involving 1,000 workers or more
A n n u a l to ta ls
2001
2002p
M e a s u re
2 00 0
2001
N ov.
O ct.
Jan
D ec.
A pr
M ar
F eb
June
M ay
Aug.
J u ly
O c t.
S ep t.
Number of stoppages:
Beginning in period...............................
39
29
1
0
2
0
1
1
2
3
1
3
1
3
0
40
30
4
1
2
1
2
1
3
5
3
4
3
3
2
Workers involved:
Beginning in period (in thousands)....
394
99
24.9
.0
6.0
.0
1.5
2.9
4.1
5.1
1.5
6.7
3.5
13.7
.0
In effect during period (in thousands).
397
102
29.0
1.6
6.0
1.0
2.5
2.9
7.0
9.2
5.3
8.2
6.2
13.7
12.3
20,419
1,151
316.4
11.2
55.0
21.0
9.0
43.5
80.7
138.2
36.0
54.0
50.6
39.3
128.6
Days idle:
.00
(2)
Percent of estimated workina time1....
' Agricultural and government employees are included In the total employed and total working time; private household, forestry, and fishery employees are excluded. An explanation of
.06
.00
.01
,00
,00
,00
,00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
the measurement of idleness as a percentage of the total time worked is found i n " Total economy’ measures of strike idleness," Monthly Labor Review, October 1968, pp. 54— 56.
2 Less than 0.005.
p - preliminary.
NOTE: Dash indicates data not available.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Monthly Labor Review
December 2002
75
Current Labor Statistics:
Compensation & Industrial Relations
32. Consumer Price Indexes for All Urban Consumers and for Urban Wage Earners and Clerical Workers: U.S. city average,
by expenditure category and commodity or service group
[1 9 8 2 -8 4 = 100, unless otherwise indicated]
A nnual average
2000
2001
2002
2001
Series
Oct.
Nov.
Dec.
Jan.
Feb.
Mar.
Apr.
M ay
June
July
Aug.
Sept.
Oct.
CONSUMER PRICE INDEX
FOR ALL URBAN CONSUMERS
All items..
All items (1967 = 100)...............................................
172.2
515.8
177.1
530.4
177.7
532.2
Food and beverages................................................
168.4
167.8
167.9
173.6
173.1
173.4
188.3
154.5
193.8
161.3
175.3
174.9
175.2
195.2
Dairy and related products1.................................
Fruits and vegetables..........................................
Nonalcoholic beverages and beverage
materials...........................................................
Other foods at home............................................
Sugar and sweets..............................................
Fats and oils......................................................
Other foods........................................................
160.7
204.6
177.4
176.7
177.1
531.3
5292.0
530.6
177.8
532.7
178.8
535.5
179.8
538.6
179.8
538.5
179.9
538.9
180.1
539.5
180.7
541.2
181.0
542.1
181.0
543.2
175.2
174.6
174.7
175.2
174.7
174.7
176.2
175.8
176.2
176.4
175.9
176.0
176.7
176.2
176.4
195.3
197.6
161.8
198.1
162.5
161.9
162.3
198.6
162.2
176.9
176.4
175.2
198.4
161.8
177.1
176.5
175.1
198.9
162.0
196.7
162.1
176.6
176.0
175.2
198.7
176.6
176.0
174.9
194.9
162.7
176.4
175.8
175.5
198.2
162.4
176.4
175.8
175.0
198.7
163.5
176.6
176.1
176.3
197.0
162.8
167.1
212.2
170.8
213.5
171.2
212.9
170.8
214.4
169.9
224.8
170.1
223.3
169.4
225.8
168.7
223.4
169.0
221.0
168.0
217.4
167.6
217.4
167.2
217.0
166.3
218.4
166.5
217.4
137.8
155.6
154.0
147.4
172.2
139.2
159.6
155.7
155.7
139.5
160.3
154.9
155.6
177.6
18.5
160.9
156.1
156.9
140.1
159.9
157.2
156.4
137.5
160.8
158.0
154.6
177.4
140.2
160.8
159.6
154.1
175.9
138.0
160.0
157.9
155.9
176.1
137.6
160.6
159.9
154.1
176.3
140.1
161.5
159.6
156.5
177.8
138.3
161.0
160.2
154.9
177.9
139.5
161.3
158.4
158.3
177.4
140.0
160.4
158.5
157.2
176.0
139.9
160.9
156.4
159.5
177.0
177.3
176.9
177.0
240.6
160.9
159.9
155.9
177.0
Other miscellaneous foods1 2.........................
107.5
108.9
108.9
110.6
108.5
108.9
108.0
107.8
108.0
108.9
109.0
110.1
109.3
109.7
109.8
Food away from home1..........................................
169.0
173.9
175.6
175.8
176.0
176.4
177.0
177.1
177.2
177.6
178.2
178.8
179.2
179.6
Other food away from home1'2...........................
Alcoholic beverages................................................
Housing.....................................................................
109.0
174.7
113.4
179.3
115.4
180.8
115.5
181.2
115.5
180.9
115.5
181.8
115.8
182.6
116.3
182.5
116.9
182.9
117.1
183.3
117.6
183.5
1787.5
117.7
183.8
118.1
184.2
118.8
183.9
119.1
184.7
169.6
193.4
176.4
200.6
176.7
202.4
176.9
202.9
176.9
203.2
177.6
204.5
178.5
206.1
179.1
207.0
179.5
207.5
179.7
207.5
180.7
208.1
181.2
208.8
209.6
200.2
181.5
209.2
181.4
201.3
183.9
192.1
194.7
195.5
196.4
197.0
197.7
108.0
210.9
113.1
211.6
119.3
212.2
212.8
213.3
120.1
213.7
199.8
121.7
214.9
201.3
209.0
111.6
210.1
199.3
120.9
214.3
200.7
114.5
198.5
122.1
200.2
118.6
206.3
198.2
121.9
198.8
117.5
198.7
123.6
215.4
117.6
216.2
117.0
216.8
Household furnishings and operations................
Apparel.....................................................................
Men's and boys' apparel......................................
Women's and girls' apparel.................................
103.7
137.9
122.8
129.7
128.0
128.2
106.2
150.2
135.4
129.3
142.4
129.1
106.9
144.6
129.1
121.5
135.9
129.0
106.9
143.5
127.8
118.3
134.7
129.1
106.3
142.2
126.2
112.7
133.5
128.9
106.4
141.5
125.3
112.9
132.4
128.7
106.8
140.0
123.7
112.3
130.6
128.6
106.8
140.2
123.8
112.8
130.7
128.7
107.2
140.3
123.8
115.1
130.6
128.9
107.6
141.5
125.1
114.4
132.1
128.9
107.8
146.2
130.3
112.7
138.0
128.7
108.6
146.8
130.8
111.6
138.6
128.6
109.6
146.8
130.7
112.1
138.5
128.1
110.0
147.2
131.0
115.2
138.7
128.1
110.0
144.4
127.9
119.3
134.9
128.0
129.6
129.7
121.5
127.3
125.7
119.3
129.5
127.5
122.1
128.0
127.4
119.4
123.7
122.8
114.8
120.4
120.8
109.7
123.5
122.0
115.3
128.2
125.2
121.3
128.8
125.6
122.2
127.1
124.3
229.4
122.7
120.8
113.7
118.7
118.4
107.6
120.5
118.3
111.0
124.6
120.1
118.0
126.8
122.8
120.5
Infants’ and toddlers’ apparel1.............................
Footwear..............................................................
Transportation...........................................................
Private transportation.............................................
130.6
129.2
131.5
132.4
128.5
125.0
127.2
129.9
198.9
127.4
124.9
122.9
124.3
126.2
127.7
123.8
153.3
149.1
123.0
154.3
150.0
124.9
152.3
148.1
123.7
150.2
146.1
120.6
148.5
144.3
117.1
148.6
144.4
119.5
148.4
144.1
123.5
150.5
146.3
124.5
153.7
149.6
124.5
153.8
149.5
121.2
153.4
149.1
118.5
153.7
149.5
119.7
153.9
149.7
121.6
154.0
150.0
123.0
154.9
151.1
Food.........................................................................
Food at home........................................................
Cereals and bakery products..............................
Meats, poultry, fish, and eggs.............................
Shelter.....................................................................
Rent of primary residence...................................
Lodging away from home....................................
Owners’ equivalent rent of primary residence3....
Tenants’ and household insurance1,2.................
Fuels and utilities................................................
Fuels...... ............................................................
Fuel oil and other fuels....................................
Gas (piped) and electricity..............................
New and used motor vehicles2............................
New vehicles......................................................
Used cars and trucks1.......................................
Motor fuel.............................................................
Gasoline (all types)............................................
Motor vehicle parts and equipment.....................
Motor vehicle maintenance and repair................
Public transportation..............................................
100.8
101.3
100.6
101.3
101.6
101.0
100.1
99.6
99.3
99.1
98.8
142.8
155.8
129.3
128.6
101.5
177.3
209.6
142.1
158.7
124.7
124.0
104.8
183.5
210.6
141.0
143.5
157.2
96.1
95.4
105.8
186.4
204.8
142.7
140.7
152.1
107.7
107.1
106.5
188.5
207.9
140.4
152.8
121.4
120.8
106.8
189.0
209.7
139.2
98.8
138.7
155.6
97.9
97.2
106.2
187.1
205.8
141.2
153.9
98.2
97.6
106.1
188.0
207.3
139.8
157.8
116.3
115.6
105.5
186.0
209.1
142.6
157.4
104.5
103.8
105.8
186.4
205.1
151.8
121.4
120.8
106.8
189.9
211.3
152.2
120.1
119.5
106.7
190.0
211.3
152.7
120.8
120.3
107.4
189.8
209.7
260.8
238.1
266.0
237.7
275.9
250.2
282.0
248.4
344.8
276.7
250.6
283.0
248.8
347.1
277.3
251.6
283.5
248.9
281.0
253.7
287.7
251.4
356.4
282.0
254.1
288.9
251.9
359.4
283.2
254.8
290.2
252.5
362.4
284.1
255.4
291.2
252.9
284.7
256.4
291.7
253.2
161.3
98.7
98.7
98.9
138.1
153.4
121.5
120.9
107.7
191.0
209.4
138.7
152.2
121.7
121.1
107.4
191.4
206.5
139.5
150.7
124.5
123.9
106.9
191.8
203.4
287.3
257.7
294.7
254.9
287.7
257.9
295.2
254.8
Medical care..............................................................
Medical care commodities....................................
Medical care services............................................
Professional services...........................................
Hospital and related services..............................
317.3
272.8
247.6
278.8
246.5
338.3
348.3
279.6
252.6
286.2
250.6
353.1
364.5
365.3
286.6
257.5
293.8
255.0
367.6
371.3
373.3
289.2
258.3
297.1
256.0
376.7
Recreation2..............................................................
103.3
104.9
105.3
105.5
105.3
105.7
105.9
106.1
106.5
106.4
106.2
106.2
106.3
106.2
106.4
Video and audio1,2................................................
101.0
101.5
101.3
101.4
101.2
102.1
102.9
102.9
102.9
103.1
103.0
102.6
102.4
102.3
102.6
Education and communication2...............................
Education2............................................................
Educational books and supplies.......................
102.5
105.2
107.1
107.0
106.9
107.2
107.3
106.6
106.2
106.6
106.9
107.6
108.9
109.5
109.4
112.5
279.9
118.5
295.9
122.2
307.2
122.3
304.7
122.0
294.7
122.6
303.0
123.2
314.4
123.3
314.2
123.3
314.4
123.5
315.6
124.3
317.4
124.8
318.3
127.1
319.6
129.6
323.2
129.9
323.2
324.0
93.6
341.1
93.3
351.5
93.6
352.0
93.3
352.2
93.4
353.2
93.4
353.9
93.1
354.1
92.0
354.1
91.2
354.6
91.9
356.8
91.8
358.3
92.6
365.6
93.2
372.8
92.5
373.8
92.2
Tuition, other school fees, and child care.........
Communication1,2.................................................
Information and information processing1,2.......
92.8
92.3
92.5
92.2
92.3
92.2
92.0
90.8
90.0
90.7
90.6
90.8
91.5
90.7
90.4
T elephone services12.....................................
Information and information processing
98.5
99.3
99.9
99.6
99.6
100.3
100.3
99.1
98.2
99.3
99.2
99.5
100.6
100.1
99.9
other than teleDhone services1,4................. .
Personal computers and peripheral
25.9
21.3
20.2
20.0
19.8
19.4
19.0
18.8
18.6
18.5
18.4
18.4
18.3
17.8
17.7
12
41.1
29.5
26.4
24.6
23.8
23.1
22.9
23.0
22.6
22.3
22.0
21.1
20.7
282.6
425.2
285.6
429.9
25.8
289.2
446.7
25.3
271.1
394.9
286.4
431.7
287.2
432.8
290.2
449.3
288.5
433.4
292.9
461.4
291.5
449.0
294.4
467.4
294.5
467.2
295.9
478.2
297.0
485.8
295.4
470.6
165.6
153.7
170.5
Personal care products1.....................................
155.1
172.3
155.4
172.6
155.4
172.6
155.4
173.2
155.2
Personal care services1......................................
178.1
184.3
185.9
186.8
186.4
186.3
equipment ............................................
Other goods and services........................................
Tobacco and smoking products............................
Personal care1.......................................................
See footnotes at end of table.
76 Monthly Labor Review
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
December 2002
173.7
174.1
174.4
174.7
174.9
174.9
175.3
155.1
155.4
154.8
174.9
155.4
175.0
155.5
186.4
154.6
154.3
154.4
154.6
187.3
187.9
188.3
188.3
188.7
189.1
189.2
189.3
32.
C o n t in u e d — C o n s u m e r P ric e In d e x e s fo r A ll U rb a n C o n s u m e r s a n d fo r U rb a n W a g e E a rn e rs a n d C le r ic a l W o rk e rs : U.S. c i t y
a v e r a g e , b y e x p e n d it u r e c a t e g o r y a n d c o m m o d it y o r s e r v ic e g r o u p
[1 9 8 2 -8 4 = 100, unless otherw ise indicated]
2000
2001
2002
2001
Annual average
Series
Oct.
Nov.
Dec.
Jan.
Feb.
Mar.
Apr.
May
June
July
Aug.
Sept.
Oct.
252.3
263.1
267.3
268.0
268.5
270.4
271.8
272.9
273.2
274.2
274.6
275.1
275.4
275.2
276.0
149.2
168.4
137.7
147.4
129.6
150.7
173.6
137.2
147.1
127.3
150.5
175.3
136.1
146.0
129.5
149.5
175.2
134.6
142.8
128.0
147.9
147.8
176.2
131.6
148.1
176.4
132.1
149.4
176.6
133.7
150.5
176.4
135.4
149.8
176.4
134.4
149.3
149.6
150.2
139.6
123.5
143.6
128.2
147.4
127.1
145.7
122.7
176.6
133.6
144.4
118.7
176.6
134.0
145.4
120.5
176.9
134.8
137.9
120.4
151.0
176.7
136.0
148.4
128.8
147.2
124.6
150.7
177.1
135.5
148.4
126.8
162.5
125.4
163.4
160.4
152.6
123.6
153.6
122.7
157.3
164.7
164.3
121.1
166.0
121.9
164.0
121.3
165.2
122.1
164.1
121.7
164.8
123.6
156.2
124.2
151.6
124.6
120.7
120.6
120.6
Commodity and service group:
175.2
132.3
138.4
123.7
Nondurables less food, beverages,
124.3
195.3
203.4
204.7
205.1
205.3
206.3
207.3
208.0
208.4
208.8
209.8
210.7
211.5
211.5
211.7
201.3
196.1
229.9
208.9
201.9
238.0
210.8
203.4
241.4
211.3
204.2
241.9
211.7
204.5
241.9
213.0
205.2
214.7
206.5
216.8
209.0
243.5
216.1
207.9
243.8
216.1
208.9
242.9
215.6
207.3
243.6
244.5
245.1
217.4
209.6
246.4
218.3
210.1
248.2
217.9
210.1
249.1
218.4
210.9
249.7
173.0
165.7
167.3
139.2
149.1
162.9
158.2
177.8
169.7
171.9
178.2
177.8
169.9
172.4
180.4
170.9
174.3
137.8
150.4
180.8
170.9
174.5
135.5
146.7
181.8
171,9
175.3
136.7
149.3
182.2
172.2
175.6
161.5
160.8
157.7
159.1
136.3
148.0
164.9
161.2
181.5
171.3
175.0
135.9
147.7
164.1
160.6
180.4
170.9
174.2
137.3
149.5
165.0
162.1
180.6
170.9
174.4
137.8
148.1
177.0
168.2
171.3
134.1
177.4
168.4
171.7
138.9
149.1
169.3
172.0
136.4
165.2
160.6
165.8
161.2
166.1
162.2
166.9
163.0
202.9
212.3
213.0
188.9
124.6
196.6
129.3
197.8
122.1
178.6
181.3
144.9
129.5
202.1
183.5
186.1
145.3
125.2
Special indexes:
154.5
178.2
168.7
172.4
133.9
142.2
155.4
156.8
157.0
158.0
179.2
169.7
173.3
135.6
145.9
158.7
160.2
213.3
213.2
213.9
214.3
214.8
215.1
216.0
217.5
218.6
219.5
220.0
219.9
198.2
116.0
198.3
111.4
199.2
111.7
200.2
111.0
201.2
122.2
201.6
122.9
202.6
124.9
203.2
125.5
204.2
125.8
185.4
188.1
146.0
105.8
185.2
185.7
188.2
186.5
189.2
187.4
190.2
188.1
191.0
144.2
99.5
145.1
121.6
144.4
121.6
187.3
190.1
143.4
120.3
187.5
190.3
143.7
99.3
189.8
144.6
108.6
187.5
190.3
204.1
126.1
188.4
204.2
125.8
185.1
187.6
145.6
116.9
200.8
115.6
187.1
142.5
120.9
209.6
211.7
212.3
212.6
213.8
215.1
215.9
216.3
216.6
217.2
163.2
486.2
173.5
516.8
174.0
518.3
173.7
517.3
172.9
515.0
173.2
515.0
173.7
517.5
174.7
520.2
175.8
523.7
175.8
523.6
163.8
163.4
173.0
172.5
174.8
174.3
175.8
175.3
172.4
193.6
161.2
174.3
195.1
163.2
174.6
174.1
173.7
195.1
161.8
175.7
175.2
163.0
184.7
147.6
174.5
174.1
173.7
194.7
162.6
175.3
196.7
162.0
175.1
197.5
161.6
176.1
175.6
175.5
197.0
162.7
176.1.
175.5
175.3
197.9
162.1
159.4
201.8
167.1
210.8
170.8
212.2
171.2
211.5
170.6
212.8
169.7
223.2
170.0
222.2
169.2
224.9
133.2
138.4
137.7
138.8
139.5
159.1
155.6
155.4
176.3
139.2
160.4
156.2
138.7
152.8
152.2
147.9
168.8
159.7
154.7
159.1
177.3
155.1
177.8
160.5
155.9
156.5
178.3
161.0
158.5
158.0
177.9
160.1
158.5
157.0
176.8
145.1
140.9
153.4
187.8
144.7
97.6
133.5
140.5
165.5
162.7
137.3
150.6
191.3
188.8
191.8
142.8
121.5
143.6
122.0
143.9
124.8
218.0
219.0
218.9
219.5
175.9
524.0
176.0
524.5
176.6
526.0
177.0
527.3
177.3
528.2
175.7
175.1
174.4
198.2
162.1
175.7
175.2
174.1
198.6
161.8
176.0
175.4
176.2
175.7
174.3
198.7
162.2
175.9
175.3
174.0
198.5
162.0
174.3
198.4
161.5
176.3
175.7
174.2
198.9
161.2
168.7
222.0
168.7
219.1
167.8
216.4
167.4
216.4
167.0
216.2
166.1
217.5
166.4
216.2
139.7
139.4
136.9
160.4
158.8
137.6
160.5
159.9
154.7
177.6
136.9
160.1
159.6
156.3
176.5
161.0
153.4
156.2
178.2
137.3
159.7
157.6
155.7
176.7
139.6
159.6
157.1
154.0
177.3
160.3
159.5
155.2
177.2
139.9
160.3
159.5
155.8
177.2
110.1
CONSUMER PRICE INDEX FOR URBAN
WAGE EARNERS AND CLERICAL WORKERS
All items (1967 - 100).............................................
Nonalcoholic beverages and beverage
12
2
Owners’ equivalent rent of primary residence3
2
New and used motor vehicles........................
154.3
177.9
104.6
109.1
109.5
110.8
109.0
109.3
108.5
108.3
108.5
109.5
109.6
110.8
109.9
110.1
165.0
173.8
175.6
175.8
176.0
176.4
177.5
178.0
178.4
178.7
179.0
179.4
113.6
178.8
115.7
180.5
115.8
180.8
115.8
180.5
115.8
181.4
177.0
116.8
182.2
177.1
105.1
168.8
176.9
116.0
182.1
117.4
182.8
117.7
183.1
118.1
183.2
118.2
183.6
118.9
183.8
119.3
183.4
119.6
184.3
160.0
181.6
172.1
194.5
172.5
196.6
172.8
197.2
172.9
197.7
173.4
198.7
173.9
199.8
174.4
200.6
174.8
201.0
175.1
201.2
176.1
20.7
176.5
202.3
176.9
202.9
177.0
203.0
176.9
203.5
177.1
191.5
118.4
194.0
194.9
195.7
196.3
197.0
197.5
197.8
199.2
199.6
200.0
200.6
187.6
190.0
111.8
190.9
108.8
191.7
113.2
192.3
119.4
192.9
122.2
193.3
122.0
193.9
98.1
120.7
194.2
198.7
114.8
120.4
194.7
121.3
195.2
122.9
195.7
117.7
196.4
117.7
196.9
101.6
128.7
113.0
91.7
120.4
124.7
130.1
131.2
121.3
106.4
149.5
134.2
129.2
141.5
107.1
142.8
126.7
118.5
133.7
125.6
127.2
106.3
141.5
125.2
112.7
132.5
125.4
123.0
106.4
140.8
124.2
106.8
139.4
122.7
106.9
139.6
122.8
107.6
140.7
123.9
107.9
145.6
129.1
108.7
146.1
129.6
109.7
146.2
129.6
110.1
146.5
129.9
110.1
143.6
126.7
113.0
131.4
112.4
129.7
125.0
119.6
124.9
122.4
125.1
127.9
114.0
131.0
125.0
126.2
127.3
118.0
122.7
113.5
121.0
108.5
122.2
113.8
112.7
129.8
124.9
126.9
125.2
119.7
107.5
139.6
122.7
114.7
129.6
125.8
126.1
125.8
117.3
107.0
144.0
127.9
121.4
135.0
125.5
128.3
127.3
120.2
125.8
120.9
124.6
118.2
112.2
136.9
124.8
122.0
121.1
112.7
110.9
137.5
124.7
118.0
118.6
106.5
111.3
137.4
124.2
119.6
118.2
109.6
114.5
137.6
123.9
123.5
119.8
116.8
118.6
133.8
123.9
125.5
122.3
119.3
130.3
126.2
143.4
140.7
130.9
123.1
153.6
150.8
133.5
124.9
151.4
148.6
134.3
124.2
149.2
146.4
130.3
121.0
147.4
144.5
126.7
117.7
147.5
144.6
128.4
119.3
147.1
144.2
131.7
122.8
149.2
146.4
131.7
124.4
152.7
149.8
129.9
124.4
152.7
149.8
127.5
121.0
152.4
125.3
118.2
152.7
149.5
149.9
126.8
119.6
153.0
150.2
128.4
121.4
153.1
150.4
129.5
122.3
154.0
151.4
100.4
101.9
101.1
101.7
102.0
101.3
100.3
99.7
99.5
99.3
99.1
99.1
99.1
99.0
99.0
122.2
175.7
See footnotes at end of table.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Monthly Labor Review
December 2002
77
Current Labor Statistics:
32.
Price Data
C o n t in u e d — C o n s u m e r P ric e In d e x e s fo r A ll U rb a n C o n s u m e r s a n d fo r U rb a n W a g e E a rn e rs a n d C le r ic a l W o rk e rs : U.S. c it y
a v e r a g e , b y e x p e n d it u r e c a t e g o r y a n d c o m m o d it y o r s e r v ic e g r o u p
[1 9 8 2 -8 4 = 100, unless otherw ise indicated]
_________ ___________________________________
Annual average
Series
2000
2001
2001
Oct.
Nov.
2002
Dec.
Jan.
Feb.
Mar.
Apr.
May
June
July
Aug.
Sept.
Oct.
New vehicles..................................................
143.9
143.2
142.1
143.8
144.7
143.8
142.3
141.8
141.5
140.9
140.3
139.8
139.1
139.8
140.7
Used cars and trucks1...................................
Motor fuel..........................................................
Gasoline (all types)........................................
157.1
159.8
158.7
158.3
158.1
156.5
154.8
153.0
152.6
152.7
153.0
153.6
154.2
153.1
151.5
124.9
124.2
104.0
185.1
116.2
115.5
104.7
104.4
96.3
95.7
104.9
187.9
189.9
121.7
121.2
106.0
190.5
121.8
121.2
106.0
191.4
105.9
191.5
121.2
120.6
106.7
191.4
121.8
121.3
107.0
192.5
122.1
121.6
106.7
192.9
124.9
124.4
106.2
Public transportation..........................................
203.4
204.9
203.7
187.8
200.4
98.5
97.9
105.3
189.5
108.0
107.5
105.7
187.5
98.2
97.6
105.3
188.6
120.4
119.9
Motor vehicle parts and equipment.................
Motor vehicle maintenance and repair............
129.5
128.8
100.9
178.8
200.1
201.0
202.5
203.0
204.5
206.3
205.9
204.7
204.5
201.9
199.2
Medical care..........................................................
259.9
274.9
245.2
281.7
276.2
246.7
283.0
279.8
280.9
288.3
249.0
288.4
252.3
294.5
252.5
294.9
251.0
343.6
252.8
348.2
253.6
351.4
254.0
354.3
254.6
357.1
255.3
359.4
251.3
291.3
255.3
360.6
285.5
252.3
293.5
257.2
363.2
286.7
248.5
287.2
282.9
250.3
290.6
286.3
247.6
285.7
281.9
249.6
289.6
283.6
233.6
265.9
239.6
313.2
271.8
242.7
278.5
248.7
278.5
Medical care commodities.................................
Medical care services.........................................
256.9
367.1
256.8
368.9
252.8
296.9
258.2
372.6
194.6
103.8
105.0
275.6
193.3
333.8
250.5
340.5
245.6
282.6
250.9
342.7
102.4
103.6
103.8
104.0
103.8
104.2
104.5
104.6
105.0
104.9
104.6
104.6
104.7
104.4
100.7
100.9
100.6
100.7
100.5
101.4
102.2
102.1
102.2
102.3
102.2
101.8
101.6
101.4
101.8
102.7
105.3
107.1
106.9
106.9
107.1
107.2
106.5
106.0
106.5
106.7
107.4
108.6
109.1
109.0
Education2.........................................................
Educational books and supplies....................
112.8
283.3
118.7
299.9
122.3
311.7
122.3
308.9
122.1
297.3
122.7
305.2
123.3
315.2
123.3
315.1
123.3
315.3
123.5
316.3
124.4
318.2
124.8
319.1
126.9
320.4
129.3
323.9
129.6
324.2
Tuition, other school fees, and child care......
Communication1,2..............................................
318.2
94.6
334.7
94.5
344.4
94.9
344.9
94.5
345.2
94.6
346.2
94.7
347.0
94.5
347.2
93.3
347.2
92.6
347.7
93.3
350.3
93.1
351.4
93.9
357.7
94.6
364.9
93.9
365.7
93.6
Information and information processing1,2....
94.1
93.8
91.7
92.7
93.4
92.4
92.4
100.5
99.3
98.4
92.5
99.4
92.4
99.7
94.0
100.4
92.6
100.1
93.9
99.9
93.7
98.7
93.8
99.4
94.2
Telephone services1,2.................................
Information and information processing
99.3
99.7
100.8
100.3
100.2
other than teleohone services1,4..............
Personal computers and peripheral
26.8
22.1
21.0
20.8
20.6
20.1
19.7
19.5
19.3
19.2
19.1
19.1
18.9
18.5
18.3
Professional services.......................................
Hospital and related services..........................
Video and audio1,2............................................
equipment1,4........................................
Other goods and services.....................................
Tobacco and smoking products........................
40.5
29.1
26.1
25.5
25.0
24.3
23.5
22.8
22.5
22.7
22.3
22.1
21.7
20.8
20.4
276.5
395.2
289.5
426.1
292.4
430.9
297.3
448.3
293.3
432.9
294.0
433.5
298.3
450.7
295.2
434.1
301.7
462.7
299.1
450.1
303.5
468.7
303.5
468.8
306.0
480.7
307.8
488.4
304.9
473.1
Personal care1....................................................
165.5
170.3
171.9
172.3
172.3
172.7
173.2
173.7
173.9
174.0
174.4
174.4
174.3
174.4
174.8
Personal care products1..................................
154.2
155.7
156.1
156.1
156.0
155.9
156.3
156.0
156.2
155.4
156.2
155.3
155.1
155.2
155.5
Personal care services1..................................
Miscellaneous personal services....................
Commodity and service group:
178.6
184.9
186.5
187.4
187.1
187.0
188.7
189.1
189.0
189.4
189.8
262.8
266.8
267.5
268.0
269.8
187.1
271.4
188.0
251.9
272.5
272.6
273.6
274.1
274.7
275.2
190.0
274.9
275.9
Commodities.........................................................
Food and beverages..........................................
149.8
167.7
151.4
173.0
128.3
148.4
174.6
133.4
139.4
123.0
148.3
175.7
132.7
138.9
119.6
149.8
176.1
134.7
144.8
126.9
151.7
176.1
137.5
150.5
127.9
150.1
275.7
138.7
149.0
126.1
150.1
174.5
135.9
144.2
127.2
150.5
175.7
139.0
149.1
128.3
151.2
174.8
137.4
147.4
151.2
175.7
Commodities less food and beverages.............
Nondurables less food and beverages............
Apparel...........................................................
Nondlirables less food, beverages,
136.8
149.3
126.2
135.9
147.8
122.0
135.2
146.5
118.0
150.4
175.9
135.6
147.7
119.6
151.0
176.2
136.4
149.4
123.5
136.9
159.6
125.5
and apparel...................................................
Durables............................................................
165.3
125.8
166.3
125.3
162.7
124.3
158.2
124.8
153.1
124.9
154.2
124.1
155.4
123.1
159.4
122.3
168.1
122.1
167.2
122.0
167.3
121.6
167.6
121.5
168.5
121.3
169.1
121.1
169.7
121.0
148.6
175.8
133.1
140.7
122.4
190.1
151.4
176.3
Services.................................................................
191.6
199.6
201.0
201.4
201.7
202.5
203.3
203.9
204.2
204.8
205.8
206.6
207.3
207.6
207.8
Rent of shelter3..................................................
Transporatation services...................................
Other services....................................................
180.5
192.9
225.9
187.3
199.1
233.7
189.3
200.9
236.8
189.9
202.3
237.2
190.4
202.6
237.3
191.4
203.4
238.3
192.5
204.7
239.0
193.2
205.6
238.8
193.7
206.2
238.9
193.9
207.1
239.7
194.3
207.3
240.4
194.8
208.0
241.6
195.5
208.6
243.4
195.5
208.8
244.1
196.1
210.0
244.6
169.1
163.8
164.7
140.4
150.7
165.4
173.6
167.6
173.8
167.6
172.7
165.8
168.5
134.5
174.3
167.1
175.9
168.4
176.1
168.4
170.0
136.5
171.0
138.5
171.2
137.6
171.3
136.9
176.7
168.9
171.8
137.4
177.1
169.5
172.2
138.1
177.5
169.7
169.0
134.8
175.7
168.5
171.1
139.1
175.8
168.4
172.5
138.6
150.8
166.7
169.5
139.0
149.4
172.5
165.7
168.3
135.1
173.3
166.1
169.1
140.2
173.4
166.9
169.1
137.6
141.8
154.7
157.3
157.5
143.1
157.0
158.5
147.0
160.7
160.8
152.5
168.7
163.7
151.4
167.9
161.4
163.5
161.5
141.8
154.7
158.9
146.4
159.5
159.7
162.9
150.0
168.0
162.2
148.7
168.3
161.6
149.8
169.2
162.2
151.5
169.6
163.2
152.6
179.3
163.9
180.1
185.4
124.8
175.1
177.1
145.4
129.7
198.7
188.5
189.0
189.3
189.2
189.8
190.1
190.7
181.6
193.2
194.1
195.2
194.8
114.8
195.0
110.0
181.5
183.5
195.7
110.5
196.5
109.8
182.5
184.4
144.8
99.5
197.4
121.6
183.4
185.5
145.8
121.9
197.9
122.2
146.1
125.3
194.4
121.2
181.3
183.2
146.3
116.7
198.9
124.1
183.2
185.3
144.2
206.0
208.3
211.5
212.1
212.6
199.6
124.7
183.3
185.4
143.2
121.2
214.3
194.9
200.4
125.0
183.8
186.0
143.7
121.8
215.1
195.3
193.1
128.7
179.8
181.7
190.5
197.0
114.7
182.9
184.9
145.0
108.7
200.6
125.3
184.3
186.5
144.4
122.2
215.4
200.7
125.2
184.7
186.9
144.5
125.1
216.1
Special indexes:
All items less food..............................................
All items less shelter..........................................
All items less medical care................................
Commodities less food......................................
Nondurables less food.......................................
Nondurables less food and apparel..................
Nondurables......................................................
Services less rent of shelter3.............................
Services less medical care services.................
Energy................................................................
All items less energy..........................................
All items less food and energy........................
Commodities less food and energy..............
Energy commodities....................................
Services less energy.....................................
181.8
183.8
146.9
105.5
209.0:
145.6
97.5
209.4
181.6
183.6
144.4
99.2
210.4
183.3
185.4
145.0
121.9
213.0
120.5
213.3
1 Not seasonally adjusted.
2 Indexes on a December 1997 » 100 base.
4 Indexes on a December 1988 - 100 base.
Dash indicates data not available.
3 Indexes on a December 198 2-1 00 base.
NoTE: lndex applied t0 a month as a whole' not t0 anV speci,ic date-
78 Monthly Labor Review
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
December 2002
33. Consumer Price Index: U.S. city average and available local area data: all items
[1982-84 = 100, unless otherwise indicated]____________________________________________________
P ric in g
A ll U rb a n C o n s u m e rs
sched-
2002
u le 1
U.S. city average............................................................
A p r.
M ay
M
179.9
June
179.8
179.9
U rb a n W a g e E a rn e rs
2002
J u ly
Aug.
180.7
180.1
S e pt.
181.0
A p r.
O ct.
181.3
M ay
June
Aug.
J u ly
175.8
175.8
175.9
S e pt.
O ct
176.1
176.6
177.0
177.3
186.5
Region and area size2
M
187.8
187.7
187.8
188.3
189.3
189.5
189.9
184.2
184.1
184.2
184.7
185.7
186.2
Size A—More than 1,500,000..........................................
M
189.3
189.2
189.5
190.1
181.3
191.2
191.5
184.5
184.3
184.6
185.2
186.4
186.7
186.9
Size BIC—50,000 to 1.500.0003......................................
M
111.9
112.0
111.6
111.8
112.0
112.6
113.0
111.7
111.7
111.4
111.7
112.0
112.0
112.9
M
174.7
174.8
175.3
175.3
175.8
176.2
176.3
170.3
170.3
170.7
170.8
171.3
171.7
171.8
Size A -M o re than 1,500,000..........................................
M
177.3
177.2
177.7
177.5
178.2
178.2
178.7
172.2
172.0
172.3
172.1
172.8
173.4
173.3
Size B/C—50,000 to 1.500.0003......................................
Size D—Nonmetropolitan (less than 50,000)..................
M
110.7
110.8
111.2
111.3
111.4
111.5
111.9
110.2
110.7
110.7
110.9
111.0
111.1
111.4
M
168.1
168.2
168.9
169.4
169.7
170.0
170.2
166.0
166.1
166.7
167.3
167.6
167.8
168.1
South urban..........................................................................
M
173.1
173.2
173.5
173.6
173.8
174.2
174.9
170.8
170.8
171.1
171.1
171.3
171.7
172.3
Size A—More than 1,500,000..........................................
M
172.4
174.6
174.9
174.8
175.4
175.7
176.9
171.7
171.9
172.3
172.2
172.7
172.9
173.7
Size B/C—50,000 to 1.500.0003......................................
Size D—Nonmetropolitan (less than 50,000)..................
M
110.8
110.7
110.9
111.0
110.9
111.2
111.6
110.2
110.1
110.2
110.2
110.2
111.5
110.9
M
170.5
170.6
171.6
172.2
172.7
172.6
173.9
171.2
171.1
171.8
172.1
172.8
173.0
173.2
West urban...........................................................................
M
185.1
184.8
184.5
184.7
185.3
185.7
185.8
180.0
180.0
179.7
179.8
180.3
180.7
180.6
Size A—More than 1,500,000..........................................
M
187.2
187.5
187.2
187.4
187.9
188.2
188.4
180.5
181.0
180.7
180.8
181.3
181.7
181.7
Size B/C—50,000 to 1,500,0003......................................
M
113.7
112.5
112.2
112.5
113.0
113.1
113.3
112.9
112.3
112.0
112.2
112.5
112,7
112.9
M
M
M
164.2
111.4
172.4
164.3
111.2
172.4
164.5
111.3
173.0
164.6
111.4
173.3
165.3
111.5
173.9
165.5
111.8
174.3
165.8
112.1
174.3
162.4
110.9
171.3
162.5
110.7
171.1
162.6
110.7
171.7
162.7
110.9
172.0
163.4
111.0
172.5
163.8
111.3
172.9
164.0
111.6
173.0
176.5
Size classes:
A5
B/C3
D........................................................................................
Selected local areas*
M
180.9
181.4
182.1
181.2
181.6
182.1
182.8
174.8
175.3
175.9
175.1
175.5
175.8
Los Angeles-Riverside-Orange County, C A .....................
M
182.2
182.6
181.9
182.2
183.0
183.4
183.7
174.8
175.4
174.7
175.0
175.6
176.3
176.5
New York, NY-Northern NJ-Long Island, NY-N J-CT-PA
M
191.8
191.4
191.5
192.0
193.1
193.3
193.7
186.6
186.4
186.5
187.1
188.1
188.5
188.8
1
194.8
199.1
195.7
194.1
193.3
197.7
_
Oeveland-Akron, OH...........................................................
1
-
173.0
-
173.4
-
174.6
-
-
164.0
-
164.5
-
165.7
-
Dallas-Ft Worth, TX..............................................................
1
172.9
-
172.9
-
173.2
-
-
172.5
-
172.6
-
172.9
-
-
113.4
-
114.0
-
112.4
-
113.1
-
113.7
Washinqton-Baltimore, DC-MD-VA-WV7..........................
1
-
Atlanta, G A ...........................................................................
2
178.6
2
179.0
179.0
Houston-Galveston-Brazoria, TX........................................
2
158.8
158.3
M iam i-Ft Lauderdale, FL.....................................................
2
175.0
-
174.4
-
175.2
Philadelphia-Wilmington-AtlanticCity, PA-NJ-DE-MD....
2
183.1
-
186.3
-
188.3
San Frandsco-Oakland-San Jose, CA...............................
2
193.0
-
193.2
-
193.5
-
Seatde-Tacoma-Bremerton, W A .......................................
2
188.8
-
189.4
-
190.3
-
112.8
-
1 Foods, fuels, and several other items priced every month in all areas; most other
goods and services priced as indicated:
179.1
AK;
-
180.9
180.4
173.4
173.2
175.0
160.1
162.6
156.8
156.7
158.0
-
177.0
172.5
-
172.0
-
172.8
-
-
185.8
182.3
-
184.7
-
186.7
-
185.6
194.3
188.8
-
189.1
-
189.3
-
190.0
190.9
183.6
-
184.1
-
184.8
-
185.5
Cincinnatti,
OH-KY-IN;
-
Kansas
City,
-
MO-KS;
176.3
175.0
_
Milwaukee-Racine,
160.3
174.5
Wl;
Minneapolis-St. Paul, MN-WI; Pittsburgh, PA; Port-land-Salem, OR-WA; St Louis,
M— Every month.
MCHL; San Diego, C A Tampa-St. Petersburg-Clearwater, F L
1—
January, March, May, July, September, and November.
7 Indexes on a November 1996 = 100 base.
2—
February, April, June, August, October, and December.
2 Regions defined as the four Census regions.
176.8
-
175.5
-
176.5
-
179.4
179.7
-
NOTE Local area CPI indexes are byproducts of the national CPI program. Each local
index has a smaller sample size and is, therefore, subject to substantially more sampling
3 Indexes on a December 1996 »100 base.
and other measurement error. As a result, local area indexes show greater volatility than
4 The "North Central" region has been renamed the "Midwest" region by the Census
the national index, although their long-term trends are similar. Therefore, the Bureau of
Bureau. It is composed of the same geographic entities.
Labor Statistics strongly urges users to consider adopting the national average CPI for
5 Indexes on a December 1 9 8 6 -1 0 0 base.
6 In addition, the following metropolitan areas are published semiannually and appear in
use in their escalator clauses. Index applies to a month as a whole, not to any specific
date. Dash indicates data not available.
tables 34 and 39 of the January and July issues of the CPI Detailed Report : Anchorage,
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Monthly Labor Review
December 2002
79
Current Labor Statistics:
Price Data
34. Annual data: Consumer Price Index, U.S. city averag e, all items and m ajor groups
[1982-64 = 100]
____________________________
1992
Series
Consumer Price Index for All Urban Consumers:
All items:
Index..............................................................................
Percent change.............................................................
Food and beverages:
Index..............................................................................
Percent change.............................................................
Housing:
Index...............................................................................
Percent change.............................................................
Apparel:
Index...............................................................................
Percent change.............................................................
Transportation:
Index...............................................................................
Percent change.............................................................
Medical care:
Index...............................................................................
Percent change.............................................................
Other goods and services:
Index...............................................................................
Percent change.............................................................
Consumer Price Index for Urban Wage Earners
and Clerical Workers:
All items:
Index...............................................................................
Percent change.............................................................
80 Monthly Labor Review
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
140.3
3.0
144.5
3.0
148.2
2.6
152.4
2.8
156.9
3.0
160.5
2.3
163.0
1.6
166.6
2.2
172.2
3.4
177.1
2.8
138.7
1.4
141.6
2.1
144.9
2.3
148.9
2.8
153.7
3.2
157.7
2.6
161.1
2.2
164.6
2.2
168.4
2.3
173.6
3.1
137.5
2.9
141.2
2.7
144.8
2.5
148.5
2.6
152.8
2.9
156.8
2.6
160.4
2.3
163.9
2.2
169.6
3.5
176.4
4.0
131.9
2.5
133.7
1.4
133.4
-.2
132.0
-1 .0
131.7
- .2
132.9
.9
133.0
.1
131.3
-1 .3
129.6
-1 .3
127.3
126.5
2.2
130.4
3.1
134.3
3.0
139.1
3.6
143.0
2.8
144.3
0.9
141.6
-1 .9
144.4
2.0
153.3
6.2
154.3
0.7
190.1
7.4
201.4
5.9
211.0
4.8
220.5
4.5
228.2
3.5
234.6
2.8
242.1
3.2
250.6
3.5
260.8
4.1
272.8
4.6
183.3
6.8
192.9
5.2
198.5
2.9
206.9
4.2
215.4
4.1
224.8
4.4
237.7
5.7
258.3
8.7
271.1
5.0
282.6
4.2
138.2
2.9
142.1
2.8
145.6
2.5
149.8
2.9
154.1
2.9
157.6
2.3
159.7
1.3
163.2
2.2
168.9
3.5
173.5
2.7
December 2002
-1.8
35.
P r o d u c e r P r ic e I n d e x e s , b y s t a g e o f p r o c e s s in g
[ 1982= 100]
200 2
2001
A n n u a l a v e ra g e
G ro u p in g
2 00 0
2001
O c t.
N o v.
D e c.
Jan.
Feb.
M a r.
A p r.
M ay
June
J u ly
Aug.
S e p t.
O c t.
Finished g o o d s..............................................
Finished consumer goods.........................
Finished consumer foods........................
138.0
138.2
137.2
140.7
141.5
141.3
139.6
139.9
141.8
139.7
138.4
140.5
137.2
136.8
140.4
137.4
137.2
141.1
137.7
137.5
142.3
138.7
138.9
143.4
138.8
139.2
139.2
138.6
139.1
139.4
139.0
139.6
139.8
138.8
139.6
139.8
138.7
139.5
139.2
138.9
139.8
138.4
140.6
141.5
139.1
Finshed consumer goods
excluding foods......................................
Nondurable goods less food.................
Durable goods........................................
Capital equipment....................................
138.4
138.7
133.9
138.8
141.4
142.8
133.9
139.7
139.0
139.2
134.4
139.8
137.3
136.8
134.5
139.9
135.1
134.0
133.9
139.7
135.4
134.4
133.9
139.7
135.4
134.3
134.1
139.8
136.9
136.7
133.6
139.5
138.9
139.8
133.5
139.3
138.6
139.5
133.0
139.1
139.3
140.6
132.8
139.0
139.1
141.0
131.5
138.4
139.3
141.3
131.3
138.2
142.0
142.5
131.1
138.1
142.1
143.9
134.5
139.7
supplies, and com pone nts.......................
129.2
128.7
127.6
126.7
125.4
125.5
125.2
126.1
127.2
127.1
127.7
128.1
128.5
129.4
129.7
Materials and components
for manufacturing.......................................
Materials for food manufacturing..............
Materials for nondurable manufacturing...
Materials for durable manufacturing........
Components for manufacturing................
128.1
119.2
132.6
129.0
126.2
127.4
124.3
131.8
125.2
126.3
125.9
126.1
128.7
123.4
125.9
125.2
123.9
127.4
122.8
125.9
124.7
122.5
126.2
122.5
126.0
124.5
122.1
125.4
122.5
126.3
124.6
122.6
125.4
122.6
126.3
125.1
122.9
126.5
123.5
126.4
125.5
121.8
128.0
123.7
126.3
125.5
121.2
128.1
124.1
126.2
125.9
122.1
128.8
124.7
126.1
126.3
122.7
129.7
125.3
126.0
126.7
123.1
130.7
125.6
126.2
127.0
123.9
131.7
125.8
125.9
127.3
124.3
132.8
125.7
125.8
150.7
102.0
151.6
136.9
150.6
104.5
153.1
138.6
150.4
97.4
152.4
138.3
150.3
94.7
152.2
138.3
149.0
89.3
152.2
138.1
150.2
90.0
152.6
138.2
150.2
88.8
151.9
138.1
150.7
91.3
151.7
138.3
151.1
95.3
151.2
138.5
151.4
94.8
151.0
138.4
151.5
96.4
151.3
138.7
151.7
97.3
151.4
139.1
152.1
97.3
151.7
139.4
152.3
100.4
152.8
139.7
151.8
101.6
152.3
139.6
120.6
100.2
130.4
121.3
106.2
127.3
97.7
104.7
89.4
104.8
98.3
105.5
94.8
96.4
90.2
98.9
99.6
95.0
98.0
102.0
91.4
103.7
102.8
100.9
108.3
96.5
114.0
109.9
98.2
115.6
105.7
96.8
109.2
106.8
98.0
110.2
108.3
99.6
111.5
108.5
100.7
111.1
111.6
99.7
117.4
Finished consumer goods less energy......
Finished goods less food and energy........
138.1
94.1
144.9
147.4
148.0
140.4
96.8
147.5
150.8
150.0
138.8
90.1
147.9
151.3
150.4
137.7
85.5
147.7
151.0
150.6
136.1
80.7
147.6
150.9
150.4
136.3
81.3
147.7
151.1
150.4
136.3
81.3
148.1
151.6
150.4
137.2
85.0
148.2
151.9
150.2
138.5
88.8
147.3
150.6
150.4
138.2
88.4
147.1
150.5
150.2
138.6
89.8
147.3
150.7
150.2
138.4
90.5
146.7
150.3
149.5
138.4
91.0
146.5
150.0
149.4
138.8
92.8
146.2
149.6
149.3
140.7
94.4
147.8
151.2
151.2
Finished consumer goods less food
and energy..................................................
154.0
156.9
157.5
157.8
158.0
157.6
157.6
157.4
157.9
157.7
157.8
157.1
157.0
156.9
159.0
Consumer nondurable goods less food
and energy..................................... ..........
169.8
175.1
175.8
176.4
176.4
176.4
176.2
176.3
177.6
177.6
178.0
177.9
177.9
177.9
178.7
Intermediate goods less energy.................
130.1
111.7
101.7
135.0
130.5
115.9
104.1
135.1
128.2
117.3
97.1
134.2
127.3
115.5
94.3
133.7
126.0
114.3
89.0
133.4
126.1
113.6
89.6
133.3
125.9
113.6
88.4
133.3
126.8
114.3
90.9
133.8
127.9
113.6
94.9
134.0
127.9
112.9
94.6
134.0
128.4
114.2
96.2
134.4
128.8
115.8
96.7
134.8
128.8
116.5
96.7
135.2
130.0
117.9
100.1
135.4
Intermediate materials less foods
and energy..................................................
136.6
136.4
135.3
134.9
134.6
134.6
134.6
135.0
135.4
135.4
135.7
136.0
136.5
136.6
130.4
117.4
101.6
135.4
136.6
136.6
Crude nonfood materials less energy........
122.1
111.7
145.2
122.8
112.2
130.6
75.2
109.8
125.8
96.5
104.8
124.5
76.7
103.4
124.2
82.8
106.2
126.1
76.9
108.5
128.1
89.9
109.3
129.0
107.3
105.5
131.8
108.3
107.5
134.9
97.8
107.4
138.6
98.1
108.9
141.0
100.1
110.9
140.5
100.0
110.5
139.6
108.9
109.8
139.4
Interm ediate materials,
Materials and components
for construction..........................................
Containers.................................................... .
Crude m aterials fo r furth e r
p rocessing..................................................
Foodstuffs and feedstuffs............................
Special groupings:
Finished goods, excluding foods................
Finished energy goods.................................
Intermediate materials less foods
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December 2002
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Current Labor Statistics:
36.
Price Data
P r o d u c e r P ric e In d e x e s f o r th e n e t o u t p u t o f m a jo r in d u s tr y g r o u p s
[December 1984 = 100, unless otherwise indicated]
Annual average
Industry
SIC
2000
2001
2001
2002
Oct.
Nov.
Dec.
Jan.
Feb.
Mar.
Apr.
May
June
July
Aug.
-
Total mining industries.....................................
113.5
114.3
78.3
88.3
77.6
81.9
78.0
87.5
99.8
100.3
93.5
93.5
93.6
95.1
102.7
10
Metal mining....................................................
Coal mining (12/85 = 100)..............................
Oil and gas extraction (12/85 = 100)..............
Mining and quarrying of nonmetallic
minerals, except fuels....................................
73.8
84.8
126.8
70.8
91.3
127.5
69.8
92.9
79.1
68.9
95.4
92.0
68.9
92.5
78.3
71.0
95.3
84.0
72.3
94.5
77.9
72.9
94.6
92.7
73.4
94.4
111.9
73.9
94.4
112.7
76.9
93.7
101.7
74.7
93.9
102.0
74.4
93.8
102.1
74.1
93.6
104.5
72.5
94.0
116.5
137.0
141.0
141.8
141.6
141.5
142.5
143.4
143.5
143.4
143.6
143.7
143.7
143.7
143.4
143.5
133.5
128.5
345.8
116.7
134.6
132.8
386.1
116.9
133.7
134.1
391.1
116.5
132.7
132.4
398.3
116.3
131.6
131.7
398.2
116.1
131.7
131.5
391.7
116.3
132.Û
132.0
391.7
115.8
132.8
132.0
392.2
115.8
133.8
131.5
407.8
115.8
133.5
130.9
408.0
115.5
133.6
131.3
408.2
115.8
133.6
131.5
408.6
115.7
133.7
131.3
408.6
115.6
134.2
131.4
408.5
115.7
135.6
131.6
408.5
115.6
125.7
125.8
125.9
125.6
125.3
125.2
125.1
125.2
125.0
125.1
125.2
125.3
125.4
125.4
126.0
158.1
143.3
145.8
156.2
145.1
146.2
154.6
145.5
145.1
154.0
145.5
144.6
153.4
145.5
144.8
154.0
145.6
144.1
154.8
145.8
143.2
156.7
145.7
142.9
156.8
145.7
143.3
156.0
145.9
142.5
155.3
146.1
142.8
155.5
146.6
142.9
155.7
146.2
143.9
155.1
146.3
144.6
154.8
146.7
144.6
12
13
14
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
Total m anufacturing industries.......................
Food and kindred products.............................
Tobacco manufactures....................................
Textile mill products.........................................
Apparel and other finished products
made from fabrics and similar materials......
Lumber and wood products,
except furniture..............................................
Furniture and fixtures......................................
Paper and allied products................................
Sept.
Oct.
27
Printing, publishing, and allied industries.......
182.9
188.7
189.7
190.2
192.0
192.0
192.1
192.1
192.6
192.6
192.9
193.1
193.0
193.6
193.8
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
Chemicals and allied products........................
Petroleum refining and related products........
Rubber and miscellaneous plastics products.
Leather and leather products..........................
Stone, clay, glass, and concrete products.....
Primary metal industries.................................
Fabricated metal products,
except machinery and transportation
equipment.............................
156.7
112.8
124.6
137.9
134.6
119.8
158.4
105.3
125.9
141.3
136.0
116.1
155.7
94.6
125.5
141.2
136.6
114.6
155.4
86.3
125.6
140.9
136.9
114.2
154.3
75.9
125.2
140.3
136.7
114.0
154.0
77.7
125.1
140.2
136.9
113.7
154.3
79.5
124.4
139.8
136.4
113.7
155.1
89.2
124.6
140.0
136.3
114.4
155.9
100.5
124.8
140.1
136.6
114.7
156.3
99.7
125.3
140.6
137.1
115.4
157.0
98.9
125.8
140.9
137.2
116.3
158.5
101.1
125.5
141.4
137.0
116.9
158.7
103.1
126.4
141.7
137.3
117.5
159.5
108.7
126.3
141.6
137.4
117.8
159.5
117.6
126.3
141.7
137.5
117.6
1,310.3
131.0
131.0
131.1
131.2
131.2
131.2
131.2
131.3
131.4
131.6
131.9
132.0
132.2
132.1
35
Machinery, except electrical...........................
117.5
118.0
117.9
117.9
117.8
117.7
117.6
117.7
117.6
117.6
117.4
117.2
116.8
116.8
16.6
36
Electrical and electronic machinery,
equipment, and supplies...............................
Transportation..................................................
Measuring and controlling instruments;
photographic, medical, and optical
goods; watches and clocks...........................
Miscellaneous manufacturing industries
industries (12/85 = 100)................................
108.3
136.8
107.0
137.9
106.4
138.5
106.5
138.3
106.6
138.6
106.7
138.0
106.6
138.5
106.6
137.9
106.1
137.7
105.9
137.1
105.8
137.0
105.5
135.5
105.7
135.4
105.5
134.9
105.1
139.2
37
38
39
126.2
127.3
127.6
127.8
127.7
128.3
128.6
128.9
128.2
128.2
128.3
128.3
128.4
128.5
128.7
130.9
132.4
132.7
132.6
132.4
132.7
133.4
132.9
133.3
133.1
133.3
133.4
133.2
133.4
133.4
119.4
135.2
122.6
147.7
102.3
123.1
143.4
129.8
157.2
110.3
123.6
145.4
133.5
158.9
111.8
123.4
145.4
130.2
156.8
112.0
123.1
145.4
129.7
157.1
112.0
123.2
145.4
129.3
157.1
111.1
123.4
145.4
128.9
157.1
111.3
123.5
145.4
128.7
156.8
111.6
123.7
145.4
127.9
156.3
111.5
124.1
145.4
131.7
156.2
111.3
124.3
145.4
134.0
156.8
111.5
124.3
155.0
135.4
157.9
112.3
124.6
155.0
135.4
158.9
112.5
125.0
155.0
135.2
159.0
112.5
125.4
155.0
138.4
159.6
112.7
Service Industries:
42
43
44
45
46
82
Motor freight transportation
and warehousing (06/93 = 100).....................
U.S. Postal Service (06/89 = 100)...................
Water transportation (12/92 = 100)..................
Transportation by air (12/92 = 100).................
Pipelines, except natural oas (12/92 = 100)....
Monthly Labor Review
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
December 2002
37.
Annual data: Producer Price Indexes, by stage of processing
[1982 = 100]_____________________________________________
In d e x
1 99 2
1 993
1 994
1 99 6
1 99 5
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
Finished goods
135.8
125.5
126.8
77.0
137.1
127.9
129.0
78.1
140.0
131.3
133.6
83.2
142.0
131.8
134.5
83.4
142.4
130.7
134.3
75.1
143.7
133.0
135.1
78.8
146.1
138.0
137.2
94.1
148.0
140.7
141.3
96.8
150.0
114.7
113.9
84.3
122.0
116.2
115.6
84.6
123.8
118.5
118.5
83.0
127.1
124.9
119.5
84.1
135.2
125.7
125.3
89.8
134.0
125.6
123.2
89.0
134.2
123.0
123.2
80.8
133.5
123.2
120.8
84.3
133.1
129.2
119.2
101.7
136.6
129.7
124.3
104.1
136.4
100.4
105.1
78.8
94.2
102.4
108.4
76.7
94.1
101.8
106.5
72.1
97.0
102.7
105.8
69.4
105.8
113.8
121.5
85.0
105.7
111.1
112.2
87.3
103.5
96.8
103.9
68.6
84.5
98.2
98.7
78.5
91.1
120.6
100.2
122.1
118.0
121.3
106.2
122.8
101.8
123.2
123.3
77.8
134.2
124.7
125.7
78.0
Intermediate materials, supplies, and
components
Crude materials for further processing
O ther..................................................................................
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Monthly Labor Review
December 2002
83
Current Labor Statistics:
Price Data
37. Annual data: Producer Price Indexes, by stage of processing
[1982 = 100]
In d e x
1 99 2
1 993
1 99 4
1 99 5
1 996
1997
1 99 8
1 99 9
2000
2001
Finished goods
Total......................................................................................
Foods.............................................................................
Energy...................................................................
Other........................................................................
123.2
123.3
77.8
134.2
124.7
125.7
78.0
135.8
125.5
127.9
131.3
131.8
130.7
126.8
77.0
137.1
129.0
78.1
140.0
133.6
83.2
142.0
134.5
83.4
142.4
134.3
75.1
143.7
133.0
135.1
78.8
146.1
138.0
137.2
94.1
148.0
141.3
96.8
150.0
114.7
113.9
84.3
122.0
116.2
115.6
84.6
123.8
118.5
118.5
83.0
127.1
124.9
119.5
84.1
135.2
125.7
125.3
89.8
134.0
125.6
123.2
89.0
134.2
123.0
123.2
80.8
133.5
123.2
120.8
84.3
133.1
129.2
119.2
101.7
136.6
129.7
124.3
104.1
136.4
100.4
105.1
78.8
94.2
102.4
108.4
76.7
94.1
101.8
106.5
72.1
97.0
102.7
105.8
69.4
105.8
113.8
121.5
85.0
105.7
111.1
112.2
87.3
103.5
96.8
103.9
68.6
84.5
98.2
98.7
78.5
91.1
120.6
100.2
122.1
118.0
121.3
106.2
122.8
101.8
140.7
Intermediate materials, supplies, and
components
Total.......................................................................................
Foods..................................................................................
Energy................................................................................
Other..............................................................................
Crude materials for further processing
Total......................................................................................
Foods..................................................................................
Energy.................................................................................
O ther.................................................................................
84 Monthly Labor Review
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
December 2002
39. U.S. import price indexes by Standard International Trade Classification
[2000 =
100]
SITC
Rev. 3
2002
2001
Industry
Oct.
Nov.
Dec.
Jan.
Feb.
Mar.
Apr.
May
June
July
Aug.
Sept.
Oct.
0 Food and live animals....................................................
94.7
95.1
94.8
95.8
94.3
96.4
97.0
96.4
94.5
96.3
96.6
98.7
97.5
Meat and meat preparations.............................................
Fish and crustaceans, mollusks. and other
aquatic invertebrates.......................................................
Vegetables, fruit, and nuts, prepared fresh or dry...........
Coffee, tea, cocoa, spices, and manufactures
thereof...............................................................................
114.8
118.0
109.8
105.5
107.4
109.8
110.1
105.4
104.0
105.9
105.4
103.4
102.0
84.6
99.1
82.8
101.5
82.9
99.3
82.3
106.8
82.0
98.1
80.4
104.0
80.1
104.9
80.0
108.1
79.8
102.2
81.9
105.0
83.0
105.0
84.9
106.7
81.4
107.6
77.3
77.2
78.5
77.5
78.8
83.3
88.5
83.8
84.6
84.2
84,5
93.5
94.3
1 Beverages and tobacco..................................................
102.7
102.6
103.0
102.9
102.9
102.1
102.0
102.7
103.0
102.7
102.5
102.6
102.4
102.6
102.6
103.1
103.2
103.2
102.5
102.3
102.4
102.8
102.4
102.2
102.2
102.1
95.8
96.3
97.0
96.4
96.8
96.8
96.4
95.8
01
03
05
07
11
Beverages...........................................................................
94.5
91.3
89.9
90.1
92.7
Metalliferous ores and metal scrap..................................
Crude animal and vegetable materials, n.e.s..................
105.1
76.8
91.6
93.4
97.5
78.0
89.8
93.1
91.7
77.7
91.2
96.0
92.6
78.1
91.4
92.2
98.6
77.2
92.7
91.7
106.6
74.9
93.7
92.3
108.1
73.4
95.0
90.5
105.2
74.7
95.6
103.8
103.1
77.1
95.9
92.8
103.4
80.2
96.4
91.0
101.8
82.3
95.2
97.5
98.3
82.3
93.3
104.9
96.3
82.3
93.8
101.8
3 Mineral fuels, lubricants, and related products............
Petroleum, petroleum products, and related materials...
33
34
Gas, natural and manufactured........................................
72.3
73.0
65.7
65.0
63.0
75.9
61.2
59.8
68.7
64.0
62.6
70.8
65.2
65.6
58.2
76.4
77.4
64.8
87.1
86.8
86.0
89.0
89.1
84.3
86.0
85.9
83.6
66.1
88.9
77.7
91.1
92.9
72.7
96.3
97.8
81.1
97.3
98.1
87.3
Inorganic chemicals............................................................
Dying, tanning, and coloring materials.............................
Medicinal and pharmaceutical products...........................
Essential oils; polishing and cleaning preparations.........
Plastics In primary forms....................................................
Plastics in nonprimary forms.............................................
Chemical materials and products, n.e.s...........................
98.8
99.4
97.1
97.5
99.8
99.8
101.6
99.2
97.8
98.9
96.8
97.3
99.7
99.8
101.1
98.6
97.5
97.6
97.1
97.0
100.1
99.8
100.9
97.8
97.7
97.0
97.8
97.1
100.1
98.6
100.8
96.1
96.7
97.1
97.4
96.3
99.9
97.1
100.6
952
96.3
97.8
97.2
96.0
99.8
91.5
100.6
93.6
97.3
98.5
95.6
96.6
98.9
91.4
101.8
94.5
97.5
98.5
95.6
96.7
99.1
91.1
101.8
94.3
97.0
98.6
962
98.0
99.9
91.8
100.3
93.6
98.6
100.0
96.4
98.7
100.4
96.6
99.6
93.5
98.9
100.2
96.8
100.0
101.2
96,4
99.5
93.5
98.7
100.1
96.6
99.5
98.4
97.9
99.5
92.4
98.3
101.5
95.8
99.5
98.4
96.1
99.5
91.0
6 Manufactured goods classified chiefly by materials....
93.8
92.4
92.0
92.4
92.3
92.2
92.6
92.3
92.8
93.0
93.1
93.5
93.6
Rubber manufactures, n.e.s..............................................
Paper, paperboard, and articles of paper, pulp,
98.5
97.8
97.9
97.3
97.6
97.6
97.9
98.1
98.1
98.2
98.2
99.3
99.4
95.0
97.2
76.4
99.0
93.7
97.0
772
98.5
93.4
96.9
76.9
98.5
92.5
96.9
79.2
98.2
91.9
97.0
79.7
98.3
91.7
97.0
79.7
98.3
91.7
97.2
79.2
98.3
93.7
97.5
77.7
98.6
93.2
97.5
76.4
98.6
93.2
97.6
76.0
98.5
2 Crude materials, inedible, except fuels........................ .
24
25
28
29
Cork and wood....................................................................
5
52
53
54
55
57
58
59
62
64
66
68
69
Nonmetallic mineral manufactures, n.e.s.........................
Nonferrous metals.............................................................
Manufactures of metals, n.e.s...........................................
7 Machinery and transport equipment.............................
72
74
General Industrial machines and parts, n.e.s.,
75
76
Computer equipment and office machines......................
Telecommunications and sound recording and
77
78
85
Footwear............................................................................
88
Photographic apparatus, equipment, and supplies,
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
98.6
97.5
78.7
99.7
97.6
97.2
73.7
99.5
96.1
97.5
73.8
99.0
98.0
97.9
97.7
97.4
972
97.1
97.2
97.0
97.1
96.9
96.9
96.7
96.4
99.2
99.0
98.7
98.5
98.5
98.5
98.6
98.8
99.0
98.7
99.2
98.4
98.4
98.7
89.1
98.1
89.0
97.8
88.8
98.1
88.6
97.5
882
97.5
88.1
97.6
88.2
97.4
88.0
97.8
87.8
98.1
87.2
98.4
86.9
98.4
86.4
98.5
84.9
96.5
98.7
100.3
96.4
98.6
100.2
96.3
97.0
100.3
95.7
96.9
1,001.0
95.1
97.0
100.2
94.8
96.8
100.1
94.8
97.0
100.2
94.5
97.1
100.0
94.4
97.1
100.2
94.0
96.6
100.3
93.1
96.7
100.3
92.8
96.6
100.3
92.1
96.0
100.8
99.9
99.9
100.3
99.3
99.6
99.5
99.0
99.1
99.2
99.3
99.5
99.4
99.4
98.6
98.5
98.4
97.7
97.3
97.2
97.2
97.4
97.8
98.4
98.8
98.4
98.5
Monthly Labor Review
December 2002
85
Current Labor Statistics:
40.
Price Data
U.S. export price indexes by end-use category
[2000 = 100]
____________________________
2001
Category
Oct.
2002
Nov.
Dec.
Jan.
Feb.
Mar.
Apr.
May
June
July
Aug.
Sept.
Oct.
A L L COMMODITIES..........................................................
98.3
97.8
97.6
97.5
97.3
97.6
98.0
98.0
98.0
98.3
98.5
98.8
98.7
Foods, feeds, and beverages.......................................
Agricultural foods, feeds, and beverages.................
Nonagricultural (fish, beverages) food products.....
101.2
102.2
91.9
99.7
100.7
90.9
100.6
101.6
90.4
102.0
102.6
96.3
98.9
99.4
94.5
99.7
100.0
98.3
100.3
100.8
96.2
100.4
100.9
96.1
101.5
101.7
100.7
104.0
104.5
100.0
106.1
106.7
100.7
110.0
111.0
101.3
107.8
108.4
102.1
Industrial supplies and materials...................................
93.6
92.3
91.4
91.5
91.4
91.9
93.4
93.8
94.6
95.6
95.5
95.9
96.4
Agricultural industrial supplies and materials...........
93.8
92.1
93.3
92.3
92.9
93.6
93.6
93.0
95.8
97.9
97.7
98.4
98.4
Fuels and lubricants.....................................................
Nonagricultural supplies and materials,
excluding fuel and building materials......................
Selected building materials.........................................
93.6
88.5
83.5
85.6
83.8
85.6
90.3
87.9
86.7
88.3
88.0
92.9
94.1
93.4
95.1
92.8
94.4
92.3
94.1
92.3
94.4
92.2
94.4
92.6
94.2
94.0
94.3
94.8
94.1
95.7
94.2
96.7
95.0
96.5
95.4
96.4
96.2
96.8
96.6
Capital goods...................................................................
Electric and electrical generating equipment...........
Nonelectrical machinery.............................................
99.7
101.6
98.2
99.7
101.6
98.1
99.4
101.5
97.7
99.1
102.1
97.2
99.2
102.0
99.5
101.8
97.6
99.2
101.8
97.3
98.7
102.0
96.5
98.5
101.8
96.2
98.5
102.1
96.2
98.4
102.1
96.0
98.3
102.1
97.3
99.4
102.1
97.5
Automotive vehicles, parts, and engines.....................
100.5
100.4
100.5
100.7
100.8
100.9
100.7
100.9
100.9
100.9
101.1
101.2
101.3
Consumer goods, excluding automotive......................
Nondurables, m anufactured.......................................
Durables, manufactured..............................................
99.7
99.0
100.6
99.8
99.1
100.5
99.9
99.1
100.5
99.5
98.2
100.6
99.1
98.2
99.9
99.1
98.1
99.7
98.9
98.2
99.3
99.0
98.3
99.2
99.1
98.5
99.4
99.1
98.5
99.5
99.3
98.7
99.7
99.3
98.7
99.6
99.4
98.8
99.6
Agricultural commodities.................................................
Nonagricultural commodities..........................................
100.7
98.1
99.2
97.7
100.2
97.3
100.9
97.2
98.3
97.2
98.9
97.5
99.6
97.8
99.5
97.8
100.7
97.8
103.4
97.9
105.2
97.9
108.8
98.0
106.7
98.1
41.
95.9
U.S. im port price indexes by end-use category
[2000 = 100]
2001
Category
Oct.
Nov.
2002
Dec.
Jan.
Feb.
Mar.
Apr.
May
June
July
Aug.
Sept.
A L L COMMODITIES..........................................................
93.7
92.3
91.4
91.6
91.6
92.8
94.3
94.4
94.1
94.5
94.8
95.5
95.5
Foods, feeds, and beverages.......................................
Agricultural foods, feeds, and beverages.................
Nonagricultural (fish, beverages) food products......
94.5
97.8
87.8
95.2
99.5
86.4
94.6
98.3
86.8
95.7
99.9
87.0
93.8
97.2
86.8
95.0
99.5
85.5
96.0
100.9
85.5
97.2
102.7
85.2
96.2
101.3
85.1
96.9
102.4
85.0
96.9
102.0
86.0
99.7
105.3
87.3
100.0
106.0
86.6
Oct.
Industrial supplies and materials...................................
84.3
79.9
77.6
79.1
79.8
84.9
90.3
90.8
89.8
91.3
92.6
95.2
95.6
Fuels and lubricants.....................................................
Petroleum and petroleum products.......................
72.9
73.4
65.7
63.6
61.6
59.9
64.5
63.0
65.9
65.7
76.4
76.9
87.1
86.7
88.5
88.4
85.8
85.3
88.1
88.5
90.7
91.8
96.2
97.1
97.0
97.4
Paper and paper base stocks....................................
Materials associated with nondurable
supplies and materials...............................................
Selected building materials.........................................
Unfinished metals associated with durable goods..
Nonmetals associated with durable goods...............
93.1
92.3
90.7
90.0
88.8
88.0
87.0
86.7
87.1
88.0
89.3
90.5
90.1
98.0
99.9
85.1
99.9
96.7
96.1
82.1
98.9
96.2
92.9
82.1
99.0
96.3
93.1
83.2
98.4
96.0
96.1
83.8
97.6
95.9
100.7
83.8
97.2
97.4
101.0
86.2
97.6
97.4
99.6
86.6
96.8
97.1
99.1
88.5
96.7
98.1
99.9
89.4
97.1
99.1
99.2
88.6
97.0
99.3
97,8
89.7
96.9
99.7
97.0
90.1
96.9
Capital goods...................................................................
Electric and electrical generating equipment...........
Nonelectrical machinery..............................................
96.7
101.4
95.4
96.5
101.2
95.3
96.2
100.6
94.9
95.7
97.3
94.8
95.4
96.7
94.5
95.2
95.5
94.4
95.2
95.3
94.5
95.1
95.0
94.4
95.1
95.1
94.4
94.8
95.3
93.8
94.9
95.9
93.9
94.7
95.8
93.7
94.0
95.3
92.9
Automotive vehicles, parts, and engines.....................
100.1
100.0
100.1
99.8
100.1
99.9
100.1
99.9
100.1
100.2
100.2
100.3
100.6
Consumer goods, excluding automotive......................
Nondurables, manufactured.......................................
Durables, m anufactured..............................................
Nonmanufactured consumer goods..........................
98.9
99.6
98.4
95.8
98.8
99.6
98.3
95.7
98.7
99.7
98.0
96.4
98.7
99.8
97.8
95.8
98.4
99.7
97.4
95.7
98.2
99.2
97.3
96.1
98.1
99.1
97.2
95.8
98.2
99.1
97.2
97.6
98.1
99.1
97.2
95.6
98.2
99.3
97.3
95.3
98.2
99.6
97.0
95.6
98.1
99.4
96.8
95.4
98.1
99.6
96.8
95.4
42.
U.S. international price Indexes for selected categories of services
[2000 = 100]____________________________________
2000
Category
Sept.
2001
Dec.
Mar.
June
2002
Sept.
Dec.
Mar.
June
Sept.
A irfreigh t (inbound)............................................................
Air freight (outbound)..........................................................
100.2
100.2
99.0
100.2
97.9
100.1
95.1
98.0
94.9
97.6
95.2
97.9
93.9
95.9
98.3
98.4
100.3
97.5
Air passenger fares (U.S. carriers)...................................
Air passenger fares (foreign carriers)..............................
Ocean liner freight (inbound).............................................
103.1
103.2
101.1
99.9
97.6
101.0
101.9
100.7
102.8
106.4
107.6
110.2
98.1
103.5
100.8
93.6
103.3
99.4
91.7
110.7
110.9
90.3
114.3
118.5
93.5
86 Monthly Labor Review
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
December 2002
103.8
100.8
43.
Indexes of productivity, hourly com pensation, and unit costs, quarterly d a ta seasonally adjusted
[1992= 100]
III
IV
1
113.6
123.4
107.3
110.4
114.1
111.8
115.2
127.0
107.8
110.2
115.3
112.1
115.3
131.4
110.5
114.0
110.7
112.9
124.5
106.6
110.3
115.8
112.3
114.7
126.3
107.2
110.1
117.0
112.6
114.7
121.2
103.7
105.3
105.6
104.5
127.7
110.4
107.2
129.8
122.6
104.9
94.4
II
2002
2001
2000
1999
Item
III
IV
I
II
III
IV
1
II
III
Business
117.2
132.4
110.5
113.0
114.1
113.4
117.3
135.0
111.7
115.1
111.2
113.7
117.9
136.3
111.9
115.6
112.0
114.3
117.5
137.3
111.8
116.9
112.3
115.2
117.4
137.5
111.0
117.1
113.6
115.8
117.9
137.8
111.1
116.8
115.5
116.4
120.1
138.3
111.6
115.1
117.2
115.9
122.5
139.3
112.0
113.7
119.9
116.0
123.1
140.8
112.2
114.4
119.3
116.2
124.7
142.6
113.2
114.3
119.7
116.3
116.4
131.5
109.8
113.0
115.6
113.9
116.6
134.3
111.1
115.2
112.8
114.3
117.1
130.8
110.0
114.0
112.3
113.4
135.3
111.2
115.6
113.4
114.8
116.7
136.3
110.9
116.8
113.8
115.7
116.6
136.3
110.1
116.9
115.3
116.3
117.2
136.7
110.2
116.6
117.2
116.8
119.3
137.2
110.7
115.0
119.2
116.5
121.8
138.2
111.1
113.4
121.7
116.4
122.3
139.5
111.2
114.0
121.7
116.8
123.8
141.2
112.0
114.0
121.9
116.9
115.8
122.7
104.2
105.7
106.0
104.6
126.0
110.1
107.4
117.8
126.9
106.7
106.9
107.8
104.5
119.5
108.4
108.0
118.3
127.8
106.6
107.5
108.0
106.3
118.8
109.5
108.5
119.5
130.4
107.9
108.6
109.1
107.1
109.5
107.7
108.6
119.5
131.7
108.2
109.8
110.2
108.9
98.6
106.3
108.9
118.8
131.3
106.9
110.8
110.6
111.6
93.1
106.9
109.3
119.4
131.9
106.5
111.3
110.4
113.5
95.4
108.9
109.9
120.4
132.7
107.0
111.7
110.3
115.5
97.9
111.0
110.5
123.5
133.6
107.8
109.8
108.2
114.1
107.6
112.4
109.6
124.9
134.7
108.3
109.5
107.9
114.0
107.6
112.4
109.4
236.7
136.2
108.6
109.4
107.5
114.5
107.8
112.8
109.3
128.4
138.1
109.6
109.5
107.5
114.8
104.9
112.3
109.1
132.1
124.2
105.4
94.0
133.6
131.4
110.5
98.4
134.9
129.3
107.9
95.9
135.4
132.2
109.4
97.7
135.9
131.5
108.0
96.7
135.4
132.0
107.4
135.4
133.0
107.4
98.2
136.4
133.3
107.5
97.8
137.6
134.3
108.3
97.6
140.9
135.6
109.0
96.2
142.3
136.6
108.9
96.0
144.2
138.1
109.6
95.8
112.8
Nonfarm business
Unit nonlabor paym ents.....................................................
114.7
Nonfinancial corporations
Manufacturing
Unit labor costs....................................................................
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
97.5
Monthly Labor Review
December 2002
87
Current Labor Statistics:
44.
Productivity Data
Annual indexes of m ultifactor productivity and related measures, selected years
[1996 = 100, unless otherwise indicated]
1 96 0
Item
1 97 0
1980
1 99 0
1991
1 99 2
1 99 3
1 99 4
1 995
1 99 6
1997
1 99 8
1 999
Private business
Productivity:
Output per hour of all persons........................................
Output per unit of capital services.................................
Multifactor productivity.....................................................
Output....................................................................................
Inputs:
Labor input.........................................................................
Capital services.................................................................
Combined units of labor and capital input....................
Capital per hour of all persons..........................................
45.6
110.4
65.2
27.5
63.0
111.1
80.0
42.0
75.8
90.2
101.5
88.3
59.4
99 3
95.3
83.6
54.0
24.9
42.3
41.3
61.0
37.8
52.4
56.7
71.9
58.6
67.3
74.7
89.4
84.2
87.7
90.8
48.7
64.9
118.3
82.6
41.9
77.3
105.7
90.5
59.6
39.3
40.5
59.3
35.5
50.7
54.8
41.8
124.3
72.7
38.5
92.0
30.9
51.3
38.2
28.2
52.9
91.3
96 1
94.4
82.6
94.8
97 7
95.4
QR fi
96.6
mn 3
97.3
QQ 7
96.6
85.7
97.1
88.5
98.1
92.8
86.0
89.3
87.7
87.5
95.0
97.0
91.8
89.8
91.1
96.8
95.6
83.5
91.4
96.6
94.7
82.5
94.8
97.9
96.6
85.5
70.7
56.4
65.9
73.1
89.2
83.5
87.3
90.3
88.0
85.4
87.1
94.7
54.2
116.5
84.4
56.5
70.1
100.9
101.6
75.3
99.3
97.3
104.2
48.5
85.4
44.8
48.8
67.0
107.5
74.7
92.5
75.0
73.7
87.0
104.8
95.8
99.9
92.5
92.5
98.0
98.4
95.8
100.0
100 0
100.0
100.0
95.6
92.6
94.6
96.3
98.0
96.0
97.3
97.6
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
95.3
98.8
97.1
88.4
96.5
100.3
98.1
92.6
97.5
99.9
98.6
95.8
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
89.0
87.3
88.4
96.8
91.8
89.5
91.0
96.5
95.4
92.3
94.4
96.3
97.8
95.9
97.2
97.6
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
103.8
104.9
104.2
101.5
106.6
106.6
110.8
110.8
108.0
104.7
108.0
104.7
95.0
97.5
98.3
95.4
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
101.9
105.0
104.0
109.0
105.0
105.0
113.4
112.8
104.5
106.1
116.9
117.1
105.6
109.8
123.5
124.3
106.5
113.2
130.7
124.3
106.5
113.2
130.7
100.4
97.9
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
88.3
88.8
102.0
104.8
104.8
101.1
105.2
102.6
110.6
102.6
110.6
103.7
104.7
104.0
101.5
106.4
110.4
107.7
104.7
106.4
110.4
107.7
104.7
101.7
104.5
99.8
102.4
104.5
99.8
102.4
110.6
110.6
Private nonfarm business
Productivity:
Output per hour of all persons........................................
Output per unit of capital services.................................
Multifactor productivity.....................................................
Output....................................................................................
Inputs:
Labor input.........................................................................
Capital services.................................................................
Combined units of labor and capital input....................
Capital per hour of all persons.........................................
120.1
69.1
27.2
50.1
22.6
90.3
100.0
100.2
100.9
105.1
Manufacturing (1992 = 100)
Productivity:
Output per hour of all persons........................................
Output per unit of capital services.................................
Multifactor productivity.....................................................
Output....................................................................................
Inputs:
Hours of all persons..........................................................
Capital services.................................................................
Energy.................................................................................
Nonenergy materials........................................................
Purchased business services.........................................
Combined units of all factor inputs.................................
88
Monthly Labor Review
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
December 2002
86.6
92.8
100.1
93.6
92.1
97.0
101.1
100.4
103.3
101.4
102.2
103.7
105.7
103.0
102.9
102.6
108.7
103.6
104.5
107.3
111.3
105.1
106.0
104.0
108.0
109.5
112.8
110.0
103.7
111.9
107.0
120.4
108.9
107.9
110.2
105.5
116.9
103.9
120.4
114.2
112.5
105.2
105.2
122.8
122.8
109.2
127.2
116.8
115.5
109.2
127.2
116.8
115.5
45.
Annual indexes of productivity, hourly com pensation, unit costs, and prices, selected years
[1992 = 100]
Item
1 96 0
1 970
1 980
1 99 0
1 99 3
1 99 4
1 99 5
1 99 6
1997
1998
1 99 9
2000
2001
B u siness
Output per hour of all persons..........................................
Compensation per hour.....................................................
Real compensation per hour............................................
Unit labor costs....................................................................
Unit nonlabor payments.....................................................
Implicit price deflator...........................................................
48.8
13.7
59.8
28.0
25.2
27.0
67.0
23.5
78.6
35.1
31.6
33.9
80.4
54.2
89.2
67.4
61.5
65.2
95.2
90.7
96.3
95.3
93.9
94.8
100.5
102.5
100.0
101.9
102.5
102.2
Output per hour of all persons..........................................
Compensation per hour.....................................................
Real compensation per hour.............................................
Unit labor costs.............................................................
51.9
14.3
62.6
27.5
24.6
26.5
82.0
54.6
89.8
66.5
60.5
64.3
95.3
90.5
96.2
95.0
93.6
94.5
100.5
102.2
99.7
101.7
Unit nonlabor payments.....................................................
Implicit price deflator...........................................................
68.9
23.7
79.2
34.4
31.3
33.3
15.6
68.1
26.8
28.1
23.3
50.2
30.2
28.8
70.4
25.3
84.4
34.8
35.9
31.9
44.4
35.1
35.6
81.1
56.4
92.9
68.4
69.6
65.1
68.8
66.0
68.4
95.4
90.8
96.5
95.9
95.2
98.0
94.3
97.1
41.8
14.9
65.0
35.6
26.8
30.2
54.2
23.7
79.2
43.8
29.3
35.0
70.1
55.6
91.4
79.3
80.2
79.9
101.9
106.0
105.4
110.1
100.1
104.5
113.3
107.7
107.8
113.5
101.0
105.3
117.1
109.7
110.6
119.7
105.0
108.2
114.5
110.6
113.5
125.2
107.6
110.3
113.9
111.8
116.9
133.8
111.2
114.4
112.0
1113.5
102.8
106.6
99.4
103.7
110.4
106.1
105.4
107.5
109.8 , 113.1
99.8
100.6
104.2
105.2
113.5
118.0
107.6
109.8
110.3
119.1
104.5
108.0
115.7
110.8
112.9
124.3
106.8
110.1
115.5
112.1
116.2
133.0
110.6
114.4
103.0
102.2
101.8
104.3
99.7
102.5
106.9
104.1
113.5
114.1
117.5
136.6
110.5
116.3
116.4
116.3
103.1
104.2
99.6
101.1
101.0
101.3
131.7
109.0
103.7
104.2
106.2
99.0
102.0
101.9
102.2
139.0
111.6
105.1
107.5
; 109.0
99.0
101.2
101.4
, 100.6
152.2
113.8
105.5
108.4
110.3
98.1
101.5
101.8
100.9
156.9
115.2
106.2
111.7
95.8
100.7
102.0
99.6
101.0
101.3
100.2
113.2
103.5
102.1
116.0
101.7
103.3
103.8
102.2
141.7
112.3
106.6
114.7
121.1
104.1
105.1
105.6
103.5
131.7
110.7
107.3
117.1
129.2
107.4
109.8
110.3
108.3
113.2
109.5
110.0
118.3
132.4
107.0
112.9
111.9
115.8
100.5
111.8
111.9
92.9
90.8
96.4
97.8
99.8
99.0
101.9
102.7
100.2
100.8
100.9
100.9
105.0
105.6
101.0
100.7
102.8
102.0
109.0
107.9
100.6
99.0
106.9
103.9
112.8
109.4
99.4
96.9
109.9
104.8
117.6
111.5
99.1
94.8
110.0
104.1
123.3
117.4
103.0
95.2
103.7
100.4
129.7
122.1
104.9
94.1
104.9
100.7
134.9
131.1
109.0
97.2
107.0
103.2
136.2
133.1
107.7
97.8
104.5
99.9
102.6
106.4
104.0
102.6
106.7
99.6
104.1
109.4
118.2
137.7
111.4
116.5
114.7
115.8
N onfarm bu s in e s s
N o nfinancial c o rp o ra tio n s
Output per hour of all employees.....................................
Compensation per hour.....................................................
Real compensation per hour.............................................
Total unit costs....................................................................
Unit labor costs.............................................................
Unit nonlabor costs...........................................................
Unit profits.........................................................................
Unit nonlabor payments.....................................................
Implicit price deflator...........................................................
55.4
M anufacturing
Output per hour of all persons..........................................
Compensation per hour.....................................................
Real compensation per hour.............................................
Unit labor costs.................................................................
Unit nonlabor payments.....................................................
Implicit price deflator...........................................................
-
Dash indicates data not available.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Monthly Labor Review
December 2002
89
Current Labor Statistics:
46.
Productivity Data
Annual indexes of output per hour for selected 3-digit SIC industries
[1 9 8 7 = 1 0 0 ]
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
SIC
1990
102
104
122
131
142
102.7
122.3
118.7
97.0
102.2
100.5
127.4
122.4
97.9
99.8
115.2
141.6
133.0
102.1
105.0
118.1
159.8
141.2
105.9
103.6
126.0
160.8
148.1
112.4
108.7
117.2
144.2
155.9
119.4
105.4
116.5
138.3
168.0
123.9
107.2
118.9
158.5
176.6
125.2
112.6
118.3
187.6
188.0
127.5
110.2
110.0
197.5
194.9
134.5
105.0
122.6
239.9
207.0
142.5
101.9
Meat products...............................................................
Dairy products..............................................................
Preserved fruits and vegetables...............................
Grain mill products.......................................................
Bakery products...........................................................
201
202
203
204
205
97.1
107.3
95.6
105.4
92.7
99.6
108.3
99.2
104.9
90.6
104.6
111.4
100.5
107.8
93.8
104.3
109.6
106.8
109.2
94.4
101.2
111.8
107.6
108.4
96.4
102.3
116.4
109.1
115.4
97.3
97.4
116.0
109.2
108.0
95.6
102.5
119.3
110.7
118.2
99.1
102.3
119.3
117.8
126.2
100.9
101.8
112.7
120.4
129.3
106.4
102.9
113.5
123.5
127.5
107.6
Sugar and confectionery products............................
Fats and oils..................................................................
Beverages.....................................................................
Miscellaneous food and kindred products...............
Cigarettes.....................................................................
206
207
208
209
211
103.2
118.1
117.0
99.2
113.2
102.0
120.1
120.0
101.7
107.6
99.8
114.1
127.1
101.5
111.6
104.5
112.6
126.4
105.2
106.5
106.2
111.8
130.1
100.9
126.6
108.3
120.3
133.5
102.9
142.9
113.7
110.1
135.0
109.1
147.2
116.7
120.2
135.5
104.0
147.2
123.0
137.3
136.4
112.4
152.2
127.0
154.4
129.7
113.9
137.7
130.5
151.4
128.6
116.3
139.1
Broadwoven fabric mills, cotton................................
Broadwoven fabric mills, manmade.........................
Narrow fabric mills......................................................
Knitting m ills.................................................................
Textile finishing, except wool....................................
221
222
224
225
226
103.1
111.3
96.5
107.5
83.4
111.2
116.2
99.6
114.0
79.9
110.3
126.2
112.9
119.3
78.6
117.8
131.7
111.4
127.9
79.3
122.1
142.5
120.1
134.1
81.2
134.0
145.3
118.9
138.3
78.5
137.3
147.6
126.3
150.3
79.2
131.2
162.2
110.8
138.0
94.3
136.2
168.6
117.7
135.9
93.7
139.3
175.3
124.9
146.6
94.4
140.2
167.4
117.1
155.6
97.2
Carpets and rugs.........................................................
Yarn and thread mills.................................................
Miscellaneous textile goods.......................................
Men's and boys' furnishings.......................................
Women's and misses' outerwear..............................
227
228
229
232
233
93.2
110.2
109.2
102.1
104.1
89.2
111.4
104.6
108.4
104.3
96.1
119.6
106.5
109.1
109.4
97.1
126.6
110.4
108.4
121.8
93.3
130.7
118.5
111.7
127.4
95.8
137.4
123.7
123.4
135.5
100.2
147.4
123.1
134.7
141.6
100.3
150.4
118.7
162.1
149.9
102.3
153.0
120.1
174.8
151.9
96.0
157.6
128.0
190.9
173.9
103.0
155.4
134.4
200.3
189.9
W omen's and children's undergarments.................
Hats, caps, and millinery............................................
Miscellaneous apparel and accessories.................
Miscellaneous fabricated textile products
Sawmills and planing m ills.........................................
234
235
238
239
242
102.1
89.2
90.6
99.9
99.8
113.7
91.1
91.8
100.7
102.6
117.4
93.6
91.3
107.5
108.1
124.5
87.2
94.0
108.5
101.9
138.0
77.7
105.5
107.8
103.3
161.3
84.3
116.8
109.2
110.2
174.5
82.2
120.1
105.6
115.6
208.9
87.1
101.5
119.2
116.9
216.4
98.7
108.0
117.3
118.7
294.7
99.3
105.8
128.8
125.4
352.3
106.1
111.3
132.5
124.4
Millwork, plywood, and structural members............
W ood containers.........................................................
W ood buildings and mobile homes..........................
Miscellaneous wood products...................................
Household furniture....................................................
243
244
245
249
251
98.0
111.2
103.1
107.7
104.5
98.0
113.1
103.0
110.5
107.1
99.9
109.4
103.1
114.2
110.5
97.0
100.1
103.8
115.3
110.6
94.5
100.9
98.3
111.8
112.5
92.7
106.1
97.0
115.4
116.9
92.4
106.7
96.7
114.4
121.6
89.1
106.2
100.3
123.4
121.3
91.3
106.5
99.2
131.2
125.7
89.2
103.9
100.3
140.7
128.9
91.4
104.6
94.6
146.5
128.4
Office furniture.............................................................
Public building and related furniture........................
Partitions and fixtures..................................................
Miscellaneous furniture and fixtures..................... .
Pulp mills....................................... ..............................
252
253
254
259
261
95.0
119.8
95.6
103.5
116.7
94.1
120.2
93.0
102.1
128.3
102.5
140.6
102.7
99.5
137.3
103.2
161.0
107.4
103.6
122.5
100.5
157.4
98.9
104.7
128.9
101.1
173.3
101.2
110.0
131.9
106.4
181.5
97.5
113.2
132.6
118.3
214.9
121.1
110.7
82.3
113.1
207.6
125.6
121.9
86.6
108.9
222.4
125.9
119.1
84.8
111.2
202.0
131.9
110.5
78.8
Paper mills....................................................................
Paperboard containers and boxes...........................
Miscellaneous converted paper products...............
262
263
265
267
99.2
101.4
103.4
105.3
103.3
104.4
105.2
105.5
118.6
119.5
105.1
113.3
133.5
135.3
112.9
128.3
81.5
79.9
79.0
112.0
126.7
109.7
119.5
79.0
126.2
134.9
111.9
126.0
85.8
111.6
118.0
106.3
113.6
77.4
114.8
127.8
113.5
123.0
271
102.4
108.4
107.9
107.9
79.4
110.2
114.9
108.4
110.6
Newspapers.................................................................
102.3
100.6
101.3
101.4
90.6
83.6
86.0
88.3
Periodicals....................................................................
Miscellaneous publishing...........................................
Commercial printing....................................................
Manifold business forms............................................
272
273
274
275
276
93.9
96.6
92.2
102.5
93.0
89.5
100.8
95.9
102.0
89.1
92.9
97.7
105.8
108.0
94.5
89.5
103.5
104.5
106.9
91.1
81.9
103.0
97.5
106.5
82.0
87.8
101.6
94.8
107.2
76.9
89.1
99.3
93.6
108.3
75.2
100.1
102.6
114.5
108.8
77.9
112.2
100.9
119.4
109.9
76.7
111.2
106.1
127.2
115.0
70.6
109.9
106.1
127.8
118.7
69.4
Greeting cards.............................................................
Blankbooks and bookbinding....................................
Printing trade services................................................
Industrial inorganic chemicals...................................
Plastics materials and synthetics.............................
277
278
279
281
282
100.6
99.4
99.3
106.8
100.9
92.7
96.1
100.6
109.7
100.0
96.7
103.6
112.0
109.7
107.5
91.4
98.7
115.3
105.6
112.0
89.0
105.4
111.0
102.3
125.3
92.5
108.7
116.7
109.3
128.3
90.8
114.5
126.2
110.1
125.3
92.2
114.2
123.3
116.8
135.4
104.1
116.5
126.7
145.8
142.2
109.3
123.8
121.5
148.5
148.6
105.1
126.2
119.6
141.3
151.0
103.8
103.8
106.3
101.4
104.7
104.5
105.3
104.3
95.8
99.5
99.5
104.4
102.9
94.6
99.5
99.7
108.7
108.8
92.2
103.8
104.6
111.2
116.7
108.7
118.6
118.0
98.6
108.5
112.5
120.9
125.6
99.0
110.0
112.4
126.4
126.4
111.3
119.8
104.3
122.7
126.8
105.7
118.0
105.6
114.8
122.7
120.6
104.6
106.2
Industrial organic chemicals.....................................
Agricultural chemicals.................................................
283
284
285
286
287
Industry
Mining
Copper ores.................................................................
Gold and silver ores....................................................
Bituminous coal and lignite mining...........................
Crude petroleum and natural gas.............................
Crushed and broken stone........................................
Manufacturing
See footnotes at end of table.
90 Monthly Labor Review
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
December 2002
99.9
105.0
124.8
124.6
127.8
112.0
46. Continued - Annual indexes of output per hour for selected 3-digit SIC industries
[1987=100]_________________________________________________
In d u s try
S IC
Miscellaneous chemical products............................
Petroleum refining.......................................................
Asphalt paving and roofing materials.......................
Miscellaneous petroleum and coal products...........
Tires and inner tubes..................................................
289
291
295
299
301
97.3
109.2
98.0
94.8
103.0
96.1
106.6
94.1
90.6
102.4
101.8
111.3
100.4
101.5
107.8
107.1
120.1
108.0
104.2
116.5
Hose and belting and gaskets and packing............
Fabricated rubber products, n.e.c............................
Miscellaneous plastics products, n.e.c....................
Footwear, except rubber............................................
Flat glass.......................................................................
305
306
308
314
321
96.1
109.0
105.7
101.1
84.5
92.4
109.9
108.3
94.4
83.6
97.8
115.2
114.4
104.2
92.7
Glass and glassware, pressed or blown.................
Products of purchased glass.....................................
Cement, hydraulic........................................................
Structural clay products..............................................
Pottery and related products.....................................
322
323
324
325
326
104.8
92.6
112.4
109.6
98.7
102.3
97.7
108.3
109.8
95.9
108.9
101.5
115.1
111.4
99.5
Concrete, gypsum, and plaster products................
Miscellaneous nonmetallic mineral products.........
Blast furnace and basic steel products....................
Iron and steel foundries.............................................
Primary nonferrous metals.........................................
327
329
331
332
333
102.3
95.4
109.7
106.1
102.3
101.2
94.0
107.8
104.5
110.7
Nonferrous rolling and drawing.................................
Nonferrous foundries (castings)................................
Miscellaneous primary metal products....................
Metal cans and shipping containers........................
Cutlery, handtools, and hardware............................
335
336
339
341
342
92.7
104.0
113.7
117.6
97.3
91.0
103.6
109.1
122.9
96.8
Plumbing and heating, except electric.....................
Fabricated structural metal products........................
Metal forgings and stampings....................................
Metal services, n.e.c...................................................
Ordnance and accessories, n.e.c.............................
343
344
346
347
348
102.6
98.8
95.6
104.7
82.1
Miscellaneous fabricated metal products................
Engines and turbines..................................................
Farm and garden machinery.....................................
Construction and related machinery........................
Metalworking machinery.............................................
349
351
352
353
354
Special industry machinery........................................
General industrial machinery.....................................
Computer and office equipment................................
Refrigeration and service machinery........................
Industrial machinery, n.e.c.........................................
Electric distribution equipment..................................
Electrical industrial apparatus...................................
1 99 0
1991
1 99 2
1 993
1 99 4
1 99 5
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
105.7
123.8
104,9
96.3
124.1
107.8
132.3
111.2
87.4
131.1
110.1
142.0
113.1
87.1
138.8
120.3
149.2
123.1
96.5
149.1
120.8
155.8
124.7
98.5
144.1
123.3
170.2
123.4
86.5
142.1
125.6
180.2
126.1
82.9
145.9
99.7
102.7
123.1
116.7
105.2
97.7
119.1
120.8
113.0
97.6
104.6
121.5
121.0
117.1
99.6
107.4
121.0
124.7
126.1
101.5
113.5
125.3
129.9
121.4
107.6
112.7
132.3
133.8
110.9
114.0
110.6
136.9
140.9
132.6
129.4
115.4
144.7
145.4
146.2
140.4
108.7
106.2
119.9
106.8
100.3
112.9
105.9
125.6
114.0
108.5
115.7
106.1
124.3
112.6
109.4
121.4
122.0
128.7
119.6
119.4
128.3
125.1
133.1
111.9
124.2
135.2
122.0
134.1
114.8
127.4
139.3
130.2
138.6
123.5
122.0
135.8
137.2
136.9
124.8
121.2
102.5
104.3
117.0
107.2
101.9
104.6
104.5
133.6
112.1
107.9
101.5
106.3
142.4
113.0
105.3
104.5
107.8
142.6
112.7
111.0
107.3
110.4
147.5
116.2
110.8
107.6
114.7
155.0
120.8
112.0
112.8
114.9
151.0
121.1
118.9
111.1
113.3
155.6
128.9
117.7
105.1
116.1
160.1
132.1
111.9
96.0
103.6
101.2
112.1
134.5
140.9
109.2
99.2
117.8
152.2
144.2
111.3
104.0
122.3
149.6
155.2
118.2
111.3
127.0
136.2
160.3
114.6
115.7
131.5
140.0
163.8
115.7
121.4
129.8
118.0
129.7
114.5
127.8
100.1
98.3
108.5
111.3
132.3
104.0
149.0
157.9
121.9
154.3
159.5
125.4
102.0
100.0
92.9
99.4
81.5
98.4
103.9
103.7
111.6
88.6
102.0
104.8
108.7
120.6
84.6
109.1
107.7
108.5
123.0
83.6
109.2
105.8
109.3
127.7
87.6
118.6
106.5
113.6
128.4
87.5
127.3
111.9
120.2
124.4
93.7
130.5
112.7
125.9
127.3
96.6
125.7
112.8
128.3
126.1
91.0
132.2
112.8
129.8
135.7
92.8
97.5
106.5
116.5
107.0
101.1
97.4
105.8
112.9
99.1
96.4
101.1
103.3
113.9
102.0
104.3
102.0
109.2
118.6
108.2
107.4
103.2
122.3
125.0
117.7
109.9
106.6
122.7
134.7
122.1
114.8
108.3
136.6
137.2
123.3
114.9
107.7
136.9
141.2
132.5
119.2
111.6
146.1
148.5
137.6
119.8
109.3
151.5
128.6
133.6
123.0
109.2
164.5
139.6
139.8
129.8
355
356
357
358
359
107.5
101.5
138.1
103.6
107.3
108.3
101.6
149.6
100.7
109.0
106.0
101.6
195.7
104.9
117.0
113.6
104.8
258.6
108.6
118.5
121.2
106.7
328.6
110.7
127.4
132.3
109.0
469.4
112.7
138.8
134.0
109.4
681.3
114.7
141.4
131.7
110.0
960.2
115.0
129.3
124.5
111.2
1356.6
121.4
127.5
138.6
113.1
1862.5
124.0
135.8
172.2
118.7
2172.0
122.3
141.8
106.3
107.7
105.8
99.9
123.8
106.5
107.1
106.5
97.5
129.1
119.6
117.1
115 0
105.7
154.9
122.2
132.9
123 4
107.8
163.1
131.8
134.9
131 4
113.4
186.4
143.0
150.8
127 3
113.7
200.7
143.9
154.3
127 4
142.8
164.2
14? Q
155.4
157.0
116.9
229.5
121.8
275.4
147.5
162.3
is o ?
129.2
284.5
148.9
158.3
Electric lighting and wiring equipment.....................
Communications equipment.......................................
361
362
363
364
366
132.4
371.9
134.8
448.8
Electronic components and accessories.................
Miscellaneous electrical equipment & supplies...
Motor vehicles and equipm ent...................................
Aircraft and parts.........................................................
Ship and boat building and repairing.......................
367
369
371
372
373
133.4
90.6
102.4
98.9
103.7
154.7
98.6
96.6
108.2
96.3
189.3
101.3
104.2
112.3
102.7
217.9
108.2
106.2
115.2
105.9
274.0
110.5
108.8
109.5
103.8
401.5
114.1
106.7
107.8
98.1
515.0
123.1
107.2
113.1
99.3
613.4
128.3
116.3
114.7
105.5
768.6
135.3
125.2
140.1
102.5
1062.6
147.2
136.7
138.1
113.1
1440.1
156.0
127.1
132.2
121.6
Railroad equipment.....................................................
Motorcycles, bicycles, and parts...............................
Guided missiles, space vehicles, parts....................
Search and navigation equipment............................
Measuring and controlling devices...........................
374
375
376
381
382
141.1
93.8
116.5
112.7
106.4
146.9
99.8
110.5
118.9
113.1
147.9
108.4
110.5
122.1
119.9
151.0
130.9
119.4
129.1
124.0
152.5
125.1
114.9
132.1
133.8
150.0
120.3
116.9
149.5
146.4
148.3
125.5
125.1
142.2
150.5
184.2
120.4
133.6
149.5
142.4
189.1
127.7
138.9
149.1
143.5
212.8
122.4
156.1
149.6
152.4
218.4
119.4
113.3
163.7
158.5
384
385
386
391
393
116.9
121.2
107.8
99.3
97.1
118.7
125.1
110.2
95.8
96.9
123.5
144.5
116.4
96.7
96.0
127.3
157.8
126.9
96.7
95.6
126.7
160.6
132.7
99.5
88.7
131 5
167.2
129.5
100.2
86.9
139 8
188.2
128.7
102.6
78.8
147.4
196.3
121.5
114.2
82.9
158 6
199.0
128.0
113.1
81.4
160 4
Ophthalmic goods........................................................
Photographic equipment & supplies........................
Jewelry, silverware, and plated ware.......................
Musical instruments....................................................
235.2
160.6
134.3
97.1
167 0
250.2
169.4
144.9
105.3
See footnotes at end of table.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Monthly Labor Review
December 2002
91
Current Labor Statistics:
Productivity Data
46. Continued - Annual indexes of output per hour for selected 3-digit SIC industries
[ 1987= 100]
1 99 0
In d u s try
S IC
Toys and sporting goods............................................
Pens, pencils, office, and art supplies.....................
Costume jewelry and notions....................................
Miscellaneous manufactures.....................................
T r a n s p o r ta tio n
Railroad transportation...............................................
394
395
396
399
108.1
118.2
105.3
106.5
4011
1991
1 99 2
1 99 3
109.7
116.8
106.7
109.2
104.9
111.3
110.8
109.5
114.2
111.6
115.8
107.7
1 99 4
109.7
129.9
129.0
106.1
1 99 5
1996
1997
1998
1 99 9
2000
113.6
135.2
143.7
108.1
119.9
144.1
142.2
112.8
125.7
127.5
118.0
109.4
131.6
132.5
131.2
108.5
126.6
123.4
130.8
114.9
140.4
124.9
145.3
115.9
118.5
127.8
139.6
145.4
150.3
156.2
167.0
169.8
173.3
182.5
195.8
4213
431
Air transportation.......................................................... 4512,13,22(pts.)
111.1
104.0
92.9
116.9
103.7
92.5
123.4
129.5
106.6
105.7
125.4
106.5
108.6
130.9
104.7
111.1
132.4
104.5
96.9
126.6
107.1
100.2
108.3
111.6
129.9
109.8
108.4
131.6
110.9
109.1
131.2
113.6
110.7
U tilitie s
Telephone communications.......................................
Radio and television broadcasting...........................
481
483
484
491,3(pts.)
492,3(pts.)
113.3
104.9
92.6
110.1
105.8
119.8
106.1
87.6
113.4
109.6
127.7
108.3
88.5
115.2
111.1
135.5
106.7
85.3
24.1
121.8
142.2
110.1
83.4
50.5
125.6
148.1
109.6
84.5
80.8
137.1
159.5
105.8
81.9
116.8
145.9
160.9
101.7
84.7
150.0
158.6
170.1
104.5
86.1
159.6
144.4
186.3
108.4
85.0
162.0
147.2
201.3
109.9
87.6
169.6
160.6
521
523
525
526
531
104.3
106.8
115.3
84.7
96.8
102.3
100.4
108.7
89.3
102.0
106.4
107.6
115.2
101.2
105.4
111.4
114.2
113.9
107.1
110.4
118.9
127.8
121.2
117.0
113.5
117.8
130.9
115.6
117.4
116.1
121.6
133.5
119.5
136.4
123.8
121.8
134.8
119.0
127.5
129.1
134.2
163.5
137.9
133.7
135.8
143.0
165.1
147.6
150.4
146.0
144.2
170.1
145.7
154.5
160.4
Meat and fish (seafood) markets...............................
Retail bakeries..............................................................
533
539
541
542
546
154.6
118.6
96.6
98.9
91.2
159.0
124.8
96.3
90.8
96.7
173.9
140.4
96.5
99.2
96.5
191.9
164.3
96.0
97.7
86.5
197.9
164.8
95.4
95.7
85.3
212.4
167.4
93.9
94.4
83.0
240.4
167.7
92.1
86.4
75.9
260.1
170.4
91.7
90.8
67.6
271.2
185.9
92.2
95.7
68.1
315.0
199.6
95.3
97.4
83.1
330.9
224.3
96.1
110.0
88.4
New and used car dealers.........................................
Auto and home supply stores....................................
Gasoline service stations...........................................
Men's and boy's wear stores.....................................
W omen's clothing stores............................................
551
553
554
561
562
106.7
103.7
103.0
115.6
106.6
104.9
100.2
104.8
121.9
111.2
107.4
101.6
110.2
122.3
123.6
108.6
100.8
115.9
119.5
130.0
109.7
105.3
121.1
121.7
130.4
108.1
109.1
127.2
121.4
139.9
109.1
108.2
126.1
129.8
154.2
108.8
108.1
126.1
136.3
157.3
108.7
113.1
133.9
145.2
176.0
111.6
115.5
141.7
154.5
190.2
112.5
119.3
139.0
165.0
205.7
Family clothing stores.................................................
Shoe stores...................................................................
Furniture and homefurnishlngs stores.....................
Household appliance stores.....................................
Radio, television, computer, and music stores.......
565
566
571
572
573
107.8
107.9
104.6
104.6
120.8
111.5
107.8
105.4
107.2
129.3
118.6
115.5
113.9
116.1
139.3
121.5
117.3
113.3
118.7
153.8
127.7
130.7
114.7
122.4
178.2
141.8
139.2
117.4
139.6
198.1
146.9
151.9
123.6
142.2
206.6
150.2
148.4
124.2
155.2
216.8
153.1
145.0
127.3
184.2
258.3
155.9
152.9
134.5
186.4
309.1
160.4
160.2
141.1
209.3
359.4
Eating and drinking places.........................................
Drug and proprietary stores.......................................
Liquor stores................................................................
Used merchandise stores...........................................
Miscellaneous shopping goods stores....................
581
591
592
593
594
104.5
106.3
105.9
103.0
107.4
103.8
108.0
106.9
102.3
109.3
103.4
107.6
109.6
115.7
107.9
103.8
109.6
101.8
116.7
111.7
102.1
109.9
100.1
119.5
117.3
102.0
111.1
104.7
120.6
123.2
100.6
113.9
113.8
132.6
125.3
101.6
119.8
109.9
140.3
129.4
102.0
125.7
116.5
163.6
138.7
104.0
129.8
114.5
183.2
143.7
107.3
136.9
127.7
216.7
150.6
Nonstore retailers........................................................
596
598
599
111.1
84.6
114.5
112.5
85.3
104.0
126.5
84.3
112.5
132.2
91.9
118.1
149.0
99.0
125.8
152.5
111.4
127.0
173.5
112.5
140.2
186.8
109.1
147.8
208.3
105.8
157.4
220.6
115.2
162.5
263.2
117.3
168.1
602
701
721
722
723
107.7
96.2
102.3
98.2
97.5
110.1
99.3
99.9
92.1
95.8
111.0
108.0
99.3
95.8
100.9
118.5
106.5
99.9
101.8
97.0
121.7
109.9
105.0
108.3
101.1
126.4
110.5
106.6
116.2
104.8
129.7
110.0
109.8
110.7
107.6
133.0
108.2
109.0
114.1
108.5
132.6
108.2
116.0
121.6
110.5
135.9
109.9
120.8
107.7
113.4
143.2
114.1
123.6
112.0
114.5
724
726
753
783
100.7
91.2
107.9
118.1
94.9
89.9
100.1
118.2
113.2
103.8
105.1
114.8
121.9
98.7
105.7
113.8
118.8
104.3
114.3
110.4
115.7
100.2
121.6
105.0
128.8
97.6
116.1
104.1
150.4
101.9
117.2
103.4
157.4
104.2
124.9
106.1
132.8
100.2
126.4
108.7
129.9
93.9
128.5
112.3
Trucking, except lo c a l1...............................................
unitea states postal service " ....................................
Cable and other pay TV services.............................
Electric utilities.............................................................
Gas utilities...................................................................
T rad e
Lumber and other building materials dealers.........
Paint, glass, and wallpaper stores............................
Hardware stores...........................................................
Retail nurseries, lawn and garden supply stores...
Department stores.......................................................
Variety stores................................................................
Miscellaneous general merchandise stores............
Retail stores, n.e.c.......................................................
F in a n c e a n d s e rv ic e s
Commercial banks.......................................................
Hotels and motels.......................................................
Laundry, cleaning, and garment services...............
Photographic studios, portrait...................................
Beauty shops..............................................................
Barber shops...............................................................
Automotive repair shops............................................
Motion picture theaters...............................................
Heiers to output per employee.
- Meters to output per tun-time equivalent employee year on tiscai oasis.
92 Monthly Labor Review
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
December 2002
n.e.c. = not elsewhere classified
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
47. Unem ploym ent rates, approxim ating U.S. concepts, in nine countries, quarterly d ata
seasonally adjusted
Annual average
Country
2000
2000
2001
1
II
2001
III
IV
I
II
III
IV
United States........
4.0
4.8
4.0
4.0
4.1
4.0
4.2
4.5
4.8
5.6
Canada..................
Australia................
Jaoan1...................
France1..................
6.1
6.3
4.8
9.4
6.4
6.7
5.1
8.7
6.1
6.5
4.8
9.9
6.1
6.4
4.7
9.5
6.1
6.1
4.7
9.3
6.1
6.2
4.8
9.0
6.2
6.5
4.8
8.6
6.3
6.9
4.9
8.5
6.4
6.8
5.2
8.7
6.8
6.8
5.5
8.9
Germany1.............
8.1
8.0
8.3
8.1
8.0
7.8
7.9
8.0
8.0
8.1
Italy1,2....................
10.7
9.6
11.2
10.9
10.5
10 1
10 0
Sweden1................
5.8
5.5
5.0
6.6
5.8
6.0
5.5
5.6
5.4
5.2
5.3
5.1
5.1
5.0
5.0
5.0
5.1
5.1
U n it e d K in n d n m 1
-
1 Preliminary for 2001 for Japan, France, Germany, Italy, Sweden,
and the United Kingdom.
-
See "Notes on the data" for information on breaks in series. For
further qualifications and historical data, see Comparative Civilian
Labor Force Statistics, Ten Countries, 1959-2001 ('Bureau of Labor
2 Quarterly rates are for the first month of the quarter.
NOTE: Quarterly figures for France and Germany are calculated
by applying annual adjustment factors to current published data,
Statistics, Mar. 25, 2002), on the Internet at
http://www.bls.gov/fls/home.htm
and therefore should be viewed as less precise indicators of
Monthly and quarterly unemployment rates, updated monthly, are
unemployment under U.S. concepts than the annual figures.
also on this site. Dash indicates data not available.
Monthly Labor Review
December 2002
93
Current Labor Statistics:
International Comparison
48. Annual data: Employment status of the working-age population, approximating U.S. concepts, 10 countries
[Numbers in thousands]
E m p lo ym e n t statu s and c o u n try
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
128,105
14,177
8,557
129,200
14,308
8,613
131,056
14,400
8,771
132,304
14,517
8,995
133,943
14,669
9,115
136,297
14,958
9,204
137,673
15,237
9,339
139,368
15,536
9,466
140,863
15,789
9,678
141,815
16,027
9,817
66,870
Civilian labor force
65,040
65,470
65,780
65,990
66,450
67,200
67,240
67,090
66,990
24,570
39,010
24,640
39,100
24,780
39,070
24,830
38,980
25,090
39,140
25,210
39,420
25,520
39,750
25,830
39,800
22,910
22,570
22,450
22,460
22,570
22,680
22,960
23,130
25,980
39,750
23,340
23,540
6,950
4,520
28,410
7,100
4,443
28,430
7,190
4,418
28,440
7,260
4,460
28,560
7,370
4,459
28,720
7,530
4,418
28,910
7,690
4,402
29,040
7,900
4,430
29,300
8,050
4,489
29,450
4,537
-
66.4
65.9
63.9
63.4
55.9
582
47.5
66.3
65.5
63.5
63.3
55.8
57.7
66.6
65.2
63.9
63.1
55.8
57.4
47.3
66.8
64.7
64.6
63.0
55.8
57.1
47.1
67.1
65.0
64.3
63.2
55.7
57.3
47.2
67.1
65.4
64.3
62.8
56.1
57.7
47.6
67.1
65.8
642
62.4
56.4
57.6
47.8
672
65.9
64.7
62.0
56.4
47.9
66.6
64.9
64.6
62.9
55.6
57.1
47.1
57.8
65.7
63.1
58.6
64.5
62.8
59.0
63.7
62.7
59.2
64.1
62.7
59.8
64.0
62.8
60.8
63.3
62.9
61.7
62.8
62.9
62.8
62.8
63.2
48.1
63.5
63.8
63.3
66.9
66.0
64.7
61.6
-
-
Participation rate1
57.5
64.2
-
Employed
118,492
12,672
7,660
63,620
120,259
12,770
7,699
63,810
123,060
13,027
7,942
63,860
124,900
13,271
8,256
63,890
126,708
13,380
8,364
64,200
129,558
13,705
8,444
64,900
131,463
14,068
8,618
64,450
133,488
14,456
8,808
63,920
135,208
14,827
9,068
63,790
22,020
36,390
21,230
21,740
35,990
20,270
21,720
35,760
21,910
35,780
19,940
19,820
21,960
35,640
19,920
22,090
35,510
19,990
22,510
36,060
20,210
22,940
36,360
20,460
23,530
36,540
20,840
6,560
4,265
25,530
6,630
4,028
25,450
6,670
3,992
25,720
6,760
4,056
26,070
6,900
4,019
26,380
7,130
3,973
26,880
7,380
4,034
27,210
7,640
4,117
27,530
7,810
4,229
27,830
135,073
14,997
9,157
63,470
-
21,280
-
4,309
_
Em ploym ent-population ratio2
63.8
61.9
60.3
58.4
61.5
58.9
57 2
62.0
50.1
542
61.7
58.5
56.8
61.7
492
532
62.5
59.0
57.8
61.3
48.9
52.6
62.9
59.4
59.2
60.9
49.0
52.4
63.2
59.1
59.3
60.9
48.8
52.0
63.8
59.7
59.0
61.0
48.8
51.6
64.1
60.4
59.3
60.2
49.5
52.3
64.3
61.3
59.8
59.4
50.1
52.6
64.5
62.1
60.6
59.0
51.1
52.8
44.0
43.0
42.0
41.5
41.6
41.6
41.9
42.3
42.9
54.5
62.0
56.7
54.7
58.5
56.2
54.7
57.6
56.7
55.1
58.3
57.2
56.0
57.7
57.6
57.5
56.9
58.5
59.2
57.6
58.9
60.8
58.4
59.4
61.6
60.1
59.4
9,613
1,505
897
1,420
8,940
1,539
914
1,660
7,996
1,373
829
1,920
7,404
1,246
739
2,100
7,236
1,289
751
2,250
6,739
1,252
760
2,300
6,210
1,169
721
2,790
5,880
1,080
658
3,170
5,655
962
611
3,200
2,550
2,620
2,900
3,110
3,060
3,320
2,920
3,200
3,130
3,510
3,020
3,690
2,890
3,440
2,450
3,210
1,680
2,300
2,510
2,640
2,650
3,120
3,910
2,690
2,750
2,670
2,500
2,270
390
255
2,880
470
415
2,980
520
426
2,720
500
404
2,490
470
440
2,340
400
445
2,030
310
368
1,830
270
313
1,770
240
260
1,620
228
-
61.0
-
Unemployed
6,742
1,031
661
3,400
-
-
-
Unemployment rate
United Kingdom...............................................................
7.5
10.6
10.5
22
10.4
6.7
7.3
6.9
10.8
10.6
2.5
11.8
8.0
102
6.1
9.5
9.4
2.9
12.3
8.5
11.2
5.6
5.6
10.1
6.6
9.3
10.6
7.2
9.5
9.5
1 Labor force as a percent of the working-age population.
2 Employment as a percent of the working-age population.
NOTE: See notes on the data for information on breaks in series.
94 Monthly Labor Review
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
December 2002
8.2
11.8
5.4
8.8
8.2
3.4
12.8
9.C
11.7
4.9
8.4
8.3
3.4
12.4
9.9
11.9
4.5
7.7
7.7
4.1
11.8
9.3
12.0
4.2
7.0
7.0
4.7
112
8.6
11.5
4.0
6.1
6.3
4.8
9.4
8.1
10.7
4.8
6.4
6.7
5.1
8.7
8.0
9.6
6.9
9.1
8.7
6.4
9.9
8.1
5.3
10.1
7.C
4.0
8.4
6.3
3.4
7.1
6.C
3.0
5.8
5.5
5.0
5.6
8.6
8.2
3.2
1 1 .8
For further qualifications and historical data, see Comparative Civilian Labor Force
Statistics, Ten Countries, 1959-2001 (Bureau of Labor Statistics, Mar. 25,2002),
on the Internet at http://www.bls.gov/fls/home.htm
Dash indicates data are not available.
49.
A n n u a l In d e x e s o f m a n u fa c tu r in g p r o d u c t iv ity a n d r e la te d m e a s u re s , 12 c o u n trie s
[1992 = 100]
Item and country
1960
1970
1980
1990
1991
1993
1994
1995
1997
1996
1998
1999
2000
2001
Output per hour
United States........................................................
Canada.................................................................
Japan....................................................................
Belgium................................................................
Denmark...............................................................
Germany...............................................................
Italy.......................................................................
Netherlands..........................................................
Norway.................................................................
Sweden.................................................................
United Kingdom....................................................
-
-
54.9
37.5
32.9
52.7
43.1
52.0
44.3
37.9
58.8
52.2
43.2
70.5
72.9
63.2
65.4
90.4
66.8
77.2
74.2
68.8
77.5
73.1
54.3
96.9
93.4
94.4
96.8
99.1
93.8
99.0
95.8
98.5
97.6
94.6
89.2
97.9
95.3
99.0
99.1
99.4
97.0
98.3
95.9
99.6
98.2
95.5
93.8
102.1
105.8
101.7
102.5
100.8
100.6
101.8
101.4
101.6
99.6
107.3
103.9
107.3
110.8
103.3
108.4
108.2
109.5
104.9
113.2
99.6
119.4
107.1
113.8
112.4
111.0
113.2
113.9
112.2
108.0
118.2
100.7
121.9
104.9
117.0
109.7
116.1
117.0
114.6
113.9
108.1
120.2
102.5
124.5
103.8
121.9
119.4
109.9
122.3
102.0
132.3
105.2
33.4
10.7
30.7
40.8
31.0
41.5
23.0
31.5
57.4
45.9
67.3
58.9
39.2
57.6
68.0
64.1
70.9
48.1
59.1
90.6
80.7
90.2
75.8
83.6
60.4
78.2
91.4
88.7
85.3
84.4
76.8
104.4
90.7
87.2
101.6
106.0
97.1
101.0
102.8
99.1
99.1
99.4
99.9
100.9
110.1
105.4
98.3
99.0
102.0
100.7
101.5
99.8
102.3
99.3
100.4
99.0
104.1
100.0
103.5
105.9
96.3
97.0
95.6
95.7
92.4
96.5
98.4
101.7
101.9
101.4
111.1
114.1
94.9
101.4
105.6
100.3
95.1
102.4
104.6
104.6
117.1
106.1
118.4
119.6
98.9
104.2
111.6
104.9
95.2
107.2
108.1
107.3
128.4
107.8
121.3
119.6
103.0
106.6
106.7
104.6
92.5
105.4
108.7
110.3
131.1
108.5
92.1
88.3
77.8
170.7
136.5
140.8
142.3
97.6
170.5
153.6
168.3
224.6
104.4
107.1
104.4
174.7
129.0
148.5
136.3
108.5
156.1
153.9
154.7
208.8
107.5
114.6
95.6
119.7
101.1
132.9
110.5
113.8
111.7
134.7
124.0
160.5
104.8
113.5
102.9
104.3
103.7
105.6
100.1
103.7
101.4
103.4
116.4
118.1
100.4
103.9
103.1
101.5
102.1
102.9
104.1
103.6
100.9
100.8
109.0
106.6
101.4
100.1
94.7
94.7
94.8
95.1
90.8
95.2
96.8
102.1
94.9
97.6
103.6
103.0
91.9
93.6
92.7
86.8
97.6
92.4
105.0
98.1
99.1
104.0
106.4
89.1
92.0
92.1
84.9
99.3
91.5
106.6
105.3
102.7
14.9
10.0
4.3
5.4
4.6
4.3
8.1
1.8
6.4
4.7
4.1
3.0
23.7
17.1
16.4
13.7
13.3
10.4
20.7
5.3
20.2
11.8
10.7
6.1
55.6
47.6
58.5
52.5
49.6
40.9
53.6
30.4
64.4
39.0
37.3
32.1
90.8
88.3
90.5
90.1
92.7
90.9
89.4
87.6
90.9
92.3
87.8
82.9
95.6
95.0
96.4
97.3
95.9
96.4
91.5
94.2
95.3
97.5
95.5
93.8
102.7
102.0
102.8
104.8
104.6
102.6
106.4
105.7
103.8
101.5
97.4
104.6
105.6
103.7
104.9
106.1
106.0
111.7
106.8
108.2
104.4
100.0
106.7
26.4
31.3
30.1
15.4
19.4
27.8
7.5
34.6
12.7
15.0
9.8
31.1
43.8
41.7
25.2
24.0
39.8
11.9
53.3
20.1
20.6
14.1
78.8
65.2
92.5
80.3
54.9
61.3
69.4
41.0
93.7
50.3
51.0
59.0
93.7
94.6
95.9
93.0
93.5
96.9
90.3
91.5
92.3
94.6
92.9
92.9
97.6
99.6
97.4
98.1
96.5
99.3
93.1
98.2
95.6
99.2
100.0
100.1
100.6
96.4
101.1
102.3
103.7
101.9
104.5
104.3
102.1
101.9
90.8
100.8
32.9
11.0
19.4
13.4
21.0
10.4
15.0
16.1
11.1
16.9
15.6
36.0
15.5
27.0
20.2
23.0
17.1
23.3
25.9
17.5
23.1
19.1
78.8
67.4
51.8
88.3
58.8
76.8
59.6
59.0
82.9
63.3
70.2
77.7
93.7
98.0
83.8
89.5
91.2
94.1
87.3
94.1
89.1
94.0
91.3
93.9
97.6
105.1
91.7
92.3
91.0
93.1
87.5
97.5
89.9
95.0
96.3
100.1
100.6
90.3
115.4
95.1
96.5
95.2
98.7
81.6
96.6
89.2
67.8
85.6
37.8
13.8
18.0
29.9
22.0
29.2
23.6
18.5
37.4
27.3
30.0
121.3
113.5
121.0
127.0
142.9
118.4
134.1
133.4
127.7
120.3
110.0
125.0
99.9
139.5
107.0
135.3
116.0
126.9
129.5
132.7
120.4
109.9
128.5
103.6
149.7
111.6
127.9
127.7
106.5
113.8
115.2
109.7
95.7
108.8
111.5
114.2
138.0
109.9
133.1
132.8
100.2
116.4
115.7
115.0
97.2
110.7
114.8
113.7
147.6
110.8
141.2
141.0
101.9
118.0
115.1
118.7
95.8
110.5
118.1
113.6
157.8
111.1
147.0
148.8
107.6
122.2
122.9
124.1
101.7
113.9
123.7
110.2
168.7
113.3
141.3
143.9
99.1
121.7
126.7
126.3
101.8
114.6
108.9
167.4
110.7
103.6
109.0
88.7
91.1
91.3
81.2
97.5
90.4
107.6
105.3
104.5
105.4
112.4
88.0
89.6
90.0
80.1
99.0
91.1
112.0
104.3
104.5
105.2
117.5
82.7
90.1
90.0
80.7
100.6
91.8
113.7
105.8
103.6
104.4
121.5
80.3
91.1
89.4
79.6
100.5
92.0
109.6
105.4
99.6
102.8
125.6
80.2
91.7
87.1
79.5
100.7
92.5
105.4
106.8
96.0
97.1
123.9
77.4
90.7
86.3
78.8
99.7
103.4
104.3
92.4
107.9
106.0
108.3
109.2
110.0
117.5
111.3
110.7
109.2
106.5
107.9
109.4
107.0
109.2
110.9
112.1
122.3
119.0
113.0
113.6
114.4
109.5
111.5
109.3
112.9
114.9
112.0
124.7
123.0
115.8
118.7
119.4
113.9
117.4
110.5
115.8
116.6
112.6
126.5
122.2
120.6
125.7
124.4
120.5
122.1
112.3
115.2
118.3
116.3
129.3
124.6
124.0
133.0
129.3
129.6
131.1
113.9
114.5
121.1
120.8
133.5
127.8
131.0
140.0
131.8
135.2
133.1
117.8
115.0
125.9
126.6
137.7
132.6
147.6
137.2
140.4
98.5
93.6
101.5
97.9
96.2
97.9
102.0
101.9
95.6
104.8
83.8
99.7
94.8
94.3
97.6
96.4
96.4
96.6
104.7
103.0
93.7
108.4
87.4
102.9
93.5
97.5
94.0
94.7
103.7
97.8
107.4
110.0
94.0
110.8
91.9
105.5
91.9
96.2
93.3
90.5
99.7
91.9
104.4
111.9
94.7
116.4
90.2
108.2
92.8
97.7
95.5
90.2
102.9
88.2
105.2
111.1
96.5
125.7
89.2
112.7
90.2
96.8
90.8
91.4
105.4
87.7
107.4
113.4
96.6
128.4
86.3
116.2
91.7
96.1
85.4
90.8
101.8
84.8
104.4
113.1
97.9
134.0
83.4
114.5
91.4
101.5
89.8
93.9
101.7
86.5
106.6
115.4
140.1
85.5
117.2
98.5
82.8
125.9
94.2
91.4
93.4
98.2
77.9
92.4
92.3
63.2
86.4
94.8
83.0
131.7
105.2
104.0
103.5
114.2
77.9
102.7
106.4
71.3
91.9
93.5
86.4
109.6
98.4
108.0
101.2
111.5
87.9
98.1
106.6
79.8
93.2
91.9
84.0
97.7
81.2
91.0
83.3
94.0
80.9
85.3
102.1
68.8
100.4
92.8
79.6
92.4
79.9
92.7
79.1
93.3
78.8
85.5
103.5
65.3
105.7
90.2
78.8
101.2
77.6
91.0
75.4
91.4
76.9
82.1
102.2
60.8
106.4
91.7
78.2
100.4
66.8
75.9
63.2
76.9
66.4
72.1
94.5
53.0
98.3
91.4
79.2
93.6
67.0
73.7
62.5
76.2
65.7
-
-
126.5
113.1
121.2
129.2
-
-
142.5
127.9
113.0
133.8
104.5
158.0
118.0
145.6
116.1
128.1
134.1
146.3
128.2
115.0
-
105.3
160.4
119.8
Output
United States........................................................
Canada.................................................................
Japan....................................................................
Belgium.................................................................
Denmark...............................................................
France..................................................................
Germany...............................................................
Italy.......................................................................
Netherlands..........................................................
Norway.................................................................
Sweden................................................................
United Kingdom....................................................
-
Total hours
United States........................................................
Canada.................................................................
Japan....................................................................
Belgium................................................................
Denmark...............................................................
France..................................................................
Germany...............................................................
Italy.......................................................................
Netherlands..........................................................
Norway.................................................................
Sweden.................................................................
United Kingdom....................................................
-
Compensation per hour
United States........................................................
Canada.................................................................
Japan....................................................................
Belgium................................................................
Denmark...............................................................
France..................................................................
Germany...............................................................
Italy.......................................................................
Netherlands..........................................................
Norway.................................................................
Sweden.................................................................
United Kingdom....................................................
Unit labor costs: National currency basis
United States........................................................
Canada.................................................................
Japan....................................................................
Belgium................................................................
Denmark...............................................................
Germany...............................................................
Italy.......................................................................
Netherlands..........................................................
Sweden................................................................
Unit labor costs: U.S. dollar basis
United States........................................................
Canada.................................................................
Japan....................................................................
Belgium................................................................
Denmark...............................................................
Germany...............................................................
Italy.......................................................................
Netherlands..........................................................
Norway.................................................................
Sweden................................................................
United Kingdom....................................................
-
96.8
48.2
95.5
NOTE: Data for Germany for years before 1991 are for the former West Germany. Data for 1991 onward are for unified Germany. Dash indicates data not available.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Monthly Labor Review
December 2002
95
Current Labor Statistics:
50.
International Comparison
O c c u p a t i o n a l in ju r y a n d illn e s s r a te s b y in d u s tr y ,1 U n ite d S ta te s
In cid e n c e rates p e r 100 fu ll-tim e w o rk e rs 3
In d u s try a n d ty p e o f c ase
1989 1
1990
1992
1991
1993 4
1994 4
1995 4
1996 4
1997 4
1998 4
1 999 4
2 000 4
6.7
3.1
6.3
3.0
-
6.1
3.0
7.1
3.6
-
PRIVATE SECTOR5
8.6
4.0
78.7
8.8
4.1
84.0
8.4
3.9
86.5
8.9
3.9
93.8
8.5
3.8
-
8.4
3.8
-
8.1
3.6
-
7.4
3.4
-
7.1
3.3
-
10.9
5.7
100.9
11.6
5.9
112.2
10.8
5.4
108.3
11.6
5.4
126.9
11.2
5.0
_
10.0
4.7
-
9.7
4.3
-
8.7
3.9
-
8.4
4.1
-
7.9
3.9
-
7.3
3.4
-
8.5
4.8
137.2
8.3
5.0
119.5
7.4
4.5
129.6
7.3
4.1
204.7
6.8
3.9
_
6.3
3.9
_
6.2
3.9
5.4
3.2
-
5.9
3.7
-
4.9
2.9
-
4.4
2.7
-
4.7
3.0
-
14.3
6.8
143.3
14.2
6.7
147.9
13.0
6.1
148.1
13.1
5.8
161.9
12.2
5.5
-
11.8
5.5
_
10.6
4.9
-
9.9
4.5
-
9.5
4.4
-
8.8
4.0
-
8.6
4.2
-
8.3
4.1
-
13.9
6.5
137.3
13.4
6.4
137.6
12.0
5.5
132.0
12.2
5.4
142.7
11.5
5.1
_
10.9
5.1
-
9.8
4.4
_
9.0
4.0
-
8.5
3.7
-
8.4
3.9
-
8.0
3.7
-
7.8
3.9
-
13.8
6.5
147.1
13.8
6.3
144.6
12.8
6.0
160.1
12.1
5.4
165.8
11.1
5.1
10.2
5.0
-
9.9
4.8
_
9.0
4.3
-
8.7
4.3
-
8.2
4.1
-
7.8
3.8
-
7.6
3.7
-
14.6
6.9
144.9
14.7
6.9
153.1
13.5
6.3
151.3
13.8
6.1
168.3
12.8
5.8
12.5
5.8
_
11.1
5.0
_
10.4
4.8
_
10.0
4.7
-
9.1
4.1
8.9
4.4
-
8.6
4.3
-
13.1
5.8
113.0
13.2
5.8
120.7
12.7
5.6
121.5
12.5
5.4
124.6
12.1
5.3
-
12.2
5.5
_
11.6
5.3
-
10.6
4.9
-
10.3
4.8
-
9.7
4.7
-
9.2
4.6
-
9.0
4.5
-
14.1
6.0
116.5
14.2
6.0
123.3
13.6
5.7
122.9
13.4
5.5
126.7
13.1
5.4
13.5
5.7
12.8
5.6
_
11.6
5.1
-
11.3
5.1
-
10.7
5.0
-
10.1
4.8
-
-
18.4
9.4
177.5
18.1
8.8
172.5
16.8
8.3
172.0
16.3
7.6
165.8
15.9
7.6
15.7
7.7
14.9
7.0
14.2
6.8
13.5
6.5
-
-
-
13.2
6.8
-
13.0
6.7
-
12.1
6.1
-
16.1
7.2
16.9
7.8
15.9
7.2
14.8
6.6
128.4
14.6
6.5
15.0
7.0
13.9
6.4
12.2
5.4
12.0
5.8
11.4
5.7
11.5
5.9
_
_
-
-
11 2
5.9
-
11.8
6.0
10.7
5.4
10.4
5.5
Agriculture, forestry, and fishing5
-
Mining
-
Construction
General building contractors:
Heavy construction, except buildina:
Special trades contractors:
_
_
Manufacturing
Durable goods:
Lumber and wood products:
Furniture and fixtures:
Stone, clav, and qlass products:
Primary metal industries:
Fabricated metal products:
_
_
_
13.2
6.5
12.3
5.7
12.4
6.0
11.8
5.7
_
_
_
-
15.5
7.4
149.8
15.4
7.3
160.5
14.8
6.8
156.0
13.6
6.1
152.2
13.8
6.3
18.7
8.1
168.3
19.0
8.1
180.2
17.7
7.4
169.1
17.5
7.1
175.5
17.0
7.3
18.5
7.9
147.6
18.7
7.9
155.7
17.4
7.1
146.6
16.8
6.6
144.0
16.2
6.7
12.1
4.8
86.8
12.0
4.7
88.9
11.2
4.4
86.6
11.1
4.2
87.7
11.1
4.2
9.1
3.9
77.5
9.1
3.8
79.4
8.6
3.7
83.0
8.4
3.6
81.2
8.3
3.5
17.7
6.8
138.6
17.8
6.9
153.7
18.3
7.0
166.1
18.7
7.1
186.6
18.5
7.1
19.6
7.8
18.6
7.9
16.3
7.0
15.4
6.6
14.6
6.6
13.7
6.4
5.6
2.5
55.4
5.9
2.7
57.8
6.0
2.7
64.4
5.9
2.7
65.3
5.6
2.5
5.9
2.7
5.3
2.4
5.1
2.3
4.8
2.3
4.0
1.9
4.0
1.8
11.1
5.1
97.6
11.3
5.1
113.1
11.3
5.1
104.C
10.7
5.0
108.2
10.0
4.6
_
16.8
7.2
16.4
6.7
16.5
7.2
15.0
6.8
15.0
7.2
-
_
_
15.8
6.9
14.4
6.2
_
-
14.2
6.4
_
-
14.0
7.0
-
12.9
6.3
12.6
6.3
-
-
13.9
6.5
12.6
6.0
11.9
5.5
-
-
-
Industrial machinery and equipment:
Electronic and other electrical equipment:
Transportation equipment:
Instruments and related products:
Miscellaneous manufacturinq industries:
Lost workdays............................... ...............................................
See footnotes at end of table.
96 Monthly Labor Review
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
December 2002
_
11.6
4.4
8.3
3.6
11.2
4.4
7.6
3.3
9.9
4.0
6.8
3.1
10.0
4.1
6.6
3.1
9.5
4.0
5.9
2.8
8.5
3.7
8.2
3.6
-
-
5.7
2.8
5.7
2.9
-
13.7
6.3
4.5
22
-
9.9
4 .i
9.1
4.2
9.5
4.4
8.9
4.2
-
8.1
3.9
8.4
4.0
72
3.6
-
50. Continued—Occupational injury and illness rates by industry,1 United States
Incidence rates per 100 workers3
Industry and type of case
Nondurable goods:
Total cases.....................................................................................
Lost workday cases.........................................................................
Lost workdays...................................................................................
1 98 9 1
1990
1992
1991
1993 4 1994 4 1995 4 1996 4 1997 4
1998 4
1999 4
2000 4
7.8
4.2
-
-
-
11.6
5.5
107.8
11.7
5.6
116.9
11.5
5.5
119.7
11.3
5.3
121.8
10.7
5.0
-
10.5
5.1
-
9.9
4.9
-
9.2
4.6
-
8.8
4.4
-
8.2
4.3
-
Total cases...................................................................................
Lost workday cases......................................................................
Lost workdays...............................................................................
18.5
9.3
174.7
20.0
9.9
202.6
19.5
9.9
207.2
18.8
9.5
211.9
17.6
8.9
-
17.1
9.2
-
16.3
8.7
-
15.0
8.0
-
14.5
8.0
-
13.6
7.5
-
12.7
7.3
-
12.4
7.3
-
Tobacco products:
Total cases...................................................................................
Lost workday cases......................................................................
Lost workdays...............................................................................
8.7
3.4
64.2
7.7
3.2
62.3
6.4
2.8
52.0
6.0
2.4
42.9
5.8
2.3
-
5.3
2.4
-
5.6
2.6
-
6.7
2.8
-
5.9
2.7
-
6.4
3.4
-
5.5
2.2
-
6.2
3.1
-
Textile mill products:
Total cases...................................................................................
Lost workday cases......................................................................
Lost workdays...............................................................................
10.3
4.2
81.4
9.6
4.0
85.1
10.1
4.4
88.3
9.9
4.2
87.1
9.7
4.1
-
8.7
4.0
-
8.2
4.1
-
7.8
3.6
-
6.7
3.1
-
7.4
3.4
-
6.4
3.2
-
6.0
3.2
-
Apparel and other textile products:
Total cases...................................................................................
Lost workday cases......................................................................
Lost workdays...............................................................................
8.6
3.8
80.5
8.8
3.9
92.1
9.2
4.2
99.9
9.5
4.0
104.6
9.0
3.8
-
8.9
3.9
-
8.2
3.6
-
7.4
3.3
-
7.0
3.1
-
6.2
2.6
-
5.8
2.8
-
6.1
3.0
-
Paper and allied products:
Total cases...................................................................................
Lost workday cases......................................................................
Lost workdays...............................................................................
12.7
5.8
132.9
12.1
5.5
124.8
11.2
5.0
122.7
11.0
5.0
125.9
9.9
4.6
-
9.6
4.5
-
8.5
4.2
-
7.9
3.8
-
7.3
3.7
-
7.1
3.7
-
7.0
3.7
-
6.5
3.4
-
Printinq and publishinq:
Total cases...................................................................................
Lost workday cases......................................................................
Lost workdays...............................................................................
6.9
3.3
63.8
6.9
3.3
69.8
6.7
3.2
74.5
7.3
3.2
74.8
6.9
3.1
-
6.7
3.0
-
6.4
3.0
-
6.0
2.8
-
5.7
2.7
-
5.4
2.8
-
5.0
2.6
-
5.1
2.6
-
Chemicals and allied products:
Total cases...................................................................................
Lost workday cases......................................................................
Lost workdays..............................................................................
7.0
3.2
63.4
6.5
3.1
61.6
6.4
3.1
62.4
6.0
2.8
64.2
5.9
2.7
-
5.7
2.8
-
5.5
2.7
-
4.8
2.4
-
4.8
2.3
-
4.2
2.1
-
4.4
2.3
-
4.2
2.2
-
Petroleum and coal products:
Total cases...................................................................................
Lost workday cases......................................................................
Lost workdays...............................................................................
6.6
3.3
68.1
6.6
3.1
77.3
6.2
2.9
68.2
5.9
2.8
71.2
5.2
2.5
-
4.7
2.3
-
4.8
2.4
-
4.6
2.5
-
4.3
2.2
-
3.9
1.8
-
4.1
1.8
-
3.7
1.9
-
Rubber and miscellaneous plastics products:
Total cases...................................................................................
Lost workday cases......................................................................
Lost workdays..............................................................................
16.2
8.0
147.2
16.2
7.8
151.3
15.1
7.2
150.9
14.5
6.8
153.3
13.9
6.5
-
14.0
6.7
-
12.9
6.5
-
12.3
6.3
-
11.9
5.8
-
11.2
5.8
-
10.1
5.5
-
10.7
5.8
-
Leather and leather products:
Total cases...................................................................................
Lost workday cases......................................................................
Lost workdays..............................................................................
13.6
6.5
130.4
12.1
5.9
152.3
12.5
5.9
140.8
12.1
5.4
128.5
12.1
5.5
-
12.0
5.3
-
11.4
4.8
-
10.7
4.5
-
10.6
4.3
-
9.8
4.5
-
10.3
5.0
-
9.0
4.3
-
9.2
5.3
121.5
9.6
5.5
134.1
9.3
5.4
140.0
9.1
5.1
144.0
9.5
5.4
-
9.3
5.5
-
9.1
5.2
-
8.7
5.1
-
8.2
4.8
-
7.3
4.3
-
7.3
4.4
8.0
3.6
63.5
7.9
3.5
65.6
7.6
3.4
72.0
8.4
3.5
80.1
8.1
3.4
-
7.9
3.4
-
7.5
3.2
-
6.8
2.9
-
6.7
3.0
-
6.5
2.8
-
6.1
2.7
-
_
7.7
4.0
71.9
7.4
3.7
71.5
7.2
3.7
79.2
7.6
3.6
82.4
7.8
3.7
7.7
3.8
7.5
3.6
6.6
3.4
6.5
3.2
6.5
3.3
6.3
3.3
5.8
8.1
3.4
60.0
8.1
3.4
63.2
7.7
3.3
69.1
8.7
3.4
79.2
8.2
3.3
-
7.9
3.3
-
7.5
3.0
-
6.9
2.8
-
6.8
2.9
-
6.5
2.7
-
6.1
2.5
-
-
2.0
.9
17.6
2.4
1.1
27.3
2.4
1.1
24.1
2.9
1.2
32.9
2.9
1.2
2.7
1.1
2.6
1.0
2.4
.9
2.2
.9
.7
.5
1.8
.8
1.9
.8
5.5
2.7
51.2
6.0
2.8
56.4
6.2
2.8
60.0
7.1
3.0
68.6
6.7
2.8
6.5
2.8
6.4
2.8
6.0
2.6
5.6
2.5
5.2
2.4
4.9
2.2
4.9
Food and kindred products:
Transportation and public u tilities
Lost workday cases..........................................................................
Lost workdays..................................................................................
-
4.3
-
Wholesale and retail trade
Lost workday cases........................................................................
Lost workdays..................................................................................
-
Wholesale trade:
Lost workdays..................................................................................
-
Retail trade:
Lost workday cases........................................................................
Lost workdays..................................................................................
_
-
Finance, insurance, and real estate
Lost workdays..................................................................................
Services
Lost workdays..................................................................................
22
1 Data for 1989 and subsequent years are based on the Standard Industrial Class
ification Manual, 1987 Edition. For this reason, they are not strictly comparable with data
for the years 1985-88, which were based on the Standard Industrial Classification
Manual, 1972 Edition, 1977 Supplement.
N = number of injuries and illnesses or lost workdays;
EH = total hours worked by all employees during the calendar year; and
200,000 = base for 100 full-time equivalent workers (working 40 hours per week, 50
weeks per year).
2 Beginning with the 1992 survey, the annual survey measures only nonfatal injuries and
illnesses, while past surveys covered both fatal and nonfatal incidents. To better address
fatalities, a basic element of workplace safety, BLS implemented the Census of Fatal
Occupational Injuries.
4 Beginning with the 1993 survey, lost workday estimates will not be generated. As of
1992, BLS began generating percent distributions and the median number of days away
from work by industry and for groups of workers sustaining similar work disabilities.
3 The incidence rates represent the number of injuries and illnesses or lost workdays per
100 full-time workers and were calculated as (NÆH) X 200,000, where:
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
s Excludes farms with fewer than 11 employees since 1976.
Dash indicates data not available.
Monthly Labor Review
December 2002
97
C u rr e n t L a b o r S ta tis tic s :
In ju ry a n d Illn e s s
51. Fatal occupational injuries by event or exposure, 1996-2001
F a ta litie s
E v e n t o r e x p o s u re 1
1 9 9 6 -2 0 0 0
20002
A ve ra g e
N um ber
20013
N um ber
P e rc e n t
Total...............................................................................................
6,094
5,920
5,900
100
Transportation incidents...............................................................
2,608
1,408
685
117
247
151
289
372
298
378
212
263
376
105
71
2,573
1,365
696
136
243
154
279
356
304
2,517
1,404
723
142
256
137
295
339
273
43
24
12
2
399
213
280
370
84
71
324
157
247
383
90
62
5
3
4
6
2
1
Homicides..............................................................................................
Shooting.............................................................................................
Stabbing.............................................................................................
Other, including bom bing................................................................
Self-inflicted injuries..............................................................................
1,015
766
617
68
80
216
930
677
533
66
78
221
902
639
505
58
76
228
15
11
9
1
1
4
Contact with objects and equipment...........................................
1 005
1 OOfi
Qfi2
16
Struck by object....................................................................................
Struck by falling object......................................................................
Struck by flying object.......................................................................
567
364
57
293
157
128
571
357
61
294
157
123
553
343
60
266
144
122
9
6
1
5
714
636
106
153
90
55
734
659
110
150
85
56
808
698
122
159
91
84
14
12
2
3
535
290
132
40
112
57
92
73
481
256
128
29
100
48
94
75
499
285
124
35
96
49
83
59
8
Fires and explosions....................................................................
196
177
1RR
Other events or exposures4..........................................................
20
19
24
Highway incident...................................................................................
Collision between vehicles, mobile equipment.............................
Moving in opposite directions, oncoming...................................
Moving in Intersection...................................................................
Vehicle struck stationary object or equipment.............................
Noncollision incident..........................................................................
Nonhighway (farm, industrial premises) Incident.............................
O verturned..........................................................................................
Aircraft....................................................................................................
Worker struck by a vehicle..................................................................
Water vehicle Incident..........................................................................
Railway...................................................................................................
Assaults and violent acts..............................................................
Caught In running equipm ent or machinery..................................
Caught in or crushed in collapsing materials...................................
Falls..................................................................................................
Fall to lower level..................................................................................
Fall from ladder..................................................................................
Fall from roof......................................................................................
Fall from scaffold, staging...............................................................
Fall on same level.................................................................................
Exposure to harmful substances or environments...................
Contact with electric current................................................................
Contact with overhead power lines................................................
Contact with temperature extremes...................................................
Exposure to caustic, noxious, or allergenic substances................
Oxygen deficiency.................................................................................
Drowning, subm ersion......................................................................
1 Based on the 1992 BLS Occupational Injury and Illness
Classification Structures.
4
2
5
6
5
2
2
2
1
5
2
1
2
1
1
1
3
3 Total excludes 2,886 work-related fatalities resulting from
events of September 11.
2 The BLS news release issued Aug. 14, 2001, reported a total
of 5,915 fatal work injuries for calendar year 2000. Since then,
4 Includes the category "Bodily reaction and exertion."
NOTE:
Totals for major categories may include sub-categories
an additional five job-related fatalities were Identified, bringing
not shown separately.
the total job-related fatality count for 2000 to 5,920.
because of rounding. Dash Indicates less than 0.5 percent.
98
Monthly Labor Review
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
December 2002
Percentages may not add to totals
M o n th ly Labor R eview
Index to Volume 125
January 2002 through December 2002
D evelopm ents in State
labor, workers'
com pen sation , a n d
u n e m p lo ym e n t insurance
laws in 2001
A m erica n Time Use Survey
Time use in households
Intrahousehold tim e use
Labor m a rke t in 2001
W hat is an e m p lo ye e ?
J a n u a ry
G row th in services
E m ploym ent in business
services
Labor resources in J a p a n
a n d U.S.
Hours a t work
Work schedules o f couples
April
P roducer Price Index, 2001
Spending b y single parents
Expenditure pa tte rn s o f
retirees
July
Inform ation te ch n o lo g y,
C a n a d a a n d U.S.
Preventive ca re
E m ploym ent Cost Index
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
O c to b e r
F ebruary
Foreign-bom workers
U.S. la b o r fo rce 1950-2050
Lump-sum pensions
M ay
M e d ic a l expenditures
W omen in the le g a l field
E m ploym ent restructuring
in C hina
A ugust
Analysis o f p ric e transmission
Consum er spending a n d jo b
grow th
Welfare reform im pa cts
N ovem ber
G eneration-X w om e n in the
la b o r fo rc e
P roductivity in h ig h -te ch
m a n u fa c tu rin g
A g g re g a te p ro d u c tiv ity
C onsum er inflation, 2001
M atch
Inte rn a tio n a l com parisons
C o m p a ra b le statistics
Labor m a rke t
Hourly co m p e n sa tio n
Labor p ro d u c tiv ity
Ju ne
Jo b flows in th e Rust Belt
Work shifts a n d disability
A g e -a d ju s te d la b o r fo rce
p a rtic ip a tio n
O lder w om en in th e la b o r
force
S e p te m b e r
Labor p ro d u c tiv ity
in w holesale tra d e
Baseball ne gotiations
E m ploym ent C ost Index
a n d the a g g re g a tio n
form ula
D ecem ber
Index to Volume 125
January 2002 through December 2002
A
Consumer inflation lower in 2001: energy and apparel
prices declined. 2002 Mar. 41-45.
Alternative work
What is an employee? The answer depends on the Federal
law. 2002 Jan. 3-11.
B
Benefits
Preventive care provisions, other benefits: are they
described in plan documents? 2002 Oct. 13-19.
Contingent work
Change in workers’ compensation laws during 2001.2002
Jan. 31-36.
What is an employee? The answer depends on the Federal
law. 2002 Jan. 3-11.
D
Disabled workers
Work shifts and disability: a national view. 2002 Sept. 11-24.
C
E
Canada
Information technology and economic growth in Canada
and the U.S. 2002 Oct. 3-12.
Measuring time use in households with more than one
person. 2002 Feb. 45-52.
Child care
American Time Use Survey, The; cognitive pretesting.
2002 Feb. 34-44.
China
Em ploym ent restructuring during C hina’s econom ic
transition. 2002 Aug. 25-31.
Collective bargaining
Baseball negotiations: a new agreement. 2002 Dec. 15-22.
Earnings and wages
Rankings of full-time occupations, by earnings, 2000.
2002 Mar. 46-57.
Economic development and growth
Consumer spending: an engine for U.S. job growth. 2002
Nov. 12-22.
Em ploym ent restructuring during C hina’s econom ic
transition. 2002 Aug. 25-31.
Information technology and economic growth in Canada and
the U.S. 2002 Oct. 3-12.
Labor productivity growth in wholesale trade, 1900-2000.
2002 Dec. 3-15.
Services: business demand rivals consumer demand in
driving job growth. 2002 Apr. 3-16.
Compensation costs
Employment (See also Labor force; Unemployment.)
Perspective on U.S. and foreign compensation costs in
manufacturing, A. 2002 June 36-50.
Consumer spending: an engine for U.S. job growth. 2002
Nov. 12-22.
Employment in business services: a year o f unprecedented
decline. 2002 Apr. 17-24.
Em ployment restructuring during C hina’s econom ic
transition. 2002 Aug. 25-31.
Influx of women into legal professions, The: an economic
analysis. 2002 Aug. 14-24.
Job flows and labor dynamics in the U.S. Rust Belt. 2002
Sept. 3-10.
Role of foreign-bom workers in the U.S. economy, The. 2002
May 3-14.
Welfare reform impacts in sipp. 2002 Nov. 23-38.
What is an employee? The answer depends on the Federal
law. 2002 Jan. 3-11.
Computers (See Technological change.)
Consumer expenditures
Consumer spending: an engine for U.S. job growth. 2002
Nov. 12-22.
Expenditures o f single parents: how does gender figure
in? 2002 July 16-37.
Experimental poverty measures: accounting for medical
expenditures. 2002 Aug. 3-14.
Planning ahead: consum er expenditure patterns in
retirement. 2002 July 38-58.
Consumer Price Index
Employment Cost Index
Analysis o f price transmission by stage o f processing.
2002 Nov. 3-11.
Using the Employment Cost Index to adjust Medicare
payments. 2002 Oct. 20-27.
100 Monthly Labor Review
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
December
2002
Is the ECl sensitive to the method of aggregation? an
update. 2002 Dec. 23-28.
Information technology (See technological change.)
F
International comparisons
Family issues
International Comparisons—A special issue 2002 June 3 65.
A perspective on U.S. and foreign compensation costs in
manufacturing.
U.S. L abor m arket perform ance in in tern atio n al
perspective.
Providing comparable international labor statistics.
Comparing 50 years o f labor productivity in U.S. and
foreign manufacturing.
Expenditures o f single parents: how does gender figure in?
2002 July 16-37.
Synchronicity in the work schedules of working couples.
2002 Apr. 55-63.
Measuring time use in households with more than one person.
2002 Feb. 45-52.
France
Synchronicity in the work schedules of working couples.
2002 Apr. 55-63.
Measuring the complexity of hours at work: the weekly work
grid. 2002 Apr. 44-54.
Utilization of labor resources in Japan and the United States.
2002 Apr. 25-43.
J
G
Japan
Generation X
Utilization of labor resources in Japan and the United States.
2002 Apr. 25-43.
Labor force experience of women from Generation ‘X,’ The.
2002 Mar. 3-15. Errata. 2002 May 56.
H
Health insurance plans
Preventive care provisions, other benefits: are they described
in plan documents? 2002 Oct. 13-19.
Job creation
Job flows and labor dynamics in the U.S. Rust Belt. 2002
Sept. 3-10.
Services: business demand rivals consumer demand in
driving job growth. 2002 Apr. 3-16.
High technology (See Technological change.)
Hours of work (See also Time use.)
American Time Use Survey, The; cognitive pretesting. 2002
Feb. 34—44.
Measuring the complexity of hours at work: the weekly work
grid. 2002 Apr. 44-54.
Synchronicity in the work schedules of working couples.
2002 Apr. 55-63.
Work shifts and disability: a national view. 2002 Sept. 1124.
I
Immigration
The role of foreign-bom workers in the U.S. economy. 2002
May 3-14.
Industry
Bias in aggregate productivity trends revisited. 2002 Mar.
32-40.
Labor productivity growth in wholesale trade, 1900-2000.
2002 Dec. 3-15.
Inflation
Consumer inflation lower in 2001: energy and apparel prices
declined. 2002 Mar. 41—45.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
L
Labor and economic history
Providing comparable international labor statistics. 2002
June 3-14.
Labor force (See also Employment; Unemployment.)
Age-adjusted labor force participation rates, 1960-2045.
2002 Sept. 25-38. Errata. 2002 Nov. 46.
Century of change: U.S. labor force from 1950 to 2050, A.
2002 May 15-28.
Labor force experience of women from Generation ‘X,’ The.
2002 Mar. 3-15. Errata. 2002 May 56.
Labor force participation of older women: retired? working?
both?, The. 2002 Sept. 39-48.
Influx o f women into legal professions: an economic
analysis, The. 2002 Aug. 14-24.
Role of foreign-bom workers in the U.S. economy, The.
2002 May 3-14.
U.S. labor market performance in international perspective.
2002 June 15-35.
Utilization of labor resources in Japan and the United States.
2002 Apr. 25-43
Welfare reform impacts in sipp. 2002 Nov. 23-38.
Monthly Labor Review
December
2002
101
Index to Volume 125
What is an employee? The answer depends on the Federal
law. 2002 Jan. 3-11.
Labor law
working? both?, The. 2002 Sept. 39-48.
P
Changes in unemployment insurance legislation in 2001.
2002 Jan. 37^15.
Changes in workers’ compensation laws during 2001.2002
Jan. 31-36.
State labor legislation enacted in 2001. 2002 Jan. 12-30.
What is an employee? The answer depends on the Federal
law. 2002 Jan. 3-11.
Pensions
Labor-management relations
Analysis of price transmission by stage o f processing. 2002
Nov. 3-11.
Consumer inflation lower in 2001: energy and apparel prices
declined. 2002 Mar. 41—45.
Producer price highlights during 2001. July 3-15.
Baseball negotiations: a new agreement. 2002 Dec. 15-22.
Labor market
Job flows and labor dynamics in the U.S. Rust Belt. 2002
Sept. 3-10.
Labor force experience of women from Generation ‘X,’ The.
2002 Mar. 3-15. Errata. 2002 May 56.
U.S. labor market in 2001: economy enters a recession. 2002
Feb. 3-33.
U.S. labor market performance in international perspective.
2002 June 15-35.
M
Manufacturing
Bias in aggregate productivity trends revisited. 2002 Mar.
32—40.
Comparing 50 years of labor productivity in U.S. and foreign
manufacturing. 2002 June 51-65.
Perspective on U.S. and foreign compensation costs in
manufacturing, A. 2002 June 36-50.
Productivity growth in ‘high-tech’ manufacturing industries.
2002 Mar. 16-31.
An analysis o f lump-sum pension distribution recipients.
2002 May 29^16.
Poverty
Experimental poverty measures: accounting for medical
expenditures. 2002 Aug. 3-14.
Prices
Producer Price Index
Producer price highlights during 2001. July 3-15.
Productivity
Bias in aggregate productivity trends revisited. 2002 Mar.
32-40.
Labor productivity growth in wholesale trade, 1900-2000.
2002 Dec. 3-15.
Productivity growth in ‘high-tech’ manufacturing industries.
2002 Mar. 16-31.
Projections
A century of change: U.S. labor force from 1950 to 2050.
2002 May 15-28.
Age-adjusted labor force participation rates, 1960-2045.
2002 Sept. 25-38. Errata. 2002 Nov. 46.
R
Medical care
Recession
Experimental poverty measures: accounting for medical
expenditures. 2002 Aug. 3-14.
Preventive care provisions, other benefits: are they described
in plan documents? 2002 Oct. 13-19.
U.S. labor market in 2001: economy enters a recession. 2002
Feb. 3-33.
Medicare
Using the Employment Cost Index to adjust Medicare
payments. 2002 Oct. 20-27.
Minority workers
A century of change: U.S. labor force from 1950 to 2050.
2002 May 15-28.
O
Occupations
Influx o f women into legal professions: an economic
analysis, The. 2002 Aug. 14-24.
Rankings o f full-time occupations, by earnings, 2000.2002
Mar. 46-57.
Older workers
A century o f change: U.S. labor force from 1950 to 2050.
2002 May 15-28.
Labor force participation of older women: retired?
102 Monthly Labor Review
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
December
2002
Retirement
An analysis of lump-sum pension distribution recipients.
2002 May 29-46.
Planning ahead: consum er expenditure patterns in
retirement. 2002 July 38-58.
S
Service sector
Employment in business services: a year o f unprecedented
decline. 2002 Apr. 17-24.
Services: business demand rivals consumer demand in
driving job growth. 2002 Apr. 3-16.
Social welfare
Welfare reform impacts in
sipp.
2002 Nov. 23-38.
State government
Changes in unemployment insurance legislation in 2001.
2002 Jan. 37^15.
Changes in workers’ compensation laws during 2001.2002
Jan. 31-36.
State labor legislation enacted in 2001. 2002 Jan. 12-30.
Changes in unemployment insurance legislation in 2001.
2002 Jan. 37^15.
Statistical program and methods
w
Bias in aggregate productivity trends revisited. 2002 Mar.
32^10.
Is the e c i sensitive to the method of aggregation? an update.
2002 Dec. 23-28.
Measuring the complexity of hours at work: the weekly work
grid. 2002. Apr. 44-54.
Providing comparable international labor statistics. 2002
June 3-14.
Survey methods
American Time Use Survey, The; cognitive pretesting. 2002
Feb. 34-44.
Measuring intrahousehold allocation of time: response to
Anne E. Winkler. 2002 Feb. 53-59.
Measuring time use in households with more than one person.
2002 Feb. 45-52.
U.S. labor market in 2001: economy enters a recession. 2002
Feb. 3-33.
T
Technological change
Information technology and economic growth in Canada and
the U.S. 2002 Oct. 3-12.
Productivity growth in ‘high-tech’ manufacturing industries.
2002 Mar. 16-31.
Labor productivity growth in wholesale trade, 1900-2000.
Dec. 3-15.
Time use
Measuring the complexity of hours at work: the weekly work
grid. 2002 Apr. 44-54.
Measuring intrahousehold allocation o f time: response to
Anne E. Winkler. 2002 Feb. 53-59.
American Time Use Survey, The; cognitive pretesting. 2002
Feb. 34-44.
Measuring time use in households with more than one person.
2002 Feb. 45-52.
Synchronicity in the work schedules o f working couples.
2002 Apr. 55-63.
U
Unemployment (See also Employment; Labor force.)
Employment in business services: a year o f unprecedented
decline. 2002 Apr. 17-24.
Utilization of labor resources in Japan and the United States.
2002 Apr. 25-43.
U.S. labor market in 2001: economy enters a recession. 2002
Feb. 3-33.
Unemployment insurance
Services: business demand rivals consumer demand in
driving job growth. 2002 Apr. 3-16.
Employment in business service: a year of unprecedented
decline. 2002 Apr. 17-24.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Welfare
Welfare reform impacts in
sipp.
2002 Nov. 23-38.
Women
Influx of women into legal professions, The: an economic
analysis. 2002 Aug. 14-24.
Labor force experience of women from Generation ‘X,’ The.
2002 Mar. 3-15. Errata. 2002 May 56.
Labor force participation of older women: retired? working?
both? The. 2002 Sept. 39-48.
Workers’ compensation
Changes in workers’ compensation laws during 2001.
2002 Jan. 31-36.
DEPARTMENTS
Book reviews. Each issue except January.
Current labor statistics. Each issue.
Labor month in review. Each issue.
Précis. Each issue.
Program report. May issue.
Publications received. Feb., May, Aug., Nov. issues.
Regional report. Nov. issue.
Research summaries. Mar. issue.
BOOK REVIEWS
(Listed by author of book.)
Algaoud, Latifa M. and Mervyn K. Lewis, Islamic Banking.
2002 Dec. 30-32.
Aronowitz, Stanley. The Last Good Job in America: Work
and Education in the New Global Technoculture. 2002
Nov. 42-44.
Belman, Dale, Erica L.Groshen, David I. Levine, Gary
Chamess, and K.C. Shaughnessy. How New is the “New
Employment Contract? ”Evidencefrom North American
Pay Practices. 2002 Dec. 30.
Bernhardt, Annette, Martina Morris, Mark S. Hancock, and
Marc A. Scott. Divergent Paths: Economic Mobility in
the New American Labor Market. 2002 Oct. 30-31.
Bix, Amy Sue. Inventing Ourselves Out o f Jobs? America’s
Debate over Technological Unemployment, 1929-1981.
2002 May 52-53.
Blanchard, Colleen, Arthur D. Murphy, and Jennifer A. Hill.
Latino Workers in the Contemporary South. 2002 Feb.
61.
Broman, Clifford, V. Lee Hamilton, and William S. Hoffman.
Stress and Distress among the Unemployed: Hard Times
and Vulnerable People. 2002 Oct. 33.
Monthly Labor Review
December
2002
103
Index to Volume 125
Chamess, Gary, Dale Belman, Erica L. Groshen, David I.
Levine, and K.C. Shaughnessy. How New is the “New
Employment Contract? ”Evidencefrom North American
Pay Practices. 2002 Dec. 30
Frenkel, Stephen J., Marek Korczynski, Karen A. Shire, and
May Tam. On the front Line: Organization o f Work in
the Information Economy. 2002 Apr. 65-66.
Glazer, Joe. Labor’s Troubadour. 2002 Oct. 29-30.
Groshen, Erica L., David I. Levine, Dale Belman, Gary
Chamess, and K.C. Shaughnessy. How New is the “New
Employment Contract? ”Evidencefrom North American
Pay Practices. 2002 Dec. 30.
Groshen, Erica L., David I. Levine, Dale Belman, Gary
Chamess, and K.C. Shaughnessy. How New is the “New
Employment Contract? ”Evidencefrom North American
Pay Practices. 2002 Dec. 30.
Hamilton, V. Lee, Broman, Clifford, and William S. Hoffinan.
Stress and Distress among the Unemployed: Hard Times
and Vulnerable People. 2002 Oct. 33.
Hancock, Mark S., Annette Bernhardt, Martina Morris, and
Marc A. Scott. Divergent Paths: Economic Mobility in
the New American Labor Market. 2002 Oct. 30-31.
Hill, Jennifer A., Arthur D. Murphy, and Colleen Blanchard.
Latino Workers in the Contemporary South. 2002 Feb.
61.
Hoffinan, William S., V. Lee Hamilton, and Clifford Broman.
Stress and Distress among the Unemployed: Hard Times
and Vulnerable People. 2002 Oct. 33.
International Labour Office. World Employment Report
2001: Life at Work in the Information Economy. 2002
Mar. 59-60.
Kochan, Thomas A. and Saul A. Rubinstein. Learningfrom
Saturn: Possibilities for Corporate Governance and
Employee Relations. 2002 Aug. 33-34.
Korczynski, Marek, Stephen J. Frenkel, Karen A. Shire, and
May Tam. On the Front Line: Organization o f Work in
the Information Economy. 2002 Apr. 65-66.
Levine, David I., Dale Belman, Gary Chamess, Erica L.
Groshen, and K.C. Shaughnessy. How New is the “New
Employment Contract? ”Evidencefrom North American
Pay Practices. 2002 Dec. 30.
Lewis, Mervyn K. and Latifa M. Algaoud. Islamic Banking.
2002 Dec. 30-32.
Morris, Martina, Annette Bernhardt, Mark S. Hancock, and
Marc A. Scott. Divergent Paths: Economic Mobility in
the New American Labor Market. 2002 Oct. 30-31.
Murphy, Arthur D., Colleen Blanchard, and Jennifer A.
Hill. Latino Workers in the Contemporary South. 2002
Feb. 61.
National Research Council. At What Price? Conceptualizing
and Measuring Cost-of-Living and Price Indexes. 2002
July 60.
104 Monthly Labor Review
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
December
2002
Pencavel, John. Worker Participation: Lessons from the
Worker Co-ops o f the Pacific Northwest. 2002 Sept. 5052.
Rubinstein, Saul A., and Thomas A. Kochan. Learningfrom
Saturn: Possibilities for Corporate Governance and
Employee Relations. 2002 Aug. 33-34.
Scott, Marc A., Annette Bernhardt, Martina Morris, and Mark
S. Hancock. Divergent Paths: Economic Mobility in
the New American Labor Market. 2002 Oct. 30-31.
Shaughnessy, K.C., Gary Chamess, Dale Belman, Erica L.
Groshen, and David I. Levine. How New is the “New
Employment Contract? ”Evidencefrom North American
Pay Practices. 2002 Dec. 30. Shire, Karen A., Stephen
J. Frenkel, Marek Korczynski, and May Tam. On the
Front Line: Organization o f Work in the Information
Economy. 2002 Apr. 65-66.
Stein, Tobie S. Workforce Transitions from the Profit to the
Nonprofit Sector. 2002 Nov. 42.
Tam, May, Stephen J. Frenkel, Marek Korczynski, and Karen
A. Shire. On the Front Line: Organization o f Work in
the Information Economy. 2002 Apr. 65-66.
Towse, Ruth. Creativity, Incentive, and Reward: An
Economic Analysis o f Copyright and Culture in the
Information Age. 2002 Oct. 31-32.
Van Den Bergh, N. Emerging Trends for EAPs in the 21st
Century. 2002 Feb. 62.
Wever, Kristen S., ed. Labor, Business and Change in
Germany and the United States. 2002 June 67.
Zerbe, Richard O. Jr., Economic Efficiency in Law and
Economics. 2002 June 67-68.
AUTHORS
Altman, Barbara and Harriet B. Presser. Work shifts and
disability: a national view. 2002 Sept. 11-24.
Alvarez, Anthony S., Alain Chenu, and John P. Robinson.
Measuring the complexity of hours at work: the weekly
work grid. 2002 Apr. 44-54.
Armstrong, Philip, Tarek M. Harchaoui, Faouzi Takhani, and
Chris Jackson. Information technology and economic
growth in Canada and the U.S. 2002 Oct. 3-12.
Ayres, Ellen Mary. Book review. 2002 Apr. 65-66.
Baker, Joe. G. The influx of women into legal professions:
an economic analysis. 2002 Aug. 14-24.
Barkume, Anthony J. Book review. 2002 Dec. 30.
Bavier, Richard. Welfare reform impacts in sipp. 2002 Nov.
23-38.
Bikoi, Theo, Chris Sparks, and Lisa Moglia. A perspective
on U.S. and foreign compensation costs in manufacturing.
2002 June 36-50.
Blostin, Allan P. Preventive care provisions, other benefits: are
they described in plan documents? 2002 Oct. 13-19.
Boles, Bonita Louise. Book review. 2002 Oct. 29-30.
Boraas, Stephanie and Marisa DiNatale. Labor force ex-
perience of women from Generation ‘X,’ The. 2002 Mar.
3-15. Errata. 2002 May 56.
Buckley, John E. Rankings of full-time occupations, by
earnings, 2000. 2002 Mar. 46-57.
Brand, Horst. Book reviews. 2002 Mar. 59-60; May 52-53.
Carlton, Wendy. Book review. 2002 Dec. 30-32.
Capdeville, Patricia and Mark K. Sherwood. U.S. Labor
market performance in international perspective. 2002
June 15-35.
Chenu, Alain and John P. Robinson. Synchronicity in the
work schedule o f working couples. 2002 Apr. 55-63.
Chenu, Alain, John P. Robinson and Anthony S. Alvarez .
Measuring the complexity of hours at work: the weekly
work grid. 2002 Apr. 44-54.
Cobet, Aaron E. and Gregory Wilson. Comparing 50 years of
labor productivity in U.S. and foreign manufacturing. 2002
June 51-65.
DiNatale, Marisa and Stephanie Boraas. The Labor force
experience of women from Generation ‘X.’ 2002 Mar.
3-15. Errata. 2002 May 56.
DiNatale, Marisa. Book review. 2002 Oct. 30-31.
Duly, Abby L. and Geoffrey D. Paulin. Planning ahead:
consumer expenditure patterns in retirement. 2002 July
38-58.
Faberman, R. Jason. Job flows and labor dynamics in the
U.S. Rust Belt. 2002 Sept. 3-10.
Fan, Jianyong, Shejian Liu, Yan Yan, and M ing Lu.
Employment restructuring during China’s economic
transition. 2002 Aug. 25-31.
Fisher, Sylvia K. Book review. 2002 Feb. 62.
Frazis, Harley. Diane Herz and Lisa K. Schwartz. Measuring
intrahousehold allocation of time: response to Anne E.
Winkler. 2002 Feb. 53-59.
Friedman, Brian, Christopher Kask, and David Kieman.
Labor productivity growth in wholesale trade, 19002000. 2002 Dec. 3-15.
Gamer, Thesia I. and Kathleen Short. Experimental poverty
measures: accounting for medical expenditures. 2002
Aug. 3-14.
Goodman, Bill and Reid Steadman. Services: business
demand rivals consumer demand in driving job growth.
2002 Apr. 3-16.
Goodman, Bill. Book review. 2002 June 67-68.
Gullickson, William and Michael J. Harper. Bias in aggregate
productivity trends revisited. 2002 Mar. 32-40.
Guzda, Henry P. Book review. 2002 Aug. 33-34.
Harchaoui, Tarek M., Faouzi Takhani, Chris Jackson, and Philip
Armstrong. Information technology and economic growth
in Canada and the U.S. 2002 Oct. 3-12.
Harper, Michael J. and William Gullickson. Bias in aggregate
productivity trends revisited. 2002 Mar. 32-40.
H erz,D ian e, L isa K. S chw artz and H arley F razis.
Measuring intrahousehold allocation o f time: response
to Anne E. Winkler. 2002 Feb. 53-59.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Hill, Elizabeth T. The labor force participation of older
women: retired? working? both? 2002 Sept. 39-48.
Jackson, Chris, Tarek M. Harchaoui, Faouzi Takhani, and Philip
Armstrong. Information technology and economic growth
in Canada and the U.S. 2002 Oct. 3-12.
Jordan, Robert. Book review. 2002 Oct. 33.
Kask, Christopher and Edward Sieber. Productivity
growth in ‘high-tech’ manufacturing industries. 2002
Mar. 16-31.
Kask, Christopher, Brian Friedman, and David Kieman.
Labor productivity growth in wholesale trade, 19002000. 2002 Dec. 3-15.
Kieman, David, Christopher Kask, and Brian Friedman.
Labor productivity growth in wholesale trade, 19002000. 2002 Dec. 3-15.
Kirkland, Katie. Book review. 2002 Feb. 61.
Klick, Joshua. Book review. 2002 July 60.
Kokoski, Mary. Book review. 2002 Oct. 31-33.
Krantz, Rachel. Employment in business services: a year of
unprecedented decline. 2002 Apr. 17-24.
Krolik, Thomas J., Terence M. McMenamin, and David S.
Langdon. U.S. labor market in 2001: economy enters a
recession. 2002 Feb. 3-33.
Lancaster, Loryn and Anne Vogel. Changes in unemployment
insurance legislation in 2001. 2002 Jan. 37-45.
Langdon, David S., Terence M. McMenamin, and Thomas
J. Krolik. U.S. labor market in 2001: economy enters a
recession. 2002 Feb. 3-33.
Lee Yoon G. and Geoffrey D. Paulin. Expenditures of single
parents: how does gender figure in? 2002 July 16-37.
Lettau, Michael, Mark A. Loewenstein, and Steve P. Paben.
Is the ECI sensitive to the method o f aggregation? an
update. 2002 Dec. 23-28.
Liu, Shejian, Jianyong Fan, Yan Yan, and Ming Lu.
Employment restructuring during China’s economic
transition. 2002 Aug. 25-31.
Loewenstein, Mark A., Michael Lettau, and Steve P. Paben.
Is the ECI sensitive to the method o f aggregation? an
update. 2002 Dec. 23-28.
Lu, Ming, Shejian Liu, Jianyong Fan, and Yan Yan.
Employment restructuring during China’s economic
transition. 2002 Aug. 25-31.
McMenamin, Terence M., David S. Langdon, and Thomas
J. Krolik. U.S. labor market in 2001: economy enters a
recession. 2002 Feb. 3-33.
Moglia, Lisa, Theo Bikoi, and Chris Sparks. A perspective
on U.S. and foreign compensation costs in manufacturing.
2002 June 36-50.
Moore, James H., Jr. and Leslie A. Muller. An analysis of lump
sum pension distribution recipients. 2002 May 15-28.
Mosisa, Abraham T. The role o f foreign-bom workers in
the U.S. economy. 2002 May 3-14.
Moy, Joyanna and Constance Sorrentino. U.S. Labor market
performance in international perspective. 2002 June 1535.
Monthly Labor Review
December
2002
105
Index to Volume 125
Muhl, Charles J. What is an employee? The answer depends
on the Federal law. 2002 Jan. 3-11.
Muller, Leslie A. and James H. Moore, Jr. An analysis of lump
sum pension distribution recipients. 2002 May 29-46.
Nelson, Richard R. State labor legislation enacted in 2001.
2002 Jan. 12-30.
Osbum, Jane. Book review. 2002 Sept. 50-52.
Paben, Steve P., Mark A. Loewenstein, and Michael Lettau.
Is the ECI sensitive to the method of aggregation? an
update. 2002 Dec. 23-28.
Paulin, Geoffrey D. and Abby L. Duly. Planning ahead:
consumer expenditure patterns in retirement. 2002 July
38-58.
Paulin, Geoffrey D. and Yoon G Lee. Expenditures of single
parents: how does gender figure in? 2002 July 16-37.
Popick, Amy, William F. Snyders, and Jonathan Weinhagen.
Producer price highlights. 2002 July 3-15.
Presser, Harriet B. and Barbara Altman. Work shifts and
disability: a national view. 2002 Sept. 11-24.
Robinson John P. and Alain Chenu. Synchronicity in the
work schedule of working couples. 2002 Apr. 55-63.
Robinson, John P., Alain Chenu, and Anthony S. Alvarez.
Measuring the complexity o f hours at work: the weekly
work grid. 2002 Apr. 44-54.
Schwenk, Albert E. and William J. Wiatrowski. Using the
Employment Cost Index to adjust Medicare payments.
2002 Oct. 20-27.
Schwartz, Lisa K. The American Time Use Survey; cognitive
pretesting. 2002 Feb. 34—44.
Schwartz, Lisa K., Diane Herz, and Frazis Harley. Measuring
intrahousehold allocation of time: response to Anne E.
Winkler. 2002 Feb. 53-59.
Sherwood, Mark K. and Patricia Capdeville. U.S. labor
market performance in international perspective. 2002
June 15-35.
Short, Kathleen and Thesia I. Gamer. Experimental poverty
measures: accounting for medical expenditures. 2002
Aug. 3-14.
Sieber, Edward and Christopher Kask. Productivity growth in
‘high tech’ manufacturing industries. 2002 Mar. 16-31.
Snyders, William F., Jonathan Weinhagen, and Amy Popick.
Producer price highlights. 2002 July 3-15.
Sok, Emy. Book review. 2002 Nov. 42-44.
Sorrentino, Constance and Joyanna Moy. U.S. labor market
106 Monthly Labor Review
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
December
2002
performance in international perspective. 2002 June 1535.
Sparks, Chris, Theo Bikoi, and Lisa Moglia. A perspective
on U.S. and foreign compensation costs in
manufacturing. 2002 June 36-50.
Staudohar, Paul D. Baseball negotiations: a new agreement.
Dec. 15-22.
Steadman, Reid and Bill Goodman. Services: business
demand rivals consumer demand in driving job growth.
2002 Apr. 3-16.
Stephenson, Stanley P. Book review. 2002 Nov. 42.
Szafran, Robert F. Age-adjusted labor force participation
rates, 1960-2045. 2002 Sept. 25-38. Erratum. 2002
Nov. 46.
Takhani, Faouzi, Tarek M. Harchaoui, Chris Jackson, and Philip
Armstrong. Information technology and economic growth
in Canada and the U.S. 2002 Oct. 3-12.
Toossi, Mitra. A century of change: U.S. labor force from
1950 to 2050. 2002 May 15-28.
Toossi, Mitra. Consumer spending: an engine for U.S. job
growth. 2002 Nov. 12-22.
Vogel, Anne and Loryn Lancaster. Changes in unemployment
insurance legislation in 2001.2002 Jan. 37—45.
Wasser, Solidelle Fortier. Book review. 2002 June 67.
Weinhagen, Jonathan, William F. Snyders, and Amy Popick.
Producer price highlights. 2002 July 3-15.
Weinhagen, Jonathan. Analysis o f price transmission by
stage of processing. 2002 Nov. 3-11.
Whittington, Glenn. Changes in workers’ compensation laws
during 2001. 2002 Jan. 31-36.
Wiatrowski, William J. and Albert E. Schwenk. Using the
Employment Cost Index to adjust Medicare payments.
2002 Oct. 20-27.
Wilson, Gregory and Aaron E. Cobet. Comparing 50 years
o f lab o r p ro d u c tiv ity in U .S. and fo reig n
manufacturing. 2002 June 51-65.
Wilson, Todd. Consumer inflation lower in 2001: energy and
apparel prices declined. 2002 Mar. 41—45.
Winkler, Anne F. Measuring time use in households with
more than one person. 2002 Feb. 45-52.
Yamagami, Toshihiko. Utilization o f labor resources in
Japan and the United States. 2002 Apr. 25-43.
Yan, Yan, Ming Lu, Shejian Liu, and Jianyong Fan.
Employment restructuring during China’s economic
transition. 2002 Aug. 25-31.
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I n te r n e t a d d re s s
B u reau o f L ab o r S tatistic s
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In fo rm a tio n serv ices
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Employment and unemployment
E m p lo y m en t, h o u rs, and earn in g s:
N ational
S tate an d local
L ab o r force statistics:
N ational
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Local
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O cc u p atio n al em p lo y m e n t
M ass layoffs
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h ttp ://w w w .b ls.g o v /o e s/
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c p sin fo @ b ls.g o v
la u sin fo @ b ls .g o v
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L o n g itu d in al d a ta
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Prices and living conditions
C o n su m er p rice in dexes
P ro d u c er p rice ind ex es)
Im port and ex p o rt p rice in d ex es
C o n su m er ex p e n d itu res
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h ttp ://w w w .b ls.g o v /p p i/
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Compensation and working conditions
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Productivity
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O cc u p atio n
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International
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Regional centers
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Period
Release
Period
date
covered
date
covered
Productivity and costs
December 4
3rd quarter
Employment situation
December 6
November
January 10
December
1; 4-24
December 12
November
January 14
December
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Producer Price Indexes
December 13
November
January 14
December
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Consumer Price indexes
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November
January 16
December
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Real earnings
December 17
November
January 16
December
14, 16
January 30
4th quarter
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Series
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Employment Cost Indexes
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