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https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis U .S. D epartm ent of Labor Elaine L. C hao, S ecretary Bureau of Labor S tatistics Kathleen P. U tgoff, C om m issioner The Monthly Labor Review ( usps 987-800) is published monthly by the Bureau of Labor Statistics of the U.S. Department of Labor. The Review welcomes articles on the labor force, labor-m anagem ent relations, business conditions, industry productivity, com pensation, occupational safety and health, demographic trends, and other economic developments. Papers should be factual and analytical, not polemical in tone. 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Periodicals postage paid at Washington, dc, and at additional mailing addresses. Unless stated otherwise, articles appearing in this publication are in the public domain and may be reprinted without express permission from the Editor-in-Chief. Please cite the specific issue of the Monthly Labor Review as the source. Information is available to sensory impaired individuals upon request: Voice phone: (202) 691-5200 Federal Relay Service: 1-800-877-8339. P ostmaster : Send address changes to Monthly Labor Review, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington dc 20402-0001. Cover designed by Melvin B. Moxley https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW_______________________ V o lu m e 125, N u m b er 8 A u g u st 2 0 0 2 Expermental poverty measures: medical expenditures 3 A lternative m easures o f m ed ical exp en ses affect perceptions o f the relative in cid en ce and depth o f poverty Kathleen Short and Thesia I. Garner The influx of women into legal professions:an economic analysis 14 Favorable econ om ic factors in this profession include relatively high earnings early in o n e ’s career and ease o f re-entry after periods o f nonparticipation Joe G. Baker Employment restructuring duringChina’seconomictransition 25 T he private sector b ecam e C hina’s m ain jo b creator at the e x p e n se o f state and c o lle c tiv e ow nership Ming Lu, Jianyong Fan, Shejian Liu, and Yan Yan Departments Labor m onth in review P récis B o o k review s P u b lication s r eceiv ed Current labor statistics 2 32 33 34 37 Editor-in-Chief: Deborah P. Klein • Executive Editor: Richard M. Devens • Managing Editor: Anna Huffman Hill • Editors: Brian I. Baker, Richard Hamilton, Leslie Brown Joyner, Lawrence H. Leith • Book Reviews: Roger A. Comer, Richard Hamilton • Design and Layout: Catherine D. Bowman, Edith W. Peters • Contributor: Henry P. Guzda https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Labor Month in Review The August Review The number of poor increased by 1.3 million people in 2001, according to data recently released by the Census Bureau. This underscores the continuing need to carefully evaluate and improve our measures of poverty. Kathleen Short and Thesia I. Garner use Consumer Expenditure Survey data to explore how accounting differently for out-of-pocket medical expenses may affect poverty m easurem ents. The two alternate poverty measures they look at— one subtracts medical out-of-pocket ex penses from income, the other adds them to the poverty threshold—would have added 1- to 1.5-percentage points to the official poverty rate for 2000. Joe G. Baker uses economic analysis to understand the rapid increase in the number o f women entering the legal profession. He points out that in 2001, there were more women than men entering law schools. He attributes the attraction of the profession to factors such as high earnings early in the career and relatively easy re-entry after periods of nonparticipation in the labor force. Ming Lu, Jianyong Fan, Shejian Liu, and Yan Yan provide a survey of recent employment trends in China. In addition to docum enting a shift away from agricultural and extractive primary in dustries and toward the goods-producing and service-providing secondary and tertiary sectors, the authors provide a number of interesting details on the educational profile of the workforce, the demographic structure of employment, and the changing relationship between private and public ownership in China. Regional trends in 2000 The proportion of the population with jobs was the highest in the Midwest in 2000. Among M idw esterners, 67.4 percent of the population was employed on average in 2000. The percentages for the other three regions were clustered 2 Monthly Labor Review https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis August 2002 within a narrow range: 64.7 percent of those in the West were employed, 63.4 percent in the South, and 62.8 percent in the Northeast. In the Nation as a whole, 64.5 percent of the population had jobs. Regional unemployment rates varied from a low of 3.7 percent in the Midwest to 4.6 percent in the West region. Workers unemployed for 27 weeks or more made up 14.3 percent of the total unemployed in the Northeast. This was nearly 3 percentage points higher than in any of the other broad geographic regions. In the West, 11.5 percent of the unemployed were in a spell of unemployment that had lasted 27 weeks or more. Such long durations of unemployment accounted for 10.8 percent of those unemployed in the South and 9.8 percent of those in the Midwest. JOLTS starts A new Job O penings and Labor Turnover Survey (JOLTS) was intro duced in July 2002 by the Bureau of Labor Statistics. Job openings are a measure o f unmet labor demand and may be compared with unemployment, which measures unused labor supply. Job openings refer to the number on the last business day of the month, and the number of hires and separations are for the entire month. The sample of 16,000 business establishments covers both the private sector and government. The first release of JOLTS estimates covered the period from May 2001 to May 2002 and showed that the number and rate of job openings in May 2002 were substantially lower than a year earlier. On the last business day of May 2002, there were 3.5 million job open ings, 2.6 percent of the number of total filled and unfilled positions (employ ment plus job openings) in the United States. This was down significantly from 4.3 million openings, or a job open ings rate of 3.2 percent, in May 2001. Over the same period, the total U.S. unemployment rate (not seasonally adjusted) rose to 5.5 percent from 4.1 percent. The pace of hiring also declined com pared with a year ago. The hires rate, or the number of hires during the month divided by employment, was 3.7 percent in May 2002, down significantly from 4.3 percent a year earlier. Hires are any addi tions to the payroll during the month. The total separations, or turnover, rate (the number of separations during the month divided by employment) was 3.1 percent in May 2002, down significantly from 3.7 percent a year ago. Separations are terminations of employment that occur at any time during the month. Total separations includes quits (voluntary separations), layoffs and discharges (involuntary separations), and other separations (including retirements). Hires and separations estimates help show dynamic flows in the labor market that net changes in the employment level do not. Over the year ended in May 2002, employment declined by 1.4 million. Over the same period, 52.3 million hires and 52.9 million separations occurred at U.S. businesses. For more information see the Job Openings and Labor Turnover Survey page at http://www.bls.gov/jlt/ home.htm Veterans in the labor force Two-thirds of veterans discharged from active duty between 1998 and 2001 were ages 18 to 34. These young recently discharged veterans had a labor force participation rate of 84.9 percent, and an unemployment rate of 4.4 percent in August 2001. Nonveterans of the same age had a labor force participation rate of 85.7 percent, and an unemployment rate of 6.7 percent. In August 2001,76.6 percent of male veterans of the Vietnam era were in the labor force. Among male Vietnam-era veterans, 91 percent were between 45 and 64 years of age in August 2001. Their nonveteran peers had a labor force participation rate of 82.2 percent. □ Experimental Poverty Measures Experimental poverty measures: accounting for medical expenditures Alternate methods o f measuring medical expenses affect the relative incidence o f poverty, the depth o f poverty experienced by the poor, and the number o f people who are classified in extreme poverty K athleen Short and Thesia I. G arner Kathleen Short is a senior research economist, In the Housing and Household Economic Statistics Division, U.S. Census Bureau, kshort@census.gov. Thesia I. Garner Is a senior research economist In the Division of Price and Index Number Research, Bureau of Labor Statistics, garner_t@bls.gov. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis he official measure of poverty in the United States has been in place since the 1960s and has served to inform many policy de bates. However, over the years, debate has en sued concerning the level and extent of poverty estimates, as well as the methodology that should be used to measure poverty. One issue that has arisen is whether medical care is or should be accounted for in poverty measurement. Based on research, and recommendations by an expert panel, experimental measures of poverty have been developed that account for medical care costs as well as other dimensions. Accounting for health care costs considerably increases the number of people who appear to be struggling to get by. Particularly, it increases the number of elderly who are considered poor, while only slightly affecting other groups, such as poor chil dren and Blacks. This article describes and compares the size and composition of the poverty population un der the official poverty measure and two experi mental measures of poverty. The major focus is a discussion of methods and data used to estimate medical out-of-pocket expenses. All statistics shown in this article—poverty rates, poverty gaps, and income-to-poverty thresholds ratios— are affected by the method chosen to account for medical expenses in the measure. Results indi cate that, while many groups are somewhat more T likely to be classified as poor under the experi mental measures, the depth of their poverty is less than is generally found under the official measure. In general, results show that alternate methods of measuring medical expenses affect our perception of the relative incidence of pov erty, the depth of poverty experienced by these groups, and the number of people who are clas sified in extreme poverty (those with family in come below one-half of the poverty threshold). Experim ental poverty measures are pre sented here that update those presented in the 1999 Current Population Report by the Census Bureau.1 Two experimental measures that use Consumer Expenditure (CE) data to estimate poverty thresholds and medical out-of-pocket expenses are presented. These measures and resulting poverty rates are contrasted with the official poverty measure for 2000. Background The official poverty measure has often been the focus of criticism from scholars and policymakers alike. In her book, Drawing the Line,2 Patricia Ruggles describes alternative concepts o f poverty and methods for measuring poverty; she also proposes methods to update and revise the current official poverty threshold and resource definitions. In response to this work, the Joint Monthly Labor Review August 2002 3 Experimental Poverty Measures Economic Committee held Congressional hearings in the early 1990s. These hearings lead to the formation of the National Academy of Sciences Panel on Poverty and Family Assistance (the Panel, for short, henceforth). The goal of the Panel was to examine the current official measure of poverty in the United States. In 1995, this panel of scholars published their findings in a report titled Measuring Poverty: A New Approach? In general, the report proposed eight broad sets o f recommendations that focus on the following tasks: • • • • • • • • Adopting a new poverty measure Setting and updating the poverty threshold Adjusting the threshold for geographic differences in prices Defining family resources Identifying needed data Highlighting other issues related to poverty measure ment Relating poverty measurement to assistance programs Linking States’ needs to the panel’s proposed measure The Panel stated that poverty thresholds should represent a budget for food, clothing, shelter (including utilities), and a small amount for other needs. Family resources would be defined— consistent with the threshold concept—as the sum o f money income together with the value of near money benefits minus expenses that cannot be used to buy the goods and services in the threshold budget. The panel also stated that: The U.S. Office o f Management and Budget should adopt a revised poverty measure as the official measure for use by the federal government. Appropriate agencies, including the Bureau o f the Census and the Bureau o f Labor Statistics, should collaborate to produce the new thresholds each year and to implement the revised definition o f family resources.4 According to the Panel, the basic criteria for developing the poverty measure are that it should be understandable and broadly acceptable to the public, statistically defensible, internally consistent, and operationally feasible. In response to the Panel’s report and recommendations, staff from the Bureau of Labor Statistics ( b l s ) and the Census Bureau have been conducting research. Their work has resulted in several papers and conference presentations that reproduced the Panel’s work, and examined and tested underlying assumptions and measurement issues.5 Building on this joint research, the Census Bureau released two reports that presented several variations of alternative methods of measuring who is poor, based on the recommendations of the Panel. The first report, published in July 1999, contains 1990-97 results and the second report, published in October 2001, has results for 1999.6The second Census Bureau report includes improved methods for 4 Monthly Labor Review https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis August 2002 measuring individual elements of experimental measures and further refines the concepts outlined in the Panel report. In particular, the second report examines two new methods for handling medical out-of-pocket expenses: accounting for them in experimental thresholds, or subtracting these expenses from family resources. The treatment of medical out-of-pocket expenses in a poverty measure has proved most controversial in the discussion that followed the release of both the Panel’s and the Census Bureau’s first reports.7 Medical out-of-pocket spending Medical out-of-pocket expenditures include those for health insurance premiums, medical services, drugs, and medical supplies. The method that the Panel used to value these expenses in a poverty m easure using survey data is somewhat complex. Data from the 1987 National Medical Expenditure Survey were used to develop a model that assigned the occurrence o f such expenditures and the amount spent. Once these amounts were assigned to families, then the aggregate amount assigned across all families was adjusted to match benchmarks developed from the Health Care Financing Administration’s National Health Accounts.8 The adjusted amounts of out-of-pocket expenses were then subtracted from income as a necessary expense before comparing family resources to poverty thresholds. This step introduced some inconsistency in a complete poverty measure in that no other component in the Panel’s measure was adjusted to match independent aggregate estimates. That is, while other elements in the Panel’s proposed poverty m easure suffer from nonsam pling error, such as the underreporting of income or benefits, they are nevertheless unadjusted in the poverty measures reported here, as they are in the official measure. This inconsistent treatment likely resulted in an overstatement of the effect o f out-of-pocket expenses on poverty rates in the Panel’s report and the first Census Bureau report that mimicked the Panel’s approach. In light of both the conceptual and practical issues raised by this approach, an alternative was proposed to add out-ofpocket needs to the thresholds and not to subtract such expenses from income.9 Thus, the threshold would include medical out-of-pocket spending along with spending on the commodity bundle of food, clothing, shelter, and utilities. Thresholds could be calculated for family types based on health care spending patterns according to size of family, age of family members, and health insurance coverage status. The Panel did not pursue this alternative because it would require a much larger number of thresholds to reflect different levels of medical care need.10 They argued that medical care needs differ from the need for food or housing in that not every family requires medical care in a given year, but when they do, the associated costs may be extraordinarily large. Assigning an average expenditure to incorporate medical care needs in the thresholds may overestimate the costs for many families and underestimate the cost for a few families due to the distributional properties of these expenditures. The panel concluded that it would be impossible to capture the actual variation of medical needs by variations in the thresholds and that this could lead to what the panel termed “erroneous poverty classification.” The second Census Bureau report presented two new m ethods o f accounting for m edical needs, one that subtracted medical out-of-pocket expenses from income and another that included these in the threshold.11 The first was an updated model following the Panel’s procedure. This method used the 1996 and 1997 Consumer Expenditure Survey (CE) to assign values of medical out-of-pocket expenses to different families.12 This version of the out-of-pocket model differs in some important ways from the earlier model created by the Panel. These differences were summarized by David Betson in a series of recommendations that are made to guide the estim ation o f this m odel. For exam ple, one re com m endation stated that the out-of-pocket amounts predicted by the model should not be calibrated to aggregate totals, as was done in the earlier version. A separate model was estimated for each of 42 different family types, based on characteristics such as age, health insurance coverage, family size, race, and income level. Limits were placed on the maximum out-of-pocket amount that could be assigned. Estimates were then used to assign values of out-of-pocket expenses to individual families in the Current Population Survey (CPS). These amounts were estimated for each family and subtracted from family income before determining poverty status, in the measure referred to as MSI— medical out-of-pocket expenses subtractedfrom income. Medical out-of-pocket expenses subtracted from income. The MSI measure is conceptually similar to the measure described in the report by the Panel, but with some com putational differences. In general, this measure is constructed in the following way: Thresholds: • Thresholds for two adult-two child reference families are based on expenditures on food, clothing, shelter and utilities13—from the 1998,1999, and 2000 CE • The equivalence scale is a three-parameter version14 • G eographic indexes are calculated, using the Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) Fair Market Rents15 Resources: • Cash income from the March 2001 CPS • Include the value of food assistance programs (food stamps and school lunches) https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis • • • • • Include the value of housing subsidies Include the value of energy assistance (only heating assistance) Subtract work-related and childcare expenses Take account of taxes as modeled in the CPS Subtract medical out-of-pocket expenses as modeled, u s in g CE data Medical out-of-pocket expenses added to the threshold. The second m easure accounts for m edical out-of-pocket expenses differently. This method adds health care out-ofpocket expenditures, as reported in the CE, in the calculation of poverty thresholds for the two-adult, two-child reference family. Thus, the thresholds, which typically are based on spending for food, clothing, shelter and utilities, now also include out-of-pocket spending for an additional com modity—health care. Once the reference family threshold is estimated from CE data, thresholds for families other than the reference family are produced using what we refer to as a ‘medical risk index.’ These additional thresholds are based on characteristics associated with variations in medical care utilization and cost. These characteristics include, among others, family size, age, and health status of family members, and health insurance coverage. In the case of the uninsured, an adjustment is made to reflect the likely underutilization of health care by the uninsured.16 These indexes use median medical out-ofpocket expenditures from the 1996 Medical Expenditure Panel Survey to compute ratios o f medical out-of-pocket ex penditures for different groups varied by the set o f characteristics listed to those of the reference family. Data from the Medical Expenditure Panel Survey are used because health status data are not collected in the CE.17 This method is referred to as medical out-of-pocket expenditures in the threshold or MIT. Again, unlike the panel’s original method, no attempt was made to adjust these dollar amounts to aggregate spending totals. Once medical out-of-pocket am ounts were calculated, they were included in the thresholds, rather than subtracted from income, before determining poverty status. Generally, the MIT measure is calculated as follows: Thresholds: • Thresholds for two adult-two child reference families are based on estimated expenditures for food, clothing, shelter and utilities, and m edical out-of-pocket expenditures from the 1998,1999, and 2000 CE • The equivalence scale is a three-parameter version and is applied to the food, clothing, shelter, and utilities portion of the threshold • A medical risk index is applied to the medical out-ofpocket expenditures portion of the threshold Monthly Labor Review August 2002 5 Experimental Poverty Measures • • • • • • • Geographic indexes are calculated using HUD Fair Market Rents Resources: Cash income from the March 2001 CPS Include the value of food assistance programs (food stamps and school lunches) Include the value of housing subsidies Include the value of energy assistance (only heating assistance) Subtract work-related and childcare expenses Take account o f taxes as modeled in the CPS are presented in the following tabulation along with the official poverty rate: N um ber o f persons (in thousands) Official m e a su re ................ 31,054 11.3 Medical out-of-pocket expenses subtracted from income ( m s i ) ....................... 33,739 12.2 34,960 12.7 Medical out-of-pocket expenses in the threshold (M IT)...................................... The poverty thresholds in 2000 for a two-adult, two-child reference family are presented in the following tabulation. The experimental threshold without medical costs is slightly higher than the official threshold for this family type. As may be expected, the threshold that includes medical out-ofpocket expenditures is higher than that without. Official m e a su re .................................... Experim ental w ithout m e d ic a l........... Experimental with m ed ical.................. $17,463 17,884 19,549 Mean values o f medical out-of-pocket expenditures assigned by the two different methods for different family types are shown in the appendix. Although the two methods assign different amounts to different families, the key difference between the two methods is that MSI models health expenditures (medical out-of-pocket expenses) based on individual family characteristics, whereas MIT fixes the level at the median value for families categorized by certain specific characteristics. Finally, we note that the second Census Bureau report included a third method. This approach to valuing medical expenses combined the two approaches just described into a single measure. This combined approach included the addition of a medical out-of-pocket value in the thresholds, but also subtracted a net medical out-of-pocket amount from family income.18 The discussion here focuses only on the two separately estimated methods to establish more clearly the differences in the two methods. Experimental poverty rates The estimated poverty rate using the MSI measure was 12.2 percent in 2000. The MIT measure yields a poverty rate of 12.7 percent. Both of the new experimental measures result in similar poverty rates that are slightly higher than the official rates for the total U.S. population (11.3 percent). The inclusion of medical out-of-pocket expenses in a poverty mea sure and the method by which that is done have important effects on the poverty rates of different population sub groups. Poverty rates based on these MSI and MIT measures 6 Monthly Labor Review https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis August 2002 Percent o f the population Demographic subgroups. Using the poverty measures described in the previous section, this section examines the differential incidence of poverty for various socio-economic and demographic subgroups. Table 1 shows poverty rates under the official and the two experimental poverty measures for various demographic groups. Poverty rates by age group show higher rates for adults using the experimental measures, especially for the elderly. (See chart 1.) The child poverty rate under the official measure, 16.1 percent, is about the same as that under the MIT measure, 15.9 percent, but considerably lower under the MSI measure, 14.6 percent. The non-elderly adult poverty rate increases modestly from 9.4 with the official measure to 10.4 under the MSI measure and 11.0 percent with the MIT measure. The poverty rate for persons age 65 and older is higher: 10.2 percent under the official measure, compared with 14.2 percent under the MIT and 16.6 percent under the MSI measures. Differences in poverty rates between the official and the experimental measures are explained by all of the elements included in an experimental measure. Chart 2 shows that average family amounts added and subtracted from income vary from the official to the experimental measures for selected subgroups. The chart illustrates the higher average benefits received, including earned income tax credits, and the lower medical out-of-pocket expenses included for children relative to the elderly. The combination of these calculations results in increased poverty rates for the elderly using the experimental measures relative to the official measure. Differences in poverty rates between the two experimental measures are only explained by different treatments of medical out-of-pocket expenses. While average values for medical out-of-pocket expenses are lower for most subgroups that we examine under the MIT method, this method likely errs by assigning the same values to all in a given group. This results in the imputation of too large a value to too many families, and too small a value to the few families who actually face large medical out-of-pocket expenses. Experimental poverty rates also differ from official rates by race and ethnicity. Experimental poverty rates are higher Table 1. Poverty rates by selected characteristics, 2000 Characteristic All persons................................................... Age Children (under age 18)...................................... Adults, 18-64 years.......................................... Elderly, 65 years and older................................ Race/ethnicity Non-Hispanic white............................................ Black................................................................ Hispanic............................................................. Family type Married-couple.................................................. Male-headed (no spouse present)..................... Female-headed (no spouse present)................. Number of workers No workers....................................................... One or more workers......................................... Region Northeast.......................................................... Midwest............................................................ South............................................................... W est................................................................ Metropolitan area Central city....................................................... In metropolitan area, but not central city.......... Nonetropolitan area.......................................... Official measure Medical out-ofpocket expenses subtracted from income (MSI) Medical out-ofpocket expenses in the threshold (MIT) 11.3 12.2 12.7 16.1 9.4 10.2 14.5 10.4 16.6 15.8 11.0 14.2 7.5 22.0 21.2 8.5 20.6 24.2 8.6 21.3 26.3 5.6 14.8 25.7 6.9 17.3 25.1 7.2 17.5 25.8 33.2 8.0 35.4 8.7 33.8 9.5 10.3 9.5 12.5 11.9 12.9 9.0 12.2 14.9 13.2 9.3 12.5 15.8 16.1 7.8 13.4 17.6 9.8 10.8 18.4 10.2 10.8 Source: March 2001 Current Population Survey. Chart 1. Poverty rates by age, 2000 Percent 30 Percent 30 Official poverty rate Medical out-of-pocket expenses subtracted from income Medical out-of-pocket expenses added to poverty threshold Children under age 18 Adults age 18-64 Elderly age 65 and older Source: March 2001 Current Population Survey. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Monthly Labor Review August 2002 7 Experimental Poverty Measures than official poverty rates for Non-Hispanic whites and Hispanics, though slightly lower for Blacks. The rates tend to be lower for Blacks due to a combination of factors, including higher receipt of some near-cash transfers and slightly lower w ork-related expenses and taxes paid. Differences in average amounts of these elements are shown in table 2 by race and Hispanic origin. A ccounting for noncash transfers also affects the incidence of poverty by family type. When poverty rates by family type are examined, one sees increases moving from the official to the experimental measures among persons in married-couple and male-householder (unmarried) families, and little change among fem ale-householder families. Married-couples tend to receive less near-cash transfer income and have higher work-related and medical expenses than the other family types. (See table 2 for average amounts.) As expected, the experimental measures (which include geographic adjustments) result in poverty rates that differ by region and by m etropolitan/nonmetropolitan status. As highlighted by the change in the poverty rates between the official and the experimental measures, poverty estimates Table 2. increase in the Northeast and West and decrease in the Midwest and South. Likewise, m easures that include geographic adjustments (as MSI and MIT do) yield higher poverty rates in central cities, and to a less extent in the suburbs, while lower poverty rates result for nonmetropolitan areas. Poverty gaps The previous section reports the prevalence of poverty under different poverty measures. While the poverty rate tells us the proportion of a population that is poor, it does not give us information about the depth of poverty in that population. The mean income deficit, or average poverty gap, tells us something about the shortfall o f income relative to the poverty threshold, and thus the depth of poverty for various people. Table 3 lists mean income deficits, or poverty gaps, under the official measure and under the two experimental measures, MSI and MIT. These income deficits are calculated by determining who is poor under the given measure, and for those individuals, subtracting their family income from their Mean family amounts across individuals, 2000 Benefit Food stamps............. Housing subsidies..... School lunch............. Heating...................... Federal income ta x .... f ic a ta x ..................... Earned income tax credit................. Work expenses......... Child care.................. Medical outof-pocket ( m s i ) 2 .............. Medical outof-pocket ( m i t ) 3 .............. Total Official Near poor' Children $117 142 103 6 -9,075 -3,475 $750 978 322 28 -20 -438 $248 346 256 25 -101 -979 319 -1,230 -377 1,147 —460 -162 -1,762 1,323 Benefit Food stamps................... Housing subsidies.......... School lunch................... Heating ......................... Federal income ta x ........ f ic a tax ......................... Earned income tax credit....................... Work expenses............... Child care........................ Medical out-of-pocket ( m s i ] 2 One or more workers Elderly White Black Hispanic $252 270 229 10 -9,159 -3,807 $76 93 68 5 -10,031 -3,827 $33 116 9 6 -3,936 -931 $83 85 87 5 -9,711 -3,611 $314 473 190 11 -4,496 -2,379 $231 293 254 5 -3,887 -2,770 1,257 -771 -305 624 -1,312 -746 245 -1,361 -292 41 -374 -8 276 -1,242 -367 559 -1,096 -468 795 -1,364 -429 0 0 0 368 -1,416 —434 -551 -753 -1,563 -1,643 -2,818 -1,824 -1,419 -1,281 -1,987 -1,729 851 1,102 1,256 1,210 2,053 1,340 1,201 1,203 1,443 1,304 Midwest South West Central city Suburbs Non metropolitan territory $138 88 115 10 -5,254 -2,787 Married couple Female house holder $62 48 98 4 -11,933 -4,333 $309 439 154 14 -2,621 -1,607 $117 239 89 11 -10,651 -3,736 $92 98 86 9 -8,709 -3,668 $120 100 106 3 -8,414 -3,184 $136 171 126 4 -9,151 -3,513 $198 287 135 8 -7,647 -3,002 $64 82 81 4 -11,235 -3,985 238 -1,455 —415 -2,042 627 -787 -369 -1,313 284 -1,240 -434 -1,883 252 -1,281 -346 -1,824 337 -1,184 -352 -1,715 389 -1,242 -398 -1,674 410 -1,155 -372 -1,533 263 -1,299 —410 -1,894 Northeast 'People classified as “near poor” are those with family income below 125 percent of the poverty threshold. K 7 2Average out-of-pocket expenditure subtracted from income. Monthly Labor Review Digitized for 8 FRASER https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis No workers Adults August 2002 $264 $95 460 94 109 65 15 5 -1,144 -10,271 0 -4,000 335 -1,154 -292 -1,753 3Average out-of-pocket expenditures included in threshold. _ ,, . _ ... 0 Source: March 2001 Current Population Survey. C h a rt 2. M ean tra n sfe r ben efits and expenses, 2000 $ 10,000 - 8,000 6,000 ^,000 - 2,000 2,000 4,000 -6,000 -4,000 - 2,000 2,000 4,000 - Foodstamps Housing School lunch Heating Federal income tax FICA tax Earned income tax credit Work expenses Childcare Medical out-of-pocket expenses (msi)1 Medical out-of-pocket expenses (mit) 2 $10,000 -8,000 1msi = Medical out-of-pocket expenses subtracted from income. 2 mit = Medical out-of-pocket expenses in the threshold. S o u r c e : March 2001 Current Population Survey. relevant poverty threshold. When incomes are negative, the deficit is set equal to the poverty threshold, suggesting that no deficit exceeds the measure of need for the basic bundle of goods. In official Census Bureau publications, income deficits are calculated separately for families and for unrelated individuals. The first two lines o f table 3 show these calculations for these two groups under the three measures. The third line combines family heads and individuals for simplicity, and the remaining averages for subgroups are based on this combined group, by characteristic of the family head or the unrelated individual. (In effect, unrelated individuals are treated like families consisting of one person. See chart 3.) Although the prevalence of poverty may be higher under the experimental measures relative to the official measure, table 3 indicates that average poverty gaps are much lower for both experimental measures than the official measure. This result holds for all groups shown in table 3 except one, the elderly. WTiile the differences between the income deficits are larger or smaller for different groups, in general, the family incomes of poor individuals are closer to the poverty line under the experimental measures than under the official measure. Thus, while subtracting taxes and other necessary expenses from income does move some people across the https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis poverty line and into poverty, on average, they are not being moved as far below the line as families who are poor using the official measure. Including noncash benefits in income raises the income of many poor families, even if those benefits are not sufficient to raise them out o f poverty. As mentioned earlier, for all groups, average poverty gaps are much lower for both experimental measures than for the official measure, except for the elderly. As shown in table 3, the elderly demonstrate higher mean income deficits under the m s i experimental measure relative to the official measure. A lthough the large m edical out-of-pocket expenses attributed to the elderly contribute greatly to these higher figures, there is an additional factor that explains this difference. The official poverty thresholds are specified to be lower for the elderly than for the nonelderly, whereas the experimental poverty thresholds make no distinction for age of householder. However, due to the lower values o f medical out-of-pocket expenses assigned using the m it measure, the poverty gap for the elderly under that measure is lower than the official measure gap. Income-to-poverty-threshold ratio Another gauge of the relative distance of the poor from the poverty level is the proportion below specified fractions of Monthly Labor Review August 2002 9 Experimental Poverty Measures their respective poverty thresholds. This section examines incom e-to-poverty-threshold ratios under the various measures and does so across the entire income distribution. This exercise illustrates not only the difference in distribution below the poverty line, but also the difference across all income levels as the definition of family resources changes. Table 4 shows estimates of the percent of people by family in co m e-to -p o v erty -th resh o ld ratios under the three measures: the official, MSI, and MIT. Accounting for taxes and transfers in the MSI and MIT measures results in greater percentages of individuals in the middle ratio categories. This is the result o f the re-distributional effect o f taxes and transfers that are included in the experimental measures. Comparison of the official and the MSI measures shows that a slightly higher percentage of all persons— 4.4 percent, versus 3.8 percent—are in extreme poverty (below one-half of the relevant poverty threshold) using the official measure. (See table 4.) Further, although the MSI measure yields a slightly higher percentage of people below the poverty line than the official measure yields, more of those individuals are above one-half the relevant poverty threshold than are found using the official measure— 8.4 percent using MSI, versus 6.9 percent using the official measure. This is as expected from the calculation of Chart 3. poverty gaps and results from the addition of in-kind transfers to family incomes in the experimental measures. The results are similar, though even more pronounced, for the MIT measures relative to the official measure. Table 4 also shows that this pattern of fewer people in extreme poverty, when using the experimental measures, holds for most demographic groups including children, Blacks, and Hispanics. Under the official poverty measure, 6.4 percent of children are in extreme poverty. Under the experimental measures, that share falls to 3.9 percent for MSI and 3.8 percent for MIT. The one exception is the elderly. Notably, 2.2 percent of the elderly are in extreme poverty under the official measure, under the MSI measure, this rate rises to 4.6 percent. This result follows from the method used in that measure to value medical out-of-pocket expenses. However, the MIT measure is much closer to the official measure in this regard. An IMPORTANT CONCLUSION from this study is that there is much to be learned from a poverty measure that is carefully and explicitly constructed. It allows us to understand more precisely the economic situation of families and individuals. Including government benefits aimed at the most needy within the Mean income deficits, 2000 $8,000 Official poverty rate Medical out-of-pocket expenses subtracted from income 6,000 Medical out-of-pocket expenses added to poverty threshold - 4,000 - 2,000 - Primary families Unrelated individuals Families and unrelated individuals Source: March 2001 Current Population Survey. Digitized for 10 FRASER Monthly Labor Review https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis August 2002 M ea n in c o m e deficits, 2000 Household characteristic Medical out-ofpocket expenses subtracted from income (msi) Official Families.......................... Unrelated individuals....... Families and unrelated individuals................ Age of household head 18 to 6 4 ...................... 65 and older............... White............................. Black............................. Hispanic origin............... No workers..................... One or more workers...... Medical out-ofpocket expenses in the threshold (MIT) $6,821 4,388 5,414 $4,333 3,731 4,013 $4 787 3 869 5,986 2,868 5,248 5,773 6,258 5,486 5,335 4,249 3,173 3,931 4,078 4,847 4,701 3,434 4,831 2,573 4,184 4,438 5 366 4701 3^951 In family of type: Married couple............. Male householder........ Female householder..... 6,612 4,968 5,243 4,153 4,129 3,889 4 578 4 445 4^091 Geographic regions: Northeast..................... Midwest...................... South.......................... West.......................... 5,344 5,398 5,214 5,841 4,286 3,666 3,718 4,459 4,607 3,843 3,929 4,893 Metropolitan area: Central city.................. Not central city............ Nonmetropolitan area...... 5,588 5,496 4,972 4,292 4,150 3,113 4 638 4 470 3Ì176 4,296 Source: March 2001 Current Population Survey. K S t t Z f l P ercent o f to ta l p o p u la tio n b y in c o m e -to -p o v e rty threshold ratios, 2000 Total population Ratio Less than 0.5.............. 0.5 to 0.99.................. 1.0 to 1.99 .................. 2.0 to 3.99 .................. 4 or more..................... White Official MSI' MIT2 Official MSI1 4.4 6.9 17.9 32.5 38.3 3.8 8.4 278 37.8 22.2 3.6 9.1 29.6 38.7 19.0 3.5 5.9 17.0 32.7 40.9 3.4 7.3 26.1 39.0 24.1 Children Less than 0.5.............. 0.5 to 0.99.................. 1.0 to 1.99.................. 2.0 to 3.99 .................. 4 or more..................... Black Mir Official MSI1 M ir 6.4 9.6 21.3 33.3 29.3 3.9 10.7 33.3 36.7 15.4 3.8 12.0 34.1 36.8 13.2 9.3 12.7 24.4 32.0 21.7 6.1 14.5 37.8 30.7 11.0 15 6 39 6 30.1 9.0 57 Hispanic Official MSI' MIF Official MSI1 M ir 3.9 5.5 14.7 31.6 44.3 3.6 6.8 24.6 39.0 26.0 3.6 7.4 25.9 40.4 22.6 7.3 13.9 30.1 32.6 16.1 6.3 17.9 44.1 25.7 6.0 61 20.2 44 3 24.4 5.1 Female householder Official MSI' M ir Official MSI' M ir 2.2 8.0 27.1 35.7 27.0 4.6 12.0 32.5 33.5 17.4 2.7 11.5 38.8 34.0 13.1 10.9 14.8 27.2 29.2 17.9 8.6 16.5 38.6 26.6 9.7 17.9 40.1 26.2 7.9 1 msi- Medical out-of-pocket expenses subtracted from income. 2 mit= Medical out-of-pocket expenses in the threshold. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 27 9 40 3 20.7 MSI' Elderly Less than 0.5.............. 0.5 to 0.99.................. 1.0 to 1.99.................. 2.0 to 3.99.................. 4 or more..................... 32 79 Official Nonelderly adults Less than 0.5.............. 0.5 to 0.99.................. 1.0 to 1.99 .................. 2.0 to 3.99 .................. 4 or more..................... M ir 8.0 S ource: March 2001 Current Population Survev. Monthly Labor Review August 2002 11 Experimental Poverty Measures experimental measures also helps gauge the effectiveness of these programs in improving the lives o f low-income families and individuals. With such a procedure one can more carefully ascertain the situation o f particular population subgroups that are often specifically targeted for aid. Finally, the experimental measures allow us to more thoroughly understand the costs and economic hardship that individuals and families face and to examine where and how difficulties arise. □ Notes A cknowledgment: We thank Jessica Banthin, Richard Bavier, David Poverty Measure, U.S. Census Bureau, Aug. 2, 2000, on the Internet at: http://www.census.gov/hhes/www/povmeas.htm for the full text of this letter. Betson, David Johnson, and Barbara Wolfe for their input into our research. This paper reports the results o f research and analysis undertaken by BLS and Census Bureau staff. This study is to inform interested parties of research and to encourage discussion. All views expressed in this article are those of the authors and do not reflect the views or policies of their respective agencies or the views of other staff therein. The authors accept responsibility for all errors. 8 See David Betson, “Poor Old Folks: Have Our Methods of Poverty Measurement Blinded Us to Who is Poor?” University of Notre Dame, Poverty Measurement Working Paper (U.S. Census Bureau, 1995). 1 Short, Kathleen, Experimental Poverty Measures: 1999, Current Population Reports, Consumer Income, P60-216 (U.S. Census Bureau, 2001 ) . 9 See Richard Bavier, “Medical Needs and the Poverty Thresholds,” Poverty Measurement Working Paper (U.S. Census Bureau, 1998), and a summary of Marilyn Moon’s proposal in Citro and Michael, Measuring Poverty, p. 236. 2 Patricia Ruggles, Drawing the Line—Alternative Poverty Measures and Their Implications fo r Public Policy (Washington, DC, Urban In stitute Press, 1990). 3 Constance F. Citro and Robert T. Michael, eds., Measuring Poverty: A New Approach (Washington, DC, National Academy Press, 1995). 4 Citro and Michael, Measuring Poverty, p. 5. 5 Early work includes David Johnson, Stephanie Shipp, Thesia I. Garner, “Developing Poverty Thresholds Using Expenditure Data,” in Proceedings o f the Government and Social Statistics Section (Alexandria, va, American Statistical Association, August 1997) and Thesia I. Garner Stephanie Shipp, Geoffrey Paulin, Kathleen Short, and Charles Nelson, “Poverty Measurement in the 1990s,” Monthly Labor Review, March 1998, pp. 39-61. These and other Poverty Measurement Working Papers are available on Census Bureau poverty measurement Web site: http://www.census.gov/hhes/www/povmeas.htm. 6 Short, Experimental Poverty Measures: 1999, 2001 and Kathleen Short, Thesia I. Gamer, David Johnson, and Patricia Doyle, Experimental Poverty Measures: 1990 to 1997, Current Population Reports, Consumer Income, P60-205 (U.S. Census Bureau, 1999). 7 See for example, “Open Letter on Revising the Official Measure o f Poverty,” Conveners o f the Working Group on Revising the Monthly Labor Review Digitized for 12 FRASER https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis August 2002 10Citro and Michael, Measuring Poverty, 1995, pp. 223-37. 11 Short, Experimental Poverty Measures: 1999, 2001. 12 See David Betson, “Imputation of Medical Out of Pocket (moop) Spending to cps R ecords,” U niversity o f Notre Dame, Poverty Measurement Working Paper (U.S. Census Bureau, February 2001) for complete details. 13 For a description of the procedure using earlier data, see Gamer and others, “Poverty measurement,” 1998. 14 Johnson and others, “Developing Poverty Thresholds,” 1997. 15 Short, Experimental Poverty Measures: 1999, 2001. 16 For more details on this method, see Jessica Banthin, Thesia I. Garner, and Kathleen Short, “Medical Care Needs in Poverty Thresholds: Problems Posed by the Uninsured,” Paper presented at the American Economic Association Meetings, Poverty Measurement Working Paper (U.S.Census Bureau, 2001). 17 Other options using the ce are presented in Banthin and others 2001 . 18 Short, Experimental Poverty Measures: 1999, 2001. Appendix: Medical risk factors (with adjustment for the uninsured) and mean values of Medical out-of-pocket expenditures for msi and mit measures Characteristic Medical risk factors Reference family............................................ msi mean amount1 mit mean amount1 1.00 $1,853 $1,349 .42 .77 868 933 571 1,044 .89 1.13 1,991 2,143 1,196 1,520 1.00 1.26 1,946 1,913 1,352 1,695 .02 .07 438 487 24 93 .03 .09 322 403 45 124 .48 .90 235 278 649 1,217 1.02 1.08 556 460 1,370 1,462 1.19 1.31 2,043 2,059 1,606 1,765 1.92 2.30 3,045 3,025 2,593 3,096 .49 .45 1,978 1,841 659 605 .91 1.01 2,845 2,734 1,220 1,367 Families with no elderly members: Private, one person Good health................................................ Fair/poor health.......................................... Private, two people Good health................................................ Fair/poor health.......................................... Private, three or more people Good health................................................ Fair/poor health.......................................... Public, one person Good health................................................ Fair/poor health.......................................... Public, two or more people Good health................................................ Fair/poor health.......................................... Uninsured, one person Good health................................................ Fair/poor health.......................................... Uninsured, two or more people Good health................................................ Fair/poor health.......................................... Families with elderly members: Private, one person Good health................................................ Fair/poor health.......................................... Private, two or more people Good health................................................ Fair/poor health.......................................... Public, one person Good health................................................ F a ir/p o o r health .......................................... Public, two or more people Good health................................................ Fair/poor health.......................................... 1 m s i= 2 m it S o u r c e Medical out-of-pocket expenses subtracted from income. Medical out-of-pocket expenses in the threshold. = : 1998-2001 Current Expenditure Survey; 2001 Current Population https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Survey; 1996 Medical Expenditure Panel Survey; and Jessica Banthin and others, “Medical Care Needs in Poverty Thresholds: Problems Posed by the Uninsured,” Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, American Economic Association meeting, January 2001. Monthly Labor Review August 2002 13 Women in the Field of Law The influx of women into legal professions: an economic analysis Women are increasingly attracted to the field o f law, possibly because o f its favorable economic factors, such as relatively high earnings early in the career and ease o f re-entry into the field after periods o f nonparticipation in the labor force Joe G. Baker he year 2001 was a watershed year in legal education. For the first time, female law school entrants outnumbered men.1 This event is the culmination of a trend over the last half-century which saw the legal profession ex perience rapid increases in the number and per cent of women receiving law degrees. At the same time, a large body of literature documented a “second class” professional status of women in the legal field. If women are treated so poorly in the legal profession, why do they find it an attractive career choice? Previous examinations of the status of women in law have compared female to male law gradu ates. This research examines the proposition that the correct economic comparison, especially from an occupational choice standpoint, is not be tween genders within a profession but the rela tive desirability across professions for women. As such, this article compares the relative eco nomic rewards to women of four professional degrees: law, medicine, M.B.A.s, and social science/psychology doctorates. T Background and literature review Joe G. Baker ls associate professor of economlcs. Southern Utah University, Cedar City, Utah. Email: Baker_J@suu.edu Chart 1 compares the relative share of degrees awarded to women from 1966 to 1996 (indexed to 100.0 in 1966) for five “reference” professions (law, medicine, M.B.A.s, social science Ph.D.s, and psychology Ph.D.s). Women have increased their share of total law degrees by almost twelve- 14 Monthly Labor Review https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis August 2002 fold (in 1966, only 3.8 percent of law degrees were awarded to women; in 1996, this statistic was 43.5 percent).2 In terms of the relative growth o f women in the profession, law trails only M.B.A.s over this period but is substantially in excess of the other professional fields.3 As stated by Pro fessor Sherwin Rosen, “ ...the story of the legal profession (and, similarly, for the medical prac tice) in the 1970s and 1980s is the entry o f women...”4 Part of the explanation for this growth in fe male lawyers has been the revolution in female participation in the labor force in general (overall female labor force participation rates grew to 58.9 percent from 39.8 percent for the January 1966— 96 period).5 Another explanation is the increased number o f college degrees awarded to women, which grew to 55.2 percent of all bachelor de grees in 1996, up from 42.6 percent in 1966.6 How ever, the “feminization rate” of the legal profes sion exceeds by several-fold these trends in la bor force participation and degree awards. The general conclusion of previous research into the status of women in the legal profession is that women are treated poorly. Wynn R. Huang found that “the earnings structure found in the law profession rewards men more than it does females.”7 Huang also found that women receive lower benefits than men for attendance at a pres tigious law school, and suffer earnings penalties after having families.8 Paul W. Mattessich and Cheryl W. Heilman’s study of University of Min- nesota law graduates found that women in the legal profes sion earn less than men, and were discriminated against in the workplace.9 Sherwin Rosen found that female lawyers earned significantly less than men.10 Robert L. Nelson found that female lawyers worked in “less remunerative, if not lower sta tus, positions.”11 John Hagan and Fiona Kay’s 1995 study of Canadian lawyers found large gender differences, especially in earnings.12 Robert G Wood, Mary E. Corcoran, and Paul N. Courant’s study of University of Michigan Law School Gradu ates found that even after controlling for childcare, work his tory, school performance, and other variables, about onefourth of the male-female wage gap remained unexplained.13 These findings seem at odds with the rapid growth of female law graduates. Richard H. Sander and E. Douglas Williams argue that the rapid feminization of the law was the result of three factors: 1) job opportunities in teaching, a traditionally female occupa tion, declined forcing women into other careers; 2) law was “disproportionately attractive” to women during the period of increasing female labor force participation, especially for women of upper- and upper-middle income families; and 3) high relative salaries of lawyers to bachelor-degree recipi ents.14 (Sander and Williams did not compare salaries across professional degrees for women.) Sander and Williams com pare the starting salaries of corporate lawyers to new bach elor-degree recipients over the 1961-85 period, and found https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis these data were consistent with waxing and waning law school enrollments. The data The primary data for this analysis is the 1993 National Survey o f College Graduates.15 The survey sampled ap proximately 215,000 individuals, of which approximately 168,000 responded (78 percent response rate). The sample size varied based upon strata. For purposes o f this analy sis, individuals were classified into professional fields based upon their “most recent or highest degree.” Sev eral individuals in the sample have more than one profes sional degree, for example, the physician who goes on to get a law degree. It is assumed that the most recent/highest degree is a good approximation o f career interests, and was therefore used as the classification variable. Further, unless otherwise specified these statistics are for those under age 66 who received their “most recent or highest” degree within the last 10 years (that is, their career age is less than 11 years). This last restriction is necessary be cause most women in these professions have lower career age and experience than men; this biases the aggregate statistics. Because many occupational decisions are made on the basis of career characteristics as opposed to start ing salaries, some o f the comparisons that follow also ex- Monthly Labor Review August 2002 15 Women in the Field of Law Table 1. Descriptive statistics of professional degree fields, 1993 Characteristic Law Male Number............................................ 633,175 Percentage of total.......................... 72.4 Disabled....................................... 2.5 Married......................................... 76.1 Dlvorced/separated....................... 9.1 Not in labor force.......................... 4.9 With children at home................... 54.3 New graduate1.............................. 15.2 Working in degree field................. 86.0 Not a U.S. citizen (Visa)............... 1.0 Mean of number: Biological age (years)................... 41 Career age (years)2....................... 17 Annual salary (median)................. $75,000 Full-time professional experience (years)...................... 18 Average workweek (hours)3 .......... 46 M.B.A. Social Sciemce Ph.D. Psychology Ph.D. Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female 241,228 27.6 489,629 75.6 157,645 24.4 610,078 79.8 154,711 20.2 69,354 76.0 21,956 24.0 65,575 55.2 53,243 44.8 2.0 62.9 11.3 11.2 47.1 31.1 86.3 1.8 2.0 83.1 6.1 5.6 60.2 25.5 51.1 4.0 1.2 65.4 12.0 9.7 47.7 46.6 56.3 4.5 2.7 84.7 5.8 5.2 60.4 12.4 96.9 5.8 2.4 71.9 7.6 9.9 51.8 24.8 95.5 10.9 2.8 78.9 7.8 6.0 48.9 14.5 76.5 11.2 2.9 64.0 14.5 9.3 43.1 28.6 78.1 6.3 3.1 81.2 9.5 4.0 53.2 14.1 87.5 4.0 4.4 65.9 18.5 6.7 45.0 28.4 84.7 3.9 36 10 $55,000 41 13 $60,000 35 7 $48,000 42 19 $96,000 36 12 $68,000 46 17 $54,500 43 12 $50,000 45 15 $55,000 43 11 $48,000 10 38 20 46 13 41 17 49 9 42 20 46 15 42 19 46 14 41 1New graduates are individuals who received professional degree within 5 years or less. 2 Includes all career ages. Career age is defined as years since receipt amine older career age cohorts. Table 1 contains descrip tive statistics for the professional fields. Law schools and business schools attract students with similar backgrounds. Almost two-thirds of law school gradu ates (62 percent) have bachelor degrees in social science (44.7 percent) or business (17.3 percent).16 The same two bachelor fields make up 49.7 percent of M.B.A.s (with a bach elor degree in business at 37.2 percent); and 80.3 percent of social science doctorates (with a bachelor degree in social science at 74.7 percent).17 Although not perfect substitutes, these professions do appear to be competing career choices for a large number o f undergraduates who go on to profes sional school. Medicine was included in this article because o f rapid growth in the participation of women that parallels the growth in law degrees among women, although the types of undergraduates who go into medicine are substantially different from those who enter the legal profession (health and life science bachelor degrees make up about 69.2 percent ofM .D.s). (See chart 1.) Psychology is included because it is a profession that has historically been characterized by high levels of female participation. In 1966, 1 out o f 5 psy chology doctorates were awarded to women; and in 1996, 2 out of 3 were. Labor force participation Following Gary S. Becker’s pioneering model of the house hold production function, households allocate time among many work and nonwork activities.18 Because household la bor supply decisions are often made on the basis of more than 16 Monthly Labor Review https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis M.D. August 2002 of professional or graduate degree. 3Average workweek data for full-time workers only. Source: 1993 National Survey of College Graduates. one worker, demographics and family structure can affect la bor supply. For example, marriage or the presence of children, or both, require considerations of joint earnings and house hold division of labor. This may restrict job search or hours of work for one or both spouses. The presence of children in creases the value of nonwork production and may result in one spouse completely dropping out of the labor force. In most two-earner households, male earning potential exceeds that of women. Becker’s model of household production predicts that the rational household would thus allocate most “home” produc tion to the wife and allocate “market” production to the man.19 The value of “home” production also rises with the presence of children; therefore, female participation tends to drop dur ing child-rearing years for married women. National labor force participation data are consistent with this prediction: female participation rates are less than men’s, and drop during the peak childbearing years. Thus, at least for married mothers, the ability to exit and re-enter a profes sion is an attractive attribute.20 In addition, professional field attractiveness would be related to job opportunity, that is, unemployment rates. Table 2 contains labor force participa tion rates and unemployment rates for female professionals in the four comparison fields. Law has the lowest female labor force participation rates of the comparison fields; it also ranks second behind only M.B.A.s in terms of unemployment rates. At first glance, these attributes would appear to make law less attractive than the comparison fields. However, if labor force exit is by choice, then the labor force participation rates reflect voluntary decisions. Table 3 contains data on why Table 2. Labor force participation by professional degree Law Ph.D. M.D. M.B.A. Characteristic Female Male Male Female Male Female Male Female Total........................................... 191,283 143,413 220,550 115,726 171,341 84,573 40,365 38,565 Working..................................... Unemployed............................... Not in labor force........................ 178,778 4,874 7,631 121,352 4,747 17,314 209,484 6,223 4,843 101,965 4,688 9,073 164,176 803 6,362 75,011 540 9,022 38,069 1216 1,080 36,268 239 2,058 Percent distribution Working..................................... Unemployed............................... Not In labor force........................ 93.5 2.5 4.0 84.6 3.3 12.1 95.0 2.8 2.2 88.1 4.1 7.8 95.8 .5 3.7 88.7 .6 10.7 94.3 3.0 2.7 94.0 .6 5.3 Unemployment rate..................... Labor force participation rate...... 2.7 96.0 3.8 87.9 2.9 97.8 4.4 92.2 .5 96.3 .7 89.3 3.1 97.3 .7 94.7 Note: This table restricts the population to those with a career age of less than 11 years (that is, those received their most recent or highest degree within Table 3. the last 10 years). Source: 1993 National Survey of College Graduates. Reasons for not being in the labor force, by professional degree [In percent] Ph.D. M.D. M.B.A. Law Characteristic Male Female 9,022 1,080 2,058 .0 .0 56.3 24.2 4.4 2.4 5.9 19.7 5.0 .0 44.2 22.6 .3 16.4 .0 6.2 .0 .0 5.2 61.1 18.0 8.6 15.7 28.1 Male Female Male Female Male Female Total not in labor force.............. 7,631 17,314 4,843 9,073 6,362 Retired..................................... On layoff.................................. Student.................................... Family responsibilities............... Illness/disability........................ No suitable jo b .......................... Did not want work..................... Other........................................ 4.7 11.4 41.8 2.4 7.6 6.6 11.4 19.5 11.2 3.4 23.5 56.3 2.0 3.6 23.7 15.3 21.7 1.4 62.4 .0 5.5 7.4 1.4 3.5 .0 1.6 8.0 72.3 .8 .0 17.2 11.0 2.3 .0 87.1 1.8 4.6 .0 .0 2.8 N ote: This table restricts the population to those with a career age of less than 11 years (that is, those received their most recent or highest degree within professional degree holders were not in the labor force (per centages can add to more than 100 percent because respon dents were asked to check all the applied). Compared with the other professional fields, law ranks very high in terms of “voluntary” female labor force exit—retired (11.2 percent, a higher percentage retired than other female professionals); student (23.5 percent, second only to M.D.s, of which a large percentage were most likely still doing post-degree specialty training); and “did not want to work” (23.7 percent, first). “Family responsibilities” were more important reasons for M.B.A.s and doctorates to not participate in the labor force. Female law graduates do fare poorly in terms of “layoff from job” (first) and “no suitable job” (second), although these percentages are small. Another characteristic that would make law attractive to women is the ability to maintain high rates of labor force participation over a career. This is especially important in professions with high training costs, so that one can re cover the costs o f this training through higher earnings. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis the last 10 years). Source: 1993 National Survey of College Graduates. Women in law have comparable participation rates with other professions early in their careers, but are able to maintain high levels o f participation later in the career. (See chart 2.) The other professions all show steep de clines in “late-career” participation. Finally, the ability to exit and re-enter the workforce is an attractive job attribute for married women, especially those with children. Table 4 contains data on re-entry rates for female professionals over the 5-year, 1988-93 period by ca reer age. When one examines only re-entry into any job, law does not compare favorably with the other professions in early career but has high rates of re-entry in middle and late career (periods in which careers are likely to be interrupted for family reasons). Law becomes even more attractive to women when one restricts the re-entry data to jobs closely related to degree. These data suggest that skill obsoles cence and lack of employment opportunity appear to be lower barriers for female law graduates to re-enter the workforce, especially late in their careers. Monthly Labor Review August 2002 17 Women in the Field of Law C h a rt 2. Labor force participation of women in selected professions, by career age Labor force participation rate Labor force participation rate Note: Career age is defined as years since receipt of professional or graduate degree. Source: 1993 National Survey of College Graduates Salaries In its most abstract form, economic theory distills occupa tional choice into comparison shopping for the highest wage. Table 5 contains median earnings data for full-time profes sionals who have had their professional degree 10 years or less.21 Median earnings for early career female law school graduates exceed all other professions. Overall, female law graduates make 92.3 percent o f male law graduate earnings; this percentage is surpassed only by female Ph.D.s.22 When one examines earnings by employer type, a mixed picture emerges. Female law graduates have comparable earnings to men in the private sector (for-profit and notfor-profit), substantially less in State Government employ ment, and exceed male earnings by 20 percent in the U.S. Government sector. Data on the workforce in general indicates that men work a longer workweek than women, and this trend holds also for professionals.23 Table 5 contains data on median hours worked per week.24 Using these data, annual median sala ries are adjusted to conform to a 40-hour workweek. These adjusted totals indicate that most o f the difference be tween male and female law school graduate earnings can be explained by workweek length. Further, after this ad justment, law only trails Ph.D.s in terms o f relative earn ings o f women to men. 18 Monthly Labor Review https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis August 2002 Why do female professionals in general work fewer hours than men? Although data are not available to answer this question, the National Survey of College Graduates did query respondents on reasons why they were working part time; these responses provide some insight into decisions regard ing quantity of labor supplied. As can be seen in table 6, the majority of women work part time by choice (family reasons, student, and did not want to work). Table 4. Re-entry rates for female professionals, 1988-93 [In percent] Percent of total not working in 1988 moving to employed in 1993 Career age in 1988 Professional degree field Law M.B.A. M.D. Ph.D. Re-entry into any job: I10 years.. I I - 20 years.............. 21 and older.............. 48.0 69.5 80.5 73.7 28.2 .0 73.8 70.7 10.3 45.4 21.8 13.9 Re-entry into job closely related to degree: I10 years.. I I - 20 years.............. 21 and older.............. 29.9 65.5 40.3 37.3 7.3 .0 64.3 58.3 6.5 24.9 .0 5.7 Note: Includes all career ages. Career age is defined as years since receipt of professional or graduate degree. Source: 1993 National Survey of College Graduates. Median salaries of full-time professionals, 1993 Table 5. Ph.D. M.D. M.B.A. Law Employer type Male Female Male Female $46,800 45,968 39,600 45,916 42,000 45,000 40,000 $90,000 57,000 86,400 40,000 89,000 55,000 33,333 $60,000 72,000 75,000 70,000 (1) (1) 32,000 $60,000 44,000 72,000 41,600 45,000 63,000 40,000 $44,720 42,000 60,000 47,500 41,600 55,450 38,600 54,000 45,916 60,000 45,000 44,720 43,100 45 40 50 50 45 40 $48,000 $45,916 $48,000 $36,000 $39,751 $43,100 Female Male Female Male Private, for-profit.............................. Private, not-for-profit....................... Self employed................................. Local government........................... State government........................... U.S. Government............................. Educational institution..................... $61,000 32,000 55,000 41,000 39,000 50,000 50,000 $60,000 33,956 48,000 37,416 36,664 60,000 43,700 $56,000 53,000 36,000 44,770 41,616 48,200 35,000 Total................................................ 54,000 48,000 Median workweek (hours)................ 50 42 Adjusted total2 ................................ $43,200 $45,714 NOTE: This table restricts the population to those with a career age of less than 11 years. 1 Small number of observations. 2 Adjusted total salary assumes a 40-hour workweek. Source: 1993 National Survey of College Graduates. Table 6. Reasons for working part time, professional employees, 1993 [In percent] Ph.D. M.D. M.B.A. Law & Reason Female Male Total, professionals working part time...................................... Retired.......................................... Student......................................... Family responsibilities.................... Illness/disability............................. No suitable jo b .............................. Did not want full-time work............. Other............................................. Female 11,162 (1) 3.4 54.7 13.2 8.9 36.7 10.0 Female Male 2,654 4.6 28.3 8.5 2.0 35.8 28.3 22.8 7,370 4.7 8.5 49.1 (’) 20.1 28.3 9.9 the last 10 years). Source: 1993 National Survey of College Graduates. ' Small number of observations. Note: This table restricts the population to those with a career age of less than 11 years (that is, those received their most recent or highest degree within Table 7. Male 3,535 1.6 24.5 O 5.2 21.9 40.5 26.4 7,173 (’) 8.6 61.6 1.3 9.2 42.2 28.9 5,789 29.0 24.5 14.6 (’) 40.8 22.7 6.2 17,431 .8 14.9 61.2 1.0 10.6 31.1 12.0 7,225 .7 47.7 2.4 (1) 39.1 8.0 14.8 Female Male Age-earnings profiles of full-time professionals Median earnings Characteristic Career age: I5 years.................................. 6-10 years..................................... I I - 15 years.............................. 16-20 years................................... 21-30 years................................... More than 30 years........................ Estimated lifetime earnings (in millions)2 Total................................................... Present value..................................... (5 percent discount rate) Female Male Female Male Female Male $46,000 61,600 73,900 85,000 97,000 90,000 $40,000 59,000 55,416 76,000 79,437 90,000 $50,500 60,000 61,700 65,000 70,000 90,000 $44,400 50,900 52,000 49,000 48,000 (’) $36,000 86,000 104,000 116,200 110,000 100,000 $32,500 75,000 86,400 90,000 90,000 84,000 $40,000 49,100 54,000 60,000 60,000 70,000 $40,000 46,634 52,896 54,000 65,000 52,000 3.203 1.225 2.846 1.071 2.786 1.086 1.942 .831 3.811 1.465 3.160 1.224 2.316 .908 2.138 .866 Female Note: Data are for full-time workers only. Career age is defined as years since receipt of professional or graduate degree. Source: 1993 National Survey of College Graduates._______________ Small number of observations. 2Full-time workers only. Lifetime earnings assumes 40-year worklife and $48,000 for female M.B.A.s over career age 30. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Ph.D M.D. M.B.A. Law Male Monthly Labor Review \ August 2002 19 Women in the Field of Law Earnings early in one’s career are important, but lifetime earnings are the basis for undertaking the large invest ments o f time and money for professional school. Table 7 contains data on median earnings by career age. Although these data are cross-sectional, one can infer lifetime ageearnings profiles from them. One interesting attribute of female law graduate earnings is the relatively “steep” ageearnings profile compared with other female professionals saveM .D.s. (See chart 3.) This implies two things regard ing female law graduates: 1) there is little skill obsoles cence and penalty for workforce exit and re-entry (consis tent with the labor force re-entry data in table 4); and 2), law has high returns to experience.25 What are the expected lifetime earnings of female pro fessionals? Lifetime earnings can be estimated from the career age-earnings cross-section in table 7. Using the assumption of a 40-year working life, a 1993 male law gradu ate would expect to earn $3.2 million—and a female gradu ate $2.8 million—over their lifetime.26 Female lifetime law graduate earnings are exceeded only by female M.D.s. Dis counting this future earnings stream to present value does not change these rankings. 3 Oh C h a rt 3. Returns to schooling While information regarding salaries and lifetime earnings pro vide information about the relative economic benefits of a ca reer, they have no cost component. Occupational choice theory is grounded in the concept of human capital, which views education as an investment that results in higher future in come. A rational individual would thus compare the costs and benefits of alternative careers in order to make a career choice. The benefits of professional school are the increased earn ings associated with a professional career, ceteris paribus. A female M.D. expects to make about $3.2 million over her work ing life, compared with the lifetime earnings of $2.8 million for a female law graduate. (See table 7.) However, these earnings are gross benefits, and the decision to undertake a profes sional career is based upon the increased (or net) earnings one would make over not attending professional school. Thus, one must consider what one’s earnings profile would be without a professional degree compared to one with a degree. This is further complicated by the different earnings profiles that men and women have; lifetime earnings also vary with bachelor-degree field. Earnings profiles of female workers in professional careers, by career age Median earnings Median earnings $ 100,000 $ 100,000 $90,000 $90,000 $80,000 $80,000 $70,000 $70,000 $60,000 $60,000 $50,000 $50,000 $40,000 $40,000 $30,000 $30,000 M.B.A. $20,000 $ 10,000 - 1-5 16-20 Career age Note: Career age is defined as years since receipt of professional or graduate degree. Source: 1993 National Survey of College Graduates. 20 Monthly Labor Review https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 6-10 August 2002 11-15 21-30 - $ 20,000 - $ 10,000 -------- $0 More than 30 years Costs of professional school are composed of direct costs (tuition, fees, books and so forth); opportunity costs of fore gone earnings while in school; and psychic costs associated with the stress and difficulty of professional school (the “pa per chase”). The largest component is usually the opportu nity costs o f lost income while in school; this would vary by individual based upon such characteristics as race, sex, age, baccalaureate institution, and bachelor-degree field. To compare the returns to professional school training for women, table 8 estimates costs and benefits within this hu man capital framework: 1. Average annual direct costs. There are two compo nents to direct costs: tuition, and books and other fees. The annual tuition data are for 1993 and are from the National Center for Education Statistics. These tuition data are the average of all private and public institutions (in-state tuition) weighted by number of degrees granted. To cover books and other fees, $1,000 was added annually to these fig ures. These data were available for law, graduate school (used for doctorates in table 8), and medical school. Estimates for tuition costs for M.B.A. pro grams were made based upon tuition figures from Peterson’s Guide to Professional Schools (1999).27 Student support, with the exception of doctoral edu cation, was ignored. In graduate school, a large number of students receive some support that re Table 8. 2. duces the direct costs of education. Although data on the average level of support are not available, the National Science Foundation estimates that 57 per cent of graduate students in the social and behav ioral sciences receive some sort of support. As a crude adjustment to the direct costs o f graduate school, it was assumed that the net direct costs, on average, were therefore reduced by 57 percent.28 Foregone earnings (opportunity costs). These costs are based upon the salaries individuals would have earned had they not been in professional school. These salaries are thus based on sex, undergraduate degree, and also length of training period. Using the NSCG data, average bachelor-degree salaries by sex, field of study, and career age were calculated (for example, median starting full-time salary for a woman with a political science bachelor degree; me dian second-year salary for the same individual). These median salaries were then weighted by the mix of undergraduate degrees held by those attend ing professional schools. For example, baccalaure ate origins for law school graduates were 40 percent social science/history degrees; 16.9 percent business degrees; and 2.4 percent engineering degrees. Thus the average annual forgone earnings for women and men differ for law school because earnings vary by sex and undergraduate study field. Estimated rates of return to professional degrees by gender Lav Employer type Male Female Male Social Science/Psychology Ph.D M.D. MBA Female Male Female Male Female Costs of training: Average annual direct costs............. Average annual foregone earnings.... Total................................................ Training period (years)...................... Total training costs........................... $11 ,460 28,908 40,368 3 $121,104 $11,460 27,390 38,850 3 $116,550 $7,044 37,097 44,141 2 $88,282 $7,044 33,987 41,031 2 $82,062 $13,265 31,600 44,865 4 $179,460 $13,265 30,134 43,399 4 $173,596 $ 2,771 31,641 34,412 8 $275,296 $ 2,771 28,502 31,273 8 $250,184 Lifetime benefits to training: Total Bachelor’s earnings.................. Total professional earnings............... Net lifetime benefits to training......... $1,568,070 2,941,000 1,372,931 $1,200,394 2,586,013 1,385,620 $1,825,805 2,617,000 791,196 $1,355,509 1,850,700 495,191 $1,556,777 3,438,700 1,881,923 $1,271,354 2,845,500 1,574,147 $1,401,662 1,773,500 371,838 $1,054,546 1,708,250 653,704 Internal rate of return to training (percent)........................................... 15.8 14.8 14.0 12.5 13.6 12.6 1.3 4.6 Degree completion median age (years).. 26 27 28 28 27 25 36 37 Note: Career age is defined as years since receipt of professional or graduate degree. Sources: Estimated by the author using data from the following sources: Data on earnings and completion age from the 1993 National Survey of College Graduates. Direct training costs from U.S. Department of Education, “Digest of Education Statistics” (Washington, dc: Department of Education, 1998), table https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 314 and the authors estimates for m . b .a . degrees. Time to degree for Ph.D.s from the National Science Foundation Computer Aided Science and Policy Analysis Research database. Direct costs for Ph.D.s assumes average stu dent receives 57 percent support; this estimate is based upon the National Science Foundation publication “Graduate Students and Postdoctorates in Science and Engineering Fall 1997” (Washington, dc: National Science Foundation, 1999), table 23.________ Monthly Labor Review August 2002 21 Women in the Field of Law C h a rt 4. Returns to schooling for female and male law graduates, 1993 Income or costs Income or costs Men $100,000 $80,000 $60,000 $40,000 $20,000 $0 - $ 20,000 Note: Career age is defined as years since receipt of professional degree. SourceM ^ 9 3 ^ ^ of College Graduates. 22 Monthly Labor Review https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis August 2002 3. Lifetime benefits to training. To calculate the net benefits to professional school attendance, lifetime earnings for bachelor-degree only and for profes sional degrees were calculated using data from the NSCG. The earnings stream for the bachelor-degree only was based upon baccalaureate mix of those who attend a given professional school by sex. All data assumed full-time employment for a 40-year career life.29 Results. Table 8 contains the results of this analysis. For women attending law school, the total investment for the law degree is estimated at $116,550 in 1993. The majority of this cost is composed of the average annual full-time earnings that would be given up for the 3-year training period (aver age of $27,390 per year). On the benefit side, a female bach elor-degree holder would expect to earn approximately $1.2 million over her working life; a female law graduate, $2.6 mil lion. The net benefits ($ 1.4 million) of law school thus repre sent an internal rate o f return of 14.8 percent per year on the initial investment of $116,550. These data are summarized in chart 4; this chart also summarizes the data for male law school graduates. Male age-earnings profiles are much steeper than those of women’s. Over their career life, a male law school graduate’s expected earnings are approximately 14 percent more than women. However, when one examines rates of return, this difference is mitigated because women have lower costs of training and also lower bachelor-degree earnings. As a result, female net lifetime earnings exceed that of men’s. However, because most of these net benefits accrue in late career, the internal rate of return on professional school investment is lower for women (14.8 percent) than men (15.8 percent). Part of this difference is driven by mid-career decline in law school graduate earnings for women. This decline occurs at career age 10-13 (biological age “thirty-something”), and is likely the result of labor force interruptions for family reasons (this is consistent with the labor force participation data in chart 2). Overall, the rate of return to a female law degree exceeds fe male professionals in other fields. Doctorate degrees in social science and psychology have the highest training costs and lowest rates of return of any of the professional degrees. These statistics are primarily driven by the long time it takes to earn a Ph.D., averaging 8 years in 1993 for these disciplines. In addition, there is considerable risk involved in pursuing these degrees— data indicate that approximately half of all doctoral students in these fields fail to complete degrees.30 Why has an explosion occurred in the number of female law graduates beginning in the 1970s? The analysis in this article finds that the legal profession is very attractive to women compared with other professional fields in terms of labor force participation, career re-entry, earnings, and returns to schooling. In terms of labor force participation, female law graduate participation rates are not higher than the other professional fields in early career. However, a law degree appears to allow for greater ease in re-entry into the field after periods of nonparticipation, especially for jobs that are closely related to the degree field. Also, the rates of labor force participation over a working career are very high for female law graduates versus the other professional fields. When one compares early career earnings o f women in different professions, law ranks first. Further, when these median salaries are adjusted to reflect length of workweek, female law graduate earnings exceed that of male law gradu ates. Finally, female law graduate earnings have a relatively steep profile over the working life compared with other pro fessional fields that show decline in earnings, especially in later career. Expected lifetime earnings of female law gradu ates are exceeded only by female M.D.s. When one considers both the costs and benefits of professional school attendance, an even stronger eco nomic case for law school emerges. Using a human capital analysis, the internal rate of return on a law school educa tion averaged a 14.8-percent annual rate for women, which exceeded returns to female human capital investment in the comparison fields. There are substantial economic reasons why women have been attracted to law during the last three decades. As female participation in higher education grew, law appears to have been able to attract a disproportionate share of these new professional school entrants based upon favorable economic factors compared with other professional fields. □ Notes The author acknowledges the helpful com ments and suggestions of Professor Lewis A. Kornhauser of New York University, Professor Thomas C. DeLeire of the University of Chicago, and Professor R. Kim Craft o f Southern Utah Univer sity. Funding for this research was provided by the Law School Admission Council. The views expressed here are solely those of the author and do not necessarily reflect those of the institutions or persons listed above. A cknow ledgm ent: https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 1 Marjorie Williams, “A Women’s Place is at the Bar,” The Washington Post, April 4, 2001, p. A23. 2These data are from the National Center for Education Statistics, as reported on the National Science Foundation Caspar Web site www.nsf.gov/sbe/srs/stats.htm, 3 In 1966, social science (10.9 percent female) and psychology (20.9 percent female) doctorates are fields that already had high percentages Monthly Labor Review August 2002 23 Women In the Field of Law of women; this high rate of feminization in the base year limits the potential growth in the index number. 4 Sherwin Rosen, “The Market for Lawyers,” Journal o f Law and Economics, October 1992, p. 218. 5 See the Current Population Survey, Bureau of Labor Statistics, on the Internet at M lp://data.bls.gov/servlet/S urvevO utnutS ervlet 6 These data are from the National Center for Education Statistics, as reported on the National Science Foundation Caspar Web site www.nsf.gov/sbe/srs/stats.htm, 7 Wynn R. Huang, “Gender Differences in the Earnings of Lawyers,” Columbia Journal o f Law & Social Problems, vol. 30, 1997, p. 267. 8 Ibid. 9 Paul W. Mattessich and Cheryl W. Heilman, “The Career Paths of Minnesota Law School Graduates: Does Gender Make a Difference?” University o f Minnesota Law Review, vol. 9, 1990, p. 59. 10 Rosen, Journal o f Law and Economics 11 Robert L. Nelson, “The Futures of American Lawyers; A Demo graphic Profile of a Changing Profession in a Changing Society,” Case Western Reserve Law Review, vol. 44, 1994, p. 379. 12 John Hagan and Fiona Kay, Gender in Practice (New York, Oxford University Press, 1995.) 13 Robert G. Wood, Mary E. Corcoran, and Paul N. Courant, “Pay Differences Among the Highly Paid: The Male-Female Earnings Gap in Lawyers’ Salaries,” Journal o f Labor Economics, vol. 11, 1993 n 417. U331B 14 Richard H. Sander and E. Douglas Williams, “Why Are There So Many Lawyers? Perspectives on a Turbulent Market,” Law & Social Inquiry, vol. 14, 1989, p. 431. 15 The NSCG is a re-survey of 1990 Census recipients who reported a bachelor degree or higher from any source. More information about the NSCG survey methodology can be found on the Internet at http:// www.nsf.gov/sbe/srs/snscg/cgmeth.htm 16 1993 National Survey of College Graduates. 17 Ibid. 18 Gary S. Becker, “A Theory of the Allocation of Time,” Economic Journal, vol. 75, 1965. 19 Ibid., p. 493. 24 Monthly Labor Review https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis August 2002 20 “Married with children” composes the following percentages of women by professional degree (all career ages): law, 40.9 percent; M.B.A., 42.9 percent; M.D., 47.6 percent; and Ph.D., 38 percent. 21 It should be noted that many M.D.s are still in residency during early career and have relatively low earnings. 22 This finding is very close to Wood et al. (1993), who found that 5 years after graduation female Michigan Law graduates earned 90 per cent of males. 23 The Bureau of Labor Statistics estimates that the average workweek for all professionals in 1997 was 45.7 hours for men and 43.3 hours for women. See Employment and Earnings, vol. 45 (Bureau of Labor Statistics, January 1998), table 23. 24 These data are from the 1990 census. 25 Wood et al. (1993) found little earnings penalty to female law gradu ates who took time off to care for children. However, they found that part-time work had a “permanent, and sizeable reduction in earnings capacity” for women. 26 Women on average have shorter working lives than men. 1994 data indicate that at age 25, female college graduates have an expected working life of 31.8 years compared to 35.8 years for men. See Ronald G. Ehrenberg and Robert S. Smith, Modern Labor Economics (New York, Addison-Wesley, 2000), table 9.2. 27 Peterson's Graduate Programs in Business, Health, Information Studies, Law, and Social Work, (Princeton, : Peterson’s Guides, 1999). These tuition data were deflated to 1993 values and weighted by private and public enrollment in M.B.A. programs for 1993. n j 28 It should be noted that the results are not very sensitive to this assumption for two reasons: first, direct costs are less than 10 percent of costs of training; and second, the returns to investment are very low for graduate and professional school, and relatively insensitive to di rect costs estimates. 29 Not all career working lives are the same, and data show that women have shorter careers to recover human capital investments than men (see endnote 26). However, discounting reduces the present value of earnings beyond 35 years to such small amounts that this assumption is not critical. 30 Ronald G. Ehrenberg, “The Flow of New Doctorates,” Journal o f Economic Literature, vol. 30, 1992, table 2.3. mm Employment Restructuring in China Employment restructuring during China’s economic transition As in developed countries, China’s service sector has become the main job creator, the country's labor force is better educated, and the average age o f the employed is rising; driving those phenomena are a fast-paced employment restructuring and a growing private enterprise at the expense o f State and collective ownership Ming Lu, Jianyong Fan, Shejian Liu, a nd Yan Yan uring the 1980s and 1990s, China under went considerable employment restruc turing as a result of economic devel opment and institutional reform. In particular, employment growth was rapid in the country’s secondary and tertiary industries. The private sector became the main job creator, while employ ment in the State sector shrank. Before the re structuring, China already had shared some fea tures with Western economies. For example, the Chinese labor force is reasonably well educated, women’s share of the labor force rose with the growth of the tertiary industry, and the average age of the labor force is increasing. This article examines the causes and consequences of em ployment restructuring in China and its relation to economic and social development. D Changes in industrial employment Ming Lu is an assistant professor, Department of Economics and Employment and Social Security Research Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China; Shejian Liu is a postdoctoral researcher, and Jianyong Fan and Yan Yan are graduate students, at the same university. E-mail: luming_fudan@yahoo. com. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Although China has a large population, employ ment managed to increase by an average rate of 2.63 percent each year during the last two dec ades. Certainly, this high growth in employment should be attributed chiefly to the country’s rapid economic growth during reform. At the same time, the Government still forbade the free dismissal of redundant labor in State-owned enterprises. Ac cordingly, employment growth in the booming private sector was partly cancelled by the effects of labor separation in those enterprises. Chart 1 shows the transformation of the Chinese economy from 1978 to 2000 from an economy domi nated by primary industries to one in which sec ondary and tertiary industries now make up half of employment.1 The employment share of pri mary industries dropped radically, from almost 71 percent in 1978 to 50 percent in 2000. Over the same period, the employment share of second ary industries climbed from just over 17 percent to almost 23 percent, and that of tertiary indus tries rose from slightly more than 12 percent to almost 28 percent. The increases are attributable to industrialization, as well as the ongoing changeover from a State-dominated economy to one in which private industry plays an ever-increasing role. The tertiary industries averaged about 6.5-percent growth each year, while the primary and secondary industries posted 1-percent and 4-percent growth, respectively.2 The employment elasticity of gross domestic product ( g d p ) enables us to compare the labor absorption of the three types of industry. Evi dently, the tertiary industry has always been the strongest in absorbing labor, while the other two industries performed weakly in job creation in the 1990s. (See chart 2.) Since 1997, the secondary industry has seen negative employment elasti city of g d p , attributable to a fast contraction of employment in the industry due to reform of the system, especially during recent years. Employment by sector An analysis of the employment structure by sec tor aids in identifying the sectors that have been Monthly Labor Review August 2002 25 Employment Restructuring in China C h a rt 1. Changes in employment by industry, 1978-2000 Employment (millions) Employment (millions) 800 700 600 500 400 300 200 100 0 NOTE: Data from 1990 onward are not comparable to data before 1990, because only since 1990 are working 15-year-olds included among employed persons. SOURCE: China Statistical Yearbook, 2000; Summary of China Statistics, 2001. C h a rt 2. Employment elasticity of GDP by industry, 1978-2000 NOTE: Employment elasticities were at a high peak in 1990 because that was the year that working 15-year-olds were first included among employed persons. SOURCE: Authors’ calculations based on data from China Statistical Yearbook, 2000 and Summary of China Statistics, 2001. 26 Monthly Labor Review https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis August 2002 the main job creators during China’s period of economic de velopment and restructuring. Table 1 shows that the employ ment share of the manufacturing industry reached its peak at the end of the 1980s and declined thereafter. The selected sectors in the tertiary industry—especially wholesale and re tail trade and catering services, as well as social services— had rapid growth in their employment share. The service sec ¡T a b le 1. | Share o f e m p lo ym e n t in C hinese e co n o m y, m ain sectors, 1978-2000 [In percent] Wholesale and retail Manufacturing trade and catering services Year 1978 ........... 1979 ........... 1980 ........... 1981 ........... 1982 ........... 1983 ........... 1984 ........... 1985 ........... 1986 ........... 1987 ........... 1988 ........... 1989 ........... 1990 ........... 1991 ........... 1992 ............ 1993 ............ 1994 ............ 1995 ............ 1996 ............ 1997 ............ 1998 ............ 1999 ............ 2000 ............ 13.3 13.5 13.9 14.0 14.0 14.0 14.6 14.9 15.6 15.8 15.9 15.5 13.5 13.6 13.9 14.0 14.3 14.4 14.2 13.8 11.9 11.5 11.3 2.8 3.0 3.2 3.4 3.5 3.7 4.1 4.6 4.7 4.9 5.1 5.0 4.4 4.6 4.9 5.2 5.8 6.3 6.6 6.9 6.6 6.7 6.6 Banking and insurance 0.2 .2 .2 .2 .3 .3 .3 .3 .3 .3 .4 .4 .3 .4 .4 .4 .4 .4 .4 .4 .5 .5 .5 W hl OUGIUI services 0.4 .5 .7 .7 .7 .8 .9 .8 .9 1.0 1.0 1.0 .9 .9 1.0 .8 .9 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.2 1.3 1.3 S ource: China Statistical Yearbook, 2000 (Beijing, China Statistical Publishing House, 2000); Summary of China Statistics, 2001 (Beijing, China Statistical Publishing House, 2001 ). Data published in the yearbooks are based on labor force surveys and cover all of mainland China except Hong Kong and Macau. E m ploym ent e la s tic ity of gross d o m e stic p ro d u c t, m ain sectors o f C hinese eco no m y, 1991-98 Year 1991............ 1992............ 1993............ 1994............ 1995............ 1996............ 1997............ 1998............ Wholesale and retail Manufacturing trade and catering services 0.3 .2 .2 .3 .2 -.0 -.2 -1.7 0.6 .5 .6 1.1 .9 .5 .7 -.4 Banking and Insurance 0.8 .4 .7 -.2 .4 .6 .6 .3 Social services 0.2 .5 -1.2 1.2 1.2 .7 1.0 .9 Source: By authors’ calculation based on data from China Statistical Year book, 2000 (Beijing, China Statistical Publishing House, 2000); and Summary of China Statistics, 2001 (China Statistical Publishing House, 2001). Data published in the yearbooks are based on labor force surveys and cover all of I mainland China except Hong Kong and Macau. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis tor not only created a large number of jobs from 1978 to 2000, but also is most able to absorb labor, due to its higher employ ment elasticity of g d p . In contrast, with a negative employ ment elasticity, the manufacturing sector is now losing excess labor. (See table 2.) State and private employment As the Chinese economy shifted from essentially complete own ership of the means of production by the State to increasing levels of private ownership, the private economy became a more and more important source of job creation. With its freer poli cies, greater efficiency, and less socially encumbered outlook, the private sector is developing faster and faster, while the State’s share of employment and production is declining. Employment in the State sector. Chart 3 plainly shows the decline in the employment share of State units over the 19782000 period, although the numbers of employed persons be gan to decline— somewhat sharply—only in recent years. Since 1996, the Government has set up reemployment centers to deal with “excess” workers separated from State jobs, the main component of the unemployed in the State sector. Because it is easier for private firms to enter those sectors of the market which require only a small-scale investment, the State’s share of employment is declining most in sectors such as wholesale and retail trade and catering services. However, in sectors such as finance and insurance, where large invest ments are the norm, State units still hold a large share of employment. (See table 3.) Employment in urban collective-owned units. A collectiveowned unit is just that: an enterprise owned by a collective— for example, the workers of the enterprise or the residents of the community in which the enterprise is located. Like State units, urban collective-owned units experienced a decline in their employment share, but more sharply. In addition, the number of employed persons in urban collective-owned units began to fall in 1992, earlier than that in State units. The em ployment share of urban collective-owned units dropped in each of the four selected sectors shown in table 4, although much more slowly in finance and insurance. (Under the regu lations governing entry into the finance and insurance indus try, private firms cannot freely open businesses.) Employment in township and village enterprises. A town ship or village enterprise is registered as owned by residents of a rural community or a township or village government. In China’s rural areas, employment in township and village en terprises is growing faster, as a percentage of employment, than rural employment as a whole. The share of township and village enterprises’ employment out of total rural employment Monthly Labor Review August 2002 27 Employment Restructuring in China C h a rt 3. Employment in state-owned enterprises, 1978-2000 L... '.'1 Number of employed persons in state-owned enterprises State-owned enterprises’ share of employed persons Employment (millions) Share (percent) NOTE: D ata from 1990 onw ard are not c o m p a ra b le to d a ta before 1990, beca use o n ly sin ce 1990 are w orking 15-year-olds in cluded am ong e m ployed persons. SOURCE: China Statistical Yearbook, 2000. and, indeed, out of the employment of the whole country grew rapidly over the 1978-99 period, but during the 1990s, the growth rate declined somewhat. (See table 5.) Table 6 shows the share of employment held by township and village enter prises, by sector, from 1978 to 1998. It is plain that township and village enterprises’ share of employment in transporta tion and in commerce and catering services grew faster than did manufacturing’s and construction’s shares, but manufac turing still accounts for the major part of township and village enterprises’ employment. The faster growth of township and village enterprises’ share of employment in tertiary industry is not unexpected, because of the ongoing urbanization of rural areas of China. Employment in individual and private enterprises. Since the 1990s, employment among both the self-employed and private enterprises in general has registered a high growth rate. (See table 7.) In particular, private enterprises have contributed greatly to job creation. Meanwhile, the employment elasticity of g d p of the self-employed and of private enterprises in general is considerably higher than that of enterprises of different owner ship. (See table 8.) It appears that, lacking funds and technol ogy, self-employed individuals and private enterprises prefer labor-intensive production. Distribution o f urban first-time workers, by ownership. 28 Monthly Labor Review https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis August 2002 An examination of the distribution of urban first-time workers, by type of ownership, shown in the following tabulation, reveals Table 3. State-owned enterprises’ share of employment in main sectors of Chinese economy, 1978, 1980, and 1985-99 [In percent] Year Manufacturing Wholesale and retail trade and catering services 1978......... 1980......... 1985......... 1986......... 1987......... 1988......... 1989......... 1990......... 1991 ......... 1992......... 1993......... 1994......... 1995......... 1996......... 1997......... 1998......... 1999 ......... 45.9 44.1 40.1 38.6 38.4 38.5 39.1 39.4 39.4 38.7 37.1 34.6 34.0 33.0 31.3 22.6 20.3 79.6 73.7 34.7 34.2 33.0 32.8 33.3 33.4 33.1 32.3 29.3 26.9 24.7 23.4 21.6 14.9 12.8 Banking and insurance Social Services 55.3 63.6 67.4 66.5 66.5 66.0 66.3 66.5 65.8 66.9 67.4 74.2 73.6 71.2 68.2 66.2 62.5 59.8 47.1 45.1 41.4 40.5 40.1 40.2 39.7 41.6 41.8 54.0 49.2 44.8 44.0 42.6 37.1 34.6 Source: C hina S tatistical Yearbook, 2 0 0 0 (Beijing, China Statistical Pub lishing House, 2000). Data published in the yearbook are based on labor force surveys and cover all of mainland China except Hong Kong and Macau. Urban collective-ow ned enterprise s’ share of em ploym ent in main sectors of Chinese economy, 1978, 1980, and 1985-99 Type o f ow nership............................ [In percent] Wholesale and retail Manufacturing trade and catering services Year 1978............ 1980............ 1985............ 1986............ 1987............ 1988............ 1989............ 1990............ 1991............ 1992............ 1993............ 1994............ 1995............ 1996............ 1997............ 1998............ 1999............ 21.5 22.8 21.7 21.0 20.6 20.2 20.5 20.6 20.2 19.2 17.2 15.8 14.5 13.8 12.9 8.9 7.7 15.1 17.2 31.1 29.8 28.0 26.9 27.0 26.8 26.2 24.8 21.5 18.3 16.2 14.8 13.3 8.9 7.3 Banking and Insurance Social Services 30.3 26.3 23.9 24.3 24.1 23.2 23.9 23.4 23.1 23.0 20.4 23.5 24.3 25.0 24.4 22.6 21.3 33.0 31.9 21.7 19.5 18.6 17.6 17.1 15.7 16.2 14.9 18.6 16.3 13.4 11.5 10.7 7.8 7.0 Source: China Statistical Yearbook, 2000 (Beijing, China Statistical Publishing House, 2000). Data published in the yearbook are based on labor force surveys and cover all of mainland China except Hong Kong and Macau. Township and village enterprises’ employment and em ploym ent shares in Chinese economy, 1978, 1980, 1985, and 1987-99 Year Township Township Township and and and village village Rural village employment enterprises’ enterprises’ enterprises’ share In share In employment total rural (millions) employment employment (percent) (percent) 1978............. 1980............. 1985............. 1987............. 1988............. 1989............. 1990............. 1991............. 1992............. 1993............. 1994............. 1995............. 1996............. 1997............. 1998............. 1999............. 28.3 30.0 69.8 88.1 95.5 93.7 92.7 96.1 106.3 123.5 120.2 128.6 135.1 130.5 125.4 127.0 306.4 318.4 370.7 390.0 400.7 409.4 472.9 478.2 483.1 487.8 487.9 488.5 490.4 493.9 492.8 495.7 9.2 9.4 18.8 22.6 23.8 22.9 19.6 20.1 22.0 25.3 24.6 26.3 27.6 26.4 25.4 25.6 7.0 7.1 14.0 16.7 17.6 16.9 14.5 14.8 16.2 18.6 17.9 18.9 19.6 18.8 17.9 18.0 Annual growth (percent).... 7.4 2.32 — — N ote: that State-owned and collective-owned units are providing fewer and fewer jobs for such individuals:3 Dash indicated not calculated. China S tatistical Yearbook, various years (Beijing, China Statisti cal Publishing House). Data published in the yearbooks are based on labor force surveys and cover all of mainland China except Hong Kong and Macau. S ource: https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis State-owned establishm ents.......... Collective-owned establishments .. Establishments under other types o f o w n e rsh ip ................... Self-em ployed................................... ___M illions o f workers 1990 1995 1997 4.75 2.35 2.60 1.70 2.26 1.28 .35 .40 1.55 1.35 1.92 1.64 In contrast, an increasing number of first-time workers are employed in privately owned firms or are self-employed. Composition of employment Compared with developed countries, and even some devel oping countries, the labor force of China is less educated. However, things are changing. From 1996 to 1999, those in the labor force with less than a junior middle school (grades 7-9) education saw their numbers decrease by 4 percent. Dur ing the same period, the number of employed persons with higher education increased by 1 percent. The following tabu lation presents the composition of employed person in China, by highest education level attained:4 Education level 1996 T o ta l........................................ .. 100.0 No schooling............................... 13.0 Primary school (grades 1 - 6 ) .... .. 35.3 Junior middle school (grades 7 - 9 ) .......................................... .. 37.5 Senior middle school (grades 1 0 -1 2 )...................................... 11.3 Higher education (college or u n iv e rsity ).............................. 2.8 P ercent 1997 1998 1999 100.0 11.6 34.8 100.0 11.5 34.2 100.0 11.0 33.3 37.9 38.9 39.9 12.1 11.9 11.9 3.5 3.5 3.8 Compared with their share in 1996, the share of employed persons aged 15 to 34 years was smaller in 1998. This might be partly because more youths postponed their entry into the labor market in 1998 and undertook a college education instead. The change in the structure of employed persons by age from 1996 to 1998 is also attributable to the aging of the Chinese popula tion. Table 9 shows the structure of employment in China, by age, in 1996 and 1998. The composition of employment by sex in China is also of interest. From 1978 to 1998, the proportion of women workers in State-owned enterprises, as well as the proportion in other en terprises, was consistently lower than that of men. Over the period, though, the proportion of women workers in State-owned enterprises increased steadily, while the proportion in other en terprises rose and then fell. (See table 10.) As in developed coun tries, the expansion of the tertiary industry may have caused an increase in the number of women in the labor market, chiefly because more jobs became available for women, but also be cause the growth of the service sector freed more women to work. Monthly Labor Review August 2002 29 Employment Restructuring in China Table 6. Township and village enterprises’ share of employment in main sectors of Chinese economy, 1978, 1980-92 1994, 1996, and 1998 [In percent] Year Agriculture Manufacturing Construction 21.5 15.2 61.4 64.8 66.7 66.6 67.0 70.2 59.3 60.0 59.8 59.7 60.0 60.1 60.5 59.6 61.4 58.2 58.5 7.5 .3 8.3 11.1 1978......................... 1980 ............... 1981 ............... 1982 ............... 1983 ............... 1984 ............... 1985 ................ 1986 ............... 1987 ................ 1988 ............... 1989 ................ 1990 ................ 1991 ................ 1992 ................ 1994......................... 1996......................... 1998......................... 12.8 11.1 9.6 5.5 3.6 3.0 2.6 2.6 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.3 2.5 2.2 -3.9 -.3 G ro w th r a t e ..................... Employment elasticity. N ote: Table 7. 3J£9T 13.5 14.9 13.1 16.8 16.0 15.6 15.6 15.6 14.5 14.4 14.6 14.3 14.4 13.0 6.8 7.1 7.2 7.5 7.7 7.6 7.5 7.9 7.1 10.2 11.3 .4 .4 Source: 5.1 5.1 5.1 5.2 5.1 8.7 13.9 14.2 14.7 17.9 14.9 15.1 15.0 15.8 17.0 17.0 19.2 15.1 .5 C hina’s tv e Yearbook, various years (Beijing, Agriculture Press). Number of establishments, employment, and employment share for self-employed individuals and private enterprises in China, 1989-98 Year 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 Characterized as self-employed (mitions) Private establishments 90,581 98,141 107,843 139,633 237,919 432,240 654,531 819,252 960,726 1,200,978 Employment elasticity of Private establishments 12.5 13.3 14.2 15.3 17.7 21.9 25.3 27.0 28.5 31.2 gdp Employment share (percent) Employment (millions) Note: Number of establishments characterized as self-employed differs from number of self-employed persons because some self-employed establishments have more than one self-employed person. Table 8. 3.7 3.8 3.6 3.6 3.4 2.5 6.4 11.8 Dash indicates data not available. Commerce and catering services Transportation 1.6 1.7 1.8 2.3 3.7 6.5 9.6 117.1 135.0 171.0 Self-employed 19.4 21.1 23.1 24.7 29.4 37.8 46.1 50.8 54.4 61.1 Private establishments 0.3 .3 .3 .4 .6 1.0 1.4 1.7 1.9 2.4 Self-employed 3.5 3.3 3.6 3.8 4.4 5.6 6.8 7.3 7.8 8.7 Houyi Zhang and Lizhi Ming, R epo rt on the D e ve lo p m e n t o f (Beijing, Social Sciences Documentation Publishing House, 2000). Source: C h in a ’s P rivate Enterprises, 1999 of private enterprises and self-employed individuals in China, 1990-98 Employment growth (percent) Private Self-employed establishments 3.7 8.5 8.2 9.6 26.1 6.9 60.8 19.1 73.7 28.4 47.5 22.2 22.5 8.7 15.3 8.5 26.7 12.4 Production growth Employment elasticity (percent) Private Private Self-employed Self-employed establishments establishments 1990.................................. 23.4 14.8 0.2 0.6 1991.................................. 17.6 21.8 .5 .4 1992.................................. 34.1 18.4 .8 .4 1993.................................. 92.7 49.8 .7 .4 1994.................................. 148.4 18.1 .5 1.6 1995.................................. 86.5 70.4 .6 .3 1996.................................. 34.5 26.8 .7 .3 1997.................................. 20.8 28.7 .7 .3 1998.................................. (’) (2) (2) ' Combined production growth for private establishments and self-employed Source: Houyi Zhang and Lizhi Ming, R epo rt on the D evelo pm e nt o f individuals was 51.8 percent. C hina’s P rivate Enterprises, 1999 (Beijing, Social Sciences Documentation 2Combined production growth for private establishments and self-employed Publishing House, 2000); China S tatistical Yearbook, various years (Beijing, individuals was .5 percent. China Statistical Publishing House). Data published in the yearbooks are N ote: Data on production are deflated by consumer price indexes, with based on labor force surveys and cover all of mainland China except Hong 1989 as the base year. ________________________________ Kong and Macau. Year 30 Monthly Labor Review https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis August 2002 n Structure of employed persons in China, by age, 1996 and 1998 Table 9. [In percent] Age group Total............................ 16-19.............................. 20-24 .............................. 25-29 .............................. 30-34 .............................. 35-39 .............................. 40-44.............................. 45-49.............................. 50-54 .............................. 55-59 .............................. 60-64 .............................. 65 or older........................ 1996 1998 100.0 6.0 13.0 16.6 16.2 10.5 12.3 9.0 6.2 4.6 3.1 2.7 100.0 5.8 11.1 15.9 16.0 11.5 12.3 10.0 6.7 4.5 3.1 3.0 Data earlier than 1996 are not comparable to data listed. China S tatistical Yearbook, 1997,1 999 (Beijing, China Statistical Publishing House, 1997,1999). Data published in the yearbooks are based on labor force surveys and cover all of mainland China except Hong Kong and Macau. N ote: Source: Proportion of women workers in China, 1978, 1980, and 1985-98 Table 10. Year Percent of workforce Percent in State-owned enterprises 1978............................. 1980............................. 1985............................. 1986............................. 1987............................ 1988............................. 1989............................. 1990............................. 1991 ............................ 1992 ......................... 1993............................. 1994............................. 1995............................. 1996 ............................ 1997............................. 1998............................. 32.9 35.4 36.4 36.6 36.8 37.0 37.4 37.7 37.8 37.8 37.3 38.0 38.6 38.7 38.8 37.9 28.5 30.8 32.4 32.8 33.2 33.4 33.9 34.2 34.5 34.7 35.1 35.5 36.1 36.4 36.5 36.1 Note: Percent In other enterprises _ _ 45.5 47.3 48.6 49.5 50.8 51.2 52.3 52.1 47.6 47.9 48.3 47.5 47.2 43.0 Dash indicates data not available. S ource: China L a b o r a n d S ocial S ecurity Yearbook, 1999 (Beijing, China Statistical Publishing House, 1999). of employment in China and its evolution over the past couple of decades, after T his a r tic le has e x a m in e d the structure https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis market reform was introduced into the country. Employment restructuring in China shares some common characteristics with that in developed countries. First, the tertiary industry—espe cially the service sector—has become the main job creator. Sec ond, the labor force has become better educated as higher level skills and more knowledge played an increasingly important role in the economic transition. Third, the average age of the em ployed has risen, partly because youths are furthering their edu cation and, consequently, entering the labor market later. Finally, women’s share of the labor force is lower than that of men, al though their proportion in State-owned units has risen. China’s economy also has its distinctive features. The country’s rapid economic development has required its indus trial structure to adjust to the quickly changing conditions, and the adjustment has not often been easy. Moreover, the composi tion of employed persons by type of ownership has changed greatly over the reform period. The proportion of employment in State-owned and collective-owned units has declined sharply, especially in sectors, such as manufacturing and services, that private establishments find it relatively easy to enter. In the mean time, private enterprises have become the major job creators for both those already employed and those just entering the market place. Part of the ability of private enterprises to create jobs stems from the labor-intensive technology that those enterprises have adopted, which requires more workers and thus holds out more promise of absorbing labor. □ Notes 1 Primary industries include forestry, animal husbandry, and fishing; mining and quarrying, manufacturing, and construction are classified as secondary industries; and banking and insurance, wholesale and retail trade and catering services, and social services are considered tertiary industries. 2 The employment growth figures presented are the authors’ calcula tions, based on employment data from China Statistical Yearbook, 2000 (Beijing, China Statistical Publishing House, 2000). 3 China Statistical Yearbook, 1998 (Beijing, China Statistical Publish ing House, 1998). 4 Ibid., various years. Monthly Labor Review August 2002 31 Précis Inequality update Earnings, income, and wealth are unequally distributed among American households and, according to Santiago Budria Rodriguez, Javier Diaz-Gimenez, Vincenzo Quadrini, and Jose-Victor RiosRull writing in the Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis Quarterly Review, the basic facts about those inequalities did not change much in the 1990s. Wealth is the most concentrated of the three variables in 1998. Statistics such as the Gini index show that labor earnings are somewhat more concentrated than income in aggregate, but there is a twist to these distributions at the top of the scale. The authors write, “The Lorenz curve for earnings lies below the Lorenz curve for income in the bottom part of the distribution, and these roles are reversed after approximately the 87th percentile. This implies that income is more equally distributed than earnings except in the top tail of the distribution.” They attribute this to income transfers to lower income households. To m easure changes in concen tration, Rodriguez and his colleagues compared the 1998 results of the 1998 Survey of Consumer Finances (SCF) to those of the 1992 SCF, adjusting the latter for changes in variable definition. They found small changes between the two surveys. E arnings inequality, as measured by the Gini index, edged down from 0.629 in 1992 to 0.611 in 1998. Over the same interval, the Gini index for income decreased from 0.574 to 0.533, while the Gini index for wealth inched up from 0.791 to 0.803. U sing these d istrib u tio n s o f inequality, Rodriguez and his collea gues define rich and poor subgroups in terms of wealth, income, and earnings. They found, “The rich tend to be rich in all three dimensions. This is not the case for the poor.” Specifically, the earnings-poor had a fair amount of wealth. Part was accounted for by the presence in the lower earnings group of retired households with some accumulated 32 Monthly Labor Review https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis w ealth and business ow ners w ith n eg a tiv e lab o r earn in g s due to financial distress in the business, but significant wealth and capital income. C onversely, the w ealth-poor, who tended to be young and single, were often reasonably well off in terms of earnings and income. Telecommuting and home life Wide-scale working from home with the support o f computers and telecom munications tolls has been forecast as next year’s big thing for the past couple of decades. “Yet,” writes British sociol ogist Susan Baines in the journal New Technology, Work and Employment, “the uptake o f telework has persist ently lagged behind expectations.” One o f the barriers to its adoption Baines examines is the stress that results from blurring the boundaries between work and home. In general, the discom fort involved trying to fit work into the physical and, more importantly, the emotional space of a worker’s home has been under-recognized. Several telew orkers interview ed by Baines rep o rted feeling either physically cramped by the additional paraphernalia of an at-home workspace or emotionally stressed from domestic conflict over the use of space, or both. Some of this tension may reflect the fact that the study was conducted in Great Britain and Baines cites other papers that suggest that housing there is poorly designed for working in. However, Baines’ point that “the home can be an awkward and inflexible place to work, a place where space is often not adequate for the com peting demands of domestic life and work,” may well be more universal. See, for a complementary example, the Stanford University study which characterized telework as “invading” the home and intruding into many other aspects of life as well. (The Précis in the March 2000 Review summarized this report.) August 2002 Economic importance of good schools “ There is,” according to E ric A Hanushek in a recent NBER Working Paper, “mounting evidence that quality [of schooling]—generally measured by test scores— is positively related to individual earnings, productivity, and economic growth.” Early studies of education and wages focused on the return to an undifferentiated year o f schooling and suggested little effect of differences in cognitive ab ility if quantity o f education was held constant. More recent studies surveyed by Hanushek indicate that higher quality of education, as measured by standard tests, is linked to individual productivity and earnings. Also, higher individual achievement scores are correlated with the probability o f continued school attendance— a sort of quality-leads-toquantity effect. Consumer confidence post-September 11 The events o f Septem ber 11th had significant effects on the U.S. economy beyond the loss o f human life and destruction of property. According to C. Alan Gamer, in the Federal Reserve Bank o f Kansas City Economic Review, consum er confidence, which many expected to be hugely impacted in the aftermath o f the attacks, proved to be “surprisingly resilient.” Both m ajor private surveys o f consumers (one by the Conference Board and one by the University o f Michigan) fell sharply in the autumn of 2001. G arner’s research, however, shows that some decline occurred before Septem ber 11 and that the impacts o f the terrorist attacks were not statistically significant once already deteriorating conditions were taken into account. By the end o f 2001, both indexes o f consum er attitudes had started to recover and seemed to be maintaining their usual relationships to other economic indicators. □ Book Review Lessons in co-management Learning from Saturn: Possibilities for Corporate Governance and Em p lo yee R elations. By Saul A. Rubinstein and Thomas A. Kochan. Ithaca, NY, Cornell University Press, 2001. 156 pp. $25. In the early 1950s, United Auto Workers revered president Walter Reuther sug gested to the big three domestic auto manufacturers that the union might en tertain some contract changes if the in dustry considered manufacturing a small car to compete with some of the imports beginning to trickle into the U.S. market place. Increased production, Reuther believed, would create more jobs for his membership and was not really a con cession but a positive gain. General Motors, in particular, bluntly informed Reuther that his job was to negotiate benefits for the workers and that pro duction strategies were management prerogatives. Not until the late 1970s did American auto manufacturers see the benefits of Reuther’s suggestion after small Japanese, Korean, and German car makers began to carve out large chunks of the U.S. auto market. Like the power ful Saturn rockets that propelled astro nauts into outer space, a stellar experi ment in this process was GM’s subsid iary in Spring Hill, Tennessee. Saturn was by no means the only business entity to produce a low-cost experiment using a philosophy of labormanagement cooperation in the 1980s and early 90s, but it was the benchmark by which other similar experiments were measured. As the authors clearly illus trate, “From 1992 to 1998, Saturn pro duced and marketed cars that achieved word-class quality and customer satis faction unsurpassed by any other ve hicle m anufactured in the U nited States....only the Infiniti and the Lexus, two high-priced luxury cars selling for three to five times as much as the Sat urn, received higher customer satisfac tion ratings.” Many publications, includ https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis ing several produced by the U.S. Depart ment of Labor’s Office of the American Workplace, echoed similar feelings about the Saturn process. One of the most highly touted monographs analyzing la bor relations in the 1990s and beyond, Negotiating for the Future by fatherand-son team Irving and Barry Bluestone, devoted an entire chapter to Sat urn and anointed the organizational structure at the facility as the model for the future. Co-author Rubinstein fo cused on Saturn for his Ph.D. disserta tion, and probably spent as much time in Spring Hill as the employees at the facility’s modules. Saturn was a nontraditional manufac turing system where co-management, involved in the organizational Manufac turing Action Councils and Strategic Action Councils at Saturn, pervaded all aspects of the company, from design and engineering to sales and marketing. As the 1990s drew to a close, the U.S. economy had rebounded from its mori bund state in the 1970s and 80s. Long lines of automobiles waiting at gasoline stations became recent but fading memo ries, and consumer tastes began to sway back toward larger gasoline consump tive vehicles. Unions that made con cessions to management during the pre vious economic slump now wanted a share of the new prosperity. Some of the experiments in labor-management coop eration, most visibly at Eastern Airlines where a strike— despite the existence of employee stock ownership and union representation on the board of direc tors—drove the self-acclaimed “Wings of Man” into liquidation. Saturn, again as the authors note, was never fully accepted by many officials at both General Motors and the United Auto Workers. In 1999, the members of uAW Local 1853 deposed long-time president Mike Bennett and replaced him with Ron Hankins, who supported part nership but was not as wedded to the cooperative process as his successor. When GM closed its Wilmington, Dela ware, production facility and reopened it as a Saturn plant, UAW President Steve Yokich insisted that the workers have a traditional u a w - g m contract. As early as at the 1986 UAW Constitutional Conven tion, one of the union’s pioneers—Vic tor Reuther, brother of the late Walter— vowed not to allow “Satumization of the auto industry.” Rubenstein and Kochan succinctly note that despite pressure and obstacles in Saturn’s procedural way, “The net ef fect of the governance and co-manage ment structure at Saturn is that union members and leaders serve in a wider variety of roles than their counterparts in other locals.” At Spring Hill, more than 400jointly selected union members have partnership roles in the unique organi zational structure at the site. The con trast, they add, between Local 1853 and other UAW local is important for three reasons: first, the multitude of opportu nities local leaders have to represent member interests in management deci sions; second, the distinct differences in resource allocations between Saturn and other plants; and third, union lead ers take on more active co-management responsibilities. Combined, this gave the auto manufacturer the presence of qual ity, cost-effectiveness, and consumer satisfaction. Therefore, despite the gloom and doom of many industry analysts, the authors remain ardent fans of Saturn and its promise for the future. They high light the opinion of former Satum-GM President Skip LeFauve that the bottom line is that Saturn involves the people in the factory, at the dealership level and with suppliers. W hile many older “brownsite” GMfacilities are downsizing or closing, Saturn has increased employ ment, providing 8,300jobs in Spring Hill and the administrative and research op eration in Troy, Michigan. An additional 6,000 jobs in related or influenced op erations can be added to that total. In conclusion, both the distinguished MIT professor, Kochan, and Rutgers faculty member Rubenstein are optimistic about Saturn’s future. Saturn, however, is at a Monthly Labor Review August 2002 33 Book Reviews consumer crossroad. They have ex panded production for new models, in cluding a sport utility vehicle line, the most popular sales item in the auto con sumer marketplace. If one can draw an analogy with the car’s namesake, the Saturn rocket faced many obstacles and had less than a total success rate before depositing Neil Armstrong and crew on the moon. Learning From Saturn is a very nice and concise account of the Saturn pro cess. In about 150 pages, the story of Sat urn, for both professional analysis and personal interest, is nicely packaged. Much of the early sections of the book have been analyzed in great detail prior to this publication. As noted, a great deal of it was culled from Rubenstein’s Ph.D. dis sertation. Kochan has done considerable research into the breakdown of the “so cial contract” in labor-management rela tions, and it is encouraging to read both authors’ optimism that the opposite is the case with Saturn. Labor relations policymakers, both in the private and pub lic sectors, should read this book. Part nership experiments may have waned in the late 1990s, but they are far from dead. Saturn, as the authors note, continues to run rings around the competition. —Henry P. Guzda U.S, Department of Labor Publications Received Economic and social statistics Ackerberg, Daniel A., and Marc Rysman, Unobserved Product Differentiation in Discrete Choice Models: Estimating Price Elasticities and Welfare Effects. Cam bridge, ma, National Bureau o f Economic Research, Inc., 2002, 33 pp. (Working Paper 8798) $10 per copy, plus $10 for postage and handling outside the United States. Benchmarking Working Europe 2002. Brus sels, European Trade Union Confedera tion, 2002, 75 pp. 34 Monthly Labor Review https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Bertrand, Marianne, Esther Duflo, and Sendhil Mullainathan, How M uch Should We Trust D ifferences-in-D ifferences E sti mates? Cambridge, ma, National Bureau o f Economic Research, Inc., 2002,37 pp. (Working Paper 8841) $ 10 per copy, plus $10 for postage and handling outside the United States. Hall, R obert E., Industry D ynam ics with Adjustment Costs. Cambridge, ma, N a tional Bureau o f Economic Research, Inc., 2002, 37 pp. (Working Paper 8849) $10 per copy, plus $10 for postage and han dling outside the United States. L ichtenberg, F rank R., Sources o f U.S. Longevity Increase, 1960-1997. Cam bridge, ma, National Bureau o f Economic Research, Inc., 2002, 32 pp. (Working Paper 8755) $10 per copy, plus $10 for postage and handling outside the United States. Economic growth and development Au, Chun-Chung, and Vernon Henderson, How M igration Restrictions Lim it A g glomeration and Productivity in China. Cambridge, MA, National Bureau o f Eco nomic Research, Inc., 2002,59 pp. (Work ing Paper 8707) $10 per copy, plus $10 for postage and handling outside the United States. Beaudry, Paul, and Fabrice Collard, Why H a s th e E m p lo y m e n t-P r o d u c tiv ity Tradeojf among Industrialized Countries Been So Strong? Cambridge, MA, N a tional Bureau o f Economic Research, Inc., 2002, 41 pp. (Working Paper 8754) $10 per copy, plus $10 for postage and han dling outside the United States. C ard, D avid, and R ichard B. Freem an, What Have Two Decades o f British Eco nomic Reform Delivered? Cambridge, MA, National Bureau o f Economic Research, Inc., 2002, 71 pp. (Working Paper 8801) $10 per copy, plus $10 for postage and handling outside the United States. Freeman, Richard B., and Ronald Schettkat, Marketization o f Production and the U.S.-Europe E m ploym ent Gap. C am bridge, MA, National Bureau o f Economic Research, Inc., 2002, 30 pp. (Working Paper 8797) $10 per copy, plus $10 for postage and handling outside the United States. Gordon, Robert J., Technology and Econo mic Performance in the American Econo August 2002 my. Cambridge, ma, National Bureau o f Economic Research, Inc., 2002, 56 pp. (Working Paper 8771) $ 10 per copy, plus $10 for postage and handling outside the United States. Griffith, David, and M anuel Valdes Pizzini, Fishers A t Work, Workers at Sea: A Puerto Rican Journey through Labor and Refuge. Philadelphia, pa, Temple U ni versity Press, 2002, 280 pp., $62.50/ cloth, $19.95/paperback. Jovanovic, Boyan, and Peter L. Rousseau, The Q-Theory o f Mergers. Cambridge, ma, National Bureau of Economic Re search, Inc., 2002, 13 pp. (Working Pa per 8740) $10 per copy, plus $10 for postage and handling outside the United States. Education Ehrenberg, Ronald G , and Christopher L. Smith, Within State Transitions from 2year to 4-year Public Institutions. Cam bridge, ma, National Bureau o f Economic Research, Inc., 2002, 37 pp. (Working Paper 8792) $10 per copy, plus $10 for postage and handling outside the United States. Hanushek, Eric A., Publicly Provided Edu cation. Cambridge, ma, National Bureau o f Economic Research, Inc., 2002, 128 pp. (Working Paper 8799) $10 per copy, plus $10 for postage and handling out side the United States. K rueger, A lan B., E conom ic C onsidera tions and Class Size. Cambridge, MA, National Bureau o f Economic Research, Inc., 2002, 48 pp. (Working Paper 8875) $10 per copy, plus $10 for postage and handling outside the United States. Health and safety G u id elin es on o ccu p a tio n a l sa fe ty a n d health m anagem ent system s ILO -O SH 2001. Geneva, International Labour Of fice, 2001, 27 pp. Industrial relations Linder, Marc, M oments Are the Elements o f Profit: Overtime and the Deregulation o f Working H ours under the F air Labor Standards Act. Iow a City, F anpihua Press, 2000, 524 pp. L o u tfi, M arth a F e th e ro lf, ed., Women, Gender, and Work: What Is Equality A nd How Do We Get There? Geneva, Inter- national Labour Office, 2001, 565 pp., $26.95/softcover. Industry and government organization G raham , Stuart J.H ., B ronw yn H. H all, Dietmar Harhoff, and David C. Mowery, Post-Issue Patent “Quality Control: ” A Comparative Study ofU.S. Patent Re-ex aminations and European Patent Oppo sitions. Cambridge, ma, National Bureau o f Economic Research, Inc., 2002,44 pp. (Working Paper 8807) $ 10 per copy, plus $10 for postage and handling outside the United States. International economics D ic k in s o n , D av id G., and A n d re w W. Mullineux, eds., Financial and Monetary Integration in the New Europe: Conver gence between the EU and Central and Eastern Europe. Northampton, MA, Ed ward Elgar Publishing, Inc., 2001,474 pp., $120/hardcover. Edm onds, Eric, and N ina Pavcnik, Does G lobalization Increase C hild Labor? Evidence from Vietnam. Cambridge, MA, National Bureau o f Economic Research, Inc., 2002, 49 pp. (Working Paper 8760) $10 per copy, plus $10 for postage and handling outside the United States. Gavin, Brigid, The E uropean Union and Globalisation: Towards Global D emo cratic Governance. Northampton, MA, Edward Elgar Publishing, Inc., 2001,249 pp., $90/cloth. Hamermesh, Daniel S., International Labor Economics. Cambridge, MA, National Bureau o f Economic Research, Inc., 2002, 30 pp. (Working Paper 8757) $10 per copy, plus $10 for postage and handling outside the United States. H arris, N igel, Thinking the Unthinkable: The Immigration Myth Exposed. New York, I.B.Tauris Publishers, 2002, 183 pp. M assey, D ouglas S., Jorge D urand, and N olan J. M alone, B eyond Sm oke A n d Mirrors: Mexican Immigration in an Era o f Econom ic Integration. N ew York, Russell Sage Foundation, 2002,256 pp., $29.95/cloth. Labor and economic history Margo, Robert A., The North-South Wage Gap, Before and After the Civil War. Cam https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis bridge, MA, National Bureau o f Economic Research, Inc., 2002, 46 pp. (Working Paper 8778) $10 per copy, plus $10 for postage and handling outside the United States. Labor force Chan, Sewin, and Ann H uff Stevens, How Does Job Loss Affect the Timing o f Re tirement? Cambridge, ma, National Bu reau o f Economic Research, Inc., 2002, 32 pp. (Working Paper 8780) $10 per copy, plus $10 for postage and handling outside the United States. Stein, Tobie S., W orkforce T ransitions from the Profit to the Nonprofit Sector. N ew York, K luw er A cadem ic/Plenum Publishers, 2002,194 pp., $75/hardcover. Management and organization theory D esai, M ih ir A ., The C orporate P ro fit Base, Tax Sheltering Activity, and the Changing Nature o f Employee Compen sation. Cambridge, ma, National Bureau o f Economic Research, Inc., 2002,54 pp. (Working Paper 8866) $10 per copy, plus $ 10 for postage and handling outside the United States. Nagin, Daniel, James Rebitzer, Seth San ders, and Lowell Taylor, M onitoring, Motivation and Management: The Deter minants o f Opportunistic Behavior in a Field Experiment. Cambridge, MA, N a tional Bureau of Economic Research, Inc., 2002, 46 pp. (Working Paper 8811) $10 per copy, plus $10 for postage and han dling outside the United States. Monetary and fiscal policy Blank, Rebecca M., Can Equity and Effic iency Complement Each Other? Cam bridge, ma, National Bureau o f Economic Research, Inc., 2002, 31 pp. (Working Paper 8820) $10 per copy, plus $10 for postage and handling outside the United States. Lochner, Lance, and A lexander M ongeNaranjo, Human Capital Formation with Endogenous Credit Constraints. Cam bridge, ma, National Bureau o f Economic Research, Inc., 2002, 45 pp. (Working Paper 8815) $10 per copy, plus $10 for postage and handling outside the United States. Prices and living conditions Lach, Saul, Existence a n d Persistence o f Price Dispersion: A n Empirical Analy sis. Cambridge, ma, National Bureau o f Economic Research, Inc., 2002, 26 pp. (Working Paper 8737) $10 per copy, plus $ 10 for postage and handling outside the United States. National Research Council, A t What Price? Conceptualizing and M easuring Cost-ofLiving and Price Indexes. Landover, MD, National Academy Press, 2002, 332 pp., $49.95/hardcover. Productivity and technological change Aw, Bee Yan, Sukkyun Chung, and Mark J. Roberts, Productivity, Output, and Fail ure: A C omparison o f Taiwanese and Korean Manufacturers. Cambridge, MA, National Bureau o f Economic Research, Inc., 2002,45 pp. (Working Paper 8766) $10 per copy, plus $10 for postage and handling outside the United States. Jovanovic, Boyan, and Peter L. Rousseau, Moore s Law A n d Learning-By-Doing. Cambridge, ma, National Bureau o f Eco nomic Research, Inc., 2002,29 pp. (Work ing Paper 8762) $10 per copy, plus $10 for postage and handling outside the United States. Kaiser, Ulrich, The Effects o f Website Pro v isio n on the D e m a n d f o r G erm an W omen’s Magazines. Cambridge, MA, National Bureau o f Economic Research, Inc., 2002,31 pp. (Working Paper 8806) $10 per copy, plus $10 for postage and handling outside the United States. Klette, Tor Jakob, and Samuel Kortum, In novating Firms and Aggregate Innova tion. Cambridge, ma, National Bureau o f Economic Research, Inc., 2002, 43 pp. (Working Paper 8819) $10 per copy, plus $10 for postage and handling outside the United States. WoliF, Edward N., Productivity, Computer ization, and Skill Change. Cambridge, ma, National Bureau o f Economic Re search, Inc., 2002, 46 pp. (Working Pa per 8743) $10 per copy, plus $10 for postage and handling outside the United States. Social institutions and social change Carneiro, Pedro, K arsten T. H ensen, and James J. Heckman, Removing the Veil o f Monthly Labor Review August 2002 35 Book Reviews Ignorance in Assessing the Distributional Impacts o f Social Policies. Cambridge, ma, National Bureau o f Economic Re search, Inc., 2002, 29 pp. (Working Pa per 8840) $10 per copy, plus $10 for postage and handling outside the United States. Galenson, David W., Was Jackson Pollock the Greatest Modern American Painter? A Quantitative Investigation. Cambridge, ma, National Bureau o f Economic Re search, Inc., 2002, 38 pp. (Working Pa per 8830) $10 per copy, plus $10 for postage and handling outside the United States. Page, M arianne E., and Ann H uff Stevens, Will You M iss Me When I Am Gone? The Economic Consequences o f Absent Par ents. Cambridge, MA, National Bureau o f Economic Research, Inc., 2002,38 pp. (Working Paper 8786) $ 10 per copy, plus $10 for postage and handling outside the United States. Wages and compensation B eau d ry , P a u l, and D av id A. G reen , Changes in U.S. Wages 1976-2000: On going Skill Bias or M ajor Technological Change? Cambridge, MA, National Bu reau o f Economic Research, Inc., 2002, 36 Monthly Labor Review https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 39 pp. (W orking Paper 8787) $10 per copy, plus $10 for postage and handling outside the United States. Gruber, Jonathan, and Brigitte C. Madrian, Health Insurance, Labor Supply, and Job Mobility: A Critical Review o f the Litera ture. Cambridge, ma, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc., 2002, 58 pp. (Working Paper 8817) $10 per copy, plus $10 for postage and handling outside the United States. Levine, David I., Dale Belman, Gary Charn e ss, E ric a G ro sh e n , an d K .C . O ’Shaughnessy, How New Is the “New Employment Contract? ” Kalamazoo, Ml, W.E. Upjohn Institute, 2002, 263 pp., $40/cloth. Welfare programs and social insurance Gustm an, Alan L, and Thom as L. Steinmeier, Social Security, Pensions and Re tirement Behavior within the Family. Cam bridge, MA, National Bureau o f Economic Research, Inc., 2002, 46 pp. (Working Paper 8772) $10 per copy, plus $10 for postage and handling outside the United States. Lachance, Marie-Eve, and Olivia S. M itch ell, Guaranteeing D efined Contribution A u g u st 2002 Pensions: The Option to Buy-back a D e fin e d Benefit Promise Cambridge, ma, National Bureau o f Economic Research, Inc., 2 002,24 pp. (Working Paper 8731) $10 per copy, plus $10 for postage and handling outside the United States. M unger, Frank, ed., L aboring Below the Line: The New Ethnography o f Poverty, Low-Wage Work, and Survival in the Glo bal Economy. New York, Russell Sage Foundation, 2002,319 pp., $42.50/hardcover. O rganisation for Econom ic C o-operation and Development, Ageing and Income: Financial Resources and Retirement in 9 OECD Countries. Paris, OECD Publica tions, 2001, 187 pp. Worker training and development Black, Dan A., Jeffrey A. Smith, M ark C. Berger, and Brett J. Noel, Is the Threat o f Reemployment Services More Effective Than the Services Themselves? Experi mental Evidence from the ui System. Cam bridge, ma, National Bureau o f Economic Research, Inc., 2002, 48 pp. (Working Paper 8825) $10 per copy, plus $10 for postage and handling outside the United States. Current Labor Statistics Notes on labor statistics 38 Labor compensation and collective bargaining data—continued 50 28. Employment Cost Index, private nonfarm workers, by bargaining status, region, and area s i z e ..................... 29. Participants in benefit plans, medium and large firm s ...... 30. Participants in benefits plans, small firms and governm ent........................................................................ 31. Work stoppages involving 1,000 workers or m o r e ........... Comparative indicators 1. Labor market in d ic a to rs......................................................... 2. Annual and quarterly percent changes in compensation, prices, and p ro d u ctiv ity.......................... 3. Alternative measures o f wages and compensation ch an g es........................................................ 51 51 Labor force data 4. Employment status o f the population, seasonally a d ju s te d ............................................................ 5. Selected employment indicators, seasonally a d ju s te d ............................................................. 6. Selected unemployment indicators, seasonally a d ju s te d ............................................................. 7. Duration o f unemployment, seasonally a d ju s te d ............................................................. 8. Unemployed persons by reason for unemployment, seasonally a d ju s te d ............................................................. 9. U nemploym ent rates by sex and age, seasonally a d ju s te d ............................................................ 10. Unemploym ent rates by States, seasonally a d ju s te d ............................................................. 11. Employm ent o f workers by States, seasonally a d ju s te d ............................................................. 12. Employm ent o f workers by industry, seasonally a d ju s te d ............................................................. 13. Average weekly hours by industry, seasonally a d ju s te d ............................................................. 14. Average hourly earnings by industry, seasonally a d ju s te d ............................................................. 15. Average hourly earnings by in d u stry ................................... 16. Average weekly earnings by in d u stry .................................. 17. Diffusion indexes o f employment change, seasonally a d ju s te d ............................................................ 18. Establishment size and employment covered under ui, private ow nership, by major in d u stry ............................ 19. Annual data establishment, employment, and wages, covered unless ui and ucfe, by o w n ersh ip ................... 20. Annual data: Establishments, employment, and wages covered under ui and UCFE, by S ta te ............ 21. Annual data: Employment and average annual pay of ui- and ucFE-covered workers, by largest counties ....... 22. Annual data: Employment status o f the populatio n........ 23. Annual data: Employm ent levels by in d u stry ................... 24. Annual data: Average hours and earnings level, by in d u s try ......................................................................... 79 80 Price data 52 53 54 54 55 55 56 56 57 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 71 72 72 Labor compensation and collective bargaining data 25. Employment Cost Index, compensation, by occupation and industry g ro u p ................................... 73 26. Employment Cost Index, wages and salaries, by occupation and industry g ro u p ................................... 75 27. Employment Cost Index, benefits, private industry workers, by occupation and industry g ro u p .................. 76 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 77 78 32. Consum er Price Index: U.S. city average, by expenditure category and commodity and service g ro u p s................. 33. Consum er Price Index: U.S. city average and local data, all ite m s .............................................................. 34. Annual data: Consumer Price Index, all items and major g ro u p s................................................................. 35. Producer Price Indexes by stage o f p ro c e ssin g .................. 36. Producer Price Indexes for the net output o f major industry g ro u p s................................................................... 37. Annual data: Producer Price Indexes by stage o f processing........................................................ 38. U.S. export price indexes by Standard International Trade C lassification........................................................... 39. U.S. import price indexes by Standard International Trade C lassification............................................................ 40. U.S. export price indexes by end-use c ate g o ry .................. 41. U.S. import price indexes by end-use c a te g o ry ................. 42. U.S.international price indexes for selected categories o f services.......................................................... 81 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 91 91 Productivity data 43. Indexes o f productivity, hourly compensation, and unit costs, data seasonally a d ju ste d ......................... 44. Annual indexes o f multifactor productivity........................ 45. Annual indexes o f productivity, hourly compensation, unit costs, and p ric e s ......................................................... 46. Annual indexes o f output per hour for selected industries............................................................................... 92 93 94 95 International comparisons data 47. Unemployment rates in nine countries, data seasonally ad ju sted ..................................................... 98 48. Annual data: Employment status o f the civilian working-age population, 10 countries............................. 99 49. Annual indexes o f productivity and related measures, 12 c o u n trie s........................................................................... 100 Injury and illness data 50. Annual data: Occupational injury and illness incidence ra te s ......................................................................101 51. Fatal occupational injuries by event or exposure................................................................................103 Monthly Labor Review August 2002 37 Notes on Current Labor Statistics This section o f the Review presents the prin cipal statistical series collected and calcu lated by the B ureau o f L abor Statistics: series on labor force; employment; unem ployment; labor compensation; consum er, producer, and international prices; produc tivity; international comparisons; and injury and illness statistics. In the notes that follow, the data in each group o f tables are briefly described; key definitions are given; notes on the data are set forth; and sources o f addi tional information are cited. General notes The following notes apply to several tables in this section: Seasonal adjustment. Certain monthly and quarterly data are adjusted to eliminate the effect on the data o f such factors as cli matic conditions, industry production sched ules, opening and closing o f schools, holi day buying periods, and vacation practices, which might prevent short-term evaluation o f the statistical series. Tables containing data that have been adjusted are identified as “ seasonally adjusted.” (All other data are not seasonally adjusted.) Seasonal effects are es tim ated on the basis o f past experience. W hen new seasonal factors are computed each year, revisions may affect seasonally adjusted data for several preceding years. Seasonally adjusted data appear in tables 1 -1 4 ,1 6 -1 7 ,4 3 , and 47. Seasonally adjusted labor force data in tables 1 and 4 -9 were re vised in the February 2002 issue o f the R e view. Seasonally adjusted establishment sur vey data shown in tables 1 ,1 2 -1 4 and 16-17 were revised in the July 2002 Review and reflect the experience through March 2002. A brief explanation o f the seasonal adjustment methodology appears in “Notes on the data.” Revisions in the productivity data in table 49 are usually introduced in the September issue. Seasonally adjusted indexes and per cent changes from m o nth-to-m onth and quarter-to-quarter are published for numer ous Consum er and Producer Price Index se ries. However, seasonally adjusted indexes are not published for the U.S. average AllItems c p i . Only seasonally adjusted percent changes are available for this series. Adjustments for price changes. Some data— such as the “real” earnings shown in table 14— are adjusted to eliminate the ef fect o f changes in price. These adjustments are made by dividing current-dollar values by the C onsum er Price Index or the appro priate component o f the index, then multi plying by 100. For example, given a current hourly wage rate o f $3 and a current price index number o f 150, where 1982 = 100, the 38 Monthly Labor Review https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis hourly rate expressed in 1982 dollars is $2 ($3/150 x 100 = $2). The $2 (or any other resulting values) are described as “ real,” “constant,” or “ 1982” dollars. Sources of information D ata that supplement the tables in this sec tion are published by the Bureau in a variety o f sources. Definitions o f each series and notes on the data are contained in later sec tions o f these Notes describing each set o f data. For detailed descriptions o f each data series, see BLS H andbook o f M ethods, B ul letin 2490. Users also may wish to consult M ajor Programs o f the Bureau o f Labor Sta tistics, Report 919. News releases provide the latest statistical information published by the Bureau; the major recurring releases are published according to the schedule appear ing on the back cover o f this issue. More information about labor force, em ployment, and unemployment data and the household and establishment surveys under lying the data are available in the B ureau’s monthly publication, Employment and Earn ings. Historical unadjusted and seasonally adjusted data from the household survey are available on the Internet: http://www. bis. gov/cps/ Historically comparable unadjusted and sea sonally adjusted data from the establishment survey also are available on the Internet: http://www.bls.gov/ces/ Additional information on labor force data for areas below the national level are pro vided in the BLS annual report, Geographic Profile o f Em ploym ent and Unemployment. For a com prehensive discussion o f the Employment Cost Index, see Employment C ost Indexes an d Levels, 1975-95, BLS B ul letin 2466. The most recent data from the Employee Benefits Survey appear in the fol lowing Bureau o f Labor Statistics bulletins: E m ployee B enefits in M edium a n d Large Firms; Employee Benefits in Sm all Private Establishments; and Em ployee B enefits in State a n d L ocal Governments. More detailed data on consum er and pro ducer prices are published in the monthly periodicals, The CPI D eta iled R eport and Producer Price Indexes. For an overview o f the 1998 revision o f the CPI , see the Decem ber 1996 issue o f the M onthly Labor Review. Additional data on international prices ap pear in monthly news releases. Listings o f industries for which produc tivity indexes are available may be found on the Internet: http://www. bis. gov/lpc/ For additional inform ation on interna tional comparisons data, see International August 2002 Comparisons o f Unemployment, BLS B ulle tin 1979. Detailed data on the occupational injury and illness series are published in Occupa tional Injuries and Illnesses in the United States, by Industry, a BLS annual bulletin. Finally, the M onthly L abor Review car ries analytical articles on annual and longer term developments in labor force, employ m ent, and unemployment; employee com pensation and collective bargaining; prices; productivity; international comparisons; and injury and illness data. Symbols n.e.c. = not elsewhere classified, n.e.s. = not elsewhere specified. p = preliminary. To increase the tim e liness o f some series, prelim inary figures are issued based on repre sentative but incomplete returns, r = revised. Generally, this revision reflects the availability o f later data, but also may reflect other ad justments. Comparative Indicators (Tables 1-3) Com parative indicators tables provide an overview and comparison o f major b l s sta tistical series. Consequently, although many o f the included series are available monthly, all measures in these comparative tables are presented quarterly and annually. Labor market indicators include em ployment measures from two major surveys and information on rates o f change in com pensation provided by the Employm ent Cost Index (ECi) program. The labor force partici pation rate, the employment-to-population ratio, and unemployment rates for major de m ographic groups based on the C urrent Population (“ household”) Survey are pre sented, while measures o f employment and average weekly hours by major industry sec tor are given using nonfarm payroll data. The Employment Cost Index (compensation), by major sector and by bargaining status, is cho sen from a variety o f b l s compensation and wage measures because it provides a com prehensive m easure o f employer costs for hiring labor, not ju st outlays for wages, and it is not affected by employment shifts among occupations and industries. Data on changes in compensation, prices, and productivity are presented in table 2. M easures o f rates o f change o f com pensa- tion and w ages from the E m ploym ent C ost Index program are provided for all c iv il ian n o n farm w o rk ers (e x c lu d in g Federal and household w orkers) and for all private nonfarm w orkers. M easures o f changes in consum er prices for all urban consum ers; p ro d u cer prices by stage o f pro cessin g ; overall prices by stage o f processing; and overall export and im port price indexes are given. M easures o f productivity (output per h our o f all persons) are provided for m ajor sectors. Alternative measures o f wage and com pensation rates o f change, which reflect the overall trend in labor costs, are summarized in table 3. Differences in concepts and scope, related to the specific purposes o f the series, contribute to the variation in changes among the individual measures. Notes on the data Definitions o f each series and notes on the data are contained in later sections o f these notes describing each set o f data. Employment and Unemployment Data (Tables 1; 4 -2 4 ) Household survey data Description of the series E m p l o y m e n t d a t a in this section are ob tained from the C urrent Population Survey, a program o f personal interviews conducted monthly by the Bureau o f the Census for the Bureau o f Labor Statistics. The sample con sists o f about 60,000 households selected to represent the U.S. population 16 years o f age and older. Households are interviewed on a rotating basis, so that three-fourths o f the sample is the same for any 2 consecutive months. Definitions Employed persons include (1) all those who worked for pay any time during the week which includes the 12th day o f the month or who worked unpaid for 15 hours or more in a family-operated enterprise and (2) those who were temporarily absent from their regu lar jobs because o f illness, vacation, indus trial dispute, or similar reasons. A person working at more than one job is counted only in the job at w hich he or she worked the greatest num ber o f hours. Unemployed persons are those who did not work during the survey week, but were available for work except for temporary ill ness and had looked for jobs within the pre ceding 4 weeks. Persons who did not look https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis for w ork because they were on layoff are also counted among the unemployed. The unem ploym ent rate represents the num ber unemployed as a percent o f the civilian labor force. The civilian labor force consists o f all employed or unem ployed persons in the civilian noninstitutional population. Persons not in the labor force are those not classified as employed or unem ployed. This group includes discouraged w orkers, defined as persons who want and are available for a job and who have looked for work sometime in the past 12 months (or since the end o f their last job if they held one within the past 12 m o n th s), but are not curren tly looking, becau se th ey believe th ere are no jo b s available or there are none for which they w ould qualify. The civilian n on in stitu tional population comprises all persons 16 years o f age and older who are not inmates o f penal or mental institutions, sanitariums, or homes for the aged, infirm, or needy. The civilian labor force participation rate is the proportion o f the civilian noninstitutional population that is in the labor force. The employment-population ratio is employ m ent as a percent o f the civilian no n in stitutional population. Notes on the data From time to time, and especially after a decennial census, adjustm ents are made in the C urrent Population Survey figures to correct for estim ating errors during the intercensal years. These adjustm ents affect the comparability o f historical data. A de scription o f these adjustm ents and their ef fect on the various data series appears in the E x p lan ato ry N o tes o f E m p lo ym en t a n d Earnings. Labor force data in tables 1 and 4 -9 are seasonally adjusted. Since January 1980, national labor force data have been season ally adjusted with a procedure called X - ll a r im a w hich was developed at Statistics Canada as an extension o f the standard X11 method previously used by b l s . A de tailed description o f the procedure appears in the X - l l ARIMA S e a so n a l A d ju stm en t M ethod, by Estela Bee D agum (Statistics Canada, Catalogue No. 12-564E, January 1983). At the beginning o f each calendar year, historical seasonally adjusted data usually are revised, and projected seasonal adjust m ent factors are calculated for use during the January-June period. The historical sea sonally adjusted data usually are revised for only the most recent 5 years. In July, new seasonal adjustm ent factors, which incorpo rate the experience through June, are pro duced for the July-D ecem ber period, but no revisions are made in the historical data. F o r a d d i t i o n a l in f o r m a t io n on n a tional household survey data, contact the D ivision o f Labor Force Statistics: (202) 691-6378. Establishment survey data Description of the series E m plo y m en t, h o u r s , a n d e a r n in g s d a t a in this section are compiled from payroll records reported monthly on a voluntary ba sis to the B ureau o f Labor Statistics and its cooperating State agencies by about 300,000 establishm ents representing all industries except agriculture. Industries are classified in accordance with the 1987 Standard In dustrial Classification (SIC) Manual. In most industries, the sam pling probabilities are based on the size o f the establishment; most large establishm ents are therefore in the sample. (An establishm ent is not necessar ily a firm; it may be a branch plant, for ex am ple, or w arehouse.) Self-em ployed per sons and others not on a regular civilian payroll are outside the scope o f the su r vey because they are excluded from estab lishm ent records. This largely accounts for the difference in em ploym ent figures be tw een the h ousehold and establishm ent surveys. Definitions An establishment is an economic unit which produces goods or services (such as a fac tory or store) at a single location and is en gaged in one type o f economic activity. Em ployed persons are all persons who received pay (including holiday and sick pay) for any part o f the payroll period in cluding the 12th day o f the m onth. P er sons holding m ore than one jo b (about 5 percent o f all persons in the labor force) are counted in each establishm ent w hich reports them . Production workers in manufacturing include working supervisors and nonsupervisory w orkers closely associated with pro duction operations. Those w orkers m en tioned in tables 11 -1 6 include production workers in m anufacturing and mining; con stru c tio n w o rk ers in c o n stru c tio n ; and nonsupervisory workers in the following in dustries: transportation and public utilities; wholesale and retail trade; finance, insur ance, and real estate; and services. These groups account for about four-fifths o f the total em ploym ent on private nonagricultural payrolls. Earnings are the payments production or nonsupervisory workers receive during the survey period, including prem ium pay for overtim e or late-shift w ork but exclud- Monthly Labor Review August 2002 39 Current Labor Statistics ing irregular bonuses and o th er special p aym ents. R eal ea r n in g s are e a rn in g s adjusted to reflect the effects o f changes in consum er prices. The deflator for this series is derived from the C onsum er Price Index fo r U rb an W age E a rn e rs and C le ric a l W orkers (CPi-W). H ours rep resen t the average w eekly hours o f production or nonsupervisory work ers for which pay was received, and are dif ferent from standard or scheduled hours. Overtime hours represent the portion o f av erage weekly hours which was in excess o f regular hours and for which overtime premi ums were paid. The D iffu sio n Index re p resen ts the percent o f industries in which employment was rising over the indicated period, plus one-half o f the industries with unchanged employment; 50 percent indicates an equal balance betw een industries with increasing and decreasing employment. In line with B u reau practice, data for the 1-, 3-, and 6-month spans are seasonally adjusted, while those for the 12-month span are unadjusted. Data are centered within the span. Table 17 pro vides an index on private nonfarm employ m ent based on 356 industries, and a m anu facturing index based on 139 industries. These indexes are useful for measuring the dispersion o f economic gains or losses and are also economic indicators. Notes on the data E stablishm ent survey data are annually ad justed to com prehensive counts o f employ m ent (called “benchm arks”). The latest ad justm ent, which incorporated M arch 2001 benchm arks, was made with the release o f M ay 2002 data, published in the July issue o f the Review. Coincident with the bench m ark adjustm ent, historical seasonally ad justed data were revised to reflect updated seasonal factors. Unadjusted data from April 2000 forward and seasonally adjusted data from January 1997 forward w ere revised with the release o f the M ay 2002 data. In addition to the routine benchm ark re visions and updated seasonal factors intro duced with the release o f the May 2002 data, the first estimates for the transportation and public utilities; retail trade; and finance, in surance, and real estate industries were pub lished from a new probability-based sample design. These industries are the third group to convert to a probability-based sam ple under a 4-year phase-in plan o f a sample redesign project. The com pletion o f the phase-in for the redesign, in June 2003 for the services industry, will coincide w ith the conversion o f national establishment survey series from industry coding based on the 1987 Standard Industrial Classification (SIC) system to the N o rth A m erican In d u stry Classification System (n a ic s ). For additional 40 Monthly Labor Review https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis information, see the the June 2002 issue o f Employm ent a n d Earnings. Revisions in State data (table 11) occurred with the publication o f January 2002 data. Beginning in June 1996, the b l s uses the X - 1 2 - a r im a m ethodology to seasonally ad ju st establishm ent survey data. This proce dure, developed by the Bureau o f the C en sus, controls for the effect o f varying sur vey intervals (also known as the 4- versus 5-week effect), thereby providing improved measurement o f over-the-month changes and underlying economic trends. Revisions o f data, usually for the most recent 5-year pe riod, are made once a year coincident with the benchm ark revisions. In the establishm ent survey, estim ates for the most recent 2 months are based on incomplete returns and are published as pre liminary in the tables (1 2 -1 7 in Review). W hen all returns have been received, the es timates are revised and published as “ final” (prior to any benchm ark revisions) in the third month o f their appearance. Thus, D e cem ber data are published as prelim inary in January and February and as final in March. For the same reasons, quarterly establish ment data (table 1) are preliminary for the first 2 m onths o f publication and final in the third month. Thus, fourth-quarter data are published as prelim inary in January and February and as final in March. F o r a d d it io n a l in f o r m a t io n on estab lishm ent survey data, contact the Division o f C urrent E m ploym ent Statistics: (202) 691-6555. Unemployment data by State Description of the series D ata presented in this section are obtained from the Local Area U nem ploym ent Statis tics (LAUS) program, which is conducted in cooperation w ith State employm ent secu rity agencies. M onthly estim ates o f the labor force, employment, and unemployment for States and sub-State areas are a key indicator o f lo cal economic conditions, and form the basis for determining the eligibility o f an area for benefits under Federal economic assistance programs such as the Job Training Partner ship Act. Seasonally adjusted unemployment rates are presented in table 10. Insofar as possible, the concepts and definitions under lying these data are those used in the national estimates obtained from the c p s . Notes on the data Data refer to State o f residence. Monthly data for all States and the District o f Columbia are d eriv ed u sin g stan d a rd iz e d p ro ce d u re s August 2002 established by b l s . Once a year, estimates are revised to new population controls, usually with publication o f January estimates, and benchmarked to annual average c ps levels. F o r a d d it io n a l in f o r m a t io n on data in this series, call (202) 691-6392 (table 10) or (202) 691-6559 (table 11). Covered employment and wage data (ES-202) Description of the series E mployment , wage, and establishment data in this section are derived from the quar terly tax reports subm itted to State em ploym ent security agencies by private and State and local governm ent em ployers sub je c t to State unem ploym ent insurance (ui) laws and from Federal, agencies subject to th e U n e m p lo y m e n t C o m p e n sa tio n fo r Federal E m ployees ( u c f e ) program . E ach quarter, State agencies edit and process the data and send the inform ation to the B u reau o f L abor Statistics. The C overed E m p lo y m en t and W ages d ata, also re fe rre d as E S -2 0 2 d ata, are th e m o st co m p lete e n u m e ra tio n o f em p lo y m e n t an d w age in fo rm a tio n by in d u stry at th e n a tio n a l, S ta te , m e tro p o li tan are a , and c o u n ty lev els. T h ey h ave broad eco n o m ic sig n ific a n c e in e v a lu a t ing lab o r m a rk e t tre n d s and m ajo r in d u stry d e v e lo p m e n ts. Definitions In general, es -2 0 2 m onthly em ploym ent d ata re p re se n t th e n u m b e r o f co v ered w orkers w ho w orked during, or received pay for, the pay period th at included the 12th day o f the m onth. C overed private industry em ploym ent includes m ost cor porate officials, ex ecu tiv es, supervisory personnel, professionals, clerical w orkers, w age earners, piece w orkers, and part-tim e w orkers. It excludes proprietors, the u n incorporated self-em ployed, unpaid fam ily m em bers, and certain farm and dom es tic w orkers. C ertain types o f n onprofit employers, such as religious organizations, are given a choice o f coverage or exclusion in a num ber o f States. W orkers in these organizations are, th erefo re, reported to a lim ited degree. P e rso n s on paid sick leav e , paid h o li day, paid v a c a tio n , and th e lik e , are in c lu d ed . P e rso n s on th e p ay ro ll o f m ore th a n o n e firm d u rin g th e p e rio d are c o u n te d by each u i-su b je c t e m p lo y e r if th e y m e e t th e e m p lo y m e n t d e fin itio n n oted earlier. The em p lo y m en t c o u n t ex clu d e s w o rk e rs w ho e a rn ed no w ag es d u rin g th e en tire a p p lic a b le pay p eriod b e c au se o f w o rk sto p p a g e s, tem p o ra ry la y o ffs, illn e ss, o r u n p a id v a c a tio n s. F ed eral em ploym ent data are based on reports o f m onthly em ploym ent and quarterly w ages subm itted each quarter to State agencies for all Federal installations w ith em ployees covered by th e U n e m ployment Compensation for Federal Employees ( u c f e ) program, except for certain national security agencies, which are omitted for security reasons. E m ploym ent for all Federal agencies for any given m onth is based on the num ber o f persons w ho w orked during or received pay for the pay period th at included the 12th o f the m onth. An establishm ent is an econom ic unit, such as a farm , m ine, factory, or store, that produces goods or provides services. It is typically at a single physical location and engaged in one, or predom inantly one, type o f econom ic activity for w hich a single in dustrial classification m ay be applied. O c casionally, a single physical location e n com passes tw o or m ore distinct and sig nificant activities. E ach activity should be rep o rted as a sep arate e sta b lish m e n t if separate records are kept and the various activities are classified under different four digit sic codes. M ost em ployers have only one estab lishm ent; th u s, the estab lish m en t is the predom inant reporting u nit or statistical entity for reporting em ploym ent and wages data. M ost em ployers, including State and local governm ents w ho operate m ore than one establishm ent in a State, file a M u l tiple W orksite R eport each quarter, in ad d itio n to th e ir q u a rte rly ui rep o rt. The M ultiple W orksite R eport is used to col lect separate em ploym ent and w age data for each o f the em ployer’s establishm ents, w hich are not detailed on the ui report. Som e very sm all m ulti-establishm ent em ployers do not file a M u ltiple W orksite R eport. W hen the total em ploym ent in an e m p lo y er’s secondary establishm ents (all establishm ents other than the largest) is 10 or few er, the em ployer generally will file a consolidated report for all estab lish m ents. A lso, som e em ployers eith er c an not or will not report at the establishm ent level and thus aggregate establishments into one consolidated unit, or possibly several units, though not at the establishm ent level. For the Federal G o v ern m en t, the re porting unit is the installation: a single location at w hich a departm ent, agency, or other governm ent body has civilian em https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis ployees. Federal agencies follow slightly d ifferent criteria than do private em ploy ers w hen breaking dow n their reports by installation. They are permitted to combine as a single statewide unit: 1) all installations with 10 or fewer workers, and 2) all installations that have a combined total in the State o f fewer than 50 workers. Also, when there are fewer than 25 workers in all secondary installations in a State, the secondary installations may be combined and reported with the major instal lation. Last, if a Federal agency has fewer than five employees in a State, the agency head quarters office (regional office, district of fice) serving each State may consolidate the employment and wages data for that State with the data reported to the State in which the headquarters is located. As a result o f these reporting rules, the number o f report ing units is always larger than the number o f em ployers (or governm ent agencies) but smaller than the number o f actual establish ments (or installations). Data reported for the first quarter are tabu lated into size categ o ries ranging from worksites o f very small size to those with 1,000 employees or more. The size category is determined by the establishment’s March employment level. It is im portant to note that each establishment o f a multi-establish m ent firm is tabulated separately into the appropriate size category. The total employ m ent level o f the reporting multi-establish ment firm is not used in the size tabulation. Covered employers in most States report total wages paid during the calendar quarter, regardless o f when the services were per formed. A few State laws, however, specify that wages be reported for, or based on the period during which services are performed rather than the period during which compen sation is paid. Under most State laws or regu lations, wages include bonuses, stock options, the cash value o f meals and lodging, tips and other gratuities, and, in some States, employer contributions to certain deferred compensa tion plans such as 401(k) plans. Covered employer contributions for oldage, survivors, and disability insurance ( oasdi), health insurance, unemployment in surance, workers’ compensation, and private pension and welfare funds are not reported as wages. Employee contributions for the same purposes, however, as well as money withheld for income taxes, union dues, and so forth, are reported even though they are deducted from the w orker’s gross pay. Wages o f covered Federal workers rep resent the gross amount o f all payrolls for all pay periods ending within the quarter. This includes cash allowances, the cash equiva lent o f any type o f remuneration, severance pay, withholding taxes, and retirement de ductions. Federal employee rem uneration generally covers the same types o f services as for workers in private industry. Average annual wages per employee for any given industry are computed by dividing total annual wages by annual average employ ment. A further division by 52 yields average weekly wages per employee. Annual pay data only approximate annual earnings because an individual may not be employed by the same employer all year or may work for more than one employer at a time. Average weekly or annual pay is af fected by the ratio o f full-time to part-time workers as well as the num ber o f individuals in high-paying and low-paying occupations. W hen average pay levels between States and industries are compared, these factors should be taken into consideration. For example, in dustries characterized by high proportions o f part-time workers will show average wage levels appreciably less than the weekly pay levels o f regular full-time employees in these industries. The opposite effect characterizes industries with low proportions o f part-time workers, or industries that typically sched ule heavy weekend and overtime work. Aver age wage data also may be influenced by work stoppages, labor turnover rates, retroactive payments, seasonal factors, bonus payments, and so on. Notes on the data To insure the highest possible quality o f data, State employment security agencies verify with employers and update, if necessary, the industry, location, and ownership classifica tion o f all establishments on a 3 -year cycle. Changes in establishment classification codes resulting from the verification process are in troduced with the data reported for the first quarter o f the year. Changes resulting from improved employer reporting also are intro duced in the first quarter. For these reasons, some data, especially at more detailed geo graphic levels, may not be strictly compa rable with earlier years. The 1999 county data used to calculate the 1999-2000 changes were adjusted for changes in industry and county classification to make them comparable to data for 2000. As a result, the adjusted 1999 data differ to some extent from the data available on the Internet at: http://www. bis. gov/cew/home. htm. County definitions are assigned accord ing to Federal Information Processing Stan dards Publications as issued by the National Institute o f Standards and Technology. Areas shown as counties include those designated Monthly Labor Review August 2002 41 Current Labor Statistics as independent cities in some jurisdictions and, in Alaska, those areas designated by the Census Bureau where counties have not been created. County data also are presented for the N ew England States for comparative pur poses, even though townships are the more common designation used in N ew England (and N ew Jersey). For additional information on the cov ered employment and wage data, contact the Division o f Administrative Statistics and Labor Turnover at (202) 691-6567._________ Compensation and Wage Data (Tables 1-3; 25 -3 1 ) Compensation and wage data are gathered by the Bureau from business establishments, State and local governm ents, labor unions, collective bargaining agreements on file with the Bureau, and secondary sources. Employment Cost Index Description of the series The Employment Cost Index (ECl) is a quar terly measure o f the rate o f change in com pensation per hour w orked and includes w ages, salaries, and employer costs o f em ployee ben efits. It uses a fixed m ark et basket o f labor— similar in concept to the Con sumer Price Index’s fixed market basket o f goods and services— to measure change over time in employer costs o f employing labor. Statistical series on total compensation costs, on wages and salaries, and on benefit costs are available for private nonfarm work ers excluding proprietors, the self-employed, and household workers. The total compensa tion costs and wages and salaries series are also available for State and local government workers and for the civilian nonfarm economy, which consists o f private industry and State and local government workers combined. Fed eral workers are excluded. The Employment Cost Index probability sample consists o f about 4,400 private non farm establishments providing about 23,000 occupational observations and 1,000 State and local governm ent establishments providing 6,000 occupational observations selected to represent total employment in each sector. On average, each reporting unit provides wage and compensation information on five well-speci fied occupations. Data are collected each quar ter for the pay period including the 12th day o f March, June, September, and December. 42 Monthly Labor Review https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Beginning with June 1986 data, fixed em ployment weights from the 1980 Census o f P o p u la tio n are u sed ea c h q u a rte r to calculate the civilian and private indexes and the index for State and local governments. (P rio r to Ju n e 1 9 8 6 , th e e m p lo y m e n t weights are from the 1970 Census o f Popu lation.) These fixed w eights, also used to derive all o f the industry and occupation series indexes, ensure that changes in these indexes reflect only changes in com pensa tion, not employment shifts among indus tries or occupations with different levels o f wages and compensation. For the bargaining status, region, and metropolitan/non-m etropolitan area series, how ever, employment data by industry and occupation are not available from the census. Instead, the 1980 employm ent w eights are reallocated within these series each quarter based on the cur rent sample. Therefore, these indexes are not strictly comparable to those for the aggre gate, industry, and occupation series. Definitions Total com pensation costs include wages, salaries, and the em ployer’s costs for em ployee benefits. Wages and salaries consist o f earnings before payroll deductions, including produc tion bonuses, incentive earnings, comm is sions, and cost-of-living adjustments. Benefits include the cost to employers for paid leave, supplem ental pay (includ ing nonproduction bonuses), insurance, retire ment and savings plans, and legally required benefits (such as Social Security, workers’ com pensation, and unemployment insurance). Excluded from wages and salaries and em ployee benefits are such items as payment-in kind, free room and board, and tips. Notes on the data The Employment Cost Index for changes in wages and salaries in the private nonfarm economy was published beginning in 1975. Changes in total compensation cost— wages and salaries and benefits combined— were published beginning in 1980. The series o f changes in wages and salaries and for total compensation in the State and local govern m ent sector and in the civilian nonfarm economy (excluding Federal employees) were published beginning in 1981. Historical in dexes (June 1981=100) are available on the Internet: http ://www. bis. go v/ect/ For additional information on the Employm ent Cost Index, contact the Office o f Compensation Levels and Trends: (202) August 2002 691-6199. Employee Benefits Survey Description of the series Employee benefits data are obtained from the Employee B enefits Survey, an annual survey o f the incidence and provisions o f selected benefits provided by em ployers. The survey collects data from a sample o f approxim ately 9 ,0 0 0 private sector and State and local governm ent establishments. The data are presented as a percentage o f em ployees who participate in a certain benefit, or as an average benefit provision (for example, the average number o f paid holidays provided to employees per year). Selected data from the survey are presented in table 25 for medium and large private establishments and in table 26 for small private establishments and State and local government. The survey covers paid leave benefits such as holidays and vacations, and personal, funeral, ju ry duty, military, family, and sick leave; short-term disability, long-term dis ability, and life insurance; medical, dental, and vision care plans; defined benefit and defined contribution plans; flexible benefits plans; reim bursem ent accounts; and unpaid family leave. A lso, data are tab u lated on the in c i dence o f several o th er b en efits, such as severance pay, child-care assistance, w ell ness program s, and em ployee assistance programs. Definitions Em ployer-provided benefits are benefits that are financed either wholly or partly by the employer. They may be sponsored by a union or other third party, as long as there is some employer financing. H owever, some benefits that are fully paid for by the em ployee also are included. For example, long term care insurance and postretirement life insurance paid entirely by the employee are included because the guarantee o f insurabil ity and availability at group premium rates are considered a benefit. Participants are workers who are covered by a benefit, whether or not they use that benefit. I f the benefit plan is financed w holly by employers and requires employees to complete a minimum length o f service for eligibility, the workers are considered participants whether or not they have met the requirement. If workers are required to contribute towards the cost o f a plan, they are considered participants only if they elect the plan and agree to make the required contributions. Defined benefit pension plans use pre- determined formulas to calculate a retirement benefit (if any), and obligate the employer to provide those benefits. Benefits are generally based on salary, years o f service, or both. D efined contribution plans generally specify the level o f employer and employee contributions to a plan, but not the formula for determining eventual benefits. Instead, individual accounts are set up for partici pants, and benefits are based on am ounts credited to these accounts. Tax-deferred savings plans are a type of defined contribution plan that allow par ticipants to contribute a portion o f their sal ary to an employer-sponsored plan and defer income taxes until withdrawal. Flexible benefit plans allow employees to choose among several benefits, such as life insurance, medical care, and vacation days, and am ong several levels o f coverage within a given benefit. Notes on the data Surveys o f employees in medium and large establishments conducted over the 1979-86 p e rio d in c lu d e d e s ta b lis h m e n ts th a t employed at least 50, 100, or 250 workers, depending on the industry (m ost service in d u s trie s w ere ex clu d e d ). T he su rv ey conducted in 1987 covered only State and lo cal g o v e rn m e n ts w ith 50 o r m o re employees. The surveys conducted in 1988 an d 1 989 in c lu d e d m e d iu m and larg e establishm ents with 100 workers or more in private industries. All surveys conducted o v e r th e 1 9 7 9 - 8 9 p e rio d e x c lu d e d establishments in Alaska and Hawaii, as well as part-tim e employees. Beginning in 1990, surveys o f State and local g o v e rn m e n ts and sm all p riv ate establishm ents w ere conducted in evennumbered years, and surveys o f medium and large establishments were conducted in oddnum bered years. The small establishm ent su rv ey in clu d es all p riv a te n o n farm establishments with fewer than 100 workers, while the State and local government survey includes all governments, regardless o f the number o f workers. All three surveys include full- and part-time workers, and workers in all 50 States and the District o f Columbia. For additional information on the Employee B enefits Survey, contact the Of fice o f Com pensation Levels and Trends on the Internet: http://www.bls.gov/ebs/ Work stoppages Description of the series D ata on work stoppages measure the num ber and duration o f major strikes or lockouts https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis (involving 1,000 workers or more) occurring during the month (or year), the number o f workers involved, and the amount o f work time lost because o f stoppage. These data are presented in table 27. D ata are largely from a variety o f pub lished sources and cover only establishments directly involved in a stoppage. They do not measure the indirect or secondary effect o f stoppages on other establishments whose employees are idle owing to material short ages or lack o f service. Definitions N um ber o f stoppages: The num ber o f strikes and lockouts involving 1,000 w ork ers or more and lasting a full shift or longer. W orkers involved: The n u m b er o f workers directly involved in the stoppage. Number o f days idle: The aggregate num ber o f w orkdays lost by w orkers in volved in the stoppages. Days of idleness as a percent of estimated working time: Aggregate workdays lost as a percent o f the aggregate number o f standard workdays in the period multiplied by total employment in the period. Notes on the data This series is not comparable with the one terminated in 1981 that covered strikes in volving six workers or more. For additional information on work stoppages data, contact the Office o f C om pensation and Working Conditions: (202) 6 9 1 -6 2 8 2 , or the Internet: http:/www.bls.gov/cba/ Price Data (Tables 2; 32^12) Price whose primary source o f incom e is derived from the employment o f wage earners and clerical w orkers, and the other consisting o f all urban households. The wage earner index (CPI-W) is a continuation o f the historic in dex that was introduced well over a halfcentury ago for use in wage negotiations. A s new uses were developed for the CPI in re cent years, the need for a broader and more representative index becam e apparent. The all-urban consum er index (CPI-U), introduced in 1978, is representative o f the 1993-95 buying habits o f about 87 percent o f the noninstitutional population o f the U nited States at that time, compared w ith 32 per cent represented in the CPI-W. In addition to wage earners and clerical w orkers, the CPI-U covers professional, managerial, and techni cal w orkers, the self-employed, short-term w orkers, the unemployed, retirees, and oth ers not in the labor force. The CPI is based on prices o f food, cloth ing, shelter, fuel, drugs, transportation fares, doctors’ and dentists’ fees, and other goods and services that people buy for day-to-day living. The quantity and quality o f these items are kept essentially unchanged between major revisions so that only price changes will be measured. All taxes directly associ ated with the purchase and use o f items are included in the index. D ata collected from more than 23,000 re tail establishments and 5,800 housing units in 87 urban areas across the country are used to develop the “U.S. city average.” Separate estimates for 14 major urban centers are pre sented in table 33. The areas listed are as indicated in footnote 1 to the table. The area indexes measure only the average change in prices for each area since the base period, and do not indicate differences in the level o f prices among cities. Notes on the data data are gathered by the B ureau o f L ab o r S tatistics from retail and p ri mary markets in the United States. Price in dexes are given in relation to a base period— 1982 = 100 for many Producer Price Indexes, 1982-84 = 100 for many Consumer Price In dexes (unless otherwise noted), and 1990 = 100 for International Price Indexes. Consumer Price Indexes Description of the series The Consumer Price Index (CPI) is a mea sure o f the average change in the prices paid by urban consum ers for a fixed market bas ket o f goods and services. The CPI is calcu lated m onthly for two population groups, one consisting only o f urban households In January 1983, the B ureau changed the w ay in w hich h om eow nership costs are meaured for the CPI-U. A rental equivalence method replaced the asset-price approach to homeow nership costs for that series. In January 1985, the same change was made in the CPI-W. The central purpose o f the change was to separate shelter costs from the in vestm ent com ponent o f hom e-ownership so that the index would reflect only the cost o f shelter services provided by ow ner-occu pied homes. An updated cpi-u and cpi-w were introduced with release o f the January 1987 and January 1998 data. For additional information on con sum er prices, contact the D ivision o f C on su m er P rices and P rice In d ex es: (2 0 2 ) 6 9 1 -7 0 0 0 . Monthly Labor Review August 2002 43 Current Labor Statistics Producer Price Indexes Description of the series Producer Price Indexes (PPi) m easure av erage changes in prices received by domestic producers o f comm odities in all stages o f processing. The sample used for calculating these indexes currently contains about 3,200 commodities and about 80,000 quotations per m onth, selected to represent the move m ent o f prices o f all comm odities produced in the m anufacturing; agriculture, forestry, and fishing; mining; and gas and electricity and public utilities sectors. The stage-ofp ro c e s s in g s tru c tu r e o f ppi o rg a n iz e s products by class o f buyer and degree o f fabrication (that is, finished goods, in te r m ediate goods, and crude m aterials). The traditional com m odity stru ctu re o f ppi o r ganizes products by sim ilarity o f end use or m aterial com position. The industry and product structure o f ppi organizes data in accordance w ith the Standard Industrial C lassification (S ic) and the product code extension o f the sic developed by the U.S. Bureau o f the Census. To the extent possible, prices used in calculating P roducer P rice Indexes apply to the first significant com m ercial transac tion in the U nited States from the produc tion or central m arketing point. Price data are generally collected m onthly, prim arily by mail questionnaire. M ost prices are ob tained directly from producing companies on a voluntary and confidential basis. Prices generally are reported for the T uesday o f the w eek containing the 13th day o f the m onth. Since January 1992, price changes for the various com m odities have been averaged to g eth er w ith im plicit q u an tity w eights representing their importance in the total net selling value o f all commodities as o f 1987. The detailed data are aggregated to obtain indexes for stage-of-processing groupings, commodity groupings, durability-of-product groupings, and a number o f special composite groups. All Producer Price Index data are subject to revision 4 m onths after original publication. For additional information on pro ducer prices, contact the D ivision o f In dustrial P rices and Price Indexes: (2 0 2 ) 6 9 1 -7 7 0 5 . International Price indexes Description of the series The International Price Program produces m onthly and quarterly export and im port 44 Monthly Labor Review https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis price indexes for nonmilitary goods and ser vices traded between the United States and the rest o f the world. The export price index provides a measure o f price change for all products sold by U.S. residents to foreign buyers. (“Residents” is defined as in the na tional income accounts; it includes corpora tions, businesses, and individuals, but does not require the organizations to be U.S. owned nor the individuals to have U.S. citi zenship.) The import price index provides a measure o f price change for goods purchased from other countries by U.S. residents. The product universe for both the import and export indexes includes raw materials, agricultural products, semifinished manufac tures, and finished manufactures, including both capital and consumer goods. Price data for these items are collected primarily by mail questionnaire. In nearly all cases, the data are collected directly from the exporter or im porter, although in a few cases, prices are obtained from other sources. To the extent possible, the data gathered refer to prices at the U.S. border for exports and at either the foreign border or the U.S. border for imports. For nearly all products, the prices refer to transactions completed dur ing the first week o f the month. Survey re spondents are asked to indicate all discounts, allowances, and rebates applicable to the re ported prices, so that the price used in the calculation o f the indexes is the actual price for which the product was bought or sold. In addition to general indexes o f prices for U.S. exports and imports, indexes are also published for detailed product categories o f exports and imports. These categories are defined according to the five-digit level o f detail for the Bureau o f Economic Analysis End-use Classification, the three-digit level for the Standard Industrial C lassification (SITC), and the four-digit level o f detail for the H arm o n ized System . A g g reg ate im p o rt indexes by coun-try or region o f origin are also available. bls publishes indexes for selected catego ries of internationally traded services, calcu lated on an international basis and on a balance-of-payments basis. Notes on the data The export and im port price indexes are weighted indexes o f the Laspeyres type. The trade weights currently used to compute both indexes relate to 2000. Because a price index depends on the same items being priced from period to period, it is necessary to recognize w hen a product’s specifications or terms o f transaction have been modified. For this reason, the Bureau’s August 2002 questionnaire requests detailed descriptions of the physical and functional characteristics of the products being priced, as well as informa tion on the number o f units bought or sold, discounts, credit terms, packaging, class o f buyer or seller, and so forth. W hen there are changes in either the specifications or terms o f transaction o f a product, the dollar value o f each change is deleted from the total price change to obtain the “pure” change. Once this value is determined, a linking procedure is em ployed which allows for the continued repric ing o f the item. For additional information on inter national prices, contact the Division o f Inter national Prices: (20 2 )6 9 1 -7 1 5 5 . Productivity Data (Tables 2; 4 3 -4 6 ) Business sector and major sectors Description of the series The productivity measures relate real output to real input. As such, they encompass a fam ily o f measures which include single-factor input measures, such as output per hour, out put per unit o f labor input, or output per unit o f capital input, as well as measures o f multifactor productivity (output per unit o f combined labor and capital inputs). The B u reau indexes show the change in output rela tive to changes in the various inputs. The measures cover the business, nonfarm busi ness, manufacturing, and nonfinancial corpo rate sectors. Corresponding indexes o f hourly compen sation, unit labor costs, unit nonlabor pay ments, and prices are also provided. Definitions O utput per hour o f all persons (labor pro ductivity) is the quantity o f goods and ser vices produced per hour o f labor input. Out put per unit o f capital services (capital productivity) is the quantity o f goods and services produced per unit o f capital ser vices input. M ultifactor productivity is the quantity o f goods and services produced per combined inputs. For private business and pri vate nonfarm business, inputs include labor and capital units. For manufacturing, inputs include labor, capital, energy, non-energy ma terials, and purchased business ser-vices. Compensation per hour is total com pensation divided by hours at work. Total compensation equals the wages and salaries o f employees plus em ployers’ contributions for social insurance and private benefit plans, plus an estim ate o f these payments for the self-employed (except for nonfinancial cor porations in w hich there are no self-em ployed). Real com pensation per hour is co m p en satio n per h o u r d eflated by th e change in the Consum er Price Index for All Urban Consumers. U nit labor costs are the labor com pen sation costs expended in the production o f a unit o f output and are derived by dividing com pensation by output. U nit nonlabor paym ents include p ro fits, depreciatio n , interest, and indirect taxes per unit o f out put. They are computed by subtracting com pensation o f all persons from current-dollar value o f output and dividing by output. U nit n on lab or costs contain all the co m p o n en ts o f u nit n o n lab o r paym ents except u nit profits. U nit profits include corporate profits w ith inventory valuation and capital co n sum ption adjustm ents per unit o f output. H o u rs o f a ll p er so n s are th e to ta l hours at w ork o f payroll w o rk ers, selfem p lo y ed p e rs o n s, and u n p a id fam ily w orkers. L abor inputs are hours o f all persons adjusted for the effects o f changes in the education and experience o f the labor force. C ap ital services are the flow o f ser vices from the capital stock used in pro duction. It is developed from m easures o f the net stock o f physical assets— eq u ip m ent, structures, land, and inventories— w eighted by rental prices for each type o f asset. C om bined units o f lab or and cap ital inputs are derived by com bining changes in labor and capital in p u t w ith w eights w hich represent each co m p o n en t’s share o f total cost. C om bined units o f labor, capital, energy, m aterials, and purchased business services are sim ilarly derived by co m b in in g ch an g es in each in p u t w ith w eights that represent each in p u t’s share o f total costs. The indexes for each input and fo r co m b in e d u n its are b a sed on changing w eights which are averages o f the shares in the current and preceding year (the T ornquist index-num ber form ula). Notes on the data B u sin e ss secto r o u tp u t is an a n n u ally w eighted index constructed by excluding from real gross dom estic product ( gd p ) the follow ing outputs: general gov ern m en t, nonprofit institutions, paid em ployees o f private households, and the rental value https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis o f ow ner-occupied dw ellings. N onfarm business also excludes farm ing. Private b u sin ess and private n o n farm b u sin ess fu rth er exclude g overnm ent enterprises. The m easures are supplied by the U.S. D e partm ent o f C om m erce’s B ureau o f E co nomic Analysis. Annual estimates o f m anu facturing sectoral ou tp u t are produced by the B ureau o f Labor Statistics. Q uarterly m an u factu rin g o u tp u t indexes from the Federal Reserve Board are adjusted to these annual output m easures by the b l s . C om pensation data are developed from data o f the B ureau o f Econom ic A nalysis and the B ureau o f L abor Statistics. H ours data are developed from data o f the B ureau o f L abor Statistics. The productivity and associated cost m easures in tables 4 3 -4 6 describe the re lationship betw een o u tp u t in real term s and the labor and capital inputs involved in its production. They show the changes from period to period in the am o u n t o f goods and services produced per u nit o f in p u t. A lthough these m easures relate output to hours and capital services, they do not m easure the contributions o f labor, capi tal, or any other specific factor o f p roduc tion. R ather, they reflect the jo in t effect o f m any influences, including changes in technology; shifts in the com position o f the labor force; capital investm ent; level o f o u tp u t; chan g es in the u tilization o f capacity, energy, m aterial, and research and developm ent; the organization o f pro duction; m anagerial skill; and characteris tics and efforts o f the w ork force. FOR ADDITIONAL INFORMATION On this productivity series, contact the D ivision o f P ro d u c tiv ity R e se a rc h : (2 0 2 ) 691 — 5606. Industry productivity measures Description of the series T h e b l s in d u s tr y p r o d u c tiv ity d a ta supplem ent the m easures for the business econom y and m ajor sectors w ith annual m easures o f labor productivity for selected industries at the three- and four-digit levels o f the Standard Industrial C lassification system . In addition to labor productivity, th e in d u s try d a ta also in c lu d e a n n u a l m easures o f com pensation and unit labor c o s ts fo r th r e e - d i g it in d u s tr ie s a n d m easures o f m ultifactor productivity for three-digit m anufacturing industries and ra ilro a d tr a n s p o rta tio n . T h e in d u s try m easures differ in m ethodology and data sources from the p ro ductivity m easures for the m ajor sectors because th e industry m easures are developed in dependently o f the N ational Incom e and Product A ccounts fra m e w o rk u sed fo r th e m a jo r s e c to r m easures. Definitions O utput per hour is derived by dividing an index o f industry o u tp u t by an index o f labor input. For m ost industries, output indexes are derived from data on the value o f in d u s try o u tp u t a d ju s te d fo r p rice change. For the rem aining industries, out put indexes are derived from data on the physical q uantity o f production. The labor input series consist o f the hours o f all employees (production w orkers and nonproduction workers), the hours o f all persons (paid employees, partners, propri etors, and unpaid family w orkers), or the number o f employees, depending upon the industry. U n it lab or costs rep resen t the labor c o m p e n sa tio n c o sts p er u n it o f o u tp u t produced, and are derived by dividing an index o f labor com pensation by an index o f output. L abor com pensation includes p a y ro ll as w ell as s u p p le m e n ta l p a y m ents, including both legally required ex p e n d itu res and p ay m en ts fo r v o lu n tary program s. M u ltifa cto r p ro d u ctiv ity is derived by dividing an index o f in d u stry output by an index o f the com bined inputs con sum ed in producing th at output. C om bined inputs include capital, labor, and interm ediate purchases. The m easure o f cap ital in p u t used represents the flow o f services from th e capital sto ck used in production. It is developed from m easures o f th e n e t sto c k o f p h y sic a l a s s e ts — equipm ent, structures, land, and invento ries. The m easure o f interm ed iate p u r chases is a com bination o f purchased m a terials, services, fuels, and electricity. Notes on the data The industry m easures are com piled from data produced by the B ureau o f L abor Sta tistics and the B ureau o f the C ensus,w ith additional data supplied by o th er govern m en t a g e n c ie s, trad e a sso c ia tio n s, and other sources. For m ost in d u stries, th e p roductivity indexes refer to the o u tp u t per hour o f all em ployees. For som e trade and services industries, indexes o f o u tput per h our o f all persons (including self-em ployed) are Monthly Labor Review August 2002 45 Current Labor Statistics constructed. For som e transportation in dustries, only indexes o f o u tp u t per em ployee are prepared. FOR ADDITIONAL INFORMATION On this series, co n tact the D ivision o f In d u stry P roductivity Studies: (2 0 2 ) 6 9 1 -5 6 1 8 . International Com parisons (Tables 4 7 -4 9 ) Labor force and unemployment Description of the series Tables 47 and 48 present comparative meas ures o f the labor force, employment, and un em p lo y m en t— ap p ro x im atin g U .S. c o n cepts— for the United States, Canada, A us tralia, Japan, and several European countries. T he u n em ploym ent statistics (an d , to a lesser extent, em ploym ent statistics) pub lished by other industrial countries are not, in most cases, comparable to U.S. unemploy m ent statistics. Therefore, the B ureau ad justs the figures for selected countries, where necessary, for all known major definitional differences. Although precise comparability may not be achieved, these adjusted figures provide a better basis for international com parisons than the figures regularly published by each country. For further information on adjustm ents and comparability issues, see Constance Sorrentino, “International unem ployment rates: how comparable are they?” M onthly L abor Review, June 2000, pp. 3-20. Definitions For the principal U.S. definitions o f the labor force, employment, and unemployment, see the Notes section on Employment and Unem ployment Data: Household survey data. Notes on the data The adjusted statistics have been adapted to the age at which compulsory schooling ends in each country, rather than to the U.S. stan dard o f 16 years o f age and older. Therefore, the adjusted statistics relate to the popula tion aged 16 and older in France, Sweden, and the United Kingdom; 15 and older in A ustra lia, Japan, Germany, Italy from 1993 onward, and the Netherlands; and 14 and older in Italy prior to 1993. An exception to this rule is that the Canadian statistics for 1976 onward are adjusted to cover ages 16 and older, 46 Monthly Labor Review https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis whereas the age at which compulsory school ing ends rem ains at 15. The institutional population is included in the denominator o f the labor force participation rates and em ploym ent-population ratios for Japan and Germany; it is excluded for the United States and the other countries. In the U.S. labor force survey, persons on layoff who are awaiting recall to their jobs are classified as unemployed. European and Japanese layoff practices are quite different in nature from those in the United States; therefore, strict application o f the U.S. defi nition has not been made on this point. For further information, see M onthly Labor R e view, December 1981, pp. 8-11. The figures for one or more recent years for France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, and the United Kingdom are calculated using adjustment factors based on labor force sur veys for earlier years and are considered pre liminary. The recent-year measures for these countries, therefore, are subject to revision whenever data from more current labor force surveys become available. There are breaks in the data series for the United States (1990,1994,1997,1998,1999, 2000), Canada (1976) France (1992), Ger many (1991), Italy (1991, 1993), the N eth erlands (1988), and Sweden (1987). For the United States, the break in series reflects a major redesign o f the labor force survey questionnaire and collection method ology introduced in January 1994. Revised population estimates based on the 1990 cen sus, adjusted for the estimated undercount, also were incorporated. In 1996, previously published data for the 1990-93 period were revised to reflect the 1990 census-based population controls, adjusted for the u n dercount. In 1997, revised population con trols were introduced into the household sur vey. T herefore, th e data are not strictly conparable with prior years. In 1998, new composite estimation procedures and minor revisions in population controls were intro duced into the household survey. Therefore, the data are not strictly comparable with data for 1997 and earlier years. See the Notes sec tion on E m ploym ent and U nem ploym ent D ata o f this Review. BLS recently introduced a new adjusted series for Canada. Beginning with the data for 1976, Canadian data are adjusted to more closely approximate U.S. concepts. A djust ments are made to the unemployed and labor force to exclude: (1) 15-year-olds; (2) pas sive jobseekers (persons only reading news paper ads as their method o f job search); (3) persons waiting to start a new job who did not seek work in the past 4 weeks; and (4) persons unavailable for work due to personal or family responsibilities. An adjustment is August 2002 made to include full-tine students looking for full-time work. The im pact o f the adjust ments was to lower the annual average unem ployment rate by 0 .1 -0 .4 percentage point in the 1980s and 0.4 -1 .0 percentage point in the 1990s. For France, the 1992 break reflects the substitution o f standardized European Union Statistical Office (eurostat) unemployment statistics for the unem ploym ent data esti mated according to the International Labor Office (ilo) definition and published in the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (oecd) annual yearbook and quarterly update. This change was made be cause the eurostat data are more up-to-date than the oecd figures. Also, since 1992, the eurostat definitions are closer to the U.S. definitions than they were in prior years. The impact o f this revision was to lower the un employment rate by 0.1 percentage point in 1992 and 1993, by 0.4 percentage point in 1994, and 0.5 percentage point in 1995. For Germany, the data for 1991 onward refer to unified Germany. D ata prior to 1991 relate to the former West Germany. The im pact o f including the former East Germany was to increase the unemployment rate from 4.3 to 5.6 percent in 1991. For Italy, the 1991 break reflects a revi sion in the method o f weighting sample data. The impact was to increase the unemploy m ent rate by approximately 0.3 percentage point, from 6.6 to 6.9 percent in 1991. In October 1992, the survey methodol ogy was revised and the definition o f unem ployment was changed to include only those who were actively looking for a job within the 30 days preceding the survey and who w ere available for work. In addition, the lower age limit for the labor force was raised from 14 to 15 years. (Prior to these changes, bls adjusted Italy’s published unem ploy m ent rate downward by excluding from the unem ployed those persons w ho had not actively sought work in the past 30 days.) The break in the series also reflects the incor poration o f the 1991 population census re sults. The impact o f these changes was to raise Italy’s adjusted unemployment rate by approximately 1.2 percentage points, from 8.3 to 9.5 percent in fourth-quarter 1992. These changes did not affect employment significantly, except in 1993. Estimates by the Italian Statistical Office indicate that em ploym ent declined by about 3 percent in 1993, rather than the nearly 4 percent indi cated by the data shown in table 44. This difference is attributable mainly to the incor poration o f the 1991 population benchmarks in the 1993 data. D ata for earlier years have not been adjusted to incorporate the 1991 census results. For the N etherlands, a new survey ques tionnaire was introduced in 1992 that allowed for a closer application o f ilo guidelines. Eurostat has revised the D utch series back to 1988 based on the 1992 changes. The 1988 revised unem ploym ent rate is 7.6 percent; the previous estimate for the same year was 9.3 percent. There have been two breaks in series in the Swedish labor force survey, in 1987 and 1993. A djustm ents have been made for the 1993 break back to 1987. In 1987, a new questionnaire w as introduced. Q uestions regarding cu rren t availability w ere added and the period o f active w orkseeking w as reduced from 60 days to 4 w eeks. These changes low ered S w ed en ’s 1987 unem ploym ent rate by 0.4 percen tag e point, from 2.3 to 1.9 percent. In 1993, the m ea surem ent period for the labor force su r vey w as changed to represent all 52 w eeks o f the y ear rath er th an one w eek each m onth and a new adjustm ent for popula tion to tals w as in tro d u ced . T he im pact w as to raise the u nem p lo y m en t rate by approxim ately 0.5 percentage point, from 7.6 to 8.1 percent. S tatistics Sw eden re vised its labor force survey data for 1 9 8 7 92 to take into account the break in 1993. The adjustm ent raised the Sw edish u n em ploym ent rate by 0.2 percentage point in 1987 and gradually rose to 0.5 percentage point in 1992. Beginning with 1987, BLS has adjusted the Swedish data to classify students who also sought work as unemployed. The impact o f this change was to increase the adjusted un employment rate by 0.1 percentage point in 1987 and by 1.8 percentage points in 1994, w hen unemployment was higher. In 1998, the adjusted unem ploym ent rate had risen from 6.5 to 8.4 percent due to the adjustment to include students. The net effect o f the 1987 and 1993 changes and the BLS adjustm ent for stu d en ts seek in g w ork lo w ered S w e d e n ’s 1987 unem ploym ent rate from 2.3 to 2.2 percent. FORADDITIONALINFORMATION on this se ries, contact the Division o f Foreign Labor Statistics: (202) 691-5654. Manufacturing productivity and labor costs Description of the series Table 49 presents comparative indexes o f manufacturing labor productivity (output per hour), output, total hours, compensation per hour, and unit labor costs for the United States, Canada, Japan, and nine European https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis countries. These measures are trend compari sons— that is, series that measure changes over time— rather than level comparisons. There are greater technical problems in com paring the levels o f manufacturing output among countries. BLS constructs the comparative indexes from three basic aggregate measures— output, total labor hours, and total compensation. The hours and compensation measures refer to all employed persons (wage and salary earners plus self-employed persons and un paid family workers) in the United States, Canada, Japan, France, Germany, Norway, and Sweden, and to all employees (wage and salary earners) in the other countries. Definitions O utput, in general, refers to value added in m an ufacturing from the national ac co u n ts o f each country. H ow ever, the output series for Japan prior to 1970 is an index o f industrial production, and the national accounts m easures for the U nited K ingdom are essentially identical to their indexes o f industrial production. T h e 1 9 7 7 -9 7 o u tp u t d a ta fo r th e U nited States are the gross product origi nating (value added) m easures prepared by the B ureau o f E conom ic A nalysis o f the U.S. D epartm ent o f C om m erce. C om parable m an ufacturing o u tput data c u r rently are not available prior to 1977. U.S. gross product originating is a chaintype annual-w eighted series. (For m ore in form ation on the U.S. m easure, see R obert E. Y uskavage, “Im proved E stim ates o f G ro ss P ro d u c t by In d u stry , 1 9 5 9 -9 4 ,” Survey o f C urrent B u sin ess, A ugust 1996, pp. 1 3 3 -5 5 .) The Japanese value added series is based upon one set o f fixed price w eights for the years 1970 through 1997. O u tput series for the other foreign econo m ies also em ploy fixed price w eights, but the w eights are updated periodically (for exam ple, every 5 or 10 years). To preserve the comparability o f the U.S. measures with those for other economies, BLS uses gross product originating in m anufac turing for the United States for these com parative measures. The gross product origi nating series differs from the manufacturing output series that BLS publishes in its news releases on quarterly measures o f U.S. pro ductivity and costs (and that underlies the measures that appear in tables 43 and 45 in this section). The quarterly measures are on a “ sectoral output” basis, rather than a valueadded basis. Sectoral output is gross output less intrasector transactions. Total labor hours refers to hours worked in all countries. The measures are developed from statistics o f manufacturing employment and average hours. The series used for France (from 1970 forward), Norway, and Sweden are official series published with the national accounts. Where official total hours series are not available, the measures are developed by BLS using employment figures published with the national accounts, or other comprehen sive employment series, and estimates o f an nual hours worked. For Germany, BLS uses estimates o f average hours worked developed by a research institute connected to the M in istry o f Labor for use with the national ac counts em ployment figures. For the other countries, BLS constructs its own estimates o f average hours. Denmark has not published estimates of average hours for 1994-97; therefore, the BLS measure o f labor input for Denmark ends in 1993. Total compensation (labor cost) includes all payments in cash or in-kind made directly to employees plus employer expenditures for legally required insurance programs and con tractual and private benefit plans. The mea sures are from the national accounts o f each country, except those for Belgium, which are developed by bls using statistics on employ ment, average hours, and hourly compensa tion. For Canada, France, and Sweden, com pensation is increased to account for other sig nificant taxes on payroll or employment. For the United Kingdom, compensation is reduced between 1967 and 1991 to account for em ployment-related subsidies. Self-employed workers are included in the all-employed-persons measures by assuming that their hourly compensation is equal to the average for wage and salary employees. Notes on the data In general, the measures relate to total m anu facturing as defined by the International Stan dard Industrial Classification. However, the measures for France (for all years) and Italy (beginning 1970) refer to mining and manu facturing less energy-related products, and the measures for Denmark include mining and exclude manufacturing handicrafts from 1960 to 1966. The measures for recent years may be based on current indicators o f manufacturing output (such as industrial production in dexes), em ploym ent, average h ours, and hourly compensation until national accounts and other statistics used for the long-term measures become available. For additional information on this se ries, contact the Division o f Foreign Labor Statistics: (202) 691-5654._______________ Monthly Labor Review August 2002 47 Current Labor Statistics c o n tin u ed beginning w ith th e 1993 su r vey. T h e n u m b e r o f days aw ay fro m w o rk or days o f restric te d w ork activ ity does n o t in c lu d e th e day o f in ju ry or o n se t o f illn ess or any days on w h ich th e em ployee w ould not have w orked, such as a F ed eral holiday, even th o u g h able to w ork. In cid en ce ra tes are co m p u ted as th e n u m b e r o f in ju rie s a n d /o r illn e sse s or lo st w o rk days per 100 fu ll-tim e w o rk ers. Occupational Injury and Illness Data (Tables 50-51) Survey of Occupational Injuries and Illnesses Description of the series The Survey o f Occupational Injuries and Ill nesses collects data from employers about their workers’ job-related nonfatal injuries and ill nesses. The information that employers pro vide is based on records that they maintain un der the Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1970. Self-employed individuals, farms with fewer than 11 employees, employers regulated by other Federal safety and health laws, and Federal, State, and local government agencies are excluded from the survey. The survey is a Federal-State coopera tive program w ith an independent sample selected for each participating State. A strati fied random sample w ith a Neym an alloca tion is selected to represent all private in dustries in the State. The survey is stratified by Standard Industrial C lassification and size o f employment. Definitions U nder the Occupational Safety and Health Act, employers maintain records o f nonfatal work-related injuries and illnesses that in volve one or more o f the following: loss o f consciousness, restriction o f work or motion, transfer to another job, or medical treatm ent other than first aid. Occupational injury is any injury such as a cut, fracture, sprain, or amputation that re sults from a work-related event or a single, in stantaneous exposure in the work environment. Occupational illness is an abnormal con dition or disorder, other than one resulting from an occupational injury, caused by exposure to factors associated with employment. It in cludes acute and chronic illnesses or disease which may be caused by inhalation, absorp tion, ingestion, or direct contact. Lost workday injuries and illnesses are cases that involve days away from work, or days o f restricted w ork activity, or both. Lost w orkdays include the number of workdays (consecutive or not) on which the employee was either away from work or at work in some restricted capacity, or both, because of an occupational injury or illness, bls measures o f the number and incidence rate o f lost workdays were dis 48 Monthly Labor Review https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Notes on the data The definitions o f occupational injuries and illnesses are from Recordkeeping Guidelines fo r Occupational Injuries and Illnesses (U .S. D epartm ent o f Labor, Bureau o f Labor Sta tistics, September 1986). Estimates are made for industries and em ployment size classes for total recordable cases, lost workday cases, days away from work cases, and nonfatal cases without lost work days. These data also are shown separately for injuries. Illness data are available for seven cat egories: occupational skin diseases or disorders, dust diseases o f the lungs, respiratory condi tions due to toxic agents, poisoning (systemic effects o f toxic agents), disorders due to physi cal agents (other than toxic materials), disor ders associated with repeated trauma, and all other occupational illnesses. The survey continues to measure the num ber o f new work-related illness cases which are recognized, diagnosed, and reported during the year. Some conditions, for example, long term latent illnesses caused by exposure to carcinogens, often are difficult to relate to the workplace and are not adequately recognized and reported. These long-term latent illnesses are believed to be understated in the survey’s illness measure. In contrast, the overwhelming majority o f the reported new illnesses are those which are easier to directly relate to workplace activity (for example, contact der matitis and carpal tunnel syndrome). Most o f the estimates are in the form o f incidence rates, defined as the number o f inju ries and illnesses per 100 equivalent full-time workers. For this purpose, 200,000 employee hours represent 100 employee years (2,000 hours per employee). Full detail on the avail able measures is presented in the annual bulle tin, O ccupational Injuries a n d Illnesses: Counts, Rates, and Characteristics. Comparable data for more than 40 States and territories are available from the BLS O f fice o f Safety, Health and Working Condi tions. Many o f these States publish data on State and local government employees in ad dition to private industry data. August 2002 M ining and railroad data are furnished to bls by the Mine Safety and Health A dm inis tration and the Federal Railroad A dm inistra tion. Data from these organizations are in cluded in both the national and State data published annually. With the 1992 survey, bls began publish ing details on serious, nonfatal incidents re sulting in days away from work. Included are some major characteristics o f the injured and ill workers, such as occupation, age, gender, race, and length o f service, as well as the cir cumstances o f their injuries and illnesses (na ture o f the disabling condition, part o f body affected, event and exposure, and the source directly producing the condition). In general, these data are available nationwide for de tailed industries and for individual States at more aggregated industry levels. F or ADDITIONAL INFORMATION on occu pational injuries and illnesses, contact the Of fice o f Occupational Safety, Health and Work ing Conditions at (202) 691 -6 1 8 0 , or access the Internet at: http://www. bls. gov/iip/ Census of Fatal Occupational Injuries The Census o f Fatal Occupational Injuries compiles a complete roster o f fatal job-re lated injuries, including detailed data about the fatally injured w orkers and the fatal events. The program collects and cross checks fatality inform ation from multiple sources, including death certificates, State and Federal w orkers’ compensation reports, Occupational Safety and Health A dm inistra tion and M ine Safety and Health A dm inis tration records, medical exam iner and au topsy reports, media accounts, State motor vehicle fatality records, and follow-up ques tionnaires to employers. In addition to private wage and salary workers, the self-employed, family members, and Federal, State, and local governm ent workers are covered by the program. To be included in the fatality census, the decedent must have been employed (that is working for pay, compensation, or profit) at the time o f the event, engaged in a legal work activity, or present at the site o f the incident as a re quirement o f his or her job. Definition A fatal work injury is any intentional or un intentional wound or damage to the body re sulting in death from acute exposure to energy, such as heat or electricity, or kinetic energy from a crash, or from the absence o f such es sentials as heat or oxygen caused by a specific event or incident or series o f events within a single workday or shift. Fatalities that occur during a person’s commute to or from work are excluded from the census, as well as workrelated illnesses, w hich can be difficu lt to identify due to long latency periods. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Notes on the data Twenty-eight data elem ents are collected, coded, and tabulated in the fatality program, including information about the fatally in jured worker, the fatal incident, and the m a chinery or equipm ent involved. Summary worker demographic data and event charac teristics are included in a national news re lease that is available about 8 m onths after the end o f the reference year. The Census o f Fatal Occupational Injuries was initiated in 1992 as a joint Federal-State effort. M ost States issue summary information at the time o f the national news release. For additional information on the Census o f Fatal Occupational Injuries con tact the bls Office o f Safety, H ealth, and Working Conditions at (202) 691-6175, or the Internet at: http://www.bls.gov/iip/ L A B ST A T available via W orld W id e W eb LABSTAT, the Bureau o f Labor Statistics public database, provides current and histori cal data for many BLS surveys as well as numerous news releases. LABSTAT Public Access has introduced a new production Internet service over the World W ide Web. bls and regional offices programs are described using hypertext pages. Access to labstat data and news releases is provided by a link to the bls gopher server. The url is: http://www. bls. gov/blshome. h tml If you have questions or comments regarding the labstat system on the Internet, address e-mail to: labstat.helpdesk@ bls.gov Monthly Labor Review August 2002 49 Current Labor Statistics: Comparative Indicators 1. Labor market indicators 2 002 2001 2000 S e le c te d in d ic a to r s IV III II IV III II 1 1 II E m p lo y m e n t d a ta Employment status of the civilian noninstitutionalized population (household survey):1 Labor force participation rate................................................ Employment-population ratio................................................ Unemployment rate............................................................. Men................................................................................. 16 to 24 years................................................................. 25 years and over............................................................ Employment, nonfarm (payroll data), in thousands:1 Total.................................................................................. Goods-producing............................................................. Service-producing............................................................ 67.2 64.5 4.0 3.9 9.7 2.8 4.1 8.9 3.2 66.9 63.8 4.8 4.8 11.4 3.6 4.7 9.7 3.7 67.3 64.6 4.0 3.9 9.7 2.8 4.1 9.0 3.2 67.0 64.3 4.1 3.9 9.8 2.8 4.2 8.5 3.3 67.1 64.4 4.0 4.0 9.6 2.9 4.0 8.4 3.0 67.2 64.4 4.2 4.2 10.6 3.1 4.1 8.7 3.3 66.9 63.9 4.5 4.6 11.2 3.4 4.3 9.2 3.4 66.8 63.6 4.8 4.9 11.5 3.7 4.8 10.0 3.7 66.9 63.1 5.6 5.7 12.7 4.4 5.5 10.6 4.4 66.5 62.8 5.6 5.7 12.9 4.5 5.5 11.0 4.4 66.7 62.8 5.9 6.0 12.8 4.9 5.8 11.2 4.8 131,720 111,018 25,649 18,473 106,051 131,922 110,989 24,949 17,695 106,978 131,819 110,860 25,690 18,510 106,129 131,876 111,219 25,681 18,494 106,195 132,185 111,551 25,626 18,400 106,559 132,559 111,687 25,493 18,196 106,941 132,193 111,332 25,136 17,872 107,057 131,943 110,939 24,786 17,538 107,157 131,130 110,035 24,375 17,174 106,755 130,759 109,594 24,049 16,883 106,711 130,706 109,505 23,879 16,776 106,827 Average hours: Private sector.................................................................... Manufacturing................................................................. Overtime...................................................................... 34.5 41.6 4.6 34.2 40.7 3.9 34.4 41.8 4.7 34.4 41.5 4.5 34.3 41.1 4.4 34.3 41.0 4.1 34.2 40.8 3.9 34.1 40.7 3.9 34.1 40.5 3.8 34.2 40.8 4.0 34.2 41.0 4.2 Percent change in the ECI, compensation: All workers (excluding farm, household and Federal workers).... Private industry workers..................................................... Goods-producing3......................................................... 4.1 4.4 4.1 4.2 1.0 1.2 1.0 .9 .7 .7 1.3 1.4 .9 1.0 1.2 .9 .8 .8 1.0 1.1 .9 1.1 4.4 3.8 1.2 .9 .6 1.3 .9 .7 .8 1.2 .9 Service-producing3......................................................... State and local government workers.................................... 4.4 3.0 4.3 4.2 1.2 .3 1.0 1.3 .7 .7 1.4 .9 1.0 .6 1.0 2.1 .8 .6 1.1 .6 1.2 .4 Workers by bargaining status (private industry): Union................................................................................. Nonunion............................................................................ 4.0 4.4 4.2 4.1 1.0 1.2 1.2 1.0 .5 .7 .7 1.5 1.1 1.0 1.0 .9 1.4 .7 1.1 1.1 1.0 1.1 E m p lo y m e n t C o s t In d e x 2 1 Quarterly data seasonally adjusted. 2 Annual changes are December-to-December changes. Quarterly changes are calculated using the last month of each quarter. 3 Goods-producing industries include mining, construction, and manufacturing. Service-producing industries include all other private sector industries. 50 Monthly Labor Review https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis August 2002 2. Annual and quarterly percent changes in compensation, prices, and productivity 2002 2001 2000 2001 S e le c te d m e a s u r e s IV III II IV III II 1 I II C om pensation data1,2 Employment Cost Index— compensation (wages, salaries, benefits): Civilian nonfarm............................................................ Private nonfarm......................................................... Employment Cost Index— wages and salaries: Private nonfarm......................................................... 4.1 4.4 4.1 4.2 1.0 1.2 1.0 .9 0.7 .7 1.3 1.4 0.9 1.0 1.2 .9 0.8 .8 1.0 1.1 0.9 1.1 3.8 3.9 3.7 3.8 1.0 1.0 1.1 1.0 .6 .6 1.1 1.2 .9 1.0 1.0 .8 .7 .8 .9 .9 .8 1.0 1.6 3.4 .7 .8 .2 1.3 1.0 .2 -.9 .7 .5 3.5 4.3 1.2 4.0 31.1 -1.8 -2.4 1.0 -.2 -8.8 1.8 1.3 .1 1.4 -6.0 .6 .8 -7.2 1.0 2.1 .4 .1 1.1 -.3 9.4 .9 1.2 -.1 .2 -3.5 .8 1.0 -7.1 .6 -6.6 -.3 -.3 -.1 -1.0 -12.0 -3.2 -4.3 .1 -3.6 -12.2 1.1 1.5 2.9 .9 8.0 .2 .4 -.3 1.1 37.1 3.0 2.9 2.1 1.1 1.1 1.0 6.7 6.0 .3 .4 .6 2.6 2.1 1.7 -.7 -1.5 -1.5 -2.6 -.2 -.1 2.3 1.8 2.1 3.2 7.6 7.3 10.8 8.3 8.6 5.1 1.7 1.5 5.0 Price data1 Consumer Price Index (All Urban Consumers): All Items..... Producer Price Index: Finished goods.............................................................. Capital equipment....................................................... Intermediate materials, supplies, and components............ Crude materials.............................................................. P ro d u c tiv ity data3 Output per hour of all persons: Business sector.............................................................. 1 Annual changes are December-to-December changes. Quarterly changes are calculated using the last month of each quarter. Compensation and price data are not seasonally adjusted, and the price data are not compounded. 2 Excludes Federal and private household workers. 3 Annual rates of change are computed by comparing annual averages. Quarterly per- cent changes reflect annual rates of change in quarterly indexes. The data are seasonally adjusted. 4 Output per hour of all employees. 3. Alternative measures of wage and compensation changes F o u r q u a r t e r s e n d in g Q u a r te r ly a v e ra g e III II Average hourly compensation:1 All persons, business sector.................................................... IV II I 2002 2001 2002 2001 C o m p o n e n ts II I III 1 IV II 0.5 .1 0.9 1.0 1.4 1.5 3.8 3.6 4.0 3.7 4.5 4.2 3.9 3.6 2.0 1.8 1.5 1.4 1.6 1.6 2.5 2.4 .9 1.0 1.1 1.0 .6 1.2 .9 1.0 .9 2.1 .8 .8 1.4 .7 .6 1.0 1.1 1.1 1.1 .6 .9 1.1 1.0 1.1 .4 4.1 4.2 3.4 4.3 3.3 3.9 4.0 3.5 4.2 3.6 4.1 4.0 3.4 4.1 4.4 4.1 4.2 4.2 4.1 4.2 3.9 3.9 4.7 3.8 3.9 4.0 4.0 4.5 3.9 3.6 .9 1.0 1.1 .9 .5 1.0 .8 1.0 .8 1.9 .7 .8 1.6 .7 .5 .9 .9 .7 1.0 .5 .8 1.0 .9 1.0 .3 3.8 3.8 3.6 3.9 3.5 3.7 3.8 3.8 3.7 3.7 3.6 3.6 3.6 3.6 3.9 3.7 3.8 4.4 3.6 3.6 3.5 3.5 4.4 3.4 3.4 3.5 3.6 4.2 3.5 3.2 Employment Cost Index— compensation: Civilian nonfarm2.................................................................... Union................................................................................. Nonunion............................................................................ Employment Cost Index— wages and salaries: Civilian nonfarm2.................................................................... Union................................................................................. Nonunion............................................................................ State and local governments................................................. 1 Seasonally adjusted. "Quarterly average" is percent change from a quarter ago, at an annual rate. 2 Excludes Federal and household workers. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Monthly Labor Review August 2002 51 C u rre n t L a b o r S ta tis tic s : 4. L a b o r F o rc e D a ta Employment status of the population, by sex, age, race, and Hispanic origin, monthly data seasonally adjusted [Numbers in thousands] E m p lo y m e n t s ta tu s 2000 2001 2002 2001 A n n u a l a v e ra g e J u ly June Aug. Sept O ct. N ov. D ec. Jan. Feb. M ar. A p r. M ay June TO TAL Civilian noninstitutional population1..................... 209,699 211,864 211,725 211,921 212,135 212,357 212,581 212,767 212,927 213,089 213,306 213,334 213,492 213,658 213,842 Civilian labor force........... 140,863 141,815 141,468 141,651 141,380 142,068 142,280 142,279 141,390 141,390 142,211 142,005 142,570 142,769 142,476 66.4 66.6 66.7 66.6 66.8 66.8 66.8 66.6 66.9 66.9 66.9 66.8 Participation rate....... 67.2 66.9 66.8 Employed................... 135,208 135,073 135,003 135,106 134,408 135,004 134,615 134,253 134,055 133,468 134,319 133,894 133,976 134,417 134,053 Employment-pop62.7 63.4 62.6 63.0 62.8 62.8 62.9 63.8 63.6 63.3 63.1 63.0 64.5 63.8 63.8 ulation ratio2.......... 8,594 8,424 7,064 7,922 8,111 8,351 6,742 6,972 7,665 8,026 8,259 7,891 Unemployed................ 5,665 6,465 6,545 5.7 6.0 5.8 5.9 5.4 5.6 5.8 5.6 5.5 Unemployment rate.... 4.0 4.8 4.6 4.6 4.9 5.0 70,889 71,366 70,488 70,613 71,699 70,995 71,329 70,922 Not in the labor force...... 68,836 70,050 70,257 70,270 70,755 70,289 70,301 M e n , 2 0 y e a rs a n d o v e r Civilian noninstitutional population1..................... Civilian labor force........... Participation rate....... Employed................... Employment-popAgriculture................ Nonagricultural industries............... Unemployed................ Unemployment rate.... 92,580 70,930 76.6 68,580 93,659 71,590 76.4 68,587 93,616 71,429 76.3 68,535 93,708 71,500 76.3 68,610 93,810 71,523 76.2 68,388 93,917 71,805 76.5 68,696 94,015 71,940 76.5 68,486 94,077 71,935 76.5 68,204 94,161 71,988 76.5 68,276 94,228 71,534 75.9 67,818 94,262 71,718 76.1 68,157 94,315 71,723 76.0 68,013 94,414 72,098 76.4 68,193 94,479 72,428 76.7 68,647 94,622 72,288 76.4 68,390 74.1 2,252 73.2 2,102 73.2 2,057 73.2 2,035 72.9 2,129 83.1 2,138 72.8 2,132 72.5 2,082 72.5 2,141 72.0 2,207 72.3 2,185 72.1 2,084 72.2 2,213 72.7 2,125 72.3 2,138 66,328 2,350 3.3 66,485 3,003 4.2 66,478 2,894 4.1 66,575 2,890 4.0 66,259 3,135 4.4 66,558 3,109 4.3 66,354 3,454 4.8 66,122 3,731 5.2 66,135 3,712 5.2 65,611 3,716 5.2 65,973 3,560 5.0 65,929 3,710 5.2 65,980 3,905 5.4 66,522 3,781 5.2 66,251 3,899 5.4 102,060 62,148 60.9 59,596 102,023 61,961 60.7 59,555 102,067 62,103 60.8 59,640 102,165 62,142 60.8 59,526 102,277 62,222 60.8 59,463 102,371 62,269 60.8 59,302 102,438 62,321 60.8 59,288 102,492 62,481 61.0 59,205 102,550 62,056 60.5 59,102 102,651 62,703 61.1 59,588 102,728 62,320 60.7 59,227 102,847 62,724 61.0 59,333 102,936 62,597 60.8 59,337 103,038 62,481 60.6 59,316 58.4 82 58.4 772 58.4 784 58.3 781 58.1 823 57.9 842 57.9 852 57.8 859 57.6 824 58.0 829 57.7 804 57.7 732 57.6 760 57.6 749 58,779 2,551 4.1 58,783 2,406 3.9 58,856 2,463 4.0 58,745 2,616 4.2 58,640 2,759 4.4 58,460 2,967 3.8 58,436 3,303 4.9 58,346 3,276 5.2 58,277 2,954 4.8 58,759 3,116 5.0 58,423 3,093 5.0 58,602 3,391 5.4 58,577 3,260 5.2 58,567 3,165 5.1 16,042 8,369 52.2 7,276 16,146 8,077 50.0 6,889 16,086 8,078 50.2 6,913 16,145 8,048 49.8 6,856 16,161 7,715 47.7 6,494 16,163 8,041 49.7 6,845 16,195 8,071 49.8 6,827 16,252 8,023 49.4 6,761 16,275 7,845 48.2 6,574 16,310 7,800 47.8 6,548 16,293 7,790 47.8 6,575 16,292 7,962 48.9 6,655 16,231 7,748 47.7 6,450 16,243 7,744 47.7 6,434 16,182 7,707 47.6 6,347 45.4 235 42.7 225 43.0 215 42.5 236 40.2 216 42.3 220 42.2 229 41.6 220 40.4 246 40.1 241 40.4 233 40.8 239 39.7 209 39.6 213 39.2 223 7,041 1,093 13.1 6,664 1,187 14.7 6,698 1,165 14.4 6,620 1,192 14.8 6,278 1,221 15.8 6,625 1,106 14.9 6,598 1,244 15.4 6,541 1,262 15.7 6,328 1,271 16.2 6,307 1,252 16.1 6,342 1,215 15.6 6,416 1,308 16.4 6,240 1,298 16.8 6,221 1,310 16.9 6,124 1,360 17.6 175,888 118,144 67.2 113,220 175,789 117,854 67.0 113,037 175,924 117,986 67.1 113,237 176,069 117,813 66.9 112,703 176,220 118,274 67.1 113,147 176,372 118,506 67.2 112,878 176,500 118,566 67.2 112,652 176,607 118,403 67.0 112,388 176,713 117,759 66.6 111,876 176,783 118,472 67.0 112,632 176,866 118,159 66.8 112,286 176,972 118,661 67.1 112,426 177,087 118,742 67.1 112,563 177,217 118,530 66.9 112,382 64.4 4,923 4.2 64.4 4,728 4.0 64.3 4,810 4.1 64.0 5,073 4.3 64.2 5,127 4.3 64.0 5,628 4.7 63.8 5,914 5.0 63.6 6,015 5.1 63.3 5,883 5.0 63.7 5,840 4.9 63.3 5,873 5.0 63.5 6,236 5.3 63.6 6,179 5.2 63.4 6,148 5.2 25,218 16,603 65.8 15,334 25,559 16,719 65.4 15,270 25,533 16,739 65.6 15,330 25,565 16,685 65.3 15,337 25,604 16,720 65.3 15,210 25,644 16,827 65.6 15,339 25,686 16,748 65.2 15,144 25,720 16,687 64.9 15,040 25,752 16,833 65.4 15,122 25,785 16,769 65.0 15,119 25,813 16,747 64.9 15,131 25,839 16,758 64.9 14,969 25,868 16,941 65.5 15,045 25,898 16,887 65.2 15,168 25,930 16,822 64.9 15,027 60.8 1,269 7.6 59.7 1,450 8.7 60.0 1,409 8.4 60.0 1,348 8.1 59.4 1,510 9.0 59.8 1,488 8.8 59.0 1,604 9.6 58.5 1,647 9.9 58.7 1,711 10.2 58.6 1,650 9.8 58.6 1,616 9.6 57.9 1,789 10.7 58.2 1,896 11.2 58.6 1,718 10.2 58.0 1,794 10.7 W o m e n , 2 0 y e a rs a n d o v e r Civilian noninstitutional population1..................... 101,078 Civilian labor force........... 61,565 Participation rate....... 60.9 Employed................... 59,352 Employment-pop58.7 ulation ratio2.......... Agriculture................ 818 Nonagricultural industries.............. 58,535 Unemployed................ 2,212 Unemployment rate.... 3.6 B o th s e x e s , 1 6 to 19 y e a rs Civilian noninstitutional population1..................... Civilian labor force.......... Participation rate....... Employed................... Employment-population ratio2.......... Agriculture................ Nonagricultural industries............... Unemployed................ Unemployment rate... W h ite Civilian noninstitutional population1..................... 174,428 Civilian labor force.......... 117,574 Participation rate....... 67.4 Employed................... 113,475 Employment-pop65.1 Unemployed................ 4,099 Unemployment rate... 3.5 B la c k Civilian noninstitutional population1..................... Participation rate....... Employed................... Employment-population ratio2.......... Unemployed............... Unemployment rate... See footnotes at end of table. Digitized for Monthly Labor Review 52 FRASER https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis August 2002 4. Continued—Employment status of the population, by sex, age, race, and Hispanic origin, monthly data seasonally adjusted [Numbers in thousands] A n n u a l a v e ra g e E m p lo y m e n t s ta tu s 2001 2 002 2 000 2001 June J u ly Aug. S e p t. O c t. N ov . D ec. Jan. F eb. M ar. 22,393 15,368 68.6 14,492 23,122 15,751 68.1 14,714 23,090 15,602 67.6 14,574 23,157 15,753 68.0 14,776 23,222 15,788 68.0 14,771 23,288 15,811 67.9 14,785 23,351 15,956 68.3 14,824 23,417 15,932 68.0 14,751 23 478 16,013 68.2 14,753 23 542 15,988 67.9 14,700 23 604 23 664 16,011 67.8 14,867 64.7 876 5.7 63.6 1,037 6.6 63.1 1,028 6.6 63.8 977 6.2 63.6 1,017 6.4 63.5 1,026 6.5 63.5 1,132 7.1 63.0 1,181 7.4 62.8 1,260 7.9 62.4 1,288 8.1 63.0 1,143 7.1 A p r. M ay June 15,908 67.2 14,743 16,156 68.1 14,877 16,085 67.6 14,963 16,146 67.6 14,959 62.3 1,165 7.3 62.7 1,279 7.9 62.9 1,122 7.0 62.7 1,187 7.4 H is p a n ic o rig in Civilian noninstitutional population1...................... Civilian labor force............ Participation rate....... Employed.................... Employment-population ratio2........... Unemployed................ Unemployment rate.... The population figures are not seasonally adjusted. NOTE: Detail for the above race and Hispanic-orlgin groups will not sum to totals becausedata for the "other races" groups are not presented and Híspanles are included in both the white and black population groups. 2 Civilian employment as a percent of the civilian nonlnstitutlonal population. 5. Selected employment indicators, monthly data seasonally adjusted [In thousands] A n n u a l a v e ra g e 2001 S e le c te d c a te g o r ie s 2002 2000 2001 June J u ly Aug. S e p t. O c t. N ov. D ec. Jan. Feb. M a r. A p r. M ay June 135,208 72,293 62,915 135,073 72,080 62,992 135,003 72,012 62,991 145,106 72,093 63,013 134,408 71,705 62,703 135,004 72,177 62,827 134,615 71,871 62,744 134,253 71,570 62,683 134,055 71,577 62,478 133,468 71,114 62,354 134,319 71,457 62,862 133,894 71,299 62,595 133,976 71,397 62,579 134,417 71,894 62,524 134,053 71,524 62,528 43,368 43,243 43,357 43,264 43,143 43,099 42,983 42,861 42,772 42,823 43,275 43,317 43,167 43,548 43,140 33,708 33,613 33,466 33,571 33,685 33,604 33,227 33,330 33,209 33,174 33,703 33,552 33,446 33,371 33,362 8,387 8,364 2,513 1,558 8,328 8,274 8,256 8,331 8,458 8,396 8,417 8,320 8,266 8,397 8,465 2,034 1,233 38 1,884 1,233 27 1,803 1,193 32 1,798 ‘ 152 23 1,852 1,239 29 1,882 1,278 24 1,898 1,290 26 1,865 1,276 12 1,879 1,313 27 1,917 1,311 49 1,930 1,293 21 1,825 1,264 29 1,896 1,216 34 1,911 1,156 40 1,909 1,158 29 123,128 19,053 104,076 890 103,186 8,674 101 123,235 19,127 104,108 803 103,305 8,594 101 123,069 18,934 104,135 760 103,375 8,720 102 123,204 18,999 104,205 790 103,415 8,568 98 122,685 19,150 103,535 814 102,721 8,503 111 123,186 19,290 103,896 804 103,092 8,556 101 122,710 19,223 103,487 867 102,620 8,505 95 122,507 19,172 103,335 790 102,545 8,507 77 122,196 19,183 103,013 736 102,277 8,524 92 122,145 19,047 103,098 725 102,373 8,213 97 122,770 19,286 103,485 709 102,775 8,257 86 122,545 19,218 103,327 677 102,650 8,200 89 122,366 19,347 103,019 791 102,228 8,234 103 123,071 19,811 103,260 775 102,485 8,305 105 122,627 19,630 102,997 810 102,187 8,208 95 3,190 3,672 3,649 3,571 3,389 4,148 4,329 4,206 4,267 3,973 4,228 3,997 4,151 3,996 3,899 1,927 2,355 2,276 2,174 2,115 2,796 2,983 2,796 2,809 2,549 2,755 2,721 2,690 2,626 2,588 944 1,007 1,008 1,011 952 1,064 1,108 1,121 1,161 1,089 1,120 1,021 1,131 1,064 1,031 18,722 18,707 18,482 18,812 19,011 18,798 18,644 18,587 18,540 18,201 18,395 18,530 18,793 18,887 19,170 3,045 3,529 3,556 3,425 3,246 4,015 4,222 4,017 4,119 3,781 3,998 3,848 4,009 3,818 3,758 1,835 2,266 2,215 2,111 2,025 2,704 2,898 2,679 2,717 2,448 2,615 2,605 2,587 2,515 2,472 924 989 990 993 927 1,045 1,082 1,096 1,138 1,068 1,089 1,001 1,122 1,033 1,022 18,165 18,177 18,066 18,283 18,485 18,232 18,065 18,007 17,960 17,717 1 Excludes persons "with a job but not at work" during the survey period for such reasons as vacation, illness, or industrial disputes. 17,886 18,004 18,274 18.350 18,739 C ha ra cte ristic Employed, 16 years and over.. Men.................................. Women............................. Married men, spouse present............................ Married women, spouse present............................ Women who maintain families............................ C lass o f w o rke r Agriculture: Wage and salary workers.... Self-employed workers....... Unpaid family workers........ Nonagricultural industries: Wage and salary workers.... Government...................... Private industries............... Private households....... Other........................... Self-employed workers...... Unpaid family workers....... P ersons a t w o rk p a rt tim e 1 All industries: Part time for economic reasons............................ Slack work or business conditions..................... Could only find part-time work............................ Part time for noneconomic reasons........................... Nonagricultural industries: Part time for economic reasons............................ Slack work or business conditions..................... Could only find part-time work............................ Part time for noneconomic reasons.......................... https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Monthly Labor Review August 2002 53 Current Labor Statistics: Labor Force Data Ó. Selected unemployment indicators, monthly data seasonally adjusted [Unemployment rates] A n n u a l a v e ra g e S e le c te d c a te g o r ie s 2000 2001 2001 June J u ly Aug. S e p t. 2002 O c t. N ov. D ec. Jan. Feb. M a r. A p r. M ay June C h a r a c t e r is t ic Total, 16 years and over........................ Both sexes, 16 to 19 years.................. Men, 20 years and over..................... Women, 20 years and over................. 4.0 13.1 3.3 3.6 4.8 14.7 4.2 4.1 4.6 14.4 4.1 3.9 4.6 14.8 4.0 4.0 4.9 15.8 4.4 4.2 5.0 14.9 4.3 4.4 5.4 15.4 4.8 4.8 5.6 15.7 5.2 4.9 5.8 16.2 5.2 5.2 5.6 16.1 5.2 4.8 5.5 15.6 5.0 5.0 5.7 16.4 5.2 5.0 6.0 16.8 5.4 5.4 5.8 16.9 5.2 5.2 5.9 17.6 5.4 5.1 White, total....................................... Both sexes, 16 to 19 years............. Men, 16 to 19 years.................... Women, 16 to 19 years............... Men, 20 years and over.................. Women, 20 years and over............ 3.5 11.4 12.3 10.4 2.8 3.1 4.2 12.7 13.8 11.4 3.7 3.6 4.0 12.7 14.3 11.0 3.6 3.4 4.1 13.2 13.8 12.6 3.5 3.5 4.3 13.8 15.1 12.4 3.8 3.6 4.3 12.7 13.6 11.7 3.8 3.8 4.7 13.1 14.7 11.5 4.4 4.1 5.0 13.5 15.8 11.1 4.7 4.2 5.1 13.7 14.6 12.8 4.6 4.5 5.0 14.2 13.7 14.6 4.7 4.2 4.9 14.0 15.4 12.6 4.4 4.4 5.0 14.5 16.3 12.7 4.5 4.3 5.3 14.0 15.4 12.5 4.8 4.6 5.2 14.8 15.4 14.2 4.8 4.5 5.2 15.6 17.7 13.4 4.7 4.4 Black, total........................................ Both sexes, 16 to 19 years............. Men, 16 to 19 years.................... Women, 16 to 19 years............... Men, 20 years and over.................. Women, 20 years and over............. 7.6 24.7 26.4 23.0 7.0 6.3 8.7 29.0 30.5 27.5 8.0 7.0 8.4 28.0 30.5 25.7 7.8 6.7 8.1 26.6 28.1 25.2 7.9 6.2 9.0 30.1 31.4 28.7 8.8 7.0 8.8 28.5 30.8 26.1 7.8 7.7 9.6 30.2 31.2 29.1 8.2 8.5 9.9 32.1 31.6 32.6 8.7 8.4 10.2 33.4 32.0 34.8 9.1 8.7 9.8 30.7 32.1 29.0 8.9 8.4 9.6 27.9 30.0 25.6 8.7 8.5 10.7 31.0 36.9 24.7 10.1 9.0 11.2 35.4 37.3 33.5 9.3 10.2 10.2 30.2 36.8 22.3 8.6 9.5 10.7 30.2 30.0 30.4 10.4 8.8 Hispanic origin, total........................ 5.7 6.6 6.6 6.2 6.4 6.5 7.1 7.4 7.9 8.1 7.1 7.3 7.9 7.0 7.4 Married men, spouse present........... Married women, spouse present....... Women who maintain families.......... Full-time workers............................. Part-time workers............................. 2.0 2.7 5.9 3.9 4.8 2.7 3.1 6.6 4.7 5.1 2.6 3.0 6.3 4.5 5.2 2.7 2.9 6.3 4.5 5.1 2.8 3.1 6.8 4.8 5.4 2.8 3.3 7.1 5.0 4.6 3.1 3.6 6.8 5.4 5.5 3.3 3.6 8.0 5.6 5.6 3.4 3.7 8.0 5.8 5.6 3.5 3.4 7.9 5.7 5.2 3.4 3.8 8.0 5.7 4.8 3.4 3.7 7.3 5.8 5.2 3.9 3.9 8.6 6.2 5.2 3.6 3.9 8.1 5.9 5.6 4.1 3.8 8.2 6.1 5.0 4.1 3.9 6.4 3.6 3.4 4.0 3.1 5.0 2.3 3.8 2.1 7.5 5.0 4.7 7.3 5.2 5.3 5.1 4.1 5.6 2.8 4.6 2.2 9.7 4.8 5.9 6.9 5.0 5.0 4.9 4.1 5.4 2.6 4.4 2.1 9.5 4.8 3.9 7.1 5.2 5.0 5.5 3.4 5.3 3.1 4.4 2.1 10.5 5.2 4.7 7.6 5.7 5.8 5.4 3.6 5.6 2.7 4.9 2.1 10.0 5.2 5.0 7.8 5.6 5.8 5.4 3.9 5.9 2.8 4.8 2.2 7.6 5.8 5.8 8.3 6.0 6.5 5.3 6.0 6.1 2.8 5.5 2.3 9.0 6.0 5.3 8.9 6.4 6.9 5.5 6.1 6.4 3.5 5.4 2.4 9.3 6.2 6.1 8.9 6.8 7.2 6.1 6.1 7.1 3.0 5.5 2.4 9.6 5.9 5.9 9.4 6.6 7.0 5.9 6.2 6.3 2.2 5.4 2.3 10.3 6.0 4.5 7.9 6.7 7.5 5.5 5.8 6.5 2.8 5.5 2.7 9.5 6.1 6.3 8.8 7.0 7.5 6.3 5.4 6.5 3.1 5.4 2.8 12.4 6.5 6.0 9.3 7.2 7.6 6.6 6.1 7.2 3.2 5.8 2.5 9.0 6.3 4.4 8.9 6.7 6.3 7.5 5.7 7.0 4.0 5.6 2.6 9.1 6.3 7.9 9.1 6.8 7.3 6.1 5.9 6.6 4.1 5.9 2.3 8.3 6.4 3.5 7.3 4.2 6.9 3.9 6.8 4.1 7.3 4.3 7.7 4.3 7.8 4.6 8.1 5.0 8.8 4.9 8.1 5.2 8.3 5.3 8.0 5.4 9.0 5.7 8.5 5.6 7.9 5.6 2.7 1.7 3.3 2.3 3.1 2.1 3.1 2.2 3.3 2.2 3.5 2.5 3.9 2.7 I 4.2 2.9 4.3 3.1 I 4.2 2.9 I 4.1 2.9 4.3 2.7 4.7 3.0 4.9 2.9 4.7 2.9 In d u s t r y Nonagricultural wage and salary workers............................................... Mining............................................... Construction...................................... Manufacturing................................... Durable goods................................ Nondurable goods........................... Transportation and public utilities........ Wholesale and retail trade.................. Finance, insurance, and real estate..... Services............................................ Government workers.............................. Agricultural wage and salary workers...... E d u c a t io n a l a t t a i n m e n t 1 Less than a high school diploma.............. High school graduates, no college........... Some college, less than a bachelor’s degree................................................. College graduates.................................. 1 Data refer to persons 25 years and over. 7. Duration of unemployment, monthly data seasonally adjusted [Numbers in thousands] W eeks o f u n e m p lo y m e n t Less than 5 weeks....................... 5 to 14 weeks............................... 27 weeks and over..................... Mean duration, in weeks............... Digitized54 for FRASER Monthly Labor Review https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis A n n u a l a v e ra g e 2000 2001 2001 June J u ly Aug. S e p t. 2002 O c t. N ov. D ec. Jan. Feb. M a r. A p r. M ay June 2,543 1,803 1,309 665 644 2,833 2,163 1,746 949 797 2,809 2,098 1,571 843 728 2,647 2,170 1,630 948 682 2,953 2,152 1,798 980 818 2,807 2,366 1,907 1,084 823 3,084 2,522 2,042 1,136 906 3,090 2,573 2,317 1,207 1,110 3,024 2,724 2,410 1,295 1,115 2,978 2,586 2,546 1,418 1,127 2,828 2,515 2,561 1,383 1,178 3,078 2,411 2,688 1,355 1,333 2,793 2,818 2,854 1,360 1,494 2,876 2,531 2,952 1,316 1,636 2,729 2,784 3,103 1,434 1,669 12.6 5.9 13.2 6.8 12.9 6.3 12.7 6.7 13.2 6.6 13.3 7.3 13.0 7.4 14.4 7.6 14.5 8.2 14.6 8.8 15.0 8.1 15.4 8.1 16.6 8.9 17.1 9.8 17.3 11.7 August 2002 8. Unemployed persons by reason for unemployment, monthly data seasonally adjusted [Numbers in thousands]_____ _______________ _______________________________________ ___ _ June 2001 3,428 1,049 2,379 832 2,029 453 2,492 842 1,650 775 1,957 431 o 2001 A n n u a l a v e ra g e 2000 CM R ea so n fo r u n e m p lo y m e n t 3,249 990 2,259 807 1,921 470 J u ly 3,294 1,020 2,274 791 1,948 442 Aug. 3,438 1,071 2,367 877 2,162 488 S e p t. 3,595 1,114 2,481 819 2,102 466 02 O c t. N ov. D ec. Jan. Feb. M a r. A p r. M ay 4,297 1,288 3,009 880 2,113 466 4,501 1,157 3,344 848 2,197 497 4,492 1,107 3,385 908 2,361 495 4,354 1,124 3,231 879 2,191 479 4,326 1,106 3,220 877 2,268 485 4,270 1,066 3,204 862 2,471 557 4,525 1,095 3,430 1,017 2,450 519 4,598 1,091 3,506 902 2,433 499 June 4,579 1,061 3,518 836 2,360 584 P e r c e n t o f u n e m p lo y e d 44.1 14.9 29.2 13.7 34.6 7.6 50.8 15.6 35.3 12.3 30.1 6.7 50.4 15.4 35.0 12.5 29.8 7.3 50.9 15.8 35.1 12.2 30.1 6.8 49.4 15.4 34.0 12.6 31.0 7.0 51.5 16.0 35.5 11.7 30.1 6.7 55.4 16.6 38.8 11.3 27.2 6.0 56.0 14.4 41.6 10.5 27.3 6.2 54.4 13.4 41.0 11.0 28.6 6.0 55.1 14.2 40.9 11.1 27.7 6.1 1.8 .6 1.4 .3 2.4 .6 1.4 .3 2.3 .6 1.4 .3 2.3 .6 1.4 .3 2.4 .6 1.5 .3 2.5 .6 1.5 .3 3.0 .6 1.5 .3 3.2 .6 1.5 .3 3.2 .6 1.7 .3 3.1 .6 1.5 .3 54.4 13.9 40.5 11.0 28.5 6.1 52.3 13.1 39.3 10.6 30.3 6.8 53.2 12.9 40.3 12.0 28.8 6.1 54.5 12.9 41.6 10.7 28.9 5.9 54.E 12.7 42.1 10.C 28.2 7.C 3.0 .6 1.7 .4 3.2 .7 1.7 .4 3.2 .6 1.7 .3 3.2 P e r c e n t o f c iv ilia n la b o r fo r c e New entrants............................... 1 Includes persons who completed temporary jobs. 9. 3.0 .6 1.6 .31 .6 1.7 •4 Unemployment rates by sex and age, monthly data seasonally adjusted [oivnian wui^tJtbj 20 02 2001 A n n u a l a v e ra g e S ex and age 2000 2001 June J u ly Aug. S e p t. O c t. N ov. D ec. Jan. Feb. M a r. A p r. M ay June 6.0 12.3 16.8 19.4 15.1 10.0 4.9 5.0 4.0 5.8 11.6 16.9 20.7 14.8 8.9 4.8 5.0 4.2 5.9 12.2 17.6 20.8 15.6 9.3 4.8 4.9 4.2 Total, 16 years and over................ 16 to 24 years........................... 16 to 19 years......................... 16 to 17 years...................... 18 to 19 years...................... 20 to 24 years........................ 25 years and over..................... 25 to 54 years...................... 55 years and over................ 4.0 9.3 13.1 15.4 11.5 7.1 3.0 3.1 2.6 4.8 10.6 14.7 17.1 13.2 8.3 3,7 3.8 3.0 4.6 10.4 14.4 16.5 13.0 8.2 3.5 3.6 2.8 4.6 10.2 14.8 19.0 12.4 7.7 3.5 3.7 2.9 4.9 11.3 15.8 18.6 14.4 8.9 3.8 3.9 3.1 5.0 10.8 14.9 16.6 13.9 8.6 3.8 3.9 3.2 5.4 11.5 15.4 17.4 14.2 9.3 4.2 4.4 3.4 5.6 11.7 15.7 17.5 14.8 9.5 4.4 4.6 3.5 5.8 11.9 16.2 18.8 14.8 9.6 4.5 4.7 4.0 5.6 11.9 16.1 17.0 15.2 9.7 4.4 4.7 3.5 5.5 11.6 15.6 16.5 14.7 9.5 4.5 4.6 3.8 5.7 12.5 16.4 18.0 15.1 10.3 4.5 4.7 3.5 Men, 16 years and over............... 3.9 9.7 14.0 16.8 12.2 7.3 2.8 2.9 2.7 4.8 11.4 15.9 18.8 14.1 8.9 3.6 3.7 3.3 4.7 11.6 15.8 18.5 14.2 9.3 3.4 3.5 3.0 4.7 10.7 15.6 19.1 13.4 8.1 3.6 3.6 3.1 5.1 12.3 17.4 21.9 15.0 9.5 3.8 3.9 3.3 5.0 11.5 16.0 18.7 14.5 9.1 3.7 3.8 3.3 5.5 12.4 17.2 20.3 15.1 9.8 4.2 4.3 3.7 5.9 13.0 17.7 20.4 16.2 10.5 4.5 4.6 4.1 5.8 12.8 17.2 20.0 15.6 10.5 4.5 4.5 4.2 5.8 12.5 16.3 17.6 15.1 10.6 4.5 4.7 3.8 5.6 12.4 16.8 19.6 15.4 10.2 4.4 4.5 4.1 5.9 13.7 18.5 20.8 16.7 11.1 4.5 4.7 3.6 6.1 13.0 18.1 19.6 17.2 10.3 4.8 4.9 4.3 5.9 12.5 18.6 23.7 15.6 9.4 4.8 4.9 4.5 6.1 12.9 19.6 23.2 17.4 9.5 4.9 5.0 4.6 4.1 8.9 12.1 14.0 10.8 7.0 3.2 3.3 2.6 4.7 9.7 13.4 15.3 12.2 7.5 3.7 3.8 2.7 4.4 9.2 13.0 14.4 11.8 7.0 3.5 3.7 2.6 4.6 9.7 14.0 18.8 11.3 7.3 3.5 3.7 2.6 4.8 10.3 14.1 15.4 13.7 8.2 3.8 3.9 2.8 5.0 10.1 13.6 14.3 13.3 8.1 4.0 4.0 3.2 5.3 10.5 13.6 14.5 13.3 8.7 4.2 4.4 3.2 5.4 10.3 13.7 14.5 13.3 8.3 4.4 4.7 2.8 5.8 11.0 15.1 17.6 14.0 8.7 4.6 4.8 3.7 5.4 11.3 15.8 16.4 15.2 8.7 4.3 4.6 3.0 5.5 10.7 14.3 13.6 13.9 8.7 4.6 4.7 3.5 5.5 11.2 14.3 15.3 13.4 9.4 4.4 4.6 3.4 6.0 11.6 15.4 19.2 12.9 9.6 5.0 5.1 3.7 5.8 10.7 15.2 17.4 14.1 8.3 4.8 5.1 3.7 5.7 11.4 15.6 18.3 13.7 9.1 4.6 4.8 3.8 18 to 19 years.................... 20 to 24 years....................... 55 years and over.............. Women, 16 years and over.......... 16 to 17 years.................... 18 to 19 years.................... 20 to 24 years...................... 25 years and over.................... 25 to 54 years.................... 55 years and over.............. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Monthly Labor Review August 2002 55 C u rre n t L a b o r S ta tis tic s : L a b o r F o rc e D a ta 10. Unemployment rates by State, seasonally adjusted May 2001 State Apr. May 2002p 2002p State M ay A p r. M ay 2001 2002p 2002p Alabama............................................... Alaska.................................................. Arizona................................................ Arkansas............................................... California.............................................. 5.0 6.3 4.4 5.1 5.1 5.6 6.6 5.7 5.3 6.5 5.7 Missouri 60 5.7 5.3 6.3 4.5 4.6 3.1 4.8 3.2 5.2 4.6 3.9 5.5 4.0 4.8 4.1 3.7 5.5 4.2 Colorado............................................... Connecticut........................................... Delaware............................................... District of Columbia................................ Florida.................................................. 3.3 3.1 3.4 6.5 4.5 5.3 3.8 4.2 6.4 5.3 5.2 37 4.1 65 5.1 4.1 4.7 4.6 5.4 2.7 5.6 5.4 6.0 6.1 6.0 Georgia................................................ Hawaii.................................................. Idaho.................................................... Illinois................................................... Indiana................................................. 3.9 4.3 4.9 5.2 4.0 4.6 4.3 5.2 6.4 5.1 4.7 4.2 5.0 6.3 5.0 4.2 3.4 4.6 4.7 Iowa..................................................... Kansas................................................. Kentucky.............................................. Louisiana.............................................. Maine.................................................... 3.3 4.2 5.3 5.8 4.0 3.6 4.5 5.3 5.8 4.0 3.5 4.3 5.3 6.5 3.7 Utah Maryland............................................... Massachusetts...................................... Michigan............................................... Minnesota............................................. Mississippi............................................. 4.0 3.5 5.1 3.7 5.1 5.4 4.7 6.1 4.3 7.1 4.7 4.4 6.2 4.2 6.6 3.5 5.8 4.4 7.5 5.4 4.6 5.8 4.5 7.3 5.7 4.7 5.3 3.2 4.4 4.6 4.1 5.8 3.4 5.3 5.5 3.0 4.9 6.2 6.2 5.8 5.3 3.5 3.2 6.1 3.9 4.6 7.2 4.0 4.1 7.1 5.1 4.4 3.9 6.0 6.2 5.4 4.4 4.8 4.3 6.0 Wyoming.............................................. 6.1 6.8 6.9 3.6 p = preliminary 11. Employment of workers on nonfarm payrolls by State, seasonally adjusted [In thousands] S ta te M ay A p r. M ay 2001 2002p 2002p S ta te M ay A p r. M ay 2001 2002p 2002p Alabama................ Alaska................... Arizona.................. Arkansas............... California............... 1,915.1 288.6 2,268.7 1,158.5 14,709.7 1,899.1 290.6 2,243.4 1,152.8 14,667.7 1,900.2 291.0 2,239.6 1,156.8 14,658.7 Missouri................................... Montana.................................. Nebraska.................................. Nevada.................................... New Hampshire........................ 2,743.9 392.7 909.4 1,057.3 628.2 2,691.1 393.2 911.8 1 068 6 627 4 2,687.6 393.6 912.4 Colorado............... Connecticut........... Delaware............... District of Columbia. Florida................... 2,241.2 1,687.0 421.0 649.6 7,214.1 2,195.6 1,673.6 416.0 651.6 7,191.6 2,198.7 1,679.3 417.4 652.5 7,193.6 New Jersey............................... New Mexico............................. New York................................. North Carolina.......................... North Dakota............................. 4,031.5 757.4 8 661 9 3 894 2 330.7 4,010.7 760.9 8 534 5 4,007.1 760.5 3 8 77 2 3 87Q 4 329.6 331.5 Georgia................. Hawaii................... Idaho..................... Illinois.................... Indiana.................. 3,976.6 554.7 571.1 6,028.4 2,941.8 3,889.4 544.8 569.8 5,916.3 2,902.6 3,893.9 551.0 567.3 5,931.4 2,896.1 Ohio........................................ Oklahoma................................ Oregon..................................... Pennsylvania............................ Rhode Island............................ 5,567.7 1,509.2 1,604.2 5,714.1 479.2 5,520.9 1,520.6 1,576.6 5,645.1 483.3 5,516.1 1,519.8 1,581.2 5,647.4 484.8 Iowa...................... Kansas.................. Kentucky................ Louisiana............... Maine..................... 1,471.4 1,353.7 1,812.9 1,928.7 609.3 1,461.4 1,358.1 1,823.6 1,930.4 609.9 1,463.1 1,363.8 1,827.4 1,929.7 611.7 South Carolina.......................... South Dakota............................ Tennessee................................ Texas....................................... Utah......................................... 1,832.1 379.9 2,709.2 9,551.3 1,085.2 1,828.6 378.1 2,707.5 9,458.7 1,069.2 1,829.2 380.8 2,706.0 9,459.5 1,067.0 Maryland................ Massachusetts....... Michigan................ Minnesota.............. Mississippi............. 2,468.8 3,348.9 4,591.8 2,685.9 1,132.0 2,454.2 3,299.2 4,554.4 2,655.7 1,131.4 2,454.0 3,294.3 4,543.1 2,659.9 1,125.4 Vermont.................................... Virginia..................................... Washington.............................. West Virginia............................. Wisconsin................................. Wyoming.................................. 299.0 3,537.4 2,711.3 736.6 2,831.9 245.1 295.6 3,494.8 2,648.3 734.2 2,821.8 247.2 296.6 3,504.1 2,650.5 730.9 2,827.5 249.4 p = preliminary. NOTE: Some data in this table may differ from data published elsewhere because of the continual updating of the data base. Digitized 56 for FRASER Monthly Labor Review https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis August 2002 1 0 73 0 627 1 8 5 38 0 12. Employment of workers on nonfarm payrolls by industry, monthly data seasonally adjusted [In thousands]_____________________________________ In d u s try A n n u a l a v era g e 2000 2001 2001 June J u ly 2002 A ug. S ept. Oct. N ov. Dec. Jan. Feb. M ar. A p r. M ayp Junep TOTAL.......................... 131,739 131,922 132,108 132,045 131,966 131,819 131,414 131,087 130,890 130,871 130,706 130,701 130,680 130,702 130,736 PRIVATE SECTOR.............. 111,079 110,989 111,204 111,074 110,968 110,776 110,349 109,987 109,768 109,734 109,544 109,505 109,495 109,496 109,525 GOODS-PRODUCING.............. . 25,709 24,944 25,012 24,907 24,776 24,675 24,511 24,353 24,261 24,130 24,041 23,975 23,905 23,870 23,861 Mining ............................... 543 565 567 571 570 571 566 566 565 568 564 560 564 558 555 Metal mining........................ 41 36 35 35 35 35 34 34 33 33 32 32 32 32 32 Oil and gas extraction............ 311 338 341 342 343 343 340 340 339 342 339 336 339 334 333 Nonmetallic minerals, except fuels....................... 114 111 111 112 111 111 110 111 110 111 111 111 112 112 110 Construction........................ 6,698 6,685 6,697 6,680 6,679 6,674 6,643 6,629 6,634 6,597 6,615 6,593 6,541 6,541 6,549 General building contractors... 1,528 1,462 1,462 1,457 1,461 1,462 1,456 1,454 1,459 1,459 1,458 1,462 1,452 1,454 1,454 Heavy construction, except building............................ 901 922 921 925 925 924 922 924 925 919 914 908 901 908 910 Special trades contractors...... 4,269 4,300 4,314 4,298 4,293 4,288 4,265 4,250 4,251 4,237 4,225 4,223 4,188 4,179 4,185 Manufacturing...................... 18,469 17,695 17,748 17,657 17,526 17,430 17,302 17,158 17,062 16,947 16,880 16,822 16,800 16,758 16,757 Production workers.......... 12,628 11,971 11,933 11,901 11,797 11,719 11,620 11,513 11,437 11,362 11,305 11,264 11,250 11,245 11,236 Durable goods..................... 11,138 10,636 10,684 10,606 10,516 10,445 10,343 10,237 10,166 10,070 10,023 9,976 9,976 9,963 9,944 Production workers.......... 7,591 7,126 7,162 7,101 6,026 6,971 6,889 6,809 6,753 6,690 6,653 6,625 6,620 6,619 6,603 Lumber and wood products.... 832 786 788 786 783 784 777 772 770 771 771 769 767 770 767 Furniture and fixtures........... 558 519 524 519 513 507 500 495 494 492 491 491 497 494 495 Stone, clay, and glass products.......................... 579 571 572 569 568 566 564 561 558 555 551 550 551 549 552 Primary metal industries....... 698 656 660 665 649 643 637 625 617 607 601 596 598 597 593 Fabricated metal products.... 1,537 1,483 1,482 1,478 1,471 1,465 1,455 1,438 1,437 1,427 1,425 1,422 1,425 1,428 1,425 Industrial machinery and equipment....................... 2,120 2,010 2,025 2,003 1,976 1,957 1,935 1,909 1,887 1,868 1,855 1,846 1,842 1,826 1,829 Computer and office equipment..................... 361 343 347 341 336 331 328 325 322 317 315 315 313 308 304 Electronic and other electrical equipment....................... 1,719 1,631 1642' 1,611 1,586 1,565 1,542 1,520 1,499 1,478 1,459 1,445 1,443 1,437 1,428 Electronic components and accessories..................... 682 661 667 652 635 628 616 605 595 582 571 566 566 567 566 Transportation equipment..... 1,849 1,760 1,765 1,763 1,760 1,750 1,729 1,720 1,709 1,680 1,682 1,674 1,671 1,675 1,679 Motor vehicles and equipment....................... 1,013 947 948 950 945 937 921 921 920 902 913 915 912 914 920 Aircraft and parts............... 465 461 464 464 463 463 458 452 449 437 427 419 416 416 411 Instruments and related products.......................... 852 830 844 842 837 832 829 825 822 818 816 813 811 807 805 Miscellaneous manufacturing industries.......................... 394 380 382 380 373 376 375 372 373 374 372 370 371 372 371 Nondurable goods............... 7,331 7,059 7,064 7,051 5,010 6,985 6,959 6,921 6,896 6,877 6,857 6,846 6,824 6,808 6,813 Production workers........... 5,038 4,808 4,809 4,800 4,771 4,748 4,731 4,704 4,684 4,672 4,652 4,639 4,630 4,626 4,633 Food and kindred products.... 1,684 1,691 1,691 1,689 1,685 1,690 1,690 1,690 1,685 1,686 1,686 1,685 1,689 1,687 1,691 Tobacco products................ 34 34 34 34 35 34 34 34 34 34 33 34 33 34 34 Textile mill products.............. 528 478 478 475 469 464 459 451 448 444 441 440 436 434 432 Apparel and other textile products........................... 633 566 566 566 555 551 546 537 537 536 531 527 523 520 522 Paper and allied products...... 657 834 635 632 630 628 627 626 624 622 621 620 615 612 612 Printing and publishing......... 1,547 1,490 1,494 1,487 1,480 1,471 1,463 1,453 1,444 1,437 1,428 1,419 1,413 1,407 1,405 Chemicals and allied products. 1,038 1,022 1,021 1,024 1,022 1,019 1,018 1,015 1,012 1,008 1,011 1,010 1,008 1,006 1,008 Petroleum and coal products... 127 126 126 126 126 126 127 127 126 126 126 126 125 125 125 Rubber and miscellaneous plastics products................ 1,011 958 959 959 950 945 939 932 930 928 924 929 927 928 929 Leather and leather products... 71 60 60 59 58 57 56 56 56 56 56 56 55 55 55 SERVICE-PRODUCING............. 106,050 106,978 107,096 107,138 107,190 107,144 106,903 106,734 106,629 106,741 106,665 106,726 106,775 106,832 106,875 Transportation and public utilities............................. 7,019 7,065 7,121 7,110 7,088 7,044 6,974 6,907 6,856 6,850 6,837 6,814 6,799 6,793 6,790 Transportation....................... 4,529 4,497 4,540 4,535 4,522 4,487 4,427 4,367 4,332 4,343 4,341 4,330 4,330 4,328 4,334 Railroad transportation......... 236 234 234 233 233 232 232 232 233 234 235 233 230 228 229 Local and Interurban passenger transit............... 476 480 477 484 480 477 478 480 481 481 479 478 476 475 472 Trucking and warehousing..... 1,856 1,848 1,855 1,850 1,845 1,841 1,831 1,831 1,827 1,824 1,826 1,819 1,830 1,827 1,829 Water transportation............. 196 192 195 196 194 192 193 189 188 188 187 186 190 193 193 Transportation by air............. 1,281 1,266 1,291 1,288 1,291 1,268 1,236 1,187 1,159 1,171 1,171 1,172 1,162 1,165 1,172 Pipelines, except natural gas... 14 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 Transportation services........ 471 462 473 469 463 462 442 433 429 429 429 427 427 424 425 Communications and public utilities............................... 2,490 2,570 2,581 2,575 2,566 2,557 2,547 2,540 2,524 2,507 2,496 2,484 2,469 2,465 2,456 Communications.................. 1,639 1,716 1,726 1,721 1,714 1,706 1,696 1,689 1,679 1,660 1,652 1,643 1,628 1,626 1,615 Electric, gas, and sanitary services........................... 851 852 855 854 852 851 851 851 845 847 844 841 841 839 841 Wholesale trade..................... 7,024 6,776 6,781 6,773 6,762 6,747 6,728 6,693 6,702 6,702 6,689 6,681 6,678 6,681 6,681 Retail trade............................ 23,307 23,522 23,581 23,577 23,553 23,509 23,470 23,449 23,318 23,396 23,331 23,332 23,345 23,327 23,308 Building materials and garden supplies............................. 1,016 1,044 1,054 1,047 1,049 1,051 1,052 1,049 1,050 1,049 1,048 1,053 1,061 1,068 1,066 General merchandise stores.... 2,837 2,897 2,917 2,911 2,901 2,902 2,888 2,877 2,853 2,856 2,892 2,901 2,915 2,897 2,884 Department stores............... 2,491 2,559 2,579 2,574 2,566 2,567 2,552 2,540 2,520 2,520 2,550 2,560 2,575 2,560 2,542 See footnotes at end of table. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Monthly Labor Review August 2002 57 C u rre n t L a b o r S ta tis tic s : L a b o r F o rc e D a ta 12. Continued—Employment of workers on nonfarm payrolls by industry, monthly data seasonally adjusted [In thousands] In d u s try 2000 Food stores.......................... Automotive dealers and service stations................... New and used car dealers..... Apparel and accessory stores... Furniture and home furnishings stores................................ Eating and drinking places....... Miscellaneous retail establishments................... 3,521 2001 3,541 2002 2001 A n n u a l a v e ra g e June 3,448 J u ly 3,439 Aug. 3,432 S ept. 3,438 O ct. 3,442 N ov. 3,448 Dec. 3,430 real e s t a te ....................................... Beal estate............................ S e r v i c e s .......................................... Agricultural services............... Hotels and other lodging places Personal services.................. Business services.................. Services to buildings............. Personnel supply services..... Help supply services........... Computer and data processing services............ Auto repair services and parking........................ Miscellaneous repair services... Motion pictures...................... Amusement and recreation Health services..................... Offices and clinics of medical doctors............................ Nursing and personal care facilities............................ Hospitals............................ Home health care services.... Residential care.................. Museums and botanical and zoological gardens.............. Membership organizations...... Engineering and management services............................ Engineering and architectural services........................... Management and public Federal............................... Federal, except Postal Service........................... Other State government....... Other local government........ 3,421 Feb. 3,402 M ar. 3,392 A p r. 3,392 M ayp Junep 3,397 3,394 2,412 1,114 1,193 2,425 1,121 1,189 2,425 1,120 1,195 2,426 1,119 1,191 2,438 1,123 1,196 2,434 1,123 1,188 2,426 1,123 1,177 2,434 1,126 1,173 2,438 1,131 1,163 2,436 1,133 1,187 2,430 1,134 1,172 2,426 1,131 1,175 2,429 1,129 1,170 2,434 1,133 1,169 2,432 1,128 1,173 1,134 8,114 1,141 8,256 1,135 8,277 1,131 8,304 1,137 8,272 1,141 8,234 1,136 8,239 1,156 8,224 1,156 8,190 1,138 8,238 1,143 8,161 1,143 8,154 1,141 8,152 1,146 8,130 1,148 8,121 3,080 317 3,130 3,128 3,128 3,121 3,110 3,086 3,038 3,069 3,083 3,088 3,085 3,086 3,090 7,560 3,710 2,029 1,430 253 681 7,712 3,800 2,053 1,434 256 720 7,719 3,812 2,059 1,437 256 720 7,718 3,803 2,056 1,434 255 724 7,728 3,809 2,059 1,435 256 728 7,739 3,813 2,061 1,437 258 733 7,743 3,812 2,061 1,439 257 740 7,751 3,821 2,068 1,442 260 747 7,748 3,818 2,070 1,444 261 752 7,748 3,819 2,070 1,450 262 755 7,745 3,812 2,072 1,446 263 754 7,740 3,809 2,074 1,447 264 753 7,743 3,813 2,075 1,446 264 756 7,732 3,813 2,073 1,446 264 756 7,733 3,819 2,071 1,444 264 762 748 769 777 765 763 758 750 745 734 729 726 722 723 723 723 251 2,346 1,589 257 2,369 1,595 256 2,369 1,596 258 2,369 1,597 259 2,371 1,599 261 2,375 1,598 261 2,379 1,600 261 2,377 1,597 262 2,372 1,594 259 2,372 1,594 260 2,376 1,593 260 2,375 1,591 259 2,374 1,989 261 2,369 1,583 263 2,366 1,579 757 1,504 773 1,544 778 1,558 40,883 865 1,805 1,284 9,265 1,025 3,107 2,782 783 1,557 40,923 859 1,814 1,272 9,393 1,022 3,249 2,906 780 1,553 40,834 860 1,810 1,266 9,277 1,025 3,126 2,799 778 1,557 41,061 854 1,866 1,273 9,537 1,018 3,412 3,050 777 1,551 41,062 857 1,852 1,274 9,522 1,020 3,383 3,029 779 1,552 40,970 849 1,870 1,269 9,572 1,016 3,446 3,084 772 1,546 40,989 852 1,874 1,272 9,528 1,016 3,400 3,041 772 1,548 40,460 832 1,914 1,251 9,858 994 3,887 3,487 773 1,538 40,990 850 1,876 1,271 9,590 1,020 3,457 3,092 10,908 865 1,811 1,290 9,231 1,022 3,080 2,761 40,901 868 1,811 1,282 9,207 1,018 3,070 2,758 784 1,556 40,963 872 1,811 1,289 9,237 121 3,107 2,795 785 1,556 41,025 857 1,796 1,286 9,312 1,027 3,175 2,857 786 1,550 41,093 856 1,789 1,279 9,330 1,023 3,198 2,888 787 1,548 41,152 862 1,801 1,285 9,332 1,023 3,205 2,902 2,095 2,225 2,237 2,237 2,230 2,233 2,232 2,221 2,219 2,213 2,208 2,198 2,190 2,190 2,191 1,265 372 585 1,262 374 583 1,261 1,253 375 575 1,259 375 577 1,259 376 574 1,262 376 1,262 379 574 1,260 377 572 1,261 377 574 1,262 375 578 1,265 378 581 F in a n c e , in s u ra n c e , a n d Finance............................... Depository Institutions........... Commercial banks.............. Savings institutions............. Nondepository institutions...... Security and commodity brokers............................. Holding and other investment offices.............................. Insurance............................. Insurance carriers................ Insurance agents, brokers, and service....................... Jan. 1,248 366 594 1,257 374 583 1,728 10,197 1,721 1,724 1,722 1,714 1,700 1,702 1,685 1,680 1,699 1,649 1,635 1,631 10,365 10,393 10,424 10,452 10,476 10,502 10,530 10,551 10,575 10,602 1,611 10,611 1,621 10,381 10,626 10,660 1,924 2,002 2,003 2,006 2,012 2,016 3,018 2,025 2,029 2,033 3,041 2,046 2,044 2,050 2,061 1,795 3,990 643 1,010 2,325 2,903 712 806 1,847 4,096 636 1,037 2,433 307 716 864 1,845 4,087 635 1,035 2,434 3,054 719 863 1,848 4,101 634 1,038 2,439 3,076 723 868 1,852 4,117 637 1,041 2,449 3,094 727 873 1,858 4,129 639 1,046 2,452 3,097 722 878 1,862 4,141 639 1,047 2,454 3,110 721 884 1,866 4,153 640 1,049 2,458 3,121 721 888 1,871 4,164 641 1,051 2,463 3,135 723 891 1,876 4,174 643 1,053 2,473 3,149 723 896 1,875 4,184 642 1,054 2,485 3,155 722 899 1,879 4,193 643 1,056 2,489 3,162 723 902 1,883 4,199 643 1,059 2,501 3,167 925 903 1,886 4,207 644 1,066 2,518 3,164 722 901 1,887 4,221 643 1,065 2,511 3,165 726 904 106 2,475 110 2,468 111 2,471 111 2,464 111 2,473 111 2,479 110 2,474 109 2,473 110 2,473 110 2,471 109 2,471 109 2,470 109 2,477 108 2,480 109 2,484 3,419 3,593 3,595 3,604 3,612 3,610 3,616 3,620 3,621 3,624 3,629 3,631 3,636 3,649 3,636 1,047 1,044 1,044 1,041 1,042 1,034 1,017 1,259 373 588 1,053 1,056 1,057 1,058 375 580 1,057 1,056 1,051 1,048 581 1,090 1,166 1,166 20,971 2,622 1,175 1,178 1,182 1,184 1,192 1,202 1,209 1,204 20,998 2,624 21,043 2,622 21,065 2,622 21,100 2,622 21,122 2,616 21,137 2,615 1,193 21,162 2,609 1,191 20,933 2,616 1,165 20,904 2,617 1,171 20,681 2,777 21,196 2,608 21,185 2,611 21,206 2,600 21,211 2,601 1,917 4,785 2,032 2,753 13,119 7,440 5,679 1,767 4,885 2,096 2,789 13,432 7,646 5,786 1,769 4,884 2,096 2,788 13,376 7,621 5,782 1,770 4,912 2,120 2,792 13,403 7,644 5,793 1,771 4,910 2,116 2,794 13,437 7,668 5,796 1,774 4,938 2,140 2,798 13,464 7,679 5,804 1,778 4,925 2,118 2,807 13,483 7,693 5,825 1,776 4,925 2,121 2,804 13,518 7,710 5,849 1,776 4,932 2,124 2,808 13,559 7,723 5,852 1,776 4,935 2,127 2,808 13,575 7,732 5,861 1,777 4,937 2,130 2,807 13,593 7,746 5,871 1,782 4,940 2,133 2,807 13,617 7,767 5,878 1,784 4,942 2,135 2,807 13,645 7,754 5,879 1,777 4,945 2,141 2,804 13,661 7,770 5,891 1,783 4,935 2,135 2,800 13,675 7,755 5,920 1 Includes other industries not shown separately. p= preliminary. Note: See "Notes on the data" for a description of the most recent benchmark revision. Digitized for 58FRASER Monthly Labor Review https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis August 2002 13. Average weekly hours of production or nonsupervisory workers on private nonfarm payrolls, by industry, monthly data seasonally adjusted 2000 P R IV A T E S E C T O R ............................. G O O D S - P R O D U C I N G ......................................... M I N I N G ...................................................................... M A N U F A C T U R I N G ............................................ Overtime hours............................... D u r a b le g o o d s ................................................... Overtime hours.............................. Lumber and wood products.............. Furniture and fixtures....................... Stone, clay, and glass products........ Primary metal industries................... Blast furnaces and basic steel products...................................... Industrial machinery and equipment... Electronic and other electrical equipment.................................... Transportation equipment................. Motor vehicles and equipment......... Instruments and related products...... N o n d u r a b l e g o o d s .......................................... Overtime hours.............................. Food and kindred products............... Textile mill products......................... Apparel and other textile products..... Paper and allied products................. 34.5 41.0 2001 34.2 40.4 June 34.2 40.4 J u ly 34.2 40.4 Aug. S e p t. 34.1 34.1 40.3 40.3 O c t. 34.0 40.1 ....................... 34.1 40.2 D ec Feb. M a r. A p r. M ayp Junep 34.1 34.1 34.2 34.2 34.2 34.2 34.3 40.2 40.3 40.4 40.5 40.4 40.3 40.5 43.3 42.4 43.0 43.3 43.1 43.5 43.5 43.4 43.5 43.6 43.0 43.5 43.8 43.0 41.6 4.6 40.7 3.9 40.7 3.9 40.8 3.9 40.7 4.0 40.6 3.9 40.5 3.8 40.4 3.8 40.8 3.8 40.6 3.9 40.7 3.9 41.0 4.1 40.9 4.2 40.9 4.2 41.1 4.3 42.1 4.7 41.0 40.0 43.1 44.9 41.0 3.9 40.6 39.0 43.6 43.6 41.0 3.9 40.5 38.5 43.9 43.7 41.1 3.9 40.9 39.7 43.8 43.8 41.0 3.9 40.8 39.7 43.7 43.6 40.9 3.8 41.2 39.1 43.9 43.7 40.7 3.7 30.7 38.6 43.6 43.4 40.6 3.7 40.7 38.8 43.6 43.0 40.9 3.8 41.0 39.2 43.4 43.7 41.0 3.9 40.5 40.1 43.8 43.6 41.1 3.9 40.9 40.3 44.1 43.8 41.3 4.1 41.1 40.6 43.6 44.4 41.4 4.1 40.8 40.8 43.8 44.3 41.3 4.1 40.8 40.4 43.4 44.1 41.5 4.2 41.0 40.2 43.7 44.6 46.0 42.6 44.6 41.4 44.8 41.3 44.6 41.5 44.6 41.4 45.3 41.2 44.5 41.1 43.9 41.0 44.4 41.3 44.5 41.3 44.8 41.6 45.5 41.7 45.1 41.6 45.6 41.9 46.1 42.0 42.2 40.6 40.5 40.6 40.3 40.3 40.2 39.9 40.1 40.1 40.1 40.5 40.6 40.7 40.9 41.1 43.4 44.4 41.3 39.0 39.4 41.9 42.7 40.9 37.9 39.3 42.0 42.9 40.9 38.3 39.1 42.1 42.9 40.8 38.2 39.1 42.2 43.6 40.6 38.1 39.1 41.5 42.4 41.1 37.7 39.0 41.5 42.4 40.7 37.3 39.0 41.6 42.5 40.6 37.4 39.4 41.9 43.2 40.6 38.0 38.7 42.7 44.3 40.5 38.2 38.9 42.3 43.7 40.4 38.4 39.4 42.4 43.9 40.6 38.8 39.5 42.6 44.4 40.4 38.8 39.4 42.3 44.2 40.4 38.8 39.4 43.5 44.1 40.9 39.6 40.8 4.4 41.7 41.2 37.8 42.5 40.3 4.0 41.1 39.9 37.3 41.6 40.3 4.0 41.1 40.1 37.4 41.7 40.3 4.0 40.9 39.7 37.4 41.8 40.2 4.1 41.1 39.8 37.1 41.3 40.2 4.1 41.0 39.8 36.9 41.7 40.1 4.0 41.2 39.4 36.6 41.4 40.1 3.9 41.0 39.3 36.9 41.3 40.1 3.9 40.9 40.0 36.9 41.3 40.0 4.0 41.0 40.2 36.7 41.1 40.2 3.9 41.0 40.9 36.7 41.5 40.4 4.2 41.4 41.4 37.4 41.5 40.3 4.3 41.2 41.5 37.1 41.6 40.4 4.3 41.2 41.4 37.0 41.9 40.6 4.3 41.6 41.5 37.0 41.6 38.3 42.5 38.1 42.3 38.0 42.2 38.3 42.5 38.0 42.2 38.0 42.1 37.9 42.0 37.8 41.9 37.8 41.9 37.3 41.9 37.4 41.9 37.5 42.0 37.2 41.8 37.5 42.3 37.7 42.5 41.4 37.5 40.7 36.3 40.7 36.3 40.7 36.0 40.6 36.3 40.8 36.4 40.5 36.2 40.7 36.6 40.8 36.9 40.5 37.0 40.9 37.2 41.1 37.3 41.6 37.5 41.2 36.7 41.3 36.8 32.8 32.7 32.7 32.7 32.7 32.7 32.6 32.6 32.7 32.7 32.7 32.8 32.7 32.8 32.8 38.6 38.2 38.2 38.1 38.1 37.9 38.0 38.9 38.2 38.1 38.2 38.2 38.3 38.4 38.3 38.6 29.1 T R A N S P O R T A T IO N A N D PURI Iff IITII ITIFS N ov. Jan. 43.4 Rubber and miscellaneous S E R V I C E - P R O D U C IN G ..................................... 2002 2001 A n n u a l a v e ra g e In d u s tr y WHOI F55ALE TRADE.......................... 38.5 38.2 38.2 38.2 38.3 38.3 38.0 38.2 38.3 38.2 38.3 38.4 38.3 38.3 R E T A IL T R A D E ................................................... 28.9 28.9 28.8 28.8 28.8 28.8 28.8 28.8 28.9 28.9 29.0 29.1 29.0 I 29.1 p= preliminary. NOTE: See "Notes on the data” for a description of the most recent benchmark revision. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Monthly Labor Review August 2002 59 Current Labor Statistics: Labor Force Data 14. Average hourly earnings of production or nonsupervisory workers on private nonfarm payrolls, by industry, seasonally adjusted A n n u a l a v e ra g e I n d u s tr y 2001 2002 2000 2001 P R IV A T E S E C T O R (in c u r r e n t d o lla r s ).. $13.75 $14.32 G o o d s - p r o d u c i n g ............................................ 15.40 15.92 15.89 15.92 15.99 16.02 16.05 16.11 16.18 16.24 Mining............................................. Construction.................................... Manufacturing.................................. Excluding overtime........................ 17.24 17.88 14.38 13.62 17.56 18.34 14.83 14.15 17.62 18.30 14.81 14.13 17.63 18.29 14.86 14.19 17.62 18.37 14.91 14.22 17.62 18.39 14.95 14.28 17,70 18.40 14.99 14.31 17.68 18.47 15.03 14.36 17.51 18.60 15.08 14.39 17.69 18.65 15.13 14.42 S e r v i c e - p r o d u c i n g .......................................... 13.24 13.85 13.82 13.86 13.91 13.97 14.00 14.06 14.10 14.11 16.22 15.20 9.46 15.07 13.91 16.79 15.86 9.77 15.80 14.67 16.77 15.89 9.75 15.78 14.61 16.81 15.87 9.77 15.85 14.68 16.81 15.88 9.79 15.88 14.76 16.87 15.99 9.81 15.93 14.83 16.96 15.97 9.84 15.97 14.88 17.03 15.98 9.90 16.00 14.94 17.09 16.07 9.89 16.00 14.98 17.13 16.10 9.90 16.06 15.01 7.86 8.00 7.94 7.99 8.02 8.01 8.06 8.10 8.14 8.14 8.14 Transportation and public utilities...... Wholesale trade............................... Retail trade...................................... Finance, insurance, and real estate.... Services.......................................... June J u ly Aug. S e p t. O c t. N ov. D ec. Jan. $14.29 $14.33 $14.38 $14.43 $14.46 $14.52 $14.56 $14.59 Feb. M a r. A p r.p M ayp Junep $14.62 $14.65 $14.68 $14.70 $14.75 16.28 16.29 16.32 16.35 16.39 17.66 18.68 15.17 14.46 17.72 18.74 15.19 14.45 17.63 18.83 15.19 14.43 17.87 18.77 15.27 14.53 17.70 18.81 15.31 14.56 14.14 14.18 14.21 14.24 14.29 17.16 16.19 9.92 16.08 15.04 17.26 16.23 9.95 16.14 15.08 17.26 16.11 9.97 16.18 15.13 17.31 16.12 9.99 16.17 15.16 17.37 16.14 10.06 16.27 15.19 8.13 8.10 8.12 8.14 P R IV A T E S E C T O R (in c o n s t a n t (1 9 8 2 ) d o l l a r s ) ................................................................... p= preliminary. Dash indicates data not available. Note: See "Notes on the data” for a description of the most recent benchmark revision. Digitized for 60 FRASER Monthly Labor Review https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis August 2002 15. Average hourly earnings of production or nonsupervisory workers on private nonfarm payrolls, by industry 2000 2001 2002 2001 A n n u a l a v e ra g e In d u s try June J u ly Aug. S e p t. O c t. D ec. N ov. Jan. Feb. M a r. A p r. M ayp Junep $14.20 $14.26 $14.26 $14.50 $14.49 $14.54 $14.62 $14.65 $14.67 $14.67 $14.69 $14.67 $14.68 $13.76 $14.32 M I N I N G ...................................................................... 17.22 17.56 17.53 17.61 17.47 17.61 17.72 17.61 17.58 17.89 17.76 17.73 17.70 17.74 17.65 C O N S T R U C T I O N ................................................. 17.88 18.34 18.22 18.33 18.44 18.51 18.57 18.54 18.69 18.56 18.62 18.66 18.70 18.67 18.74 15.28 P R IV A T E S E C T O R ............................................. 14.37 14.83 14.79 14.84 14.89 15.01 14.97 15.07 15.17 15.15 15.16 15.16 15.20 15.23 14.82 11.94 11.74 14.53 16.41 15.28 12.26 12.24 15.00 16.92 15.24 12.19 12.19 15.11 16.93 15.26 12.32 12.27 15.10 17.07 15.38 12.37 12.33 15.16 17.02 15.49 12.44 12.39 15.21 17.23 15.46 12.37 12.42 15.09 17.08 15.55 12.40 12.45 15.13 17.24 15.66 12.42 12.56 15.10 17.19 15.61 12.38 12.61 15.12 17.15 15.63 12.39 12.59 15.17 17.15 15.63 12.35 12.57 15.12 17.20 15.66 12.33 12.54 15.35 17.25 15.68 12.43 12.59 15.43 17.36 15.74 12.53 12.62 15.48 17.46 19.82 13.87 20.41 14.25 20.39 14.25 20.48 14.26 20.62 14.34 20.90 14.42 20.52 14.33 20.66 14.42 20.53 14.56 20.53 14.57 20.63 14.51 20.66 14.60 20.69 14.66 20.81 14.64 20.92 14.71 15.55 15.89 15.79 15.88 15.93 16.01 16.07 16.16 16.23 16.31 16.33 16.31 16.30 16.35 16.36 13.79 18.46 18.80 14.41 11.63 14.51 19.06 19.40 14.81 12.16 14.49 18.96 19.31 14.74 12.07 14.56 18.85 19.09 14.91 12.12 14.70 19.13 19.43 14.93 12.23 14.82 19.36 19.73 15.00 12.38 14.78 19.41 19.83 14.97 12.24 14.88 19.54 19.96 14.98 12.35 14.97 19.71 20.19 15.09 12.39 14.86 19.57 19.99 15.09 12.46 14.90 19.69 20.05 15.10 12.42 14.93 19.65 20.09 15.12 12.39 14.87 19.68 20.22 15.11 12.36 14.91 19.65 20.17 15.11 12.37 15.04 19.75 20.36 15.14 12.28 13.68 12.51 21.34 11.16 9.29 16.25 14.16 12.89 21.50 11.35 9.43 16.87 14.11 12.89 22.59 11.32 9.42 16.89 14.21 12.95 22.97 11.37 9.38 16.98 14.16 12.89 20.97 11.39 9.41 16.87 14.30 12.97 20.71 11.40 9.54 17.11 14.26 12.89 20.71 11.34 9.44 17.14 14.36 13.10 21.46 11.40 9.49 17.19 14.45 13.17 31.37 11.53 9.60 17.26 14.47 13.14 21.21 11.66 9.72 17.19 14.47 13.08 21.71 11.64 9.77 17.17 14.46 13.10 22.47 11.65 9.82 17.25 14.53 13.18 22.80 11.65 9.93 17.33 14.55 13.25 23.09 11.73 9.93 17.51 14.60 13.29 23.26 11.69 9.95 1A53 14.40 18.15 21.99 14.82 18.61 22.08 14.75 18.55 21.77 14.84 18.68 22.01 14.88 18.54 22.19 15.01 18.85 22.24 14.93 18.74 22.23 14.91 18.83 22.38 15.04 18.88 22.19 15.01 18.87 22.10 15.06 18.95 22.45 15.12 18.93 22.39 15.11 19.01 22.39 15.05 18.96 22.02 15.11 19.14 22.15 12.85 10.17 13.39 10.31 13.29 10.27 13.37 10.24 13.43 10.33 13.50 10.24 13.53 10.24 13.57 10.20 13.69 10.29 13.71 10.31 13.65 10.35 13.61 10.40 13.68 10.39 13.69 10.43 13.66 10.27 P U B L IC U T I L I T I E S ......................................... 16.21 16.79 16.69 16L.81 16.78 16.91 16.98 17.05 17.11 17.18 17.18 17.24 17.31 17.24 17.29 W H O L E S A L E T R A D E ...................................... 15.22 15.86 15.81 15.92 15.80 16.08 15.95 15.96 16.21 16.11 16.21 16.13 16.11 16.12 16.13 10.00 9.98 10.00 M A N U F A C T U R I N G ............................................. D u r a b le g o o d s ................................................... Lumber and wood products............... Furniture and fixtures....................... Stone, clay, and glass products........ Primary metal industries................... Blast furnaces and basic steel products...................................... Fabricated metal products................ Industrial machinery and equipment... Electronic and other electrical equipment.................................... Transportation equipment................. Motor vehicles and equipment........ Instruments and related products...... N o n d u r a b l e g o o d s .......................................... Food and kindred products............... Tobacco products............................ Textile mill products......................... Apparel and other textile products..... Paper and allied products................. Chemicals and allied products.......... Petroleum and coal products............ Rubber and miscellaneous plastics products............................ Leather and leather products........... T R A N S P O R T A T IO N A N D 9.46 9.77 9.70 9.70 9.71 9.86 9.87 9.91 9.89 9.96 9.95 9.98 A N D R E A l E S T A T E .................................. 15.14 15,80 15.68 15.82 15.77 15.96 15.91 15.97 16.14 16.07 16.13 16.17 16.23 16.18 16.27 S E R V I C E S .............................................................. 13.93 14.67 14.45 14.52 I 14.52 14.85 14.87 14.99 15.15 15.14 15.17 15.16 15.16 15.12 15.08 R E T A IL T R A D E .................................................... F IN A N C E , IN S U R A N C E , p = preliminary. NOTE: See "Notes on the data" for a description of the most recent benchmark revision. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Monthly Labor Review August 2002 61 Current Labor Statistics: Labor Force Data 16. Average weekly earnings of production or nonsupervisory workers on private nonfarm payrolls, by industry In d u s try A n n u a l a v e ra g e 2000 2001 2001 June J u ly Aug. S ept. 2002 O ct. N ov. D ec. Jan. Feb. M ar. A p r. M a yp Junep P R IV A T E S E C T O R Current dollars....................... Seasonally adjusted............ Constant (1982) dollars......... $474.38 $489.74 $488.48 $494.82 $491.97 $498.80 $492.66 $494.36 $502.93 $492.24 $497.31 $497.31 $497.99 $500.25 $509.40 488.72 490.09 490.36 492.06 491.64 495.13 496.50 497.52 500.00 501.03 502.06 502.74 505.93 272.16 273.45 271.08 275.82 274.23 276.50 274.31 275.72 281.91 275.46 277.36 275.82 274.53 275.77 280.66 M IN IN G .................................................... 743.04 763.86 767.81 769.56 761.69 774.84 772.59 .764.27 771.76 754.96 761.90 757.07 750.48. 766.37 767.78 C O N S T R U C T IO N ................................. 702.68 720.76 730.62 740.53 741.29 738.55 737.23 724.91 719.57 714.56 716.87 716.54 723.69 728.13 740.23 Current dollars....................... Constant (1982) dollars.......... 598.21 343.21 603.58 337.01 603.43 334.87 599.54 334.19 609.00 338.46 616.91 341.97 607.78 338.41 613.35 342.08 625.00 350.34 612.06 342.51 610.95 340.74 620.04 343.89 620.16 341.87 622.91 343.39 631.06 347.69 Durable goods............................... 623.92 489.13 469.20 626.48 497.76 477.36 626.36 498.57 471.75 619.56 502.66 483.44 633.66 509.64 494.43 639.74 517.50 491.88 632.31 507.17 481.90 636.00 507.16 485.55 651.46 507.98 501.14 636.89 493.96 504.40 637.70 495.60 501.08 645.52 503.88 509.09 646.76 504.30 506.62 649.15 510.87 504.86 656.36 520.00 508.59 626.24 737.26 654.00 737.71 670.88 741.53 668.93 739.13 676.14 740.37 685.97 763.29 666.98 739.56 662.69 748.22 649.30 763.24 645.62 746.03 646.24 746.03 645.62 758.52 667.73 762.45 675.83 767.31 687.31 782.21 911.72 590.86 910.29 589.95 919.59 589.85 919.55 581.81 919.65 595.11 959.31 598.43 906.98 591.83 915.24 596.99 909.48 614.43 907.43 600.28 915.97 597.81 933.83 607.36 937.26 606.92 951.02 611.95 972.78 619.29 656.21 645.13 639.50 639.96 638.79 646.80 646.01 648.02 667.49 657.29 658.10 663.82 660.15 665.45 669.12 567.18 800.73 571.69 798.61 569.46 802.01 559.10 767.20 576.24 816.85 583.91 811.18 580.85 809.40 587.76 818.73 603.29 841.62 573.60 827.81 576.63 825.01 588.24 835.13 581.42 844.27 582.98 842.99 592.58 847.28 834.28 828.38 841.92 782.69 860.75 846.42 844.76 856.28 892.40 871.56 868.17 883.96 907.88 905.63 910.09 595.96 453.57 605.73 460.86 599.92 463.49 602.36 459.35 604.67 468.41 618.00 467.96 607.78 457.78 611.18 461.89 623.22 477.02 612.65 469.74 611.55 473.20 616.90 483.21 607.42 479.57 607.42 479.96 620.74 485.06 558.55 521.25 877.90 459.79 570.65 529.78 851.40 452.87 568.63 529.78 923.93 457.33 569.82 529.66 914.21 444.57 572.06 536.22 832.51 456.74 582.01 546.04 836.68 458.28 574.68 538.80 834.61 445.66 580.14 544.96 862.69 450.30 588.12 546.56 880.44 465.87 575.91 533.48 854.76 465.23 574.46 523.20 881.43 471.41 581.29 533.17 912.28 483.48 582.65 533.79 932.52 485.81 586.37 543.25 962.85 486.80 592.76 550.21 983.90 489.81 351.54 690.63 351.74 701.79 356.08 702.62 348.94 708.07 349.11 695.04 350.12 722.04 344.56 714.74 351.13 718.54 358.08 724.92 350.89 709.95 357.58 705.69 368.25 713.43 369.40 717.46 369.40 728.42 373.13 727.50 551.52 771.38 932.80 564.64 787.20 945.02 557.55 782.81 933.93 563.92 790.16 953.03 568.42 780.53 954.17 577.89 797.36 954.10 568.83 787.08 926.99 572.54 793.74 939.96 576.02 800.51 934.20 555.37 790.65 932.78 558.73 790.22 938.41 568.51 793.17 920.23 560.58 794.62 900.23 559.86 800.11 887.41 563.60 815.36 917.01 531.99 381.75 544.97 374.25 543.56 377.94 534.80 361.47 543.92 379.11 556.20 376.83 549.32 372.74 553.66 376.38 568.14 380.73 555.26 378.38 556.92 380.88 559.37 386.88 564.98 388.59 564.03 382.78 569.62 384.10 P U B L IC U T IL IT IE S .......................... 626.09 641.38 640.90 650.55 644.35 645.96 645.24 646.20 660.45 647.69 751.12 655.12 657.78 660.29 670.85 W H O L E S A L E T R A D E ........................ 585.20 605.85 603.94 612.92 605.14 620.69 606.10 611.27 627.33 608.96 615.98 614.55 615.40 615.86 630.63 R E T A IL T R A D E .................................... 273.39 282.35 283.24 288.09 285.47 284.95 282.28 282.44 289.78 279.88 284.57 286.43 287.00 289.42 297.00 M A N U F A C T U R IN G Lumber and wood products.... Furniture and fixtures............. Stone, clay, and glass products............................ Primary metal industries......... Blast furnaces and basic steel products................... Fabricated metal products...... Industrial machinery and equipment........................ Electronic and other electrical equipment......................... Transportation equipment....... Motor vehicles and equipment....................... Instruments and related products............................ Miscellaneous manufacturing... Nondurable goods...................... Food and kindred products..... Tobacco products.................. Textile mill products............... Apparel and other textile products............................ Paper and allied products....... Printing and publishing........... Chemicals and allied products.. Petroleum and coal products.... Rubber and miscellaneous plastics products................. Leather and leather products.... T R A N S P O R T A T IO N A N D F IN A N C E , IN S U R A N C E , A N D R E A L E S T A T E ........................ 547.04 570.38 567.62 579.01 567.72 585.73 569.58 573.32 592.34 575.31 582.29 580.50 581.03 577.63 597.11 S E R V IC E S ............................................... 454.86 479.71 473.96 480.61 477.71 487.08 483.28 487.18 498.44 487.51 493.03 492.70 491.18 489.89 497.64 p- preliminary. NOTE: See "Notes on the data" for a description of the most recent benchmark revision. Dash indicates data not available. Digitized for 62FRASER Monthly Labor Review https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis August 2002 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 17. Diffusion indexes of employment change, seasonally adjusted [In percent] T im e s p a n a n d y e a r Jan. Feb. M a r. A p r. June M ay Aug. J u ly S e p t. N ov O c t. D ec. Private nonfarm payrolls, 356 industries Over 1-month span: 1998.......................................... 1999.......................................... 2000.......................................... 2001.......................................... 2002.......................................... 62.4 55.3 55.9 49.4 47.3 57.5 58.6 57.5 45.7 41.4 59.1 53.6 57.9 50.3 49.7 60.2 58.4 51.2 42.4 47.8 57.5 55.5 50.1 47.3 50.4 56.8 57.8 55.8 43.2 49.1 54.6 57.1 57.8 44.5 59.1 54.8 51.4 42.5 _ 57.2 57.1 52.4 42.4 _ 53.0 57.2 52.4 40.5 - 57.9 60.4 53.2 39.3 _ 56.8 58.1 52.7 44.1 - Over 3-month span: 1998.......................................... 1999.......................................... 2000.......................................... 2001.......................................... 2002.......................................... 65.3 59.2 60.4 45.5 40.1 66.3 57.6 61.4 46.1 43.2 65.3 59.5 59.4 40.8 42.5 65.9 55.2 53.2 43.4 47.4 62.7 60.2 52.4 37.8 48.7 58.2 57.2 55.5 43.2 _ 58.9 59.4 56.6 39.3 « 59.1 59.2 56.2 38.0 59.8 59.7 51.2 35.3 _ 57.9 58.9 51.0 33.7 _ 57.1 61.2 53.2 36.3 _ 58.8 60.7 51.6 38.9 _ Over 6-month span: 1998.......................................... 1999.......................................... 2000.......................................... 2001.......................................... 2002.......................................... 70.4 59.8 63.5 52.0 37.0 67.4 59.8 60.6 50.6 41.8 65.0 58.2 62.6 48.6 42.9 62.5 60.3 63.7 45.3 63.6 56.7 61.5 44.1 60.5 59.2 55.5 38.5 59.2 61.8 56.1 37.1 58.6 60.8 58.6 35.6 57.5 62.7 52.4 34.3 60.2 61.8 48.7 33.1 _ 59.2 61.2 45.7 34.1 _ 58.4 62.8 46.5 35.6 _ 69.7 61.2 62.5 49.6 67.6 60.2 63.0 47.7 67.4 58.2 61.8 45.0 66.0 60.8 59.5 43.1 64.0 60.8 58.4 40.5 62.7 61.6 56.8 39.8 61.9 62.2 55.7 38.4 62.0 61.3 56.5 36.8 - 60.8 63.8 47.7 34.4 - 59.4 62.2 45.2 34.3 - 60.8 59.7 44.5 32.9 - 58.9 60.5 42.9 - Over 12-month span: 1998.......................................... 1999.......................................... 2000.......................................... 2001.......................................... 2002.......................................... _ _ _ _ - _ _ _ Manufacturing payrolls, 139 industries Over 1-month span: 1998.......................................... 1999.......................................... 2000.......................................... 2001.......................................... 2002.......................................... 57.0 47.4 44.9 34.9 35.3 52.6 41.2 52.2 26.8 37.9 52.2 42.6 49.3 38.2 40.4 52.9 46,0 46.0 29.0 47.1 44.9 46.3 49.3 28.3 46.7 47.4 43.4 50.7 30.5 41.9 38.2 50.0 57.4 34.9 52.9 42.6 36.8 25.7 _ 44.9 46.0 39.0 31.6 _ 38.6 45.6 42.3 31.3 42.3 51.5 47.1 25.0 _ 41.5 49.3 40.8 30.9 - Over 3-month span: 1998.......................................... 1999.......................................... 2000.......................................... 2001.......................................... 2002.......................................... 59.2 39.3 48.2 21.3 24.6 57.0 39.3 48.9 21.3 30.1 54.8 39.7 48.9 18.4 37.1 51.8 40.1 44.5 23.5 39.3 48.2 41.2 46.7 19.9 40.8 38.2 43.8 52.2 23.2 41.9 44.1 46.0 17.3 43.0 46.3 38.6 19.1 43.0 42.3 29.0 16.2 38.2 44.1 34.2 18.0 32.7 47.8 39.0 18.4 40.4 45.2 36.0 18.0 Over 6-month span: 1998.......................................... 1999.......................................... 2000.......................................... 2001.......................................... 2002.......................................... 60.7 36.4 47.6 20.2 19.9 54.4 36.0 45.2 16.9 26.8 49.3 37.5 44.5 14.0 27.9 40.1 40.4 50.0 16.2 45.2 37.5 41.9 16.5 39.0 43.0 36.0 14.7 39.0 43.0 36.0 14.7 38.2 44.5 35.3 11.8 34.6 48.2 32.4 14.0 41.2 43.0 26.1 13.2 35.7 44.5 21.3 17.6 33.1 47.4 21.7 16.5 _ 54.8 38.5 49.3 13.6 52.2 34.6 44.1 13.6 51.8 32.4 41.2 14.7 46.7 36.0 36.8 15.4 40.4 37.9 35.3 12.1 38.2 44.5 35.3 11.8 38.2 40.1 33.8 11.0 37.5 40.4 28.7 11.0 36.4 44.5 22.1 12.9 - 34.6 44.5 19.1 13.6 - 35.7 43.4 17.6 13.6 - 34.2 44.5 14.0 « Over 12-month span: 1998.......................................... 1999......................................... 2000......................................... 2001......................................... 2002......................................... Dash indicates data not available. NOTE: Figures are the percent of industries with employment increasing plus one-half of the industries with unchanged employment, where 50 percent indicates an equal balance between industries with inceasing and decreasing employment. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ - Data for the 2 most recent months shown in each span are preliminary. See the "Definitions" in this section. See "Notes on the data" for a description of the most recent benchmark revision. Monthly Labor Review August 2002 63 Current Labor Statistics: 18. Labor Force Data Establishment size and employment covered under Ul, private ownership, by major industry division, first quarter 2000 S iz e o f e s t a b lis h m e n ts In d u s t r y , e s t a b lis h m e n ts , a n d T o ta l e m p lo y m e n t F e w e r th a n 5 to 9 1 0 to 1 9 2 0 to 4 9 5 0 to 9 9 1 0 0 to 2 4 9 2 5 0 to 4 9 9 5 0 0 to 9 9 9 5 w o rk e rs 1 w o rk e rs w o rk e rs w o rk e rs w o rk e rs w o rk e rs w o rk e rs w o rk e rs 1 ,0 0 0 o r m o re w o rk e rs T o ta l, a ll in d u s t r ie s 2 Establishments, first quarter ............... Employment, March ........................... 850,411 1,302,488 590,662 119,172 206,415 31,311 8,615,974 11,471,927 17,878,154 14,212,796 17,895,603 10,658,780 7,531,330 108,195,174 4,413,181 6,831,146 200,289 1,702,493 123,880 179,158 37,646 248,989 22,736 302,599 11,179 326,510 2,875 196,681 1,473 216,628 370 126,181 106 69,476 24 36,271 27,284 524,514 14,102 22,082 4,323 28,959 3,728 51,183 3,202 97,241 1,023 69,762 591 89,714 214 74,836 76 52,916 25 37,821 747,563 6,310,456 477,549 703,310 126,844 831,405 76,253 1,024,819 46,543 1,389,870 13,242 898,785 5,748 846,893 1,053 347,400 272 182,357 59 85,617 405,838 18,433,795 147,029 251,154 67,385 453,397 61,150 842,691 61,487 1,922,360 30,568 2,144,676 24,264 3,739,308 8,646 2,977,743 3,598 2,446,323 1,711 3,656,143 315,413 6,678,516 174,645 272,380 49,173 325,334 36,475 498,572 30,720 945,800 12,952 895,012 7,913 1,190,459 2,127 726,615 892 618,630 516 1,205,714 664,094 6,947,770 400,335 621,924 110,091 729,753 77,321 1,046,983 52,153 1,565,359 15,187 1,035,060 7,019 1,035,170 1,478 496,350 414 274,988 96 142,183 1,458,626 22,807,395 623,529 1,154,942 329,260 2,204,569 235,941 3,190,042 179,053 5,437,335 57,988 3,943,391 26,380 3,880,016 4,982 1,659,975 1,169 764,056 324 573,069 671,294 7,379,831 438,402 714,292 114,349 751,197 62,141 826,817 35,549 1,065,116 11,618 797,168 6,025 912,396 1,799 621,570 898 615,246 513 1,076,029 2,890,313 37,110,557 1,879,338 2,772,133 451,715 2,967,673 271,168 3,643,823 169,867 5,102,854 60,864 4,225,937 39,727 5,980,102 10,640 3,627,319 4,286 2,939,641 2,708 5,851,075 11,713 5,977 7,965,372 12,665,422 A g r i c u lt u r e , f o r e s t r y , a n d fis h in g Establishments, first quarter ............... Employment, March ........................... M in in g Establishments, first quarter ............... Employment, March ........................... C o n s t r u c t io n Establishments, first quarter ............... Employment, March ........................... M a n u f a c t u r in g Establishments, first quarter ............... Employment, March ........................... T r a n s p o r t a t io n a n d p u b lic u tilitie s Establishments, first quarter ............... Employment, March ........................... W h o le s a l e tr a d e Establishments, first quarter ............... Employment, March ........................... R e ta il tr a d e Establishments, first quarter ............... Employment, March ........................... F in a n c e , In s u r a n c e , a n d r e a l e s ta te Establishments, first quarter ............... Employment, March ........................... S e r v ic e s Establishments, first quarter ............... Employment, March ........................... ’ Includes establishments that reported no workers In March 2000. NOTE: Detail may not add to totals due to rounding. 2 Includes data for nonclassifiable establishments, not shown separately. Digitized for 64FRASER Monthly Labor Review https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis August 2002 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 19. Annual data: establishments, employment, and wages covered under Ul and UCFE by ownership Year A v era g e e s t a b lis h m e n ts A v e ra g e T o ta l a n n u a l w a g e s annual (in t h o u s a n d s ) e m p lo y m e n t w ages A v e ra g e w e e k ly p e r e m p lo y e e w age A v e ra g e an n u al T o ta l c o v e r e d (U l a n d U C F E ) 1991 ............................................. 1992 ............................................. 1993............................................. 1994............................................. 1995............................................. 1996 ............................................. 1997 ............................................. 1998............................................. 1999 ............................................. 2000............................................. 6,382,523 6,532,608 6,679,934 6,826,677 7,040,677 7,189,168 7,369,473 7,634,018 7,820,860 7,879,116 106,884,831 107,413,728 109,422,571 112,611,287 115,487,841 117,963,132 121,044,432 124,183,549 127,042,282 129,877,063 $2,626,972,030 2,781,676,477 2,884,472,282 3,033,676,678 3,215,921,236 3,414,514,808 3,674,031,718 3,967,072,423 4,235,579,204 4,587,708,584 $24,578 25,897 26,361 26,939 27,846 28,946 30,353 31,945 33,340 35,323 $473 498 507 518 536 557 584 614 641 679 $24,335 25,622 26,055 26,633 27,567 28,658 30,058 31,676 33,094 35,077 $468 493 501 512 530 551 578 609 636 675 $24,178 25,547 25,934 26,496 27,441 28,582 30,064 31,762 33,244 35,337 $465 491 499 510 528 550 578 611 639 680 $27,132 27,789 28,643 29,518 30,497 31,397 32,521 33,605 34,681 36,296 $522 534 551 568 586 604 625 646 667 698 $24,595 25,434 26,095 26,717 27,552 28,320 29,134 30,251 31,234 32,387 $473 489 502 514 530 545 560 582 601 623 $32,609 35,066 36,940 38,038 38,523 40,414 42,732 43,688 44,287 46,228 $627 674 710 731 741 777 822 840 852 889 Ul c o v e re d 1991 ............................................. 1992 ............................................. 1993............................................. 1994............................................. 1995............................................. 1996 ............................................. 1997............................................. 1998............................................. 1999 ............................................. 2000 ............................................. 6,336,151 6,485,473 6,632,221 6,778,300 6,990,594 7,137,644 7,317,363 7,586,767 7,771,198 7,828,861 103,755,832 104,288,324 106,351,431 109,588,189 112,539,795 115,081,246 118,233,942 121,400,660 124,255,714 127,005,574 $2,524,937,018 2,672,081,827 2,771,023,411 2,918,684,128 3,102,353,355 3,298,045,286 3,553,933,885 3,845,494,089 4,112,169,533 4,454,966,824 Private industry covered 1991 ............................................. 1992............................................. 1993 ............................................. 1994 ............................................. 1995 ............................................. 1996 ............................................. 1997............................................. 1998............................................. 1999 ............................................. 2000 ............................................. 6,162,684 6,308,719 6,454,381 6,596,158 6,803,454 6,946,858 7,121,182 7,381,518 7,560,567 7,622,274 89,007,096 89,349,803 91,202,971 94,146,344 96,894,844 99,268,446 102,175,161 105,082,368 107,619,457 110,015,333 $2,152,021,705 2,282,598,431 2,365,301,493 2,494,458,555 2,658,927,216 2,837,334,217 3,071,807,287 3,337,621,699 3,577,738,557 3,887,626,769 State government covered 1991 ............................................. 1992 ............................................. 1993............................................. 1994............................................. 1995............................................. 1996............................................. 1997............................................. 1998............................................. 1999 ............................................. 2000............................................. 58,499 58,801 59,185 60,686 60,763 62,146 65,352 67,347 70,538 65,096 4,005,321 4,044,914 4,088,075 4,162,944 4,201,836 4,191,726 4,214,451 4,240,779 4,296,673 4,370,160 $108,672,127 112,405,340 117,095,062 122,879,977 128,143,491 131,605,800 137,057,432 142,512,445 149,011,194 158,618,365 Local government covered 1991 ............................................. 1992 ............................................. 1993............................................. 1994............................................. 1995............................................. 1996 ............................................. 1997............................................. 1998............................................. 1999 ............................................. 2000 ............................................. 114,936 117,923 118,626 121,425 126,342 128,640 130,829 137,902 140,093 141,491 10,742,558 10,892,697 11,059,500 11,278,080 11,442,238 11,621,074 11,844,330 12,077,513 12,339,584 12,620,081 $264,215,610 277,045,557 288,594,697 301,315,857 315,252,346 329,105,269 345,069,166 365,359,945 385,419,781 408,721,690 F e d e r a l G o v e r n m e n t c o v e r e d (U C F E ) 1991 ............................................. 1992 ............................................. 1993............................................. 1994............................................. 1995............................................. 1996 ............................................. 1997............................................. 1998............................................. 1999............................................. 2000............................................. 46,372 47,136 47,714 48,377 50,083 51,524 52,110 47,252 49,661 50,256 3,128,999 3,125,404 3,071,140 3,023,098 2,948,046 2,881,887 2,810,489 2,782,888 2,786,567 2,871,489 $102,035,012 109,594,650 113,448,871 114,992,550 113,567,881 116,469,523 120,097,833 121,578,334 123,409,672 132,741,760 NOTE: Detail may not add to totals due to rounding. Monthly Labor Review August 2002 65 Current Labor Statistics: 20. Labor Force Data Annual data: establishments, employment, and wages covered under Ul and UCFE, by State A v e ra g e A v e ra g e a n n u al T o ta l a n n u a l w a g e s A v e r a g e w e e k ly e s t a b lis h m e n ts e m p lo y m e n t (in th o u s a n d s ) w age S ta te 19992000 2000 19992000 2000 19992000 change change 2000 19992000 2000 change change Total United States ................................... 7,879,116 58,256 129,877,063 2,834,781 $4,587,708,584 $352,129,380 $679 $38 Alabama.................................................... Alaska....................................................... Arizona ...................................................... Arkansas................................................... California................................................... 112,328 18,820 115,171 72,240 1,026,568 454 32 2,589 406 -33,271 1,877,963 275,607 2,220,712 1,130,891 14,867,006 6,911 6,674 70,174 17,750 472,932 54,538,027 9,685,341 72,417,033 29,761,939 612,318,313 1,970,401 532,709 6,772,271 1,520,062 71,430,084 558 676 627 506 792 18 22 40 18 69 Colorado ................................................... Connecticut............................................... Delaware................................................... District of Columbia.................................... Florida....................................................... 148,479 107,787 24,751 28,409 444,731 6,278 1,696 584 1,474 9,134 2,186,656 1,674,728 406,350 637,292 7,060,986 81,404 22,363 4,210 21,588 216,337 81,273,035 76,176,856 14,845,185 33,753,742 215,780,400 9,292,033 5,650,414 707,255 2,423,907 17,731,492 715 875 703 1,019 588 57 54 27 40 32 Georgia..................................................... Hawaii....................................................... Idaho......................................................... Illinois........................................................ Indiana ...................................................... 225,040 34,027 45,399 322,324 152,846 6,628 1,564 1,128 2,721 -1,089 3,883,005 553,185 563,193 5,940,772 2,936,634 88,250 15,440 20,785 90,253 29,778 132,853,189 16,942,944 15,600,825 226,012,936 91,086,141 10,161,751 921,218 1,474,196 13,664,320 3,800,930 658 589 533 732 596 36 16 32 34 19 Iowa ......................................................... Kansas ...................................................... Kentucky................................................... Louisiana................................................... Maine ........................................................ 97,091 80,477 107,740 118,216 44,865 2,479 1,036 2,403 1,549 956 1,443,394 1,313,742 1,762,949 1,869,219 590,818 12,412 14,945 31,482 21,317 17,005 40,312,331 38,571,763 50,774,667 52,131,235 16,344,365 1,743,623 2,164,568 2,669,580 1,838,194 916,386 537 565 554 536 532 19 26 20 13 15 Maryland................................................... Massachusetts........................................... Michigan.................................................... Minnesota ................................................. Mississippi................................................. 146,559 187,391 260,885 155,711 63,970 1,117 344 2,244 4,932 229 2,405,510 3,275,135 4,585,211 2,608,543 1,137,304 58,631 83,493 82,445 57,751 -1,880 87,548,876 145,184,150 169,702,272 92,377,120 28,665,889 6,606,334 16,396,342 8,726,750 6,959,859 879,567 700 852 712 681 485 37 76 24 37 16 Missouri..................................................... Montana.................................................... Nebraska................................................... Nevada ...................................................... New Hampshire ......................................... 163,080 38,349 51,838 48,126 45,924 2,303 1,585 4 194 494 2,677,110 379,094 882,918 1,017,902 606,543 31,687 7,855 16,308 41,975 15,318 84,020,093 9,202,211 24,449,709 32,853,744 21,069,920 4,745,993 567,364 1,370,028 2,392,271 2,067,493 604 467 533 621 668 28 20 21 21 50 New Jersey............................................... New Mexico .............................................. New York .................................................. North Carolina............................................ North Dakota............................................. 270,384 47,987 529,103 222,234 23,297 -15,337 693 4,797 7,270 240 3,877,572 717,243 8,471,416 3,862,782 309,223 85,195 16,339 178,874 58,413 3,263 169,355,641 19,722,105 384,241,451 120,007,446 7,632,602 13,725,235 1,311,285 34,472,229 7,922,007 365,713 840 529 872 597 475 51 24 61 30 18 Ohio ......................................................... Oklahoma.................................................. Oregon...................................................... Pennsylvania............................................. Rhode Island............................................. 280,988 89,298 109,050 315,284 33,327 1,073 1,368 -1,296 13,267 621 5,513,217 1,452,166 1,608,069 5,558,076 467,602 62,090 29,357 32,067 98,602 10,766 179,218,763 39,191,626 52,703,467 189,058,210 15,250,760 8,080,924 2,464,854 4,049,166 10,557,733 1,011,495 625 519 630 654 627 21 23 36 25 28 South Carolina........................................... South Dakota............................................ Tennessee ................................................ Texas ........................................................ Utah ......................................................... 109,370 27,145 125,247 489,795 66,144 -1,993 437 -51 8,425 2,282 1,820,138 364,119 2,667,230 9,289,286 1,044,143 27,993 8,334 40,186 272,645 26,519 51,289,516 9,030,727 81,495,110 324,579,638 30,518,822 2,664,765 574,920 4,055,765 27,952,132 2,131,853 542 477 588 672 562 20 20 21 39 26 Vermont .................................................... Virginia..................................................... Washington............................................... West Virginia............................................. Wisconsin.................................................. Wyoming................................................... 23,870 192,745 221,150 46,830 145,871 20,861 805 3,212 9,010 21 977 238 296,462 3,427,954 2,706,462 686,622 2,736,054 230,857 8,473 100,832 62,732 6,014 44,603 5,892 8,571,976 120,567,926 100,381,521 18,461,154 83,980,263 6,195,607 624,326 10,689,950 5,904,038 752,890 4,294,806 425,897 556 676 713 517 590 516 25 41 26 17 21 23 Puerto Rico ............................................... Virgin Islands ............................................ 52,371 3,255 202 32 1,026,175 42,349 23,785 1,411 19,306,364 1,173,955 709,126 104,996 362 533 5 31 NOTE: Detail may not add to totals due to rounding. Digitized for 66FRASER Monthly Labor Review https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis August 2002 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 21. Annual data: Employment and average annual pay for all workers covered under Ul and UCFE in the 316 largest U.S. counties Average annual pay Employment County1 2000 Percent change, 1999-20002 Ranked by percent change, 1999-20003 2000 Percent change, 1999-20002 United States4................. 129,877,063 2.2 - 35,323 5.9 Jefferson, A L .................. Madison, A L................... Mobile, A L...................... Montgomery, AL ............. Tuscaloosa, A L ............... Anchorage, AK ............... Maricopa, A Z .................. Pima, A Z ........................ Pulaski, AR .................... Sebastian, AR................ 384,662 154,356 169,469 131,988 76,499 129,700 1,544,971 328,426 243,157 75,197 .6 1.7 -.1 .2 .8 2.0 3.6 3.1 .4 1.1 256 186 291 285 244 164 48 77 272 228 34,026 35,837 28,623 28,894 29,064 36,659 35,110 29,194 30,799 27,011 3.9 5.0 2.4 3.2 2.5 2.7 7.8 3.5 3.8 4.8 Washington, AR.............. Alameda, CA ................. Contra Costa, CA ........... Fresno, CA .................... Kern, C A ........................ Los Angeles, C A ............. Marin, CA....................... Monterey, CA.................. Orange, C A.................... Placer, CA ..................... 80,045 696,242 336,691 322,759 238,250 4,098,154 111,645 164,646 1,394,414 107,182 3.3 3.0 3.1 1.9 2.1 1.7 2.1 2.5 3.6 8.9 61 84 78 169 153 187 154 118 49 3 26,408 45,091 42,318 26,162 28,572 39,651 42,600 29,962 39,247 33,386 3.8 9.8 3.7 4.8 5.7 4.9 8.5 5.1 4.8 5.3 Riverside, CA.................. Sacramento, C A ............. San Bernardino, CA........ San Diego, C A ................ San Francisco, CA.......... San Joaquin, C A............. San Luis Obispo, C A ...... San Mateo, CA ............... Santa Barbara, CA ......... Santa Clara, CA.............. 469,467 573,942 528,437 1,195,116 609,138 201,070 94,883 378,494 176,901 1,030,633 5.3 2.6 3.0 3.0 3.7 3.1 3.6 5.3 3.0 6.1 12 107 85 86 43 79 50 13 87 9 29,136 37,732 29,901 37,535 57,532 29,237 28,096 67,051 32,566 76,213 4.7 7.2 3.8 8.1 12.0 4.7 6.2 30.4 8.2 24.7 Santa Cruz, CA............... Solano, CA .................... Sonoma, C A .................. Stanislaus, C A ................ Tulare, CA ..................... Ventura, C A ................... Yolo, CA ........................ Adams, C O .................... Arapahoe, CO................. Boulder, C O ................... 101,833 117,217 190,946 160,948 132,986 287,611 84,565 144,806 284,236 179,719 3.3 3.7 3.1 1.7 3.6 3.4 1.5 3.6 3.9 8.2 62 44 80 188 51 57 201 52 38 4 35,819 31,670 35,715 28,201 23,750 37,069 33,438 33,428 46,254 45,564 15.5 8.4 11.3 4.4 4.6 9.1 3.3 4.8 7.8 13.9 Denver, CO.................... El Paso, C O ................... Jefferson, CO ................. Larimer, C O ................... Fairfield, C T ................... Hartford, C T ................... New Haven, CT .............. New London, C T............. New Castle, DE .............. Washington, DC ............. 469,137 237,739 210,519 119,155 427,557 501,562 367,343 123,039 281,920 637,292 3.2 3.4 2.6 5.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 .6 -.7 3.5 69 58 108 16 229 230 231 257 301 54 44,343 33,039 36,195 32,394 61,156 43,656 38,355 36,757 40,491 52,964 11.6 7.7 5.2 7.9 8.5 6.2 5.4 3.8 4.5 4.1 Alachua, FL ................... Brevard, F L .................... Broward, F L ................... Collier, FL ...................... Duval, FL ....................... Escambia, FL.................. Hillsborough, FL ............. Lee, FL .......................... Leon, FL ........................ Manatee, FL ................... 117,658 181,314 644,192 103,264 434,219 125,666 588,792 162,304 141,978 ( 5) 2.5 3.3 3.3 6.9 4.1 1.0 2.5 4.4 2.2 ( 5) 119 63 64 6 32 235 120 25 142 ( 6) 26,155 32,101 33,234 29,962 32,777 26,709 31,707 28,148 29,249 ( è) 3.9 7.2 6.5 6.9 4.6 4.5 4.8 6.4 4.1 ( 5) Marion, FL ..................... Miami-Dade, F L .............. Orange, FL .................... Palm Beach, F L .............. Pinellas, F L .................... Polk, FL ......................... Sarasota, F L .................. Seminole, FL ................. Volusia, FL..................... Bibb, GA ........................ 83,319 980,394 611,469 481,395 436,390 183,222 ( 5) 139,610 141,652 88,790 1.7 2.3 3.2 4.1 4.2 2.6 ( 5) 4.6 1.4 -1.2 189 135 70 33 29 109 ( 5) 23 207 308 24,953 33,333 31,123 35,233 31,263 27,881 ( è) 30,835 25,079 29,299 3.3 3.9 4.6 7.3 5.4 3.5 <5) 6.9 5.5 3.2 Chatham, G A .................. Clayton, GA ................... Cobb, G A ....................... 122,785 116,368 301,183 1.3 -.6 1.3 214 296 215 29,650 36,774 38,792 1.9 6.7 5.4 See footnotes at end of table. Monthly Labor Review August 2002 67 Current Labor Statistics: Labor Force Data 21. Continued—Annual data: Employment and average annual pay for all workers covered under Ul and UCFE in the 316 largest U.S. counties E m p lo y m e n t C o u n ty 1 2000 P e rc e n t change, 1 9 9 9 -2 0 0 0 2 A v e ra g e a n n u a l p ay Ranked by p e rc e n t change, 1 9 9 9 -2 0 0 0 3 2000 P e rc e n t change, 1 9 9 9 -2 0 0 0 2 Dekalb, G A .................... Fulton, GA ..................... Gwinnett, G A ................. Muscogee, G A ................ Richmond, GA ................ Honolulu, H I................... Ada, ID ........................... 310,659 754,368 281,654 98,315 106,260 407,935 177,741 -.6 2.7 4.1 -.1 -.6 2.6 6.5 297 103 34 292 298 110 8 38,614 47,060 39,051 27,744 28,592 31,874 34,460 4.9 8.5 6.0 3.7 3.6 2.8 10.0 Champaign, I L ................ Cook, I L ......................... Du Page, IL .................... Kane, I L ......................... Lake, IL .......................... McHenry, I L ................... McLean, IL ..................... Madison, IL .................... Peoria, I L ....................... Rock Island, IL ................ 90,429 2,687,795 582,352 193,410 310,689 87,258 84,324 94,550 102,801 80,273 2.8 1.3 1.7 2.9 3.1 1.9 .6 .4 .1 .8 96 216 190 91 81 170 258 273 287 245 29,183 42,898 42,570 32,173 42,620 32,007 34,254 28,974 31,387 33,525 4.2 5.8 3.6 .1 6.7 2.0 4.1 2.9 1.6 4.5 St. Clair, IL ..................... Sangamon, I L ................. Will, IL ............................ Winnebago, IL ................ Allen, IN ......................... Elkhart, IN ...................... Hamilton, IN ................... Lake, IN ......................... Marion, IN ...................... St. Joseph, IN ................. 89,963 144,286 142,355 143,760 189,425 122,468 77,452 199,421 605,903 129,558 2.2 4.4 3.5 .5 .3 .6 3.0 -.6 1.6 .5 143 26 55 265 281 259 88 299 194 266 26,878 34,764 32,313 31,499 32,279 30,339 37,931 31,564 36,473 29,657 2.6 1.7 2.1 2.0 3.0 2.3 7.9 4.0 3.2 3.5 Tippecanoe, IN ............... Vanderburgh, IN ............. Linn, IA .......................... Polk, IA .......................... Scott, IA ......................... Johnson, K S .................. Sedgwick, KS ................. Shawnee, KS.................. Wyandotte, KS................ Fayette, K Y .................... 77,377 109,904 121,968 263,940 87,113 287,797 249,846 100,223 79,746 172,031 1.1 .7 2.1 1.3 -.4 2.8 .0 2.4 1.8 1.8 232 251 155 217 295 97 289 130 177 178 31,083 29,569 34,097 33,666 29,067 37,247 32,696 29,375 34,592 30,713 4.0 3.2 4.9 2.5 3.9 6.7 2.9 3.2 2.9 3.8 Jefferson, K Y ................. Caddo, LA ...................... Calcasieu, LA ................. East Baton Rouge, L A ..... Jefferson, LA ................. Lafayette, LA ................. Orleans, LA.................... Cumberland, ME............. Anne Arundel, MD .......... Baltimore, MD................. 439,103 119,449 83,976 246,434 214,680 114,059 263,551 166,757 194,018 358,117 1.4 .3 .1 2.7 -.7 2.3 1.9 3.7 5.3 1.2 208 282 288 104 302 136 171 45 14 222 33,334 28,767 28,226 29,257 28,051 29,911 31,694 30,752 35,461 34,119 3.9 3.2 .9 1.6 2.1 5.5 1.3 1.1 7.3 4.7 Frederick, M D ................. Howard, MD................... Montgomery, M D ............ Prince Georges, M D....... Baltimore City, MD.......... Barnstable, M A............... Bristol, MA ..................... Essex, MA ..................... Hampden, MA................. Middlesex, M A ................ 77,323 128,678 447,314 303,262 386,411 88,589 221,539 305,382 204,303 846,931 4.9 3.2 5.0 3.3 .8 3.7 1.3 2.5 1.9 3.1 22 71 20 65 246 46 218 121 172 82 30,847 37,897 43,708 37,060 38,579 29,726 30,785 39,154 32,220 52,091 5.9 5.1 5.8 6.9 4.5 .0 4.6 8.8 4.8 11.8 Norfolk, MA.................... Plymouth, M A ................. Suffolk, MA .................... Worcester, M A................ Genesee, M l.................. Ingham, M l..................... Kalamazoo, M l................ Kent, Ml ......................... Macomb, M l................... Oakland, Ml ................... 325,018 166,482 608,285 321,131 165,297 174,315 118,342 347,707 337,504 768,629 2.4 1.3 3.3 2.5 -1.4 2.0 -.1 1.6 .3 1.0 131 219 66 122 313 165 293 195 283 236 43,368 33,931 56,699 37,657 36,324 34,963 32,675 33,996 40,904 44,500 10.4 6.3 11.6 10.8 1.4 5.6 2.3 2.6 3.5 4.2 Ottawa, Ml ..................... Saginaw, M l................... Washtenaw, M l............... Wayne, Ml ..................... Anoka, MN..................... Dakota, MN.................... Hennepin, MN................ Olmsted, MN.................. 118,711 95,474 195,624 866,282 108,989 153,364 874,693 82,670 1.8 -.8 .5 1.2 3.8 2.6 2.1 3.9 179 304 267 223 40 111 156 39 31,947 34,672 40,182 42,440 33,928 34,362 43,816 36,104 3.5 2.5 5.3 3.5 4.5 4.7 7.1 3.1 See footnotes at end of table. Monthly Labor Review 68 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis August 2002 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 21. Continued—Annual data: Employment and average annual pay for all workers covered under Ul and UCFE in the 316 largest U.S. counties A v e ra g e an n u al p ay E m p lo y m e n t C o u n ty 1 2000 P erc en t change, 1 9 9 9 -2 0 0 0 2 R anked by p e rc e n t change, 1 9 9 9 -2 0 0 0 3 P e rc e n t change, 1 9 9 9 -2 0 0 0 2 2000 Ramsey, MN.................. St. Louis, MN ................. 332,929 94,926 1.6 1.4 196 209 39,069 28,903 5.8 4.6 Stearns, MN................... Harrison, MS.................. Hinds, M S ...................... Boone, MO .................... Clay, MO........................ Greene, MO................... Jackson, MO.................. St. Charles, M O .............. St. Louis, MO.................. St. Louis City, MO........... 76,292 89,745 136,949 75,785 84,159 142,508 393,761 95,799 646,858 250,878 3.1 .4 -1.2 2.8 .0 2.4 .4 3.2 .8 .4 83 274 309 98 290 132 275 72 247 276 27,584 25,442 30,578 27,361 32,207 26,971 36,056 29,515 38,145 38,612 4.2 4.8 4.6 3.1 6.4 3.2 6.2 3.8 5.6 4.1 Douglas, NE .................. Lancaster, NE................. Clark, NV ....................... Washoe, NV .................. Hillsborough, NH ............ Rockingham, NH ............ Atlantic, NJ .................... Bergen, NJ..................... Burlington, NJ ................. Camden, NJ................... 330,128 146,433 697,575 189,102 193,796 129,494 140,141 448,513 180,165 199,768 2.1 1.8 5.3 3.2 2.7 4.1 -.2 .5 .8 -1.1 157 180 15 73 105 35 294 268 248 307 32,356 28,511 32,131 32,748 39,212 35,823 31,068 46,306 37,597 35,130 4.1 3.9 3.4 4.4 9.1 9.8 3.4 7.0 4.7 3.2 Essex, NJ ...................... Gloucester, N J................ Hudson, N J.................... Mercer, N J ..................... Middlesex, N J................. Monmouth, NJ ................ Morris, NJ ...................... Ocean, NJ...................... Passaic, NJ.................... Somerset, N J................. 363,942 86,667 238,388 210,031 392,427 233,285 275,499 129,093 177,364 173,571 1.6 .7 3.4 3.3 .6 2.5 2.8 2.5 .6 4.1 197 252 59 67 260 123 99 124 261 36 44,653 32,055 47,427 44,658 46,487 39,695 60,487 30,447 37,759 54,781 3.5 2.8 10.2 5.2 5.8 5.4 19.0 4.6 2.0 5.1 Union, N J....................... Bernalillo, NM ................. Albany, NY..................... Bronx, NY ...................... Broome, N Y ................... Dutchess, NY.................. Erie, N Y ......................... Kings, NY....................... Monroe, NY ................... Nassau, NY ................... 237,176 307,705 230,962 212,982 99,613 109,949 459,828 441,916 399,602 598,538 2.2 2.6 1.4 2.2 1.2 1.9 1.0 2.3 .9 1.6 144 112 210 145 224 173 237 137 242 198 45,282 30,184 35,795 32,850 29,658 36,065 31,489 30,760 35,423 40,023 4.9 4.1 6.1 2.7 3.6 2.2 3.0 3.7 1.8 4.4 New York, N Y ................. Niagara, N Y ................... Oneida, N Y .................... Onondaga, N Y................ Orange, NY.................... Queens, N Y ................... Richmond, NY ................ Rockland, NY.................. Suffolk, NY..................... Westchester, NY............. 2,382,175 78,186 110,684 252,476 119,571 480,676 88,245 106,361 578,401 405,440 3.2 .2 1.4 .7 1.6 1.3 1.9 1.4 2.3 2.3 74 286 211 253 199 220 174 212 138 139 72,572 31,112 27,300 32,499 29,357 34,986 32,149 37,264 37,862 47,066 10.3 3.7 3.4 3.4 4.6 4.4 4.2 4.3 6.6 8.3 Buncombe, N C ............... Catawba, NC .................. Cumberland, NC............. Durham, NC................... Forsyth, NC ................... Gaston, NC .................... Guilford, NC................... Mecklenburg, NC............ New Hanover, NC........... Wake, NC ...................... 106,036 101,321 109,858 167,191 181,619 77,176 279,889 514,223 87,019 383,705 .5 2.6 1.2 2.9 1.8 -3.6 .6 3.8 .4 3.3 269 113 225 92 181 314 262 41 277 68 27,652 28,210 26,112 49,359 34,011 28,335 32,216 40,538 28,560 35,377 3.8 4.0 3.9 12.6 6.3 4.0 2.5 5.4 4.3 7.4 Cass, N D ....................... Butler, O H ...................... Cuyahoga, O H ................ Franklin, OH .................. Hamilton, O H ................. Lake, OH ....................... Lorain, OH ..................... Lucas, OH...................... Mahoning, OH ................ Montgomery, OH ............ 81,823 126,189 817,572 701,913 566,965 102,320 105,988 238,450 112,531 303,352 2.2 2.6 .9 2.2 .8 1.5 2.3 .6 -.6 .4 146 114 243 147 249 202 140 263 300 278 27,801 31,502 36,520 34,970 37,598 30,735 32,013 32,255 25,966 34,532 4.1 1.7 4.2 4.6 3.9 2.1 1.9 2.3 3.0 2.6 Stark, O H ....................... Summit, O H ................... 175,535 266,001 1.7 .4 191 279 28,505 32,735 2.1 4.2 See footnotes at end of table. Monthly Labor Review August 2002 69 Current Labor Statistics: Labor Force Data 21. Continued—Annual data: Employment and average annual pay for all workers covered under Ul and UCFE in the 316 largest U.S. counties A v e ra g e a n n u a l pay E m p lo y m e n t C o u n ty 1 2000 P e rc e n t change, 1 9 9 9 -2 0 0 0 2 R anked by p e rc e n t change, 1 9 9 9 -2 0 0 0 3 2000 P e rc e n t change, 1 9 9 9 -2 0 0 0 2 Trumbull, OH .................. Oklahoma, O K ................ Tulsa, OK....................... Clackamas, OR .............. Lane, OR ....................... Marion, O R .................... Multnomah, OR .............. Washington, OR ............. 94,382 414,239 340,671 133,065 139,710 127,558 453,274 224,033 -1.3 2.9 2.5 2.2 1.1 2.0 2.1 4.3 311 93 125 148 233 166 158 27 32,785 29,216 31,157 32,482 27,877 28,116 36,796 44,459 1.0 4.6 3.7 4.0 3.5 2.9 6.2 13.4 Allegheny, P A ................. Berks, PA....................... Bucks, P A ...................... Chester, P A ................... Cumberland, P A ............. Dauphin, PA .................. Delaware, PA................. Erie, PA ......................... Lackawanna, PA............. Lancaster, P A ................. 711,068 168,068 244,317 216,777 123,998 172,465 212,540 131,700 98,383 218,280 1.2 1.8 2.5 2.5 -1.3 2.1 1.0 2.5 -.7 1.8 226 182 126 127 312 159 238 128 303 183 36,727 32,007 34,059 43,762 32,811 33,680 36,828 28,368 27,663 30,809 2.5 3.3 3.4 6.9 3.2 2.2 5.5 1.8 7.5 4.6 Lehigh, P A ..................... Luzerne, PA................... Montgomery, PA............. Northampton, P A ............ Philadelphia, P A ............. Westmoreland, PA.......... York, PA ........................ Providence, R l................ Charleston, S C ............... Greenville, SC ................ 171,175 143,066 481,011 87,846 668,793 134,436 167,757 290,809 182,793 233,062 2.0 2.2 2.3 3.0 1.5 1.0 2.2 1.7 1.3 2.6 167 149 141 89 203 239 150 192 221 115 35,274 27,855 43,810 30,767 39,700 27,992 30,926 33,410 27,680 31,281 2.5 2.7 6.5 3.1 4.5 1.3 3.3 4.0 4.8 4.0 Horry, S C ....................... Lexington, S C ................. Richland, SC.................. Spartanburg, S C ............. Minnehaha, S D ............... Davidson, T N ................. Hamilton, TN .................. Knox, TN ........................ Rutherford, T N ................ Shelby, T N ..................... 99,124 81,341 207,508 119,791 105,837 434,901 188,161 202,688 76,993 500,255 1.7 2.0 .6 .5 3.2 1.5 1.8 3.4 2.5 1.0 193 168 264 270 75 204 184 60 129 240 22,883 27,505 29,627 30,596 28,212 34,863 30,574 30,090 31,132 34,357 5.4 3.5 4.1 3.4 3.7 5.4 4.0 4.1 3.6 2.5 Bell, T X .......................... Bexar, TX ....................... Brazoria, TX ................... Cameron, T X .................. Collin, T X ....................... Dallas, T X ...................... Denton, TX .................... El Paso, TX.................... Fort Bend, T X ................. Galveston, T X ................. 87,850 648,942 75,417 109,115 167,956 1,567,626 119,722 251,557 87,763 86,844 2.1 2.2 2.8 5.4 5.9 4.2 3.7 1.5 2.4 -1.0 160 151 100 11 10 30 47 205 133 306 25,193 29,923 34,367 21,553 40,509 44,381 29,298 25,069 35,801 29,518 4.1 5.2 3.3 2.6 5.8 7.7 4.0 3.2 5.1 4.0 Harris, TX ...................... Hidalgo, T X .................... Jefferson, TX ................. Lubbock, TX ................... Mc Lennan, TX ............... Montgomery, T X ............. Nueces, T X .................... Potter, TX ...................... Smith, T X ....................... Tarrant, TX .................... 1,840,442 163,443 120,815 115,422 98,076 76,865 142,309 75,572 83,353 703,025 2.8 7.1 1.1 1.9 1.0 5.0 .8 .7 2.8 3.5 101 5 234 175 241 21 250 254 102 56 41,869 21,671 31,277 26,297 27,034 32,119 28,187 26,552 29,509 35,438 7.7 2.7 .8 6.3 2.1 9.7 4.7 2.8 3.6 5.0 Travis, T X ...................... Williamson, TX ................ Davis, U T....................... Salt Lake, U T.................. Utah, U T ........................ Weber, UT ..................... Chittenden, V T................ Arlington, VA.................. Chesterfield, V A .............. Fairfax, V A ..................... 538,193 76,588 84,640 531,240 142,369 86,404 95,343 157,906 107,932 537,647 5.1 9.5 3.2 2.6 4.5 .4 5.1 4.1 2.1 6.7 17 2 76 116 24 280 18 37 161 7 41,332 50,415 27,711 32,192 27,891 26,644 34,288 52,846 31,880 51,576 7.0 -4.5 7.2 5.0 5.0 2.5 4.2 7.1 3.5 10.3 Henrico, VA ................... Loudoun, V A .................. Prince William, V A .......... Alexandria, V A ................ Chesapeake, V A ............. Newport News, VA ......... Norfolk, VA .................... 165,617 87,265 78,209 91,818 81,294 93,607 145,197 2.4 11.9 4.3 5.1 2.1 1.8 .3 134 1 28 19 162 185 284 36,138 54,141 28,986 42,101 26,069 30,261 32,179 5.8 3.6 5.5 6.1 4.2 5.4 4.9 See footnotes at end of table. 70 Monthly Labor Review https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis August 2002 21. Continued—Annual data: Employment and average annual pay for all workers covered under Ul and UCFE in the 316 largest U.S. counties A v e ra g e an n u al p ay E m p lo y m e n t C o u n ty 1 2000 P e rc e n t change, 1 9 9 9 -2 0 0 0 2 P erc en t change, 1 9 9 9 -2 0 0 0 2 2000 Richmond, VA................. Roanoke City, VA ........... Virginia Beach, VA.......... 166,923 75,894 165,610 1.4 3.0 3.6 213 90 53 38,635 29,487 25,414 5.1 4.6 4.4 Clark, WA ...................... King, W A........................ Pierce, WA..................... Snohomish, W A.............. Spokane, WA.................. Thurston, WA.................. Yakima, W A................... Kanawha, W V................ Brown, W l...................... Dane, W l........................ 113,910 1,162,290 241,654 209,557 188,843 84,277 94,233 112,920 142,359 274,353 1.5 2.7 4.2 -1.2 2.9 1.6 1.9 .7 2.1 2.6 206 106 31 310 94 200 176 255 163 117 32,163 47,459 29,854 35,091 29,760 31,745 23,237 30,156 31,538 32,817 6.0 3.0 4.2 3.6 7.9 6.9 3.7 3.1 2.9 5.5 Milwaukee, Wl ................ Outagamie, W l................ Racine, Wl ..................... Waukesha, Wl ................ Winnebago, W l............... 528,837 94,364 79,160 222,877 90,256 .5 2.9 -.9 1.2 2.2 271 95 305 227 152 34,744 30,769 32,536 35,767 33,622 3.1 4.4 -.6 5.2 2.7 San Juan, PR ................. 327,187 3.8 42 21,312 3.5 1 Includes areas not officially designated as counties. See Notes on Current Labor Statistics. 2 Percent changes were computed from annual employment and pay data adjusted for noneconomic county reclassifications. See Notes on Current Labor Statistics. 3 Rankings for percent change in employment are based on the 314 counties that are comparable over the year. 22. R an ked by p e rc e n t change, 1 9 9 9 -2 0 0 0 3 4 Totals for the United States do not include data for Puerto Rico. 5 Data are not available for release. Note: Data pertain to workers covered by Unemployment Insurance (Ul) and Unemployment Compensation for Federal Employees (UCFE) programs. The 315 U.S. counties comprise 70.8 percent of the total covered workers in the United States Annual data: Employment status of the population [Numbers in thousands] E m p lo y m e n t s ta tu s 1 992 1 993 1 994 1 995 1 99 6 1 99 7 1998 1 99 9 2000 2001 209,699 140,863 67.2 211,864 141,815 66.9 Civilian noninstitutional population......... Civilian labor force............................. Labor force participation rate............ 192,805 128,105 66.4 194,838 129,200 66.3 196,814 131,056 66.6 198,584 132,304 66.6 200,591 133,943 66.8 203,133 136,297 67.1 205,220 137,673 67.1 207,753 139,368 67.1 Employed..................................... Employment-population ratio........ 118,492 61.5 3,247 115,245 120,259 61.7 3,115 117,144 123,060 62.5 3,409 119,651 124,900 62.9 3,440 121,460 126,708 63.2 3,443 123,264 129,558 63.8 3,399 126,159 131,463 64.1 3,378 128,085 133,488 64.3 3,281 130,207 135,208 64.5 3,305 131,903 135,073 63.8 3,144 131,929 9,613 7.5 64,700 8,940 6.9 65,638 7,996 6.1 65,758 7,404 5.6 66,280 7,236 5.4 66,647 6,739 4.9 66,837 6,210 4.5 67,547 5,880 4.2 68,385 5,655 4.0 68,836 6,742 4.8 70,050 Unemployment rate..................... Not in the labor force.......................... https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Monthly Labor Review August 2002 71 Current Labor Statistics: 23. Labor Force Data Annual data: Employment levels by industry [In thousands] 1992 1 993 1 994 1 995 1 996 1 99 7 1 99 8 1 99 9 2000 2001 Total employment..................................... Private sector......................................... Goods-producing................................ Mining............................................. Construction.................................... Manufacturing.................................. 108,601 89,956 23,231 635 4,492 18,104 110,713 91,872 23,352 610 4,668 18,075 114,163 95,036 23,908 601 4,986 18,321 117,191 97,885 24,265 581 5,160 18,524 119,608 100,189 24,493 580 5,418 18,495 122,690 103,133 24,962 596 5,691 18,675 125,865 106,042 25,414 590 6,020 18,805 128,916 108,709 25,507 539 6,415 18,552 131,720 111,018 25,669 543 6,653 18,473 131,922 110,989 24,944 565 6,685 17,695 Service-producing............................... Transportation and public utilities...... Wholesale trade............................... Retail trade..................................... Finance, insurance, and real estate.... Services.......................................... 85,370 5,718 5,997 19,356 6,602 29,052 87,361 5,811 5,981 19,773 6,757 30,197 90,256 5,984 6,162 20,507 6,896 31,579 92,925 6,132 6,378 21,187 6,806 33,117 95,115 6,253 6,482 21,597 6,911 34,454 97,727 6,408 6,648 21,966 7,109 36,040 100,451 6,611 6,800 22,295 7,389 37,533 103,409 6,834 6,911 22,848 7,555 39,055 106,051 7,031 6,947 23,337 7,578 40,457 106,978 7,065 6,776 23,522 7,712 40,970 Federal......................................... State............................................ Local............................................ 18,645 2,969 4,408 11,267 18,841 2,915 4,488 11,438 19,128 2,870 4,576 11,682 19,305 2,822 4,635 11,849 19,419 2,757 4,606 12,056 19,557 2,699 4,582 12,276 19,823 2,686 4,612 12,525 20,206 2,669 4,709 12,829 20,702 2,777 4,786 13,139 20,933 2,616 4,885 13,432 I n d u s tr y Note: See "Notes on the data” for a description of the most recent benchmark revision. 24. Annual data: Average hours and earnings of production or nonsupervisory workers on nonfarm payrolls, by industry_______________________________________________ ________ _________________ 1 99 2 I n d u s tr y 1 993 1 99 4 1 99 5 1 99 6 1997 1 99 8 1 99 9 2000 2001 P r iv a te s e c to r : Average weekly hours.......................................... Average hourly earnings (in dollars)...................... Average weekly earnings (in dollars).................... 34.4 10.57 363.61 34.5 10.83 373.64 34.7 11.12 385.86 34.5 11.43 394.34 34.4 11.82 406.61 34.6 12.28 424.89 34.6 12.78 442.19 34.5 13.24 456.78 34.5 13.75 474.38 34.2 14.33 490.09 43.9 14.54 638.31 44.3 14.60 646.78 44.8 14.88 666.62 44.7 15.30 683.91 45.3 15.62 707.59 45.4 16.15 733.21 43.9 16.91 742.35 43.2 17.05 736.56 43.1 17.24 743.04 43.4 17.65 766.01 38.0 14.15 537.70 38.5 14.38 553.63 38.9 14.73 573.00 38.9 15.09 587.00 39.0 15.47 603.33 39.0 16.04 625.56 38.9 16.61 646.13 39.1 17.19 672.13 39.3 17.88 702.68 39.2 18.33 718.54 41.0 11.46 469.86 41.4 11.74 486.04 42.0 12.07 506.94 41.6 12.37 514.59 41.6 12.77 531.23 42.0 13.17 553.14 41.7 13.49 562.53 41.7 13.90 579.63 41.6 14.38 598.21 40.7 14.84 603.99 38.3 13.43 514.37 39.3 13.55 532.52 39.7 13.78 547.07 39.4 14.13 556.72 39.6 14.45 572.22 39.7 14.92 592.32 39.5 15.31 604.75 38.7 15.69 607.20 38.6 16.22 626.09 38.1 16.89 643.51 38.2 11.39 435.10 38.2 11.74 448.47 38.4 12.06 463.10 38.3 12.43 476.07 38.3 12.87 492.92 38.4 13.45 516.48 38.3 14.07 538.88 38.3 14.58 558.80 38.5 15.20 585.20 38.2 15.80 603.56 28.8 7.12 205.06 28.8 7.29 209.95 28.9 7.49 216.46 28.8 7.69 221.47 28.8 7.99 230.11 28.9 8.33 240.74 29.0 8.74 253.46 29.0 9.09 263.61 28.9 9.46 273.39 28.8 9.82 282.82 35.8 10.82 387.36 35.8 11.35 406.33 35.8 11.83 423.51 35.9 12.32 442.29 35.9 12.80 459.52 36.1 13.34 481.57 36.4 14.07 512.15 36.2 14.62 529.24 36.3 15.07 547.04 36.3 15.83 574.63 32.5 10.54 342.55 32.5 10.78 350.35 32.5 11.04 358.80 32.4 11.39 369.04 32.4 11.79 382.00 32.6 12.28 400.33 32.6 12.84 418.58 32.6 13.37 435.86 32.7 13.91 454.86 32.7 14.61 477.75 M in in g : Average weekly hours........................................ Average hourly earnings (in dollars).................... Average weekly earnings (in dollars)................... C o n s t r u c t io n : Average weekly hours........................................ Average hourly earnings (in dollars).................... Average weekly earnings (in dollars)................... M a n u f a c t u r in g : Average weekly hours........................................ Average hourly earnings (in dollars).................... Average weekly earnings (in dollars)................... T r a n s p o r t a t io n a n d p u b l i c u tilitie s : Average weekly hours........................................ Average hourly earnings (in dollars).................... Average weekly earnings (in dollars)................... W h o le s a l e t r a d e : Average weekly hours........................................ Average hourly earnings (in dollars).................... Average weekly earnings (in dollars)................... R e ta il t r a d e : Average weekly hours........................................ Average hourly earnings (in dollars).................... Average weekly earnings (In dollars)................... F i n a n c e , in s u r a n c e , a n d re a l e s ta te : Average weekly hours........................................ Average hourly earnings (in dollars).................... Average weekly earnings (in dollars)................... S e r v ic e s : Average weekly hours........................................ Average hourly earnings (in dollars).................... Average weekly earnings (in dollars)................... 72 Monthly Labor Review https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis August 2002 25. Employment Cost Index, compensation,1 by occupation and industry group [June 1989 = 100] 2002 2001 2000 P e rc e n t c h a n g e S e r ie s June S e p t. D ec. M a r. June S e p t. D ec. M a r. June 3 12 m o n th s m o n th s ended ended J u n e 2002 148.0 149.5 150.6 152.5 153.8 155.6 156.8 158.4 159.9 0.9 4.0 White-collar workers...................................................... Professional specialty and technical............................. Executive, adminitrative, and managerial...................... Administrative support, including clerical....................... Blue-collar workers....................................................... Service occupations...................................................... 149.9 148.3 151.9 150.1 144.1 147.1 151.5 150.0 153.7 151.8 145.6 148.5 152.5 151.3 154.6 152.8 146.5 150.0 154.4 153.2 156.6 155.3 148.2 152.0 156.0 154.3 158.6 156.8 149.3 153.3 157.7 156.7 159.6 158.8 151.1 155.0 158.9 157.5 161.2 160.0 152.0 156.9 160.5 158.5 163.7 162.0 153.7 158.4 162.1 159.3 165.6 163.3 155.1 159.4 1.0 .5 1.2 .8 .9 .6 3.9 3.2 4.4 4.1 3.9 4.0 Workers, by industry division: Goods-producing........................................................... Manufacturing............................................................. Service-producing......................................................... Services..................................................................... Health services.......................................................... Hospitals................................................................. Educational services.................................................. Public administration3................................................... Nonmanufacturing......................................................... 146.6 147.5 148.4 149.3 147.5 147.7 146.8 146.1 148.0 148.0 148.7 150.1 151.2 149.0 149.5 149.7 146.9 149.6 148.8 149.3 151.1 152.4 150.7 151.3 150.6 148.3 150.7 150.7 151.3 153.0 154.3 152.5 153.2 151.7 150.6 152.6 152.2 152.6 154.4 155.4 154.6 155.6 152.2 151.9 154.0 153.2 153.3 156.4 158.1 156.7 158.2 156.1 153.8 156.0 154.4 154.6 157.6 159.0 158.3 160.0 156.6 155.2 157.2 156.3 156.6 159.1 160.2 160.5 162.3 157.1 156.5 158.7 157.7 158.1 160.7 161.1 161.8 163.8 157.4 157.5 160.2 .9 1.0 1.0 .6 .8 .9 .2 .6 .9 3.6 3.6 4.1 3.7 4.7 5.3 3.4 3.7 4.0 148.5 148.2 149.9 149.8 150.9 150.9 153.0 153.0 154.5 154.4 155.9 156.0 157.2 157.2 158.9 159.0 160.7 160.5 1.1 .9 4.0 4.0 Precision production, craft, and repair occupations...... Machine operators, assemblers, and inspectors.......... Transportation and material moving occupations......... Handlers, equipment cleaners, helpers, and laborers.... 151.1 151.3 150.7 152.7 150.3 150.6 144.1 144.1 145.0 138.6 148.1 152.6 152.9 152.2 154.4 151.2 152.3 145.5 145.8 146.0 139.9 149.4 153.6 154.1 153.7 155.3 151.4 153.4 146.4 146.7 146.8 141.1 150.4 155.7 156.5 156.3 157.3 152.3 156.1 148.2 148.7 148.3 142.6 152.2 157.4 158.1 157.5 159.4 154.5 157.7 149.3 149.7 149.1 143.9 153.4 158.7 159.6 159.2 160.2 155.0 159.5 151.0 151.8 150.4 145.6 154.9 160.1 160.9 160.3 161.8 156.7 160.8 151.9 152.5 151.5 146.3 156.5 161.9 162.8 161.5 164.4 157.7 162.8 153.6 153.7 153.6 148.7 158.7 163.8 164.3 162.5 166.6 161.6 164.2 155.1 155.7 154.7 149.6 159.9 1.2 .9 .6 1.3 2.5 .9 1.0 1.3 .7 .6 .8 4.1 3.9 3.2 4.5 4.6 4.1 3.9 4.0 3.8 4.0 4.2 Service occupations.................................................... 145.4 146.6 148.1 150.0 151.3 152.6 154.8 156.4 157.4 .6 4.0 Production and nonsupervisory occupations4............... 146.9 148.4 149.5 151.4 152.7 154.3 155.5 157.1 158.7 1.0 3.9 146.6 145.9 150.1 148.4 144.4 143.2 147.5 150.2 148.2 145.6 148.3 146.0 147.9 147.2 151.3 149.6 145.8 145.1 148.7 151.4 149.3 146.7 149.4 147.5 148.8 148.2 151.9 150.5 146.8 146.7 149.3 151.5 149.7 147.8 150.1 147.7 150.7 150.1 154.5 153.0 148.2 148.2 151.3 154.2 152.2 149.1 151.8 150.4 152.1 151.5 156.5 155.0 149.3 150.3 152.6 156.0 154.0 150.0 153.1 151.6 153.1 152.5 156.8 155.3 150.8 151.7 153.3 156.0 153.8 151.3 154.0 152.0 154.4 153.7 158.1 156.5 151.9 153.0 154.6 156.9 154.7 152.7 155.3 153.2 156.2 155.5 160.1 158.4 153.6 154.1 156.6 159.1 156.7 154.6 156.9 156.0 157.6 156.9 161.9 160.2 154.8 155.2 158.1 161.1 158.6 155.8 158.3 157.5 .9 .9 1.1 1.1 .8 .7 1.0 1.3 1.2 .8 .9 1.0 3.6 3.6 3.5 3.4 3.7 3.3 3.6 3.3 3.0 3.9 3.4 3.9 149.1 149.4 151.0 152.1 143.1 145.1 145.7 141.8 150.9 150.9 151.0 147.3 148.1 151.8 151.1 144.8 141.0 142.5 150.6 151.1 152.6 153.9 144.5 146.3 147.4 142.8 153.5 153.9 152.9 148.3 149.6 152.1 152.7 146.2 142.2 143.4 151.7 152.2 153.7 155.1 145.3 147.9 148.3 143.9 154.1 154.7 153.4 149.4 150.6 154.4 154.9 146.6 144.4 144.5 153.8 154.6 155.8 157.5 147.7 149.6 150.5 145.4 157.3 158.3 156.0 151.0 152.6 155.1 156.9 148.7 147.3 146.1 155.3 156.0 157.4 159.1 148.7 150.8 152.4 146.9 159.8 161.1 158.1 152.6 153.9 157.8 158.5 149.7 149.4 148.2 156.9 157.8 159.0 160.9 150.9 152.2 153.5 148.2 160.7 162.8 158.1 153.7 155.4 158.6 160.0 150.9 149.7 149.7 158.2 159.0 160.3 162.2 151.4 154.2 155.5 151.1 161.5 163.4 159.1 155.5 157.1 159.5 160.6 153.2 150.9 151.7 159.9 160.9 162.1 164.1 153.2 155.9 157.3 152.5 163.9 166.0 161.3 156.5 157.5 161.9 162.3 153.5 152.4 152.9 161.8 162.4 164.0 165.6 155.2 157.0 158.9 153.9 165.5 166.1 164.8 159.5 160.0 166.3 164.4 155.6 154.2 154.5 1.2 .9 1.2 .9 1.3 .7 1.0 .9 1.0 .1 2.2 1.9 1.6 2.7 1.3 1.4 1.2 1.0 4.2 4.1 4.2 4.1 4.4 4.1 4.3 4.8 3.6 3.1 4.2 4.5 4.0 5.4 3.7 3.9 3.2 4.3 C i v ilia n w o r k e r s 2 ......................................................................................... Workers, by occupational group: P r iv a t e in d u s t r y w o r k e r s ...................................................................... Excluding sales occupations....................................... Workers, by occupational group: White-collar workers.................................................... Excluding sales occupations..................................... Professional specialty and technical occupations......... Executive, adminitrative, and managerial occupations.. Sales occupations..................................................... Administrative support occupations, including clerical... Workers, by industry division: Goods-producing......................................................... Construction.............................................................. Manufacturing........................................................... Durables................................................................... Service-producing........................................................ Service occupations................................................ Wholesale and retail trade......................................... Wholesale trade..................................................... Food stores.......................................................... See footnotes at end of table. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Monthly Labor Review August 2002 73 Current Labor Statistics: Compensation & Industrial Relations 25. Continued— Employment Cost Index, compensation,1 by occupation and industry group [June 1989 = 100] 2000 2001 2002 P e rc e n t c h a n g e S e r ie s June S e p t. D ec. M a r. June S e p t. D ec. M a r. June 3 12 m o n th s m o n th s ended ended J u n e 2002 Finance, insurance, and real estate........................... Excluding sales occupations.................................. Banking, savings and loan, and other credit agencies. Insurance............................................................... Services.................................................................... Business services.................................................... Health services........................................................ Hospitals............................................................... Educational services................................................ Colleges and universities....................................... 153.1 155.5 164.2 151.3 151.2 156.3 147.5 147.5 154.9 155.5 155.2 157.4 165.8 154.8 152.9 157.5 149.0 149.2 158.8 158.6 155.7 158.4 166.5 155.2 154.1 158.4 150.6 151.1 159.9 159.2 157.9 161.2 170.8 157.6 156.5 160.5 152.7 153.5 162.3 162.2 159.5 163.1 172.7 159.3 157.8 163.0 154.7 155.9 162.6 162.6 160.9 164.7 175.4 159.9 160.0 165.2 156.8 158.4 166.4 166.2 161,3 165.0 174.5 161.3 161.0 166.2 158.4 160.3 167.6 167.5 165.2 169.8 182.1 164.0 162.6 166.3 160.6 162.8 168.5 168.1 167.3 171.3 184.2 166.1 163.7 166.6 162.0 164.5 169.0 168.4 1.3 .9 1.2 1.3 .7 .2 .9 1.0 .3 .2 4.9 5.0 6.7 4.3 3.7 2.2 4.7 5.5 3.9 3.6 Nonmanufacturing..................................................... White-collar workers................................................ Excluding sales occupations................................. Blue-collar occupations............................................ Service occupations................................................. 148.4 151.0 152.0 142.3 145.1 150.0 152.6 153.8 143.9 146.3 151.1 153.7 155.1 144.8 147.8 153.1 155.8 157.5 146.9 149.5 154.7 157.5 159.1 148.1 150.7 156.3 159.0 160.9 150.2 152.1 157.6 160.5 162.3 150.6 154.1 159.3 162.2 164.2 152.2 155.9 161.1 164.1 165.7 154.0 156.9 1.1 1.2 .9 1.2 .6 4.1 4.2 4.1 4.0 4.1 State and local g ove rn m e nt w ork e rs...................................... 145.9 147.8 148.9 150.3 151.2 154.3 155.2 156.1 156.7 .4 3.6 White-collar workers...................................................... Professional specialty and technical............................. Executive, administrative, and managerial.................... Administrative support, including clerical....................... Blue-collar workers....................................................... 145.3 144.5 147.2 146.5 144.2 147.3 146.6 149.2 148.3 145.9 148.3 147.4 150.7 149.4 147.2 149.5 148.4 152.4 150.7 148.6 150.4 149.2 153.7 151.6 149.0 153.7 152.8 156.4 154.2 151.5 154.4 153.2 157.6 155.6 153.2 155.2 153.6 159.5 156.9 154.0 155.7 154.1 159.6 158.0 154.7 .3 .3 .2 .7 5 3.5 3.3 4.0 4.2 3.8 Workers, by industry division: Services...................................................................... Services excluding schools5........................................ Health services........................................................ Hospitals.............................................................. Educational services................................................ Schools................................................................ Elementary and secondary.................................. Colleges and universities..................................... Public administration3................................................... 145.5 145.8 147.9 148.4 145.2 145.5 144.7 147.6 146.1 148.0 147.6 150.0 150.7 147.9 148.2 147.3 150.5 146.9 148.9 148.8 151.6 152.0 148.7 149.0 148.1 151.7 148.3 149.9 150.1 152.1 152.2 149.6 149.9 148.5 153.7 150.6 150.6 151.9 154.4 154.7 150.1 150.5 149.0 154.3 151.9 154.4 154.5 157.1 157.4 154.1 154.4 152.8 153.8 151.9 154.9 156.1 158.5 159.1 154.5 154.8 153.1 159.6 155.2 155.5 157.9 160.4 160.7 154.8 155.1 153.4 160.0 156.5 155.9 158.7 161.4 161.8 155.1 155.4 153.6 160.4 157.9 .3 .5 .6 .7 .2 .2 .1 .3 .6 3.5 4.5 4.5 4.6 3.3 3.3 3.1 4.0 3.7 Workers, by occupational group: 1 Cost (cents per hour worked) measured in the Employment Cost Index consists of wages, salaries, and employer cost of employee benefits. 2 Consists of private industry workers (excluding farm and household workers) and State and local government (excluding Federal Government) workers. 74 Monthly Labor Review https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis August 2002 3 Consists of legislative, judicial, administrative, and regulatory activities. 4 This series has the same industry and occupational coverage as the Hourly Earnings index, which was discontinued In January 1989. 5 Includes, for example, library, social, and health services. 26. Employment Cost Index, wages and salaries, by occupation and industry group [June 1989 = 100] 2002 2001 2000 P e rc e n t c h a n g e S e r ie s June S e p t. D ec . M a r. June S e p t. M a r. D ec . June 3 12 m o n th s m o n th s ended ended J u n e 2002 C ivilian w o r k e r s 1......................................................................................... 145.4 147.0 147.9 149.5 150.8 152.3 153.4 154.8 156.1 0.8 3.5 Workers, by occupational group: White-collar workers...................................................... Professional specialty and technical............................. Executive, adminitrative, and managerial...................... Administrative support, including clerical...................... Blue-collar workers....................................................... Service occupations...................................................... 147.6 146.4 149.9 146.9 140.6 144.0 149.2 148.3 151.6 148.5 142.0 145.7 150.2 149.6 152.4 149.6 142.9 147.1 151.7 151.1 154.0 151.6 144.7 148.6 153.1 152.155.8 152,7 146.0 149.7 154.5 154.2 156.7 154.6 147.6 151.2 155.6 155.1 158.1 155.7 148.5 153.0 157.0 155.6 160.7 157.3 149.7 154.2 158.4 156.2 162.6 158.4 151.0 155.1 .9 .4 1.2 .7 .9 .6 3.5 2.8 4.4 3.7 3.4 3.6 143.0 144.4 146.3 147.9 145.3 143.8 145.6 144.3 145.7 148.0 149.9 146.7 145.6 148.9 145.3 146.5 148.9 151.0 148.3 147.3 149.6 147.0 148.5 150.5 152.6 149.8 148.8 150.5 147,6 150.0 151.7 153.6 151.8 151.2 151.0 149.5 150.7 153.4 156.2 153.7 15.5 154.6 150.5 151.7 154.5 157.1 155.5 155.5 155.1 151.8 153.1 155.9 158.1 157.3 157s2 155.3 153.1 154.5 157.2 158.8 158.5 158.6 155.6 .9 .9 .8 .4 .8 .9 .2 3.0 3.0 3.6 3.4 4.4 4.9 3.0 142.9 145.5 144.6 147.2 146.1 148.1 147.6 149.7 148.7 149.7 150.3 152.6 151.6 153.8 152.5. 155.C 153.4 156.4 .6 .9 3.2 3.6 145.4 145.1 146.8 146.5 147.7 147.6 149.4 149.5 150.9 150.8 152.1 152.2 153.3 153.3 154.7 154.9 156.3 156.1 1.0 .8 3.6 3.5 148.3 148.5 147.3 150.7 147.9 147.5 140.5 140.6 141.6 135.2 143.6 149.7 149.9 148.6 152.3 149.0 149.1 141.9 142.0 142.9 136.5 145.0 150.6 151.1 150.2 153.0 148.7 150.1 142.8 142.8 143.7 137.6 146.2 152.3 153.0 152.1 154.7 149.2 152.3 144.6 144.6 145.6 139.5 148.0 153.8 154.4 153.2 156.5 151.5 153.6 145.9 145.7 146.9 140.7 149.8 154.8 155.7 154.8 157.2 151.2 155.3 147.5 147.7 148.1 142.1 151.0 156.1 156.9 155.9 158.6 152.6 156.5 148.3 148,4 149.0 142.8 152.4 157.7 158.6 156.7 161.3 153.6 158.2 149.6 149.2 150.5 144.8 154.2 159.4 160.0 157.4 163.6 157.0 159.2 150.9 151.0 151.6 145.2 155.1 1.1 .9 .4 1.4 2.2 .6 .9 1.2 ,7 .3 .6 3.6 3.6 2.7 4.5 3.6 3.6 3.4 3.6 3.2 3.2 3.5 Workers, by industry division: Goods-producing........................................................... Manufacturing............................................................. Service-producing......................................................... Services..................................................................... Health services.......................................................... Hospitals................................................................. Educational services.................................................. 2 Public administration................................................... Nonmanufacturing......................................................... P r iv a t e in d u s t r y w o r k e r s ..................................................................... Excluding sales occupations...................................... Workers, by occupational group: White-collar workers.................................................... Excluding sales occupations..................................... Professional specialty and technical occupations......... Executive, adminitrative, and managerial occupations.. Sales occupations..................................................... Administrative support occupations, including clerical... Precision production, craft, and repair occupations...... Machine operators, assemblers, and inspectors.......... Transportation and material moving occupations......... Handlers, equipment cleaners, helpers, and laborers.... Service occupations.................................................... 142.5 143.5 144.9 146.4 147.5 148.7 150.6 152.0 152.8 .5 3.6 Production and nonsupervisory occupations3............... 143.7 145.0 146.0 147.7 149.0 150.3 151.5 152.7 154.0 .9 3.4 143.0 142.1 146.8 144.9 140.5 138.0 144.4 147.7 145.6 142.0 144.7 143.9 144.3 143.4 147.9 146.0 142.0 139.4 145.7 148.7 146.6 143.4 146.1 145.0 145.2 144.6 148.7 147.2 143.1 140.7 146.5 149.2 147.5 144.6 147.3 145.4 147.0 146.3 150.5 148.9 144.7 142.1 148.5 151.1 149.9 146.4 149.0 147.5 148.6 147.8 152.3 150.5 146.1 143.9 150.0 152.7 150.5 147.8 150.5 149.0 149.5 148.7 152.6 150.8 147.4 145.1 150.7 152.8 150.5 149.1 151.5 149.3 150.5 149.7 153.6 151.7 148.4 146.3 151.7 153.3 151.0 150.3 151.7 153.9 151.7 150.9 155.0 152.9 149.6 147.0 153.1 154.9 152.3 151.7 153.9 151.9 153.1 152.2 156.6 154.4 150.7 148.2 154.4 156.6 153.9 152.8 155.3 153.1 .9 .9 1.0 1.0 .7 .8 .9 1.1 1.1 .7 .9 .8 3.0 3.0 2.8 2.7 3.1 3.0 3.0 2.6 2.3 3.4 3.2 2.8 146.5 146.9 148.5 149.6 140.3 142.5 140.0 136.2 144.9 145.0 144.7 145.5 146.8 149.4 149.7 143.5 138.5 139.5 147.9 148.3 150.0 151.2 141.6 143.5 141.3 137.4 146.4 146.7 145.9 146.4 148.2 149.6 151.3 144.8 139.7 140.2 148.9 149.4 150.9 152.3 142.2 144.8 142.3 138.6 147.1 147.4 146.6 147.4 149.0 151.6 153.2 145.2 142.2 141.6 150.5 151.3 152.5 154.3 144.3 146.1 143.7 139.8 148.7 149.2 148.1 148.4 150.7 151.6 154.9 146.9 143.8 143.3 151.9 152.6 154.0 155.6 145.3 147.2 145.7 141.6 151.0 151.8 149.9 150.1 151.9 154.5 156.5 147.8 145.5 144.5 153.2 154.2 155.2 157.2 147.5 148.4 146.7 142.6 152.0 153.3 150.4 150.6 153.1 154.1 157.4 148.8 145.7 145.7 151.9 156.1 157.2 158.2 148.1 149.4 149.2 145.7 153.6 155.2 151.7 152.1 156.1 157.2 158.2 160.4 149.4 151.6 150.5 147.4 154.3 155.3 153.0 153.0 157.7 158.5 159.9 161.6 151.1 152.4 152.1 148.6 156.4 157.1 155.5 155.7 1.0 .8 1.1 .7 1.1 .5 1.1 .8 1.4 1.2 1.6 1.8 3.8 3.9 3.8 3.9 4.0 3.5 4.4 4.9 3.6 3.5 3.7 3.7 Workers, by industry division: Goods-producing......................................................... Construction.............................................................. Manufacturing........................................................... Public utilities.......................................................... Wholesale and retail trade......................................... Wholesale trade..................................................... Food stores.......................................................... _ 154.8 157.9 150.7 146.5 146.7 — 157.2 159.4 150.9 147.9 148.0 — 161.3 161.2 152.7 148.9 148.9 — 2.6 1.1 1.2 .7 .6 — 4.4 3.0 3.3 2.3 3.0 See footnotes at end of table. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Monthly Labor Review August 2002 75 Current Labor Statistics: Compensation & Industrial Relations 26. Continued—Employment Cost Index, wages and salaries, by occupation and industry group [June 1989 = 100] 2000 2002 2001 P e rc e n t c h a n g e S e r ie s M a r. S e p t. D ec. M a r. June S e p t. D ec. M a r. June 3 12 m o n th s m o n th s ended ended J u n e 2002 Colleges and universities........................................ 148.7 150.2 162.0 145.5 147.4 152.0 143.5 141.8 148.9 148.9 151.7 153.3 165.0 150.7 150.6 155.3 146.6 144.9 153.4 152.5 151.7 154.1 165.7 150.8 151.8 156.0 148.1 146.8 154.3 152.9 153.9 156.6 169.4 152.4 153.8 158.2 149.8 148.5 155.4 154.1 154.6 157.6 170.8 153.3 155.0 160.8 151.8 151.0 156.1 155.0 155.8 159.1 173.2 153.6 157.1 162.8 153.6 153.3 159.6 158.4 156.0 159.1 171.7 155.0 158.2 163.7 155.4 155.4 160.5 159.6 160.3 164.5 181.2 157.1 159.5 164.0 157.3 157.1 161.2 159.9 162.0 165.7 182.8 158.6 160.3 164.0 158.4 158.6 161.2 159.9 1.1 .7 .9 1.0 .5 .0 .7 1.0 .0 .0 4.8 5.1 7.0 3.5 3.4 2.0 4.3 5.0 3.3 3.2 Nonmanufacturing..................................................... White-collar workers................................................ Excluding sales occupations................................. Blue-collar occupations............................................ Service occupations................................................. 143.9 146.5 147.4 137.4 140.9 146.9 149.6 150.7 140.3 143.4 147.9 150.6 151.9 140.9 144.7 149.5 152.3 153.9 142.8 146.0 150.9 153.8 155.3 143.9 147.1 152.2 155.0 156.9 145.8 148.2 153.5 156.4 158.3 146.4 150.1 155.0 158.0 160.1 147.5 151.4 156.5 159.6 161.3 149.0 152.3 1.0 1.0 .7 1.0 .6 3.7 3.8 3.9 3.5 3.5 S t a t e a n d lo c a l g o v e r n m e n t w o r k e r s ............................................. 144.3 147.2 148.3 150.2 151.2 154.3 155.2 156.1 156.7 .3 3.2 Workers, by occupational group: White-collar workers...................................................... Professional specialty and technical............................. Executive, administrative, and managerial..................... Administrative support, including clerical...................... Blue-collar workers....................................................... 144.1 144.3 144.9 142.4 141.5 147.1 147.4 147.3 145.0 143.9 148.0 148.2 148.8 146.2 145.1 149.0 149.1 150.1 147.0 146.0 149.8 149.8 151.5 147.6 146.5 152.7 153.0 153.9 149.8 149.1 153.3 153.4 155.1 150.9 150.8 153.9 153.6 156.6 151.9 151.6 154.4 154.1 156.8 152.8 152.1 .3 .3 .1 .6 .3 3.1 2.9 3.5 3.5 3.8 Workers, by industry division: Services...................................................................... 144.6 147.9 148.7 149.5 150.2 153.7 154.2 154.6 155.0 .3 3.2 144.3 145.3 145.3 144.5 144.7 144.5 144.9 146.7 147.7 147.7 148.0 148.1 147.9 148.3 147.9 149.3 149.2 148.7 148.9 148.5 149.5 149.1 149.9 149.5 149.5 149.7 149.0 151.4 150.7 151.9 151.8 150.0 150.2 149.5 151.8 153.2 154.2 154.2 153.6 153.8 152.8 156.5 154.9 155.8 155.7 154.0 154.1 153.1 156.7 156.7 157.8 157.7 154.2 154.3 153.4 156.8 157.3 158.6 158.8 154.5 154.6 153.6 157.3 .4 .6 .7 .2 .2 .1 .3 4.4 4.5 4.6 3.0 2.9 2.7 3.6 Finance, insurance, and real estate............................ Excluding sales occupations.................................. Banking, savings and loan, and other credit agencies. Insurance................................................................ Services.................................................................... Business services.................................................... Health services........................................................ Hospitals............................................................... Services excluding schools4........................................ Health services........................................................ Hospitals.............................................................. Schools................................................................ Elementary and secondary.................................. Colleges and universities..................................... Public administration2................................................... 148.7 142.5 144.6 146.1 147.6 150.3 151.6 152.5 153.4 .6 3.2 1 Consists of private industry workers (excluding farm and household workers) and 3 This series has the same industry and occupational coverage as the Hourly State and local government (excluding Federal Government) workers. Earnings index, which was discontinued in January 1989. 2 Consists of legislative, judicial, administrative, and regulatory activities. 4 Includes, for example, library, social, and health services. 27. Employment Cost Index, benefits, private industry workers by occupation and industry group [June 1989 = 100]_____________________________________________________________________________ 2000 2001 2002 P e rc e n t ch a n g e S e r ie s June S e p t. D ec. M a r. June S e p t. D ec. M a r. June 3 12 m o n th s m o n th s ended ended J u n e 2002 Private industry workers................................................. Workers, by occupational group: White-collar workers...................................................... Workers, by industry division: Goods-producing........................................................... Service-producing......................................................... Manufacturing............................................................... Nonmanufacturing........................................................ 76 Monthly Labor Review https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 155.7 157.5 158.6 161.5 163.2 165.2 166.7 169.3 171.6 1.4 5.1 158.5 151.6 160.4 153.1 161.5 154.1 165.2 155.7 167.4 156.7 169.5 158 3 171.2 159.2 173.5 162.2 176.1 164.0 1.5 11 5.2 5.0 154.2 156.0 153.9 156.1 155.7 157.9 154.9 158.1 156.2 159.4 154.8 159.7 158.5 162.6 157.1 162.9 159.6 164.6 157.9 164.9 160.8 167.1 158.5 167.4 162.6 168.4 160.4 168.6 165.8 170.7 163.7 171.1 167.4 173.3 165.5 173.5 1.0 1.5 1.1 1.4 4.9 5.3 4.8 5.2 August 2002 28. Employment Cost Index, private nonfarm workers by bargaining status, region, and area size [June 1989 = 100] P e rc e n t c h a n g e 2002 2001 2000 S e r ie s June S e p t. D ec. M a r. June S e p t. D ec. M a r. June 3 12 m o n th s m o n th s ended ended J u n e 2002 C O M P E N S A T IO N W o r k e r s , b y b a r g a in in g s t a t u s 1 Union................................................................................ Goods-producing............................................................ Service-producing.......................................................... Manufacturing................................................................ Nonmanufacturing......................................................... . 144.4 144.8 143.9 145.4 143.4 146.1 146.8 145.2 147.1 145.0 146.9 147.3 146.4 147.4 146.2 147.9 147.9 147.6 147.9 147.3 149.5 149.3 149.5 148.8 149.4 151.0 150.6 151.2 149.9 151.1 153.1 151.6 154.2 151.4 153.5 154.8 153.4 156.0 153.4 155.0 156.3 154.7 157.6 154.6 156.6 1.0 .8 1.0 .8 1.0 4.5 3.6 5.4 3.9 4.8 Nonunion........................................................................... Goods-producing............................................................ Service-producing.......................................................... Manufacturing................................................................ Nonmanufacturing......................................................... 149.1 147.2 149.6 148.2 149.1 150.6 148.4 151.2 149.2 150.7 151.6 149.3 152.3 149.9 151.8 153.8 151.6 154.4 152.4 153.9 155.3 153.1 155.9 153.7 155.4 156.7 154.0 157.5 154.4 157.0 157.8 155.3 158.6 155.5 158.2 159.6 157.2 160.3 157.6 159.9 161.4 158.6 162.2 159.1 161.7 1.1 .9 1.2 1.0 1.1 3.9 3.6 4.0 3.5 4.1 147.6 146.7 150.7 148.8 149.3 147.6 152.2 150.8 150.3 148.6 153.3 151.8 151.6 151.1 154.8 154.3 153.7 152.3 156.0 156.0 155.2 153.5 157.4 157.6 156.3 154.6 158.6 159.4 158.3 156.2 161.1 160.4 159.9 157.6 162.2 162.9 1.0 .9 .9 1.6 4.0 3.5 4.2 4.4 148.6 147.7 150.1 148.8 151.0 150.3 153.1 152.1 154.6 153.7 156.0 154.8 157.4 155.6 159.1 157.5 160.9 158.5 1.1 .6 4.1 3.1 Union................................................................................ Goods-producing........................................................... Service-producing.......................................................... Manufacturing............................................................... Nonmanufacturing................................................. ........ 138.5 138.4 138.9 139.7 137.8 140.0 140.2 140.1 141.4 139.2 141.2 141.3 141.5 142.6 140.4 142.1 142.4 142.2 143.9 141.1 143.7 144.2 143.7 145.5 142.7 145.1 145.3 145.4 146.7 144.3 147.4 146.3 148.9 148.0 147.1 148.4 147.2 150.0 149.0 148.1 149.8 158.6 151.4 150.2 149.6 .9 1.0 .9 .8 1.0 4.2 3.1 5.4 3.2 4.8 Nonunion.......................................................................... Goods-producing........................................................... Service-producing......................................................... Manufacturing............................................................... Nonmanufacturing......................................................... 146.7 144.7 147.3 146.1 146.6 148.1 145.8 148.7 147.2 148.0 149.0 146.8 149.6 148.0 148.9 150.8 148.8 151.4 150.1 150.7 152.2 150.3 152.7 151.6 152.0 153.4 151.1 154.1 152.2 153.3 154.4 152.1 155.1 153.1 154.4 155.9 153.5 156.7 154.7 155.9 157.5 154.8 158.3 156.1 157.5 1.0 .8 1.0 .9 1.0 3.5 3.0 3.7 3.0 3.6 143.7 144.6 147.1 146.3 145.3 145.3 148.6 148.2 146.0 146.3 149.6 149.2 147.3 148.3 150.9 151.3 149.2 149.3 152.3 152.9 150.6 150.2 153.6 154.3 151.7 151.2 154.7 156.0 153.5 152.5 157.1 156.4 154.9 153.6 158.5 158.7 .9 .7 .9 1.5 3.8 2.9 4.1 3.8 145.7 143.7 147.1 144.7 148.0 146.0 149.8 147.4 151.2 148.8 152.4 149.7 153.7 150.5 155.1 151.7 156.7 152.6 1.0 .6 3.6 2.6 W o r k e r s , b y r e g io n 1 Northeast.......................................................................... South............................................................................... Midwest (formerly North Central)....................................... W o r k e r s , b y a r e a s iz e 1 Metropolitan areas............................................................. W A G E S A N D S A L A R IE S W o r k e r s , b y b a r g a in in g s t a t u s 1 W o r k e r s , b y r e g io n 1 South.............................................................................. Midwest (formerly North Central)....................................... W o r k e r s , b y a r e a s iz e 1 Metropolitan areas............................................................ Other areas...................................................................... 1 The indexes are calculated differently from those for the occupation and industry groups. For a detailed description of the index calculation, see the Monthly Labor R eview Technical Note, "Estimation procedures for the Employment Cost Index," May 1982. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Monthly Labor Review August 2002 77 Current Labor Statistics: Compensation & Industrial Relations 29. Percent of full-time employees participating in employer-provided benefit plans, and in selected features within plans, medium and large private establishments, selected years, 1980-97 It e m 1980 Number of employees (in 000’s): With medical care............................................ With life insurance........................................... With defined benefit plan.................................. 1982 1984 1986 1988 1989 1991 1993 1995 1997 21,352 21,043 21,013 21,303 31,059 32,428 31,163 28,728 33,374 38,409 20,711 20,498 17,936 20,412 20,201 17,676 20,383 20,172 17,231 20,238 20,451 16,190 27,953 28,574 19,567 29,834 30,482 20,430 25,865 29,293 18,386 23,519 26,175 16,015 25,546 29,078 17,417 29,340 33,495 19,202 10 75 99 10.1 20 100 62 9 25 76 25 99 10.0 24 3.8 99 67 9 26 73 26 99 9.8 23 3.6 99 67 10 27 72 26 88 3.2 99 10.0 25 3.7 100 70 11 29 72 26 85 3.2 96 9.4 24 3.3 98 69 33 16 10 26 71 26 84 3.3 97 9.2 8 9 29 68 26 83 3.0 91 9.4 21 3.1 97 65 80 3.3 89 9.1 81 3.7 89 9.3 20 3.5 95 56 T im e -o ff p la n s Participants with: Paid lunch time................................................ Average minutes per day................................. Paid rest time.................................................. Average minutes per day................................. Paid funeral leave............................................ Average days per occurrence........................... Paid holidays................................................... Average days per year.................................... Paid personal leave.......................................... Average days per year.................................... Paid vacations................................................. Unpaid paternity leave...................................... Unpaid family leave......................................... 22 3.1 97 68 37 18 30 67 28 80 3.3 92 10.2 21 3.3 96 67 37 26 _ _ - _ _ _ _ _ 97 97 97 95 90 92 83 58 - 62 - 46 62 8 66 70 18 76 79 28 75 80 28 26 27 46 51 36 $11.93 58 $35.93 43 $12.80 63 $41.40 44 $19.29 64 $60.07 _ _ 53 22 3.3 96 58 ~ — 84 93 82 77 76 81 80 30 86 82 42 78 73 56 85 78 63 47 $25.31 66 $72.10 51 $26.60 69 $96.97 $31.55 $33.92 $39.14 $107.42 $118.33 $130.07 In s u ra n c e p la n s Participants in medical care plans......................... Percent of participants with coverage for: Home health care........................................... Extended care facilities................................... Physical exam............................................... Percent of participants with employee contribution required for: Average monthly contribution.......................... Average monthly contribution.......................... Percent of participants with: Accidental death and dismemberment insurance...................................................... Survivor income benefits.................................. Retiree protection available............................... Participants in long-term disability insurance plans.............................................. Participants in sickness and accident insurance plans............................................... Participants in short-term disability plans 1............. 96 96 96 96 92 94 94 91 87 87 69 - 72 64 74 64 72 10 59 78 8 49 71 7 42 71 6 76 5 41 77 7 37 74 6 33 40 43 47 48 42 45 40 41 42 43 54 51 _ 49 _ 46 _ 43 _ 45 44 _ 51 _ _ _ 53 55 84 84 82 76 63 63 59 56 52 50 55 98 53 45 58 97 52 45 64 98 35 57 62 59 98 26 55 62 62 97 22 64 63 55 98 7 56 54 52 95 6 61 48 52 96 58 51 52 95 10 56 49 - - 63 97 47 54 56 _ 60 45 48 48 49 55 57 - - - 33 36 41 44 43 54 55 2 5 5 12 9 23 10 36 12 52 12 38 5 13 32 7 44 R e tire m e n t p la n s Participants in defined benefit pension plans......... Percent of participants with: Normal retirement prior to age 65...................... Early retirement available................................. Ad hoc pension increase in last 5 years.............. Terminal earnings formula................................ Benefit coordinated with Social Security............. Participants in defined contribution plans............... Participants in plans with tax-deferred savings arrangements................................................. 4 O th e r b e n e fits Employees eligible for: Flexible benefits plans....................................... Reimbursement accounts2................................. Premium conversion olans................................. The definitions for paid sick leave and short-term disability (previously sickness and accident insurance) were changed for the 1995 survey. Paid sick leave now includes only plans that specify either a maximum number of days per year or unlimited days. Shortterms disability now includes all insured, self-insured, and State-mandated plans available on a per-disability basis, as well as the unfunded per-disability plans previously reported as sick leave. Sickness and accident insurance, reported in years prior to this survey, included only insured, self-insured, and State-mandated plans providing per-disability bene 78 Monthly Labor Review https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis August 2002 fits at less than full pay. 2 Prior to 1995, reimbursement accounts included premium conversion plans, which specifically allow medical plan participants to pay required plan premiums with pretax dollars. Also, reimbursement accounts that were part of flexible benefit plans were tabulated separately. No t e : Dash indicates data not available. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 30. Percent of full-time employees participating in employer-provided benefit plans, and in selected features within plans, small private establishments and State and local governments, 1987,1990,1992,1994, and 1996 S t a t e a n d lo c a l g o v e r n m e n t s S m a ll p r iv a te e s t a b lis h m e n ts It e m 32,466 Number of employees (in 000’s): 1994 1992 1990 34,360 22,402 20,778 6,493 24,396 21,990 7,559 8 37 48 27 47 2.9 84 9.5 11 2.8 88 47 9 37 49 26 50 3.0 82 9.2 12 2.6 88 53 17 8 18 7 35,910 23,536 21,955 5,480 39,816 25,599 24,635 5,883 1994 1992 1990 1987 1996 10,321 12,972 12,466 12,907 9,599 8,773 9,599 12,064 11,415 11,675 11,219 11,095 10,845 11,192 11,194 11,708 17 34 58 29 56 3.7 81 10.9 38 2.7 72 97 11 36 56 29 63 3.7 74 13.6 39 2.9 67 95 10 34 53 29 65 3.7 75 14.2 38 2.9 67 95 62 3.7 73 11.5 38 3.0 66 94 93 T im e -o ff p la n s Participants with: _ - _ - _ - 50 3.1 82 7.5 13 2.6 88 50 51 3.0 80 7.6 14 3.0 86 50 _ _ _ _ - 57 30 51 33 47 48 - - 59 44 - 69 71 66 64 93 93 90 87 79 83 26 80 84 28 _ _ _ - 76 78 36 82 79 36 87 84 47 84 81 55 42 $25.13 67 $109.34 64 47 $36.51 73 $150.54 64 52 $40.97 76 $159.63 35 $15.74 71 $71.89 85 38 $25.53 65 $117.59 61 52 $42.63 75 $181.53 62 88 43 $28.97 72 $139.23 89 47 $30.20 71 $149.70 87 78 1 19 76 1 25 79 2 20 77 1 13 67 1 55 67 1 45 74 1 46 64 2 46 19 23 20 22 31 27 28 30 6 26 26 14 21 22 21 In s u ra n c e p la n s Percent of participants with coverage for: Percent of participants with employee contribution required for: Percent of participants with: Accidental death and dismemberment Participants in long-term disability Participants in sickness and accident 29 _ R e tire m e n t p la n s 15 15 93 90 87 91 _ 47 92 _ 53 44 92 90 33 100 18 89 88 16 100 8 92 89 10 100 10 92 87 13 99 49 33 34 38 9 9 9 9 17 24 23 28 28 45 45 24 1 8 2 14 3 19 4 12 7 5 5 5 31 5 50 5 64 20 22 54 95 7 58 49 50 95 4 54 46 31 Percent of participants with: Participants in plans with tax-deferred savings _ _ O th e r b e n e fits Employees eligible for: Premium conversion plans ............................. _ ' Methods used to calculate the average number of paid holidays were revised in 1994 to count partial days more precisely. Average holidays for 1994 are not comparable with those reported in 1990 and 1992. 2 The definitions for paid sick leave and short-term disability (previously sickness and accident insurance) were changed for the 1996 survey. Paid sick leave now includes only plans that specify either a maximum number of days per year or unlimited days. Short-term disability now includes all insured, selfinsured, and State-mandated plans available on a per-disability basis, as well as the unfunded per-disability plans previously reported as sick leave. Sickness and accident insurance, reported in years prior to this survey, included only insured, self-insured, and State-mandated plans providing perdisability benefits at less than full pay. 3 Prior to 1996, reimbursement accounts included premium conversion plans, which specifically allow medical plan participants to pay required plan premiums with pretax dollars. Also, reimbursement accounts that were part of flexible benefit plans were tabulated separately. Note: Dash indicates data not available. Monthly Labor Review August 2002 79 Current Labor Statistics: Compensation & Industrial Relations 31. Work stoppages involving 1,000 workers or more Measure 2001 Annual totals 2000 Number of stoppages: Beginning in period......................... Workers involved: Beginning in period (in thousands).... In effect during period (in thousands). 2001 June July Aug. 2002p Sept. Nov. Oct. Jan Dec. Apr Mar Feb June May 39 40 29 30 3 5 2 3 3 4 2 3 1 4 0 1 2 2 0 1 1 2 1 1 2 3 3 5 1 3 394 397 99 102 4.7 9.0 2.2 3.3 5.8 6.9 3.0 4.1 24.9 29.0 .0 1.6 6.0 6.0 .0 1.0 1.5 2.5 2.9 2.9 4.1 7.0 5.1 9.2 1.5 5.3 Days idle: 80.7 138.2 36.0 316.4 21.0 9.0 43.5 55.7 11.2 55.0 73.2 62.1 71.5 20,419 1,151 ,00 ,00 .00 .00 ,00 ,00 .01 .06 .00 (2) (2) (2) (2) Percent of estimated working time1.... (2) (2) ’ Agricultural and government employees are Included in the total employed and total working time; private household, forestry, and fishery employees are excluded. An explanation of the measurement of idleness as a percentage of the total time worked is found in" Total economy’ measures of strike idleness," Monthly Labor R eview , October 1968, pp. 54— 56. 2 Less than 0.005. p- preliminary. NOTE: Dash indicates data not available. 80 Monthly Labor Review https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis August 2002 32. Consumer Price Indexes for All Urban Consumers and for Urban Wage Earners and Clerical Workers: U.S. city average, by expenditure category and commodity or service group [1982-84 = 100, unless otherwise indicated] Series ______________________ 2001 Annual average 2000 2001 June July 2002 Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June C O N S U M E R P R IC E IN D E X FOR A LL URBAN CONSUM ERS All items......................................................... All items (1967- 100)....................................... Food and beverages....................................... Food............................................................ Food at home.............................................. Cereals and bakery products........................ Meats, poultry, fish, and eggs....................... Dairy and related products1.......................... Nonalcoholic beverages and beverage materials................................................ Other foods at home................................... Other foods.............................................. Other miscellaneous foods1,2.................... Food away from home1............................ Other food away from home1,2..................... Alcoholic beverages....................................... Housing......................................................... Rent of primary residence............................. Lodging away from home.............................. Owners' equivalent rent of primary residence3... Tenants' and household insurance1'2............. Fuels and utilities........................................ Fuels....................................................... Fuel oil and other fuels.............................. Gas (piped) and electricity......................... Household furnishings and operations............ Apparel......................................................... Men's and boys' apparel............................... Women's and girls' apparel........................... Infants' and toddlers’ apparel1........................ Footwear.................................................... Transportation................................................. Private transportation..................................... New and used motor vehicles2....................... New vehicles............................................. Used cars and trucks1................................ Motor fuel................................................... Gasoline (all types).................................... Motor vehicle parts and equipment................. Motor vehicle maintenance and repair............. Public transportation...................................... Medical care................................................... Medical care commodities.............................. Medical care services.................................... Professional services................................... Hospital and related services......................... Recreation2.................................................. Video and audio1,2........................................ Education and communication2.......................... Education2................................................. Educational books and supplies................... Tuition, other school fees, and child care....... Communication1'2.................................. Information and information processing1,2...... Telephone services1,2.............................. Information and information processing other than teleDhone services1'4.............. Personal computers and peripheral equipment1’2..................................... Other goods and services................................. Tobacco and smoking products........................ Personal care1.......................................... Personal care products1............................... Personal care services1............................... 172.2 515.8 168.4 167.8 167.9 188.3 154.5 160.7 204.6 177.1 530.4 173.6 173.1 173.4 193.8 161.3 167.1 212.2 178.0 533.3 173.4 173.0 173.3 194.2 161.7 166.9 211.8 177.5 531.6 174.0 173.5 173.9 194.9 162.3 168.3 210.7 177.5 531.8 174.4 173.9 174.2 195.9 162.4 168.9 208.8 178.3 534.0 174.6 174.1 174.3 195.1 162.4 169.4 212.1 177.7 532.2 175.3 174.9 175.2 195.2 163.5 170.8 213.5 177.4 531.3 175.2 174.6 174.7 194.9 162.7 171.2 212.9 176.7 5292.0 175.2 174.7 174.7 195.3 162.0 170.8 214.4 177.1 530.6 176.2 175.8 176.2 196 7 162.1 169.9 224.8 177.8 532.7 176.4 175.9 176.0 197 6 161 8 170 1 223.3 137.8 155.6 154.0 147.4 172.2 107.5 169.0 109.0 174.7 169.6 193.4 183.9 117.5 198.7 103.7 137.9 122.8 129.7 128.0 128.2 129.6 129.7 121.5 130.6 123.8 153.3 149.1 100.8 142.8 155.8 129.3 128.6 101.5 177.3 209.6 260.8 238.1 266.0 237.7 317.3 103.3 101.0 102.5 112.5 279.9 324.0 93.6 92.8 98.5 139.2 159.6 155.7 155.7 176.0 108.9 173.9 113.4 179.3 176.4 200.6 192.1 118.6 206.3 106.2 150.2 135.4 129.3 142.4 129.1 127.3 125.7 119.3 129.2 123.0 154.3 150.0 101.3 142.1 158.7 124.7 124.0 104.8 183.5 210.6 272.8 247.6 278.8 246.5 338.3 104.9 101.5 105.2 118.5 295.9 341.1 93.3 92.3 99.3 138.6 159.5 155.7 156.7 175.7 107.7 173.6 112.6 179.1 177.3 200.7 191.6 123.7 205.7 107.0 155.7 141.6 129.6 149.4 129.2 126.3 125.8 117.5 127.3 122.1 158.3 154.0 101.1 141.7 158.9 142.0 141.3 104.4 182.7 216.3 272.5 248.1 278.3 246.5 336.6 104.8 101.3 104.4 116.9 293.9 336.2 93.1 92.1 99.0 138.9 160.4 156.1 157.8 176.8 109.6 174.1 113.8 179.7 177.6 201.4 192.3 124.0 206.3 106.6 154.8 140.5 123.8 148.6 129.2 122.6 122.5 111.6 124.5 121.3 154.4 149.9 100.8 141.2 158.3 125.6 124.9 105.1 183.4 216.1 273.1 248.5 278.9 246.8 337.9 105.0 101.7 104.8 117.2 295.1 337.2 93.6 92.5 99.6 140.0 161.0 156.1 158.5 177.6 109.5 174.7 114.3 180.0 178.0 202.4 193.1 125.2 207.3 106.6 152.7 138.0 122.1 146.0 129.1 122.6 121.4 112.1 126.3 121.9 153.3 148.8 100.5 140.3 158.0 121.9 121.2 104.9 184.0 213.7 274.4 249.1 280.5 247.7 341.2 105.1 101.7 105.8 119.5 298.0 343.9 93.5 92.4 99.6 139.2 160.2 156.6 158.5 176.2 108.9 175.1 115.3 180.4 177.4 202.0 193.9 116.8 208.1 106.7 150.6 135.7 125.3 143.1 129.4 126.8 123.7 120.3 129.3 122.9 155.5 151.2 100.2 140.2 157.3 131.4 130.7 105.2 185.1 212.7 275.0 249.6 281.0 247.9 342.6 105.2 101.3 106.6 121.7 305.4 350.0 93.1 92.0 99.2 139.9 160.9 156.4 159.5 177.0 108.9 175.6 115.4 180.8 176.7 202.4 194.7 114.5 209.0 106.9 144.6 129.1 121.5 135.9 129.0 129.5 127.5 122.1 131.5 124.9 152.3 148.1 100.6 141.0 157.8 116.3 115.6 105.5 186.0 209.1 275.9 250.2 282.0 248.4 344.8 105.3 101.3 107.1 122.2 307.2 351.5 93.6 92.5 99.9 139.5 160 3 154 9 155 6 177 6 110.6 175.8 115.5 181.2 176.9 202 9 195.5 111.6 210.1 106.9 143.5 127.8 118.3 134.7 129.1 128.0 127.4 119.4 132.4 123.7 150.2 146.1 101.3 142.6 157.4 104.5 103.8 105.8 186.4 205.1 276.7 250.6 283.0 248.8 347.1 105.5 101.4 107.0 122.3 304.7 352.0 93.3 92.2 99.6 18.5 160 9 156 1 156 9 177 9 108.5 176.0 115.5 180 9 176.9 203 ? 196.4 108.0 210.9 106.3 142.2 126.2 112.7 133.5 128.9 123.7 122.8 114.8 128.5 120.6 148.5 144.3 101.6 143.5 157.2 96.1 95.4 105.8 186.4 204.8 277.3 251.6 283.5 248.9 348.3 105.3 101.2 106.9 122.0 294.7 352.2 93.4 92.3 99.6 139.5 161 3 158 4 158 3 177 4 108.9 176.4 115.5 181 8 177.6 140.0 160 4 158 5 25.9 21.3 21.4 21.3 20.7 20.3 20.2 20.0 41.1 271.1 394.9 165.6 153.7 178.1 29.5 282.6 425.2 170.5 155.1 184.3 29.8 281.2 421.0 170.0 154.6 184.1 29.3 285.8 441.2 170.7 155.1 184.8 27.8 283.3 424.6 171.2 154.7 185.2 26.7 287.8 444.0 171.9 155.5 185.51 26.4 285.6 429.9 172.3 155.4 185.9 25.8 289.2 446.7 172.6 155.4 186.8 178.8 535.5 176.6 176.1 176.3 197 0 162 8 179.8 538.5 176.4 175.8 175.5 179.9 538.9 176.4 175.8 175.0 169.4 225.8 179.8 538.6 176.7 176.2 176.4 198 1 16? 6 168 7 223.4 16? 4 169 n 221.0 16ft n 217.4 140.1 140.1 138.0 137.5 108.0 177.0 115.8 18? 6 178.5 107.8 177.1 116.3 18? 5 179.1 108.0 177.2 116.9 108.9 177.6 117.1 109.0 178.2 117.6 179.5 179.7 180.7 197.0 113.1 211.6 106.4 141.5 125.3 112.9 132.4 128.7 120.4 120.8 109.7 125.0 117.1 148.6 144.4 101.0 142.7 155.6 97.9 97.2 106.2 187.1 205.8 279.6 252.6 286.2 250.6 353.1 105.7 102.1 107.2 122.6 303.0 353.2 93.4 92.2 100.3 197.7 119.3 212.2 106.8 140.0 123.7 112.3 130.6 128.6 123.5 122.0 115.3 127.2 119.5 148.4 144.1 100.1 141.2 153.9 98.2 97.6 106.1 188.0 207.3 281.0 253.7 287.7 251.4 356.4 105.9 102.9 107.3 123.2 314.4 353.9 93.1 92.0 100.3 198.2 121.9 212.8 106.8 140.2 123.8 112.8 130.7 128.7 128.2 125.2 121.3 129.9 123.5 150.5 146.3 99.6 140.7 152.1 107.7 107.1 106.5 188.5 207.9 282.0 254.1 288.9 251.9 359.4 106.1 102.9 106.6 123.3 314.2 354.1 92.0 90.8 99.1 198.5 122.1 213.3 107.2 140.3 123.8 115.1 130.6 128.9 128.8 125.6 122.2 198.9 124.5 153.7 149.6 99.3 140.4 152.8 121.4 120.8 106.8 189.0 209.7 283.2 254.8 290.2 252.5 362.4 106.5 102.9 106.2 123.3 314.4 354.1 91.2 90.0 98.2 198.8 120.1 213.7 107.6 141.5 125.1 114.4 132.1 128.9 127.1 124.3 229.4 127.4 124.5 153.8 149.5 99.1 139.8 151.8 121.4 120.8 106.8 189.9 211.3 284.1 255.4 291.2 252.9 364.5 106.4 103.1 106.6 123.5 315.6 354.6 91.9 90.7 99.3 199.3 120.9 214.3 107.8 146.2 130.3 112.7 138.0 128.7 122.7 120.8 113.7 124.9 121.2 153.4 149.1 98.8 139.2 152.2 120.1 119.5 106.7 190.0 211.3 284.7 256.4 291.7 253.2 365.3 106.2 103.0 106.9 124.3 317.4 356.8 91.8 90.6 99.2 19.8 19.4 19.0 18.8 18.6 18.5 18.4 25.3 286.4 431.7 172.6 155.4 186.4 24.6 287.2 432.8 173.2 155.2 186.3 23.8 290.2 449.3 173.7 155.5 186.4 23.1 288.5 433.4 174.1 155.1 187.3 22.9 292.9 461.4 174.4 155.4 187.9 23.0 291.5 449.0 174.7 154.8 188.3 22.6 294.4 467.4 19.3 155.4 188.3 176 3 See footnotes at end of table. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Monthly Labor Review August 2002 81 Current Labor Statistics: Price Data 32. Continued— Consumer Price Indexes for All Urban Consumers and for Urban Wage Earners and Clerical Workers: U.S. city average, by expenditure category and commodity or service group [1982-84 = 100, unless otherwise indicated] _____ ___ ____________________________ A n n u a l a v e ra g e 2001 2002 S e rie s 2000 Miscellaneous personal services................... 2001 June J u ly Aug. S e p t. O c t. Nov. D e c. N ov. D e c. J an . Feb. M a r. A p r. M ay June 252.3 263.1 261.8 263.2 265.5 266.4 267.3 268.0 268.5 268.0 268.5 270.4 271.8 272.9 273.2 274.2 274.6 149.2 168.4 152.1 173.4 139.4 151.3 126.3 150.4 174.0 136.5 146.3 122.6 149.8 174.4 135.4 144.8 122.6 151.5 174.6 138.0 149.6 126.8 150.5 175.3 136.1 146.0 129.5 149.5 175.2 134.6 142.8 128.0 147.9 175.2 132.3 138.4 123.7 149.5 175.2 134.6 142.8 128.0 147.9 175.2 132.3 138.4 123.7 147.8 176.2 131.6 137.9 120.4 148.1 176.4 137.7 147.4 129.6 150.7 173.6 137.2 147.1 127.3 132.1 139.6 123.5 149.4 176.6 133.7 143.6 128.2 151.0 176.7 136.0 148.4 128.8 150.5 176.4 135.4 147.4 127.1 149.8 176.4 134.4 145.7 122.7 162.5 125.4 163.4 124.6 170.4 124.5 164.5 124.2 162.1 123.6 167.5 123.4 160.4 123.6 156.2 124.2 151.6 124.3 156.2 124.2 151.6 124.3 152.6 123.6 153.6 122.7 157.3 122.1 164.7 121.9 164.1 121.7 164.0 121.3 Services................................................................ 195.3 203.4 204.0 204.5 205.2 204.9 204.7 205.1 205.3 205.1 205.3 206.3 207.3 208.0 208.4 208.8 209.8 Rent of shelter3................................................ Transporatation services................................... Other services................................................... Special indexes: 201.3 196.1 229.9 208.9 201.9 238.0 209.0 202.0 236.7 209.7 202.6 237.7 210.8 202.7 239.4 210.3 202.8 240.6 210.8 203.4 241.4 211.3 204.2 241.9 211.7 204.5 241.9 211.3 204.2 241.9 211.7 204.5 241.9 213.0 205.2 242.9 214.7 206.5 243.5 215.6 207.3 243.6 216.1 207.9 243.8 216.1 208.9 244.5 216.8 209.0 245.1 All items less food............................................. All items less shelter......................................... All items less medical care................................ Commodities less food...................................... Nondurables less food...................................... 173.0 165.7 167.3 139.2 149.1 177.8 169.7 171.9 138.9 149.1 164.1 160.6 178.2 169.7 172.3 137.2 146.9 163.0 159.7 179.0 170.9 173.0 139.7 151.5 168.0 162.3 178.2 169.9 172.4 137.8 148.1 161.5 160.8 177.8 169.3 172.0 136.4 145.1 157.7 159.1 177.0 168.2 171.3 134.1 140.9 153.4 156.8 177.8 169.3 172.0 136.4 145.1 157.7 159.1 177.0 168.2 171.3 134.1 140.9 153.4 156.8 177.4 168.4 171.7 133.5 140.5 154.5 157.0 142.2 155.4 158.0 179.2 169.7 173.3 135.6 145.9 158.7 160.2 180.4 162.9 158.2 178.2 170.0 172.3 138.2 148.3 165.2 160.3 178.2 168.7 172.4 133.9 Nondurables less food and apparel................. Nondurables...................................................... 179.0 171.0 172.9 141.0 153.1 170.6 162.7 170.9 174.3 137.8 150.4 165.5 162.7 180.4 170.9 174.2 137.3 149.5 165.0 162.1 180.6 170.9 174.4 136.3 148.0 164.9 161.2 Services less rent of shelter3............................ Services less medical care services................. Energy............................................................... 202.9 212.3 196.6 129.3 183.5 186.1 145.3 125.2 209.6 213.3 213.7 214.0 197.8 132.4 183.6 186.2 144.4 125.6 210.1 198.4 129.4 184.1 186.6 143.8 122.0 211.2 197.8 122.1 185.1 187.6 145.6 116.9 211.7 213.3 198.2 116.0 185.4 188.1 146.0 105.8 212.3 213.2 197.2 140.5 183.3 185.9 144.9 141.1 209.4 213.9 198.1 132.5 184.5 187.1 145.2 131.0 211.2 213.0 188.9 124.6 178.6 181.3 144.9 129.5 202.1 198.3 111.4 185.2 187.8 144.7 97.6 212.6 213.3 198.2 116.0 185.4 188.1 146.0 105.8 212.3 213.2 198.3 111.4 185.2 187.8 144.7 97.6 212.6 213.9 199.2 111.7 185.7 188.2 143.7 99.3 213.8 200.2 111.0 186.5 189.2 144.2 99.5 215.1 214.8 200.8 115.6 187.1 189.8 144.6 108.6 215.9 215.1 201.2 122.2 187.5 190.3 145.1 121.6 216.3 216.0 201.6 122.9 187.4 190.2 144.4 121.6 216.6 217.5 202.6 124.9 187.3 190.1 143.4 120.3 217.2 All items.................................................................. All items (1967- 100)............................................ 163.2 486.2 173.5 516.8 174.6 520.0 173.8 517.8 173.8 517.6 174.8 520.6 174.0 518.3 173.7 517.3 172.9 515.0 173.7 517.3 172.9 515.0 173.2 515.0 173.7 517.5 174.7 520.2 175.8 523.7 175.8 523.6 175.9 524.0 Food and beverages............................................. 163.8 163.4 163.0 184.7 147.6 173.0 172.5 172.4 193.6 161.2 172.8 172.4 172.4 193.9 161.4 173.4 173.0 173.0 194.5 162.1 173.8 173.4 173.3 195.6 162.0 174.0 173.5 173.4 194.8 162.3 174.8 174.3 174.3 195.1 163.2 174.5 174.1 173.7 194.7 162.6 174.6 174.1 173.7 195.1 161.8 174.5 174.1 173.7 194.7 162.6 174.6 174.1 173.7 195.1 161.8 175.7 175.2 175.3 196.7 162.0 175.8 175.3 175.1 197.5 161.6 176.1 175.6 175.5 197.0 162.7 176.1 175.5 175.3 197.9 162.1 175.7 175.1 174.4 198.2 162.1 175.7 175.2 174.1 198.6 161.8 Dairy and related products'............................. Fruits and vegetables....................................... Nonalcoholic beverages and beverage materials........................................................ Other foods at home......................................... Sugar and sweets........................................... Fats and oils................................................... Other foods..................................................... 159.4 201.8 167.1 210.8 166.9 210.5 168.3 209.5 168.9 208.0 169.4 211.0 170.8 212.2 171.2 211.5 170.6 212.8 171.2 211.5 170.6 212.8 169.7 223.2 170.0 222.2 169.2 224.9 168.7 222.0 168.7 219.1 167.8 216.4 133.2 152.8 152.2 147.9 168.8 138.4 159.1 155.6 155.4 176.3 137.8 159.1 155.5 156.4 176.0 138.0 160.0 156.0 157.4 177.2 139.3 160.5 156.1 158.0 177.9 138.4 159.8 156.2 158.1 176.5 139.2 160.4 156.2 159.1 177.3 138.7 159.7 154.7 155.1 177.8 137.7 160.5 155.9 156.5 178.3 138.7 159.7 154.7 155.1 177.8 137.7 160.5 155.9 156.5 178.3 138.8 161.0 158.5 158.0 177.9 139.5 160.1 158.5 157.0 176.8 139.7 159.6 157.1 156.3 176.5 139.4 161.0 153.4 156.2 178.2 137.3 159.7 157.6 155.7 176.7 136.9 160.4 158.8 154.3 177.9 Other miscellaneous foods' 2..................... 104.6 109.1 108.0 109.9 109.7 109.2 109.5 110.8 109.0 110.8 109.0 109.3 108.5 108.3 108.5 109.5 109.6 Food away from home'....................................... 165.0 173.8 173.5 174.0 175.0 175.6 175.8 176.0 175.8 176.0 176.4 176.9 177.0 177.1 177.5 178.0 115.6 180.1 115.7 180.5 115.8 180.8 115.8 180.5 115.8 180.8 115.8 180.5 115.8 181.4 116.0 182.1 116.8 182.2 117.4 182.8 117.7 183.1 118.1 183.2 173.9 199.8 174.4 200.6 174.8 201.0 175.1 201.2 176.1 20.7 Commodity and service group: Commodities........................................................ Food and beverages.......................................... Commodities less food and beverages............. Nondurables less food and beverages........... Apparel......................................................... Nondurables less food, beverages, and apparel.................................................. Durables.......................................................... All items less energy......................................... All items less food and energy....................... Commodities less food and energy.............. Energy commodities................................... Services less energy..................................... 214.3 C O N S U M E R P R IC E IN D E X F O R U R B A N W A G E E A R N E R S A N D C L E R IC A L W O R K E R S Food...................................................................... Food at home..................................................... Cereals and bakery products.......................... Meats, poultry, fish, and eggs.......................... Other food away from home1,2....................... Alcoholic beverages............................................ Housing.................................................................. Shelter................................................................ Rent of primary residence................................. 105.1 168.8 113.6 178.8 112.8 178.4 114.0 179.2 174.7 114.4 179.7 160.0 181.6 172.1 194.5 173.0 194.4 173.3 195.0 173.5 195.9 173.2 196.0 172.5 196.6 172.8 197.2 172.9 197.7 172.8 197.2 172.9 197.7 173.4 198.7 177.1 191.0 191.7 192.4 193.3 194.0 194.9 194.9 195.7 196.3 122.2 123.2 123.7 124.4 116.8 114.8 111.8 195.7 108.8 111.8 108.8 113.2 197.0 119.4 197.5 Lodginq away from home2............................... 191.5 118.4 122.2 122.0 120.7 120.4 Owners’ equivalent rent of primary residence3 175.7 187.6 187.0 187.5 188.5 189.2 190.0 190.9 191.7 190.9 191.7 192.3 192.9 193.3 193.9 194.2 194.7 Tenants’ and household Insurance'’2............. Fuels and utilities............................................. Fuels................................................................ Fuel oil and other fuels................................ Gas (piped) and electricity........................... Household furnishings and operations............ Apparel.................................................................. Men’s and boys' apparel.................................. Women's and girls' apparel............................. 101.6 128.7 113.0 91.7 120.4 124.7 130.1 131.2 121.3 106.4 149.5 134.2 129.2 141.5 125.8 126.1 125.8 117.3 107.2 155.2 140.5 129.2 148.5 125.9 125.2 126.3 115.6 106.7 154.4 139.5 123.1 147.8 125.8 121.9 122.9 110.2 106.8 152.2 137.0 121.5 145.2 125.7 121.6 121.6 110.1 106.8 150.1 134.7 125.3 142.2 126.0 125.6 123.7 118.3 107.0 144.0 127.9 121.4 135.0 125.5 128.3 127.3 120.2 107.1 142.8 126.7 118.5 133.7 125.6 127.2 127.3 118.0 106.3 141.5 125.2 112.7 132.5 125.4 123.0 122.7 113.5 107.1 142.8 126.7 118.5 133.7 125.6 127.2 127.3 118.0 106.3 141.5 125.2 112.7 132.5 125.4 123.0 122.7 113.5 106.4 140.8 124.2 113.0 131.4 125.0 119.6 121.0 108.5 106.8 139.4 122.7 112.4 129.7 124.9 122.4 122.2 113.8 106.9 139.6 122.8 112.7 129.8 124.9 126.9 125.2 119.7 107.5 139.6 122.7 114.7 129.6 125.1 127.9 125.8 120.9 107.6 140.7 123.9 114.0 131.0 125.0 126.2 124.6 118.2 107.9 145.6 129.1 112.2 136.9 124.8 122.0 121.1 112.7 Infants' and toddlers’ apparel'......................... Footwear.......................................................... Transportation........................................................ Private transportation......................................... 130.3 126.2 143.4 140.7 130.9 123.1 153.6 150.8 128.6 122.1 157.9 155.1 126.2 121.4 153.4 150.4 128.3 122.0 152.5 149.5 131.1 123.0 155.1 152.3 133.5 124.9 151.4 148.6 134.3 124.2 149.2 146.4 130.3 121.0 147.4 144.5 134.3 124.2 149.2 146.4 130.3 121.0 147.4 144.5 126.7 117.7 147.5 144.6 128.4 119.3 147.1 144.2 131.7 122.8 149.2 146.4 131.7 124.4 152.7 149.8 129.9 124.4 152.7 149.8 127.5 121.0 152.4 149.5 New and used motor vehicles2........................ 100.4 101.9 101.7 101.4 101.0 100.7 101.1 101.7 102.0 101.7 102.0 101.3 100.3 99.7 99.5 99.3 99.1 See footnotes at end of table. 82 Monthly Labor Review https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis August 2002 197.8 98.1 198.7 32. Continued—Consumer Price Indexes for All Urban Consumers and for Urban Wage Earners and Clerical Workers: U.S. city average, by expenditure category and commodity or service group [1982-84 = 100, unless otherwise indicated]_______________________________ A n n u a l a v e ra g e 2001 2002 S e rie s 2000 New vehicles......................................... Motor fuel................................................ Gasoline (all types)................................. Motor vehicle parts and equipment............. Motor vehicle maintenance and repair......... Public transportation................................... Medical care................................................. Medical care commodities........................... Medical care services................................. Professional services................................ Hospital and related services...................... Recreation2 ................................................ Video and audio1,2..................................... Education and communication2 ...................... Communication1,2 ...................................... Information and information processing1,2... Telephone services1,2............................ Information and information processing other than teleDhone services1,4............ Personal computers and peripheral Other goods and services............................... Tobacco and smoking products.................... Personal care products1............................ Personal care services1............................ Miscellaneous personal services................. Commodity and service group: Commodities............................................... Food and beverages................................... Commodities less food and beverages........... Nondurables less food and beverages.......... Apparel................................................. Nondurables less food, beverages, and apparel........................................... Durables.................................................. Services..................................................... Rent of shelter3 ........................................ Transportation services............................. Other services........................................... Special indexes: All items less food...................................... All items less shelter................................... All items less medical care.......................... Commodities less food................................ Nondurables less food................................ Nondurables less food and apparel............... Nondurables............................................. Services less rent of shelter3 ........................ Services less medical care services.............. Energy................................................ All Items less energy................................... All items less food and energy.................... Commodities less food and energy............ Energy commodities.............................. Services less energy............................... 1 2 3 Not seasonally adjusted. Indexes on a December 1997- 100 base. Indexes on a December 1982 - 100 base. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis June J u ly Aug. Sept. O ct. N ov. Dec. Ja n. 143.9 143.2 142.7 142.3 141.4 141.3 142.1 143.8 144.7 143.8 157.1 129.5 128.8 100.9 178.8 203.4 259.9 233.6 265.9 239.6 313.2 102.4 100.7 102.7 159.8 124.9 124.2 104.0 185.1 204.9 271.8 242.7 278.5 248.7 333.8 103.6 100.9 105.3 118.7 299.9 334.7 94.5 93.8 99.4 160.0 142.1 141.1 103.6 184.4 209.5 271.5 243.2 278.0 248.7 332.0 103.5 100.7 104.5 117.2 298.2 330.3 94.3 93.6 99.2 159.3 124.9 124.2 104.3 185.0 209.5 272.0 243.6 278.5 249.0 333.5 103.7 159.0 158.2 132.4 131.7 104.4 186.7 207.0 273.9 244.6 280.7 250.1 338.3 103.8 158.7 116.2 115.5 104.7 187.5 203.7 274.9 245.2 281.7 250.5 340.5 103.8 158.1 96.3 95.7 104.9 187.9 156 5 98.2 97.6 105.3 188.6 1 0 1 .1 1 0 1 .0 1 0 0 .6 1 0 0 .6 104.9 117.6 299.3 331.3 94.8 94.0 99.7 105.8 119.6 302.2 337.3 94.7 94.0 99.8 106.5 121.7 309.8 342.9 94.3 93.6 99.4 107.1 122.3 311.7 344.4 94.9 94.2 158.3 104.4 103.8 105.0 187.8 200.4 275.6 245.6 282.6 250.9 342.7 104.0 100.7 106.9 122 3 308.9 344.9 94.5 93.8 99.7 2 2 .1 2 2 .2 2 2 .0 21.5 2 1 .2 2 1 .0 40.5 276.5 395.2 165.5 154.2 178.6 251.9 29.1 289.5 426.1 170.3 155.7 184.9 262.8 29.4 287.9 421.6 169.9 155.4 184.8 261.6 28.7 293.8 441.9 170.6 155.9 185.4 263.2 27.4 290.0 425.6 170.9 155.5 185.9 264.9 26.6 295.5 444.7 171.4 156.1 186.1 265.6 149.8 167.7 139.0 149.1 128.3 151.4 173.0 138.7 149.0 126.1 153.0 172.8 141.1 153.6 125.2 151.2 173.4 138.0 148.2 121.9 150.5 173.8 136.9 146.5 165.3 125.8 191.6 180.5 192.9 225.9 166.3 125.3 199.6 187.3 199.1 233.7 174.1 125.2 169.1 163.8 164.7 140.4 150.7 165.4 158.9 180.1 185.4 124.8 175.1 177.1 145.4 129.7 198.7 173.6 167.6 169.1 140.2 150.8 166.7 161.4 188.5 193.1 128.7 179.8 181.7 146.1 125.3 206.01 1 1 2 .8 Educational books and supplies................ Tuition, other school fees, and child care.... 2001 283.3 318.2 94.6 94.1 98.7 26.8 1 2 2 .0 121.3 104.1 185.6 207.7 273.4 244.1 280.2 249.9 337.0 103.9 106.0 190.5 204.5 281.9 249.6 289.6 254.6 357.1 105.0 315.3 347.2 92.6 91.7 98.4 316.3 347.7 93.3 92.5 99.4 318.2 350.3 93.1 92.4 99.3 19.7 19.5 19.3 19.2 19.1 24 3 294.0 433.5 298.3 450.7 295.2 434.1 301.7 462.7 299.1 450.1 303.5 468.7 155.9 187 0 269.8 156.3 187 1 271.4 156.0 188 n 272.5 156.2 155.4 156.2 272.6 273.6 274.1 148.4 174.6 133.4 139.4 123.0 148.3 175.7 132.7 138.9 119.6 148.6 175.8 133.1 140.7 122.4 149.8 176.1 134.7 144.8 126.9 151.7 176.1 137.5 150.5 127.9 151.2 175.7 136.8 149.3 126.2 150.5 175.7 135.9 147.8 153.1 124.9 201.7 190.4 154.2 124.1 202.5 191.4 203.4 238.3 155.4 123.1 203.3 192.5 204.7 239.0 159.4 122.3 203.9 193.2 205.6 238.8 172.7 165.8 168.5 134.5 141.8 154.7 157.5 189.8 195.7 110.5 181.6 183.6 144.4 99.2 210.4 173.3 166.1 169.0 134.8 143.1 157.0 158.5 190.1 196.5 109.8 182.5 184.4 144.8 99.5 211.5 174.3 167.1 170.0 136.5 147.0 160.7 160.8 190.5 197.0 114.7 182.9 184.9 145.0 108.7 1 2 1 .6 1 2 2 .2 183.4 185.5 145.8 121.9 2 1 2 .1 2 1 2 .6 183.3 185.4 145.0 121.9 213.0 25.0 293.3 432.9 172 3 156.0 187.1 268.0 1 2 1 .6 152.5 174.0 139.8 152.0 125.6 151.2 174.8 137.4 147.4 128.3 150.1 174.5 135.9 144.2 127.2 167.3 124.8 164.8 124.3 171.4 124.1 162.7 124.3 2 0 0 .1 2 0 0 .6 2 0 1 .2 2 0 1 .1 2 0 1 .0 187.2 198.9 232.6 187.8 199.5 233.6 188.7 199.8 235.1 188.7 189.3 200.9 236.8 158.2 124.8 201.4 189.9 202.3 237.2 174.9 169.0 170.2 142.6 155.3 173.9 163.8 189.6 193.6 140.3 179.5 181.4 145.6 141.5 205.7 173.9 167.8 169.4 139.6 150.1 167.7 161.2 189.9 194.2 131.3 179.8 181.7 145.4 125.0 206.3 173.7 167.5 169.3 138.5 148.5 165.4 160.5 190.1 194.7 128.6 180.1 181.9 144.6 1 2 2 .1 1 2 1 .8 1 2 1 .2 315.1 347.2 93.3 92.6 99.3 25 5 297.3 448.3 172 3 156.1 187.4 267.5 207.3 120.4 119.9 105.9 191.5 205.9 283.6 251.3 291.3 255.3 360.6 104.6 121.7 1 2 1 .2 315.2 347.0 94.5 93.7 100.5 26.1 292.4 430.9 171.9 156.1 186.5 266.8 1 2 1 .2 140.3 1 0 2 .2 2 0 .1 181.3 183.2 146.3 116.7 208.3 June 140.9 106.0 2 0 .6 173.4 166.9 169.1 137.6 146.4 159.5 159.7 189.3 194.8 114.8 181.8 183.8 146.9 105.5 209.0 108.0 107.5 105.7 189.9 203.0 280.9 249.0 288.4 254.0 354.3 104.6 M ay 106.5 2 0 .8 173.8 167.6 169.5 139.0 149.4 163.5 161.5 189.0 194.4 98.5 97.9 105.3 189.5 202.5 279.8 248.5 287.2 253.6 351.4 104.5 141.5 1 0 2 .1 297.3 345.2 94.6 93.9 99.9 174.9 168.8 170.3 141.3 153.8 171.5 163.5 189.9 194.6 132.6 180.7 182.6 146.0 132.1 207.6 141.8 158 n 1 0 2 .2 2 0 1 .0 278.5 247.6 285.7 252.8 348.2 104.2 101.4 107.1 122 7 305.2 346.2 94.7 94.0 100.4 2 0 0 .1 A p r. 142.3 154 8 107.2 2 0 0 .1 235.9 M ar. 106.0 191.4 206.3 282.9 250.3 290.6 255.3 359.4 104.9 102.3 106.5 276.2 246.7 283.0 251.0 343.6 103.8 100.5 106.9 1 0 0 .1 Feb. 122 1 2 0 2 .6 237.3 172.5 165.7 168.3 135.1 141.8 154.7 157.3 189.2 195.0 1 1 0 .0 181.5 183.5 145.6 97.5 209.4 1 0 2 .2 106.7 1 2 2 .0 168.1 167.2 167.3 1 2 2 .1 1 2 2 .0 1 2 1 .6 204.2 193.7 206.2 238.9 204.8 193.9 207.1 239.7 205.8 194.3 207.3 240.4 175.7 168.5 171.1 139.1 152.5 168.7 163.7 190.7 197.4 175.8 168.4 171.0 138.5 151.4 167.9 162.9 181.6 197.9 175.9 168.4 171.2 137.6 150.0 168.0 162.2 193.2 198.9 124.1 183.2 185.3 144.2 120.5 213.3 4 Indexes on a December 1988 - 100 base. Dash indicates data not available. NoTE: lndex applied t 0 a mon,h as a whole' not t 0 anVspeci,ic date- Monthly Labor Review August 2002 83 Current Labor Statistics: Price Data 33. Consumer Price Index: U.S. city average and available local area data: all items [1982-84 = 100, unless otherwise indicated]________________________________________________ P r ic in g A ll U rb a n C o n s u m e r s U rb a n W a g e E a rn e rs sched- 2002 2002 u le 1 U.S. city average...................................................... Jan. Feb. M a r. Apr M ay June Jan. Feb. M a r. A p r. M ay June M 177.1 177.8 178.8 179.9 179.8 179.9 173.2 173.7 174.7 175.8 175.8 175.9 184.9 186.2 110.5 172.1 174.1 109.5 166.2 170.6 171.7 109.2 168.6 182.4 111.9 111.9 186.1 187.8 110.5 172.5 174.7 109.6 166.6 171.0 172.4 109.3 168.6 183.2 185.4 112.4 187.0 188.6 187.7 189.2 187.8 189.5 181.4 181.6 182.3 182.8 183.1 183.6 184.2 184.5 111.7 170.3 172.2 167.1 172.1 173.3 187.8 189.3 111.9 174.7 177.3 110.7 168.1 173.1 172.4 166.0 170.8 171.7 184.1 184.3 111.7 170.3 172.0 110.7 166.1 170.8 171.9 184.2 184.6 111.4 170.7 172.3 110.7 166.7 171.1 172.3 1 1 0 .0 1 1 0 .8 1 1 0 .2 1 1 0 .1 1 1 0 .2 169.9 184.0 186.2 1 1 2 .8 170.5 185.1 187.2 113.7 171.2 180.0 180.5 112.9 171.1 180.0 181.0 112.3 171.8 179.7 180.7 Size B/C— 50,000 to 1,500,000s.................................. M M M M M M M M M M M M M M 1 1 2 .0 Size classes: A5 .............................................................................. B/C3 ........................................................................... D............................................................................... M M M 161.6 109.9 170.5 162.5 163.4 110.7 171.5 162.4 110.9 171.3 162.5 110.7 171.1 162.6 110.7 171.7 Los Angeles-Riverside-Orange County, CA..................... M M M 178.7 180.1 189.9 174.8 174.8 186.6 175.3 175.4 186.4 175.9 174.7 New York, NY-Northern NJ-Long Island, NY-NJ-CT-PA.. 177.9 178.9 188.5 Boston-Brockton-Nashua, MA-NH-ME-CT.................... Cleveland-Akron, OH..................................................... Dallas-Ft Worth, TX....................................................... 1 R egion and area size2 Northeast urban............................................................. Size A— More than 1,500,000...................................... Size B/C— 50,000 to 1,500,000s.................................. 4 Midwest urban .............................................................. Size A— More than 1,500,000...................................... Size B/C— 50,000 to 1,500,000s.................................. Size D— Nonmetropolitan (less than 50,000)................ South urban................................................................... Size A— More than 1,500,000...................................... Size B/C— 50,000 to 1,500,000s.................................. Size D— Non metropolitan (less than 50,000)................. West urban.................................................................... Size A— More than 1,500,000...................................... 1 1 0 .1 170.7 1 1 1 .2 1 1 2 .0 1 1 1 .6 1 1 0 .1 1 1 0 .1 1 1 0 .8 174.8 177.2 175.3 177.7 1 1 0 .8 1 1 1 .2 168.2 173.2 174.6 110.7 170.6 184.8 187.5 112.5 168.9 173.5 174.9 110.9 171.6 184.5 187.2 168.1 169.4 109.2 164.3 168.6 169.5 108.7 168.9 178.1 178.6 169.1 170.6 109.7 164.8 169.6 170.5 109.3 170.2 179.0 179.5 1 1 2 .2 167.7 168.8 109.2 163.9 168.3 169.0 108.6 169.2 177.4 177.7 111.4 1 1 1 .8 1 1 2 .2 164.2 111.4 172.4 164.3 164.5 111.3 173.0 159.7 109.9 169.7 160.5 109.5 169.3 161.3 179.8 181.1 180.9 182.2 182.1 181.9 191.8 171.6 171.5 183.5 172.4 172.8 184.7 173.5 173.8 191.1 181.4 182.6 191.4 173.6 176.0 1 1 0 .2 1 1 1 .2 172.4 1 1 0 .1 170.2 1 1 0 .2 Selected local areas6 Washinqton-Baltimore, DC-MD-VA-WV7 ........................ Atlanta, GA.................................................................... Detroit-Ann Arbor-Flint, Ml............................................. Houston-Galveston-Brazoria, TX.................................... Miami-Ft. Lauderdale, FL............................................... Philadelphia-Wilmington-Atlantic City, PA-NJ-DE-MD.... San Francisco-Oakland-San Jose, CA........................... Seattle-Tacoma-Bremerton, WA..................................... 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 192.9 171.4 170.6 110.9 - 176.1 176.2 156.6 175.0 182.0 191.3 187.6 1 Foods, fuels, and several other Items priced every month in all areas; most other goods and services priced as indicated: M— Every month. 1— January, March, May, July, September, and November. 2— February, April, June, August, October, and December. 2 Regions defined as the four Census regions. 3 Indexes on a December 1996 = 100 base. The "North Central" region has been renamed the "Midwest" region by the Census Bureau. It is composed of the same geographic entities. 5 Indexes on a December 1986 = 100 base. 4 In addition, the following metropolitan areas are published semiannually and appear in tables 34 and 39 of the January and July issues of the CPI Detailed Report: Anchorage, AK; Cincinnati-Hamilton, OH-KY-IN; Denver-Boulder-Greeley, CO; Honolulu, HI; 6 84 Monthly Labor Review https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis August 2002 194.7 173.7 172.1 111.9 _ - 1 1 2 .8 - _ - 178.6 179.0 158.8 175.0 183.1 193.0 188.8 - 191.5 194.8 173.0 172.9 - - - 191.8 162.8 170.0 110.5 179.1 179.0 158.3 174.4 186.3 193.2 189.4 - _ 173.2 170.5 154.3 172.3 181.4 186.8 182.5 185.6 193.2 164.1 171.4 111.4 - - _ 175.5 173.4 156.8 172.5 182.3 188.8 183.6 193.3 164.0 172.5 112.4 - - - 186.5 _ 176.5 173.2 156.7 172.0 184.7 189.1 184.1 MO-KS; Milwaukee-Racine, Wl; Minneapolis-St. Paul, MN-WI; Pittsburgh, PA; Port-land-Salem, OR-WA; St Louis, MO-IL; San Diego, CA; Tampa-St. Petersburg-Clearwater, FL. 7 Indexes on a November 1996 = 100 base. Dash indicates data not available. NOTE: Local area CPI indexes are byproducts of the national CPI program. Each local index has a smaller sample size and is, therefore, subject to substantially more sampling and other measurement error. As a result, local area indexes show greater volatility than the national index, although their long-term trends are similar. Therefore, the Bureau of Labor Statistics strongly urges users to consider adopting the national average CPI for use in their escalator clauses. Index applies to a month as a whole, not to any specific date. 34. Annual data: Consumer Price Index, U.S. city average, all items and major groups [1982-84 = 100]__________________________________________ S e r ie s Consumer Price Index for All Urban Consumers: All Items: Index................................................................. Percent change.................................................. Food and beverages: Index................................................................. Percent change.................................................. Housing: Index.................................................................. Percent change.................................................. Apparel: Index.................................................................. Percent change.................................................. Transportation: Index.................................................................. Percent change.................................................. Medical care: Index.................................................................. Percent change.................................................. Other goods and services: Index.................................................................. Percent change.................................................. Consumer Price Index for Urban Wage Earners and Clerical Workers: All items: Index.................................................................. Percent change.................................................. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 1 992 1 99 3 1 994 1 995 140.3 3.0 144.5 3.0 148.2 138.7 1.4 141.6 144.9 2.3 148.9 137.5 2.9 141.2 2.7 144.8 2.5 148.5 131.9 2.5 133.7 1.4 133.4 126.5 130.4 3.1 2 .2 2 .1 152.4 1 996 1 99 7 1998 1 99 9 156.9 3.0 160.5 2.3 163.0 153.7 3.2 157.7 161.1 152.8 2.9 156.8 132.0 - 1 .0 131.7 134.3 3.0 139.1 3.6 143.0 2 1 1 .0 4.8 220.5 4.5 2 .6 -.2 2 .8 2 .8 2 .6 2 .6 1 .6 2 .2 166.6 2 .2 164.6 2 .2 2000 2001 172.2 3.4 177.1 168.4 2.3 173.6 3.1 169.6 3.5 176.4 4.0 2 .8 160.4 2.3 163.9 132.9 .9 133.0 131.3 -1.3 129.6 -1.3 127.3 144.3 0.9 141.6 -1.9 144.4 153.3 154.3 0.7 228.2 3.5 234.6 242.1 3.2 250.6 3.5 260.8 4.1 272.8 4.6 -.2 2 .8 2 .6 .1 2 .2 2 .0 6 .2 -1 .8 190.1 7.4 201.4 5.9 183.3 192.9 5.2 198.5 2.9 206.9 4.2 215.4 4.1 224.8 4.4 237.7 5.7 258.3 8.7 271.1 5.0 282.6 4.2 142.1 145.6 2.5 149.8 2.9 154.1 2.9 157.6 2.3 159.7 1.3 163.2 168.9 3.5 173.5 2.7 6 .8 138.2 2.9 2 .8 2 .8 Monthly Labor Review 2 .2 August 2002 85 Current Labor Statistics: 35. Price Data Producer Price Indexes, by stage of processing [1982 = 100] G ro u p in g A n n u a l a v e ra g e 2 000 Finished goods............................................ Finished consumer goods.................... Finished consumer foods................... Finshed consumer goods excluding foods............................... Nondurable goods less food............. Durable goods................................ Capital equipment............................. 2001 2001 June J u ly Aug. S e p t. 2002 O c t. N ov . D ec. Jan. Feb. M ar. A p r. M ay 138.0 138.2 137.2 140.7 141.5 141.3 142.1 143.3 141.9 140.7 141.5 141.2 141.1 142.0 142.6 141.7 142.9 142.9 139.6 139.9 141.8 139.7 138.4 140.5 137.2 136.8 140.4 137.4 137.2 141.1 137.7 137.5 142.3 138.7 138.9 143.4 138.8 139.2 139.4 138.8 139.2 139.4 139.2 139.8 139.6 138.4 138.7 133.9 138.8 141.4 142.8 133.9 139.7 143.7 146.5 133.2 139.6 141.4 143.1 133.2 139.8 141.6 143.5 133.0 139.5 142.7 145.1 133.2 139.4 139.0 139.2 134.4 139.8 137.3 136.8 134.5 139.9 135.1 134.0 133.9 139.7 135.4 134.4 133.9 139.7 135.4 134.3 134.1 139.8 136.9 136.7 133.6 139.5 138.9 139.8 133.5 139.3 138.8 139.7 133.1 139.2 139.6 140.9 133.0 139.1 June Intermediate materials, supplies, and com ponents..................... 129.2 128.7 131.4 130.3 129.8 130.1 127.6 126.7 125.4 125.5 125.2 126.1 127.2 127.2 Materials and components for manufacturing................................ Materials for food manufacturing........... Materials for nondurable manufacturing.. Materials for durable manufacturing...... Components for manufacturing............ 127.9 128.1 119.2 132.6 129.0 126.2 127.4 124.3 131.8 125.2 126.3 128.3 125.7 133.4 126.5 126.4 127.5 126.1 131.9 125.3 126.2 126.9 128.1 130.1 124.6 126.2 126.6 127.5 129.9 124.2 125.9 125.9 126.1 128.7 123.4 125.9 125.2 123.9 127.4 124.5 124.6 1 2 2 .6 125.4 122.5 126.3 125.4 125.1 122.9 126.5 123.5 126.4 125.5 1 2 2 .1 125.9 124.7 122.5 126.2 122.5 126.0 128.0 123.7 126.3 125.7 121.4 128.3 124.2 126.4 128.8 124.9 126.3 Materials and components for construction................................... Processed fuels and lubricants............... Containers............................................ Supplies............................................... 150.7 150.6 104.5 153.1 138.6 151.7 151.6 136.9 154.1 138.8 151.0 106.8 153.6 138.8 151.0 106.0 153.2 138.7 150.8 108.4 153.0 138.6 150.4 97.4 152.4 138.3 150.3 94.7 152.2 138.3 149.0 89.3 152.2 138.1 150.2 90.0 152.6 138.2 150.7 91.3 151.7 138.3 151.1 95.3 151.2 138.5 151.3 95.2 151.1 138.4 151.3 97.3 151.2 138.7 121.3 106.2 127.3 109.7 127.4 116.1 109.6 116.3 113.4 108.9 112.4 108.0 108.5 103.8 97.7 104.7 89.4 104.8 98.3 105.5 94.8 96.4 90.2 98.9 99.6 95.0 103.7 130.4 110.5 98.4 116.5 106.4 97.1 110.3 138.1 94.1 144.9 147.4 148.0 140.4 96.8 147.5 150.8 150.0 142.0 102.7 147.6 150.9 149.9 140.5 97.0 147.5 150.7 149.9 140.5 97.8 147.7 151.1 149.7 141.3 138.8 90.1 147.9 151.3 150.4 137.7 85.5 147.7 151.0 150.6 136.1 80.7 147.6 150.9 150.4 138.5 Crude materials fo r further processing................................................. Foodstuffs and feedstuffs....................... Crude nonfood materials........................ 1 0 2 .0 1 2 0 .6 1 0 0 .2 1 1 0 .2 1 2 2 .8 1 2 2 .8 1 2 2 .6 126.3 150.2 8 8 .8 151.9 138.1 98.0 1 2 1 .8 126.0 1 2 2 .1 91.4 100.9 108.3 96.5 114.0 136.3 81.3 147.7 151.1 150.4 136.3 81.3 148.1 151.6 150.4 137.2 85.0 148.2 151.9 150.2 147.3 150.6 150.4 138.4 88.9 147.2 150.5 150.2 138.9 90.3 147.3 150.7 150.3 1 0 2 .0 1 0 2 .8 Special groupings: Finished goods, excluding foods............. Finished energy goods........................... Finished goods less energy.................... Finished consumer goods less energy..... Finished goods less food and energy...... Finished consumer goods less food and energy......................................... Consumer nondurable goods less food and energy....................................... Intermediate materials less foods and feeds........................................... Intermediate foods and feeds.................. Intermediate energy goods..................... Intermediate goods less energy.............. Intermediate materials less foods and energy......................................... Crude energy materials.......................... Crude materials less energy................... Crude nonfood materials less energy...... J Digitized for 86 FRASER Monthly Labor Review https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 1 0 0 .1 147.9 151.4 149.8 8 8 .8 154.0 156.9 156.7 156.8 156.6 156.8 157.5 157.8 158.0 157.6 157.6 157.4 157.9 157.7 157.9 169.8 175.1 175.5 175.5 175.3 175.6 175.8 176.4 176.4 176.4 176.2 176.3 177.6 177.4 178.0 130.1 111.7 101.7 135.0 130.5 115.9 104.1 135.1 132.3 116.3 109.7 135.9 131.0 117.1 106.3 135.3 130.4 119.4 105.6 134.9 130.7 118.7 107.9 134.7 128.2 117.3 97.1 134.2 127.3 115.5 94.3 133.7 126.0 114.3 89.0 133.4 126.1 113.6 89.6 133.3 125.9 113.6 88.4 133.3 126.8 114.3 90.9 133.8 127.9 113.6 94.9 134.0 128.0 113.0 94.9 134.1 128.7 113.8 97.1 134.4 136.6 136.4 137.2 136.5 136.0 135.8 135.3 134.9 134.6 134.6 134.6 135.0 135.4 135.5 135.7 1 2 2 .1 1 2 2 .8 111.7 145.2 130.6 123.1 114.8 130.6 109.0 114.3 129.4 104.2 113.6 128.4 93.1 113.3 128.5 75.2 109.8 125.8 96.5 104.8 124.5 76.7 103.4 124.2 82.8 106.2 126.1 76.9 108.5 128.1 89.9 109.3 129.0 107.3 105.5 131.8 109.1 107.9 136.1 99.4 107.5 138.2 1 1 2 .2 August 2002 36. Producer Price Indexes for the net output of major industry groups [December 1984 = 100, unless otherwise indicated] In d u s try SIC A n n u a l a v e ra g e 2000 Total mining industries................................... 10 12 13 14 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 Coal mining (12/85 = 100)......................... Mining and quarrying of nonmetallic minerals, except fuels............................ Total manufacturing industries...................... Food and kindred products....................... Tobacco manufactures............................. Textile mill products.................................. Apparel and other finished products made from fabrics and similar materials..... Lumber and wood products, except furniture...................................... Furniture and fixtures............................... Paper and allied products.......................... Printing, publishing, and allied industries..... Chemicals and allied products.................... Petroleum refining and related products....... Rubber and miscellaneous plastics products. Leather and leather products..................... Stone, clay, glass, and concrete products.... Fabricated metal products, except machinery and transportation equipment........................ Machinery, except electrical....................... Electrical and electronic machinery, equipment, and supplies.......................... Transportation......................................... Measuring and controlling instruments; photographic, medical, and optical goods; watches and clocks...................... Miscellaneous manufacturing industries industries (12/85 = 100)........................... 2001 2001 June J u ly Aug. 98 7 70 7 92.8 106.4 98 9 69 8 92.0 107.0 113.5 73.8 84.8 126.8 114.3 70 8 91.3 127.5 137.0 141.0 141.3 141.5 141.4 133.5 128.5 345.8 116.7 134.6 132.8 386.1 116.9 135.8 133.7 391.7 117.2 134.4 134.0 391.1 117.1 134.6 134.6 391.0 116.8 125.7 125.8 125.8 125.9 125.9 158.1 143.3 145.8 156.2 145.1 146.2 161.6 145.3 147.0 158.4 145.4 146.5 182.9 156.7 124.6 137.9 134.6 119.8 188.7 158.4 105.3 125.9 141.3 136.0 116.1 188.7 159.7 115.9 126.4 141.9 135.7 115 4 188.8 157.8 101.7 126.2 142.1 136.0 116.1 1,310.3 131.0 131.1 117.5 118.0 118.1 108.3 136.8 107.0 137.9 107.0 137.1 126.2 127.3 130.9 119.4 135.2 1 1 2 .8 S ept. N ov. 78 8 69 8 92.9 79.1 9 95.4 92.0 141.5 141.8 141.6 135.6 134.5 391.1 116.4 133.7 134.1 391.1 116.5 132.7 132.4 398.3 116.3 125.9 125.9 125.6 158.1 145.2 145.6 157.3 145.4 145.5 154.6 145.5 145.1 189.1 156.3 104.7 125.7 142.3 136.0 115.6 189.4 156.6 114.9 125.6 141.5 136.4 115.3 131.1 131.1 118.1 117.9 106.8 137.5 127.2 132.4 123.1 143.4 129.8 157.2 110.3 I 1 1 2 .2 71 2 89.6 125.1 90 8 71 7 92.1 95.9 2002 O ct. D ec. Jan. Feb. M ar. A p r. M ay June 94.4 111.9 94.3 111.4 94.2 103.6 68 92.5 78.3 95.3 84.0 94.5 77.9 94.6 92.7 141.5 142.5 143.4 143.5 143.4 143.5 143.6 131.6 131.7 398.2 116.1 131.7 131.5 391.7 116.3 132.0 132.0 391.7 115.8 132.8 132.0 392.2 115.8 133.8 131.5 407.8 115.8 133.6 131.0 408.0 115.5 133.6 131.2 408.2 115.8 125.3 125.2 125.1 125.2 125.0 125.1 125.3 154.0 145.5 144.6 153.4 145.5 144.8 154.0 145.6 144.1 154.8 145.8 143.2 156.7 145.7 142.9 156.8 145.7 143.3 156.2 145.9 142.4 155.0 146.0 142.7 189.7 155.7 94.6 125.5 141.2 136.6 114.6 190.2 155.4 86.3 125.6 140.9 136.9 114.2 192.0 154.3 75.9 125.2 140.3 136.7 114.0 192.0 154.0 77.7 125.1 140.2 136.9 113.7 192.1 154.3 79.5 124.4 139.8 136.4 113.7 192.1 155.1 89.2 124.6 140.0 136.3 114.4 192.6 155.9 100.5 124.8 140.1 136.6 114.7 192.6 156.6 99.4 125.4 140.8 136.9 115.4 192.6 156.9 98.9 125.9 140.9 136.7 116.7 131.1 131.0 131.1 131.2 131.2 131.2 131.2 131.3 131.4 131.6 117.9 117.9 117.9 117.8 117.7 117.6 117.7 117.6 117.6 117.5 106.4 137.4 106.5 137.3 106.4 138.5 106.5 138.3 106.6 138.6 106.7 138.0 106.6 138.5 106.6 137.9 106.1 137.7 106.3 137.1 106.0 136.9 123.2 127.4 127.5 127.6 127.8 127.7 128.3 128.6 128.9 128.2 128.2 128.4 132.5 132.6 132.7 132.8 132.7 132.6 132.4 132.7 133.4 132.9 133.3 134.0 133.6 123.1 141.3 129.2 157.6 109.0 123.2 145.4 133.1 158.7 110.9 123.5 145.4 133.2 159.0 123.8 145.4 133.9 158.5 111.7 123.6 145.4 133.5 158.9 123.4 145.4 130.2 156.8 123.1 145.4 129.7 157.1 123.2 145.4 129.3 157.1 123.5 145.4 128.7 156.8 1 1 1 .8 1 1 2 .0 1 1 2 .0 1 1 1 .1 123.4 145.4 128.9 157.1 111.3 123.7 145.4 127.9 156.3 111.5 123.8 145.4 131.5 156.4 111.3 124.3 145.4 134.6 156.6 111.3 Service industries: 42 43 44 45 46 Motor freight transportation and warehousing (06/93 = 100)................. U.S. Postal Service (06/89 = 100)................ Water transportation (12/92 = 100).............. Transportation by air (12/92 = 100).............. Pipelines, except natural aas (12/92 = 100)... https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 1 2 2 .6 147.7 102.3 1 1 1 .2 1 1 1 .6 Monthly Labor Review August 2002 87 Current Labor Statistics: 37. Price Data Annual data: Producer Price Indexes, by stage of processing [1982 = 100] In d e x 1 99 2 1 99 3 1 99 4 1 99 5 1 99 6 1997 1998 1 99 9 2000 2001 Finished g oo d s Total........................................................................ Foods.................................................................... Energy................................................................... Other...................................................................... 123.2 123.3 77.8 134.2 124.7 125.7 78.0 135.8 125.5 126.8 77.0 137.1 127.9 129.0 78.1 140.0 131.3 133.6 83.2 142.0 131.8 134.5 83.4 142.4 130.7 134.3 75.1 143.7 133.0 135.1 78.8 146.1 138.0 137.2 94.1 148.0 140.7 141.3 96.8 150.0 114.7 113.9 84.3 118.5 118.5 83.0 127.1 124.9 119.5 84.1 135.2 125.7 125.3 89.8 134.0 125.6 123.2 89.0 134.2 123.0 123.2 80.8 133.5 123.2 1 2 2 .0 116.2 115.6 84.6 123.8 129.2 119.2 101.7 136.6 129.7 124.3 104.1 136.4 100.4 105.1 78.8 94.2 102.4 108.4 76.7 94.1 1 0 1 .8 102.7 105.8 69.4 105.8 113.8 121.5 85.0 105.7 1 1 1 .1 96.8 103.9 1 2 0 .6 121.3 106.2 Interm ediate m aterials, su pp lie s, and co m po n e nts Total......................................................................... Foods..................................................................... Energy.................................................................... Other..................................................................... 1 2 0 .8 84.3 133.1 C rude m aterials fo r fu rth e r proce ssing Total........................................................................ Foods.................................................................... Energy................................................................... Other...................................................................... 88 Monthly Labor Review https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis August 2002 106.5 72.1 97.0 1 1 2 .2 87.3 103.5 6 8 .6 84.5 98.2 98.7 78.5 91.1 1 0 0 .2 1 2 2 .1 1 2 2 .8 118.0 1 0 1 .8 38. U.S. export price indexes by Standard International Trade Classification [2000 = 100] sue 2001 In d u s try Rev. 3 June J u ly Aug. Food and live animals............................................. 01 Meat and meat preparations.................................... 04 Cereals and cereal preparations.............................. 05 Vegetables, fruit, and nuts, prepared fresh or dry........ 1 0 1 .8 1 0 2 .6 106.1 105.7 1 0 2 .6 1 0 2 .2 98.6 101.7 106.4 104.5 102.4 Crude materials, inedible, except fuels...................... Oilseeds and oleaginous fruits.................................. Cork and wood...................................................... Pulp and waste paper............................................. Textile fibers and their waste................................... Metalliferous ores and metal scrap............................ 92.6 95.6 92.8 80.6 90.9 91.0 92.4 102.5 93.4 78.2 90.4 87.8 91.1 104.3 92.9 76.6 89.3 3 Mineral fuels, lubricants, and related products.......... 32 Coal, coke, and briquettes....................................... 33 Petroleum, petroleum products, and related materials... 106.9 106.9 96.7 106.8 93.7 94.9 0 2 22 24 25 26 28 1 0 1 .1 1 0 1 .8 5 Chemicals and related products, n.e.s....................... 54 Medicinal and pharmaceutical products...................... 55 Essential oils; polishing and cleaning preparations....... 57 Plastics in primary forms......................................... 58 Plastics In nonprimary forms.................................... 59 Chemical materials and products, n.e.s...................... 96.2 99.5 99.7 93.9 97.4 99.1 Manufactured goods classified chiefly by materials... Rubber manufactures, n.e.s..................................... Paper, paperboard, and articles of paper, pulp, and paperboard.................................................... Nonmetallic mineral manufactures, n.e.s.................... Nonferrous metals.................................................. 99.5 99.8 6 62 64 66 68 97.4 1 0 0 .8 98.0 7 Machinery and transport equipment.......................... 100.3 71 Power generating machinery and equipment............... 102.3 72 Machinery specialized for particular industries............. 100.3 74 General industrial machines and parts, n.e.s., and machine parts................................................ 101.3 75 Computer equipment and office machines.................. 95.9 76 Telecommunications and sound recording and reproducing apparatus and equipment..................... 99.8 77 Electrical machinery and equipment........................... 98.3 78 Road vehicles........................................................ 1 0 0 .2 87 Professional, scientific, and controlling instruments and apparatus...................................... 100.9 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 1 0 0 .2 99.1 91.2 98.0 98.7 99.1 100.5 2002 O ct. N ov. 103.3 107.8 106.4 102.7 107.8 103.9 1 0 1 .2 1 0 0 .8 1 0 2 .1 100.9 99.2 105.2 99.7 1 0 0 .6 102.7 93.1 108.4 110.5 87.1 90.9 87.1 91.6 D ec. 97.8 107.2 Jan. Feb. M ar. 1 0 0 .0 91.3 106.0 102.4 100.3 93.2 105.4 102.5 92.0 105.2 103.7 86.9 89.4 87.6 73.9 87.7 92.0 87.2 74.1 89.7 93.8 87.3 77.1 A p r. 1 0 0 .6 M ay June 99.7 91.6 103.8 103.8 99.8 90.0 106.5 99.0 95.3 102.9 87.1 89.3 100.4 89.5 99.0 90.2 77.3 87.7 85.1 87.1 89.8 89.7 77.7 84.5 82.7 86.3 89.1 88.7 77.4 82.0 81.4 8 8 .0 8 8 .1 77.2 84.0 81.3 75.8 85.3 84.9 8 6 .6 8 6 .2 8 6 .8 87.0 87.3 91.7 90.9 95.1 87.4 81.0 84.9 98.9 97.5 107.9 95.2 103.3 108.8 103.6 93.4 108.9 88.4 88.3 108.9 80.9 82.4 108.8 74.6 87.1 109.5 80.1 84.3 109.7 76.5 89.8 83.6 99.7 111.4 95.8 95.4 111.4 90.2 93.9 110.9 87.9 94.1 93.8 93.8 100.9 99.0 89.2 95.9 98.6 93 6 100.9 98.9 88.5 95.8 98.7 92 fi 92 2 92 3 100.9 98.8 86.5 95.8 97.6 1 0 1 .1 1 0 0 .8 97.1 85.8 95.7 97.6 100.5 97.6 87.6 95.8 98.0 100.3 97.5 90.5 95.3 97.4 1 0 0 .2 97.5 85.4 95.9 98.1 97.1 92.2 95.6 97.4 100.4 97.3 92.5 96.0 97.5 97.3 96.6 100.5 96.7 100.9 97.3 100.4 97.2 100.4 97.4 97.4 101.5 98.0 101.5 95.2 101.4 81.8 95.2 1 0 2 .1 95.3 101.7 85.3 94.1 101.4 85.9 1 0 2 .1 83.1 99.7 104.1 100.5 99.6 104.0 100.5 99.3 104.6 100.7 99.3 104.4 99.5 104.6 1 0 0 .8 101.9 94.2 101.7 92.9 1 0 2 .1 98.0 95.9 1 0 0 .1 1 0 0 .8 8 6 .2 1 0 0 .8 99.0 90.0 96.9 98.7 98.4 1 0 1 .0 95.1 95.1 1 0 0 .8 1 0 1 .0 97.0 S ept. 93.0 1 0 1 .1 99.1 8 8 .6 97.2 99.0 98.2 1 0 1 .0 95.6 1 0 1 .1 90.2 1 0 0 .2 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 102.4 99.6 1 0 2 .8 103.0 99.5 1 0 1 .8 1 0 1 .8 99.5 1 0 0 .6 95.1 1 0 1 .1 86.9 99.7 103.1 1 0 0 .6 94.8 101.9 94.8 1 0 1 .8 95.6 99.8 97.8 100.3 98.7 97.7 98.5 97.6 1 0 0 .2 1 0 0 .2 98.0 95.9 100.3 1 0 0 .2 97.7 95.9 100.3 1 0 0 .8 1 0 0 .8 100.9 1 0 1 .0 100.9 100.9 94.6 92.5 97.9 94.8 1 1 0 .8 96.7 1 0 0 .8 92.5 85.1 1 0 1 .1 92.9 101.9 86.5 93.1 1 0 2 .0 8 8 .6 94.8 1 0 2 .2 86.5 85.3 99.3 104.6 98.9 104.5 1 0 1 .1 99.5 104.6 101.4 1 0 2 .0 1 0 1 .8 1 0 2 .0 1 0 2 .2 1 0 0 .1 92.9 93.1 92.5 99.7 91.7 99.9 90.3 97.5 94.6 1 0 0 .2 97.5 94.7 100.3 97.8 94.8 100.3 97.8 94.6 100.4 97.7 93.8 100.3 1 0 1 .1 1 0 1 .2 101.3 101.3 101.3 Monthly Labor Review August 2002 89 Current Labor Statistics: 39. Price Data U.S. import price indexes by Standard International Trade Classification [2000 = 100] SITC Rev. 3 2002 2001 In d u s try June J u ly Aug. S e p t. O c t. N ov. D ec. Jan. Feb. M ar. 95.1 113.5 94.7 114.8 95.1 118.0 94.8 109.8 95.8 105.5 94.3 107.4 96.4 109.8 1 1 0 .1 96.4 105.4 94.5 104.0 86.3 98.5 84.6 99.1 82.8 101.5 82.9 99.3 82.3 106.8 82.0 98.1 80.4 104.0 80.1 104.9 80.0 108.1 1 0 2 .2 77.2 78.5 77.5 78.8 83.3 88.5 83.8 84.6 ft 103 0 103.1 Food and live animals.............................................. Meat and meat preparations..................................... 03 Fish and crustaceans, mollusks, and other aquatic invertebrates.............................................. 05 Vegetables, fruit, and nuts, prepared fresh or dry........ 07 Coffee, tea, cocoa, spices, and manufactures thereof................................................................. 96.0 106.2 95.1 109.3 94.9 108.9 90.0 97.6 87.0 98.4 98.2 85.8 81.2 78.8 80.1 77.3 Beverages and tobacco............................................ Beverages.............................................................. 101 7 102.4 101 7 102.4 102 1 1 -2 0 mp 7 102 102.4 102.4 1 0 2 .6 1 0 2 .6 1 0 2 .8 95.8 109.6 79 3 93 1 81.0 96.6 87.1 93.9 92.9 96.4 108.2 835 94.4 80.8 3 Mineral fuels, lubricants, and related products........... 33 Petroleum, petroleum products, and related materials... 34 Gas, natural and manufactured................................. 90.4 89.3 97.4 94.4 84.4 82.8 85.6 85 8 8 6 .1 8 6 .8 80.9 77.8 5 Chemicals and related products, n.e.s....................... 52 Inorganic chemicals................................................. 53 Dying, tanning, and coloring materials........................ 54 Medicinal and pharmaceutical products...................... 55 Essential oils; polishing and cleaning preparations....... 57 Plastics in primary forms.......................................... 58 Plastics in nonprimary forms..................................... 59 Chemical materials and products, n.e.s...................... 100.5 99.3 99.4 95.6 99.0 98.1 98.3 98.1 96.3 97.0 99.7 99.7 99.3 99.0 0 01 1 11 Crude materials, inedible, except fuels...................... 24 Cork and wood........................................................ 25 28 Metalliferous ores and metal scrap............................ 29 Crude animal and vegetable materials, n.e.s............... 2 Manufactured goods classified chiefly by materials.... 62 Rubber manufactures, n.e.s...................................... 64 Paper, paperboard, and articles of paper, pulp, and paperboard.................................................... 66 Nonmetallic mineral manufactures, n.e.s.................... 68 Nonferrous metals................................................... 69 Manufactures of metals, n.e.s................................... 6 7 Machinery and transport equipment.......................... 72 Machinery specialized for particular industries............. 74 General industrial machines and parts, n.e.s., and machine parts................................................. 75 Computer equipment and office machines.................. 76 Telecommunications and sound recording and reproducing apparatus and equipment..................... 77 Electrical machinery and equipment........................... 78 Road vehicles......................................................... 85 Footwear................................................................ 88 Photographic apparatus, equipment, and supplies, and optical goods, n.e.s.......................................... 90 Monthly Labor Review https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis August 2002 1 2 2 .1 8 6 .8 1 0 2 .1 1 0 2 .1 102.4 99.9 100.7 99.1 98.4 98.0 95.7 97.3 98.1 100.5 100.7 99.0 98.0 99.0 96.8 98.8 95.0 98.7 102.7 99.4 95.3 101.7 99.3 91.0 99.3 98.5 99.1 1 0 0 .1 98.1 96.7 98.4 1 1 2 .2 77 3 92 8 83.8 A p r. 97.0 M ay June 79.8 103.2 103.2 102.5 102.3 102.4 1 0 2 .8 94.5 105.1 7fi ft 91 6 93.4 91.3 97.5 7R 0 89 ft 93.1 89.9 91.7 77 7 01 ? 96.0 90.1 92.6 7ft 1 95.8 106.6 96.3 108.1 97.0 105.2 96.4 103.1 92.2 92.7 98.6 77 2 92 7 91.7 90.5 103.8 92.8 72 3 73.0 65.7 65 0 63.0 75.9 61 2 59.8 68.7 64 0 62.6 70.8 65 2 65.6 58.2 76 4 77.4 64.8 8 6 .0 89.1 84.3 85.8 83.6 98.8 99.4 97.1 97.5 99.8 99.8 97.8 98.9 96.8 97.3 99.7 99.8 97.5 97.6 97.1 97.0 97.7 97.0 97.8 97.1 96.7 97.1 97.4 96.3 99.9 97.1 96.3 97.8 97.2 96.0 99.8 91.5 97.3 97.5 98.5 98.5 95.6 95.6 96.6 38.096.7 98.9 99.1 91.4 91.1 7 92.3 93 R7 1 8 6 .8 1 0 0 .1 1 0 0 .1 1 0 0 .8 96.1 95.2 93.6 94.5 94.3 97.0 98.6 96.2 98.0 99.9 91.8 100.3 93.6 99.2 98.6 99.8 100.9 97.8 94.8 98.7 93.8 98.5 92.4 97.8 92.0 97.9 92.4 97.3 92.3 97.6 92.2 97.6 92.6 97.9 92.3 98.1 92.8 98.1 99.9 99.1 83.4 99.3 99.3 99.3 82.2 99.3 98.6 97.5 78.7 99.7 97.6 97.2 73.7 99.5 96.1 97.5 73.8 99.0 95.0 97.2 76.4 99.0 93.7 97.0 77.2 98.5 93.4 96.9 76.9 98.5 92.5 96.9 79.2 98.2 91.9 97.0 79.7 98.3 91.7 97.0 79.7 98.3 98.2 98.5 98.1 98.6 98.0 99.1 98.0 99.2 97.9 99.0 97.7 98.7 97.4 98.5 97.2 98.5 97.1 98.5 97.2 98.6 97.0 98.8 97.1 99.0 98.2 93.6 98.0 92.1 97.8 91.7 98.0 90.0 98.7 89.1 98.1 89.0 97.8 98.1 97.5 97.5 97.6 97.4 8 8 .8 8 8 .6 8 8 .2 8 8 .1 8 8 .2 8 8 .0 97.8 87.9 97.2 98.8 99.8 97.3 98.9 99.7 97.1 98.7 88.7 100.5 96.8 98.6 95.1 97.0 94.8 96.8 94.8 97.0 94.5 97.1 94.4 97.1 100.4 96.5 98.7 100.3 99.9 97.9 98.2 98.6 1 0 0 .1 1 0 0 .1 98.5 1 0 0 .1 97.9 1 0 0 .0 1 0 1 .6 1 0 1 .1 96.4 98.6 99.9 96.3 97.0 100.3 100.3 98.5 98.4 1 0 0 .2 98.6 95.7 96.9 , 1 0 0 1 .0 1 0 0 .6 1 0 0 .2 1 0 0 .6 1 0 0 .1 1 0 1 .8 1 0 0 .2 1 0 1 .8 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .2 99.3 99.6 99.5 99.0 99.1 99.1 97.7 97.3 97.2 97.2 97.4 97.8 40. U.S. export price indexes by end-use category [2000 = 100]_____________________________________________________ 2001 C a te g o r y June J u ly A L L C O M M O D IT I E S ...................................................................... 99.4 99.0 Foods, feeds, and beverages................................. Agricultural foods, feeds, and beverages.............. Nonagricultural (fish, beverages) food products.... 100.4 92.6 101.7 102.4 94.8 Industrial supplies and materials............................. 97.2 Agricultural industrial supplies and materials......... 99.3 Fuels and lubricants............................................ Nonagricultural supplies and materials, excluding fuel and building materials.................. Selected building materials.................................. 1 0 1 .2 1 0 2 .8 96.1 97.0 Aug. 98.8 2002 S e p t. N ov. O c t. 99.0 98.3 97.8 91.9 99.7 100.7 90.9 95.2 93.6 97.2 96.8 96.9 97.6 94.9 97.0 94.0 96.8 D ec. 97.6 Jan. Feb. 97.5 98.0 98.0 99.7 100.3 100.4 100.9 96.1 101.5 101.7 100.7 92.3 91.4 91.5 93.8 92.1 93.3 103.2 93.6 88.5 93.8 95.5 93.4 95.1 104.0 90.2 103.6 92.9 1 0 2 .2 95.5 94.8 98.5 1 0 0 .6 1 0 2 .0 1 0 1 .6 1 0 2 .6 June 98.0 96.3 1 0 1 .2 M ay 97.6 90.4 1 0 2 .6 A p r. 97.3 98.9 99.4 94.5 1 0 2 .6 M a r. 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .8 98.3 96.2 91.4 91.9 93.4 93.8 94.6 92.3 92.9 93.6 93.6 93.0 95.8 83.5 85.6 83.8 85.6 90.3 87.9 86.7 92.8 94.4 92.3 94.1 92.3 94.4 92.2 94.4 92.6 94.2 94.0 94.3 94.8 94.1 95.7 94.1 99.7 1 0 2 .1 Capital goods........................................................ Electric and electrical generating equipment......... Nonelectrical machinery...................................... 100.3 101.7 99.1 1 0 0 .2 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 1 .8 101.5 98.6 1 0 1 .6 98.9 98.6 98.2 98.1 99.4 101.5 97.7 97.5 97.6 97.3 96.5 Automotive vehicles, parts, and engines................. 100.4 100.5 100.5 100.4 100.5 100.4 100.5 100.7 1 0 0 .8 100.9 100.7 100.9 100.9 Consumer goods, excluding automotive.................. Nondurables, manufactured................................ Durables, manufactured...................................... 99.4 99.0 99.5 98.9 99.5 98.9 99.7 99.0 1 0 0 .6 99.8 99.1 100.5 99.9 99.1 100.5 99.5 98.2 1 0 0 .0 99.7 99.1 100.4 1 0 0 .6 99.1 98.2 99.9 99.1 98.1 99.7 98.9 98.2 99.3 99.0 98.3 99.2 99.1 98.5 99.3 Agricultural commodities........................................ Nonagricultural commodities................................... 100.9 99.3 102.5 98.6 100.7 98.1 100.9 97.2 98.3 97.2 98.9 97.5 99.6 97.8 99.5 97.8 100.7 97.7 41. 1 0 0 .2 1 0 0 .2 1 0 1 .8 1 0 2 .8 98.8 98.5 99.7 1 0 1 .6 1 0 1 .6 99.2 97.7 1 0 0 .2 97.3 99.1 99.2 1 0 2 .0 97.2 97.3 99.4 99.5 1 0 2 .1 1 0 1 .8 99.2 98.7 1 0 1 .8 1 0 2 .0 U.S. import price indexes by end-use category [2000 = 100] 2001 C a te g o r y June J u ly Aug. 2002 S e p t. O c t. N ov. D ec. Jan. Feb. M a r. A p r. M ay June A L L C O M M O D IT I E S ...................................................................... 97.6 96.1 96.0 95.9 93.7 92.3 91.4 91.6 91.6 92.8 94.3 94.4 94.1 Foods, feeds, and beverages................................. Agricultural foods, feeds, and beverages.............. Nonagricultural (fish, beverages) food products.... 95.4 97.0 92.2 94.4 96.7 89.7 94.5 96.9 89.5 95.0 97.8 89.2 94.5 97.8 87.8 95.2 99.5 86.4 94.6 98.3 93.8 97.2 8 6 .8 95.7 99.9 87.0 8 6 .8 95.0 99.5 85.5 96.0 100.9 85.5 97.2 102.7 85.2 96.2 101.3 85.2 Industrial supplies and materials............................ 95.5 91.4 91.0 91.0 84.3 79.9 77.6 79.1 79.8 84.9 90.3 90.8 89.8 Fuels and lubricants........................................... Petroleum and petroleum products................... 90.9 89.4 84.8 84.6 8 6 .0 8 6 .1 86.7 65.7 63 6 61.6 59 9 64.5 63 0 65.9 65 7 76.4 76 9 87.1 36 7 88.5 33 4 85.8 8 6 .1 72.9 73 4 98.0 95.1 93.9 93.1 92.3 90.7 90.0 8 8 .8 8 8 .0 87.0 86.7 87.1 98.6 103.0 91.4 98.0 102.9 87.4 96.7 96.1 82.1 98.9 96.2 92.9 82.1 99.0 96.3 93.1 83.2 98.4 96.0 96.1 83.8 97.6 95.9 100.7 83.8 97.2 97.4 99.6 97.2 99.1 1 0 0 .2 98.0 99.9 85.1 99.9 97.4 1 0 0 .1 97.9 103.7 87.1 100.4 96.7 101 4 95 4 96 2 101 2 95 7 97 3 94 3 95 4 96 7 95 2 95 5 1 0 0 .1 1 0 0 .0 Paper and paper base stocks.............................. Materials associated with nondurable supplies and materials....................................... Selected building materials.................................. Unfinished metals associated with durable goods... Nonmetals associated with durable goods............ Capital goods........................................................ 1 0 0 .0 100.3 1 1 1 .1 93.6 1 0 0 .6 97.7 96.7 96.2 97.1 101.3 96 0 96.8 101 4 95 6 Automotive vehicles, parts, and engines................. 99.8 99.7 99.6 99.9 Consumer goods, excluding automotive.................. Nondurables, manufactured................................ Durables, manufactured...................................... Nonmanufactured consumer goods...................... 99.3 99.8 98.9 99.2 99.2 99.2 99.1 99.6 98.7 97.9 1 0 1 .8 42. 97.3 1 0 1 .6 1 0 0 .0 98.6 97.6 1 0 0 .0 98.6 97.4 98.9 99.6 98.4 95.8 98.8 99.6 98.3 95.7 100 6 94 9 1 0 0 .1 98.7 99.7 98.0 96.4 99.8 1 0 0 .1 98.7 99.8 97.8 95.8 98.4 99.7 97.4 95.7 8 6 .2 8 6 .6 8 8 .6 97.6 96.8 96.9 95 3 99.9 1 0 0 .1 98.2 99.2 97.3 96.1 98.1 99.1 97.2 95.8 99.9 1 0 0 .1 98.2 99.1 97.2 97.6 98.1 99.1 97.2 95.6 U.S. international price Indexes for selected categories of services [2000 = 100] 2000 C a te g o r y June Air freight (inbound).................................................. Air freight (outbound)................................................ Air passenger fares (U.S. carriers)............................. Air passenger fares (foreign carriers)......................... Ocean liner freight (inbound)..................................... https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 96 5 95 3 1 0 1 .0 S e p t. 1 0 0 .1 1 0 0 .2 100.3 1 0 0 .2 1 0 1 .2 1 0 2 .1 103.1 103.2 101.3 1 0 1 .1 2001 D ec . 99.0 1 0 0 .2 99.9 97.6 1 0 1 .0 M a r. 97.9 June 2002 S e p t. D ec. M a r. 95.1 98.0 94.9 97.6 95.2 97.9 93.9 95.9 101.9 100 7 106.4 103 8 107.6 1 0 2 .8 1 0 0 .8 98.1 103.5 100 3 93.6 103.3 qq 4 91.7 1 0 0 .1 110 2 Monthly Labor Review June August 2002 98.1 98.4 110.7 110 0 90.3 91 C u r re n t L a b o r S ta tis tic s : P r o d u c tiv ity D a ta 43. Indexes of productivity, hourly compensation, and unit costs, quarterly data seasonally adjusted [1992 = 100] Ite m 1 999 II III 2000 IV 1 II 115.3 115.3 131.4 110.5 114.0 110.7 1 1 1 .8 1 1 2 .1 1 1 2 .8 117.2 132.4 110.5 113.0 114.1 113.4 111.9 123.4 106.3 “ 0.3 113.8 111.9 112.9 124.5 106.6 110.3 115.8 112.3 114.7 126.3 107.2 114.7 130.8 114.5 120.4 103.8 104.5 105.2 114.6 2002 2001 III IV I II III IV B usiness Output per hour of all persons.... Compensation per hour............. Real compensation per hour....... Unit labor costs.......................... Unit nonlabor payments............. Implicit price deflator.................. . 112.5 . 107.1 110.5 113.2 111.5 113.6 123.4 107.3 110.4 114.1 115.2 127.0 107.8 1 1 0 .2 117.3 135.0 111.7 115.1 117.9 136.8 111.9 115.6 1 1 1 .2 1 1 2 .0 113.7 114.3 116.6 134.5 117.1 135.3 117.5 137.3 117.4 137.5 117.9 137.8 138.3 122.5 139.6 1 2 0 .1 123.0 140.9 112.4 114.9 118.9 116.1 1 1 1 .8 1 1 1 .0 1 1 1 .1 1 1 1 .6 112.2 116.9 112.3 115.2 117.1 113.6 115.8 116.8 115.5 116.4 115.1 117.2 115.9 113.9 119.6 116.0 116.6 136.3 117.2 136.7 119.3 137.2 110.7 115.0 119.2 116.5 121.8 138.4 111.3 113.6 121.3 116.4 121.3 133.6 107.8 134.9 108.5 1 1 1 .8 111.6 1 1 0 .2 124.3 136.3 108.7 111.5 109.7 116.5 108.4 114.4 111.3 142.3 137.5 109.7 96.6 N onfarm b us in es s Output per hour of all persons........... Compensation per hour..................... Real compensation per hour............. Unit labor costs................................ . Unit nonlabor payments..................... Implicit price deflator.......................... 113.0 112.3 223.4 116.4 131.5 109.8 113.0 115.6 113.9 107.8 116.7 126.9 106.7 107.8 108.7 105.4 120.5 109.3 108.9 116.8 127.8 106.6 108.9 109.4 107.7 120.4 110.9 209.9 117.6 130.4 107.9 110.4 110.9 108.9 111.4 109.5 110.5 132.1 124.2 105.4 94.0 133.6 131.4 110.5 98.4 134.9 135.4 129.3 132.2 107.9 109.4 95.9 I 97.7 1 1 0 .1 117.0 1 1 2 .6 1 1 0 .2 1 1 1 .1 1 1 1 .2 115.2 115.6 113.4 114.8 116.7 136.3 110.9 116.8 113.8 115.7 117.3 ‘2‘ .7 108.2 111.9 116.6 131.3 106.9 112.9 1 1 2 .8 114.3 1 1 0 .1 1 1 0 .2 116.9 115.3 116.3 116.6 117.2 116.8 117.3 131.9 106.5 113.3 12.5 115.6 97.2 110.9 1 1 1 .6 109.9 116.0 109.4 114.3 111.4 137.6 134.3 108.3 97.6 140.9 136.5 109.8 96.9 122.3 139.7 111.3 114.2 121.3 116.8 N on financial c o rp o ra tio n s Output per hour of all employees.............. Compensation per hour........................... Real compensation per hour.................... Total unit costs........................................ Unit labor costs..................................... Unit nonlabor costs................................ Unit profits............................................... Unit nonlabor payments........................... Implicit price deflator............................... 1 0 2 .6 135.5 1 1 1 .0 107.1 1 2 1 .2 103.7 105.4 105.7 104.6 127.8 110.5 107.3 115.2 122.7 104.1 106.1 106.5 105.1 126.5 1 1 0 .6 1 1 2 .2 1 1 2 .6 1 1 1 .0 110.4 108.3 110.9 113.7 94.9 108.9 111.4 1 1 2 .0 118.2 132.7 107.0 113.7 112.3 117.6 99.7 113.1 112.5 135.9 131.5 108.0 96.7 135.4 132.0 107.4 97.5 135.4 133.0 107.4 98.2 136.4 133.3 107.5 97.8 116.2 109.6 114.5 122.8 M anufacturing Output per hour of all persons......... Compensation per hour.................. Real compensation per hour........... Unit labor costs.............................. Digitized for92 FRASER Monthly Labor Review https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 128.8 120.9 104.2 93.9 August 2002 129.8 1 2 2 .6 104.9 94.4 44. Annual indexes of multifactor productivity and related measures, selected years [1996 = 100, unless otherwise indicated] Ite m 1 96 0 1 970 1 980 1 99 0 1991 1 992 1 99 3 1 99 4 1 995 1 99 6 1997 1 99 8 1 99 9 Private busin ess Productivity: Output per hour of all persons................................. Output per unit of capital services............................ Multifactor productivity............................................ Output..................................................................... Inputs: Labor input............................................................. Capital services...................................................... Combined units of labor and capital input................. Capital per hour of all persons................................... 45.6 110.4 65.2 27.5 63.0 80.0 42.0 75.8 101.5 88.3 59.4 90.2 99.3 95.3 83.6 54.0 24.9 42.3 41.3 61.0 37.8 52.4 56.7 71.9 58.6 67.3 74.7 89.4 84.2 87.7 90.8 48.7 64.9 118.3 82.6 41.9 77.3 105.7 90.5 59.6 39.3 40.5 59.3 35.5 50.7 54.8 70.7 56.4 65.9 73.1 41.8 124.3 72.7 38.5 54.2 116.5 84.4 56.5 70.1 100.9 75.3 99.3 97.3 92.0 30.9 51.3 38.2 28.2 52.9 104.2 48.5 85.4 44.8 48.8 67.0 107.5 74.7 92.5 75.0 73.7 87.0 104.8 95.8 99.9 92.5 92.5 98.0 1 1 1 .1 91.3 96.1 94.4 82.6 94.8 97.7 96.6 85.7 95.4 98.5 97.1 88.5 96.6 100.3 98.1 92.8 97.3 99.7 98.4 95.8 88.3 8 6 .0 89.3 87.7 87.5 95.0 97.0 91.8 89.8 91.1 96.8 95.6 92.6 94.6 96.3 98.0 96.0 97.3 97.6 95.6 83.5 91.4 96.6 94.7 82.5 94.8 97.9 96.6 85.5 95.3 98.8 97.1 88.4 96.5 100.3 98.1 92.6 97.5 99.9 98.6 95.8 89.2 83.5 87.3 90.3 8 8 .0 85.4 87.1 94.7 89.0 87.3 88.4 96.8 91.8 89.5 91.0 96.5 95.4 92.3 94.4 96.3 97.8 95.9 97.2 97.6 1 0 0 .0 101.9 1 0 0 .0 1 0 1 .1 105.0 104.0 100.4 103.3 108.7 109.0 105.0 105.0 113.4 8 8 .8 1 0 0 .0 1 0 2 .0 104.8 104.8 1 0 0 .0 100.5 1 0 0 .1 1 0 0 .1 1 0 0 .0 1 0 1 .1 1 0 2 .6 1 0 2 .6 1 0 0 .0 105.2 1 1 0 .6 1 1 0 .6 1 0 0 .0 103.7 104.7 104.0 101.5 106.4 110.4 107.7 104.7 106.4 110.4 107.7 104.7 1 0 0 .0 101.7 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .2 1 0 0 .0 100.9 105.1 104.5 99.8 102.4 104.5 99.8 102.4 1 1 0 .6 1 1 0 .6 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 Private nonfarm business Productivity: Output per hour of all persons................................. Output per unit of capital services............................ Multifactor productivity............................................ Output...................................................................... Inputs: Labor input............................................................. Capital services...................................................... Combined units of labor and capital input................. Capital per hour of all persons.................................. 1 2 0 .1 69.1 27.2 50.1 2 2 .6 90.3 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 103.8 104.9 104.2 101.5 106.6 106.6 1 1 0 .8 1 1 0 .8 108.0 104.7 108.0 104.7 117.1 105.6 109.8 123.5 124.3 106.5 113.2 130.7 124.3 106.5 113.2 130.7 Manufacturing (1992 = 100) Productivity: Output per hour of all persons.................................. Output per unit of capital services............................ Multifactor productivity............................................ Output...................................................................... Inputs: Hours of all persons................................................ Capital services...................................................... Energy................................................................... Nonenergy materials............................................... Purchased business services.................................. Combined units of all factor inputs............................ https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 8 6 .6 92.8 1 0 1 .6 95.0 97.5 98.3 95.4 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 100.4 97.9 1 0 0 .0 101.4 1 0 0 .0 1 0 2 .2 1 0 0 .1 1 0 0 .0 103.7 105.7 103.0 102.9 93.6 92.1 97.0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 2 .6 103.6 104.5 107.3 111.3 105.1 106.0 104.0 108.0 109.5 1 1 2 .8 104.5 106.1 116.9 1 1 0 .0 103.7 111.9 107.0 120.4 108.9 107.9 1 1 0 .2 1 1 2 .8 Monthly Labor Review 105.5 116.9 103.9 120.4 114.2 112.5 105.2 105.2 1 2 2 .8 1 2 2 .8 109.2 127.2 116.8 115.5 109.2 127.2 116.8 115.5 August 2002 93 Current Labor Statistics: 45. Productivity Data Annual indexes of productivity, hourly compensation, unit costs, and prices, selected years [1992 = 100] Ite m 1 96 0 1 970 1 98 0 1 990 1 993 1 99 4 1 99 5 1 996 1997 1998 1 999 2000 2001 B usiness Output per hour of all persons................................ Compensation per hour.............................. Real compensation per hour........................... Unit labor costs...................................... Unit nonlabor payments............................... Implicit price deflator....................................... 48.8 13.7 59.8 28.0 25.2 27.0 67.0 23.5 78.6 35.1 31.6 33.9 80.4 54.2 89.2 67.4 61.5 65.2 95.2 90.7 96.3 95.3 93.9 94.8 51.9 14.3 62.6 27.5 24.6 26.5 68.9 23.7 79.2 34.4 31.3 33.3 82.0 54.6 89.8 66.5 60.5 64.3 95.3 90.5 96.2 95.0 93.6 94.5 55.4 15.6 26.8 28.1 23.3 50.2 30.2 28.8 70.4 25.3 84.4 34.8 35.9 31.9 44.4 35.1 35.6 81.1 56.4 92.9 68.4 69.6 65.1 68.4 95.4 90.8 96.5 95.9 95.2 98.0 94.3 97.1 95.8 41.8 14.9 65.0 35.6 26.8 30.2 54.2 23.7 79.2 43.8 29.3 35.0 70.1 55.6 91.4 79.3 80.2 79.9 92.9 90.8 96.4 97.8 99.8 99.0 100.5 102.5 1 0 0 .0 101.9 102.5 1 0 2 .2 101.9 104.5 99.9 1 0 2 .6 106.4 104.0 1 0 2 .6 106.7 99.6 104.1 109.4 106.0 105.4 1 1 0 .1 107.8 113.5 1 0 0 .1 1 0 1 .0 104.5 113.3 107.7 105.3 117.1 109.7 107.5 113.1 119.7 105.0 108.2 114.5 113.5 125.2 107.6 110.3 113.9 1 1 2 .0 1 1 0 .6 1 1 1 .8 1113.5 110.3 119.1 104.5 108.0 115.7 112.9 124.3 106.8 116.2 133.0 115.5 1 1 0 .8 1 1 2 .1 1 1 0 .6 116.9 133.8 1 1 1 .2 114.4 118.2 137.7 111.4 116.5 114.7 115.8 N onfarm busin ess Output per hour of all persons............................. Compensation per hour...................................... Real compensation per hour................................. Unit labor costs.......................................... Unit nonlabor payments................................... Implicit price deflator..................................... 100.5 1 0 2 .2 99.7 101.7 103.0 1 0 2 .2 1 0 1 .8 1 0 2 .8 104.3 99.7 102.5 106.9 104.1 106.6 99.4 103.7 110.4 106.1 105.4 109.8 99.8 104.2 113.5 107.6 103.1 104.2 99.6 104.2 106.2 99.0 107.5 109.0 99.0 1 0 0 .6 105.2 118.0 109.8 1 1 0 .1 1 1 0 .6 114.4 113.5 114.1 117.5 136.6 110.5 116.3 116.4 116.3 N on fin an cia l c o rp o ra tio n s Output per hour of all employees............................ Compensation per hour.................................... Real compensation per hour................................ Total unit costs........................................ Unit labor costs........................................ Unit nonlabor costs................................... Unit profits............................................... Unit nonlabor payments........................................... Implicit price deflator............................................ 6 8 .1 6 8 .8 6 6 .0 100.7 1 0 1 .0 1 0 1 .1 1 0 2 .0 1 0 1 .2 108.4 110.3 98.1 101.5 101.3 1 0 1 .0 101.9 101.4 1 0 1 .8 1 0 2 .0 99.6 1 0 2 .1 101.3 131.7 109.0 103.7 101.9 102.7 105.0 105.6 109.0 107.9 1 0 0 .2 1 0 1 .0 1 0 0 .6 1 0 0 .8 100.7 99.0 106.9 103.9 1 0 0 .2 113.2 103.5 1 0 2 .2 1 0 0 .6 139.0 152.2 113.8 105.5 1 1 1 .6 105.1 111.7 116.0 101.7 103.3 103.8 100.9 156.9 115.2 106.2 1 0 2 .2 117.6 111.5 99.1 94.8 123.3 117.4 103.0 95.2 103.7 100.4 141.7 112.3 106.6 114.7 1 2 1 .1 104.1 105.1 105.6 103.5 131.7 110.7 107.3 117.1 129.2 107.4 109.8 110.3 108.3 113.2 109.5 118.3 132.4 107.0 112.9 111.9 115.8 100.5 1 1 0 .0 111.9 134.9 131.1 109.0 97.2 107.0 103.2 136.2 133.1 107.7 97.8 1 1 1 .8 M anufacturing Output per hour of all persons................................ Compensation per hour....................................... Real compensation per hour................................ Unit labor costs.......................................... Unit nonlabor payments........................................... Implicit price deflator............................................. Dash indicates data not available. Digitized for 94 FRASER Monthly Labor Review https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis August 2002 100.9 100.9 1 0 2 .8 1 0 2 .0 1 1 2 .8 109.4 99.4 96.9 109.9 104.8 1 1 0 .0 104.1 129.7 1 2 2 .1 104.9 94.1 104.9 100.7 - 46. Annual indexes of output per hour for selected 3-digit SIC industries [1987=100] I n d u s tr y S IC 1 990 102 102.7 122.3 118.7 97.0 1991 1 992 1 99 3 1 99 4 1 99 5 1 996 115.2 141.6 133.0 126.0 160.8 148.1 112.4 108.7 117.2 144.2 155.9 119.4 105.4 116.5 138.3 168.0 123.9 107.2 118.9 158.5 176.6 125.2 118.3 187.6 188.0 127.5 1 1 2 .6 1 0 1 .2 102.3 116.4 109.1 115.4 97.3 97.4 116.0 109.2 108.0 95.6 1997 1998 1 99 9 2000 Mining Copper ores.......................................... Gold and silver ores............................... Bituminous coal and lignite mining.......... Crude petroleum and natural gas............ Crushed and broken stone..................... 104 122 131 142 1 0 2 .2 100.5 127.4 122.4 97.9 99.8 105.0 118.1 159.8 141.2 105.9 103.6 97.1 107.3 95.6 105.4 92.7 99.6 108.3 99.2 104.9 90.6 104.6 111.4 100.5 107.8 93.8 104.3 109.6 106.8 109.2 94.4 1 0 2 .0 99.8 114.1 127.1 101.5 1 0 2 .1 1 1 0 .0 122.6 1 1 0 .2 197.5 194.9 134.5 105.0 239.9 207.0 142.5 101.9 102.5 119.3 110.7 118.2 99.1 102.3 119.3 117.8 126.2 100.9 1 0 1 .8 112.7 120.4 129.3 106.4 102.9 113.5 123.5 127.5 107.6 123.0 137.3 136.4 112.4 152.2 127.0 154.4 129.7 113.9 137.7 130.5 151.4 128.6 116.3 139.1 136.2 168.6 117.7 135.9 93.7 139.3 175.3 124.9 146.6 94.4 140.2 167.4 117.1 155.6 97.2 102.3 153.0 103.0 155.4 134.4 200.3 189.9 Manufacturing Meat products........................................ Dairy products........................................ Preserved fruits and vegetables.............. Grain mill products................................. Bakery products...................................... Sugar and confectionery products........... Fats and oils.......................................... Beverages.............................................. Miscellaneous food and kindred products. Cigarettes............................................... 201 202 203 204 205 206 207 208 209 211 103.2 118.1 117.0 99.2 113.2 101.7 107.6 103.1 111.3 96.5 107.5 83.4 Broadwoven fabric mills, cotton................ Broadwoven fabric mills, manmade.......... Narrow fabric mills................................... Knitting mills........................................... Textile finishing, except wool................... 224 225 226 Carpets and rugs..................................... Yarn and thread mills.............................. . Miscellaneous textile goods..................... Men’s and boys' furnishings..................... Women's and misses' outerwear.............. 227 228 229 232 233 Women's and children's undergarments.... Hats, caps, and millinery.......................... Miscellaneous apparel and accessories.... Miscellaneous fabricated textile products Sawmills and planing mills....................... 234 235 238 239 242 Millwork, plywood, and structural members. Wood containers...................................... Wood buildings and mobile homes........... Miscellaneous wood products................... Household furniture................................. 243 244 245 249 251 103.1 107.7 104.5 Office furniture......................................... Public building and related furniture.......... Partitions and fixtures............................... Miscellaneous furniture and fixtures.......... Pulp mills................................................. 252 253 254 259 261 95.0 119.8 95.6 103.5 116.7 Paper mills............................................... Paperboard mills....................................... Paperboard containers and boxes............. Miscellaneous converted paper products.... Newspapers............................................. 262 263 265 267 271 102.3 101.3 101.4 90.6 Periodicals............................................... Books...................................................... Miscellaneous publishing........................... Commercial printing.................................. Manifold business forms............................ 272 273 274 275 276 93.9 96.6 92.2 102.5 93.0 Greeting cards.......................................... Blankbooks and bookbinding..................... Printing trade services............................... Industrial inorganic chemicals.................... Plastics materials and synthetics................ 277 278 279 281 282 99.4 99.3 106.8 100.9 Drugs........................................................ Soaps, cleaners, and toilet goods.............. Paints and allied products.......................... Industrial organic chemicals....................... Agricultural chemicals................................ 283 284 285 286 287 103.8 103.8 106.3 101.4 104.7 221 222 93.2 1 1 0 .2 109.2 1 0 2 .1 104.1 1 0 2 .1 89.2 90.6 99.9 99.8 98.0 1 1 1 .2 1 0 0 .6 1 0 0 .6 1 1 1 .8 107.6 108.4 96.4 104.5 106.2 1 1 2 .6 1 1 1 .8 1 1 1 .6 126.4 105.2 106.5 130.1 100.9 126.6 116.2 99.6 114.0 79.9 110.3 126.2 112.9 119.3 78.6 117.8 131.7 111.4 127.9 79.3 89.2 111.4 104.6 108.4 104.3 96.1 119.6 106.5 109.1 109.4 97.1 126.6 110.4 108.4 113.7 91.1 91.8 100.7 1 0 2 .6 117.4 93.6 91.3 107.5 108.1 98.0 113.1 103.0 110.5 107.1 99.9 109.4 103.1 114.2 110.5 103.8 115.3 1 1 1 .8 1 1 0 .6 112.5 94.1 128.3 102.5 140.6 102.7 99.5 137.3 103.2 161.0 107.4 103.6 122.5 100.5 157.4 98.9 104.7 128.9 99.2 101.4 103.4 105.3 85.8 103.3 104.4 105.2 105.5 81.5 102.4 108.4 107.9 107.9 79.4 89.5 89.1 92.9 97.7 105.8 108.0 94.5 89.5 103.5 104.5 106.9 91.1 92.7 96.1 96.7 103.6 91.4 98.7 115.3 105.6 1 2 0 .1 1 2 0 .0 1 1 1 .2 1 2 0 .2 93.0 1 0 2 .1 1 0 0 .8 95.9 1 0 2 .0 108.3 120.3 133.5 102.9 142.9 113.7 116.7 1 1 0 .1 1 2 0 .2 135.0 109.1 147.2 135.5 104.0 147.2 137.3 147.6 126.3 150.3 79.2 131.2 162.2 134.1 81.2 134.0 145.3 118.9 138.3 78.5 1 2 1 .8 93.3 130.7 118.5 111.7 127.4 95.8 137.4 123.7 123.4 135.5 147.4 123.1 134.7 141.6 124.5 87.2 94.0 108.5 101.9 138.0 77.7 105.5 107.8 103.3 161.3 84.3 116.8 109.2 97.0 94.5 100.9 98.3 1 0 0 .1 1 0 0 .6 1 1 2 .0 109.7 1 0 0 .0 109.7 107.5 1 1 2 .0 104.5 105.3 104.3 95.8 99.5 99.5 104.4 102.9 94.6 99.5 99.7 108.7 108.8 92.2 103.8 1 2 2 .1 142.5 1 2 0 .1 1 1 0 .2 114.9 108.4 1 1 0 .6 79.9 81.9 103.0 97.5 106.5 82.0 89.0 105.4 1 1 1 .0 102.3 125.3 104.6 1 1 1 .2 116.7 99.9 105.0 1 1 0 .2 92.7 106.1 97.0 115.4 116.9 1 0 1 .1 173.3 1 0 1 .2 1 1 0 .0 131.9 118.6 119.5 105.1 113.3 79.0 87.8 1 0 1 .6 94.8 107.2 76.9 92.5 108.7 116.7 109.3 128.3 108.7 118.6 118.0 98.6 108.5 1 1 0 .8 138.0 94.3 100.3 150.4 118.7 162.1 149.9 174.8 151.9 96.0 157.6 128.0 190.9 173.9 208.9 87.1 101.5 119.2 116.9 216.4 98.7 108.0 117.3 118.7 294.7 99.3 105.8 128.8 125.4 352.3 106.1 89.1 106.2 100.3 123.4 121.3 91.3 106.5 99.2 131.2 125.7 89.2 103.9 100.3 140.7 128.9 91.4 104.6 94.6 146.5 128.4 106.4 181.5 97.5 113.2 132.6 118.3 214.9 113.1 207.6 125.6 121.9 108.9 222.4 125.9 119.1 84.8 111.2 202.0 1 1 1 .6 1 1 2 .0 118.0 106.3 113.6 77.4 126.7 109.7 119.5 79.0 126.2 134.9 111.9 126.0 133.5 135.3 112.9 128.3 88.3 1 0 0 .2 174.5 82.2 1 2 0 .1 105.6 115.6 92.4 106.7 96.7 114.4 1 2 1 .6 89.1 99.3 93.6 108.3 75.2 90.8 114.5 126.2 1 1 0 .1 125.3 112.5 120.9 125.6 99.0 1 1 0 .0 1 2 1 .1 110.7 82.3 1 2 0 .1 8 6 .6 114.8 127.8 113.5 123.0 83.6 8 6 .0 111.3 132.5 124.4 131.9 110.5 78.8 1 0 0 .1 1 1 2 .2 1 1 1 .2 1 0 2 .6 114.5 108.8 77.9 100.9 119.4 109.9 76.7 106.1 127.2 115.0 70.6 109.9 106.1 127.8 118.7 69.4 92.2 114.2 123.3 116.8 135.4 104.1 116.5 126.7 145.8 142.2 109.3 123.8 121.5 148.5 148.6 105.1 126.2 119.6 141.3 151.0 112.4 126.4 126.4 111.3 119.8 104.3 122.7 126.8 105.7 118.0 105.6 114.8 122.7 1 2 0 .6 106.2 124.8 124.6 127.8 104.6 112.0 See footnotes at end of table. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Monthly Labor Review August 2002 95 Current Labor Statistics: Productivity Data 46. Continued - Annual indexes of output per hour for selected 3-digit SIC industries [1987=100] In d u s try S IC 1 99 0 1991 1 99 2 101.8 1 99 3 1 99 4 1 99 5 Miscellaneous chemical products....................... Petroleum refining........................................... Asphalt paving and roofing materials.................. Miscellaneous petroleum and coal products........ Tires and inner tubes......................................... 289 291 295 299 301 97.3 109.2 98.0 94.8 103.0 96.1 106.6 94.1 90.6 102.4 111.3 100.4 101.5 107.8 108.0 104.2 116.5 Hose and belting and gaskets and packing......... Fabricated rubber products, n.e.c....................... Miscellaneous plastics products, n.e.c................. Footwear, except rubber..................................... Flat glass.......................................................... 305 306 308 314 321 96.1 109.0 105.7 84.5 92.4 109.9 108.3 94.4 83.6 97.8 115.2 114.4 104.2 92.7 99.7 123.1 116.7 105.2 97.7 113.0 97.6 117.1 99.6 Glass and glassware, pressed or blown.............. Products of purchased glass.............................. Cement, hydraulic............................................. Structural clay products...................................... Pottery and related products............................... 322 323 324 325 326 104.8 92.6 112.4 109.6 98.7 102.3 97.7 108.3 109.8 95.9 108.9 101.5 115.1 111.4 99.5 108.7 106.2 119.9 106.8 100.3 112.9 105.9 125.6 114.0 108.5 115.7 106.1 124.3 Concrete, gypsum, and plaster products............. Miscellaneous nonmetallic mineral products........ Blast furnace and basic steel products................. Iron and steel foundries...................................... Primary nonferrous metals.................................. 327 329 331 332 333 102.3 95.4 109.7 106.1 102.3 101.2 94.0 107.8 104.5 110.7 102.5 104.3 117.0 107.2 101.9 104.6 104.5 133.6 Nonferrous rolling and drawing............................ Nonferrous foundries (castings).......................... Miscellaneous primary metal products................. Metal cans and shipping containers.................... Cutlery, handtools, and hardware....................... 335 336 339 341 342 92.7 104.0 113.7 117.6 97.3 91.0 103.6 109.1 122.9 96.8 Plumbing and heating, except electric.................. Fabricated structural metal products.................... Metal forgings and stampings.............................. Metal services, n.e.c.......................................... Ordnance and accessories, n.e.c........................ 343 344 346 347 348 102.6 102.0 100.0 Miscellaneous fabricated metal products............. Engines and turbines.......................................... Farm and garden machinery............................... Construction and related machinery.................... Metalworking machinery..................................... 349 351 352 353 354 97.5 106.5 116.5 107.0 101.1 Special industry machinery................................. General industrial machinery.............................. Computer and office equipment........................... Refrigeration and service machinery.................... Industrial machinery, n.e.c.................................. 355 356 357 358 359 107.5 101.5 138.1 103.6 107.3 149.6 100.7 109.0 Electric distribution equipment............................ Electrical industrial apparatus............................. Household appliances........................................ Electric lighting and wiring equipment.................. Communications equipment.............................. 361 362 363 364 366 106.3 107.7 105.8 99.9 123.8 Electronic components and accessories.............. Miscellaneous electrical equipment & supplies... Motor vehicles and equipment............................. Aircraft and parts.......................................... Ship and boat building and repairing................... 367 369 371 372 373 Railroad equipment........................................... Motorcycles, bicycles, and parts......................... Guided missiles, space vehicles, parts................. Search and navigation equipment....................... Measuring and controlling devices...................... Medical instruments and supplies....................... Ophthalmic goods.............................................. Photographic equipment & supplies..................... Jewelry, silverware, and plated ware................... Musical instruments........................................... 98.8 95.6 104.7 82.1 92.9 99.4 81.5 96.0 103.6 114.5 127.8 100.1 98.4 103.9 103.7 111.6 88.6 112.1 107.9 98.3 108.5 111.3 132.3 104.0 102.0 104.8 108.7 120.6 84.6 110.1 105.7 123.8 104.9 96.3 124.1 107.8 132.3 102.7 119.1 104.6 121.5 107.4 121.0 124.7 126.1 101.5 120.8 111.2 87.4 131.1 142.0 113.1 87.1 138.8 121.0 121.4 122.0 109.4 128.7 119.6 119.4 101.5 106.3 142.4 113.0 105.3 104.5 107.8 142.6 112.7 107.3 110.4 147.5 116.2 101.2 112.1 112.6 107.6 114.7 155.0 112.8 111.1 114.9 151.0 118.9 113.3 155.6 128.9 117.7 105.1 116.1 160.1 132.1 111.9 122.0 121.2 118.6 106.5 113.6 128.4 87.5 127.3 111.9 125.7 132.2 120.2 124.4 93.7 130.5 112.7 125.9 127.3 96.6 106.6 122.7 134.7 114.8 108.3 136.6 137.2 123.3 114.9 107.7 136.9 141.2 132.5 119.2 146.1 148.5 137.6 119.8 119.6 117.1 115.0 105.7 154.9 132.9 123.4 107.8 163.1 131.8 134.9 131.4 113.4 186.4 143.0 150.8 127.3 113.7 200.7 143.9 154.3 127.4 116.9 229.5 133.4 90.6 102.4 98.9 103.7 154.7 98.6 96.6 108.2 96.3 189.3 101.3 104.2 112.3 102.7 217.9 108.2 106.2 115.2 105.9 274.0 110.5 108.8 109.5 103.8 401.5 114.1 106.7 107.8 98.1 374 375 376 381 382 141.1 93.8 116.5 112.7 106.4 146.9 99.8 110.5 118.9 113.1 147.9 108.4 110.5 119.9 151.0 130.9 119.4 129.1 124.0 152.5 125.1 114.9 132.1 133.8 384 385 386 391 393 116.9 121.2 118.7 125.1 107.8 99.3 97.1 95.8 96.9 123.5 144.5 116.4 96.7 96.0 127.3 157.8 126.9 96.7 95.6 126.7 160.6 132.7 99.5 88.7 August 2002 135.8 137.2 136.9 124.8 134.1 114.8 127.4 135.2 122.0 109.2 105.8 109.3 127.7 87.6 106.5 107.1 106.5 97.5 129.1 110.2 139.3 130.2 138.6 123.5 128.3 125.1 133.1 111.9 124.2 109.1 107.7 108.5 123.0 83.6 134.0 109.4 681.3 114.7 141.4 122.1 115.4 144.7 145.4 146.2 140.4 118.0 129.7 154.3 159.5 125.4 132.3 109.0 469.4 112.7 138.8 122.2 136.9 140.9 132.6 129.4 121.4 129.8 149.0 157.9 121.9 195.7 104.9 117.0 101.6 110.6 134.5 140.9 109.2 106.7 328.6 110.7 127.4 106.0 112.7 132.3 133.8 110.9 114.0 125.6 180.2 126.1 82.9 145.9 115.7 131.5 140.0 163.8 115.7 113.6 104.8 258.6 108.6 118.5 101.6 113.5 125.3 129.9 121.4 107.6 123.3 170.2 123.4 86.5 142.1 111.3 127.0 136.2 160.3 114.6 103.2 122.3 125.0 117.7 109.9 108.3 155.8 124.7 98.5 144.1 2000 104.0 122.3 149.6 155.2 118.2 102.0 102.0 120.8 120.3 149.2 123.1 96.5 149.1 1 99 9 99.2 117.8 152.2 144.2 111.3 109.2 118.6 108.2 107.4 104.3 1 99 8 120.8 112.0 101.1 97.4 105.8 112.9 99.1 96.4 1997 110.8 111.0 103.3 113.9 See footnotes at end of table. Digitized for 96 FRASER Monthly Labor Review https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 101.1 107.1 120.1 1 99 6 121.2 122.1 131.7 121.1 111.6 124.5 112.8 112.8 128.3 126.1 91.0 129.8 135.7 92.8 109.3 151.5 128.6 133.6 123.0 109.2 164.5 139.6 139.8 129.8 172.2 118.7 2172.0 122.3 141.8 110.0 111.2 960.2 115.0 129.3 1356.6 121.4 127.5 138.6 113.1 1862.5 124.0 135.8 142.8 164.2 142.9 275.4 147.5 162.3 150.2 129.2 284.5 148.9 158.3 149.5 132.4 371.9 155.4 157.0 162.4 134.8 448.8 515.0 123.1 107.2 113.1 99.3 613.4 128.3 116.3 114.7 105.5 768.6 135.3 125.2 140.1 102.5 1062.6 147.2 136.7 138.1 113.1 1440.1 156.0 127.1 132.2 150.0 120.3 116.9 149.5 146.4 148.3 125.5 125.1 142.2 150.5 184.2 120.4 133.6 149.5 142.4 189.1 127.7 138.9 149.1 143.5 212.8 122.4 156.1 149.6 152.4 218.4 119.4 113.3 163.7 158.5 131.5 167.2 129.5 139.8 188.2 128.7 147.4 196.3 121.5 114.2 82.9 158.6 199.0 128.0 113.1 81.4 160.4 235.2 160.6 134.3 97.1 167.0 250.2 169.4 144.9 105.3 100.2 102.6 86.9 78.8 121.8 121.6 46. Continued - Annual indexes of output per hour for selected 3-digit SIC industries [1987=100] In d u s tr y S IC Toys and sporting goods..................................... Pens, pencils, office, and art supplies.................. Costume jewelry and notions............................... Miscellaneous manufactures............................... 394 395 396 399 1 99 0 108.1 118.2 105.3 106.5 1991 109.7 116.8 106.7 109.2 1 99 2 104.9 111.3 1 99 3 109.5 115.8 107.7 109.7 129.9 129.0 106.1 1 1 0 .8 114.2 1 99 4 1 1 1 .6 1 995 1 99 6 1997 1 99 8 1 99 9 1 1 2 .8 125.7 127.5 118.0 109.4 131.6 132.5 131.2 108.5 126.6 123.4 130.8 114.9 113.6 135.2 143.7 108.1 119.9 144.1 142.2 2000 140.4 124.9 145.3 115.9 T r a n s p o r t a t io n Railroad transportation....................................... 4011 Trucking, except local1....................................... 4213 united states postal service “.............................. 431 Air transportation................................................ 4512,13,22(pts.) 118.5 127.8 139.6 145.4 150.3 156.2 167.0 169.8 173.3 182.5 195.8 1 1 1 .1 116.9 103.7 92.5 123.4 104.5 96.9 126.6 107.1 129.5 106.6 105.7 125.4 106.5 108.6 130.9 104.7 132.4 108.3 1 1 1 .1 1 1 1 .6 129.9 109.8 108.4 131.6 110.9 109.1 131.2 113.6 110.7 119.8 106.1 87.6 113.4 109.6 127.7 108.3 88.5 115.2 135.5 106.7 85.3 24.1 142.2 1 2 1 .8 159.5 105.8 81.9 116.8 145.9 160.9 101.7 84.7 150.0 158.6 170.1 104.5 1 1 1 .1 148.1 109.6 84.5 80.8 137.1 159.6 144.4 186.3 108.4 85.0 162.0 147.2 201.3 109.9 87.6 169.6 160.6 1 2 1 .6 1 2 1 .8 117.0 113.5 117.8 130.9 115.6 117.4 116.1 133.5 119.5 136.4 123.8 134.8 119.0 127.5 129.1 134.2 163.5 137.9 133.7 135.8 143.0 165.1 147.6 150.4 146.0 144.2 170.1 145.7 154.5 160.4 315.0 199.6 95.3 97.4 83.1 330.9 224.3 96.1 104.0 92.9 1 0 0 .2 u t il it ie s 481 483 484 491,3(pts.) 492,3(pts.) 113.3 104.9 92.6 Lumber and other building materials dealers........ Paint, glass, and wallpaper stores....................... Hardware stores................................................. Retail nurseries, lawn and garden supply stores... Department stores............................................. 521 523 525 526 531 104.3 106.8 115.3 84.7 96.8 102.3 100.4 108.7 89.3 106.4 107.6 115.2 1 0 2 .0 105.4 111.4 114.2 113.9 107.1 110.4 Variety stores..................................................... Miscellaneous general merchandise stores.......... Grocery stores................................................... Meat and fish (seafood) markets.......................... Retail bakeries................................................... 533 539 541 542 546 154.6 118.6 96.6 98.9 91.2 159.0 124.8 96.3 90.8 96.7 173.9 140.4 96.5 99.2 96.5 191.9 164.3 96.0 97.7 86.5 197.9 164.8 95.4 95.7 85.3 212.4 167.4 93.9 94.4 83.0 240.4 167.7 92.1 86.4 75.9 260.1 170.4 91.7 90.8 67.6 271.2 185.9 92.2 95.7 New and used car dealers.................................. Auto and home supply stores.............................. Gasoline service stations.................................... Men's and boy's wear stores............................... Women's clothing stores..................................... 551 553 554 561 562 106.7 103.7 103.0 115.6 106.6 104.9 107.4 108.6 1 0 1 .6 1 0 0 .8 109.7 105.3 104.8 121.9 1 1 0 .2 1 1 1 .2 122.3 123.6 115.9 119.5 130.0 121.7 130.4 108.1 109.1 127.2 121.4 139.9 109.1 108.2 126.1 129.8 154.2 108.8 108.1 126.1 136.3 157.3 108.7 113.1 133.9 145.2 176.0 1 1 1 .6 1 0 0 .2 115.5 141.7 154.5 190.2 112.5 119.3 139.0 165.0 205.7 Family clothing stores......................................... Shoe stores........................................................ Furniture and homefurnishings stores.................. Household appliance stores................................ Radio, television, computer, and music stores...... 565 566 571 572 573 107.8 107.9 104.6 104.6 1 2 0 .8 111.5 107.8 105.4 107.2 129.3 118.6 115.5 113.9 116.1 139.3 121.5 117.3 113.3 118.7 153.8 127.7 130.7 114.7 122.4 178.2 141.8 139.2 117.4 139.6 198.1 146.9 151.9 123.6 142.2 206.6 150.2 148.4 124.2 155.2 216.8 153.1 145.0 127.3 184.2 258.3 155.9 152.9 134.5 186.4 309.1 160.4 160.2 141.1 209.3 359.4 Eating and drinking places.................................. Drug and proprietary stores................................ Liquor stores..................................................... Used merchandise stores.................................... Miscellaneous shopping goods stores................. 581 591 592 593 594 104.5 106.3 105.9 103.0 107.4 103.8 108.0 106.9 102.3 109.3 103.4 107.6 109.6 115.7 107.9 103.8 109.6 1 0 2 .1 1 0 2 .0 1 0 0 .6 1 0 1 .6 1 0 2 .0 109.9 1 1 1 .1 1 0 1 .8 1 0 0 .1 116.7 111.7 119.5 117.3 1 2 0 .6 123.2 113.9 113.8 132.6 125.3 119.8 109.9 140.3 129.4 125.7 116.5 163.6 138.7 104.0 129.8 114.5 183.2 143.7 107.3 136.9 127.7 216.7 150.6 Nonstore retailers............................................... Fuel dealers...................................................... Retail stores, n.e.c.............................................. 596 598 599 1 1 1 .1 112.5 85.3 104.0 126.5 84.3 112.5 132.2 91.9 118.1 149.0 99.0 125.8 152.5 111.4 127.0 173.5 112.5 140.2 186.8 109.1 147.8 208.3 105.8 157.4 2 2 0 .6 84.6 114.5 263.2 117.3 168.1 Commercial banks.............................................. Hotels and motels............................................... Laundry, cleaning, and garment services............ Photographic studios, portrait............................. Beauty shops..................................................... 602 701 721 722 723 107.7 96.2 102.3 98.2 97.5 1 1 0 .1 1 1 1 .0 118.5 106.5 99.9 121.7 109.9 105.0 108.3 126.4 110.5 106.6 116.2 104.8 129.7 132.6 108.2 116.0 135.9 109.9 109.8 110.7 107.6 133.0 108.2 109.0 114.1 108.5 1 2 1 .6 107.7 113.4 1 1 2 .0 Barber shops..................................................... Funeral services and crematories....................... Automotive repair shops..................................... Motion picture theaters....................................... 724 726 753 783 100.7 91.2 107.9 118.1 128.8 97.6 116.1 104.1 150.4 101.9 117.2 103.4 157.4 104.2 124.9 106.1 132.8 129.9 93.9 128.5 112.3 Telephone communications................................ Radio and television broadcasting....................... Cable and other pay TV services........................ Electric utilities................................................... Gas utilities........................................................ 1 1 0 .1 105.8 1 1 0 .1 83.4 50.5 125.6 8 6 .1 T ra d e 1 0 1 .2 118.9 127.8 1 2 1 .2 1 2 1 .1 104.7 6 8 .1 115.2 162.5 1 1 0 .0 88.4 F in a n c e a n d s e r v ic e s Herers to output per employee. Keters to output per tun-time equivalent employee year on tiscai Dasis. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 99.3 99.9 92.1 95.8 108.0 99.3 95.8 100.9 94.9 89.9 113.2 103.8 105.1 114.8 1 0 0 .1 118.2 1 0 1 .8 97.0 121.9 98.7 105.7 113.8 1 0 1 .1 118.8 104.3 114.3 110.4 115.7 1 0 0 .2 1 2 1 .6 105.0 1 1 0 .0 110.5 1 2 0 .8 1 0 0 .2 126.4 108.7 143.2 114.1 123.6 114.5 n.e.c. = not elsewhere classified Monthly Labor Review August 2002 97 Current Labor Statistics: 47. International Comparison Unemployment rates, approximating U.S. concepts, in nine countries, quarterly data seasonally adjusted 2000 A n n u a l a v e ra g e C o u n tr y United States....... Canada............... France1 ............... Italy1,2 ................. Sweden1 ............. United Kingdom1... 2000 4.0 6 .1 6.3 4.8 9.4 2001 4.8 6.4 6.7 5.1 8.7 8 .1 8 .0 10.7 5.8 5.5 9.6 5.0 - I IV I II 4.0 4.0 4.1 4.0 4.2 6 .1 6 .1 6 .1 6 .1 6 .2 6.5 4.8 9.9 6.4 4.7 9.5 6 .1 6 .2 4.7 9.3 4.8 9.0 6.5 4.8 8.3 1 1 .2 8 .1 8 .0 10.9 10.5 5.6 5.4 6 .6 6 .0 5.8 5.5 1 Preliminary for 2001 for Japan, France, Germany, Italy, Sweden, and the United Kingdom. 2 Quarterly rates are for the first month of the quarter. NOTE: Quarterly figures for France and Germany are calculated by applying annual adjustment factors to current published data, and therefore should be viewed as less precise indicators of unemployment under U.S. concepts than the annual figures. 98 Monthly Labor Review https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 2001 III II August 2002 7.8 1 0 .1 5.2 5.3 8 .6 7.9 1 0 .0 5.1 5.1 III 4.5 6.3 6.9 4.9 8.5 IV 5.6 4.8 6.4 6 .8 6 .8 6 .8 5.2 8.7 5.5 8.9 8 .0 8 .0 8 .1 9.7 5.0 5.0 9.5 5.0 5.1 9.3 5.1 - See "Notes on the data" for information on breaks in series. For further qualifications and historical data, see Com parative Civilian Labor Force Statistics, Ten Countries, 1959-2001 (B ureau of Labor Statistics, Mar. 25,2002), on the Internet at http ://w w w .b ls.g ov/fls/h om e .h tm Monthly and quarterly unemployment rates, updated monthly, are also on this site. Dash indicates data not available. 48. Annual data: Employment status of the working-age population, approximating U.S. concepts, 10 countries [Numbers in thousands] E m p lo y m e n t s ta tu s a n d c o u n tr y 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 128,105 14,177 8,557 65,040 24,570 39,010 22,910 6,950 4,520 28,410 129,200 14,308 8,613 65,470 24,640 39,100 22,570 7,100 4,443 28,430 131,056 14,400 8,771 65,780 24,780 39,070 22,450 7,190 4,418 28,440 132,304 14,517 8,995 65,990 24,830 38,980 22,460 7,260 4,460 28,560 133,943 14,669 9,115 66,450 25,090 39,140 22,570 7,370 4,459 28,720 136,297 14,958 9,204 67,200 25,210 39,420 22,680 7,530 4,418 28,910 137,673 15,237 9,339 67,240 25,520 39,750 22,960 7,690 4,402 29,040 139,368 15,536 9,466 67,090 25,830 39,800 23,130 7,900 4,430 29,300 140,863 15,789 9,678 66,990 25,980 39,750 23,340 8,050 4,489 29,450 141,815 16,027 9,817 66,870 23,540 4,537 - 66.4 65.9 63.9 63.4 55.9 58.2 47.5 57.8 65.7 63.1 66.3 65.5 63.5 63.3 55.8 57.7 47.9 58.6 64.5 62.8 67.1 65.8 64.2 62.4 56.4 57.6 47.8 62.8 62.8 63.2 67.2 65.9 64.7 62.0 56.4 57.5 48.1 63.5 63.8 63.3 66.9 135,208 14,827 9,068 63,790 23,530 36,540 20,840 7,810 4,229 27,830 135,073 14,997 9,157 63,470 C iv ilia n la b o r fo rc e United States......................................................... Canada................................................................ Australia............................................................... Japan................................................................... France................................................................. Germany.............................................................. Netherlands.......................................................... Sweden................................................................ United Kingdom..................................................... P a rtic ip a tio n r a te 1 United States........................................................ Canada................................................................ Australia............................................................... Japan................................................................... France................................................................. Germany.............................................................. Italy...................................................................... Netherlands.......................................................... Sweden................................................................ United Kinqdom..................................................... 6 6 .6 6 6 .6 6 6 .8 65.2 63.9 63.1 55.8 57.4 47.3 59.0 63.7 62.7 64.9 64.6 62.9 55.6 57.1 47.1 59.2 64.1 62.7 64.7 64.6 63.0 55.8 57.1 47.1 59.8 64.0 62.8 67.1 65.0 64.3 63.2 55.7 57.3 47.2 60.8 63.3 62.9 67.1 65.4 64.3 62.8 56.1 57.7 47.6 61.7 62.8 62.9 124,900 13,271 8,256 63,890 21,910 35,780 19,820 6,760 4,056 26,070 126,708 13,380 8,364 64,200 21,960 35,640 19,920 6,900 4,019 26,380 129,558 13,705 8,444 64,900 22,090 35,510 19,990 7,130 3,973 26,880 131,463 14,068 8,618 64,450 22,510 36,060 6 6 .0 64.7 61.6 64.2 - E m p lo y e d United States......................................................... Canada................................................................ Australia............................................................... Japan................................................................... France................................................................. Germany.............................................................. Italy...................................................................... Sweden................................................................ United Kingdom..................................................... 118,492 12,672 7,660 63,620 2 2 ,0 2 0 36,390 21,230 6,560 4,265 25,530 120,259 12,770 7,699 63,810 21,740 35,990 20,270 6,630 4,028 25,450 123,060 13,027 7,942 63,860 21,720 35,760 19,940 6,670 3,992 25,720 2 0 ,2 1 0 7,380 4,034 27,210 133,488 14,456 8,808 63,920 22,940 36,360 20,460 7,640 4,117 27,530 - 21,280 _ 4,309 - E m p lo y m e n t-p o p u la tio n ra tio 2 61.5 58.9 57.2 62.0 50.1 54.2 44.0 54.5 62.0 56.7 61.7 58.5 56.8 61.7 49.2 53.2 43.0 54.7 58.5 56.2 62.5 59.0 57.8 61.3 48.9 52.6 42.0 54.7 57.6 56.7 62.9 59.4 59.2 60.9 49.0 52.4 41.5 55.1 58.3 57.2 63.2 59.1 59.3 60.9 48.8 52.0 41.6 56.0 57.7 57.6 63.8 59.7 59.0 61.0 48.8 51.6 41.6 57.5 56.9 58.5 9,613 1,505 897 1,420 2,550 2,620 1,680 390 255 2,880 8,940 1,539 914 1,660 2,900 3,110 2,300 470 415 2,980 7,996 1,373 829 1,920 3,060 3,320 2,510 520 426 2,720 7,404 1,246 739 7,236 1,289 751 2,250 3,130 3,510 2,650 470 440 2,340 6,739 1,252 760 2,300 3,120 3,910 2,690 400 445 2,030 United States......................................................... Canada................................................................ Australia................................................................ Japan................................................................... Germany.............................................................. Italy...................................................................... Sweden................................................................ United Kinqdom..................................................... 64.1 60.4 59.3 60.2 49.5 52.3 41.9 59.2 57.6 58.9 64.3 61.3 59.8 59.4 50.1 52.6 42.3 60.8 58.4 59.4 64.5 62.1 60.6 59.0 51.1 52.8 42.9 61.6 60.1 59.4 63.8 61.9 60.3 58.4 1,169 721 2,790 3,020 3,690 2,750 310 368 1,830 5,880 1,080 658 3,170 2,890 3,440 2,670 270 313 1,770 5,655 962 611 3,200 2,450 3,210 2,500 240 260 1,620 6,742 1,031 661 3,400 2,270 228 - 4.5 7.7 7.7 4.1 4.2 7.0 7.0 4.7 4.0 _ - 61.0 - U n e m p lo y e d United States......................................................... Canada................................................................ Australia............................................................... Japan................................................................... France................................................................. Germany.............................................................. Italy...................................................................... Netherlands.......................................................... Sweden................................................................ United Kingdom..................................................... 2 ,1 0 0 2,920 3,200 2,640 500 404 2,490 6 ,2 1 0 U n e m p lo y m e n t ra te United States......................................................... Canada................................................................ Australia............................................................... Japan................................................................... France................................................................. Germany.............................................................. Italy...................................................................... Sweden................................................................ United Kingdom..................................................... 7.5 1 0 .8 10.5 1 0 .6 2 .2 10.4 6.7 7.3 5.6 5.6 1 0 .1 ' Labor force as a percent of the working-age population. Employment as a percent of the working-age population. 2 NOTE: See notes on the data for information on breaks in series. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 6.9 1 0 .6 2.5 1 1 .8 8 .0 1 0 .2 6 .6 9.3 10.5 6.1 9.5 9.4 2.9 12.3 8.5 1 1 .2 7.2 9.6 9.6 5.4 5.6 8 .6 8 .8 8 .2 8 .2 3.2 3.4 12.5 9.0 11.7 6.4 9.9 1 1 .8 8 .2 1 1 .8 6.9 9.1 8.7 8.1 4.9 8.4 8.3 3.4 12.4 9.9 11.9 5.3 1 0 .1 7.0 1 1 .8 9.3 1 2 .0 4.0 8.4 6.3 1 1 .2 6 .1 6.3 4.8 9.4 4.8 6.4 6.7 5.1 8.7 8 .6 8 .1 8 .0 11.5 3.4 7.1 10.7 3.0 5.8 5.5 9.6 6 .0 5.0 - For further qualifications and historical data, see Comparative Civilian Labor Force 1959-2001 (Bureau of Labor Statistics, Mar. 25,2002), on the Internet at http://www.bls.gov/fls/home.htm Dash indicates data are not available. Statistics, Ten Countries, Monthly Labor Review August 2002 99 Current Labor Statistics: 49. International Comparison Annual indexes of manufacturing productivity and related measures, 12 countries [1992 = 100] Item a n d c o u n try 1960 1970 Output per hour United States............................................... Canada....................................................... Japan.......................................................... Belgium....................................................... Denmark..................................................... France........................................................ Germany..................................................... Italy............................................................ Netherlands................................................. Norway....................................................... Sweden....................................................... United Kingdom............................................ 37.8 13.8 18.0 29.9 22.0 29.2 23.6 18.5 37.4 27.3 30.0 Output United States................................................ Canada....................................................... Japan.......................................................... Belgium....................................................... Denmark..................................................... France........................................................ Germany..................................................... Italy............................................................ Netherlands................................................. Norway....................................................... Sweden....................................................... United Kingdom............................................ Total hours United Stales............................................... Canada....................................................... Japan.......................................................... Belgium....................................................... Denmark..................................................... France........................................................ Germany..................................................... Italy............................................................ Netherlands................................................. Norway....................................................... Sweden....................................................... United Kingdom............................................ 1980 1990 1991 1993 1994 1995 1997 1996 1998 54.9 37.5 32.9 52.7 43.1 52.0 44.3 37.9 58.8 52.2 43.2 70.5 72.9 63.2 65.4 90.4 66.8 77.2 74.2 68.8 77.5 73.1 54.3 96.9 93.4 94.4 96.8 99.1 93.8 99.0 95.8 98.5 97.6 94.6 89.2 97.9 95.3 99.0 99.1 99.4 97.0 98.3 95.9 99.6 98.2 95.5 93.8 102.1 105.8 101.7 102.5 100.8 100.6 101.8 101.4 101.6 99.6 107.3 103.9 107.3 110.8 103.3 108.4 108.2 109.5 104.9 113.2 99.6 119.4 107.1 113.8 112.4 111.0 113.2 113.9 112.2 108.0 118.2 100.7 121.9 104.9 114.6 113.9 108.1 120.2 102.5 124.5 103.8 121.9 119.4 109.9 122.3 102.0 132.3 105.2 127.7 120.3 110.0 125.0 99.9 139.5 107.0 33.4 10.7 30.7 40.8 31.0 41.5 23.0 31.5 57.4 45.9 67.3 58.9 39.2 57.6 68.0 64.1 70.9 48.1 59.1 90.6 80.7 90.2 75.8 83.6 60.4 78.2 91.4 88.7 85.3 84.4 76.8 104.4 90.7 87.2 101.6 106.0 97.1 101.0 102.8 99.1 99.1 99.4 99.9 100.9 110.1 105.4 98.3 99.0 102.0 100.7 101.5 99.8 102.3 99.3 100.4 99.0 104.1 100.0 103.5 105.9 96.3 97.0 95.6 95.7 92.4 96.5 98.4 101.7 101.9 101.4 111.1 114.1 94.9 101.4 105.6 100.3 95.1 102.4 104.6 104.6 117.1 106.1 118.4 119.6 98.9 104.2 111.6 104.9 95.2 107.2 108.1 107.3 128.4 107.8 121.3 119.6 103.0 106.6 106.7 104.6 92.5 105.4 108.7 110.3 131.1 108.5 127.9 127.7 106.5 113.8 115.2 109.7 95.7 108.8 111.5 114.2 138.0 109.9 92.1 88.3 77.8 170.7 136.5 140.8 142.3 97.6 170.5 153.6 168.3 224.6 104.4 107.1 104.4 174.7 129.0 148.5 136.3 108.5 156.1 153.9 154.7 208.8 107.5 114.6 95.6 119.7 101.1 132.9 110.5 113.8 111.7 134.7 124.0 160.5 104.8 113.5 102.9 104.3 103.7 105.6 100.1 103.7 101.4 103.4 116.4 118.1 100.4 103.9 103.1 101.5 102.1 102.9 104.1 103.6 100.9 100.8 109.0 106.6 101.4 100.1 94.7 94.7 94.8 95.1 90.8 95.2 96.8 102.1 94.9 97.6 103.6 103.0 91.9 93.6 92.7 86.8 97.6 92.4 105.0 98.1 99.1 104.0 106.4 89.1 92.0 92.1 84.9 99.3 91.5 106.6 105.3 102.7 103.6 109.0 88.7 91.1 91.3 81.2 97.5 90.4 107.6 105.3 104.5 14.9 10.0 4.3 5.4 4.6 4.3 8.1 1.8 6.4 4.7 4.1 3.0 23.7 17.1 16.4 13.7 13.3 10.4 20.7 5.3 20.2 11.8 10.7 6.1 55.6 47.6 58.5 52.5 49.6 40.9 53.6 30.4 64.4 39.0 37.3 32.1 90.8 88.3 90.5 90.1 92.7 90.9 89.4 87.6 90.9 92.3 87.8 82.9 95.6 95.0 96.4 97.3 95.9 96.4 91.5 94.2 95.3 97.5 95.5 93.8 102.7 102.0 102.8 104.8 104.6 102.6 106.4 105.7 103.8 101.5 97.4 104.6 105.6 103.7 104.9 106.1 107.9 106.0 108.3 109.2 106.0 111.7 106.8 108.2 104.4 100.0 106.7 26.4 31.3 30.1 15.4 19.4 27.8 7.5 34.6 12.7 15.0 9.8 31.1 43.8 41.7 25.2 24.0 39.8 11.9 53.3 20.1 20.6 14.1 78.8 65.2 92.5 80.3 54.9 61.3 69.4 41.0 93.7 50.3 51.0 59.0 93.7 94.6 95.9 93.0 93.5 96.9 90.3 91.5 92.3 94.6 92.9 92.9 97.6 99.6 97.4 98.1 96.5 99.3 93.1 98.2 95.6 99.2 100.0 100.1 100.6 96.4 101.1 102.3 103.7 101.9 104.5 104.3 102.1 101.9 90.8 100.8 36.0 15.5 27.0 20.2 23.0 17.1 23.3 25.9 17.5 23.1 19.1 78.8 67.4 51.8 88.3 58.8 76.8 59.6 59.0 82.9 63.3 70.2 77.7 93.7 98.0 83.8 89.5 91.2 94.1 87.3 94.1 89.1 94.0 91.3 93.9 97.6 105.1 91.7 92.3 91.0 93.1 87.5 97.5 89.9 95.0 96.3 100.1 100.6 90.3 115.4 95.1 96.5 95.2 98.7 81.6 96.6 89.2 67.8 85.6 - - - 132.7 120.4 109.9 128.5 103.6 149.7 111.6 105.3 160.4 119.8 133.1 132.8 100.2 116.4 115.7 115.0 97.2 110.7 114.8 113.7 147.6 110.8 141.2 141.0 101.9 118.0 115.1 118.7 95.8 110.5 118.1 113.6 157.8 111.1 147.0 148.8 107.6 122.2 122.9 124.1 101.7 113.9 123.7 110.2 168.7 113.3 141.3 143.9 99.1 121.7 126.7 126.3 101.8 114.6 108.9 167.4 110.7 105.4 112.4 88.0 89.6 90.0 80.1 99.0 91.1 112.0 104.3 104.5 105.2 117.5 82.7 90.1 90.0 80.7 100.6 91.8 113.7 105.8 103.6 104.4 121.5 80.3 91.1 89.4 79.6 100.5 92.0 109.6 105.4 99.6 102.8 125.6 80.2 91.7 87.1 79.5 100.7 92.5 105.4 106.8 96.0 97.1 123.9 77.4 90.7 86.3 78.8 99.7 103.4 104.3 92.4 110.0 1 1 Ä 51 111.3 110.7 109.2 106.5 107.9 109.4 107.0 109.2 110.9 112.1 122.3 119.0 113.0 113.6 114.4 109.5 111.5 109.3 112.9 114.9 112.0 124.7 123.0 115.8 118.7 119.4 113.9 117.4 110.5 115.8 116.6 112.6 126.5 122.2 120.6 125.7 124.4 120.5 122.1 112.3 115.2 118.3 116.3 129.3 124.6 124.0 133.0 129.3 129.6 131.1 113.9 114.5 121.1 120.8 133.5 127.8 131.0 140.0 131.8 135.2 133.1 117.8 115.0 125.9 126.6 137.7 132.6 147.6 137.2 140.4 98.5 93.6 101.5 97.9 96.2 97.9 102.0 101.9 95.6 104.8 83.8 99.7 94.8 94.3 97.6 96.4 96.4 96.6 104.7 103.0 93.7 108.4 87.4 102.9 93.5 97.5 94.0 94.7 103.7 97.8 107.4 110.0 94.0 110.8 91.9 105.5 91.9 96.2 93.3 90.5 99.7 91.9 104.4 111.9 94.7 116.4 90.2 108.2 92.8 97.7 95.5 90.2 102.9 88.2 105.2 111.1 96.5 125.7 89.2 112.7 90.2 96.8 90.8 91.4 105.4 87.7 107.4 113.4 96.6 128.4 86.3 116.2 91.7 96.1 85.4 90.8 101.8 84.8 104.4 113.1 97.9 134.0 83.4 114.5 91.4 101.5 89.8 93.9 101.7 86.5 106.6 115.4 98.5 82.8 125.9 94.2 91.4 93.4 98.2 77.9 92.4 92.3 63.2 86.4 94.8 83.0 131.7 105.2 104.0 103.5 114.2 77.9 102.7 106.4 71.3 91.9 93.5 86.4 109.6 98.4 108.0 101.2 111.5 87.9 98.1 106.6 79.8 93.2 91.9 84.0 97.7 81.2 91.0 83.3 94.0 80.9 85.3 102.1 92.8 79.6 92.4 79.9 92.7 79.1 93.3 78.8 85.5 103.5 65.3 105.7 90.2 78.8 101.2 77.6 91.0 75.4 91.4 76.9 82.1 102.2 60.8 106.4 91.7 78.2 100.4 66.8 75.9 63.2 76.9 66.4 72.1 94.5 53.0 98.3 91.4 79.2 93.6 67.0 73.7 62.5 76.2 65.7 - - - 126.5 113.1 121.2 129.2 - 135.3 116.0 126.9 129.5 2001 142.9 118.4 134.1 133.4 142.5 127.9 113.0 133.8 104.5 158.0 118.0 117.0 109.7 116.1 117.0 121.3 113.5 121.0 127.0 2000 1999 - 145.6 116.1 128.1 134.1 146.3 128.2 115.0 - C o m p e n s a tio n p e r h o u r United States............................................... Canada....................................................... Japan.......................................................... Belgium....................................................... Denmark..................................................... Germany..................................................... Italy............................................................ Netherlands................................................. Sweden....................................................... United Kingdom............................................ U n it la b o r c o s ts : National currency basis United States............................................... Canada....................................................... Japan.......................................................... Belgium....................................................... Denmark..................................................... Germany..................................................... Italy............................................................ Sweden...................................................... United Kingdom............................................ U n it la b o r c o s ts : U.S. dollar basis United States............................................... Canada....................................................... Japan.......................................................... Denmark..................................................... France........................................................ Germany..................................................... Italy............................................................ - 32.9 11.0 19.4 13.4 21.0 10.4 15.0 16.1 11.1 Sweden...................................................... United Kingdom............................................ 16.9 15.6 - 6 8 .8 100.4 NOTE: Data for Germany for years before 1991 are for the former West Germany. Data for 1991 onward are for unified Germany. Dash indicates data not available. 100 Monthly Labor Review https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis August 2002 140.1 85.5 117.2 _ 96.8 48.2 95.5 50. Occupational injury and illness rates by industry,1United States In d u s tr y a n d ty p e o f c a s e 1989 1 1990 1991 1992 1999 4 2 000 4 1996 4 1997 4 1998 4 3.6 - 7.4 3.4 - 7.1 3.3 - 6.7 3.1 - 6.3 3.0 - 3.0 - 1993 4 1994 4 1995 4 8.5 3.8 - 8.4 3.8 - P R IV A T E S E C T O R 5 Total cases........................................................................ Lost workday cases.............................................................. Lost workdays..................................................................... 8 .6 8 .8 4.0 78.7 4.1 84.0 8.4 3.9 86.5 8.9 3.9 93.8 1 1 .6 1 0 .8 1 1 .6 5.4 126.9 5.0 - 4.7 - 9.7 4.3 - 8.7 3.9 - 8.4 4.1 - 7.9 3.9 - 7.3 3.4 - 7.1 3.6 - 6 .8 6.3 3.9 - 6 .2 3.9 - 3.9 - 5.4 3.2 - 5.9 3.7 - 4.9 2.9 - 4.4 2.7 - 4.7 3.0 8.3 4.1 - 8.1 6 .1 A g r ic u ltu re , fo re s try , a n d fis h in g 5 Total cases........................................................................ Lost workday cases.............................................................. Lost workdays..................................................................... 10.9 5.7 100.9 1 1 2 .2 5.4 108.3 8.5 4.8 137.2 8.3 5.0 119.5 7.4 4.5 129.6 7.3 4.1 204.7 14.3 13.0 13.1 5.8 161.9 1 2 .2 5.5 - 4.9 - 9.5 4.4 - 8 .6 5.5 - 9.9 4.5 - 8 .8 143.3 14.2 6.7 147.9 4.0 - 4.2 - 13.9 6.5 137.3 13.4 6.4 137.6 1 2 .0 1 2 .2 5.5 132.0 5.4 142.7 11.5 5.1 - 10.9 5.1 - 9.8 4.4 - 9.0 4.0 - 8.5 3.7 - 8.4 3.9 - 3.7 - 7.8 3.9 - 13.8 6.5 147.1 13.8 6.3 144.6 1 2 .8 1 2 .1 1 1 .1 1 0 .2 160.1 9.9 4.8 - 9.0 4.3 - 8.7 4.3 - 4.1 - 7.8 3.8 - 7.6 3.7 - 14.6 6.9 144.9 14.7 6.9 153.1 13.5 6.3 151.3 168.3 13.1 5.8 113.0 13.2 5.8 120.7 12.7 5.6 121.5 12.5 5.4 124.6 1 2 .1 5.3 - 5.5 - 14.1 14.2 6 .0 13.6 5.7 122.9 13.4 5.5 126.7 13.1 5.4 - 13.5 5.7 - 1 2 .8 6 .0 5.6 - 5.1 - 16.3 7.6 165.8 15.9 7.6 - 15.7 7.7 - 14.9 7.0 - 14.2 14.8 14.6 6.5 - 15.0 7.0 - 13.9 6.4 - 1 2 .2 13.2 6.5 - 12.3 5.7 - 12.4 5.9 1 1 .2 1 0 .0 M in in g Total cases........................................................................ Lost workday cases.............................................................. Lost workdays..................................................................... C o n s tru c tio n Total cases........................................................................ Lost workday cases.............................................................. Lost workdays..................................................................... General building contractors: Total cases........................................................................ Lost workday cases.............................................................. Lost workdays..................................................................... Heavy construction, except buildinq: Lost workday cases.............................................................. Lost workdays..................................................................... Special trades contractors: Total cases........................................................................ Lost workday cases.............................................................. Lost workdays..................................................................... 6 .8 6.1 148.1 6 .0 5.4 165.8 5.1 - 13.8 1 2 .8 6 .1 5.8 - 1 1 .8 5.0 - 1 0 .6 12.5 5.8 - 1 1 .1 1 2 .2 1 1 .6 5.0 - 8 .2 8 .0 10.4 4.8 - 1 0 .0 4.7 - 9.1 4.1 - 8.9 4.4 - 4.3 - 1 0 .6 10.3 4.8 - 9.7 4.7 - 9.2 4.6 - 9.0 4.5 - 11.3 5.1 - 10.7 5.0 - 1 0 .1 13.5 6.5 - 13.2 1 2 .1 - 13.0 6.7 - 11.4 5.7 - 11.5 5.9 - 1 1 .2 - 10.7 5.4 - 10.4 5.5 - 15.0 7.2 - 14.0 7.0 - 12.9 6.3 - 1 2 .6 14.2 6.4 - 13.9 6.5 - 1 2 .6 11.9 5.5 - 8 .6 M a n u fa c tu rin g Total cases........................................................................ Lost workday cases.............................................................. Lost workdays..................................................................... Durable goods: Total cases........................................................................ Lost workday cases.............................................................. Lost workdays...................................................................... Lumber and wood products: Total cases...................................................................... Lost workday cases........................................................... Lost workdays................................................................... Furniture and fixtures: Total cases...................................................................... Lost workday cases........................................................... Lost workdays................................................................... Stone, clay, and qlass products: Total cases...................................................................... Lost workday cases........................................................... Lost workdays.................................................................. Primary metal Industries: Total cases...................................................................... Lost workday cases........................................................... Lost workdays.................................................................. Fabricated metal products: Total cases...................................................................... Lost workday cases........................................................... Lost workdays.................................................................. Industrial machinery and equipment: Total cases...................................................................... Lost workday cases.......................................................... Lost workdays.................................................................. Electronic and other electrical equipment: Total cases...................................................................... Lost workday cases.......................................................... Lost workdays.................................................................. Transportation equipment: Total cases..................................................................... Lost workday cases.......................................................... Lost workdays.................................................................. Instruments and related products: Total cases..................................................................... Lost workday cases.......................................................... Lost workdays.................................................................. Miscellaneous manufacturinq Industries: Total cases..................................................................... Lost workday cases.......................................................... Lost workdays.................................................................. 116.5 123.3 18.4 9.4 177.5 18.1 172.5 16.8 8.3 172.0 16.1 7.2 - 16.9 7.8 - 15.9 7.2 - 128.4 15.5 7.4 149.8 15.4 7.3 160.5 14.8 13.6 6 .8 6.1 18.7 8 .8 6 .6 156.0 152.2 13.8 6.3 - 5.3 - 4.9 1 1 .6 6 .8 5.4 - 6 .0 - 180.2 17.7 7.4 169.1 17.5 7.1 175.5 17.0 7.3 - 16.8 7.2 - 16.5 7.2 - 15.0 168.3 18.5 7.9 147.6 18.7 7.9 155.7 17.4 7.1 146.6 16.8 16.4 6.7 - 15.8 6.9 - 14.4 144.0 16.2 6.7 - 1 2 .1 1 2 .0 1 1 .2 1 1 .1 1 1 .1 1 1 .6 1 1 .2 8.1 19.0 8 .1 6 .0 4.4 - 9.9 4.0 - 8.4 3.6 81.2 8.3 3.5 - 8.3 3.6 - 7.6 3.3 - 6 .8 6 .6 3.7 83.0 3.1 - 3.1 - 18.3 7.0 166.1 18.7 7.1 186.6 18.5 7.1 - 19.6 7.8 - 18.6 7.9 - 16.3 7.0 - - - 2.7 64.4 5.9 2.7 65.3 5.6 2.5 - 5.9 2.7 - 5.3 2.4 - 5.1 2.3 - 4.8 2.3 - 4.0 1.9 - 11.3 5.1 104.0 10.7 5.0 108.2 9.9 4.5 - 9.1 4.3 - 9.5 4.4 - 8.9 4.2 - 9.1 3.9 77.5 9.1 3.8 79.4 17.7 138.6 17.8 6.9 153.7 5.6 2.5 55.4 5.9 2.7 57.8 11.3 5.1 113.1 5.1 97.6 - 1 1 .8 5.7 - 4.4 - 8 6 .6 1 1 .1 6 .2 1 1 .8 4.2 - 8 6 .8 6 .8 - 5.8 - 4.2 87.7 4.7 88.9 4.8 6 .6 6 .8 1 2 .0 6 .8 4.4 8 .6 6 .0 1 0 .0 4.6 - 1 0 .0 4.1 - 9.5 4.0 - 4.8 - 6 .0 - - 6.1 5.9 - 6.3 - 8.5 3.7 - 8 .2 3.6 - 5.9 5.7 2 .8 2 .8 - - 5.7 2.9 - 15.4 14.6 6 .6 6 .6 13.7 6.4 - 13.7 6.3 - 4.0 4.5 1 .8 2 .2 - - 8.4 4.0 - 7.2 3.6 - August 2002 101 8 .1 3.9 - See footnotes at end of table. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Monthly Labor Review C u rre n t L a b o r S ta tis tic s : 50. In ju ry a n d Illn e s s Continued— Occupational injury and illness rates by industry,1 United States Industry and type of case 1989 1 Nondurable goods: Total cases........................................................................ Lost workday cases.............................................................. Lost workdays..................................................................... Food and kindred products: Total cases...................................................................... Lost workday cases........................................................... Lost workdays................................................................... Tobacco products: Total cases...................................................................... Lost workday cases........................................................... Lost workdays................................................................... Textile mill products: Total cases...................................................................... Lost workday cases........................................................... Lost workdays................................................................... Apparel and other textile products: Total cases...................................................................... Lost workday cases........................................................... Lost workdays................................................................... Paper and allied products: Total cases...................................................................... Lost workday cases........................................................... Lost workdays.................................................................. Prlntinq and publishinq: Total cases...................................................................... Lost workday cases........................................................... Lost workdays.................................................................. Chemicals and allied products: Total cases...................................................................... Lost workday cases........................................................... Lost workdays.................................................................. Petroleum and coal products: Total cases...................................................................... Lost workday cases.......................................................... . Lost workdays.................................................................. Rubber and miscellaneous plastics products: Total cases...................................................................... Lost workday cases........................................................... Lost workdays.................................................................. Leather and leather products: Total cases...................................................................... Lost workdays.................................................................. 1 1 .6 5.5 107.8 18.5 9.3 174.7 1990 11.7 5.6 116.9 2 0 .0 9.9 2 0 2 .6 8.7 3.4 64.2 7.7 3.2 62.3 10.3 4.2 81.4 9.6 4.0 85.1 1992 1991 11.5 5.5 119.7 19.5 9.9 207.2 1993 4 1994 4 1995 4 1996 4 1997 4 1998 4 1999 4 8 .8 8 .2 4.4 - 4.3 - 7.8 4.2 - - 15.0 14.5 8 .0 8 .0 - - 13.6 7.5 - 12.7 7.3 - 12.4 7.3 - 5.6 6.7 2 .2 - - 6.4 3.4 - 6 .2 2 .8 5.9 2.7 - 5.5 2 .6 - 3.1 - 7.8 3.6 - 6.7 3.1 - 7.4 3.4 - 6.4 3.2 - 3.2 - 1 2 1 .8 10.7 5.0 - 10.5 5.1 - 9.9 4.9 - 9.2 4.6 - 18.8 9.5 211.9 17.6 8.9 - 17.1 9.2 - 16.3 8.7 - 11.3 5.3 6.4 6 .0 2 .8 2.4 42.9 5.8 2.3 - 5.3 2.4 - 4.4 88.3 9.9 4.2 87.1 9.7 4.1 - 8.7 4.0 - 4.1 - 52.0 1 0 .1 2000 4 8 .2 6 .0 8 .6 8 .8 9.5 4.0 104.6 9.0 3.8 - 8.9 3.9 - 3.6 - 7.4 3.3 - 7.0 3.1 - 5.8 3.9 92.1 9.2 4.2 99.9 6 .2 3.8 80.5 2 .6 2 .8 - - 3.0 - 9.6 4.5 - 8.5 4.2 - 7.9 3.8 - 7.3 3.7 - 7.1 3.7 - 7.0 3.7 - 6.5 3.4 - 5.4 5.0 5.1 2 .8 2 .6 2 .6 8 .2 12.7 5.8 132.9 1 2 .1 1 1 .2 1 1 .0 5.5 124.8 5.0 122.7 5.0 125.9 9.9 4.6 - 6.9 3.3 63.8 6.9 3.3 69.8 6.7 3.2 74.5 7.3 3.2 74.8 6.9 3.1 - 6.7 3.0 - 6.4 6.0 3.0 - 2 .8 - 5.7 2.7 - 7.0 3.2 63.4 6.5 3.1 61.6 6.4 3.1 62.4 6 .0 5.9 2.7 - 5.7 5.5 2.7 - 4.8 2.4 - 4.8 2.3 - 6 .6 6 .6 3.3 3.1 77.3 6 8 .1 16.2 8 .0 147.2 6 .2 2.9 2 .8 64.2 2 .8 - - - - 4.2 4.2 - 4.4 2.3 - 2 .1 5.2 2.5 - 4.7 2.3 - 4.8 2.4 - 4.6 2.5 - 4.3 3.9 4.1 2 .2 1 .8 1 .8 - - - 14.0 6.7 - 12.9 6.5 - 12.3 6.3 - 11.9 5.8 - 1 1 .2 1 0 .1 153.3 13.9 6.5 - 1 2 .1 1 2 .1 1 2 .0 1 0 .6 5.9 2 .8 6 8 .2 71.2 16.2 7.8 151.3 15.1 7.2 150.9 14.5 1 2 .1 6 .8 13.6 6.5 130.4 5.9 152.3 12.5 5.9 140.8 5.4 128.5 5.5 5.3 11.4 4.8 10.7 4.5 9.2 5.3 121.5 9.6 5.5 134.1 9.3 5.4 140.0 9.1 5.1 144.0 9.5 5.4 - 9.3 5.5 - 9.1 5.2 - 8.7 5.1 - 7.9 3.5 65.6 7.6 3.4 72.0 8.4 3.5 80.1 8.1 3.6 63.5 3.4 - 7.9 3.4 - 7.5 3.2 - 2.9 - 7.7 4.0 71.9 7.4 3.7 71.5 7.2 3.7 79.2 7.6 3.6 82.4 7.8 3.7 - 7.7 3.8 - 7.5 3.6 - 8 .2 4.3 - 6 .1 2 .2 3.7 1.9 - 5.8 - 5.5 - 10.7 5.8 - 9.8 4.5 - 10.3 5.0 - 9.0 4.3 - 7.3 4.3 - 7.3 4.4 - 4.3 - T r a n s p o r t a t io n a n d p u b lic u tilitie s Total cases........................................................................ Lost workday cases.............................................................. Lost workdays..................................................................... 8 .2 4.8 - W h o le s a le a n d re ta il tra d e Total cases........................................................................ Lost workday cases.............................................................. Lost workdays..................................................................... Wholesale trade: Lost workday cases............................................................. Lost workdays..................................................................... Retail trade: Lost workday cases............................................................. Lost workdays..................................................................... 8 .0 8 .1 8.1 3.4 60.0 3.4 63.2 7.7 3.3 69.1 8.7 3.4 79.2 3.3 - 7.9 3.3 - 7.5 3.0 - 2.4 2.4 2.9 2.9 2.7 2 .6 1.1 1.1 1 .2 1 .2 1.1 1 .0 - - 6 .8 6 .6 3.4 6.9 2 .8 - - 6.7 3.0 - 2 .8 - 2.7 - 6.5 3.2 - 6.5 3.3 - 6.3 3.3 - 6 .8 6.5 2.7 - 2.5 - - 1 .8 1.9 .8 .8 - - 2.9 - 6.5 6 .1 6.1 5.8 - _ - F in a n c e , in s u ra n c e , a n d real e s ta te 2 .0 Lost workday cases............................................................. Lost workdays..................................................................... .9 17.6 27.3 2.4 .9 - 24.1 32.9 - 7.1 3.0 6.7 6.5 6.4 6 .0 2 .8 2 .8 2 .8 2 .6 .9 - .7 .5 - 5.6 2.5 5.2 2.4 2 .2 S e rv ic e s Lost workdays..................................................................... 5.5 2.7 51.2 6 .0 6 .2 2 .8 2 .8 56.4 60.0 Data for 1989 and subsequent years are based on the Standard Industrial Class ification Manual, 1987 Edition. For this reason, they are not strictly comparable with data for the years 1985-88, which were based on the Standard Industrial Classification Manual, 1972 Edition, 1977 Supplement. 2 Beginning with the 1992 survey, the annual survey measures only nonfatal injuries and illnesses, while past surveys covered both fatal and nonfatal incidents. To better address fatalities, a basic element of workplace safety, BLS implemented the Census of Fatal Occupational Injuries. 3 The incidence rates represent the number of injuries and Illnesses or lost workdays per 100 full-time workers and were calculated as (N/EH) X 200,000, where: 1 102 Monthly Labor Review https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis August 2002 4.9 4.9 2 .2 2 .2 6 8 .6 N = number of Injuries and illnesses or lost workdays; EH = total hours worked by all employees during the calendar year; and 200,000 = base for 100 full-time equivalent workers (working 40 hours per week, 50 weeks per year). 4 Beginning with the 1993 survey, lost workday estimates will not be generated. As of 1992, BLS began generating percent distributions and the median number of days away from work by industry and for groups of workers sustaining similar work disabilities. 5 Excludes farms with fewer than 11 employees since 1976. Dash indicates data not available. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 51. Fatal occupational injuries by event or exposure, 1994-2000 Fatalities E v e n t o r e x p o s u re 1 2000 1 9 9 4 -9 8 19992 A v e ra g e N um ber N um ber P e rc e n t T o ta l......................................................................................................... 6,280 6,054 5,915 T ra n s p o rta tio n in c id e n ts ............................................................................. 2,640 1,374 662 113 240 136 272 368 280 387 215 304 382 104 78 2,618 1,496 714 129 270 161 334 390 322 352 206 228 377 2,571 1,363 694 136 243 153 279 356 304 399 213 280 370 84 71 43 23 1,168 923 748 929 677 533 16 H ighw ay in cid e n t............................................................................................ C o llision betw e en vehicles, m obile e q u ip m e n t................................ M oving in sa m e d ire ctio n .................................................................... M oving in o p p osite directions, o n co m in g ....................................... M oving in in te rse ctio n ........................................................................... V e h icle stru ck sta tio n a ry o b je ct or e q u ip m e n t.................................. N o ncollision in cid e n t................................................................................. N o n h ig h w a y (farm , indu strial prem ises) in cid e n t................................ O v e rtu rn e d ................................................................................................... W o rke r s tru ck by a v e h icle ......................................................................... W a te r vehicle in cid e n t.................................................................................. R a ilw a y............................................................................................................. 102 56 100 12 2 4 3 5 6 5 7 4 5 6 1 1 S ta b b in g ....................................................................................................... 68 O ther, inclu ding b o m b in g ....................................................................... 107 215 909 651 509 62 80 218 984 564 364 60 281 148 124 1,030 585 358 55 302 163 129 1,005 570 357 61 294 157 123 721 634 96 153 92 70 734 659 480 256 128 29 - 100 2 96 77 533 280 125 51 108 55 92 75 199 216 177 27 19 A s s a u lts a n d v io le n t a c ts ............................................................................ S h o o tin g ....................................................................................................... S e lf-in flicte d in ju rie s...................................................................................... C o n t a c t w ith o b je c ts a n d e q u ip m e n t ......................................................... S tru ck b y o b je c t............................................................................................. S tru ck by falling o b je c t............................................................................. S tru ck by flying o b je ct.............................................................................. C a u g h t in or com p re sse d by e q u ip m e n t or o b je c ts ........................... C a u g h t in running e q u ip m e n t o r m a ch in e ry ..................................... C a u g h t in o r cru sh e d in co lla p sin g m a te ria ls....................................... F a lls ................................................................................................................................ 686 609 Fall fro m la d d e r.......................................................................................... Fall on sa m e le ve l......................................................................................... E x p o s u r e to h a r m fu l s u b s t a n c e s o r e n v ir o n m e n t s ......................... C o n ta ct w ith e le ctric c u rre n t...................................................................... C o n ta ct w ith overh e a d pow er lin e s...................................................... C o n ta ct w ith te m p e ra tu re e xtre m e s........................................................ 101 146 89 53 583 322 136 45 118 66 O xyg e n d e ficie n cy........................................................................................ O t h e r e v e n t s o r e x p o s u r e s 3............................................................................ Based on the 1992 BLS Occupational Injury and Illness Classification Structures. 2 The BLS news release issued August 17, 2000, reported a total of 6,023 fatal work injuries for calendar year 1999. Since then, an additional 31 job-related fatalities were identified, bringing the total job-related fatality count for 1999 to 6,054. 21 66 78 220 11 9 1 1 4 17 10 6 1 5 3 2 12 11 110 2 150 85 56 3 48 93 74 2 1 8 4 2 1 2 1 3 Includes the category "Bodily reaction and exertion." NOTE: Totals for major categories may include sub categories not shown separately. Percentages may not add to totals because of rounding. Dash indicates less than 0.5 percent. Monthly Labor Review August 2002 103 Where are you publishing your research? T h e M onthly Labor Review welcom es a rtic le s on the labor force, labor-management re la tio ns, b u s in e ss c o n d itio ns, in d u stry productivity, com pensation, occupational sa fety and health, demographic tre n d s and o the r economic developm ents. 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Box 371954, Pittsburgh, PA 15250-7954 Digitized for Important: FRASER Please include this completed order form with your remittance. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis □ VISA □ M asterC ard □ D iscover (expiration date) — — — Thank you for your order! — Authorizing signature 12/99 O b ta in in g in fo rm a tio n fro m th e B u re a u o f L a b o r S t a t is t ic s O ffice o r Topic I n te r n e t a d d re ss B u re a u o f L a b o r S ta tis tic s h t t p ://w w w .b ls .g o v In f o rm a tio n s e rv ic e s h t t p : // w w w .b ls .g o v /o p u b / E -m ail b ls d a ta _ s t a f f @ b ls .g o v Employment and unemployment E m p lo y m e n t, h o u rs , a n d e a rn in g s : N a tio n a l h ttp ://w w w .b ls .g o v /c e s / c e s in f o @ b ls .g o v S ta te a n d lo c a l h ttp ://w w w . b 1s . g o v /s a e / d a ta s a @ b ls .g o v N a tio n a l h ttp ://w w w .b ls .g o v /c p s / c p s i n f o @ b ls .g o v L ocal h t t p ://w w w . b 1s .g o v /la u / la u s in f o @ b ls .g o v U l- c o v e r e d e m p lo y m e n t, w a g e s h t t p ://w w w . b Is. g o v /c e w / c e w in fo @ b ls .g o v O c c u p a tio n a l e m p lo y m e n t h ttp ://w w w .b ls .g o v /o e s / o e s i n f o @ b ls .g o v M a s s la y o ffs h t t p :// w w w . b 1s .g o v/1 a u / m ls in fo @ b ls .g o v L o n g itu d in a l d a ta h ttp ://w w w .b ls .g o v /n ls / n ls in f o @ b ls .g o v C o n s u m e r p ric e in d e x e s h ttp ://w w w .b ls .g o v /c p i/ c p i in f o @ b ls .g o v P r o d u c e r p ric e in d e x e s ) h ttp ://w w w .b ls .g o v /p p i/ p p i- in fo @ b ls .g o v Im p o rt a n d e x p o rt p ric e in d e x e s h ttp ://w w w .b ls .g o v /m x p / m x p in fo @ b ls .g o v C o n s u m e r e x p e n d itu re s h ttp ://w w w .b ls .g o v /c e x / c e x in f o @ b ls .g o v h ttp ://w w w .b ls .g o v /n c s / o c ltin f o @ b ls .g o v E m p lo y e e b e n e fits h ttp ://w w w .b ls .g o v /e b s / o c ltin f o @ b ls .g o v E m p lo y m e n t c o s t tr e n d s h t t p : //w w w . b is . g o v /e c t/ o c ltin f o @ b ls .g o v O c c u p a tio n a l c o m p e n s a tio n h ttp ://w w w .b ls .g o v /n c s / o c ltin f o @ b ls .g o v O c c u p a tio n a l illn e s s e s , in ju rie s h ttp ://w w w .b ls .g o v /iif/ o s h s ta f f @ b ls .g o v F a ta l o c c u p a tio n a l in ju rie s h ttp :/ /s ta ts .b ls .g o v / ii f / c fo is ta f f @ b ls .g o v C o lle c tiv e b a rg a in in g h ttp ://w w w .b ls .g o v /c b a / c b a in f o @ b ls .g o v L abor h ttp ://w w w .b ls .g o v /lp c / d p rw e b @ b ls .g o v I n d u s tr y h ttp ://w w w .b ls .g o v /lp c / d ip s w e b @ b ls .g o v M u ltifa c to r h ttp ://w w w .b ls .g o v /m fp / d p rw e b @ b ls .g o v E m p lo y m e n t h t t p :// w w w . b is. g o v /e m p / o o h in f o @ b ls .g o v O c c u p a tio n h t t p ://w w w . b is . g o v / o c o / o o h in f o @ b ls .g o v h ttp ://w w w .b ls .g o v /fls / fls h e lp @ b ls .g o v A tla n ta h t t p ://w w w . b ls .g o v /r o 4 / B L S in fo A tla n ta @ b ls .g o v B o s to n h t t p ://w w w . b is. g o v /ro 1/ B L S in fo B o s to n @ b ls .g o v C h ic a g o h ttp ://w w w .b ls .g o v /ro 5 / B L S in fo C h ic a g o @ b ls .g o v D a lla s h ttp ://w w w .b ls .g o v /ro 6 / B L S in fo D a lla s @ b ls .g o v K a n s a s C ity h t t p :// w w w .b ls .g o v /ro 7 / B L S in fo K a n s a s C ity @ b ls .g o v N e w Y ork h ttp ://w w w .b ls .g o v /ro 2 / B L S in fo N Y @ b ls .g o v P h ila d e lp h ia h t t p ://w w w . b ls .g o v /ro 3 / B L S in fo P h ila d e lp h ia @ b ls .g o v S a n F ra n c is c o h t t p ://w w w . b 1s . g o v /ro 9 / B L S in fo S F @ b ls .g o v L a b o r fo rc e s ta tis tic s : Prices and living conditions Compensation and working conditions N a tio n a l C o m p e n s a tio n S u rv e y : Productivity Projections International Regional centers O ther Federal statistical agencies https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis h t t p ://w w w . fe d s ta ts .g o v/ U.S. DEPARTMENT OF LABOR Bureau of Labor Statistics Postal Square Building, Rm. 2850 2 Massachusetts Ave., NE Washington, DC 20212-0001 Periodicals Postage and Fees Paid U.S. Department of Labor USPS 987-800 Official Business Penalty for Private Use, $300 Address Service Requested MLR S T IE R 44 2K ISSDUE013R 1 KATRINA STIERHOLZ L IB UNIT F E D R E S E R V E BANK OF S ' L O U I S PO BOX 4 4 2 SAINT LOUIS MO 631<>6 S c h e d u le o f relea se d a te s fo r B LS s ta tis tic a l s e rie s Series Release date Period covered Release date Period covered Release date Period covered MLR table number Employment situation A ugust 2 J u ly S e p te m b e r 6 A ugust O c to b e r 4 S e p te m b e r 1; 4 -2 4 U.S. Import and Export Price Indexes A ugust 7 J u ly S e p te m b e r 12 A ugust O c to b e r 10 S e p te m b e r 3 8 -4 2 Producer Price Indexes A ugust 8 J u ly S e p te m b e r 13 A ugust O c to b e r 11 S e p te m b e r 2; 3 5 -3 7 Consumer Price indexes A u g u s t 16 J u ly S e p te m b e r 18 A ugust O c to b e r 18 S e p te m b e r 2; 3 2 -3 4 Real earnings A u g u s t 16 J u ly S e p te m b e r 18 A ugust O c to b e r 18 S e p te m b e r 1 4 , 16 O c to b e r 31 3 rd q u a r te r 1 -3 ; 2 5 -2 8 Employment Cost Indexes Productivity and costs https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis A ugust 9 2 n d q u a r te r S e p te m b e r 5 2 n d q u a rte r 2; 4 3 -4 6
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