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https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis C E R T IF IC A T E T h is p u b lic a tio n is issu ed p u r s u a n t to th e p ro v isio n s o f th e s u n d ry civil a c t (41 S ta ts . 1430), a p p ro v e d M arch 4, 1921. A D D IT IO N A L C O P IE S OF THIS PUBLICATION MAT BE PROCURED FROM THE SUPERINTENDENT OF DOCUMENTS GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE WASHINGTON, D. C. AT 15 C E N T S P E R C O PY S u b s c r ip t io n P r i c e , 11.50 P e r Y e a r PURCHASER AGREES NOT TO RESELL OR DISTRIBUTE THIS COPY FOR PROFIT.— PUB. RES. 67, APPROVED MAY 11, 1922 Contents. Special articles: . Page' Bread making in the modern bakery, by Robert S. Billups, of the United States Bureau of Labor Statistics....................................... - .......... 1-12 Protection of workers under Mexican State labor laws, by Ethel C. \ohe, of the United States Bureau of Labor Statistics......................................... 13-25 Industrial relations and labor conditions: Underground management in bituminous coal mines................................... 26-39 Germany—Reports of factory inspectors for 1922.......................................... 39-50 India—Factory conditions in the Punjab in 1922......................................... 50, 51 Prices and cost of living: Retail prices of food in the United States..................................................... 52-73 Retail prices of coal in the United States.................................... ............ ; - • 74-77 Index numbers of wholesale prices in October, 1923.................................... 77, 78 Wholesale prices in the United States and foreign countries, 1913 to Sep tember, 1923............................................................• * ................................ ' ' 9 Norway—House rents in Christiania, 1900 to 1922.......................................... 80 Wages and hours of labor: The 48-hour week in industry, by J. C. Bowen, of the United States Bureau of Labor Statistics....................................................................................... 81-102 Union scale of wages and hours of labor as of May 15, 1923...................... 103-108 Wage scales in the building trades, November 1, 1923.............................. 108- 142 Porto Rico—Wages in 1921-22........................................................................ 443 Netherlands—Wages in 1921, 1922, and 1923, as compared with 1914.... 114,115 Minimum wage: Recent minimum-wage orders, British Columbia...................................... 116,11/ Woman and child labor: Maryland—Child labor on truck farms..................... ................................. 448>449 Michigan—Occupations of juvenile workers in Detroit.................... ........ 120,121 Australia—Entrance of women into railway clerical work........................ 121,122 Labor agreements, awards, and decisions: Decisions of Railroad Labor Board—• Supervisory forces................................................................................. 123-125 Subordinate officials...... ....................................................................... 42^> 426 Agreements— Longshoremen and lighter captains—Port of New York....................... 127 Printing industry (web pressmen)—New York City.......................... 127-129 Taxicabs—Rochester, N. Y .................................................................. 429>439 Italy—Decree regulating collective agreements......................................... 130,131 Employment and unemployment: Employment in selected industries in October, 1923................................ 132-139 Employment and earnings of railroad employees, September, 1922, and August and September, 1923.................................................................... 139-141 Extent of operation of bituminous coal mines, September 22 to October 13, 1923............................................................................................................. 141 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis hi IV CONTENTS. Employment and unemployment—Concluded. Recent employment statistics— Page. Iowa........................................................................................................... 142 Massachusetts........................................................................................ 142,143 Minnesota.................................................................................................. 144 Conference of International Association on Unemployment..................... 144,145 Germany—Unemployment, October, 1923.................................................... 145 Great Britain— Effect on the worker of unemployment and unemployment relief... 145-148 Report of Unemployment Grants Committee..................................... 148,149 Unemployment insurance by industry................................................ 149 -151 Housing: New York—Housing situation in New York City...................................... 152-154 Finland—Housing for employees................................................................ 154-156 Industrial accidents and hygiene: Electrical code of Wisconsin........................................................................... 157 Industrial placement of heart patients....................................................... 157-161 Industrial accidents in the rubber industry, first half of 1923.................. 161,162 Estimated annual number and cost of industrial accidents in the United States—A correction..................................................................................... 162 Workmen’s compensation and social insurance: Recommendations of American Federation of Labor................................. 163-167 Indiana—Report of Industrial Board............................................................. 167 Ohio—Results of damage suits under workmen’s compensation law....... 167,168 Denmark—Invalidity insurance................................................................. 168,169 France—Extension of workmen’s compensation law to domestic service... 170 Labor laws and court decisions: Germany—Amendment of the home work law.......................................... 171, 172 Labor organizations and conventions: Forty-third annual meeting of American Federation of Labor................. 173-175 Number and earnings of members of International Typographical Union, 1909 to 1923................................................................................................... 175 Alliance of five needle-trade unions............................................................... 176 Meeting of Pan American Federation of Labor, 1924................................... 176 Canada—Annual meeting of Trades and Labor Congress.......................... 176,177 Norway—Trade-union movement, 1922...................................................... 177,178 Poland—Program of Federation of Trade-Unions...................................... 178,179 Strikes and lockouts: Strikes and lockouts in the United States, April to June, 1923................ 180-184 Czechoslovakia—Strikes and lockouts in 1922................................................ 185 Vocational education and training: Australia—New apprenticeship regulations in New South Wales................. 186 Belgium—Vocational guidance in Brussels................................................ 187-189 Finland—Vocational and other educational training by employers......... 189,190 Welfare: Finland—Welfare work for employees........................................................... 191 Cooperation: Cooperative restaurants and distribution of milk, Minneapolis.................... 192 Progress of consumers’ cooperative wholesale societies............................. 192,193 Course in cooperative training, Minneapolis.................................................. 193 Guiding points in the location of the cooperative store............................. 193,194 Great Britain—Report of Labor Copartnership Association, 1922............. 194,195 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis CONTENTS. V Cooperation—Concluded.. Cooperation in foreign countries— Page. Australia.................................................................................................... 196 Canada................................................................................................... 196,197 Ceylon.................................................................................................... 197,198 Czechoslovakia.......................................................................................... 198 India (Punjab)......................................................................................... 198 Italy....................................................................................................... 198-200 Poland....................................................................................................... 200 Conciliation and ar bitration: Conciliation work of the Department of Labor in October, 1923, by Hugh L. Kerwin, Director of Conciliation........................................................ 201-204 Immigration: Statistics of immigration for September, 1923, by W. W. Husband, Com missioner General of Immigration........................................................... 205-210 Proposed international conference on emigration and immigration.. . . . . 210, 211 Italy—Recent measures for protection of emigrants...................................... 212 What State labor bureaus are doing: Massachusetts................................................................................................... 213 Porto Rico................................................................................................... .. 213, 214 Current notes of interest to labor: Finland—Reduction of working-days per week............................................ 215 215 Scandinavia—Employers’ conference............................................................ Sweden—Reorganization of unemployment commission.............................. 215 Publications relating to labor: Official—United States................................................................................ 216,217 Official—Foreign countries...................................... — ............................. 218-221 Unofficial...................................................................................................... 221-225 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW vo l . xvn, n o . WASHINGTON 6 De cem ber , 1923 Bread Making in the Modem Bakery. B y R obert S. B il l u p s , o f t h e U n it e d S t a t e s B u r e a u o p L a b o r S t a t is t ic s . N JULY and August, 1923, the United States Department of Labor, through its Bureau of Labor Statistics, made a s t u d y of bread making as it is done in the modern bakery, for the purpose of showing the average customary or regular full-time hours per week, average number of pounds of bread produced per man per hour, average earnings per hour of employees actually engaged in the production of bread, and average labor or production cost per pound of bread. This study also included baking machinery, proc esses, and occupations. The figures presented in this article are limited to the productive employees in the bread-making department of the bakery, beginning with those who receive the flour and other ingredients as they are delivered to the bakery, and ending with those who pack the baked bread in baskets or boxes, or on bread racks ready for drivers of the wagons or for shipment from the bakery. Figures covering bakery officials, clerks, and other office employees, salesmen, bread wagon drivers, maintenance and repair employees, and employees of cake, pie, and pastry departments are excluded. This study is limited to 3 representative bakeries, with 135 em ployees, in Baltimore, Md.; to 9 bakeries, with 733 employees, in New York City; to 5 bakeries, with 451 employees, in Philadelphia, Pa.; and to 4 bakeries, with 300 employees, in Washington, D. C. Thus a total of 21 bakeries and 1,619 productive employees is covered. Agents of the bureau visited the bakeries mentioned above and, selecting a representative weekly pay-roll period in 1923, obtained from pay rolls and other records the occupation of each employee, the number of hours he actually worked and earnings he actually made, and the number of pounds of bread and rolls produced during this particular pay-roll period. These figures were used as the basis for the averages presented in this article. Customary or regular full-time hours per week are the number of hours that a bakery under normal conditions is in operation in a week, or the number of hours that the employees may expect work each week. The customary or regular full-time hours per week for employees of each of the bakeries covered in Baltimore are 54; in New York and Washington 48; in Philadelphia the hours per week of the different bakeries range from 50 to 55, averaging 51.1 for the employees of all the bakeries covered. I https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [1225] l 2 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW. Overtime is time worked in excess of customary or regular full time hours per week. Practically all the bakeries studied have some overtime work each week, usually on Friday when it is necessary to produce sufficient bread for Saturday and Sunday. In this industry Saturday is the day of rest instead of Sunday, as in other six-day week industries. Overtime is paid for at the regular rate by the bakeries in Baltimore, New York, and Philadelphia, and at rate and one-half by those covered in Washington. In Baltimore the average number of pounds of bread, including rolls, produced per man per hour ranges from 70 for the bakery with the lowest production to 103 for the bakery with the highest, with an average of 92 for all employees covered; in New York the range is from 52 to 95, with an average of 73; in Philadelphia, from 52 to 68, with an average of 62; and in Washington, from 48 to 72, with an average of 63. The highest production per man per hour was made in a bakery in which there are very few bench hands, no machine hands except at the divider and one at the molder, and no oven men. This baker}" is fully equipped with the best machinery, including traveling ovens, and is modern in every way. Here 90 per cent or more of the dough is carried directly, by machinery operated by electric power, from the fermenting room to and through the divider, rounder, first or pre liminary automatic proofer, molder, final automatic steam proofer, and traveling oven. The lowest production per man per hour was made in a bakery in which there are machine hands at the divider, rounder, revolving proofing cabinet, and molder; in which helpers shove racks loaded with pans of molded dough into the steam proofer and from the proofer to the ovens; and in which there are also bench hands and oven men. In this particular bakery the employees in these occupa tions form a larger per cent of the total employees than in any other bakery for which averages are presented. It is, therefore, manifest that very large production per man per hour can be obtained only by a bakery having efficient machinery and efficient organization. Average earnings per hour of employees of bakeries in Baltimore range from 49.7 cents in the bakery with the lowest average to 53.8 cents in the bakery with the highest, with an average of 50.9 cents for all employees covered; in New York the range is from 56.1 to 71.6 cents, with an average of 63.6 cents; in Philadelphia from 50.2 to 60.4 cents, with an average of 56.4 cents; and in Wash ington from 67.4 to 77.6 cents, with an average of 74.1 cents. The averages for Washington, as compared with those of other cities, are higher, for two reasons: (1) The basic rate per hour in Washington for mixers, bench hands or hand bakers, dividers or scalers, rounders, cabinet men, molders, and oven men is 81 per hour for day work and $1.10 per hour for night work, as compared with rates of 50 to 74.1 cents for these occupations in Baltimore, 50 cents to $1,042 in New York, and 47.9 to 80 cents in Philadelphia; and (2) overtime is paid for at the rate of time and a half, or $1.50 per hour for day work and $1.65 per hour for night work, in Washington, while in other cities all overtime is paid for at regular rates by the bakeries covered. Further, as work in most of the bakeries in Washington begins about https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [ 1226 ] 3 BREAD MAKING IN THE MODERN BAKERY. 2 p. m. and ends about 10 p. m. or after, practically all overtime is paid for at the night overtime rate of $1.65 per hour. Average labor or production cost per pound of bread in bakeries in Baltimore ranges from 0.48 cent to 0.77 cent, with an average of 0.55 cent for all bakeries covered; in New York the range is from 0.62 cent to 1.18 cents, with an average of 0.87 cent; in Philadelphia from 0.85 cent to 1.11 cents, with an average of 0.91 cent; and in Washington from 1.07 to 1.59 cents, with an average of 1.17 cents. The statement made regarding the efficiency of the produc tion per man per hour likewise applies to the average labor or pro duction cost. It should again be emphasized that the figures presented above and in the tables following apply only to the production employees of the bread-making department of the modern bakery. Averages for “ all employees” of all bakeries covered in each city as presented in the table below, have already been discussed. The averages for “ bakers (mixers, bench hands, machine hands, and oven men),” are for the key occupations in bread making, the work of all other bread-making occupations being comparatively unim portant. CU STO M A RY O R R E G U L A R F U L L -T IM E H O U R S P E R W E E K , A V E R A G E N U M B E R O F P O U N D S O F B R E A D P R O D U C E D P E R MAN P E R H O U R , A V E R A G E E A R N IN G S P E R H O U R , A N D A V E R A G E L A B O R CO ST P E R P O U N D O F B R E A D , B Y C IT Y , 1923. E m ployees a n d city. n u m b e r of C ustom ary or regular Average pounds of bread full-tim e hours per N u m produced p e r m an N u m b er of week. p e r hour. ber of em baker- ployies. ees. Low H igh A ver Low H igh A ver est. est. age. est. est. age. All employees: B altim ore.......................................................... New Y o rk ......................................................... P h ilad elp h ia..................................................... W ashington...................................................... B akers (m ixers, bench han d s, m achine hands, a n d oven m en): B altim ore.......................................................... New Y o rk .............. ........................................ P h ilad e lp h ia ..................................................... W ashington...................................................... 4 135 733 451 300 54.0 48.0 50. 0 48.0 54.0 48.0 55.0 48. 0 54.0 48. 0 51.1 48.0 70 52 52 48 103 95 68 72 92 73 62 03 3 9 5 4 43 54.0 48.0 50.0 48.0 54.0 48. 0 189 117 54.0 48.0 51. 1 48.0 138 101 87 116 427 266 162 189 307 155 146 165 3 9 48.0 A verage earnings p er hour. Em ployees a n d city. Average labor or produc tio n cost p er p o u n d of bread. Low est. H ighest. Average. Low est. H ighest. A verage. A il employees: B altim ore.............................................................. New Y o rk ............................................................. P h ilad elp h ia........................................................ W ashington.......................................................... B akers (m ixers, bench han d s, m achine hands a n d oven m en): B altim ore.............................................................. New Y o rk ............................................................. P h ilad e lp h ia ........................................................ W ashington.......................................................... https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 10.497 .561 .502 .674 $0.538 .716 .604 .776 $0. 509 .636 .504 .741 $0. 0048 .0062 .0085 .0107 $0. 0077 .0118 .0111 .0159 $0.0055 .0087 .0091 .0117 .548 .643 .573 1.067 - 696 .782 .644 1.090 . 641 .717 .620 1.079 .0015 .0024 .0036 .0057 . 0051 .0073 .0072 . 0093 . 0021 .0046 .0043 .0065 [1227] 4 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW. In reading figures for “ bakers” in connection with figures for “ all employees” it will be observed that in Baltimore only 43, or 32 per cent of the 135 employees covered, are bakers; in New York, 345, or 47 per cent of the 733 covered; in Philadelphia, 189, or 42 per cent of the 451 covered; and in Washington, 117, or 39 per cent of the 300 covered, are bakers. The small percentage of bakers in Baltimore is due principally to the fact that all the bakeries studied there are well equipped with modern automatic machinery, from the dividing or scaling machine to the traveling ovens, while some of the bakeries covered in other cities are not so well equipped. These facts, together with the production of 307 pounds of bread per baker per hour in Baltimore, as compared with 155 in New York, 146 in Philadelphia, and 165 in Washington, and an average earning of 64.1 cents per hour in Baltimore, as compared with 71.7 cents in New York, 62 cents in Philadelphia and $1,079 in Washington, seem to account for the very low labor cost of 0.21 cent per pound of bread for bakers in Baltimore compared with 0.46 cent per pound in New York, 0.43 cent in Phila delphia, and 0.65 cent in Washington. The table below presents for each of the bread-making occupations (mixers, bench hands or hand bakers, machine hands, oven men, helpers, laborers, wrappers, packers, and other employees) the classified days worked, average full-time hours, average hours actu ally worked, average hours of overtime work per week, and average earnings, per week and hour. These figures are computed from data, obtained from the bakeries studied, for a one-week pay-roll period in 1923. Beading line 1 of this table it is seen that in the 3 bakeries covered in Baltimore there were 5 mixers who worked 6 days, or on all the days that there was work during the week covered; that the full-time hours per week were 54, that these mixers actually worked an aver age of 55 hours, and that they actually worked an average of 1 hour overtime during the week. Their earnings averaged $37.10 for the week and 67.5 cents per hour. Line 2 shows that one of the 32 mixers in New York worked only 3 of the 6 days that the 9 bakeries were in operation. During these 3 days this mixer actually worked only 18 hours. This is the reason that the average hours actually worked (49.7) are less than the total (50.6) of the average full-time hours (48) and average hours of overtime (2.6). Line 3 shows that one of the 19 mixers in Philadelphia worked 4 of the 6 days the 5 bakeries were in operation, while 1 employee worked 7 days, doing work on one day when the bakery as a whole was not in operation. Other lines may be read in like manner and comparisons made between one city and another. An inspection of the table shows that many of the bench hands or hand bakers and helpers worked fewer than 6 days or less than full time during the week covered, showing that a larger percentage of the employees in these occupations were much less regular in attend ance than employees of other occupations. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [1228] 5 BREAD MAKING IN THE MODERN BAKERY. E M P L O Y E E S C L A S S IF IE D B Y D AYS W O R K E D AN D A V E R A G E H O U R S A N D E A R N IN G S, IN O N E W E E K , B Y O C CU PA TIO N S A N D C IT IE S , 1923. O ccupation an d city. N u m b er of employees w ork- A verage hours (oneu m ■ in g each specified n u m b er week p a y period). N u m Nber of days per week. ber of of b a k em ctu Over F ull Aally eries. ploy 4 1 2 3 5 6 7 time. ees. w orked. time. Mixers: B a ltim o re ................... New Y o rk ................... P hiladelp h ia............... W a sh in g to n ............ B ench hands or h an d bakers: B altim ore..................... New Y o rk .................... P h ilad elp h ia............... W ashington................. M achine hands: B a ltim o re .................. New Y o rk .................... P h ila d e lp h ia ___ W a sh in g to n .................. O ven m en: “ B a ltim o re ............. New Y o rk .................... P hiladelp h ia............... W a sh in g to n _________ H elpers: B a ltim o re ........ ............. New Y o rk .................... P h ilad elp h ia............... W ashington................. Laborers: B a ltim o re ...................... N ew Y o rk .................... P h ilad elp h ia............... W a sh in g to n ........ W rappers: B a ltim o re ...................... New Y o rk .................... P h ila d e lp h ia ................ W ash i n g to n .. Packers: B altim ore.. . New Y o rk .................... P h ila d e lp h ia . W ashington................. O ther em ployees:1 B a ltim o re ...................... New Y o rk .................... P h ila d e lp h ia . W a sh in g to n __ . 3 9 5 4 5 32 19 2 9 5 4 26 175 92 74 3 9 5 4 9 37 28 11 1 9 5 3 3 101 50 22 3 9 5 4 48 152 87 99 3 9 5 4 12 85 74 37 3 7 4 4 14 28 17 9 1 3 9 5 4 10 83 49 21 2 3 9 5 4 8 40 35 17 1 4 1 3 3 1 1 1 2 2 1 1 1 1 4 7 1 2 4 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 3 1 2 1 1 1.0 $37.10 $0.675 .770 2.6 38. 24 .657 .4 33. 34 1.0 53.08 1.084 6 2 54.0 48.0 50.9 48.0 52.6 48.2 50.5 43.8 .7 2.0 .4 .9 30.98 33.09 29. 82 46.97 .589 .686 .591 1.073 8 35 27 10 i 1 54.0 48.0 50.1 48.0 53.2 51.4 50.7 48.6 .2 29.66 3.7 • 33. 59 .6 29.65 1.2 52.29 .557 .653 .584 1.075 1 2 1 3 3 94 46 20 2 2 54.0 48.0 52.5 48.0 54.0 50.5 52.8 48.7 3.3 .9 1.8 34.17 39. 24 35. 82 53.39 .633 .776 .678 1.097 1 3 6 5 3 40 5 130 5 69 9 80 5 54.0 48.0 52.1 48.0 49.3 47.0 49.9 46.6 .2 2.9 .5 1.9 22.11 23.83 23.32 22.83 .448 .507 .467 .490 3 1 3 2 2 10 67 69 25 9 1 7 48.9 50.7 48.0 51.0 49.7 49.9 48.5 .4 3.0 .2 .7 23.07 25.22 23.17 22.88 1 1 1 14 27 12 6 54.0 48.9 49.6 48.0 59.1 50.1 43.7 38.9 5.1 2.9 20.99 26.26 22.46 19.88 .355 .524 .514 .510 1 1 .478 .545 .541 .578 .791 .958 .756 .836 1 1 5 1 55.0 49.7 50.7 49.0 24 8 153 1 87 21 46 1 JO Aver age earnings per hour. 54.0 48.0 51.3 48.0 5 31 17 10 1 A ver age earnings in one week. 1 i 10 74 48 16 1 1 8 35 34 16 5 3 4 54.0 54.0 49.1 ” 50.9 49.9 49.3 47.7 48.0 3.1 .9 25.80 27.74 26.66 27.59 53.7 49.4 51. 5 48.4 .5 2.0 .3 .9 42.48 47.35 38.92 40.44 53.3 48.2 51.4 48.0 .452 .508 .464 .472 1 Receiving clerks, foremen, oven firem en, and apprentices. Tlie modern bakery is a thoroughly organized concern equipped with much or all of the latest and most improved bakery machinery. It is the aim of such bakery to supply the public with the very best products at the least possible cost of production. This can be accomplished only by having efficient organization and efficient operation of machinery, thus saving time as well as labor. An official of one of the bakeries that furnished information for this article said, “ I am looking forward confidently to the time when our bakery will be so thoroughly equipped with machinery that it will not be necessary for any employee to handle the dough or the bread until after the bread has been baked and wrapped and is ready for our drivers.” Another said, “ If we returned to old conditions before the installation of machinery (blenders, sifters, mixers, dividers, rounders, molders, panners, wrappers, and automatic https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [1229] MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW. proofers and traveling ovens) we would have to increase our force of productive employees several times and enlarge our floor space to three or four times its present size in order to produce as much bread per day as we are now producing in that time.” Bread making, like many other industries, had its days of hard, heavy labor. The introduction of machinery has made the work in the bakery comparatively easy and light, has reduced the number of employees required to operate the bakery, especially the number of bench hands or hand bakers, oven men, and helpers, and has greatly increased production. Without entering into the question as to whether or not increased production has under present conditions made any change in the total cost of production, it may also be said that the use of machinery has made it possible for the consumer to buy good, wholesome bread for less than it would cost, including time and fuel, to produce bread of like quality in the home. As has already been stated the average cost of bread per pound as presented in this article is limited to productive employees only. Other items such as capital, including investments in land, buildings, and equip ment, along with cost of materials, insurance, taxes, depreciation, salaries of officials and office employees, wages of drivers and all other nonproductive employees not covered in this study, and probably other items not mentioned, should also be included in order to arrive at the total cost of production per pound. Below is given a description of the machinery, processes, and jobs or occupations found in the making of bread in the modern bakery. Machinery. J3LENBING machines.—Blending machines are used to mix two or more kinds of flour so thoroughly that an analysis of any portion of the mixture shows approximately the same per cent of each kind of flour in the portion as in the total mixture. Bread made from the blend or mixture of two or more grades of flour (each of which makes good bread) is usually more desirable than bread made from any one of the grades. Out of the 21 bakeries in question, 20 reported the use of electric power in operating blending machines and 1 reported the use of steam. The capacity of the blending machines in these bakeries ranged from 15 to 45 barrels or about 3,000 to 9,000 pounds of flour per hour, most of the bakeries reporting, however, the blending of 3,000 or 4,000 pounds per hour. As a rule, machinery operated by electric power carries the flour from the blending machine to the sifting machine. Sifting machines.—Sifting machines are used to remove pieces of cord or string, lint, splinters, or any other foreign substance from the flour, to make the flour less compact by breaking any lumps that may be present, and to lighten and aerate it. As the flour is carried by machinery directly from the blender to the sifter the capacity of the sifting machine is necessarily the same as that of the blending machine. After the flour has been sifted it is carried by machinery operated usually by electric power to a storage bin which is, as a rule, located in a room directly above the mixing room, so that the flour may be https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [1230] BR EA D M A K IN G I N THE M ODERN BAKERY. n drawn from tlie bin into automatic scales used by mixers in weighing flour for batches of dough. Batches of dough are made up by formulas. In gathering material for this article agents of the bureau made no effort to and did not obtain any bread-making formulas from any of the bakeries. A few of the officials of the bakeries visited were very much afraid that some of their trade secrets or processes which have cost a great deal and are, therefore, guarded most jealously, might in some way fall into the hands of their competitors. It is assumed that each bakery has its own formulas, and that each formula is somewhat different from any of the formulas of other bakeries. Two formulas which were published in the June 9, 1923, issue of the Bakers Weekly are presented below: FO R M U L A S F O R B R E A D D O U G H . L'nit. Ingredient. Flour ................................................. W ater ................................ Suffar ......................................... Sait .................................... M ilk ................................................... L ard ............................................. Y east.................................................. M alt ............................................... P o u n d s .. . . . .d o ........... . . .d o ........... .. .d o ........... .. .d o ........... .. .d o ........... .. .d o ........... .. .d o........... For m ula N o. 1. F or mula. N o. 2. 280 170 2 •o ill 6 300 108 8 4è 26 4 5 3 ■1 1 Sweetened, condensed, 42° sugar. 2 Sweetened, condensed. 3 Quart. In view of the statement above concerning the officials of a few bakeries, it is not out of place to quote here part of an editorial which appeared in the May 19, 1923, issue of the Bakers Weekly: The baker who has been given, by public approval, the assurance that his staff of life is all that it ought to be, does not, in fact, perform the service that is expected of him until he informs his brother baker, who perhaps has been less successful in turning out a high-quality product, how he, too, may attain the height of present-day perfec tion in a scientifically produced loaf of bread. We believe that the days of selfishness are past when a baker, or for that matter the manufacturer of any other article of food, can keep the secret of his success to himself. The bakers are gradually coming to know that the success of one illuminates the career of the other, while the failure of another will bring discredit upon the entire industry. Thus, in serving mankind, that baker serves best who serves his brother bakers. I t is indeed gratifying to note that already successful bakers in different sections of the country are exchanging bread with each ether, extending the hand of helpfulness with a view to bringing all bread products up to the highest possible level, and thus laying the foundation for a really lasting, universal service to mankind by the baker. Mixing machines.—The capacity of mixing machines ranges from 1 to 5 barrels. The bakeries visited are equipped principally with machines of 4--barrel capacity, operated by electric powder. They reported that batches of dough ranging from 100 to 1,500 pounds were mixed in from 7 to 20 minutes; in the majority of bakeries studied, the mixing period was 12 minutes. Dough is mixed at a temperature of 78 to 82° F. It is generally understood that approxi mately 300 one-pound loaves of bread can be made from a barrel of flour. After the dough lias been mixed it is transferred to the fermenting room and kept there at a temperature of approximately 80° F. for a https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [1231] 8 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW. period ranging from one and one-half to six hours. In a great major ity of cases the fermentation period lasts from three to four hours. In most cases, also, the dough is punched or worked down two or three times while in the fermenting room, though one bakery reported that the dough was punched only once. The dough then passes from the fermenting room to the hopper of the dividing or scaling machine or to a bench at which bench hands or hand bakers work. It may be stated that the long as well as expensive period of fer mentation has, according to an article in the May 19, 1923, issue of the Bakers Weekly (pp. 38 to 40), been eliminated by a process, re cently developed, of conditioning dough while it is being mixed. Dough after being so conditioned is carried directly from the mixing machine to the dividing machine. Dividing or scaling machines.—Scaling machines divide the batches of dough into pieces of uniform weight for loaves of bread, the weight being determined by the regulator of the machine. In this dividing process the dough passes or is drawn from the hopper of the machine into a box, sometimes called the 11top box” and is pressed or rammed from that box into the pockets of the machine until the pressure against the regulator is sufficient to complete the operation of divid ing the dough into pieces, after which the pieces drop automatically from the machine to a conveyor or to a stand or table. Fifteen of the 21 bakeries studied are equipped with six-pocket dividers. Six pieces of dough are scaled by such machines at each operation. Other bakeries covered have 1, 2, 4, or 5 pocket dividers. The machine of lowest capacity scales 30 pieces per minute and the one of highest capacity scales 84 per minute. The capacity of the ma jority of the machines ranges from 48 to 60 per minute. As it is necessary that the pieces scaled by the dividing machine pass through other machines of the bakery in regular order, the capacity of rounding machines, proofing cabinets, automatic proofers, molding machines, panning machines and final automatic steam proofers are necessarily the same as that of the dividing or scaling machines. Rounding machines.—After the pieces of dough have been dropped from the dividing machine they are carried by conveyor and dropped automatically into the rounding machine or picked up by hand and placed on it. This machine is circular with a spiral trough and re volves when in operation. The revolving machine rolls the pieces of dough in every direction, balling or rounding them up and then drops them onto conveyors or a small table or stand. The pieces are dusted with flour while in the machine. After the dough has been divided into pieces and the pieces have been rounded, they are allowed to remain for 10 or 15 minutes in proofing cabinets, or 6 to 15 minutes in automatic proofers in order that the cells may develop under the process known to the industry as proofing. The pressure on the dough in passing through the dividing machine and the rolling of the pieces in passing through the rounding machine tends to ‘‘kill” the dough or cause it to fall. Proofing cabinets.—Proofing cabinets are more like pieces of furni ture than machinery. The cabinets are square with a set of drawers arranged one above the other in the left hand half of each side. They are pivoted to a base so they may be revolved. The drawers on side “ A ” are filled with pieces of rounded dough. The cabinet https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [1232] BREAD MAKING IN THE MODERN BAKERY. 9 is then moved by hand one-quarter way round and then those on side “ B,” u C ,” and “ D ” are filled in order and moved in like manner. As the drawers on side " D ” are being filled, those in side “ A ” are being emptied. The drawers in the other sides are filled and emptied in regular order as the work continues. The cabinets are kept at a temperature of 80° F. Automatic proofers.—It is desirable that all pieces of dough be given the same time or proof. This is not possible with proofing cabinets, rooms, closets, or other receptacles provided with drawers, racks, or stationary shelves on account of the time taken in placing pieces in and taking them out of cabinets, rooms, closets, etc. The automatic proofer solves this problem as it gives each piece of dough exactly the same time of proof. The operation is continuous. The proofer is provided with an endless chain having buckets or shelves attached which receive the pieces of dough as they come from the rounding machine. The loaded buckets or shelves are carried back and forth through the proof box which is kept at a temperature of 98 to 110° F. and the pieces of dough are automatically dumped at the unloading point into the molding machine. The proof box is usually suspended from the ceiling or attached to the wall of the mixing room. Molding machines.—The molding machines give the pieces of dough the desired shape for loaves of bread. The pieces drop automatically into the machine from the buckets or shelves of the conveyor of the first automatic proofer, or are picked up by hand and placed in the machine, are molded as they pass through, and dropped automatically into oven pans on a panning machine, or onto a small stand or table. Panning machines.—Panning machines are equipped with an end less chain or conveyor. Empty oven pans are placed by hand on the conveyor, are carried under the molding machine, receive the molded pieces of dough as they drop from the molding machine, and carry and unload them onto the conveyor of the automatic final steam proofer. Automatic final steam proofers.—These automatic proofers are equipped with conveyors or endless chains having buckets or shelves attached. Pieces of molded dough after being automatically loaded into the buckets or onto the shelves of the conveyor are carried back and forth through the proofer during the final proofing period of 45 to 60 minutes and unloaded automatically onto the shelves of the conveyor of traveling ovens or to tables or benches at or near the feed end of traveling ovens. The final steam proofing is done at a temperature of 98 to 110° F. Stearn proofing boxes.—Pieces of dough divided, rounded, and molded by bench hands or hand bakers, or by machinery in bakeries not equipped with automatic steam proofers, are proofed in steam proofing boxes or rooms which are kept at a temperature of 98 to 110° F. The pieces are placed on racks, shoved into the proofers, kept there 45 to 60 minutes, and then shoved to ovens. Ovens.—Ovens as found in the bakeries covered by this article are of three kinds: (1) Peel ovens, so called because it is necessary to use a peel 1 in placing each pan of dough in the oven and in taking each pan of 1 A peel is a th in an d ra th e r bro ad board w ith a long handle. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [1233] MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW. bread out of tlie oven. The employees who use the peel are called oven men. (2) Drawplate ovens, so called because they have baking plates 4 or 5 feet wide and 6 or 7 feet long. One end of the plate has two legs or rollers. When a plate is withdrawn from the chamber of the oven, one end of the plate is partially in and rests on the oven and the other end rests on its legs which are on the floor of the oven room. Many pans of dough are placed on the oven plate. The plate is then returned to the oven chamber and the opening of the oven closed. After the plate has been in the oven the necessary period of time for baking, the plate is withdrawn again and unloaded. The employees who look after the ovens are called oven men. (3) Traveling or automatic ovens are so called because equipped with endless chains operated by electric power. The chains have conveyors onto which pans of dough are either loaded by hand or are automatically unloaded from the conveyors of automatic steam proofers to the conveyors of the traveling or automatic oven at the feed end of the oven. The pans of dough are carried by the chains through the oven and unloaded from the chain at the delivery end of the oven. There are no oven men at traveling ovens. The employees who work at the two ends of the ovens feeding pans of dough or dumping bread from pans are called helpers. Nineteen of the 21 bakeries under discussion are equipped w ith’ peel or drawplate ovens, or with both. Two are not equipped with either of these. The 3 bakeries covered in Baltimore are equipped with traveling ovens; 4 of the 5 in New York; 1 of the 5 in Phila delphia; and 2 of the 4 in Washington, making a total of 10 having traveling ovens. The capacity of these traveling ovens ranges from 2,000 to 5,000 loaves per hour. The baking period or time in the oven ranges from 25 to 45 minutes. Wrapping machines.—All except 2 of the 21 bakeries studied are equipped with bread-wrapping machines operated by electric power. The capacity of the machines ranges from 20 to 60 loaves per minute. Occupations. D E C E IV IN G clerics.—Receiving clerks receive and check bills of i ^ flour and other ingredients used in making bread, and keep a record of the quantity and kind received. In some bakeries they use small hand trucks for moving sacks of flour into the flour store room and from there to the hopper or chute leading to the blending machine, cut the cord by which the top or open ends of sacks are fastened, dump the flour into the hopper, clean empty sacks, and sweep and clean the storeroom. In other bakeries laborers perform these jobs. Mixers.—Mixers in making up a batch of dough weigh or measure according to formula the specified amounts of flour, water, salt, milk, sugar, lard, malt, yeast, and any other ingredient that may be used in making the bread, deposit them in the mixing machine, close the machine, and start it by pressing an electric button or by turning a switch, turn off the power in like manner after the batch has been mixed, open the machine, and dump the dough from it into a dough trough. In bakeries in which there are no mixers’ helpers, mixers https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [1234] BREAD MAKING IN THE MODERN BAKERY. 11 also shove the empty dough troughs from the fermenting room to the mixing room and filled troughs from the mixing room to the fermenting room, punch down or knead the dough while it is there as many times as specified in the formula or process, and dump it from the troughs to a chute leading from the fermenting room to a bench at which bench hands or hand bakers work, or to the hopper of the dividing or scaling machine. In weighing flour for a batch of dough the mixer sets the auto matic flour scales which are located between the mixing machine and the flour storage bin in a room above and starts the conveyor winch carries the flour from the bin to the scales. When the correct weight has been made, the flow of flour is cut off automatically. Water is weighed in like manner by automatic water scales, which are also located above the mixing machine. The time of bringing together the ingredients for a batch of dough and depositing them in the mixing machine, ranges as reported by the bakeries studied, from 1 to 10 minutes. Fifteen of the 21 bakeries reported 5 minutes. Bench hands or hand bakers.—These workers are so called because they do their work by hand at a bench or table. The work consists principally of kneading or pounding dough used in making rye or Vienna bread or rolls; of dividing the dough into pieces of the weight required for loaves of bread or for rolls; of rounding, rolling, and molding these pieces into shape, making them ready for the oven pans; and of placing them in the oven pans. Machine hands.—Machine hands (including dividers or scalers, rounders, cabinet men, and molders) are so called because they work at, operate, look after, and clean dividing or scaling machines, rounding machines, proofing cabinets, or molding machines. Dividers or scalers.—These workers set the dividing or scaling machines for the weight desired for loaves of bread, start and stop the machine by pressing an electric button, and occasionally weigh scaled pieces of dough to ascertain whether or not the correct weight is being made. Rounders.—Rounders are found only in bakeries in which the pieces of dough are not carried by conveyor from the dividing or scaling machine to the rounding machine. These workers pick up the pieces of dough as they drop from the dividing or scaling machine to a stand or table and drop them onto the rounding machines. Cabinet men.—Cabinet men are found only in bakeries equipped with revolving proofing cabinets. They pick up the pieces of dough as they drop from the rounding machine to a stand or table and place them in the drawers of the proofing cabinet. Molders.—In bakeries equipped with proofing cabinets molders open the drawers of the cabinets, take the pieces of dough out of the drawers, and drop them into the molding machine, or pick up the pieces as they drop from the molding machine and place them in oven pans. In bakeries not equipped with proofing cabinets or with conveyors which carry the pieces from the molding machine to the steam proofer the molders pick up the pieces as they drop from the molding machine and place them in oven pans. In bakeries equipped with conveyors that carry the pieces of dough from the molding machine these employees watch the pieces as they fall automatically ri915°—23 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [1235] 12 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW. from tlie molding machine into the oven pans, and arrange such pieces as do not fall in the correct position in the pans. Oven men.—In the bakeries studied oven men are divided into two groups. Those in the first group work at peel ovens, where it is necessary to use an instrument called a peel2 in doing their work. A pan of dough is placed on the broad end of the peel by a helper and the oven man shoves the pan into the oven and pulls the peel from under the pan leaving the pan in the oven and, after the bread has been baked, shoves the peel under the pan and pulls it out of the oven. Those in the second group work at drawplate ovens, pull out the baking plate, load it with pans of dough, shove the loaded plate into the oven and after the bread has been baked pull the plate out of the oven. Helpers.—In the bakeries covered, helpers are divided into four groups. Those in the first group assist the mixers as shown in the description given of the work of mixers. Those in the second group lace the empty oven pans conveniently at hand for the bench ands or machine molders, set the pans filled with dough on the racks, and shove the racks into the steam proofing room. Those in the third group shove the racks from the proofing room to the ovens and assist the oven men in loading and unloading pans of dough or bread on and off the peel, and in dumping bread from oven pans. Those in the last group feed the traveling ovens by placing pans of dough on conveyors at the “ feed end'’ of the ovens, or catch the pans of bread as they come from the “ delivery end” of the ovens, and dump the bread from the pans. Laborers.—Laborers (including blenders, cleaners, dumpers, pan greasers, porters, sack cleaners, sifters, sweepers, and truckers) do various kinds of unskilled work, such as cleaning and sweeping floors, greasing oven pans, and work of like character in the bread-making department of the modern bakery. Wrappers.—These workers operate the electrical wrapping ma chines. There are two wrappers at each machine. One places the bread on the machine and starts and stops it by pressing an electric button, and the other takes the wrapped bread off the machine and places it on the bread racks. Packers.—The packers make up orders of bread for the drivers or for shipment from bakeries, and place the bread on the bread racks, in baskets or shipping boxes. This task completes the prep aration of bread in the modern bakery, making it ready for the use of the consumer. E 2 See footnote 1, p . 9. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [ 1288 ] 13 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW. Protection of Workers Under Mexican State Labor Laws .1 By E thel C. Y o h e , of the U n it e d States B ureau of L abor S t a t is t ic s . Hygiene and Safety. RTICLE 123 of the Federal Constitution of Mexico, promul gated on February 5, 1917, has been called the “ bill of rights7’ of Mexican labor, in that it affords through its labor and social welfare provisions definite protection for the laboring class. This article prohibits the employment of women and young per sons under 16 years of age in dangerous and unhealthful occupa tions.2 It requires employers in agricultural, industrial, mining, or similar classes of work to furnish comfortable and sanitary dwell ings for their workmen, the annual rent charged for them not to exceed 6 per cent of the assessed value of the property. Employers are also required to provide schools, dispensaries, markets, and other services necessary to the community. The adoption, in factories and shops, of sanitary conditions and safety devices is compulsory. The article provides that a worker may quit his employment before the expiration of the contract without being held liable for breach of contract if the employer, or his subordinates with his consent, maltreats the worker or his family. In such a case the employer shall either perform the contract or pay the worker an indemnity equal to three months7 wages. In this study of the labor and social welfare laws enacted in the several Mexican States dealing with the protection of workers, it will be plainly seen that article 123 forms the basis for these laws. The nine labor codes used in this study are as follows: Campeche, Chiapas, Vera Cruz, and Yucatan, 1918; Coahuila, 1920; Michoacan and Puebla, 1921; and Chihuahua and Queretaro, 1922; also the Hidalgo labor accident law of 1915, the Sonora labor law of 1919, and the labor and social welfare law of Sinaloa of 1920. The sec tion on hygiene and safety regulations is based on a study of 12 laws, while 11 were used for the section on shop regulations, TIidalgo not having enacted any laws on this subject as yet. A Employers’ Obligations and Responsibilities. All of the 11 State labor laws (Campeche, Chiapas, Chihuahua, Coahuila, Michoacan, Puebla, Queretaro, Sinaloa, Sonora, Vera Cruz, and Yucatan) require employers in agricultural, industrial, mining, or similar classes of work to furnish comfortable and sani tary dwellings for their workmen, for which they may charge rents not exceeding 6 per cent annually of the assessed value of the prop erty. This applies only to those establishments employing more than 100 workers. The laws of 10 States (all except Coahuila) further 1T he following sources were used in th e p reparation of th is article: Campeche, Codigo del trabajo, Cam peche, 1918; Chiapas, Ley reglam entaria del trabajo, T u x tla G utiérrez, 1918; C hihuahua, Ley del trabajo, C hihuahua, 1922; Coahuila, L ey reglam entaria del articulo 123 de la constitución general de la república, Saltillo, 1921; Hidalgo, L ey sobre accidentes del trabajo, Pachuca, 1915; Michoacan de Ocampo, Ley del trabajo núm ero 46, Morelia, 1921; P uebla, Codigo de trabajo, Puebla, 1921; Q uerétaro, Ley deí trabajo, núm ero 34, Q uerétaro, 1922; Sinaloa, L ey del trab ajo y de la previsión social, prom ulgada en el decreto núm ero 166, Culiacan [1920]; Sonora, B oletín Oficial, Hermosillo, A pr. 29,1919, a nd M ay 4,1919; V era CruzLlave, Ley 'del tra b a jo [1918], Jalapa, 1922; Y ucatan, Codigo del trabajo, decreto núm ero 386, M érida, 1918. 2 A more detailed study of this provision m a y be found in Monthly L abor R eview , N ovem ber, 1923, pp. 198 to 201. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [1237] 14 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW. specify that the employers shall also provide schools. The establish ment of dispensaries and other services necessary to the community are required of employers by the States of Campeche, Chiapas, Chihuahua, Michoacan, Puebla, Queretaro, Vera Cruz, and Yuca tan. Five States (Campeche, Chiapas, Chihuahua, Michoacan, and Yucatan) stipulate that when the population in a labor center exceeds 200 inhabitants the employer must provide a tract of land of no.t less than 5,000 square meters for the establishment of public markets and the construction of buildings designed for municipal services and places of amusement. ' , According to the laws of Campeche, Coahuila, Hidalgo, Puebla, Queretaro, and Yucatan, all employers must see that the work is done under the most favorable conditions from the standpoint of the safety and health of the workers. Under the laws of 11 States (Campeche, Chiapas, Chihuahua, Coa huila, Michoacan, Puebla, Queretaro, Sinaloa, Sonora, Yrera Cruz, and Yucatan) employers are obliged to observe, in factories, workshops, and other industrial establishments, the legal requirements as to sanitation and health and to adopt adequate measures to prevent accidents in the use of machines and other instruments so as to give the best guaranty for the health and life of the workers compatible with the nature of the work. Employers in Campeche and Yucatan who do not live up to this requirement will be subject to the penalty imposed by the penal code for such an offense, as well as to the civil liabilities involved. The law of Hidalgo states that employers are obligated to use every scientific measure to prevent industrial accidents. The use of defective machinery, tools, and other equipment is pro hibited, as well as the employment of incompetent workers. A fine of from 10 to 1,000 pesos ($4.99 to $498.50, par) may be imposed on those employers who do not comply with the law in these respects. An additional requirement is made of employers in the State of Micho acan and Vera Cruz. They shall adopt adequate measures to prevent occupational diseases, heeding just recommendations made by the workers. Employers in Sinaloa and Sonora are obligated to prevent, if possible, the spread of infectious diseases. In Chihuahua employers are required to give to each worker a printed notice specifying precautions to be taken to avoid accidents in the handling of machinery and other equipment, and the workers must comply with these instructions. The Queretaro law merely stipulates that employers shall notify the workers when the defective condition of a machine endangers their welfare. The directors of an enterprise in Sonora shall post warning notices in all dangerous places. Furthermore, safety devices shall be placed, whenever possible, on machines and other equipment, and all scientific measures shall be used to prevent accidents. A site selected for a factory or workshop in Chihuahua must be approved by the sanitary authorities and meet the requirements of the sanitary code and police regulations, and must not be damp, dangerous, or unhealthful. A person employing a worker to operate machines, etc., who has not the certificate required by the technical section of the labor depart ment of Campeche shall be punished by a fine of from 50 to 500 pesos ($24.93 to $249.25, par). https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [1238] PROTECTION OF WORKERS UNDER MEXICAN LABOR LAWS. 15 First-aid, Medical, and Hospital Treatment for Employees. The laws of 11 States (Campeche, Chihuahua, Coahuila, Hidalgo, Michoacan, Puebla, Queretaro, Sinaloa, Sonora, Vera Cruz, and Yuca tan) contain provisions requiring employers to provide first-aid treat ment immediately, as well as necessary medicines, in case of accident to the workers. Medical treatment by a doctor, at the expense of the employer, for workers who suffer accidental injury is prescribed under the laws of all the States except Michoacan and Queretaro. In estab lishments in Coahuila employing more than 100 workers, the employer must employ a licensed physician to attend the workers. The States of Campeche, Coahuila, Puebla, Sinaloa, Sonora, Vera Cruz, and Yucatan specify in their laws that employers shall maintain the necessary equipment to aid accident victims. If an accident occurs in a factory, workshop, or other labor center in Chihuahua, the employer must notify the city authorities of that fact within 24 hours. In the States of Sinaloa and Sonora, hospital service for not more than three months is to be furnished by the employer to those workers who are ill through no fault of their own. The law of Chihuahua relative to hospital service differs from that of Sinaloa and Sonora in that at least 100 must be employed in the factory or workshop and that the hospital treatment is to be furnished for two months instead of three. Hospitals established in accordance with the provisions of this law shall be supplied with medicines and necessary equipment, shall be kept in a sanitary condition, and shall be attended by the company physician, who shall act as an assistant to the superior health council in addition to his regular duties. Illness of the workers which is not chronic, and which has not been contracted through any fault of their own, may be treated by a physician at the employer’s expense in Chiapas (providing this illness does not last more than a month) and Coahuila. When an enterprise in Michoacan has a capital of 50,000 pesos ($24,925, par) or more and is more than 3 kilometers (1.9 miles) from a town, the employer must provide a physician and medicines free of charge to his employees. An employer in Chihuahua has the right to require a medical exam ination of any worker who requests employment of him. Employees’ Obligations. In case of grave danger in the establishment, or in emergencies, the workers shall give assistance in every possible way, under the laws of Campeche, Chiapas, Chihuahua, Coahuila, Michoacan, Puebla, Querétaro, Sinaloa, Sonora, and Vera Cruz. In these States, as well as in Yucatan, ail workers must abstain from imprudent acts which may endanger the safety of themselves, of their fellow work ers, or of the factory, shop, or other work place. In Chihuahua workers suffering with infectious diseases may not be employed. Conflicts arising under this provision shall be settled by the sanitary authorities. A worker who has an infectious disease must be quarantined immediately and not be permitted to work until all danger of contagion has passed. Employees in factories, workshops, or other industrial establish ments in Sonora must not remove, damage, destroy, or prevent the https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [1239] 16 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW. use of any safety device or means of protection in the establishment. Furthermore, they may not deface, destroy, conceal, or damage any notice intended for the information and protection of the workers. Specific rules and regulations concerning hygiene and safety in the factories, workshops, and other industrial establishments are given in considerable detail in the State laws and are here considered topically. Ventilation and Air Space. All workrooms in factories, workshops, and other industrial establishments shall be provided with proper and sufficient means of ventilation, according to the laws of Campeche, Chihuahua, Michoacan, Puebla, Querétaro, and Yucatan. Two square meters (2.39 square yards) of floor space and 9 cubic meters (11.77 cubic yards) of air space are required for each employee in the State of Chihuahua. The laws of Michoacan and Yucatan place the minimum amount of air space at 10 cubic meters (13.08 cubic yards), while the Puebla law requires 7 cubic meters (9.16 cubic yards) for each employee. The ventilation must be so regulated as to prevent drafts from endangering the health or comfort of the employees, according to the law of Chihuahua. In the State of Puebla, if, owing to the nature of the manufacturing process carried on in the factory workroom, excessive heat be created therein, a sufficient number of windows shall be provided. There shall be posted in all factories, workshops, and other industrial establishments in the State of Yucatan a notice specifying the number of persons who may be employed in any room of a factory. Sanitation. Six of the States (Campeche, Chihuahua, Michoacan, Puebla, Querétaro, and Yucatan) require all establishments to be kept in a clean and sanitary condition. The law of Chihuahua further spec ifies that establishments must be cleaned before work begins and that the premises must be kept free from all garbage and rubbish. The law of Puebla contains a provision to the effect that floors in factories, workshops, and other industrial establishments shall be washed carefully at least once a day, either before or after working hours but never during that time. All workshops, factories, offices, and business stores in Chihuahua shall provide sanitary cuspidors and post a conspicuous notice stating the danger of careless expectoration. Emanations. The laws of Campeche, Chihuahua, Michoacan, Puebla, Querétaro, and Yucatan stipulate that if, in the course of the business carried on in any workroom of a factory, dust, gases, fumes, vapors, fibers, or other impurities are generated or released in quantities tending to injure the health of the employees, proper devices to remove such impurities from the workroom shall be provided. In Chihuahua if, due to the nature of the industry, smoke is given off, pipes or chim neys shall be maintained for its disposal, so as to prevent fire and its becoming a nuisance to the neighborhood. If necessary, the employer will be obliged entirely to eliminate the smoke. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [1240] PROTECTION OF WORKERS UNDER MEXICAN LABOR LAWS. 17 Drinking Water. There shall be provided in every factory at all times for the use *of employees a sufficient supply of clean, cool, and pure drinking water, according to the laws of Chihuahua, Michoacan, Puebla, Vera Cruz, and Yucatan. In Chihuahua the use of a common glass or cup is prohibited. Sanitary drinking fountains approved by the superior health council may be furnished or a steady stream of water with moderate pressure may be installed. Waste Water. Waste water from factories, workshops, and other industrial estab lishments in Chihuahua, unless purified by a special chemical process, may not be thrown into channels of water which are used for domestic and agricultural use, but must have separate conduits. Toilets. There shall be provided in all factories, workshops, or other industrial establishments in the States of Chihuahua, Puebla, and Yucatan a sufficient number of clean and well-ventilated toilets. The laws of Chihuahua and Yucatan require separate toilets for each sex. There shall be at least one toilet for every 25 persons employed, the floors thereof to be of waterproof construction, according to the law of Puebla. In Chihuahua one toilet must be supplied for every 30 persons. Lavatories and Baths. The laws of Chihuahua, Michoacan, Puebla, Querétaro, Vera Cruz, and Yucatan require establishments to provide and maintain ade quate and convenient wash rooms or washing facilities for employees. In Michoacan and Vera Cruz, if the city authorities have not furnished public baths, employers must provide and maintain them. In in dustrial, mining, or like enterprises the nature of which makes it necessary that workers take their meals within the establishment, the employers are required to provide lavatories for the benefit of the workers, according to the laws of Michoacan and Querétaro. The law of the latter State stipulates that if the workers do not use these facilities, the city authorities may compel them to do so. Lighting. In every factory, workshop, or other industrial establishment in the States of Chihuahua, Vera Cruz, and Yucatan, proper lighting must be provided. In Yucatan the lighting in factory workrooms shall be such as not to cause strain on the vision or glare in the eyes of the workers. The law of Chihuahua stipulates that when the natural light in factories does not suffice, artificial illuminants, prefer ably electricity, shall be used. All gas jets and other lights in factories in Puebla must be properly inclosed in glass globes, or in metal coverings, if the establishment uses or produces inflammable materials. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [1241] MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW. Doors and Exits. All doors in factories, workshops, arid other industrial establish ments in the States of Chihuahua, Puebla, and Yucatan shall open outward. No door or other opening shall be obstructed or locked during working hours unless the locks are very simple and easily manipulated, according to the laws of Puebla and Yucatan. In Puebla exits shall be indicated by means of conspicuous signs. In Chihuahua and Puebla entrances to factories shall be large, and an adequate number of doors be provided in all factories, workshops, and other industrial establishments. Alcoholic Beverages. The carrying of alcoholic beverages into factories, workshops, or other industrial establishments is strictly prohibited in the States of Michoacan, Querétaro, and Yucatan. Fire Protection. The laws of Chihuahua and Yucatan require all factories, work shops, and other industrial establishments to provide and maintain a fire-extinguishing apparatus. The Chihuahua law also requires that in order to prevent fires great care shall be taken in the use of lamps. It further provides that inflammable substances may be manufactured only in buildings of fireproof construction, and stipu lates that storage rooms containing raw materials and the finished product shall be separate from workrooms in which inflammable articles are manufactured, wherein electric lights or safety lamps should be used exclusively. The law of Puebla requires gas pipes to be of metal, and lighting fixtures not to be near the inflammable parts of the building, the machinery, or the materials. The Puebla law prescribes also that inflammable liquids and sub stances shall be kept in closed metallic receptacles. These, as well as gas meters and oil supplies, shall be stored in a safe place and may not under any condition remain in the corridors or near the staircases. The use of combustible liquids for lighting purposes is prohibited in Puebla, unless the apparatus is equipped with all necessary precau tions to prevent the spreading of gases. If used, these liquids must be taken into the factory during the day and before the work begins. Floors and Stairways. The law of Chihuahua requires floors in all establishments to be waterproof and smooth. All stairways in industrial establishments shall be of solid construc tion and provided with proper handrails, in the States of Chihuahua and Puebla. The law of the last-mentioned State contains the added requirements that the stairways shall be of fireproof construction, and that there shall be an adequate number to permit immediate egress in the event of a fire or other emergency. Roofs and Walls. The roof and walls of a factory building should be well constructed, so as to prevent sudden changes in temperature therein, according to the law of Chihuahua. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [1242] PROTECTION OF WORKERS UNDER MEXICAN LABOR LAWS, 19 Dressing Rooms. According to the law of Yucatan, separate rooms equipped with washstands shall be provided for each sex, when the nature of the work necessitates the changing of clothes. In manufacturing and in dustrial establishments in Chihuahua the workers shall be provided with dressing rooms. Recreation Hails. In Qüerétaro the employer is obliged to furnish recreation rooms for his employees. Railings. Two States (Chihuahua and Puebla) require all shafts, openings, deposits, containers of corrosive or scalding fluids, and boilers to be provided with railings or similar protection. Eating in Workrooms. Establishments in Puebla which produce poisonous substances or in which injurious gases are emitted may not allow their workmen to eat their lunches inside the workrooms. Disinfection. Factories and workshops in Chihuahua shall be disinfected once a year and whenever, in the judgment of a doctor or the sanitary author ity, there is any suspicion of the appearance of an infectious disease. Accident Prevention in the Use of Machinery. The following provisions contained in theTaw of Chihuahua have as their object the prevention of accidents, as far as possible, in the use of machines and similar equipment in factories, workshops, and other industrial establishments: Machines shall he so arranged, in large rooms, as to avoid danger to the workers. They shall be firmly placed on a solid foundation away from the partition walls, in order to avoid transmitting vibrations to the adjoining walls. Dangerous machines and those run by electricity shall bear conspicuous placards, marked “ Danger. ” According to the laws of Chihuahua and Puebla, all steam, gas, or electric motors, hydraulic rollers, turbines, and the like shall be so guarded by railings as to be accessible to the operators only and not to the other workers. These States require the aisles be tween machines to be at least SO centimeters (2.6 feet) wide and the flooring to be level, not having any weak or yielding parts. In Chi huahua and Puebla all connecting rods, upright posts, balance beams, interlocking wheels, leather belting, transmission cables, rollers, fric tion cones, and in general all projecting, moving, and dangerous parts of machines shall be substantially guarded. Before the starting and stopping of all machines, effective signals shall give ample warning. An effective device to separate each machine from the general power shaft shall be provided for the use of the manager and machinists in a factory or workshop in Chihuahua and Puebla, and in Puebla emer gency stops for the motors shall also be provided. The law of Yuca tan contains the following provisions on this subject: All elevators, cranes, and balance beams attached to a steam, oil, or gas motor, as well as all dangerous parts of machinery and transmission apparatus, https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [1243] 20 M O N T H L Y L A B O R R E V IE W . shall be guarded for the protection of the workers. All boilers used for generating steam shall be provided with safety valves, manome ters, and water gauges to indicate the pressure of the steam and the height of the water in the boiler. The testing faucets shall be kept in good order, and the boilers must be emptied and cleaned weekly. Each boiler must bear a label stating the maximum amount of pres sure it can stand. Inspectors may order defective machines stopped, according to the laws of Campeche and Yucatan. Such machines may be run again only after the machine has been repaired and a new authoriza tion has been obtained. A penalty of from 50 to 500 pesos ($24.93 to $249.25, par) shall be imposed for an infraction of this regulation. Special Regulations Required in Certain industries. The law of Chihuahua gives in detail a list of industries which must observe definite regulations for the prevention of occupational diseases and industrial accidents. Among the more important industries are the following: All chemical, pharmaceutical, and bacteriological laboratories; factories producing gunpowder, cartridges, nitric, sulphuric, and carbonic acids; manufactories of poisonous and alcoholic substances; and printing and engraving shops. The regulations are as follows: (1) The dry pulverization of irritating and poisonous materials shall be done in a closed machine (Chihuahua and Puebla). (2) Acids shall be kept in well-constructed containers, while explosive and poisonous substances shall be stored in safety boxes labeled “ danger” or “ poison.” (3) In those industries likely to cause occupational diseases the company physician is to keep close watch for the initial symptoms of such diseases, and upon their appearance in any workman, such workman is to be taken off that work and given prompt treatment. (4) The employer shall furnish, at his own expense, work clothes, caps, gloves, eye-, glasses, masks, and certain pharmaceutical preparations for the workers, where they are necessary, and the workers shall be obliged to use them. (5) In all factories in which fumes or gases of a poisonous nature are given off, the employers must use every scientific measure to collect and dispose of them. If, in the opinion of the sanitary authority, this is impossible, the condition of the air must be carefully watched and work stopped when any danger appears. (6) Industries using hides, horsehair, old rags, etc., as raw materials must first have them disinfected. If the workers’ hands are injured in any way, they shall be protected. (7) In the paper and paste board industries, special places shall be designated for the deposit of raw materials, from which they may be removed only after they have been moistened and placed in closed bags or boxes with lids. The workers who do this must be protected by caps, work clothes, and cotton respirators, and must keep their hands and faces clean. (8) In the glass-bottle industry the use of mechanical means for bottle blowing is obligatory. If, however, in the judgment of the sanitary authority, the establishment can not afford to use the mechanical process, the glass blowers’ pipe may be used, but by only one person after it has been disinfected, and after the doctor has inspected the operator’s mouth. (9) In the tobacco industry pregnant women and nursing mothers shall wear work clothes and https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [1244] P R O T E C T IO N O F W O R K E R S U N D E R M E X IC A N LA BO R L A W S . 21 cotton respirators. (10) In those industries in which employees work under high atmospheric pressure and in poison laden air they shall he examined carefully by the doctor. The workday in such industries shall be shorter than the ordinary workday, depending upon the intensity of the pressure. Before going into corridors, shafts, or conduits in which dangerous atmospheric conditions are thought to be present, air should be tested scientifically, and great care should be taken to maintain respirable air in that vicinity. (11) In repairing electric cables and telephones and in the construction of buildings, sewers, and tunnels, employers shall provide the workers with the necessary equipment for their protection and safety. Regulations passed by other States on this subject are as follows: (1) In mines, drainage systems, chemical plants, and in general all undertakings in insanitary regions in Michoacan and Vera Cruz, the spread of malarial or infectious diseases should be prevented as far as possible, cooperation being had with the sanitary authorities. (2) In establishments in Puebla in which organic substances are emplojmd, the floors shall be waterproof and smooth, and the walls shall be of cement or other easily washed material. The floors and walls shall be washed with a disinfectant whenever necessary. Frag ments of organic substances may not be left in the workrooms unless immediately placed in closed metallic containers, which must be washed daily. (3) The law of Puebla requires the installation of apparatus to secure good respiration in flour mills and similar enterprises in which fine dust is emitted to such an extent that it is injurious to the health of the workers. In order to carry off deleterious gases, ventilators shall be attached to the apparatus from which such gases are emitted. (4) The law of Queretaro requires employers of workers in tunnels, mines, drainage works, cyanid plants, and in general all work which is carried on in unhealtliful regions, to take every measure to im prove conditions and to prevent the spread of malarial diseases. Miscellaneous Provisions. In Chihuahua, in order to install boilers, motors, or cables for light or for motive power, a written permit must be obtained from the municipal authorities, subject to the provisions of the sanitary code and the police regulations. Factories which manufacture inflammable liquids or explosive substances are subject to the pro visions of the sanitary code and the police regulations and shall be located outside of towns and observe all precautions prescribed by the superior health council. Factories, workshops, and like buildings must be constructed in accordance with the requirements of the sani tary code. Failure to comply with the sanitary requirements of the labor law and the sanitary code is punishable by fine. In work in coal mines, oil wells, and similar classes of work the storage, trans portation, and handling of explosives are subject to the regulations of the police. In the State of Michoacan the superior health council is authorized to make additional regulations concerning hygiene and safety. It is left to the municipalities in Puebla to prescribe detailed rules for sanitation and safety, especially as regards ventilation, https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [1245] 22 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW. light, drinking water, emanations, fire precautions, and special rules for dangerous occupations, but these regulations must accord with the requirements of the superior health council. The munici pal authorities, in conjunction with the labor and social welfare department, shall see that these provisions are enforced. The manufacture of explosive materials must be conducted outside the towns, and the precautions prescribed by the labor and social welfare department observed. A fine of from 10 to 100 pesos ($4.99 to $49.85, par) shall be imposed on those not complying with the safety and hygiene provisions. The superior health council of Querétaro may establish additional regulations concerning hygiene and safety in this State, to which all employers shall conform. According to the laws of Campeche, Coahuila, and Puebla, any modifications in the regulations pertaining to the improvement in safety and hygiene may be enforced immediately without waiting for the approval of the labor department, or, in the case of Coahuila, the board of conciliation and arbitration. As in article 123 of the Federal Constitution, all the States allow a worker to quit before the expiration of his contract if his employer or his family. Practically all of the Mexican State laws provide for labor inspec tors, whose duty it is to see that all safety and hygiene regulations are carried out. Shop Regulations. ^ THE 11 available Mexican State labor laws which deal with the protection of workers (Campeche, Chiapas, Chihuahua, Coahuila, Michoacan, Puebla, Querétaro, Sinaloa, Sonora, Vera Cruz, and Yucatan) ail contain provisions requiring shop regulations (■reglamentos de los talleres) in industrial, commercial, and agricultural establishments, in permanent labor camps, and other labor centers. The purpose of this provision is to establish a basis for harmonious relations between employer and employee. Formation and Approval of Regulations. The laws of three States (Chihuahua, Sinaloa, and Sonora) stipu late that workshop rules be drawn up by the employers, after which they must be approved by the central boards of conciliation and arbitration. In three States (Michoacan, Querétaro, and Vera Cruz) such rules are drawn up by a commission composed of two repre sentatives each of the employer and the workers, while in Puebla the commission has three representatives each of the employer and workers. In the laws of the other States (Campeche, Chiapas, Coa huila, and Yucatan) the regulations are drawn up by common agree ment (común acuerdo) of workers and employers. While the laws of Campeche and Puebla require the labor bureau to approve shop rules, Coahuila requires the municipal board of conciliation and arbitration to sanction them, and the other State laws designate the central boards of conciliation and arbitration for this purpose. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [1246] P R O T E C T IO N O F W O R K E R S U N D E R M E X IC A N LA B O R L A W S , 23 Posting of Regulations. A legible copy of the regulations is to be posted in a conspicuous place on the premises, and the workers are not to be denied the privilege of obtaining copies, according to the laws of Campeche, Chihuahua, Coahuila, Puebla, and Yucatan. Agreement of Shop Rules with Laws and Contracts. In seven of the States (Campeche, Chihuahua, Coahuila, Michoacan, Querétaro, Sonora, and Yucatan), the provisions of the regu lations must agree with the terms of the individual and collective contracts and with the labor laws. Workmen who enter the employ of an establishment after the works regulations have been adopted and put into effect are obliged to submit to them, according to the laws of Campeche, Coahuila, Puebla, and Yucatan. Contents of Regulations. All 11 State laws agree in a general way that the shop regulations must contain clear and exact rules, to which employers and em ployees are subject. The laws of Campeche, Chihuahua, Coahuila, Puebla, and Yucatan, however, give in detail the specific points which must be included in the shop rules in their respective States. The following requirements, in substance, are in force in these States: The regulations shall contain a statement of the rate of wages or earnings and the manner of determining them; the time and place of payment; the time of assigning materials and receiving work done outside of the establishment; the hour of beginning and of stopping work; and the time allotted for rest periods and for the noonday meal. There shall be instructions in the shop regulations for the cleaning of machinery, other apparatus, and the interior and exterior of the factories, specifying when this shall be done and. indicating precautions to be taken. Workshops should maintain first-aid equipment, and practical instruction in first aid should be included in the shop rules. Under the laws of these States the rights and obligations of the managing personnel and inspection officers are to be clearly defined. The recourse granted the worker in the event of differences or difficulties arising in the relations between employer and worker must be stated in the rules. An act which is detrimental to the worker or which limits his liberty is prohibited by the laws of Coahuila, Michoacan, Puebla, Querétaro, and Sinaloa, and should lie so stated in the rules. Any other provisions, common to labor codes, for the better execution of the work, may be added to the regulations. The following provisions appear less frequently: 1. Stipulation as to giving the employee notice of the termination of his work (Campeche and Coahuila); 2. Provision specifying penalties and fines which may be imposed on account of infraction of the rules, and when and by whom such action is to be taken (Campeche, Puebla, and Yucatan) ; 3. Provision for a safe and healthful place of employ ment (Campeche, Coahuila, and Puebla) ; 4. Provision for the designa tion of representatives of the employers’ interests in the manage ment and inspection of the work and of representatives of the workers’ https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [1247] 24 M O N T H L Y L A B O R R E V IE W . interests (Chihuahua and Puebla); 5. Statement of the quality of an apprentice’s work necessary for promotion to the class of laborer (Coahuila); 6. Regulation prohibiting abuse of the workers, by word or deed, by managers, section bosses, clerks, agents, and caretakers (Chihuahua, Coahuila, Michoacan, and Queretaro); 7. Regulation forbidding managers to bring pressure to bear on workers to quit work or to resign from unions or associations to which they belong (Coahuila, Michoacan, and Queretaro); 8. Statement of the restric tions on the inspection rights of the worker (Puebla); 9. Provision indicating the length of time within which the worker or employer may give notice of his intention to suspend work even if the law or the labor contract does not provide therefor (Puebla); 10. Specifica tion of the duties of each worker in the different departments, as well as those of the department chiefs, from the lowest to the highest (Puebla); 11. Designation of a person to whom the workers may present complaints and the form thereof, and fixing 10 days as the maximum time for a reply, the only exception being in the event of an emergency (Puebla); 12. Designation of the person who shall give the workers orders (Puebla); 13. Provision prohibiting employers from withholding the wages of a worker on the pretext of a fine (Yucatan); 14. Designation of the method by which syndicate representatives may make collections in the workshops for insurance funds, especially invalidity, life, unemployment, and accident insur ance (Puebla). Labor Inspection. In seven States (Campeche, Chiapas, Chihuahua, Coahuila, Hidalgo, Michoacan, and Yucatan) provision is made in the laws for labor inspectors, whose duty it is to see that the shop regulations are en forced. Under the laws of the State of Campeche, appeal to the chief of the labor department may be had from decisions and orders of labor inspectors which are thought to be unjust. Procedure in Case of Crimes. According to the laws of Campeche, Chiapas, Chihuahua, and Sonora, in case of the commission of a crime, if there is no established public authority in the labor center, the employer shall detain the person responsible, furnish the victim with necessary aid, investigate the facts, and make an immediate report to the nearest authority. Submission of Rules to Labor Department. The law of Campeche provides that after shop regulations have been drawn up, they shall be sent to the department of labor, which shall specify a period of five days within which the workers may make comments or criticisms. Three days after the termination of this period the department shall give its decision and return the regulations for their observance. Penalties for Violations of Regulations. The laws of three States (Campeche, Puebla, and Yucatan) stipulate that no punishment may be imposed on the workers for violations of regulations, unless they have been incorporated in the shop rules. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [1248] P R O T E C T IO N O F W O R K E R S U N D E R M E X IC A N L A B O R L A W S . 25 These laws also contain provisions to the effect that a worker shall be given notice of any punishment imposed on him within three days from the time it is imposed, so that he may appeal his case to the board of conciliation in Puebla and Yucatan or to the department of labor in Campeche. According to the law of Puebla, if the board of conciliation and arbitration decides that the worker has been punished without just cause, any wages which may have been with held must be paid to him, but on the other hand, if the board decides that the worker’s conduct deserves it, his punishment may be in creased. In the State of Chihuahua, when the regulations are violated by either the employer, his representative, or an employee, a written notice must be sent to the central board of conciliation and arbitration and the charges confirmed before the punishment is imposed. Every employer in Campeche and Puebla must keep a register of the names of all penalized employees, stating the date and nature of the violation, and the punishment imposed. This register shall always be at the disposition of the labor inspectors, under penalty of from 20 to 100 pesos ($9.97 to $49.85, par) fine, for each refusal. Modification of the Rules. The law of Campeche stipulates that any modifications of the rules which are being considered shall be posted in a conspicuous place in the factory or workshop for a week, and then sent to the department of labor for its approval. The States of Coahuila, Puebla, and Yuca tan have laws which are practically the same as that of Campeche on this subject, except for the fact that the municipal boards of conciliation and arbitration must approve the modifications, but in Yucatan the modifications must be approved also by the central board of conciliation and arbitration. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [1249] IN D U STRIA L R E L A T IO N S A ND LA B O R CONDITIONS. Underground Management in Bituminous Coal Mines. N ENGINEERING study of the problems of underground management in bituminous coal mines has been made by the United States Coal Commission with a view to discovering the methods by which operating costs can be reduced without any reduction in wage rates, which are said to amount to about 70 per cent of the cost of coal at the mine. The methods outlined in the report for securing this result include (1) development and efficient application of mechanical devices to replace hand loading; (2) better control and coordination of underground operations, par ticularly cutting, loading, and haulage: (3) standardization and coordination of the work of the individual mine worker; (4) stand ardization of details of construction and dimensions of mine cars, locomotives, track, and all other equipment; and (5) multiple shift ing of work in the mines and preparation plants, thus obtaining greater production with the same plant investment. The study is confined strictly to a consideration of details of under ground management, and the problem of increased production is not correlated in this report to the problem of railroad car supply, excess mines, and the storage of coal, which are treated elsewhere in the re port of the commission. While conditions vary in different mines in regard to the thickness and character of the seam, the quantity and nature of slate, and other physical conditions which necessitate differences in operating details, in general the manner of handling work underground is quite uniform, in fact, as much so as in many other large industries. But unlike many of the major lines of indus try, in which there have been remarkable developments, there has been comparatively little progress in management methods in bitu minous coal mining during recent years. A Type of Management. IE striking contrast with developments in factory management dur1 ing recent years, in which the details of laying out the plant, routing materials, and standardizing operations have been worked out so that there is a minimum of waste effort, the operation of under ground mine work is usually under the control of the mine foreman or manager with his assistant foremen or face bosses. In some cases the assistant foremen are selected with care and are required to hold certificates of competency, given only after rigid examinations inaccordance with the mining law. In many mines, however, these requirements are ignored and the mining experience of the assistant is his only qualification for the position. The need, moreover, is for competent men for these positions, since as many as 150 men may be working under one of these assistant bosses. 26 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [1250] U N D E R G R O U N D M A N A G E M E N T TN B I T U M I N O U S COAL M I N E S . 27 The work of the mine foreman and his assistants is practically the same in the common type of room-and-pillar operations and in the long-wall system. The duties of the foreman involve a visit, usually twice a day, to inspect the quality of the work of the men under his supervision. lie has to see that coal is properly gobbed; that is, cleaned of slate and other waste and refuse which is thrown out by the miner in spaces where the coal has been cut, and that only clean coal is loaded; advise the men on the location and slant of shot holes and the loading required; examine the track in the room; inspect the timbering; sound the roof; listen to complaints; dicker with the men as to the amount of work, if any, on slate or rock which is to be done by the day or job; come to an agreement on claims for allowances for dead work; and take up grievances with the pit committee. The mine foreman is generally on good terms with the miners, since the miners or loaders (the terms are used interchangeably) and machine cutters are paid by the mine carload or on a tonnage basis, and the foreman is thus relieved of the neces sity of driving the men. The mining is usually done in rooms which vary in width when the coal is cut out from about 18 to 40 feet and in length from 200 to 300 feet, with pillars or walls of coal varying in size according to the physical characteristics of the coal bed, the roof, pavement, overburden, and system of mining, some walls being 12 to 60 feet in width. Rooms in flat mines correspond to stopes or breasts in •steep workings. The loaders work alone, one man to a room or an entry (the underground passageway cut through the coal and used for haulage), or two men work alternately in two or three rooms. The assignment of men to their working places is simple, since a miner remains in the same room sometimes for several months before it is completed. In addition to the duties of the foreman already outlined, he must supervise the cutting machines and coordinate, in the miles of under ground workings under his supervision, the blasting, cutting, load ing, and hauling of coal in order to avoid delays, and plan and direct the work of the men on a day wage (company men) who excavate rock in entries, lay track, place trolley wire, set timbers, and build iermanent walls for roof support and temporary walls and brattices or ventilation. He, with his assistants, must also direct traffic and the removal of pillars in second mining or pillaring operations, and he has the responsibility for such other details as pumps and drain age, ventilation, condition of the roadbed, decision as to the amount and location of timbering, care of the injured, and clean-up of rock falls, while in general he must always consider the safety of the employees, the protection of the mine, and the largest and most economical production. From this enumeration of the duties of the foreman and his assistants it will he clear that the profits of the mine depend largely upon their ability and the quality of service they render. The report says that the responsibilities are too great for any but the best men available, and that the presence of so many incompetent men indicates a pressing need for better underground management. It might be thought that a solution of the problem would be found in a larger number of foremen, but the survey showed that conditions are unsatisfactory even where the fewest men are i 71915°—23---- 3 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [1251] 28 M O N T H L Y L A B O R R E V IE W . under the supervision of a face boss, and that the solution will be found in the use and development of machinery and of methods of planning and control more in line with standards worked out in other industries. Mining by Machinery. n rilE greatest opportunity, not only for lowering costs, but for the A improvement of mining conditions and the reduction of acci dents, in the bituminous industry lies in the use of machinery to replace the laborious and solitary operation of hand loading. The transition from hand to machine labor in the industry is now going on. The first stage in the use of machinery was the employment of machines for undercutting the coal seam prior to blasting. There are several types of machine used for this purpose, the one most commonly in use at the present time being the short-wall machine which has developed from the breast machine. The breast machine, which is moved about the mine on an electrically-driven truck running on the regular mine track, is removed from the truck over steel bars used as slide rails to a comer of the face which is to be cut. This machine makes a cut 46 inches wide and about 5} feet deep. A second cut is made slightly overlapping the first and so on until the entire width of the face has been undercut. The shortwall machine is of heavier construction than the breast machine, and the cutting bar is moved laterally across the full width of the working place in one operation. The cutting element of the arc-» wall machine is similar to that of the short-wall machine, but it is mounted on a swiveling or turntable device which allows the making of a semicircular cut in the coal without unloading the machine from the truck, the cut also being adjustable in height from the pave ment. Where it can be adapted to conditions its use is advantage ous, because it eliminates the time wasted in loading and unloading, as compared with other machines. Writh the use of other machinery, principally loading machines, there will naturally result a decrease in the amount of human labor required. This reduction in the number of men needed for a given production, however, will not revolutionize the industry, as did, for example, the introduction of automatic machines, such as spinning frames, in the textile industry. The transition will be slow because of the necessity of adapting machinery to the physical condition of different mines, and instead of requiring less skilled labor it will necessitate a higher type, requiring greater initiative than that now demanded from men who use only the pick and shovel. Two of the mines which were studied by the investigators were practically machine operated in the cutting, drilling, and loading operations, only four hand loaders remaining on special work in one of these mines. In several other mines machine loading was used in varying degrees. I t is stated that the cost of coal at the mines may be reduced as much as 30 per cent of the present costs; on the basis of such a reduction in only one-half of the bituminous mines in the country the actual net saving would amount to over $200,000,000 per year. This statement is based not upon theory but upon a thorough analysis involving detailed time studies of the operation of loading machines https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [1252] U N D E R G R O U N D M A N A G E M E N T I N B I T U M I N O U S CO A L M I N E S . 29 and access to the confidential records of several companies. This figure may also be considered conservative, it is stated, as there will be supplementary savings as a result of the further development of the machine. The studies of machine loaders by the investigators occupied several days in two mines and records of time studies in a third. There are several designs of loading machines. They may be on a truck, a track, or on a caterpillar tractor. The head of the machine is run into the pile of coal which has been shot down. One or two men are needed at the head to assist in collecting the coal on to the lower conveyor, which consists of a chain with suitable flights running on an inclined trough and fed, in some machines, by separate clawlike arms. The upper or discharge conveyor receives the coal from the lower one and discharges it into mine cars. As the pile of coal is taken away the head is moved either forward or sidewise into fresh coal by the aid of j ack posts or by the mechanism of the loader itself. It requires one man to operate the machine and another may be required to help the haulage motorman adjust the discharge con veyor to the car. - As soon as a room is cleaned up and the loading machine taken to the next room, it is ready for the machine cutter, followed by the electric drill and shot firing, and cleaning up falls of slate. A loader may load the same room twice in the same shift under good conditions. A study of the actual loading time of large and small machines was made with a stop watch. The operation of three large loading machines, all of the same type, in two mines of the same company showed great uniformity and may be considered normal and repre sentative of regular continuous daily production. The average time required to load a 4-ton car was 3.2 minutes, with a minimum loading time of less than 2 minutes. In one of the mines the loading time of a number of 4-ton cars was a little over 1 minute each. The total loading time, including delays in waiting for cars, averaged 5.6 minutes. The average tonnage per machine m 8 hours was 352 tons (of 2,000 pounds), but of the 480 minutes in 8 hours only 270 minutes, or 56.2 per cent of the time, were used in actually loading coal, the remainder of the time being divided between changing cars (25.1 per cent), moving the loader (13.6 per cent), and miscellaneous delays (5.1 per cent). With more continuous operation a large increase in production would be possible, and if the idle time were reduced to 20 per cent, as is considered possible with improved transportation, the output would be increased to 550 tons in 8 hours. It is evident, therefore, that there is a field for improvement in present methods of planning and operation of machines. The reduction of time spent in waiting for cars will have to be made through improve ments in haulage methods. Modified methods of mine development will reduce the time in moving the loader, and saving time now lost through miscellaneous delays will be accomplished through better standardization and maintenance of equipment. The data on small loading machines showed a smaller percentage of time lost because of various delays, 35.4 per cent instead of 43.8 per cent for the larger machines, but there was an average of 1.9 minutes between loadings waiting for cars instead of 1.4 minutes, showing that there was less efficient haulage in the mine with the small machines. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [1253] 30 M O N T H L Y L A B O R R E V IE W . The average number of tons loaded per machine in 8 hours was 125, which, assuming a 20 per cent increase in efficiency of operation, would become 150 tons in an 8-hour day. It is evident from the data pre sented, the report states, that loading machines have already reached such a degree of efficient operation and magnitude of tonnage produc tion that their eventual use throughout the industry is certain. In line with the development of machine loading is the necessity for per forming the operations of cutting and drilling so as to keep pace with the loads. The arc-wall machine, already mentioned, requires less labor to operate per ton of cutting than any other cutting machine, and it has been found possible with one machine and two operators to cut for a loading capacity of 350 to 400 tons per day. It is necessary in machine loading to have the drilling done by a separate gang of men. The electric drill has been found to be cheaper and quicker than the hand auger, the speed of drilling being about five times greater than by hand. A comparison of the average daily production of a mine in a twoweek period in October, 1922, when the loading was done by hand, and of the same mine during a 6-dav period after machine loaders were put in, shows that the average daily production per underground worker in the machine-operated mine was 11.2 tons as against 6.2 tons per underground worker when the loading was done by hand. Much of the work now done by hand loaders is done by company men after machine loaders are installed, so that timbering, laying track in the rooms, cleaning up after the loader, and removing rock and slate can be done by men specially trained for the work. In addi tion these men work in a small area and can be more effectively super vised than when they are scattered in workplaces over a large section of the mine. Loading machines at present are limited to a thickness of coal bed of about 48 inches or over. Satisfactory machines can undoubtedly be devised for thinner beds, although the thinner bed mines fall in the class of higher cost mines, and unless the coal is of exceptional quality should only operate on a market with large demand. Loading machines are best adapted to a sound roof, but are being used even when the roof is poor. The speed of the larger machines is so great that the danger of falls where the roof is poor is said to be appreciably reduced. The use of the machine in mines having thick layers of shale or slate which can not be picked out of the coal fast enough to avoid delaying the machine loader may necessitate changes in the methods of clean ing. Instead of hand sorting at the face it may be necessary to install more and better cleaning devices at the tipple, and although the cost of such extra cleaning may be large, it will be more than offset in most mines by the saving in loading. In addition to the saving in the cost of mining by the use of the coal loader, its use benefits the individual miner since it does away with the hardest and most lonesome work in the mine—shoveling coal—and, more important still, increases safety through concentrat ing and speeding up the work. In a hand-loading mine from 30 to 50 hand loaders may be working in an area of perhaps 25 acres, and these men may advance in their rooms for four months or until the maxi mum length of 300 feet is reached. With a machine loader working https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [1254] U N D E R G R O U N D M A N A G E M E N T I N B IT U M I N O U S COA L M I N E S . 31 in 7-foot coal the area being worked at one time can be reduced to about three acres and produce the same output. Under these condi tions the foreman, instead of making the rounds once or twice a day, can be in constant touch with all the men and can give much more adequate supervision to all phases of the work. While the room-and-pillar method can be used successfully in machine loading, the long-wall system, which reduces the time lost in changing cars and moving the loader, is preferable. The plan of operation is difficult to change in mines already being worked, but in new workings the long-wall retreating system is being used. In this system the main entries are carried clear out to the limits of the prop erty, and with the aid of branch entries the cutting is begun on the outside circumference of the property and worked toward the shaft or opening, and the roof is allowed to fall in back of the working face as all of the coal is extracted. For this system a steel portable con veyor has been successfully used. One of the chief factors in long-wall mining, the danger of falls which injure miners or tie up traffic, is greatly lessened with large machine loaders, as the speed of excavating increases the likelihood of getting out of the way before the roof falls. An enumeration of the accomplishments in the introduction of machinery up to the present time is as follows: Electric motors with overhead trolleys are universally used for the haulage of trips on main lines and cross entries. The bottoms and partings and first-aid and office rooms underground, and sometimes (although in fewer cases than they should be) the workings themselves are lighted by electric lamps. Storage battery and reel motors and electric room hoists are widely superseding the mule for gathering from the working places. Undercutting of the coal by hand has been largely eliminated by the cutting machine. Drilling is still usually done by hand augers, but in machine-equipped. _mines the electric drill is coming into use. Ventilation has become a science giving sufficient fresh air in every room and passageway. Drainage is handled by pum psof plunger, piston, and centrifugal type—tandem .for higher lifts—of the latest design. Outside machinery at tipples and power plants is some times highly developed. Watering with specially designed sprinklers is employed underground in the best equipped mines. The greatest possibilities, therefore, lie in underground loading and the adaptation of other underground operations to it. Combined cutting and loading machines have so far not proved successful, although one has just been completed for long-wall operation in which the machine advances steadily into the face of the coal, under cutting it, while the coal falls with little or no blasting onto a con veyor with which the machine is equipped. The conveyor carries the coal to a haulage road, where it is loaded into mine cars to be taken to the tipple. Mine conveyors of various types are now being experimented with. Belt conveyors for outside work are frequently used for distances of several thousand feet, so that eventually hauling by cars and locomotives may be entirely eliminated. The gains in mine operation through the substitution of machine for hand loading are summarized as follows: Loading is performed at a fraction of the time and cost of hand loading. Undercutting can be performed more systematically and efficiently. Drilling is done by electric drills. Hauling is simplified and trips can be scheduled more definitely and haulage costs reduced. Timber is reduced in amount. Roof falls less readily because of speed of progress and, in long-wall work, less working room required. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [1255] 32 M O N T H L Y L A B O R R E V IE W . Concentration of workings produces large tonnage in small areas. Inspection and supervision is more effective because of smaller active area. Cost of track equipment and maintenance is reduced by fewer rooms or, if long wall, no rooms at all. ' Cost of drainage is reduced by the smaller active area. Cost of ventilation is reduced for similar reasons. Cost of plant construction per ton and maintenance is reduced through larger pro duction per man. Waste of coal will be lessened by larger recovery. Safety—the most important factor in mining—is increased. This is due to concen tration of area worked and closer supervision. Control of Underground Operations. of the greatest difficulties experienced in the control of ^ underground operations is the proper delivery of pit or mine cars to the miner. The miner’s ability to do a good day’s work is dependent upon the supply of cars. While the general schemes of transportation and trackage are as a rule well laid out, the actual operation of the system is often in the hands of the assistant foreman or face boss, or still more frequently is at the will of the man driving a mule or gathering locomotive. The irregularity of distribution of mine cars resulting from this state of affairs has resulted in the equal turn, or “ square turn,” agreement with the union, which requires that in each period the same number of empty mine cars shall be offered to each loader, This is intended to prevent favoritism and the possibility of one miner being obliged to wait an unreasonable length of time for cars, while another miner in a location where the management wishes to push production might be given all the cars he could load. In nonunion mines the tendency, as shown by conversation with miners, was toward equalizing distribution as far as possible. Problems of underground haulage are different in many respects from those of railroad transportation. The inside advance of termi nals of a large mine often amounts to 1,000 feet daily, though only a few feet at each terminal. Without the complications of changing types and. amounts of goods to be carried, perishable articles, bliz zards, crop-moving seasons, etc., which the railroads have to meet, the mine railroad has many of the difficulties of the modern railroad and in addition special troubles such as roof falls, explosive gas, and multiplicity of terminals, 400 or 500 being not uncommon. An analysis of haulage conditions in a number of mines showed great variations in the time elapsing between delivery of empties to the loaders, the number of haulage trips made, and the number of cars carried on a trip. The maximum time lost by the loaders waiting for cars in four representative mines in one day amounted to 2 hours and 45 minutes, and the minimum time 17 minutes, while the average time lost was 1 hour and 50 minutes, or 23 per cent of an 8-hour day. The time lost by gathering locomotives and drivers averaged 44 minutes, or 9 per cent of the working-day, and by the main-line locomotives and drivers 2 hours and 43 minutes, or 34 per cent of the day. The problem in every mine is the necessity of providing the re quired number of empty cars to each miner on time, hauling the full cars to the parting and from there to the bottom or to the tipple, and returning the empties into the mine without congestion at any point. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [1256] U N D E R G R O U N D M A N A G E M E N T I N B I T U M I N O U S COA L M I N E S . 33 The tendency in most mines, however, is to minimize the importance of traffic control, on the ground that the time lost by the miner due to lack of cars does not cost the mine anything, since the miner is on a tonnage or piecework basis, overlooking the fact that time lost because of car shortage or excessive topping of loads demanded by the management is ultimately reflected in" demands for increased rates of pay. The practice of extreme topping of the cars—that is, piling up the coal above the top by the careful stacking of lumps around the sides— results in a decrease in the number of cars allowed the miners and a small saving in costs to the operator but a decided decrease in the earnings of the miner. The number- of cars in actual use in several of the mines visited is not by any means proportional to the mine capacity and shows ex treme variations. This is another question which has been in general given very little consideration from the engineering standpoint. It can be looked at from two opposing points of view. From the miner’s viewpoint there should be enough empties so that he can avoid lost time, while the management is interested in sufficient cars to provide coal for continuous tipple operation. Under the present unstandard ized operation of the mine transportation systems, when a mine is running at capacity the number of cars necessary to keep the miners supplied is always larger than the number necessary to keep the tipple supplied. With fairly efficient management, however, this condition would show too many men for the mine capacity rather than too few cars. In none of the cases in which there was a study made of the haulage system was there any definite allowance made for storage of coal in mine cars overnight to even up a part of the daily irregularity in railroad car supply. A large supply of mine cars is not, therefore, a solution of the problems of continuous tipple opera tion or elimination of lost time to the miner, but a proper planning and haulage system will go further toward settling the problem than the purchase of new cars. In the present study there were large production losses demon strated at the tipple—one principal cause, occurring over and over, being the incomplete dumping of the car. In one mine, in which the tipple was operating at only 81 per cent of its capacity, a large part of the estimated loss of 670 tons production in a day was due to this cause, which there had been no attempt to correct. Poor tipple design resulted in the loss of 160 tons daily. This loss was due to the necessity of stopping hoisting when a car containing rock was dumped, so that the miner could be docked for loading dirty coal. This condition was remedied so that such cars were taken care of automatically on a separate table. This method was found to be in effect in some of the mines, but it was not in general use. There was great variation in the number of face bosses or section foremen in relation to the number of men employed. The proportion ranged all the way from 1 face boss to every 31 men in the largest of six mines to 1 to every 175. As has already been indicated, the solution lies in the better training of these men and in better organization generally. To a large extent the work of all classes of underground workers is interdependent, and a failure on the part of one worker is likely https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [1257] M M O N T H L Y LA BO R R E V IE W . to tie up the work of a number of others. A surprising lack of knowledge was revealed of the length of time required to do different classes of work. Estimates by foremen, superintendents, and men as to the time necessary for various types of work were largely guess work. The time necessary for one operation was estimated by different persons to take from 10 to 45 minutes and a member of the pit committee fixed the time for the same operation at 2 hours. In regard to the time required for the work of the company men, estimates varied as much as 50 per cent. Double shifts in several mines have effected an appreciable saving in mining costs, through saving of overhead and indirect labor. Work of ike individual Miner. rF IlE skilled miner, in addition to being a trained specialist in shoveling, works between loading cars on drilling and loading, picking, setting props, and gobbing. The cooperation given both to tonnage men and company men by the mine management is said to be inferior to that of other industries. The major causes of dis satisfaction of the miner with his job are due to the failure to supply enough cars, to coordinate the duties of other workers on whom he depends, to furnish supplies as needed, to show him how to per form the work, and in general to make his work as easy as possible. When a miner may lose from one-fifth to one-third of the earnings he wishes to make because of the failure of the car supply, the result is inevitably great dissatisfaction. On the other hand, there are many cases of miners leaving their work before quitting time for trivial causes or because they have earned enough to satisfy them. An analysis of the working time of the men in four mines is con sidered to be fairly representative of conditions in mines generally. In one mine 29 machine cutters left before the end of the day because there was no cutting to be done and 80 miners left during the same time because these places were not cut. More than 63 left the mine because they had earned all the money they wanted for that day, and this is said to be typical in varying degrees of most of the mines visited. This is due largely to the fact that existing piece rates have been based largely on the fact that mines operate only part of the year, so that when conditions are such that a miner is able to work steadily throughout the morning he frequently earns a wage which satisfies him in less than the eight hours of the standard work day. “ If it is possible,” the report says, “ through the elimination of some of the high cost mines, greater regularity of railroad car supply, and coal storage by the consumer, to reduce the daily intermittencies and level the seasonal demand, early quitting due to sufficient earnings will become more and more serious from the standpoint of good management. The development of the planning of the work to give the men the opportunity to work continuously while in the mine involves of necessity a spirit of cooperation on the part of the miners. These things are a matter of education of not only the miner but of the management, and not until both realize that their prosperity and success are interdependent will it be accomplished.” There is also a field for improvement in a study of the best wniy to perform hand operations so that there will be a minimum of fatigue https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [1258] U N D E R G R O U N D M A N A G E M E N T I N B I T U M I N O U S COA L M I N E S . 35 and waste effort, as, for instance, the proper way to handle a shovel to get the best leverage and easiest action. The weight of a shovelful of coal which will give with comparatively low lift the largest pro duction per day with least effort has been found to be 21 pounds. Determination of the effects of different heights of throw and the analysis of the operations of drilling, setting props, and other work would be found to be of practical value. Studies of two types of machine cutters, the short-wall machine and the breast machine, showed the time consumed in cutting the face of a room 26 feet wide and moving the machine 1,000 feet to its next place of work. The time for cutting does not represent standards, but does give a fair comparison of the two types of machines. It had been the custom in one mining district to assign one breast machine to cut for 14 loaders and one short-wall machine for 20 loaders. The first type consumed 82 minutes in the operation, while the second needed only 49.7 minutes to accomplish the same work. Based on the timé of performance of the two machines, the short-wall machine should have been cutting for nine more loaders than the breast ma chine, instead of for only six more, and this because facts and stand ards for comparison were entirely lacking. The machine cutters’ wages in union districts are a percentage of the total rate per ton paid for mining the coal, and the proportions paid to the loader and the cutter are determined by agreement. Installing a new machine by which a cutter can cut more coal usually does not mean a change in the total mining rate but a readjustment of the proportion that the cutter and loader get of the existing rate. The cutter, naturally desiring to keep his share as large as possible, under rates the increased amount of work he can do with the machine, and the loaders, though far more numerous than the cutters, are willing to help them in keeping down the production per machine. The tendency exists among miners as among other workers, the writer of the report says, when new machinery is being introduced to combat it and to limit its use wherever possible. The introduction of these machines has met with union opposition either in their use or by attempting to attain a rate of pay so high as to destroy their value from the standpoint of economy. The same conditions have been present in regard to the use of power shovels, a western operator states, the miners offering persistent resistance to their use, backed by the force of their organization. Because of the variable conditions in different districts and differ ent mines, a revision of wage rates would seem to be necessary, taking into account not only differences in the output of individuals when they are on a daily rate, but between different mines where the phys ical conditions v a r y so that there are great differences in the amounts of coal mined. No really scientific study of relative wages or rela tive rates has been made in the bituminous industry, though in cer tain other industries the union workers are taking the initiative in obtaining, with the aid of engineering talent, balanced pay for differ ent types of work and the establishment of definite standards of production. Payment by weight instead of by carload is advocated in the report because it brings an appreciable reduction in haulage costs and the https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis F12591 36 M O N T H L Y L A B O R R E V IE W . men are paid for their actual work accomplishment instead of for the average of the work of all the men together. There are great differences in the different districts and mines in the rates paid loaders for dead work. An example of inequitable wage rates was the inclusion of part of the dead work in the rate per ton in one mine in which a time study was made. The coal seam averaged 5 feet 3 inches in thickness, and taking down and gobbing the slate up to 12 inches in thickness by the miner was included in his tonnage rate. Beyond that he was paid 7.56 cents per inch, lineal yard. When there was no slate, therefore, the miner’s earnings were high, while they decreased correspondingly as the amount of slate in creased. In fixing the rate it was assumed that conditions would average up to make the mining rate a fair one, but as a matter of fact, even if this is so, the individual miner is more likely to consider only his hourly earnings than to concern himself with the average. The result of this lack of uniformity in earning power is friction between foremen and the men, and difficulty in getting men to work where thick slate is found. Another mine in the same field, although pre vented by the union contract from changing the rates, paid the men an additional amount for the extra time spent in taking out slate, with the result that the mine had all the men they needed for capacity production. Development of Standard Equipment. rT !tIE field for the development of standards of production in coal * mining is a large one, since, so far as is known, the report states, no definite results have yet been obtained, although a beginning has been made in a number of different mines. Standardization of equipment is also greatly needed. The idea that “ every mine is different” has been responsible for much of the variation in weights of main-line track, gauge of track, and height and size of cars. In many of the more recently-developed mines in Kentucky, Virginia, and southern West Virginia the outside works, including the tipple, ventilating system, power plant,«and repair shops, are planned and built according to the best engineering prin ciples. The engineering features, which in general show the need of study in order to secure economy in operation, are the design of pumps, ventilation layout, kind of hoists, picking tables, transporta tion of slate, etc. A few of the mines visited were experimenting in regard to mine cars which would combine to the best advantage the elements of the largest practicable load, easiest throw for the men, and maximum freedom from repairs. Standardization of mine cars presents great opportunity for reduction of lost time to the miner, haulage costs, upkeep and repairs, and capital depreciation. Method of Effecting improvements. 'T'H E report concludes with the following outline of suggestions for 1 study and analysis. I t is implied, not that all of these conditions are met in every bituminous mine, but that there is a very definite need in every mine for more thorough analysis of conditions and standardization of methods and equipment. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [12601 UNDERGROUND MANAGEMENT IN BITUMINOUS COAL MINES. 37 1. M a ch in e L o a d in g . Extension of machine loading to reduce cost, increase safety, and relieve the laborer of hand shoveling. Selection of type of loader or development of the loader design to fit local condi tions. Adoption of hauling system and control to fit machine loading. Consideration in new mines of a modified type of development especially adapted to machine loading. Arrangement of machine cutting, drilling, and loading of shots to fit machine loading. Development of methods of removing slate and waste rock to avoid hampering loading. Development of methods of sorting coal, and removing bone, at the tipple, to permit less hand sorting in the mine. Adjustment of work of company men to small areas. Redistribution of foremen and training to functional supervision. Extension of the payment of incentives for standards of production to include miners and as many more of the company men as is found to Re practicable. 2. M a c h in e C u t t in g . Adjustment of schedule to best advantage to coordinate loaders, either hand or machine, so as to avoid delays. Analysis of time required in cutting, moving, etc., so as to adjust number of working places per cutter to physical conditions in the mine as regards size of room, height of seam, distance center to center of rooms, etc. Determination of type and pattern of cutting machine best adapted to the mine with a view to scrapping present machines if substitution is proved economical. Introduction of mechanical bit sharpening to reduce cost and increase uniformity. Fixing of standard lengths of time for using bits before resharpening. Examination of details of cutting and moving by detail job analysis to determine best and easiest methods of operating. 3. D rill in g and S h o o t in g . Determination of best type of drill for the particular coal. Comparison of power and hand drills as to relative advantages. Comparison of standard times and methods of sharpening drills. Formulation of standard instructions for number spacing and slope of shot holes under different conditions. Specification of amount and kind of powder to use under different conditions based on tests of results in the mine. 4. H aulage. Examination of present system to see if fundamental changes are needed, perhaps involving such features as shafts, entries, tracking and partings. Study of local conditions such as hoist, tipple, track capacity, grades, distances, location and character of working places and available equipment to determine first, the most economical and serviceable operating methods, and second, the changes needed to produce these. Establishment of plan for definite control of car supply to every miner based on character of working place, amount of dead work and ability of miner. Determine economical cars per trip for different conditions. Determination, by analyzing local conditions, of the proper number of mine cars to give desired results for miner, tipple supply and surplus. Development of routine operating plan for dispatching and handling trips so as t® give each loader the required amount of work and furnish required supply of cars at bottom or tipple. Putting this plan of control into operation with proper functional supervision. Study of various types of haulage, including conveyers, for gathering and other transportation. Study advantages and disadvantages, both economical and personal, of weighing coal at tipple instead of paying by car. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [1261] 38 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW. 5. H and L o a d in g . Make detail job analysis of all operations, using the results for general study of the operation and for aid in solving the problems which follow. Determine how many types of work a miner should do to best advantage. Determine the relative advantages to miner and operator of one man to one room, two men to two rooms, and one man to two rooms. Experiment upon size and weight and design of shovel to determine the best standard. Fix upon the best method of handling a shovel and of shoveling to cars. Instruct loaders as to easiest method of doing each kind of work and the proper sequence to follow and methods of gobbing. Specify spacing of props for different roof conditions. Standardize method of setting props and arrangement of wedges, caps or collars. Develop standards for dead work through job analysis of each class of work, including determination of best method of measurement, these things to be decided in cooper ation with the men to form a basis of standards of production and avoid most of the guesswork now in vogue. Compare by job analysis and time-study the relative advantages of pick mining and machine mining in cases of questions. Develop quality standards and sampling of coal for maintaining these. 6. W o rk of C o m pa n y M e n . Make detail job analysis of all of the operations of company men. Accumulate enough of this kind of data to formulate standards of production (such as have been effectively introduced in metal mining) for each kind of work handled under various local physical conditions. Formulate plan of incentive so that the men may be paid on the basis of work accomplished by the individual or group. Study the timbering to determine the best sizes of props, method of cutting wedges, relative value of wood and steel and concrete girders and of concrete arches, of making and placing concrete at branch entries and other locations. Examine most economical methods. Organize the delivery of supplies to miners and company men. 7. Ltn d e r g r o u n d E q u ip m e n t and M a in t e n a n c e . Design best standard mine car studying standards adopted in other mines with a view to determining the best height and length for convenient throw, wood vs. steel, standards for wheel base, brakes, bumpers, bearings and couplings. Record all haulage accidents for a period, including cars off the track, with cause, and location of accident, and, from this, study track conditions that require attention. Establish method of and best materials for mine car lubrication. Simple apparatus for rerailing cars and wi th other similar tools. Fix on best type of trolley shoe. Determine best weight of track, type of ties, switches, tracks, etc., by study of defects and accidents and of life. Standardize methods of lining up and maintaining track. Determine best type of hanger to maintain alignment of wire. Determine whether leakage in current can be reduced. See that safety signals are adopted for haulage. Examine types of automatic doors with a view to saving trappers, and at the same time insuring closing, if necessary even going so far as to install signal lights for the motormen. Standardize methods of repairs of mine cars, motors and other equipment. Establish (if not already in operation) running inventories of supplies, control of issues, and maintenance of repair parts. 8. T ip p l e D e s ig n and O p e r a t io n . Examine design of tipple with best engineering talent (in case this has not already been employed recently) for the purpose of most economical and safe operation, including in this study the hoisting machinery, the sorting tables, the conveyers, the crushers, the weighing apparatus, loading of railroad cars, handling of railroad cars and handling of waste. Figure the economic advantage of reconstruction where necessary. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [12G2] REPORTS OF GERMAN FACTORY INSPECTORS. 39 Make exhaustive study of relative advantage to miner and operator of weighing coal at tipple vs. mine car measurement. Examine details for mechanical faults as regards dumping coal, handling of rock, signaling, etc. Establish routine methods for examining the cleanliness of coal from individual miners and formulation of some plan to maintain the required quality. Consider the establishment of methods of sampling coal for economical examina tion of ash, etc. Study by job analysis the methods of sorting and throwing out bone with a view to making the work easier and of the required effectiveness. If special cleaning is necessary, study both dry and wet preparation. 9. V en til a tio n a nd D r a in a g e . If installation is an old one or installed without expert engineering advice, review the entire system with a view to safety and economy of maintenance. Examine particularly the economy of operation of the fans (since these take a large quantity of power) to see what improvements can be made. Study various types of pumps in use in different mines and determine whether the best type is being used; if not, scrap the present pumps and replace. Determine by experiment whether the best material is being used for pump linings. Arrange in definite system of inspection for fans, pumps, and other running equip ment to see that proper alignment and lubrication and repairs and supply of parts are being maintained. Consider the introduction of mine sprinkling (if not yet established) and determine best method and frequency required for safety and personal comfort. 10. D e v e l o p m e n t . Study in great detail the present plan of development to see whether incidental or radical improvements are needed. If anew mine is to be laid out, study economy of different plans, the most econom ical size of investment, and the type of development best suited to machine loading. Study in detail the effect of size of rooms, depth of undercut, width of pillars, etc., and economy of operation. 11. S to ck ing C oal at M in e s . Study the problem of storage at the mine with a view, first, to evening up of railroad car supply on consecutive days and, second, with a viewr to keeping the mine running during slack periods. Include in this study various types of storage, such as excess mine cars on partings in the mine, trestles at tipple, and separate storage piles. ------- --------------- Reports oi German Factory inspectors for 1922.1 HE annual reports of the German factory inspectors have always been read with interest by social economists and all circles interested in the protection of workers, because they contain the personal observations and experiences of officials intrusted with the practical enforcement of protective labor laws. In Germany each Federal State has its own factory inspection service. The Federal issue of the annual reports of the factory inspectors therefore contains a separate section for each individual State. In. 1922, as in preceding years, the Federal minister of labor, in agreement with the State governments, charged the factory in spectors with the more thorough investigation of certain specially selected problems. The reports of the inspectors concerning these problems are briefly summarized below. T JG erm any. [Statistisches R eichsam t.] Jahresberichte der G ew erbe-A ufsichtsbeam ten und Bergbe hörden fü r das J a h r 1922. B erlin, 1923. 4 vols. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [3263] 40 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW. General Economic Conditions. rTTIE prefatory words of the report covering the Free State of Hamburg may be considered as characteristic of the economic situation in all of Germany during 1922. After referring to the steady depreciation of the German mark the report says: “ If the German commonwealth and its economic life have been maintained in spite of this depreciation, it was due only to the fact that the German workers, in the widest sense of the word, have shown a steadfast will to work. * * * The following report thus gives a picture of the undaunted industrial activity and the tenacious strug gle to which a highly civilized nation is driven if it wants to save its life.” Nearly all the reports show, however, what immense diffi culties this “ tenacious struggle” has to overcome. Thus the report for the State of Saxony speaks of a “ pseudoprosperity caused by foreign orders and by purchases of goods by the native population, which, in the absence of a stable currency, invests its savings in commodities. In September, 1922, however, the situation took a turn for the worse, short time and reduced operation of industrial establishments became more frequent, and some establishments were forced to close down entirely.” The report covering Berlin com plains of the existing irregularity of employment: General conclusions that economic conditions are good should not be drawn from the increase in the number of employed workers. The continued and spasmodic depreciation of the mark and the uncertainty in the money market have made all business difficult. Lack of capital and raw materials has in many instances led to temporary dismissals of workers, and the greatly fluctuating unfilled orders on hand did not permit regular employment. Times in which there was hardly enough work to keep the workers busy during an eight-hour day were often followed by times in which overtime work could not be avoided if the employer was to be spared the risk of losing customers through declination of orders or tardy delivery. In the report covering the inspection district of Dusseldorf there are to be found data indicating an increase in the number of estab lishments in operation as well as in the number of persons employed. The reporting inspector nevertheless takes a pessimistic view of the situation : As gratifying as these figures are in themselves, under existing conditions they cannot, as in the preceding year, be considered as indicating a rehabilitation of the economic system. The hollowing out of the German economic system continues to progress rapidly; the steadily increasing impoverishment, the far-reaching lowering of the standard of living of large classes of the population, the selling out of all salable commodities, * * * can not, in spite of apparent prosperity, deceive anybody as to the rapidly progressing consumption and cmmbling of the economic substance. In several inspection districts, as, for instance, in those of Erfurt, Arnsberg, and Dusseldorf, attempts had been made to obtain sta tistical data as to whether and how much the individual output of the workers had increased. A large metal-working plant in Erfurt had made investigations as to the difference in the output of timerate and piece-rate workers and found that after the introduction of piecework the individual output of the workers increased by from 50 to 162 per cent over the output under time rates. The report for the district of Arnsberg contains two tables showing the output per shift and per worker in blast furnaces and in a steel works. In the blast furnaces as well as in the steel works the output increased con siderably in 1922 as compared with 1921. The reporting inspector https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [1264] REPORTS OF GERMAIST FACTORY INSPECTORS. 41 warns, however, against drawing conclusions from such data as to the increased or diminished willingness to work. He points out that too many other factors influence production. There may, for in stance, be a lack of raw materials, delaying production, or "an estab lishment may produce a better quality of steel than formerly, which requires more work, and so on. In the Dusseldorf district the increase in individual output that was observed in 1921 continued in 1922. The reporting inspector is, however, of the opinion that the output would increase still more if the rest periods were somewhat longer. In his view the present short rest periods tend to increase fatigue. The workers, however, demand short rest periods so that they may quit work earlier. Special Problems. Hours of Labor in Bakeries and Confectioneries. first special problem to be dealt with in the reports of the xactory inspectors for the year 1922 related to the enforcement of the decree of November 23, 1918, on the hours of labor in bakeries and confectioneries. The reports, as a rule, discuss separately the hours of labor, the prohibition of night work, and the observance of the Sunday rest. The eight-hour day has been generally introduced without much difficulty, owing to the fact that bakeries are not so busy now as formerly. In many localities the bakeries did not work even the full legally permissible eight hours. At the week end, however, most bakeries are very busy, and for this reason many owners of bakeries would prefer a 48-hour week to the 8-hour day, because they could then -operate on some days with a longer working day and on other days with a shorter working day. The prohibition of night work has been welcomed not only by the journeymen but also by the overwhelming majority of the employers. This explains why in many localities not only the workers’ organiza tions but also the guilds see to it that the prohibition of night work is strictly enforced. The large bakeries and the consumers’ co operative societies have for some time been demanding the abrogation of the prohibition of night work for bread bakeries, so that such bakeries would be enabled to operate in three shifts of eight hours each. This demand, however, is being strenuously opposed by the majority of employers and journeymen. Confectioneries have been issuing propaganda that Sunday work should be permitted in them to a restricted extent. In support of this demand they point out that restaurants and cafés are permitted, without any restriction, to make confectionery goods on Sundays. Protection of Women in Confinement, and Rest Periods for Nursing Mothers. The provision of the industrial code that woman workers in con finement shall be granted six weeks’ leave after parturition is being observed everywhere. The enforcement of the provision that preg nant women shall be granted two weeks’ leave before parturition is more difficult. Some of the pregnant women are mistaken about the time of their delivery, while others try to keep the time secret so that they may earn wages up to the "last minute. This refers https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [1265] 42 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW. particularly to unmarried pregnant women. Married pregnant women often quit work as soon as they become entitled to maternity benefits from the sick funds; that is, four weeks before parturition. The reports for several inspection districts state that the works councils make it their business to inform pregnant woman workers as to the legal protective provisions and to see to it that they are employed only at nonfatiguing work. Several factory inspectors praise the work of woman welfare workers in factories who give special attention to pregnant women and women in confinement. Most of the inspectors report that from the observations made by them as to rest periods for nursing mothers it does not seem advis able that such rest periods should be prescribed by law. In several districts the inspectors found the employers generally willing to grant such rest periods. Objections on the part of employers were made only in those establishments in which the granting of rest periods to nursing mothers would have involved interruption of operation. However, the woman workers themselves do not set great value upon such rest periods. In small localities, where a noon rest long enough to enable mothers to go home is usual, this rest period is fully sufficient to nurse infants once during the working time. In large localities, where the noon rest is short, the distance between the home of the mother and the working place is generally too great for the infant to be brought to his mother for nursing. But even where this is possible or where the infants can be kept in a creche of the estab lishment, the granting of nursing rest periods has not had the expected beneficial results. Some mothers become fatigued from then* work, which influences lactation unfavorably. Married women, as a rule, stay away from work as long as they nurse their infants, or take up home work. Conduct of Juvenile Workers at Work, at School, and in Their'Spare Time. The conduct of juvenile workers has been very thoroughly dis cussed by all the reporting inspectors. Their judgments on the sub ject vary considerably, but on the whole the favorable ones pre dominate. Even in districts where questionable conditions prevail, the inspectors state that conditions have somewhat improved as compared with the first years after the war, but that it is more difficult now to handle juvenile workers than in pre-war times. The judgment expressed in the report covering the district of Frankfort on the Oder may, perhaps, hold good for many regions of Germany: It can be said that, on the whole, compared with the conditions that had developed during the war and after the revolution, the conduct of juvenile workers has without doubt undergone progressive improvement. This applies to apprentices in factories and handicraft establishments as well as to unskilled juvenile workers. In the handi crafts where the apprentices are subject to the paternal discipline of the master and are often taken into his household, conditions in this respect have especially improved. The generally observed improvement in the conduct of juvenile Avorkers is also due in part to the increasing sense of duty among the Avorking classes themselves and particularly to the influence of the works councils. Nearly all reports consider the conduct of apprentices in the handi crafts and in factories satisfactory. Unfavorable criticisms relate almost exclusively to unskilled juvenile workers. A report covering a district in central Germany finds more fault with the conduct of the young factory girls than with that of the boy factory workers. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 11266] REPORTS OF GERMAN FACTORY INSPECTORS. 43 The reports without exception praise the conduct of the juvenile workers in the trade schools, especially of the apprentices. The boys who are working in the special training shops for apprentices main tained by several large works are making a particularly good showing. This may be due to the fact that these large works are very careful in the selection of apprentices. The conduct of juvenile workers during their spare time has gen erally given occasion to severer criticism than their conduct at work or at school. It depends essentially upon the influence of the parents upon the young people. Whenever the parents set a good example to their working children and restrict them somewhat in the use of their earnings, the conduct of the latter in their spare time is always proper. Inspectors from rural districts report that juvenile workers in such districts often use their spare time to assist in house or farm work. Where the parental home fails in its duty of exercising a beneficent influence, the wage-earning boys soon acquire various bad habits, such as excessive frequenting of saloons and amusement places, heavy smoking, drinking, and gambling. They assume an overbearing demeanor and squander their relatively high and easily earned wages. The inspectors’ reports acknowledge, however, that the numerous existing young people’s societies guide the youth more than formerly to athletic sports, hiking, etc. The reports deplore the absence in juvenile workers of any desire to develop themselves mentally. In order to develop such a desire a large Rhenish iron works has employed a special adviser for juvenile workers. Influence of the Wage System on the Accident Hazard in Dangerous Occupations. The question whether and how far the wage system (time or piece rates) exercises any influence upon the frequency of accidents caused by dangerous machines is discussed at great length in some of the inspectors’ reports. In several districts they have made careful in vestigations on this subject. In addition to work on rolls and shears, carding and willowing machines, platen presses, and emery wheels, there was investigated, as involving the greatest accident hazard, chiefly work on stamping and grooving machines, as well as on saws and planing and shaping machines used in the woodworking indus tries. The machines in the last two groups are generally acknowl edged to be the most dangerous and most extensively used machines. For this reason most of the reports discuss in detail only these two groups. Time rates as well as piece rates are in use in paying workers em ployed at these two groups of machines. Time rates predominate, however, in the case of work on woodworking machines. This is by no means a new phenomenon, to be ascribed to the provision in the national collective agreement for the German woodworking industry prohibiting piecework at dangerous machines, but rather a matter of extensive custom. The reason for this custom is the great danger connected with the operation of woodworking machines. Piecework was found to be extensively in use only in those woodworking estab lishments in which production of large quantities of certain articles permits minute subdivision and specialization of labor. In such establishments it is possible to feed the machines automatically or to 71915°— 23------ i https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [1267] 44 MONTHLY’ LABOR REVIEW. make special arrangements that will lessen the danger of accidents. If such establishments manufacture small articles, the production of which requires nimbleness of fingers rather than physical strength, they generally also employ women and juvenile workers at piecework. In contrast to the situation in the woodworking industries piecework predominates at the stamping and grooving machines in the metal working industries. In work at these machines there are not encountered the difficulties that are inherent in woodworking owing to the structure of wood. It is, moreover, easier to equip these machines with safety appliances. In addition quantity production of small parts predominates in the metal-working industries. It is due to these facts that many women are employed at the small stamping and grooving machines, while the slower running large stamping and grooving machines are exclusively operated by men. From what has been said here it can be seen that it is hardly pos sible to draw any conclusions as to the influence of the wage system on the frequency of accidents solely from the number of piece and time workers employed at the individual machines. The accident risk at the individual operations may vary greatly, while the surround ings of the worker (lighting, ventilation, generation of dust, accumula tion of material in the workroom, etc.), as well as the morale in the plant, play a great rôle. To take into account statistically all these influences seems very difficult. The views of employers and workers questioned by the factory inspectors diverged greatly and in some instances appeared even to be contradictory, for the simple reason that each of them judged matters only by the conditions familiar to him. The attempt by the inspectors of several districts to show statistically the relative accident hazard of time and piecework therefore failed. The investigations were nevertheless of value because they have demonstrated the necessity of caution in drawing conclusions and have also shown what factors must be taken into consideration. Hyg iene of Workers in Establishments Dealing in Rags, R aw Materials, and Scrap Metal. Owing to the existing shortage of raw materials, all kinds of refuse have acquired a relatively high value in Germany, and trade in rags, junk, etc., and the working up of them has increased. Because of this the factory inspectors were charged with an investigation, into the health conditions of -workers engaged in the sorting and working up of refuse. The sanitary conditions in rag-sorting establishments have already been regulated in most German States by special decrees; in Prussia, for instance, by the decree of the minister of commerce and industry of December 22, 1895. This decree con tains detailed provisions as to the equipment of workrooms, the removal of dust, provision of wash rooms and -wardrobes, and the equipment of the workers with suitable work nig clothes. A decree of the imperial chancellor of December 8, 1909, forbids the employ ment and presence of young persons in rooms in which rags are being opened, sorted, freed from dust, cut, greased, mixed, or packed. The inspectors report that in large rag-sorting establishments con ditions are generally satisfactory but that in small establishments conditions are often very bad. In the latter in certain operations there is an excessive generation of dust, and the workrooms are low https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [ 1268 ] REPORTS OF GERMAN FACTORY INSPECTORS. 45 and in many instances dark, dirty, and full of vermin. In spite of these unfavorable conditions the inspectors were unable to obtain any reliable data that would show that the morbidity rate of workers in these establishments is abnormal. Neither were they able to establish that certain diseases, especially contagious diseases such as smallpox, anthrax, and measles, are more frequent among workers in rag-sorting establishments than among other workers. As regards the working up of scrap metal, the inspectors found two classes of establishments—small establishments which collect both rags and scrap metal and sell them again to larger establish ments, and large establishments which melt down the scrap metal and work it up. The sanitary conditions in the first class of estab lishments are practically the same as in small rag-sorting establish ments. Although the workrooms of such establishments are gen erally insanitary, the morbidity hazard is being somewhat offset by the fact that a great deal of the work is performed in the open air. The collecting and sorting of scrap metal involves, however, one special morbidity hazard, that of blood poisoning through finger lesions caused by the handling of sharp-edged scrap. In larger scrapmetal establishments there have occurred several cases of plumbism among workers employed at melting scrap. The inspectors have seen to it that the usual measures for the prevention of plumbism are being taken in such establishments. Workers’ Education. The factory inspectors were also asked to investigate whether the workers make any serious efforts to educate themselves. Their in vestigations on this subject have resulted in greatly varying findings. While some reports state that no endeavors of the workers to con tinue their education are noticeable, other reports are full of praise for the earnest and zealous attempts of the workers at selfimprovement. From a perusal of all the reports one obtains the impression that in large cities these endeavors at self-improvement play a greater rôle than in small towns and hi rural communities. This may be due to the fact that workers living in small towns and in the country devote a great part of their spare time to work in their gardens and farms. It seems that among the various institutions for the education of adult workers the general institutions (people’s col leges, lecture courses, etc.) are less popular with the working classes than the educational institutions maintained by the trade-unions. Of the latter the schools and lecture courses for works council mem bers generally have a large attendance. The educational institu tions of the trade-unions deal chiefly with economic and socio political problems and problems relating to vocational training. In many localities the Social-Democratic Party and the trade-unions have established educational committees which aim at promoting the general education of workers. Several of these committees main tain libraries and arrange concerts, theatrical performances, movingpicture shows, collective visits to museums, etc. In Berlin at present all endeavors at workers’ education encounter great difficulties because of the high street-car fares, the high prices of books and p e rio d ic a ls , and the high rents of halls. The report covering the Liegnitz district states that continuation schools for https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [1269] 46 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW. journeymen and employers just starting in business have been estab lished in several localities in connection with the compulsory con tinuation schools for juvenile workers. The evening courses of the machine-construction school at Görlitz have a good attendance; several large concerns have furnished models, drawings, and other material for these courses. The Upper Silesian committee for tech nical lectures has established afternoon lecture courses for workers at the State engineering and smelting school. The subjects taught include technical accounting, mathematics, natural history, draw ing, mechanics, electrotechnics, etc. The report for the district of Osnabrück mentions a unique form of lecture courses for works council members arranged by the Christian trade-unions. The trade-union secretary directing the courses as sumes for the evening the role of the employer and makes the order of the day some practical question relating to the activity of the works council. The question is then discussed in the form of nego tiations between the employer and the works council, the secretary guiding the discussion by suitable queries. At the end of the dis cussion he determines the result of the negotiations. This practical form of instruction is said to have good results. Hours of Labor, Overtime, and Rest Periods. HPHE majority of the reporting inspectors state that the decrees of November 13 and December 17, 1918, which provide an eighthour day for industrial workers, are being generally enforced in large factories, but that in handicraft establishments anti in small factories there is considerable difficulty in enforcing them. Whenever special conditions in an industry required overtime work, the workers were, as a rule, ready to work more than the normal hours of labor. The introduction of three eight-hour shifts in raw-sugar factories and brick kilns can not, as yet, be carried out generally. On the one hand, it is impossible to obtain the large number of workers required by three-shift operation or, if obtained, to house them, and on the other hand, foreign workers refuse to accept employment if they are not permitted to work 12 hours a daj^ and thus to earn more money. The report covering the State of Saxony describes the difficulties met by the factory inspection service in enforcing the eight-hour day when employers, in agreement with their workers and even on the demand of the latter, permit the working of overtime. Such cases of violation of the decrees regulating the hours of labor have often been encountered in automobile and motor repair shops. Automo bile owners frequently offer tips to workers in such repair shops in order to have their cars repaired as quickly as possible, and the work ers do not care to lose such extra earnings, even if they have to work overtime to make them. The report also states that employers as well as workers are often of the erroneous belief that if an employer and the works council of his establishment have agreed to work overtime, no permit from the industrial authorities is needed for such overtime work. The trade-unions show great interest in the enforcement of the eight-hour day and thereby facilitate considerably the activities of the factory-inspection service in this held of labor protection. Much https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [1270] REPORTS OF GERMAN FACTORY INSPECTORS. 47 greater difficulties are encountered in the enforcement of the decree "of March 18, 1919, regulating the hours of labor of salaried employees. This decree is especially hard to enforce in banks, for the work of banks has greatly increased, owing to the increase of checking ac counts, the increased trade in foreign drafts, and the general mania for speculation. There is a shortage of experienced bank clerks, and the banking rooms are often too small to take care of the increased business. The managements of banks have therefore continuously requested overtime permits, which as a rule have been granted in pursuance of articles 6 and 10 of the above decree. During 1922, however, the practice in banks of ordering employees to work over time without having previously obtained permission from the author ities increased. The banks based their right to such a procedure on a decision of the supreme court (Keichsgericht) of June 15, 1922, which in a similar case had decided that the immediate performance of the work had been necessary in the public interest and that there fore overtime work without previous official authorization was justified. The question whether a short working-day and speeding up of the work or a longer working-day and work at a slower pace is preferable from a hygienic point of view is discussed in the reports covering the districts "of Berlin and Hamburg. In Berlin there has developed a species of workers called “ overtime grafters” (TJeberstundenscMeber), who are so skillful in spreading their work that they always require highly remunerated overtime to perform their assigned tasks. Dur ing a strike against overtime work in some of the Berlin banks the strike committee had prohibited all overtime work. The manage ment of the banks insisted, however, that all current work must be brought up to date. In order not to come into conflict with the strike committee or with the managements of the banks, the bank clerks finished all current work within the eight-hour day. When the strike committee finally revoked the prohibition of overtime work, the banks declared that they would no longer permit overtime work. The “ overtime grafters” claimed, however, that their health would suffer if they had always to work at the great speed at which they worked during the period of the strike. The reverse took place in Hamburg. There the organizations of the bank clerks made the assertion that overtime work is injurious to the health of the clerks. The public health office was requested to render an opinion. After a thorough examination of the sickness statistics of employees of large banks, the health office issued a statement that these statistics showed conclusively that the state of health of bank employees had not been affected injuriously by the longer working hours and that the morbidity rate of bank employees was the same as that of the general population. With respect to rest periods, the factory inspectors have generally observed that the workers endeavor to have their rest periods fixed as short as possible, so that they may be enabled to quit work early. In several localities it has been found that in the regulation of the rest periods the adult male workers do not take into sufficient considera tion the weaker organism of the female and juvenile workers. Permits for night work of female workers had to be issued in several localities to establishments that had introduced the 3-shift https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [1271] 48 MONTHLY ËABOR REVIEW. system, as, for instance, to a large printing establishment in Hanover which had to have three shifts m order to fill quickly large Govern ment orders for paper money. Operation of the Works Councils. ’’’THE opinion of the majority of the factory inspectors as to the 1 efficiency of the works councils can be best summarized by quoting the following words from the report of the chief inspector of the district of Dusseldorf : The works councils are attaining increasing efficiency in performing the tasks assigned to thern by the law. Their relations with the employers improve from year to year, as both sides become more familiar with their rights and duties under the law. The works councils generally maintain close relations with the factory inspectors through frequent personal discussions of problems relating to hours of labor, overtime and Sunday work, short time, and the closing down of establishments or of departments of establishments. Of course, not all of the factory inspectors’ reports speak in such a favorable tone of the works councils. There are many complaints that the works councils are too indifferent and do not perform all the duties assigned to them by the law. Some inspectors also report instances in which the works councils had exceeded their rights. The favorable opinions predominate, however. The factory inspectors generally express the view that the works councils are operating with the best results in large industrial establishments, while in small industrial establishments and in establishments that employ chiefly clerical help the works councils operate less efficiently. Such estab lishments frequently do not even elect a works council, because the workers either do not care to vote or nobody can be found to accept the office of council member. Women have so far played a rather inconspicuous rôle as works council members. With few exceptions they generally decline election to such office. The special works councils for home workers have not developed much activity. The report for the district of Brunswick mentions that a home workers’ works council has seen to it that the available work is fairly distrib uted among the home workers and that they receive relatively high wages. The works councils are giving their principal attention to acting as intermediators between employers and workers in such ways as super vising the enforcement of collective agreements, protesting against unfair dismissals, intervening in disputes, submitting complaints, etc. They also look after the hygiene of the establishments and show increasing understanding of the need for accident prevention. Sev eral works councils have also successfully endeavored to assist the factory inspectors. In Hamburg, for instance, a committee of" the works councils of several shipbuilding companies has drafted safety regulations for the building of scaffolds, which were used by the fac tory inspection service in drafting final regulations. All reports are unanimous, however, in stating that the works councils as a rule do not perform their duty of “ supporting the management with advice in order to assist it to bring the establishment to the highest possible state of efficiency and of cooperating in the introduction of new labor methods.” https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [12723 REPORTS OF GERMAN FACTORY INSPECTORS. 49 The report for the district of Hamburg discusses, among other things, the question as to whether and how far establishments are obligated to release works council members entirely from productive work so that they may give their entire time to their duties as council members. In large shipbuilding yards in Hamburg there has developed the practice of releasing from productive work 4 out of each 20 coun cil members. The conciliation boards in Bremen and Kiel have ren dered decisions that council members have no legal right to demand release from productive work, but that in individual instances this right may have been acquired by express or tacit agreement. Wage Problems and Wage Policy. CEYERAL reports complain that the policy governing all wage ^ agreements, that the performance of the individual worker shall be the exclusive determining factor in fixing wage rates and that his conjugal condition shall not be considered, has resulted in deplorable conditions. The report for the district of Minden says in this respect: The current wages, which rose gradually as the mark depreciated in value, make it possible for single workers and for workmen’s families in which there are several breadwinners to live fairly confortable, while families with only one breadwinner can make ends meet only with the aid of privations, because the family allowances granted to them are absolutely insufficient. The inspectors of the district are unani mously of the opinion that the present exceedingly favorable remuneration of un skilled workers is all out of proportion to the wages paid highly skilled workers Who have served apprenticeship in their trades, and especially that juvenile workers are being paid too high rates. The consequence is an endeavor on the part of the young workers to squander their wages on luxurious clothing and amusements. Complaints as to the waning authority of parents, guardians, teachers, and foremen can be easily understood because of the causal connection of this phenomenon with the high wages of young persons. The report for the district of Arnsberg also calls attention to the too small difference in the wages of skilled and unskilled workers: As a consequence of the small difference in the earnings of skilled and unskilled workers, a development that had begun during the war and has become still more marked in postwar times, there is now a noticeable shortage of highly skilled workers. Prudent managers of large plants view this state of affairs with serious apprehension, because the older skilled workers die off gradually, there is no supply of skilled workers in the best years of their life, and the rising generation does not care to undergo the necessary training. A Siegerland iron and steel works became so alarmed at this shortage of skilled workers that it sent a number of juvenile workers to the State trade school at Siegen to have them trained as molders, and pays them their full wages while they are at school. With respect to the much-discussed problem of family allowances the report for the State of Saxony says: A general introduction of family allowances has taken place only in the case of miners and in that of workers in State or municipal employment. The trade-unions generally oppose? family allowances because they fear that the effect of the granting of such allowances will be that employers will hire only young unmarried men and juvenile workers, and on the advent of a business crisis will attempt to discharge the married men. Home Work. work lias generally increased in Germany according to the Luutory inspector’s reports. The higher figures reported are due in part to the fact that the lists of home workers are now being better kept and in part to the fact that new home industries have https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [1273] 50 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW. developed and that new classes of the population, above all the women of the impoverished middle class, have taken to home work as a last resort. The report for the State of Württemberg speaks of large fluctuations. In the rural districts home work has decreased, but in the large medium-sized cities it has increased. The reason for the retrograde movement of rural home work is to be found in the improvement of the economic situation of the agricultural population. The increase of home work in the cities is due to the influx of workers from the former middle classes. Several reports, among others those for Württemberg, Hamburg, Saxony, and Berlin, emphasize how poorly these middle-class home workers are being remunerated. In several localities public-welfare organizations have attempted to procure home work (fine embroidery, knitting, crochet work, etc.) for impoverished women of the middle class, and thus to prevent such work being done for too low wages. The report for the State of Saxony says that while in many Industry branches wages have not kept step with the depreciation of the mark, collective wage agreements in several other branches, such as the hosiery and fabric glove industries and in ribbon weaving, were concluded which provide fair wage rates not only for factory workers but also for home workers. In Königsberg there was a shortage of skilled seamstresses. The reports for the State of Saxony and the district of Stettin mention the poor housing conditions of home workers. The efforts of several employers at Stettin to provide special sanitary work shops in which their home workers could work together were un successful. The home workers did not care to surrender their per sonal liberty, and, moreover, did not want to be bound by the 8-hour day. They want to work longer hours and make correspondingly larger earnings. Factory Conditions in the Punjab in 1922. HE annual report for 1922 on the working of the Indian factories act in the Punjab,1 or northern India, gives some significant data as to conditions in Indian factories. Under the act at present in force all factories employing 20 or more workers on any one day in the year come within the scope of the law. The total number of factories registered as under the act at the close of the year was 366, of which 325 had worked for all or a part of the year, while 41 had remained closed. The total number of workers coming under the law had increased from 42,428 in 1921 to 46,588 in 1922. Apparently there were only two inspectors to cover the whole field, and the report points out that under such conditions it was impossible to enforce strictly the provisions of the law against the small factories whose owners, in many cases, resented legal control and evaded the regulations whenever possible. In general, the condition of the larger factories which work more or less continuously throughout the year is said to be good ; the worst conditions are found in connection with the seasonal industries, T 1 India. [D epartm ent of In d u stries a n d L an d Records. Inspector of factories.] w orking of th e In d ia n factories act, 1911, in th e P u n ja b , for th e year 1922. Lahore, 1923. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [1274] A nnual report on the FACTORY CONDITIONS IN THE PUNJAB. 51 these factories requiring much more attention to bring them up to a standard of good sanitation. The water supply was generally good, and lighting was improving. Many owners of seasonal factories, finding the season was a good one, had repaired and used their elec tric-light installations, "‘whereas in 1921, when the season lasted for a few weeks only, candles or oil lamps were used.” Ventilation showed a marked improvement as compared with conditions in 1921. Skylights ordered in that year had been put in and exhaust fans had been brought into play with advantageous results. The problem of dust removal, however, seemed to remain unsolved. The ventilation of ginning rooms and tlie keeping of them free from dust remain a serious problem. Skylights and extra openings in walls were ordered to be made, helping greatly in ventilating the rooms, but the dust problem is not so easily dealt with. Cotton-ginners can be picked out from amongst other workers by their un healthy appearance; 10 hours daily in the dust-laden atmosphere of a ginning room quickly affects both ey es and throats; it is not unusual to find cotton-ginning workers almost speechless from dust at the end of the day; as 90 per cent of these workers are Women and children, of whom nearly 5,000 are in the Punjab alone, the problem should be regarded as sufficiently serious to warrant special efforts on the part of the health department to mitigate the evil. A strong campaign for safety measures was made, and the number of accidents reported during the year was 320, as compared with 326 in 1921. These statistics are admittedly faulty, yet the inspector believes that accidents are being more regularly reported, and that these figures can be taken as approximately correct. The attitude of the authorities toward this matter is apparently not helpful. The report cites a case in which, during an inspection, it was dis covered, that a serious accident had occurred in the factory and had not been reported, and a prosecution was accordingly undertaken. Apart from the irregularity of not reporting the accident, the factory owners and manager tried to cover up the accident, and afterward got the injured person to sign a document saying that the accident never occurred. These facts after much trouble and time were brought to the notice of the court, with the result that all the accused (two occupiers and one manager) were convicted and fined Rs. 50 [$24.33 par] each. The fines appear to be entirely inadequate for such a grave offense and have little or no effect upon the factory owners, who are usually prosperous mill owners; neither does such a lenient j udgment help factory inspectors. Under the law prevailing at the beginning of 1922 the legal hours of work were 12 a da}" for men, 11 for women, and 6 for children. The act becoming effective in July, 1922, limited the hours for adults, men and women alike, to 11 a day and 60 a week, and left the hours for children unchanged. In the large and well-organized factories the hours were usually well within these limits, but the managers of the seasonal factories greatly resented the new regulations and evaded them when they could. During the year 1922 the practice of overworking was considerably checked, but it is well known that many ginning factories continuously violate all the sections of the factories act relating to hours of work. To catch these persistent offenders redhanded requires far more time than the present existing small inspection staff has been able to give; factory owners are known to keep chaukidars on the stations con tinuously on the lookout for factory inspectors; immediately an inspector arrives, a signal is given, with the result that either the factories are closed or children illegally employed are sent away. It is hoped that with the proposed appointments of indus trial surveyors as additional factory inspectors this malpractice will be checked to a large extent. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [1275] 5Tf> PR IC E S A N D C O ST O F LIVING. Retail Prices of Food in the United States. r"|pH E following tables are based on figures which have been received by the Bureau of Labor Statistics from retail dealers through monthly reports of actual selling prices.1 Table 1 shows for the United States retail prices of food, October 15, 1922, and September 15 and October 15, 1923, as well as the percentage changes in the year and in the month. For example, the price of milk was 13.3 cents in October, 1922, 14 cents in September, 1923, and 14.1 cents in October, 1923. These figures show an increase of 6 per cent in the year and 1 per cent in the month. The cost of the various articles of food 2 combined showed an increase of 5 per cent in October, 1923, as compared with October, 1922, and an increase of four-tenths of 1 per cent in October, 1923, as compared with September, 1923. T able 1.—A V E R A G E R E T A IL P R IC E S O F S P E C IF IE D FO O D A R T IC L E S A N D P E R C E N T O F IN C R E A S E O R D E C R E A S E 1922, A N D S E P T E M B E R 15, 1923. O C T O B E R 15, 1923, C O M PA R E D W IT H O C T O B E R 15, [Percentage changes of five-tenths of 1 p e r cent a n d over are given in whole num bers.] Average retail price on— A rticle. U nit. Oct. 15, 1922. Sept. 15, 1923. Oct. 15, 1923. P e r cent of increase ( + ) or decrease ( —) Oct. 15, 1923, com pared w ith— Oct. 15, 1922. Sept. 15, 1923. Cents. Cents. Cents. 40.0 +4 -3 38.3 41.1 Sirloin s te a k ............................................ P o u n d .............. +4 -3 33.1 35.5 34.4 R o u n d s te a k ............................................ ........d o ............... -2 28.0 29.4 28.9 +3 R ib r o a s t.................................................. ........d o ............... +5 -1 21.0 20.8 19.9 C huck ro a s t.............................................. ........d o ............... +2 0 12.8 13. 1 13.1 ........d o ............... P la te beef__ -7 -7 34.2 36.6 36.7 P o rk c h o p s............................................... ........d o ............... 0 -3 40.8 39.4 39.4 B ac o n ........................................................ ........d o ............... -3 -0 .4 47.6 46.6 46.4 H a m ........................................................... ____d o ............... -3 36.5 35.9 37.5 L am b , leg o f............................................ ........d o ............... -1 34.8 0 35.0 34.8 H e n s .......................................................... ........d o ............... -1 + 0.3 31.6 31.4 31.3 Salm on, canned, r e d ............................. ........d o ............... +6 13.3 14.0 14.1 +1 M ilk, fre s h ........ ...................................... Q u a r t.............. 0 11.2 12.2 +9 12.2 Milk] ev ap o rated .................................... 15-16 oz. c a n . . +2 50.8 55.0 56.3 B u tte r ................. .................................... P o u n d .............. + 11 +7 +1 29.3 29.7 27.8 O leom argarine........................................ ........d o ............... +3 0 27.7 27.7 26.9 N u t m arg arin e........................................ ........d o . ............ +4 + 13 34.1 38.5 37.0 C heese........................................................ ........d o ............... +4 +6 18.6 17.5 17.9 L a rd ......................................................... ........d o ............... +2 23.2 23.0 23.5 V egetable la rd s u b stitu te .................... ........d o ............... +1 1 I n add itio n to m o n th ly retail prices of food a n d coal, th e bureau secures prices of gas an d d ry goods from each of 51 cities a n d for electricity from 32 cities. These prices a re published a t q u a rte rly in tervals in. th e Monthly L abor R eview . 2 T he following 22 articles, w eighted according to th e consum ption of th e average fam ily, have been used from Jan u ary , 1913, to D ecem ber, 1920: Sirloin steak, round steak, rib roast, chuck roast, plate beef, p o rk chops, bacon, ham , lard , hens, flour, corn m eal, eggs, b u tte r, m ilk, bread, potatoes, sugar, cheese, rice, coffee, an d tea. T he rem ain d er of th e 43 articles show n in Tables 1 a n d 2 have been included in th e w eighted aggregates for each m o n th , beginning w ith Jan u a ry , 1921. 52 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [1276] 53 R E T A IL P R IC E S O F FO O D . T able 1.—A V E R A G E R E T A IL P R IC E S O F S P E C IF IE D FO O D A R T IC L E S AND P E R C EN T O F IN C R E A S E O R D E C R E A S E O C T O B E R 15, 1923, C O M PA R ED W IT H 1922, AN D S E P T E M B E R 15, 1923—Concluded. Average retail price on— Article. Eggs, strictly fre s h ................................ Eggs, storag e........................................... B read ......................................................... F lo u r......................................................... Corn m eal................................................. Rolled o a ts ............................................... C om flakes............................................... W h eat cereal............................................ M acaroni................. R ic e ........................................................... Beans, n a v y ............................................ P o ta to e s................ Onions....................................................... C abhage.................................................... B eans^bak ed .......................................... Com, cann ed........................................... Peas; c a n n e d ........................................... Tom atoes, can n ed ........ Sugar, g ra n u la te d ................................... T ea. . 7 ..................................................... Coffee......................................................... P runes....................................................... R aisin s................ ................... B an a n a s................................................... Oranges..................................................... U nit. Dozen............... ........d o ............... P o u n d ............. ........d o ............... ........d o ............... ........ d o ............... 8-oz. p ack ag e.. 28-oz. package. P o u n d ............. ........d o ............... ........d o ............... ........d o ............... ........d o ............... ........d o ............... No. 2 c a n ......... ........d o ............... ........d o ............... ........d o ............... P o u n d .............. ........d o ............... ........d o ............... ........d o ........... __d o ........... D ozen.............. ........d o ............... O C T O B E R 15, P er cent of increase ( + ) or decrease ( - ) Oct. 15, 1923, com pared w ith — Oct. 15, 1922. Sept. 15, 1923. Oct. 15, 1923. Oct. 15, 1922. Cents. 54.3 39. ! 8.7 4.8 3.9 8.7 9.7 25.6 19.9 9.6 10. J 2.2 4.4 3.5 13.2 15.3 17.4 12.7 7.9 68.2 36.3 20.6 20.7 35.6 61.1 Cents. 48.6 Cents. 54.6 41.7 8.7 4.6 4.3 8.8 9.7 24.4 19. 7 9.6 10.6 2.9 6.3 4. 2 12.9 15.5 17.6 12.9 10.6 70. 0 37. 8 18. 3 16. 8 38.3 51.5 +1 +7 0 —4 + 10 +1 0 -5 —1 0 +5 + 32 +43 + 20 -2 +1 +1 +2 +34 +3 +4 —11 -1 9 +8 -1 6 All articles com bined 1......................... 8.7 4. 5 4.2 8. 8 9.7 24.4 19.7 9.5 10.9 3. 4 6.2 4.6 12.9 15.5 17.6 12.9 9.6 69.7 37.6 18.8 17.1 37. 8 51.0 +5 Sept. 15, 1923. + 12 0 +2 +2 0 0 0 0 +1 -3 —15 +2 —9 0 0 0 o + 10 + 0, 4 + 1 3 —2 +i +i + 0 .4 1 See note 2, p . 52. Table 2 show’s for the United States average retail prices of specified food articles on October 15, 1913 and 1914, and on October 15 of each year from 1918 to 1923, together with percentage changes in October of each of these specified years compared with October, 1913. For example, the price per pound of cheese was 22.4 cents in October, 1913; 23.0 cents in October, 1914; 38.5 cents in October, 1918; 42.4 cents in October, 1919; 40.6 cents in October, 1920; 32.9 cents in October, 1921; 34.1 cents in October, 1922, and 38.5 cents in Octo ber, 1923. As compared v'ith the average price in October, 1913, these figures show the following percentage increases: 3 per cent in October, 1914; 72 per cent in October, 1918; 89 per cent in October, 1919; 81 per cent in October, 1920; 47 per cent in October, 1921; 52 per cent in October, 1922, and 72 per cent in October, 1923. The cost of the various articles of food combined showed an in crease of 44 per cent in October, 1923 as compared with October, 1913. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [1277] 54 M O N T H L Y LA BO R R E V IE W , T able 2 .—A V E R A G E R E T A IL P R IC E S O F S P E C IF IE D FO O D A R T IC L E S AND P E R C E N T O F IN C R E A SE OR D E C R E A SE , O C TO B ER 15, O F C E R T A IN S P E C IF IE D Y E A R S COM P A R E D W IT H O C T O B E R 15, 1913. [Percentage changes of five-tenths of 1 p er cen t and over are given in whole num bers.] Average prices Oct. 15. Article. U n it. P er cent ofincrease (+ ) or decrease (—) Oct. 15 of each specified year com pared w ith Oct. 15,1913. 1913 1914 1918 1919 1920 1921 1922 1923 1914 1918 1919 1920 1921 1922 1923 Sirloin s te a k ............ R ou n d s te a k ........... R ib ro a s t.................. Chuck ro a s t............. P la te beef................. P o rk c h o p s.............. B a c o n ....................... H a m .......................... b a m b ......................... H e n s ........................ Salm on, canned, red Milk, fre s h ........’___ Milk, e v ap o rated __ B u tte r . 2 ................. O leom argarine........ N u t m a rg a rin e ........ Cheese............... ....... L a rd .......................... V eg etab lelard subs titu te s ................. Eggs, stric tly fresh. Eggs, storage........... B re ad ........1............ F lo u r......................... Corn m e a l................ Rolled o a ts .............. Corn flakes............... W h ea t cereal............ M acaroni................... R ic e ........................... B eans, n a v y ............ P o ta to e s .. T............. O nions....................... C abbage.................... B e a n s ,b a k e d .......... Corn, c an n e d ........... P eas, c an n e d ........... Tom atoes, c a n n e d .. Sugar, g ra n u la te d .. T e a ............................ Coffee......................... P ru n e s ....................... R a isin s ..................... B a n a n a s ................. 1 O ranges..................... Cts. Cts. Cts. Cts. Cts. Cts. 41.0 39.8 44. 5 37.4 38.3 40.0 39.0 36.9 41.9 32.9 33.1 34.4 32.3 30.6 33.3 27.6 28.0 28.9 27.9 24. 5 25.9 19.9 19.9 30.8 21.5 17.6 17.8 13. 2 12.8 13.1 45.4 44.3 49.9 36.0 36.6 34.2 57.9 52.8 54.6 41.2 40.8 39.4 52.0 52.4 59.8 48.3 47.6 46.4 35.2 33.9 37.9 30.0 35.9 36.5 39.0 40. 3 43.9 37.2 34.8 34.8 130.9 1 3 4 . 8 >39.0 34.9 31.6 31.4 9.6 9.0 14.8 16.0 17.3 14.2 13.3 14.1 (2 ) 16 6 15 3 13. 4 11.2 12. 2 P o u n d .. 38.2 37.6 65.1 71.1 68.9 53.2 50. 8 56.3 d o .... 42.6 41. 5 30.2 27. 8 29.7 __do ........ 35. 8 35.7 28.3 26.9 27. 7 .. .d o ... 22.4 °3 0 38. 5 4 9 . 4 40. 6 32.9 34.1 38.5 .. .d o ....... 16. 0 15. 5 34. 2 36.1 29.2 17.2 17.5 18.6 P o u n d .. . ..d o ....... . ..d o ....... . ..d o ....... . ..d o ....... ...d o ....... . ..d o ....... ...d o ....... . ..d o ....... .. .d o ....... ..d o . . Q u a r t... .. .d o ... D ozen... . ,do P o u n d .. .. .d o ....... . ..d o ....... __d o ... (3) 0) Pound. .. .d o ....... .. .d o ....... . ..d o ....... ..d o .. . ..d o ... (9 (5 ) (5 ) (0) P o u n d .. .. .d o __ .. .d o ....... .. .d o ....... .. .do....... D ozen... . ..d o ....... Cts. Cts. 25.7 26.2 23.1 23.8 20.0 20. 5 16.4 17.0 12.3 12.8 22.6 23.0 27. 8 28. 6 27.6 28.3 18.4 19. 3 21.2 21.4 37 5 41.6 39.0 64.1 72.0 61 8 5. 6 6.4 9.8 10.1 3. 3 3. 7 fi. 7 7.3 3.1 3.3 6.8 6.6 9. 9 14.1 25.2 19. 4 8. 7 8. 8 14.0 17.3 16.7 12.5 1.8 1.5 3.5 3.8 4. 5 6.3 4. 5 17.1 19.1 19.1 16.1 5.5 7.2 10.6 11.4 54.5 54. 7 67. 5 71.0 29.7 29.6 30. 5 48.6 18. 3 29. 0 15. 5 20. 9 39.3 55.3 0 + 55 + 73 + 46 +49 +56 + 60 + 81 +42 +43 +49 +53 +67 +38 +40 +45 +49 +58 +21 + 21 +27 +43 +45 + 7 + 4 + 7 +96 + 121 +59 +62 +51 + 90 +96 +48 +47 +42 +90 + 117 +75 +72 +68 + 84 + 106 + 63 +95 +98 +90 + 107 +75 +64 +64 +64 +78 +92 +58 +48 +57 + 70 + 86 + 80 +39 +33 + 47 +3 -3 + 72 + 89 + 81 +47 +52 +72 + 114 + 126 +83 + 8 + 9 + 16 +2 1 + 60 +69 + 62 +70 + 75 + 101 + 108 + 88 +91 + 84 -2 32 1 21. 5 23.2 23. 5 80.8 58.9 54.3 54.6 - 6 64. 9 44.1 39.1 41.7 11.8 9.5 8.7 8.7 + 14 7.8 5.4 4. 8 4.6 + 12 6.5 4.3 3.9 4.3 + 6 11. 6 9. 8 8. 7 8. 8 14. 4 12. 0 9.7 9. 7 30.4 29.7 25.6 24.4 22.0 20. 5 19.9 19.7 16.1 9.3 9.6 9. 6 + 1 10.9 8. 2 10.1 10.6 3.4 3.5 2,2 2.9 -1 7 4.7 6. 5 4. 4 6.3 3.6 4. 8 3. 5 4.2 16.7 14.0 13.2 12.9 18. 5 16.1 15.3 15. 5 19.2 17.9 17.4 17.6 14. 5 12.9 12. 7 12.9 13.9 6.9 7.9 10.6 +31 72.4 69.1 68. 2 70.0 + 0.4 43. 4 35. 6 36. 3 37.8 - 0 . 3 27.9 19.1 20. 6 18.3 31.4 27.3 20.7 16. 8 47. 2 38. 5 38.3 71.3 56.6 61.1 51.5 A ll articles comb in e d 6................... 1 B o th p in k a n d red. 215-16 ounce can. +2 +3 +3 +4 +4 +2 +3 +3 +5 +1 + 54 + 73 +94 +42 +31 +31 + 75 + 80 +111 +70 +55 + 55 +39 + 103 4-121 + 136 +64 + 119 + 113 + 110 +39 +26 +39 +61 +99 +85 + 7 + 94 + 111 + + 10 + 10 89 +94 +22 +61 ..... ..... . + + 93 + 107 + 153 +25 +44 +93 24 + 30 +33 +27 +25 +28 + 3 +64 +46 +20 +22 +27 + 74 + 82 +91 +47 +37 +44 1 3 8-ounce package. 4 28-ounce package. 3 No. 2 can. 6 See note 2, page 52. Table 3 shows the changes in the retail price of each of 22 articles of food3 as well as the changes in the amounts of these articles that could be purchased for $1, each year, 1913 to 1922, and for October, 1923. 8 A lthough m o n th ly prices of 43 food articles have been secured since Jan u a ry , 1919, prices of only 22 of these articles have been secured each m o n th since 1913 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [1278] 55 R E T A IL P R IC E S O F FOOD, T able 3.—A V E R A G E R E T A IL P R IC E S O F S P E C IF IE D A R T IC L E S O F FO O D AN D AM O U N T P U R C H A S A B L E F O R $1, IN EA C H Y E A R , 1913 TO 1922, A N D IN O C TO B ER , 1923. Sirloin steak. R ound steak. Year. R ib roast. Chuck roast. P late beef. P o rk chops. AverAverAverAverAverAverA m t. A m t. A m t. A m t. age age age age A m t. age A m t. age retail for $1. retail for $1. retail for $1. retail for $1. retail for $1. retail for $1. price. price. price. price. price. price. Per lb. 1913..................... 80.254 1914............... . . 259 1915..................... .257 1916..................... .273 1917..................... .315 1918..................... .389 1919..................... .417 1920................... . .437 1921.................... .388 1922..................... .374 1923: O ctober... .400 Lbs. Per lb. 3.9 $0. 223 3.9 .236 3.9 .230 3.7 .245 3.2 .290 2.6 .369 2.4 .389 2.3 .395 .344 2.6 .323 2.7 .344 2.5 Bacon. Lbs. Per lb. Lbs. Per lb. 5.1 80.160 4.5 $0.198 4.2 . 167 .204 4.9 .161 4.3 .201 5.0 .171 .212 4.7 4.1 .209 3.4 .249 4.0 .266 3.3 2.7 .307 3.1 .270 2.6 .325 .262 .332 3.0 2.5 .212 3.4 .291 2.9 .197 .276 3.6 3.1 .208 2.9 .289 3.5 H am . Lard. Lbs. Per lb. 6.3 $0.121 6.0 .126 6.2 . 121 5.8 .128 4.8 .157 3.8 .206 .202 3.7 3.8 .183 4.7 .143 .128 5.1 4.8 .131 H ens. Lbs. Per lb. 8.3 80. 210 .220 7.9 8.3 . 203 7.8 .227 6.4 .319 4.9 . 390 5.0 .423 .423 5.5 7.0 .349 7.8 . 330 7.6 .342 Eggs. B u tte r. Per lb. Lbs. Per lb. Lbs. Per lb. Lbs. Per lb. Lbs. Per dz. Dots. Per lb. 2.9 $0.383 6.3 80. 213 4.7 $0.345 3.7 80.158 3.7 SO. 269 1913..................... •80.270 .362 .218 4.6 .353 2.8 .156 6.4 .273 3.6 3.7 .275 1914 .208 4.8 .341 2.9 .358 .148 6.8 .261 3.8 3.7 1915..................... .269 4.2 .394 .236 2.7 .294 3.4 . 175 5.7 .375 .287 3.5 1916 .286 2.1 .487 .382 3.6 3.5 .481 .410 2.6 .276 2.4 1917.......... 2.1 3.0 .377 1.8 .577 .333 2.7 .569 .479 .529 1.9 1918. . 2.4 1.6 .678 2.7 .411 . 62S .534 1.9 .369 . 554 1.8 1919 2.2 1. 5 1.8 3.4 .447 .681 .701 .555 .295 1.9 1920..................... .523 .397 2.0 .517 2.0 .180 5.6 2.5 .509 2.3 . 4S8 .427 1921 .360 2.8 .444 2.3 .479 .170 5.9 .488 2.0 .398 2.5 1922 1.8 .563 2.2 5.4 .348 2.9 . 546 .464 .186 2.5 1923: O ctober... .394 Cheese. Per lb. 1913................... $0.221 .229 1914 1915..................... .233 .258 1916... . .332 1917............... . 359 1918. . .426 1919 .416 1920. .340 1921.. .329 1922 1923: O ctober... .385 Lbs. Per qt. 4.5 80. 089 4.4 .089 .088 4.3 .091 3.9 .112 3.0 2.8 .139 2.3 .155 .167 2.4 . 146 2.9 . 131 3.0 .141 2.6 Potatoes. Per lb. 1913..................... 80. 017 1914..................... .018 1915..................... .015 1916..................... .027 1917..................... .043 .032 1918 . .. 1919..................... .038 1920..................... .063 .031 1921......... 1922..................... .028 1923: O c to b e r.. .029 Milk. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Flour. Qts. Per lb. Lbs. Per lb. 11.2 $0.056 17.9 $0. 033 11.2 .034 .063 15.9 .042 14.3 11.4 .070 .044 11.0 .073 13.7 .092 .070 10.9 9.0 7.2 10.2 .098 .067 . 072 .100 10.0 6.5 .081 .115 8.7 6.0 .058 6.8 .099 10.1 .051 7.6 .087 11.5 11.5 .046 7.1 .087 Sugar. Lbs. Per lb. 58.8 80. 055 55.6 .059 .066 66.7 .080 37.0 .093 23.3 .097 31.3 .113 26.3 .194 15.9 32.3 .080 .073 35.7 .106 34.5 B read. Coflee. Lbs. Per lb. 30.3 $0. 030 .032 29.4 23.8 .033 22.7 .034 14.3 .058 . 068 14.9 13.9 . 064 12.3 .065 17.2 .045 19.6 .039 .043 21.7 Tea. Lbs. Per lb. Lbs. Per lb. Lbs. 1.8 18.2 $0.298 3.4 $0,544 3.4 .516 1.8 .297 16.9 1.8 15.2 3.3 .545 .300 .546 1.8 .299 3.3 12.5 .582 .302 3.3 1.7 10.8 3.3 .648 1.5 10.3 .305 1.4 2.3 8.8 .433 .701 1.4 2.1 .733 5.2 .470 1.4 .363 2.8 .697 12.5 1.5 .361 . 6S1 2.8 13.7 1.4 .700 9,4 .378 2.6 [1279] Corn meal. Lbs. 4.8 4.5 4.9 4.4 3.1 2.6 2.4 2.4 2.9 3.0 2.9 Lbs. 2.6 2.8 2.8 2.5 2.1 1.7 1.5 1.4 1.9 2.1 1.8 Rice. Lbs. Per lb. 33.3 SO. 087 31.3 .088 .091 30.3 29.4 .091 17.2 .104 14.7 .129 15.6 .151 15.4 .174 22.2 .095 25.6 .095 23.3 .096 Lbs. 11.5 11.4 11.0 11.0 9.6 7.8 6.6 5.7 10.5 10.5 10.4 56 M O N T H D W L A B O R R E V IE W . Index Numbers of Retail Prices of Food in the United States. IN TABLE 4 index numbers are given which show the changes in *■ the retail prices of each of 22 food articles,4 by years from 1907 to 1922, and by months for 1922,5 and for January to October, 1923. These index numbers, or relative prices, are based on the year 1913 as 100 and are computed by dividing the average price of each commodity for each month and each year by the average price of that commodity for 1913. These figures must be used with cau tion. For example, the relative price of rib roast for the year 1920 was 168, which means that the average money price for the year 1920 was 68 per cent higher than the average money price for the year 1913. The relative price of bacon for the year 1919 was 205 and for the year 1920 it was 194, which figures show a drop of 11 points but a decrease of only 5 per cent in the year. In the last column of Table 4 are given index numbers showing the changes in the retail cost of all articles of food combined. From January, 1913, to December, 1920, 22 articles have been included in the index, and beginning with January, 1921, 43 articles have been used.4 For an explanation of the method used in making the link between the cost of the market basket of 22 articles, weighted accord ing to the average family consumption in 1901, and the cost of the market basket based on 43 articles and weighted according td the consumption in 1918, see M o n t h l y L a b o r R e v ie w for March, 1921 (p. 25). The curve shown in the chart on page 58 pictures more readily to the eye the changes in the cost of the family market basket and the trend in the cost of the food budget than do the index numbers given in the table. The retail cost of the food articles included in the index has decreased since July, 1920, until the curve is brought down in October, 1923, to approximately where it was in May, 1917. The chart has been drawn on the logarithmic scale,6 because the percentages of increase or decrease are more accurately shown than on the arithmetic scale. 4 See n o te 2, p . 52. 5 F o r in d ex num bers of each m onth, Jan u ary , 1913, to D ecember, 1920, see Monthly L abor R eview for F ebruary, 1921, p p . 19-21. 6 F o r a discussion of th e logarithm ic chart see article on “ Comparison of arithm etic and ratio charts,” b y Lucian W. Chaney, Monthly L abor R eview for March, 1919, p p . 20-24. - Also “ The ‘ra tio ’ charts,” b y Prof. Irving Fisher, rep rin ted from Q uarterly Publications of th e A m erican S tatistical Association, June, 1917, 24 pp. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [ 1280] « 1 T able i , —IN D E X N U M B ER S SH O W IN G C H A N G ES IN T H E R E T A IL P R IC E S O F T H E P R IN C IP A L A R T IC L E S O F FOOD IN T H E U N IT E D ST -IT E S B Y Y E A R S , 1907 TO 1922, B Y M ONTHS F O R 1922 AND F O R JA N U A R Y TO O C TO B ER , 1923. [Average for year 1913=100.] Round R ib Chuck P late Pork B a B u t Com P o ta Y ear a n d m onth. Sirloin steak. steak. roast. roast. beef. chops. con. H am . Lard. H ens. Eggs. te r. Cheese Milk. Bread. Flour. m eal. Rice. toes. 1907........................... 1908........................... 1909........................... 1910........................... 1911........................... 1912........................... 1913........................... 1914........................... 1915........................... 1916........................... 1917........................... 1918........................... 1919.......................... 1920........................... 1921.......................... 1922: A v . for y e a r.. J a n u a ry ........ F e b ru a ry ___ M a rc h ........... A p ril............ M ay ............... Ju n e ............... J u ly ............... A u g u st.......... Sep tem b er... O ctober......... N o v e m b er... D ecem ber__ 1923: J a n u a ry ......... F e b ru a ry ___ M arch............ A p ril............. M ay ............... Ju n e ............... J u ly ............... A u g u st.......... Septem ber... October......... https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 71 73 77 80 81 91 100 102 101 108 124 153 164 172 153 147 139 139 141 143 148 151 154 154 152 151 147 145 146 146 147 149 152 158 161 162 162 157 68 71 74 78 79 89 100 106 103 no 130 165 174 177 154 145 136 135 138 141 146 150 153 153 151 148 144 141 142 141 142 145 148 155 159 159 159 154 76 78 81 85 85 94 100 103 101 107 126 155 164 168 117 139 135 134 136 138 141 142 144 142 142 141 139 138 139 139 139 140 142 145 148 147 148 146 74 76 83 92 100 104 101 107 131 166 169 164 133 123 119 118 121 122 124 126 127 125 125 124 123 121 123 122 122 123 124 128 130 130 131 130 100 104 100 106 130 170 167 151 118 106 106 106 107 107 107 107 105 104 104 106 105 105 107 106 106 105 105 104 106 105 108 108 91 100 105 96 108 152 186 201 201 166 157 138 140 149 157 164 161 164 167 173 174 157 140 140 137 135 135 143 142 149 153 175 163 74 77 83 95 91 91 100 102 100 105 152 196 205 194 158 147 139 110 144 147. 147 150 150 150 150 151 151 149 147 146 145 145 145 144 144 145 146 146 76 78 82 91 89 91 100 Ì02 97 109 142 178 199 205 181 181 164 173 185 188 191 193 194 189 180 177 172 169 168 167 167 168 168 169 171 172 173 172 81 80 90 104 88 94 100 99 93 111 175 211 234 187 114 .108 97 101 109 107 108 109 109 109 109 111 111 111 110 110 110 111 109 109 108 108 113 118 81 83 89 94 91 93 100 102 97 111 134 177 193 210 186 169 173 173 177 177 177 173 168 164 164 163 159 158 162 167 168 169 170 168 163 162 164 163 84 86 93 98 94 99 100 102 99 109 139 165 182 197 148 129 145 140 92 92 97 99 104 108 130 157 187 193 161 134 112 100 102 103 108 120 141 158 85 86 90 94 88 98 100 94 93 103 127 151 177 183 135 125 118 120 120 118 117 117 119 115 122 133 143 157 154 151 150 150 136 131 128 135 144 147 100 104 105 117 150 162 193 188 154 149 149 149 149 145 139 141 143 144 145 154 161 166 169 170 168 164 161 163 163 164 167 174 87 90 91 95 96 97 100 100 100 113 99 125 102 130 125 164 156 175 174 179 188 205 .164 177 147 155 153 157 148 154 146 155 143 155 140 157 140 157 144 157 146 155 147 155 149 ' 155 151 155 154 154 1.54 155 154 155 153 155 153 155 152 155 152 155 153 157 154 155 157 155 158 155 95 102 109 108 102 105 100 104 126 135 211 203 218 245 176 155 148 155 161 161 161 161 158 155 148 145 145 148 148 14S 145 148 145 145 1.42 136 136 139 88 92 94 95 94 102 100 105 108 113 192 227 213 217 150 130 130 130 130 130 127 130 130 130 130 130 130 133 133 133 133 133 133 133 137 137 140 143 105 111 112 101 130 135 100 101 104 105 119 148 174 200 109 109 107 107 107 108 109 110 ]10 no 110 no 109 109 109 108 108 108 108 108 108 108 109 no ICO 108 89 159 253 188 224 371 182 165 194 194 182 171 176 206 212 153 135 129 124 124 124 124 129 147 159 188 247 218 200 171 Su gar. 105 108 107 109 117 115 100 108 120 146 169 176 205 353 145 133 113 116 118 122 120 129 138 147 144 144 147 151 151 158 185 193 204 202 191 175 175 193 Cof fee. All Tea. articles com bined. 84 92 100 100 101 100 101 102 145 158 122 121 120 119 119 120 120 121 100 100 100 100 107 119 129 135 128 125 126 125 124 124 125 125 100 102 101 114 146 168 186 203 153 142 142 142 139 139 139 141 121 121 122 122 123 124 126 127 128 128 127 127 126 126 127 126 125 125 126 126 126 127 127 127 127 128 127 128 128 129 139 140 143 145 147 144 142 142 143 143 144 147 146 149 150 ~I Or CO T R E N D IN R E T A IL COST O F A L L A R T IC L E S O F FO O D , C O M B IN ED , F O R T H E U N IT E D ST A T E S , B Y M O N TH S, JA N U A R Y , 1914, TO O C T O B E R , 1923. [1913=100.] M O N T H L Y L A B O R R E V IE W . [1282] https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis t R E TA IL, P R IC E S O F FO O D . 59 Retail Prices of Food in 51 Cities on Specified Dates. A VERAGE retail food prices are shown in Table 5 for 40 cities for 1 *• October 15, 1913 and 1922, and for September 15 and October 15, 1923. For 11 other cities prices are shown for the same dates with the exception of October, 1913, as these cities were not scheduled by the bureau until after 1913. 71915°—23---- 5 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [12S3] 60 M O N T H L Y L A B O R R E V IE W , T able 5 .—A V E R A G E R E T A IL P R IC E S O F T H E P R IN C IP A L [The prices show n in this tab le are com puted from reports sent m onthly to the B ureau b y retail dealers. B altim ore, Md. A tlan ta, Ga. B irm ingham , Ala. A rticle. U nit. Sirloin s te a k ...................... R ou n d s te a k ..................... R ib ro a st............................ Chuck ro a st....................... P late beef........................... P o u n d .......... ........do ........... ........do............ ........do ........... ........do ........... Oils. 24.2 21.3 19.7 15.4 9.6 Cts. 33.7 30.5 26.6 18.1 13.4 Cts. 35.7 32.2 27.9 20 5 12.1 Cts. 36.1 32.5 27.5 20.8 11.7 Ct-s. 23.5 22.0 17.3 15.3 12.6 Cts. 36.4 33.8 29.0 18. 9 12.5 Cts. 40. o 37.6 31.3 20.6 13.5 Cts. 39.1 35.8 30.2 20.4 13.4 Cts. 28.5 23.0 20.5 16.5 10.4 Cts. 33.9 30.3 25.6 20.1 12.6 Cts. 38.0 33.7 27.8 22.4 13.6 Cts. 37.2 33.4 27.0 22.1 13.6 P o rk chops........................ Bacon, sliced..................... H am , sliced....................... L am b, leg of..................... H ons.................................... ........do............ ........do ........... ........do ........... ........do............ ........do ............ 25.0 32.2 30.8 20.2 20.8 35.5 40.3 45.9 38.3 32.2 33.6 36.8 46.3 36.7 31.0 33.0 36.5 47.3 36.1 32.5 19.6 22.5 28.5 18.0 20.8 35.1 36.9 51.3 36.6 38.0 3G.8 34.9 51.9 37.2 37.0 32.8 34.4 52.2 37.3 36.9 24.6 35.0 32.0 21.9 20.0 34.3 42.0 46.6 37.2 30.3 33.2 39.7 47.5 39.5 30.7 33.1 40.0 46.4 39.0 31.7 Salmon canned, red Milk, fresh ............. Milk, evaporated B u tte r................................. O leom argarine................. 29.5 29.9 29.5 26.3 .do........... Q u a rt............ 10.6 16.7 16.7 16.7 8.7 12.0 13.3 14.4 14.2 10.5 15-16-oz. can. F o u n d .......... 39.0 49.9 56.9 57.3 38.8 54.8 30.2 32.4 33.4 25.3 ........ d o ........... 26.2 14.0 12.1 58.9 27.9 30.4 30.0 30.2 26.6 14.0 10.0 19.0 18.5 18.5 12.3 13.2 13.3 12.1 60.6 40.0 50.0 56.2 58.1 32.6 34.2 34.6 27.9 N u t m argarine. Cheese___ L ard V egetable lard su b stitu te Rggs, strictly fresh ......... 27.0 26.7 27.3 ........ d o ......... 27.1 27.7 27.8 ........ d o ........... 25.0 34.1 36.2 36.1 23.3 33.8 37.2 37.3 ........ d o ........... 15.4 18.2 18.8 19.3 14.8 17.4 17.9 18.6 21.5 21.6 22.1 21.9 22.4 23.3 ........ d o ......... . D ozen........... 34. i 40.5 42.2 43.8 36.3 52.8 47.3 52.6 R ggs st orage................ , B re a d .................................. F lo u r.................................. Corn m e a l.......................... Rolled o a ts........................ ___ d o ........... P o u n d .......... ........ d o ........... ........ d o ........... ........d o ........... 5.9 3.5 2.7 Corn flakes........................ Whea t cereal. . . . M acaro n i........................... R ic e .................................... Beans, n a v y . . . 8-oz. p k g ___ 28-oz. p k g . P o u n d .......... ........d o ........... ........ d o ........... 9.0 9. S 9.8 26.0 26.6 26.8 21.6 21.1 21.2 8.6 9.0 8.8 8.8 11. 8 13.1 13.0 P o ta to e s............................. O nions................................ C abbage............................. Beans, b a k e d ................... Corn, c an n e d .................... ........ d o ........... . . . . .d o .......... ........ d o ........... No. 2 c a n . . . ........d o ........... 2.3 Peas, c an n e d .................... Tom atoes, c an n e d ........... Sugar, g ra n u la te d ........... T e a ...................................... Coffee. .... .............. ........d o ........... 17.5 ........ d o . ......... 12.5 P o u n d .......... 5.8 8.2 ........ d o . ......... 60.0 87.3 ........ d o ........... 32.0 35.9 17.6 13.3 9.8 93.7 37.5 17.7 15.5 13.4 10.7 11.1 4.9 7.3 93.7 56.0 64.1 37.5 24.4 32.5 16.7 12.1 8.9 68.0 32.7 16.6 19.8 11.7 11.1 10.0 5.7 7.9 67.9 61.3 82.1 32.6 28.8 37. C 20.6 11.9 9.9 85. S 39.1 20.6 12.0 11.0 85.9 38.7 P ru n e s .............................. R aisin s.............. B a n a n a s............................. O ranges.............................. . . . . . d o ........... . . . . d o ........... Dozen........... ........ d o ........... 18.5 18.8 28.3 45.2 18.5 18.8 28.6 40.7 17.4 14.6 27.7 57.7 16.7 14.4 27.3 56.9 20.9 19.2 38.1 51.0 20.7 19.0 37.6 49.0 Oct. 15— Oct. 15— Sept. Oct. Sept. Oct. Sept. Oct. 15, 15. 15, 15, 15, 15, 1923. 1923. 1923. 1923. 1922 1913 1913 1922 1923. 1923. 1913 1922 Oct. 15— 9.6 5.2 2.9 9.8 9. 1 5.0 3.8 9.1 39.3 9.1 5.0 4.0 9.1 3.2 4.9 4.6 6.3 7.8 8.1 4.6 5.7 5.3 13.5 13.6 13.6 15.6 15.6 15.7 21.8 20.8 26.4 45.8 5.5 3. 2 2.6 35.4 8.1 4.7 3.1 8.3 8.7 4.3 3.4 8.5 41.3 8.8 4.3 3.6 8.5 8.9 8. S 8.9 24. 5 22.3 22.2 19.4 18.8 19.6 9.0 9.2 9.2 9.2 9.7 10.4 10.3 1.8 2.0 4.0 3.2 4.6 6.4 6.7 3.7 4.7 4.3 11.6 11.0 11.7 14.0 14.7 14.1 19.4 18.5 27.5 60.0 28.8 31.6 32.0 23.0 33.1 37.6 38.0 15.2 18.4 18.2 18.5 ........ 21.5 20.1 20.0 35.0 46.3 45.2 40.0 9.0 5.6 2.9 9.5 8.8 5. 5 3.4 9.3 40.5 8.8 5.5 3.5 9.3 9.9 27.2 19.6 8.2 9.4 11.2 10.0 26.4 18.9 9.2 11.9 10.0 26.5 19. i 9.5 11.8 5.4 3.6 2.4 2.2 3.2 4.5 4.1 5.7 6.8 7.1 4.8 5.8 5.5 15.1 14.0 14.2 16.2 16.9 16.9 23.3 25.5 35.5 54.2 1 The steak for which prices are here quoted is called “ sirloin” in th is city, b u t in m ost of the other cities included in th is report it w ould be know n as “ porterhouse” steak. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [1284] 61 R E TA IL . P R IC E S O F FOOD, A R T IC L E S O F FO O D IN 51 C IT IE S ON S P E C IF IE D D A T E S. As some dealers occasionally fail to report, the number of quotations varies from month to month.] B ridgeport, Conn. Boston , Mass. Oct. 15— 1913 1922 8.9 38.0 23. Ì 15.7 .......... 53.3 6.Ò <,3.6 '3 .5 9.4 1.7 .......... ...... 5.4 58.6 33.0 --- ... B u tte , Mont. Charleston, S C. Oct. 15— Oct. 15— Sept. Oct. Oct. Sept. Oct. Oct. Sept. Oct. Sept o c t. 15, 15, 15, 15, 15, 15, 15, 1923. 1923. 1922. 1923. 1923. 1913 1922 1923. 1923. 1922. 1923. 1923. 1913 1922 1923 1923. Sept. Oct. Cts. Cts. Cts. Cts. 1 35.0 1 62.6 1 64.9 1 63.7 35.0 51.5 56.2 53.9 25.6 36.6 40.2 38.9 18.0 24.5 26.3 26.2 16.2 17.2 16.8 24.4 25.4 31.3 20.5 25.6 Buffalo, N. Y. Cts. 44.7 38.9 34.0 24.3 10.4 Cts. 49.7 43.0 38.5 27. 5 11.0 Cts. 48.3 41.3 36.5 25.9 11.5 Cts. 22.3 19.3 16.5 15.0 11.5 Cts. 37.4 31.2 27.8 19.9 12.0 Cts. 40.1 33.8 28.5 21.1 12.1 Cts. 39.0 32,6 28.3 21.4 12.4 Cts. Cts. Cts. 30.2 29.6 28.0 27.1 24.8 24.1 24.1 22.8 22.1 16.8 16.6 15.8 11.3 10.5 10.0 Cts. 21.8 20.4 20.0 15.0 12.1 Cts. 32.5 31.3 27.5 20.2 13.5 Cts. 35.6 31.9 28.8 21.3 14.1 Cts. 33.2 30.5 26.8 . 20. 2 13.2 26.0 26.6 .28.8 22.5 21.8 35.3 37.1 .46.1 42.2 37.3 33.8 35.3 40.8 41.7 36.6 31.8 35.0 42.7 41.7 36.4 41.8 38.5 54.6 38.7 40.3 39.4 37.4 52. 7 40.8 39.2 37.9 37.7 53.2 39.1 39.5 38.2 44.6 55.6 36.4 39.4 39.2 41.7 54.4 40.9 39.0 35.9 45.1 54.2 37.0 39.9 21.0 22.3 26.7 15.3 21.0 39.7 35.2 47.2 31.8 34.8 39.7 33.4 46. 6 33.2 35.0 37.2 32.7 46.4 32.1 35.4 34.8 47.7 53.4 32.5 30.5 34.0 48.2 51.8 33.5 30.1 32.8 48.2 51.4 31.7 29.0 29.7 14.5 11.7 49.4 28.2 29.2 14.9 12.8 55.0 30.7 29.9 14.9 12.7 56.8 30.2 32.9 14.0 10.9 48.7 26.5 29.9 15.0 12. 5 55.7 28.3 29.6 15.0 8.Ó 12.3 56.5 37. 1 28.3 27.4 14.0 10.9 52.7 27.6 27.2 27.1 13.3 13.3 1]. 8 11.9 5 5 . 1 55. 5 28.4 28.2 36.4 14.0 12.1 51.8 30.0 38.5 14.3 12. 5 38.5 27.3 25.8 26.8 14.3 12.0 18.5 18.0 18.0 12 Ft 56.3 .38.2 .46.5 53. 1 54.7 27.3 20. 0 26.3 35.2 17.4 23.9 80.1 26.4 .38.6 18.1 24.3 71.6 26.0 38.4 19.3 24.8 78.1 24.3 33.3 17.0 22.9 74.7 26.3 39.0 17.2 23.3 66.3 26.2 27.1 27.4 26.3 39.4 2Î.5 32.8 36.7 37.1 18.1 14.4 16.8 17.0 17.7 23.8 21.8 22.5 22.7 74.7 36.6 63.2 50.9 57.1 30.2 35.8 21.4 26.8 60.0 32.7 38.3 20.2 26.3 54.5 42.8 8.4 5.3 4.9 8.3 8.4 5.0 5.2 8.8 45.0 43.8 8.4 8.4 5.0 4.9 5.0 6.9 8.9 8.3 8.6 4.5 7.1 8.3 45.9 8.6 4.6 7.1 8.2 10.2 26.0 23.6 11.1 9.9 9.5 24.6 23.4 11.1 10.4 9.5 24.8 23.1 10.6 10.3 9.5 23. 5 24.0 10.1 11.4 9.4 23*5 24.0 10.1 10.9 2.0 4.4 4.7 14.6 18.2 37.3 8.5 4.1 3.5 7.7 5 5 .5 32.7 28.0 28.5 28.5 38.8 21.0 31.0 34.9 36.1 21.2 15.3 18.6 18.9 19.3 25.6 21.6 22.2 22.2 62.8 35.0 37.4 37.5 44.2 8.4 4.0 3.7 7.7 39.2 8.4 4.0 3.7 7. 8 39.7 9.7 5.5 3.8 6.7 9.6 5.1 4.0 6.8 9 .1 9.1 1 2 .1 1 1 .9 1 2 .1 2 1 .5 8 .9 1 0 .9 21.5 9.1 10.5 2 2 .7 9 .9 9 .3 2 1 .3 1 0 .1 1 1 .0 2 1 .0 1 0 .1 3.3 7.0 5.0 14.7 19.5 2.6 2.0 3.8 3.2 1.7 1 . 8 3 . 7 2.5 6.7 4.3 6.6 7.5 ..... 4 . 6 6 . 9 7.0 5.0 3.6 6.1 5.5 2 .2 5 .4 4.3 14.6 11.9 11.8 11.6 11.0 1 1 . 2 11.1 19.0 18.1 18.9 18.9 ........ 14.8 14.6 14.9 1 .2 3 .8 3 .0 2 .6 4 .8 21.2 13.8 7.7 68.9 43.1 21.4 12.7 9.5 69.7 43.2 21.2 12. 4 10.9 70. 1 43.2 19.8 13.1 7.6 57.4 34.3 21.5 13. 5 9.5 58.3 35.7 21.4 16.4 13.-8 13.1 10.3 5.4 7.6 58.0 45.0 60.9 36.1 29.3 34.6 15.6 13.4 9.4 62.4 35.2 15.6 13.6 10.4 62.6 35.0 20.8 19.3 41.1 68.4 18.9 16.0 48.8 54.3 18.8 15,6 50.. 0 56.. 8 19.9 19.5 34.1 64.2 18.3 16.7 37.0 54.2 18.5 15.9 36.0 54.3 18.9 15.0 45.0 54.4 18.7 22.3 20.0 14.8 22.9 20.0 46.4 2 14. 4 2 15. 2 52.8 65.0 50.0 9.5 25.3 24.5 10.0 11.0 5.6 3.0 2.5 9.2 25 2 22!1 9.3 9 .3 1 0 .0 19.1 18.4 41.7 66.8 2 P er pound. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [1285] 34 4 40.8 9 .6 5 .1 4 .0 6 0 10. 8 "5.'9 3.8 2.6 ........ 5.6 2.2 9 .7 5 .9 3 .0 10.2 10.2 5.9 5.8 3.1 3.5 1 0 .0 10.0 10.0 19! 8 20.2 20.2 6.5 6.6 6.8 10 Q 11 8 18.1 16.4 3. 5 17.5 15.0 2 .4 5 .1 3 .8 1 1 .4 3 .6 5 .4 5 .7 1 1 .0 3.1 6.3 5.0 17.5 10.9 15.0 ......... 14.7 14.3 14.3 16.0 15.0 9.8 79.5 45.0 16.0 14.9 11.9 82.5 45.4 16.0 19.7 15.0 10.3 12.5 5.0 7.3 82.5 50.0 72.6 45.5 26.8 32.9 17.9 10.8 9.0 70.7 33.1 18.1 10.6 10.2 70.7 32.5 18.5 20.0 15.2 50.0 . . . . . 18.7 17.0 40.7 46.3 18.1 16.7 40.7 42.5 2 .0 5 .4 3 .6 2 21.4 20.8 30.6 46.4 62 M O N T H L Y L A B O R R E V IE W , T able 5 .—A V E R A G E R E T A IL P R IC E S O F T H E P R IN C IP A L A R T I C incinnati, Ohio. Chicago, 111. Cleveland, Ohio. Article. U nit. Sirloin ste a k ...................... R ound s te a k ..................... R ib ro ast............................ Chunk ro a st....................... Plato boot P o u n d .......... ........d o ........... ........d o ........... ........d o ........... ........d o ........... Cts. 24.8 21.6 20.1 15.8 12.0 Cts. 38.9 30. 1 29.5 19.7 11.8 Cts. 43. 0 32.7 31.4 21.0 12.0 Cts. 41.6 32.3 31.6 21.1 12.2 Cts. 23.3 21.0 19.2 16.1 12.2 Cts. 32.7 29. S 27.1 17.4 13.1 Cts. 36.5 32.8 28.7 18.8 14.1 Cts. 34.9 31.2 28.2 18.1 13.9 Cts. 25.4 22.9 18.7 16. 9 12.2 Cts. 34.7 28.8 24.9 19.1 10.9 Cts. 38.2 31.6 26.4 20.7 11.0 Cts. 37.5 30.9 25.8 20.4 11.5 P o rk chops........................ B acon, sliced . H am , sliced L am b, leg of..................... H en s.................................... ........do ........... ........d o ........... ........do ........... ........d o ........... ........do........... 21.0 32.7 32.0 19.8 18.4 34.3 46.9 49.5 35.2 32.3 34.6 44. 9 48.8 37.4 33.8 31.7 44.8 49.0 36.4 32.6 23.7 26.0 30.0 17.8 22.7 36.2 36.4 49.4 32.3 33.4 37.3 33.9 47.9 32.9 36.4 31.5 33.8 48. 1 33.3 34.9 23.0 28. 1 35.7 18.7 20.9 36.9 39.9 48.5 33.8 34.4 40.5 40.3 49.3 35.4 36.6 35.2 40.4 50.5 34.4 35.5 Sal m on can n p,d, red Milk, fresh......................... Milk, evaporated........ B u tte r................................ O leom argarine.................. 32.5 .d o ........... Q u a rt............ 8.0 12.0 10.0 15-16-oz. can P o u n d .......... 35.4 49.3 23.6 ........d o ........... 33.5 14.0 11.5 53.1 25.9 27.8 33.4 14.0 8.0 12.0 10.5 11.5 54.3 37.8 48.4 28.5 26.1 28.0 12.0 11.6 53.5 30.5 28.1 30.1 14.0 8.0 13.0 10.6 11.5 54.5 39.2 54.7 30.8 28.2 29.3 14.0 11.7 57.0 29.6 29.4 14.0 11.9 57.5 30.3 Nnt. margarine, Cheese................................. L ard .................................... V egetable la rd su b stitu te Kggs, strictly fresh .......... 26.8 27.8 27.6 25.8 27.6 28.6 22.4 24.7 25.1 .d o ........... ........d o ........... 25.7 35.8 40.0 40.1 21.0 34.6 38.6 39.0 24.0 33.1 35.3 36.2 ........do ........... 15.0 16.9 17.1 18.2 14.2 15.6 17.4 18.1 16.4 17.8 18.9 19.0 23.2 24.5 24.4 22.0 23.8 24.5 22.6 24.3 24.4 ........do ........... Bozen........... 33.3 47.9 46.1 49.8 32.6 47.9 42.2 47.0 42.7 56. 7 50.6 59.7 Oet, 15— Oct. 15— Sept. O c t Sept. Oct. Sept. Oct. la, 15, 15. 15, 1923. 1922. 1923. 1923. 1913 1922 1923. 1923. 1913 1922 1913 1922 F.ggq cjtoraee ........d o ........... Breacl.................................. P o u n d .. . . F lo u r.................................. ........do............ Corn meal __do............ Rolled oats ___do............ 6.1 2.9 2.8 Corn flakes 8-oz. p k g ___ 28-oz. pkg . W heat Cereal Macaroni P o u n d ___ ........do............ R ice. ............................ ........do............ Beaus, navv 9.4 24.3 18.5 9.0 9.7 9.9 1.7 36.6 9.7 4.2 5.1 8.0 9.2 23.4 18.5 10.2 10.6 9.1 23.4 18.2 10.1 10.6 2.0 3.3 2.4 4.1 5.9 5.8 3.5 3.8 3.5 12.6 12.9 12.9 13.7 15.4 15.4 P o ta to e s............................. Onions Cabbage Beaus baked Corn canned ........do............ ........do............ ........do............ N o. 2 c an ___ ........do............ Peas, can n ed__ Tnm atoes; can n ed ........... Sugar, g ra n u la te d ........... Tea .. ............................ Coffee.................................. ........do............ 13.6 ........do............ P o u n d .......... 5.2 7.4 ........do............ 55.0 66.6 ........do............ 30.7 34.5 Primes __do............ R aisins................................ ........do............ B ananas Dozen........... Oranges ........do............ 35.3 9.8 4.1 5.4 8.6 8.6 9.7 4.1 21.0 21.6 36. 0 67.9 4.8 3.3 2.8 40.3 8.4 4.5 2.9 8.4 8.4 4. 5 3.4 8.7 36.4 8.4 4.4 3.6 8.7 9.4 9.3 9.2 24.6 22.8 23.5 16.4 16.6 16.6 8.8 8.9 9.0 9.4 9.3 10.0 9.8 1.8 2.3 3.0 2.4 4.4 6.0 5.9 3.7 4.7 4.3 11.6 11.4 11.4 13.8 13.8 14.4 5.6 3.1 3.0 43.6 7.9 4.5 3.5 8.6 7.9 4.6 3.9 8.6 42.4 7.9 4.6 4.0 8.7 10.0 9.9 9.9 25.6 24.5 24.8 20.1 19.4 20.2 9. C 9.0 9.0 9.5 9.2 10.4 9.9 1.9 2.2 4.0 2.8 3.8 5.1 6.1 3.2 4.6 4.4 12.3 12.9 13.1 16.2 15.6 16.2 16.8 14.0 9.1 72.6 38.0 16.5 16.8 14.2 12.6 9.8 5.4 7.7 72.7 60.0 69.3 38.2 25.6 31.3 16.9 12.7 9.6 72.5 32. S 16.8 12.5 10.3 5.5 72.2 50. C 33.4 26.5 17.1 13.6 7.7 68.4 37.3 16.7 13.6 9.5 68.1 39.4 17.0 13.8 10.6 67.0 40.4 20.6 17.3 39.0 52.7 19.2 17.1 37.7 56.1 18.5 17.1 42.3 50.2 18.3 16.7 45.6 46.7 19.8 20.7 42. £ 58.9 18.8 16.7 51. £ 52.6 19.0 17.0 53.8 52.3 19.7 20.5 33.9 52.2 1 The steak for which prices are here quoted is called “ ru m p ” in this city h u t in m ost of th e other cities included in this report it w ould he know n as “ porterhouse” steak. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [1286] 63 B E TA IL , P R IC E S O P POOD, C L E S O F FO O D IN 51 C IT IE S ON S P E C IF IE D D A T E S —C ontinued. Colum bus, Ohio. Oet. Sept Oct. Dallas, Tex. Oct. 15— D enver, Colo. Sept. Oct. Oct. 1 5 - Sept. Oct. D etroit, Mich. F all R iver, Mass. Oct. 15— Sept. Oct. Sept. Oct, 15, 1922. 1923. 1923. 1913 1922 1923. 1923 1913 1922 1923. 1923. 1913 1922 1923. 1923. 1913 1922 1923. 1923. Cts. 34. 8 30.5 26.6 20.9 14.3 CIS 37.1 32.6 27.8 21.1 13.0 Cts. 37 9 32.7 27.7 21.3 13.0 Cts. 23.3 21.3 20.1 16.9 13.6 Cts. 35.3 32.1 26.6 21.9 16.8 Cts. 33.9 30. 3 26.4 21.1 16.9 Cts. 33.9 29.8 26.4 21. 1 16.9 Cts. 23. 9 21.4 17.8 15.8 10.0 Cts. 30. 7 26.5 22.6 16.4 9.8 Cts. 32.4 28.5 23.3 17.31 10.3 Cts. 30. 7 26.1 22.5 17. C 9.7 Cts. 25.4 20.8 20. C 15.4 11.0 Cts. 36. 2 29. 1 25.8 18.6 12.0 Cts. 40.4 32.3 28.4 21.1 12.0 Cts. 38.6 30.6 27.1 20. 4 12.2 Cts. 135.3 28.0 23.3 18.0 Cts. Cts. Cts. *56.6 161.3 161.0 41.8 44.6 44.5 27.0 30.6 29.9 20.6 22.1 21.9 11.9 12.7 13.1 34.0 38.3 47.1 35.9 33.4 33.1 38.3 46.6 35.3 32.0 33.4 39.3 46.6 38.0 32.1 22.5 3S.3 32.5 23.3 19.3 37.1 44.6 54.5 40. 0 31.2 33.8 37.9 50.0 41. 3 28.6 31.9 37.9 50.0 41.3 28.7 20.8 28. C 31.7 14.6 19.4 35.7 44.8 52.7 34.1 28.1 36. 4; 42.9 50.5 35. 9 28.9 31.5 43.3 49.7 34.8 29.1 21.6 23. 5 27. 0 16.4 19.8 37.7 41.5 50.7 30.7 34.9 40. 4 41. 5 51.3 39. 0 36.3 35.2 40.2 50.3 37.3 35. 5 23.2 25. 7 31.2 18.3 24.6 35.8 37.7 47.6 39.2 42.8 34.1 36.9 48.1 41.0 42.9 34.2 36.5 47.8 39.6 42.6 32.2 11.0 11.0 49.8 25.3 31.6 13. 0 11.8 53.3 28.0 32.4 13.0 Ü .6 11.9 55.3 42.5 28.8 31.7 15.0 12.5 48.0 27.3 30.2 15.0 14.0 54.4 30.0 30.2 34.4 15.0 8.4 9.8 14. 0 11.2 56.8 39.0 46.9 30.0 29.0 33.4 11.7 11. 7 50.5 29.3 32.7 30.4 11.7 9.5 13. 0 11. 9 10. 7 51.2 37.0 50. S 30.0 27.0 30.1 15.0 11. 8 55. 5 29.0 30.0 30.4 15.0 9.Ó 13.0 11. 8 12. 5 56. 5 35.9 46.7 29.6 30.0 31.6 14.0 13. 4 52.5 31.7 31.8 14.0 13. 5 54.8 31.7 24. 7 33.9 16.2 22.5 51.9 25.9 35.6 15. 8 22.6 39.7 26.8 38.0 20. 0 17.3 16.8 23.9 47.6 29.4 34. 9 20.6 21.6 40.8 31.3 35.9 21.4 20.3 40.9 31.1 37.7 26. i 22.6 16.1 20.4 43.0 37. i 27.7 36.6 19.4 24.6 45.6 28.7 39.2 19.0 21.5 43.6 29.0 25.9 26.8 39.7 2Ì.7 34.2 37.9 19.4 16.5 17.3 18.5 21.3 23.0 23. 7 47.9 35.6 52.0 48.1 27.5 31.3 37.2 23.6 35.1 19. 0 15.3 16.5 24.1 23.0 56.1 52.7 76.0 27.7 38.8 17.6 24.6 70. 2 28.3 39.1 18.3 25.3 78.5 39.0 7.6 4.5 2.9 9.0 7.7 4.1 3.3 9.1 39.0 7.7 4.2 3.5 9.0 5.3 3.2 3.3 34.0 35.0 8.8 8.7 8.7 4.6 4.4 4.4 3.7 3.7 4.0 10.3 10.7 10.7 36.8 8.3 3.7 3. 0 8.8 7.8 3.7 3.2 9.1 38.6 7.8 3.7 3.3 9.0 40.0 41.2 8.6 6.2 9.2 4.1 3.3 5.1 4.5 3.7 6.3 9.0 ........ 9.3 9.1 4.9 6.1 9.7 45.5 9.1 4.9 0.9 9.6 9.5 26.2 19.0 10.4 9.3 10.6 24. 2 19.4 10.2 9.7 10.1 25.0 19.1 10.] 9.8 11.8 25.6 21.2 9.3 10.8 L0.7 10.1 9.9 9.9 25.2 24.7 24.5 20.7 20.6 20.7 9.9 9.6 9.8 10.5 12.4 12.3 9.0 9.1 8.9 10.0 24.9 24.3 24.0 27.7 19.4 19.1 19.7 24.2 8.4 9.5 9.4 9.5 ÌÓ.Ó 10.2 8.9 9.6 9.4 10.5 10.0 26.7 23.3 10.2 10.7 10.1 26.4 23.0 10.3 10.6 1.8 2.9 2.6 4.2 4.7 5.2 2.1 2.3 2.4 14.7 14. 5 14.5 14.7 14.8 15.0 1.6 11.0 25.1 21.1 10.0 11.5 5.5 2.6 2.6 11.0 25.1 21.1 9.9 8.6 11.3 ........ 2.1 3.2 2.6 2.5 3.3 4.2 4.0 0.4 7.4 7.0 6.0 7.0 7.0 4.0 4.5 4.6 5.0 5.4 5.4 13.2 13.6 14.0 15.8 14.4 14.4 13.1 12.6 12.9 ........ 17.3 16.1 10.1 1.4 5.6 3.1 2.8 38.1 8.0 4.4 4.3 9.3 8.6 4.0 4. 5 8.8 1.6 3.2 1.9 1.8 2.0 3.8 6.1 5. S 4.7 2.7 5.0 4.1 3.8 12.3 11.9 11.8 12.9 15.3 14.8 14.5 ........ 15.2 14.9 13.7 8.0 78.4 36.0 14.7 13.5 9.8 77.5 36.9 14.8 21.1 13.8 14.0 10.6 5.8 8.4 77.7 60.7 92.7 36.8 36.7 41.5 21.1 14.2 10.2 92.3 42,_5 21.1 16.2 14.0 13.4 11.3 5.4 8.6 92.3 52.8 69.3 42.5 29.4 35.7 16.4 13.4 10.2 66.9 36.2 16.5 16.8 13.2 13.2 11.3 5.4 7.5 66.5 43.3 64.1 36.5 29.3 36.4 16. 5 12.7 9.5 62.4 38.0 16.7 17.4 13.2 12.6 11.0 5.3 8.0 64.6 44.2 60.2 37.8 33.0 38.5 22.5 19.8 36.7 57.4 19.5 15.9 39.4 50.3 20.9 17.6 40.4 51. S 20.5 18.2 33.3 53.6 20.0 17.5 34. 0 55.0 20.3 18.1 212. 4 50.2 18.5 17.5 214.1 51.1 18.2 16.5 36.9 51.7 18.3 16. 4 39.0 52.8 23.8 22.2 35.7 67.2 21.5 21.3 212.1 64.2 2 Per pound. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [1287 ] 20.7 19.3 31.7 61.7 3.7 3.0 C. 9 7.1 4.7 4.8 13.0 12.8 16.1 17.1 17.7 13.8 9.8 59.4 39.8 18.3 13. 9 10.8 59.1 39.8 18.1 17.5 16.8 21.6 18.0 18.4 n o .o 211.0 210.9 50.0 48.9 53.5 64 MONTHLY LA BO R R E V IE W . T able 5 .—A V E R A G E R E T A IL P R IC E S O P T H E P R IN C IP A L A R T I H ouston, Tex. A rticle. Sirloin steak. R ound steak. R ib ro a s t___ Chuck ro a st.. P la te beef— Pork chops... Bacon, sliced. H am , sliced... L am b , leg of.. H e n s ............... U nit. Pound. ___ do.. ___ do.. ___ do.. ___ do.. .do. do. .do. .do. .do. Indianapolis, In d . Jacksonville, Fla. Oct. 15— Oet. 15— Sept Oct. Sept O ct. Oct. Sept Oct. 15, 15, 15, 15, 15, 15, 15, 1922. 1923. 1923. 1913 1922 1923. 1923. 1913 1922 1923. 1923. Cts. 26.0 24.7 17.8 20.0 16.3 15.7 12.9 Cts. 36.2 34.4 25.9 21.9 14.1 Cts. 38.9 38.1 26.3 22.7 14.4 Cts. 38.1 36.2 25.6 22.3 14.0 Cts. 25.5 21.0 21.3 14.6 11.6 Cts. 34.2 28.8 26.5 17.2 10.3 Cts. 33.8 28.8 26. C 17. C 10.7 Cts. 33.9 28.9 26.4 17.7 10.1 22. 2 29.7 31.2 20.7 21.0 35.4 38.6 48.7 38.1 31.9 35.6 36.9 50.0 39. 2 33.3 32.9 36.8 50. C 38.3 32.4 24.0 31.0 30.2 21.6 23.8 34.5 37.9 45. C 36.6 35.2 30.0 35. C 43.8 35.0 33.5 30.6 35.0 44.4 35.0 34.4 38.2 8.0 10. 0 10.4 49.2 54.3 54.9 36.8 47.4 31.8 32 26.6 34.3 36.1 12.0 11.6 55.1 29.4 36.6 30.7 30.8 31.2 12.0 12.3 17.7 16.3 18.7 11.6 11.4 12.7 12.8 55.7 39.3 48.8 53.9 56.0 29.8 29.6 29.4 28.6 Cts. 29.6 27. 23.4 19.2 14.3 Cts. 29.6 28.9 23.9 18.9 15.3 Cts. 29.3 28.9 23.9 33.8 46.6 47.1 32.9 33.9 31.8 44. 45. 4. 35.0 33.8 31.2 45.1 45.0 35.0 32.8 Salm on, canned, red. M ilk, fresh ................... Milk, ev ap o rated ___ B u tte r.......................... O leom argarine........... ....... do............ Q u a rt........... 15-16-oz. can P o u n d .......... ....... do............ 30. G 30.6 30.4 15.3 15.3 15.3 11.8 12, 12 . N u t m argarine............................ Cheese........................................... L a rd .............................................. V egetable lard s u b stitu te ........ Eggs, stric tly fresh..................... ....... d o .. ....... d o .. ....... d o .. ....... d o .. D ozen.. 29.0 33.5 18.6 23.2 39.6 27.4 27.0 27.6 30.0 26.0 27.2 28.5 35.7 21.3 35.1 36.5 37.7 22.5 31.8 34.9 35.5 20.7 15.0 15.3 15.3 16.8 15.8 17.3 18.0 18.6 17.3 22.2 24.0 24.4 22.4 23.4 23.3 39.0 32.2 45.0 40.8 43.7 40.0 60.4 51.5 53.6 Eggs, sto rag e............................... B re a d ............................................ F lo u r............................................. Corn m e a l.................................... Rolled o a ts.................................. ___ do.. Pound. ___ do.. ___ do.. ___ do.. 35.8 Corn flakes............ W heat cereal........ M ac a ro n i............. Rice........................ Beans, n a v y .......... 8-oz. p k g .. 28-oz. p k g . P o u n d ___ ___ do ........ ___ do ........ Potatoes......... O nions............ Cabbage.......... Beans, baked. Corn, c an n e d . 29.3 34.6 19.9 17.3 38.4 35.4 7.1 4.5 3.9 8.7 38.0 7.3 4.5 3.1 7.9 8.5 4.4 3.4 7.6 8.5 4.3 3.5 7.7 41.5 40.0 6.2 10.6 10.3 10.3 3.7 5.6 5.3 5.3 2.9 3.1 3.6 3.8 9.3 8.9 9.4 9.7 9.7 9.7 24.8 23.9 24.1 19.7 19.9 19.6 7.7 7.7 7.7 9.6 10.6 10.8 9.1 25.6 18.8 9.2 10. 0 9.7 8.8 23.9 18.5 10.2 10.0 8.9 23.9 18.6 10.3 10.2 9.7 9.7 9.7 25.6 24.4 24.7 19.3 19.4 19.7 6.6 8.9 8.6 8.9 10.6 .11.1 11.3 ___ do ___ ___ do ___ ___ do ___ No. 2 can. ........do___ 3.6 4.4 4.1 5.1 6.3 6. 5 5.0 4.9 5.1 14.2 13.2 13.2 13.6 13.8 13. 1.7 Peas, c an n e d .......... Tom atoes, c an n e d . Sugar, g ra n u la te d .. T e a .. .. ..................... Coffee....................... ___ do.. ___ do.. Pound. ___ do.. ___ d o .. 18.2 17.8 11.9 7.8 9.1 72.4 70.8 31.6 32.9 P ru n e s . . R aisin s.. B ananas. O ranges. ___ do. ___ do. Dozen. ___ do. 21.1 17.2 17.2 20.8 16.9 16.8 29.5 30.5 33.2 56.6 45.3 44.0 6.6 4. 3.3 8.3 7.1 4.5 3.8 8.7 11. 5.1 3.2 2.5 2.0 3.2 2.1 5.0 7.0 6.8 4.0 4.5 4.1 13.0 13.2 13. 7 13.9 13.6 13.9 15.6 16.0 13.7 14.1 5.7 8.3 9.9 70.8 60.0 74.4 77.1 32.9 30.0 37.1 38.2 17. 11.8 10.0 21.6 22.6 29.3 61.1 19.6 17.8 31.3 48.9 2.5 2.6 4.4 4.2 4.8 7.5 7.6 4.7 5.4 5.2 12.6 11.5 12.2 15.9 16.4 15.7 16.0 17.2 14.0 10.4 10.0 5.9 7.8 77.1 60.0 84.1 38.5 34.5 37.1 16.9 11.0 9.7 86.5 38.5 16.8 11,1 10.8 86.8 39.1 19.5 17.7 31.4 49.4 19.6 18.8 33.0 59.7 19.7 18.3 34.2 49.3 20.2 23.3 31.1 35.1 1 The steak for w hich prices are here quoted is called ‘‘sirloin ” in this city, b u t in m ost of th e other cities included in th is report it w ould be know n as “ porterhouse” steak. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [ 1288] RETAIL PRICES OF FOOD, 65 C L E S O F FO O D IN 51 C IT I ES ON S P E C IF IE D D A T E S —C ontinued. 1 K ansas C ity, Mo. L ittle Rock, Ark. Los Angeles, Calif. Louisville, K y. I M anchester, N . H . 1 O ct. 15— Oct. 15— Oct . 15— Oct. 15— O ct. 15— Sept Oct. Sept Oct. Sept. OctSept Oct. Sept O ct. 15, 15, 15, 15, 15, 15, 15, 15, 15, 15, 1923. 1923. 1923. 1923. 1923. 1923. 1923. 1923. 1923. 1923. 1913 1922 1913 1922 1913 1922 1913 1922 1913 1922 Cts 24.9 22.3 18.0 15.6 12.2 Cts. 35. 7 30.6 24.2 17.5 10.8 Cts. 39.2 33.8 27.0 18.7 10.8 Cts. 38.4 32.7 26.3 18.2 11.1 Cts 25.0 20.0 20.0 17.5 12.5 Cts. 32.7 30.0 25.9 18.4 14.1 Cts. 35.0 31. 1 26.7 20. C 15.8 Cts. Cts 34.6 24.0 30. 7 21.0 27.1 19.1 19.2 15. 8 14. 5 13.3 Cts. 35. ( 28.7 28.5 17.8 12.1 Cts. 33.9 27.1 27.7 17.0 12.6 Cts. 34.9 28.1 28.0 17.8 12.8 Cts 23. € 20.0 18.2 15.9 13.1 Cts. 30.7 28.1 23.0 17.2 13.4 Cts. 32.8 29.7 23.2 17.7 13.4 Cts. 32.1 29.0 23.5 18.0 13.2 Cts. 137.0 29.5 20.5 17.0 23. 1 31.3 29.4 18.3 16.1 34.7 44.3 49.3 30.9 28.5 35.3 42.6 46.9 32.3 28.9 30.7 21. 3 42.7 36.7 47.1 30.0 32.0 18.8 28.3 19.0 35.3 42.4 50.3 35.7 29.8 33.9 42.0 47.7 40. C 28.4 33.3 41.3 46.7 36.7 28.7 39.5 50.7 59.1 32. i 39.8 37.5 49.8 57.2 33.3 38.9 40.4 51.4 59.5 33.6 39.6 21.9 29.5 29.0 18.2 21.8 33.9 37.9 41.9 32.0 28.9 32.5 33.5 41.3 34.6 30.9 30.1 33.5 40.9 35. 0 31.8 22.8 23.5 29.0 20.0 24.5 38.4 34.6 44.6 36.9 41.9 36.8 33.9 40.9 39.3 42.4 35.4 33.9 41.1 37.1 42.1 31.6 9.3 12.7 11.4 38." 8 47.8 26.6 33.0 13.3 12.0 54.2 27.2 33.2 40.2 37.8 38.3 30.8 31.4 31.4 13.3 15.6 15.0 15.3 15.7 iò.C 14. t 15.0 15. C 8.8 12.2 11.6 13.3 13.3 10.5 10.7 10.9 55.4 45. Ó 49.8 54.5 56.6 39.5 63.2 59.8 60.3 39.2 29.5 31.0 30.3 27.0 31.7 33.3 33.7 29.0 12.0 10.7 51.9 27.2 29.3 13.0 12.2 55. 8 29. 3 28.8 30.8 13.0 8.0 13.0 12.3 12.8 56.5 42.0 53.2 30.0 27.8 29.8 13.8 14.0 56. 8 29.2 29.8 13.8 13.9 59.1 27.5 25.6 32.9 15.8 22.4 43.8 25.1 34.7 16.1 23.7 39.3 27.3 23.3 36.7 22.0 33.9 17.4 16.3 17. 5 23.1 24.0 41.0 47.3 68.1 22. 3 36.7 18.0 20.6 60.6 20.7 37.6 18.8 21.2 67.7 42.7 35.0 9.0 95.7 8.8 4.6 3.5 4.9 4.4 2.4 2.4 9.9 8.6 8.4 4.8 3.0 8.4 27.0 27.7 2Ì.8 35.3 38.3 16.4 18.0 18.7 24.5 23.8 35. 0 41.9 38.8 6.0 3.0 2.8 34.3 7.9 4.5 4.5 8.3 9.9 8.7 1.9 26.6 21.3 9.6 10.5 7.9 4.1 4.5 8.9 10.2 25.4 21.4 9.2 10.5 27.8 38.5 23.3 18.7 16.5 24.1 41.1 35. Ó 28.6 34.3 19.7 22.7 39.1 28.7 37.6 19.1 21.3 40.7 25.4 33.x 35.0 18.6 26.2 29.4 37.7 Ì9.5 19.4 17.9 21.2 41.5 52.5 28.5 36.5 19.5 23.6 61.8 29.8 37.5 19.2 22.9 54, 1 35.0 38.3 41.6 7.9 6.Ó 8.3 8. Ì 8.1 6.Ò 9.0 4.2 3.6 5.2 4.8 4.9 3.4 4.8 4.5 2.8 3.0 3.3 3.6 3.4 4.3 8.8 10.3 10.1 9.8 10.0 9.0 4.6 4.3 9.7 28.9 38.6 22.5 20. 4 16.1 23.6 62.1 30. Ó 41 1 8.4 5.0 3.3 8.3 10.2 9.8 9.8 9.8 9.9 9.5 9.8 9.3 9.1 9.0 24.9 25.8 25.1 25.1 24.4 23.2 23.5 24.7 23.8 24.4 21.8 21.6 20.3 20.3 16.6 15.6 16.4 17.6 16.7 16.9 9.6 8.3 8.0 7.8 8.0 7.7 9.7 9.8 10.2 8.7 8.8 8.5 7.9 10.5 9.9 11.5 10.7 8.8 9.9 9.8 9.1 9.8 9.7 2.3 2.7 2.2 2.4 3.0 3.8 3.1 1.7 2.6 3.9 3.8 2.2 2.0 3.6 2.4 5.1 6.7 6.9 5.7 7.0 7.7 4.6 5.6 5.8 3.8 6.0 6.9 3.7 4.5 3.9 __ 4.3 5.4 5.1 4.3 4.1 3.8 3.3 4.8 4.2 14.5 14.3 14.1 13.3 13.2 12.4 14.3 13.0 13.1 11.8 11.3 11.5 13.6 14.0 14.0 14.7 15.3 15.3 17.3 16.5 16.5 14.2 13.5 13.6 15.5 15.4 13.1 13.8 5.7 8.2 9.8 54. 0 80.2 79.6 27.8 37.8 39.4 15.3 13.8 11.0 5.5 80.4 50.0 39.4 30.8 20.7 18.6 17.7 22. 7 18.9 18.1 411.8 412.9 4 13.1 61.1 50.3 52.1 18.7 13.1 8.8 91.8 39.7 18.8 12.9 10.6 92.3 41.0 18.5 12.7 11.7 5.5 92.3 54.5 41.3 36.3 22.6 19.8 19.3 23.4 19.9 19.4 410.0 *10.7 4 11.0 66.3, 48.3 45.0 2No. 2h can. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 19.3 18.4 18.5 Ho.7 214.9 214.9 8.1 9.9 10.7 5.4 70.8 69.4 69.8 65.0 38.4 38.9 39.8 27.5 15.5 11.3 7.7 73.9 34.9 19.2 18.3 18.2 20.3 17.1 16. S 18.7 18.5 17.2 21.2 16.0 15.3 31.7 39.7 37.5 45.1 41.6 44.8 411.0 411.8 <11.8 49.0 38.3 35.6 3 No. 3 can. ri2391 .... Cts. Cts. 1 159.2 44.5 48.8 25.9 29.3 21.8 22.9 14.9 16.1 153. 15.5 11.7 9.5 73.4 36.3 5.9 3.4 3.5 7.7 5.2 4.6 9.0 9.7 8.8 1.6 26.1 24.7 9.2 10.2 Cts. 157.6 47.5 28.4 22.6 16.0 44 9 8.4 4.8 4.6 8.6 8.4 4.3 4.6 8.6 9.8 9.8 24.3 24,1 24.2 24.5 9.3 9.0 10.2 10.3 1.8 3.1 2.4 3.9 6.8 6.5 3.9 4.7 4.5 15.1 14.5 14.4 18.0 17.4 17.3 15.6 12.1 20.8 20.9 819.2 320.7 5.3 8 .0 9.8 72.7 47.5 57.4 57.7 36.0 32.0 39.3 39.5 10.8 20.9 820.7 11.1 57.7 39.5 20.4 18.4 17. S 19.4 15.7 15.6 410.0 411.9 411.2 64.3 48.3 51.4 4 P er pound. MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW. 66 T able 5 .—A V E R A G E R E T A IL P R IC E S O F T H E P R IN C IP A L A R T I M emphis, Tenn. M ilwaukee, W is. M inneapolis, Minn. Oct. 15— Oct. 15— Sept. Oct. Sept. Oct. Sept. Oct. 15, 15, 15, 15, 15, 15, 1923. 1923. 1923. 1923. 1913 1922 1923. 1923. 1913 1922 1913 1922 Oct. 15— Article. U nit. Sirloin s t e a k ................... R ound s te a k .. R ib ro a st............................ Chuck ro a s t....................... P la te beef. ............ P o u n d .......... ........do............ ........do ............ ........do ............ ........d o ........... Cts. 24.0 20.0 21.0 15.4 11.9 Cts. 31.6 28.4 23.8 17.3 12.1 Cts. 34. 8 31.0 25.7 19. 0 14.5 Cts. 33.2 29.6 24.3 18.3 13.8 Cts. 23.6 21.6 18.8 16.4 12.1 Cts. 37.6 33.0 26.7 22.1 12.3 Cts. 39. 6 35.1 28.3 23. 0 12.6 Cts. 38. 0 33.8 27.5 22.7 13.5 Cts. 23. 0 21.3 20. 0 17. 0 10.1 Cts. 30. 9 27.1 24 2 17.8 9.4 Cts. 32.9 29.7 25.0 18.9 10.1 Cts. 30. 7 26.5 24.2 18.7 10.2 P o rk chops........................ B acon, sliced..................... H am , sliced....................... L am b , leg of..................... lie n s .................................... ........do............ ........do............ ........do ............ ........do ............ ........do ............ 20.5 31.0 29.0 20. 0 19.5 31.4 37. 6 47.3 36.4 29.4 31.7 37.7 45. 8 36.3 29. 0 28.1 36.2 44.3 34.1 28.8 21.2 28.6 29.0 19.5 18.8 36.2 41.8 45. 5 36.2 30.2 38.3 41.6 45.1 37.5 32.0 32.1 41.1 44.9 36.2 29.1 20.8 27.7 32.7 14.8 17.2 34.8 43.6 48.1 32.1 27.3 34.5 41.8 47.3 33.7 28.4 30.6 40.6 46.5 33.1 27.5 Salmon, canned, r e d . . . . Milk, fresh ......................... Milk, e v ap o rated .............. ............... B u tte r ... O leom argarine.................. ..d o . 35.5 36. 0 36.1 Q u a rt............ 10.0 15.0 15.0 15.0 7.0 15-16-oz. can. 11.1 13. 0 13.0 P o u n d .......... 38.8 47. C 51.9 52. 8 35. 0 ........do ............ 30.0 30.0 28.3 32.6 9.0 10. 6 50.0 25.0 35.3 11.0 11.5 53. 5 26.9 34.4 11.0 8.0 11.6 53.5 35. 5 27.5 39.2 11.0 11.6 46.7 25.7 36.6 12.0 12.6 50.2 27.1 36.6 12.0 12.6 51.5 28.3 N u t m a rg a rin e ................. C h eese................................ L a rd .................................... V egetable lard su b stitu te Eggs, strictly fresh .......... ........do ............ ........d o ........... 20. 8 ........d o ........... 16.3 ........do ............ D ozen........... 29. 6 24.3 26.0 26.5 25. 0 36.7 22.0 33.6 36.2 37. 0 20; 8 17.6 15. 8 17.7 18.3 19.0 15.7 22.4 23.5 24.2 23.2 39.0 43.9 34.0 41.1 35. Ó 25.1 32. 5 16. 9 24.1 42.9 25.7 35.8 17. 6 24.7 36.9 26.3 36.0 18.2 25.3 41.3 Eggs, sto rag e.. B re ad .................................. F lo u r.................................. Corn m eal.......................... Rolled o ats........................ ........d o ........... P o m id .......... ........d o ........... ........d o ........... ........d o ........... 6.0 3.5 2. 5 34.0 9.0 4.4 4.0 8.6 Corn flakes......................... W heat c erea l.. . __ M acaroni.. R ice..................................... Beans, n a v y ...................... 8-oz. p k e ___ 28-oz. p k sr... P o u n d .......... ........d o ........... ........d o ........... 10.2 24.3 17.4 9.6 10.5 P o ta to e s ............................. O nions................................ C abbage.............................. Beans, baked .................. Corn, can n ed .. __ ........d o ........... ........d o ........... ........d o ........... No. 2 c a n . . . ........d o ........... Peas, c a n n e d .. . Tom atoes, can n ed ........... Sugar, e ra n u la te d ............ T e a __ . Coffee.................................. c. . . .d o ........... 17.5 12.2 ........d o ........... P o u n d .......... 5.6 8. ) ........d o ........... 38.8 85.9 ........d o ........... 27.5 36.6 ........d o ........... P r u n e s .. ........d o ........... Raisins . . D ozen... B ana'nas. . . . O ranges.............................. ........d o ........... 1 W hole. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 27.2 32.3 16.1 21.1 42. < 24.2 35.8 17.6 22.9 40.2 9.0 5.2 2.7 8.9 8.9 5.1 3.4 9.3 36.5 8.9 4.2 3.7 6.8 8.9 4.1 3.9 7.5 38.2 8.8 4.2 4.1 7.4 5.6 2.8 2.5 3.8 7.9 9.0 4.3 3.8 8.7 9.5 9.8 9.9 25.7 24.6 24.3 17.6 17.7 18.0 8. 1 8.5 8.0 8.1 10.0 10.9 9.9 9.0 24.5 17. 3 9.0 10. 3 9.7 9.2 24.2 17.6 10.2 10.5 9.3 24.5 17.5 10.4 10.1 10.2 25.2 17.9 8.6 9.6 9.6 10.2 24.4 17. C 9.4 10.4 2. 1 1.6 38. 5 9.2 5.1 3.6 9.2 2.6 3.8 3.3 4.0 5.2 3.0 3.9 3.6 13.5 13.2 12. 8 14.4 15. ( 14.9 17.9 13.1 9.6 84.0 37.9 [1290] 1.5 2.6 2.1 3. 4 6.0 6.3 1.8 2.8 2.4 11.3 11.7 11.7 15.1 15.4 15. 4 17.3 15.7 13.7 14. ( 12.6 11. C 7.6 9.4 84.2 50.0 68.9 70.4 34.4 37.4 27.5 22.8 19.8 18.3 21. 3 19.2 18. 0 30. f 35.6 36.7 41.4 44.8 2 No. 3 can. 5.7 3.0 3.7 34.0 9.0 1.4 1.8 1.6 3.9 6.0 5.6 2.1 3.8 2.8 15.2 13.9 13. 9 14.0 13.3 13.4 15.3 15.5 14.0 15.2 10. 1 5.6 8. 1 70.4 45.0 63. 7 34.3 30.8 40.2 21.4 19.8 IS. 9 19.8 16.9 16.7 3 9. 4 310. 9 »11.4 71.2 52.1 54.0 3 P er pound. 21.1 20.5 310.4 64.4 15.9 14.8 10.0 65.3 42.0 15.9 14.9 10.3 65.3 42.3 20.4 17.7 313. ( 52.8 19.1 17.6 313.0 52.0 67 RETAIL PRICES OF FOOD, C L E S O F FO O D IN 51 C IT IE S ON S P E C IF IE D D A T E S —C ontinued. Mobile, A la. N ew ark, N. New H aven, Conn. • New Orleans, La. New Y ork, N. Y. Oct. 15— Oct. 15— Oct. 15— Oct. 15— Sept. Oct, Sept. Oct. Sept. Oct. Sept. Oct. O ct. Sept. Oct. 15, 15, 15, 15. lo. 15, 15, 15, 15, 35. 1922. 1923. 1923. 1913 1922 1923. 1923. 1913 1922 1923. 1923. 1913 1922 1923. 1923. 1913 1922 1923. 1923. Cts. 44. 5 42. 2 33. 7 22.2 12.3 Cts. 48. 0 45. 0 36. 7 25.4 13.3 Cts. 47. 1 44.2 36. 0 25.3 12.5 Cts. 31.8 29.6 24.2 20. 0 Cts. 49. 7 41.4 35.3 25.6 15.5 Cts. 54.2 44.6 36.6 28. 6 15. 4 Cts. 53.8 43.9 36.4 27.7 15.3 Cts. 21.5 19.0 18.4 15.5 11.2 Cts. 30. 8 27.6 27.8 19.9 15.6 Cts. 33.1 29.7 28.9 19.9 15.4 Cts. 31.5 28.1 27.5 20.1 15.5 Cts. 26.1 25.5 21.6 16.0 14.8 Cts. Cts. 42.3 45.0 40.9 43.5 36.1 37.3 22.3 23.3 17.5 18.5 Cts. 44.3 42.8 30.9 23.5 IS. 6 24.0 38.5 25.8 38.9 120.8' 128.3 19.0 37.5 23.0 38.0 41.0 39.8 129.6 39.9 37.5 36.7 39.1 128.6 37. 7 37.4 23.6 29.7 32.8 18.3 23.5 39.6 41.1 54.9 38.2 40.9 38.8 40.5 55. 2 42.1 39.9 35.8 40.3 54.4 39.1 40.6 25.0 30.4 26. 0 21.0 21.0 40.1 41.8 47.1 40.7 36.7 37.4 39.7 43.9 40.5 36.0 35.0 40.0 43.6 39.3 36.5 22.9 25.7 29.5 15.2 21.8 38.5 40.2 54.8 33.7 36.9 38.5 38.1 52.1 37.1 36.3 36.5 38.3 51.7 35.6 36.6 28.4 15. 0 13.0 56.9 30.3 29.6 27.9 15.0 9.0 16.5 12.8 10.7 57.9 39.2 53. 7 28.4 30.0 27.4 16.0 12.0 55.1 29.7 33.8 26.7 16.5 9.0 15.0 11.9 10.8 57.5 36.8 46.6 29.8 28.6 34.3 16. 0 12.5 52.9 31.0 34.6 37.8 16.0 9.5 14. C 12.5 11.0 54.8 37.5 49.1 31.8 28.2 42.0 14.0 12.1 53.5 29.9 28.5 42.0 15.0 9. 0 15.0 10.6 12. 1 54.8 37.5 52.0 30.3 28.3 29.1 15.0 11.7 54.9 29.3 29.3 15.3 11.8 56.5 29.7 27.1 33.4 17.5 23.0 43.3 27.5 37.3 17.8 19.6 43.7 25.3 26.9 27.3 27.0 28.0 28.5 27.3 27.6 28.4 26.3 27.3 37.4 24.8 35.1 40.4 40.2 23.5 33.4 36.7 37.5 21.4 34.2 36.1 36.3 19.8 33.1 18.3 16.3 17.3 17.5 18.7 15.7 17.4 17.8 18.2 14.9 16.8 17.2 17.7 16. 3 17.6 22.7 22.2 22.6 23.1 22.4 22.4 22.1 20.0 22.3 23.4 24.4 48.8 52.7 72.9 61.4 68.9 52.9 75.7 64.8 74.2 34.3 40.6 39.5 42.7 47.9 66.3 26.7 38.4 17.8 23.9 59.7 27.6 38. 7 19. 1 24.6 65.9 39.4 8.2 5.2 2.9 9.0 8.9 5.0 3.5 8.5 9.6 4. 5 5.1 8.2 42.8 9.6 4.6 5.4 8.2 Cts. 29.6 29.3 25.0 19.0 15.8 Cts. 32.1 31.3 26.5 19. S 15.0 Cts. 31.5 31.2 25.2 20.2 15.2 35.8 41.8 46.2 33.6 35.5 38.3 39.5 45.5 35.6 33.0 38.8 39.6 43.8 35.0 35.0 30.3 15.0 11.8 50.8 30.2 42.0 8.7 5.1 3.7 S. 4 Cts. 27.7 27.7 21.0 18.6 12.0 5.6 3.6 3.6 42.8 8.6 4.9 6.1 7.9 46.0 8.5 8.5 4.6 4.5 6. 1 6.4 8. 3 8.1 9.4 9.3 9.3 24.2 23.5 23.5 20.0 20.1 19.4 3.2 8.8 8.6 11.3 11.4 11.0 8.9 8.9 8.9 25.4 23.8 23.5 21.1 21.0 21.0 9.0 9.1 9.4 9.4 10.2 10.9 10.9 3.2 4.1 3.1 4. 5 6.0 6.1 4.0 4.5 4.3 13. 2 12.1 11.9 15.1 15.3 14.9 2.5 2.1 4.1 3.7 1.9 6.6 4.1 6.1 4.9 11.2 11.1 11.1 14.8 15.5 15.5 16.0 12.5 8. 1 75. i 35.6 15.7 12.3 9.8 73.9 37. 2 17.2 16.0 11.9 11.0 11.3 5.2 7.2 75.5 53.8 49.5 36.9 20.3 33.0 21.7 23.3 26.5 55.0 22.6 18.7 31.1 50.5 18.6 16.7 30. C 44.2 18.1 11.£ 9.0 54. £ 35.8 6.0 3.2 3.2 ..... 8.0 4.4 5.9 8. 7 55.3 8.0 4. 5 6.0 8. 7 9.4 9.5 9.6 24.8 23.4 23.4 21.8 22.7 22.8 9.3 10.2 9.8 9.8 10.2 10.3 10.3 1.7 5.Ò 3.8 2.9 34.2 7. 7 5.5 3.1 8.7 17.6 15.8 32. 7 49.1 37.3 7.6 5.4 3. S 8. 7 17.2 15.6 32. £ 52.8 [ 1291 ] 22.4 22. t 25. C 55. 7 6.0 3.2 3.5 40.8 9.8 5.0 5.3 7.9 8.6 24.7 20.4 8.0 9. 1 10.2 8. S 8.9 22.9 22.7 20.3 20.3 9.5 9.5 11.7 11.7 2.4 2.2 4. 2 3.1 11.5 14.3 3.7 3.4 6. 2 6.5 5.7 5.4 11.8 11.8 15.4 15.4 17.4 11.7 9.0 69.9 31.1 17.3 11.7 10.4 4. £ 69.9 43. 3 31.0 27.2 16.3 10. S 7.2 47.9 32.6 17.2 11.6 8.9 57.2 34.5 17.2 11.5 9.9 57.8 34.5 19.3 17.5 20. C 53.8 19.4 16.3 22. t 48.8 19.2 18.2 41.7 76.6 16.8 15.5 42.5 55.6 16.1 15.5 43.3 57.8 3.1 2.1 3.1 3.9 3. 5 4.2 5.0 5.2 6. £ 5.9 4.3 4.0 4.0 12. C 12. 3 12.8 12. £ 17.9 13.1 13.2 13.2 2.0 3.8 5.2 6.8 3.7 6.6 12.4 12. C 18.2 18.1 19.8 IS. 8 33.5 64.3 7.6 5.3 3.6 9.5 9.4 9.5 24. 5 24.0 24.0 9.7 8.8 8.9 7.5 8.6 9.1 9.2 10.1 9.9 10.0 21.2 20.9 20.7 16.9 18.0 222.3 221.8 222.1 12. C 11.£ 10.1 5.5 7.5 9.5 10.6 5.1 7.6 54.9 55.0 57.7 56.9 57.2 62.1 72.3 35.9 33.8 38.2 39.8 40.3 25.0 30.9 IS. 3 16.3 16.5 17.9 15.6 15.8 39.4 39.5:........ 73.5 50.8 5 5 .5 ---- ! https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 41.6 8.1 4.7 5.9 8.8 68 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, T able 5 .—A V E R A G E R E T A IL P R IC E S O F T H E P R IN C IP A L A R T I Norfolk, Va. Artiele. U n it. O m aha, Nebr. Oct. Sept Oct. 15, 15, 15, 1922. 1923. 1923. Oct 15— 1913 1922 Sept. Oct. Oct. Sept. Oct. 15, 15, 15, 15, 15, 1923. 1923. 1922. 1923. 1923. Sirloin steak . R ound s te a k . R ib r o a s t.. . . Chuck ro a s t.. P la te beef— Pound. ___ d o . ___ do. ___ do. ___do. Cts. 37. t 32.1 30.1 20.0 14.1 Cts. Cts. Cts. Cts. Cts. 42. 7 41.8 25.6 36.8 38.7 36.1 35.9 22.8 33.8 35.6 33.3 32.8 19. 4 25.4 26.1 21.6 21. C 16.1 19.9 21.4 14.6 14.4 11.8 11.3 10.7 P o rk chops... Bacon, sliced. H a m , sliced.. L am b, leg of. H ens............... .d o . .d o . .do. .d o . .d o . 33.3 37.7 40.4 38.2 37.3 34.9 35.0 41.4 40.0 36.9 32. 7 34.8 41.8 40.0 36.8 29.6 17. Ü 10.4 49.7 28.4 29.3 17.0 11.4 55.9 28.3 29.3 17.0 11.5 5fk5 27.5 25.6 30.9 17.1 21.6 46.0 26.8 33.3 17.4 17.5 47.9 26.8 34.0 17.5 17.9 50.1 Salmon, canned, re d ........ ___d o ......... Milk, fresh ........................... Q u a rt.......... Milk, evaporated............... 15-16-oz. can B u tte r.................................. P o u n d ........ O leom argarine.................... ___d o ........... N u t m arg arin e.......... Cheese............................. L a rd ................................ Vegetable la rd su b stitu te. Eggs, strictly fresh — ___ do. . .. .d o . ___do. . .. .d o . Dozen. Eggs, storage...................... ___d o . B read .................................... P o u n d . F lo u r.................................... . . . . d . . Corn m eal............................ ___d o . Rolled o ats.......................... ---- do. . 42.8 35.8 7.8 8.0 ' " 7 .8 4.4 4. 5 4,8 3.7 3.8 3.5 8.0 8.2 7.9 Corn flakes......................... 8-oz. p k g .. W heat cereal..................... 28-oz. p k g . M acaroni............................ P o u n d ___ R ice...................................... ---- d o . . . . Beans, n a v y ....................... ___d o ___ 9.6 25.8 20.3 9.9 9.6 9.4 23.8 20.0 9.9 10.8 23.6 19.4 9.9 10.3 P o tato es........ . Onions............. Cabbage......... . Beans, b ak ed . Corn, canned.. 2.3 4.8 3.8 10.9 14.8 3.3 6.4 4.9 9.8 15.7 2.8 6.3 4.6 9.9 15.5 Peas, can n ed ....................... .. d o . Tom atoes, can n ed............. ........d o . Sugar, g ra n u la te d ............. P o u n d . ---- do. Coliee.................................... ---- do. 18.7 11.0 7.5 75.4 36.9 18.8 10.8 8.8 82.1 37.9 18.2 10.8 9.9 81.5 37.4 P r u n e s ... R a is in s .. B an an as. O ranges-. 19.5 20.9 34.6 54.5 17.5 16.9 35.4 53.4 17.0 15.6 36.7 48.1 ___d o ___ ___d o ___ ___d o ___ No. 2 can. ___d o . . . Tea....................... ....d o . ___d o . Dozen. ---- d o . 21.9 28.6 30.0 16.3 16.3 8.2 37.0 23.3 17.6 30.0 5. 2 2.7 2.5 9.3 8.5 1.8 5.8 56.0 30.0 Peoria, III. Cts. Cts. Cts. Cts. 36.8 33.6 34.3 33.7 33.4 31. S 33.4 32.3 26.8 24.4 23.6 23.6 20.7 20.1 20.1 20.2 10.5 12.8 12.9 13.3 33.7 46.3 51. 7 38.0 28.8 35.9 45.6 49.1 36.9 29.3 33.3 45.0 49.4 36.3 28.7 34,4 42.9 47.9 35.2 30.0 35.7 41.4 48.9 35.1 29.9 33.1 41.4 46.1 34.8 29.8 33.8 11.0 10.8 47.3 28.4 33.7 33.2 12.3 12.3 12.0 12.0 50. 1 50.5 28.9 28.8 33.1 10.4 11.2 46.6 27.9 32.3 11.6 12.0 52.1 29.5 32.2 11.6 12.0 53.3 29.7 27.3 33.1 19.3 24.3 38.8 28.4 35. 0 19.6 24.2 36.4 28.6 36i»8 19.5 23.8 39.0 27.2 34.4 17.5 24.2 45.9 27.4 36.8 17.9 24.2 38.0 28.1 37.5 18.3 24.4 41.4 28.5 9.8 4.0 3.4 10.7 9.8 3. 8 3. S 10.1 35.0 9.8 3.9 3.9 10.1 36.0 8.5 4.7 3.6 8.8 8.0 4.5 3.7 9.4 9. 8 25.7 20.5 9.8 10.8 10.3 24. 2 20.0 9.2 11.8 10.6 24.2 20.0 9.4 11.0 10.0 27.3 19.5 10.1 10.6 10.0 26.1 19.5 9.5 10.9 10.0 25.3 1.6 4. 0 2.8 15.0 16.1 2.4 5.3 3.8 Í5. 2 16.3 2.0 5.7 3. 0 15.3 16.3 2.0 4.8 3.3 13.4 14.6 2.6 7.3 4.1 12.9 14.6 2.1 7.5 3.7 12.7 14.5 16.6 15.0 8.2 76.7 38.8 17.3 14.0 9.9 75.2 41.1 17.4 14.4 10.3 75.4 41.1 17.0 14.2 8.5 61.9 35.6 17.2 14.1 10.1 60.6 36.6 17.6 14.1 10.9 61.0 36.6 35.0 8.4 4. 5 3.9 9.1 19.5 9.5 10.6 23.2 20.3 19.8 22.6 21.1 20.8 22.8 19.8 19.4 24.3 18.9 17.7 * 10.2 4 12.6 413.2 4 10. 2 4 11.8 411.6 59.5 48.2 48.5 60.0 45.3 44.6 1 The steak for which prices are here quoted is called “ sirloin” in th is c ity ,b u t in m ost of th e other cities included in th is report it would be know n as “ porterhouse” steak. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [1292] 69 KETAIL. FEIGES OF FOOD, C LES O F FO O D IN 51 C IT IE S ON S P E C IF IE D D A T E S —C ontinued. Philadelphia, Pa. P ittsburgh, Pa. Cts. Cts. i 51.3 * 50.2 40.8 40.4 34.6 33.5 21.4 21.1 10.1 10.5 Cts. 27.7 23.7 21.7 17.8 12.8 Cts. 41.1 33.9 31.3 21.1 11.1 Cts. Cts. Cts. Cts. 44.3 1 577 i 00.8 i 59.6 36.7 46.1 47.6 46.4 32.5 29.3 29.7 29.5 22.4 19.1 20.4 20.1 11.6 14.3 15.7 15.0 Cts. 23.5 21.0 19.6 16.9 13.8 Cts. 28.4 25.8 24.5 16.0 12.0 Cts. 28.1 25.1 24.3 16.3 11.9 Cts. Cts. 27.8 i 40.2 24.6 31.6 24. 1 24.2 16.1 18.8 11.7 23.4 31.5 30.8 16.9 21.3 34,9 45.3 48.6 31.0 30.0 33.5 46.0 47.8 32.4 30.9 32.7 45. 6 46.5 32.4 31.6 42.8 37.0 54.5 40.2 41.3 40.8 36. 7 53.7 43.5 41.5 39.4 37.1 52.3 41.6 41.8 39.0 12.6 11.8 54.0 29.2 34.6 13.0 12.0 55.8 29.8 37.1 36.3 47.3 37.7 40.1 29.3 15.0 12.1 58.0 29.3 28.4 14.0 12.1 52.9 29.9 28.1 14.0 13.5 57.8 30.8 28.0 14.0 9.7 13.7 58.8 42. Ö 30.7 35.8 31.9 13.0 9.0 15.0 11.9 12.0 57.7 38.6 48.7 30.4 31.0 31.0 15.0 12.5 54.2 29.2 30.9 15.0 12.7 54.9 30.0 26.0 26. 5 27.0 27.7 38.6 24.5 34.0 37.5 38.3 17.8 15.7 15.9 16.4 17.7 23.7 23.2 23.7 24.2 57.3 38.6 53.8 46.2 55. 4 28.7 34.7 17.8 24.0 67.5 27.5 39.4 17.9 22.8 61.6 28.2 27.2 28.6 27.5 29,4 40.1 20.8 36.2 37.9 39.3 22.6 33.3 15.7 17.3 18.4 18.3 19.8 19.5 25.3 25.0 26.3 23.6 23.2 69.0 49.0 53.8 45.9 57. 7 53.0 75.1 29.1 36.0 17.5 23.9 66.4 28.3 36.6 17.8 24.6 78. 1 40.0 43.2 8.5 9.4 4.4 4.9 4.8 4.3 8.9 6.9 8.8 4.9 4.1 9.4 41.9 8.8 4.9 4,2 9.4 27.5 8.0 12.0 11.0 43.1 55.8 27.3 26.3 13.0 12.2 58.6 29.7 26.2 28.7 13.0 8.8 13.0 12.2 10.4 61.3 39.5 52.8 20.4 29.7 20.0 20.0 8.4 4.5 3.9 8.3 42.0 8.4 4.6 4.1 8.3 5.5 3.2 3.0 9.3 4.5 4.7 6.9 42.7 9.3 4.5 4.6 6.9 5.6 2.9 3.4 8. 8 25. 0 21.1 9.8 10.3 9.5 8.8 23.9 20.5 10.2 11.2 8.8 23.7 20.5 10.3 11.3 9.6 9.5 9.5 9.8 9.7 25.4 24.9 25.0 25.8 24.5 20. 2 21.8 21.3 23.4 23. 4 9.2 9.5 9.6 10.0 10.7 10.5 9.8 10.4 10.3 10.5 10.6 9.7 24.6 23.6 10.4 10.3 11.0 11. 4 28.6 25.7 16.4 18.4 8.0 10.1 9.4 9.2 9.9 2.3 4.3 3.8 4. 2 6.2 5.9 3. 2 5.1 11.8 11.2 11.2 14.9 14.9 14.7 10.3 16.6 11.9 12.5 5.0 7.2 8.8 54.0 59.4 59.1 24.5 31.1 31.6 18.6 .1 20. o! 57.9 20 16.3 16.1 32. 9 49.6 1.9 3S.5 8.2 4.8 3.9 28.9 14.0 12.1 56.1 28.0 41.2 8.6 4.9 3.6 S.O 2.3 22.0 22.2 33.3 18.7 24.8 Cts. Cts. Cts. 1 66.9 i 69.9 4 69.9 48.8 51.2 49.3 36.7 39.2 37.9 20.6 29.8 27.0 16.4 17.9 17.9 36.7 30.9 48.4 39.5 40.6 36.1 36.2 51.8 38.9 37.5 4.8 3.2 2.8 Providence, R. I. 38.4 38.4 53.3 37.2 39.8 38.6 36.6 52.9 39.6 38.1 27.0 28.2 25.0 35.5 38.0 15.6 10.5 17.5 22.7 23.1 42. o 57.4. 51.2 Cts. 45.0 36.9 32.5 22.3 11,6 23.2 36.8 40.5 35.3 30.6 42.4 42.2 41.4 29.9 53,8 54.3 53.8 38.3 39.7 38.6 25.5 40.5 40.2 40.6 37.9 38.8 53. S 38.5 39.9 23.3 27.5 31.9 19.1 23.1 P o rtland, Oreg. Oct. 15— Oct. Sept. Oct. Sept. O ct. Oct. Oct. Sept. Oct. 15, 15, 1923, 1922. 1923. 1923. 1913 1922 1923. 1923. 1913 1922 1923. 1923. Sept. Oct. Aöj 15, 1923, 1923, 1913 1922 1913 1922 Cts. Cts. 131.2 i 48.2 26.4 38.5 22.1 32.8 IS. 2 20.2 11.5 9.8 Portland, Me. 8.8 8.5 4.4 4.4 8.9 2.1 3.9 3.1 1.9 3.0 2.5 4.3 6.7 6.6 4.1 6.4 6.3 3.6 4.7 4.7 2.7 2.9 3.0 12.8 12.8 12.8 15.2 15.7 14.0 15.0 15.5 15.9 16.2 10.2 15.5 12.4 12.0 10.0 5.7 7.7 59.2 58.0 74.4 30.7 30.0 35.9 16.4 12.6 9.5 74.8 38.0 16.9 20.4 12.6 223,1 10.7 8.1 76.5 56.5 38.7 40.4 15.7 16.2 34.0 49.7 19.5 16.6 44.1 56.0 19.5 16.3 45.3 58.8 ..... 2 No. 3 can. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 20.9 21.0 41.7 56.4 20.6 19.7 49.9 69.9 20.4 222.3 9.6 57.5 41.4 1.3 42.2 9.4 4.3 3.5 9.9 3 No. 2J can. [1293] ..... 44.2 9.2 4.1 3.8 9.3 14.9 20.2 413.7 63.1 5.9 3.5 3.1 38.6 8.9 5.1 3.7 9.5 9. 8 11.4 26.7 26.3 18. 1 22.1 9.9 9.3 9.5 10.4 10.1 9.7 9.8 24.1 24.1 22.4 22.4 9.4 9.4 10.6 10.8 1.7 3.7 2.8 6.3 6.6 4.2 4.2 12.1 12.2 16.9 16.9 1.6 2.1 2.3 3.3 4.6 4.8 2.2 3.1 3.0 17.4 14.8 15.0 17.1 17.4 18.2 20.4 17.6 222.0 815.7 10.9 6.2 8.1 57.5 55.0 63.8 41.4 35.0 37.4 17.7 17.2 15.4 411.7 411.8 52.2 54.4 9.2 4.3 3.6 9.3 2.1 4.6 3.6 13.0 17.5 19.9 17.0 18. S 14.3 816.4 816.9 9.9 10.5 5.1 7.8 65. 7 69.7 48.3 58.8 37.1 38.8 30.0 40.2 20.0 13.8 9.3 61.1 41.7 19.7 13.7 10.3 60.7 41.7 10.7 16.1 415.6 49. 9|........ ! 19.4 16.6 36.9 60.8 19.7 16.3 35.6 61.2 12.3 16.4 415.4 51.8 4 P er pound. 20.1 20. 1 33.5 77.5 70 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, T able 5 .—A V E R A G E R E T A IL P R IC E S O F T H E P R IN C IP A L A R T I R ichm ond, Va. Article. U nit. Rochester, N .Y St. Louis, Mo. Oct. 15- Oct. 15Sept. Oct. Oct. Sept. Oct. Sept. Oct. 15, 15, 15, 15, 15, 15, 1922. 1923. 1923. 1923. 1923. 1913 1922 1913 1922 1923. 1923. t5, Sirloin s te a k .. Round steak. R ib ro a st........ Chuck ro a s t. . P la te beef___ Pound. ___ do. ___do. ___do. ___do. Cts. Cts. 22.2 37.9 20.0 33.8 18.9 29.5 15.9 21.8 12.6 15.0 P o rk c h o p s... Bacon, sliced. H am , s lic e d .. L am b, leg o f.. H e n s ............... ___do. .d o . .d o . .d o . .do. 27.2 25.0 19.3 20.4 Salmon, canned, r e d . Milk, fresh .................. Milk, ev ap o rated ___ B u tte r.......................... O leomargarine........... .do. Q u a r t.......... 15-16-oz.can. P o u n d .......... ___ d o ........... N u t m arg arin e.................... C heese................. ............. L a rd ...................................... Vegetable la rd su b stitu te . Eggs, strictly fresh ............ .do. do. ___ do. ___ do. Dozen. Eggs, storage. B re a d .............. F lo u r............... Corn m e a l___ Rolled o a ts . . . ........do . Pound. .do. .d o . .d o . Corn flak es. . . W heat cereal. M acaroni........ R ic e ................ Beans, n a v y . S-oz. p k g .. 28-oz. p k g . P o u n d ___ ........d o ----........d o ----- P o ta to e s......... O nions............ Cabbage.......... B eans, b a k e d . Corn, c an n e d . -do. ........d o . . . . ........d o ----No. 2 can. ........d o ___ P eas, can n ed.......... Tom atoes, c an n e d . Sugar, g ra n u la te d . T e a ........................... Coffee.............. ___ do. ....... do. Pound. .d o . .do. 18.9 20.2 19.5 12.5 11.7 12.0 5.4 9.5 10.6 56.0 78.4 53.0 81.7 27.4 35.4 38.3 37.8 P ru n e s . . R aisin s.. B an a n a s. O ranges. -do. .d o . Dozen. ........do. 23.2 21.7 20 .8 17. 36.9 39.2 58.5 52.7 Cts. 39.4 34.6 30.9 Cts. 38.7 33.7 27.7 21.8 22.3 15.5 12.3 Cts. 41.1 34.5 30.0 23.5 Cts. 40.1 34.0 29.7 23.4 12.0 12.3 Cts. 26.0 24.3 19.5 15.6 11.9 36.0 33.6 27.6 18.2 12.1 35.8 32.9 28.9 19.1 12.7 32.5 39.9 44.1 32.5 29.6 35.4 39.0 43.8 35.0 30.2 30.5 39.7 44.1 34.4 30.2 31.9 31.6 12.0 13.0 10.2 11.4 54.5 56. 3 37. < 52.8 56.4 30.2 30.8 26.3 26.3 31.8 13.0 11.5 58.2 27.7 37.2 42.2 42.5 35.2 33.9 40.0 42.1 33.3 34.1 39.0 42.3 34.7 35.4 48.7 35.9 38'. 3 34.7 46.8 38.2 38.8 32.4 13.0 12.3 53.6 28.2 31.2 14.0 13.6 58.9 30.2 32.0 14.0 13.6 60.3 29.6 27.7 13.0 11.3 49.9 28.6 28. 28.9 13.0 13.3 27.6 28. 22.3 34.2 37.0 15.4 17.7 17.9 23.1 23.1 34.5 49.5 43.8 29.3 37. 6 19.0 23.6 46.7 26.3 28.0 28.4 34.5 37.6 38.3 19.5 17.3 17.2 18.0 13.1 22.6 19.7 20.2 56.6 47.0 55. 5.4 3.2 2.3 38.8 9.1 5.0 3.9 9.5 12.1 41.8 38, 8.7 4.6 4.7 9.1 34.4 46.4 36.8 37.9 4. 5 9.1 26.9 27.3 18.3 16.8 12.1 38.8 8.6 8.0 8.0 8.0 4.6 5.0 4.6 6.5 4.4 4.7 S. 4 4.5 4.7 8.4 5.6 2.9 2.5 9.6 9.6 9.8 9.5 9.5 26.5 25.5 25.5 24.9 24.0 23.9 20.3 21.1 21.1 18.9 18.6 18.6 11.6 11.0 11.0 9.6 9.4 9.5 10.4 12.4 11.4 10. 10.8 10.8 2.1 2.7 5.1 3.9 4.8 7.9 5.7 1.5 3.4 2.3 3. 7.5 4. 5 5.8 5.3 3.1 4.6 3.9 12.0 11.6 11.4 11.4 11.2 11.2 15.0 15.0 15.0 15.7 16.5 16.5 6.1 8.0 [1294] 21.2 16. 39.2 52.3 18.8 12.4 7.5 61.3 34.0 Cts. Cts. Cts. 34.3 31.7 26.8 18.3 12.9 22 .0 36.0 35.8 33.7 38.8 39.3 37.2 19.; 1 No. 2£ can. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Cts. 40.8 35.1 30.7 21.9 15.4 19.1 12.4 9.4 62.2 35.2 24.6 33.6 14.7 22.3 43.4 19.1 15.3 15.4 40.0 42.8 42.8 71.3 50.7 51.3 24.7 36.3 15.1 24.0 42.9 34.6 , 35.8 9.0 8.9 8.9 4.1 4.0 4.2 3.0 3.4 3.8 8.3 8.3 8.5 8.9 8.9 24.2 23.2 24.2 19.9 19.1 20.0 8.9 8.9 9.3 9.9 9.9 1.9 2.6 2.5 3.0 4.0 5.9 5.8 3.4 3.6 3.6 11.4 11.0 11.3 14.7 15.2 15.3 19.1 16.3 12.4 11.6 10.5 5.3 7.9 62.5 55.0 66.8 35.3 24,4 35.0 20.0 20.9 21.1 24.7 35.1 14.6 23.0 40.9 16.6 16.5 11.9 12.0 9.7 10.6 68.1 69.7 35.5 36.5 22.2 21.2 21.4 21.4 17.0 17.0 30.0 33.0 31.6 49.0 46.5 46.5 71 R E T A IL P R IC E S O F FOOD, C LE S OF FO O D IN 51 C IT IE S ON S P E C IF IE D D A T E S —C ontinued. St. Paul. Minn. Sait L ake C ity,U tah. San Francisco, Calif. Savannah, Ga. Scranton, Pa. Oct. 1,5— Oct. 15— Oct. 15— Sept. Oct. Oct. Sept. Oct. Sept. Oct. Sept. Oct. Sept. Oct. 15, 15, 15, 15, 15. 15, 15, 15, 15, 15, 15, 1923. 1923. 1922. 1923. 1923. 1923.11923. 1923. 1923. 1913 1922 1913 1922 1913 1922 1923. 1923. 1913 1922 Oct. 15— Cts. 26.4 23.0 20.4 16.8 10.8 Cts. 34. 0 27.2 26.9 20.0 10.6 Cts. 36.8 30.9 28.9 21.6 11.3 Cts. 34.6 29.3 27.7 21.3 11.5 Cts. 22.6 20. 0 19. 4 15. 0 12.5 Cts. 28.3 25.7 22.3 17.0 11.8 Cts. 27.9 24.0 20.8 16.9 11.6 Cts. 26. 5 23.7 20.8 16.3 11.7 Cts. 21.4 19.7 21.3 15.2 14.2 Cts. 30.3 27.3 28.5 17.7 14.2 Cts. 30.4 27.6 29.2 17.8 13.8 Cts. 31.0 27.4 29.6 18.5 14.3 Cts. 28.7 24.9 22.4 15.5 13.1 Cts. 31.7 25.8 24.6 15. 7 12.7 Cts. 30.4 25.4 23.3 15. 0 13.2 Cts. 26.0 22.0 23. 0 17.6 11.9 Cts. Cts. Cts. 46.9 50.7 49.3 37.8 41.6 40.3 35. 5 36. 5 36.1 25.9 26.7 26.9 11.5 11.1 11.1 20.4 27.0 - 28.8 16.1 18.0 34.2 41.6 45. 7 33.1 25.9 34.4 39.6 44.3 33.3 28.6 29.0 38.9 42.9 31.] 27.2 24,3 30. 0 30. 0 16.9 23.3 35.2 39.5 48.6 30.7 33.4 34.3 37.9 42.9 31.8 31.6 33.2 37.5 42.5 30. 8 31.5 24.2 34.4 34.0 16.7 24.5 38.5 53. 9 55.0 34.4 39.0 38.2 50.8 53. 5 35. 6 39.6 38.5 51.2 53.1 36.6 39.8 34.0 36.7 39.6 37.5 33.3 29.8 35.4 36.5 36.3 32.4 29.3 34.2 37. 0 36.3 34.2 22.8 27.5 30.0 17.3 21.8 39.9 43.1 55.3 42.5 42.4 41.6 41.8 54.0 46.6 42.3 39.1 41.7 53.8 45.2 41.3 35.2 7.8 11.0 11.3 36.5 45.3 28.3 34.8 12.0 12.1 50.3 27.7 34.4 33.0 34.7 34.7 12.0 8.7 9.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 12.1 11.0 10.9 10.9 51.1 39.0 48.9 53.6 52.9 40. Ö 2S. 6 28.2 13.0 10.5 63. 5 27.8 27.4 13.0 10.9 60.5 28.0 27.2 13.0 10. 9 60.9 28.6 35.3 17.3 10. 8 51.1 31.7 35.1 17.5 11.5 56.3 33.7 36.4 36.4 17.5 8.8 13.0 11.3 11.6 57.7 36.6 47. 7 33.2 26.6 35.1 14.0 12.3 53.5 31.0 35.2 14.0 12.2 54.7 29.5 27.8 28.3 27.8 28.1 32.2 21.0 38.3 38.4 39.7 20.2 18.0 19.2 19.2 19.5 25.4 25.6 26.1 28.4 55.0 56.4 66.6 53.7 66.8 29.0 32.5 18. 0 21.6 47.2 30.4 35.6 17.4 18.5 49.4 30.8 23.0 36.5 Ì8 .3 31.9 18.1 16. 0 17.7 79.7 23.2 52.6 45.8 60.0 24.0 35.8 17.8 22.8 49.1 25.0 36.4 IS. 5 23.5 56.3 44.1 37.8 9.2 8.7 4.8 5.3 4.8 2.7 9.3 8.7 8.5 5.2 3.2 8.8 37.9 8.7 5.5 6.0 9.6 9.1 5.1 5.8 9.6 41.2 8.9 5.1 5.8 9.6 9.9 26.5 22.7 8.5 9.7 11.1 10.1 25.6 22.7 9.4 12.6 10.1 25.6 22.6 9.6 12.4 26.8 26.3 21.0 32.3 34.9 15.3 17.7 17.8 24. S 24.0 32.3 42.9 37.7 37.6 9.4 4.9 3.4 9.3 9.4 4.4 3.6 9.9 10.0 26.2 19.0 io. ò 9.5 ........ 10.4 10.0 25.0 18.7 9.6 11.4 6.0 2.9 2.5 1.3 ........ 28.8 28.9 20.1 26.2 49.3 27.3 31.7 19.5 27.4 41.1 35.7 38.1 9.4 5.9 9.5 4.4 2.4 3.2 3.7 3.4 3.6 9.8 ........ 9.2 9.8 3.2 3.7 9.1 11.5 26.3 21.0 8.2 9.0 10.2 11.5 24.9 18.9 8.6 10.9 26.4 35.2 24. 2 18.9 20.0 22.3 41.3 42.0 10.0 25.0 18.8 9.5 10.9 1.3 1.8 1.5 3.4 5. 8 6.0 1.9 2.9 3.4 14.5 14.2 14.2 14.6 14.5 14.6 16.3 14.6 5.0 8.1 45.0 64.2 30.0 40.7 16.5 14.2 10.1 67.1 40.4 1.4 19.6 20.4 214.4 56.0 15.6 13.4 10.5 82.6 44.1 17.5 16.9 215.2 44.1 9.2 4.8 4.9 9.2 5.6 3.6 2.6 2.7 3.5 4.1 3.5 4.0 2.2 6.3 15.4 17.3 13.4 114.5 ll.C 5.4 7.9 83.4 50.0 57.0 44.1 32.0 35.6 17.7 113.8 9.6 58.0 36.1 17.5 ill. 4 10.3 57.5 37.4 16.3 10.1 7.6 67.9 32.8 17.3 10.6 9.2 66.9 34.9 17.5 17.9 10.6 13.3 10.3 5.5 8.0 66.9 52.5 58.7 35.1 31.3 37.7 18.4 13.0 9.4 60.7 39.7 18.4 13.1 10.5 60.7 39.7 19.4 19.5 36.3 66.3 16.7 15.5 33.6 50.9 16.3 14.8 32.0 50.7 19.9 19.8 33.2 53.3 18.7 15.8 35.9 48.5 17.0 15.4 37.5 42.3 17.9 16.7 32.4 52.1 17.5 16.6 35.0 53.7 17.3 15.7 215.8 41.4 1.8 3.3 2.9 1.9 1.9 6.9 7.0 4.6 5.1 4.8 2.9 15.1 14.7 14.3 12.6 12.3 12.3 12.6 16.0 16.6 16.7 14.3 14.6 14.8 ........ 16.3 'l Per pound. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 40.8 8.5 5.2 3.4 8.7 11.5 10.7 10.5 10.4 9.0 9.1 9.1 24.9 25.1 23.2 23.0 24.7 24.2 23.5 19.2 13.7 14.3 15.3 17.9 17.5 17.1 8.8 8.5 9.2 9.2 9.2 S.1 8.1 S. 4 10.6 ........ 8.7 9.8 9.7 11.1 11.8 11.6 1.1 2.3 2.2 2.8 4.9 4.7 2.9 3.0 2.9 16.8 15. 5 15.4 14.6 14.4 14.3 16.0 16.5 14.4 14.1 10.5 5.8 8.9 67.1 65.7 79.1 40.4 35.8 44.1 22.1 20.8 19.9 22 7 IS. £ IS. 3 m . 4 M2.9 213.6 68.8 50.8 57.7 42.4 42.4 9.8 5.9 9.1 3.3 3.4 5.1 3.8 3.5 4.4 9.2 ........ 9.6 [1205] 18.8 20.9 32.8 61.5 3.6 2.9 6.6 6.3 4.6 3.6 12.1 12.2 16.2 16.1 72 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW. T able 5 .—A V E R A G E R E T A I L P R IC E S O F T H E P R IN C IP A L A R T IC L E S O F FO O D F O R 51 C IT IE S ON C E R T A IN S P E C IF IE D D A T E S —Concluded. Seattle, W ash. Article. U nit. Sirloin s te a k .. R ound s te a k . R ib ro ast....... Chuck ro a st.. P la te beef...... P o rk c h o p s... Bacon, sliced. H am , slic ed .. L am b, leg of. H en s............... Salmon, canned, red . Milk, fresh ................... Milk, e v ap o rated....... B u tte r........................... O leom argarine............ N u t m a rg a rin e ........... Cheese........................... Vegetable lard su b stitu te Eggs, strictly fresh........... Eggs, storage..................... B read ........... . .................... F lo u r.................................. Corn m e a l.......................... Rolled o a ts........................ Corn flakes......................... W heat cereal..................... M acaroni............................ R ice. Beans, n a v y ........... P o ta to e s.................. O nions..................... Cabbage................... Beans, b ak ed ......... Corn, can n ed.......... Peas, can n ed.......... Tom atoes, canned. Sugar, g ra n u la te d . T e a ........................... Coffee....................... P rim es..................... R aisins..................... B an a n a s.................. Oranges................... It)-- Sept. Oct. 15, 1922 1923. 1923. Cts. Cts. Cts. Pound. 24.3 30.3 30.7 ___ do.. 20.7 26. 5 26.4 ___ do.. 19.3 24.3 24.1 — ..do.. 16.0 15.9 16.1 ----- do.. 13.0 12.4 12.5 .do. 24.3 37.1 38.6 .do. 32.5 49.3 49.8 .do. 30.0 52. C 52.0 .do. 17.7 31.5 32.2 .do. 24.3 29.8 32.0 ___ do.......... . 31.2 31.0 Q u a rt........... 12.0 13.0 15-16-oz. can 10.7 10.9 P o u n d .......... 55.2 54.5 ___do............ 28.8 28.8 .do. 28.9 29.0 .do. 22.7 33.8 36.3 19.3 19.2 ........do............ 25. 5 24.8 D ozen........... 5Ò."Ô 56.2 47.8 ........do............ 42.0 Pound 5. 2 9.9 9.9 do 2.9 4.4 4.3 .. do.. 3.3 4.2 3.8 ........do.......... 8.4 8.1 8-oz. pkp. 11.7 11.7 28-oz. p k g ... 26.9 24.7 P o u n d .......... 18.2 18.3 ___ d o .... 11.0 11.1 ----- do___ 9.6 10.5 ___ do___ 1.9 2.4 ___do___ 3.3 4.8 ___do ___ 3.2 4.6 No. 2 can. 15.9 15.2 — do__ 17.5 15.5 ___do___ 19.3 18.6 ___do___ 1 16.0 115.4 P o u n d ... 6.4 8.3 10.1 ___do ___ 50. 0 66.2 68.2 — do__ 28.0 38.8 38.6 ___do ___ .20.9 16.1 ___do___ 21.0 17.2 D ozen___ 2 13. 8 2 15.9 ___do___ 66.4 48.2 1 No. 2J can. Springfield, 111. Washing;don, D. C. Oct. Oct. 15— Sept Oct. 15, 15, 1922. 1923. 1923. 1913 1922 1923. 1923. Oct. Sept. Cts. Cts. 31.3 32.2 26.4 32.2 24.2 21. f 16..: 19.1 12.6 12.8 37.4 34.5 49.0 40.5 51. C 46.1 32.6 36.9 30.7 32.5 30.9 33.8 13.0 11.1 10.9 11.7 56.9 50.5 30.0 28.1 29.4 26.8 36.1 36.7 19.8 17.5 25.7 23.1 61.5 49.2 45.0 39.2 9.9 9.7 4.2 o. 1 4.2 4.2 8.3 9.9 11.6 9.7 24.6 26.8 18.3 20.5 11.6 10.3 10.6 10.9 2.4 2.0 4.9 4.6 3.5 3.7 15.4 14.1 17.5 14.5 19.3 17.9 1 15.0 15.0 11.0 8.7 70.4 71.1 38.6 35.9 16.2 21.7 17.3 24.2 2 15.7 2 10.3 51.3 60.0 2 Cts. 34.8 34.2 23.7 19. € 13.1 34.5 40. C 47.1 38.1 31.8 34.0 12.5 12.8 54.1 29.0 28.1 38.6 17.8 25.1 38.9 9.3 4.7 4.5 10.6 10.1 25.2 19.6 10.1 10.5 2.6 7.0 4.7 13.2 14.8 17.8 14.9 10.5 75.7 38.1 20.2 19.8 2 12.1 49.2 Cts. Cts. 34.5 27.4 33.2 23.5 23.2 20.7 19. f 17.3 13.0 12.7 31.4 23.5 39. f 27.1 46.1 30.0 38.1 19.1 32.5 22.5 34.4 12.5 9.0 12. Ç 55. 7 40.3 29.3 28.7 39.6 23.5 18.2 15.1 26.9 44.4 36.9 36.3 9.3 5.7 4.7 3.8 4.6 2.7 10.6 10.1 25.3 19.6 10.2 9.4 9.9 2.1 2.0 6.8 3.6 13.0 14.4 17.4 14. 7 11.6 5.1 77.4 57.5 37.5 28.8 19.2 19.0 2 12.3 51.5 Cts. 44.7 38.3 34.4 23.7 13.7 39.8 40.5 56.9 40.6 40.6 29.1 14.0 11.0 52.2 26.6 26.9 35.9 17.7 23.0 56.8 30. 5 8.5 5.1 3.7 9.3 9.4 25.3 21.6 10.6 10.6 2.7 4.8 3.9 11.9 14.3 16.3 11.2 7.6 75.5 34.0 22.1 21.4 35.8 62.1 Cts. 47.2 41.1 34.8 23.6 13.1 40.7 37.1 55.0 42.1 40.6 28.3 14.0 12.3 57.3 28.4 27.6 38.0 18.6 23.8 49.0 9.0 4.8 3.9 9.3 9.5 24.1 20.8 10.2 10.7 4.1 7.3 5.4 11.6 14.9 15.5 11.7 9.1 76.8 35.3 20.1 17.1 38.9 55.3 Cts. 45.7 40.3 34.4 24.0 13.2 37.2 37.0 54.7 41.4 40.7 28.4 14.0 12.3 58.5 29.8 28.8 39.4 19.0 24.2 55.6 40 5 9.0 4.8 3.9 9.3 9.5 24.1 2Î. 1 10.4 10.4 3.6 6.9 5.5 11.6 14.9 15.4 11.6 10.3 75.9 34.9 20.3 16.2 38.3 57.5 p er pound. Comparison of Retail Food Costs in 51 Cities. '"PARLE 6 shows for 39 cities the percentage of increase or decrease in the retail cost of food7 in October, 1923, compared with the average cost in the year 1913, in October, 1922, and in September, 1923. For 12 other cities comparisons are given for the one-^ear and the one-month periods. These cities have been scheduled by the bureau at different dates since 1913. These percentage changes are based on actual retail prices secured each month from retail dealers and on the average family consumption of these articles in each city.8 • 7 For list of articles, see note 2, p. 52. consum ption figure used from Jan u ary , 1913, to December, 1920, for each article in each city is given in the Monthly L abor R eview for N ovem ber, 1918, p p . 94 an d 95. The consum ption figures w hich have Deeii used for each m o n th beginning w ith Jan u a ry , 1921, are given in th e Monthly L abor R eview for M arch, 1921 p, 26. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [1296] 73 RETAIL PRICES OF FOOD. Effort has been made by the bureau each month to have perfect reporting cities. For the month of October 99 per cent of all the firms reporting in the 51 cities sent in a report promptly. The following were perfect reporting cities; that is, every merchant in the following named 36 cities who is cooperating with the bureau sent in his report in time for his prices to be included in the city averages: Birmingham, Bridgeport, Buffalo, Butte, Chicago, Cincinnati, Dallas, Denver, Fall River, Houston, Indianapolis, Jacksonville, Kansas City, Little Rock, Los Angeles, Louisville, Manchester, Memphis, Minneapolis, Newark, New Haven, New Orleans, Norfolk, Omaha, Peoria, Philadelphia, Portland, Me., Portland, Oreg., Rich mond, St. Louis, St. Paul, San Francisco, Savannah, Scranton, Seat tle, Springfield, 111. The following summary shows the promptness with which the merchants responded in October: R E T A IL P R IC E R E P O R T S R E C E IV E D D U R IN G O C TO B ER , 1023. Geographical division. U nited States. Item . Percentage of reports received....................... N um ber of cities in each section from w hich every report was received.............. N orth South N orth A tlantic. A tlantic. C entral. South Central. W estern. 99 98 97 99 99.5 99.5 36 9 4 10 7 6 T able 6 .—P E R C E N T A G E C H A N G E S IN T H E R E T A IL COST O F FO O D IN O C TO B ER , 1923, C O M PA R ED W IT H T H E COST IN S E P T E M B E R , 1923, O C TO B ER , 1922, A N D W IT H T H E A V E R A G E COST IN T H E Y E A R 1913, B Y C IT IE S. Percentage increase October, 1923, com pared w ith — Percentage increase October, 1923, com pared w ith — City. City. O ctober, 1922. 1913 A tla n ta ............ B altim ore........... B irm ingh am ___ B o sto n .. B ridgeport.......... B uffalo................ B u tte ................... Charleston Chicago__ C incinnati_ C leveland........... C olum bus.. . . D allas D enver................ D etroit__ F a ll R iv e r__ H o u sto n . . . In d ia n a p o lis----- Septem ber, 1923. O ctober, 1922. 1913 47 57 51 6 7 5 4 8 1 1 0. 3 ‘ 0.1 0. 1 0 M ilw aukee......... M inneapolis........ Mobile 7............... N ew ark ............... New H a v en ........ 50 45 54 2 3 7 6 11 0.3 0.4 11 1 7 6 2 6 7 49 55 48 49 45 37 K ansas C ity ....... 44 43 41 L ittle R o ck ........ Fo,s Angeles Ronisville. Man ehester Mcm phis 41 47 39 52 40 50 54 6 4 5 5 6 11 11 1 0.4 1 1 New O rleans___ New Y o rk .......... N orfolk............... O m aha................ Peoria.................. 46 57 3 5 44 5 3 1 1 1 0.4 11 1 0.1 11 1 1 0.3 12 P h ilad e lp h ia __ P ittsb u rg h .......... P o rtlan d , Me__ P o rtlan d , O reg.. P rovidence......... 54 6 9 3 4 4 0.4 2 1 3 0.2 7 3 8 5 3 1 0.4 12 2 11 R ic h m o n d .......... R ochester........... St. Louis............. St. P a u l............... S alt L ake C ity ... 58 4 49 5 4 6 ‘1 0.1 0.3 11 2 3 4 5 Ô 0 3 11 0.2 11 San F ran cisco ... S av an n ah ........... S cran to n ............. S e a ttle ................. Springfield, 111.. ; W ashington,D .C 2 4 6 5 3 4 3 0.4 1 0.4 3 1 0.4 0.4 1 Decrease. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Septem ber, 1923. [1297] 40 57 31 51 48 59 74 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW. Retail Prices of Coal in the United States.« HE following table shows the average retail prices of coal on January 15 and July 15, 1913; October 15, 1922; and Sep tember 15 and October 15, 1923, for the United States and for each of the cities from which prices have been obtained. Prices for coal are secured from the cities from which monthly retail prices of food are received. In addition to the prices for Pennsylvania anthracite, prices are shown for Colorado, Arkansas, and New Mexico anthracite in those cities where these coals form any considerable portion of the sales for household use. The prices shown for bituminous coal are averages of prices of the several kinds used. The coal dealers in each city are asked to quote prices on the kinds of bituminous coal usually sold for household use. The prices quoted are for coal delivered to consumers, but do not include charges for storing the coal in cellar or coal bins where an extra handling is necessary. T A V ER A G E R E T A IL P R IC E S O F COAL P E R TO N O F 2,000 PO U N D S, F O R H O U S E H O L D U S E , ON JA N U A R Y 15 AN D JU L Y 15, 1913, O C T O B E R 15, 1922, A N D S E P T E M B E R 15 A N D O C TO B ER 15, 1923. 1913 1922 1923 City, and k in d of coal. Jan . 15. U n ite d S ta te s : P en n sy lv an ia a n th ra c ite — S to v e ..................................................... C h e s tn u t............................................... B itu m in o u s ................................................. A tlan ta, Ga.: B itu m in o u s.................................................. B altim ore, Md.: Pennsylvania a n th racite— Stove....................................................... C h e s tn u t................................................ B itu m in o u s.................................................. B irm ingham , Ala.: B itu m in o u s......... Boston, Mass.: Pennsylvania a n th racite— Stove....................................................... C h e s tn u t............................................... Bridgeport, Conn.: Pennsylvania an th racite— Stove....................................................... C h e s tn u t................................................ Buffalo, N . Y .: P ennsylvania an th racite— Stove....................................................... C h e s tn u t............................................... B utte, M ont.: B itu m in o u s.................................................. C harleston, S. C.: Pennsylvania a n th racite— Stove....................................................... C h e stn u t................................................ B itu m in o u s.................................................. Chicago, 111.: Pennsylvania a n th racite— Stove.................................. ................... C h e s tn u t............................................... B itu m in o u s.................................................. Ju ly 15. Oct. 15. Sept. 15. Oct. 15. $7. 99 8.15 5.48 $7.46 7.68 5.39 $15. 39 15.37 11.26 $15. 26 15.21 9.99 $15.83 15. 79 10.12 5. 87 4.83 10. 79 8.29 S. 21 i 7.70 i 7.93 1 7. 24 1 7.49 i 15. 75 i 15. 75 10. 92 i 15.92 i 15. 75 8. 20 1 16.75 i 16.50 8.40 4. 22 4. 01 7. 77 8.03 S. 36 8. 25 S. 25 7.50 7. 75 15. 00 15.00 15.50 15. 50 16.00 16.00 15. 63 15.63 16.25 10. 00 16.00 16.00 13. 24 13.24 13.11 13.11 13.66 13.66 11.53 11.32 11.39 0. 75 0.99 (i. 54 G. 80 1 8.38 i 8. 50 i 6. 75 1 8.00 i 0. 75 12. 00 1 17.00 1 17.05 12.00 1 17.00 i 17.10 12.00 S. 00 8.25 4.97 7. 80 8.05 4.65 15.98 15.05 10. 94 16.44 16.44 8. 73 17.00 17.00 8.77 1 Per to n of 2,240 pounds. « Prices of coal were form erly .secured sem iannually a n d published in th e March and Septem ber issues ef th e Monthly L abor R eview . Since June, 1920, these prices have been secured a nd published m onthly. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [129S] 75 RETAIL PRICES OF COAL. A V E R A G E R E T A IL P R IC E S O F COAL P E R TO N O F 2,000 PO U N D S, F O R H O U S E H O L D U SE , ON JA N U A R Y 15 A N D JU L Y 15, 1913, O C T O B E R 15, 1922, A N D S E P T E M B E R 15 A N D O C TO B ER 15, 1923—C ontinued. 1922 1913 1923 City, and kind of coal. Jan. 15. C incinnati, Ohio: B itum inous . . . . .............................. Cleveland, Ohio: Pennsylvania anthracite— ................................................. Stove C h e s tn u t............................................... B itu m in o u s.................................................. Colum bus, Ohio: B itu m in o u s.................................................. D allas, Tex.: A rkansas an th racite— E g g ....................... ................................ B itu m in o u s............ ..................................... D enver, Colo.: Colorado an th racite— Furnace, 1 and 2 m ix ed .................... Stove, 3 a n d 5 m ix e d ......................... B itu m in o u s ................................................. D etroit, M ich.: Pennsylvania anthracite— Stove...................................................... C h e s tn u t............................................... B itu m in o u s.................................................. Fall R iver, M ass.: Pennsylvania an th racite— Stove...................................................... C h e stn u t................................................ H ouston, Tex.: B itu m in o u s................................................. Indianapolis, In d .: Pennsylvania an th racite— Stove...................................................... C h e s tn u t................................................ B itu m in o u s.................................................. Jacksonville, F la.: B itu m in o u s.................................................. K ansas C ity, Mo.: A rkansas an th racite— Stove, No. 4 .......................................... B itu m in o u s.................................................. L ittle Rock, A rk .: A rkansas an th racite— E g g ......................................................... B itu m in o u s.................................................. Los Angeles, Calif.: B itu m in o u s.................................................. Louisville, K y .: B itu m in o u s.................................................. M anchester, N . H .: Pennsylvania an th racite— Stove.................................................. C h estn u t................................................ M emphis, Tenn.: B itu m in o u s. . . . M ilwaukee, W is.: Pennsylvania an th racite— Stove...................................................... C h e s tn u t............................................... B itu m in o u s.................................................. M inneapolis, M inn.: Pennsylvania an th racite— Stove...................................................... C h e stn u t................................................ B itu m in o u s.................................................. Mobile, Ala.: B itu m in o u s.................................................. N ew ark, N. J.: P ennsylvania anthracite— Stove...................................................... C h e stn u t................................................ New H aven, Conn.: Pennsylvania a n th r a c ite sto v e ....................................................... C h estn u t................................................ 5 Per 10-barrel lots (1,800 pounds). 71915°—23---- G https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Ju ly 15. Oct. 15. Sept. 15. Oct. 15. S3.50 S3.38 $9. 60 SS. 58 $8.58 7.50 7.25 7.50 4.14 15. 66 15.66 10.57 14. 75 14. 75 9.56 15.48 15.48 9.57 9.58 7.54 7.49 4.14 8. 25 7.21 17. 50 15.41 16. 92 13. 79 17.25 13.79 8. 8S 8. 50 5. 25 9.00 8. 50 4. 88 17. 00 17. 00 11.16 16. 75 16. 75 10. 72 17.00 17.00 10.70 8.00 8. 25 5. 20 7. 45 7.65 5. 20 15. 56 12.19 16. 25 16.19 10. 29 16.63 16.63 10.20 S. 25 8. 25 7. 43 7. 61 15. 58 15.33 15. 50 15.42 16.17 16.08 12. 75 12. 50 13.00 8.95 9.15 3.81 3. 70 15. 75 15. 75 9.71 16.00 16. 00 8.13 17.00 16.25 8.19 7.50 7.00 15.00 13. 00 13.00 4.39 3.93 17. 00 17. 81 9.91 16.14 17.06 8. 40 16.36 17.25 8.56 6.00 5.33 15. 00 13.29 14. 00 10. 54 15.00 11.25 13.52 12.50 16. 50 15. 50 15.50 4. 20 4.00 10.34 8.62 8.57 10.00 10.00 8. 50 8. 50 17.00 17.00 17.17 17.17 18.00 17.50 2 4.34 2 4.22 9.50 7.43 7.45 8. 00 8.25 6.25 7. 85 8.10 5. 71 16.11 16.08 12.35 16.00 16.00 10. 29 10. 77 16. 71 10.88 9. 25 9. 50 5. 89 9. 05 9. 30 5. 79 17. 50 17.47 13. 82 17. 50 17.38 11.96 18.03 18.09 11.92 10. 47 9. 79 11.07 8.00 6. 50 6. 75 6. 25 6.50 12. 75 12. 75 12. 75 12. 75 ■ 13.45 13. 53 7.50 7. 50 6.25 6.25 15.13 15.13 15. 75 15. 75 15.92 15.92 [1299j 76 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, A V E R A G E R E T A IL P R IC E S O F COAL P E R T O N O F 2,000 PO U N D S, F O R H O U S E H O L D U SE , ON JA N U A R Y 15 A N D JU L Y 15, 1913, O C T O B E R 15, 1922, A N D S E P T E M B E R 15 AN D O C TO B ER 15, 1923—C ontinued. 1922 1913 1923 City, a n d k in d of coal. Jan. 15. N ew Orleans, La.: Pennsylvania an th racite— Stove....................................................... C h e stn u t................................................ B itu m in o u s.................................................. N ew Y ork, N. Y .: Pennsylvania an th racite— S to v e ... .■............................................... C h e s tn u t................................................ Norfolk, Va.: Pennsylvania a n th r a c ite sto v e ....................................................... C h e s tn u t................................................ B itu m in o u s.................................................. Om aha, N ebr.: B itu m in o u s.................................................. Peoria, 111.: B itu m in o u s.................................................. P hiladelphia, Pa.: Pen n sy lv an ia a n th racite— Stove....................................................... C h estn u t................................................ P ittsb u rg h , P a. P en n sy lv an ia a n th racite— Stove....................................................... C h e s tn u t................................................ B itu m in o u s.................................................. P o rtlan d , Me.: P en n sy lv an ia a n th r a c ite Stove....................................................... C h estn u t................................................ P o rtlan d , Oreg.: B itu m in o u s.................................................. Providence, R . I.: P en n sy lv an ia an th racite— Stove....................................................... C h e stn u t................................................ R ichm ond, Va.: Pen n sy lv an ia a n th racite— Stove....................................................... C h e stn u t................................................ B itu m in o u s.................................................. Rochester, N . Y .: Pen n sy lv an ia an th racite— Stove....................................................... C h estn u t................................................ S t. Louis, Mo.: Pen n sy lv an ia an th racite— Stove.................................................... C h estn u t...................................... B itu m in o u s.............................................. St. Paul, M inn.: Pen n sy lv an ia a n th r a c ite Stove................................................. C h estn u t................................. B itu m in o u s.......................................... Salt Lake City, U tah .: Colorado anth racite— Furnace, 1 an d 2 m ix ed............... Stove, 3 an d 5 m ix e d ................... B itu m in o u s................................................ San Francisco, Calif.: New Mexico an th racite— Cerillos egg............................................ Colorado an th racite— E g g ............................................................. Oct. 15. Sept. 15. Oct. 15. $10.00 10. 50 2 6.06 $10. 00 10. 50 2 6. 06 $19. 50 19. 50 10. 33 20.75 9.72 $20. 75 20. 75 10.13 7. 07 7.14 6.66 6.80 13.83 13. 83 14.50 14.50 14.58 14.58 16.00 16.00 11.62 15.00 15.00 11.36 16.13 16.13 11.38 12.60 10.85 10. 85 8.48 6.46 6.35 6.63 6.13 i 7.16 1 7.38 i 6.89 i 7.14 i 14.54 i 14.54 i 15.43 1 15.00 i 16.14 1 16.00 1 7. 94 i 8.00 3 3.16 1 7.38 1 7. 44 3 3.18 1 17.00 1 17.00 8.38 1 17.00 1 17.00 7.54 1 18. .50 1 18. .50 7.54 15.84 15. 84 15. 84 15.84 16.56 16.56 13.20 13.89 4 15.30 15.30 416.25 416.25 9.79 9.66 14.31 < 8.25 4 8.25 4 7. 50 4 7. 75 < 15.50 415.50 S. 00 8. 00 5.50 7.25 7.25 4.94 15.42 15.42 12.60 16. 50 11.91 16.63 16.63 11.78 13.45 13.45 13.45 13.45 14.10 14.10 4 8.44 8.68 3.36 7.74 7.99 3.04 16.19 16.25 8.66 16.38 16. 56 7.08 17.13 17.38 7.26 9.20 9.45 6.07 9.05 9.30 6.04 17.75 17.73 13.94 17. 50 17.35 12.39 18.15 18.09 12.37 11.00 11.00 11.50 11.50 5.46 20.00 20.00 5.64 17.50 17.50 8.30 17.50 17.50 8.81 17.00 17.00 26.75 26.50 26.50 17.00 17.00 24.25 12.00 17.90 24.50 16.80 24.50 16.90 12.00 B itu m in o u s.................................................. 1 P er to n of 2,240 pounds. 2 P e r 10-barrel lots (1,800 po u n d s). 3 Per 25-bushel lots (1,900 pounds). 4 Fifty cents per to n additional is charged for “ b in n in g .” th e coal in to th e cellar. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Ju ly 15. [1300] 9.50 Most custom ers require binning or basketing 77 RETAIL PRICES OF COAL. A V E R A G E R E T A IL P R IC E S O F CO AL P E R T O N O F 2,000 P O U N D S , F O R H O U S E H O L D U S E , ON JA N U A R Y 15 A N D JU L Y 15, 1913, O C T O B E R 15, 1922, AN D S E P T E M B E R 15 A N D O C T O B E R 15, 1923—C oncluded. 1922 1913 1923 C ity, a n d an d k in d of coal. Jan. 15. Savannah, Ga.: Pennsy lv an ia anthracite— Stove.... ............................. C hestnut B itu m in o u s.................................................. Scranton, Pa.: Pennsy lv an ia an thracite— Stove...................... ............................... C h estn u t............................................... Seattle, W ash.: B itu m in o u s.......................................... ....... Springfield, 111.: B itu m in o u s........ "Washington, D . C.: Pennsy lv an ia an th racite— Stove....................................................... C h estn u t................................................ Ju ly 15. O ct. 15. Sept. 15. O ct. 15. 6 $18.10 5 17.10 6 12.18 6 $17.05 6 17.05 6 11.72 s $17.05 5 17.05 6 11.90 $4.25 4.50 $4.31 4.56 9.78 10.27 9.82 9.82 10.53 10.53 «7.63 6 7.70 6 10.21 6 10.10 6 10.21 5.73 4.50 4.53 1 15.63 i 15.63 i 11.24 1 15.33 1 15.21 i 9.77 1 16.20 i 15.98 i 9.10 17.50 i 7.65 17.38 i 7.53 1 P e r ton of 2,240 pounds. s All coal sold in S av an n ah is weighed b y th e city. A charge of 10 cents per to n or half to n is m ade. T his additio n al charge has been included in th e above prices. 6 Prices in Zone A . T h e cartage charges in Zone A were as follows: Jan u a ry an d Ju ly , 1913,80.50; O ctober, 1922, 81.25 to $1.75; Septem ber an d October, 1923, 81.25. These charges have been included in the prices Index Numbers of Wholesale Prices in October, 1923. SLIGHT downward tendency in the general trend of wholesale prices is shown for October by information gathered by the United States Department of Labor through the Bureau of Labor Statistics. The bureau’s index number, which includes 404 commodities or price series weighted according to their commercial importance, declined to 153 compared with 154 for September. The lowering of the general price level was due mainly to further declines in fuels and metals. Among fuel and lighting materials there were appreciable decreases in prices of bituminous coal, coke, crude oil, and gasoline. Anthracite coal averaged higher than in September. Decreases in pig iron, steel billets, copper, and lead brought the level for metals well below that of the month before. In the cloths and clothing group the strong reaction in raw silk from the high prices of the preceding month, together with the lower prices of worsted yarns, forced the price level downward despite rising costs of cotton goods. A small decrease took place also in the group of miscellaneous commodities, due to declines in sole leather and rubber. Among farm products decreases in cattle, hogs, sheep, poultry, onions, and potatoes were offset by advances in grain, cotton, eggs, flaxseed, hides, and alfalfa and clover hay, the price level remaining unchanged. No change was reported for building materials and house-furnishing goods, also, while small increases took place among foods and chemicals and drugs. Of the 404 commodities or series of quotations for which com parable data for September and October were collected, increases were shown in 136 instances and decreases in 104 instances. In 164 instances no change in price was reported. [1301], A https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis MONTHLY LABOE REVIEW. 78 IN D E X N U M B E R S O F W H O L E S A L E P R IC E S , B Y G R O U P S O F C O M M O D IT IE S. [1913= 100.] 1923 O ctober, 1922. Group. F a rm p ro d u c ts............................................ F oods............................................................. Cloths and clothing.................................... F u el and lig h tin g....................................... M etals a n d m etal p ro d u cts...................... B uilding m a te ria ls..................................... Chemicals an d d ru g s................................. H ouse-furnishing goods............................ Miscellaneous............................................... All com m odities......................................... 138 140 1S8 226 135 183 124 176 120 154 Septem O ctober. ber. 144 147 202 176 144 1S2 128 183 121 154 144 148 199 172 142 182 129 183 120 153 Comparing prices in October with those of a year ago, as measured by changes in the index numbers, it is seen that the general price level has declined less than 1 per cent. Fuel and lighting materials averaged 24 per cent lower than in October, 1922, while building materials were slightly lower. The group of miscellaneous commodi ties showed no change in the price level. In all other groups prices were appreciably higher than in October of last year. Wholesale Prices in the United States and Foreign Countries, 1913 to September, 1923. N THE following table the more important index numbers of wholesale prices in the United States and several foreign coun tries, as compiled by recognized authorities, have been reduced to a common base, in order that the trend of prices in the several countries may be directly compared. The results here shown have been obtained by merely shifting the base for each series of index numbers to the year 1913; i. e., by dividing the index for each year or month on the original base by the index for 1913 on that base. These results are therefore to be regarded only as approximations of the correct index numbers in the case of series constructed by aver aging the relative prices of individual commodities.1 This applies to the index numbers of the Statistique Générale of France, the series for Italy constructed by Prof. Riccardo Bachi, and the series here shown for Japan. The index numbers of the United States Bureau of Labor Statistics, those of the Bureau of Statistics of Canada, and those of the Census and Statistics Office of New Zealand are built on aggregates of actual money prices, or relatives made from such aggregates of actual prices, and therefore can readily be shifted to any desired base. The series here shown for Sweden, Germany, Canada, the United Kingdom, and Australia are reproduced as published, the last three series being rounded off to three figures. It should be understood also that the validity of the comparisons here made is affected by the wide difference in the number of commodities included in the different series of index numbers. I 1 For a discussion of index nu m b ers constructed according to th is m ethod, see B ulletin No. 181 of the XJ. S. B ureau of Labor Statistics, p p . 245-252. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [1302] WHOLESALE PRICES. 79 W H O L E S A L E P R IC E S IN T H E U N IT E D S T A T E S A N D C E R T A IN F O R E IG N C O U N T R IE S. [Index num bers expressed as percentages of th e in d ex n u m b er for 1913. U nited States: B ureau of Labor Statis Y ear and tics (re m onth. vised);! 404 com m odi ties (vari able). Canada: U nited Dom in K ing ion B u dom: reau of B oard of Statis T rade tics; (revised); 238 com 150 com m odi modi ties. ties. 1913........... 1914........... 1915........... 1916........... 1917........... 1918............ 1919........... 1920........... 1921........... 1922........... 100 98 101 127 177 194 206 226 147 149 208 241 170 150 1920 J a n u a ry ... F e b ru a ry . M arch....... A pril......... M ay .......... .1u n e .......... In ly ........... A uipist__ Septem ber O c to b er... N ovem ber December. 233 232 234 245 247 243 241 231 226 211 196 179 233 238 241 251 257 255 256 250 245 236 224 212 1921 J a n u a ry ... F e b ru a ry . M arch....... A pril.......... May........... J u n e .......... Ju ly ........... A ugust___ Septem ber O cto b er... N ovem ber D ecember. 170 160 155 148 145 142 141 142 141 142 141 140 202 191 186 181 171 164 163 166 162 156 1.54 154 1922 J a n u a ry ... F ebruary . M arch....... A pril......... M ay........... J u n e .......... Ju ly ........... A ugust__ Septem ber O c to b er... N ovem ber D ecember. 13S 141 142 143 148 150 155 155 153 154 156 156 1923 J a n u a ry ... F ebruary . M arch....... A pril......... M ay........... J u n e .......... J u ly ........... A ugust__ Septem ber 156 157 159 159 156 153 151 150 154 100 100 France: mGer any: StatisIta ly : Statis Riccardo ticpie tisches Géné Bachi; Reichs 100 com rale; am t; 45 com modi modi 38 com ties. 2 modi ties. ties. 307 197 159 100 102 140 188 262 339 356 510 315 327 297 310 319 325 326 322 317 313 311 302 287 264 246 225 Sweden: Göte borgs Handelstidning; 47 com modi ties. 100 96 97 117 147 192 236 259 200 196 3 100 1486 1911. 34180 100 95 133 201 299 409 364 624 578 562 487 522 554 588 550 493 496 501 256 502 461 435 1256 1685 1709 1567 1508 1382 1367 1450 1498 1466 1509 1440 508 557 602 664 660 632 604 625 655 659 670 655 205 202 198 194 190 187 181 173 168 407 377 360 347 329 325 330 331 344 331 332 326 1439 1376 1338 1326 1308 1366 1428 1917 2067 150 152 151 151 152 151 152 150 145 146 150 151 164 162 160 160 161 160 160 156 154 155 158 156 314 306 307 314 317 325 325 331 329 337 352 362 151 153 155 156 155 155 154 153 155 157 158 160 161 160 159 157 155 158 211 100 Japan: B ank of Jap a n , Tokyo; 56 com m odi ties. See te x t explanation.] 116 145 1S5 244 Aus New tralia: Zea B ureau land: of Cen Census sus and and Sta Statis tistics tics; 92 Office; com 140 com modi m odi ties. ties. 4 inn 141 132 146 100 102 121 148 339 170 331 ISO 347 211 162 218 167 154 175 208 197 174 301 314 322 300 272 248 239 235 231 226 221 206 319 342 354 354 361 366 364 365 362 346 331 299 203 206 209 217 225 233 234 236 230 215 208 197 190 : 194 202 205 206 205 215 215 216 218 214 214 3416 3487 642 613 604 584 547 509 520 542 580 599 595 595 201 195 191 190 191 192 196 199 207 219 214 209 267 250 237 229 218 218 211 198 182 175 174 172 196 192 181 171 166 162 159 160 160 156 151 148 212 206 204 201 198 196 196 193 193 191 187 185 3665 4102 5433 6355 6458 7030 10059 19202 28698 56601 115101 147430 577 562 533 527 524 537 558 571 582 601 596 580 206 204 201 197 194 197 201 195 193 190 188 183 170 166 164 165 164 164 165 163 15S 155 154 155 147 147 146 148 155 156 157 155 158 159 162 161 182 178 ■ 176 176 174 172 174 174 171 171 173 169 387 278480 422 558500 424 488800 521200 415 406 817000 409 1930500 407 7478700 413 94404100 424 39000000 575 582 586 588 5.80 568 566 567 569 184 192 196 196 199 198 192 156 158 162 159 158 160 157 163 155 163 161 163 167 170 178 ISO 175 172 168 170 171 171 173 174 173 172 2460 172 1 F or particulars concerning revised index numbers, see Monthly L abor R eview for July, 1922, p p . 59 and 60. 2 38 commodities prior to 1920: 76 commodities in 1921. * July , 1913, to Ju n e, 1914. * July, 1914. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [1303] 80 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW. House Rents in Christiania, Norway, 1900 to 1922. OCIALE Meddelelser No. 7 ,1923, issued by the Norwegian Depart ment for Social Affairs (Departement for Sociale SaJcer), con tains a brief account of house rents in Christiania, 1900-1922. During the last year (information was received for 88 per cent of the apartments in 1922) house rents increased for all apartments except in the two largest apartment types. Increases were irregular, the two and three room apartments increasing 0.5 per cent and the three to five room apartments increasing on an average of 4 per cent. The table following gives rents in Christiania for apartments with from 2 to 11 rooms for the period 1900-1922. It also shows the percentage of increase since 1910, the period before the large increase in house rents, and since 1914. Compared with 1910 the increases range from 67 to 87 per cent, being smallest for the 2-room apartments and highest for the 8 and 9 room apartments. The percentage of increase since 1914 has been considerably less, being less for the 2 and 3 room apartments than for the others. A weighted average for all size types shows an increase in house rents of 37 per cent since February 1, 1914. S A V E R A G E Y E A R L Y R E N T IN C H R IS T IA N IA , N O R W A Y , 1900-1922, A N D P E R C EN T O F IN C R E A SE FR O M D E C E M B E R 1, 1910, TO D E C E M B E R 1, 1922, A N D FR O M F E B R U A R Y 1, 1914, TO D E C E M B E R 1, 1922. [Krone a t p a r= 2 6 .8.] Average yearly re n ta l of a p artm e n ts w ith— D ate. D ec. 3, 1900................ D ec. 31, 1905.............. Dec. 1, 1910................ F eb . 1,1914................ F eb . 1, 1920................ Dec. 1,1921................ D ec. 1, 1922................ 11 2 4 5 6 8 9 10 3 7 rooms. rooms. rooms. rooms. rooms. rooms. rooms. rooms. rooms. rooms. Kroner. Kroner. Kroner. Kroner. Kroner. Kroner. Kroner. Kroner. Kroner. Kroner. 1G5 545 763 1,298 1,619 1,951 200 388 1,000 1,839 204 428 595 1,068 1,328 1,718 1,827 132 301 799 154 242 358 513 727 947 1,193 1,690 1,406 1,740 198 657 908 1,477 2,026 2,135 313 457 1,180 1,791 232 372 1.525 2,873 2,670 548 811 1,169 1.936 2, 309 004 902 1,294 3,082 3,303 250 413 1,685 2,166 2,609 935 257 033 1,335 2,636 3,026 410 1, 708 2,221 3,000 P er cent of increase. Dec. 1,1910, to Dec. 1, 1922...................... Feb. 1,1914, to Dec. 1, 1922...................... https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 67 72 77 82 84 80 86 87 7S 74 30 33 39 42 47 45 50 47 48 42 [1304] W AGES AND H O U R S O F LA BO R. The 48-hour Week in Industry. O y J . C . B o w e n , o f t h e U n it e d S t a t e s B u r e a u o f L a b o r S t a t is t ic s . ROM the time when the manual worker toiled from daylight until dark down to the present he has been hoping for, demand ing, and slowly getting a reduction of hours of labor. It took many years, centuries in fact, to advance from a 12 and 14 hour day to a 10-hour day. Years more elapsed before he got even a touch on the 9-hour day, then, as the 9-hour day became in part a realization, a start was made for an 8-hour day. This reduction of hours of labor has come mainly to the building mechanic, the factory employee, the miner, and the railroad man. Practically no statistical data are available to show the extent to which the agricultural wage earner has been affected. Prior to the World War the 8-hour day was enjoyed by compara tively few workers, and these were mainly in the building and print ing trades and in Federal and State Government employ. The 8-liour movement, however, has grown so rapidly since 1914 that there is now scarcely an industry or trade that does not contain a greater or less number of 8-hour workers. Several State legislatures have established by law the 8-hour workday in public employment, and many cities have adopted the 8-hour day for their employees. The principle of the 8-hour day was accepted by the War Labor Board and has since been recognized by nearly eveiy labor board or commission. The practice of working fewer hours on Saturday than on other days of the week, thus reducing the hours of many employees to 44 or even less per week, is also making progress. Quite an amount of statistical information is available concerning hours of labor, but it is scattered through various reports. The most important of the material available is assembled in this article so as to give as far as possible a comparatively recent survey of working hours in the different industrial fields of the United States. The greatest sources of information are the United States Census Office reports and reports of the United States Bureau of Labor Statistics, though considerable information is also found in State reports. As nearly all of the material herein used comes from published reports few figures are available for 1923. Prewar and postwar conditions are brought into comparison in some of the tables. Most of the information here presented is in the form of hours per week rather than in the form of hours per day, but the hours per day may very generally be inferred from the "hours per week. A 60-hour week generally means a 10-hour day; a 54-hour week a 9-hour day; and a 48-hour week an 8-hour day. There are excep tions, however; for example, there may be a 9-hour day from Monday to Friday with 5 hours on Saturday, making a 50-hour week, and quite often there may be a day of 8§ hours with 4§ hours on Satur day? making a 48-hour week. This latter combination of hours is frequently looked upon as an 8-hour day. In a few instances the 8-hour day is followed by a full Saturday holiday, making a week of only 40 hours. F https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [1305] 81 82 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW. Of the 6,615,046 wage earners covered by the Census of Manu factures in 1909, only 523,652 or 7.9 per cent, worked 48 hours or less per week, while by 1919 the working time had been so far reduced that 4,418,693, or 48.6 per cent, of the 9,096,372 wage earners covered in that year were on that basis. The number of wage earners whose working time was less than 48 hours per week is not avail able for 1909 or 1914, but, in 1919, 1,111,107 employees, or 12.2 per cent, had a working week of 44 hours or under, and 346,179, or 3.8 per cent, were reported between 44 and 48 hours. Combining the figures shown in the table following it is seen that only 30.6 per cent of the wage earners had a week of 54 hours or less in 1909, while in 1914 the percentage was 51.1, or more than onehalf of the whole number covered, and in 1919 the percentage had increased to 74.1 or nearly three-fourths of all wage earners in manufacturing industries. Space does not permit the presentation of figures for each industry, but percentages are shown for industries having 100,000 or more wage earners in 1919. Figures are not available for all the industries for 1909, owing to the differing classifications of industries, but a comparison as between 1914 and 1919 is shown for each industry. Some combination of Census Office industry classifications has been necessary in order to make them comparable from year to year. Employees were classified by the Census Office according to the prevailing hours of the establish ment in which they worked, no attempt being made to classify each individual employee, because in most establishments practically all the employees worked the same number of hours, so that the figure for any given group would represent to a large extent the classifi cation of individuals. To some extent the 8-hour basic day does not necessarily mean an actual working-day of 8 hours ; occasionally longer hours are worked, with an increased rate for all time in excess of 8 hours. P E R C E N T O F W A G E E A R N E R S IN T H E U N IT E D ST A T E S IN 1909, 1914, A N D 1919, IN E S T A B L IS H M E N T S W O R K IN G EA C H C L A S S IF IE D N U M B E R O F H O U R S P E R W E E K : A L L M A N U F A C T U R IN G IN D U S T R IE S AN D S E L E C T E D IN D U S T R IE S E M P L O Y IN G IN 1919 O V E R 100,000 W A G E E A R N E R S . [Source: R eports of th e Census of M anufactures for 1909, 1914, and 1919.] Per cent of employees whose prevailing hours of labor per w eek were— In d u stry . Ail m anufacturing industries combined. Industries employing over 100,000 wage earners in 1919. .Automobiles ( i n c l u d i n g bodies and p arts). Boots and shoes 3.................. Y ear. 48 Over 48 an d and u n under der. 54. 48 a n d under, in detail. 54 Over 54 and under 60. 60 Over 60. 8.7 5.8 3.0 1909 1914 1919 6,615,046 7,036,247 9,096,372 7.9 11.9 48.6 7.3 13.4 16.4 15. 4 25.8 9.1 30.2 21.9 13.7 30.5 21.1 9.1 1909 1914 1919 1909 1914 1919 75,721 127,092 343,115 198,297 200,088 229,705 .4 11.3 44.0 .4 2.7 62.8 3.0 22.0 36.7 3.3 12.2 22.4 30.0 14.0 5. 3 24.0 40.9 9.8 35.2 42.8 13.0 57.3 41.2 4.0 29.4 9.9 .8 14.9 3.0 1 Not. reported in d etail. 2 Less th a n one-tenth of 1 per cent. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis T otal average wage earners. 1.9 GO (2) .1 . 0 (a) 44 Over 44 a nd and 48 un under der. 48. G) 0) 12.2 G) (') 3.8 G) (0 32.6 g> G) 0) 2.5 0) 1.7 G) 39.9 12.2 42.1 m G) 8.5 0) O) G) G) G) 3 Includes boots and shoes, c u t stock, and findings, 18,656 in 1919. [1306] 83 THE FORTY-EIGHT-HOUR WEEK IN INDUSTRY, P E R C E N T O F W A G E E A R N E R S IN T H E U N IT E D ST A T E S IN 1909. 1914, A N D 1919, IN E S T A B L IS H M E N T S W O R K IN G EA C H C L A S S IF IE D N U M B E R OF H O U R S P E R W E E K : A L L M A N U F A C T U R IN G IN D U S T R IE S A N D S E L E C T E D IN D U S T R IE S E M P L O Y IN G IN 1919 O V E R 100,000 W A G E E A R N E R S —Concluded. Per cen t of employees whose prevailing hours of labor per week were— In d u stry . Year. Total average wage earners. 48 an 1 unde r, in détail. 48 Over 48 a n d and u n under der. 54. 54 Over 54 an d under 60. 60 11.2 8.3 3.7 20.1 13.7 22.4 6.0 49.8 30.1 7.8 15.6 4.9 .4 1.5 10.9 5.1 1.8 13.3 14.9 .3 .1 1 .1 .1 5.0 .1 75.6 .6 0) Over 60. Over 44 44 a n d and un under der. 48. 48 In d u s tr ie s c m p lo y in g over 1 0 0 ,0 0 0 w a g e e a r n e r s i n H ill—Concluded. B read and other baking products. Cars and general shop construction and repairs by steam railroads. Clothing, m e n ’s 4................... Clothing, w o m en 's............... C otton goods and sm all wares. Electrical m achinery, app aratu s and supplies. F oundry and m achine-shop products.6 F u rn itu re (including refrigerators). Iron a n d steel: B last fu rn aces6.............. Steel works a n d rolling mills. K n it goods a n d h o s ie ry .. . . L um ber a n d tim b e r produ c ts.4 P a p e r an d wood p u lp ____ P rin tin g an d publishing (new spaper, periodical, book an d job). R u b b er tires, tubes, e tc ___ Shipbuilding, steel and wood, including boat building. Silk goods................................ Slaughtering packing. and m eat Tobacco, cigars, a n d eigarettes. Woolen an d w o rste d 4.......... 1909 1914 1919 1909 1914 1919 1914 1919 1909 1914 1919 1909 1914 1919 1909 1914 1919 1914 1919 1909 1914 1919 100,216 124,052 141,592 282,174 339,518 484,437 173,747 175,270 153,743 168,907 165,649 378,880 385,964 440,362 87,256 118,078 212,374 398,316 661,163 128,452 133,498 144,117 1909 1914 1919 1909 1914 1919 1909 1914 1919 1914 1919 1909 1914 1919 1909 1914 1919 1909 1914 1919 1909 1914 1919 1909 1914 1919 1909 1914 1919 1909 1914 1919 1914 1919 38,429 29', 356 41,660 240!076 248,716 375,088 129,275 150, 520 172, 572 479,786 480,945 75,978 88,457 113,759 258,434 227' 496 243; 386 26, 521 50, 220 1 1 9 ; 848 40, 506 44' 489 387, 446 99 037 108,170 126; 782 89, 728 98; 832 160, 996 166, 810 152; 892 138, 773 158 692 166. 787 6.4 11.7 60.0 7.5 21.9 73.3 20.2 90.4 4.8 7.0 89.5 .1 .3 39.3 1.3 3.5 59.0 4.5 37.5 4.4 8.1 18.2 3.1 5.6 8.6 7.9 14.9 2.2 50.6 5.9 43.9 72.9 9.2 .8 - .5 3.8 15.9 25.9 25.1 11.9 25.9 4.1 9.0 29.3 18.6 39.2 17.9 35.6 29.7 1.5 21.7 2.4 24.1 17.0 1.0 .2 39.8 14.2 23.8 32.9 5.1 30.8 13.1 12.7 22.5 15.6 21.6 2.8 .3 50.4 18.2 31.9 52.2 35.3 9.3 36.8 19.0 22.5 28.0 28.3 .3 ( 2) 17.1 .4 .1 3.0 15.2 5.3 .3 (*) . 1 6.3 19.6 1.7 10.0 12.1 34.2 7.7 10.3 18.5 31.3 3.3 3.7 19.2 21.9 3.7 50.6 38.6 2.6 5.2 58.2 22.8 11.0 26.7 17.6 13.9 2.7 5.1 74.1 2.3 4.5 7.5 56.7 3.8 5.6 8.7 30.2 8.0 4.5 6.3 14.4 11.8 21.5 3.3 7.0 6.2 10.0 7.4 16.1 18.3 4.2 11. 9 12. 8 2. 8 1.9 1.9 .7 6.8 4.0 4 5 20. 4 54.6 19. 8 7.1 19. 2 16. 0 50.6 2.1 15.3 1.0 16.1 6. 6 24. 4 24. 8 34. 7 17. 2 27.7 3. 4 17.5 .1 .5 .5 .6 9, a 2 3 82.2 13 0 4. 5 52. 4 40. 0 2.0 2.6 .6 37.3 1 1 . 2 4. 8 72.2 4. 6 11. 7 8. 8 68. 8 3.3 13. 3 6.4 3.6 3.1 2.5 10. 4 8. 5 38.6 13.1 12. 7 30. 6 20. 2 6.8 1.8 30.2 2 2 . 2 1 4 6. 4 35. 9 .5 (*) 7.0 7.6 8.0 31.8 .7 2.4 38.9 2.7 23.9 7.4 12.0 61.7 53. 7 70. 4 86.4 .6 6. 4 65.4 9. 5 33.1 98.3 1.1 47.9 4. 8 84.2 29. 0 29. 4 38.7 .7 o) (*> 31.5 40.7 10.7 6.7 2.5 1.4 13.2 4.2 56.1 31.6 8.1 74.9 7.1 10.8 6.0 1.1 (0 (0 2.9 O) 0) .6 (o (0 72.7 0) 0) .4 (*> (*) .1 G) (D .4 .3 .2 .2 .5 (0 96.5 79.1 67.0 34.4 24.2 20.2 3.8 .4 .2 11.3 2.4 41.2 34.1 (!) 9.2 8.0 G) G) 6.3 G) G) 14.7 G) (0 9.4 G) 4 .0 G) G> 5.6 G) G) .1 (0 G) G) G) 42.4 G) G) 63.3 G) 10.8 G) G) 1 1 .2 G) G> 38.8 G) 0) 3.6 (0 2.5 26.8 G) G) G) G) .0 46.2 G) 11.3 (i) G) G) G) G) G) G) G) G) G) G) G) G) 0) 3. 5 15. 0 G) 2.3 3.5 14.5 G) G) 2.7 31.7 3. 0 G) .5 G) G) l.l G) 2 1 .1 G) 01 5 7 .1 8.7 3.1 74.6 2 .8 21.0 41.6 67.1 1.2 30.0 .4 1.3 .9 .2 .4 1.6 .3 24.9 2.3 20.6 3.0 1.2 80.0 14.3 5.9 18.5 .2 .4 6.0 68.6 1 1 .8 .3 .1 .2 4.5 G) 2.3 G) G) (2) .8 (2) 1. 1 ( 2) (2) ( 2) 1N ot reported in d e ta il. H e ss th a n o n e-ten th of 1 p er cent. 4 Comparable figures not available for 1909. 6 Comparable figures n o t available for 1909; including engines; power pum ps; iron and steel tem pering and welding; m achine tools; steel barrels, drum s, etc.; and te x tile m achinery. 6 H a s less th a n 100,000 employees, b u t included for com parison w ith th e n e x t item . https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [1307] 84 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW. For several years the Bureau of Labor Statistics has conducted periodic investigations into the hours of labor, wage rates, and earn ings of employees in the principal manufacturing industries of the United States. These data were obtained from representative es tablishments in each industry, and the number of employees reported was the actual number appearing on the pay roils of the establish ments covered at the time of the investigation. The results of these investigations have been published from time to time in the various bulletins of the bureau. In the following tables, taken from past and forthcoming bulletins, the individual employee has been classi' fied according to his regular full-time hours per week rather than the full-time hours of the plant as a whole. In comparing these tables with the same industries in the reports of the Census of Manufactures 1it must be remembered that the bureau’s tables classify individuals while the census figures classify employees according to the prevail ing hours of the plants in which they work. The 8-hour day has increased rapidly since 1914 in all industries , shown in the table following. The percentage of employees working ■48 hours or under per week increased from less than 1 per cent ' in 1914 to 33.7 in 1922 in cotton goods manufacturing; to 39.2 in the hosiery and underwear industry ; and to 68.4 in the boot and shoe industry. No employees worked on a 48-hour-per-week basis i in 1915 in the lumber industry, but in 1921, 21.5 per cent were on or under that basis. The number of employees on an 8-hour-day basis in the woolen and worsted goods manufacturing industry in 1914 is not available, but in 1922, 88.4 per cent worked 48 hours or less per week. In the men’s clothing industry 12.1 per cent of the workers had a 48-hour week in 1914, while an additional 1 per cent worked under 48 hours; in 1922 the hours of labor had decreased to such an extent that all employees were on an 8-hour-day basis and 94.9 per cent had a 44-hour week. While the iron and steel industry does not show any considerable increase in 8-hour-day work in 1922 as compared with 1914, the employment records received currently by the Bureau of Labor Statistics state that since August of 1923 the industry is being placed to a large extent on an 8-liour basis. The percent age of employees who have actually been changed to an 8-liour day, however, is not available. Figures for the automobile industry are presented for 1922 only, and for foundries and machine shops for 1923 only. No satisfactory comparison with earlier years is avail able for either of these industries. The hours of labor of males and females do not vary to any great extent. In cotton goods and woolen and worsted goods manufac turing the number of females employed is so large that a separate classification is presented for each sex. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [1308] 85 THE FORTY-EIGHT-HOUR WEEK IK INDUSTRY. P E R C E N T O F E M P L O Y E E S W O R K IN G S P E C IF IE D N U M B E R O F F U L L -T IM E H O U R S PER W EEK. [Source: B ulletins of th e B ureau of L abor Statistics.] Per cent oi empie )yees fhose f ull-tim e hour s per •week were— In d u stry . C otton m anufacturing: All em ployees.................................. M ales.............................................. Fem ales............................................. Woolen an d w orsted m anufacturing: All em ployees.................................. M ales................................................. Fem ales............................................. H osiery a n d underw ear: All em ployees.................................. M en’s clothing: All em ployees.................................. Boots and shoes: All em ployees................................ Lum ber: All em ployees.................................. Foundries: All em ployees.................................. M achine shops: All em ployees.................................. Automobiles: * All em ployees.................................. N um ber of Y ear. employ ees cov U n der ered. 48. 48 54 Over Over 54 57 and a nd under under 57. 60. 60 Over 60. 1914 1920 1922 79.258 59; 565 62,833 0.5 3.9 2.1 (i) 4L0 31.6 Ó. 8 2.8 33.2 8.0 14.3 23.3 35. 1 43.7 5. 7 .1 .1 36.0 7.8 4.5 13 1914 1920 1922 45,726 3 l’384 34,791 .5 3.4 2.0 C1) 36.5 26.5 28.9 7.0 11.3 22.4 5. 0 4L 2 9 1 .8 2.5 43.0 .2 .1 8.7 5.7 .4 1.5 1914 1920 1922 33,532 28,181 28,042 .5 4.5 2.2 52.4 38.0 39. 0 9.1 18.1 24. 5 26.4 35.3 6. 7 .9 3.3 29 0 6.7 3.0 .3 C1) 1914 1920 1922 40,061 38,164 39,430 91.2 86.8 2 1. 4 1.4 1.3 62. 2 4.1 7.6 22. 4 .2 .4 7. 0 .6 .9 5.7 8 .6 .7 1.3 2.0 1.6 1914 1920 1922 23,145 19,852 21,980 60. 0 3.2 6.3 18.3 91.7 86.2 2 1.0 1.7 1.5 9 9 8. 5 . 5 8 i. i 1.2 1.3 2.3 1914 1920 1922 16,824 18,312 17,450 64.8 28. 2 2.5 1.9 90.7 87.5 2 2. 0 1.1 1.0 5. 0 .6 .4 1914 1922 31,989 32,178 (!) 1.7 37.5 6.6 30.4 56. 5 11.1 21. 5 18.1 10. 2 0) 4. 2 0) 1914 1922 24,597 25^ 013 4 97.2 .5 12.1 2.8 69.9 17.1 .4 1914 1920 1922 53 071 51,7235 47,374 (i) 13.4 9.4 (l) 57.9 59.0 17. 3 18.8 21.8 34.1 33.1 13 0 82 . 2 8.1 1.4 1.0 1915 1921 58,845 1923 32,166 1923 58 914 1922 56,309 5.4 1.5 1.4 50.4 .3 .6 9.1 8.6 .2 .9 .8 1.5 (1) (0 .4 O (5) 7 21.5 (!) 0) 2. 7 26.1 26. 7 23. 5 610.3 7.1 3.5 9. 3 27. 3 36. 8 7 4 «17.3 1.1 .9 25.8 50.2 5.4 1 Less th a n one-tenth of 1 p e r cent. 2 R eported as “ u n d er 54,” 8 R eported as “ 60 a n d over.” 4 94.9 p er cent w orked 44 hours. 5 R eported as “ 60 a n d over.” Less th a n one-tenth of 1 p er cent. 6 R eported as “ over 54 an d u n d er 60.” 7 R eported as “ 48 an d u n d e r.” 8 R eported as “ 55 a n d over.” https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Over 48 and un d er 54. 61. 8 1.3. 70. 9 27 2 6.9 63.5 813.3 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW. 86 P E R C E N T O F E M P L O Y E E S W O R K IN G S P E C IF IE D N U M B E R O F F U L L -T IM E H O U R S P E R W E E K —C oncluded. P e r c e n t of employees whose full-tim e hours per In d u stry . n a n d steel: 31ast furnaces.................................. Bessemer converters.................... O pen-hearth furnaces.................... Puddling m ills................................ Blooming m ills................................ P late m ills........................................ Stan d ard rail m ills......................... B ar m ills........................................... Sheet m ills........................................ T in-plate m ills................................ Year. 1914 1920 1922 1914 1920 1922 1914 1920 1922 1914 1920 1922 1914 1920 1922 1914 1920 192? 1914 1920 1922 1914 1920 1922 1914 1920 1922 1914 1920 1922 of em 48 Over ployees 48 covered. and u n and der. u nder 60. 9,253 12,083 10,556 2,267 2,888 2,294 5,415 8,007 7,954 4,606 3,262 2,758 2,476 3,571 4,132 2,301 3,227 3,545 1,725 1,344 1,270 8,802 6,685 6,399 6,304 8,527 9,242 6,033 10,366 8,992 ( 9) 1 1 12 14 11 ( 9) 1 3 27 24 41 3 12 4 (9) ( 9) 5 33 32 4 9 6 62 64 60 59 58 61 5 18 7 9 7 6 7 32 15 41 33 8 12 21 3 5 22 ( 9) 4 12 31 28 39 2 6 8 17 18 18 60 13 7 13 4 2 6 6 2 4 6 12 10 5 2 7 4 4 16 3 2 3 12 8 4 8 8 10 9 6 5 Over 60 and under 72. 12 11 10 11 14 10 9 9 15 9 15 15 8 12 12 44 41 22 13 20 19 44 40 55 10 9 10 12 10 9 72 22 16 39 40 25 53 23 14 28 1 7 ( 9) 59 35 27 39 42 28 74 37 26 7 12 14 13 9 7 2 7 5 Over 72 and under 84. 7 17 13 13 17 5 32 38 20 1 (9) 1 9 18 18 6 4 4 1 2 2 2 3 1 2 2 2 (9) 1 1 84 41 29 17 12 21 9 24 6 16 (9) 1 1 9 8 12 4 3 7 4 2 6 1 (9) 1 2 i 3 1 (9) (9) Over 84. ( 9) (O ( 9) ( 9) ( 9) ( 9) ( 9) O') to 0>) ( 9) ("j 00 (9) <») s Less th a n 1 p er cent. While the 8-hour day has made rapid gains generally in the United States, it is found to a far greater extent among organized workers. With but few exceptions, the members of the organized trades have been successful in establishing the 8-hour day and to a large extent the 44-hour week with a Saturday half holiday. The United States Bureau of Labor Statistics recently made a survey of the union scale of wages and hours of labor of over 860,000 members of the organized trades and occupations in 66 of the principal cities of the United States as of May, 1923. Of the total number of members covered, 89 per cent had written or oral agreements pro viding for an 8-hour day, and 68 per cent worked 44 hours or less per week. The remaining 11 per cent varied between a week of “ over 48 and under 54 hours” and one of ‘‘over 60 h o u r s , a n d was largely made up from the chauffeurs and teamsters and drivers’ unions. The building trades and granite and stone trades were almost entirely on a 44-hour-week basis, and 89 per cent of the members in the book and job printing trades also had a 44-hour week. The newspaper printing trades worked slightly more hours per week, although less than 1 per cent worked more than 48 hours. Sometimes more than 8 hours a day are worked from Monday to Friday in exchange for a Saturday half holiday, but when the hours https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 11310] THE F O R T Y -E IG H T -H O U R W E E K IK 87 IN D U S T R Y . total 48 per week such pooling of hours is generally considered an 8-hour day. In the following table the full-time hours per week of individuals have been classified, except in rare instances where employees may work less than the scale hours: T E R C EN T O F LA B O R -U N IO N M EM B E R S W O R K IN G EA C H S P E C IF IE D N U M B E R OF H O U R S P E R W E E K , M AY, 1923. [From forthcom ing b u lletin of B ureau of L abor S tatistics, covering 66 representative cities of th e U nited States and m ore th a n 860,000 union mem bers.] Per cent of m em bers w hose hours per week were— Trade or occupation. 44 Over 44 and and u n un d er der. 48. Over 48 and u n d er 54. 48 Over 54 and under 60. 54 Over Ir 60. regu lar. 00 Bakery trades. 3 B akers 7 84 1 3 P) P) Building trades. 100 96 100 91 96 98 100 100 89 100 97 100 98 99 99 99 95 98 92 98 A sbestos w o rk ers...................................................... B ricklayers................................................................. Sewer, tu n n e l, a n d caisso n ............................ B uilding lab o rers........... .......................................... C arpenters...................... ............................................ M illw rights............. ............................................ Parquetry-floor la y e rs ...................................... W h arf a n d b rid g e ............................................. C em ent finishers........... ............................................ C em ent finishers’ h e lp e rs........................................ C om position roofers.................................................. C om position roofers’ h e lp e rs................. ............... E lev a to r c o n stru c to rs............................................. E lev ato r c o n stru cto rs’ h e lp e rs .............................. E ngineers, p o rtab le and h o istin g .......................... G laziers........................................................................ H od c arrie rs............................................................... In sid e w irem en.......................................................... F ix tu re h a n g e rs................................................. L a th e rs......................................................................... M arble s e tte r s ............................................................ M arble se tte rs’ h elp ers............................................. Mosaic a n d terrazzo w o rk ers................................. P a in te rs : B uild in g............................................................... Fresco.............................. .................................... S ig n ....................................................................... P la ste re rs..................................................................... P la ste re rs’la b o re rs ................................................... P lum bers a n d gas fitte rs ......................................... P lu m b ers’la b o re rs ................................................... S heet-m etal w o rk ers................................................. Ship c a rp e n te rs.......................................................... S late a n d tile roofers................................................. Steam fitte rs ............................................................... Steam fitte rs ’ h e lp e rs............................................... S tonem aso n s.............................................................. S tructural-iro n w orkers. : ........................ .......... F in ish e rs .............................................................. F inish ers’ h elp ers............................................... T ile lay ers................................................................... Tile la y e rs’ h e lp e rs..................... ............................. TOO All b uilding tra d e s ........................................ 97 100 100 4 (l ) C1)4 0) 2 P) 2 1 7 2 6 1 2 P) 2 4 2 6 2 0) 100 100 100 96 97 100 89 97 87 98 100 100 91 99 100 100 100 100 i i i P) 1 (0 2 « 0) 4 3 p) 0) P) 11 3 13 p) 2 2 7 i 2 p) P) P) p) Chauffeurs and teamsters and drivers. C hauffeurs................................................................... Team sters and d riv ers............................................. All chauffeurs, team sters, and d riv ers— i 1 1 « 2 23 25 27 12 21 38 15 15 12 3 24 19 31 10 91 7 Freight handlers. Longshorem en— ........... i .. ... .. 1 Less th a n 1 p er cen t. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [1311] 1 8 88 M O N T H L Y L A B O R R E V IE W . P E R C E N T O F LA B O R -U N IO N M EM B E R S W O R K IN G EA C H S P E C IF IE D N U M B E R O F H O U R S P E R W E E K , M AY , 1923—Concluded. P e r cent of m em bers w hose hours per w eek were— Trade or occupation. Granite and stone trades. G ranite c u tte rs ................. .................................. Stone c u tte rs .................................. ...................... All granite a n d stone tra d e s.................. L aundry workers. L a u n d ry w orkers................................................. Linem en. L in em e n ................................................................. Metal trades. B lacksm iths.......................................................... B lacksm iths’ h elp ers.......................................... B oilerm akers........................................................ B oilerm akers’ helpers......................................... Coppersm iths........................................................ Core m a k e rs.......................................................... M achinists.............................................................. M achinists’ h elp ers............................................. M etal polishers a n d b uffers.............................. Molders, iro n ........................................................ P a tte rn m ak ers.................................................... All m etal tra d e s ....................................... Millwork. C arpenters....................................... ...................... G laziers.................................'................................ P ain ters: H ardw ood finishers.......................... All m illw ork tra d e s................................. Printing and publishing, book and job. B in d ery w om en................................................... B ookbinders.......................................................... C om positors......................................................... E lectrotypers: B attery m en a n d b u ild ers.......................... Finishers a n d m olders................................ M achine operato rs............................................... M achine ten d ers (m achinists).......................... M achinist operators........... ................................. Photo-engravers.................................................. Press assistants a n d feeders.............................. P ressm en : C ylinder.......................................................... P la te n ............................................................ . All book a n d job tra d e s........................ . Printing and publishing, newspaper. Compositors: D a y w o rk ........................................... . .......... N ig h t w o rk.................................................... M achine operators: D a y w o rk ....................................................... N ight w ork.................................................... M achine ten d ers (m achinists): D ay w o rk........................................................ N ig h t w ork.................................................... M achinist operators: D ay w o rk ........................................................ N ig h t w ork.................................................... Photo-engravers: D ay w o rk ............................................... ........ N ig h t w ork................................................... Pressm en, w eb presses: D ay w o rk ........................................................ N ig h t w ork.................................................... Stereotypers: D ay w o rk................. .................................... N ig h t w ork.................................................... All new spaper tra d e s .............................. All tra d e s.................................................. . 1 Less th a n 1 p er cent. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 44 Over 44 and and u n u n d er der. 48. Over 48 and under 54. 48 100 100 100 Ir Over regu 60. lar. 60 (O 2 (U 2 0) (U 1 1 ] 74 95 90 77 4 1 95 4 1 38 7 4 4 4 5 9 6 3 0) 15 1 14 5 (O (*) 2 (*) 2 1 12 9 41 38 20 98 53 57 61 94 20 56 22 i 10 20 0) 2 2 0) C1) (!) (>) 0) 25 20 1 75 80 99 5 77 97 99 98 100 89 54 C1) 49 88 91 48 48 80 1 36 42 24 4 65 35 Over 54 and u nder 60. 10 2 0) 84 21 3 1 2 11 84 84 89 1 16 16 10 8 10 34 51 58 39 18 19 31 39 43 5 57 69 38 27 20 13 16 64 52 86 93 7 6 7 45 3 3 97 52 8 50 18 7 20 29 85 29 53 68 3 18 C) L1312] 1 1 (U C1) 1 0) (*) 2 3 2 3 1 0) THE F O R T Y -E IG H T -H O U R W E E K IK 89 IN D U S T R Y . In addition to what is shown in the above table covering union hours of labor in the 66 principal cities of the United States, the bureau has available the official reports of three international unions covering the hours of labor of the different locals throughout those organizations. A statement made by the International Typographical Union in 1922 lists approximately 675 local unions in the United States, having a total membership of approximately 70,000. Of the 675 locals 629 reported the union scale of hours of labor per week applying to their members. The reports contained separate scales for hand work and machine work and for day work and night work in the two branches of the trade—book and job and newspaper. A study of the scale of hours reported by the various locals shows that the ent'ire organization has a working-day of 8 hours or less. The 44-hour and 48-liour week, however, shows a wide variation in the two different branches. Approximately 95 per cent of the unions reporting book and job work had a 44-hour week, while in the news paper branch about 65 per cent had a 48-hour week. Very little difference is noticed between hand and machine workers, and day and night work did not vary to any considerable extent. A summary of the various local reports has been made by the Bureau of Labor Statistics and is presented herewith. Each local did not have each classification of work, hence no one class shows 629 locals reporting. A few of the locals reported a range of weekly hours instead of one common scale, such as 39 to 48, 40 to 48, etc. The average of the range given has been used in each case. For example, the report 39 to 48 has been tabulated as 43^, 40 to 48 as 44, etc. The locals shown in this summary include the unions from which information was received in the union wage investigation of the Bureau of Labor Statistics, the figures for which appear elsewhere in this article, on pages 87 and 88. U N IO N SCALE O F H O U R S O F L A B O R O F T H E IN T E R N A T IO N A L T Y P O G R A P H IC A L U N IO N AS R E P O R T E D JU L Y , 1922. P er cent of locals whose w eekly scale of hours w ere— Classification. N um ber of locals reporting. U nder 42. 42 m 44 45 Over 45 and under 48. 48 Newspaper offices. H an d compositors: D a y ................................. ................ N ig h t............................................... M achine operators: D a y ........................ ................ . N ig h t............................................... 609 534 0.5 .7 1.5 4.1 0.2 .2 20.0 15.4 8. 5 14.2 1.5 1.5 67. 8 63.9 60S 541 .7 1.1 2.1 4.3 ,2 .4 20.1 15.5 8.2 14.2 1. 2 1.3 67.6 63.4 601 346 1.2 .3 2.3 97.3 94. 5 2. 3 2.0 597 355 .2 1.4 .7 2.3 96. 8 94. 4 2, 3 2. 0 Book and job offices. H an d compositors: D a y ................................................... N ig h t............................................... M achine operators: D ay ................................................... N ig h t............................................... https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [1313] 90 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW. A supplement to the August, 1923, issue of The Carpenter, the official publication of the United Brotherhood of Carpenters and Joiners of America, contains a list of all the local unions of the organi zation with a statement opposite each of the hours of work per day, and whether or not it is the custom to work a half day on Saturday. This report has been summarized and is presented below. Of the 2,072 local unions in the United States at that time 1,724 furnished information as to the hours of labor, although only 1,370 reported the custom of the union with regard to Saturday practice. Of the 1,724 locals reporting, 1,522 had an 8-hour day, 149 had a 9-hour day, 24 had one of 10 hours, and 29 reported a day which varied in length from S to 10 hours. U N IO N SCULE O F H O U R S O F T H E U N IT E D B R O T H E R H O O D O F C A R P E N T E R S AND J O IN E R S O F A M E R IC A , 1923. N u m b er of N u m b er of unions re hours per porting. day. 7 855 357 303 43 75 31 4 7 13 18 4 7 8 8 S 8 9 9 9 10 10 10 8-10 8-10 8-10 N u m b er of hours on Saturday. N o n e........................ One-half d a y .......... E ig h t....................... N ot re p o rte d .......... One-half d a y .......... N in e ........................ N ot rep o rte d .......... One-half d a y .......... T e n ............. ............. N ot re p o rte d .......... One-half d a y .......... F u ll d a y ................. N ot re p o rte d .......... N um ber of hours per week. 40 44 48 54 60 ........... The Plasterer, the official journal of the International Association of Plasterers and Cement Finishers, in its July, 1923, issue gave reports for 254 local unions in the United States in addition to those located in the 66 cities already mentioned. Six of these locals report the hours of plasterers as 40 per week, 191 as 44, 7 as “ over 44 and under 48,” 47 as 48, and 3 report “ over 48 and under 54.” The Bureau of Labor Statistics has available 136 agreements of individual local unions in localities other than the 66 cities covered by the union wage inquiry, and of the 33 bakers’ agreements examined 30 provide for a 48-hour week. Eleven agreements for bricklayers show 7 at 44 hours per week and 4 at 48. Electrical workers were divided between a 44 and a 48 hour week, 12 of the 25 agree ments in hand showing 44 hours, 12 showing 48 hours, and 1 report.ng a week of 54 hours. Of the 8 agreements of hod carriers and ffiuilding laborers, 7 fix the hours at 44 and 1 at 48. Two of the agreements for painters and paper hangers provide for 5 days of 8 hours or 40 hours per week, 36 for a 44-hour week, and 1 for 48 hours. Plumbers, gas, steam, and sprinkler litters and helpers show 44 hours per week in the 8 agreements examined, and of the 12 agreements re ceived for moiders and core makers 8 show 48 hours, one “ over 48 and under 54,” two 54, and one alternated from 44 hours one week to 48 the next. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [1314] THE FORTY-EIGHT-HOUR WEEK IK INDUSTRY. 91 The following are extracts from the report of the executive council of the American Federation of Labor to the forty-third annual convention: The granite cutters have not only maintained the 44-hour week but in some locali ties have secured the five-day work week * * * * * * the International Ladies’ Garment Workers’ Union reduced the working week in the dress and waist industry from 44 to 40 hours. The 48-hour week was also maintained for most of the [textile] industry. A statement issued by the international president of the Granite Cutters’ Union for October, 1921, shows that the 44-hour week has been universally accepted for that trade. This report includes the granite cutters at the quarries as well as in cities, and includes those employed in the cities covered by the union-w’age investigation of the United States Bureau of Labor Statistics. The 8-hour day and 44-hour week for photo-engravers have been almost universally established. The report of the twenty-first annual meeting of International Photo-Engravers Union of North America in August, 1920, shows that the standard working time for commercial establishments was 8 hours per day and 44 hours per week in 63 of the 64 cities reported. In one city engravers still worked a full day on Saturday or 48 hours per week. In those cities having night work the prevailing hours were 7 to 8 per night and 40 to 42 per week. The extent of the 8-hour day in 1921 in bituminous coal mining and the changes in the hours of labor since 1903 are set forth in the table following. According to the table 56.4 per cent of the mines had an 8-liour day in 1903, as compared with 96.6 per cent in 1921. P E R C E N T O F M EN E M P L O Y E D IN B IT U M IN O U S COAL M IN E S H A V IN G W O R K IN G D A Y S O F 8, 9, A N D 10 H O U R S ! [F rom report of th e U . S. Geological Survey.) Per cent of to ta l employees in — Year. 8 1903.............................. 1904.............................. 1905.............................. 190G.............................. 1907.............................. 1908.............................. 1910.............................. 1911.......................... 1912.............................. 1913.............................. 1914.............................. 1915.............................. 1916.............................. 1917.............................. 1918.............................. 1919.............................. 1920.............................. 1921.............................. -hour mines. 9- hour m ines. 10-hour 56.4 62. 1 .1 63 64 03.5 62.1 62.9 61.6 61.9 60.7 59.6 58.6 79 90.6 95.5 97.1 96.6 17.1 13.8 13.6 13.5 26.5 24.1 25.3 23.5 24.4 25.4 26.6 26.2 26.9 22.9 23.9 23.4 24 8.4 2.7 01 11.6 11.1 11.3 10.9 11.5 15.2 15.4 17 17.4 12.6 6.7 3.5 2 2.9 m ines. 1 .9 .5 Weighted average working day (hours). 8.7 8.9 8.6 8.6 8.6 8.6 8.6 8.6 8.6 8.6 8.6 8.6 8.6 8.3 8. 12 8.06 8.04 8.04 1 Percentages are calculated on base of total num ber of m en in m ines definitely reported as having 8-hour, 9-hour, or 10-hour day. A sm all n u m b er of mines th a t work more th a n 10 hours or less th a n 8 hours have been excluded, as have also all m ines for w hich the reports were defective or w hich changed their w orking day during th e year. 71915°— 23----- 7 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [1315] 92 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW. The October, 1923, M o n t h l y L abo r R e v ie w , page 19, contains a digest of the report of the committee appointed by the United States Coal Commission to study labor relations in the anthracite industry. The committee consisted of EL S. Dennison, W. E. Hotchkiss, and J. IT. Willits. The following quotation from the report is here reprinted: The 8-liour day prevails in the industry. The Coal Commission’s study of wage rates indicates that in 148 colleries about 2 per cent of the employees in 55 specified occupations work in excess of 8 hours per day, and that about 70 per cent of these 2 per cent work on a 12-hour basis. The sense of unfairness among the relatively few men working 10 to 12 hours keeps up irritations which cost more than the saving, if any, from the longer hours. The committee therefore recommends the elimination of the long day. The anthracite wage agreement1 which was concluded between the representatives of the operators and of the miners on September, 1923, has three clauses relating to the 8-hour day. By this agree ment outside and inside company men working on the basis of a day in excess of 10 hours are placed on the basis of an 8-hour day, those working on the basis of a 9 or 10 hour day were also placed on the basic 8-hour day as well as monthly men coming under the agreement of September 2, 1920, who were working on a basis in excess of 8 hours. Idle following- extracts are drawn from the Fourteenth Census, volume 9, Mines and Quarries. The statements relate to the y e a r 1919. (Page 279.) C o a l .—The normal hours of labor in the coal mining industry generally were 44 to 53 per week, and in fact were2 48-—the 8-hour day and the 6-day week prevailing. Among the anthracite enterprises the exceptions to these prevailing hours were almost entirely reported by those who operated only culm washeries and dredges. In bituminous-coal mining other hours than those generally prevailing were reported by a considerable number of enterprises in fully half of the States, but the wrage earners employed in such enterprises were relatively quite few in number except in West Virginia, eastern Kentucky, northeastern Tennessee, Alabama, Arkansas, Texas, Utah, and South Dakota. (Page 320.) P e tro le u m a n d n a tu ra l g a s .—The table shows that the prevailing hours of labor were quite generally more than 54 per week, about 60 per cent of the enterprises employing wage earners reporting 54 or more hours per week. The hours per day in the petroleum and natural-gas industry were commonly 9 or 10, and very frequently longer. Further more, the 7-day week was the rule in many enterprises. The reason for prevalence of long hours in this industry is that drilling operations are usually conducted contin uously, 24 hours per day and 7 days per week, and also because where there is large volume of production uninterrupted attendance is required. (Page 346.) Ir o n ore .—In the industry as a whole 44 to 53 hours per week; that is, the 8-hour day and 6-day week prevailed for a majority of the enterprises employing wage earners, but only for 44.4 per cent of the total average number of wage earners. In 43.5 per cent of the enterprises employing wage earners and for 53.9 per cent of the wage earn ers, the prevailing hours of labor were 54 to 62 per week with the 10-hour day and 6-day week ruling. In Michigan and Wisconsin the 48-hour week prevailed, but in Minnesota a large majority of the wage earners worked 60 hours per week, and as a consequence 60 hours was the prevailing time in the Lake Superior Region. In the Northeastern Region the prevailing hours were 44 to 53 per week and the 8-hour day and 6-day week were most common. In the Southeastern Region longer hours prevailed, chiefly 10 a day and 60 a week. 1See Monthly L abor R eview , October, 1923, p. 83. 2E v id en tly should read “ in fact were m ain ly .” https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [1316] THE FOKTY-EIGHT-HOUR WEEK IK INDUSTRY. 93 (Page 373.) G old, silver, copper, lead, a n d zin c .—For the combined producing and nonproducing industries in the United States, for nearly three-fifths of the enterprises employing wage earners and for one-half of the total average number of wage earners the prevail ing hours of labor were 54 to 62 per week; and for approximately two-fifths of the enterprises and nearly one-half of the wage earners the prevailing hours were 44 to 53 per week. Enterprises and wage earners for which less than 44 and more than 63 hours per week prevailed were very few. In the Western Region hours ranging from 54 to 62 per week, resulting principally from the 9 or 10 hour day and 6-day week, but also from the 8-hour day and 7-day week in many enterprises, were most fre quently reported, while hours ranging from 44 to 53 per week, indicating the 8-hour day and 6-day week, were reported by about a third of the enterprises. In the Lake Region the hours 44 to 53 per week and the 8-hour day and 6-day week was the rule. These hours prevailed in the Central Region for more than four-fifths of the enterprises, but a considerable number of the wage earners employed in mills in these enterprises worked longer hours. (Page 404.) S to n e .—For the combined quarrying industries and for limestone, sandstone, slate, basalt, and marble the hours prevailing for a majority of the enterprises were 54 to 62 per week. These hours were those for 69.8 per cent of all the wage earners in the quarrying industries. For the five industries separately considered the proportion of wage earners working 54 to 62 hours was as follows: Limestone, 81.3 "per cent; sandstone, 86 pel' cent; slate, 61.8; basalt, 77.5; marble, 86.2. The hours per day in these industries were most commonly 10, and the 6-day week was the rule. In the granite industry a majority of the enterprises and 60 per cent of the wage earners were in the class reporting working hours as 44 to 53 per week. The 8-hour day and 6-day week prevailed in the granite industry. (P age 422.) P h o sp h a te r o d .—In the United States as a whole, for a majority of the enterprises and for 84.2 per cent of the wage earners employed, the hours of labor were 54 to 62 per week and the 10-hour day and 6-day week prevailed. The same hours ruled in all States except Idaho and Utah, where the hours of labor were 8 per day and 48 per week. (Page 430.) G y p s u m .—In the industry as a whole, for a majority of the enterprises and for 60 per cent of the wage earners employed, the hours of labor were 54 to 62 per week; that is, the 10-hour day and 6-day week prevailed. In Iowa, however, the prevailing hours of labor were 44 to 53 per week, and the 8-hour day and 6-day week was the rule. The basic 8-hour day for railroad train-service employees was fixed by the Adamson Act. The basic 8-hour day in railroad service is, however, more a method of wage payment than an actual 8-hour day. General rules governing hours in train service are determined by agreement. The day’s work is based on mileage made as well as hours on duty. The following table, drawn from a report of the Interstate Commerce Commission, shows the average hours per day worked by train-service employees during June, 1923. No data were available from which to classify the hours per day of each employee, so averages only are shown. AVERAGE HOURS W ORKED B Y T R A IN -S E R V IC E O C C U PA T IO N . Passenger service. O ccupation. C onductors....................................... Engineers a n d m o to r m e n .............. Firem en find helpers B r^lrem en p n d flagm en B aggagemen _. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [1317] 7.8 7.1 6. 9 7. 5 8.1 EM PLO YEES F reight service. 9.4 8.8 8.2 8.9 IN JU N E , 1923, B Y Y ard. 8.6 8.5 94 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW. The principle of the basic 8-hour day for other classes of railroad employees was recognized by the Railroad Administration during Government operation of the roads and later by the Railroad Labor Board in various decisions. Maintenance of way employees averaged 8.7 hours per day during June, 1923, and the shop crafts ranged from an average of 8.28 hours per day for blacksmiths to 9.3 hours for firemen and oilers during the same period. Clerks, freight handlers, station employees, etc., were usually on duty between 8-| and 9 hours per day. A number of States, through their labor departments, have accu mulated and published data covering the hours of labor of their employees in manufacturing, construction, and other industries. These data have been presented in various ways, but all give a fairly good idea of the hours worked by employees in their respective States. A summarization of these reports has been made by the Bureau of Labor Statistics and is herewith presented. According to the Eighteenth Biennial Report of the Colorado Bureau of Labor Statistics, 94 labor unions in that State, having a member ship of 13,194, had an 8-hour day in 1921-22. Two unions with 156 members had a 9-hour day, while 10 unions with 652 members were on a 10-hour basis. One union comprising 36 members worked 12 hours. According to a general summary of the union scale of hours of employment of various classes of labor in Louisiana as of December 31, 1921, practically all of the building trades worked 8 hours per day and 44 hours per week. Building laborers and hod carriers were on a 9-hour day and a 50-hour week basis and plasterers worked 8 hours per day and 45 hours per week. The metal trades, except molders and helpers, also worked an 8-hour day and 44-hour week. Holders and helpers worked a full day on Saturday or 48 hours per week. The printing trades all varied between 8 and 9 hours per day and 48 and 52 hours per week. Data as of December, 1921, collected by the Industrial Commissioner of New York and published in the Industrial Bulletin of that State, cover 1,648 representative firms with over 460,000 employees, or more than one-third of the factory workers in the State. Hours are reported for shop employees only, since office employees were not included in the inquiry. While only one-third of the factory workers in the State were included in the investigation, information was received from a sufficient number of representative plants in each industry to be thoroughly representative of conditions in that indus try. The total at the end of the table following shows that 60.2 per cent of the men in New York factories had a week of 48 hours or less, and that 61.9 per cent of the women had a week of 48 hours or less. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [1318] THE F O R T Y -E IG H T -H O U R W E E K I K IN D U S T R Y . 95 N U M B E R O F H O U R S C O N S T IT U T IN G A ST A N D A R D W E E K F O R S H O P E M P L O Y E E S IN M A N U F A C T U R IN G IN D U S T R IE S O F N E W Y O R K S T A T E , D E C E M B E R , 1921. [Source: In d u stria l B u lletin of New Y ork S tate, Jan u a ry a nd F e b ru a ry , 1922.] Men. In d u stry . Stone, clay, an d glass p ro d u c ts----M iscellaneous stone a n d m ineral pro d u cts............................ L im e, cem ent, a n d p la ster........ B rick, tile , a n d p o tte ry ............ G lass.............................................. M etals, m achinery a n d conveyan ces........................................... Gold, silver, a n d precious stones Brass, copper, alu m in u m , etc. Pig iron an d rolling m ill produ c ts ............................................. S tru ctu ra l a n d arch itectu ral iro n w o rk ................................... Sheet-m etal w ork a n d hardw are........................................... Firearm s, tools, a n d c u tle ry ... Cooking, heating, a n d ventila tin g a p p a ra tu s ..................... M achinery (including electrical ap p aratu s).......................... A utom obiles, carriages, a n d a ero p lan es................................ C ars, locomotives, a nd railw ay repair shops.............................. B oat a n d ship b u ild in g ............ In stru m en ts a n d a p p lia n ce s... W ood m anufactures..... .................... Saw m ill a n d p lan in g m ill p ro d u cts.................................... F u rn itu re a n d c a b in e tw o rk .. . P ian o s,o rg an s,an d other musical in s tru m e n ts ..................... Miscellaneous wood a n d allied p ro d u c ts.................................... F u rs, leather, a n d ru b b er goods. . . L eather.......................................... P u rs a n d fur goods..................... Boots a n d shoes........................... Miscellaneous 1eath er an d canvas goods................................... R ub b er a n d g u tta - percha goods............................. ............ Pearl, horn, bone, celluloid, h air, e tc ...................................... Chem icals, oils, p ain ts, e tc ............... Drugs a n d chem icals................. P ain ts, dyes, a n d colors........... A nim al a n d m in eral oil produ c ts............................................. Miscellaneous chem ical produ c ts............................................. P a p e r..................................................... P rin tin g a n d p ap er goods................ P ap er boxes a n d tu b e s............. M iscellaneous paper goods........ P rin tin g a n d bookm aking........ T extiles................................................ Silk a n d silk goods..................... W ool m an u factu res.................... ( otton goods............................... C otton “a n d woolen hosiery an d k n it goods......................... O ther textiles an d allied produ c ts............................................. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis N um b er of re um ports. Nber. W om en. P e r cent. P e r cent. N um 44 44 to 49 to 52 to Over ber. hrs. 45 h rs. 4548to 49 to 52 to 48 51 54 54 51 54 or or h rs. hrs. h rs. hrs. less. less. hrs. hrs. hrs. 57 8,263 10.7 12.8 24.6 32.0 19.9 867 0.2 14 9 24 10 1,658 34.5 4.0 60.6 1,788 24.2 75.8 2,234 6.6 3.8 40.9 43.5 5.4 2,583 6.6 37.6 4.5 47.9 3.4 77 21 483 286 2.6 294 91,001 2.4 56.0 21.1 10.1 10.4 8 602 38.7 36.2 25.1 27 6-, 824 9.4 21.4 30.8 15.7 22.7 10 3,923 22.9 7.7 69.4 9 694 47.7 15.6 36.7 35 17 7,277 2,491 12 6,460 80 24,568 27 7,474 .5 29.0 33.0 27.4| 10.1 38.7 50.3 11.0 6.6 55.0 3.0 35.4 .2 69.5 16.3 8.8 4.8 70.3 22.7 2.2 33 20,354 .5 67.6 13.9 7 2,754 14.8 80.5 29 7,580 52.4 47.0 116 14,922 9.8 35.1 28.8 2.2 64.4 33.2 97.4 100.0 6.6 93.4 6,317 3.3 59.8 29.8 7.1 84 16.7 23.8 fi9. 5 353 46.7 30.3 9.1 13.9 86 1 19,7 ’ 288 100.0 1.0 52! 1 39.9 46 28.3 13.0 5.2 100.0 2,520 29 7.0 58.7 .2 85.1 10.2 4.5 6.9 65.5 10.3 17.3 3.7 14.3 4.7 .6 9.3 17.0 92.7 1.8 * 2 1,727 .1 39.4 60.5 1.762 10.9 53.4 23.6 12.1 40 42 3,890 11.6 16.8 42.1 13.4 16.1 5,607 11.9 24.5 25.0 12.2 26.4 211 13.3 20.9 50.2 15.6 477 10.4 36.3 40.9 12.4 18 3,652 26.4 16 1,773 19.1 113 18,426 11.3 11 1 811 7 618 76. i 29 13,089 9.2 33 8 1.250 26.2 35.3 559 6.1 41.9 16.4 10.4 12.2 66.8 14.1 6.2 1.6 .6 19.7 37.5 42.2 23.9 82.0 8.2 .6 8.2 10.5 19.8 66.4 33.6 300 46.0 27.0 27.0 774 14.7 75.7 4.4 5.2 8,199 9.9 67.1 16.4 6.6 99 67.7 25.3 317 80. 4 19 fi 5,523 6.5 81.5 i i. i .9 913 183 8.7 55.2 6.3 29.8 65.0 35.0 25 1,099 51 15,184 12 1,308 12 2,079 7.7 23.4 50.7 14.8 3.4 2.1 64.6 15.0 6.4 11.9 15.8 50. 8 15 8 17.6 60.0 31.1 8.9 1.164 10.1 26.8 46.3 16.8 4,054 2.3 67.1 19.5 11.1 2.8 8.2 40.4 51.4 16 4.7 66.6 11.4 1,278 6,859 3.4 13.9 11 4 938 76.7 2. 8 7 o 22 Ò, 947 .7 74.4 1.4 16ÌÓ 110 15,975 41.5 46.5 8.7 2.4 14 1 008 45. 2 24 5 19.3 19 1,635 2.1 26.5 69.7 77 13,332 49.5 49.1 1.4 139 23,561 1.9 53.3 15.2 21.8 28 2,871 11.5 61.2 14.8 10.3 19 7,343 1.1 54.5 8.6 35.2 2,911 9.2 82.5 5,098 31 5,338 7.5 .9 1.7 7.8 2.2 .6 8.3 44.0 17.5 19.0 19.5 .8 40.6 30.3 19.1 [1310] 9.2 6.1 68.4 24.9 .6 J243 1.2 52.7 17.7 28.4 7.110 27.0 48.8 20.9 3.3 10.4 1,618 41.7 58.3 4,423 43.4 53.3 2.8 23,496 1.9 59.0 19.1 20.0 5,800 4.4 73.9 16.9 4.8 4,735 2.8 60.2 16.8 20.2 1,729 82.8 17.2 8,225 46.3 19.2 34.5 3,007 2.0 49.6 37.8 10.6 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW. 96 N U M B E R O F H O U R S C O N S T IT U T IN G A S T A N D A R D W E E K F O R S H O P E M P L O Y E E S IN M A N U F A C T U R IN G IN D U S T R IE S O F N E W Y O R K S T A T E , D E C E M B E R , 1921—Concl’d. W om en. M en. In d u s try . Clothing, m illinery, laundering, e tc ............................................... M en’s clo th in g ............................. M en’s sh irts a n d fu rn ish in g s.. W om en’s clo th in g ................ W om en’s underw ear an d fur nishings ...............................— W omen ’s head w ear................... Miscellaneous sew ing____ ____ Laundering, cleaning, dyeing, e tc ............. — ..................... — Food, beverages, a n d tobacco.......... F lour, feed, a n d oth er cereal p ro d u cts.................................... F ru it a n d vegetable can n in g a n d preserving......................... Groceries.not elsew here classi fied .............................................. Meat a n d d airy p ro d u c ts ......... B read a n d other b ak ery prod u ets............................................. Confectionery a n d ie e c re a m ... Beverages...................................... Cigars a n d other tobacco prod u c ts............................................. W ater, light, an d pow er................... T o ta l............................... . P e r cent. P e r cen t. Sum b er of reN um 44 p o rts. N um 44 45 to 49 to 52 to ber. h is. 45 to 49to 52 to Over ber. 48 54 ■51 54 48 51 54 h rs. hrs. hrs. hrs. less. hrs. h rs. hrs. less. 285 12,700 56.1 IS. 2 8.0 15.4 .1 60 6,498 90.8 6.3 ■ 2.3 47 3,294 7.9 25.9 5.5 53.8 762 75.1 9.7 11.4 3.8 86 2.3 23,886 28.0 . O 4,727 78. 8 7.1 9,321 3.5 , 2.920 56.0 30.5 34.1 7.4 17.0 3.0 1.2 16.3 64.2 15.5 22.4 21.6 ........ 2.8 2,859 14.3 78,8 1.9 5.0 797 31.6 56.8 11.6 1,365 ........ 70.9 27.3 1.8 974 15.8 18.4 .54.4 12.1 1.3 25 129 17,001 3.5 41.8 11.3 16.3 27.1 1,897 17.4 31.4 45.7 5.5 8,638 6.3 43.4 15.0 35.3 30 20 17 .2 631 13.3 80.5 186 80.6 15.8 3.8 81.1 16.1 355 5.9 .1 10 1,685 32.1 11.1 279 14.7 19.7 65.6 10 360 12.5 21.7 28.9 36.9 400 6.5 22.5 71.0 10 16 4,469 3,015 16.2 31.4 9.3 43.1 35.9 10. S 53.3 14.3 51.5 34.2 643 .5 81.3 214 10.3 7.9 19 14 27 55.0 7.2 28.8 9.2 1,884 52.8 12.7 13.9 20.6 2,019 1,.662 10. 4 77.0 2.0 4.9 5.7 517 36.8 25.7 37.7 64.7 26.2 9. 1 2,628 15.4 13 76.9 7.7 23 10 1 907 14.4 56.3 2,731 27.5 8.1 9.1 47.7 .9 25.2 3.2 5.8 14.1 44.5 3,944 12.9 42.7 3 44.4 1,326, 225,711 10.0 50.2 17.1 11.9 10.8 84,575 12.9 49.0 24.2 13.9 The department of industrial relations of the State of Ohio made a canvass of the union scale of wages and hours of labor in force in the organized trades in 16 of the principal cities in the State, as of May 15, 1921. The total of the membership of all local unions cov ered in the investigation was approximately 90,000, although the exact number has not been reported. As the union membership of each organized trade was not reported, the number of reports sent to the department of industrial relations have been classified. Of the 939 reports received, 721, or 76.8 per cent, show an 8-hour day or 48 hours or less per week. The largest number of reports in any group, or 35.6 per cent, appears under the heading 44 hours per week. The next largest number, or 34 per cent, re ports a 48-hour week. The summary of the weekly hours of labor reported follows: https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [1320] 97 TILE FORTY-EIGHT-HOUR WEEK IK INDUSTRY. U N IO N SCALE O F H O U R S O F L A B O R IN O H IO ON MAY 15, 1921, B Y T R A D E S . [Source: Ohio. D ep artm en t of in d u stria l relations. D ivision of L abor Statistics R eport No 1. A ug 25 1091 1 r N um ber of reports showing hours of labor per week of— Trade. N um ber of re 40 ports. and un der. B a k e ry ............................................. B uilding trad es.............................. M etal tra d e s .................................. P rin tin g (book an d jo b ) .............. P rin tin g (new spapers)................. Street car employees (conductors an d m otorm en).......................... Team sters a n d chauffeurs........... 51 285 102 202 99 T o ta l..................................... 939 Over 40 and 44 un d er 44. 1 4 2 2 219 20 92 3 Over 44 and 48 un der 48. 3 25 5 15 11 12 188 2 7 334 59 Over 48 and 54 un d er 54. 3 3 2 Over Over 54 60 and 60 and un un der der 60. 72. 72 Over 72. 45 31 50 91 80 21 22 4 10 30 72 11 43 1 8 319 31 18 34 74 54 1 6 è 1 3 1 1 _ The prevailing hours of labor in the organized industries and trades m Massachusetts in 1921 are shown in the twelfth annual report on the union scale of wages and hours of labor in Massachusetts. Reports were obtained from practically all local labor organiza tions in the State as of July 1, 1921. The membership of the various locals was not reported so the number of reports from the different locals have been classified in the following summary. Of the 2,024 reports received, 1,734, or 85.7 per cent, show an 8-hour day or a week of 48 hours or less. Approximately 43 per cent, or 863, report 48 hours per week, and 708, or 35 per cent, show a 44-hour week. Tliotable follows: U N IO N SCALE O F H O U R S O F L A B O R IN M ASSA C H USETTS, 1921. [Source: M assachusetts. B u reau of labor statistics. L abor B ui. No. 137, June, 1922. N u m b e r of em ployees n o t available so th e n u m b e r of rep o rts have been classified.] N um ber of agreem ents specifying hours of labor p e r w eek of— Trade. Boots and shoes........ ...... ............. B uilding tra d e s............... ............... Clothing and garm ent tra d e s__ Food an d beverages........ .............. M etal and m ach in ery ...... ............. P a p e r a n d p u lp .............................. P rin tin g an d allied tra d e s........... Stonew orking an d q u a rry in g .. . T eam ing an d tru ck in g ................. Telephone and telegraph service. T extile o p e ra tiv e s........................ W oodw orking................................ Miscellaneous tra d e s..................... M unicipal service........................... N um ber of re 40 ports. aunnd der. 300 372 56 180 149 83 137 58 167 39 71 40 239 133 T o tal...................................... 2,024 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Over Over Over Over 40 44 48 54 and 44 and and a nd un u n 48 u n 54 u n der der der der 44. 48. 54. 80. 30 4 1 2 7 2 334 46 90 53 4 46 24 12 32 9 85 24 41 7 69 22 103 51 119 863 8 74 1 4 4 77 35 9 708 [1321] 183 8 9 120 83 60 Over 60 a nd un 72 der 72. O ver 72. 25 40 2 7 7 Ì 54 29 14 10 3 2 10 12 5 7 27 2 4 1 2 133 78 48 19 8 1 3 7 18 1 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW. 98 The sixth biennial report of the Bureau of Labor Statistics of the State of Texas, 1919-1920, contains a very comprehensive study of the prevailing hours of labor of employees in that State. The data were compiled from 1,873 representative establishments. While the sur vey includes only a limited part of the industries in any particular city or locality, the inquiry was always so distributed as to get sta tistics from all classes of establishments from the largest to the small est, and practically every section of the State is represented. In the following summary table made by the United States Bureau of Labor Statistics the males and females have not been presented separately. No females, however, were found who worked more than 9 hours per day or 54 hours per week. Approximately 42 per cent of the employees reported worked an 8-hour day and a small percentage worked less than 48 hours per week. Of the remaining 58 per cent 41.2 worked 54 hours per week and 6.9 worked 60 hours per week. Only I per cent of the employees worked more than 60 hours per week. C L A SS IFIE D H O U R S O F L A B O R O F E M P L O Y E E S IN T E X A S M A N U FA C T U R IN G IN D U S T R IE S , 1919-20. [Source: Texas. B ureau of labor statistics. Sixth biennial report, 1919-1920.] Per cent of employees whose full tim e hours per week w ere— In d u stry . N um Over ber of Over 44 em 40 40 ploy and and 44 and un u n un ees. der der. der 44. 48. A utom obiles.................... 275 B ak e ries1........................................ 195 B ox m ak in g .................................... 1,413 Candy a n d confectionery............ 2,248 1.068 Cigars and tobacco ............. Clothing, duck, bag, a n d m a t tress............................................... 3, 722 574 Compress and cotton g in n in g ... D e p artm en t stores and m ercan tile establishm ents.................... 12, 830 Foundries and m achine s h o p s .. 1,381 230 F u rn itu re a n d cabinetm akers__ H otels and restau ran ts................ 1,229 O'037 L au n d ries.. . Mill and elev ato r........................... ' 295 Mines........................ 017 Miscellaneous m anufactures....... 2.105 N ew spaper a n d p rin tin g offices. 1.306 6' 590 Oil and refin in g ............................ Packing p la n ts .............................. 2 616 R ailroad com panies...................... 3,032 Telephone an d telegraph............. 9,641 T ex tiles............................................ 937 All others......................................... 361 T o tal...................................... 58, 702 ..... 0.2 .1 .3 .8 5.0 .l ..... 0.9 0.5 49.3 .4 54 Over 54 and 60 un der 60. Over 60 and un der 72. 72 Over 72. 100.0 1. 1 22.1 4 3 . 4 13.8 16.4 3.5 7 . 1 21.0 67.2 5. 9 62.1 3.4 20.0 100. 0 6.7 28.9 8.9 .2 0.5 1.4 2 0.2 99.8 21.0 10.9 64.3 (3) 3.6 0.1 .1 30.7 1.0 45.5 . 1 19.6 ..... 0.8 2.2 99.6 1.8 4.1 48. 8 1.1 7.8 22.3 1.3 4 7.7 3.9 LI .6 18.4 76.9 (3) 9.8 66.8 4.7 18.6 97. 4 .3 2.3 5.fi! 20.4 49.4 4.9 16. 8 .3 2.1 5.1 (8) .2 72.1 11.9 5.4 1.0 8.6 98.4 .1 .1 1.1 .3 71.4 28.6 98. 0 ___ .1 1.2 .8 51. 4 48.6 13. 8 1. 4 80. 4 3.9 5. 3i 10.0 8.0 1.7 43.8 18.8 6 3.3 .1 4.7 1 R eported as “ B akery and confectionery ” in one city. 2 77 hours per week. 3 Less th a n one-tenth of 1 p er cent. 4 45 working 73 hours an d 50 w orking 84 hours. E 84 hours per week. 6 P a rt a t 77 and p a rt a t 84 hours per week. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Over 48 48 and un der 54. [1322] 7. 7 41.2! •2 37.0 ! .9 6.9 .6 .3 .2 THE FORTY-EIGHT-HOUR WEEK IK INDUSTRY. 99 The twentieth biennial report of the Bureau of Labor Statistics of the State of California, 1921-1922, contains a study of the prevailing hours of labor of organized workers in that State in 1922. Question naires were sent out to all labor unions, but on account of strikes and' other industrial disturbances not all reported. Altogether only 279 unions, having a membership of 59,770, furnished information. In reporting the hours of labor for each organized trade or occupation, however, the number of members affected was not shown, and in the summary presented below the number of reports received have been classified rather than individuals. Of the 829 reports received, 377, or 45.5 per cent, show a 48-hour week and 337, or 40.7 per cent, report a week of 44 hours. Ninety-one per cent show a week of 48 hours or under. Separate information for males and females has not been summarized, but a statute provides that females shall not be permitted to work more than eight hours per day. U N IO N SCA LE O F H O U R S O F L A B O R IN C A L IF O R N IA JA N U A R Y , 1922. [Source: California. B ureau of labor statistics, T w entieth biennial report, 1921-1922, p p . 102 to 131, inclusive. N um ber of employees no t available, so th e n u m b er of reports have been classified.] N um ber of reports showing hours of labor per week of— In d u stry . N u m 40 Over ber of 40 reports. hours and and un u n der der. 44. B uilding, stone-working, e tc .............. T ransportatio n...................................... Clothing a n d te x tiles........................... Metals, m achinery, an d shipbuilding. Printing, binding, e tc ___*.............. ”, W oodworking an d fu rn itu re............... Food an d liq u o rs.................................... Theaters a n d m u sic .............................. Tobacco.................................................... R estauran ts a n d trad es........................ Public em p lo y m en t.............................. S tationary enginem en.......................... M iscellaneous.......................................... 178 95 104 68 158 10 51 47 5 58 35 8 12 T o tal............................................... 829 3 3 Over 44 44 and un der 48. Over 48 48 and u n 54 der 54. 147 1 44 44 89 28 68 60 20 55 5 35 14 1 1 3 21 3 1 28 337 2 30 11 7 11 15 377 12 10 Over Over 54 60 and 60 and un un der der 60. 72. 2 1 72 1 i 15 i i 7 12 14 32 16 i 1 1 8 i The Missouri Bureau of Labor Statistics has published, in the Mis souri Red Book for 1922, detailed copies of actual returns as of 1921 made by 38 of the largest employers and manufacturers of the State. These reports contain in part the actual daily and weekly hours of labor prevailing for all wage earners, by occupations. The weekly hours of these wage earners have been classified for each industry represented. Approximately 55 per cent of the male employees and https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [1323] MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW. 100 85 per cent of the female employees reported worked 48 hours or less per week. The summarization follows: P R E V A IL IN G H O U R S O F L A B O R P E R W E E K O F E M P L O Y E E S IN M ISSO U R I M A N U F A C T U R IN G E S T A B L IS H M E N T S , B Y IN D U S T R Y A N D SE X , 1921, [Source: Missouri. B ureau of labor statistics. R ed Book, 1922.] P e r eent of employees whose hours of labor per week were— In d u stry . N um ber of 40 em n and ploy U un der ees. 40. der 44. Over 44 and 44 u n der 48. Over 48 48 and un der •54. Over 54 54 and un der 60. Over 60 60 and un der 72. 72 Over 72. Males. 1,597 4,164 97.9 2. 1 335 ........ 1.2 "pinnr m illing 336 18.5 1,545 4.3 47 4.3 M eat packing a n d slau g h terin g .. 2,141 475 P rintfng 1.6 37.4 10.6 Pjlpli shii ng 1,133 Poofs anrl sTiops Oat sfiops T o ta l2................................... 11,800 1.0 1.0 6.2 57. 7 3.8 38.4 4.1 51.8 27.9 16.1 0) 2.1 0.9 52.4 2.4 2.4 2.4 1.0 2.2 .1 .1 .1 36.3 81.5 95.7 95.7 100.0 47.2 3.7 46.5 18.8 5.4 10.1 7.2 (l) Females. Poofs ^yif] C] of,hi ng Pflfq and raps M eat packing an d slaughtering.. M iilinrrv Prin ting 946 877 84 149 254 381 T o ta l3.................................... 2,737 56.9 85.3 14.7 4.8 95.2 14.1 100.0 .8 33.6 2.2 40.9 85.9 100.0 8.1 42.1 1.0 14.4 ..... 1 Less th a n one-tenth of 1 per cent. 2 In clu d in g 27 m ales n o t show n sep a ra te ly , as th e y were found in an in d u s try w hich em ployed females alm ost e n tirely . 3 Including a few females no t show n separately, as th e y were found in industries em ploying males alm ost entirely. The fourth biennial report of the Department of Labor and Indus try of Montana, 1919-1920, contains a very comprehensive report of the manufacturing industries in the State. Ail manufacturing in the State has been included and daily hours of labor were stated separately for male and female employees. The weekly hours are not shown and employees have been classified according to the hours per day in the following summarization. Approximately 85 per cent of the 12,346 employees reported had an 8-hour day. Only two industries, lumber and slaughtering and meat packing, reported less than 50 per cent of the employees working on that basis. In formation for males and females has not been separated in this summary, although no females were found working more than 8 hours per day. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [1 3 2 4 ] 101 THE FORTY-EIGHT-HOUR WEEK IK INDUSTRY. C L A S S IF IE D FU L L -T IM E H O U R S P E R D A Y O F A C TU A L E M P L O Y E E S IN T H E M AN U F A C T U R IN G IN D U S T R IE S O F M ON TA N A, 1919-20. [Source: M ontana. D epartm ent of labor an d in d u stry . In d u stry . N um ber of em ployees. L u m b e r----------------------- ------ ------------------F lour a nd feed...................................................... B akery p ro d u c ts.................................................. L au n d erin g ........................................................... Cigar m anufacturing----- ------------ ------------Creameries (b u tte r)............................................. Cheese factories.................................................... B o ttle w orks......................................................... Smelters, concentrators, an d cyanide plants Foundries, repair a n d m achine sh o p s............ Planing m ills ....................................................... M onum ental w orks............................................. B rick a nd clay p ro d u c ts.................................... M eat packing a n d slaughtering................... Miscellaneous in d u strie s.................................... B iennial report, 1919-1920.] P er cent of employees whose hours of labor per d a y were— Under 8. 9 1,822 ............ 43.1 463 2.8 65. 4 335 ............ 85.7 1,037 6. 3 92. 3 102 21. 6 78. 4 168 1.2 58. 3 22 ......... 77.3 114 .9 91.2 5,376 ........ . 100.0 .2 99.8 519 423 ........... 74. 0 72 18.1 81. 9 308 ............ 89.6 163 ______ 48.5 1,422 ............ 86.2 27.1 6.0 11. 7 12,346 Total. 10 1.6 26.8 "è.T 29. 7 ......................... 24.2 0.4 1.1 2. 7 .......................... .......................... 13. 7 22. 7 1.8 22.0 4.0 10.4 ........... 51.5 3.4 T o ' '" s . ’s 6.9 1.0 84.9 (*) !Less th a n one-tenth of 1 per cent. The twenty-fourth annual report of the Bureau of Labor Statistics of the State of Virginia contains a summary covering all industries in the State for the year 1920. The average daily hours of labor of wage earners are classified for each industry for males and females separately. Only 45 per cent of the 99,728 male employees and 25.8 per cent of the 21,986 female employees worked 8 hours or less per day. The industries of shipbuilding and coal mining were the only ones reported which were entirely on an 8-hour basis. The classification follows: D A IL Y H O U R S O F L A B O R O F E M P L O Y E E S IN V IR G IN IA M A N U F A C T U R IN G E S T A B L ISH M E N T S, 1921. [Source: Virginia. B ureau of labor a n d in d u strial statistics. Tw enty-fourth an n u al report, 1921.] Per cent of employees whose hours of labor per day were— In d u stry . Males. B uilding operations............................................. C annery p ro d u cts.............................. ................... Cotton Vriil 1 p roducts........... Fertilizer an d g uano............................................ Iron and m achinery............................................. Lim e, cem ent, an d lim estone............................ G arm ents (clothing, shirts, e tc .)............ Sash, doors, a n d b lin d s...................................... Sawmill p ro d u cts.............................. .................. S hipbuilding......................................................... Tobacco p ro d u cts.............................. .................. W ood p ro d u c ts..................................................... Coal m in in g ........................... ............................... Miscellaneous in d u s trie s ................................... T o ta l............................................................ Females. Cannery p ro d u c ts... Cotton m ill p ro d u cts......................................... G arm ents (clothing, shirts, e tc .)............. Tobacco p ro d u cts................................................. Miscellaneous in d u strie s.................................... Total .. .................................... N um ber of em ployees. 8 and under. 8,265 1,348 4,508 2,194 11,383 2,359 291 1,885 4,633 12,070 5,041 3,700 14,780 27,266 99,728 34.7 4Ö.7 2.0 2.1 54.5 3.5 87.6 9.4 3.0 100.0 1.7 6.8 100.0 26.3 45.0 1,536 2,580 1,873 8' 414 7 , 583 21,986 53.7 4.0 76.2 1.9 41.6 25.8 1 Less th a n one-tenth of 1 p er cent. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [1325] 9 and over 8. 11.6 .2 1.3 30.3 3.310.3 10 and over 9. 11 and over 10. 7.3 41.7 97.9 96.0 13.0 93.1 2:1 55.4 87.0 47.7 4.5 50.5 88.1 .5 16.7 17.3 48.1 34.8 4.2 1.3 11.1 6.1 21.1 61.4 26.3 35.9 34.8 90.0 2.7 36.7 31.9 38.3 .4 0.1 2.4 12 and over 11. Over 12. 0.6 2.1 0.1 .3 .1 (l) 4.8 1.6 .3 .1 ......... 0) 102 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW. The statistics of manufactures of the State of Iowa, 1920 and 1922, include a classification of employees in factory industries by hours of labor per day, in 1919 and 1921. The reports for a few estab lishments could not be included in this summary because of incom plete data. H O U R S O F L A B O R IN F A C T O R IE S IN IO W A IN 1919 A N D 1921. [Source: Iow a. B ureau of labor statistics. Year. N um N um ber of of estab ber em lish ployees. m ents. 2.747 2,877 Statistics of m anufactures of Iow a, 1919 and 1921.] Per cent of employees whose full-tim e hours per week were— 8 8J SJ 9 9i 10 10i arid 11 12 91,454 76,203 37.4 45.1 1.4 1.3 0.8 .4 24.9 23.3 1.8 3.6 27.4 20.8 0.1 5.4 3.4 0.8 2.0 Over 12 T otal employees......... 1919 1921 M ales.................. ......... 1919 1921 75,023 63,131 39.5 47.6 .7 1.1 23.6 21.5 1.5 3.0 27.4 21.3 .1 .1 6.3 3.4 .5 2.1 Fem ales........................ 1919 1921 16,431 13', 072 27.5 33.4 4.7 2.5 2.4 2.0 31.0 32.0 3.0 6.4 27.5 18.7 .2 1.3 3.8 2.3 1.3 The fourth biennial report of the Commissioner of Labor of the State of Nevada, 1921-1922, contains the average daily hours of labor of employees in that State, classified by industries. The total num ber of firms reporting was 2,540, which employed 21,011 wage earners. The number of women employed was 2,214, and with but few excep tions averaged 8 hours or less per day. Nurses, matrons, cooks, and farm workers, totaling 242 females, averaged slightly above the 8-hour day. The averages indicate the prevalence of the 8-hour day. The summary follows: A V E R A G E H O U R S O F L A B O R P E R D A Y O F E M P L O Y E E S IN N E V A D A , 1921-22. [Source: N evada. Commissioner of Labor, F o u rth biennial report.] N um ber of em ployees. Average hours p er day. Farm ing a n d stock raising............. Mines, mills, an d q u a rrie s ............ M anufacturing in d u stries............... R ailro ad s...................................... . T rades a n d m erchandise................ Public service.................................... Professional service.......................... H otels, cafes, a n d saloons.............. Telegraph a n d telephones.............. Transfers a n d garages..................... L aundries, dyers, cleaners............. 3,845 4.658 1,024 5,706 2,369 1,478 162 970 227 385 187 9.3 8.0 8.0 8.1 8.0 7.5 8.3 8.3 7.9 S. 4 8.5 All in d u strie s............................. 21,011 8.4 In d u stry . * \ " - https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [3326] MONTHLY LABOE REVIEW. 103 Union Scale oi Wages and Hours of Labor as of May 15, 1923. HE Bureau of Labor Statistics has just completed the compila tion of the union scales of wages and hours of labor of 862,621 members of organized trades in 66 of the principal cities of the United States as of May 15, 1923, which will be published later in bulletin form. The present article is a summary of this report. In all trades taken collectively the hourly union wage rate on May 15, 1923, was higher in the United States than in any preceding year, being 9 per cent higher than on the„same date in i922, 84 per'cent higher than in 1917, 111 per cent higher than in 1913, 123 per cent higher than in 1910, and 135 per cent higher than in 1907. All hourly rates have been converted to equivalent weekly rates and all weeUy rates have been reduced to equivalent hourly rates. Taken collectively, weekly rates in 1923 were 9 per cent higher than in 1922, 77 per cent higher than in 1917, 99 per cent higher than in 1913, 109 per cent higher than in 1910, and 117 per cent higher than in 1907. Because of reductions in hours of labor, weekly rates have not in creased to the same extent as hourly rates. In 1923 the regular hours of labor were at the same level as in 1922, 4 per Cent lower than in 1917, 6 per cent lower than in 1913, 7 per cent lower than in 1910, and 8 per cent lower than in 1907. In the trades the weekly rates changed during the year, May, 1922, to May, 1923, as follows: Bakers’ wages increased 3 per cent; building trades changes ranged from no change for parquetry-floor layers to an increase of 18 per cent for stonemasons; chauffeurs’ wages showed an increase of 4 per cent; those of teamsters and drivers an increase of 5 per cent; those of freight handlers an increase of 11 per cent; those of granite cutters an increase of 3 per cent; those of stonecutters an increase of 9 per cent; those of laundry workers a decrease of 1 per cent; and those of linemen an increase of 4 per cent. In the metal trades, the changes ranged from an increase of 2 per cent for black smiths’ helpers, boilermakers’ helpers, and pattern makers, to an increase of 14 per cent for core makers. Millwork carpenters gained 8 per cent, while glaziers and painters (hardwood finishers) in the millwork group gained 4 per cent. In book and job printing, weekly rates of platen pressmen remained unchanged, while in all other occupations in this group the increases ranged from 1 per cent for compositors, machine tenders (machinists), machinist operators, and photo-engravers to 11 per cent for press assistants and feeders. In the newspaper printing trades, the weekly rates for machine tenders (machinists) on day and night work, photo engravers on night work, and web pressmen on night work remained unchanged, while in all other occupations the changes ranged from a decrease of 5 per cent for machinist operators on night work to an increase of 3 per cent for stereotypers on night work. The average money rate of wages per hour as of May 15, 1923 and 1922, for the country as a whole, is given for each trade in the table following. Averages are also given for trade groups and for all trades combined. The grand average at the end of the table shows an increase for all trades, collectively, from 87.3 cents in 1922 to 95.2 cents in 1923. T https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [1327] 104 MONTH!A' LABOR REVIEW T able 1.—A V E R A G E U N IO N R A T E O F W A G E S P E R H O U R IN T R A D E S S P E C IF IE D , F O R TH E- U N IT E D S T A T E S , AS O F MAY 13, 1922 A N D 1923, Occupation. B ak e rs............................... ............. Building trades. Asbestos w o rk ers......................... B ricklayers.................................... Sewer, tu n n el, an d caisson. B uilding lab o rers......................... C a rp e n te rs...... .............. .............. M illw rights______________ Parquetry-floor la y e rs........ W h arf a n d b rid g e________ C em ent finishers..... .................... C em ent finishers’ h elp ers.......... Com position roofers.................... Com position roofers’ h e lp e rs ... E lev ato r co n stru cto rs................ E lev ato r constructors’ helpers. Engineers, portable a n d hoistm g ................................................ G laziers.......................................... H od carriers............: .................... Inside w irem en............................ F ix tu re h a n g ers................... Lathers: Piece w o rk ............................. Tim e w o rk ............................. M arble se tte rs ............................... M arble s etters’ helpers............... Mosaic a n d terrazzo w o rk e rs... P a in te rs ......................................... Fresco..................... ............... Sign.......................................... P la ste re rs............................... ....... P lasterers’ lab o rers..................... P lu m b ers and- gas fitte rs ........... P lu m b ers’ lab o rers..................... Sheet-m etal w orkers................... Ship carp en ters............................ Slate an d tile roofers.................. Steam fitte rs ................................. Steam fitters’ h elp ers............. Stone m aso n s............................... Structural-iron w orkers............. F in ish ers................................ Finishers’ h e lp e rs................ Tile lay ers................................. Tile lay ers’ h e ln e rs..................... May IS, 1923. May 15, 1922.. $0.921 $0,891 1. 005 1.321 1.534 .728 L 084 1.164 1.262 .994 1.113 .805 .977 .695 1.115 .806 . 968 1.164 1.432 .714 .973 1, ( f t 1.254 .877 1.017 .781 .964 .678 1.050 .769 1.141 1.041 .788 1,079 1.065 1.033 .983 .721 1.042 .996 i 7.720 1.188 1.188 .873 .978 1.108 1,125 1.330 1.306 .872 1.151 . 87.9 1.065 . 935 1.224 1.052 .751 1. 297 1.109 1.086 .838 1.140 .70S 18.920 1.076 1.050 .808 .955 1.009 1.074 1.231 1.173 .792 1.043 .-841 .989 .833 1.098 1.004 . 707 1.097 1.036 1.046 .831 1. 043 .780 1.Ô68 .966 . 574 .590 . 555 . 558 .583 .557 A verage for building tra d e s ............................... Chauffeurs and teamsters and drivers. Chauffeurs............................. Team sters an d d riv e rs .............. Average for chauffeurs a n d team sters and d riv e rs ............................ F reight h a n d le rs.......................... Granite and stone trades. G ranite c u tte rs ............................. Stonecutters................................. .722 .651 1.089 1.151 1.068 1. 055 Average for granite a n d stone tra d e s _____ ____ 1.119 1.062 .414 .898 .417 .868 L a u n d ry w o rk ers........................ L in em en ..... ................................... Metal trades. B lacksm iths, m anufacturing an d i obbing sh o o s................... B lacksm iths’ helpers, m anufacturing a n d lobbing s h o p s.. B oiler m akers, m anufacturing a n d jobbing sh o p s................... .997 .971 .853 .838 . S12 Majr 15, 1922. 80.606 .966 .848 $9.591 .933 .743 . S23 .791 . 650 .934 .843 1.028 .613 .861 .746 1.009 .839 . 794- . 935 1.030 1.068 .865 .986 1.030 .956 .896 .507 .907 1.024 .485 . 855 1.001 .818 1.193 . S21 1.121 2 .150 1.062 1.088 1.028 1.043 .781 2.146 1.042 1. 078 1.011 1.033 . 698 1.052 .859 .975 .825 .926 .892 1.013 1.151 1.004 1.138 2 .139 1.031 2.134 1.017 2.160 1.130 2 .151 1.121 1.064 1.179 1.060 1.175 1.007 1.040 .999 1.104 1.085 1. 289 1.0S7 1.278 .871 .987 .861 .978 .922 1.082, .906 1,046- Average.for. printing and publishing, new spaper 1.047 1.036 G rand average for all trades herein covered.. .952 .8 7 3 Metal trades—C ontinued. Boiler m akers’ helpers, m anufacturing a n d jobbing shops . C oppersm iths______ ________ Core m a k e rs.................................. M achinists, m anufacturing: and j obbing shops---- ---- ---- -----M achinists’ helpers, m anufac-. tu rin g a n d j obbing shops____ M etal polishers a n d buffers___ Moldéis, iro n ________________ P a tte rn m a k e rs__ ______ ____ Average for m etal trades. Miilworh trades. C arp en ters....... ............................. G laziers......................................... P ain ters: H ardw ood finishers. Average for m illw ork tra d e s .............. ............. . Printing and publishing: Booh and job. B in d ery ’w om en........................... B ookbinders................................. C om positors.................................. E lectrotypers: B a tte ry m en a nd builders. Finishers an d m olders........ Machine operators: Piece w o rk ............................. Tim e w o r k ........................... M achine te n d e rs......................... M achinist o p e ra to rs ................... Photo-engravers.......................... Press assistants and feeders___ Pressm en: C ylinder.................................. P la te n .,..................... ............. Average for p rinting and publishing, book a nd jo b ....................... ............. Printing and publishing: Newspaper. I Compositors: D ay w ork............................... N ig h t work-............. ............. Machine operators, d ay work: Piece w ork............................ Tim e w o rk ............................. Machine operators, night work: Piece w o rk ............................. Tim e w ork.............................. Machine ten d ers (m achinists): D ay w o rk ............................... N ight w o rk ............................ M achinist operators: D ay w o rk .............................. N ight w o rk ............................ Photo-engravers: D ay w o rk ............................. N ight w o rk ............................ Pressm en, w eb presses: D ay w o rk ............................... N ight w ork........................... Stereotypers: D ay w o rk ............................. N ight w ork . ____ _______ .775 1 P er 1,000 laths. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis May 15, 1923. Occupation. 2 R ate per 1,000 ems. [1328] 105 USTION SCALE OF WAGES AHD HOLES OF LABOR. A total of 5,011 wage quotations were tabulated for 1923, for which, in 119 instances, no comparable data were obtained for 1922, either because there was no effective union scale in 1922 or because the unions were not then organized. Of the 4,892 wage quotations for 1923 for which there are com parable data for 1922, 2,667 had no change during the year and 2,225 had changes in rates or hours or both of these items. A table is given summarizing the 2,225 changes as they affected each of the three phases of the scale—wages per hour, earnings per week, and hours per week. With 2,032 instances of increases in wages per hour as against only 173 decreases out of a total of 5,011 wage quotations, the increase of wage rates in 1923 becomes signi ficant. T able 2 .—N U M B E R O F U N IO N SCALE Q U O TA TIO N S F O R 1923, N U M B E R O F SUCH SCALES C O M PA R A B L E W IT H 1922, A N D N U M B E R IN W H IC H C H A N G ES O C C U R R ED IN W A G E R A T E S P E R H O U R , E A R N IN G S P E R W E E K , A N D H O U R S P E R W E E K . U nion scale quotations, 1923. In d u stry or occupation. B akery tra d e s ............................................. B uilding trad es .,....................................... Chauffeurs and team sters a n d drivers. F reig h t h a n d le rs................... .................... G ranite an d stone tra d e s ................ ........ L a u n d ry w o rk e rs ............................. ....... L inem en....................................................... M etal trad es_____ __________ _______ M illw ork....................................................... P rin tin g a n d publishing: Book an d jo b ............ ...................... N e w sp a p er..................... .................... Street railw ays i ......................................... T o tal. N um ber N um ber com par having No N um ber. able w ith changes Increase. Decrease. change. 1922. from 1922 274 1,538 493 50 115 54 271 1,513 464 50 114 54 104 953 29 39 93 929 219 27 34 222 42 42 425 67 409 06 18 215 30 18 185 29 845 904 204 836 890 183 272 250 93 244 217 37 5,011 4,892 2,225 2,032 F ull tim e earnings per week. Increase. Decrease. B akery tra d e s.___ _____ __ _____ _____ B uilding tra d e s ............................................ Chauffeurs a n d team sters and d riv e rs . Freight h a n d le rs......................................... G ranite a n d stone tra d e s.......... ................ L a u n d ry workers . ..... ....................... ......... L inem en _________________ ________ M etal tr a d e s .___________________ ____ M illwork.............................. ........................ . P rin tin g an d publishing: Book a n d j o b . ...................................... N ew spaper________________ _____ Street ra ilw a y s 1........................................... T o tal. R ate of wages p e r hour. No change. 20 H ours per week. No Increase. Decrease. change. 92 930 214 27 37 99 926 200 28 31 17 189 28 17 185 28 15 215 218 1,967 22S 219 132 115 1,961 i The hours per week and earnings p er week were not reported in th e 93 eases where changes in th e wages per hour were reported for street railw ays. Owing to the many variations of hours of work and to the shifting of trips, the hours per week and rates per week of motormen and conductors are omitted from the report. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [1329] 106 MONTHLY LABOR EEYTEW. Reduced to percentages of the total changes in scales, 91.3 per cent of the changes resulted in increases and 7.8 per cent in decreases in wages per hour; 88.4 per cent made increases and 5.9 per cent decreases in earnings per week; and 2.5 per cent made increases and 5.2 per cent decreases in hours per week. The next table shows for each trade, and for each year for which data are available, the per cent of increase or decrease in full-time rates of wages per week in 1923 as compared with each of the last 16 preceding years in all cities covered, taken collectively. T able 3 .—P E R C E N T O F IN C R E A S E IN F U L L -T IM E R A T E S O F W A G ES P E R W E E K IN 1923, AS C O M PA R ED W IT H EA C H O F T H E LA ST 16 Y E A R S P R E C E D IN G . Per cent of increase in full-tim e rates of wages per week in 1923 as com pared w ith — O ccupation. 1907 1908 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 1920 1921 1922 Bakery trades. B ak ers................................................. 186 179 169 164 156 151* 143 139 137 131 113 79 43 4 71 77 54 80 76 73 79 73 73 110 90 69 66 87 66 53 65 44 54 62 62 68 57 57 81 68 54 56 75 47 60 57 54 57 67 64 94 62 27 12 13 4 49 9 11 13 41 4 5 7 38 i 4 1 4 3 41 5 4 11 34 4 6 9 1 1 (*> 47 1 47 19 13 41 4 1 9 3 59 1 1 1 1 2 7 51 7 3 40 1 3 1 1 6 35 5 11 4 CD 45 a 36 5 3 10 4 50 6 6 35 1 7 1 9 9 35 4 3 12 2 42 6 7 6 4 11 50 13 48 12 11 70 ( D ( D 8 2 (*) 2 51 80 65 91 80 88 73 64 59 75 71 63 57 71 53 25 71 45 84 75 41 44 56 95 40 7 3 36 1 (D 5 46 8 8 48 14 44 1 1 13 8 2 39 42 5 4 4 39 (*) 14 1 3 51 17 6 1 2 29 3 53 6 9 58 13 10 25 i 1 1 3 28 1 3 1 5 1 CD 40 44 7 8 62 1 1 1 3 41 58 19 28 CD 3 1 1 5 73 53 50 28 * No change. 20 (D 12 11 1 1 3 Building trades. Asbestos w orkers.............................. B ricklayers........................................ Sewer, tu n n el, an d caisson. . . Building laborers.............................. C arpenters.......................................... M illw rights................................. Parquetry-floor layers............. W harf an d b rid g e..................... Cem ent finishers............................... Cement finishers’ helpers............... Composition roofers......................... Composition roofers’ helpers......... E levator co n stru cto rs..................... E levator constructors’ helpers___ Engineers, po rtab le an d hoisting. Glaziers.............................................. H od carriers....................................... Inside w irem en ................................. F ix tu re hangers......................... L a th e rs ............................................... M arble setters.................................... M arble setters’ h elp ers................... Mosaic an d terrazz'o w orkers......... Painters: B u ild in g ..................................... Fresco.......................................... Sign.............................................. P lasterers........................................... Plasterers’ laborers.......................... P lum bers a n d gas fitte rs................ Plu m b ers’ laborers........................... Sheet-m etal w orkers........................ Ship carp en ters................................ Slate a n d tile roofers....................... Steam fitte rs...................................... Steam fitters’ helpers...................... Stonem asons...................................... Structural-iron w o rk ers.................. Finishers..................................... Finishers’ h elp ers..................... Tile lay ers.......................................... Tile layers’ helpers........................... 82' CD CD 92 89 85 84 60 60 60 60 115 114 114 112 112 109 101 100 101 120 118 116 111 109 105 102 99 96 (2) ( D ( D ( D ( D CD CD ( D 82 (2) ( D ( D ( D ( D CD 108 96 95 CD (D (D CD (D 94 95 (D (D (D (D (D (2) (D CD <D <D 95 95 94 CD (D (D 98 101 95 93 86 86 84 153 151 142 138 124 124 122 (2) CD ( D ( D ( D (*) ( D (2) ( D (D ( D ( D (D ( D (2) ( D ( D CD ( D ( D ( D (D <D CD ( D CD ( D CD 79 76 CD (D <D CD CD (2) ( D ( D I D ( D CD ( D 121 120 120 118 117 117 114 113 102 101 98 96 94 91 (2) ( D CD ( D 101 102 97 96 (D (D (D ( D 100 CD 93 91 92 89 88 88 76 ( D 129 116 (D CD (D CD (2) CD (D ( D CD CD (D (D (D 79 83 60 93 91 79 93 (D 83 81 81 121 120 119 106 101 99 82 82 70 81 80 76 101 100 96 74 74 73 (D (D (O ( D 112 111 104 84 86 83 81 71 88 88 85 73 92 91 86 80 75 73 73 73 115 115 115 102 78 69 CD (D 140 132 131 124 121 118 109 103 102 86 94 92 84 84 67 CD CD CD CD (D 99 (D CD CD <D CD CD 103 103 103 97 99 98 96 95 92 90 89 89 84 128 119 117 116 116 114 109 105 104 101 101 99 96 95 88 88 82 80 79 78 (D (2) CD (D (D (D (D (D (D (D 126 121 119 113 107 105 (D (D CD (D CD (D CD <D 95 93 89 84 78 76 178 175 173 155 149 141 122 119 118 120 119 117 96 94 92 87 83 81 (D ( D (D I D CD 78 (D (D ( D ( D ( D 106 (D (D ( D 78 (D (D (2) CD (D CD CD 121 Chauffeurs and teamsters and drivers. Chauffeurs.......................................... (2) Team sters and drivers.................... (2) (D CD 97 CD 90 136 132 110 104 76 75 74 71 103 101 71 70 117 115 72 (D (D 73 102 98 (2) ( D * No d ata. (D 78 73 (D CD (D CD CD (D (D (D 85 78 67 54 96 88 63 57 125 123 n o 102 100 92 73 71 62 71 69 61 101 101 87 69 68 61 111 104 101 88 (D (D (D <D 109 101 71. 70 66 CD (D CD (D 72 97 67 91 59 79 68 1 10 5 6 12 10 8 5 8 12 11 5 6 18 7 4 1 10 3 4 Freight handlers. Freight h an d lers.............................. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 1 Lower. (2) [1330] UNION SCALE OF WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR, 107 T able 3 .— P E R C E N T O F IN C R E A S E IN F U L L -T IM E R A T E S O F W A G E S P E R W E E K IN 1923, AS C O M PA R E D W IT H EACH O F T H E LA ST 16 Y E A R S P R E C E D IN G —Concluded. Per cent of increase in full-time rates of wages per week in 1923 as compared w ith — Occupation. 1907 1908 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 1920 1921 1922 Granite and stone trades. G ranite cu tters.................................. 129 128 125 123 122 120 111 111 110 101 Stone c u tte rs..................................... 103 103 103 102 102 101 96 89 87 86 94 78 63 68 38 41 12 8 2 5 3 9 Laundry workers. L aundry w orkers........................... CD ( 2) (D (D (D (D (D CD (D CD 66 56 28 4 (D Linemen. L inem en............................................. (D ( 2) (D CD (D (D CD (*) (D (D (D C) (D 2 13 4 98 97 91 92 89 85 82 81 76 144 141 130 131 129 124 122 116 109 97 95 87 76 75 73 73 73 68 117 117 112 105 92 90 89 89 81 65 89 57 71 59 60 54 63 94 61 66 21 33 19 27 31 26 19 30 57 29 27 14 23 9 14 10 17 9 20 37 18 11 14 2 11 3 15 18 13 15 1 17 1 11 11 1 15 (D 3 2 4 2 3 14 17 6 9 13 2 115 113 117 115 109 99 (D (D ( D 125 111 (D 90 88 80 96 78 55 46 47 8 12 7 1 1 C) ( 2) CD ( D ( D CD ( D CD 131 128 112 124 122 121 119 115 114 109 105 105 105 93 135 135 134 125 119 114 109 104 103 99 95 90 72 76 47 35 6 2 10 1 155 154 153 142 129 125 119 140 140 139 138 127 124 120 104 104 104 99 97 93 88 (D <D ( D 87 84 ( 2) CD CO CD CD (D CD CD (D CD (2) CD CD ( D ( D ( D 174 173 170 165 155 152 146 108 103 98 90 112 107 102 96 86 86 85 80 84 83 80 78 59 59 56 54 85 70 (D (D 139 138 135 123 75 89 67 62 48 61 91 50 1 1 66 18 37 7 32 5 30 5 38 8 48 8 127 126 112 110 106 103 100 96 96 93 89 139 138 134 130 126 123 119 115 114 110 100 71 82 42 48 9 9 (D 100 94 99 94 97 92 92 89 87 86 83 83 79 80 78 79 77 79 76 78 72 74 64 67 37 38 12 14 3 5 1 1 101 91 97 89 97 89 93 85 90 84 S7 82 84 79 82 78 81 77 80 76 75 72 68 66 38 36 10 10 6 5 1 1 G) (D CD (D CD CD CD (D CD CD 82 75 82 74 81 73 80 73 SO 77 73 71 68 63 32 29 6 0 2 2 (D (2) (2) (D (D CD CD CD CD (D (D CD 64 57 64 57 64 57 61 57 58 53 54 46 47 33 33 10 2 12 15 (D (D (D CD CD CD CD CD 0 CD CD 78 84 70 77 59 65 37 38 16 24 3 (D (D CD C) (2) 6 u CD 109 106 103 95 95 94 95 92 93 92 90 90 86 86 85 84 84 83 82 82 78 80 64 68 36 34 9 10 1 1 (D 94 92 88 89 87 89 85 86 74 76 73 74 72 74 70 72 66 69 60 62 42 44 17 18 3 3 1 1 Metal trades. B lacksm ith s...................................... B lacksm iths’ helpers...................... Boiler m ak ers.................................... Boiler m akers’ helpers.................... C oppersm iths.................................... Core m akers....................................... M achinists......................................... M achinists’ helpers.......................... Metal polishers an d buffers........... H olders, iro n ..................................... P a tte rn m a k e rs ............................... 103 166 98 117 <*) 127 104 (*) (») 117 119 Millwork. C arpenters......................................... C) Glaziers............................................... ( D P ainters: H ardw ood finishers___ CD Printing and publishing: job. B o o k ( 2) (D (D (D CD CD CD (D CD 95 92 91 81 89 86 86 68 91 91 91 78 CD (D CD CD ( 2) 126 125 124 114 CD CD (D CD (D 117 117 108 105 104 94 92 92 81 104 97 97 98 85 111 115 109 106 127 129 118 108 106 101 101 93 91 91 (2) CD ( 2) CD CD CD CD (D (D (D CD (D 132 130 121 113 17 12 12 16 7 1 7 3 4 8 4 4 and B indery w om en............................... B ookbinders...................................... Compositors....................................... Electrotypers: B atterym en and builders....... Finishers and m olders............. Machine operators............................ Machine tenders (m ach in ists)___ M achinist operators......................... Photo-engravers............................... Press assistants and feeders........... Pressm en: C ylinder...................................... P la te n .......................................... 44 1 (D 1 1 19 11 14 1 3 2 7 4 4 5 1 5 7 2 1 1 1 11 7 (*) Printing and publishing: Newspaper. Compositors: D ay w ork.................................... N ight w o rk ................................. Machine operators: D ay w ork.................................... N ight w o rk ................................ M achine tenders (m achinists): D ay w o rk .................................... N ight w o rk ................. .............. M achinist operators: D ay w o rk ................................... N ight w o rk ............................ Photo-engravers: D ay w o rk .................................... N ight w o rk ................................ Pressm en, w eb presses: D ay w o rk .................................... N ight w o rk ................................ Stereotypers: D ay w ork.................................... N ight w o rk ................................ 1 Lower. 71915°— 23----- 8 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis (2) (2) 99 93 (2) 92 91 s No d ata. [1331] 8No change. (D 1 l 2 3 108 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW. In the table of index numbers presented below are combined the data for all localities and for all occupations except street railway motormen and conductors. The data of preceding reports have been used so as to produce a series of index numbers from 1907 to 1923. In this table the year 1913 is taken as the base or 100 per cent. T able 4 — IN D E X N U M B E R S O F U N IO N W A G E R A T E S A N D H O U R S O F L A B O R IN T H E U N IT E D ST A T E S AS O F MAY EA C H Y E A R , 1907 TO 1923. [1913=100.] Year. 1907...................................... 190S...................................... 1909...................................... 1910...................................... 1911...................................... 1912...................................... 1913...................................... 1911...................................... 1915...................................... 1910...................................... 1917...................................... 1918...................................... 1919...................................... 1920...................................... 1921..................... ............... 1922...................................... 1923...................................... R ates of wages per hour. F ull-tim e hours per week. 90 91 92 9-1 96 98 100 102 103 107 114 133 155 199 205 193 211 103 102 102 101 101 100 100 100 99 99 98 97 95 94 94 94 94 R ates of wages per week, full tim e. 92 93 93 95 96 98 100 102 102 106 112 130 148 189 193 183 199 The organized trades herein covered have nearly reached the 8-hour day; 89 per cent of all the union members reported had a week of 48 hours or less. In the building trades, 97 per cent of the member ship also have the Saturday half-holiday with a week of 44 hours or less; and in all trades combined 68 per cent of the membership had a week of 44 hours or less. Similar figures are given for each trade on pages 87 and 88 of this issue of the M o n t h l y L a b o r R e v ie w . Wage Scales in the Building Trades, November 1, 1923. HE following table ot wage scales in the building trades as of November 1, 1923, compiled by the National Association of Builders’ Exchanges appeared in the American Contractor of November 10, 1923. Where two figures are shown, they are the minimum and maximum rates. All the rates are hourly rates, except where otherwise noted: T https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 11332] WAGE SCALES 1ST THE BUILDING TRADES, 109 W A G E SCA LES IN T H E B U IL D IN G T R A D E S , AS O F N O V E M B E R 1, 1923. City. Ce Car m ent E lectri Hod car penters. finish cians. riers. ers. Akron, O hio.............................. $0. 70 .90 A tlanta, G a ............................... .70 Baltim ore, M d...................... .. .90 Boston, M ass............................. 1.10 Buffalo, N . Y ............................ .70 1.00 Chicago, 111................................ 1.15 Cincinnati, Ohio...................... 1.10 Cleveland, O hio....................... 1.25 Columbia, S. C ......................... .40 .60 Columbus, O hio....................... 1.00 D ayton, Ohio............................ 1.00 Des Moines, Iow a..................... 1.00 D etroit, M ich............................ .8-5 .90 D ubuque, Iow a........................ .924 D u luth, M in n ........................... • 87J Erie, P a ...................................... .95 Fitchburg, M ass....................... .95 G rand Forks, N . D a k ............. .80 G rand R apids, M ich............... .85 1.00 Greensboro, N . C ..................... .65 .70 H am ilton, O hio........ : ............ 1.00 H ouston, T ex.7......................... 8.00 Indianapolis, I n d ..................... .974 Johnstow n, P a ......................... .65 .90 K ansas City, Mo........... .......... 1 .1 2 4 Lim a, Ohio............................... .60 .80 Los Angeles, Calif.7................. 7.00 8.00 Louisville, K y .......................... .90 M emphis, T en n ........................ .60 .90 Milwaukee, W is....................... .95 M inneapolis, M inn................... . 871 N ashville, T e n n ........ .............. . 65 New H aven, Conn................... .90 New York C ity, N . Y ............ 1.124 Norfolk, V a .......................... .65 . 75 O klahom a City, O kla.7.......... 8.00 O m aha, N eb r............................ 1.00 P hiladelphia, P a ..................... 1.124 Phoenix, A riz .L ....................... 7.00 8.00 P ittsb u rg h , P a ......................... 1.20 P ortland, M e........................... .90 R eading, P a ............................ . .90 1 A nd up. 2 Sliding scale. 8 Per M. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis $0.70 .80 1.25 1.25 1.10 .60 .85 1.10 1 .0 2 4 1.25 .90 .80 1.00 1 .124 .70 .85 .50 .00 .874 1.10 1 .1 2 4 .60 $0 . 7 5 1 .0 0 .50 1.00 $0.60 .75 .30 . 45 1. 00 1.10 1.00 1 25 1.10 1. 25 .90 1.00 .70 .80 .874 .70 .50 .60 is 1.00 1. 00 . 85 . 874 1 .1 2 4 .90 . 70 . 75 .4 5 .3 5 .60 .45 . 55 . 45 .50 .85 i.oo .85 9.00 1 0 .0 0 1 .1 0 1 .0 6 1 .1 2 4 .50 6.00 .724 . 75 . 75 .90 . 75 .60 7 .0 0 8 .0 0 9.66 .874 .80 .874 i.oo 1.00 .874 .80 .874 .874 .7 1 4 .60 .75 .40 .85 .60 1.25 .65 . 75 i.oo 1.00 5f0 75 .90 50 .874 .80 .85 1.00 ^ .75 1.25 $1 . 0 0 1.25 .20 .35 .40 .40 .50 .65 .50 .60 . 45 . 55 .80 . 45 1 .1 2 4 .50 .65 8.00 $0. 40 . 55 . 25 .30 .35 .40 . 65 . 40 .50 .20 1.00 .80 .90 8.00 .60 1.00 .70 1.00 .65 . 75 P a in t ers. . 50* .874 1.00 .80 1.00 . 95 .70 .90 1 .12J .70 .SO L ath ers. .874 .874 1. i. 66 L abor ers. 7 .0 0 1 .1 2 4 1 .0 0 1 .1 2 4 .60 5.00 .65 .75 .70 1.00 1.25 1. 121i. io" ""l,024 1.25 1. 20“ 8 3.50 .50 .65 1.10 .85 1.174 1.25 1.25 . 90 1 .0 0 .874 i.oo 1.00 . 75 . 85 1.50 1.25 1.50 (2) 1.25 1.25 90 ! 87| • 87| 1 .0 0 .25 1 95 1 ,3 7 4 .80 60 1 .3 7 4 1 .3 7 4 .7 5 < 1.50 .60 1.00 .90 1.374 .874 1.124 .85 .90 1.25 1.25 .40 .45 . 55 .30 .40 1.00 .80 1.00 1.25 .80 .65 .70 i. 25 .40 8.30 ». 35 .45 .40 . 50 .70 .35 .40 4. 00 .35 .50 . 25 .30 1.50 .45 . 55 . 30 .40 .50 . 60 .874 . 93J 30 .3 5 3.50 5.06 3 6. 00 .75 55 1.00 1 1 .0 0 1 .0 2 4 . 80 1.00 1.20 .90 10. 00 6 7.90 8.00 .974 . 76£ .80“ 1.00 75 .80 7.00 . 50 . 87-4 1 .1 2 4 13. 00 6.00 .75 1.25 1.374 90“ 1.00 .75 .90 50 75 .874 .85 .85 1.25 .874 . 87A 1. 0 0 “ 7 8. 00 7 9.00 .874 09Ì . 75 1 . 124 .80 1 .12 4 1 .1 2 4 1.124 1.50 1.084 .75 8. 00 . 90 1. 00“ 12.00 .60 5. 00 .75 10. 00 1 95* 1.50 1 .0 0 .90 1 .7 5 7.00 1.25 1 0 .0 0 .90 .90 .90 .50 1 .0 0 1.374 1. 25 1,374 .50 [7 5 12.00 1 .1 2 4 .65 . 85 1.374 .4 5 .90 .7 5 .40 1.50 1. 00 1.25 .55 1.00 810.00 . 50 1.00 L1333] .80 1.10 .75 .87-4 .75 .45 1.25 5.00 1.00 * Plus bonus. 5 Per yard. 6 Per day. 1.25 1.174 $1.25 1.25 1 .4 5 1.25 7 .0 0 .7 5 .50 .60 .50 2. 50 3.00 .70 7.00 1.124 .90 P las Plas terers’ terers. h elp ers. 7.66 1. 62| 3 4. 00 1 .0 0 1.25 1 95 1.62-4 .85 1 . 124 .85 1.25 7 8-hour day rate per day. 8 Per hour. .44 .70 1.00 6 on 7. 0 0 1 .0 0 .80 1 .0 0 110 MONTHLY LABOE REVIEW. W A G E SCALES IN T H E B U IL D IN G T R A D E S , AS O F N O V E M B E R 1, 1923—Continued. City. Ce od Car m en t Electri H car penters. finish cians. riers. ers. R orjf]pl d ft T)ft,k . $0.65 ' .70 «0.80 .85 1.15 .80 . 75 1.00 1.25 "Richmond, Tnd. R ich m o n d . V a............. Rochester N . V ftaginaw M ich... ftan Francisco Calif.9 Bavannah, Oa fth a ron. P a Labor ers. si. 66 $0.35 .45 .25 .50 .25 .30 .60 .65 .35 . 45 .56* .62* $0.60 .75 .75 . 87* .70 .45 .50 .65 1.08 .80 .70 .SO 1.00 .60 1.06* 1.00 .81* . 75 1. 00 .25 .90 1.00 .75 .87* 1.25 .90 1.25 1.00 1.12* .75 .87* 1.25 Shreveport, L a ......................... St. Joseph, Mo......... St. Louis. Mo............................ St. P au l. M in n ......................... St. Petersburg. F la ................. .87* .87* 6 5. 00 6 9. 00 TucSon. Ariz.7........................... 1.00 7.20 9.00 W ebster C ity, Iow a................. Y oungstow n, O hio.................. City. A kron, Ohio............................... A tlan ta, G a................................ B altim ore, M d........................... Boston. Mass..... ....................... Buffalo, N. Y ............................. Chicago, 111.................................. C incinnati, Ohio....................... Cleveland, Ohio....................... Columbia, ft. C.......................... Columbus, Ohio........................ D ayton, O hio............................ Des Moines, Io w a..................... D etroit, M ic h ........................... D u lu th , M inn............................ F itchburg, Mass........................ G rand Forks, N . D a k ............. G rand R apids, M ich................ Greensboro, N. C....................... H am ilton, O hio......................... H ouston, T ex.7.......................... 8 Per M. { Per d a y . https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis $0.60 .70 . 75 1.25 1.00 1.25 1.00 1.00 1.25 .70 1.12* 1.00 1.00 1.25 .87* . 75 .75 1.00 .25 1. 00 1.00 .90 1.00 1.00 .75 .87* 1.25 i. 25 1.50 .65 .75 .50 1.00 1.75 .60 1.25 .90 7.00 8.00 1.12* 1.12* 1.25 8. 00 10.00 612.00 .50 (9) .87* .87* 1.25 .71* 1.12* 1.00 1.12* .60 5.00 .50 . 75 .40 1.15 1.00 1.00 .80 Brick layers. Ele vator Gas con fitters. structors. .87* .87* s 4.50 3 5.50 3 7.00 .35 .50 .40 .50 . 55 1.37* 1.00 1.12* .60 1.25 1.25 1.12* 1.25 H oist ing engi neers. Masons. .80 $1.00 $1.25 $0.70 .80 1.12* 1.10' 1. 25 1.25 1.10 1.00 1.00 1.25 1. 25 1.25 1.00 1.10 1.10 .75 1. 00 1.25 1.25 1.25 1.10 1.15 1.10 1.00 1.25 1.10 1. 40 .90 1.00 1.37* 1.32 1.25 .90 .90 1.00 .50 .90 1.00 .95 1.00 1.12* 1.35 1.25 1. 00 1.00 1.00 1.12* 1.1.2* 1.00' 1.00 1.25 1.50 1.30 1.00 1.10 1.00 .80 .95 .50 .60 .65 .87* 1.12* 1.50 1.25 1.25 1.10 1.00 1. 10 .87* 1. oo' 1. ]0 1.25 1.26* 1.12* 1.25 1.25 1.00 1.25 . 87* 5 7. 75' 1.12* 1.25 1. 25 . 95 1.00 1.25 1.12* 6 9.00 .70 .90 1.25 .95 1.25 1.37* 8.00 8.50 12.00 11.00 i 8-hour day; ra te p e r d a y . 6 A m erican or open-shop plan. [1334] 1.25 1.10 1.37* .50 .60 1.25 1.12 6 9.00 .71* . 50 .75 . 45 Orna Pipe m ental iron coverers. workers. M arble setters. 1.00 1.06 1.15 1.15 $1.06 .35 .45 1.25 .55 6 3. 00 6 4.00 56 2.50 $0.85 1.00 .75 .90 1.00 1.10 1.00 $1. 25 1.00 1. 25 1. 25 1. 25 1.25 D ubuque, Iow a......................... Erie. P a ..................................... $1.00 . 75 .60 . 75 .40 .67* 1.12* .75 8. 00 $0. 75 i. 66 .55 1. 25 «4.00 W ashington. D. C ................... $0.75 1.25 1.25 .87* a 8.00 8.00 9.00 Plas P las terers’ terers. help ers. .50 .50 1. 00 .65 1.25 P a in t ers. .25 .35 .75 . 45 .50 .35 . 1. oo Sioux Citv. Io w a ..................... L a th ers. 1.00 1.15 1.00 .75 1.00 .87* 1.00 $0.75 .90 .90 1.10 1.00 1.02* 1.12* 1.25 .93 .75 .80 1.12* 1.00 .87* .75 .80 1.25 9.00 1.00 1. 25 11.00 8.50 10 M inim um . 1.00 8.00 111 WAGE SCALES IN' THE BUILDING TRADES, W A G E SCA LES IN T H E B U IL D IN G T R A D E S . AS O F N O V E M B E R l, 1923—C ontinued. City. Brick layers. Ele vato r con structors. Gas fitters. .$1. 35 $1.25 $1 . 2 2 4 1.25 1 .0 0 1 .0 0 .85 1.37 J 1.25 1.25 .0 0 1.25 .85 8 .0 0 8 .0 0 H oist ing engi neers. Indianapolis, I n d ..................... $1.15 1.25 .50 .75 1.124 1.25 .70 7.00 Johnstow n, P a ........................... K ansas C ity, Mo....................... L im a, O hio................................. Los Angeles, Cali! . 7 ................... 1 0 .0 0 Louisville, K y ........................... M emphis, T e n n ......................... M ilwaukee, W is........................ M inneapolis, M inn................... N ashville, T e n n ........................ New H aven, C onn................... N ew Y ork C ity ....................... . N orfolk, V a ................................ O klahom a Citv, O kla .7 ............ O m aha, N e b r............................ Philadelphia, P a ....................... Phoenix, A riz .7 .......................... P ittsb u rg h , P a .......................... P ortlan d , Me.............................. R eading, P a ............................... Redfield, S. D a k ....................... R ichm ond, I n d . ....................... 1.50 1 .0 0 1.25 1. 1 2 i 1 .0 0 1 .0 0 1.50 1 .1 2 1.50 1 0 .0 0 1.40 1. 12J 1.25 1. 12J 1.25" 1.40 Savannah, G a............................ Sharon, P a ................................. Sioux C itv, Io w a ..................... Shreveport, L a .......................... S t. Joseph, M o.......................... S t. Louis, M o............................ S t. P au l, M inn........................... S t. Petersburg, F la .................. Tucson, A riz . 7 ........................... 1.25 1.25 .50 J .924 7.00 1 .0 0 $1.35 .80 .90 1 .0 0 1 .1 2 4 LOO" City. Akron, O hio............................... B altim ore, M d ........................... Boston, Mass...................... 1 ... Buffalo, N . Y ............................. 1 .0 0 5.50 1.151 .75 .80 1 .0 0 1 .0 0 1 .0 0 1 .0 0 1 . 06} 1 .1 0 1.25 .874 1 .0 0 .60 .85 8 .0 0 1 .1 2 4 11 1 .0 0 1 .0 0 1 .0 0 .90 .75 .80 1.05 .90 1 .1 2 4 1. 0 0 " 45.00 6 .0 0 1 .124 1 .0 0 1.25 1. 127 1.25 1.25 1. 75 1 .2 0 1 .0 0 1 .1 2 1 1.05 « 9.00" 5 10. 00 1. 25 1- 371 1.25 . 874 .50 .60 1.25 .85 .75 1 .1 2 4 1 .1 2 4 1 . 06} 1.50 1 .124 1 .1 2 4 8 .0 0 8 .0 0 1 .0 0 1.31} 8.50 1 . 124 1.25 1.374 8 .0 0 1 . 124 1 .0 0 1 .1 0 1 .1 2 4 1 . 124 .75 .85 1.124 1.25 .90 1 0 .0 0 8 . 00 1.25 1.25 .90 .80 1 . 124 LOO" .90 5.00 1 . I24 .90 1 .0 0 .75 .90 1 .1 0 .85 1.25 1.25 1 . 124 1 .0 0 1 .0 0 1.06} .90 1 .0 0 1 .1 2 4 1 .0 0 .85 1 .0 0 1 .1 2 4 1 .0 0 1.06} .90 .874 .80 1 .0 0 .874 1 .0 0 1 .0 0 1 .0 0 1.25 1.25 1 .0 0 1. 25 1.50 1 .0 0 1.124 .75 .874 1.25 1.374 .874 .65 1 .0 0 1 .0 0 1 .0 0 1 . 124 1.50 .874 1.06} .874 1 . 124 6.50 8.50 1.25 1 . 12.1 1.25 1.25 .90 1. 25 1.25 1.25 .85 1.25 1.25 1.06} LOO 1.25 .75 .80 1.25 Struc P lu m b Roofers. Sheet Steam - Steam Stone tu ra l Tile m etal fitters’ cutters. ers. fitters. iron setters. workers. helpers. workers. SO. 85 $0.75 . S5 .70 1 .0 0 1 .0 0 1 . 10 .80 1. 1 2 J 1 .0 0 $0. SO .90 .70 .90 .90 $0.85 $0.80 1 .0 0 .70 $0.35 .40 .75 .80 (2) 1 .0 0 $1 . 1 2 4 1 .0 0 1 .1 2 4 1 .1 0 .75 1.25 1 . 10 1 .1 2 4 1 .1 2 4 1 .1 2 4 1 .0 0 1 .0 0 1 .1 2 4 1 .0 0 $1 . 0 0 1 .1 0 1 .0 0 1 .0 0 1 .1 0 1 .0 0 1 .1 0 1 .0 0 1 .0 0 1.15 1.15 .85 1.15 1.25 1. 25 1.25 1.30 1 .1 0 1 .1 0 1 .1 0 . 95 1 .1 0 .6 6 1.25 1 .1 0 1 .1 2 4 1.25 . 65 1.25 I .3 7 4 1 71 P er week. 1 .1 0 .40 1 . 31J https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis .75 1 .0 0 1.50 1.25 Cleveland, Ohio......................... * Sliding scale. 6 P e r day. . 85 8 .0 0 1 .0 0 1 . 124 1.25 Chicago, 111................................. C in cin n ati................................... 1 .0 0 7.00 I .3 7 4 .90 1.19 1 .0 0 1 .0 0 A tla n ta , G a................................ 1.25 1 0 .0 0 .75 1 .0 0 1.25 .574 8 .0 0 1 . 124 1.15 .$0. 90 1 .0 0 1 0 .0 0 W ashington, D. C ..................... W ebster City, Io w a ................. Y oungstown, O hio................... 1 . 124 $1. 25 .75 .85 8 .0 0 . 65 .90 1.25 1.50 1. 25 8 .0 0 1 . Wg 1 .1 2 4 1.25 1.25 $1 . 1 2 4 O rna m ental Pipe iron coverers. workers. 8 .0 0 . 874 ” ” .’75” 1.25 1 . 12i R ichm ond, V a ........................... R ochester, N . Y ........................ Saginaw, M ich........................... San Francisco, Cali! . 9 ............... .90 1 .1 2 4 1.25 Masons. 1.25 1.50 1 . 12 i 1 2 .0 0 Marble setters. 1.374 1.25 1 7 8-hour day; ra te p er day. 9 A merican or open-shop plan. [1335] .......... . 85 1.25 112 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW. W A G E SCA LES IN T H E B U IL D IN G T R A D E S , AS O F N O V E M B E R 1, 1923—Concluded. City. Colum bia, S. C........................... Steam fitters. $1.25 $0.80 1.00 $0. 80 1.00 $1.25 «0.50 $1.00 1.00 .70 .80 1.00 1.10 1.15 1.25 1.00 1.25 .80 .85 .65 .80 .50 .85 1.10 1.00 1.15 1.25 1.00 1.12* .40 .40 .50 .65 lo. 60 Colum bus, Ohio........................ D ayton, O hio............................. Des Moines, Io w a ..................... D etroit, M ich............................. D ub u q u e, Io w a ......................... D u lu th , M inn............................ E rie, P a ....................................... F itchburg, M ass........................ G rand Forks, N. D a k .............. G rand R apids, M ich................ Greensboro, N. C...................... H am ilto n , Ö hio......................... H ouston, Tex.7.......................... Indianapolis, I n d ...................... Johnstow n, P a ........................... K ansas C ity, M o....................... L im a, O hio................................. Los Angeles, Calif.7................... Louisville, K y .......................... M em phis, 'T erm ......................... M ilwaukee, W is........................ M inneapolis, M in n................... N ashville, T'enn........................ New H aven, C onn.................... New Y ork C ity .......................... Norfolk, V a ................................ O klahom a C ity, O kla.7............ O m aha, N ebr. ..................... . P hiladelphia, P a ....................... Phoenix, A riz.7.......................... P ittsb u rg h , P a ........................... P ortlan d , Me.............................. R eading, P a ............................... Redfield, S. D a k ....................... R ichm ond, I n d ......................... R ichm ond, V a ........................... Rochester, N . Y ........................ Saginaw, M ich........................... San Francisco, Calif.9......... . Savannah, G a............................ Sharon, P ’a .................................. Sioux C ity, Io w a....................... S hreveport, L a ..................... St. Joseph, M o........................... S t. L o u is,’M o............................ St. P au l, M inn........................... St. Petersburg, F la ................... Tucson, A riz.7............................ W ashington, D . C..................... W ebster C ity, Io w a .................. Y oungstow h,’O hio................... 1.00 .87* 1.00 1.00 .85 .82* .70 .80 1.00 1.22* .60 .65 .90 .65 .90 8.00 9.00 .45 .75 1.00 1.25 .85 9. 00 1.25 .80 .85 .65 7.00 .80 1.17* .40 1.12* . 87* 1.00 i. 1 2 * 1.00 1.25 .90 1.00 1.00 11.00 1.00 8. 00 1.12* 1.00 7.00 1.15f .90 1.00 .90 .80 .75 • 87| 1.05 1.00 1.12* 1.00 1.25 1.00 1.25 1.12* 1.25" 1.25 1.25 .87* 1.25 8.00 1.25 .90 1.25 6 P er day. 7 8-hour day; ra te per d ay. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Steam- Stone fitters helpers. cutters. P lu m b Roofers. Sheet m e ta l ers. workers. .90 .83 .87* • 87* .87* .90 .80 .50 .95 .55 .50 .60 .40 .90 .95 .75 .80 9.00 10.00 .90 1.00 1.22* .85 1.00 1.25 .85 8.00 1.06* .87* .82* .97* .85 1.00 1.00 .65 7. 00 .80 .87* 1.00 .75 .80 .87* .65 1.00 1.12* .50 .87* 6.00 1.00 .75 1.00 1.12* .75 .87* 8.00 .90 1.00 1. 00 1.12* 1.00 9. 00 1.12* .70 7.00 1.00 1.25 .70 .90 6.00 1.20 .85 .75 .80 .80 .80 .90 .90 .80 .90 .80 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 .75 1.06* .90 1.00 .65 1.00 1.00 .75 1.25 .80 1.00 .90 1.25 .87* 1.00 7.00 .40 1.15 1.15 1.06* 1.15 1.12* 1.00 1.12* 1.25 .87* 1.10 1.00 1.00 1.12* 1.06* 1.15 1.00 1.00 1.25 1.00 10.00 5.00 8.00 8.50 .70 1.00 .75 .60 5.00 .90 1.00 1.25 7.00 1.25 . 80 1.00 1.15 1.00 7. 00 1.25 .75 1.00 1.25 .62* 1.06* .50 1.00 .87* 1.12* 1.00 1.00 . 87J .60 .70 1. OR* 1.25 1.12* 1.00 1.12* 1. 00 8.00 1.20 1.12* .87* 1.12* 1.12* 1.12* 10.00 .85 8.00 1.12* 1 10 1.12* 7.00 1.25 9. 00 .70 .70 1.25 1.00 1.25 .90 1.25 1.00 .65 .60 L00 1.25 1.00 .80 . 8711. oo" . 75 1.00 1.06* .80 1.12* 1.00 1.06* 1.00 1.00 8.00 .75 .50 .55 3.50 1.25 .90 1.00 .90 . 87* 6 2.00 1.00 1.12* .75 .50 1.00 1.00 .50 .50 .75 .55 i. m 1.25" i. on 1.25 1.12* 1.00 1.00 1.12* 1.00 8.50 1.00 1.12* .80 1.25 .87* 1.37* 1.00 1.25 1.12* 1.25 Í.25 1.12* 1.00 1.12* (9) .65 .40 9 A m erican or open-shop plan. 10 M inim um . [1336] 1.00 1.12* .62* 1.06* .90 1.00 $1.00 1.00 1.25 1.00 1.25 1.12* 1.25 1.25 1.25 .87* 1.25 8.00 Tile setters. .87* 1.00 1.10 1.00 .75 1.061 • 87* 1.05 1.00 1.12* 1.00 1.15 1.00 121.00 1.00 1.00 11. 00 $0.90 .70 .90 1.12* .35 .60 .50 .75 1.00 1.00 .90 Struc tu ra l iron workers. 1.12* 1. 25 1.25 12 M axim um . MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW. 113 Wages in Porto Rico, 1921 -22. HE following wage statistics for 1921-22 are taken from the report of the commissioner of agriculture and labor of Porto Rico for the fiscal year ended June 30, 1922: a T D A IL Y W A G E S P R E V A IL IN G ON SUG A R-CA NE P L A N T A T IO N S A N D IN SU G A R M IL L S O F P O R T O RICO, 1921-22.1 N orthern section. O ccupation or process. Southern section. E astern section. W estern section. Mini Maxi Mini Maxi M ini M axi M ini M axi m um . m um . m um . m um . m um . m um . m um . m um . Plantations. L opping off.............................................................. $0. 60 Felling....................................................................... .60 Plow ing..................................................................... .70 Cross p lo w in g.......................................................... .70 F urro w in g................................................................ .70 H arro w in g ................................................................ .70 E m ban k in g (h illin g )............................................. .35 D itc h in g ................................................................... .60 H ole digging............................................................ .50 Carrying seeds......................................................... . 65 Scattering fertilizers............................................... .40 W eeding.................................................................... . 50 .60 R eplan tin g ............................................................... S tripping of leaves................................................. .75 C ane c u ttin g ............................................................ . 65 Cane hau lin g ............................................................ .65 F illin g ........................................................................ .45 .40 W ater carriers.......................................................... .80 Stew ards................................................................... .30 Y oke driv ers............................................................ W atchm en................. .............................................. .37 1.00 F o r e m e n .................... ............................................ .56 H erdsm en.................... .................. ........................ SO. 75 .75 .80 .SO .80 .80 . 75 .88 . 65 .75 1.00 1.25 (2) 1.25 . To .80 .75 .60 1. 50 .75 1.16 2.66 .83 $0.62 .62 .50 . 65 (2) (2) .50 .75 .60 .62 .40 .50 .40 .75 .65 .62 (2) .35 .75 .30 1.00 2.00 (2) $0. 75 .75 .90 (2) (2) (2) .75 1.25 .75 .87 .50 .65 . 75 1.00 .90 .87 (2) .50 L00 1.50 1. 15 3.00 (2) $0.60 .60 .60 .70 .70 .70 .60 .75 .60 .75 .30 .60 .60 .60 . 65 .60 . 75 .25 . 75 .40 .75 1,66 1.66 $1.00 1.00 1,00 .75 .80 1.00 .90 1.25 .90 1.00 .70 .80 .80 . 75 . 75 .65 1.00 .40 1. 25 . 50 1.00 3. 00 (2) $0.50 .50 . 50 .50 . 50 .55 . 75 .50 .65 .60 (2) .50 . 50 .50 .40 (2) .50 .30 1.00 .30 (*) 2.50 (2) $0.70 (2) .55 .55 .55 .75 .90 .55 (2) .85 (2) .75 .60 .55 .80 (2) .70 .35 2.00 .35 (2) 4.00 (2) $6. 25 2.96 4. 16 1. 75 2.00 3. 40 3.00 4. 00 1. 35 3.33 .80 1. 20 1.62 2.00 1. 75 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.50 1.00 1.66 4.00 1.50 $2.50 1.25 2.63 1.37 2.00 1.10 1.00 2.00 1.10 1.00 .70 .75 .75 (2) .75 1.50 .70 (2) 1.66 .90 .80 .65 .65 .75 .40 .83 1.66 (2) $7.00 2.00 2.91 2.63 2.91 1. 25 1.25 2.50 1.30 1.40 .80 3.23 1.50 (2) (2) 2.50 .80 (2> 2.00 1.50 1.00 .80 .80 1.00 .75 1,33 (2) (2) Mills. M echanics................................................................. «1.00 E lectrician s.............................................................. 1.10 3. 33 Stew ards................................................................... .85 F orem en................................................................... M achinists................................................................ 2.00 .75 B lack sm ith s............................................................ C arpenters................................................................ 2.00 B rick m aso n s........................................................... 2. 25 Stokers....................................................................... 1.00 1.91 W eighers................................................................... .75 C artm en .................................................................... Sw itchm en........... ................................................... (2) . 55 Boiler ten d ers.......................................................... .90 W orkers a t boiler furnaces................................... .60 Bagasse m e n ............................................................ .90 C entrifugalers.......................................................... .90 W orkers a t lim e p its .............................................. 1.40 W orkers a t p u m p s ................................................. T riplers...................................................................... 1. 25 C rystallizers.............................................................. 1.00 .00 D efecators................................................................ .75 Sugar-scum w orkers............................................... . 55 W orkers a t filters.................................................... W orkers a t cranes................................................... 1.00 H erdsm en............................................................... (2) .75 S tablem en................................................................ C hauffeurs................................................................ 2.50 . 75 W orkers a t molasses boilers................................. S4.80 3.33 5. 83 1.50 4.50 3.00 3.00 3.00 1.50 4.16 1.50 (2) 1.50 1.50 1.35 3.00 1.35 C-) 2.33 (2) 1.00 1.20 1.50 (2) (2) 1.16 4.16 1. 25 $1.75 .75 (2) 3.00 (2) 1.50 2.50 3.00 .75 (2) (2) (2) .70 1.00 .66 .75 .66 1. 25 1. 00 .90 . 70 .70 .80 .88 (2) (2) 1. 50 .62 $6.50 3.00 4.16 3. 25 (2) 2. 75 3. 25 3. 25 .80 3.00 (2) (2) J. 50 1.35 .75 2. 25 .75 (2) (2) 1.00 1.25 .90 .85 1.66 (2) (2) 3.16 1.00 $2.85 1.00 3. 33 . 75 1.10 1.50 1. 75 2.00 1.25 2.00 .62 1.00 . 75 .62 .60 .62 1.00 .62 .62 .62 .62 1.00 .62 .70 .66 .75 1. 66 .75 1 T he wages in sugar m ills are “ according to investigations carried out during fiscal year 1921-22.” 2 N ot stated on th e pay roll. a W ar D epartm ent, .Bureau of In su lar Affairs. Commissioner of A griculture and L abor of P o rto Rico. R ep o rt [for fiscal year ending June 30, 1922]. W ashington, 1923. 66 p p . https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [1337] MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW. 114 Wages in the Netherlands, 1921, 1922, and 1923, as Compared with 1914. N A recent issue of the Maandschrift (Sept. 29, 1923, pp. 1039, 1040), the Central Bureau of Statistics of the Netherlands pub lishes a table showing the weekly wage rates in various occupa tions, as fixed by collective agreements, in several large cities of the Netherlands, that were in force in 1920, 1921, and 1923 and compares them with the rates of 1914. The wage rates shown include cost-ofliving bonuses, wherever such bonuses have been paid. The table, which is reproduced in part below, indicates that wages reached their highest level in July, 1921, when they were from two and one-half to three times as high as in January, 1914. In 1923 all trades had to submit to wage reductions. In most occupations these reductions were small with the exception of seamen and firemen in the merchant marine whose wage rates were reduced by nearly one-third. I W E E K L Y W A G E R A T E S IN V A R IO U S O C C U PA T IO N S, F IX E D B Y C O L L E C T IV E A G R E E M EN TS IN F O U R L A R G E C IT IE S O F T H E N E T H E R L A N D S , 1920,1921, A N D 1923, AS COM P A R E D W IT H 1914. [1 gu ild er a t par= 4 0 .2 cents.] J an u a ry , 1914. J a n u a ry , 1920. O ccupation. srl“» 1r a te - ber. W age ra te . Index num ber. July, 1921. W age ra te . July, 1923. In d e x num ber. W age rate. 249 242 290 240 240 237 235 264 214 Guilders. 36. 00 40.32 36.00 1 7.23 1 7.23 1 6. 80 1 7.23 36.00 22.00 234 228 273 230 230 227 226 257 157 253 245 279 279 324 308 33.60 37.92 1 7.23 1 7.23 1 6.80 36.00 236 229 268 268 309 300 In d e x num ber. A m sterdam . ^Compositor, h a n d ............................................. Com positor, m a c h in e ...................................... Bocl?b in d e r......................................................... C arpenter............................................................ M ason............................................................... N a v v y .................................................................. P lu m b e r.............................................................. B aker, journeym an. 23 years of ag e.. . . ___ G ardener.......................................................... Guilders. 15.39 17. 67 13. 20 1 3.14 1 3.14 1 3. 00 1 3. 20 14. 00 14. 00 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 Guilders. 38.25 42. 75 38. 25 1 7.20 1 7.20 1 6. 80 1 7.20 31.00 249 242 290 230 230 227 225 221 Guilders. 38. 25 42. 75 38. 25 1 7.52 1 7.52 i 7.12 1 7.52 37. 00 30. 00 H aarlem . Compositor, h a n d ............................ ................ Compositor, m achine....................................... C arp en ter.................................. ..................... M ason.............................................. N a v v y ..................................................... B aker, journeym an, 23 years of age............. 14. 25 16.53 1 2. 70 1 2.70 1 2. 20 12.00 100 100 100 100 100 100 1 D aily rate. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [1338] 36.00 40.50 1 7.20 1 7.20 1 6. 80 31.00 253 245 267 267 309 258 36. 00 40.50 1 7.52 1 7.52 i 7.12 37.00 115 WAGES IN THE NETHERLANDS W E E K L Y W A G E R A T E S IN V A R IO U S O C C U PA T IO N S, F IX E D B Y C O L L E C T IV E A G R E E M EN TS IN F O U R L A R G E C IT IE S O F T H E N E T H E R L A N D S , 1920,1921, AN D 3923, AS COM P A R E D W IT H 1914—Concluded. J an u a ry , 1914. J a n u a ry , 1920. O ccupation. dex W age In um ra te . nber. W age rate. In d ex num ber. July, 1921. W age ra te . Ju ly , 1923. In d e x num ber. W age rate. 252 245 286 255 240 254 273 264 234 207 274 256 Quiiders. 35.04 39. 36 35.04 > 7.23 7. 23 6.80 6. 80 1 7.04 38. 40 40.50 36. 00 34.50 In d e x num ber. T he Hague. Compositor, h a n d ............................................. Compositor, m achine...................................... B ookbinder............................................. .......... C arpenter............................................................ M ason................................. ................................. N a v v y .................................................................. P a in te r................................................................ P lasterer.............................................................. E lectrician.......................................................... A ssembler (telephone).................................... B aker, journeym an, 23 years of age.............. B rew ery w orker..... - ......................................... Quiiders. 14.82 17.10 13. 20 1 2. 95 1 3.14 » 2. 80 1 2. 70 1 2.85 18. 24 20.65 13.50 13.50 Quiiders. 100 37. 35 100 41.85 100 37. 44 100 1 7.20 100 17. 20 100 16.80 100 16. 80 100 1 7.20 100 36.00 100 38. 40 100 31. 00 100 31.85 252 245 284 244 230 243 252 253 197 186 230 236 Quiiders. 37. 35 41.85 37.80 1 7.52 1 7.52 1 7.12 1 7.36 1 7.52 42. 75 42.75 37.00 34. 50 1 1 1 236 230 265 245 230 243 252 247 211 196 267 256 R otterdam . Compositor, h a n d ............. ............................... Compositor, m achine......... .............................. B ookbinder........................................................ Assembler (telephone)..................................... B aker, journeym an, 23 years of age............. B rew ery w orker................................................ Seaman, m erchant m a rin e ............................. Stoker, m erch an t m arine................................ 14.82 17.10 12.54 20.65 14.00 13.50 244. 00 248. 00 100 37. 35 100 41. ,85 100 37.44 100 38. 40 100 31. 00 100 31.85 100 2145. 00 100 2150. 00 1D aily rate. 2Montili y rate. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [13.39] 252 245 299 186 37.35 41.85 37. 80 42. 75 37. 00 236 34. 50 330 2145. 00 313 2150. 00 221 252 35.04 245 39.36 301 35.04 207 40.50 264 36.00 256 34. 50 330 . 00 313 2105. 00 2100 236 230 279 196 257 256 227 219 MINIM UM WAGE. Recent Minimum-Wage Orders, British Columbia. HE Minimum Wage Board of tlie Province of British Columbia has for some time had under consideration a revision of its manufacturing order. As noted in its annual report (see M o n t h l y L a b o r R e v ie w , November, 1923, pp. 119, 120), the subject was one of varying aspects, requiring extensive investigation. The results of this investigation are embodied in orders No. 16 and 16A, promulgated September 20, 1923, to be effective 60 days from that date. The order that is superseded was issued September 1, 1919; and its revision followed upon a petition presented to the board by employers in the manufacturing industry to review the whole subject. In the present form the orders cover the work of females engaged in any process of making, repairing, altering, finishing, packing, etc., and adapting for use or sale any article or commodity excepting fish, fruit and vegetable drying, canning, preserving, or packing. The minimum rate for experienced employees is $14 per week of 48 hours, whether on time work or at piece rates. This is the same as under the earlier order, the changes that were made affecting the schedules for learners in order 16A. Employment in excess of 8 hours per day or 48 per week is forbidden except under permission granted in accordance with the provisions of the factories act. The foregoing are provisions of Order No. 16. Order No. 16A relates to inexperienced employees, and prescribes varying periods of learning time and grades of pay in different classes of manu: facturing industries. Schedule No. 1 of the order applies to work on or in connection with the preparation for sale of the following commodities: Tea, coffee, spices, essences, sauces, jelly powders, baking powders, molasses, sugar, syrups, honey, _peanut butter, cream and milk products, butter, candy, confectionery, biscuits, macaroni, vermicelli, meats, soft drinks, yeast, cans, buttons, soap, paint, varnish, drug and toilet preparations, photographs, ink, seeds, brooms, whisks, pails, washboards, wooden boxes, clothespins, matches, explosives, munitions, gas mantles, and window shades. Beginners in this kind of work receive not less than $8 per week for the first two months, not less than $10 per week for the second two months, and not less than $12 per week for the third two months, after which they are rated as experienced employees. This makes a training period of six months. Schedule No. 2 embraces the manufacture, etc., of the following articles: Cotton bags, envelopes, overalls, shirts, ladies’ and children’s wear, gloves, hats, caps, men’s neckwear, waterproof clothing, tents, awnings, regalia, carpets, furniture, bedding, pillow covers, loose covers, mattress covers, draperies, casket furnishings, factory-made 116 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [1340] MINIMUM WAGE. 117 millinery, knit goods, blankets, brushes, machine-made cigars, and dipped chocolates. Rates of pay for this work are the same as in Schedule 1, but the periods are doubled, making a learning period of one year. Schedule No. 3 embraces the more skilled trades, the list being as follows: Bookbinding, embossing, engraving, printing, dressmaking, men’s and women’s tailoring, and the manufacture of ready-to-wear suits, paper boxes, jewelry, furs, leather goods, hand-made cigars, boots, shoes, and hand-made millinery. Beginners in these trades receive not less than $7 per week for the first six months, not less than $10 for the second six months, and not less than $13 per week for the third six months. This gives a learning period of 18 months, but a different wage-rate distribution from that adopted for Schedules 1 and 2. The classifications are of interest as an attempt to solve the difficult problem of learning periods adapted to a wide variety of employ ments calling for varying degrees of skill and experience. Regularly indentured apprentices whose indentures have been approved by the Minimum Wage Board are not affected by the foregoing schedules. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [1341] W OM AN A N D CH ILD LA BO R. Child Labor on Maryland Truck Farms. HE United States Children’s Bureau has recently published a study of the work of children on Maryland truck farms, based on a survey made in May, June, and July, 1921. Two districts were selected for study, Anne Arundel County near Baltimore, and Wicom ico, Somerset, and Worcester Counties in the section known as the Eastern Shore. In both of these districts truckingjs an important industry. The young workers may be children of a farmer employed on the place, children living in the neighborhood, or children of families brought to the farms for the special season of truck work. The study indicates that, as at present carried on, such work for children is open to three objections: It is wholly unregulated, and children may be put at work too heavy for them and required to work too long hours; it interferes with school attendance and leads to retardation; and for children of migratory or seasonal workers it may involve housing conditions detrimental alike to health and morals. The study covered 808 children in Anne Arundel County and 840 on the Eastern Shore. In both districts children were employed on almost every kind of work involved in truck farming and in. both they began work early. In Anne Arundel County 8.7 per cent of the white and 8.1 per cent of the colored children at work were under 8 years of age, while on the Eastern Shore the proportions were, respectively, 14.6 per cent and 17.3 per cent. Naturally the younger children could not do the heavy work, but there were no restrictions upon their employment at anything which the employer considered within their power. T Most children, both white and negro, under 10 years of age work a short day at simple kinds of work and for only a few days or weeks during the year, and their work therefore presents no serious problem. Most white girls do little more work than the young children of both races and sexes, but some of the older negro girls and a large proportion of white and negro boys 12 years of age or more, especially those in farmers’ families, do a great variety of work, and many work 9 or 10 hours a day. * * * Some of the simpler kinds of work, such as picking berries or hoeing, while monoto nous, are likely to prove physically taxing only if kept up for long hours; but plowing, harrowing, machine cultivating, and some kinds of machine transplanting, which require skill and strength, are fatiguing even when done for only a few hours at a time. Such work in conjunction with long hours wras reported by many of the boys 12 years of age and over. In order to safeguard this group of children from working beyond their strength at an early age and from the strain of excessive hours some legal regulation as to minimum age and maximum hours for the work of children on farms, at least in such occupations as these, would appear to be desirable. The extent of the interference with school attendance varied with the age and race of the children. In Anne Arundel County 35 per cent of the white and 31 per cent of the colored children reported ab sence from school for farm work, the time lost varying from less than 10 to over 80 days; on the Eastern Shore the proportions were 64 and 53 per cent. The smaller percentage of colored children losing time 118 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [1342] WOMAN AND CHTLD LABOE. 119 is explained as partly due to the shorter session of the colored schools, which closed before strawberry-picking time began, thus setting the children free to do the work for which they were most in demand. In most of the negro schools the term was from 136 to 140 days, as compared with 175 to 181 days in the white schools. In 1922 the Maryland Legislature made several changes in the school law, among them being a provision which lengthened the term of negro schools to 160 days, so that at present the loss of time, as between the races,, might be more nearly equal. The interruption to school attendance naturally caused retardation; in Anne Arundel County 50 per cent of the white and 71 per cent of the colored children were retarded, being from one to three years behind the grade considered normal for their years; on the Eastern Shore 38 per cent of the white children and 81.7 per cent of the colored children were retarded. The children of families of seasonal workers presented a special aspect of the school-attendance problem. In Anne Arundel County a study was made of 145 white migratory families in which 262 children under 16 worked on truck farms. These families were brought down from Baltimore for the season, which is usually from six to eight weeks. The season begins from a month to six weeks before the Baltimore schools close, so the children inevitably lose much time, whether or not they themselves are at work. Nine-tenths of the children left school at least 20 days before the end of the term three-fourths withdrew 20 but less than 30 days before the close of school. From four to six weeks, therefore, was the usual amount of time lost for withdrawals for field work on truck farms. * * * Of the children between 8 and 16 years included in the study, 69 per cent were retarded in school. This rate of retardation is much higher than average rates for city children of various ages. The migratory families were expected to bring their own bedding and kitchen utensils, while the farmers supplied sleeping quarters, usually grouping the workers together in what are locally called camps. Children working on farms were found living in twenty-two of the camps visited. Housing conditions in these camps were far from satisfactoiy. Most of the camps contained but one building, known as a “ shanty,” which served as sleeping quarters for the workers. This building, usually two stories high, was erected on piles or rough stones. In most camps it was weather beaten or unpainted and the windows usually lacked either glass or shutters, or both. As a rule, there was but one room on each floor, with stairs on the outside leading to the upper room. In some a partition divided the lower floor, which was about 25 by 30 feet, into two rooms. On each side of a narrow aisle down the center of the room the floor was divided into sections or pens by boards 10 or 12 inches in height. Each pen was about 6 feet long and from 4 to 6 feet wide and covered with straw for a mattress. Each family was allotted one of these pens, the larger families sometimes securing those 6 feet in width. At night men, women, and children, partially clad, one family separated from the next by the plank 10 inches in height lay side by side. Arrangements for sanitation of any kind were usually lacking, and the water supply generally came from springs or from wells which the families had dug, and little attention was paid to whether or not the water was safe for drinking. The survey suggests that some measure of control over these conditions is desirable. The housing provided for migratory truck-farm workers in these localities is so unsatisfactory that it appears to call for some public supervision, such, for example, as that exercised for a number of years in California, in order that growing children may escape the physical and social effects of promiscuous and unhealthful living conditions. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [1343] 120 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW. Occupations of juvenile Workers in Detroit.1 N CONNECTION with the work of the Vocational Guidance Bureau of Detroit, a study has recently been made of the occupations of young workers, in order to get especially the beginner’s attitude toward his job. The study was confined to those attending the Detroit Junior Continuation School, who were chosen as being at once the most typical and the most convenient group for the purposes of the investigation. The school is made up of boys and girls who have taken out permits to work and who are still obliged to attend school for eight hours a week. These were asked to fill out a questionnaire in which the queries were divided into three groups: Questions of fact, which dealt with the job, its duties, hours, and wages; questions of interpretation, which dealt with the time required to learn the job, its most and least agreeable features, and the advice the incumbent would give a new worker taking it u p ; and ques tions relating to the future, such as the next job in line of promotion, what job the worker might like to have and the reasons for his pref erence. Data are given regarding the jobs held by 585 boys and 753 girls, but as 277 of the latter were listed as employed in housework at home, the answers covered only 476 girls who were employed in the same sense that the boys were. The boys were engaged in about 149 different occupations, and the girls in 54. The investigation was made in the early part of 1922, at which time the shortage of building trades workers was keenly felt, and there was much discussion of methods of increasing the number of those entering those trades. Yet of the 585 boys studied, only 18 could possibly be classed as in build ing trades, and only 3 of these were plainly apprentices. By way of contrast, the dead-end occupations seemed to be fully represented; there were 35 delivery boys, 27 errand boys, 30 office boys, and 71 messengers. About two-fifths, 39.3 per cent, of the boys were in commercial occupations, 20 per cent were in manufacturing jobs, 11.1 per cent in trades, 28.7 per cent in transportation jobs, and 0.9 per cent in agricultural jobs. Of the 753 girls, 50 per cent were given as engaged in domestic service, a term which included housework, laundry work, restaurant occupations, and hair dressing. This percentage was unduly weighted by the inclusion of 277 girls who had left school on permit to do house work at home, of whom it was found that only 36 were actually engaged in such work. As this showed that some 240 girls had left school unnecessarily, the investigators call attention to the figures which, they say, “ show that careful investigation and follow-up work should be made in the case of the home-permit girl.” The conditions of home wTork do not seem to have been specially desirable. I The information given us by the 36 girls (who in all probability were representative of the group) showed that long hours rewarded by little or no pay was the lot of the home-permit girl. It was interesting to learn that only one of these 36 home-permit girls wished to remain in her present position, the majority (28) wishing to become clerks, office girls, or telephone operators. 1 M ichigan, U n iv e rsity of. School of E d u catio n . V ocational education d ep artm e n t. O ccupations of ju n io r w orkers in D e tro it, b y A lexander C. C rockett a n d Jennie M. Claw. A nn A rbor, 1923. 76 pp. Special studies No. 1. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [1344 ] WOMAIn AHD c h il d la b o r . 121 Considering only the 476 girls who were employed away from home, 54 per cent were engaged in commercial jobs, 24 per cent in manu facturing jobs, and 22 per cent in domestic service. Wages began at $5 a week for the boys and $3 for the girls, and for both groups ran up to $20 or over. The boys averaged $10.80 a week, the girls, $10. Hours per day ranged from 6 or less up to 14, the average for both sexes being 9. Of the boys 6.40 per cent and of the girls 8.33 per cent had a working-day of from 11 to 14 hours. These hours included the noon hour period but no information was given concerning its length. One of the questions asked was as to the time required for learning the job, and the answers were strongly indicative of the kind of work the children were doing. The average time given by both boys and girls was three days, the majority in both groups assigning a week as the proper period. Fifty-three of the boys and 12 of the girls thought it would require from 6 months to over a year, but on the other hand, 20 of the girls and 42 of the boys considered an hour sufficient. The reasons given for liking or disliking their jobs reflect the char acter of the individual as well as the nature of the jobs. The most agreeable features, as given by boys, vary from a “ chance for advance ment,’’ “ learning the business,” and “ getting experience,” to “ pay day” and “ the noon hour,” while among the girls they range from “ responsibility” and “ contact with people” to the “ music and congenial fellow workers” enjoyed by seven ushers. Among both boys and girls there are some who like everything about their work and some who like nothing, but in general they seem to adjudge their jobs much as adults do. Not infrequently the feature which one cites as the most disagreeable is given by another as an advantage; in other words, the personal element counts for much. The investigators consider that a study of the likes and dislikes of the children, which are given at length, should be helpful to parents, vocational counselors, and employers in helping to fit the young worker into his proper place. They also consider that apart from the work to be (Tone the character of the employer plays an important part and should be carefully studied by placement agents. The extent to which training may be considered good or bad depends entirely upon the firm where the worker is employed. The number of jobs which provide good, mediocre, or bad training can not be determined by this study except in a very general way. * * * A study of the firms employing workers rather than the employees working for the firms is needed to answer the question as to training. We know that approximately three-fourths of the juniors appear from their statements to be receiving no outlined training. The need for the young person seeing the value of entering a good concern, in order that he may receive desirable training, is very evident. Entrance of Women into Railway Clerical Work in Australia. ACCORDING to the Railways Union Gazette (Melbourne) for /A September 20, 1923, the increasing utilization of women in clerical work by the railways is giving some concern to the unions. Women have always been employed by the railroads as caretakers, seamstresses, laundresses, and the like, but of late they have appeared in clerical work which has hitherto been reserved https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [1345] 122 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW. exclusively for men. Protests by the men were met with an assur ance that there was no intention of employing women extensively, but, according to the Gazette, they are still being taken on a few at a time. The low wages at which they can be secured seem to constitute the principal reason for the innovation. Cheap labor and efficient service are two things that must undoubtedly sway the administration to an extension of the policy. * * * The maximum salary of a seventh-class clerk is £252 [$1,226, par], yet his sister is paid a maximum rate by out side wages board determination of only £143 [$696, par] per annum, thus the depart ment waxes fat to the extent of £109 [$530, par], per year for each typist employed. Under the circumstances, the Gazette considers that it is hopeless to oppose the employment of women, and it calls on the unions, accord ingly, to organize the newcomers as rapidly as possible, and to adopt as a cardinal principle equality of pay for the sexes. “ Equal pay for equal work, or equal class of work, is the platform on which the sexes should unite.” https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [13461 LA B O R A G R E E M E N T S, AW ARDS, A N D DECISIONS. Decisions of the Railroad Labor Board. Supervisory Forces. EPTEMBER 28, 1923, the Railroad Labor Board handed down a decision (No. 1979) in regard to representation of mainte nance of way foremen in agreement negotiations. The case had been before the board before (Decision No. 1644) and the facts, opinion, and decision therein were printed in the M o n t h l y L a b o r R e v ie w for June, 1923, pages 160-164, thus render ing a detailed repetition of the case unnecessary. In that case the board decided that its settlement of a dispute between the Brotherhood of Maintenance of Way Employees and Railway Shop Laborers and their employers should become effective, though occurring after a satisfactory agreement had been made between the supervisory forces of the same brotherhood and the same employers, inasmuch as the latter agreement had not been properly brought to the attention of the board. Following this decision, the general manager of the railroad placed in effect the order of the Labor Board and notified the general chair man of the brotherhood of the intention of the carrier, June 1, 1923,, to cancel the agreement thus placed in force and to conclude an agree ment with the supervisory forces independent of the other members of the brotherhood. June 2, the carrier caused an election to be held, as a result of which 173 foremen indicated their desire to be represented by the Supervisors’ Association of Maintenance of Way Foremen, while 20 indicated their desire to be represented by the brotherhood. The representatives of the employees took the position that the balloting of these employees separately from the entire group was improper, protested against the entire procedure, requested that the carrier hold the election in abeyance until the Railroad Labor Board had passed on the propriety of taking such a ballot and refused to assist in the balloting. The carrier insisted that the election was conducted in conformity with the rules laid down by the board and that the results should determine the association with whom it should conduct negotiations relative to rules and working conditions for foremen and assistant foremen in the maintenance of way department. Because of the protest, however, the carrier did not enter into such negotiations and awaited the approval of the election by the board. The opinion and decision of the board were briefly expressed as follows: S O p in io n .—The Railroad Labor Board feels that the carrier has complied with the meaning and intent of Decision No. 1644 referred to herein, and that the election referred to has been conducted in a fair and impartial manner. The majority of the board has clearly outlined its position relative to the right of foremen to negotiate an 71915°— 23----- 9 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 11347] 123 124 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW. agreement governing rules and working conditions providing the provisions of the transportation act, 1920, are complied with. This opinion will be found in Decision No. 1269, covering a dispute between the United Brotherhood of Maintenance of Way Employees and Railway Shop Laborers and the Delaware, Lackawanna & Western Railroad Co. The board wishes to reiterate the expressions contained therein. D e c is io n .—The Railroad Labor Board decides upon the evidence submitted that the carrier has complied with the provisions of Decision No. 1644, as well as the provisions of the transportaion act, 1920, in the conduct of the election referred to in this dispute, and the result thereof shall determine with whom the carrier shall negotiate rules and working conditions governing foremen and assistant foremen employed in the maintenance of way department. One of the labor members of the board filed a lengthy and vigor ous dissent from the above decision— Because it is obvious that the rights of the organization presenting the dispute have been wholly disregarded and ignored; That the members of the board voting for this Decision No. 1979 willfully and premeditatedly disregarded the rights of the employees, and also ignored practically all of its previous decisions and rulings governing procedure; That this carrier and the members of the board who voted for this Decision No. 1979 have knowingly perverted the true purpose of the labor provisions of the transpor tation act, 1920. In this case the employees declined to permit the carrier to dictate who should or should not represent certain employees. They also declined to participate in the carrier’s program of destroying their own organization, at least until after they had submitted the facts to the Railroad Labor Board for hearing and decision. The carrier declined to join the employees in submitting the dispute to the board. On the con trary the carrier advised the representatives of the United Brotherhood of Maintenance of Way Employees and Railway Shop Laborers that the election would proceed without their participation or action by the board. This program was carried out. A supporting opinion by the majority was alsp filed from which the following quotations are made: 1. The Railroad Labor Board long ago held that maintenance of way foremen were entitled to maintain an organization separate from that of the employees they super vised, if they so desired. The board furthermore expressed the view that such an arrangement was conducive to the efficient operation of the railways and to the best interest of both the employees and their foremen. It may also be added that in other classes of railway employees it is not the practice for foremen to belong to an organi zation with their subordinates and to be placed in a position where they may be con trolled or influenced by those under their supervision. The same principle is recog nized in the railway service by not permitting unskilled labor to represent and domi nate skilled employees. In both the shop crafts and the clerical organizations this principle has been continually recognized by the board, including the writer of the dissenting opinion herein. 2. The board did not, however, hold that the foremen could not affiliate with the unskilled employees in the maintenance of way brotherhood and select that organi zation to represent them, if they so desired. It merely held that the foremen should have the right to choose between said brotherhood and a separate organization of foremen, and that the unskilled employees of the brotherhood could not vote in the decision of this question. This policy did not deny liberty of choice to anybody, but it preserved that liberty for the foremen. On the other hand, it necessarily meant that the very distinct rights and interests of the unskilled should not be under the control of their foremen. 3. The Railroad Labor Board having established the principles above outlined, the foremen on this railroad had a right to negotiate an agreement with the carrier. This right they and the carrier attempted to exercise, but, in Decision No. 1644, the board held that inasmuch as the maintenance of way brotherhood then held an' agreement covering the foremen and containing a provision requiring notice to that organization of the carrier's desire to modify or annul the agreement, which notice had not been given, the procedure of the carrier and foremen was invalid. Thereupon, the carrier gave the necessary notice to the brotherhood of maintenance of way employees and, in the subsequent conference, proposed to hold a proper elec tion to permit the foremen to decide whether they would be represented by the brother- https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [1348] LABOR AGREEMENTS, AWARDS, AND DECISIONS. 125 hood or by an association of their own. The brotherhood declined to participate in such election, unless the unskilled group of employees belonging to the organization were permitted to vote. The carrier, relying upon the previous decisions of the board, declined. The election was then held and the evidence shows that by a secret ballot conforming to the board’s decisions a large majority of the foremen voted for a separate organization. The carrier has very properly awaited the action of the board oil this dispute before proceeding to negotiate with the foremen’s association. Subordinate Officials. A DECISION relative to “ subordinate officials” has been recently k handed down by the Railroad Labor Board (No. 1985, October 17, 1923), concerning the Interstate Commerce Commission definition of this class of employees. The commission issued a regulation (Ex parte No. 72, November 24, 1920) containing the following statement: The above definitions include all of the classes of employees whose claims to recog nition as “ subordinate officials” were presented at the hearings, except supervisory station agents. The supervisory station agents are those who have supervision of the work of other station employees. They cover the range from the station where one employee other than the agent is employed to the agents at the largest and most important points. They are the official and responsible representatives of the com pany in its relationships with the public and frequently in a legal sense. Their com pensation naturally varies with the responsibilities of their positions. It is not believed that this class can be consistently included within the term “ subordinate officials,” as that term is used in Title III of the transportation act, 1920. Acting under this regulation the Philadelphia & Reading Railway Co., in the agreement it was negotiating with a committee elected by the employees in the telegraph department, sought to exclude as being supervisory agents station agents who supervised one or more employees, holding that they— Are not subject to the jurisdiction of the employees’ committee and do not come under the provisions of the proposed agreement; furthermore, since the agents which the carrier proposes to exclude as supervisory agents do not perform any of the duties specified in the scope of the agreement which is being negotiated between the carrier and the committee elected to represent employees in the telegraph department, the carrier holds that these positions should not be subject to the jurisdiction of this committee nor to the provisions of the proposed agreement covering rules, working conditions, and rates of pay. The employees contend that all agents should be included in the schedule agree ment which have been incorporated in the previous schedule agreement for the following reasons: 1. Many of such employees have accepted such positions believing they would be continued under the agreement. 2. They perform routine office work, which we believe should be the determining factor in whether or not agencies should be included. 3. The majority of these employees are members of the same organization as the balance of employees we have agreed to incorporate, and perform service which is analogous. 4. The balance of the employees in station, tower, and telegraph service have an inherent right to their inclusion, as inclusion of agents’ positions places them where the regular line of promotion will fill them. The essential parts of the opinion and decision follow: O p in io n .—The authority under which the Interstate Commerce Commission pro mulgated its decision on this question, as quoted in the joint submission of this dis pute, is conveyed in paragraph 5, section 300, Title III of the transportation act, 1920, reading as follows: “ The term ‘subordinate official’ includes officials of carriers of such class or rank as the commission shall designate by regulation formulated and issued after such https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [1349] 126 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW. notice and hearing as the commission may prescribe, to the carriers, and employees and subordinate officials of carriers, and organizations thereof, directly to be affected by such regulations.” The Interstate Commerce Commission was empowered to say what men in the railway service were “ subordinate officials.” This was not for the purpose of drawing a dividing line between “ employees” and “ subordinate officials.” That was a matter of no concern to Congress, because both classes were placed under the applica tion of the transportation act, 1920, and the jurisdiction of the Railroad Labor Board. The purpose of Congress evidently was to have a dividing line drawn between “ officials” and “ subordinate officials,” in order that officials might fall without and subordinate officials within the jurisdiction of the board. It was not primarily the duty or purpose of the Interstate Commerce Commission to designate and classify officials or employees, but in its action on this matter it did say that all agents who supervise as many as one are not subordinate officials, because inferentially they are officials. The agent who supervises one employee was classed by the Interstate Commerce Commission with the agent who supervises 100 employees, and both were declared not to be “ subordinate officials” because of their supervisory authority, and because of the further fact that “ they are the official and responsible representatives of the company in its relationship with the public and frequently in a legal sense.” It was the plain and intentional meaning of the language used by the Interstate Commerce Commission that all agents who supervised as many as one employee were officials, and that therefore they were not subordinate officials. In the language of the Interstate Commerce Commission the same supervisory authority that excluded the agent with 100 subordinates from the class of “ subordinate officials” also excluded the agent with one supervised employee. In other words, the Interstate Commerce Commission held that all such supervisory agents were not subordinate officials, be cause they were officials. This action of the Interstate Commerce Commission left another plain inference— namely, that such agents as those who supervised nobody were employees within the meaning of the transportation act, 1920. It did not, however, formally designate them as employees, because it was not authorized by the act to declare who were em ployees any more than it was to declare who were officials. All that it had been asked to do and all it had the legal authority to do was to desig nate as subordinate officials such agents as it deemed proper. It did not declare that any of them were subordinate officials. It is therefore an unescapable conclusion that inasmuch as no station agents are subordinate officials, they must all fall either under the head of officials or that of employees. Such of them as are officials are not within the jurisdiction of the board; such of them as are employees are within the board’s jurisdiction. Under the law, the board can not declare that these supervisory agents are subordi nate officials. The Interstate Commerce Commission has settled that question. On the other hand, the board would create a very awkward situation if it declared any part of the supervisory agents to be employees in the face of the Interstate Commerce Commission’s virtual finding that they are officials. It would place the board’s action in conflict with that of the Interstate Commerce Commission. The practices that may have existed prior to Federal control or the agreements that may have since been made by certain carriers can not affect the jurisdiction conferred upon the board by the transportation act, 1920. The carrier may make such contracts as it may see fit with its officials, and the board could never be concerned thereby unless it should be made to appear in a case properly submitted that such agreements with those not under the jurisdiction of the board conflicted with the rights of those who are under its jurisdiction. The question as to whether the two factors upon which the Interstate Commerce Commission based its action in Ex parte No. 72—namely, the supervisory capacity of the agents and their official relationship to the public—drew the proper dividing line between officials and subordinate officials, is not one upon which the Railroad Labor Board can properly pass. It will be a question for the consideration of the Inter state Commerce Commission when the matter is reopened and reheard before the commission as the board is informed it will be. The board is not therefore expressing any opinion herein as to the merits of the contentions of the employees as to what agents should rightfully be included in their agreements, but is recognizing the fact that it is bound by Ex parte No. 72 unless and until same is revised by the commission. D e cisio n .—In view of the premises, the Railroad Labor Board decides that it has no jurisdiction over those classified as supervisory agents by the Interstate Commerce Commission. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [1350] LABOR AGREEMENTS, AWARDS, AND DECISIONS. 127 Longshoremen and Lighter Captains— Port of New York. A N AGREEMENT between Lighter Captains’Union, Local 996, of the Internationa] Longshoremen’s Association, and the members of the Lighterage Association of the Port of New York became effec tive October 1, 1923, for one year. The scale affects about 2,200 men carrying freight between the various railroad and steamship piers, about one-half working for the railroad companies and onehalf for owners of privately operated barges. By this agreement the men working on the privately owned barges receive 40 cents per week more than war-time wages and those working for the railroads SI5 per month less than war-time wages. The more important sections in the agreement are shown in the following extracts: Ca p t a in s . 1. Minimum wage on covered barges, $28 per week; minimum wage on hand winch boats, $28 per week; minimum wage on steam and gasoline hoisting lighters, $29per week. 2. The working hours of the day to be from 7 a. m. to 6 p. m., or 10 hours per day. Six (6) days to constitute a week’s work. Regular working time of the week shall begin 7 a. m. Monday morning and end 6 p. m. Saturday. Sunday work to be time and a half. 3. When captains of lighters are ordered to work after 6 p. m. they shall receive time and a half for actual time worked and an additional allowance of one dollar and fifty cents ($1.50) for watching, provided, however, that when captains receive six (6) hours or more overtime, no additional allowance shall be paid for watching the balance of the night. N ig h t W a tching a nd N ig h t T o w in g . 4. Compensation for night watching to be one dollar and fifty cents ($1.50) per night. Additional allowance for towing at night fifty cents (50c.). 5. When captains are ordered to be on their boats on Sunday for the purpose of watching or towing, they shall receive one full day’s pay. 6. All car fare in excess of ten cents (10c.) to be paid by the employer to men living within the Metropolitan district. All car fare to be paid by the employers when the men are on the company’s calls. 8. All disputes arising under this agreement, or questions arising regarding inter pretation of clauses contained therein, shall lie referred to a committee of two for settle ment. Said committee to be composed of one representative of each party to this agreement. If this committee is unable to agree, they shall choose a third disinter ested man whose decision shall be final and binding on both parties. 9. No discrimination of any kind shall be made against union men. Printing industry (Web Pressmen) - New York City. FYUKING the progress of negotiations looking to tlie making of a new agreement, 2,200 web pressmen, members of the New York Web Printing Pressmen’s Union No. 25, went on strike without authorization. The signing of the new agreement, dated September 21, 1923, between the Publishers’ Association of New York City and the International Printing Pressmen and Assistants’ Union of North America, practically broke the strike, though the strikers did not all return to work until October 1. Union No. 25 was dissolved and its charter revoked by the international union. The new agreement, which was in a sense national in making though local in operation, secured to the men an increase of $3 per week and https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [1351] 128 MONTHLY Lx\BOR REVIEW. a reduction in hours from 48 to 41 for night work and from 48 to 45 for day work. Under its provisions the international union under takes to furnish men to operate the presses of the publishers’ asso ciation “ in accordance with definite stipulations that will guarantee full production, peace, and the highest possible efficiency in the press rooms.” The points of settlement were as follows: (1) Night work shall consist of forty-one (41) hours per week, to be performed in the following manner: Two nights at eight hours each to be designated by the office, to be changed only upon one week’s notice; all other nights during the week to be of six and one-half hours each. It is specifically understood that on the two designated eighthour night shifts, that half of one hour for luncheon shall be allowed on office time, and as nearly as practicable in each office at the same time each working day or night. It is further understood and agreed that no press crew shall be sent to lunch before the third hour after starting work, or be kept from lunch more than five hours after starting work, except on the six-and-one-half hour night shift provided for in the next paragraph. (2) It is agreed that on the six-and-a-half hour nights the office shall have continu ous operation and no lunch .period is required to be given at the expense of the office, provided, however, that no press crew shall work longer than six and one-half hours without receiving a lunch period. (3) Night work shall be between 8 p. m. and 6 a. m. except Saturday night, when the hours shall be between 5 p .m . and 5 a. m. (4) *Day work shall consist of eight consecutive hours per day, between 7 a. m. and 7 p. m., including half an hour for luncheon on office time. (5) Color presses and rotagravure presses shall be operated, when required, in three shifts, a day shift of eight hours, a night shift of seven hours, and a third shift, part day and part night, of seven hours, which last named two shifts shall be paid for at night rates, provided men working on either of the two 7-hour shifts on rotagravure and color presses shall receive a wage scale in excess of that established for black presses in an amount equal to one hour each week at time and a half. A luncheon period of one-half hour shall be allowed on office time on the 8-hour day shift; on either of the two 7-hour shifts men may be sent to lunch in turn without shutting down the press or presses. O v e r t im e . (6) Employees may be called in before their regular working hours whenever in the judgment of the office it is necessary, but all such work shall be paid for at time and one-half. When overtime extends beyond or before the day hours or beyond or before the night hours, the night overtime rates shall be paid. (7) All time required and actually worked before or continued after the regular day or night work shall be counted as overtime and shall be paid for at the rate of time and one-half for any part of the first four hours of work and double time thereafter. E arly C alls and Call B ack . (8) When men are called back for work, after getting “ good day” or “good night,” they shall receive two ($2) dollars for the call and double time for all time actually worked after reporting at their positions. Day men called before 7 a. m. shall be paid one ($1) dollar in addition to the regular day wage. C o m p e n s a t io n . (9) It is agreed that the compensation rates shall be as follows: For men in charge on day work, they shall receive fifty-four ($54) dollars per week; journeymen on day work shall receive forty-eight ($48) dollars per week; juniors shall receive thirty-two ($32) dollars per week. For men in charge on night work, they shall receive fifty-seven ($57) dollars per week; journeymen on night work shall receive fifty-one ($51) dollars per week; juniors shall receive thirty-five ($35) dollars per week. I t is provided that the foregoing scale is agreed to by the parties to this contract with the following reservations: (a) That the difference in the total compensation rates as proposed by the party of the first part in their proposed contract of August 6, 1923, and the rates proposed by https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [1352] LABOR AGREEMENTS, AWARDS, AND DECISIONS. 129 the party of the second part, in its proposed contract of May 4, 1923, shall be considered in the following manner: That immediately the parties hereto agree to set up a conciliation board of three (3) members each, who shall proceed forthwith in an endeavor to reach an agreement upon the differences as between the compensation rates referred to in order to deter mine a permanent compensation rate. In the event of the conciliation board failing to agree, that then and in such event the board thus named shall proceed to select three (3) disinterested persons within fifteen (15) days, who shall act as a board of arbitration to determine definitely such differences and all other differences not settled by conciliation as herein provided, it being understood that the voting power of such board of arbitration shall be con fined to three (3) votes, to-wit, one vote representing the party of the first part, one vote to represent tire party of the second part, and one vote to represent the three (3) disinterested members of such board of arbitration. If in ten days the conciliation board is unable to agree on the three disinterested persons, then the Governor of the State of New York, who was heretofore agreed on as a nominator by all parties now’ or previously interested, shall be called on to designate the three disinterested men or any number of the three on whom agreement was not arrived at. It is agreed that in the interim the compensation rates operative as of section 9 shall continue in full force and operation until a permanent compensation rate has been determined in accordance with the foregoing; provided, however, until such permanent rate of compensation is so determined, the extra payments now made in certain offices shall be so readjusted that no employee shall receive (including the three dollars per week increase in regular wages and the higher overtime rates herein pro vided) less compensation per week than such employee would have received for a corresponding number of hours’ work prior to September 17, 1923. It is provided that such permanent compensation rates agreed to in accordance with the foregoing shall be made retroactive to the date of this contract. It is further agreed that the conciliation board heretofore provided shall aid the parties hereto in preparing all the provisions necessary for a complete working contract for one year from September 1,1923, between the parties hereto; that the two proposed contracts submitted respectively by the president of the international union to the New York newspaper owners on May 4, 1923, and the proposed contract submitted by the Publishers’ Association of New York City to the New York City union on August 6, 1923, shall be used as the basis of discussion by the parties hereto in prepar ing such working contract for one year, and that any point or points on which the parties hereto can not agree shall be decided finally by the said conciliation board, enlarged as provided and acting as an arbitration board, by a majority or unanimous vote. It is agreed that any contract arrived at pursuant to "this agreement shall contain a clause providing for its renewed or replacement at expiration by arbitration in the event of failure to arrive at a complete agreement by conciliation or negotiation and that such arbitration shall be in accordance with the plan herein provided. Taxicabs— Rochester, N. Y. N AGREEMENT between the Rochester Taxicab Co. and the Yellow Cab Co., both operated under the same management, and Teamsters’ Local 543, was signed April 14, 1923, terminating a strike begun two weeks before on the refusal of the companies to sign a closed-shop agreement prepared by the union. The agreement is to remain in force for five years. The following extracts from this agreement are of interest: A rticle I. Parties of the first part shall have the right and privilege of conducting its business upon what is known as the “ open-shop” plan, but will give preference to members of the union known as local No. 543, or to such persons as express to the first parties their willingness to join such local after they have been in the employ of the first parties for a period of fifteen days. A r t . II. The employees of the first parties shall have the right to join local 543 and continue their membership therein and will not be discriminated against for so doing. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [1353] MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW. 130 A r t . III. There shall be a steward chosen by the employees of the first parties whose duty shall be to receive the complaints of the employees of the first parties, and who in turn shall present such complaints to the first parties. In the event that such steward and first parties shall not agree, such disputes shall be submitted in writing by memorandum signed by said parties and the steward to a person to be se lected. by the president of the Rochester Chamber of Commerce, and the decision of such person shall be final and binding upon all parties. No strike or lockout shall take place pending the decision of said person. A r t . V. The question of wages of all drivers and working hours shall be submitted by the first [parties] hereto to an arbitration committee, consisting of three members to be appointed by the president of the Rochester Chamber of Commerce, and pending the decision of said arbitration committee all drivers shall receive a commission of 25 per cent of all bookings each week, excepting funeral drivers, who shall receive $30 per week; and also, pending said decision of said arbitration committee, drivers shall not be required to work more than ten hours each day, or more than six days each week. Upon receipt of a copy of the written decision of said arbitration com mittee the same shall be binding upon the parties hereto, and thereupon and there after the first parties shall pay, and the drivers shall receive during the life of this agreement, the compensation fixed by said arbitration committee. After hearings the decision of the arbitrators appointed under Article V above was rendered May 26. I t was limited to fixing wages and working hours, and was accepted by all garages and brokerage houses in the city. Extracts from the award follow: The board found the general practice in Rochester and generally throughout the country to pay taxicab drivers on a commission basis and felt that no other method waspracticable, and after the board’s deliberation, extending over a period of several weeks, the board’s decision was reached. The board decided on the following scale of weekly commission for drivers unless the various firms feel that the fiat wage scale of $22.50 per week of ten (10) hours per day and six (6) days per week and 25 per cent on all bookings over $75 in any one week [is preferable]. This also will be acceptable to members of Chauffeurs’ Local Union, No. 543, and to take effect from the time of the expiration of the old agreement and to be in full force until April 1st, 1924. All funeral drivers shall receive $30 per week. P e r cent. On receipts up to $60, inclusive........................................................... 26 On receipts up to $60 to $70, inclusive................................................ 27 On receipts up to $70 to $80, inclusive............................................... 28 On receipts up to $80 to $90, inclusive................................................ 29 On receipts up to $90 and upward...................................................... 30 The board urges the companies to devise immediately a system which will protect the drivers from responsibility for uncollected charge accounts and also assume the burden of minor damages which is inevitable in such a hazardous industry. The percentages granted were those asked for by the union. Several companies accepted the alternative plan of paying drivers $22.50 per week and 25 per cent commission on all bookings over $75. Italian Decree Regulating Collective Agreements.1 N RECENT months the Italian Confederation of Labor, the Cath olic Federation of Labor, and the National Facisti Corporations have each requested the Italian Government to regulate collective labor agreements. In accordance with these requests the prime minister, on September 2, submitted to the cabinet a decree making collective agreements legally binding and providing arbitration boards for all disputes arising from the application of such agree- I 1 The d a ta on which this article is based are from B attaglie Sindacali, Milan, Sept. 6, 1923. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [1354] LABOR AGREEMENTS, AWARDS, AND DECISIONS. ments. The cabinet approved the decree. decree are as follows: 131 The provisions of the A r t i c l e 1 . A collective labor agreement concluded by one or several labor organi zations and one or several employers’ organizations, even if these exist only de facto, as well as one concluded by one or several labor organizations and individual em ployers, shall be bin-ling upon all the members of the organization or organizations and upon the individual employers who have concluded the agreement. The agree ment shall within 30 days of its conclusion be deposited with the prefect of the Province within the limits of which it is to be applicable. The agreement shall be entered on a special register kept by the prefect. The deposit of the agreement shall be con sidered legally valid even if it has been effected by only one of the contracting parties. A r t . 2. Whenever the contracting parties have agreed upon the deposit of a sum as bond for the observance of the agreement, this sum shall be deposited with a credit institute. The receipt for the deposit must be presented to the prefect together with the agreement. A r t . 3. At the time when the agreement is deposited or within two weeks thereafter the contracting parties shall name their representatives on the arbitration board dealt with in article 4. A r t . 4. In each provincial capital there shall be established at the prefecture an arbitration board (co m m issione arbitrate) to which shall be submitted all disputes arising from the interpretation, application, and enforcement of collective labor agree ments deposited with the prefect. The board shall also decide all disputes relating to the nullity of the agreement owing to the absence of consent. The board shall be presided over by the president of the provincial court or by a president of a branch of the court, or in their absence by a judge designated by the president, and shall be composed of two representatives of workers’ organizations and two representatives of employers’ organizations or of individual employers named by the interested parties in accordance with article 3. Of the representatives of each class one shall be a regular member of the board and the other shall act as alternate. If the contracting parties of one collective agreement are, respectively, constituted of several workers’ organizations, or of several employers’ organizations, or of several individual employers, and if at the time of depositing the agreement with the prefect the parties can not agree on a choice of their respective representatives, representatives shall be appointed by the president of the provincial court from a list furnished him by the parties. If one of the parties does not appoint its representatives, or if these refuse to take part in a decision, the president of the provincial court shall complete the board by ap pointing in their place a judge of the court or a pretor of the district. A clerk of the court chosen by the president of the provincial court shall act as secretary of the arbi tration board. A r t . 5. In rendering awards the board shall have the powers of a friendly arbitrator in accordance with the provisions of the law on prudhommes of June 15,1893 (No. 295), and with the administrative regulations relating to this law, in so far as they are appli cable . When the board finds that the collective agreement has been violated it may, in addition to making the provisions required by the case, also order that the sum de posited by the party who has violated the agreement shall be forfeited to the other party or that the latter shall receive a part of this sum as damages, according to whether the agreement provides for a penalty or compensation of damages. An appeal from the decision of the board is permissible only on the ground of incompetence or excess of authority. A r t . 6. If the collective agreement covers several Provinces the locality in which the cash deposit has been made shall determine what arbitration board shall be compe tent to settle disputes. A r t . 7. The present decree shall come into force on the date of its publication in the Official Gazette, and shall be submitted to parliament for conversion into a law. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 11355] E M P L O Y M E N T A N D U N E M PLO Y M E N T . Employment in Selected industries in October, 1923. HE Bureau of Labor Statistics received reports concerning the volume of employment in October, 1923, from 7,233 repre sentative establishments in 51 manufacturing industries, cover ing 2,428,247 employees, whose total earnings during one week in October were $65,731,632. The same establishments in September reported 2,433,120 employees and total pay rolls of $63,694,596. Therefore in October, as shown from these unweighted figures for 51 industries combined, there was a decrease as compared with Septem ber of 0.2 per cent in the number of employees, an increase of 3.2 per cent in the total amount paid in wages, and an increase of 3.4 per cent in average weekly earnings. The bureau’s questionnaire does not make inquiry concerning labor turnover, but as this is the season of the year when men are looking for regular work and an assured income it is probable that this slight decrease in employment, coupled with a substantial gain in average weekly earnings, is due to greater regularity of work and less floating labor than during the summer months. The likelihood of this expla nation being true is further confirmed by the few increases in rates of wages reported. Comparing data from identical establishments for September and October, increases in employment are shown in 26 of the 51 industries and increases in the amount paid in^wages in 36 industries. The greatest increase in employment was 8 per cent in the confec tionery and ice-cream industry. The increases in the dyeing and finishing textiles, paper boxes, chewing tobacco, shirts and collars, and glass industries ranged from 4.7 per cent down to 2.2 per cent, and the increases in 21 other industries were all less than 2 per cent. The carriage and wagon industry was the only one showing a large decrease in employment, 8 per cent, all the remaining (24) decreases being 3 per cent or less. Two industries show very large increases in pay-roll totals; these increases were 14.6 per cent in women’s clothing and 11.4 per cent in automobiles. Two other industries, chewing tobacco and shirts and collars, show increases of over 8 per cent. The cotton goods industry shows the greatest decrease in pay-roll totals, 7.3 per cent, followed by the carriage and wagon industry, 6 per cent. Considering the industries by groups, increases in employment are shown in the total of all establishments in the food industries and in the paper and printing, tobacco, and vehicles groups. These increases were small except in the food industries, which as a whole increased 2.3 per cent. Small decreases in employment appear in the remaining 8 groups. T 132 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [135G] EMPLOYMENT AND UNEMPLOYMENT. 133 Forty-two of the 51 industries show increased per capita earnings in October as compared with 39 in September, 25 in August, and onfy 10 in July. For convenient reference the latest figures available relating to all employees, excluding executives and officials, on Class I railroads, drawn from Interstate Commerce Commission reports, are given at the foot of the first and second tables. CO M PA R ISO N O P E M P L O Y M E N T IN ID E N T IC A L E S T A B L IS H M E N T S W E E K IN S E P T E M B E R A N D O C TO B ER , 1923. In d u stry . F ood and kindred products: Slaughtering and m eat packing___ Confectionery an d ice cream ............ F lour...................................................... B aking ................................................... Sugar refining, n o t including beet sugar................................ ................. T extiles a n d their products: Cotton goods........................................ H osiery and k n it goods..................... Silk goods.............................................. Woolen goods....................................... Carpets................................................... D yeing and finishing te x tile s .. . . . . Clothing, m en s.................................... Shirts and collars............................... Clothing, w om en’s.............................. M illinery an d lace goods................... Iron and ste el a n d their products: Iron and stee l....................................... Structural-iron w ork.......................... F o u n d r y and m a c h i n e - s h o p p rodu cts..... ....................................... H a rd w are ............................................. Machine tools....................................... Steam fittin g a n d steam hotw ater heating a p p aratu s............... Stoves............... ..................................... Lumber and its r emanuf a.ctures: L um ber, saw m ills.............................. Lum ber, m illw ork........... .................. F u rn itu re .............................................. Leather a n d its finished products: L eather.................................................. Boots a n d shoes, n o t including ru b b e r................................................ Pap er and printing: Paper an d p u lp .................................. P aper boxes.......................................... P rinting , book and jo b .......... .......... Printing , new spapers......................... Chemicals a nd allied products: Chem icals.............................................. Fertilizers............................................. Petroleum refining............................. Stone, clay, an d glass products: C em ent................................................... B rick an d tile ...................................... P o tte ry .................................................. G lass....................................................... M etal products, other than iron an d steel: Stam ped and enam eled w are.......... T ob acco m an ufactures: Tobacco, chewing and sm oking___ Tobacco, cigars and cigarettes......... V ehicles for lan d tra n sp o rta tio n : A uto m o b iles....................................... Carriages and wagons........................ Car building a n d repairing, electrie-railroad...................................... C a r b u i l d i n g and repairing, steam-railroad.................. ...............! https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis D U R IN G N um ber on p a y roll. A m ount of p a y roll. EstabPer lishcent of m ents. Septem October, change. Septem October, ber, 1923. 1923. ber, 1923. 1923. 84 137 269 253 12 91,913 18,640 15,810 35,007 93,290 20,148 15,985 35,674 + 1.5 352,262,816 $2,285,096 + 8 .1 370,740 397,694 + 1. 1 404,468 422,243 + 1.9 938,590 921,970 ONE cent of change. + 1.0 + 7 .3 + 4 .4 -1 .8 9,136 9,304 + 1.S 278,078 292,444 + 5 .2 90 154 76 156,933 71,384 55,205 59,781 20,626 24,593 59,049 23,457 15,420 12,327 152,266 72,190 54.924 59,930 20,762 25,754 57,286 24,091 15,109 11,928 -3 .0 + 1.1 -0 .5 + 0 .2 + 0.7 + 4 .7 -3 .0 + 2.7 -2 .0 -3 .2 2,767,228 1,135,427 1,150,525 1,393,060 569,514 558,221 1,452,397 347,980 369,463 269,080 2,564.368 1,188; 787 1,164,050 1,426,087 586,764 600,404 1,430,286 376,172 423,522 254,788 - 7 .3 + 4.7 + 1.2 + 2.4 + 3.0 + 7.6 -1 .5 + 8.1 + 14.6 - 5 .3 186 134 242,946 18,093 242,171 17,826 -0 .3 -1 .5 7,044,685 485,750 7,394,512 501,855 + 3.3 536 33 139 161,537 21,111 18,147 156,492 21,052 18,054 - 3 .1 - 0 .3 -0 .5 4,785,440 519,481 502,438 4,759,801 539,159 501,602 -0 .5 + 3.8 -0 .2 106 83 32,364 16,290 31,944 16,504 -1 .3 + 1.3 938,318 445,274 957,564 465,179 +2.1 + 4 .5 235 180 254 72,664 25,138 37,661 71,727 24,964 38,192 -1 .3 -0 .7 + 1.4 1,506,681 611,856 860,691 1,510,255 625,267 902,899 + 0 .2 + 2 .2 + 4 .9 129 27,453 27,366 - 0 .3 682,774 701,799 + 2 .8 163 81,150 80,431 -0 .9 1,812,533 1,780,364 -1 .8 175 143 216 199 49,410 15,678 26,203 43,569 49,007 16,244 26,356 44,360 -0 .8 + 3 .6 + 0.6 + 1.8 1,272,621 318,073 866,143 1,598,608 1,266,071 332,710 893,844 1,659,496 -0 .5 + 4 .6 + 3 .2 + 3 .8 112 87 63 15,994 8,571 47,045 16.077 8,613 45,564 + 0 .5 + 0 .5 - 3 .1 411,793 170,047 1,500,683 437,088 162,975 1,469,296 + 6.1 -4 .2 76 315 50 129 23,898 26,440 11,991 32,346 23,733 25,661 12,068 33,060 -0 .7 -2 .9 + 0 .6 + 2.2 706,964 678,364 309,059 <? 795,132 709,594 675,552 323,701 847,429 + 0 .4 -0 .4 + 4 .7 + 6.6 37 15,024 14,919 -0 .7 331,936 330,802 -0 .3 30 168 3,656 31,322 3,775 31,611 + 3 .3 + 0 .9 55,590 553,282 60,199 592,914 + 8.3 + 7.2 172 38 270,495 2,567 274,542 2,356 + 1.5 -8 .2 8,737,915 56,648 9,735,249 53,273 + 11.4 -6 .0 253 238 . 159 221 22 65 210 -21 183 18,049 17,888 -0 .9 510,511 525,805 + 3 .0 285 171,141 171,744 + 0 .4 4,931,147 5,176,701 + 5.0 [1357] MONTHLY LABOE REVIEW. 134 C O M PA R ISO N O F E M P L O Y M E N T IN ID E N T IC A L E S T A B L IS H M E N T S D U R IN G O N E W E E K IN S E P T E M B E R AN D O C T O B E R , 1923—Concluded. In d u stry . M iscellaneous in d u strie s: A gricultural im p lem en ts................. Electrical m achinery, apparatus, and su p p lies..................................... Pianos and organs.............................. R u b b er boots and shoes.................. A utom obile tires................................ Shipbuilding, stee l............................ _ , , x fA ugust 15,1923— R ailroads, class ^ S e p te m b e r 15,1923. A m ount of pay roll. N um ber on pay roll. Per E s ta b cent of lish October, m ents. Septem October, change. Septem 1923. ber, 1923. 3923. ber, 1923. 20,014 119 28 8 67 37 92,805 7j 742 12,833 34.544 27,946 19,369 92,910 7,710 12.941 33.942 28,433 1,957,055 1,929,493 i Increase of less th a n one-tenth of 1 per cent. -3 .2 +.1 -.4 +.8 -1 .7 + 1.7 -1 .4 $517,530 $517,647 2,551,696 220,635. 331,836 1,001,484 804,391 2,634,434 236,36.9 339,234 983,171 785,147 2$263,145,797 2$248,173,732 Per cent of change. +1 + 3.2 + 7.1 + 2 .2 -1 .8 - 2 .4 - 5 .7 2 A m ount of p ay roll for one m onth. Reports are available from 3.185 establishments for a comparison of data between October, 1923, and October, 1922. These reports from identical establishments in the two years show an increase in the 12 months of 9.2 per cent in the number of em ployees, an increase of 21.5 per cent in total pay rolls-, and an increase of 11.3 per cent in average weekly earnings. Thirty-one of the 43 separate industries show' increased employ ment, while 40 show7increased pay rolls. The greatest increase in employees in the year was 51 per cent m the pottery industry, reflecting the strike of 1922, followed by over 23 per cent in the automobile industry. The greatest increases in pay-roll totals were 69 per cent in the pottery industry, 41 per cent in the foundry and machine-shop products industry, and nearly 39 per cent in the electrical machinery industry. . . . The greatest decreases in both employees and earnings during the 12 months were in the automobile tire and carriage and wagon industries. Considering the industries by groups, all but stamped ware and the tobacco industries show increases in the number of employees. These increases range from 21 per cent in the vehicles group and 16 per cent in the iron and steel group, to 1 per cent in the leather group. In pay roll totals every group except stamped wire shows an increase in the 12-month period. These increases range from 35 per cent each in the iron and steel and vehicles groups, 25 per cent in the stone, clay, and glass products group, 20 per cent in the food products group, and 18 per cent in the lumber group, to 5 per cent in the leather group. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [135S] EMPLOYMENT AND UNEMPLOYMENT, 135 C O M PA R ISO N O F E M P L O Y M E N T IN ID E N T IC A L E S T A B L IS H M E N T S D U R IN G W E E K IN O C T O B E R , 1922, A N D O C T O B E R , 1923. In d u stry . N um ber on pay roll A m ount of p a y roll. Per E sta b cent lish of m ents. October, October, change. October, October, 1922. 1922. 1923. 1923. Per cent of change +10.4 $1,833,121 $2,227,237 + 4 .0 147.246 152,705 +11.0 398,700 467,894 +21.5 + 3.7 + 17.4 F o o d a n d k in d re d p ro d u c ts : Slaughtering and m eat p ack in g ___ F lo u r...................................................... B a k i n g ...................... ......................... T extiles a n d th e ir p ro d u c ts : C otton goods........................................ H osiery an d k n it goods.................... Silk goods............................................. W oolen goods...................................... C arpets.................................................. D yeing an d finishing te x tiles.......... Clothing, m en ’s ................................... Shirts arid co llars............................... Clothing, w om en’s ............................. M illinery an d lace goods.................. Iro n a n d steel a n d th e ir p ro d u c ts : Iron a nd s te e l...................................... F o u n d ry a n d m achne-shop p ro d u c ts ..................................................... H ardw are.............................................. Stoves.................................................... L u m b e r a n d its re m a n u fa c tu re s : L um ber, saw m ills.............................. L um ber, m illw ork............................. F u rn itu re .............................................. L e a th e r a n d its finished p ro d u c ts : L e a th e r.................................................. Boots a n d shoes, n o t including ru b b e r................................................ P a p e r a n d p rin tin g : P aper a n d p u lp ................................... P aper b o x e s . .. .. . ................... .......... P rinting , book a n d jo b ..................... P rinting , n ew spapers........................ C hem icals a n d allied p ro d u c ts : C hem icals.............................................. F e rtilize rs................... ....................... Petroleum refining............................. S to n e , clay , a n d g la ss p ro d u c ts : B rick a n d tile ...... ............................... P o tte r y .................................................. Glass....................................................... M eta l p ro d u c ts , o th e r th a n iro n a n d steel: S tam ped a n d enam eled w a re .......... T o b a c c o m a n u fa c tu re s : Tobacco, chew ing a nd sm o k in g .. . Tobacco, cigars an d cigarettes........ V ehicles fo r la n d tr a n s p o r ta tio n : A utom obiles........................................ Carriages an d w a g o n s....................... Car building an d repairing, steam railroad .............................................. M iscellaneous in d u s trie s : A gricultural im p lem en ts.................. E lectrical m achinery, apparatus, and su p p lies............................... 1.. Pianos and organs.............................. A utom obile tire s ................................ Shipbuilding, ste e l............................. Railroads, Class ONE l{iept*15,’ 1923. 77 38 123 82,535 5,342 14,411 91,115 5,557 15,995 135 132 113 98 21 27 110 61 73 18 97,637 46,088 35,172 45,231 18,533 16,070 42,739 20,231 9,250 3,064 99,981 45,581 36,900 48,781 19,816 15,757 43,245 20,164 9,373 2,949 126 169,037 195,396 + 15. 6 160 20 22 77,905 15,390 6,579 93,432 17,181 6,172 + 19.9 + 11.6 -6 .2 175 101 93 54,126 14,698 18,612 58,137 15,113 19,203 + 7.4 + 2 .8 + 3 .2 980,258 355,554 439,470 120 26,578 25,910 -2 .5 115 66,510 68,224 + 2 .6 97 56 80 96 32,245 9,861 14,938 25,937 32,857 10,408 15,692 28,158 + 1.9 +5. 5 + 5.0 + 8 .6 31 22 29 9.424 2)336 34,673 9,022 2,340 37,175 140 18 86 12,619 3,779 24,248 12 9 105 + 2 .4 -1 .1 + 4 .9 + 7 .8 + 6.9 -1 .9 + 1.2 -0 .3 + 1.3 -3 .8 1,700,244 821.414 803,543 1,192,073 562,648 367,117 1,142,501 322,233 299,262 68,038 + 9 .8 + 4.9 + 16.2 +20.2 + 12.6 + 8.5 + 5.6 + 12.4 + 2 .8 + 2.8 4,436,780 5,922,733 +33.5 2,102,476 331,080 183,057 2,965,840 449,537 187,477 +41.1 +35.8 + 2.4 1,210,310 391,493 495,723 +23.5 + 10.1 + 12.8 617,770 667,463 + 8 .0 1,483,954 1,543,093 + 4.0 786,014 208,511 513,275 937,648 858,049 224,230 553,124 1,061,088 + 9.2 + 7.5 + 7.8 + 13.2 -4 .3 + 0 .2 + 7 .2 224,249 40,385 1,159,318 254,26S 45,912 1,200,424 + 13.4 + 13.7 + 3.5 13,783 5,727 24,743 + 9 .2 +51.5 + 2 .0 296,822 94,795 565,858 379,324 160,346 652,004 +27.8 +69.2 + 15.2 5,645 5,397 -4 .4 131,828 127,544 - 3 .2 1,474 24,936 1,560 23,452 + 5 .8 -6 .0 24,213 440,024 27,361 443,335 + 13.0 + .8 109 15 164,825 1,576 203,906 1,308 +23.7 —17.0 5,345,619 37,193 7,204,516 31,871 +34.8 -1 4 .3 101 65,228 75,841 + 16.3 1,709,229 2,305,384 +34.9 55 17,456 18,173 + 4 .1 409,548 488,382 + 19.2 78 12 58 IS 63,869 4,421 33,206 18,167 77,144 5,026 27,112 17,384 +20. 8 + 13.7 -1 8 .4 - 4 .3 1,573,549 126,524 921,482 444,443 2,183,390 161,311 780,640 504,061 +38.8 +27.5 -1 5 .3 +13.4 1.692 .779 Ï, 929^ 493 1 +14.0 1,548,986 783,238 691,322 991,710 499,707 338,233 1,081,838 286,587 290,993 66,202 ï $232,140,858 $248,173,732 1 + 6.9 1 A m oun t of p a y roll for one m o nth. Per capita earnings increased in October as compared with Sep tember in 42 of the 51 industries considered; women’s clothing and automobiles leading with 17 per cent and 9.8 per cent, respectively. The largest decreases wTere 4.5 per cent in the cotton-goods industry and 4.6 per cent in the fertilizer industry. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [ 1350 ] MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW. 136 Comparing per capita earnings in October, 1923, with those in Octo ber, 1922, increases are shown in all of the 43 industries for which data are available except in the flour and petroleum industries. The greatest increases were 21.6 per cent in the hardware industry, 18.6 per cent in steel shipbuilding, 18.5 per cent in chemicals, 17.6 per cent in foundry and machine-shop products, and 17 per cent in the brick and tile industry. C O M PA R ISO N O F P E R C A PIT A E A R N IN G S —O C TO B ER , 1923, W IT H A N D O C TO B ER , 1923, W IT H O C TO B ER , 1922. S E P T E M B E R , 1923, P er cent change in October, 1923, as compared w ith — Per cent change in October, 1923, as comp ared w ith — In d u stry . In d u stry . September, 1923'. Clothing, w om en’s............................ +17.0 A utom obiles...................................... . + 9 .8 Pianos a n d organs............................. + 7 .6 Tobacco: Cigars an d cigarettes___ + 6 .2 Chemicals______________________ + 5 .6 Iro n a n d steel..................................... + 5 .3 + 5.3 Shirts an d collars.............................. Tobacco: C bew ingand sm o k in g ... + 4 .9 S tru ctu ral iro n w o rk ......................... + 4 .8 C ar building a n d repairing, steam railroad................. ............................ + 4 .6 G lass..................................................... + 4.3 H a rd w are ............................................ + 4.1 P o tte ry ................................................. + 4 .1 Car building a n d repairing, elec + 3 .9 tric-railroad..................................... H osiery a n d k n it goods................... + 3 .6 F u rn itu re ............................................ + 3.5 A gricultural im p lem en ts................. + 3 .4 Steam fittings a n d steam a n d hot+ 3 .4 w ater heatin g a p p a ra tu s ............. Sugar refining, n o t including beet su g a r............... ..... ........................... + 3 .3 F lo u r..................................................... + 3 .2 Electrical m achinery, a p p aratu s, + 3.1 a n d supplies.................................... L eather................................................. + 3.1 + 3.1 Stoves.................................................. + 2 .9 L um ber, m illw ork............................ Septem- October, ber, 1922. 1923. October, 1922. + 1 .5 + 8 .9 + 12.2 + 7 .1 + 18.5 + 15.5 + 12.8 + 6 .8 + 16.0 + 12.9 +21.6 +11.6 - 6 .1 + 9 .3 +14.5 - 0 .3 + 14.9 + 10.8 + 9.2 + 7 .1 D yeing a nd finishing te x tile s........ F o u n d ry a n d m achine-shop produ c ts ................................................... B rick a n d tile ..................................... P rin tin g , book an d jo b .................... C arpets................................................. Carriages an d w agons....................... Woolen goods..................................... P rin tin g , new spaper......................... Silk gooäs___ 5 2 . .............................. L um ber, saw m ills............................. Clothing, m e n ’s.................................. Boots arid shoes, ru b b e r................. C em ent............... ................................. Petroleum refining............................ P ap er b o xes........................................ Stam ped an d enam eled w are......... Machine tools....... ............................. P aper and p u lp .................................. Automobile tires................................ Slaughtering an d m eat p a ck in g ... Confectionery an d ice cream . . . Boots an d shoes, n o t including ru b b er............................................... M illinery an d lace goods................. B ak in g ................................................. Shipbuilding, steel............................ C otton goods....................................... Fertilizers............................................ + 2 .7 +10.7 + 2 .7 + 2 .6 + 2.6 + 2 .4 + 2 .4 + 2.1 + 2. 0 + 1.7 + 1.6 + 1.5 + 1.4 + 1.1 + 3.1 + 0.9 + 0 .4 + 0.3 + 0 .3 - 0 .1 -0 .5 -0 .8 +17.6 + 17.0 + 2.6 + 5.3 +3.3 + 11.4 +4.3 +10.8 + 15.0 + 4.4 -0 .9 -2 .2 -3 .6 - 4 .1 -4 .5 -4 .6 - 3 .4 + 1.8 + 1.2 + 7.1 + 3.7 + 10.0 + 1.4 + 6.8 +5.7 + 18.6 + 7.3 + 13.5 Reports as to operating time in October were received from 6,070 establishments. A total of these reports from 51 industries shows that 80 per cent of the establishments reporting were on a full-time schedule, 19 per cent on a part-time schedule, and 1 per cent were not in operation. Nearly one-half of the 80 per cent of the 6,070 establishments work ing full time also reported full-capacity operation, about one-third reported part-capacity operation, and the remainder failed to report as to capacity operation. The following table expands the full-time reports in a few indus tries. Establishments in the silk goods, men’s clothing, foundry and machine-shop products, machine tools, leather, and electrical machinery industries show more part-capacity than full-capacity operation, although as stated in the September report it is probable that a majority of the establishments failing to report as to capacity were operating at full capacity. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [1360] EMPLOYMENT AND UNEMPLOYMENT. E stablishm ents rep o rt ing fu lltim e — In d u stry . A nd full ca pac ity . A nd p a rt ca pac ity . F lour.................................... Cotton goods...................... Hosiery“and k n it goods... Silk goods........................... W oolen goods.................... M en’s clothing................... W om en’s clothing........ . Iro n a nd steel__ “ ........... F o undry a n d machineshop p ro d u c ts................ M achine tools.................... Saw m ills.............. .............. F u rn itu re ........................... L eather................................ 63 124 72 50 62 33 26 52 34 26 44 63 40 39 16 45 19 42 23 6 TO 33 36 16 116 192 139 119 112 105 78 113 149 20 131 111 26 188 71 13 28 46 82 14 31 50 16 419 105 175 189 88 F U L L A N D P A R T -T IM E E stablishm ents report ing fu lltim e — B ut not ca T otal. pac ity . A nd full ca pac ity . In d u stry . Boots and sh o es................ P a p e r and p u lp ................. P a p e r b o x e s ..! ................. Book and job p rin tin g ... C em ent............................ .. B rick a n d tiie .................... P o tte ry ................................ G lass. ! ................................ A utom obiles...................... Steam -railroad car building and rep airin g .......... Electrical m achinery app aratu s and supplies.. O P E R A T IO N IN M A N U F A C T U R IN G O C TO B ER , 1923. Per cent oper Total. a tin g full tim e. Food and k in d re d p ro d u c ts : Slaughtering and m eat p a c k in g ...................... Confectionery and ice c ream .......................... F lo u r............. .................. B aking............................. Sugar refining, n o t in cluding beet su g ar. . . T extiles and th e ir p ro d u c ts : C otton goods.................. Hosiery and k n it goods. Silk g o o d s...................... W oolen goods................ C arpets............................ D yeing and finishing te x tile s ......................... Clothing, m e n ’s ........... . Shirts a n d collars.......... C lothing, w om en’s ....... M illinery a n d lace goods............................ Iro n a n d steel a n d th e ir p ro d u c ts : Iron an d steel................ S tructu ral iro n w o rk . . . F ou n d ry and m achineshop p ro d u c ts.......... . H a rd w a re ...................... M achine tools................. Steam fittings and steam an d hot-w ater heating a p p a r a tu s .. . Stoves.............................. L u m b er a n d its re m a n u fa c tu re s: L um b er, saw m ills____ L u m b e r, m ill w ork....... F u rn itu re ....................... L e a th e r a n d its finished p ro d u c ts : L e a th e r............................ Boots and shoes, no t including ru b b e r....... B ut not ca Total, pac ity . 34 8 30 54 10 33 10 29 44 22 23 27 58 10 43 10 14 30 97 82 107 170 61 208 40 88 129 173 14 31 213 27 30 29 86 E stab lish m en ts reporting. P er cent P er oper cent atin g idle. p a rt tim e. 76 93 7 104 237 202 89 49 90 11 50 10 8 75 25 241 192 176 151 17 80 72 68 74 82 20 28 32 26 18 C1) 66 160 76 104 52 66 64 75 48 34 36 25 C1) 55 78 22 (l ) 166 117 68 92 24 8 491 34 124 85 88 85 14 12 14 99 79 88 76 12 24 206 143 209 85 93 90 14 6 10 1 1 96 92 5 3 128 76 23 1 8 0 ) 1 In d u stry . P a p e r a n d p rin tin g : P aper and p u lp ............. P ap er boxes................... P rin tin g , hook and jo b . P rin tin g , new spapers.. C hem icals a n d allied p ro d u c ts : C hem icals....................... F ertilizers....................... P etroleum refining....... S to n e , clay, a n d glass p ro d u c ts : C em ent............................ B rick and tile ................ P o tte ry ............................ Glass. ! ............................. M etal p ro d u c ts o th e r th a n iro n a n d stee l: Stam ped and enam eled w are..................... T o b a c c o m a n u fa c tu re s: Tobacco, chew ing and sm oking....................... Tobacco,“ cigars and cigarettes..................... V ehicles f o r la n d tra n s p o r ta tio n : A utom obiles.................. Carriages and w agons.. Car building and repairing, electric-railro a d .............................. Car building and repairing, steam-railro a d .............................. M iscellaneous in d u str i e s : A gricultural im plem e n ts ........................... Electrical m achinery, ap p aratu s, and supplies.............................. Pianos and organs........ R u b b er hoots and shoes............................. A utom obile tires........... Shipbuilding, steel....... 1 Less th a n one-half of 1 per cent. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 41 51 50 58 • 41 132 20 45 55 A nd p a rt ca pac ity . E S T A B L IS H M E N T S IN E stab lish m en ts reporting. In d u stry . 137 [1361] Per cent oper Total. a tin g full tim e. Per cent P er oper cent a tin g p a rt idle. tim e. 138 117 193 135 59 91 88 100 38 9 12 2 98 38 80 47 100 18 51 2 2 64 274 48 120 76 83 73 3 18 17 9 2 6 32 84 16 18 27 67 33 124 81 18 1 154 34 84 71 16 29 1 132 98 2 262 83 16 1 58 84 14 2 94 25 91 96 9 4 6 54 31 100 57 94 35 6 7 .......... MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW. 138 No general increase in wages movement appeared in any one industry during the month ending October 15, although some in creases were reported by establishments scattered through 37 of the 51 industries here considered. However, with the exception of three industries, iron and steel, steam-railroad car building and repairing, and boots and shoes, these increases affected comparatively few employees and were for the most part in the relatively smaller establishments. The increases, ranging from 2.5 per cent to 28.6 per cent were reported by a total of 147 establishments. The weighted average increase for the 37 industries combined was 9.6 per cent and affected 22,514 employees, being 48 per cent of the total employees in the establishments concerned, and 1 per cent of the entire number of employees in all establishments in the 51 industries covered by this report. One establishment each in six industries reported decreases in rates of wages during the month. These decreases are shown in footnotes to the table following. W A G E A D JU S T M E N T S O C CU R R IN G B E T W E E N S E P T E M B E R 15 A N D O C T O B E R 15, 1923 E stablishm ent s. In d u stry . F o o d a n d k in d re d p ro d u c ts : Slaughtering a n d m e a t p ack in g ....................... Confectionery an d ice c re a m ............................. F lo u r....................................................................... B ak in g .................................................................... Sugar refining, n o t in clu d in g beet su g ar---T ex tiles a n a th e ir p r o d u c ts : C otton goods......................................................... Hosiery an d k n it goods...................................... Silk goods............................................................. W oolen goods........................................................ D yeing an d finishing te x tile s........................... Shirts an d collars................................................. Clothing, w om en's............................................... M illinery a n d lace goods.................................... Iro n a n d steel a n d th e ir p r o d u c ts : Iron a n d steel....................................................... S tru ctu ra liro n w o rk ............................................ F o u n d ry an d m achine-shop p ro d u c ts............ M achine tools....................................................... Steam fittings a n d steam a n d hot-w ater heating a p p a ra tu s ............................................ Stoves...................................................................... L u m b er a u d i t s re m a n u fa c tu re s: L um ber, saw m ills................................................ L um ber, m illw ork............................................... F u rn itu re ............................................................... L e a th e r a n d i ts finished p r o d u c ts : T o tal num ber report ing. A m ount of increases. N um b er re p o rtin g R ange. in creases. A ver age. T otal num ber. Per ct. Per ct. 6. 0 6 6. 2 5-17 7-10 7. 6 5-20 13. 7 14.3 14.3 161 406 171 75 60 84 137 269 253 12 1 7 5 3 1 253 238 221 159 22 65 210 90 154 76 3 2 2 1 8-10 10-18 5 5 1 2 1 2 186 134 536 33 139 106 83 235 180 254 Em ployees affected. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis In all estab lish m ents report ing. Per ct. Per ct. 8.9 0.2 30.1 2.0 32. 9 1.1 21.7 .2 6.0 .6 8.6 11. 9 5. 0 5.0 272 15 357 125 100.0 5.4 78. 8 100.0 5.8 5. 8 17 21.3 .1 10 7.5 10 10.0 7. 5 10.0 40 5 318 17.9 11. 4 48.0 .2 C1) 2.7 3-25 9 7 2.5-12.5 3 12 2.9-22 (4) 6.5-10 4 12. S 7. 6 4.8 9,683 25 692 76.7 16.3 22. 9 4.0 .1 .4 8.3 17 8.8 .Î 4 5-21 3 10-19. 2 15.7 16. 6 115 67 27.4 10.0 .4 .4 10 5-10 3-10 10.0 7. 9 6. 1 150 111 98 59.0 16. 0 11.3 .2 .4 .3 55. 0 2.7 (2) (2) 5 1 5 9 129 (2) 9.8 ! 2,153 5 4.2-10.4 163 Boots a n d shoes, n o tin c lu d in g ru b b e r.......... )Less th a n one-tenth o f 1 per cent. «No wage change reported. «Also 1 estab lish m en t reduced th e rates of 75 of its 167 employees 10 per cen t. <O ne establishm ent reduced th e rates oflOO o fits 196 employees from 5 to lO per cent. «Also 1 establishm ent reduced th e rates of 200 o fits 592 employees 6.5 per cent. [1362] In estab lis h m ents re p o rt ing in creases. .2 C1) .6 .2 139 EMPLOYMENT AND UNEMPLOYMENT, W A G E A D JU S T M E N T S O C C U R R IN G B E T W E E N S E P T E M B E R 15 AN D O C T O B E R 15, 1923—Concluded. E stablishm ents. In d u stry . T o tal num ber report ing. P a p e r a n d p r in t in g : Pa.pp.r and p u lp P a p e r bo x es........................................................... P rin tin g , book a n d jo b ....................................... P rin tin g , new sp ap ers......................................... C hem icals a n d a llie d p ro d u c ts : Chem icals............................................................... F ertilizers............................................................... Petroleum refin in g .............................................. S to n e , c la y , a n d g la ss p ro d u c ts : Oathati t B rick an d tile .................. ............... ................... P o tt Ary CirlrlSS M eta l p ro d u c ts , o th e r th a n iro n a n d s te e l: S tam ped a n d enam eled w a re ........................... T o b a c c o m a n u fa c tu re s : Tobacco chew ing and s m o k i n g V ehicles f or la n d tr a n s p o r ta tio n : \ n t o m o b i 1a s Carriages a n d w ag o n s........................................ Car b u ildin g a n d repairing, electric-railroad. Car b u ildin g a n d repairing, steam -railro ad .. M isc e lla n e o u sin d u strie s: E lectrical m ach in ery , a p p aratu s, an d sup plies .................................................................. Pianos a nd organs................................................ Automobile tir e s .................................................. Shipbuilding, s te e l.............................................. A m o u n t of increases. N um b er re p o rtin g Range. in creases. 175 143 216 199 In estab lish m ents rep o rt ing in creases. In all estab lish m ents report ing. Per ct. Per ct. 8 11 8 ' 5-10 5-15 2.5-22 9.4 6.5 12.4 177 678 696 18.0 36.7 16.2 1.1 2.6 1.6 3 1 5-12 10-20 4.5 17.3 4.5 622 83 500 45.0 85.6 65. 0 1 .1 6 8-16. 7 9.6 144 94.1 .6 2 10-28.6 26.0 29 12.8 .2 (2) 3.9 1.0 (2) (2) 37 30 168 ( 2) ( 6) 172 38 183 »285 C) 75 ( 2) 119 28 8 67 37 T otal num ber. Per ct. Per ct. (2) 87 112 63 76 315 50 129 A ver age. Em ployees affected. ( 2) 1 is 18. 0 100 66. 7 4 .2 8 4-8 4.1 4,223 73.3 2 .5 3 5-14 5 7. 6 5. 0 62 50 10.6 5.0 .6 10 6. 7 10. 0 6. 7 10 7 20. 0 11. 8 1( 2) 81 1 .1 0) (*) 1 Less th a n o n e-ten th o i 1 p er cent. 2 N o w age change rep o rted . 6 One establishm ent reduced th e rates of 100 o fits 450 employees 8 per cent. i One establishm ent reduced th e rates o fits 728 employees 7 p er cen t, s Also 1 establishm ent reduced th e rates of 110 o fits 345 employees 13.5 per cent. Employment and Earnings oi Railroad Employees, September, 1922, and August and September, 1923. HE following table shows the number of employees and the earnings in various occupations among railroad employees in September, 1923, in comparison with employment and earn ings in August, 1923, and September, 1922. The figures are for Class I roads—that is, all roads having operating revenues of $1,000,000 a year and over. T 71815' -10 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [1363] 140 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW C O M PA R ISO N O F E M P L O Y M E N T A N D E A R N IN G S O F R A IL R O A D E M P L O Y E E S IN S E P T E M B E R , 1923, W IT H S E P T E M B E R , 1922, A N D A U G U ST , 1923. [F rom m onthly reports of In te rsta te Commerce Commission. As d ata for only the m ore im p o rtan t occu pations are shown separately, th e group totals are no t th e su m of th e item s under th e respective groups.] Professional, clerical, and general. M onth and year. Clerks. Stenog raphers and ty p ists. T otal for group. Maintenance of w ay and struc tures. Laborers Track and (extra gang roadw ay section and work train). laborers. Total for group. Number of employees at middle of month. Septem ber, 1922.......................... A ugust, 1923................................ Septem ber, 1923.......................... 163,344 175,054 174,964 24,100 25,486 25,571 308,190 291,264 290,416 238,460 247,176 233,818 420,669 471,185 450,013 $3,756,601 $15,887,473 7, 035,978 19,674,396 5,980,632 17,029,412 $35,253,262 45,571,541 40,772,617 53,065 80,518 74,385 Total earnings. Septem ber, 1922........................... $20,041,252 A ugust, 1923................................ 22,422,615 Septem ber, 1923........................... 21,629,854 $2,776,007 $40,616,761 3,066,260 39,091,319 2,986,370 37,950,677 Maintenance of equipm ent and stores. Carmen. ✓ Machinists. Skilled trade helpers. Common Laborers laborers (shops, (shops, engine engine houses, houses, power power p lants, and p lants, and stores). stores). Total for group. N um ber of employees at middle of month. Septem ber, 1922.......................... A ugust, 1923......................... Septem ber, 1923........................ 95,021 142,393 141,001 38,555 69,323 68,392 94,697 138,217 135.009 49,012 68,231 65,829 410,278 605,120 595,327 $4,277,833 5,834,966 5,268,170 $66,811,268 80,756,009 74,759,081 42,698 50,036 49,553 Total earnings. Septem ber, 1922...................... A ugust, 1923................. Septem ber, 1923................. $17,941,527 21,296,296 19,458,019 $8,869,383 $13,962,976 11,388,894 15,590,360 10,526,313 14.203,125 $4,399,167 4,954,528 4,716,493 T ransportation other th an train and yard. Station agents. Crossing Telegra T ruckers phers, (stations, and bridge telephones, warehouses, flagmen and and and tow erm en. platform s). gatem en. T otal for group. Transpor tation (yardmasters, switch tenders, and hostlers). Number of employees at middle o f month. Septem ber, 1922....................... A ugust, 1923................... Septem ber, 1923....................... 31,685 31,749 31,707 27,044 27,618 27,764 38,646 42,100 42,922 217,828 218,823 219,866 24,513 26,498 26,473 $1,506,132 $25,214,402 1,753,175 26,468,984 1,737,391 25,509,245 $4,363,942 4,763,257 4,615,490 22,205 23,256 23,244 Total earnings. September, 1922............... A ugust, 1923..................... Septem ber, 1923......................... https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis $4,692,814 4,824,023 4,618,540 $3,879,189 4,055,428 3,922,366 [1364] $3,389,683 4,000,596 3,845,102 EMPLOYMENT AND UNEMPLOYMENT. 141 C O M PA R ISO N O F E M P L O Y M E N T AN D E A R N IN G S O F R A IL R O A D E M P L O Y E E S S E P T E M B E R , 1923-, W IT H S E P T E M B E R , 1922, A N D A U G U ST , 1923—Concluded. IN Transportation, train and engine. M onth an d year. R oad brakem en R oad conductors. and flagmen. Y ard brakem en and yardm en. Road engineers and motormen. Road firemen and helpers. T otal for group. Number of employees at middle of month. 35,647 39,106 39,510 Septem ber, 1922............... ........... August, 1923................................ Septem ber, 1923.......................... 74,212 80,619 81,681 48,349 55,574 55,289 43,645 47,135 47,901 45,545 49,380 50,135 311,301 344,165 347,398 $8,445,683 9,123,610 8,858;100 $59,881,223 66,494,687 64,566,592 Total earnings. Septem ber, 1922.......................... $8,407,861 $12,781,044 9,095,933 13,722,328 August, 1923................................ Septem ber, 1923........................... 8,850,029 33,341,784 $7,660,704 $11,353,499 9,089,103 12,357,997 8,803,820 11,994,790 Extent ol: Operation of Bituminous Coal Mines, September 22 to Oc tober 13, 1923. ONTINUING a series of tables which have appeared in previous numbers of the M o n t h l y L a b o r R e v ie w , the accompanying table shows for a large number of coal mines in the bituminous fields the number of mines closed the entire week and the number working certain classified hours per week from, September 22 to October 13, 1923. The number of mines reporting varied each week, and the figures are not given as being a complete presentation of all mines but are believed fairly to represent the conditions as to regularity of work in the bituminous mines of the country. The mines included in this report ordinarily represent from 55 to 60 per cent of the total output of bituminous coal. The figures are based on data furnished the Bureau of Labor Statistics by the United States Geological Survey. C W O R K IN G T IM E IN T H E B IT U M IN O U S COAL M IN ES IN T H E U N IT E D W E E K S , S E P T E M B E R 22 TO O C TO B ER 13, 1923. ST A T E S , B Y [The m ines included ord in arily represent from 55 to 60 per cent of th e to ta l o u tp u t. P rep ared b y th e B ureau of L abor S tatistics from d ata fu rn ish d b y th e U n ite d S tates Geological Survey.] Mines. NumW eek ber of end- mines ing— reportmg. Closed en tire week:. W orking less th a n 8 hours. W orking 8 and less th a n 16 hours. W orking 16 a n d less th a n 24 hours. W orking 24 and less th a n 32 hours. W orking 32 and less th a n 40 hours. W orking W orking 40 and full tim e less th a n of 48 hours 48 hours. or more. Per No. P er No. Per No. Per No. Per No. Per No. Per No. Per No. cent. cent. cent. cent. cent. cent. cent. cent. 1923. Sept. 22. Sept. 29. Oct. 6 ... Oct. 13. 2,266 2,319 2,307 2,317 563 594 620 640 24.8 25.6 26.9 27.6 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 45 53 50 52 2.0 2.3 2.2 2.2 170 200 187 207 7.5 8.6 8.1 8.9 357 356 358 363 [13G5] 15.8 15. 4 15.5 15.7 414 388 407 386 18.2 16.7 17.6 16.7 309 312 315 289 13.6 13. 5 13.7 12.5 246 10.9 263 11.3 227 9.8 223 9.6 162 153 143 157 7.1 6.6 6.2 6.8 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW. 142 Recent Employment Statistics. Iowa.1 HE percentage fluctuations in the numbers on the pay rolls in the principal industry groups in Iowa from August, 1922, to August, 1923, and from September, 1922, to September, 1923, are shown in the following table: T P E R C E N T O F IN C R E A S E O R D E C R E A S E IN E M P L O Y M E N T IN S P E C IF IE D IN D U S T R Y G R O U P S IN IO W A , A U G U ST A N D S E P T E M B E R , 1923, AS C O M PA R E D W IT H A U G U ST A N D S E P T E M B E R , 1922. P er cent of increase from— In d u s try group. A ugust, 1922, to A ugust, 1923. September, 1922,to Septem ber, 1923. Food a n d k in d re d p ro d u c ts........................................................................................... T extiles................... * ...................................................................................................... Iro n an d steel w o rk ............................................................................ L u m b er p ro d u c ts .......................................................................................................... L eather p ro d u cts............................................................................... P a p e r p roducts, p rin tin g a n d pu b lish in g .................................................................. P a te n t m edicines, chemicals a n d com pounds.......................................................... Stone a n d clay p ro d u cts........................ ........................................................... Tobacco a n d cigars........................................................................................................... Various in d u strie s............................................................................................... 18.1 6.9 32.8 14.9 25.8 7.8 9.0 3.8 25. 4 6.7 5. 5 19. 8 23. 8 21.7 9. 4 5.4 3.9 22.7 a 15. 3 a 39.3 T o tal......................................................................................................................... R ailw ay car shops (5 rep o rtin g )................................ :................................................. 16. 4 90.0 3.7 74.9 « Decrease. Massachusetts.2 QTATISTICS of employment and earnings in 796 manufactur^ ing establishments in Massachusetts for a specified week in August and September, 1923, are given below: N U M B E R O F E M P L O Y E E S A N D A V E R A G E W E E K L Y E A R N IN G S IN M ASSA C H USETTS M A N U F A C T U R IN G E S T A B L IS H M E N T S , W E E K IN C L U D IN G O R E N D IN G N E A R E S T TO T H E 15TH O F A U G U ST A N D S E P T E M B E R , 1923. N um ber of estab lish m ents. Industries. A utom obiles, including bodies a n d p a rts .......................... B oot an d shoe c u t stock an d fin d in g s................................ Boots a n d shoes.............. .......................................................... Boxes, p a p e r............................. ................................................ Boxes, w ooden p a c k in g ......................................................... B read an d other bakery p ro d u cts................................ ....... Cars a n d general shop construction a n d repairs, steam railroad com panies............................................................... Clothing, m e n ’s . ................................................................. . Clothing' w om en’s ................................................................... Confectionery............................................................................. C otton goods.............................................................................. C utlery an d to o ls...................................................................... D yeing a n d finishing, te x tile s............................................... 13 52 82 25 If) 37 4 28 24 14 43 25 6 N um ber of employees on pay roil. A ugust, 1923. 2,730 2,221 30,971 2,279 1,012 1,666 Average weekly earnings. Septem ber, August, Septem ber, 1923. 1923. 1923. 2,676 2,244 30,762 2, 366 1,006 1,669 §30. 75 22. 53 24. 73 19. 82 21.89 29.49 3,319 3,379 27.42 2,820 2 ,69S 23. 52 '846 '889 17. 67 3,533 3,929 18. 27 37, 553 38,926 20. 51 4,954 5, 029 23. 70 5,980 6,175 19. 39 5Iow a. B u reau of L abor S tatistics. Iow a E m p lo y m en t Survey, Des Moines, Septem ber, 1923. 2 M imeographed .m aterial from th e D ep artm en t of L abor a n d In d u stries of M assachusetts. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [1366] §33.73 23.88 24.87 20.48 23.92 28.80 31. S3 23.32 16.90 18.72 21.29 23.83 22. 21 EMPLOYMENT AND UNEMPLOYMENT. 143 N U M B E R O F E M P L O Y E E S A N D A V E R A G E W E E K L Y E A R N IN G S IN M A S SA C H U S E T T S M A N U F A C T U R IN G E S T A B L IS H M E N T S ,'W E E K IN C L U D IN G O R E N D IN G N E A R E S T TO T H E 15TH O F A U G U ST A N D S E P T E M B E R , 1923—C oncluded. N um b er of estab lish m ents. Industries. N um ber of employees on p ay roll. A ugust, 1923. A verage w eekly earnings. Sep Septem ber, A ugust, tem ber, 1923. 1923. 1923. Electrical m achinery, ap paratus, and supplies............. F oundry a n d m achine shop p ro d u cts................................ F u r n itu re ................................................................................... H osiery and k n it goods.......................................................... Jew elry..................................... ................................................. L eather, tan n ed , curried, a n d fin ish ed .............................. M achine to o ls............................................................................ M usical in stru m e n ts............................................................... P a p e r and wood p u lp ............................................................. P rin tin g a n d publishing, book a n d jo b ............................. P rin tin g a n d publishing, n ew sp ap er.................................. R ubber tires a n d goods.......................................................... Silk goods................................................................................ Slaughtering an d m e a t packing........................................... Stationery goods...................................................................... Steam fittings and steam and hot-w ater heating appa ra tu s ......................................................................................... T extile m achinery and p a rts ................................................ Tobacco.............................. ....................................................... Woolen and worsted goods.................................................... A ll other indu stries................................................................. 12 61 17 10 22 27 14 5 21 36 11 10 12 4 9 11, 661 7,823 1,944 4,034 1.409 4,810 1,429 742 5,776 3,029 2,488 3,225 2,903 1,431 1,282 11,490 7,894 1.937 3,838 1,492 4,661 1,396 742 5,651 2,986 2,526 3,321 2, 783 1,410 1^336 $27.98 29. 34 22. 81 17. 92 23. 68 25. 62 26. 41 25. 30 25. 91 30. 25 36. 58 23. 42 20. 95 27.44 18. 59 $27.30 30.01 25.80 17.77 23.38 26.04 25.36 26. 72 25.81 31.27 36.89 25.66 20. 35 25.82 19.24 6 15 7 41 93 1,628 7,854 441 19.979 42,069 1,695 7,961 1,321 20,277 41,004 25.27 28. 07 20. 59 22.19 24.97 27.32 28.51 26.67 22.44 27.16 T o tal................................................................................. 796 227,214 226, 096 24.06 24.94 Reports from the above tabulated establishments show 1,118, or 0.5 per cent, fewer persons on the pay roll in September than in August, 1923, an advance of $171,943, or 3.1 per cent, in the total pay roll, and an increase of 88 cents, or 3.7 per cent, in the average weekly earninigs per employee. The labor market in the districts in which the Boston (two offices), Springfield, and Worcester public employment offices operate im proved slightly in September, 1923, as shown by the reports of the number of persons asked for by employers and the number of indi viduals placed. Usually there is some reduction in the demand for workers in July and August, but the seasonal decline was rather more marked in 1923 than in 1922. The renewed activity in September, 1923, was a very hopeful sign, and it seems probable that the demand for employees through the State employment offices will soon be as. great as in the corresponding months of the preceding year. The number of persons called for at State employment offices by em ployers in September, 1923, was 3,946 persons—21 per cent below the number demanded in September, 1922. The total number of per sons placed in September, 1923, was 3,170—9.5 per cent less than last year’s record for that month. In the first nine months of 1923 the number of persons called for through the four offices by employers was 40,618 and the number of persons placed 31,882, an increase of 9.3 per cent in the number of persons called for and of 12.7 per cent in the number of persons placed as compared to the first nine months of 1922. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [1367] 144 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW. Minnesota. TN OCTOBER, 1923, approximately normal employment conditions A throughout Minnesota were reported by the industrial commission of that State. The number of persons referred to positions from the free employment offices of the State in St. Paul, Minneapolis, and Duluth was 8,377, of whom 679 were farm hands sent to farmers in various sections of Minnesota. This was an increase of 503 in the number of persons referred and an increase of 121 in the number of farm hands furnished farmers in the corresponding month of 1922. According to the commissioner in charge of the Minnesota public employment service, there should be, if the weather is seasonable, a steady d e m a n d e x t e n d i n g well into t h e winter for labor in building construction and road work. As an evidence of normal business conditions for mid autumn, the commissioner calls attention to the clerical and professional place ments made by the State employment offices in October, 1923. Conference of international Association on Unemployment.1 HE International Association on Unemployment, which was or ganized in 1919 as a sister society to the International Asso ciation for Labor Legislation, was compelled to suspend its activities for nearly 10 years on account of the war. Its work was resumed recently at a general meeting which was held at Luxemburg September 9 to 11, 1923. The meeting was attended by about 150 delegates, representing 18 countries. Mr. Herbert Hoover, Secretary of the United States Department of Commerce, had sent Dr. John B. Andrews to attend the meeting in the capacity of semiofficial observer. The International Labor Office was represented by its director, Mr. Albert Thomas. After an introductory address by Mr. Thomas, in which he pointed out the-intensity of the unemployment crisis of 1921-22, which still continues in certain countries, the meeting appointed a committee consisting of Dr. John B. Andrews (United States), J. L. Cohen (Great Britain), Max Lazard (France), and Leon Troclet (Belgium), and charged with submitting to the meeting a draft resolution em bodying a general program of action. The draft resolution submitted by this committee was adopted, by the meeting in the following form: T The International Association on Unemployment, in conference assembled on 11 September, 1923, at Luxemburg, Having considered the state of the labor market throughout the world and the alarming number of workers involuntarily unemployed, urges on all countries a very careful_reconsideration of the whole menacing problem of unemployment; Considering that the economic disorganization provoked by the war is aggravated by the failure to adopt an economic policy of international cooperation, Invites its national sections to examine the following suggestions: (1) To substitute as soon as possible for the policy of exaggerated protection, which is a relic of war economy incompatible with a state of peace, a policy of greater freedom for the circulation of goods, effected where possible by customs unions between countries; (2) To improve the financial situation and, above all, to prevent further monetary catastrophes, with the assistance of the principal countries concerned in the reestab lishment of normal international financial relations; 1 In te rn a tio n a l L abor Office. In d u s tria l a n d L abor Inform ation, G eneva, Sept. 21, 1923, p p . 20-25. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [1368] EMPLOYMENT AND UNEMPLOYMENT. 145 (3) To establish in each country, and as far as possible according to a uniform sys tem, complete statistics of production and of economic resources and needs, so as to encourage the cooperation of the managers of industry in providing a good distribution of work and of the factors of production throughout the world; (4) To facilitate a desirable distribution of population; (5) To develop an adequate and permanent system of public employment exchanges, with cooperation between the systems of different countries; (6) To make unemployment insurance general and to consider the suggestions of experts and the result, or practical experience with a view to bringing about greater regularity of em pioym ent; (7) To promote the long-range planning of public works so as to increase their execu tion during periods of industrial depression; (8) To increase educational facilities and to develop machinery for vocational guid ance with a view to directing labor into the most desirable and efficient channels. It is increasingly apparent that only through a policy of international solidarity can the material and moral patrimony of each nation be conserved. The International Association on Unemployment therefore recommends, in view of the alarming nature of the present situation and the threatening consequences which are to be feared, that prompt action should be undertaken on the above-men tioned program. U n e m p lo y m e n t in G e rm a n y , O c to b e r, 1923. T THE beginning of the present year unemployment in Ger many had decreased to a negligible amount, there having been even less unemployment than in normal pre-war times. Tile total collapse of the mark has, however, been accompanied by such a turn for the worse in the employment situation that Germany to-day has to deal with a more serious unemployment problem than any other country in the world. A cable from the American com m e r c i a l attache at B e rlin dated O c to b e r 18, 1923 (C om m erce Re ports, Oct. 29, 1923, p. 271), says: A Figures obtained from a reliable source connected with the Government reflect the seriousness of the employment situation in Germany. It is estimated that on October 16 there were 1,500,000 workers totally unemployed in the unoccupied sec tions of the country. In addition to these there were between 4,000,000 and 5,000,000 workers on part time, including 2,000,000 working only half time or less. The unemployment doles paid by the Government and the individual municipali ties are totally inadequate to cover the cost of necessities. The maximum allowance to a married man with wife and two children for the week ending October 16 was 1,800,000,000 marks a week, whereas a loaf of bread weighing 1,200 grams cost 480,000,000 marks, a pound of potatoes 50,000,000, and a pound of margarine 900,000,000 at that time. The minimum allowance for a married man was 1,400,000,000 marks, for an unmarried man 810,000,000, and for an unmarried woman 600,000,000. It is estimated that the dole received by a worker covers about one-third of the wages he would have received if working. For example, a married man with wife and twro children received in Berlin for a week of half-time work 3,100,000,000 marks in wages and a dole of 1,500,000,000 marks. E ffe c t o n th e E n g lis h W o rk e r o f U n e m p lo y m e n t a n d U n e m p lo y m e n t R e lie f. N THE summer of 1922 a group of Englishmen 1 decided to make a study of the unemployment situation in England in order to supplement the information given in official reports and to gain a fuller realization of what the prevailing depression actually meant to the life of the country. Nine local investigations were Under- I ïT h e persons composing th is group were: J. J. A stor, A . J . Bow ley, H enry Clay, R obert G rant, W . L ayto n , P . J. P ybus, B. Seebohm R ow ntree, George Schuster, and F . D . S tu art. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [1369] T. 146 „MONTHLY LABOE BEVIEW. taken during August and September, and the reports of this work seemed of such interest that it was agreed to print the most important findings “ as a contribution to an understanding of the present emergency.” These local reports were much condensed and a general survey of the situation was prefixed, the whole being published under the title, “ The Third Winter of Unemployment.” One important part of the book is the study made of the effect upon the workers themselves of unemployment and of the measures taken to relieve it. As to physical effects, the situation is rather complex. There was general agreement that as yet the degree of destitution witnessed in former trade depressions had not appeared. Actual starvation had been prevented, and even where the adults were showing signs of undernutrition, the children were not yet affected. In general, health was good. In Birmingham, according to the health authori ties, it was even better than usual. “ The health of the city has never been quite so good as at present, despite overcrowding.” The reason everywhere given is the same. Health is better than in pre-war depres sions because the pre-war starvation is prevented. The unemployment insurance benefit, especially since it was proportioned to need by the allowances for dependents, has relieved many who would have endured months of privation before resort to the poor law; while the greater resort to the poor law, and the more generous scale of relief awarded, have assured a regular supply of good food in many homes that were not too well fed when trade was good. The strain has been much more severe, it was found, among the skilled artisans and small tradesmen than among the unskilled, who are at the best of times poorly paid and irregularly employed. The latter were almost at once obliged to take advantage of relief meas ures; the maintenance thus gained was not far below their customary standard of living, and the report suggests that in some cases the change in the real position of their families was for the better. But with the workman normally employed at wages insuring a fair living, the position was very different. The depression followed a period of abnormal activity during which the workers had grown used to a better scale of living, which they hoped and believed would be permament. The change in their manner of living, due to unemployment, was much greater than,,in the case of the unskilled workers, and to the change was added the nervous strain of watching the exhaustion of their savings, the wearing out of their clothes, furniture, and other acquisitions of the boom periods, and the worry of enforced idleness. “ There is abundant evidence of mental strain and suffering in this class.” Apart from destitution, both employers and workers are aware of an unfortunate physical effect of prolonged unemployment—-the loss of skill through lack of opportunity to exercise it, or an actual impairment of ability to do fine work as a result of working at the rough and heavy jobs which are usually offered as relief work. Thus from Burnley, the investigators report that the authorities prefer excavation for relief work, because it requires neither skill nor expensive materials, but that this is most unsuitable for weavers— Burnley is a textile town—“ for it hardens their hands and obviously lessens their efficiency in their regular occupation, in which the rapid handling of delicate threads of cotton yarn plays a great part.” In Stoke-on-Trent, a pottery town, there was no complaint of the https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [1370] EMPLOYMENT AND UNEMPLOYMENT. 147 kind of relief work furnished, hut the loss of skill through unemploy ment was stressed. An official of the Pottery Operatives’ Union took a very grave view of this question, as did the assistant manager of one of the employment exchanges. The latter defi nitely stated that employers were not registering their vacancies at the exchanges because they did not want men who had been long out of work. Similar reports came from other places, and there was pretty general agreement that the danger of this kind of deterioration is progressive. Clearly, the value of the worker if reemployed to-day would be less than it was in 1920. The fall in value is, so far, only temporary, and the period needed for the recovery of skill and confidence would not be long; yet the fact indicates a real danger. Turning to the morale of the unemployed worker, the investi gators find that this question, too, has several sides. There is little or no evidence of the loss of self-dependence which maintenance without work is often supposed to produce. The men are not growing fond of idleness and manifesting a disposition to depend on public relief rather than to seek work. Rather they appear to be, as at Burnley, “ heartily sick of doing nothing, and want work for its own sake in many cases.” Their anxiety to get back to work was testified to by employers, employment exchange officials, and trade-union secretaries, as well as by individual workmen interviewed. Two conclusions were reached on this point. The demoralization that, according to pre-war theories, would have been expected to result from the provision of maintenance without Work has not y et shown itself. * * * The longer a man is out of work the greater the danger that he may lose the habit of self-dependence; but up to the present the greater provision of relief has acted rather as a support to self-respect and a safeguard against demoralization. Maintenance without employment may be demoralizing, but unemployment without maintenance is much more certain in its demoralizing effect. In some other respects it is agreed that morale has suffered. One of the most serious effects was said to be the discouragement to thrift and foresight. The workers who lived carefully and tried to provide for the future find that the utmost result of their efforts is that they are enabled to put off dependence on the uninsurance payments or the final resort to the poor law for a few months longer than their thriftless neighbors, and inevitably they question whether their self-denial has justified itself. Discouragement and resentment affect them profoundly. The case of the small tradesmen in Blaina who have had to close their shops and sell their houses, and the case of many a careful artisan who has had to part with the savings that he had accumulated for the education of his children, leave a bitterness of spirit that: may not issue in any revolutionary activity—since the saving man is not usually a revolutionary—but does change a man’s outlook on society. From all their conclusions the investigators except one class— the young men who spent in the army the years which would normally have been devoted to apprenticeship or to industrial training. They have not been habituated to industrial work and most of them possess no special skill. They can not be held responsible for their condition, but the fact remains that they constitute a serious problem. Many of these are regarded to-day as almost useless. They have nothing to offer which is of any great value in the labor market. They have been at a disadvantage https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [1371] MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW. 148 Because work has been given first to married men. They have been out of work for long periods, just at the time when their mental and moral faculties are most sensitive, and the result is that they now form a section which employers and public officials are very much inclined to label “ demoralized.” Among this class, the investigators feel, there is grave danger that maintenance without employment may lead to a permanent loss of self-dependence, and it is suggested more than once that for them, maintenance should he made contingent upon taking some form of industrial training. It must be remembered that the conclusions here discussed were reached more than a year ago, at the beginning of the third winter of unemployment. The investigators themselves expressed doubts as to what the conditions might be should the depression continue for another year or even longer. R e p o rt o i th e B ritis h U n e m p lo y m e n t G r a n ts C o m m itte e .1 HIS is the second (interim) report covering the proceedings from March 3, 1922, to June 28, 1923, but an appendix gives the first (interim) report, recounting proceedings from Decem ber, 1920, to March 2, 1922, so that the whole of the committee’s work is covered. In view of the depression prevailing in the autumn of 1920, the Government decided to give financial aid to local authorities who would undertake approved schemes of useful work for the sake of providing employment, and this committee was appointed to pass upon the schemes and to administer the funds provided. A sum of £3,000,000 ($14,599,500_ par) was at first voted for this purpose, but this has been materially increased from time to time. Two different plans for giving.help have been used. Under the first the committee pays 60 per cent of the wage bill, and under the second it undertakes to pay from 50 to 65 per cent of interest and sinking fund charges for from 5 to 15 years, according to the character of the work under consideration. The committee summarizes its work as follows: T The committee have, from the commencement of their operations in December, 1920, up to June 28, 1923, dealt with 9,444 schemes of work which have been submitted to them by many hundreds of local authorities; 2,592, of an estimated value of over £12,000,000 [$58,398,000, par] have been approved for direct grants, pm minting to £3,320,000 [$16,156,780, par], on the basis of 60 per cent of the wages cost; and 3,601 schemes involving a total expenditure to be defrayed from loan of £28,837,696 [$140,338,648, par] have been approved for grant in respect of interest and sinking fund charges. Commitments and provisional approvals affect schemes of a further value of £475,000 [$2,311,588, par]. The total volume of direct em ployment provided as a result of the various schemes is estimated to amount approximately to 1,500,000 man-months. The committee discusses at some length a wage provision which has roused bitter opposition from the workers. If a State-aided scheme is carried out directly by the local authorities, they are required to pay unskilled labor a lower rate than their usual standard, the reduction generally, at that time, being 25 per cent. This the committee justifies on the ground that the wage fund can thus be made to cover a greater number of men; that the employees, being 1 G reat B rita in . [T reasury.] U n em p lo y m en t G ran ts C om m ittee. Second (in terim ) report of pro ceedings from M arch 3,1822, to Ju n e 28,1923. London, 1923. 16,21 pp. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [1372] EMPLOYMENT AND UNEMPLOYMENT. 149 recruited from all classes and unused to such work, can not give the standard output; that it is undesirable to compete in any way with ordinary employment; and that these are really emergency works designed primarily to relieve distress. The committee admits, however, that this wage policy brings about some awkward situations. The rate of wages being paid on most relief works is now less than formerly, and indeed in some cases, particularly in rural districts, 75 per cent of the local authority’s rate has worked out at a figure so low as to compare unfavorably with the amount obtainable by unemployed men by way of poor relief, where the* men were married men with families. * * * In other cases it would appear that it is almost as advantageous financially for a married man with a family to do nothing and to draw out relief as to be employed on State-aided works. Unemployment Insurance by industry in Great Britain. HEN the English unemployment insurance act of 1920 was passed it contained a section permitting any industry which wished to take entire responsibility for its own unemploy ment to contract out of the general scheme, under certain carefully detailedyconditions. The abnormal unemployment which has pre vailed since the passage of the act threw such a strain upon the finances of the general scheme that by the summer of 1921 it was felt necessary to withdraw this permission until more normal conditions should obtain, but interest in the idea was not given up, and the Ministry of Labor has recently published a report1 on the subject, giving the conditions under which special schemes were permitted by the act of 1920, discussing difficulties in the way of establishing satisfactory plans and giving details concerning the one scheme which was brought into effect before permission was revoked. hinder the act of 1920 a special scheme can be established only for the whole of an industry within a given area, and it must cover all the work people employed in that industry, regardless of their occupations. Power is given to exclude specific classes of workers, if the Minister of Labor approves, but this power is closely restricted. Persons who are not eligible for benefits under the general unemployment insurance scheme can not be included in a special scheme. In general, a special scheme must be devised by the joint industrial council for the industry concerned, or, if no such, body exists, by an association of representatives of employers arid employees so con stituted as to represent a substantial majority of the employees in the industry. It must give a definite right to unemployment benefits, and these may not be less than those provided under the general scheme. Subject to this proviso, the amount and duration of benefits may be laid down by the scheme itself. The Government will make an annual contribution to its fund, though on a less liberal basis than to the general scheme, the ruling in this respect being as follows: W An annual grant to special schemes is made out of State funds * * * The grant is limited to one or other of the following amounts, whichever is the less, viz: (i) One-fourth of the contributions paid by employers and employees under the provisions of the special scheme; or 1 G reat B rita in . M inistry of L ab o r. E m p lo y m en t a n d in su ran ce d ep artm e n t. R ep o rt on th e a d m in istra tio n of section 18 of th e unem p lo y m en t in su ran ce act, 1920. L ondon, 1923. 41 p p . C m d. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [1373] 150 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW. (ii) A sum not exceeding 30 per cent of the Exchequer contributions which would have been paid under the general scheme, at the original rates of contributions in respect of the persons to whom the special scheme applies, if the special scheme had not been in operation. Other provisions deal with machinery for collecting contributions, receiving claims, and paying benefits, safeguarding the funds, verifying the statements as to unemployment or underemployment of the claimants, and similar practical details. Demarcation seems to be one of the principal difficulties in the way of establishing special schemes. Industries are not separated from one another by hard and fast lines. They overlap and interlace, and even an establishment clearly belonging to one industry may have one or more departments carrying on work claimed by another. Employees are even harder to keep within the limits of a strict classi fication. A ship joiner may on occasion work in the building trades; a machinist may be employed by any one of a number of industries; an unskilled laborer may pass from one industry to another half a dozen times within a single year, and these interchanges create serious difficulties for those trying to establish special schemes. Moreover, this aspect of special schemes is probably responsible to some extent for the objection raised to the whole principle of insurance by industries on the ground that any such system is unfair to certain workers and particularly to the large inter changeable fringe of unskilled laborers. Again, it requires a considerable degree of tact, initiative, and driving power to put through a special scheme, since its establishment requires the cooperation of a large number of employers and em ployees, whose views and interests may differ widely. It is easier to remain quiescent and accept the terms of the general scheme. And always there is the doubt as to whether it will prove financially ad vantageous for an industry to accept full responsibility for its own unemployment. t Even in an industry with a low record of unemployment the advantage of the re duced contributions under a special scheme is not large, particularly to employers, in comparison with other expenses, and is made less owing to the reduced Exchequer grant payable to a special scheme. On the other side is to be set the liability of a special scheme to meet its own charges without assistance from the wider area of the general scheme. Should bad times come, this liability might be a serious burden on the limited resources of a single industry, and it would fall at a moment when the industry was least able to bear it. I t seems probable that considerations of this kind may have had a good deal of weight with those who were estimating the relative advantages of a special scheme with the alternative of remaining under the general scheme. The special scheme adopted by the insurance industry came into effect on July 4,1921. I t covers approximately 85,000 workers, 57,000 males and 28,000 females. It is administered by a joint board con sisting of five employers and five employees, who hold office for two years, half of them retiring each year. The employer pays the same weekly contribution for each adult worker in his employ that is required from the employer under the general scheme, but the em ployee, at least for an experimental period, pays nothing. Normally, no contribution is paid by the employee. * * * In the event of a deficiency being disclosed after the scheme has been in operation for seven years a contribution limited to one-half the current rate of contribution payable by employed persons under the general scheme may be imposed on the employees. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [137-1] EMPLOYMENT AND UNEMPLOYMENT. 151 Benefits are on a slightly more liberal scale than under the general scheme. The periods for which they are to be paid correspond closely to those of the general scheme, but the waiting time is three days, instead of six. For the first year the receipts under the special scheme amounted to £236,382 ($1,150,353, p a r ) , benefits paid out to the unemployed were £31,651 ($154,030, par), and expenses of administration were £17,672 ($86,001, par), showing a balance on hand at the end of the year of £187,059 ($910,323, par). During the year 4,300 claims for benefit were made. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [1375] HOUSING. Housing Situation in New Y ork City.1 kUPJNG the week beginning October 15, 1923, the New York State Housing Commission held a series 01 hearings m JNew York City to secure evidence bearing on the question of whether or not an attempt should be made to obtain an extension ot the rent laws beyond February, 1924 the date now set ior their termination. The hearings were crowded, and interest m tne prob lem seemed as intense as at any earlier date. Tenants, landlords, real estate owners, social workers, building contractors, students o social problems, and public officials were all heard, and the evidence showed a wide divergence of opinion as to the actual situation, some contending that the emergency to meet which the rent laws were enacted, if it had ever existed, had now passed, while others held tnat it was as acute as ever. The varying and sometimes contradictory testimony seemed, however, to point to two conclusions: hirst, that there is now sufficient accommodation m JNew York for those who can afford to pay from $20 to $25 or over per room per month; and second, that for'those who can not pay such rents, the situation is as bad as it was in 1920, when the rent laws were first passed, borne witnesses considered it worse. ' „ , . 1P Tenement House Commissioner Mann, testifying on October lb, gave data as to the actual vacancies in tenement apartments, as found by his department at different dates: Out of 956,000 apartments in 1916 there were a total of 5.61 per cent of vacancies or 51 fsic] for every thousand. In March, 1917, our of 972,910 apartments, 3.66 pei cent or approximately 37 per thousand, were vacant. In 1919, when the housing shortage was beginning to be felt more acutely there were 2.18 per cent vacancies, or 21 vacancies per thousand out of a total of 982,926 apartments, in April 19^ there were 982,408 apartments, four vacancies to every thousand. In 1921, out o. 932,930 apartments, the vacancies were only 0.15 per cent, or one and a half apartments pei thousand. In March, 1923, out of 1,001,457 apartments, 0.37 per cent or four in a thousand were vacant. He pointed out that at the present time the percentage ot vacancies was the same as that of 1920, despite the increased number of apartments that have been built. As a result of this situation, he testified, people were living in old and insanitary houses which would ordinarily have become obsolete. Moreover, it was impossible to enforce the tenement house laws. If the tenement house department prosecuted every owner of a converted house on which violations have been placed by the department, between 2b,GQQ and o0,000 persons would be camping in the parks and streets. There was pretty general testimony that there had been much building in the last three years, but that it was not of a kind to meet the needs of the average wage earner. The superintendent of ouildings in the Borough of the Bronx said that not a building to rent ior VExcept w here otherw ise noted, th e d a ta on which tin s article is based are ta k e n from th e reportsi of the hearings given in th e New Y ork E vening Post and th e New YorK Tim es for O ct. lo to Oct. 20,1923, inclusive. 152 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis H376] HOUSING. 153 as low as $ 10 a room had been put up in the Bronx for six years past. Apartments now under construction rented on the average, for about $20 per room. The head of the Tenants’ Associations of Greater New York testified that with the exception of one house put up by a semiphilanthropic association, not one tenement to rent for $10 a room had been built for three years. On the other hand there was some testimony that the city was already overbuilt with apartments renting at $20 a room or over. Professor Lindsay, of Columbia University, presented an elaborate statistical study of the whole situation, indicating that there had never been any positive evidence of real physical shortage of hous ing in New York City; that during the last three years and a half the increase in the number of apartments provided had outstripped the increase in the population; that rents had risen less proportion ately than wages or general cost of living; and that while it is highly desirable to encourage the construction of cheap dwellings, “ all possible freedom from unnecessary restrictions upon the operation of economic forces of free competition for all building construction” must be guaranteed. “ Only with such encouragement to builders and investors will a sufficient surplus of housing of all classes exist to make consumers secure. ” 2 The apparent discrepancy between this testimony and that of earlier witnesses disappeared when Professor Lindsay was ques tioned as to the exact meaning of his data. Professor Lindsay admitted that none of the additional construction was of any benefit to the average wage earner who could pay up to $10 or $12 a room. * * * On cross-examination Mr. Lindsay admitted that an emergency existed in 1920 and further that, as it applies to the average wage earner, practically the same emergency exists to-day. He said that there were old law tenements admittedly undesirable which could be had until the economic condition improved. In this case he held it was rather a part of the poverty problem and not the rent problem and was of the opinion that State interference to the extent of housing for the poor might be justified. On cross-examination again the witness admitted that the number of old law apart ments was practically nil. There was a good deal of testimony to show that rents had risen beyond the capacity of the ordinary wage earner to pay, and that consequently there was much overcrowding, even in tenements unfit for normal occupancy. Rentals on the East Side, it was testified, had jumped from $6 and $9 to $16 and $20, and even more was charged if there were a change of tenants. The head of the Association for Improving the Condition of the Poor gave the results of a survey covering 550 families under the care of his association, having an average income of $75 a month. According to his testi mony, “ the average rent paid by this class of people in 1914 * * * was $9.53 a month, as against $16.13 in 1920, and $19.13 this year. The number of persons occupying a room at this time is 1.7, or about five to three rooms. ” The scarcity of cheap apartments and the increases in rents seems to have told with special severity against the negro population. It was testified that in some of the Harlem districts landlords met objections to rent increases by threatening to let the apartments to negroes. If the whites remained obdurate, the threat was carried 2 Lindsay, Sam uel McCune: Some Economic Aspects of th e R ecent Em ergency H ousing Legislation in N ew Y ork. New Y ork, 1923, p. V III. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [1377] 154 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW. out, the newcomers being charged materially higher rents than their predecessors. Cases were cited in which colored tenants were charged $106 a month for apartments for which whites had paid about $35. Colored tenents were frequently charged twice or three times as much as the whites who had occupied the apartments before their coming. In order to meet these charges, they were forced to resort to almost unbelievable overcrowding. There was diversity of opinion as to what ought to be done about the condition of affairs. Tenants and social workers argued em phatically that the rent laws should be continued; the real estate interests, in general, thought that they should be allowed to lapse, or that, at most, their operation should be confined to apartments renting for less than $20 a room. Some urged that it should be made compulsory upon the State and municipalities to invest part of their sinking funds in land bank bonds, so that more money might be available for building. Senator Copeland, formerly health com missioner of New York, advised the formation of a housing com mission with power to determine the kind oi buildings which should be erected; he also urged the adoption of zoning and the develop ment of a system of town planning, so that provision might be made for housing workers near the industry in which they are employed. Mr. Norman, of the Building Trades Employers’ Association, sug gested a rather elaborate scheme of control, to make sure that housing should not be passed over for the sake of industrial or busi ness building. Mr. Norman suggests that some competent body, perhaps the new State Housing fommission itself, make a survey of the labor and materials which will be available for a vear’s construction of all kinds in the metropolis. After calculating the number of new structures which can be provided within that period, Mr. Norman would have these facts taken up by the heads of the various money lending institutions. “ If, ” he says “ with so many men and so much material, so many structures can be erected, the money lending officials could determine the ratio of housing to schools and com mercial structures. Arriving at such a conclusion, and with the ratio of new building to be put up in the course of the year established, the conference could then agree to refuse loans on buildings beypnd the percentage arrived at as a result of the survey. ” (New York Record and Guide, October 27, 1923, p. 518.) The commission adjourned at the end of the week, but it is inti mated that further hearings may be held in other boroughs of Greater New York. Housing for Employees in Finland. OCIAL Tidskrift, Nos. 4, 6, 7, and 9, 1923, published by the Social Ministry of Finland, gives accounts of welfare work,1 including housing, undertaken for their employees by employers in Fin land, information as to which was gathered by the woman factory inspectors in the course of their regular duties. 1 he data gathered covered the following matters: Workmen’s houses; measures to better the employees’ economic condition; health measures; old-age pensions and homes; education, and welfare measures for children and young people; libraries and reading rooms; gymnastics, sports, etc. 1For an account of em ployers’ welfare w ork, see p. 191 of th is issue of th e M onthly L abor R e v ie w . S https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [ 1378 ] HOUSING. 155 The investigation covered 150 large industrial enterprises operat ing 222 factories. Of the 150 industries investigated, 133 had built houses for their employees. Of a total of 57,171 workers, 18,645, or 32.6 per cent, lived in houses furnished by the employer. This figure is twice that for all industry generally,2 showing that the large industrial undertakings have been more active than the rest of indus try in meeting their employees’ housing needs. Of these 150 indus trial establishments, 17 had provided no dwellings for their workers, 115 had built dwellings ranging in number from 2 to 100, and 12 had provided from 100 to 200; the remaining 6 owned more than 200 dwellings each. The inspectors reported 38 per cent of the houses as good, 42 percent as satisfactory, 15 per cent as fair, and 5 per cent as poor. The most common type of dwelling is the so-called “ workers’ barracks.” The original type of barracks, which, is now gradually disappearing, is a two-story building having a corridor running through, with separate rooms on each side, one room being assigned to each family. In addition to being unattractive they are danger ous in case of fire and contagious diseases, and have other hygienic disadvantages. The newer type is a one-story building having two, four, or six apartments of one room and kitchen, closet, and out buildings. Apartments with two rooms and kitchen are also now fairly common. Besides homes for married workers a number of establishments have built homes for their unmarried workers. These rooms, how ever, are not, in the majority of cases, fitted for light housekeeping, which is very inconvenient, especially for the woman workers. One firm has built two other types of houses—two-story row houses painted white with red tile roofs, and detached two-family houses painted red with white tin roofs. The row dwellings consist of a cellar, one room (with fireplace) on the first floor, and. two rooms on the second floor. In addition to the kitchen garden each tenant has the right to a plat of potato land at some distance from the dwelling. Work in the gardens is done under the supervision of a garden instructor employed by the factory management so that the ¡dace resembles the so-called garden cities. In the two and four family houses built by another firm, each dwelling consists of one or two rooms and kitchen, with private entrance, cellar, woodshed, and other outbuildings, and a garden fenced by hedges so that in time this settlement will also take on the appearance of a garden city. In most cases electric lights and a certain quantity of wood are furnished free. Formerly the houses also were free or were sup plied as part of the wage payment, but this system is gradually being abolished in favor of the cash wage and the charging of rent, on the ground that the workers appreciate the houses more when they pay rent. Rents vary greatly, sometimes being merely a nominal sum or one sufficient to pay for the upkeep of the buildings; in other cases rates current in the community are charged. Time for giving notice is usually 14 daj^s, or 1 month for factory workers. 2Of th e to ta l n u m b er of in d u stria l w orkers employed in 1920-21 only 15.7 per cent lived in provided by th e em ployers. 71915°—23 11 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [1379] dwellings 156 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW. In building workmen’s homes the importance of garden land is stressed both because of economic advantages as well as the effect on the workers’ physical well-being. Many establishments are fix ing their attention on this matter, some employing garden instruc tors whose duty it is, in addition to giving instruction, to arrange for lectures, exhibits, premiums, etc., to promote interest in gardens. It is stated that colony gardens are found in other countries but not to any extent in Finland, but that they are to be recommended especially for factories in the large cities. In an investigation begun by Socialstyrelsen covering all industries it was found that at the beginning of 1921 there were 13,715^dwell ings provided by Finnish employers for their employees. Of these 51 per cent were one-room dwellings, as a rule a kitchen or room with a fireplace, but in a number of industrial enterprises the dwelling consists of one room and a share in a common kitchen. About 42 per cent of the dwellings have two rooms, usually one room and a kitchen; occasionally dwellings of two rooms and a common kitchen or two rooms without kitchen are found. Only 5 per cent of the dwellings have three rooms. Very few have four or more rooms; these are seldom occupied by workers, being usually reserved for foremen or superintendents. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [1380] IN D U STR IA L A C C ID EN TS A N D HYGIENE. Electrical Code of Wisconsin.1 INCE September .13, 1922, there has been in force in the State of Wisconsin an electrical code formulated under the auspices of the industrial commission and the railroad commission of the State. The code was prepared by a representative advisory committee, assisted by a number of technical experts. Work on the code was begun in December, 1919, and continued until May, 1922. The introduction states that the code is based on the two national codes, viz, the national electrical code of the National Board of Eire Underwriters and the national electrical safety code of the United States Bureau of Standards. Its scope is indicated by this state ment found on the first page: ‘"Requirements for all electrical and signal equipment of places of employment, public buildings, private buildings, and overhead and underground electrical supply and signal lines, now or hereafter installed.” The code consists of an introduction and the following special parts: Part 1, dealing with supply stations, substations, and equip ment; part 2, with supply and signal lines; part 3, with utilization equipment; and part 4, with safety measures to be observed in opera tion of equipment and lines. Parts 1, 2, and 4 are enforced by the railroad commission and part* 3 by the industrial commission. It is not possible here to comment on any of the details of the code, but attention is called to the fact that the State of Wisconsin has deemed it desirable to consolidate into a single document the pro visions of the two national codes on which its code is founded. It may be confidently stated that any State or municipality wish ing to have a workable manual for thé control of its electrical in stallations will be obliged to make a similar consolidation. Why do not the proponents of the national codes formulate such a com bined code ? If other jurisdictions follow the example of Wisconsin, there will be the inevitable confusion attendant on the local prep aration of such codes. S Industrial Placement of Heart Patients. N ARTICLE on “ Placing cardiac patients in regular industries,” by Mrs. John S. Sheppard, is published in the Journal of Industrial Plygiene, October, 1923 (pp. 189-204). The work of the Employment Bureau for the Handicapped in New York City especially in reference to the placement of heart patients, is reviewed in this article and a list is given of industries and occupations in which heart patients have been successfully placed. This list is A 1 W isconsin. In d u s tria l C om m ission a n d R ailro ad Commission. M adison, 1922. 283 p p . F irst edition. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [13S1] W isconsin State electrical code. 157 158 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW. classified according to the degree of heart impairment which will permit a person to engage in any particular occupation. As a result of the recognition in recent years by physicians of the value not only of the work but of participation by heart patients in a gainful occupation in regular industry, much constructive work for such patients has been accomplished. In 1912 a report made by a committee appointed by the New York conference on hospital social service made the following suggestion: “ That, inasmuch as cardiac cases need a protracted convalescence upon discharge from the hospital, this convalescent period of several inonths would provide an ideal opportunity for a study of the patient’s capacity and adaptability, both physical and mental, and for the selection and teaching of a trade suitable both to his intelligence and to his physical handicap.” As a result of this suggestion a convalescent home for heart patients was established in 1913 where industrial training for those with heart impairment was instituted. The men were trained in making flower pots, sun dials, fountains, and all kinds of garden furniture from cement. Later this enterprise was incor porated as the Trade School for Cardiac Convalescents. In January, 1913, a workshop was established in New York City in which men who had been trained in this school were employed under ideal conditions. The men were carefully supervised, being given a weekly medical examination, and in practically every case the work was said to have had a beneficial effect upon the patient. This school was forced to close in 1916 as a result of the unsettled social and economic conditions resulting from the war, but the experience was sufficient to establish certain conclusions. Marked contrast was shown between the progress of those patients in the convalescent home before training was established and those later ones who had the benefit of work as* an occupation. In the first annual report of the institution it was said, “ The patient gets a motive, a reason for forgetting himself, a future to look forward to, and a ground for self respect.” The experience of the trade school appeared to show that in many cases the patients do not need a long period of convalescence, but can begin work suited to their capabilities either after a short con valescence or immediately upon leaving the hospital. It was shown, too, that in occupations which do not overtax the strength of the patients, they can work under the piecework system without danger to their health, proving that heart patients have a greater work tolerance than was formerly considered to be the case. Although this experiment was not of sufficiently long duration to show whether or not such a workshop could be self supporting, it hardly seems probable that it could, the writer says, because special workshops and factories cost too much for the small number of heart patients who can not work in occupations in regular industries which are suited to their condition. The number of patients who can not be so placed is becoming smaller as the selection of industries improves and as patients are more carefully classified in regard to work toler ance by the physician who sends them to the placement worker. The Hospital Social Service Association took up the problem of employment for heart patients in 1918 in connection with the general problem of employment for all physically handicapped persons and https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [1382] INDUSTRIAL ACCIDENTS AND HYGIENE. 159 their placement was undertaken by the Employment Bureau for the Handicapped, which was opened in April, 1918. In this connection the writer calls attention to the fact that a large general employment bureau for the handicapped can do more for special groups than can bureaus organized only to deal with such groups. “ The larger the number and the more diversified the group of applicants for work, the more chance the employer has of finding the person that he wants for the job and consequently the more frequently he will apply to that employment bureau for workers. Also, the larger the number and the more diversified the industries with which the place ment worker is in touch, the more kinds of work she can try out and the more new openings she finds for work which may be well adapted to special types of handicaps. The work becomes better known to employers in general, and the enlarged field of industries makes better placements possible.” The Employment Bureau for the Handicapped placed 5,304 persons from the time it was established up to November 1, 1922, of whom 1,039 were heart patients. The value of this work to the individuals and to the community is shown by the fact that in one month the wages amounted to approximately $11,660, while in the same month it cost less than $500 to run the bureau. An employment bureau for the handicapped can not be run on the same lines as a commercial bureau, as the majority of the applicants would not come there if a fee were charged. Most of these persons have lost the desire to work and one of the most important duties of those managing such a bureau is to persuade them to try. Employers, tod, can not be expected to pay for being supplied with men who are physically handicapped and about whose usefulness there is some question—a usefulness which must frequently be demonstrated to the employer. Placement of handicapped persons, therefore, requires expert knowl edge on the part of the placement officer and takes so much time that it would not pay as a commercial enterprise, so that it is evident that such work must be supported by people who realize its value or it must be maintained by the State. The average cost of placements made by the bureau in 1922 was $3.31 for each case, showing that such a service will not become a great burden on the community and that its cost compared with that of establishing and carrying on special industries for the handi capped is inconsiderable. A survey of the industries considered suitable for handicapped persons generally was made after the establishment of the bureau and a list was drawn up after consultation with the industrial experts of some of the life insurance companies. The factories to which the patients were to be sent were examined and the cooperation of the employers secured. Special attention was paid to finding suitable work for heart patients, since the result of overstrain is so easily disastrous to them. It is estimated, the article states, that there are more than 2,000,000 persons in the United States who have heart disease. Kejections on this account by draft boards during the war amounted to 42.3 men out of every thousand, and these men were in the age group from which the greatest work output is expected, so that their inability to take their places in industry is a great economic loss. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [13,83] 160 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW. The proper placement of handicapped persons of any type is difficult, but owing to the marked functional disturbance in heart disease which causes a highly nervous condition, heart cases are especially difficult to handle and these patients who come to the bureau for placement have frequently had a long illness and have lost the habit of work. The assistance of the hospital social service worker who refers the patient to the bureau can be made effective by sending a dependable classification as to work tolerance and instructing the patient in regard to the importance of accepting work suited to his handicap, even if it involves taking lower wages than he has been receiving, while the importance of reporting for work when he has promised to commence work at a definite time can also be stressed by the social worker. Although the situation has improved, a dependable classifi cation as to work tolerance is essential, and at the present time there is great difference in the tests by which patients are classified. The classification used is that of the Association for the Prevention and Relief of Heart Disease, which divides heart patients into five classes according to the degree of disability. Class I consists of patients with organic heart disease who are able to carry on habitual physical activity but who should return for examination every three months. Class II is divided into two grades, in the first of which there is slightly diminished activity necessitating their return to the clinic every month so that the effect of the work can be watched, and in the second of which there is greatly diminished physical activity. The patients in the latter grade furnish the greatest problem since they need very carefully selected industries and should report to the clinic frequently for observation. Class III includes patients who are unequal to any physical activity. These patients are sometimes able to work, but should not be placed with out warning being given to the employer of the danger of sudden death. The records of the bureau, however, show only two cases of sudden deaths of patients while at work, and one of these was an elderly man doing clerical work. Classes IV and V are possible and potential cases of heart disease. Class IV covers cases in which there are doubtful murmurs which can not, however, be clearly diagnosed as organic heart disease, while patients in Class V have some predisposing history. Neither of these classes presents a real problem although they should be carefully placed. The occupations of heart patients should never require the maxi mum exertion they are able to give and as far as possible should follow the lines of the former employment in order to minimize^ the discouragement incidental to giving up a former occupation. Noise and dust are no worse for heart patients than for any nervous persons. Patients in the first group of Class II can work eight hours standing, but those in the second group should not have to climb stairs nor do any stooping or lifting, and their work should be near home, as a long trip to and from work adds too much strain. This class is the most difficult for which to find suitable work, although the writer states that every year of experience in the bureau shows that the lives of very few patients in this class are shortened by work if it is carefully supervised. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [1384] INDUSTRIAL ACCIDENTS AND HYGIENE. 161 In general, employers are said to have cooperated well with the bureau in its work. During the first three years of the existance of the bureau the shortage of labor made it easy to find work for handi capped persons, but during the subsequent period of unemployment, when it was difficult for normal persons to find work, it was parti cularly difficult for the handicapped. However, in spite of this fact, in 1921 the bureau placed 1,128 out of 8,398 applicants and in 1922, 1,717 out of 4,789 applicants. In order to secure the full measure of usefulness of such a service the writer emphasizes the importance of not asking the employer to take patients as a charity, but of selecting occupations in which the heart patients can give full labor for a full wage. Some employers have not wished to employ heart patients because of the added risk •of a serious outcome in the case of accident to a person having heart disease. This, however, has not proved a formidable obstacle, and the bureau has had no complaints from employers about trouble under the workmen’s compensation act with patients placed by it. The effect of regular work on heart patients has, in general, been found to be excellent. In 1920 a study of the effects of the employ ment on 123 heart patients showed that in six months the condition of 90 had improved, 30 had remained stationary, 2 had been lost sight of, and only 1 had grown worse. Another study covering 69 men, some of whom had not worked for months or years, showed 64 placed in new positions and 1 in his former job. At the end of the year 59 were still at work. Ten of these patients had been back in hospitals for short periods with heart attacks, 14 others had heart treatments, and the 1 elderly man mentioned, before died suddenly while at clerical work. In conclusion, the writer saps that if the report seems to err on the side of being too optimistic, it can be stated that the results in the placing of heart patients have more than justified the efforts made for them, and that a much greater work tolerance has been shown by them than was believed possible at the outset. The success which has already been achieved may also be expected to make the work easier, since much of the trouble with heart patients is due to their bad mental attitude and neurasthenia, and that as an increasing number is shown to be capable of taking places in regular industries the attitude of both the patients and the public may be expected to change to a more hopeful and helpful point of view. Industrial Accidents in the Rubber industry, First Half of 1923. HE National Safety News for November, 1923, contains (p. 40) the industrial accident record for the first half of the year 1923 of certain firms in the rubber industry reporting then* ex perience to the National Safety Council. The number of firms so reporting was 15, having 65,080, 1,000-hour exposure. The number of accidents occurring in these establishments during the six months’ period was 2,332, of which 7 resulted in death, 1 in permanent total disability, 52 in permanent partial disability, 547 in temporary disa bility of over two weeks, 417 in temporary disability of over one to two T https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [1385] 162 MONTHLY labor r e v ie w . weeks, and 1,308 in temporary disability of one week and under. The frequency rate for these establishments was 35.83 per 1,000,000 hours worked, while the severity rate per 1,000 hours worked was 1.50. The frequency rate for the two and one-half years’ experience ending June 30, 1923, was 33.02, while the severity rate for the same period was 1.04. Estimated Annual Number and Cost of Industrial Accidents in the United States— A Correction. N THE article on the “ Estimated annual number and cost of indus trial accidents in the United States,” published in the November, 1923, issue of the M o n t h l y L a b o r R e v ie w , the figures shown in the sixth line on page 9 should read 227,169,970 and $1,022,264,866, instead of 227,356,541 and $1,023,104,435. I https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [1386] W ORKM ENS C O M PEN SA TIO N INSURANCE. AND SOCIAL Recommendations oi American Federation of Labor. HE 1922 convention of the American Federation of Labor held at Cincinnati, Ohio, authorized the appointment of a com mittee to inquire into the present status of workmen’s com pensation and employers’ liability laws. Acting in conformity with the authority thus conferred upon him, President Samuel Gompers, with the approval of the executive council, appointed William Green, Frank Duffy, and Matthew Woll to serve in this capacity. The following report of this special committee was submitted to the fed eration at its 1923 convention held in Portland, Oreg.1 T Complying with, instructions given by the executive council of the American Federation of Labor, predicated on the authorization delegated to it by the Cincin nati convention of the American Federation of Labor, your committee so selected was especially charged to inquire into the following subjects: (a) The activities of insurance companies in preventing the establishment of State insurance funds to carry the risks arising out of industrial employment. (b ) Differences arising out of conflicting interpretations and constructions of laws of State and Federal Governments. (c) Activities of employers in adopting and enforcing limits of age and standards of physical employment to lessen risks arising out of industrial employment and using workmen’s compensation laws as a pretext to do this. ( d) The wide difference in the administrative features, scheduled benefits, and other allowances and provisions contained in the various State laws. We have endeavored to perform the work assigned us by making diligent inquiry, through all means available, into the very important subject matter referred to us for inquiry and investigation. We respectfully submit the following report: («,) The activities o f in su ra n c e co m panies i n p re v e n tin g the esta blishm ent o f S ta te i n surance f u n d s to carry the risks a risin g o u t o f in d u s tr ia l e m p lo y m e n t. Workmen's compensation legislation is based upon the fixed principle that em ployers must be required to furnish adequate security guaranteeing the payment of compensation, as provided in the statutes, to injured workmen and the dependents of killed employees. Exclusive State insurance, mutual companies, _private stock companies, and self-insurance are the commonly accepted forms of insurance em ployed as security in the payment of workmen’s compensation schedules of benefits. All"but three States (Alabama, Arizona, and Kansas) require the employer to secure his compensation payments either by insuring his risks in an authorized private in surance carrier or in a State fund where such fund is provided or, in the case of selfinsurers, to deposit bonds or other collateral security and to furnish a financial state ment showing assets and liabilities. Thirty-two States permit insurance in private carriers. Seven States have an exclusive State insurance fund in vdiich the fund becomes the sole insurance carrier, no private company being allowed to operate. Nine States have a competitive State insurance fund in which the fund operates in competition with other forms of insurance. Of the 42 compensation States, 12 are compulsory and 30 are elective. Many of the States enacted elective law's to over come constitutional difficulties. Unquestionably private insurance companies are opposed to the establishment of State insurance funds. This is particularly true where the statutes creating State ini A m erican Federation of Labor. pp. 63-66. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Executive Council. [1387] R eport to th e forty-third annual convention, 163 164 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW. surance funds are supplemented by the enactment of legislation which excludes pri vate insurance companies from participation in the sale of workmen’s compensation insurance. The private companies are active in their opposition to workmen’s com pensation State insurance fund legislation. They are powerfully organized and natu-« rally seek to retain for themselves the business of selling workmen’s compensation insurance. It is a question of business and profit to the liability insurance companies. As evidence of the power and influence of private insurance companies in the enactment of workmen’s compensation legislation, only in 7 States have exclusive State insurance funds been created by law, no private companies being allowed to operate, while in 32 States employers are permitted to insure with private carriers. Summarizing the situation which our inquiry disclosed, the private insurance companies are engaged in the work of preventing the enactment of exclusive State insurance workmen’s compensation legislation. Their agents work both openly and secretly, as circumstances may require. They attempt to deceive the unwary and unthinking representatives of labor by misrepresentation and through insidious propa ganda. Stories attacking the solvency of exclusive State insurance funds are sur reptitiously circulated and criticism of the schedules provided in the laws are made by agents of the private companies. In some instances they succeed in preventing the passage of exclusive State insurance workmen’s compensation legislation by encouraging labor representatives to oppose the enactment of such legislation because the legislation proposed does not carry with it the ideals and full demands of labor. They create opposition to this form of legislation, among labor representatives, not because of the exclusive State insurance fund feature but because, in some inconse quential minor way the bill proposed does not measure up to the demands of labor. By this policy the agents of private companies have succeeded in preventing the passage of exclusive State insurance workmen’s compensation legislation in some States. The United States Department of Labor made an investigation into the subject of workmen’s compensation insurance. It reported and commented upon the relative types of insurance as follows: ‘ ‘There has been much discussion as to the relative merits of different types of insurance. The Department of Labor recently completed an investigation upon the subject. The result of this investigation showed that the State funds could operate cheaper than either the mutual or stock companies. In fact, the average exclusive State funds can do business about 25 to 30 per cent cheaper than the average private! stock company. There is considerable variation in the quality of service furnished, by the several States funds. However, comparing the State funds as a whole with th e 1 private companies as a whole it was found that the State fund furnished slightly better \ service than the private companies. As regards security State funds are on a par in this respect with private carriers. Thus far no injured workman has lost his com-1 pensation because of the insolvency of State funds nor has any large mutual company j become insolvent. On the other hand there have been several disastrous failures of private stock companies during the last three or four years. These failures have resulted in hundreds of thousands of dollars in unpaid claims. ’’ (b) D ifferen ces a risin g o u t o f co n flictin g in te rp r e ta tio n s a n d c o n stru c tio n s o f law s o f S ta te a n d F ederal G o v ern m e n ts. It does not appear, from such information as we were able to secure, that any serious differences have arisen out of conflicting interpretations and constructions of law defining State from Federal Governments. No controversies of any serious conse quence have arisen with regard to persons employed upon railroads and pipe lines, but some differences have arisen affecting those employed in maritime work. This prevails in California, Oregon, and some other Pacific and Atlantic Coast States where persons are employed in maritime labor connected with the ocean-going and coastwise trade. State workmen’s compensation laws can be made to apply only to employers and employees engaged in private industry and interstate commerce. Legislation of this character can not be made to apply to persons employed on railroads and transporta tion lines engaged in interstate commerce. The higher courts have held, in decisions made sustaining the constitutionality of Workmen’s compensation legislation, that the States have a legal right to enact workmen’s compensation legislation, and that the States may make such legislation compulsory in its application to private indus tries located in and coming within the jurisdiction of the respective States. How ever, the courts have held, in construing the interstate commerce section of the con stitution of the United States, that persons employed by common carriers, engaged https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [1388] w o r k m e n ’s c o m p e n s a t io n a n d so c ia l in s u r a n c e . 165 in transporting interstate commerce can not come within the scope of or become subject to the operation of the State workmen’s compensation laws. Obviously, therem edy for this State of affairs is the enactment of a Federal work men’s compensation law applicable to those persons engaged in interstate commerce and who come wholly within the Federal jurisdiction. We believe such legislation should define clearly the class of employers and employees who are subject thereto and should be similar to the Ohio workmen’s compensation law which the American Federation of Labor has officially accepted as the standard act in this character and kind of legislation. (c) A c tiv itie s o f em p lo yers i n a d o p tin g a n d en fo rcin g lim its o f age a n d sta n d a rd s o f p h ysica l e m p lo y m e n t to lessen risk s a risin g o u t o f in d u s tr ia l e m p lo y m e n t a n d u s in g w o rk m e n 's c o m p en sa tio n law s as a pretext to do this. Our investigation discloses the fact that employers in some industries establish age limits and require physical examination on the part of persons seeking employ ment. This practice, however, is not generally followed by employers of labor. Age limits and physical examination are required of those seeking employment upon railroads and in some rubber factories, electrical manufacturing plants and in other miscellaneous trades and callings. While these requirements may be set up in order to reduce risks arising out of industrial employment and using workmen’s compen sation laws as a pretext to do it, there is no evidence which we could find in support of it. The practice itself seems to be followed as a matter of policy rather than to accom plish a purpose. It was put into effect in some industries before the enactment of workmen’s compensation legislation. It would no doubt be carried on if there were no workmen’s compensation legislation in effect. In our opinion the only effective safeguard upon which the worker may rely as protection against injustice and discrimination growing out of age limit and physical examination, as followed by some employers is thorough and effective organization. Imposition of wrong and injustice by selfish employers can be successfully resisted in industries, factories and establishments where the workers are thoroughly organized. (d ) The w ide difference i n the a d m in istra tiv e fea tu re s, scheduled benefits, a n d other a llo w ances a n d p ro v isio n s c o n ta in e d i n the v a rio u s S ta te law s. Our investigations into the principal provisions of existing State compensation laws has disclosed the fact that there is a wide variation in these essential provisions of compensation legislation. The principal provisions requiring attention may be said to include: 1. The scope or coverage of existing laws. 2. Injuries embraced. 3. Waiting period involved. 4. Medical service provided. 5. Percentage rate of compensation fixed. 6. Weekly maximum and minimum compensation requirements. 7. Compensation periods embraced. 8. Second injuries included. 9. Administrations. 10. Accident prevention. 11. Suits for damages. 12. Compulsory or elective compensation. 13. Insurance and other like features. I t must be self-evident that a thorough inquiry into all these provisions and the formulation of concrete proposals suitable to all States and uniform in character involves a large task, requiring the utmost care and most intelligent consideration possible. Your committee has made substantial progress in this work. However, the work done has not been advanced sufficiently to enable us to present a complete and com prehensive report at this time. Instead, it is recommended that the investigation made, compilation undertaken, and formulation of a standard model workmen’s compensation law at present under consideration, be continued by this or a like committee, with the understanding that the committee’s final report be submitted to the executive council of the American Federation of Labor, and that the executive council be authorized to pass final judgment upon this report and publish and distrib ute it in pamphlet form and in such other manner as may be deemed most helpful, desirable, and advisable by the executive council. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [1389] 166 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW. Pending the final report of this committee and the conclusions reached by the executive council, it is recommended that the Ohio workmen's compensation law continue as the model law on this subject. The executive council recommended favorable action upon the several conclusions contained in the committee’s report including authorization to complete the work undertaken in the manner indicated and recommended by the committee. The recommendations of this special committee, as presented in the report of the executive council, were considerably modified by the committee on the executive council’s report. The report of this latter committee was presented to the convention and was approved by both the executive council and the federation. The committee’s report in so far as it relates to workmen’s compensation is as follows:2 Iu the executive council’s report, pages 63 to 66, inclusive, under the caption “ Workmen’s compensation law,” is presented a partial report of the committee appointed in conformity with the authority given by the Cincinnati convention to the executive council to make inquiry into the present status of workmen’s com pensation and employers’ liability laws. This committee has made a very careful inquiry covering a broad area of the subject, whose scope is such that it can not be completely treated in a single report. The committee emphasizes a point which is apparent to all who have studied the subject, that is, that private insurance companies have interfered with and seriously retarded progress in the field of workmen’s compensation and employers’ liability laws. The opposition to State insurance funds, on the part of private insurance, is easily understood because wherever a State insurance fund is well established profits that are enjoyed by the private insurance companies are cut off from them and remain in the possession of the State, and thereby tend to reduce to that extent at least the cost to the employers of the maintenance of the fund required to take care of the victims of industrial mishaps. The solution for this serious phase of the general question, that readily suggests itself, is the rigid exclusion from the field of the private insurance company. Before this remedy can be effectively applied there must be a more general dissemination of information concerning the exact nature of the work that is undertaken by the State in the establishment of the insurance fund. Experience has shown that the workmen as well as the employers are not willing to entirely forego certain of their natural rights even though it be made plain that by doing so and accepting the conditions of a properly safeguarded compensation law, with the accompanying State insurance fund, they really are accepting an advantage to themselves. The impersonal character of the State insurance is a guaranty to both employer and employed of justice rather than the unavoidable suspicion that attaches to transactions controlled by a privately managed concern that frankly exists solely for the profits that arise from the business it transacts. When those who are most vitally interested in this tremendously important feature of our modern industrial life come to realize that their interests are identical, and to trust one another in this as they do in other matters pertaining to their relations, and will accept the operations of an agency that is within their own control, because it is set up by a law which they have helped to make, and not allow themselves to be pulled apart by ambulance-chasing lawyers and profit-seeking insurance agents, the true benefits of the workmen’s compensation law will become apparent to all. The mutual distrust which has been created by interested persons or agencies for selfish purposes must be dispelled and for it must be substituted a confidence resting on the mutual understanding of the parties most directly concerned. Your committee listened carefully and with interest to statements made before it by delegates and others who are interested in the general subject dealt with in the report. We feel that this is one of the most important subjects now being dealt with by organized labor bodies, by welfare groups, State boards, legislatures, and the courts. The literature on the subject is increasing rapidly as experience determines the need for modification or extension, or the abandonment and substitution of new for existing practices. 2 R ep o rt of proceedings of fo rty -th ird a n n u al convention of th e A m erican F ederation of Labor, pp. 309-310. • https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis L13901 w o r k m e n ' s c o m p e n s a t io n an d so c ia l in s u r a n c e . 167 While the committee reporting to the executive council in its concluding paragraph says: “ Pending the final report of this committee and the conclusions reached by the executive council, it is recommended that the Ohio workmen’s compensation law continue as the model law on this subject, ” we do not understand that the committee, so reporting, intends to convey the impression that the Ohio law is a perfect law, but it is so referred to because of the very many valuable features which it contains and which features have stood the test of the courts and have proven their worth, that the law as a whole is suggested to those groups who have not as yet formulated a measure to cover the points. Your committee would recommend that, in addition to the suggestion contained in the Ohio law, the following eight points be given full weight in the preparation of any compensation law or amendments to same: 1. Employees in all occupations to be protected. 2. Work accidents and occupational injuries and diseases to he compensated. 3. Benefits to be provided only by State insurance funds. 4. Such surgical care, hospital service, orthopedic appliances, and artificial limbs as may be necessary to as complete physical restoration as is possible. 5. Compensation for widows for life or until remarriage. 6. Compensation for life for permanent and total disability. 7. No waiting period. 8. Vocational rehabilitation. The executive council in presenting the report of its special committee concludes: “ Having given careful attention to the foregoing report, the executive council recommends favorable action on the several conclusions contained therein, including authorization to complete the work undertaken, and in the manner undertaken, and recommended in the committee’s report.” We recommend concurrence in and approval of the report and the recommendations. The recommendation of the committee was adopted. Report of industrial Board of Indiana. HE report of the Industrial Board of Indiana for the year ending September 30, 1922, reviews the experience under the com pensation law. There were reported to the board during the year 38,604 accidents, which is an increase of 4,235 over the number reported the previous year. Of these accidents 198 were fatal and 609 resulted in the loss of some member of the body. The number of agreements approved was 18,416 and the number of awards was 1,405. The amount of compensation paid in closed cases amounted to $2,356,056. T Results of Damage Suits Under Ohio Workmen’s Compensation Law. PROVISION of the Ohio workmen’s compensation act allows the injured employee to sue for damages in lieu of accepting the compensation benefits if the injury arises from the failure of the employer to comply with any lawful requirement for the pro tection of the lives, health, and safety of employees. There has been considerable criticism of this section of the law but it has been im possible to eliminate this provision without a constitutional amend ment. A recent study of the results of damage suits brought by employees under this provision of the compensation act has been made by Mr. Emile E. Watson, consulting actuary and former actuary of the Ohio Industrial Commission. The following tabular statement shows A https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [1391] 168 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW. what the claimants have received as damages and what they would have received had they accepted the compensation benefits, ' R E S U L T S O F D AM AGE SU IT S B R O U G H T U N D E R O H IO W O R K M E N ’S C O M PE N SA TIO N LAW . Item . Total. Average. N u m b er of cases............................................................................................. 58 A m o u n t for w hich su its were b ro u g h t..................................................... A m o u n t of final settlem en t......................................................................... A m o u n t of claim ants’ atto rn e y fees an d court costs............................ N e t am o u n t received b y c la im an ts.......................................................... A m o u n t receivable h a d claim ants accepted com pensation benefits. A m ount of em ployers’ a tto rn e y fees a n d court costs........................... 351,710,630 174,480 61,068 113,412 163,563 41,875 216,355 C o st to e m p lo y ers of se ttle m e n ts p lu s a tto r n e y a n d c o u rt co sts___ $29,494 3,008 1,053 1,955 2 ,82(K 722 3,730 The average delay in receiving settlements through the courts was two years and five months. It will be noted that the claimants who sued for damages actually received, on the average, over 30 per cent less than they would have received as compensation, while it cost the employers 32 per cent more. A constitutional amendment providing for the elimination of this provision of the constitution was submitted to the people of the State November 6, 1923, and was adopted by a vote of 581,907 for and 514.120 against the amendment. invalidity Insurance in Denmark.1 HE Invalidity Insurance Fund of Denmark receives and exam ines requests for invalidity pensions, pays the pensions, and attends to other administrative matters. It can not, however, decide as to whether or not invalidity exists; this is a function of the Invalidity Insurance Court, which court, to a certain extent, also acts as a court of appeals on decisions made by the fund. This court was established by Act No. 253 of May 6, 1921,2 and consists of a president and five other members. The act became effective October 1, 1921, but according to its provisions the court could be appointed and function before that time and this was done when the Ministry of Interior issued its instructions of August 22, 1921. When the invalidity fund has examined a request for pensions and decides that requirements have been met with respect to membership in a sick fund, paid-up premiums, citizenship and other matters, the request is forwarded to the Invalidity Insurance Court for a decision as to whether invalidity exists as understood by the law, i. e., earning capacity reduced to one-third or less, and whether it is temporary or permanent. The first report of the court states that according to the law it is the earning ability and not the actual earnings which is the determining factor but that it does not necessarily follow that actual earnings are not considered. The law stresses not special occupa tional earning ability but the general ability to work. Only such T 1 2 D ata are from : D enm ark, Invalideforsikringsretten, l«® A arsberetning, 1. O ktober, 1921 to 31. December, 1922, Copenhagen, 1923; an d Social Forsorg No. 5, Copenhagen, 1923. See Monthly L abor R eview , Jan u ary , 1922, p p . 198,199. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [1392] w o r k m e n ’s c o m p e n s a t io n an d so c ia l in s u r a n c e . 169 sickness as seems to involve a lasting reduction of earning ability to one-third or less is considered invalidity as understood in the law of May 6, 1921. Decisions of the court are final and may be changed, even by the court itself, only in certain instances and by permission of the Ministry of Interior. Persons with invalidity insurance at the end of the year numbered 1,298,100, of whom 1,128,300 paid annually the lowest premium, 5.40 kroner ($1.45, par), 26,200 paid increased premium, and 143,600 were exempt from paying premiums. The income of the invalidity insur ance fund for the fiscal year was 7,785,400 kroner ($2,086,487, par), of which 7,402,400 kroner ($1,983,843, par) represents premiums from persons insured and 179,100 kroner ($47,999, par) contributions from the employers. This last amount is small because the insurance companies settle accounts with the invalidity funds at the end of the fiscal year so that the contributions paid to the companies during 1922 will not be turned over to the fund until 1923. The fund’s expenditures amounted to 3,803,300 kroner ($1,019,284, par), of which invalidity pensions amounted to 3,345,300 kroner ($896,540, par). The fund’s cash balance on December 31, 1922, was 3,982,100 kroner ($1,056,203, par) of which the fund had 237,700 kroner ($63,704, par) while the authorized sick funds have 3,555,500 kroner ($952,874, par). From October 1, 1921, to December 31, 1922, the fund received 14,270 requests for invalidity pensions. Taking the country as a whole, 109 out of every 10,000 insured against invalidity sent in a request for pension. Of the applicants, 6,405 were men and 7,865 were women. Of the requests, 150 were rejected b}^ the fund either because the applicant was over 62 years of age, or was not a Danish citizen, or had not been a member of a sick fund for one year, or because he was not entitled to membership in a sick fund. In the period from October 1, 1921, to December 31, 1922, the Invalidity Insurance Fund forwarded to the Invalidity Insurance Court 11,010 claims, 5,093 of which were finished by the court by the end of 1922, while 5,917 were still under consideration; 11 termi nated before a decision was reached. In the same period the Invalidity Insurance Court held 87 meetings; in the 5,236 cases brought before it for a decision, 154 decisions were postponed pending further in formation or for similar reasons, and a decision was rendered in 5,082 cases. In this same period of the cases in which a decision was reached, 789 (15.5 per cent) were disallowed, 675 (13.3 per cent) were adjudged temporary invalidity, and 3,618 (71.2 per cent) permanent invalidity. Tuberculosis caused 754, or 15 per cent, of the 5,082 cases; diseases of the brain, spine, and nerves caused 707, or 14 per cent; chronic poisoning and infection 682, or 13 per cent; insanity, etc., 419, or 8 per cent; blindness, etc., 403, or 8 per cent; and old age, etc., 406, or 8 per cent. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [1893] 170 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW. Extension of French Workmen’s Compensation Law to Domestic Service.1 FRENCH law of August 2, 1923, extends the provisions of the workmen’s compensation act of April 9, 1898, articles, 2, 3, and 6 of the law of April 12, 1906, and the law of December 30, 1922, to cover domestic servants, chauffeurs, governesses, porters {concierges), and all persons connected with household service. The law provides that compensation payments shall be based solely on the wages and payments in kind directly paid by the employer in execution of the contract and shall exclude all other money received by the employee. At the same time all incidental and usual payments uniting to form the real remuneration, such as gifts on New Year’s Day or other special days, should be added to the basic wage for the calculation of the compensation in case of permanent incapacity or death. The law is to become effective six months from the date of publi cation and it is applicable to Algeria subject to the modifications upon metropolitan legislation relating to labor accidents of the law of September 25, 1919. According to the provisions of the original act 2 the compensation payments amount to 66§ per cent of the annual wages for total disability and 50 per cent of the daily wages, beginning with the fifth day, for temporary disability, while in the case of death funeral expenses, not to exceed a certain sum, and annuities of varying amounts are payable to the dependent heirs. Costs of medical and urgical treatment are also payable by the employer. A 1 2 France. B ulletin d u M inistère d u T ravail, July-A ug .-Sept., 1923, p. 73*. See U . S. B ureau of L a b o r Statistics B ui. No. 203: W orkm en’s com pensation law s of vim U nited States and foreign countries, p . 315. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [1304] LA BO R LAWS A ND C O U R T DECISIONS. Amendment of the German Home Work Law .1 HE German home work law of 1911 has been amended in a very important respect by a law enacted on June 27, 1923. The text of the law as amended was promulgated on June 30, 1923 (Reichsgesetzblatt I, p. 472). The amending law introduces in Germany for the first time a system whereby minimum wage rates may be fixed for home industries. The law of 1911 contained pro visions of various kinds for the protection of home workers, dealing, for instance, with hygiene, child labor, and the posting of the rates for particular kinds of home work. The law also authorized the establishment by the Federal Council3 or certain State authorities of trade committees (Fachausschusse) for particular home industries, consisting of an equal number of representatives of home workers and their employers, with three independent members, one of these being the chairman. An attempt was made, when the law of 1911 was under consideration, to give these committees power to fix minimum wage rates in their trades, but this proposal was defeated and the committees were left merely with power to investigate the conditions of home work, to advise the authorities on matters con cerning home work, to cooperate in any measures for improving the conditions of home work, and to encourage the voluntary conclusion of collective agreements fixing rates of pay for home workers. The amendment now gives the committees power to fix minimum rates (art. 20) and brings German legislation into line with the home work laws of Austria, Czechoslovakia, and Norway. The new law still seems to regard the conclusion of collective agreements between groups of home workers and their employers as the ideal. When a trade committee comes to the conclusion that the wages of home workers are (‘obviously insufficient,” it must first attempt to bring about a voluntary agreement for an improvement in the rates. If this fails the committee may resolve that any existing collective agreement, even if such agreement covers only a small part of the workers, shall be generally binding (art. 31), or, in the absence of any suitable agreement it may proceed to fix minimum wage rates on its own initiative (art. 32). As the committees are normally ap pointed for specified districts only, provision is made for the con vocation of joint committees (Gesamtfachausschusse), as occasion arises, to act for several districts together, in order to prevent any tendency of home workers to migrate from one district to another owing to lack of uniformity in the operation of the law (art. 27). T 5G erm any. R eichsarbeitsverw altung. R eichsarbeitsblatt, Berlin, Ju ly 16, 1923, p p . 451-456. 3L ater replaced for th is purpose b y th e M inister of Labor. 71915°— 23------12 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [1395] 171 172 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW. Rates of pay are to be held insufficient if they do not enable home workers working a normal number of hours to earn either the wages customary in the locality or the wages earned by persons doing the same work in other districts with similar economic conditions or the wages earned by workers doing similar work in factories and work shops in the same district (art. 20). Whenever possible, the rates to be fixed for home work shall be piece rates. If, however, piece rates are not practicable, time rates shall be agreed upon or fixed, which shall be based on the piece rates current in the trade. Special rates shall be fixed for middle men (Zwischenmeister), so as to enable them, in their turn, to pay to the home workers the minimum rates fixed for the latter (art. 29). Decisions adopted by the votes of two-thirds of the workers’ and employers’ representatives on the committee and approved by the chairman and one of the independent members (Beisitzer) are final; in other cases the confirmation of the decision by the authorities establishing the committee is needed (art. 34). The committees may assess fines for failure to pay the minimum rates (art. 37). The committees act also as boards of conciliation and arbitration for the settlement of disputes between home workers and their employers (arts. 20 and 41). https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [1396] LA B O R O R G A N IZ A T IO N S A N D F o rty -th ird A n n u a l M e e tin g of A m e ric a n C O N V E N T IO N S . F e d e ra tio n of L a b o r .1 HE forty-third annual convention of the American Federation of Labor was held in Portland, Greg., October 1 to 12, 1923. There were 380 delegates in attendance, including the fra ternal delegates representing the British Trades-Union Congress, the Canadian Trades and Labor Congress, and the National Women’s Trade-Union League. According to the American Federationist of November, 1923, the three matters standing out most prominently in the work of the con vention were: (1) The declaration of a philosophy and policy which would best advance the interests of industry and a democratic development within industry. (2) The strong determination that the efforts toward the organi zation of nonunion workers should be everywhere redoubled. (3) The decision to eliminate from the trade-union movement “ the last remnants of destructive and revolutionary effort.” The report of the executive council to the convention declares: “ Henceforth the organization of workers into trade-unions must mean the conscious organization of one of the most vital functional elements for enlightened participation in a democracy of industry,” among the purposes of which are “ the rescue of industry from chaos, profiteering, and purely individual whim, including individual in capacity, and the rescue of industry also from the domination of incompetent political bodies.” T In d u stry m ust organize for service, for constructive effort, for orderly continuity, for justice to all who participate. I t m ust bring itself to a realization of its mission and to th a t end i t m ust organize an d come together in delib erativ e bodies w here th e full wisdom an d experience of all m ay co ntribute to final decisions. * * * I n d ustry m ust realize th a t i t exists to give service to a n ation an d not to a single m aster or to a syndicate of stockholders. The convention showed its interest in increasing the membership of the Federation by ordering a campaign for the organization of casual and migratory labor, by indorsing a nation-wide movement for the unionization of “ white-collar employees,” and by directing that a national conference be held to launch a campaign for gathering woman workers into trades-unions. The meeting directed continued efforts to promote friendship and understanding between wage earners and farmers. A continuance of steps to effect an affiliation with the International Federation of 1Report of Proceedings of the 43d Annual Convention of the American Federation of Labor, Washington, 1923 (advance copy); Report of the Executive Council of the American Federation of Labor to the 43d Annual Convention, 1923; mimeographed statement from Information and Publicity Service of American Federation of Labor; and American Federationist, November, 1923. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [1397] 173 174 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW. Trade-Unions on terms satisfactory to American labor and insuring national autonomy was also directed. A resolution in behalf of the so-called amalgamation plan and also resolutions calling for compulsory instead of voluntary action relative to the affiliation of local unions with central bodies and State feder ations were defeated. The convention placed itself on record as favoring prohibition; against the granting of injunctions “ in cases where no injunction would lie if no industrial dispute were in evidence;” and emphasized its position in regard to the “ sanctity of contract in relations with employers.” A continuation of activities “ to prevent prison labor from coming into competition with free labor” was directed. The congress recommended the assignment of one or more members of the legislative committee (when Congress is not in session) to explain and promote the cooperative movement and to furnish standard literature on the Rochdale system at cost, and that the Federation urge the establishment of cooperative bureaus for the study of the Rochdale movement. The possibilities of large financial savings to the workers through the establishment of a cooperative insurance company were pointed out and the convention authorized the federation to direct or conduct an investigation of “ all forms of insurance and death benefit systems now provided by national and international unions ” and “ group insurance plans and other insurance features used by employers to provide insurance for their employees.” The continuation of the federation’s inquiry into the present status of workmen’s compensation and employers’ liability legislation was favored, and amendments to the Constitution were demanded, pro hibiting child labor and empowering Congress to reenact laws which the Supreme Court lias declared unconstitutional. The meeting urged that demands for a “ still more efficient and extensive Department of Labor be impressively submitted to the President of the United States and to our National Congress.” The executive council was directed to request the Pan American Federation of Labor to make a survey of conditions in Venezuela and to ask the United States Government to take steps to end profit eering and reduce the cost of living. A general investigation of living and working conditions in the Philippines was also desired. General recommendations of the convention included “ a more stringent immigration policy” curtailing present quotas; the careful study of intelligence tests and the insistence on the importance of the participation of labor in the direction of the application of such tests; the expansion of the federation’s information and publicity service; and the elimination of the Railway Labor Board. According to the secretary’s report the balance on hand on April 30, 1922, was $198,794.68. ‘ The total receipts for the year ending April 30, 1923, including this balance amounted to $886,675; the total expenses to $662,398.84, leaving a balance on August 31, 1923, of $224,276.16 of which $183,994.28 was in the defense fund for local trade and Federal labor unions. The average paid-up and reported membership for the fiscal year 1922 was 3,195,635 and for 1923, 2,926,468, a decrease of 269,167. The federation’s voting strength in 1923 was 30,486, which was 2,850 less than in 1922. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [1 3 9 8 ] LABOR ORGANIZATIONS AND CONVENTIONS. 175 The following amounts were paid out in trade-union benefits mainly by international organizations: D eath benefits.............................................................................. $1, 944, 930. 22 D eath benefits to m em bers’ w ives.................. ........................ 135, 974. 50 Sick b enefits............................... ................................................. 648, 680.42 T raveling benefits....................................................................... 19, 818. 50 Tool in su ran ce........................, .................................................... 319.00 U nem ploym ent benefits............................................................ 28, 820. 00 The above amounts represent only a small proportion of the aggregate sums paid out in trade-union benefits as numerous local unions which did not report to the federation on this matter provide such benefits for their members. Mr. Samuel Gompers was again elected president of the federation. The secretary, Mr. Frank Morrison, and the treasurer, Mr. Daniel Tobin, for 1922-23, were also chosen to serve for another year. It was decided to hold the next annual meeting in El Paso, Tex. Number and E a rn in g s of M e m b e rs U n io n , 1909 of in te rn a tio n a l to 1923. T y p o g ra p h ic a l N THE September issue of the bulletin issued by the International Typographical Union are published (p. 30) statistics from the report (1923) of the secretary-treasurer of that organization, from which the following table is compiled showing the membership of the union and their earnings from 1909 to 1923. The total earnings shown in the table are based on the old-age pensions and mortuary assessments, each one of which is paid at the rate of one-half of 1 per cent on the earnings of the members. Di viding the total earnings each year by the number of members recorded by the union as paying the per capita for that year gives the average annual earnings per member as shown in the last column of the table. I M EM BERSH IP A N D TOTAL A N D AVER A G E A N N U A L EA R N IN G S OP M EM BERS OF TH E IN T E R N A T IO N A L TYPOGR A PH IC A L U NION FOR Y E A R S E N D IN G MAY 31, 1909, TO 1923. N um ber of Year ending May 31— mem bers. 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 1916................................ 44 921 47 848 51 095 53^ 807 58.537 59 571 60,231 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Aver age earn ings per mem ber. $897 $40,293,738 45,602,944 953 49, 770,668 • 974 992 53i 378^ 902 56,944,486 1.023 61,050,332 1.042 6l' 155; 285 1,027 62,711,805 1,041 Total earnings. Year ending May 31— Num ber of mem bers. Total earnings. Aver age earn ings per mem ber. 1917.................................. 1918.................................. 1919.................................. 1920.................................. 1921.................................. 1922.................................. 1923.................................. 61, 350 62,661 65,203 70,945 74,355 68,746 68,144 $66,652,431 71,756,014 82,464,167 114,594,258 141,964,382 123,429,452 130,792,901 $1,086 1,145 1,265 1,615 1,909 1,795 1,919 [1399] MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW. 176 A llia n c e o f F iv e N e e d le - T r a d e U n io n s .1 N SEPTEMBER 8, 1923, the Needle Trades Workers’ Alliance was formed by the Amalgamated Clothing Workers, the Inter national Ladies’ Garment Workers’ Union, the United Cloth H at and Cap Makers, the Journeymen Tailors’ Union, and the Inter national Fur Workers’ Union. The purpose of the combination is “ to promote solidarity, mutual aid, and cooperation among the affiliated international unions.” Provision has been made for per manent headquarters in New York for the new organization which is to have a paid manager or executive secretary. The approximate membership of the five unions is 350,000. The executive council of the alliance is composed of one representative from each of the five affiliated unions. The budget must not exceed $20,000 per year. An annual conference is to be held by the organization, the president of which is Mr. Morris Sigman, who is also the president of the Inter national Ladies’ Garment Workers’ Union. O M e e tin g of P a n A m e ric a n F e d e r a tio n o f L a b o r , 1 9 2 4 . HE Pan American Federation of Labor will hold its next con vention in Mexico City in December, 1924, instead of at Guatemala, as was originally planned, according to an an nouncement made by the Mexican-American labor conference which was held in El Paso, Tex. The concluding sessions of the conven tion may be held in Guatemala if political conditions there are improved. T A n n u a l M e e tin g of C a n a d ia n T ra d e s a n d L a b o r C o n g r e s s .2 HE Trades and Labor Congress of Canada held its thirty-ninth annual meeting in Vancouver September 10 to 14, 1923. The final report of the credential committee showed 220 delegates in attendance. Some of the important resolutions adopted at the meeting were those requesting that the Government of Ontario be petitioned to extend the workmen’s compensation act so as to include all workers; that the Government of Quebec be urged to pass a com pensation law similar to those in operation in the other Provinces; that the Government of British Columbia be asked to institute exam inations in English for workers whose native tongue is other than English and that employers be fined for hiring such foreigners for service in plants using water, steam, gas, or electricity as motive power. Other resolutions favored Government health insurance; the total exclusion of orientals, and laws for the more effective control of the activities of orientals now residing in the Dominion; regulations requiring “ periodical medical examination of all persons employed or engaged in the preparation of food for public consumption” ; and the creation of a Dominion council of action to combat war and T 1 D aily News Record, New York, Sept. 10, 1923, pp. 1, 3. 2 Labor Gazette, Ottawa, October, 1923, pp. 1088-1102. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [1400] LABOR ORGANIZATION'S AND CONVENTIONS. 177 follow the example of the Biitish Labor Party in its efforts to prevent war. The executive officers of the congress for 1923-24 were instructed by resolution to use all means in their power to have enacted into law as promptly as possible “ the findings of the International Labor Conference in connection with the law of nations and part 13 of the treaty of Versailles.” It was resolved, also, that the Trades and Labor Congress “ con tinue to act as the legislative mouthpiece for organized labor in Canada, independent of any political organization engaged in an effort to send representatives of the people to parliament, the pro vincial legislature, or other elective bodies of this country,” and it was urged that eiforts be made to amend the criminal code so that peace ful picketing and persuasion in strikes may be legalized. Among other resolutions were those requesting the Government to stop unauthorized persons from “ filling the country with out-ofworks,” protesting against any additional persons entering Canada as farm laborers and. later taking the places of Canadian citizens; calling on the Dominion Government to assume responsibility on a national scale for the unemployment situation; and reiterating a previous request of the congress for legislation for a “ simplified form of incor poration of cooperative societies.” Mr. Tom Moore was reelected president. Mr. P. M. Draper is the secretary-treasurer for the coming year. The 1924 convention will be held in London, Canada. Trade-Union Movement in Norway, 1922.1 T THE end of 1922, 1,449 trade-unions were in affiliation with the Norwegian National Federation of Trade-Unions. These had a combined membership of 83,640 (4,938 being women); this represented, a decrease of 12,325 members during the year. Afterwards the decrease was checked and by July, 1923, the member ship had increased to 87,189. The membership decreased in all unions except three—the union of employees of the paper industry, the commune workers’ union, and the stonecutters’ union—which showed increases of 260, 112, and. 56 members, respectively. Collective agreements, most of which were arrived, at through arbi tration awards, concluded during the year numbered 360 and affected 84,952 workers. In 1922, 313,876 kroner ($84,119, par) as against 3,746,010 kroner ($1,003,931, par) in 1921 was paid out in strike benefits, 89,677 kroner ($24,033, par) of which was paid by the National Federation. The number of working days lost because of disputes was 99,932 in 1922 and 2,217,786 in 1921. Reductions in wages in 1922 affecting 78,233 workers were estimated to amount to 72,310,861 kroner ($19,379,311, par) or approximately 924 kroner ($248, par) per worker. Similar reductions in 1921 amounted to about 680 kroner ($182, par) per worker. Only 825 workers received wage increases, these amounting to 187,892 kroner ($50,355, par), or about 228 kroner ($61, par) per worker. A i D ata are from M eddelelsesblad C hristiania, Septem ber, 1923, a n d Sociala M eddelanden, Stockholm , No. 10, 1923. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [1401] MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW. 178 The hours of work remained unchanged. The vacation period in several industries was reduced from 12 to 8 days. The average number of days’ vacation in 1922 was 9.77 as against 10.74 in 1921. According 'to reports from 22 unions and 1 directly affiliated organization with 70,922 members, the number of days lost in 1922 because of lack of work was 2,678,386, or 37.76 per member, as against about 4,000,000, or 49 days per member, in 1921. Days lost due to illness numbered 423,269; to military service, 96,697; and to other causes, 164,270; a total of 3,362,622, or 47.41 days lost per member. For traveling and unemployment aid 26 organizations paid out 6,199,804 kroner ($1,661,547, par). In 1921 the trade-unions paid unemployment relief amounting to 12,851,064 kroner ($3,444,085, par). For medical aid and sick relief, 8 organizations paid out 550,580 kroner ($147,555, par) and for funeral benefits and insurance 27 organizations paid out 402,923 kroner ($107,983, par), and for in validity and other aid 60,177 kroner ($16,127, par). Disbursements of all the insurance funds amounted to 7,212,889 kroner ($1,933,944, par). During the year the affiliated organizations had a total income of 13,241,777 kroner ($3,548,796, par) and expenditures amounting to 12,227,431 kroner ($3,276,952, par). Contributions to the National Federation in 1922 amounted to 1,067,194 kroner ($286,008, par). < At the congress of the National Federation in April, 1923, it was resolved that the trade-union movement, as in Sweden, should be reorganized on the basis of industrial unionism, so that all workers at a place of work always would belong to one and the same organization. Program of Polish Federation of Trade-Unions.1 N EXTRAORDINARY congress of the Polish Federation of Trade-Unions (Zjednoczenie Zawodowe polskie) was held at Poznan on July 29 and 30, 1923. The chief object of the congress was to draw up new rules and a program of action for the federation. Briefly summarized, the main points of the new program are the following: A (1) Strict observance of the hours of employment act (the 46-hour week in industry and commerce and a 6-hour day in occupations likely to injure the health of the workers—mines, blastfurnaces, etc.). (2) Night work and Sunday work to be reduced to a minimum. (3) Prohibition of night work for women and young persons. (4) Prohibition of the employment of children under 15 years of age. (5) Enactment of legislation prohibiting mothers from working outside their own homes, this measure to be introduced gradually. (6) Efforts to secure as high wages as possible, based on quantity and quality of output. Introduction of a method of fixing wages such as to insure that their value shall correspond to the pre-war value. (7) Institution of a joint body to fix periodically the minimum wage required to meet the bare necessities of life, this minimum to be made compulsory everywhere. (8) Enforcement of collective agreements and legal recognition of the right to strike. (9) Legislation providing for the introduction of profit sharing. 1 In tern atio n al Labor Office. In d u strial and L abor Inform ation, Geneva, Oct. 5, 1923, pp. 6-8. Based on inform ation from W arsztati Rola, Aug. 4, 1923, a n d Presse de Poznan, Ju ly 31 and Aug. 17, 1923. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [1 4 0 2 ] LABOR ORGANIZATIONS AND CONVENTIONS. 179 (10) Amendment and extension of existing legislation concerning trade courts and introduction of legislation for the institution of trade courts and special mining courts in every locality with a population of more than 5,000, and at least in every district. (11) Institution of public joint employment offices; legislation concerning public employment offices and organization of joint employment offices administered by the State or the local authorities. (12) Amendment of the workers’ holidays act and extension of the right to a holiday with pay to all categories of workers. (13) Extension of the works councils act at present in force in Upper Silesia to the whole of the country. (14) Enactment as soon as possible of a factory inspection act which will make the factory inspection department independent of all other administrative authorities. (15) Legislation for the protection of the life and health of the workers. (16) Legislation for the protection of women and young persons. (17) Introduction of health measures in all industrial and commercial undertakings. (18) Application of labor legislation to home work. (19) Guaranty of right of association and assembly in conformity with the Polish Constitution. (20) Introduction of compulsory health, accident, invalidity, old-age and unemploy ment insurance under State control. (21) Measures for the protection of emigrants, and for the collaboration of the tradeunions in the supervision of emigration. (22) Codification and unification of labor legislation. (23) Development of vocational education. (24) Encouragement of the cooperative movement (productive and distributive cooperative societies). (25) Introduction of a system of taxation based chiefly on direct taxes, a tax on capital and a graduated income tax. (26) Measures for the protection of workers against abusive practices in trade employment offices. (27) Measures for the solution of the housing problem by the construction of working class houses, which will in time become the property of the workers by a system of repayments; prolongation of the tenants’ protection act in the case of all tenants earning less than five million marks per month. Various resolutions were adopted by the congress, including a resolution concerning social insurance urging the Government and parliament— (T) To codify, unify, and amend existing legislation concerning invalidity, old age, and other branches of social insurance, and extend such legislation to the whole of Polish territory. (2) To take steps as soon as possible for the institution of health insurance societies in Polish territory formerly belonging to Russia. (3) To fix pension rates so as to insure that their real value is not below the pre-war level. Another resolution urged the Government to introduce in parlia ment a bill for the ratification of the draft conventions adopted at the various sessions of the International Labor Conference. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [1403] STR IK ES A N D LO C K O U TS. Strikes and Lockouts in the United States, April to June, 1923. A CC011DING to information received by the United States BuZ \ reau of Labor Statistics, 603 labor disputes resulting in strikes *■ and lockouts occurred in this country during the second quarter of 1923, or more than double the number reported for the first quarter of 1923. Inasmuch as some reports do not reach the bureau until several months after the strikes occur, the number of strikes occurring during the second quarter was probably somewhat larger than the above figure. Complete data relative to these strikes have not been received by the bureau, and it has not been possible to verify all that have been received. The figures in the following tables should there fore be regarded as an advance statement, and should not be accepted as final. N U M B E R O F D IS P U T E S B E G IN N IN G IN EA C H M O N T H , JA N U A R Y TO JU N E , 1922 AND 1923. Y ear. 1922................................ 1923................................ January. 126 65 F eb ru ary . 79 70 March. A pril. 73 106 102 203 May. 99 234 June. 59 126 M onth not stated. 41 58 Total. 579 862 As respects number of strikers involved, the most important strikes occurring during the quarter included the following: That of 50,000 workers in some 2,000 shops of the clothing industry of New York City, during May, for a 10 per cent wage increase; that of 5,000 cloth ing workers in Philadelphia in June for a wage increase of $5 per week; the strike of 5,000 shoe workers in Lynn during April for a wage increase of 30 per cent; the strike in May, of about 5,000 coal miners in 40 mines of Hopkins County, Ky., over renewal of contract; that of about 5,000 bakersfor the Ward Baking Co., on May 1, against the open shop in various plants of the company located in New York, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Massachusetts, etc.; the unsuccessful strike, beginning May 16, of about 4,500 workers in 45 shoe factories in Brockton, Mass., for a 20 per cent wage increase and elimination of the State board of conciliation and arbitration as a stipulated medium for the settlement of disputes; and the successful strike, beginning May 1, of about 4,000 bricklayers and helpers in New York City for a twoyear agreement carrying a basic wage of $12 per day to bricklayers. Mention should also be made of the strike for a wage increase of 3,950 telephone operators in the five New England States of Maine, New Hampshire, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, and Vermont, beginning June 26. After running for a month the strike was called off by the workers. 180 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [1404] STRIKES AND LOCKOUTS. 181 The data in the following tables relate to the 603 disputes reported as having occurred in the three months under consideration. The strikes that occurred during the quarter but in which the exact month was not stated appear in a group by themselves. ST A T E S IN W H IC H TW O OR M ORE D IS P U T E S W E R E R E P O R T E D AS O C CU RRIN G T H E SECOND Q U A R T E R O F 1923. N u m b er of disputes. State. A pril. May. June. New Y o rk ............ M assachusetts__ P en n sy lv an ia___ New Jerse y .......... O hio....................... C onnecticut.......... W ashington.......... Illinois. ............. California.............. In d ia n a ................. R hode Is la n d ___ W est V irg in ia.. . . Missouri................. Iow a....................... M aryland. . . . . . . . M innesota............. Oregon................... 32 30 33 6 8 9 16 8 8 4 7 2 6 4 5 1 4 53 51 28 9 11 11 7 7 7 6 5 8 3 1 3 4 2 30 20 19 10 4 3 1 6 4 3 2 2 3 6 1 2 3 N um ber of disputes. State. Month not Total. stated . 5 8 9 2 2 1 1 2 1 1 2 IN 120 109 89 27 25 24 24 22 21 14 14 13 12 11 9 9 9 I A pril. May. June. D istrict of Columbia....................... T exas..................... Colorado__ M aine... M ichigan............... M o n tan a............. New H am pshire W isconsin......... Georgia................. K en tu ck y ............. Oklahoma............. 8 other S ta te s . Interstate Total 2 2 2 2 L, 2 i 2 2 1 1 2 5 5 i i 3 2 203 234 M onth n o t Total. sta te d . 1 1 x 1 5 4 3 3 3 2 2 1 i 3 3 3 i i 2 2 2 8 10 126 40 603 Of these 603 disputes, 470 occurred east of the Mississippi River and north of the Ohio and Potomac Rivers, 102 occurred west of the Mississippi; and 21 occurred south of the Ohio and Potomac Rivers and east of the Mississippi River. Of the 10 interstate strikes, 6, in cluding the Ward bakers and the New England telephone operators, occurred east of the Mississippi River; 1 occurred west of the Missis sippi River, and 3, of minor importance, embraced both sides of the river. About 63 per cent of the disputes occurred in the industrial States of New Pork, Massachusetts, and Pennsylvania. As to cities, New York City leads with 79 strikes, followed by Boston and Chicago with 14 each, and Springfield, Mass., with 10; while Philadelphia, Cleveland, St. Louis, Brockton, Mass., and Seattle each had 8. As to sex of the strikers involved, the distribution was as follows: Males only were involved in 426 disputes; females only in 11; both males and females in 101; and in 65 strikes the sex of the strikers was not reported. The following table shows the number of disputes reported as occur ring in the industries specified. About 62 per cent of them occurred in the building trades, clothing, textiles, coal mining, and metal trades. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [1405] 182 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW. N U M B E R O F D IS P U T E S IN S P E C IF IE D IN D U S T R IE S R E P O R T E D AS O C C U R R IN G D U R IN G T H E SECO N D Q U A R T E R O F 1923. N um ber of disputes. O ccupation. May. A pril. B uilding trades ’ w o rk e rs................................................... Clothing w o rk ers.................................................................. Textile w orkers..................................................................... Coal m iners............................................................................. M etal trad es em ployees....................................................... B akers . _ ..................................................... Chauffeurs a n d team sters................................................... Street, sewer, a n d p a rk em ployees.................................. Tviimjw an d tim b er w orkers............................................. "Food w o rk e rs .... ........................................................... ............................ Steam b o a t m e n ..... Thoneshoremen a n d freight handlers.. P ap er w orkers........................................................................ P rin tin g and publishing em p lo y e es.. Stone w orkers ...................................................................... E lectrical w o rk ers. . . ............................................... "Hotel an d re stau ran t em ployees...................................... Feath er w orkers. ....................... B arbers ................................................... Street-rai 1w ay em ployees__ Ida p n d ry w o rk e rs.. _ ........................... Motion p ictu re an d theatrical employees. Tobacco workers 'Brick and tile w orkers. ■Glass workers ...................................................................... Shipbuilding employees Slaughtering, m eat cu ttin g a n d packing em ployees.. . Iron and steel w orkers. F ig h t beat, and power employees . R Uhber w orkers Stationary firemen Clerks ann salesmen Fishermen F u rn itu re employees . . . . ........................................ Oil and chem ical em ployees Telephone and telegraph employees Miscellaneous......................................................................... 39 21 32 17 18 T o tal............................................................................. 46 41 20 20 16 14 4 5 0 5 3 3 9 4 8 3 2 i 2 3 2 3 1 2 3 2 2 1 3 2 3 1 M onth not stated. June. 1 1 4 5 3 3 3 4 2 2 1 3 2 2 1 1 2 3 1 2 26 23 5 8 15 4 6 2 1 2 4 1 2 1 1 Total. 11 4 3 8 2 122 89 60 1 3 16 16 ................. 13 9 9 53 51 IS S 1 3 1 3 1 1 1 1 2 2 8 S 8 7 7 7 6 6 5 5 5 4 4 4 4 3 4 3 1 3 1 1 6 9 2 10 3 2 2 2 2 2 28 203 234 126 40 603 1 2 In 423 disputes the employees were reported re connected with unions; in 37 disputes they were not so connected; in 5 disputes both union and nonunion employees were involved; in 7 disputes they were unionized after the strikes began; and in 131 disputes the ques tion of union affiliation was not reported. In 378 disputes only one employer was concerned in each disturb ance; in 28 disputes, ^employers; in 14 disputes, 3 employers; in 5 disputes, 4 employers; in 8 disputes, 5 employers; in 41 dis putes, more than 5 employers; and in 129 disputes the number of employers was not reported. In the 480 disputes for which the number of persons was reported there were 258,255 employees directly involved, or an average of 538 per strike. In 57 disputes in which the number involved was 1,000 or more, the strikers numbered 190,580, thus leaving 67,675 involved in the remaining 423 disputes, or an average of 160 each. By months the figures are as follows: April, 67,982 persons in 172 disputes, average 395, of whom 26,314 were in 152 disputes of less than 1,000 persons each, average 173; May 123,638 persons in 188 disputes, average 658, of whom 26,886 were in 168 disputes of less https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [1406] STRIKES AND LOCKOUTS. 183 than 1,000 persons each, average 160: June, 51,784 persons in 104 disputes, average 498, of whom 12,324 were in 90 disputes of less than 1,000 persons each, average 137. In 16 disputes, involving 14,851 persons the month in which the strike began was not reported. The following table shows the principal causes of the disputes in so far as reported. In more than 50 per cent of them wages were a prominent question: P R IN C IP A L C A USES O F D IS P U T E S R E P O R T E D AS O C CU R R IN G IN T H E SECOND Q U A R T E R O F 1923. Num her of disp utes. Cause. April. Increase of w ages.................................... Decrease of wages............................................. W ages n o t otherw ise specified........................... Increase of hours............................................. Decrease of h o u rs.................................... Increase of wages an d decrease of h o u rs................. Recognition of u n io n ...................................... Recognition an d w ages.................................... Recognition an d hours..................................... Recognition, wages, h o u rs.................................. G eneral conditions......................................... Conditions a n d wages............................ Conditions a n d ho u rs.................................... Conditions, wages, hours............................... Conditions a n d recognition............................... Discharge of foreman d em an d ed .............................. Discharge of em ployees............................................. E m ploym en t of nonunion m e n ........................................ Objectionable persons h ire d .............................................. D iscrim ination...................................................................... Open or closed shop............................................................ U nfair p ro d u c ts................................................ In regard to ag reem en t..................................................... New agreem ent..................................................................... S ym p ath y ......... ............................................................... Jurisdiction............................................................... M iscellaneous.................................................................. N ot re p o rte d ........................................................................ 88 3 4 2 14 4 2 i 18 15 1 1 May. M onth not stated. June. 84 52 17 5 4 Total. 241 g 20 l 6 7 1 1 4 14 10 3 7 ii 7 3 7 4 5 4 2 18 6 7 3 11 1 1 35 26 ) 3 3 1 4 29 25 19 3 2 3 5 3 2 2 2 i 10 1 t 1 12 2 3 36 g 1 1 10 2 8 2 3 2 2 4 18 7 16 4 15 17 8 6 6 3 5 30 34 203 234 126 40 603 3 1 3 3 T o tal....................................................................... .. 1 8 6 It is often difficult to determine exactly when a strike terminates, since many strikes end without any formal vote on the part of the strikers. The bureau has information of the ending of 401 disputes during the quarter, including about 28 in which the positions of the employees were filled or they returned to work with probably little or no interruption of the work. The following table shows the number of disputes ending in the first six months of 1922 and 1923: N U M B E R O F D IS P U T E S E N D IN G IN T H E F IR S T SIX M O N TH S O F 1922 A N D 1923. Year. 1922................................ 1923................................ Jan u ary . February. 37 57 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 27 59 March. A pril. 35 70 [1407] 37 110 Mayu 76 160 June. 47 107 Month not stated. 45 31 Total. 304 594 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW. 184 The table following shows the results of disputes ending in the second quarter of 1923: R E S U L T S O F D IS P U T E S E N D IN G D U R IN G T H E SEGOND Q U A R T E R O F 1923. N um ber of disputes. 1 R esult. April. May. June. I n favor of em ployers.......................................................... In favor of em ployees.......................................................... Com prom ised......................................................................... Em ployees retu rn ed pending a rb itra tio n ...................... N o t re p o rte d .......................................................................... 41 20 27 2 20 44 51 38 1 26 31 41 18 3 14 T o tal............................................................................. no 160 107 M onth not stated. Total. 22 1 117 134 83 1 61 24 401 6 The next table gives the duration of disputes ending in the second quarter of 1923, by classified periods of duration. C L A SS IFIE D D U R A T IO N O F D IS P U T E S E N D IN G IN T H E SECO N D Q U A R T E R O F 1923. N um ber of disputes. D uration. A pril. 1 d ay or le ss........................................................................... 2 d a y s ........................................................ ............................. 3 d a y s ...................................................................................... 4 d a y s ...................................................................................... 5 to 7 d ay s........................................................ ..................... 8 to 14 d ay s............................................................ 15 to 21 days........................................................................... 22 to 29 day s....................................................................... 30 to 90 d ay s........................................................................... Over 90 d a y s .......................................................................... N ot re p o rte d .................................................................... T o tal................................................................ May. June. 11 21 7 9 8 5 13 23 13 4 13 2 10 110 160 107 18 12 6 9 17 24 7 1 22 7 14 13 24 29 16 6 8 5 M onth not stated. Total. 24 47 28 28 27 54 76 36 11 21 7 66 24 401 The number of days lost in the industrial disputes ending in the quarter for the 335 reporting was approximately 5,594. The average duration of these was 17 days. The average duration of the disputes lasting less than 90 days was 10 days. By months the record is as follows: April, 2,443 days lost, average 25 days; May, 1,294 days lost, average 9 days; June, 1,857 days lost, average 19 days. Of the 401 disputes ending during the quarter, 335 reported dura tion, and of this number 302 reported the number of employees involved, aggregating 180,641, an average of 598 employees. Of the 401 disputes reported as ending during the quarter, 340 reported the number of employees involved, aggregating 197,790, an average of 582 employees. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [1408] STRIKES A1STD LOCKOUTS, Strikes and Lockouts in 185 Czechoslovakia, 1 9 2 2 .1 HE difficult industrial situation in Czechoslovakia during 1922 found expression in 262 strikes and 20 lockouts, which in volved 979 establishments and a total of 114,909 workers. Almost one-fifth of the workers affected were women. Of the total number of strikes and lockouts, 212 affected single establishments, while 70 were conducted as group or district affairs. The industrial disputes of 1922 resulted in a total loss of 2,554,350 working-days and of 98,071,500 crowns ($19,908,514, par) in wages. There were undoubtedly numerous small strikes during the year under review, which were not officially recorded. It is reasonable, therefore, to estimate the number of workers affected by strikes and lockouts as approximately 150,000, the time lost as 3,000,000 workingdays, and the loss of wages at 150,000,000 Czecho-Slovak crowns ($30,450,000, par). T More than half of the strikes were due to protests on the part of employees against the general lowering of wages in all branches of industry, undertaken with a view to relieving the industrial stagnation which resulted from the phenomenal rise in the exchange rate of the Czecho-Slovak crown. Disagreement over the recognition of workers’ representatives or organizations proved to be the next principal cause of strikes and lockouts during the year. In the textile industry this was the leading cause of disagreement, which may be explained by the fact that the majority of workers m the textile trades are women, who are less well organized than the male employees in other industries. Only 50 of the 282 disputes were settled in favor of the workers. Of the remaining cases, 147 were settled in favor of the employers and 82 by compromise agreements. Three strikes remained unsettled at the close of the year. The following table shows the distribution of the labor disputes of 1922, by industry groups: S T R IK E S A N D LO C K O U TS IN C Z E C H O SL O V A K IA , B Y IN D U S T R Y , 1922. [1 erown=20.3 cents par.] In dustry. N um N um ber ber of of strikes. lock outs. E arth en w are and glassware. M etal w o rk in g ....................... M achinery a n d tools............. W ood w o rk in g......................... R u b b er.......................... ........... L e a th e r..................................... T e x tile ........................ ............. U pholstering........................... Clothing.................................... P a p e r........................................ Foodstuffs................................ B uild in g ................................... C hem ical.................................. P rin tin g .................................... E lectric pow er p la n ts............ Commerce................................ T ra n sp o rta tio n ....................... 40 10 43 62 1 11 24 1 15 6 14 16 13 1 1 2 2 T o tal.............................. 262 T otal num ber of labor dis putes. 4 1 6 1 1 3 2 2 20 N um ber of estab N um ber of em W orkinglish m ents ployees days lost. affected. af fected. 44 10 44 68 2 12 27 1 15 8 14 18 13 1 1 2 2 178 18 168 212 2 15 88 2 54 17 71 119 29 1 1 2 2 28,712 2.914 42, 489 9,252 560 1,124 13,593 30 2,129 4,302 960 5, 436 2,929 79 117 46 237 486, 428 62,077 1,058,528 197, 464 23, 455 9,383 391,140 810 91,330 125,247 10, 014 51,866 44, 414 79 995 235 885 Croivns. 17,729.912 2, 459j 215 50,126,728 5,769,304 1,121,101 324,930 11,647,933 36,750 1,867, 494 3,674,534 409, 266 1,526,128 1,300,743 2,370 37,810 10,732 26,550 282 979 114,909 2,554,350 98,071,500 1 From a report of th e A m erican consul a t Prague, d ated A pr. 18, 1923. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [1409] Loss of wages. V O CA TIO N A L ED U C A TIO N AND TRA IN ING . New Apprenticeship Regulations in New South Wales. HE scarcity of apprentices in the building trades lias been causing grave concern in the Antipodes as well as here, and New South Wales has recently adopted some new apprentice ship rules which, it is hoped, will relieve the situation as far as brick layers are concerned. In its issue for August 31, 1923, the New South Wales Industrial Gazette gives the terms of the new regula tions, which were drawn up by the Board of Trade under the indus trial arbitration act, and signed by the Governor on August 10. One of the most important provisions is the adjustment of the required period of training to the age at which it is commenced. Those entering the trade between 14 and 16 years of age are to be appren ticed for five years, those between 16 and 17 for four years, and those between 17 and 19 for three years. For those over 19 the period may be even shorter. T Any apprentice entering the trade after attaining his nineteenth birthday may complete his apprenticeship in two years if he shall have satisfactorily passed through a course of 12 weeks’ instruction at the training school for bricklayers conducted by the Master Builders’ Association, or such other training school as may from time to time be approved by the said board. Apparently in New South Wales, as in the United States, it is difficult for an individual employer to provide continuous employ ment and training for an apprentice, and the regulations name two bodies which may take over the responsibility, and under whose direction the apprentice may be transferred from one employer to another, as may be considered desirable. The Master Builders’ Association or the Operative Bricklayers’ Society may, respec tively, by their presidents, or any representative officials thereof, be the masters of apprentices in the said trade. * * * The Master Builders’ Association and the Operative Bricklayers’ Society, respec tively, as masters, may d irect the service of the apprentice to be performed under the control of persons to be named by them, and for whose actions and defaults, as deputy masters, they respectively shall be responsible; and the apprentice shall serve ac cordingly. This condition shall be deemed to be incorporated in all contracts of apprenticeship to the said association or society. Regulations are made as to wages, hours of work, and, for the younger apprentices, attendance at continuation schools, and one important provision deals with the question of limitation. Unless and until otherwise ordered, no limitation shall be placed on the proportion of apprentices to journeymen, but application may be made from time to time to fix the proportion of any employer in respect of whom it is alleged that there is undue employment of junior labor. 186 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [1 4 1 0 ] VOCATIONAL EDUCATION AND TRAINING. 187 Vocational Guidance in Brussels. N ACCOUNT of the methods employed in the vocational guidance and placement of young people in Brussels and its environs is given in the International Labor Review for Sep tember, 1923 (pp. 345-359). The Vocational Guidance Bureau of Brussels was founded in 1911 and consists of local offices which have been set up in every commune and a central office which collects literature, prepares material for tests, conducts propaganda, deals with difficult cases, and assists the local offices. The establishment of vocational guidance in Belgium was not the result of a difficult economic situation, as in many countries, since between the years 1870 and 1910 the trade and industry of the country had enjoyed a period of remarkable prosperity. At the end of that period their further development was checked, however, and the lack of apprentices in the old handicrafts due to the growdh of large-scale industry became apparent. It was realized that it was necessary to improve the labor force of the country in view of the competition in the foreign markets which was certain to become more intense in the future, since Belgium could produce hardly a quarter of the food needed and must- therefore be in a position to export largely. To do this it w a s essential to produce goods of equal or, if possible, superior quality to those of its competitors and to sell at equal or lownr prices, and this idea was responsible for a movement-, sup ported by all parties, for the improvement of technical education. Popular sentiment had favored for some time the development of elementary education, and manual training had been instituted in the schools in order to enable working-class children to complete their education and at the same time prepare for a trade. A society wTas formed in Brussels, of business and professional men, which had for its purpose the study of matters relating to children, and in 1909 a section vras established for the placement of apprentices and the supervision of apprenticeship. In this first work, from which the scheme for vocational guidance developed, the choice of a trade was not considered, the aim being to find suitable situations for boys and girls and to see that they were not exploited. Experience in this work showed that frequently parents paid no attention to the physique of their children when choosing an occupa tion for them, that they often overestimated the intellectual abilities of their children, and were also ignorant of the requirements of the occupation selected. Because of these conditions there was developed a system of school reports, psychological examinations, and examina tions in motor functions, which gradually and without any predeter mined plan led up to the formation of a system of vocational guidance and the establishment of the bureau. Attempts to classify the occupations from the standpoint of the special qualifications required, by means of questionnaires circulated among manufacturers and craftsmen, failed, since the replies brought out the objective qualities but did not reveal the characteristics of the occupations or help to classify the workers. A doctor, a psychologist, and a technician were therefore appointed to observe skilled workers in the exercise of their trades in order to determine the essential qualifications in the different occupations, a method, the article states, which recent A 71915°—23- •13 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [1411] 188 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW. developments have shown to he the most practical one for the solution of the problem. The tests followed in the plan for vocational guidance include as a first essential a thorough medical examination. In addition to the physical examination, the physician is expected to furnish informa tion relating to the child’s temperament, his probable degree of resistance to muscular and nervous fatigue, and his ability to work under certain conditions. The mental examination, which is used only as a means of checking the reports of the teachers of the children examined, includes tests on attention, sensation and perception, memory, and complex intellectual activity. Laboratory tests of motor abilities are conducted which measure rapidity, endurance, facility in starting a movement, and motor memory; tests are also given involving training of the motor functions. The Intercommunal Vocational Guidance Office is controlled by a committee composed of two delegates from each commune and two delegates of the State and the Province. It is supported in the main by contributions by the communes. The office has three depart ments—medical, psychological, and research in technical abilities. The work of the staff of the central office includes assembling docu mentary material on vocational guidance (library, museum of appara tus, etc.), collecting data showing the essential qualifications for success in the various trades, training the staff of the communal offices in the technique of vocational guidance, examining all special or new cases referred to it by the communal offices, and inspecting the local offices. There is also a committee, consisting of the director of the office and delegates from employers’ and workers’ organizations, to collect statistics and study conditions under which the various occupations should be carried on. This committee is authorized to secure the assistance of specialists when necessary. There are local communal offices in each commune, the number depending upon its population and financial rasources. Each of these offices includes at least one vocational counselor and two examiners, one of whom is a doetor. The placement of apprentices, after compulsory examination by the vocational guidance office, has taken place through the trade associations, but by a recent agreement between the official employ ment exchange and the vocational guidance office a special depart ment has been established in the employment exchange to look after the placement of male and female apprentices. This department is supervised by a committee composed of five employer members appointed by the chamber of commerce, four representatives of the wmrkers appointed by the Association of Socialist and Independent Trade-Unions, one member appointed by the Federation of Chris tian Trade-Unions, three delegates of the employment exchange, three delegates of the vocational guidance office, and one represent ative of the Ministry of Labor. All applications for employment are dealt with by the employment exchange and the results of the examination given at the vocational guidance office are taken into consideration in the placement of young people applying for positions. Lists of pupils of about the age of 14 are furnished the vo.cational counselor by the schools when they are about to complete the elementary school course. The preferences https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [1412] VOCATIONAL EDUCATION AND TRAINING. 189 of the children or of their parents in the choice of a trade are noted and in addition the teacher reportmg is asked to send a school report for each child. On receipt of this list the vocational counselor writes to the parents of the children requesting them to take advan tage of the services of the communal office. In assisting the young people in the choice of a trade the wishes of the parents and the child are followed so far as possible whenever they have clear preferences which seem to be based upon good reasons, unless the work involves a risk which the medical examination shows should not be incurred, or where there are very definite counterindications in respect to mental, sensory, or motor faculties. Attempts also are made to prevent the choice of a trade which is overcrowded and in which there is no chance of improvement within a reasonable length of time. In cases where no decided preference is evidenced for any particular occupa tion the results of the various examinations, tests, and reports are taken into consideration in assisting young people in the choice of a trade, and if a child is found to have ability which warrants further study the parents, if unable to meet the expense, are directed to agencies where they can obtain assistance. Cases which present unusual difficulties are not dealt with by the local offices but are referred to the central office for settlement. In general all cases, whether those of children leaving school or of young persons who have entered a trade but think they have been mistaken in their choice of a vocation, are considered individually and the attempt is made to weigh the various factors “ just as a patient is treated by a doctor or as a case is studied by counsel for the defense.” Vocational and Other Educational Training by Employers in Finland. ~T INVESTIGATION recently carried on in 150 large indus trial establishments in Finland 1 showed that emplovers are gradually beginning to recognize the importance of vocational instruction for young persons. In 1921 new legislation was passed which provided for the reor ganization of the school system as a whole and required two years’ continuation instruction for pupils leaving school to go to work. In certain industrial districts an attempt has been made to direct this required continuation instruction toward the pupil’s future vocation. Apprentices at factories receive theoretical instruction for one or two days per week, thus combining the theory with their practical ex perience in the factory. Of the enterprises, investigated, only nine had established special trade schools for their employees, but it is hoped that more will do so when reorganization of the school system is completed. Of the vocational schools in Finland, that established in 1919 by the Machine & Bridge Building Co. for its employees is stated to be of the most interest. The school provides a four-year course, to which 1 The results of th is investigation are given in Nos. 4, 6, 7, and 9 of Social T idskrift. F or an account of em ployers’ housing a n d welfare work for employees, see p p . 154 a n d 191 of this issue of th e Monthly L abor R eview . https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [1413] 190 MONTHLY LABOE EEYIEW. 24 pupils are admitted each year, and furnishes theoretical instruc tion in both trade and general elementary subjects. As far as possible attempts are made to secure pupils whose homes are in the rural dis tricts. A dormitory (■internat) accommodating 50 pupils is connected with this school. The resident pupils are under the supervision of an experienced teacher and receive all care and necessary clothing. After a trial period of three months, during which the student may leave if he desires, an apprenticeship contract is made out and the company deposits to the credit of the resident pupil {intern) 500 marks ($96.50, par) at interest while the pupil stays with the school. - The wage which the resident pupil would receive during this first year is with held to cover part of the expenditure of the dormitory. During the three remaining Years of apprenticeship, the same amount is with held, but as the apprentice’s wages, beginning with the second year, are based on piece rates, there may be a considerable surplus over this amount, This surplus is credited to the pupil’s savings account, so that when his schooling is finished he has a sum that allows him to continue his education at home or abroad. Some industrial establishments have provided free lecture courses for their employees; these have increased in popularity from year to year. Another form of educational activity is the establishing of libraries and reading rooms for the workers. Of the enterprises investigated, 33 have arranged for libraries or reading rooms; others furnish funds to young people’s societies for this purpose. Still other employers subscribe for newspapers which employees wish sent to them.' Some factories have arranged for practical courses in house hold economy, sewing, care of children, and other matters. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [1414] W ELFA RE. Welfare Work for Employees in Finland. NFORMATION as to welfare measures undertaken by Finnish employers for their workers has been collected by the Finnish woman factory inspectors in the course of their regular work 1 and published in Nos. 4, 6, 7, and 9 of Social Tidskrift. The investi gation covered 150 large industrial firms operating 222 factories. In 44 of the 150 firms, joint-purchase schemes have been estab lished whereby the employees by combining their purchases may obtain their supplies at the lowest possible cost, the buying being done by a qualified person paid by the firm. Factory kitchens or restaurants have been installed by about 30 firms, the kitchen or restaurant being operated by a manager paid by the firm, by a joint committee of employees, or by outside parties. It was found that the second method of operation was apparently the most satisfactory to the employees. Another measure instituted by some of the larger employers is the setting up of so-called “ interest offices.” These offices generally perform such duties as paying, for the worker, his taxes, insurance, school expenses, and other regularly recurring expenditures; in some instances, however, these offices also make arrangements for taking care of loans, savings, and the management of joint-purchase schemes, and even, in some cases, the operation of day nurseries or courses in cooking, gardening, nursing, etc. Of the 150 establishments studied, 78 had made some arrangement for the provision of medical attention for their workers and 33 either had their own hospital or sick rooms or had made arrangements for rooms at the commune or other hospitals where their employees could be treated. Company hospitals range all the way from those with the simplest equipment to those equipped with all the most modern appliances. One firm also has a convalescent and vacation home. In many factories where there is no hospital a doctor is employed; often the same physician is employed by several factories. Factories located in cities often make arrangements with several doctors, the medical attendance being given free or at greatly reduced rates. Of the enterprises studied, 65 employ nurses, etc., and 87 have established sick funds for the employees. Funeral funds have also been established at several large enterprises. Some 20 factories employ welfare workers to advise their employees, and two large establishments jointly employ a welfare director who has oversight of hygienic conditions in the workshops, works out any necessary welfare and protective measures, and directs the social activities of the workers. Other measures instituted by the employers for the benefit of their workers include vocational training for young workers, lecture courses for older employees,2 day nurseries and summer colonies for their employees’ children, and support of the employees’ athletic and social clubs. I 1The data gathered as to housing for employees are summarized on pp. 154 to 156 of this issue of the Monthly L abor R eview . 2 For an account of these activities, see pp. 189 and 190 of this issue of the Monthly L abor R eview . https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis .[1415] 191 C O O PER A TIO N . Cooperative Restaurants and Distribution oí Milk, Minneapolis.1 HE success of the Franklin Cooperative Creamery Association of Minneapolis shows what can be done by the cooperative movement in distributing milk. This association was formed as a result of a controversy in the fall of 1919 between the local milk distributors and their drivers. The society, formed by some of the strikers, has had a steadily increasing success. The business is carried on by the workers themselves on a salary basis, the surplus savings made by the business being returned to the member patrons on the basis of patronage. Between July, 1921, and July, 1923, the number of wagons operated by the association increased from 46 to 146 and the number of employees from 120 to 381. In July, 1923, the sales amounted to $286,095 as compared with $86,849in July, 1921. The sales during the period January to September, 1923, reached a total of $2,285,408. The association delivers milk to “ more than 40,000 homes in the city of Minneapolis,” and is stated to be the largest creamery in the city. Ice cream is also manufactured and sold by the association. Its net savings for the first nine months of 1923 amounted to $158,612. It is stated that the creamery not only has “ materially reduced the price of milk,” but it has returned to its patrons a 5 per cent dividend on their purchases, amounting to $86,047. Some two months ago a cooperative restaurant was opened in the down-town district of the same city by a cooperative organization formed chiefly of members of the Northwestern Cooks’ Association and employees of the Franklin Cooperative Creamery Association. This very soon proved to be too small and the new association, the Franklin System Cooperatives (Inc.), opened another early in September. Both places are reported to be operating successfully and the society is already running its own small bakery. T Progress oi Consumers’ Cooperative Wholesale Societies. Cooperative Central Exchange. D URING the first seven months of 1923, according to a statement in the October, 1923, issue of Cooperation (New York), the Cooperative Central Exchange of Superior, Wis., had sales amounting to $289,700, or $97,399 more than in the corresponding period of the previous year. A saving of $2,961 was made from these sales as compared with a loss of $2,113 in 1922. 1 D ata are from th e Minneapolis Cooperator, issues of Ju n e 15 an d Sept. 14, 1923, and new s service of T h e Cooperative League. 192 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [1416] COOPERATION. 193 Central States Cooperative Wholesale Society.2 TTHE Central States Cooperative Wholesale Society, East St. Louis, : !L, recently held its annual convention, at which some 50 socie ties with a membership of about 15,000 were represented. I t is stated that a “ broad educational program” was adopted at the meeting, which will pay particular attention to the need of in tensive cooperative education of the people of the mining towns of Illinois. This wholesale society was, until about a year ago, operated on what was called the ‘‘American plan.” It has now been reorganized on a strictly Rochdale basis with control entirely in the hands of its constituent retail societies. According to the report of the assistant manager of the wholesale, all but 14 of the 43 “ American plan” stores in existence when the reorganization began have been dis posed of. In many cases independent Rochdale societies were organized and the stores were turned over to them to operate, while in other cases the stores were either closed or sold out. Course in Cooperative Training, Minneapolis. 3 ILE Northern States Cooperative League has been conducting a five weeks’ course in cooperative training. The course, which opened in Minneapolis September 4, 1923, covered the theory, principles, and history of the cooperative movement, book keeping (including the special system, adapted to cooperative enter prises, recommended by the Cooperative Central Exchange) and problems of organization and administration of consumers’ co operative societies of various types. This is stated to be the “ first attempt made in the United States to organize a cooperative training school to be conducted in the English language,” although similar courses, in the Finnish language, have been given for several years by the Cooperative Central Ex change, at Superior, Wis. Altogether 22 students, 4 of them women, took the course, 14 of whom come from places outside Minneapolis. Of the students attending, 9 were born in the United States, 6 in Sweden, 5 in Finland, 1 in Canada, and 1 in Nonvay. T Guiding Points in the Location of the Cooperative Store. TUDENTS of the cooperative training course recently held in Minneapolis 4 drew up the following set of points for a guide to cooperative societies in locating their cooperative stores: S Get a good street map of the town (or of the section of the city) in which the society is located. Then, using different colored pins or different characters (such as *, x, o): 1. Plot the homes of members of the society. 2. Plot all competitor stores, distinguishing between chain stores and individual private stores. 2 D ata are from press release of C entral States Cooperative W holesale Society, dated Oct. 2, 1923; a n d Cooperation, New Y ork, N ovem ber, 1923. 3 D ata are from Cooperation, New Y ork, A ugust, 1923, a n d The M inneapolis Cooperator, Sept. 14, 1923. 4 See a rticle im m ed iately preceding. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [ 1417] MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW. 194 3. Plot all available locations, distinguishing between stores for rent and ground that might be used for new buildings. Study the situation carefully in each instance and answer the following questions, with regard to each available location: 1. How available is it to the members? 2. How is it located with reference to the nearest general shopping center? 3. How is it located with reference to its nearest competitors? 4. With reference to the movement of shopping crowds, is it (a) on the right side of the street? (b ) directly in the line of approaching home-bound commuters (near a large city)? (c) how many leisure-hour shoppers pass this site (between 9 and 12 a. m.; I and 4 p.m .)? 5. How many people of all classes pass this point between 8 and 9 a. m.; between 12 and 1 p. m.; between 4 and 6 p. m.? 6. Class of people in. the majority passing the store (business men; school children; industrial workers; women)? 7. How many of these are possible buyers? 8. What nationality are these people? 9. Approximately what proportion of the people in the neighborhood are good mate rial for new members? . . 10. Are the people in the neighborhood well established or is the population shifting? 11. Have there been cooperative stores in this district previously? If so, what happened to them? 12. Is the neighborhood attractively laid out? 13. How near is the location to post office (in small town) or to other general centers of attraction? . . 14. Is the competition between other stores so keen that prices are abnormally low.-’ 15. How much of the trade is cash and carry; how much credit and delivery? With regard to the property itself— 1. What is its rental value (or purchase value)? 2. What kind of a building is it and for what was it used previously? 3. What is the nature of the most immediate neighbors on either side and across the street (business or dwelling and how engaged or of what class)? 4. Is is a corner lot? How much window space? What kind of windows? 5. How wide is the sidewalk? _ Made of what material? 6. What are the sanitary conditions in and about the building? 7. What improvements are there in the building? 8. How high are buildings on either side and across the street? How prominent? 9. Are all improvements placed under street and paid for? 10. What sun hits the windows (morning, noon, or afternoon)? Arethere any shade trees or other protection?5 Report of British Labor Copartnership Association, 1922. HE September, 1923, issue of Copartnership (London) contains (pp. 138 and 139) the thirtieth annual report of the Labor Copartnership Association. This association is a federation oi societies whose declared aim it is “ to bring about an organization of industry based upon the principle of labor copartnership; that is to say, a system in which all those engaged shall share in the profits, capital, control, and responsibility.” In the 1921 report (see M o n t h l y L a b o r R e v ie w , November, 1922, pp. 226 and 227) it was stated that 1921 was the worst year yet ex perienced; the present report states that 1922 was equally bad, but the hope is expressed that the worst is now over and that an improve ment in business conditions may be expected. T 6 From Cooperation, New Y ork, N ovem ber, 1923, p . 196. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [1418] ¡a . A : :u COOPERATION 195 The table below contains figures, taken from the report, showing details of operation for 1922 of the societies engaged in various kinds of work: R E S U L T S O F O P E R A T IO N O F C O P A R T N E R S H IP PR O D U C T IV E S O C IE T IE S IN G R E A T B R IT A IN , 1922, B Y IN D U S T R Y . [£ a t par=$4.8665.] C ountry and in d u stry . E ngland: T e x tile ... Boot and shoe............. M etal.............................................. B uilding and wood............. Printing, e tc ............ M iscellaneous............................... T o ta l........................................ Scotland: T e x tile ... B akin g __ P rin tin g ........................................ T o tal__ .... G rand to ta l............................... N um ber of socie ties. Share and loan capi A m ount of ta l a n d business. reserve. Profit. Loss. A m ount paid as dividend on wages. 13 15 3 6 16 7 £577,409 354; 050 36,951 54, 811 191 ¡ 389 168, 445 £1,153,754 645,695 81, 760 47, 733 372^ 205 174; 738 £65,290 28,276 3,478 496 21,082 501 £12,059 10,089 63 1,649 81 13,320 £7,292 6l 089 1,3/5 60 1,383, 055 2,475,885 119,123 37,261 18,237 1 1 2 282,989 840,391 22,037 274,293 1,384,801 24,711 16,200 89,148 868 4 1,145,417 1,683,805 106,216 64 2,528,472 4,159,690 225,339 3,337 114 1,085 14; 109 66 15,260 37,261 33,497 The table following shows the development of the copartnership movement since 1883: D E V E L O P M E N T O F C O P A R T N E R S H IP M O V EM EN T IN G R E A T B R IT A IN , 1883 TO 1922. [£ a t p ar ==$4.8665.] ■6t e .- C ountry and y e a r. E ngland and Wales: 1883................................................. 1896................................................. 1909................................................. 1913................................................. 1920................................................. 1921................................................. 1922................................................. Scotland: 1883. 1896................................................. 1909................................................. 1913................................................. 1920. 1921. 1922. Great B ritain: 1883 1896................................................. 1909................................................. 1913................................................. 1920................................................. 1921................................................. 1922................................................. N um ber of A m ount of A m ount of business. socie capital. ties. Profit. Loss. 433,439 679,425 744,585 1,353,527 1,439,533 1,383,055 £138,248 808,136 1,138,915 1,503,339 4,904,580 2,873,212 2,475,885 £7,519 31,833 52,665 85,899 272, 005 85,25C 119,123 £114 11,329 7,283 2,086 24,853 130,770 37,261 17,650 581,991 1,302,328 1,525,495 1.104, 413 1,145,576 1,145,417 22,503 1,043,047 3,058,923 3,545,298 , 801,102 2.212,163 1,683,805 1,512 73,181 143', 814 159,877 197 15 103,436 90 1,015, 430 99 1 2,981,753 81 * 2,270, 078 65 1 2,457,930 65 2,585,109 64 2,528,472 160,751 1,851,183 4,197,838 5,048,637 7,705,682 5,085,375 4,159,690 9, 031 IOS; 014 196,479 245,776 457,615 227,132 225,339 12 83 93 76 61 61 60 3 6 5 4 4 4 2 141,876 106,216 114 11,329 7,480 2,086 24,853 130,770 37,261 Amount-re turned. its dividend on wages, j £6,900 10,135 13,949 57,761 19,598 18,237 9,088 15,433 19,614 10,531 18', 784 15', 260 15,988 25,568 33,563 68,292 38,382 33,497 1 Not. th e exact sum of the am ounts given above for Scotland a n d E n gland an d W ales, b u t is as given in th e /e p o rt. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [1419] MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW. 196 Cooperation in Foreign Countries. Australia. ABOR Report, 1922, No. 13, of the Bureau of Census and Sta tistics of Australia contains the results of a comprehensive a investigation of the cooperative movement in that country made by the bureau. The following table taken from the report shows the number of societies in 1922: L N U M B E R O F S O C IE T IE S IN A U ST R A L IA O F EA C H T Y P E IN 1922, B Y S T A T E . Producers’ societies. Consumers’ societies. Total. N u m M embership. ber. N um M embership. ber. N u m Membership. ber. State. N ew South W ales.................................. V ictoria..................................................... Q ueensland.............................................. South A u stralia...................................... W est A u stralia........................................ T asm an ia............................................... . 58 67 40 25 26 12 52,098 53,048 25,699 38,451 2,619 20,555 T o tal............................................... 228 192, 470 43 29 10 10 43 } 2 137 49,179 20,158 4, 412 30,398 6,832 / 1 110,979 101 98 50 35 69 | 14 101,277 73,208 30, 111 68,849 30,005 365 303,449 The table below shows the statistics of operation in 1922: O P E R A T IO N S O F C O O P E R A T IV E S O C IE T IE S IN A U S T R A L IA IN 1922, B Y ST A T E AND T Y P E O F S O C IE T IE S . Consum ers’ societies. Producers’ societies. State. Share capital. Sales for year. N et saving. Share capital. Sales for year. N et saving. A m ount returned in,dividends on p u r chases. N ew South W ales............ £824,503 £12,230,060 £141,785 £483,319 £3,148,913 £255,044 894,970 24, 860 47,116 156,105 10,174,929 V icto ria............................... 1,214,728 233, 862 5, 737 5,597,966 59, 275 35,423 400,644 Q ueensland......................... 1,791,658 69, 844 1 10,145 498,545 5,468, 747 719,231 S outh A ustralia................. 202,806 9,403 | 42,999 W est A u stra lia .................. 494,195 9,755 54,419 13,435 258,014 99, 257 T asm an ia........................ . £236,054 10,765 3,373 37,164 5,349 365,240 292,705 T o tal......................... 3,301,362 33,932,522 260,869 1,227,811 6,563,598 !Loss. The above tables include figures for plant employers for the benefit of their employees. South Wales they also include statistics for the society, thereby involving a certain amount of stores established by In the case of New cooperative wholesale duplication. Canada. from the Cooperative Union of Canada noted in the A REPORT October, 1923, issue of the International Cooperative Bulletin (pp. 247, 248) contains statistics for certain affiliated Canadian cooperative societies for the year 1922. These statistics cover only 12 consumers’ societies and the great Canadian cooperative market- https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 11420] COOPERATION. 197 ing asso c ia tio n , th e U n ite d G ra in G row ers (L td .). T h e r e p o rt s ta te s t h a t 1922 w as a y e a r of tra d in g losses a n d u n e m p lo y m e n t on a la rg e scale, b u t t h a t on th e w hole th e c o o p e ra tiv e so cieties fa re d v e ry w ell. F o u r so cieties re p o rte d d e creased sales, a g g re g a tin g $197,944, b u t i t is p o in te d o u t t h a t “ i t is p ro b a b le t h a t th e d efla tio n of p rices c o n trib u te d to th is as m u c h as re d u c tio n in tr a d e s u p p o rt th ro u g h re d u c e d p u rc h a s in g p o w er of m e m b e rs .” T h e c o m b in e d m e m b e rsh ip of th e 12 c o n su m e rs’ societies w as 6,552 a n d th e sales fo r th e y e a r $2,166,196. T h e so cieties’ sh a re c a p ita l to ta le d $293,183 a n d th e ir lo a n c a p ita l $157,782. T h e ir re se rv e fu n d s a m o u n te d to $94,781. Dividends on purchases ranging from 1^ to 10 per cent were paid by nine societies and amounted to $138,761. It should he pointed out that the statistics given fall far short of disclosing the actual condition of the organized movement in Canada during 1922. Even if statis tics of the entire organized movement were available th ey would represent a very small proportion of those of Canadian societies organized on the Rochdale plan. There are hundreds of societies operating in isolation, and the Federal Government has no machinery at its disposal for collecting the necessary data. The isolated societies are hound to disappear sooner or later, since, deprived of the experience of other socie ties, and generally organized in ignorance of cooperative principles, there is little chance of many of them being permanently successful. Persistent efforts are, how ever, being made to bring such societies to see the folly of the policy of isolation, and, as is stated in the Canadian Cooperator, if the campaign now being conducted meets with considerable success, there should be a great improvement in the position of the organized movement by next year. T h e U n ite d G ra in G row ers (L td .) re p o rte d a m e m b e rsh ip of 35,748 a n d sales of $2,838,424. Saskatchewan. xl su m m a ry of th e a n n u a l re p o r t of th e c o o p e ra tio n a n d m a rk e ts b ra n c h of th e S a sk a tc h e w a n D e p a r tm e n t of A g ric u ltu re g iv en in th e S e p te m b e r, 1923, issu e of th e P u b lic S erv ice W eek ly (R eg in a) “ in d ic a te s t h a t d u rin g th e y e a r en d e d A p ril 30, 1923, a g ric u ltu ra l c o o p e ra tio n h a s m a d e v e ry s a tis fa c to ry p ro g re ss.” “ T h e b o u n tifu l h a r v e s t of 1922 is re fle c ted in th e led g ers o f th e a sso c ia tio n s.” The number of shareholders in cooperative associations at the present time is 16,849. The paid-up capital invested has increased from $501,070.33 to $504,570.19. During the year 52 associations marketing livestock shipped 805 cars, the receipts amounting to $749,360.58. The value of farm products marketed through the associa tions amounted to $25,361.41, w hile the total value of supplies sold amounted to $3,332,517.08. The aggregate turnover of the associations, including livestock, amounted to $4,107,239.07, the net profit earned being $110,997.34. * * * That the Saskatchewan Cooperative Elevator Co. had a good vear is shown by the fact that its net profit for the year was $463,056.63, and a cash dividend of 8 per cent on the paid-up value of the shares was made. During the year 332 elevators handled a total of 34,769,955 bushels of all grains, and 2,565,422 bushels were shipped over the platform, making a total of 37,335,377 bushels compared with 27,990,437 bushels handled during the previous year. The commission sales department handled 36,519,352 bushels and the terminal elevators 22,419,398 bushels. Ceylon. rTTIE C eylon B lu e B o o k fo r 1922 c o n ta in s (pp. Z1-Z3) d e ta ile d d a t a sh o w in g fo r ea c h of th e c o o p e ra tiv e societies in th e co lo n y th e d a te of re g is tra tio n , w h e th e r of lim ite d o r of u n lim ite d lia b ility , n u m b e r of m e m b e rs, p a id -in s h a re c a p ita l, reserv e, a n d d a ta as to lo a n s g r a n te d b y th e G o v e rn m e n t. T h e se figures show t h a t on https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [14211 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW. 198 A p ril 30, m e m b e rs. 1922, th e re w ere 167 c o o p e ra tiv e societies, w ith 19,957' T h e ir p a id -in sh a re c a p ita l a m o u n te d to R s. 150,354 ($73,170, p a r) a n d th e ir re se rv e to R s. 25,057 ($12,194, p a r). L o an s to th e a m o u n t of R s. 43,345 ($21,094, p ar) h a d b een g ra n te d to th e se so cieties b y th e G o v e rn m e n t; of th is a m o u n t R s. 36,043 ($17,540, p a r) w as s till ow ing. N o in fo rm a tio n is g iv en as to th e k in d of b u sin ess d one b y th e v a rio u s societies. Czechoslovakia. 28, 1923, issue of Industrial and Labor Informa THEtionSeptember (Geneva) contains (p. 33) a summary of the 1922 report of the Czecho-Slovak Union of Building and Housing Cooperative Societies. According to this account 232 local housing societies are affiliated with the union. Of these societies, during 1922, 75 bought building land valued at 4,469,353 kronen ($907,279, par); 79 societies built a total of 639 houses, containing accommodation for 739 families, and 17 blocks of houses containing 164 flats. T h e r e p o r t s ta te s t h a t th e n u m b e r of societies w h ich u n d e rto o k b u ild in g o p e ra tio n s w as la rg e r th a n in th e p re c e d in g y e a r b u t th a t few er h o u se s w ere b u ilt. T h is d ec re a se in dw ellings p ro v id e d w as d u e chiefly to th e d ifficu lty of secu rin g c a p ita l. India (Punjab). TH IE report of the Punjab registrar of cooperative societies for the year 1921-22 contains statistics of the movement there of which the following is a summary: O PERATIONS OF C O OPERATIVE SOCIETIES IN T H E PU N JA B IN 1921-22, B Y T Y PE p F SOCIETY. [Rupee at par=48.665 cents.] ‘ 'r. i 1 Number N umber of of societies. members. Type of society . Paid-in share capital. Reserve fund. Working capital, c Profit for year. 144 i 8 ,2 3 3 R u p ees. 1 ,4 3 5 ,8 8 0 R u pees. 6 0 1 ,4 6 9 R u pees. 1 6 ,6 1 3 ,5 3 4 R u pees. 2 8 0 ,4 0 4 8 ,2 3 2 2 1 4 ,8 3 7 5 ,0 2 7 ,1 3 4 5 ,7 0 8 ,7 8 5 2 4 ,6 6 5 ,9 8 9 1 ,0 6 6 ,2 0 9 160 11 354 1 ,1 7 5 477 2 2 ,1 7 9 5 7 ,2 4 1 8 3 ,7 6 0 1 ,4 9 4 2 0 ,3 7 7 1 7 ,0 7 8 1 ,1 6 7 3 1 2 ,9 1 5 2 7 7 ,9 2 5 3 ,8 2 6 2 17 ,6 8 9 2 212 694 T otal.......................................... 8 ,7 5 7 2 3 8 ,6 6 8 5 ,1 6 9 ,6 2 9 5 ,7 4 7 ,4 0 7 2 5 ,2 6 0 ,6 5 5 1 ,0 4 9 ,0 0 2 Nonagricul turai societies................. 401 41 1 7 ,5 9 4 529 1 ,2 0 2 ,8 4 0 15.220 Central banking societies................. Agricultural societies: Credit........................................ Purchase and purchase and sale..................... ....................... Production and saie................... Other............................................. 3 3 1 ,0 9 4 | 1 0 1 ,1 1 8 j .....................1" i Member societies. __ ___-i 2 Loss. • v Similar data for other parts of India were given in the July, 1923, issue of the M o n t h l y L a b o r R e v ie w (pp. 239-242). Italy. Fascist Cooperatives. MIK (•'u d çyj i APPEARS, from an article in the September 5, 1923, issue of F L’Association Ouvrière (Paris), that there is now a Fascist cooperative movement in Italy. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis There was already a Catholic, a [1 4 2 2 ] COOPERATION. 5 199 S o cialist, a n d a “ n e u t r a l ” m o v e m e n t, th o u g h m a n y of th ese societies h a v e b e e n d e s tro y e d b y F a s c is t su p p o rte rs . The Fascist societies held their first convention at Milan on J u n e 17, 1923, at the call of their federation, the Italian Union of Coopera tives, which was formed in April, 1921. The union claims to have in affiliation 1,341 local societies with a combined membership of 247,000 and a business for 1922 of 350,000,000 lire ($67,550,000, par). A cco rd in g to th e a rtic le , th e c o n v e n tio n u n a n im o u sly a p p ro v e d th e a ttitu d e ta k e n b y th e C e n tra l C om m ission o n C o o p e ra tio n in its rev isio n of th e C o m m ercial C ode in p ro v id in g t h a t c o o p e ra tiv e societies sh o u ld b e allow ed to p u rs u e n o o th e r p u rp o se s th a n th o se fo r w hich th e y w ere fo rm e d . I t is a d m itte d t h a t th e p u rp o se of th is p ro v isio n is to p r e v e n t so cieties fro m p a r tic ip a tin g in p o litic a l o r o th e r “ e x tra c o o p e r a tiv e ” m o v e m e n ts. T h is p ro v isio n is of in te r e s t b e c a u se of th e f a c t t h a t su c h p a r tic ip a tio n is g iv e n b y th e F a sc ists as th e excuse fo r th e d e s tr u c tio n of th e c o o p e ra tiv e societies. T h e in te n tio n w a s a n n o u n c e d of callin g a co n g ress w h ich w ould b e a co n g ress n o t o n ly of m e m b e rs of th e I ta lia n U n io n of C o o p era tiv e s b u t of th e w hole I ta lia n c o o p e ra tiv e m o v e m e n t. Labor Cooperatives. A recent book by Odon Por, entitled “ Guilds and Cooperatives in Italy,” contains a chapter (pp. 98-116) on the present (1922) condition of the cooperative movement—especially the workers’ productive cooperative societies—in that country. These societies began with such simple work as digging canals or making dams, then gradually began to undertake more technical work, until finally their “ combines,” or federations of societies, have become able to compete “ with the biggest and best-equipped private enterprises,” while in some Provinces “ they have actually wiped out the private contractors and are practically controlling productive activities, doing work for the authorities and for the public alike.” Hundreds and thousands of workers are directly interested in these cooperatives that have now made good their position in every branch of production. They are building bridges in brick and steel; public and private palaces and whole garden cities; they are constructing roads, railways and ports; they are digging canals; they are manufacturing machines of all kinds; they are building sailing ships, cargo boats, liners, and warships; they redeem and cultivate rationally vast stretches of land; they are active in shipping and transportation; they have rebuilt, w ithin a short period of time, whole districts where the war wrought havoc. In the arts and crafts they are numerous. As the workers work w illingly and w ith enthusiasm for these their own enterprises, and as the societies are able to shift organized bodies of labor from one end of the country to another when required, they are able to execute works hardly realiza ble by private enterprise, w hich can never obtain the whole-hearted cooperation of hired labor. To-day, the vast number of workers in the cooperative movement and their excel lence, the extent and variety of undertakings, the technical and managerial experience vested in them, form such a solid block of interests that the problems connected with its efficient and undisturbed functioning constitute a national problem. Cooperation must live and grow undisturbed if the economic life of the Nation is to proceed regularly and progressively. These vast institutions, distributed all OAmr the country, command attention not merely by virtue of their technical equipment, organizing ability and business capac ity, but especially by virtue of their manifest will to work, not for profits, but for ■AerGeb. Their will to serve the community is a motive that the community, besieged as it is by profiteers, can not afford to overlook. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [1 4 2 3 ] 200 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW. Iu the introduction to a recent government bill on cooperation it is explicitly recognized that the cooperative movement is the most fitting means of regenerating the economic forms and institutions w hich have proved themselves inadequate to cope with the problems matured during the war; that the army of middlemen and profiteers that has sprung up during the war and has infested all activities can be kept in check only by the cooperatives, which by their very nature exclude all profit making. The rapid and skillful execution of the public work entrusted to them, making practically no profit on it, is one of the chief features of these cooperatives, and therein lies their great future. It is remarkable that out of the thousands of cooperative societies very few have failed during the present industrial and financial crisis, w hile numerous gigantic private enterprises have gone bankrupt. This proves their stability and the efficiency of their managers. Nevertheless, the cooperatives are suffering from the crisis, for they can not obtain sufficient credit. These combines are grouped into a federation, the National Federa tion of Cooperatives of Production and Labor, which represents them in their relations with the State, organizes the exchange of equipment among the federated combines, arranges for supplies of raw materials, and provides technical and business assistance and advice. The federation already owns its own brick works and quarries and is planning to extend its operations in this field. “ Thus, while the single combines represent, regionally, industrial bodies of the most modern type—doing any work from the roughest to the most artistic—their national federation constitutes a formidable force affecting the whole industrial life of the country.” It has recently taken steps toward undertaking “ great construction works in France and Russia in agreement with the labor organizations of these countries and under the control of their Governments and that of Italy.” Poland. 'T'HE following table taken from the April, 1923, issue (p. 198) of ^ the Revue Mensuelle de Statistique (Warsaw), shows the num ber of registered cooperative societies of each type, in Russian, Prus sian, and Austrian Poland, on January 1, 1922. , N U M B E R OF COOPERATIVE SOCIETIES OF EACH T Y P E , IN PO LA N D , GRAPHIC SECTION, JA N U A R Y 1, 1922. BY GEO Number of societies of each type in— Type of society. Russian Poland. Prussian Poland. Austrian Poland. Whole country. Consumers’ societies.................................................................. Housing societies........................................................................ Credit societies............................................................................ Wholesale societies: Farmers’............................................................................... Other..................................................................................... Raw-material societies............................................................. Societies for sale of dairy products........................................ Other agricultural societies...... .............................................. Distilleries.......................................................................... ......... Other industrial societies......................................................... Libraries, e t c ............................................................................. N ot reported............................................................................... 2,323 "341 1,164 117 76 1,028 1,756 58 3,151 4,196 '475 5,343 53 37 18 50 5 2 2 6 7 133 64 79 182 47 60 39 10 16 600 201 227 270 27 5 29 37 44 786 302 324 502 79 T o ta l................................................................................. 4,008 1,851 6,405 12,264 ------ ii-uvA— https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [1424] 70 53 67 CO N CILIA TIO N A N D A R B ITR A TIO N Conciliation Work of the Department of Labor in October, 1923. By H ugh L. K e r w i n , D ir e c t o r o p C o n c il ia t io n . HE Secretary of Labor, through the Division of Conciliation, exercised his good offices in connection with 61 labor disputes during October, 1923. These disputes affected a total of 43,511 employees. The following table shows the name and loca tion of the establishment or industry in which the dispute occurred, the nature of the dispute (whether strike or lockout or controversy not having reached strike or lockout stage), the craft or trade con cerned, the cause of the dispute, its present status, the terms of set tlement, the date of b e g i n n i n g ' and ending, and the number of work men directly and indirectly affected : T L A B O R D IS P U T E S H A N D L E D B Y T H E U N IT E D ST A TES D E P A R T M E N T O F LA B O R T H R O U G H IT S D IV IS IO N O F C O N C IL IA TIO N , O C T O B E R , 1923. C om pany or in d u stry and location. N ature of controversy. D ana Collieries, Dana. I n d ............... S trike........... Schuylkill R y ., G irardville, P a ....... ........d o ........... Surface track laborers, Chicago, 111. ........d o ........... W arw ick Mills, C enterville, R . I ___ T hreatened strike. Cloak m akers, Los Angeles, C alif___ S trik e............ Crowell Publishing Co. and R alph ........d o ........... P rin tin g Co., Springfield, Ohio. Grass-Golden Shoe Co., Boston, ........d o ........... M ass. M eat cutters, Chicago, 111.................... Controversy. P in e Ridge, P a ....................................... S trik e............ L aurel R u n Collierv, P a ...................... D elaware Colliery, "Pa............... Tennessee Coal Si Iro n Co., W hitw ell, Tenn. U . S. R ad iato r Corporation, Edw ardsville, 111. ........d o ........... ........d o ........... ........d o ........... ........do ........... K a te r & Co., P hiladelphia, P a .......... Threatened strike. ........do ........... S trike........... ........d o ........... ........d o ........... Chas. K . Fein, Philadelphia, P a ......... De M ay Co., Philadelphia, P a ........... H od P rin tin g Co,, NPW "York P it y ... M arble cu tters, New Y ork C ity I . . . . O pera F u r Co., B oston, Mass............. ___.d o ............ Bliss Colliery, Glen A lden Coal Co., ........d o ........... N anticoke, Pa. U nited H osiery Co., Chattanooga, ........d o ........... Tenn. Telephone operators, Sullivan, In d . . ........d o ........... C raft concerned. Present s ta tu s. Cause of dispute. M iners..................... R ailroad tran sp o r tation. T raction w orkers.. Wage d is p u te ........... T rack la b o re rs .__ A sked 37* cents per hour increase. Textile w o rk e rs... Wages, hours, a nd recognition. Cloak m ak ers......... U nion recognition... W rappers a n d op O pen sh o p .................. erators. Shoe w orkers......... W ages a nd alleged violation of con tra c t. M eat c u tte rs........... A sked 15 per week increase and short er hours. M iners..................... U nion dispute: work ing conditions. ........d o . .................... ........ d o .......................... ........ d o ......... ............ ........d o .......................... ........d o ...................... A sked regular wages in th e ir section. F o u n d ry workers. H ours, conditions, and union recogni tion. W ages a nd hours of G arm ent m a k e rs .. labor. ........d o ...................... ........d o .......................... ........d o ....................... ____d o .......................... M achinists.............. ( i ) ................................ C utters, carvers, A sked $1 a d ay increase. F u rriers................... A sked union recog nition. M iners..................... W ages and working conditions. T extile w orkers. . . Alleged discrim ination for union affil iation. Telephone opera- One operator discharged. tors. A djusted. Do. Do. Do. Pending. Do. A djusted. Pending. A djusted. Do. Do. Pending. Do. A djusted. Do. Do. Pending. A djusted. Do. Do. Pending. 1N ot reported. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [1425] 201 Do. 202 MONTHLY LABOE REVIEW. LA B O R D IS P U T E S H A N D L E D B Y T H E U N IT E D ST A TES D E P A R T M E N T O F LA B O R T H R O U G H IT S D IV IS IO N O F C O N C IL IA TIO N , O C T O B E R , 1923—Continued. Com pany or in d u stry a n d location. N atu re of controversy. Craft concerned. U . S. F u rn itu re Co., Hoboken, N . J . Strike. B asket m a k e rs.. B uilding trades, N ewark, N. J ......... ___do. B uilding tra d e s . Tailors, N ew ark, N. J ........................... H udson Coal Co., P a ............................ Furriers, South N orwalk, C onn........ E a st E n d Coal Co., P ond Creek, P a . . Jew elry workers, New Y ork C ity___ Cigar m akers, Boston, M ass............... D exter P ap er Co., W indsor Locks, Conn. ....... do............ ___ do............ ___ do............ ___ do............ ___ do............ Controversy S trik e........... A. C. Meeley Co., Philadelphia, P a . . Threatened strike. G raham Co., Philadelphia, P a ........... M argaret A rkw right, P hiladelphia, Pa. Julia C. Morris Co., Philadelphia, P a . Ladies’ tailors, Louisville, K y ........... Lorraine M anufacturing Co., Paw tu ck et, R. I. K ovatz & K n au b er Co., New Y ork City. Bevelers and m irror m akers, New Y ork City. Longshoremen, Norfolk, V a ............... Longshoremen, New Orleans, L a ... D errick m en, New Y ork C ity .......... L ax & Abowitz, Brooklyn, N. Y . .. A vondale Colliery, P a . . ..................... Peach O rchard Colliery, P a ............... Truesdale Colliery, P a ........................ . W oodw ard Colliery, P a ....................... Petteb o n e Colliery, P a ........................ Loomis Colliery , P a .............................. Auehinclos Colliery, P a ....................... No. 6 Colliery, Pennsylvania Coal Co., P ittsto n , Pa, B afh u in Colliery, P ittsto n , P a ........ Central Colliery, Avoca, P a .......... . Canaanville Coal Co., Ohio................. Golden S tate Woolen Mills, Long Beach, Calif. Brow nw ell B rush & W ire Co., Greensburg, ln d . Carpenters, St. Louis, M o................. Eisenlohr Co., Reading, P a. Wilkinson L um ber Co., Indianapolis, ln d . No. 14 Colliery, P ittsto n , P a ........... Commonwealth Steel Co., G ranite City, 111. S trike........... T h reaten ed strike. S trike........... ___do........... .do. Present, status. Open shop and work ing conditions. A sked $10 a d ay and 5 days a week. A sked w age increase W orking conditions. 0 ). Lack of e q u ip m e n t.. Adjusted. I1)................... .do. A sked wage increase of 171- cents per hour. Loom fixers............ Closed sh o p ............... .do. .do. Em ployees refused certain work. M irror w orkers___ W age increase and .do. recognition of union. .do. Longshorem en___ W age increase and new agreem ent. W orking conditions. Controversy ___do............. A sked $1 a d ay in Strike.......... Derrick m e n . crease. Recognition of union ___ do........... Shoemakers. Wages a nd working T hreatened M iners.......... conditions. strike. ..d o . ___ do........................... ___ do........... ..d o . ___ do.......... ............... ....... do.......... . ___ do........................... ___ do........... ..do. ..d o . ___ do.......................... ___ do........... .d o . ___ d o .......................... __ d o ............ ___ do........ .................. . . . . d o ......... . ..d o . ..d o . Price on rock, wages, Strike.......... a n d conditions. .do. .do. Com pany refused to discharge m an. .do. ___ do................... U nion d isp u te........... ....... do................... .do. (')..................... Wages; com pany re .d o ......... Textile w orkers. fused to renew agreement. .d o ......... B rush and wire 5 per cent reduction makers. in wages. .d o ........... C arpenters............. A sked 25 cents per hour increase. .d o ......... Cigar m akers. A sked 10 p e r cent increase and piece work. .do. B uilding tra d e s . . . Jurisdictional dis pute. .do. M iners............ Wage rates................. .do. Company represen Iron m o ld ers. tation plan. .do. Pending. Do. Adjusted. Pending. A djusted. Pending. Wage agreem ent___ Do. A sked increase; dis Do crim ination for union affiliation. Ladies’ ta ilo rs ___ Wages, hours, and U nable to recognition of adjust, union. ___do........................... Adjusted. .do. ----- do........................... .do. Do. Tailors................. M iners................. F urriers............... M iners................. Jew elry workers. Cigar m akers___ P ap er w orkers.. Bronze w o rk e rs ... 1 N ot reported. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Cause of dispute. [1426] Do. Pending. Do. U nclassi fied. Pending. Adjusted. Pending. Do. Adjusted. Pending. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Adjusted. Do. Do. Pending. Do. Adjusted. Do. Pending. Adjusted. Do. Pending. CONCILIATION AND ARBITRATION. 203 L A B O R D IS P U T E S H A N D L E D B Y T H E U N IT E D ST A T E S D E P A R T M E N T O F LA B O R T H R O U G H IT S D IV IS IO N O F C O N C IL IA T IO N , O C T O B E R , 1923—C ontinued. D uration. Company or in d u stry and location. Term s of settlem ent. Begin ning. D ana Collieries, ‘D ana, I n d . To Public Service Commis sion. Schuylkill R y ., G irardville, P a ....... . To a rb itra tio n ........................ . Surface track laborers, Chicago, 111... ___ d o .................................... . W arw ick Mills, C enterville, R . I ___ A greem ent concluded............. Cloak m akers, Los Angeles, C alif__ Crowell Publishing Co. an d R alp h Printing Co., Springfield, Ohio. Grass-Golden Shoe Co., Boston,Mass. Wages settled; agreem ent concluded. M eat cutters, Chicago, 111.................. P ine R idge, P a ..................................... One m an discharged. L aurel R u n Colliery, P a . ................. . ___d o ........................... D elaw are Colliery, P a .......................... ___d o ........................... Tennessee Coal & Iron Co., W hitwell, T enn. U . S. R ad iato r Corporation, Edw ardsville, 111. K a ter & Co., P hiladelphia, P a . . ... 44-hour week; ! : week minim um . Chas. K . Fein, P hiladelphia, P a ___ ___ d o .............. D e M ay Co., P hiladelphia, P a ......... . ___ d o .............. H oe P rintin g Co., New Y ork C ity ... M arble cutters, New Y ork C ity ........ To a rb itratio n for settlem e n t. Opera F u r Co., Boston, Mass............. Men re tu rn to w o rk ; strike off Bliss Colliery , Glen A lden Coal Co., To district board for ad ju st N anticoke, Pa. m ent. U nited H osiery Co., Chattanooga, Tenn. Telephone operators, Sullivan, I n d . . U . S. F u rn itu re Co., H oboken,N . J .. Union recognition g ra n te d . .. B uilding trades, N ew ark, N. J. Tailors, N ew ark, N . J ................. H udson Coal Co., P a ................... To district board for settle m en t; strike off. F urriers, South N orw alk, Conn......... E a st E n d Coal Co., Pond Creek, P a. E q u ip m en t furnished by com pany. Jew elry workers, New Y ork City. Cigar m akers, B oston, M ass... . . . Men returned; conferences pending. D exter P ap er Co., W indsor Locks, Conn. A . C. Meeley Co., P hiladelphia, P a . . C om pany increased wages; strike continues. G raham Co., Philadelphia, P a .......... 44-hour week, $44 per w e ek .. M argaret A rkw right, Philadelphia, ___ d o .......................................... P a. .do. Ju liaC . Morris Co., P hiladelphia, Pa. Ladies ’ tailors, Louisville, K y .......... Lorraine M anufacturing Co., Paw tucket, R . I. K ovatz & K n au b er Co., New Y ork A djusted prior to commis sioner’s arrival. C ity. Bevelers a n d m irror m akers, New York City. Longshoremen, Norfolk, V a ............... Received 10 cents p er hour increase. Longshoremen, New O ilcans, L a — D errick m en, New Y ork C ity .......... L ax & Abow itz, B rooklyn, N . Y __ Men retu rn ed w ith o u t dis crim ination. A vondale Colliery, P a .......................... Peach O rchard Colliery, P a ............... Truesdale Colliery, P a ......................... W oodw ard Colliery, P a ....................... Pettebone Colliery, P a ......................... Loomis Colliery, P a .............................. Auohinclos Colliery, P a ....................... No. 6 Colliery, Pennsylvania Coal U nauthorized strike; m en returned. Co., P ittsto n , P a. B arnum Colliery, P ittsto n , P a .......... R eturned; d em and settle m ent later. 1N ot reported. 71015°—23-----14 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Men involved. [1427] Ending. 1923. 1923. Oct. I . . . Oct. 19 . . d o . . . Oct. 3 Sept. 13 Oct. 9 Oct. 1 Oct. 12 Sept. 20 0) Sept. 1 Oct. 1 Oct. 2 . . . d o . .. . . . d o . .. May 8 . .d o .... Oct. 5 Aug. 2 Oct. 1 Oct. 0 Oct. 8 GO Oct. 6 . .d o .... ..d o . Oct. 8 15 20 1,150 Oct. 20 Oct. 9 Oct. 15 1,200 18 855 Oct. 14 14 48 G) G) Oct. 9 15,000 (]) Sept. 25 Öct. 1 100 100 0) G) G) 1 Mar. 1 Oct. 9 150 100 Oct. 15 Oct. 13 Oct. 17 Oct. 16 Oct. 12 Oct. 15 (l ) 50S 14 . .d o .. ..d o .. 8 Aug. 100 600 950 Sept. 24 Sept. 15 Oct. 200 900 300 23 2,500 650 450 750 450 Sept. 0) 0) 120 100 1,200 Sept. 18 Aug. 16 Oct. 4 ... D irect Indi rectly. ly. Oct. 1 Oct. 6 35 Oct. 15 Sept. 4 Oct. 6 0) Oct. 15 Sept. 3 700 G) G) Oct. 28 200 100 Oct. 20 Oct. 22 480 395 1,900 1,725 395 900 390 1,675 Oct. 19 ..d o ....... 200 0) 0) G) 0) G) SÜ 200 35 75 204 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW. L A B O R D IS P U T E S H A N D L E D B Y T H E U N IT E D ST A T E S D E P A R T M E N T O F LA B O R T H R O U G H IT S D IV IS IO N O F C O N C IL IA T IO N , O C TO B ER , 1923—Concluded. D uration. C om pany or in d u stry an d location. Term s of settlem ent. Begin ning. C entral Colliery, Avoca, P a . Canaanville Coal Co., O hio................. Golden State Woolen Mills, Long Beach, Calif. Brow nw ell B ru sh & W ire Co., G reensburg, In d . Carpenters, St. Louis, Mo................... E isenlohr Co., Reading, P a .............. W ilkinson L um ber Co., Indianapolis. In d . No. 14 Colliery, P ittsto n , P a ............ To be su b m itted as per rules of union. 5 per cent cut; bonus of 10 per cent for piecework over 600 yards. C1)............................ W ork aw arded to iron workers. R e tu rn e d . S u b m itted to union regulations. 1923. Oct. 17 0) 1923. Oct. 20 D irect Indi rectly. ly. 600 C1110 ) 140 Oct. 24 45 5 Oct. 31 Oct. 15 O ct. 14 Oct. 24 500 17 10 350 40 Oct. 29 1,610 90 Aug. 1 Oct. 1 (') Oct. 23 June C om m onw ealth Steel Co., G ranite C ity, 111. Ending Men involved. 1 280 40,002 T otal. 3,509 N ot reported. On November 1, 1923, there were 67 strikes before the depart ment for settlement and, in addition, 16 controversies which had not reached the strike stage. Total number of cases pending, 83. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [1428] IM M IG RA TIO N. Statistics of Immigration for September, 1923. B y W. W . H u s b a n d , C o m m i s s i o n e r G e n e r a l op I m m ig r a t io n . H E follow ing ta b le s show th e to ta l n u m b e r of im m ig ra n t aliens a d m itte d in to th e U n ite d S ta te s a n d e m ig ra n t alie n s d e p a rte d fro m th e U n ite d S ta te s fro m J u ly to S e p te m b e r, 1923. T h e ta b u la tio n s a re p re se n te d a c c o rd in g to th e c o u n trie s of la s t p e rm a n e n t o r f u tu r e p e r m a n e n t resid en ce, ra c e s o r p eo p les, o ccu p atio n s, and S ta te s of f u tu r e p e r m a n e n t o r la s t p e rm a n e n t resid en ce. T h e la s t ta b le (T a b le 6) show s th e n u m b e r of alien s a d m itte d u n d e r th e p e r c e n t lim it a c t of M a y 19, 1921, fro m J u ly 1 to N o v e m b e r 7, 1923. T T able 1 .— IN W A R D AN D O U T W A R D P A S S E N G E R M O V E M E N T, JU L Y TO S E P T E M B E R , 1923. Arrivals. Period. 1923. J u ly .................................. A u g u st............................. Septem ber...................... Im m i grant aliens ad m itted . N on im m i U nited gran t States aliens citizens arrived. ad m itted. D epartures. Aliens Total de barred. arrivals E m i grant aliens. Nonem i grant aliens. U nited Total States depart citizens. ures. 85,542 88,286 89,431 13,039 13,688 18,221 20,637 33,510 51,894 2,899 2,804 2,331 122,117 138,288 161,877 8,041 6,489 6,073 14.213 12,267 10,245 39,898 27,744 16,025 62,152 46,500 32,343 T o tal..................... 263,259 44,948 106,041 8,034 422,282 20,603 36,725 83,667 140.995 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [1429] 205 206 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, T able 2 .—LAST PE R M A NEN T R ESIDENCE OF IMMIGRANT A L IE N S ADM ITTED AND F U T U R E PER M A N E N T RESID EN C E OF EMIGRANT A L IE N S D E P A R T E D D U RING SE PT E M BE R , 1923, A N D FROM JU L Y TO SE PT E M BE R , 1923, B Y COUNTRIES. Im m igrant. C ountry. Septem ber, 1923. E m igrant. July to Septem ber, 1923. Septem ber, 1923. Ju ly to Septem ber, 1923. A lb an ia........................................................................................ A u stria ................................ ................... .................................. B elg iu m ....................................................................................... B u lg aria...................................................................................... Czechoslovakia.......................................................................... D e n m ark .....................................................................1.............. E sth o n ia ...................... ............. ......................... F in la n d ........................................................................................ France, including Corsica..................... ............................... G e rm a n y ........................... ........................................................ G reat B rita in a n d Irela n d : E n g la n d ............................................................................... Irela n d .................................................................................. Scotland............................................. ................................. W ales.................................................................................... G reece.......................................................................................... H u n g a ry .......................... ..:...................................................... Italy"(including Sicily a n d S a rd in ia)................... - ............. L a tv ia ........................................................................................ L ith u an ia .............................. ..................................................... N e therlands............................................ ................................... N orw ay....................................................................................... P o lan d .......................................................................................... Portugal (including Azores a n d Cape Verde Isla n d s). . . R u m a n ia ...................................................................... .............. R u ssia .......................................................................................... Spain (including Canary and Balearic Isla n d s)............... S w ed en ........................................................ ............................... Sw itzerland................................................................................. T u rkey in E u ro p e..................................................................... Y ugoslavia.................................................................................. O ther E u ro p e........................................ ................................ 53 828 289 145 2,507 601 50 699 916 7,993 166 3,417 970 286 6 ,555 1,803 147 2,244 2,586 26,910 4,615 3,187 6.720 '365 872 927 7,308 298 340 573 2,078 5; 670 513 1,853 2,843 96 3,375 '709 293 653 27 13,277 9,796 18,106 821 2,506 2,393 22,239 687 1,145 1,982 6,452 13,216 1,527 5,290 7,860 371 11,052 2,070 1,132 1,371 153 418 136 72 7 536 39 1,538 45 233 383 62 81 193 63 14 46 156 7 1,561 505 298 19 1,553 175 5,432 48 147 117 225 1,046 1,071 312 275 638 257 91 47 496 15 22 14 60 10 136 43 33 46 70 1 54 22 48 64 168 38 474 181 3 124 336 338 Total E u ro p e .................................................................. 57,396 168,530 4,540 16,105 C h in a- ........................................................ :................................ J a p a n ...................................... ................... ................................ I n d ia .......................................................................................... Syria, Palestine, and M esopotam ia..................................... T urkey in A sia........................................................................... O ther A sia............................................. .............. - .................... 1,524 555 31 543 589 39 2,793 1,466 67 1,371 1,192 126 330 159 14 59 751 453 37 164 97 7 21 T o tal A sia ........................................................................ 3,281 7,015 570 1,523 A frica.............................................................................- - ........... A ustralia, T asm ania, and New Z ealan d ............................ Pacific Islands (not specified)............................................... C anada an d N ew foundland.................................................. C entral A m erica........................................................................ Mexico.......................................................................................... South A m erica.. . .... .......................................................... W est In d ie s................................................................................ 149 80 10 16,657 293 8,097 1,328 2,137 30 4 209 37 294 84 295 38 113 8 754 146 539 305 1,072 2 618 321 26 49,237 764 26,529 3,403 6,803 13 G rand to ta l............... .................................................... 89,431 263,259 6,073 20,603 M ale...............................................................................- ............. 'Female.................. ............... .......................................; ............. 53,358 36,073 161,334 101,925 4,304 1,769 13 713 6,890 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis LI 430J 11 1 IMMIGRATION. T 207 3 . — IM M IG R A N T A L IE N S A D M IT T E D TO A N D E M IG R A N T A L IE N S D E P A R T E D FR O M T H E U N IT E D ST A T E S D U R IN G S E P T E M B E R . 1923. A N D PR O M JU L Y TO S E P T E M B E R , 1923, B Y R A CES O R P E O P L E S . able Im m igrant. Race or people. E m igrant. Septem 1 Ju ly to ber, 1923. September, 1923. African (black)......................................... A rm enian................................................. B ohem ian and M oravian (Czech)................. B ulgarian, Serbian, a n d M ontenegrin....................... C hinese............................................. C roatian a n d Slovenian....................... C uban..................................... D alm atian, Bosnian, an d H erzegovinian........................... D utch and F le m ish ................................................. E a st In d ia n .............................. E n g lish ............................................. F in n ish .................................. F rench ............................ . . G erm an...................................... Greek.................................. H ebrew ................................................. Ir is h ......................... Italian (n o rth )....................................... Italian (so u th )................... ................... Japanese .............................................. K orean ......................................................... L ithuanian............................................... M agyar.................................................................. M exican....................................................... Pacific Isla n d er................................ ................... Polish................................................ Portuguese .................................................................. R u m a n ia n .............................................................. R ussian ........................................................................ R u th e n ia n ( R u s s n ia k ) ........................................... Scandinavian (Norwegians, D anes, an d Sw edes) ............. Scotch ................................. S lovak .............................................................. Spanish ................................................................ Spanish-A m erican ......................................................................... S y rian ....................................................... T u rk ish ...................................................... W elsh .............................................. W est Indian (except C u b an )................................................. O ther peoples................... ........................................................ T o tal............................................................... 1.519 584 870 288 543 252 4,408 1.657 2,599 699 1,476 1,241 651 22 122 1,005 3,324 42 29,998 1,979 11,389 34,724 2,639 22,479 16,963 4,623 18,508 1,303 22 943 3,187 25,809 21 10,530 659 3,860 10,493 937 8 557 5,754 1,462 6,081 448 9 341 ! , 141 7,926 3 3,478 671 252 1,995 213 6,598 8.854 1,415 393 422 215 31 424 211 158 9,660 1,964 728 4.840 650 20,959 24,526 3,310 1,680 999 786 209 1,080 705 372 89,431 263,259 Septem ber, 1923. July to Septem ber, 1923. 61 359 2 8 123 167 314 4 97 458 500 11 88 9 658 45 65 113 546 133 56 1,487 150 733 8 249 03 300 32 2,245 140 351 497 1.567 50 564 260 5,203 447 5 8 52 46 286 179 182 513 246 390 61 95 1,067 1.106 307 324 188 80 9 256 50 67 8 35 26 763 387 64 841 240 163 127 23 186 88 6,073 20,603 6 44 T able 4 .—IM M IG R A N T A L IE N S A D M IT T E D TO A N D E M IG R A N T A L IE N S D E P A R T E D FR O M T H E U N IT E D ST A T E S D U R IN G S E P T E M B E R , 1923, A N D FR O M JU L Y TO S E P T E M B E R , 1923, BY ST A T E S O R T E R R IT O R IE S . Immigrant. State. July to July to September, September, September, September, 1923. 1923. 1923. 1923. Alabama..................... ....................................... Alaska................................................................ Arizona...................... ........................ Arkansas.......................................................... California................... ..................... Colorado..................... .......................... Connecticut............... ....................................... Delaware.................... ................................... District of Columbia......................................................... Florida........................................................................ ........... Georgia......................... .................... ■.............................. Hawaii....... .................. ........................................................ Idaho......... ................................................................. Illinois................................................................ Indiana.................................................................... Iow a................................................................................... https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Emigrant. [1431] 72 19 2,268 35 6,187 224 1,855 86 229 428 48 159 132 6,776 814 438 172 83 4, 438 69 17,938 570 5,457 221 616 1,300 151 621 383 20,226 2,348 1,542 2 12 31 1 463 8 108 1 20 87 3 21 11 322 48 10 19 24 109 5 1,417 52 439 3 107 423 26 63 27 1,037 158 63 MONTHLY LABOE REVIEW 208 4.—IMMIGRANT A L IE N S ADM ITTED TO AND EM IGRANT A L IE N S D E P A R T E D FROM THE U N IT E D STA TES D U R IN G SE PT E M B E R , 1923, AN D FROM JULY TO SE PT E M B E R , 1923, B Y STATES OR T ER R ITO R IE S—Concluded. T able Im m igrant. S tate. E m igrant. Ju ly to Ju ly to ber, Septem Septem ber, Septem ber, ber, Septem 1923. 1923. 1923. 1923. K ansas.......................................................................................... K en tu ck y ..................................................................................... L ou isian a..................................................................................... M a in e .......................................................................................... M ary lan d ..................................................................................... M assachusetts............................................................................. M ichigan....................................................................................... M innesota..................................................................................... M ississippi................................................................................... M issouri....................................................................................... M o n tan a....................................................................................... N eb rask a..................................................................................... N e v ad a ......................................................................................... New H a m p sh ire ........................................................................ New Jerse y ...................................... - ......................................... New M exico................................................................................ New Y o rk ................................................................................... N orth Carolina............................................................................ N orth D akota............................................................................. O hio .......................................................................................... O klahom a.........................................- ......................................... Oregon........................................................................................... P e n n sy lv an ia............................................................................. Porto R ico................................................................................... R hode Is la n d ........................................ - ................................... South C arolina......................................................................- - South D ak o ta............................................................................. Tennessee..................................................................................... Texas ........................................................................................... U ta h .................................................................... ....................... V e rm o n t....................................................................................... V irginia......................................................................................... Virgin Is la n d s ...... ......................................................... W ashington................................................................................. W est V irginia.............................................................................. W isconsin.................................................................................... W yom ing..................................................................................... 207 82 147 895 469 7,262 7,076 1,319 62 624 192 353 20 536 4,548 138 23,031 42 209 3,667 93 668 7,731 24 947 39 147 70 4,243 131 285 291 1 2,391 '314 1,314 93 615 177 396 2,658 1,259 20,889 21,036 4,501 206 1,762 683 1, 056 107 1,973 13,545 289 66,360 118 927 10,626 212 1,922 21,383 65 2,915 78 475 167 17,216 514 728 735 2 6,287 885 4,094 263 14 5 20 9 26 699 202 58 2 24 14 16 4 8 245 5 2, 024 14 11 255 2 35 558 17 146 3 1 2 207 li 2 29 142 43 61 11 168 184 22 T o ta l.................................................................................. 89, 431 263,259 6,073 20,603 35 9 131 23 97 2,035 66S 181 12 114 40 39 11 11 819 17 7,935 32 33 813 15 79 1,826 64 385 5 25 15 314 55 17 77 325 5.—IMMIGRANT A L IE N S A D M ITTED TO A N D EM IGRANT A L IE N S D E PA R T E D FROM THE U N IT E D STATES D U R IN G SE PT E M B E R , 1923, A N D FROM JU L Y TO SE P TEM BER, 1923, B Y OCCUPATIONS. T able Im m igrant. Occupation. Emigrant. July to July to September, September, September, September, 1923. 1923. 1923. 1923. Professional: A ctors................................................................................... Architects............................................................................. Clergy.................................................................................... E ditors................................................................................. E lectricians......................................................................... Engineers (professional).................................................. Law yers................................................................................ Literary and scientific persons....................................... M usicians............................................................................. Officials ( G overnment).................................................... P h ysician s........................................................................... Sculptors and artists........................................................ Teachers............................................................................... Other professional............................................................. 126 40 277 11 485 533 41 98 227 64 165 54 558 364 387 146 688 18 1,568 1,942 79 286 581 175 362 131 • 1,348 li 312 2 1 20 1 6 27 5 3 11 7 14 1 28 19 119 132 Total.................................................................................. 3,043 9,023 145 658 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [1432] 17 5 138 3 21 88 17 15 29 38 27 9 IMMIGRATION", 209 T a b l e 5 — IM M IG R A N T A L IE N S A D M IT T E D TO AND E M IG R A N T A L IE N S DEPARTED FR O M T H E U N IT E D ST A T E S D U R IN G S E P T E M B E R , 1923, AN D FR O M JU L Y TO S E P T E M B E R , 1923, B Y O CCU PA TIO N S—Concluded. Im m igrant. Occupation. E m igrant. July to Ju ly to Septem ber ber, Septem ber, Septem Septem ber, 1923. 1923. 1923. 1923. Skilled: B ak e rs.................................................................................. B arb ers a n d h a ird re sse rs................................................ B la ck sm ith s........................................................................ B o o k b in d ers....................................................................... B rew ers................................................................................ B u tch ers............................................................................... C ab in etm ak ers................................................................... C arp en ters a n d j oiners...................................................... C igarette m a k e rs ............................................................... Cigar m a k e rs....................................................................... Cigar p a ck e rs.................... .................................................. Clerks a n d a c c o u n ta n ts .................................................. D ressm akers....................................................................... Engineers (locom otive, m a rin e , a n d s ta tio n a ry )---F u rrie rs a n d fur w o rk e rs........................................... . G ardeners....................................................................... . H a t a n d cap m ak ers................................. ....................... Ir o n a n d steel w orkers................................. : .................. Jew elers................................................................................ L o c k sm ith s......................................................................... M achinists........................................................................... M ariners.......... .................................................................. M asons............. .................. .................................................. Mechanics (n o t specified)................................................ M etalw orkers (other th a n iro n , steel, a n d tin ) ......... Millers.................................................................................... M illiners............................................................................... M iners................................................................................... P ain ters a n d glaziers........................................................ P a tte rn m a k e rs.................................................................. Photographers.................................................................... P lasterers............................................................................. P lu m b ers............................................................................. P rin te rs................................................................................ Saddlers an d harness m ak ers......................................... Seam stresses........................................................................ Shoem akers......................................................................... Stokers.................................................................................. Stonecutters........................................................................ Tailors................................................................................... T anners and cu rriers........................................................ Textile workers (not specified)...................................... T in n ers.........................T..................................................... Tobacco w orkers................................................................ U pholsterers........................................................................ W atch a nd clock m a k e rs................................................. W eavers and spinners....................................................... W heelw rights..................................................................... Woodworkers (not specified).......................................... O ther skilled............T......................................................... 457 367 462 37 4 374 57 1,905 9 30 2,949 593 732 37 128 40 1,474 80 475 856 1,095 719 1,125 223 91 108 1,076 443 62 64 91 260 226 34 322 765 118 89 1,023 33 56 82 5 37 82 481 27 92 795 1,357 1,043 L423 117 20 1,075 196 6,566 23 114 7 8,705 1,667 1,495 152 463 129 3,650 159 1 447 2,580 3,174 2,390 3,256 501 249 289 3,035 1,524 174 183 283 826 587 126 968 2,163 325 271 3,015 87 198 311 16 134 249 1,302 61 289 2,245 10 47 Total.................................................................................. 20,694 60,619 489 1,828 Miscellaneous: A gents................................................................................... B ankers................................................................................ D raym en, hackm en, an d team sters............................ F a rm laborers..................................................................... F arm ers................................................................................ Fisherm en........................................................................... H o te lk e ep e rs..................................................................... L aborers............................................................................... M anufacturers..................................................................... M erchants a nd dealers...................................................... Servants............................................................................... O ther miscellaneous.......................................................... 226 27 253 3,658 2,091 203 22 12,354 89 1,389 7,318 3,499 777 65 697 11,996 6,827 741 64 40,384 225 4,003 21,072 10,467 8 5 8 18 135 7 2 2,773 2 186 102 325 32 26 12 77 417 12 20 16 3 48 58 21 6 2 44 1 11 29 17 155 1 51 82 6 7 307 46 24 11 25 4 1 20 4 18 20 5 18 1 7 71 74 23 61 4 35 50 10 1 3 240 23 1 3 8 31 15 3 4 2 33 1 1 22 2 1 63 9 91 1 4 118 3 1 2 3 3 142 4 8,172 17 509 498 1,372 T otal.................................................................................. 31,129 97,318 3,571 No occupation (including w omen a nd c h ild re n )............. "34,565 96,299 1,868 6,969 G rand to ta l...................................................................... 89, 431 263,259 6,073 20,603 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [1 4 3 3 ] 11,148 210 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW. 6.—STA TU S O F T H E IM M IG RA TIO N O F A L IE N S IN T O T H E U N IT E D STATES U N D E R T H E P E R C EN TU M L IM IT ACT O F MAY 19, 1921, AS E X T E N D E D B Y PU B L IC R E S O L U T IO N NO 55, S IX T Y -S E V E N T H C O NG RESS, A P P R O V E D MAY 11, 1922, JU L Y 1 TO N O V E M B E R 7, 1923. T able , C ountry or region of b irth . A lbania................................................................. Armenia, ( R u ssia n )........................................... An stria ................................................... B elgium ........................................... .................... B ulgaria .......................................................... Czech os1qv akia ............................................. "Danzig .............................................................. D e n m a r k ................................................ F,st,h on in................................................................ Finland ........................................................ Fin m e ................................................................ France ............................................................ G erm any .. ........................................... G reat B ritain and I r e l a n d ............................. G re e c e .................................................................. H im parv ............................................... Iceland . ................................................. Ita ly r ...................................................... L a tv ia .................................................... - L ith u an ia ............................................. L uxem b u rg ................................................. N etherlands ....................................... N orw ay ........................................................ P o la n d .................................................................. Portu g al ...................................................... R um an ia ................................................... R ussia. r ........................................................ .... Spain ...................................................... Sweden ................................................. Sw itzerland ...................................................... Y ugoslavia. ............................................................ O th e r F u r o p e .................................................. P a le s t in e .................................................................. Syria, .......................................................... ...................................................... T u rk e y O th e r Asia, ........................................................ A friea ............................................................ .................................................. F gypt A tla n tic is la n d s A u s t r a li a .. ............................................................ New Zealand a n d P acific I s l a n d s ................. T o ta l ...................................... M axim um m onthly quòta. A dm itted Nov. 1 to 7, 1923. quota. A dm itted July 1 to Nov. 7. for year.1 25 24 288 230 7,342 1,563 302 14,357 301 5,619 1,348 3,921 71 5,729 67,607 77,342 3,063 5,747 75 42,057 1,540 2,629 92 3,607 12,202 30,977 2,465 7,419 24,405 912 20,042 3,752 6,426 86 57 882 2,654 92 104 18 121 279 80 280 73 4,197 1,364 275 10,739 247 2,686 313 3,181 54 3,118 37,663 77,340 2,986 3,541 15 31,841 1,171 2,253 76 3,100 8,006 23,228 2,443 5,905 24,405 805 15,040 3,527 2,905 80 54 864 2,641 92 100 18 96 240 67 148 3,009 99 8 2,865 39 2,896 1,020 625 9 2,517 29,367 (3) (3) 2,010 60 9,092 287 251 9 475 3,416 5,290 (3) 1,058 (3) 284,825 111 3,263 (3) (3) (3) (3) (3) (3) (3) 2!) 19 (3) 33,181 357,803 277,029 72,816 58 46 1,468 313 61 2,871 60 ft,124 270 784 14 1,146 13,521 15,468 613 1,149 15 8,411 308 526 19 721 2,440 6,195 493 1,484 4,881 182 4,008. 750 1,285 17 12 177 531 19 21 4 24 56 16 2 55 5 230 112 35 1,039 27 101 18 79 1 139 2,490 2 15,468 538 178 3 2,522 165 285 2 238 112 1,932 2 471 476 2 4,881 77 82 527 139 2 12 26 2 156 2 517 2 16 2 16 22 71,561 (3) 1A fter all pending cases for which quotas have been granted and admissions u nder th e act during the curren t fiscal y ear have been deducted from th e an n u al quota. ■' ' _ 2 M axim um m o n th ly qu o ta exhausted. T he balance of th e q u o ta not yet shown as adm itted, are pend ing eases for which quotas have been granted. »A nnual qu o ta exhausted. Proposed International Conference on Emigration and immigration.1 HE success of the conference of those countries with a large emigration, which was held in Rome in July, 1921, on the initiative of Italy, has induced the Italian Government to send out invitations for another conference to be held in Rome in 1924. In order that this conference may be able to contribute to the solu tion of problems of both emigration and immigration, invitations were sent not only to countries with large emigration but also to those with large immigration. The formal letter of invitation sent by the Italian Government to the various countries was accompanied by the following program outlining the scope and character ol the conference: T 'I t a l y . C om m issariato G enerale d ell’Em igrazione. S eptem ber, 1923, p p. 617-621. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [1434] B o llettin o della Em igrazione. R om e, A iigust- IMMIGRATION. 211 The International Labor Organization, attempting to enlarge its ample program, lias expressed the intention of giving its attention also to problems of emigration. For obvious reasons, however, any efforts that might be made by the general confer ences of the permanent labor organization to promote an international regulation in the special field of emigration and immigration would require considerable time and serious and long preparation. Such efforts would, moreover, lack the participation of those countries that are not members of the organization. Not all countries are equally interested in the phenomena of emigration and immi gration. On the other hand, there are countries in which, owing to demographic, geographic, and economic conditions, emigration and immigration constitute a spe cially important element of their national life. Owing to the fact that they are more directly interested, these latter countries can better appreciate the necessity of making a strenuous effort to establish direct international agreements and to coordi nate their activities in all matters relating to emigration and immigration. Because of this consideration, the Italian Government believes that a conference of technical delegates of the various nations that are typical countries of emigration or of immigra tion would be particularly apt to promote an inquiry into those problems, conducted in an essentially practical spirit, with the result that a number of suggestions would be collected that would probably furnish effective orientation for an international regulation of these complex problems. In this belief the Italian Government has taken the initiative in inviting the principal countries of emigration and immigration to an international conference. I. The international conference on immigration will be held at Rome during the first months of next year on a date to be fixed later. II. The conference will have the character of a technical and not of a diplomatic conference. Excluding all problems which by their very nature can be solved only by each individual State by means of local legislation, the conference will examine the various problems relating to emigration with a view to considering what agree ments would seem desirable in order to coordinate the emigration and immigration services of the various countries and to supply, in a more satisfactory manner, the needs of emigration and immigration. In accordance with its strictly technical character the conference will not have the power to sign collective conventions but will limit itself to summarizing in the form of proposals or in the form of a declaration of principles or recommendations those criteria that it will decide to suggest as the principles that should govern general international or individual conventions, which the Governments may subsequently conclude, or administrative liaisons which the Governments may find convenient to establish between the respective services. III. In order that its work may proceed in a more orderly manner the conference will be divided into sections. Each section will have the task of examining specified questions pertaining to a particular group of problems. IV. With reservation as to later changes, the conference shall be composed of the following sections: (а) Transport of emigrants. (б) Hygiene and sanitary services. (c) Collaboration between the emigration and immigration services of the various countries. (d ) Assistance to emigrants in the ports of embarkation and to immigrants in the ports of disembarkation, and by private institutions to those who have emigrated. (e) _Suitable means for adjusting immigration to the labor needs of countries of immigration (information services as to the labor markets, employment, and coloni zation enterprises). (/) Development of cooperation, thrift, and mutual aid among emigrants. (g ) Principles that should govern emigration treaties. V . Each government accepting the invitation for participation in the conference shall have the right to propose, not later than November 30, 1923, particular questions to be submitted to the various sections of the conference for examination. VI. The conference shall in plenary meeting, after having adopted its own rules of procedure, determine definitely, on proposal of a committee appointed by it, what questions among those proposed shall become the order of the day and be assigned to the various sections. The monthly bulletin of the Italian Emigration Commission states that the Governments of the countries principally concerned with emigration and immigration have already expressed their intention of sending delegates to the proposed conference. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [1435] 212 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW. Recent Italian Measures for Protection of Emigrants.1 HE Gazzetta Ufficiale of August 16, 1923, publishes the text of a royal decree of July 19, 1923 (No. 1686), issued with a view to the reorganization of the services for the training of emi grants, for finding employment for emigrants abroad and for the pre vention of clandestine emigration. The decree authorizes the Min ister of Foreign Affairs to appoint temporarily, under the General Emigration Department, a chief inspector, four regional inspectors, and provincial delegates (inspectors). On September 5, 1923, the cabinet approved the draft of a decree providing for the establishment at the principal ports of embarkation of refugesandhostelsfor emigrants. The General Emigration Depart ment may either administer these establishments directly or entrust their management to private undertakings. The commissioner gen eral of emigration is empowered to requisition for a limited period hotels situated near the railway stations or harbors, for the purpose of utilization as emigrant hostels. The following regulations with regard to the transport of emigrants by foreign shipping companies have been issued by the commissioner general of emigration : T 1. To obtain a license to carry emigrants, foreign vessels must as a rule fit out in Naples, and must touch at Palermo at least every other voyage. 2. The conditions of employment of Italian subjects in the service of such com panies must be satisfactory. 3. The companies must pledge themselves not to undertake propaganda for the purpose of inducing persons to emigrate, and must also require their agents to abstain from such propaganda. They must also undertake not to carry any Italian subject who is not in possession of the usual papers as required by Italian law. 4. From the quota allowed to them will be deducted a number equivalent to that of the Italian passengers embarking on ships of the same company at foreign ports. On September 7, 1923, the cabinet approved the draft of a decree authorizing the savings bank department of the Bank of Sicily to set up agencies abroad for undertaking the transfer of emigrants’ savings. Up to the present, of the three banks of issue in Italy only the Bank of Naples had been authorized by the act of 1901 to do business of this nature. The Government, however, considers that these opera tions should be extended in order to prevent the frauds which too frequently take place at the expense of emigrants. The draft decree ! further empowers the bank to participate in the management of for eign companies which undertake to provide for the economic interests of Italian emigrants. The expenditure incurred in setting up these agencies and in participating in the foreign companies in question] shall not exceed a quarter of the reserve funds of the savings bank department. It may be added that the Government has recently requested the National Cooperative Credit Institute to take steps for coordinating the activity of Italian cooperative societies abroad, and has author ized it to approach the banks with a view to concluding agreements for giving the necessary financial support to the cooperative societies which are finding profitable opportunities of work in France. 1In te rn a tio n a l L abor Office. In d u s tria l a n d L ab o r In fo rm a tio n , G eneva, O ct. 5, 1923, p p , 15, 16. Based on inform ation from Corriere d ella Sera Sept. 4-7, 1923, a n d G azzetta Ufficiale, Aug. 16, 1923. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [1436] W H A T S T A T E LA B O R B U REA U S A R E DOING. Massachusetts.1 IN SEPTEMBER, 1923, 85 complaints regarding nonpayment of A wages were brought to the Massachusetts Department of Labor and Industries, and 16 cases were prosecuted. During that month the payments by employers to employees after complaint aggre gated more than $1,600. There were 1,345 industrial safety orders issued in the month of September and the department’s inspectors investigated 91 cases of industrial accidents and 2 cases of occupational disease. Porto Rico. ’"THE appropriations of the Bureau of Labor of Porto Rico provided for only 10 inspectors for the fiscal year 1921-22, according to the report of the commissioner of agriculture and labor of the island for that period. One district with 11 towns is in the charge of a single inspector. Another inspector has 10 towns within his jurisdiction. A doubling of the inspection force and an appropri ation for traveling expenses up to $15,000 are recommended. The table given below shows the number of indictments in the year covered by the report for violations of the labor laws: CASES O F IN D IC T M E N T , 1921-22. V iolated laws. M inim um w age....................................................................................... W om en and children la w ...................................................................... Law regulating th e w eight workers m ay carry ................................ Law on th e duties of th e em ployers. . . ..........................m ............. Act No. 75, on em ploym ent of m in o rs............................................... Law on labor c o n tra c t............................................................................ A n act to provide for a dispensary...................................................... The safety scaffold la w ........................................................................... N um ber of indict m ents. N um ber of em ployers sen tenced. 81 20 4 24 109 1 7 93 19 5 2 14 26 1 3 N um ber of em N um ber ployers of cases ac pending. quitted. 94 20 1 1 6 27 68 42 14 2 2 1 4 56 The following statistics on wage claims handled by the bureau of labor are also taken from the above-mentioned source: Total number of claims handled during fiscal year 1921-22.......................... Number of claims settled......................................................................... Number of claims unsuccessful...................................... . . ..................... Number of claims pending....................................................................... 293 79 208 6 Amount of 76 claims settled (amounts involved in 3 others not given). . . . $2, 666. 63 Amount of 200 unsuccessful claims (amounts involved in 8 others not given).......................................................................... ......... ..................... 8, 044. 03 Amount of claims pending.............................................................................. 664. 74 Total amount of claims with exceptions specified above................... 11, 375. 40 1 Inform ation from th e M assachusetts D ep artm en t of Labor and In d u stries, received N ov. 10,1923. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [1437] 213 214 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW. It will be noted that over 70 per cent of these wage claims have not been successful. The commissioner of agriculture and labor states that his office has not the requisite powers to enforce the claims and calls attention to the necessity of having a formal agency for this purpose. Porto Rico already has a law “ to determine the pro cedure in cases of claims for wages of farm laborers against their employers ” and the extension of the act to all occupations is suggested in the report. The commissioner deplores the utter inadequacy of the employ ment agency, which is under the direction of the chief clerk of the Bureau of Labor. The functioning of this placement service lias become increasingly difficult because of insufficient funds and the failure of employers to cooperate. Furthermore, there is no law authorizing the Bureau of Labor to set up employment agencies in the island, nor has this office the necessary means to collect em ployment statistics which would indicate the approximate situation in the labor market. The housing of peasants hi Porto Rico is reported as “ most de grading.” The huts of these people “ may not be compared to the housing of any other workman of the countries advanced in civiliza tion.” The bureau’s inspectors visited 796 families supporting 2,839 children and 914 other relatives. The living conditions of those in the rural districts are “ deplorable,” while in the urban zone also the workers ’ dwellings are unhealthy and wholly out of harmony with “ the progress of our cities.” In the judgment of the commissioner the bureau of labor should “ undergo a complete reorganization so as to make it more useful and effective.” lie also emphasizes the urgent need for progressive social and economic changes in the life of the people on the island through adequate legislation and government. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [1438] C U R R E N T N O T ES O F IN T E R E S T T O LA BO R. Reduction of Working-Days per Week in Finland. A CCORDING to Arbejdsgivern (Copenhagen), October 12, 1923, the Finnish Footwear Employers’ Association has decided to reduce the working week to four days throughout the whole country. This measure, which, it is stated, will most likely become effective November 1, is a result of the extensive importations of footwear, coming principally from Germany. Scandinavian Employers’ Conference. A CCORDING to a consular report from Stockholm, Sweden, dated September 18, 1923, the eighth conference of Scandina vian employers was held in Stockholm August 31 and September 1, 1923. There were 80 representatives present from. Norway, Sweden, Denmark, and Finland. While conferences have not been held every year (the first meeting was held at Copenhagen in 1907, but Finland was first represented in 1910) the Scandinavian countries and Finland have kept in touch with each other by annual meetings of the permanent committee and have exchanged reports. Some subjects discussed at the con ference were as follows: “ The question of uniform laws in the Scandinavian countries regarding social conditions. The possibility of enacting uniform unemployment laws in the Scandinavian countries. Employers as contributors to social institutions. Vital questions relative to collective agreements. Wage policies of the employers’ union during periods of depression. Passport regulations in connection with the migration of foreign labor into Sweden.” The next conference is to be held at Christiana in 1925, on a date to be decided upon by the permanent committee. Reorganization of Swedish Unemployment Commission. A CCO RDING to Sociala Meddelanden No. 10, 1923, issued by the Swedish Labor Bureau (S ocialstyrelsen) , the Government has decided that beginning with October 1, 1923, the commission is to consist of five members and that the commission is to appoint from its own membership a labor committee of three which is to handle and decide such matters as need not come before the committee in full. Hereafter the question of payment of unemployment benefit to those unemployed because of labor disputes is to be referred by the local relief body to the State unemployment commission. Under the previous legislation every such case was considered by the labor committee; if the committee failed to reach an agreement it was referred to the Government. The committee of three members appointed March 10, 1922, to report to the Government on these matters ceases to function. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [1439] 215 PU B LIC A T IO N S R E L A T IN G T O LA B O R . Official— United States. A rkansas .— B u re a u o f L a b o r a n d S ta tistic s . [1923]. T he childhood o f A rk a n sa s. L ittle R ock 15 p p . Contains the Arkansas law relating to child labor, information as to the issuance of permits, and statistics showing the distribution of employed children. In 1920 the State had 48,140 children from 10 to 15 years of age gainfully employed, of whom 94.9 per cent were employed on farms. Connecticut.— B o a rd o f C o m p e n sa tio n C o m m issio ners. C o m p e n d iu m o f aw ards , J u n e 1, 1920, to M ay 31, 1922, in c lu siv e . [N ew H a v e n , 19231] 824, 130 p p . This volume is a continuation of the series of awards by the compensation com missioners of Connecticut, together with decisions of the superior court and of the supreme court of errors on appeal. Selected opinions of the commissioners are given, but all decisions of the superior court and of the supreme court of errors have been printed in full, the last named appearing as part two of the volume, including decisions rendered in the October term, 1922. Analytic headings and a statement of the find ings in the form of syllabi, followed in a number of cases by a memorandum of the commissioner, make the first part a compendium of practice and construction; while the court decisions furnish the authoritative determinations on a number of points drawn into dispute by appellants. An index of cases and a topical index complete the work. I llinois .— B o a rd f o r V ocational E d u c a tio n . year period, 1922-1927. S p rin g fie ld , 1923. S ta te m e n t o f p la n s a n d policies, five60 p p . B u ll e ti n N o . 27. Outlines courses for agricultural education, trade and industrial education, educa tion in home economics, and teacher training. I ndiana .— In d u s tr ia l B o a rd . [ In d ia n a p o lis , 19232] R e p o r t [ fo r fisca l year en d in g 67 p p . S ep te m b e r 30, 1922]. Data on industrial accidents, taken from this report, are published on page 167 of this issue of the Monthly L abor R eview . The report of the department of women and children was summarized in the Monthly L abor R eview for May, 1923. P ennsylvania .— D e p a rtm e n t o f L abor a n d I n d u s tr y . sy lva n ia , by A g n e s M . H . B yrn es. In d u s tr ia l hom e w o rk i n P e n n [H a rrisb u rg , 1921 f ] 189 p p . Gives the results of a survey of industrial home work made in 1916 and 1917, and of a brief resurvey made in 1920. The study traces the development of industrial home work, and gives data concerning the number, age, sex, and marital status of the work ers, earnings, extent to which child labor is utilized, and general effects of the system. In general, the effects are considered undesirable. The work is said to be harmful to the health of the workers (especially to children), destructive to family welfare, and a danger to the health of the community. Viewed from the economic and social standpoint, the system is no more desirable. It offers a low wage scale, and in spite of the fact that family groups often cooperate in production it brings in but scanty returns. It weakens the position of the employee in the factory, and is a detriment to efficient production, since the employer “ relies upon a cheap and unskilled labor supply, instead of upon machines and other im proved methods of manufacture, and upon efficient organization of employees.” To offset these disadvantages only two benefits are mentioned: The work enables women 216 [1440] https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 217 PUBLICATIONS RELATING TO LABOR. to supplement inadequate family earnings and affords an opportunity for earning money to many wlio dread the exactions of factory life. The report recommends a system of gradually increasing legal restrictions which would eventually eliminate home work, but which would avoid the hardships that would result from abruptly sweeping it away. T exas .—B o a rd f o r V o cational E d u c a tio n . O u tlin e o f p la n s f o r vo ca tio n a l education i n Texas as related to trades a n d in d u s tr y , 1922-1927. A u s t i n , 1923. 112 p p . B i d le tin N o . 161. In addition to outlining the plans for vocational education through the five-year period 1922 to 1927, this report contains an account of what has been accomplished under the Smith-Hughes Act since the work was begun in 1918. W .— In d u s tr ia l C o m m issio n a n d R a ilro a d C o m m issio n . trical code. M a d ison, 1922. 283 p p . F ir s t edition. isconsin W isc o n sin S ta te elec A brief notice regarding this code is given on page 157 of this issue of the Monthly L abor R eview . U nited States.— D e p a rtm e n t o f the In te r io r . B u re a u o f M in e s. E re ctio n o f barricades d u rin g m in e fires or after e xp lo sio n s, by J . W . P a id a n d others. W a sh in g to n , 1923. 28 p p . Illu s tr a te d . M in e r s’ circular 25. This pamphlet is a practical study of the hazards from gas during a mine fire or explosion, and gives directions for building barricades, with illustrations of measures taken by entombed miners to save themselves in a number of serious mine disasters. It is designed for the practical instruction of underground workers in coal and metal mines. —---------B u re a u o f P e n s io n s . R etire m e n t D iv is io n . H a n d b o o k c o n ta in in g abstracts o f decisions a n d o p in io n s a n d ru les o f procedure re la tin g to the retirem en t act o f M ay 22, 1920, a n d a m en d m en ts. W a sh in g to n , 1923. x , 82 p p . This handbook sets forth the text of the act of May 22, 1920, and its amendments, regulating the retirement of employees in the classified civil service of the United States. The text of the law is first printed in sections, each paragraph followed by annotations embodying abstracts of decisions and opinions on the subject matter. The law and its amendments and Executive orders relative thereto, together with circulars and instructions, are reproduced consecutively in an appendix. Important decisions as to classification, status, the effect of leave, modes of computing service, disability annuities, automatic separation, refunds, etc., are presented. ----- D ep a rtm e n t o f L abor. C h ild ren ’s B u re a u . C hild labor o n M a ry la n d truck fa r m s , by A lic e C h a rm in g . W a sh in g to n , 1923. 52 p p . B u re a u p u b lic a tio n N o . 123. A discussion of the findings of this study is given on pages 118 and 119 of this issue of the Monthly L abor R eview . ----------------- T en pp. years’ icork f o r children, by Grace A b b o tt. W a sh in g to n , 1923. R e p r in te d f r o m N o rth A m e ric a n R ev ie w f o r A u g u s t, 1923. 10 This pamphlet reviews briefly the work of the United States Children’s Bureau during the 10 years since it began functioning in the summer of 1912. ----- In tersta te Com m erce C o m m issio n . B u re a u o f S ta tis tic s . R e p o r t o n the sta tistic s o f ra ilw a ys i n the U n ited S ta te s f o r the year ended December 31, 1921, together w ith abstracts o f p erio d ical reports f o r the year ended December 31, 1922. W a sh in g to n , 1923. c xv iii, 476 p p . This report contains the usual statistics of mileage, equipment, capitalization, traffic and operation, income and profit and loss statements, investments, etc. Sta tistics of employees include number, compensation, and service hours. ----- W ar D e p a rtm e n t. B u r e a u o f I n s u la r A ffa ir s . C o m m issio n er o f A g r ic u ltu r e and L a b o r o f P o rto R ic o . R e p o r t [ f o r fis c a l year e n d in g J u n e 30, 1922]. (R e p r in t f r o m the report o f the G overnor o f P o rto R ico , p p . 4 3 8 -5 0 4 .) W a sh in g to n , 1923. 66 p p . Extracts from this report appear on pages 113 and 213 of this issue of the Monthly Labor R eview , https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [1441] 218 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW. Official—Foreign Countries. Australia — B u r e a u o f C ensus a n d S ta tis tic s . L a b o r report, 1922. M elbourne, 1923. [ C . S . N o . 415-1 Contains, in addition to the strictly labor data, statistics relating to wholesale and retail prices, price index numbers, and cooperative societies. (Data on the num ber and operations of cooperative societies in Australia in 1.922 are given on page 196 of this issue of the Monthly L abor R eview .) Several tables are devoted to the movement of trade-union membership since the close of the war. At the end of 1918 the total membership was 581,755. For three years it continued to rise, the per centage of increase being 7.9 per cent in 1919, 9 per cent in 1920, and 2.7 per cent in 1921. In 1922 the membership fell from 703,009 at the beginning of the year to 702,938 at the end, a decrease so small as to be negligible. During these years the num ber of male members rose from 531,090 to 616,886, an increase of 16.2 per cent, while the female membership rose from 50,665 to 86,052, an increase of 69.8 per cent. How ever, at the end of 1922 only 34.5 per cent of the estimated total number of female workers 20 years of age and over were in the unions, while for male workers the corre sponding percentage was 59.2. The trade-union returns as to unemployment show the following variations during the same period: 183 p p . N o . 13. N u m b er Per cent unemployed. unemployed5.8 .. 17,536 1918 ............................................................................... 17, 536 6.6 .. 20,507 1919 ............................................................................... 6.5 .. 22,105 1920 ............................................................................... 11.2 .. 40,549 1921 ............................................................................... 9.3 .. 35,238 1922 ............................................................................... 7.2 27,112 1923 (first quarter).......................- - - - - - ................. - -..- 27,112 Previous to 1921, the highest percentage of unemployment reported by the unions was 10.8 per cent in 1896, at which time the trade-union membership was so small— 4,227—that it may be doubted whether the figures were representative of general con ditions. At the end of 1922, the highest percentage of unemployment, 15.6, was found in the unions of the engineering and metal-working trades, the next, 13.5 per cent, among the workers engaged in mining, quarrying and the like, while the unions of those working with food, drink, and tobacco stood third ivith a percentage of 12.1. No other group of unions showed as large a proportion as 10 per cent unemployed. The percentage of unemployment, by cause, is given for each quarter since the beginning of 1918 under three headings: Lack of work, sickness, and other causes. In the first three quarters of 1919, the influenza year, illness caused a material amount of unemployment, the percentage varying from 1.5 to 2.5, but in no other quarters from that time on did it account for as much as 1 per cent. In the second quarter of 1919 “ other causes” accounted for 0.7 per cent, but for the rest of the period it was never responsible for more than 0.3 per cent. Throughout the whole period lack of work has been the outstanding cause of unemployment. ----------- P o ck et c o m p e n d iu m o f A u s tr a lia n sta tistics. M elb o u rn e, 1923. 147 p p . [C. S . N o . 4 19.] Of interest to labor are the data on cooperative societies, friendly societies, wages and hours of labor, industrial disputes, old-age and invalid pensions, prices of com modities, rents, trade-union membership, and unemployment. Ceylon.— D e p a rtm e n t o f C ensus a n d S ta tis tic s . 1923. [ V a rio u s T he C eylon b lu e book, 1922. C olom bo p a g in g . ] Certain, figures with regard to cooperative societies, taken from this report, are given on page 197 of this issue of the Monthly L abor R eview . https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [1442] PUBLICATIONS RELATING TO LABOR. 219 D enmark .—T n va lid efo rsih rin g sretten . D te A a rsb e re tn in g , 1. O ktober 1921 to 31. D ecem ber 1922. C openhagen, 1923. I 'l l p p . First report of the Invalidity Insurance Court of Denmark, covering the period from October I, 1921, to December 31, 1922. Future reports will cover the calendar year. This report gives the composition and organization of the court, its competence, method of handling cases, statistical survey, and surveys of special cases. A brief report on operations under the invalidity insurance law is given on page 169 of this issue of the Monthly L a non R eview . F inland .—M in istère des A ffa ire s Sociales. U a g r ic u ltu r e et la s itu a tio n des ouvriers agricoles en F in la n d e . H elsin g fo rs, 1923. 55 p p . This is a short survey, in French, of agriculture and the situation of agricultural workers in Finland. It gives statistics of production, the work of the cooperative societies, the number of farm owners and of workers, hours of labor, wages, and pay ments in kind, and housing conditions. F rance.— M in istère d u T ra va il. S ta tis tiq u e Générale d e là F rance. A n n u a ir e sta tistiq u e 1922. P aris, 1923. x v i , 396 p p . The thirty-eighth annual report of the General Statistical Office includes tables relating to climate, population, commerce, finance, and industries of France, its colonies and protectorates, covering different periods of time. About half of the report gives similar information on these subjects for other countries. Germany.— [Statistisches R eich sa m t .] Jahresberichte der G ew erbe-A ufsichtsbeam ten u n d B ergbehörden f ü r das Jahr 1922. B e r lin , 1923. 4 vols. [ V arious paging.'] These four volumes contain the annual reports for the year 1922 of the factory and mine inspection services of the various German States. A summary of these reports is given on pages 39 to 50 of this issue of the Monthly L abor R eview . G reat Britain .— D e p a rtm e n t o f Overseas Trade. R e p o r t o n the econom ic a n d fin a n c ia l c o n d itio n s i n G erm a n y to M arch, 1923, by J . W. F . T h e lw a ll a n d C. J . K a va n a g h . L o n d o n , 1923. 158 p p . This report on the economic and financial conditions in Germany, prepared by two members of the British commercial diplomatic service, covers conditions up to March, 1923. It deals with German finance and foreign trade, the coal industry, the iron and steel and allied industries, labor, wages, and the cost of living. ----- E xch eq u er a n d A u d i t D e p a rtm e n t. U n e m p lo y m e n t in su ra n c e acts, 1920 to 1922. U n e m p lo y m e n t f u n d acco u n t, 1921-1922. L o n d o n , 1923. 6 pp. Gives the balance sheet of the fund for the insurance year ending July 2, 1922. During this time contributions to the fund showed an increase, as compared with the preceding year, from £13,483,118 ($65,615,594, par) to £42,431,769 ($206,494,204, par), while payments to the unemployed rose from £34,126,201 ($166,075,157, par) to £53,060,622 ($258,219,517, par). ----- M in is tr y o f A g r ic u ltu r e a n d F isheries. C om m ittee o n d istr ib u tio n and P rices o f A g r ic u ltu r a l P roduce. I n te r im L o n d o n , 1923. 185 p p . C m d. 1927. re p o rt o n m ea t, p o u ltr y a n d eggs. A study of the methods and costs of selling and distributing meat and poultry products. ----- M in is tr y o f L a b o r. E m p lo y m e n t a n d In s u r a n c e D e p a rtm e n t. R e p o r t o n the a d m in is tr a tio n o f sectio n 18 o f the u n e m p lo y m e n t in su ra n c e act, 1920. 1923. 44 p p . C m d. 1613. London, Contains the sections of the unemployment insurance act of 1920 which provided for special schemes of insurance by industries, an account of how far these provisions were effective, some discussion of the difficulty of establishing special schemes, and a description of the one special scheme, established in 1921, for insurance of workers in the insurance business. For a brief summary of the report, see pages 149 to 151 of this issue of the Monthly L abor R ev iew . 71915°—23- 15 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 11443] 220 MONTHLY LABOK REVIEW. I ndia (P unjab ).— [D ep a rtm en t o f In d u s tr ie s a n d L a n d Records. In sp e c to r o f factories.} A n n u a l rep o rt o n the w o rk in g o f the I n d ia n fa c to rie s act, 1911, i n the P u n ja b , f o r the year 1922. L ahore, 1923. [ V a rio u s p a g in g .} Contains, in addition to the report, statistical tables showing the number of factories covered by the law, the average daily number of workers, the shifts and holidays, accidents, convictions, and inspections. The sections of the report dealing with working conditions are summarized on pages 50 and 51 of this issue of the Monthly L abor R eview . ----- [R eg istra r o f C ooperative Societies.} R e p o r t o n the w o rk in g o f the cooperative societies i n the P u n ja b f o r the year e n d in g J u l y 81, 1922. L ahore, 1922. 7, 81, x c v ii p p . Figures taken from this report are given on page 198 of this issue of the Monthly L abor R eview . I taly.— M in istero per i l L a v o ro e la P revidenza Sociale. D irezione Generale del L avoro. O ccupazione operaia e rid u z io n i d'orario nelle in d u strie (L u g lio 19 2 0 -N o vem b re 1921). R o m e , 1928. 177 p p . (S u p p le m e n to al “ B o lle ttin o del L a vo ro e della P revidenza S o c ia le ” N . 37.) Report on the results of an investigation of the extent of unemployment and shorttime work in Italy in November, 1921, as compared with July, 1920. The investi gation was made by the Italian factory inspection service by means of printed sched ules filled in by industrial employers and verified by personal inquiries of factory inspectors. It covered all establishments employing more than five workers, with the exception of establishments in Sicily and in the Provinces of Catanzaro and Reggio Calabria. The returns from these Provinces were not included in the results because they were incomplete. The returns covered 18,320 establishments. Of these, 1,002 were closed and 17,318 were in operation in November, 1921, as against 1,583 closed and 16,737 in operation in July, 1920. The establishments operating in November, 1921, employed 1,046,769 workers (615,884 males and 430,885 females), while those operating in July, 1920, employed 1,204,728 workers (739,434 males and 465,294 females). The decrease in the number of workers employed in November, 1921, therefore, was 157,959, or 13.1 per cent. It should, however, be noted that of the 1,046,769 workers employed in November, 1921, only 829,639 worked full time while 217,139 were on short time. N etherlands .— C entrale C om m issie voor de S ta tistie k . The H a g u e, 1928. Jaarverslag over het ja a r 1922. 54 p p . The annual report of the Central Statistical Commission of the Netherlands on its activities in the year 1922. ----- D e p a rte m en t v a n A rb e id , H a n d el en N ijverh eid . V erslag over het haventoezicht, 1922. [T h e H a g u e ] 1923. v iii, 90 p p . The annual report of the Harbor Inspection Service of the Netherlands covering the year 1922. The report deals with the activities of the service with respect to the inspection of vessels, the enforcement of the stevedores’ law, the stevedores’ safety decree, and the decree regulating the hours of labor in harbors, discusses complaints made by various parties, and gives detailed statistics of accidents in harbor work and inland navigation. In addition it contains detailed reports for each of the three existing inspection districts as to working regulations and the extent of navigation in the various harbors of the country. N ew Z ealand.—P e n s io n s D e p a rtm e n t. W e llin g to n , 1923. R e p o r t f o r the year e n d in g M arch 31, 1923. 8 pp. The following figures taken from this report give some of the facts as to miners’, old-age, and widows’ pensions in the year ending March 31, 1923, compared with figures taken from the annual reports for the two preceding years: https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [1444] 221 PUBLICATIONS RELATING TO LABOR. ST A T IS T IC S O F M IN E R S ’, O LD -A G E, A N D W ID O W S’ P E N S IO N S IN N E W Z E A L A N D , F O R Y E A R S E N D IN G M ARCH 31, 1921, 1922, A N D 1923. [£ a t par=$4.8665; shilling=24.3 cents; p en n y= 2.03 cents.] Cost per N um ber of New claims Average capita of pensions lodged du r am ount of European in force. pension. population. ing year. T y p e of pension, a n d year ending— Ill 107 114 £ s. 62 12 62 5 62 4 s. 474 506 544 19,837 20,491 21,181 2,760 3,278 3,435 37 3 36 13 36 7 12 2 11 11 11 11 W idow s’ pensions: M arch 31, 1921..................................................................... M arch 31) 1922.................................................................... M arch 311923................................................ .'.................. 3,421 3,343 3) 411 719 641 794 N ew Z ealand.— R eg istra r o f F rie n d ly S ocieties. R e p o r t f o r the year ended D ecember M iners’ pensions: March 31,1921..................................................................... March 31 j 1922..................................................................... M arch 31 \ 1923..................................................................... Old-age pensions: M arch 31, 1921..................................................................... M arch 31, 1922......................................................... ........... 31, 1922. W e llin g to n , 1923. 58 62 57 2 d. 5i 6 6 3 1 3 2 11 35 p p . The membership of the friendly societies in New Zealand whose returns were tabu lated was 80,777 on December 31, 1922, an increase of 2,963, or 3.81 per cent, over 1921. The gross funds amounted to £2,593,692 ($12,622,202, par), an increase over 1921 of £147,849 ($719,507, par), the average capital per member being £32 2s. 2d. ($156.26, par). Average sick pay, per member sick, decreased from £7 11s. 5d. to £7 8s. 3d. ($36.84 to $36.07, par), although considered in relation to the number of weeks of sickness the average benefit paid per week was the same as in 1921, 13s. ($3.16, par.) The mortality rate was slightly higher than that of 1921, being 8.18 per thousand. The funeral benefit paid in 1922 amounted to £28,793 ($140,121, par), equal to 7s. 3d. ($1.76, par) per deceased member as compared with 6s. 8d. ($1.62, par) in 1921. U nion of S outh Africa.— D e p a rtm e n t o f M in es a n d In d u strie s. A n n u a l rep o rts f o r the calendar year ended D ecem ber 31, 1922. P reto ria , 1923. [ V a rio u s p a g in g .] 28 tables. Contains statistical data relating to the mines and quarries of South Africa. In 1921 the labor force numbered 278,728, of which .87.6 per cent was colored; in 1922 the number employed had decreased to 255,703, but the proportion of colored work ers had increased to 89.5 per cent. The figures as to accidents show on the whole an improvement; both fatalities and accidents were fewer in 1922 than in 1921. A sec tion on miners’ phthisis shows a decrease in the number of cases found, but the situ ation is not yet regarded as satisfactory. The figures indicate that pure silicosis is still being produced at the rate of about 20 cases per month. This can not be regarded as satisfactory and points to the neces sity for further improvement in underground health conditions, and for continued vigilance in existing preventive measures. Machine drilling is still the class of occu pation which gives rise most rapidly to miners’ phthisis. Unofficial. American F ederation of L abor . E xe cu tive C o u n c il. R e p o r t to the 43d a n n u a l con v e n tio n , P o rtla n d , Oreg., October 1, 1923. [W a sh in g to n , D . C.] 1923. 127 p p . Extracts from this report are given in the account of the convention on pages 163 to 167 this issue of the Monthly L abor R eview . B illerbeck , G erhard . D ie K iin d ig u n g u n d E n tla s s u n g v o n A rb e ite rn . 1921. 118 p p . B e r lin , (B ucherei des A rbeitsrechts, B a n d 2 .) A compilation of the legal provisions relating to the giving of notice to and dismissal of workers in Germany, with commentaries and citations from legal decisions. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [1445] 222 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW. Carnegie E ndowment for I nternational P eace . D iv is io n o f E co n o m ic s and H is to r y . L a b o r s u p p l y a n d re g u la tio n , by H u m b e r t W olfe. O xford, C larendon P ress, 1923. x iv , 4-22, 10 p p . This is one of a series of monographs on the ‘‘Economic and social history of the World War.” The series is intended to consist of “ unofficial yet authoritative state ments, which may best be described as about half-way between memoirs and blue books.” In carrying out this purpose the author states that he has tried to make the book entirely impersonal and uncontroversial. It is doubtful whether such an attempt can ever be wholly successful when the matter handled is one on which opinion divides as sharply as it does concerning the treatment of labor during the war, but the author has confined himself pretty closely to an account of what was done, what were the intentions behind the doings, and what were, in the main, the results of the various measures. At the outbreak of the war apparently no one realized that production and dis tribution of the necessaries of life were as essential to success as military measures, and enlistments were encouraged, regardless of how much the volunteers might be needed in industry. The author traces the various steps needed to remedy this situa tion, first to prevent the enlistment of those needed at home, then to retrieve for industry some of those who had been allowed to enlist, to see that enlistments were confined to those who could best be spared, to secure new labor supplies, and finally, to bring what labor was available to the highest pitch of productivity. If securing and maintaining a labor supply involved considerable interference with the peace-time rights of the individual, the regulation of the labor so secured involved even more. A considerable degree of compulsion was introduced, and the industrial rights of both employer and employee were severely restricted. In essen tial industries, strikes and lockouts were prohibited, trade-union practices built up by decades of effort were abrogated, working conditions were regulated, wages were fixed, and for a time the worker’s right to leave if he did not like his treatment was practically abolished though the employer’s right to dismiss was not interfered with. An immense increase in output was the immediate result of these measures; their more remote results do not fall within the scope of this book. An appendix contains the successive munitions acts, the Treasury agreements as to dilution of labor, rules for constituting and regulating the munitions tribunal, the various orders concerning wages, and similar documents, which are not always easy to obtain but are essential for any one wishing to study the war-time development of control of industry. Consultative Committee T h e h o u sin g p ro b lem . of W omen ’s O rganizations . H o u s in g S u b c o m m itte e. A sta tem en t o f the presen t p o s itio n . L o n d o n , 1923. 54 PP- This report, which is dated April, 1923, gives a brief historical sketch of the housing problem before the war, a discussion of the present situation, and a review of the current proposals for meeting the housing shortage, giving arguments for and against each plan cited. An appendix contains data on related subjects and a brief account of housing measures in other countries. Gowin , E noch B urton, and Wheatley , William Alonzo. O ccu p a tio n s. book f o r the educational, civic, a n d vo ca tio n a l guid a n ce o f boys arid g irls. by J o h n M . B rew er. B o s to n , G in n & Co., 1923. x , 441 p p . A text R evised This study of occupations is designed to aid high-school students in choosing their vocations. The revision retains much that was in the original edition with the addition of material relating to vocations for girls, and a general discussion of educa tion and work and of vocational adjustment. A bibliography on occupations is appended. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [1446] # PUBLICATIONS RELATING TO LABOR. H unter , Merlin H. and W atkins, Gordon S. Y ork, M c G ra w -H ill B o o k Co. ( I n c .) , 1923. T he background o f econom ics. x , 514 p p - 223 N ew The purpose of this book is to furnish a background for the study of the principles of economics, and it is intended to be used in preparation for college work in eco nomics. The study covers the forces and products of nature, the development of agriculture and manufacturing industries, the problems of industry, exchange, and Government and economic relations. I nstitut I nternational agricole, 1922. d ’A griculture. A n n u a ir e R o m e , 1923. liii, 1056 p p . in te r n a tio n a l de legisla tio n The international yearbook of agricultural legislation. Contains an analytical in troduction and index in English: the text is in French. Part V III contains the text of legislation on agricultural cooperation, insurance, and credit. I nstitut I nternational de Statistique. Commission d'études pour les statis tiques economiques internationales. Rapport sur les indices de la situation eco nomique, par Lucien March. [Brussels?] 1923. 268 pp. This report was issued by a special commission appointed to make a study of index numbers relating' to the economic situation—wholesale prices, retail prices, and cost of living; stock exchange transactions, issue of bills, etc.; and composite indexes of economic prosperity in different countries. The report was presented to the fifteenth session of the International Statistical Institute at Brussels, October, 1923, as part of the work toward establishing comparable statistics between the various countries. I nstitute for G overnment R esearch . T he D iv is io n o f C o n c ilia tio n , i ts history, activities, a n d o rg a n iza tio n , by Jo sh u a B ern h a rd t. B a ltim o re , J o h n s H o p k in s P ress, 1923. x i, 37 p p . S e n d ee m o n o g ra p h s o f the U n ited S ta te s G o vern m en t, N o . 20. This monograph gives the history and organization of the Division of Conciliation of the Department of Labor and an account of its activities in working for industrial peace through conciliation and mediation. The work of the division does not include controversies between railroads, express companies, and sleeping-car companies which are subject to the interstate commerce act, and their employees. The historical section includes an account of national legislation relating to the settlement of disputes on certain carriers in interstate commerce, the creation of the Division of Conciliation, progress to the World War, effect of the war, and the present status of the division. The appendixes include an outline of organization, including number of personnel and salaries; a classification of activities; a statement of appropriations and expendi tures; and a bibliography. K askel , W alter , and Syrup , F riedrich . A rb eitsnachw dsgesetz. K o m m e n ta r. B erlin , 1922. 330 p p . (C arl H e y m a n n s Verlag, T a sch en-G esetzsam m lung 103.) The authors of this volume, who had prepared the first draft of the German law on public employment offices (A rb eitsn a ch w n sg esetz), after the enactment of this law on July 22, 1922, published the above commentary in order to aid the administrative authorities in the practical enforcement of the law and to contribute to the solution of the large number of difficult problems involved in the administration of the new law. A summary of the provisions of the law was given in the October, 1922, issue of the Monthly Labor R eview (pp. 185-191). Michig an , U niversity of . School of Education. Vocational Education Department. Occupations of junior workers in Detroit, by Alexander C. Crockett and Jennie M. Clow. Ann Arbor, 1923. 76 pp. Special studies No. 1 . A summary of this study is given on pages 120 and 121 of this issue of the Monthly L abor R eview . https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [1447] % 224 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW. W ages, h o u rs , a n d e m p lo y m e n t i n J u ly , 1 9 1 4 -J u l y , 1923. N ew Y o rk, 1923. N ational I ndustrial Conference B oard. A m e ric a n m a n u fa c tu r in g in d u strie s , v ii, 154 p p . Research rep o rt N o . 62. This report aims to portray “ the important features of the movement of hourly and weekly earnings, hours of plant operation and worker hours, as well as of the numbers employed, during the nine years since the pre-war period, treating in detail the trends in the past three years, or since the general peak of industrial activity in 1920.” It contains a number of summary tables, pay-roll data concerning different industries, and charts showing the fluctuations of the various factors considered. P alla, E dmund. D ie K a m m e r n f ü r A rb eiter u n d A n g este llte. pp. V ie n n a , 1923. (D ie so zia lp o litisch e G esetzgebung i n Österreich, B a n d X I , H e ft 1.) v i, 122 This volume is one of a series of works on socio-political legislation in Austria and deals with the Austrian chambers of labor, a unique institution that has nothing in common with the French bourses du travail or the Italian camere di lavoro. The Austrian chambers of labor are public corporations created to represent and safeguard the economic interests of manual workers and salaried employees in the same manner as chambers of commerce represent the interests of employers in commerce and indus try. The activities of these chambers consist chiefly in proposing and drafting legal measures in the interest of labor and in cooperating in the administration of such measures. The volume under review contains the full text of the law on chambers of labor of February 26, 1920, the decree regulating the election of members of such chambers, and of the by-laws of the chambers. Two tables show the result of the first elections held. R obertson, D. H. The control of industry. New York, Harcourt, Brace & Co 1923. ix , 171 p p . This book contains a general discussion of economic principles as exemplified by developments of large-scale industry; the organization of marketing; finance and industry; cooperation; workers’ control; and joint control. Speiser , W. W irtsch a ftsken n za h len (In d e x z iffe r n ). B e r lin , 1922. 56 p p . The above brochure had as its principal aim the collecting, sorting, and discussion of the numerous economic indexes computed in Germany and foreign countries up to November, 1921. It deals with general, wholesale, and retail price indexes, cost of living, wage, foreign exchange, stock exchange, and other economic indexes, and con tains several tables and a large number of charts. Wherever it was possible the pre-war period has been taken as the base period in the tables and charts in order to make the various indexes comparable. T aylor, P aul S. The S a ilo r s ’ U n io n o f the P acific. N e w Y o r k , R o n a ld P ress Co. 1923. v ii, 188 p p . This study of unionism among sailors on the Pacific coast deals with earlier condi tions of seamen on vessel and on shore, the hardships and injustices they had to suffer, the development of union organization, and the influence of organization in securing legislation which remedied some of the worst conditions connected with their calling. The two last chapters of the book were published in the April, 1923, issue of the Monthly Labor R eview (pp. 11-20) under the title “ Organization and policies of the Sailors’ Union of the Pacific.” Warbasse , J ames P. Cooperative democracy. New York, Macmillan Co., 1923. x x, 493 pp. In this valuable contribution to the cooperative literature the president of the Cooperative League of the United States of America discusses “ the cooperative move ment, its philosophy, methods, accomplishments and possibilities, and its relation to the State, to science, art, and commerce, and to other systems of economic organiza tions. ’’ Cooperation is presented as a “ practical working plan for a complete reorgani zation of society upon a voluntary nonpolitical basis.” The author is convinced that https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [1448] PUBLICATIONS RELATING TO LABOR. 225 this reorganization of society must take place through the consumers’ movement, and in order to show the basis for this belief he describes and analyzes such other forms of cooperation as producers’ copartnerships, syndicalism, and agricultural producers’ associations. The author di scusses at length the conditions which would obtain under the coopera tive democracy as he visualizes it. Beginning with retail and then wholesale dis tribution the consumers’ movement would undertake cooperative production of one article after another until finally all production would be carried on by the organized consumers. The book contains a chapter showing what the movement has already done in such lines as distributive business (stores, bakeries, restaurants, etc.), laundry operation, housing, banking, medical service, insurance, telephone service, mining, wholesaling, importing, and manufacturing. Other chapters analyze the difference between cooperative and Government ownership, the profit motive and its defects, the organized labor movement, and the guild movement in its relation to cooperation, and sketch briefly the history and development of the cooperative movement in the different countries of the world. Weakly, F rank E. Applied personnel procedure. New York, McGraw-Hill Bool Co., 1923. vii, 192 p p . Certain specific phases of personnel management, such as placement, turnover, attendance, promotion, and transfers, job analysis, employee representation, profit sharing, and related subjects are treated from the standpoint of the author’s varied experience as a manual worker, head of a personnel department, and a general executive. Y ovanovitch, 1) . Le rendement optimum du travail ouvrier. Rémunération, organi sation, hygiene, morale du travail. Paris, Payot, 1923. 490 pp. This book is a study of the modern stimulants of labor activity. It takes up the question of industrial organization from the labor point of view and attempts an evaluation of the different practices and reforms from the angle of their efficacy. The study is divided into three parts. The first treats of the remuneration of labor and includes a consideration of the various bonus systems, profit sharing, and other addi tions to wages. The second part takes up the organization and hygiene of labor, including scientific management, and the third part the relationship between the worker and the industry, covering works councils, labor control, and the occupational, economic, and general education of the workers. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [1440] https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis SERIES OF BULLETINS PUBLISHED BY THE BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS. [T h e p u b l i c a t i o n o f t h e a n n u a l a n d s p e c i a l r e p o r t s a n d o f t h e b i m o n t h l y b u l l e t i n w a s d i s c o n t i n u e d in J u ly , 1912, a n d s in c e t h a t t i m e a b u l l e t i n h a s b e e n p u b l i s h e d a t ir r e g u la r in te r v a ls . E a c h n u m b e r c o n ta i n s m a t t e r d e v o t e d t o o n e o f a s e r ie s o f g e n e r a l s u b j e c t s . T h e s e b u ll e t i n s a r e n u m b e r e d c o n s e c u t i v e l y , b e g i n n in g w i t h N o . 101, a n d u p to N o . 236 t h e y a ls o c a r r y c o n s e c u ti v e n u m b e r s u n d e r e a c h s e r ie s . B e g i n n in g w i t h N o . 237 t h e s e r ia l n u m b e r in g h a s b e e n d i s c o n t i n u e d . A l i s t o f t h e s e r ie s is g iv e n b e lo w . U n d e r e a c h is g r o u p e d a ll t h e b u l l e t i n s w h ic h c o n ta i n m a t e r i a l r e la t in g t o t h e s u b j e c t m a t t e r o f t h a t s e r ie s . A l i s t o f t h e r e p o r t s a n d b u ll e t i n s o f t h e B u r e a u is s u e d p r i o r to J u l y 1 , 1912, w ill b e f u r n is h e d o n a p p li c a ti o n . T h e b u lle tin s m a r k e d th u s * a r e o u t o f p r i n t .] Wholesale Prices. *Bul. 114. W holesale prices, 1890 to 1912. B ui. 149. W holesale prices, 1890 to 1913. *Bul. 173. In d e x num bers of w holesale prices in th e U n ited S tates and foreign countries. *Bul. 181. W holesale prices, 1890 to 1914. *Bul. 200. W holesale prices, 1890 to 1915. B ui. 226. W holesale prices, 1890 to 1916. B ui. 269. W holesale prices, 1890 to 1919. B ui. 284. In d e x nu m b ers of wholesale prices in th e U nited S tates and foreign countries. of B u lletin No. 173.J B ui. 296. W holesale prices, 1890 to 1920. B ui. 320. W holesale prices, 1890 to 1921. B ui. 335. W holesale prices, 1890 to 1922. [Revision Retail Prices and Cost of Living. *Bui. 105. R etail prices, 1890 to 1911: P a r t i . R etail prices, 1890 to 1911: P a rt I I —G eneral tables. *Bul. 106. R etail prices, 1890 to Ju n e, 1912: P a rt I. R etail prices, 1890 to June, 1912: Part I I —General tables. B ui. 108. R etail prices, 1890 to A ugust, 1912. B ui. 110. R etail prices, 1890 to October, 1912. B ui. 113. R etail prices, 1890 to December, 1912. B ui. 115. R e ta il prices, 1890 to F ebruary, 1913. *Bul. 121. Sugar prices, from refiner to consumer. B ui. 125. R etail prices, 1890 to A pril, 1913. *Bul. 130. W h eat a n d flour prices, from farm er to consum er. Bui. 132. R etail prices, 1890 to June, 1913. B ui. 136. R etail prices, 1890 to A ugust, 1913. *Bul. 138. R etail prices, 1890 to O ctober, 1913. *Bul. 140. R etail prices, 1890 to December, 1913. B ui. 156. R etail prices, 1907 to D ecember, 1914. B ui. 164. B u tte r prices, from producer to consumer. B ui. 170. Foreign food prices as affected b y th e war. B ui. 184. R etail prices, 1907 to June, 1915. B ui. 197. R etail prices, 1907 to D ecember, 1915. B ui. 228. R etail prices, 1907 to December, 1916. Bui. 270. R etail prices, 1913 to 1919. Bui. 300. R e ta il prices, 1913 to 1920. B ui. 315. R e ta il prices, 1913 to 1921. Bui. 334. R etail prices, 1913 to 1922. Wages and Hours of Labor. B ui. 116. H ours, earnings, a n d du ratio n of em ploym ent of wage-earning w omen in selected industries • i n th e D istrict of Columbia. *B ul. 118. T en-hour m ax im u m w orking-day for women a n d young persons. B ui. 119. W orking hours of w om en in th e pea canneries of W isconsin. *Bul. 128. W ages a n d hours o flab o r in th e cotton, woolen, an d silk in d u stries, 1890 to 1912. *Bul. 129. W ages a n d hours o fla b o r in th e lu m b er, m ill work, and fu rn itu re industries, 1890 to 1912. *Bul. 131. U nion scale of wages a n d hours of labor, 1907 to 1912. *Bul. 134. W ages a n d hours o flab o r in th e boot a n d shoe a n d hosiery and k n it goods industries, 1890 to 1912. *Bul. 135. Wages an d hours oflab o r in th e cigar a n d clothing in d u stries, 1911 and 1912. B ui. 137. W ages a n d hours oflabor in th e building a n d repairing of steam railroad cars, 1890 to 1912. B ui. 143. U nion scale of wages a n d hours o flabor, May 15,1913. B ui. 146. W ages a n d reg u larity of em ploym ent an d stan d ard ization of piece rates in th e dress and w aist in d u stry of N ew Y ork City. *Bul. 147. Wages a n d regularity of em ploym ent in th e cloak, suit, and skirt in d u stry . *Bul. 150. Wages an d hours oflabor in th e cotton, woolen, and silk industries, 1907 to 1913. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis (I ) W ages and Hours o f Labor—Concluded. t *Bul. 151. Wages an d hours of labor in th e iro n a n d steel in d u s try in th e U n ite d States, 1907 to 1912. B ui. 153. W ages an d hours of lab o r in th e lu m b er, m ill w ork, a n d fu rn itu re industries, 1907 to 1913. *Bul. 154. W ages a n d hours of labor in th e boot an d shoe a n d hosiery an d underw ear industries, 1907 to 1913. B ui. 160. H ours, earnings, a n d conditions of labor of w omen in In d ia n a m ercantile establishm ents a n d garm ent factories. B ui. 161. Wages an d hours of labor in th e clothing an d cigar industries, 1911 to 1913. B ui. 163. Wages a n d hours of labor in th e building an d repairing of steam railroad cars, 1907 to 1913. B ui. 168. Wages an d hours of labor in th e iro n an d steel in d u stry , 1907 to 1918. *Bul. 171. U nion scale of wages a n d hours of labor, M ay 1,1914. B ui. 177. W ages a n d hours of labor in th e hosiery an d underw ear in d u stry , 1907 to 1914. B ui. 178. W ages a n d hours of labor in th e boot an d shoe in d u stry , 1907 to 1914. B ui. 187. Wages an d hours of lab o r in th e m en ’s clothing in d u stry , 1911 to 1914. *Bul. 190. W ages a n d hours of labor in th e cotton, woolen, a nd silk industries, 1907 to 1914. *Bul. 194. U nion scale of wages a n d hours of labor, M ay 1,1915. B ui. 204. Street railw ay em ploym ent in th e U n ited States. B ui. 214. U nion scale of wages a n d hours of labor, May 15,1916. B ui. 218. W ages an d hours of labor in th e iro n an d steel in d u stry , 1907 to 1915. B ui. 221. H ours, fatigue, an d h e alth in B ritish m u n itio n factories. B ui. 225. W ages an d hours of labor in th e lum ber, m ill work, and furniture industries, 1915 B ui. 232. W ages an d hours of labor in th e boot an d shoe in d u s try , 1907 to 1916. B ui. 238. Wages a n d hours of lab o r in woolen a n d w orsted goods m anufacturing, 1916. B ui. 239. Wages a n d hours of labor in co tto n goods m anufacturing an d finishing, 1916. B ui. 245. U nion scale of wages an d hours of labor, M ay 15,1917. B ui. 252. Wages an d hours of lab o r in th e slaughtering a n d m eat-packing in d u stry , 1917. B ui. 259. U nion scale of wages an d hours of labor, M ay 15,1918. B u i. 260. Wages an d hours of labor in th e boot an d shoe in d u stry , 1907 to 1918. B ui. 261. Wages a n d hours of labor in woolen an d w orsted goods m anufacturing, 1918. B ui. 262. W ages an d hours of labor in co tto n goods m an u facturing a nd finishing, 1918. B ui. 265. In d u stria l survey in selected in d u stries in th e U n ited States, 1919. P relim inary report. B ui. 274. U nion scale of wages an d hours of lab o r, M ay 15,1919. B ui. 278. Wages a n d hours of labor in th e boot a n d shoe in d u s try , 1907 to 1920. B ui. 279. H ours an d earnings in a n th ra c ite an d bitum inous coal mi ning. B ui. 286. U nion scale of wages a n d hours of labor, M ay 15,1920. B ui. 288. W ages an d hours of labor in cotton goods m anufacturing, 1920. B ui. 289. Wages a n d hours of labor in woolen a n d w orsted goods m anufacturing, 1920. B ui. 294. W ages an d hours of lab o r in th e slaughtering a n d m eat-packing in d u stry in 1921. B ui. 297. Wages a n d hours of labor in th e petroleum in d u stry . B ui. 302. U nion scale of wages an d hours of labor, M ay 15,1921. B ui. 305. Wages a n d hours of labor in th e iro n an d steel in d u stry , 1907 to 1920. B ui. 316. H ours a n d earnings in a n th ra c ite an d bitu m in o u s coal m ining. B ui. 317. W ages a n d hours of lab o r in lu m b er m anufacturing, 1921. B ui. 324. W ages an d hours of labor in th e boot an d shoe in d u stry , 1907 to 1922. B ui. 325. U nion scale of wages an d hours of labor, M ay 15,1922. B ui. 327. W ages an d hours of labor in woolen an d w orsted goods m anufacturing, 1922. B ui. 328. W ages a n d hours of lab o r in hosiery a n d u n d erw ear in d u stry , 1922. B ui. 329. W ages a n d hours of labor in th e m en ’s clothing in d u stry , 1922. B ui. 345. W ages a n d hours of labor in co tto n goods m an u facturing, 1922. B ui. 348. W ages an d hours of labor in th e autom obile in d u s try , 1922. [In press.] B ui. 353. W ages a n d hours of labor in th e iron and steel in d u s try , 1907 to 1922. [In press.] Employment and Unemployment. *Bul. 109. Statistics of u n em ploym ent a n d th e work of em ploym ent offices. B ui. 116. H ours, earnings, a n d d u ratio n of em ploym ent of wage-earning w omen in selected industries in th e D istrict of Colum bia. B ui. 172. U nem ploym ent in New Y ork C ity, N . Y. *Bul. 182. U nem ploym ent among wom en in d e p artm e n t a n d other retail stores of B oston, Mass. *Bul. 183. R egularity of em ploym ent in th e w om en’s ready-to-w ear garm ent industries. B ui. 192. Proceedings of th e A m erican Association of Public E m ploym ent Offices. *Bul. 195. U nem ploym ent in th e U n ited States. B ui. 196. Proceedings of th e E m p lo y m en t M anagers’ Conference held a t M inneapolis, M inn., Jan u ary , 1916, B u i. 202. Proceedings of th e conference of th e E m p lo y m ent M anagers’ Association of Boston, Mass., held May 10,1916. B ui. 206. T he B ritish system of labor exchanges. B ui. 220. Proceedings of th e F o u rth A n n u al M eeting of th e A m erican Association of Public E m ploy m e n t Offices, Buffalo, N . Y ., Ju ly 20 a n d 21,1916. B ui. 223. E m ploym ent of women a n d juveniles in Great B ritain during the war. *Bul. 227. Proceedings of th e E m p lo y m en t M anagers’ Conference, Philadelphia, P a., April 2 and 3, 1917. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis (n) Employment and Unemployment—Concluded. B ui. 235. E m ploym ent system of th e Lake Carriers’ Association. B ui. 241. Public em ploym ent offices in th e U nited States. B ui. 247. Proceedings of E m ploym ent Managers’ Conference, Rochester, N. Y ., M ay 9-11,1918. B ui. 310. In d u stria l unem ploym ent: A statistical s tu d y of its ex ten t and causes. Bui. 311. Proceedings of th e N in th A nnual Meeting of th e In tern ational Association of Public E m ploym ent Services, Septem ber 7-9,1921, Buffalo, N . Y . B ui. 337. Proceedings of th e T e n th A n n u al Meeting of th e In te rn a tio n a l A ssociation of Public E m p lo y m en t Services, W ashington, D . C., Septem ber 11-13, 1922. Women in Industry. B ui. 116. H ours, earnings, and duration of em ploym ent of wage-earning women in selected indus tries in th e D istrict of Columbia. *Bul. 117. Prohibition of night work of young persons. *Bul. 118. Ten-hour m ax im u m w orking-day for w omen a n d young persons. Bui. 119. W orking hours of w omen in th e pea canneries of W isconsin. *Bul. 122. E m ploym ent of women in power laundries in Milwaukee, W is. B ui. 160. H ours, earnings, a n d conditions of labor of women in Indiana m ercantile establishm ents and garm ent factories. *Bul. 167. M inimum-wage legislation in th e U nited States and foreign countries. *Bul. 175. Sum m ary of th e report on condition of w om an and child wage earners in the U nited States. *Bul. 176. Effect of m inim um -w age determ inations in Oregon. *Bul. 180. The boot and shoe in d u stry in M assachusetts as a vocation for women. B ui. 182. U nem ploym ent am ong women in d ep artm en t a n d other retail stores of B oston, Mass. B ui. 193. D ressm aking as a trad e for women in M assachusetts. Bui. 215. In d u strial experience of trade-school girls in M assachusetts. B ui. 217. Effect of w orkm en’s com pensation laws in dim inishing th e necessity of industrial employ m ent of women an d children. B ui. 223. E m ploym ent of women and juveniles in Great B ritain during the war. Bui. 253. W om en in th e lead industries. Workmen’s Insurance and Compensation (including laws relating thereto). B ui. 101. Care of tuberculous wage earners in Germ any. Bui. 102. B ritish N ational Insurance Act, 1911. B ui. 103. Sickness a n d accident insurance law of Sw itzerland. B ui. 107. Law relating to insurance of salaried employees in G erm any. *Bul. 126. W orkm en’s com pensation law s of th e U nited States an d foreign countries. *B ul. 155. Compensation for accidents to employees of th e U nited States. *Bul. 185. Compensation legislation of 1914 and 1915. B ui. 203. W orkm en’s com pensation laws of th e U nited States a n d foreign countries. B ui. 210. Proceedings of th e T hird A nnual Meeting of th e International Association of Industrial A ccident B oards an d Commissions. B ui. 212. Proceedings of th e conference on social insurance called b y the International Association of In d u strial Accident Boards an d Commissions. B ui. 217. Effect of w orkm en’s com pensation laws in dim inishing the necessity of industrial employ m ent of women a n d children. B ui. 240. Comparison of w orkm en’s com pensation laws of th e U nited States. B ui. 243. W orkm en’s com pensation legislation in th e U nited States and foreign countries. B ui. 248. Proceedings of th e F o u rth A nnual Meeting of th e International Association of Industrial A ccident B oards and Commissions. B ui. 264. Proceedings of th e F ifth A nnual Meeting of the International Association of Industrial Accident B oards a n d Commissions. B ui. 272. W orkm en’s com pensation legislation of th e U nited States a nd Canada, 1919. *Bul. 273. Proceedings of th e Sixth A nnual Meeting of th e International Association of Industrial A ccident B oards and Commissions. B ui. 275. Comparison of w orkm en’s com pensation laws of th e U nited States and Canada. B ui. 281. Proceedings of th e Seventh A nnual Meeting of th e In ternational Association of Industrial A ccident B oards an d Commissions. B ui. 301. Comparison of w orkm en’s com pensation insurance and adm inistration. B ui. 304. Proceedings of th e E ig h th A nnual Meeting of th e Intern ational Association of Industrial Accident B oards a n d Commissions. B ui. 312. N ational H ealth Insurance in Great B ritain , 1911 to 1920. B ui. 332. W orkm en’s com pensation legislation of th e U nited States and Canada, 1920 to 1922. B ui. 333. Proceedings of th e N in th A nnual Meeting of th e International Association of Industrial Accident B oards a n d Commissions. Industrial Accidents and H ygiene. Bui. 104. Lead poisoning in potteries, tile works, and porcelain enam eled sanitary ware factories. B ui. 120. Hygiene of th e p ain ters’ trade. *Bul. 127. Dangers to workers from d u st and fumes, and m ethods of protection. B ui. 141. Lead poisoning in th e sm elting a n d refining of lead. ♦Bui. 157. In d u stria l accident statistics. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis (in) Industrial Accidents and H ygiene—Concluded. B ui. 165. Lead poisoning in th e m an u factu re of storage b atteries. *B ul. 179. In d u s tria l poisons used in th e ru b b e r in d u stry . B ui. 188. R eport of B ritish d e p artm e n tal com m ittee on th e danger in th e use of lead in th e painting of buildings. *Bul.201. R eport of co m m ittee on statistic s a n d com pensation insurance cost of the International Association of In d u s tria l A ccident B oards an d Commissions. (L im ited edition.) B ui. 205. A n th ra x as a n occupational disease. B ui. 207. Causes of d e ath b y occupation. B ui. 209. H ygiene of th e p rin tin g trad es. *B ul. 216. A ccidents a n d accid en t prev en tio n in m ach in e building. Bui. 219. In d u s tria l poisons used or produced in th e m an u factu re of explosives. B ui. 221. H ours, fatigue, a n d h e alth in B ritish m u n itio n factories. B ui. 230. In d u stria l efficiency a n d fatig u e in B ritish m u n itio n factories. B ui. 231. M ortality from resp irato ry diseases in d u sty trades. *Bul. 234. Safety m ovem ent in th e iro n a n d steel in d u s try , 1907 to 1917. B ui. 230. Effect of th e a ir ham m er on th e h a n d s of sto n ecutters. B ui. 251. P reventable d eath in th e cotton m a n u fa c tu rin g in d u stry . B ui. 253. W om en in th e lead in d u stries. B ui. 256. A ccidents a n d accident prevention in m achine building. Revision of B ui. 216. B ui. 267. A n th ra x as a n occupational disease. [Revised.] B u i. 276. S tan d ard izatio n of in d u s tria l accident statistic s. B ui. 280. In d u stria l poisoning in m aking coal-tar dyes an d dye interm ediates. B ui. 291. Carbon m onoxide poisoning. B ui. 293. The problem of d u s t p h th isis in th e granite-stone in d u stry . B ui. 298. Causes a n d p rev en tio n of accidents in th e iro n an d steel in d u stry , 1910 to 1919. B ui. 306. O ccupation hazards a n d diagnostic signs. A guide to im p a irm e n t to be looked for in hazardous occupations. B ui. 339. S tatistics of in d u stria l accidents in th e U n ited States. Conciliation and Arbitration (including strikes and lockouts). *B ul. 124. Conciliation a n d a rb itra tio n in th e bu ild in g trades of G reater New Y ork. *B ul. 133. R eport of th e in d u stria l council of th e B ritish B oard of Trade on its in q u iry in to industrial agreem ents. B ui. 139. M ichigan copper d istric t strike. B ui. 144. In d u stria l co u rt of th e cloak, s u it, an d sk irt in d u s try of New Y ork C ity. B ui. 145. Conciliation, a rb itratio n , a n d sa n itatio n in th e dress a n d w aist in d u stry of New Y ork City. B ui. 191. Collective b argaining in th e a n th ra c ite in d u stry . *B ul. 198. Collective agreem ents in th e m e n ’s clothing in d u s try . B ui. 233. O peration of th e In d u s tria l D isputes Inv estig ation A ct of C anada. B u i. 303. Use of Federal power in settlem en t of railw ay labor disputes. B ui. 341. Trade agreem ent in th e silk-ribbon in d u stry of New Y ork C ity. [In press. Labor Laws of the United States (including decisions of courts relating to labor). *B ul. 111. L abor legislation of 1912. *B ul. 112. Decisions of courts a n d opinions affecting labor, 1912. *B ul. 148. Labor laws of th e U n ite d States, w ith decisions of courts re lating thereto. *B ul. 152. Decisions of courts a n d opinions affecting labor, 1913. *B ul. 166. L abor legislation of 1914. * B u l.l6 9 . Decisions of courts affecting labor, 1914. *B ul. 180. L abor legislation of 1915. *B ul. 189. Decisions of courts affecting labor, 1915. B ui. 211. L abor law s an d th e ir ad m in istratio n in th e Pacific States. *B ul. 213. L abor legislation of 1916. B ui. 224. D ecisions of courts affecting labor, 1916. B u i. 229. W age-paym ent legislation in th e U n ite d States. B ui. 244. Labor legislation of 1917. B ui. 246. Decisions of courts affecting labor, 1917. B ui. 257. Labor legislation of 1918. B ui. 258. Decisions of courts a n d opinions affecting labor, 1918. B ui. 277. L abor legislation of 1919. B ui. 285. M inimum-wage legislation in th e U n ited States. Bui. 290. Decisions of courts a n d opinions affecting labor, 1919-1920. Bui. 292. L abor legislation of 1920. B ui. 308. L abor legislation of 1921. B u i. 309. Decisions of courts a n d opinions affecting labor, 1921. B ui. 321. L abor law s th a t have been declared un co n stitu tional. B ui. 322. K ansas C ourt of In d u stria l R elations. Bui. 330. L abor legislation of 1922. B ui. 343. Law s providing for bureaus of labor statistics, etc. B ui. 344. Decisions of courts a n d opinions affecting labor, 1922. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis (IV) Foreign Labor Laws. B ui. 142. Admini stratio n of labor laws and factory inspection in certain E uropean countries. Vocational Education. B ui. 145. Conciliation, a rb itratio n , and san itatio n in th e dress and w aist in d u stry of New Y ork City. *Bul. 147. W ages a n d regularity of em ploym ent in th e cloak, suit, and skirt indu stry . *Bul. 159. Short-unit courses for wage earners and a factory school experim ent. B ui. 162. V ocational education survey of R ichm ond, Va. B u i. 199. V ocational education survey of M inneapolis, Minn. B ui. 271. A d u lt w orking class education (G reat B rita in an d th e U nited States). Labor, as Affected by the War. B ui. 170. Foreign food prices as affected b y th e w ar. B ui. 219. In d u s tria l poisons used or produced in th e m anufacture of explosives. B ui. 221. H ours, fatigue, an d h ealth in B ritish m u n itio n factories. B ui. 222. W elfare w ork in B ritish m u n itio n factories. B ui. 223. E m p lo y m en t of wom en and juveniles in G reat B rita in during the war. B ui. 230. In d u s tria l efficiency a n d fatigue in B ritish m u n itio n factories. B ui. 237. In d u s tria l u n re st in G reat B ritain . B ui. 249. In d u stria l h ealth an d efficiency. F in al rep o rt of B ritish H ealth of M unition W orkers Com m ittee. B ui. 255. Jo in t in d u stria l councils in G reat B ritain . B ui. 283. H isto ry of th e Shipbuilding Labor A d ju stm en t Board, 1917 to 1919. B ui. 287. N ational W ar L abor Board. Safety Codes. B ui. 331. Code of lighting factories, m ills, a n d other w ork places. B ui. 336. Safety code for th e protection of in d u stria l w orkers m foundries. B ui. 338. Safety code for th e use, care, and protection of abrasive wheels. B ui, 350. R ules governing th e approval of headlighting devices for m otor vehicles. B ui. 351. Safety code for th e construction, care, and use of ladders. M iscellaneous Series. *Bul. 117. P ro h ib itio n of n ig h t work of young persons. *Bul. 118. Ten-hour m ax im u m w orking-day for women and young persons. *Bul. 123. E m ployers’ welfare w ork. *Bul. 158. G overnm ent aid to home owning and housing of w orking people in foreign countries. *Bul. 159. Sh o rt-u n it courses for wage earners a n d a factory school experim ent. *Bul. 167. M inimum-wage legislation in th e U nited States and foreign countries. B ui. 170. Foreign food prices as affected b y th e w ar. B ui. 174. Subject index of th e publications of th e U nited States B ureau of Labor Statistics up to May 1, 1915. B ui. 208. Profit sharing in th e U nited States. B ui. 222. W elfare w ork in B ritish m u n itio n factories. B ui. 242. Food situ atio n in central Europe, 1917. B ui. 250. Welfare w ork for employees in in d u stria l establishm ents in the U nited States. B ui. 254. In te rn a tio n a l labor legislation an d th e society of nations. B ui. 263. H ousing b y em ployers in th e U n ited States. B ui. 266. Proceedings of Seventh A nnual Convention of G overnm ental Labor Officials of the U nited S tates a n d Canada. B ui. 268. H istorical survey of in tern atio n al action affecting labor. B u i. 271. A d u lt working-class education in G reat B ritain and th e U nited States. B ui. 282. M u tu al relief associations am ong G overnm ent employees in W ashington, D . C. B ui. 295. B uilding operations in representative cities in 1920. B ui. 299. Personnel research agencies. A guide to organized research in em ploym ent m anagem ent, i n d u strial relations, train in g , an d w orking conditions. B ui. 307. Proceedings of th e E ig h th A n n u al C onvention of th e Association of G overnm ental Labor Officials of th e U n ited S tates a n d C anada. B ui. 313. Consumers’ cooperative societies in th e U n ited States in 1920. B ui. 314. Cooperative cred it societies in America a n d in foreign countries. B ui. 318. B uilding perm its in th e p rin cip al cities of th e U n ited States. B ui. 319. The B ureau of L abor Statistics: I ts history, activities, and organization. Bui. 323. Proceedings of th e N in th A n n u al Covention of th e Association of G overnm ental Labor Officials of th e U n ited States and Canada. B ui. 326. M ethods of procuring a n d com puting statistical inform ation of the B ureau of Labor Statistics. B ui. 340. Chinese m igrations, w ith special reference to lab o r conditions. B ui. 342. In te rn a tio n a l Seam en’s U nion of America: A s tu d y of its history a nd problem s. B ui. 346. H u m a n ity in go v ern m en t. B ui. 347. B uilding p erm its in th e principal cities of th e U nited S tates, 1922. [In press.] B ui. 349. In d u s tria l relations in th e W est Coast lu m b er in d u s try . [In press.] B u i. 352. Proceedings of th e T e n th A n n u al C onvention of th e Association of G overnm ental L abor Officials of th e U nited S tates a n d C anada. [In press.] https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis (vj SPECIAL PUBLICATIONS ISSUED BY THE BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS. Description of occupations, prepared for the United States Employment Service, 1918—19. Boots a n d shoes, harness a n d saddlery, an d tanning. Cane-sugar refining a n d flour m illing. Coal a n d w ater gas, p a in t and varnish, paper, p rin tin g trad es, and rubber goods. Electrical m anufacture, distribution, a n d m aintenance. Glass. H otels an d restau ran ts. Logging cam ps a n d sawmills. M edicinal m anufacturing. M etal working, building an d general construction, railroad transportation, an d shipbuilding. Mines an d m ining. Office employees. Slaughtering a n d m eat packing. Street railw ays. ♦Textiles and clothing. ♦W ater tran sp o rtatio n . * (VI) https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis o