The full text on this page is automatically extracted from the file linked above and may contain errors and inconsistencies.
August 2000 •ASH isti1 v -L < * 4 U.S. Department of Labor https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Bureau o f Labor Statistics JOB ^ GROWTH ::§ T E LE V IS IO I in A LS O IN THIS ISSUE P R O D U C ER PRICES IN 1999 W O M EN , W O RK, A N D VALUES ¥ U.S. Department of Labor Alexis M. Herman, Secretary Bureau of Labor Statistics Katharine G. Abraham, Commissioner Th e Monthly Labor Review ( usps 9 8 7-800) is published monthly by the Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2 Massachusetts Ave. NW, Washington, DC 20212. The Review welcomes articles on the labor force, labor-management relations, business conditions, industry productivity, compensation, occupational safety and health, demographic trends, and other econom ic developments. Papers should be factual and analytical, not polemical in tone. Potential articles, as well as communications on editorial matters, should be submitted to: Editor-in-Chief Monthly Labor Review Bureau o f Labor Statistics Washington, dc 20212 Telephone: (2 0 2 )691-5900 E-mail: mlr@bls.gov Inquiries on subscriptions and circulation, including address changes, should be sent to: Superintendent o f Documents Government Printing Office Washington, dc 20402 Telephone: (202 )5 1 2 -1 8 0 0 Subscription price per year— $31 domestic; $38.75 foreign. Single copy— $10 domestic; $12.50 foreign. Make checks payable to the Superintendent of Documents. Subscription prices and distribution policies for the Monthly Labor Review (issn 0 098-1818) and other government publications are set by the Government Printing Office, an agency of the U.S. Congress. The Secretary o f Labor has determined that the publication o f this periodical is necessary in the transaction o f the public business required by law o f this Department. Periodicals postage paid at Washington, dc, and at additional mailing addresses. Unless stated otherwise, articles appearing in this publication are in the public domain and may be reprinted without express permission from the Editorin-Chief. Please cite the specific issue o f the Monthly Labor Review as the source. Information is available to sensory impaired individuals upon request: Voice phone: (202) 6 9 1-5200 Federal Relay Service: 1-800-877-8339. P ostmaster: Send address changes to Monthly Labor Review , U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, dc 20402-0001. Cover designed by Keith Tapscott https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Regional Offices and Commissioners Denis McSweeney Region 1 Connecticut Maine Massachusetts New Hampshire Rhode Island Vermont JFK Federal Building SuiteE-310 Boston, MA 02203 Phone: Fax: (617) 565-2327 (617) 565-4182 Region II John Wieting New Jersey New York Puerto Rico Virgin Islands Room 808 201 Varick Street New York, NY 10014-4811 Phone: Fax: Alan Paisner Region III Delaware District of Columbia Maryland Pennsylvania Virginia West Virginia 170 S. Independence Mall West Suite 610 East Philadelphia, PA 19106-3305 Phone: Fax: (215) 597-3282 (215) 861-5720 Janet Rankin Region IV Alabama Florida Georgia Kentucky Mississippi (212) 337-2400 (212) 337-2532 North Carolina South Carolina Tennessee Suite 7T50 61 Forsyth Street, S.W. Atlanta, GA 30303 Phone: Fax: (404)331-3415 (404)331-3445 Region V Peter Hebein Illinois Indiana Michigan Minnesota Ohio Wisconsin 9th Floor Federal Office Building 230 South Dearborn Street Chicago, IL 60604-1595 Phone: Fax: (312) 353-1880 (312) 353-1886 Region VI Robert A. Gaddie Arkansas Louisiana New Mexico Oklahoma Texas Room 221 Federal Building 525 Griffin Street Dallas, TX 75202-5028 Phone: Fax: Region VII Region VIII Iowa Kansas Missouri Nebraska Colorado Montana North Dakota South Dakota Utah Wyoming (214) 767-6970 (214) 767-3720 Stanley W. Suchman (Acting) 1100 Main Street Suite 600 Kansas City, MO 64105-2112 Phone: Fax: (816) 426-2481 (816) 426-6537 Region IX Region X Stanley P. Stephenson American Samoa Arizona California Guam Hawaii Nevada Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands Alaska Idaho Oregon Washington 71 Stevenson Street P.O. Box 3766 San Francisco, CA 94119-3766 Phone: Fax: (415) 975^1350 (415) 975-4371 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW___________________ Volume 123, Number 8 August 2000 Articles Job growth in television: cable versus broadcast 3 Technology, demand, and easing of some regulations helped shift employment from broadcast t v to cable and other pay-Tv services Dominic Toto Rising producer prices in 1999 dominated by energygoods 15 Surging energy prices push up the Producer Price Index for crude, intermediate, and finished goods Eleni Xenofondos and William F. Snyders Married women, work, and values 26 Economic and political values are more prominent among working women; social and religious values play a greater role for women outside the labor force Mahshid Jalilvand Report The impact of strikes on current employment statistics 32 Karthik A. Rao Departments Labor month in review Technical note Précis Book reviews Publications received Current labor statistics 2 32 40 41 42 45 Editor-in-Chief: Deborah P. Klein • Executive Editor: Richard M. Devens • Managing Editor: Anna Huffman Hill • Editors: Brian I. Baker, Bonita L. Boles, Richard Hamilton, Leslie Brown Joyner, Lawrence H. Leith • Book Reviews: Roger A. Comer, Ernestine Patterson Leary • Design and Layout: Catherine D. Bowman, Edith W. Peters • Contributors: Ray Denison https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Labor Month in Review The August Review This month’s issue leads with a discus sion of the emergence of cable and other pay television industries. In “Job growth in television: cable versus broadcast, 1958-99,” Dominic Toto traces the history of the television in dustry, examines employment trends in cable and other pay television services and in radio and television broadcast ing, and reviews the more significant regulatory, technological, and economic changes that have taken place since the early 1960s. Toto finds that broadcast television accounted for most of the job growth during the early part of the study period, and cable and other pay televi sion had the most growth during the lat ter part. The report on producer prices is our final of a roundup of economic events during the last year of the decade. (Ar ticles on employment and consumer prices appeared in February and April, respectively). In “Rising producer prices in 1999 dominated by energy goods,” E leni X enofondos and W illiam F. Snyders report that the Producer Price Index ( p p i ) rose at all stages of process ing in 1999. Excluding food and energy, the increases for finished goods and in termediate materials ranged from about 1 to 2 percent, respectively; for crude nonfood materials excluding energy, the increase was 14 percent. The Review often reports on eco nomic conditions of women—their par ticipation in the labor force, marital sta tu s, and ea rn in g s.T h is m onth, in “Married women, work, and values,” Mahshid Jalilvand examines the per sonal-value structures of women to as certain whether they have any effect on their labor market-related decisions. Women’s personal values appear to be rank-ordered in a hierarchy that differs between working and “nonworking” women. The data indicate that economic and political values are relatively more important for working women than are social and religious values, which are 2 M onthly Labor Review https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis relatively more important for nonwork ing women. This month also features a Technical Note explaining how strikes affect the Bureau’s monthly employment figures. Karthik A. Rao, in “The impact of strikes on current employment statistics,” em phasizes that it is important for users of the data to understand how strikes af fect the estimates “so they can accu rately interpret the economic meaning of the change in the number of employ ees over the month.” W age of a salesman Five industries employed more than three-quarters of all retail salespersons in 1998. Of these five industries, automobile dealers and service stations paid sales persons the most, and apparel and acces sory stores paid the least. Salespersons in the automobile dealers and service sta tions industry received $ 15.75 per hour in 1998. In comparison, salespersons in the apparel and accessory stores industry averaged $7.43 per hour. The other three most common indus tries for retail salespersons in 1998 were furniture and home furnishing stores, general merchandise stores, and miscella neous retail establishments. The mean hourly wage in furniture and home fur nishing stores was $10.25 in 1998. In general merchandise stores, the average wage was $7.88 and miscellaneous re tail establishments were close behind at $7.76. Additional information is avail able in Occupational Employment and Wages, 1998, BLS Bulletin 2528. Cashier, cook com m on jobs for youths Among youths aged 15 years old in 1995-97, 38 percent held an “em ployee” job—defined as an ongoing relationship with a particular em ployer. By a wide margin, cashier was the most common occupation among 15-year-old females with employee August 2000 jobs; by a small margin, cook was the most common job for males. Cashier was the occupation of the longest-held job for 16 percent of the female youths with employee jobs. In comparison, the next most common oc cupations were waiters and general of fice clerks, at 6 percent each, Rounding out the top five occupations for 15-yearold females were salesworkers (other commodities) and miscellaneous food occupations, at 5 percent each. Of the male youths with employee jobs, 8 percent worked as cooks in their longest-held job, while 7 percent held positions as janitors and cleaners. The next most common jobs for males were miscellaneous food occupations, waiters’ and waitresses’ assistants, and cashiers, at 6 percent each. Note that jobs such as babysitting or yard work done on an asneeded basis or for multiple employers are considered “free-lance” jobs, rather than “employee” jobs. Additional in formation is available from the Report on the Youth Labor Force. Regional com pensation pattern In March 2000, workers in private indus try in the Northeast received the highest wages and salaries per hour of any re gion. The average wages and salaries of private industry workers were as follows: Northeast.......... .......... $16.37 West.................. .......... 15.45 Midwest........... .......... 13.91 South................. .......... 13.09 Moreover, the average cost to private employers of benefits also was highest in the Northeast. Workers in the private sector in the Northeast were paid $6.30 per hour on average in benefits, $0.87 more per hour than in the West, $0.98 more than in the Midwest, and $1.58 more than in the South. Additional information is available in “Employer Costs for Employee Compen sation, March 2000,” news release u s d l 00-186. □ Job Growth in Television Job growth in television: cable versus broadcast, 1958-99 As the television industry matured over the last 50 years, technological improvements, increased demand fo r video programming, and the easing o f some regulations helped shift employment from broadcast television to cable and other pay television services Dominic Toto Dominic Toto is an economist in the Division of Monthly Industry Employment Statistics, Bureau of Labor Statistics. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis roadcast television made its public debut at the New York World’s Fair in 1939, dramatically changing the way people live, work, and spend their free time.1 A decade later, community antenna television, an early form of cable television, spread broad cast signals over rural Pennsylvania and Or egon.2 Currently, nearly all homes in the United States with televisions have access to some form of cable television, with approxi mately two-thirds of U.S. households sub scribing to a local cable service.3 For more than 40 years, employment in all areas of television program delivery has risen substantially. During the first half of this pe riod, radio and television broadcasting ac counted for most of the job gains, while during the second half, more of the growth occurred in cable and other pay television services. Throughout the period, changing legislation has greatly affected the way video service pro viders conduct their business, contributing to the trend toward more rapid growth in cable services. In addition to key regulatory and policy changes, growing consumer demand for television entertainment and related technologi cal innovations have helped boost employment levels in all video-providing industries. This article compares the employment his tory of cable and other pay television services B with that of radio and television broadcasting; it also reviews some of the more significant regulatory and economic changes that have occurred over the period. The chronology is broken into three phases: The first phase (1958-72) covers the early years up to when the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) introduced new rules regarding cable television in March 1972.4 The second phase (1972-84) covers the subsequent period of rapid employ ment growth in the television industry up to when Congress enacted the Cable Communi cations Policy Act of 1984. The third phase— during which employment growth slowed down considerably and additional regulatory and economic changes took place, covers the period from 1984 to 1999.5 The first part of the analysis focuses on employment during the study period, and the second half looks at some of the technological changes that have shaped the industry since its inception. The television industry According to the 1987 Standard Industrial Clas sification (SIC) system, the primary function of television broadcasting stations (SIC 4833) is “broadcasting visual programs by television to the public.”6 Cable and other pay television services (sic 484), including satellite services, Monthly Labor Review August 2000 3 Job Growth in Television T a b le 1 Top 10 o c c u p a tio n s in c a b le a n d o th e r pay-T v a n d ra d io a n d te le v is io n b ro a d c a s tin g , 1998 Rank O ccu p atio n Level Percent of industry total Cable and other pay television (Sic 484) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Installers and repairers................................................................ Customer service representatives.............................................. Order clerks................................................................................... First-line supervisors—product................................................... Dispatchers, except police and f ir e ............................................ All other sales and related.......................................................... First line supervisors-administrative........................................... Sales agents, advertising............................................................ General managers and executives............................................ Engineering and related technicians......................................... 40,520 34,920 6,130 5,230 5,170 5,120 5,090 5,000 4,680 4,030 21.1 18.2 3.2 2.7 2.7 2.7 2.7 2.6 2.4 2.1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Radio and television broadcasting (sic 483) Announcers................................................................................... Sales agents, advertising............................................................ Broadcast technicians................................................................. Producers, directors, actors ......................................................... Reporters and correspondents................................................... General managers and executives............................................ Camera operators......................................................................... Photographers.............................................................................. Writers and editors........................................................................ Other professionals and technicians.......................................... 46,100 25,280 22,990 17,890 11,320 8,620 6,900 6,800 6,040 5,670 18.7 10.3 9.4 7.3 4.6 3.5 2.8 2.8 2.5 2.3 distribute “visual and textual television programs, on a sub scription or fee basis.”7 Broadcast and cable establishments may also produce taped television programs, but it is not their main line of business. (Firms mainly producing taped televi sion or motion pictures are classified in the services indus try— specifically, in sic 7812, motion picture and video tape production.) What the workers do. The workforces of the two video dis tribution markets differ significantly. Table 1 shows the top 10 occupations in cable and other pay television services (SIC 484) and in radio and television broadcasting stations (SIC 483).8 Installers and repairers (21 percent) and customer service representatives (18 percent) stand out as the top two job categories in cable and pay television, together making up nearly two-fifths of employment in the industry. In radio and television broadcasting, however, employment is con centrated among announcers (19 percent), advertising sales agents (10 percent), and broadcast technicians (9 percent). That announcers occupy the top of this list most likely re flects the “radio” portion of the industry more than the “tele vision” portion. Advertising sales agents and general manag ers are the only occupations to make both lists, but they are more heavily used in radio and television broadcasting. Within cable and other pay television, 6 of the top 10 job categories were sales related, customer service, or su pervisory occupations. More “artistic” categories— such as announcers, actors, reporters, photographers, and writ ers— appear among the leading occupations in radio and television broadcasting. 4 Monthly Labor Review https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis August 2000 What the workers earn. In 1999, nonsupervisory workers in the radio and television broadcasting industry earned, on av erage, $18.38 per hour. This was about 26 percent more than the average hourly earnings for cable and other pay televi sion services, and 39 percent more than workers in the total private economy.9 However, when looking at average weekly earnings, which take the number of hours worked during the survey period into account, workers in radio and television broadcasting earned $656 per week, only about 9 percent more than workers in cable television. Nonsupervisory work ers in cable television averaged 41.4 hours per week, or 5.7 hours more than workers in radio and television broadcasting. Em ploym ent trends The employment data used in this article are from the bls Current Employment Statistics (CES) program, also known as the “establishment survey.”10 CES employment estimates for all communications (sic 48) and for radio and television broad casting (SIC 483) begin in 1958. (See table 2.) Although the employment history for cable and other pay television ser vices (sic 484) does not begin until 1988,11 a reasonable proxy series can be constructed back to 1958, by subtracting telephone communications (SIC 481) and radio and televi sion broadcasting (SIC 483) from total communications. The resulting composite series “pay television and other com munications” (SIC 482,4,9), can be used as a rough estimate of the growth in cable and other pay television services. Us ing this proxy series, the following analysis compares em ployment in pay television and other communications over Table 2. Employment in communications, annual averages for selected years, 1958-99 [In thousands] SIC code Industry Series beginning date 1958 1982 1988 1999 48 Communications.................................................. 1958 860.0 1,417.1 1,279.9 1,551.5 481 Telephone communications................................ 1947 732.1 1,071.8 901.1 1,069.7 483 4832 4833 Radio and television broadcasting....................... Radio broadcasting stations............................... Television broadcasting stations....................... 1958 1982 1982 83.6 - 210.3 107.7 102.6 227.1 117.5 109.6 247.8 116.3 131.5 482,4,9 484 482 489 Pay television and other communications............ Cable and other pay television services............... Telegraph and other communications................... Communications services, n.e.c............................ 1958 1988 1985 1985 44.3 135.0 151.6 110.8 16.1 24.7 234.0 200.5 11.1 22.4 - - - - - - - Dash = data not available. n.e.c.= not elsewhere classified. the last 40 years with that of television broadcasting over the same period. Cable and other (nonbroadcast) distributors of television shows have made great strides in establishing themselves as major employers in video services.12 From 1958 through 1999, employment in pay television and other communica tions grew by an average annual rate nearly twice that of the total nonfarm economy. Radio and television broadcasting, by contrast, grew at a pace closer to that of the overall economy. (See tables 3 and 4.) In 1958, radio and television broadcasting employed nearly twice as many workers as pay television and other communications; by 1999, however, employment levels in the two industries were about the same. While the 40-year trend indicates more rapid employment growth in pay television and other communications, it masks some interesting, more short-term trends. (See chart 1.) Over-the-air television stations had already been in existence for at least 12 years by 1958, and radio and television broad casters— the principle distributors of broadcast signals—ac counted for roughly 84,000 workers at the time. Over the ensuing 14 years, employment in radio and television broad casting rose at a brisk pace, accounting for 79 percent of the job growth in the combined total radio and television ser vices (SIC 483 and 482,4,9) from 1958 to 1972. Employment in pay television and other communications expanded at a much slower pace over the same period. The trend changed significantly during the 1972-84 pe riod, with the introduction of new f c c rules governing cable in 1972,12 as well as the advent of the satellite and surging consumer demand for video services. Employment in total radio and television services grew more rapidly than the over all economy, with pay television and other communications expanding twice as rapidly as radio and television broadcast ing (9.1 percent versus 4.2 percent). A combined total of 191,000 jobs were added over the period— 86,000 in radio and television broadcasting and 105,000 in pay television and https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis other communications. In the years following 1972, the FCC altered or abolished many of the rules regarding cable television, important deregulatory moves that at least partly explain the hiring surge in the industry over the 1972-84 period. In 1977, for ex ample, many of the franchise standards were eliminated, and in 1978, a simple registration process replaced the former process of applying for a certificate of compliance, making it easier and less costly to operate a cable system.14 Then, in July 1980, the FCC repealed rules that had limited a cable system’s right to import distant signals and that required ex clusive or nonduplicative programming by local cable opera tors.15 In 1983, the FCC eliminated its rule requiring cable television operators to file financial information.16 These deregulatory changes helped free cable systems from restric tions put in place in the 1960s and early 1970s. In October 1984, Congress formally amended the Com munications Act of 1934 by enacting the Cable Communica tions Policy Act of 1984.17 In some important ways, 1984 marks a turning point for employment growth in the televi sion industry. Following that year, employment peaked in 1985 for both radio and television broadcasting and pay television and other communications. Through 1999, annual job growth decelerated to less than 1 percent in radio and television broadcasting. Losses accrued in pay television from 1986 to 1988, and employment did not fully recover until 1994, when growth began to accelerate once again. The period from the late 1980s through the early 1990s was one of consolidation for cable television. Many of the new alternatives to cable (such as satellite systems) did not fare well in the mid-1980s. In addition, increased video rentals had a negative effect on the cable industry. Home satellite dishes, complete with ex panded channel capacity, started to make an impact in the early 1990s, and this development helped offset some of the drags on employment in pay television and other communications. The revision of the SIC system in 1987 paved the way for Monthly Labor Review August 2000 5 Job Growth in Television Table 3. Employment in the television and radio communications industry, selected years, 1958-99 [Levels in thousands] Level 1984 1972 1958 mausny Percent Level Percent 1999 Level Percent Level Percent Total television and radio..................... 127.9 100.0 195.9 100.0 386.9 100.0 481.8 100.0 Radio and television broadcasting........... 83.6 65.4 137.2 70.0 223.5 57.8 247.8 51.4 Pay television & other com m unications..... 44.3 34.6 58.7 30.0 163.4 42.2 234 48.6 Table 4. Employment change in the television and radio communications industry, selected periods, 1958-99 [Levels in thousands] 1958-99 Industry Level Average annual percent change Total nonfarm ................ Level Average annual percent change Level Average annual percent change Level Average annual percent change 2.1 2.1 2.6 2.3 1984-99 1972-84 1958-72 Total television and radio..................... 353.9 3.3 68.0 3.1 191.0 5.9 94.9 1.5 Radio and television broadcasting........... 164.2 2.7 53.6 3.6 86.3 4.2 24.3 0.7 Pay television & other comm unications..... 189.7 4.3 14.4 2.1 104.7 9.1 70.6 2.5 BLS to begin publishing employment data specifically for cable and other pay television services (The composite in dustry “pay television and other communications” used in this study includes telegraph and other communications, such as radar and satellite tracking, and communications services, not elsewhere classified.) In early 1988, employment in cable and other pay television services (SIC 484) about equaled that of television broadcasting stations (SIC 4833); by the end of the year, cable employment exceeded that of television broad casters. The gap continued to widen over the next decade, with employment in cable and other pay television services growing by an average of 5.6 percent per year. In contrast, television broadcasting stations grew by only 1.7 percent an nually over the same period. (See chart 2.) In summary, from 1958 through 1972, the maturing radio and television broadcasting industry added jobs more rapidly than cable and other pay television services. Over the next 12 years, both industries grew much faster, with pay television (9.1 percent) outpacing radio and television broadcasting (4.2 percent). After 1984, the employment trends in both series slowed until the early 1990s, when they began to accelerate after 1992, especially in pay television and other communi cations. From 1988 forward, cable and other pay television services (SIC 4841) maintained relatively steady annual growth, as its employment level surpassed and pulled away from that 6 Monthly Labor Review https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis August 2000 of television broadcasting. In 8 of the last 11 years, employ ment in cable and other pay television services has grown by 4 percent or more. By 1999, there were 52 percent more workers in cable and other pay television services than in television broadcasting stations. The grow th of c a b le television In addition to rapid employment growth, other statistics docu ment growth in the cable television industry. By 1999, twothirds of households with televisions subscribed to cable ser vices. The growth of cable subscribers mirrors that of the industry’s employment until the mid-1980s. While employ ment stagnated until after the 1990-91 recession, the num ber of subscribers continued to expand, with more than 65 m illion households subscribing to cable television in 1999.18(See table 5.) Cable systems, which provide service in a given geographic area and generally serve 50,000 or more subscribers,19grew more rapidly over the period than television broadcasting sta tions, cable’s main competition. In 1958, there were approxi mately equal numbers of television broadcasting stations and cable systems. Since then, annual growth for television sta tions averaged only 2.8 percent through 1999, compared with 7.7 percent for cable systems. (See chart 3). The growth of https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Monthly Labor Review August 2000 7 Job Growth in Television Table 5. The growth of cable TV Industry Pay-TV and other communications employment (SICs 482,4,9)............... Cable systems...................................... Cable subscribers................................ National cable networks....................... Cable’s market penetration.................. 1958 1972 1984 44,300 58,700 163,400 234,000 525 450,000 2,841 6,000,000 6,200 29,000,000 48 43.7 10,466 65,000,000 214 68.0 (D (D (2) (2) 1Cable network data begin in 1976, when the number totaled 4. 2 Market penetration data begin in 1975, with 13.2 percent penetration. S ources : Employment data: bls Division of Monthly Industry Employment Statistics. Systems, Subscibers: Warren Publishing, Inc., Television & cable systems accelerated during the 1980s, but it leveled off in the 1990s, due mainly to a wave of consolidation in the industry.20 Although closely related, it is the greater number of chan nel choices with better reception that sets the cable market apart from regular television broadcasting. Today, cable op erators provide video programming to their customers using satellite earth stations and coaxial cable or fiber optics as the main lines for transmitting television signals. This advanced technology did not exist during the early years of television and prevented rapid expansion in the number of video pro grams offered by cable distributors. The e a rly years of television Six television broadcasting stations were in operation in 1946,21 and the earliest cable systems were built during the following 4 years. These latter systems were constructed to serve homes on the “fringe” of the broadcast area, those who otherwise would not be able to receive clear signals from the television station. Cable distributors placed community an tennas on mountain tops or other high points and connected homes to the towers with cables, allowing them to receive broadcast signals.22 At the time, cable television was a very labor-intensive business, and despite high demand, it was difficult to find enough capital to launch a new cable enterprise. Another obstacle faced by the cable pioneers was obtaining permis sion to use public rights-of-way and utility poles.23 Cable television was a simple application of available technology in the early years, and operators were capable of carrying only a few channels, because of the primitive transmission technology involved and the relatively sparse number of broadcast signals to retransmit.24 Cable television went largely unregulated until the mid1960s. In their book on the industry, Patrick R. Parsons and Robert M. Frieden identify several historical phases of cable television within the period from 1947 to 1972. During the initial 5 years of this era, the first modern systems began to install wire-based television. After that, many family-owned, 8 Monthly Labor Review https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis August 2000 1999 Cable Factbook, Services Volume No. 67, 1999. Networks: National Cable Television Association, Cable Television Developments, Spring/Summer 2000. Market Penetration: Nielsen Media Research, from ncta’s Cable Television Developments, Spring/Summer 2000. “Mom-’n-Pop” operations sprouted up until about 1964. Fi nally, during the 8 years ending in 1972, the FCC began insti tuting rules regulating cable television.24 Nevertheless, cable television continued to expand, but not without growing pains. Regulation in the industry, 1940-72. By 1940, the FCC had tested on-air television stations and authorized limited com mercial television operation.26 Regulation of television oc curred because the broadcast spectrum was a publicly owned, but limited resource.27 From 1948 to 1952, the FCC placed a 4-year freeze on awarding licenses for new television broad casting stations. The airwaves were becoming congested, and the FCC needed more time to sort out issues on standards.28 Meanwhile, largely due to the freeze, demand for cable televi sion services increased in areas not yet served by any form of television, and cable systems responded by forwarding broad cast signals to these additional communities. In 1958, the FCC took the position that it had no jurisdiction over cable television, because the cable operator simply pro vided a piece of equipment and did not carry a signal.29 As cable grew, however, local television stations regarded the importation of distant signals as a competitive threat. Because cable opera tors received broadcast signals essentially free of charge, addi tional stations in a viewing area could fragment local advertising dollars and drive the local broadcaster off the air.30 Heavy lob bying ensued on both sides. A year later, the FCC launched its first study on how the cable television industry affected the television broadcast ing market, but nothing was found that could be used to restrict the entry or continuation of cable systems.31 By the mid-1960s, however, the FCC had become the regula tory authority over cable television. In 1962, the Commis sion ruled that cable operators could use microwave sys tems to relay distant broadcast signals, with the provision that there be no adverse economic effects on broadcast ers.31 In 1966, the FCC froze the expansion of all cable firms in the top 100 markets and stipulated that cable systems obtain the consent of any remote broadcast station before importing that channel and distributing it to viewers.33 In effect, cable television was regulated as a natural C h a rt 3. Index of growth of cable systems and television broadcasting stations, 1958-99 Index Index 1958= 100 1958 = 100 monopoly: an entity that incurs significant economies of scale as output (the number of subscribers) increases.34 Local franchising authorities granted these monopolies on the basis that inefficiencies, such as redundant line du plication, would have arisen if more than one firm pro vided video programming. Although the first formal f c c restrictions on cable were in place by the late 1960s, the cable industry had managed to evolve from a transmission service to an active player in the video program delivery market. More specifically, chan nel capacity had risen from 3 or 4 to about a dozen.35 Cable television was basically reborn, and as the financial health of the industry improved, larger businesses, and their capital, were increasingly attracted to cable. By the mid-1960s, televi sion broadcasters themselves owned nearly 30 percent of all cable systems.36 C a b le a n d satellite grow th, 1972-84 After several years of restricting cable firms from receiving and distributing long distance television broadcasting signals, in March 1972 the FCC issued new rules that eased some of the limitations and restrictions—the Cable Rules o f 1972. Cable firms were granted permission to import distant sig nals into major markets, but they were still limited in terms of quantity and variety.37 The early and more restrictive pay television rules limited https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis cable operators’ ability to offer better products outside of broadcast channels. With the introduction of satellite tech nology in the industry, cable television gained the support of a communications network in the sky, ushering in a new era in video program delivery. The first use of satellites allowed for more long-range capture of remote broadcast signals. In 1975, Home Box Office ( h b o ) rented a satellite to distribute a boxing program to cable systems in Florida and Mississippi.38 The fusion of cable and satellite technology permanently changed the way television is viewed in the United States. Satellites allowed cable franchises to expand channel capacity and offer more programming alternatives. Similar to the earlier effect of cable television on the entire television market, the eventual role of satellites in the video programming service industry would change from a program delivery tool to a distri bution competitor. New channels, ESPN and MTV for example, targeted special interest groups such as sports enthusiasts and teenagers. In short, cable became a more marketable ser vice after satellites were introduced, and the growth of cable television accelerated. The extensive cable satellite system also attracted more advertisers because it allowed for a larger audience base. Us ing satellite technology, for example, Ted Turner was able to expand his local television broadcasting station into a national cable network and thus sell advertising at more lucrative rates. In 1975, w t b s became the first satellite-delivered broadcast station and soon became known as the first “superstation.”39 Monthly Labor Review August 2000 9 Job Growth in Television Table 6 Cable industry concentration ratios, 1990-97 [In percent] Market share 1990 1992 1994 1997 Top company......................... 24.0 25.2 24.8 29.3 Top 2 companies.................. 36.7 37.9 37.3 47.7 Top 3 companies.................. 42.0 43.2 42.4 55.6 Top 4 companies.................. 45.6 48.2 47.2 62.3 Top 10 companies................ 61.6 64.6 63.3 79.8 SOURCE: Paul Kagan Associates, Inc., cited in Annual Assessment of the Status of Competition in the Market for the Delivery of Video Program ming: Fourth Annual Report, FCC 97-423 (Federal Communications Com mission, January 2000), p. E-4. Today, superstation TBS has about 75 million subscribers and roughly 12,000 affiliates nationwide.40 Rising demand for television entertainment, marketing ef forts, and technological innovations furthered the growth of cable television in the 1970s and early 1980s. h b o became the nation’s first pay television network and created the first tele vision production originated by a cable company. Their parent company, Time Inc., invested in motion picture production to differentiate Home Box Office as a premium channel and to improve the quality and quantity of movies available on HBO.41 The Cable News Network (CNN) became the first all-news cable channel, when it began satellite service in 1980.42 More va riety and better services meant more revenue for cable firms, which in turn meant more growth for the industry. With satel lite technology firmly entrenched, the number of cable sys tems had grown to 6,200 by 1984. Cable networks, number ing only 4 in 1976, numbered 48 in 1984. (See table 5.) D ereg u latio n a n d consolidation, 1984-99 Key legal aspects of the cable television industry were clari fied when Congress enacted the Cable Communications Policy Act of 1984, which deregulated the industry further and re versed many of the restrictions from 1972. The purpose of the 1984 Cable Act was to streamline the expansion of cable sys tems and promote competition.43 After some consideration, the FCC concluded that less cable regulation was needed. Spe cifically, the Commission no longer regulated cable rates in markets where sufficient competition existed, but cross-own ership of a cable and broadcast system was disallowed.44 The FCC contended that as cable service grew, rates charged to customers would be checked by competition from develop ing video delivery alternatives, such as home satellites and videocassette rentals. The 1980s were characterized by increased competition be tween television broadcasters and cable operators. Meanwhile, decreased viewing time for all forms of television further compli 10 Monthly Labor Review https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis August 2000 cated the issue.45 Among other things, videocassette recorders ( v c r s ) reduced time spent watching cable and broadcast televi sion—the number of VCRs in use increased from 15.5 million in 1984 to 170.3 million in 1998.46 In addition, new alternatives to cable and television broadcasting, such as home satellites, struggled to make their way into the video market.47 Despite the move toward other viewing options, basic cable networks still managed to gain ground relative to over-the-air television broadcasters.48 (See chart 4.) In the 1990s, cable system ownership became more concen trated, due to the many mergers and acquisitions that took place during the period, and this activity tended to dampen growth, especially that of employment. Time Warner, for ex ample, merged with Turner Broadcasting Systems in 1996.49 On the programming side, the Walt Disney Company acquired Capital Cities/a b c and Westinghouse bought CBS.50 In 1975, the top 10 cable companies supplied 40 percent of all cable television subscribers.51 According to a later source of in dustry concentration data, by 1997, the market share of the top 10 cable companies had doubled to 80 percent. (See table 6.) Also, in 1992, multiple cable system operators owned all or part of 15 of the 25 largest cable networks.52 In response to the accumulated market power of cable tele vision operators, Congress enacted the Cable Television Con sumer Protection and Competition Act of 1992. More restric tive measures were implemented in the following years and included rate regulation in the absence of effective competi tion, the prohibition of exclusive franchising, and must-carry rules, which obligated cable operators to carry all available local broadcast signals.53 Technological advances. While competition from other video viewing options served to slow growth, technological innovation continued to play a large role in the maturation and competitive status of the cable television industry. Fiber optics, a key breakthrough that took place during the 1980s, enabled faster and better quality cable connections. Further technical improvements, such as digital compression tech nology, allowed more system capacity,54 and numerous new cable channels, such as Disney, The Weather Channel, and Discovery, entered the market.55 With the proliferation of cable television channels, overthe-air television audiences became more fragmented, and ad vertising revenues increasingly were diverted to cable. “Narrowcasting” allowed advertisers to target specific niche audiences that come with unique cable channels.56 More than one-third of all television advertising dollars were directed toward cable audiences in 1997, compared with only 6 per cent in 1984.57 New products— such as NFL football on cable, “at-home” shopping, video-on-demand, and even the cover age of the Gulf War by CNN— served to increase the popular ity of cable among consumers as well.58 The number of cable subscriptions continued to grow despite hikes in cable tele- Chart 4. Television viewing shares: cable versus broadcast television, 1985-99 Percent Percent SOURCE: Cable TV Facts 2000 (Cabletelevision Advertising Bureau, 2000), on the Internet at http://www.cabletvadbureau.com (visited July 2000). Chart 5. Consumer Price Index (CPI) for cable television and for all urban consumers, annual averages, 1983-99 Index Index 1982/84 = 100 1982/84= 100 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Monthly Labor Review August 2000 11 Job Growth in Television vision prices, which since the early 1980s have risen more than twice as rapidly as the Consumer Price Index for all Ur ban Consumers (CPi-u). (See chart 5.) Despite climbing pro gramming costs—as cable networks began charging local systems for program content, whereas previously the net works had paid the local systems to get in their channel lineup—by the late 1980s, the revenue picture appeared to be quite rosy for the cable industry.59 Cable companies made use of their increased revenues by investing in plant and equipment, and in programming. From 1984 through 1992, the cable industry spent more than $15 billion on hardware.60 Similarly, cable systems’ programming expenditures rose more than 300 percent to $7.5 billion from 1984 to 1998.61 These investments improved the competi tive position of cable relative to that of broadcasters. Following the 1992 legislation, and as the U.S. economy began recovering from the 1990-91 recession, the trend in video delivery programming began to change once again. This time the move was from “cable” to “other” in the cable and other pay television industry. Like the first cable television customers who were out of reach from a strong broadcast television signal, direct-to-home satellite services initially served viewers who were not able to receive cable television services from an operator in their geographic area. Similarly, the technological and market history tended to repeat itself as direct-to-home satellite service customers soon enjoyed better picture quality and more channels than cable or broadcasters offered. These new services also de veloped a technological advantage in the form of digital tele vision service.62 Just as cable accompanied the development of television broadcasting, the same held for satellites with respect to cable television’s growth. In both cases, the older industry was at first helped by the new technology, only to later find itself in direct competition with the younger form of video distribution. both cable and television broadcasting stations markets. Information and entertainment. Industry classifications sepa rating the delivery of information from that of entertainment became blurred in recent years, creating a new kind of video product, sometimes called infotainment. Firms began “bundling” their services—a single company might offer cable television, local and long-distance phone service, and Internet access, for example. These “full-service” telecommunications enterprises are expected to become increasingly prevalent, as technology continues to improve with the change from analog to digital distribution.66 Cable television providers expanded their ser vices by offering quicker access to the Internet, using high speed cable modems rather than regular telephone lines. Similarly, television broadcasting companies improved their strategic po sition by investing in cable networks, such as when the National Broadcasting Company and Microsoft began MSNBC, a 24-hour cable news network.67 In addition, the satellite market was at tractive enough that AT&T purchased a 2.5-percent equity stake in DirecTV in 1996.68 Many cable firms reacted by offering new channels and bet ter service as a direct result of new competition from satellite television providers. Cable was able to increase its program ming services by enabling digital compression technology for the first time. The technological cycle had come full circle: Satellites or other pay television services were able to offer better picture quality and increased channel capacity, just as cable services had enjoyed an advantage over broadcast televi sion in the early years of the industry. has grown immensely since 1958, with radio and television broadcasting leading the way up to 1972, and pay television and other communications adding more jobs since then. The latter industry, however, cur rently still trails slightly in terms of the total number of work ers. Looking at the more specific industry data available since The Telecommunications Act o f 1996. The television indus 1988, job creation in cable and other pay television services try was further deregulated when Congress passed the Tele has outpaced that of television broadcasting. Although the two communications Act of 1996, which was intended to provide industries had similar employment levels in 1988, cable had a “pro-competitive national policy framework.”63 The act also added 52 percent more jobs than broadcast television by 1999. sought to remove additional barriers to competitive entry in Workers in cable and other pay television services earn less per order to expedite competition with other multi-channel video hour than their broadcast television counterparts, but they also tend to work more hours per week. The occupational make-up programming deliverers. Cable rates were deregulated on their extended basic tier, of the two industries is quite different, with installers and re which included specialty channels such as ESPN, MTV, and pairers leading the list for pay television, while announcers make up the leading occupation in radio and television broadcasting. t n t . The rates were no longer regulated if a telephone com For more than 40 years, the employment and market trends pany, for example, offered cable service comparable to those in broadcast and cable television have gone through unique of the competing cable system.64 Finally, the FCC was given the authority to suspend its rules on a short-term basis in phases, as both industries matured at different times. Cable order to promote new or improved technology or services.65 television began as a rural-based supplement to broadcast This opening to more competition and better technology proved television, but increased demand and technological innovations to be a double-edged sword for cable companies in the 1990s. spurred tremendous growth in the industry. Legislation and regu Direct Broadcast Satellite, for example, began to move into lation in the industry both checked and boosted cable television 12 Monthly Labor Review https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis August 2000 e m p l o y m e n t in t h e t e l e v is io n in d u s t r y expansion. The establishment of a national cable and satel lite distribution network followed the relaxation of some of the more restrictive policies. Technical advantages enabled cable to eventually exercise a certain degree of market power over broadcast television in their respective geographic mar kets. As cable systems improved their market positions, they responded by upgrading their infrastructure and improving their service levels, channel capacity, and reception quality. Strong job growth continued. Meanwhile, competition from telephone companies, utilities, wireless industries, and home satellites began to provide rivalry in the market for video program delivery, as these related industries crossed over or entered into pay television. Today, cable, broadcast, and other television services continue to both influence and adapt to the rapidly changing world of telecommunications. If tech nology keeps pace with demand, employment in the industry should continue to expand as well. 69 □ Notes 1 Robert L. Hilliard and Michael C. Keith, The Broadcast Century: A Biog raphy o f American Broadcasting (Stoneham, ma, Butterworth-Heinemann, 1992), p. 88. 2 Hilliard and Keith, The Broadcast Century, p. 150. 3 Annual Assessment o f the Status o f Competition in Markets for the Delivery o f Video Programming: Sixth Annual Report, FCC 99-418 (Federal Communications Commission, January 2000), appendix B, table B -l. 4 See Federal Communications Commission Fact Sheet: Cable Television Information Bulletin, June 2000, on the Internet at http:www.fcc.gov/csb/facts/ csgen.html (visited July 2000), pp. 1-2. 5 Federal Communications Commission Fact Sheet: Cable Television, p. 2 6 Standard Industrial Classification Manual: 1987 (Executive Office of the President, Office of Management and Budget, 1987), p. 283. 7 Standard Industrial Classification Manual: 1987, p. 283. 16 Federal Communications Commission Fact Sheet: Cable Television, p. 2. 17 Ibid., p. 2; where it also says that “The 1984 Cable Act established poli cies in the areas of ownership, channel usage, franchise provisions and re newals, subscriber rates and privacy, obscenity and lockboxes, unauthorized reception of services, equal employment opportunity, and pole attachments. The new law also defined jurisdictional boundaries among Federal, State and local authorities for regulating cable television systems.” 18 Television and Cable Factbook (Washington, Inc., 1999), p. J-96. DC, Warren Publishing, 19 Television and Cable Factbook, p. J-97. 20 Paul Kagan Associates, Inc., cited in Annual Assessment o f the Status of Competition in the Market for the Delivery of Video Programming: Fourth Annual Report, fcc 97-423 (Federal Communications Commission, January 2000), p. E-4. 21 Television and Cable Factbook, p. J-97. 8These data are from the BLS Occupational Employment Statistics (OES) survey, “a periodic mail survey of nonfarm establishments that collects occupational employment data on workers by industry;” see bls Handbook o f Methods, bulletin 2490 (Bureau of Labor Statistics, April 1997), ch. 3, pp. 32-35. 22 National Cable Television Association, The History o f Cable Televi sion information sheet, on the Internet at www.ncta.com/glance.html (vis ited July 2000). 9 Average hourly earnings data are from the Current Employment Statis tics (ces) Program. Average hourly earnings are gross payrolls (including premium pay such as overtime) divided by total paid hours. Therefore, average hourly earnings differ from wage rates, which are the payments for a unit of time worked. Retroactive payments, irregular bonuses, and benefits are excluded. The data are for nonsupervisory workers only. 24Robert W. Crandall and Harold Furchtgott-Roth, Cable tv: Regulation or Competition? (Washington, DC, The Brookings Institution, 1996), pp. 2-3. 10 For more information on the ces, see “Employment, hours, and earnings from the establishment survey,” in bls Handbook o f Methods, bulletin 2490 (Bureau of Labor Statistics, April 1997), ch. 2, pp. 15-31. From the Hand book (p. 15): “ bls cooperates with State employment security agencies in the Current Employment Statistics (ces) survey to collect data each month on employment, hours, and earnings from a sample of nonfarm establish ments (including government). In early 1996, this sample included over 390,000 reporting units. From these data, a large number of employment, hours, and earnings series in considerable industry and geographic detail are prepared and published each month [by bls].” 11 The industry group “cable and other pay television services” was not classified independently until 1987, when the sic system was revised with the publication of the new Standard Industrial Classification Manual: 1987. 12 Other pay-TV services include, but are not limited to, closed circuit televi sion, multichannel multipoint distribution systems, satellite master antenna sys tems, direct broadcast satellite, and other home satellite dishes. 13 Federal Communications Commission Fact Sheet: Cable Television, p. 2. 14Ibid., p. 2. 15 Patrick R. Parsons and Robert M. Frieden, The Cable and Satellite Television Industries (Needham Heights, ma, Allyn and Bacon, 1998), p. 56. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 23 Parsons and Frieden, The Cable and Satellite Television Industries, p. 33. 25 Parsons and Frieden, The Cable and Satellite Television Industries, p. 20. 26Hilliard and Keith, The Broadcast Century, p. 92. 27 Douglas F. Greer, Industrial Organization and Public Policy, 2nd ed. (New York, ny, Macmillan Publishing Company, 1984). p. 436. 28 Parsons and Frieden, The Cable and Satellite Television Industries, p. 27. 29Ibid., p. 38. 30Ibid., p. 36. 31 Inquiry into the Impact o f Community Antenna Systems, quoted at The National Cable Television Center and Museum website, on the Internet at http://www.cablecenter.org (visited August 1999). 32 Parsons and Frieden, The Cable and Satellite Television Industries, p p .42-43. 33Ibid., p. 44. 34 Greer, Industrial Organization and Public Policy, pp. 434-35. 35 Parsons and Frieden, The Cable and Satellite Television Industries, p. 45. 36 From Television Magazine, March 1967, cited in Parsons and Frieden, The Cable and Satellite Television Industries, p. 47. 37 Parsons and Frieden, The Cable and Satellite Television Industries, p. 49. Monthly Labor Review August 2000 13 Job Growth in Television 53 Communications Engineering and Design (CED) magazine website, on the Internet at http://www.cedmagazine.coin/retro/eighties.htnil (visited June 1998). 38Ibid., pp. 53-54. 39Ibid., pp. 53-55. 40Cable tv Developments (National Cable Television Association), fall 1998/ winter 1999. 41 The National Cable Television Center and Museum website, on the Internet at http://www.cablecenter.org (visited August 1998). 42 Hilliard and Keith, The Broadcast Century, p. 230. 43 Cable Communications Policy Act of 1984, Public Law 98-549, 98th Congress, Sec 601, Title VI, Part I, General Provisions, Purposes, 47 USC 521. 44 Cable Communications Policy Act o f1984, Sec 623,622,613, and 634. 45 J. Fred MacDonald, One Nation Under Television (New York, ny, Pan theon Books, 1990). p. 258. 46 Television and Cable Factbook, 1999, p. J-3. 56 MacDonald, One Nation Under Television, p. 254. 57 Television and Cable Factbook, p. J-12. 58The National Cable Television Center and Museum, on the Internet at http://www.cablecenter.org (visited, August 1998). 59 Cable 1997, p. 8. tv Developments (National Cable Television Association), fall, 60 National Cable Television Association information sheet on the 1980s. 61 Cable tv Developments (National Cable Television Association), fall 1998/ winter 1999. 62 Parsons and Frieden, The Cable and Satellite Television Industries, p. 14. 47 Parsons and Frieden, The Cable and Satellite Television Industries, p. 60. 63 Annual Assessment of the Status of Competition in the Market for the Delivery o f Video Programming: Third Annual Report, CS Docket No. 96-133 (Federal Communications Commission, January 1997), sec. 2, par. 5. 48 Nielsen ratings, cited in Cable tv Developments (National Cable Televi sion Association), spring/summer 2000, p. 5. 64 Telecommunications Act of 1996, 104th Congress, Jan. 3, 1996, S.652, section 301. 49 Parsons and Frieden, The Cable and Satellite Television Industries, p. 16. 65 Telecommunications Act o f 1996, 104th Congress, Jan. 3, 1996, S.652, section 303. 50 James Walker and Douglas Ferguson, The Broadcast Television Indus try, (Needham Heights, ma, Allyn and Bacon, 1998). p.37. 66 Parsons and Frieden, The Cable and Satellite Television Industries, p. 12. 51 Crandall and Furchtgott-Roth, p. 9. 52 Crandall and Furchtgott-Roth, p. 15. 53 Cable Television Consumer Protection and Competition Act of 1992, Pub lic Law 102-385,102nd Congress, Oct. 5,1992. 54The National Cable Television Center and Museum website, on the Internet at http://www.cablecenter.org (visited August 1998). 14 Monthly Labor Review https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis August 2000 67 The National Cable Television Center and Museum web site: http:// www.cablecenter.org (visited August 1998). 68 Parsons and Frieden, The Cable and Satellite Television Industries, p. 134. 69 A discussion of the outlook for jobs in both the broadcast and cable television industries can be found in Career Guide to Industries: 2001-01 Edition, Bulletin 2340 (Bureau of Labor Statistics, January 2000), pp. 105-09. Producer Prices, 1999 Rising producer prices in 1999 dominated by energy goods Surging energy prices push up the Producer Price Index fo r crude, intermediate, and finished goods Eleni Xenofondos and William F. Snyders Eleni Xenofondos and William F. Snyders are economists in the Office of Prices and Living Conditions, Bureau of Labor Statistics. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis he Producer Price Index ( p p i ) for crude, intermediate, and finished goods rose in 1999; surging energy prices were the driv ing force behind the acceleration in each stage of process. The Producer Price Index for Finished Goods rose 2.9 percent in 1999, after showing no change in 1998, and falling 1.2 percent in 1997. The rise in 1999 was the largest annual increase since 1990’s 5.7-percent advance. The turnaround in overall finished goods was primarily due to soaring energy prices, which increased 18.1 per cent, following an 11.7-percent decrease during the previous 12 months. The index for finished consumer foods rose 0.8 percent in 1999, after a slight 0.1 -percent increase in 1998. However, fin ished goods other than foods and energy—a cat egory that includes both consumer goods and capital equipment—increased 0.9 percent in 1999, after gaining 2.5 percent a year earlier. (See table 1.) At the earlier stages of processing, the Pro ducer Price Index for intermediate materials, sup plies, and components rose 3.7 percent, following a 3.3-percent decline in 1998. This index captures price movements for goods such as jet fuel, paint materials, shipping containers, animal feeds, and semiconductors. The overall acceleration in in termediate materials was primarily due to rising prices for intermediate energy goods, which de clined in 1998. Also contributing to the accelera tion were rising prices for both nondurable and durable manufacturing materials, both of which fell last year. The index for materials and compo nents for construction rose more than in the prior T year. Prices for intermediate foods and feeds de creased less than in 1998. The intermediate core index (which excludes foods and energy) in creased 1.9 percent, following a 1.6-percent de cline in 1998. Similarly, prices for crude materials for further processing advanced 15.3 percent in 1999, after falling 16.7 percent in 1998. Crude goods in clude commodities such as wheat, slaughter cattle, crude petroleum, natural gas, scrap met als, timber, and raw cotton. Analogous to fin ished and intermediate goods, most of the in crease in crude goods can be attributed to rising prices for energy goods, which dropped in the previous year. Prices for crude goods other than foods and energy also increased substantially from last year. The index for crude foodstuffs and feedstuffs fell less than it did in 1998. Inflation, as measured by the Consumer Price Index (CPI), rose 2.7 percent during 1999, accel erating from the 1.6-percent increase in 1998. As with the p p i , much of the CPI’s overall increase can be attributed to rising energy prices—gaso line prices paid by consumers rose 30.1 percent in 1999. However, excluding food and energy goods, consumer prices advanced only 1.9 per cent, the slowest annual rate of increase in nearly 35 years.1 Energy goo d s The ppi for finished energy goods advanced 18.1 percent, following an 11.7-percent drop in 1998. Taking a look further up the pipeline for energy M onthly Labor Review A ugust 2000 15 Producer Prices, 1999 Table 1. Annual percent changes for major categories of the Producer Price Index by stage of processing, 1990-99 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 Finished goods......................................... Foods .................................................. Energy................................................ Other................................................... 5.7 2.6 30.7 3.5 -0.1 -1.5 -9.6 3.1 1.6 1.6 -.3 2.0 0.2 2.4 -4A .4 1.7 1.1 3.5 1.6 2.3 1.9 1.1 2.6 2.8 3.4 11.7 .6 -1.2 -.8 -6.4 .0 0.0 .1 -11.7 2.5 2.9 .8 18.1 .9 Intermediate materials, supplies, and components........................................... Foods and feeds................................. Energy ................................................ Other................................................... 4.3 -1.3 21.8 1.9 -2.6 -.2 -11.6 -.8 1.0 -.5 .7 1.2 1.0 5.5 -4.2 1.6 4.4 -4.5 2.9 5.2 3.3 10.3 1.1 3.2 .7 2.1 11.2 -.9 -.8 -1.7 -7.0 .3 -3.3 -7.3 -12.1 -1.6 3.7 —4.2 19.6 1.9 Crude materials for further processing.... Foodstuffs and feedstuffs.................. Energy................................................ Other................................................... 6.0 -4.2 19.1 .6 -11.6 -5.8 -16.6 -7.6 3.3 3.0 2.3 5.7 .1 7.2 -12.3 10.7 -.5 -9.4 -.1 17.3 5.5 12.9 3.7 -4.2 14.7 -1.0 51.2 -5.5 -11.3 -4.0 -23.1 .0 -16.7 -11.0 -23.8 -16.0 15.3 -.1 36.9 14.0 Index goods, prices for intermediate energy goods advanced 19.6 percent in 1999, following a 12.1 -percent drop in the 1998 cal endar year. Also, the p p i for crude energy materials rose 36.9 percent in 1999, following a 23.8-percent drop in 1998. While most energy products accelerated during 1999, each stage of process was driven by accelerating prices for petroleum-based commodities. Petroleum-based, energy goods. Crude petroleum accounted for three-fourths of the acceleration in crude energy materials. In 1998, petroleum prices reached near-historic lows as world production increased 1.4 percent, petroleum demand from East Asia waned, and a warmer-than-normal 1997-98 winter sea son decreased energy demand in the United States.2 Crude petroleum prices, however, took a new direction in 1999 due to several factors that combined to push up oil prices by 172.0 percent. First, domestic crude oil production fell from 228.1 million barrels in 1998 to 214.6 million barrels in 1999, a decline of nearly 6.0 percent. This slowdown in production can be traced to a 10.6-percent drop in Alaskan crude oil output as well as a 4.8-percent decrease from the lower 48 States.3 In March 1999, the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) and several non-OPEC countries announced an agreement to reduce output. As a result, crude oil imports from some nations to the United States dropped significantly. (See table 2.) Other worldwide events also affected domestic oil prices in the United States. During most of the 1990s, the Far East enjoyed rapid economic expansion and the commensurate expanding demand for energy. However, in 1998, Japan’s eco nomic growth rate fell 2.9 percent, real gross domestic prod uct (GDP) in Thailand dropped 8.1 percent, and the growth rate in South Korea fell 5.8 percent.4 Economic slumps in these and other Asian countries caused oil demand for indus trial and other uses to decline. In 1999, these economies be- 16 M onthly Labor Review https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis August 2000 gan to recover. Real GDP rebounded, and competition for available crude oil supplies increased. Petroleum-based products also led to the acceleration at the intermediate stage of process. (Approximately two-thirds of the acceleration in intermediate energy goods can be attrib uted to petroleum-based energy products.) Jet fuel prices surged 90.9 percent from December 1998 to December 1999, after falling for 2 consecutive years. The indexes for diesel fuel, liquefied petroleum gas, and residual fuel also rose in 1999, following a decrease in the prior year. More than half of the acceleration in prices for finished energy goods can be traced to a 74.8-percent surge in gaso line prices, which followed a 33.1-percent drop in 1998. Chart 1 illustrates the strong correlation in the price movements among crude petroleum and gasoline. Excluding gasoline, a more detailed look shows that the index for finished goods increased 1.3 percent in 1999, compared with the 2.9-percent gain in the overall index. Weather-related supply issues put upward pressure on gasoline prices as Hurricane Lenny forced the closing of refinery operations in the Caribbean. Also, refinery operations in Mississippi temporarily closed for main tenance. Among other petroleum-based energy goods, prices for home heating oil jumped 89.4 percent, following a 36.1 percent decline in 1998. The indexes for finished lubri cants and liquefied petroleum gas also increased in 1999. (See table 3.) Energy goods other than petroleum-based. Among other finished energy goods in 1999, electricity production declined as cooler weather in some parts of the country substantially reduced the need for air conditioning, keeping residential elec tric power prices low. (The residential electric power index was the only finished energy component that fell in 1999.) In addition, with no significant generation outages in 1999, the wholesale supply of electricity was more than sufficient. Table 2. Imports of crude oil into the United States by country of origin, 1998-99 Country of origin Crude oil (thousand barrels) Percent change 1998 1999 504 109,412 512,452 332 89,914 506,272 -34.1 -17.8 -1.2 502,552 251,315 419,893 227,471 -16.4 -9.5 6,219 1,628 15,376 14,908 19,423 169,580 75,543 9,375 19,527 8,311 482,252 900 335 4,763 9,227 14,748 130,168 61,247 7,708 16,645 7,632 457,655 -85.5 -79.4 -69.0 -38.1 -24.1 -23.2 -18.9 -17.8 -14.8 -8.2 -5.1 Arab opec Qatar.................................. Kuwait................................ Saudi Arabia....................... Other opec Venezuela.......................... Nigeria................................ Non-OPEC Congo (Kinshasa) ............. Yemen................................. China, People’s Republic of P eru................................... Trinidad and Tobago.......... Angola................................ Gabon ................................ Malaysia............................. Congo (Brazzaville)........... Guatemala.......................... M exico............................... S ource: Petroleum Supply Annual, 1999, Volume I (Energy Infor mation Administration). See text footnote 3 for Internet address. Prices for residential natural gas increased, after falling in the previous year. Further up the energy pipeline, prices rose for commercial electric power, industrial natural gas, and commercial natural gas, after falling in 1998. The index for industrial electric power fell less in 1999 than in the prior year. By contrast, prices for coke oven products declined 5.4 percent in 1999, after edging up 0.1 percent in the prior year. At the crude stage of process, the index for natural gas rose 7.9 percent, following a 17.8-percent drop in 1998. By contrast, coal prices fell 9.3 percent, following a 1.2-percent decrease in the previous year. Following crude oil, natural gas and coal are the largest fuel sources used in the United States, each supplying 23.0 percent of U.S. consumption.5 In 1999, natural gas prices increased mainly due to sum mer cooling needs, anticipation of decreased injection rates, ensuing decreased winter storage levels, and de creased drilling activity. Hot weather in California and the Southwest caused a higher-than-normal demand for air conditioning. Higher energy prices and demand in 1999 also resulted from the temporary closings of hydroelectric power plants in the Northwest and West, due to the dam s’ harmful environmental effects on some species of fish and birds. At the same time, a maintenance shutdown of California’s main north-south transmission line caused a decrease in supply. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Foods a n d re la te d products Producer prices for finished consumer foods accelerated in 1999, rising 0.8 percent, after a 0.1-percent increase in 1998. Leading the way, pork prices jumped 29.8 percent, following a 27.3-percent drop in 1998 and a 13.6-percent decline in 1997. Declining pork prices in 1998 resulted from overproduction, softer exports to Asia and Mexico, and price competition from Canadian imports. The rebound in pork prices for 1999 can be traced to a dramatic 266.9-percent jump in the index for slaugh ter hogs. In addition, greater demand for U.S. pork exports in 1999 pushed prices higher. (See table 4.) Also contributing to the increase in finished consumer foods was a 10.8-percent rise in beef and veal prices, which had declined 2.7 percent in 1998. Beef prices were very strong in the second half of 1999 in spite of record beef production and large supplies of pork and poultry. Demand for higher quality beef was unusually strong as U.S. and world econo mies continued to strengthen, particularly in Asia. In addi tion, expectations for a more festive holiday season bolstered demand for higher quality beef to insure adequate supplies. In contrast to rising meat prices, the dairy products index fell 11.1 percent in 1999, following a 10.7-percent gain in the prior year. Due to cold and dry weather throughout most of 1997 and 1998, milk production fell, and dairy prices gradu ally rose. During the same period, skyrocketing butter de mand also pushed prices upward. However, prices for dairy products fell beginning in the first quarter of 1999 due to decreased demand and increased production levels. For the 1999 calendar year, prices declined for fluid milk products, butter, cheese, and ice cream and frozen desserts. Among other finished consumer foods, prices rose for fresh fruits and melons, and for finfish and shellfish, after falling in the previous year. In contrast, the indexes for processed young chickens and for shortening and cook ing oils declined in 1999, after increasing in 1998. At the earlier stages of processing, prices for interme diate foods and feeds declined 4.2 percent throughout 1999, following a 7.3-percent drop in 1998. The index for prepared animal feeds fell 2.7 percent, after dropping 20.4 percent in the prior year. Crude vegetable oil prices de clined due to decreasing crude input prices of corn and soybeans. The index for crude foodstuffs and feedstuffs edged down 0.1 percent in 1999, following an 11.0-percent drop during the 1998 calendar year. Slaughter cattle prices rose 19.4 percent, after falling 12.0 percent a year ago. Simi larly, a large upturn for slaughter hog prices was posted in 1999. The indexes for corn and alfalfa hay fell less than in the previous year. Conversely, fluid milk prices declined 31.3 percent in 1999, after advancing 25.6 percent in 1998. The index for slaughter broilers and fryers also declined, fol lowing an increase in the prior year. M onthly Labor Review A ugust 2000 17 Producer Prices, 1999 C h a rt 1 PPI for crude petroleum and gasoline, 1973-99 Index level Index level 140 140 120 Gasoline Crude --------- petroleum 120 100 Uh. 100 I V s-— A,. V I 80 80 /, i f /5l a 60 a 40 _ ¿ it aM ¿\ A i %/ v-r 60 V I/ V:;: k / 40 /Î.v A ÿ - 20 20 0 I I I I I M I I I I i I I I I I I I I I I I I I I II I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I 1 I ! I 1 I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I i I I I I I 1I I I I I I I I I I I I I I II I I I I I I I I I 1I I 11 I I 1973 74 Chart 2. 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 Key commodity impacts to finished goods less foods and energy 1998 18 M onthly Labor Review https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 1999 C ivilian aircraft » P asse ng er cars^ Light tru cks. iiiiiiili P rescription d ru g s. August 2000 98 1999 0 Table 3. Annual percent changes in Producer Price Indexes for selected energy items, 1994-99 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 Finished energy goods................ Gasoline.................................... Home heating o il....................... Residential electric power........ Residential natural g a s ............ 3.5 11.2 6.9 1.5 -2.6 1.1 2.4 11.9 .9 -2.4 11.7 27.1 25.0 .6 11.2 -6.4 -15.0 -21.7 -.2 2.4 -11.7 -33.1 -36.1 -2.5 -2.4 18.1 74.8 89.4 -.5 .9 Intermediate energy goods.......... Natural gas to electric u tilities.................................... Diesel fuels............................... Jet fuels.................................... Commercial electric power....... Liquefied petroleum gas........... Residual fu e ls........................... 2.9 1.1 11.2 -7.0 -12.1 19.6 3.4 5.9 4.3 2.3 13.0 10.2 -1.4 11.1 6.1 .6 3.9 -4.7 6.1 26.2 26.1 -.1 71.4 32.8 9.3 -22.5 -22.3 .0 -29.3 -7.6 -24.3 -33.8 -35.8 -1.8 -32.6 -39.8 15.6 86.4 90.9 .6 87.0 91.1 Crude energy materials................ Natural g a s ............................... Crude petroleum........................ Coal........................................... -.1 -14.0 21.1 -2.1 3.7 -.3 10.8 -.8 51.2 92.0 35.8 -1.1 -23.1 -27.9 -28.3 4.9 -23.8 -17.8 -48.6 -1.2 36.9 7.9 172.0 -9.3 Index Finished goods other than foods and energy The index for finished goods other than foods and energy increased 0.9 percent, after advancing 2.5 percent in 1998. Finished consumer goods less foods and energy increased 1.2 percent, following a 4.2-percent gain in 1998. (See table 5.) By contrast, the index for capital equipment rose 0.3 percent in 1999, after showing no change a year earlier. Chart 2 illus trates the key commodities contributing to the rise in finished goods less foods and energy in 1998 and 1999. Most of the deceleration in finished consumer goods other than foods and energy was due to much lower price increases for cigarettes and prescription drugs. The cigarette index rose 9.6 percent in 1999, after jumping 49.4 percent in 1998, and prescription drug prices increased 0.8 percent, after gaining 20.9 percent a year ago. Cigarette prices were idle for most of 1999 with the excep tion of a 9.5-percent increase in September 1999. Tobacco manufacturers raised the per-pack price of cigarettes by 18 cents to help pay a $206 billion legal settlement. The settle ment also crippled the tobacco industry’s ability to market products by limiting advertisement locations. As a result of the price increase and better awareness of the ill effects of smoking, cigarette sales fell during most of 1999. In spite of double-digit growth in sales for prescription drugs in 1999, price increases slowed dramatically, up only 0.8 percent, following a 20.9-percent hike in 1998. This decelera tion was led by smaller price increases for minor tranquilizers, diuretics, cough and cold preparations, vitamins, and diabe tes therapy drugs. The indexes for antispasmodic, cardiovas cular therapy, and sedatives declined, after rising in 1998. However, price increases for systemic anti-infectives, hor mones, and dermatologicals accelerated in 1999. The index https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis for anti-arthritics rose, after falling in the prior year. Prices for other finished goods less foods and energy de celerated in 1999. Price increases slowed for light motor trucks, book publishing, alcoholic beverages, periodical cir culation, and household furniture. The indexes for men’s and boys’ apparel and for sporting and athletic goods declined, after rising in 1998. Conversely, prices rose more in 1999 than in the prior year for passenger cars, mobile homes, and news paper circulation. Strong economic growth and a low unemployment rate helped raise sales of new cars by 6.8 percent in 1999. Passen ger car prices rose 1.2 percent in 1999, versus 0.5 percent in 1998. The 1999 passenger car index had the largest increase since a 1.7-percent rise in 1995. Domestic car production increased to 5.6 million units in 1999, after 4 consecutive years of decline.6 Domestic car inventories were 1.3 million units at the end of 1999, the same as at the end of 1998. Within capital equipment, prices increased 0.3 percent in 1999, after showing no change a year earlier. This slight ac celeration was led by a 2.1 -percent increase in civilian aircraft prices, following a 0.5-percent rise in 1998. The civilian air craft index advanced due to cost increases for labor and ma terials. Price increases also accelerated for commercial furni ture, transformers and power regulators, and for agricultural machinery and equipment. In contrast, price increases slowed for light motor trucks, heavy motor trucks, and industrial ma terial handling equipment. The indexes for communication equipment and for x-ray and electromedical equipment fell more than in 1998. The truck indexes increased at a slower rate in 1999 ver sus the prior year. Prices for light trucks rose 0.3 percent, after advancing 1.0 percent in the previous year. This slower rate of increase can be traced to the bigger incentive pro M onthly Labor Review A ugust 2000 19 Producer Prices, 1999 Table 4. Annual percent changes in Producer Price Indexes for selected food items, 1994-99 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 Finished consumer foods............. P ork........................................ Dairy products......................... Fresh fruits and m elons......... Fresh and dry vegetables...... Roasted coffee...................... Beef and veal.......................... Processed poultry.................. 1.1 -11.1 -2.0 -11.2 25.6 49.8 -4.8 -3.7 1.9 15.3 5.4 2.5 -36.0 -8.2 -1.4 8.4 3.4 21.9 2.4 37.2 -24.3 -8.4 7.4 2.6 -0.8 -13.6 4.7 -8.2 21.6 18.1 -5.4 -6.3 0.1 -27.3 10.7 -19.0 8.8 -9.5 -2.7 3.8 0.8 29.8 -11.1 8.2 4.4 -.9 10.8 -3.7 Intermediate foods and feeds...... Prepared animal feeds........... Crude vegetable o ils .............. Flour........................................ Confectionery materials......... Refined sugar.......................... -4.5 -10.6 4.1 -1.1 2.2 .8 10.3 20.6 -14.1 20.1 1.5 .8 2.1 5.4 -9.3 -9.0 2.2 4.2 -1.7 -3.1 13.9 -8.2 -15.8 -4.5 -7.3 -20.4 -2.7 -5.6 -1.0 .6 -4.2 -2.7 -37.5 -7.5 1.7 -2.2 Crude foodstuffs and feedstuffs .. Slaughter hogs........................ Soybeans ................................ Wheat...................................... C om ........................................ Fluid m ilk................................. Slaughter cattle....................... -9.4 -21.3 -18.1 -5.6 -22.4 -5.2 -5.3 12.9 40.6 26.7 29.9 49.4 8.4 -5.2 -1.0 23.2 -3.7 -19.3 -21.0 1.1 -2.5 -4.0 -21.7 1.8 -11.3 2.2 2.8 2.0 -11.0 -76.8 -21.3 -15.0 -22.5 25.6 -12.0 -.1 266.9 -17.5 -13.9 -12.4 -31.3 19.4 Index grams aimed at boosting sales on some models. The index for heavy trucks rose 1.4 percent, following a 3.9-percent gain in 1998. Sales of medium-duty trucks increased more than 20.0 percent in 1999, and heavy-duty truck sales were 25.4 percent above 1998 levels. The index for electronic computers fell 19.7 percent in 1999. Quality improvement in CPUs, hard drives, and other com puter components contributed to the falling prices of elec tronic computers. Improving technology and production pro cesses continued to result in a better product for a lower price. In addition, price competition continued in all seg ments of the computer hardware industry. In te rm e d ia te industrial m a te ria ls The pp i for intermediate materials less foods and energy rose 1.9 percent, after falling 1.6 percent in 1998. This upturn was mainly due to a 4.0-percent price increase for nondurable manufacturing materials, following a 5.3-percent decline in 1998. Durable manufacturing materials also rose, after falling in the prior year. The index for materials and components for construction rose at a higher rate in 1999 than in 1998. (See table 6.) Within nondurable manufacturing materials, the indexes for plastic resins and materials and organic chemicals ad vanced due to significantly higher prices for crude petroleum in 1999. Prices for plastic resins and materials advanced 15.9 percent, after falling 13.4 percent in 1998. Similarly, the in dexes for primary basic organic chemicals, paperboard, paper, and woodpulp rose, after declining in the prior year. For woodpulp— a material input to paper and paperboard pro 20 M onthly Labor Review https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis August 2000 duction—rising prices were due to strong demand and lower inventories caused by the closure of several major woodpulp producers. Higher prices for paperboard in 1999 also resulted from supply interruptions caused by natural disasters such as Hurricane Floyd. The inedible fats and oils index fell for the second con secutive year. This index is very sensitive to movements in grain prices and tends to be volatile; monthly price move ments have ranged from a low of -20.4 percent (March 1999) to a high o f+14.5 percent (October 1999). General weakness in global agricultural commodity prices is the key factor caus ing the year’s downward movement. The price movements of several commodities worked to dampen the overall acceleration within the nondurable manu facturing materials index in 1999. The phosphates index de creased 8.6 percent, after gaining 4.6 percent in 1998, and prices for alkalies and chlorine, gray fabrics, processed yarns and threads, and synthetic fibers fell more in 1999 than in the previous year. The durable manufacturing materials index rose 2.4 per cent during 1999, after posting a 5.5-percent decline in 1998. Prices for primary nonferrous metals (including copper and aluminum) rose 14.0 percent in 1999, following a 16.7-percent drop a year ago. Prices for these products rebounded due to strong demand from the automotive industry and the con struction sector. The flat glass index fell less than in the previous year. Prices for steel mill products fell 2.4 percent, following a 6.5-percent decline in 1998. This slower rate of price decline may be attributed to falling import levels and some reduction in the large inventory of imported steel ac cumulated in 1998. Table 5. Annual percent changes in Producer Price Indexes for selected finished goods other than foods and energy, 1994-99 Index 1994 1995 Finished goods other than foods and energy.................................................... 1.6 Finished consumer goods less foods and energy............................................. Passenger c a rs ..................................... Light trucks........................................... Prescription drugs................................. Over-the-counter drugs......................... Cigarettes.............................................. Books .................................................... Periodicals............................................. Newspapers........................................... Household furniture............................... Capital equipment..................................... Heavy trucks......................................... Truck trailers.......................................... Civilian aircraft....................................... Commercial furniture.............................. Transformers and power regulators...... Computers............................................. Agricultural machinery........................... Construction machinery......................... 1996 1997 2.6 0.6 0.0 2.5 0.9 1.4 2.1 3.3 3.1 1.7 -.1 5.4 3.6 3.3 2.7 2.8 1.7 1.5 4.2 1.7 3.7 6.5 4.8 8.8 2.7 .8 -.8 .2 2.0 -1.7 3.3 3.2 2.0 4.2 1.4 .3 -2.6 -3.6 3.6 .3 10.0 3.3 4.0 .1 1.1 4.2 .5 1.0 20.9 .0 49.4 4.1 3.4 1.1 1.9 1.2 1.2 .3 .8 .9 9.6 1.8 .7 1.4 1.2 2.0 3.0 7.7 2.5 2.5 2.1 -6.8 2.7 2.0 2.2 4.1 2.2 6.1 3.4 3.3 -12.7 4.7 2.5 .4 —4.5 -1.4 3.2 2.0 -1.0 -22.3 1.4 1.8 -.6 .6 2.0 .5 1.2 .6 -21.6 1.4 1.9 .0 3.9 1.9 .5 .1 .1 -26.6 .7 1.7 .3 1.4 1.7 2.1 1.2 3.0 -19.7 1.3 1.4 The index for materials and components for construction registered a 2.2-percent gain in 1999, after edging up only 0.1 percent during 1998. More than half of this acceleration was due to the index for softwood lumber’s 10.1-percent rise in 1999, following a 10.1-percent decline last year. Softwood lumber prices rose steadily during the first half of 1999 (except for a slight drop in April) due to an active construction sector, then weakened after July. Prices for other commodities con tributed to the acceleration in the construction materials in dex. Prices for plastic construction products and nonferrous wire and cable also rose, after falling in 1998, and the indexes for gypsum products and millwork rose more than in the pre vious year. By contrast, plywood prices fell 0.2 percent in 1999, following a 4.9-percent rise in 1998. The index for air conditioning and refrigeration equipment also fell, after in creasing in the previous year. Cement prices rose less than in the prior calendar year. C ru d e n o n fo o d m aterials less e n e rg y Prices for crude nonfood materials less energy rose 14.0 per cent in 1999, after declining 16.0 percent in the prior calendar year. More than half of the acceleration in this index was due to price increases for iron and steel scrap and wastepaper. The index for iron and steel scrap rose 40.0 percent, following a 39.9-percent drop in the previous year. Domestic demand for iron and steel scrap in 1999 was strong, while Asian de mand continued to rise. The wastepaper index jumped 110.5 percent, following a 28.9-percent fall in 1998. The rising prices https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 1998 1999 for wastepaper in 1999 may be linked to increased paper pro duction and increased usage of recycled materials in paper products. Upturns in the indexes for aluminum base scrap, copper ores, softwood logs, and copper base scrap also con tributed to the price acceleration in basic industrial materials in 1999. By contrast, the index for raw cotton decreased 20.8 percent in 1999, after registering an 8.0-percent decline in 1998. Price increases for gold ores and phosphates declined from their 1998 increases. The index for pulpwood logs fell more than in the prior year, while prices for construction sand, gravel, and crushed stone rose less. S e le c te d s e rv ic e industries Among the available PPI service industries, the rate of price increase received by physician offices slowed from 2.6 per cent in 1998 to 2.1 percent in 1999. Because health insurance and managed care companies are benchmarking more of their price changes to medicare, the annual price movements in medicare treatments and non-medicare treatments are begin ning to converge. In an effort to compete for managed care dollars, there was a growing trend toward consolidating prac tices to increase bargaining power. These physician net works bring together partners with management skills, man aged care expertise, information systems, and capital. (See table 7.) In 1999, the index for general medical and surgical hospi tals rose at a somewhat faster rate— 1.8 percent versus 1.3 percent in 1998. Prices received by psychiatric hospitals rose M onthly Labor Review A ugust 2000 21 Producer Prices, 1999 Table 6. Annual percent changes in Producer Price Indexes for selected intermediate and crude materials other than foods and energy, 1994-99 Index 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 Intermediate goods other than foods and energy........................ 5.2 3.2 -0.9 0.3 -1.6 1.9 Nondurable manufacturing materials.................................. Inedible fats and o ils ............. Woodpulp............................... Basic organic chemicals........ Plastic resins and materials.... 10.4 48.0 38.1 15.7 18.8 5.9 -3.9 40.7 .4 -4.3 -3.3 2.1 -33.0 3.6 4.2 .3 3.8 4.1 -1.7 -2.8 -5.3 -22.8 -12.5 -6.4 -13.4 4.0 -16.0 12.1 6.9 15.9 Durable manufacturing materials................................... Copper.................................... Aluminum................................. Aluminum mill shapes............. Flat glass................................ 9.8 68.2 64.4 18.3 4.4 1.1 —.1 -7.3 7.9 -.5 -1.4 -22.9 -12.8 -7.9 -1.5 .0 -22.8 12.4 6.8 -1.3 -5.5 -17.7 -17.5 -8.5 -1.6 2.4 21.7 16.0 4.2 -.3 Construction materials.............. Gypsum products................... Nonferrous wire and ca b le ..... Softwood lum ber.................... 3.9 30.8 13.8 -9.6 1.9 1.0 1.6 -10.3 1.8 6.6 -3.1 19.6 1.2 7.1 -2.2 -3.8 .1 7.3 -4.6 -10.1 2.2 23.1 .3 10.1 Crude nonfood materials less energy......................................... Wastepaper............................. Nonferrous scrap................... Raw cotton.............................. Sand and gravel..................... 17.3 179.6 70.3 34.9 2.3 -4.2 -50.9 -10.3 4.2 3.6 -5.5 -1.3 -7.9 -13.0 1.9 .0 11.6 -.6 -11.2 1.8 -16.0 -28.9 -24.8 -8.0 3.5 14.0 110.5 25.6 -20.8 2.9 0.9 percent in 1999, after increasing 0.5 percent in 1998, while the index for specialty hospitals (except psychiatric) advanced 2.7 percent in 1999, following a 2.3-percent rise in the prior year. One factor behind these accelerations was the influence that health maintenance organizations (HMOs) exercised over service providers. In the past, pressures by managed care companies in the healthcare industry helped keep inflation to a minimum. However, further cost contain ment approaches are difficult to find. As a result, providers have been forced to increase prices as costs rise, leading to higher reimbursement rates. The robust U.S. economy grew more than 4.0 percent during 1999 and coupled with higher fuel costs, permitted the distribution service industries to set higher prices. Of the 2 0 distribution service industries for which ppi pub lishes price indexes, all but three industries showed in creased prices in 1999. This compares to 1998, when all but four industries raised prices. Freight transportation arrange ment, freight transportation on the Great Lakes-St. Lawrence Seaway, and crude petroleum pipelines were the three in dustries with declining prices in 1999. A common theme among industries with increasing prices in 1999 was higher fuel prices. The trucking (except local) index rose 3.4 percent for the second consecutive year. Petroleum, mostly in the form of motor fuels, is consumed primarily for transportation pur poses. Crude prices have changed significantly over the past year with prices rising from $12 per barrel in mid-Feb- 22 M onthly Labor Review https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis August 2000 ruary 1999—representing the lowest prices in nominal terms since 1986—to more than $25 per barrel by the end of the year.7 These higher fuel costs—combined with strong economic con ditions, higher equipment costs, and driver shortages— attrib uted to this industry’s higher prices. Rail freight transportation prices steadily declined over the last several years, despite periodic marginal increases and the problems attributed to consolidations and mergers in the mid1990s. The index for railroad line-haul operations rose 0.1 per cent in 1999, after rising 0.5 percent in 1998. Similar to last year, this advance reflected increased charges for trailer-on-flatcar freight shipments and passenger transportation services. Prices for non-trailer-on-flatcar freight shipments fell 0.2 percent for the year. In 1999, intermodal (shippers and containers on flat cars) freight volume totaled more than 9 million trailers and con tainers— 3.1 percent higher than in the prior year. Total freight volume for domestic railroads reached 1,404.6 billion ton-miles for 1999, representing a 1.8-percent increase from last year. Car load freight volume actually decreased 0.8 percent in 1999. The index for scheduled air transportation accelerated from 2.5 percent in 1998 to 6.7 percent in 1999. Prices for the nonscheduled air transportation industry also rose in 1999. Fuel costs account for more than 10.0 percent of total ex penses in the airline industry. As a result, a 90.9-percent jump in jet fuel prices put upward pressure on air transporta tion prices in 1999. In addition, a strong U.S. economy helped increase demand for air travel. The airline industry enjoyed its eighth consecutive year of air traffic growth in 1999. Through- Table 7. Percent change in Producer Price Indexes for the net output of selected service industries, 1993-99 SIC Industry code 1993-94 1994-95 1995-96 1996-97 1997-98 1998-99 Distribution 4011 4212 4213 4214 4215 4221 4222 4225 4311 4412 4424 Railroads, line-haul operating........................................... Local trucking without storage......................................... Trucking, except lo ca l...................................................... Local trucking with storage.............................................. Courier services, except by a ir ........................................ Farm product warehousing and storage........................... Refrigerated warehousing and storage............................. General warehousing and storage.................................... United States Postal Service........................................... Deep sea foreign transportation of freight....................... Deep sea domestic transportation of freight................... 0.4 1.7 3.1 .7 3.8 .6 .6 1.3 .0 -3.9 7.6 -0.3 1.9 .9 10.9 3.3 2.2 1.7 1.3 10.4 .8 -.6 0.0 .0 3.5 .1 3.0 -1.5 .5 1.4 4432 4449 4491 4492 4513 4581 4612 4613 4731 Freight transportation on the Great LakesSt. Lawrence Seaway.................................................... Water transportation of freight, n.e.c............................... Marine cargo handling...................................................... Tugging and towing services............................................ Air courier services.......................................................... Airports, flying fields, and airport services...................... Crude petroleum pipelines................................................ Refined petroleum pipelines.............................................. Freight transportation arrangement.................................. -1.4 15.4 -.5 3.5 1.6 1.1 13.7 1.8 3.0 9.7 -.9 5.3 1.9 2.2 4.6 4813 4832 4841 Telephone communications, except radiotelephone........ Radio broadcasting........................................................... Cable and other pay television services......................... 1.0 .2 2.6 .6 3.8 2.0 .7 1.9 .7 .0 -3.7 -.6 0.5 1.7 3.4 .5 4.2 .6 .5 2.9 .0 4.7 .2 0.1 1.1 3.4 .5 3.4 5.3 1.2 2.6 2.2 22.9 1.2 1.4 -.4 1.2 2.2 -3.9 3.0 -3.7 1.2 -1.4 .8 -2.2 1.8 2.8 3.1 3.0 1.4 -1.1 -.6 -.1 8.1 1.5 2.9 5.1 3.9 -1.7 .3 -2.8 .0 .1 - -.7 1.8 -10.1 1.0 2.4 4.6 3.8 -12.4 .4 2.7 6.8 -.4 5.8 3.2 10.8 5.1 -.4 3.1 4.7 -1.7 .8 3.7 -3.0 7.7 3.3 -.6 -.5 2.2 1.4 1.2 2.6 5.7 1.5 1.7 2.5 4.1 3.1 3.0 2.1 1.3 2.5 2.9 5.3 3.0 2.8 2.9 3.1 4.9 3.5 - 1.2 4.2 .5 -6.7 .6 .9 6.2 2.6 4.4 1.3 .5 2.3 .2 .5 2.1 4.0 1.8 .9 2.7 -.8 4.0 6.5 2.2 2.6 .9 -1.6 1.5 2.5 2.6 -2.3 .1 Communications -.1 Real estate 6512 6531 Operators and lessors of nonresidential buildings.......... Real estate agents and managers.................................... 7311 8111 8711 8712 8721 Advertising agencies........................................................ Legal services.................................................................. Engineering design, analysis, and consulting services.... Architectural design, analysis, and consulting services .. Accounting, auditing, and bookkeeping services............ - - - - - - - 2.8 4.1 - 2.9 5.9 3.7 .1 1.8 5.2 .7 5.4 1.5 5.0 2.9 .2 - - Professional, scientific, and technical - Health care 8011 8053 8062 8063 8069 8071 8082 Offices of physicians....................................................... Skilled and intermediate care facilities............................. General medical and surgical hospitals............................ Psychiatric hospitals........................................................ Specialty hospitals, except psychiatric............................ Medical laboratories.......................................................... Flome health care services ...................................................... - 3.4 4.2 5.2 Other 4512 4522 4724 6311 6331 7011 Air transportation, scheduled........................................... Air transportation, nonscheduled...................................... Travel agencies................................................................ Life insurance carriers...................................................... Property and casualty insurance...................................... Hotels and motels............................................................. 7349 7361 7363 7372 7513 7514 Building cleaning and maintenance services, n.e.c......... Employment agencies...................................................... Help supply services........................................................ Prepackaged software...................................................... Truck rental and leasing, without drivers......................... Passenger car rental, without drivers............................... -.7 .7 -2.7 - 1.4 _ 2.2 2.4 8.7 1.8 -6.9 4.0 4.8 4.1 4.2 6.7 2.0 .3 -.3 1.1 2.8 1.6 .8 3.8 3.6 7.4 2.0 1.8 1.4 1.4 1.0 1.8 1.1 2.9 2.2 .9 -.9 -4.0 2.6 2.2 1.8 -2.4 .3 3.8 _ _ _ - _ _ - -.8 -5.0 _ .5 13.7 _ Calculations are based on a 12-month change from December to December of indicated years. Dashes indicate that the index was not in estimation, n.e.c. = not elsewhere classified. N ote : https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis M onthly Labor Review A ugust 2000 23 Producer Prices, 1999 out the first half of 1999, revenue passenger miles increased at a 3.3-percent annual rate. Other transportation service industries with increasing price indexes in 1999 include courier services (land and air), farm product warehousing and storage, marine cargo handling, tug ging and towing services, and airports and airport services. From December 1998 to December 1999, the index for foreign freight transportation jumped 22.9 percent, following a 4.7percent rise during the same period in 1998. Domestic freight transportation and water transportation also rose in 1999. Among real estate industries, the index for operators and lessors of nonresidential buildings rose 5.7 percent in 1999, after registering a 1.2-percent increase in 1998. The strong economy helped keep vacancy rates low and created good opportunities for new construction. During the third quarter of 1999, the national rental vacancy rate stood at 8.2 percent.8 The U.S. Census Bureau’s vacancy rate for all rental apart ments (five or more units in structure) fell to 8.7 percent, the lowest rate since 1985.9 Similarly, in the professionally man aged, generally “upscale” segment of the market, vacancies dropped to 3.9 percent. While 1999 was relatively lackluster for nonresidential construction as a whole, the most impres sive growth came from continued gains in the office sector. As a partial result of the mini-boom in office buildings, the commercial sector posted a gain of nearly 8.0 percent—almost three times the overall nonresidential average.10 The index for real estate agents and managers increased 1.5 percent in 1999, after rising 2.6 percent in the previous year. Real estate brokerage increased 3.3 percent, and real estate appraising increased 8.1 percent in 1999. Continued plentiful employment, rising real income, 7.0-percent mortgage rate fluc tuations, and higher limits on Federal Housing Administration loans, all led to increasing home sales, as well as higher fees for appraisals and commissions on sales. The functions performed by advertising, legal, and account ing firms are required in the day-to-day operations of most companies, and professional, scientific, and technical firms in the United States maintain a worldwide client base. Domestic economic strength has further increased demand for activities such as corporate real estate, banking and commercial-type legal counsel, auditing, and tax preparation and consulting. The indexes for all of these service lines increased in 1999 for the third consecutive year. As a result of the strong economy, new construction helped raise prices for architectural design, analysis, and consulting services. The index for radio broadcasting advanced 7.7 percent in 1999, following a 0.8-percent rise in the previous year. The dramatic rise in prices for radio broadcasting can be attributed to higher radio advertising rates in 1999. As a result of the deregulatory Telecommunications Act of 1996, the industry has experienced the benefits brought on by the large number of mergers and acquisitions. This industry consolidation al 24 M onthly Labor Review https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis August 2000 lowed large radio groups to control more of the market and have greater pricing power. It also allowed these groups to package their less-valuable inventory with their highly priced spots, resulting in greater prices across the board. Also, the radio industry reaped great benefits from heavy spending for advertising due to new e-commerce and other web-related com panies in the last year. In addition, demand for advertisement creation and placement increased at a faster rate in 1999. The index for cable and other pay television services rose 3.3 percent, after a 3.7-percent increase in 1998. Price increases continued to advance for subscriber services. Prior to this year, the Federal Communications Commission regulated rates for most levels of cable service. However, 1996 Telecommuni cations Act provisions brought an end to rate regulation. Since March of 1999, cable systems have been free from most rate regulations and now have the ability to increase rates at their own discretion. A limiting factor that cable systems consid ered when making pricing decisions is the direct-to-home sat ellite industry, which experienced considerable growth in its subscriber base. Cable advertising rates increased in 1999. This followed a trend of rising prices in the previous few years. The proliferation of cable channels also led to increased com petition, forcing individual networks to keep their prices rela tively stable. New advertising opportunities on the Internet also led to greater competition for advertising dollars. The index for telephone communication (except radio tele phone) fell 3.0 percent, following a 1.7-percent drop in 1998. Competition among long-distance carriers forced publicswitched toll prices down 5.8 percent. The index for local service (except private lines) increased only 0.2 percent. Little has changed in price levels since passage of the 1996 Tele communications Act. Portions of this Act were meant to in crease competition and reduce prices for local telephone ser vice; however, outcomes have not yet been realized to any substantial degree. The index for wireless telecommunications (introduced in June 1999) advanced 3.0 percent during the 6 months ended in December. This advance was largely attributable to increases in cellular and other wireless voice grade ser vice (up 6.0 percent) and paging services (up 9.4 percent) over the 6-month period. The index for passenger car rental (without drivers) rose 3.8 percent in 1999, after falling 4.0 percent in 1998. Higher fuel prices and an expanding economy favoring expendi tures for leisure and business travel contributed to this turnaround. Prices received by providers of hotels and motels rose 2.8 percent, following a 4.2-percent gain in the prior year. Charges for guestroom rentals rose 3.8 percent, while prices for food and beverages rose 2.9 percent. However, other guest services such as casino games fell 5.4 percent. The strong economy has helped to keep occupancy rates relatively high, allowing hotels and motels to increase roomrental charges. Prepackaged software prices showed a 2.4-percent de crease in 1999, after a 0.9-percent rise in its first year of publi cation. Falling prices were partly due to declines in computer games and other prepackaged software. In its first year of publication, the index for property and casualty insurance increased 1.1 percent. The 2.8-percent in crease in homeowners insurance helped stimulate the increase in the property and casualty insurance index for 1999. One explanation for this increase is that many insurers addressed catastrophic losses through higher premiums, especially in catastrophe-prone zones. According to the Property Claim Services unit of Insurance Services Office, Inc., the United States experienced 99 catastrophic events through September 1999 with insured losses of $7.4 billion. By contrast, the index for life insurance carriers declined 0.3 percent from December 1998 to December 1999. Declines for life insurance policies and fixed-rate deferred annuities attributed to the drop in life insurance carriers. In order to remain competitive, many insurers are also decreasing their premiums for the various life insurance policies they sell. In creased competition from consolidation in the industry also contributed to the decrease in life insurance carriers. Notes 1 For details, see Todd Wilson, “Core consumer prices in 1999; low by historical standards,” Monthly Labor Review, April 2000, pp. 3-5. Committee on Energy and Natural Resources, U.S. Senate, February 24, 2000, on the Internet at http://www.eia.doe.gov/pub/oil_gas/ 2 See International Petroleum Data (Energy Information Administra tion), on the Internet at http://www.eia.doe.gov/em eu/interna- petroleum /presentations/2000/senate022400/senate022400.htm tional/petroleu.htm l#ProductionA . 6 Ralph W. Morris, “Motor Vehicles, 1999,” Survey o f Current Busi ness, February 2000. 3See Petroleum Supply Annual, 1999, Volume I (Energy Information Administration), on the Internet at http://www.eia.doe.gov/pub/ oiI_gas/petroleum/data_pubiications/petroIeum_suppIy_annual/ psa_volumel/current/pdf/voIumel_all.pdf. 4See East Asia: The Energy Situation (Energy Information Adminis tration), on the Internet at http://www.eia.doe.gov/em eu/cabs/ eastasia.html (visited June 15, 2000). 5 See Increases in Crude Oil, Distillate Fuels and Gasoline Prices, Statement o f John Cook, Petroleum Division Director, El A, Before the https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis (visited June 15, 2000). 7See Increases in Crude 8 Daryl Delano, “Dollar Oil, Distillate Fuels and Gasoline Prices. value of new multifamily construction up,” Building Design & Construction, February 2000. 9See “Vacancy rates drop,” Journal o f Property Management, April 2000 . 10 Daryl Delano, “Office buildings: Biggest growth area last year,” Building Design & Construction, March 2000. M onthly Labor Review A ugust 2000 25 Married Women, Work, Q l B I l i i l W Married women, work, and values Working women appear to have a personal-value structure different from that o f nonworking women; economic and political values are more prominent among women who work, while social and religious values play a greater role fo r women who stay at home Mahshid Jalilvand Mahshid Jalilvand is a professor of economics in the Departm ent of Social Science a t the School of Arts and Sciences, University of WisconsinStout, Menomonie, Wisconsin. 26 Monthly Labor Review https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis n examination of the relevant data shows a continuing secular increase in the labor force participation of mar ried women—a phenomenon Ralph Smith called a “subtle revolution” two decades ago.1However, this growth has slowed down in recent years and has at times been interrupted by factors such as increased educational investment among married women, the recession of the early 1990s, a rising birthrate, and a slowdown in women’s return to work after giving birth.2 The Bureau of Labor Statistics projects that by the year 2008, women will form 48 percent of the labor force, compared with 46 percent in 1998.3Women in their forties who are not in the labor force mostly are taking care of their family (58 percent) or are retired (29 percent).4 Cross-sectional studies usually have sup ported the idea that the higher the husband’s income, the lower is the labor force participa tion rate of his wife. This relationship is just what the theory of the backward-bending sup ply curve would predict—a strong inverse re lationship, other things being equal, between husbands’ income and women’s participation rate. A wife’s freedom from the labor market is looked at as a normal good. So, accordingly, only “poor” women work out of economic necessity. Husbands with higher incomes would A August 2000 tend to have a smaller proportion of wives in the labor force, because they could afford the luxury of stay-at-home wives and the wives could be relieved of the stress of contributing to the family income. However, considering the rise in real income that, in general, has taken place over time, the increase in labor force par ticipation of wives in recent years generates some doubt about the presumptive relationship. The need for money to help make ends meet seems to be one of the most popular explana tions of wives working, but that can hardly be the reason for the rapid rise in married women’s participation rate,5because wives stayed home in earlier decades, when their husbands were earning less. Needing money seems to be a uni versal and constant factor and thus cannot ex plain the increasing labor force participation of women.6 The theory of labor supply, which relies on the income and substitution effects of a change in the wage rate, views the demand for leisure as a consumption good. However, women are faced with a three-way model of choice when making labor market decisions. The choices are leisure, paid work, and unpaid work in the home. As the wage rate changes, income, the price of leisure, and the monetary value of the productivity of work time in the market compared with time spent at home change for women. This scenario helps explain why the labor force participation of women is increasing in spite of the increasing real incomes of husbands.7 Studies have shown that the labor force participation rate of wives whose husbands’ incomes were in the top half of the income distribution has been rising more than the rate of wives whose husbands’ incomes were in the lower half. Higher earn ing husbands tend to have higher earning wives, so surely, other, nonpecuniary factors are involved that make the par ticipation-income relationship less negative.8 The labor force participation of married women has in creased sharply since 1960. Studies have shown that some other factors besides their husbands’ income influence women’s participation.9 Among these factors are an increase in the amount of the wives’ education, an increasing wage rate, the changing economic position of women and the char acter and conditions of their work, declines in the male-female earnings gap and in sex discrimination, lower fertility, a larger interval between marriage and the birth of the first child, the use of birth control, the development of time- and labor-saving capital-intensive devices (household technology), a secular decline in the length of the workweek, increasing urbaniza tion, the unemployment and inflation rates, and, finally, gov ernment laws and practices. According to so-called push-and-pull theories, the factors influencing women’s decisions whether to participate in the labor force can be subdivided into those external to the house hold and those internal to the household.10 External factors, based on supply and demand in the labor market, will pull women from home into the workforce as a response to excess demand. Internal factors, related to the characteristics of the individual and the household, will push women out of home into the labor market. Some attribute a portion of the increasing labor force par ticipation of wives to “women’s increasing perception of mar ket work and careers as sources of rewards (psychic as well as financial) that can be complementary to rather than substi tutable for careers in the home.”11 Today, the traditional fam ily model of husband as breadwinner and wife as homemaker holds only for a very small proportion of couples. Dual-earner families are a major and growing segment of the labor force, and increasing numbers of earners in such families are taking second jobs. A 1997 Monthly Labor Review article states that, in 1996, the multiple-jobholding rate for women was 6.2 per cent, slightly higher than the 6.1-percent rate for men, and that women accounted for 47 percent of all multiple jobhold ers that year.12 In most economic models, economic agents are assumed to be in some sense rational. As consumers, they maximize expected utility, and as producers, expected profit. As ratio nal agents, they choose, among alternative courses of action, the one that, on the average, will leave them best off. In the language of the utilitarian, they maximize that expected util https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis ity which is the subjective value of perceived possible out comes. According to some researchers, people seem to be maximizing expected utility rather well.13 Besides economic factors, personal values could explain the differences in the decisionmaking behavior of different groups of people. Personal values are ideas about what is de sirable in situations in which there are alternative courses of action. Personal values are believed to be stable and, accord ing to Edward Spranger, may be classified as theoretical, eco nomic, aesthetic, social, political, and religious.14 In this article, particular attention is given to the concept of personal values and to their structure in different individuals in order to examine the possible effect of those values on labor market-related decisions of married women. The purpose of the article is twofold: (1) to examine the effect of the personalvalue structures of a group of women, some who work and some who do not, on their decisions regarding labor force par ticipation and (2) to test the truth of the statement that both socioeconomic and sociopsychological factors affect the la bor market-related decisions of women. As the discussion up to now has indicated, much of the literature from the 1960s on down through the 1980s has focused on external factors in explaining women’s increasing labor force participation. Even a very recent source—the December 1999 issue of the Monthly Labor Review, devoted entirely to women in the workforce— concentrates almost exclusively on extrinsic influences on women’s connection to the labor force. But a tradition dealing with internal, or intrinsic, aspects of women’s decisions to go to work—a tradition that coexisted with the external-factors explanation during the 1960s through 1980s—deserves some attention as well. It is this tradition into which a personal-value account of women’s increasing labor force participation falls. Personal values Half a century ago, Clyde Kluckhohn defined value as “a con ception, explicit or implicit, distinctive of an individual or char acteristic of a group, of the desirable which influences the se lection from available modes, means, and ends of action.”15In two separate works, one by Anthony G. Athos and Robert E. Coffey and the other by Karl E. Scheibe, the authors describe personal values as ideas and questions about what is good, desirable, or preferable for individuals in situations in which they are faced with alternative courses of action.16According to Milton Rokeach, values are “abstract ideas, positive or nega tive, not tied to any specific object or situation, representing a person’s beliefs about modes of conduct__ [They are] “stand ards of oughts and shoulds.”17In this respect, George W. Eng land observes that a person’s value structure is “a relatively permanent perceptual framework which shapes and influences the general nature of an individual’s behavior. Values are simi lar to attitudes but are more ingrained, permanent, and stable in nature.”18 Rokeach, too, states that values are deeper and Monthly Labor Review August 2000 27 Married Women, Work, and Values ating the highest and most satisfying values in experience. broader than attitudes and are determinants, rather than com ponents, of attitudes.19Values inform behavior standards, goals, one’s assessment of how attractive outcomes, events, and ob jects are, and, in the end, one’s motivation to do all sorts of things.20 Classification of personal values In his book Types o f Men, Spranger classified people into six major groups on the basis of their value orientations: 1. The theoretical. This type of person’s primary interests are the discovery of truth and the systematic ordering of knowledge. To pursue his or her goals, the theoretical per son will take a “cognitive” approach, will look for identi ties and differences, will disregard the beauty or utility of objects in judgments, and will seek only to observe and to reason. The theoretical individual is an intellectual with em pirical, critical, and rational proclivities; examples are sci entists and philosophers. 2. The economic. The economic person is mainly interested in utility, self-preservation, the practical affairs of the busi ness world, production, marketing, consumption, the use of economic resources, the elaboration of credit, and the accumulation of tangible wealth. Thus, his or her decisions are dominated by the expected economic and practical re sults. This type of individual is thoroughly practical and represents the stereotype of the American businessperson. 3. The aesthetic. Interested primarily in the artistic aspects of life, the aesthetic person values form and harmony, judges events in terms of grace, symmetry, or harmony and fitness, and enjoys events for their own sake. 4. The social. This type of person loves people and has an altruistic or philanthropic outlook on life. Viewing other people as ends, the social individual tries to be kind, sym pathetic, and unselfish. He or she looks at theoretical, eco nomic, and aesthetic people as having rather cold and inhu man orientations. The social person values love as the most important component of a human relationship and has an attitude toward life that approaches that of the religious type. 5. The political. This type of person’s main interest is power in all activities (not just politics). Often, political individu als are leaders in many areas, seeking personal power, in fluence, renown, and recognition. 6. The religious. The religious person is mystical and seeks to relate, in a meaningful way, to the cosmos as a whole. His or her mental activity is constantly directed toward cre 28 Monthly Labor Review https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis August 2000 According to Spranger, all people have all of these per sonal values, which form a hierarchy that varies from person to person. Gordon W. Allport, Philip E. Vernon, and Gardner Lindzey offer an empirical design for measuring the relative importance of the six personal values within each individual’s personal-value hierarchy.21 Personal values a n d d e cis io n m ak in g The importance of judgment in making decisions has long been recognized, primarily because of the following three major considerations:22 1. One cannot physically gather, assimilate, and evaluate all of the information related to the numerous external forces that are operative in any given situation. 2. Whatever amount of information that can be collected and evaluated is frequently imperfect in regard to what it tells us. 3. The large number of variables related to strategic decisions cannot be modeled, in the sense of establishing precise func tional relationships that provide a deterministic output or “correct” decisions. Accordingly, the role of judgment is most significant when rendering a decision depends on evaluating imperfect infor mation. Thus, in these situations, making a decision is not wholly an objective process, and the personal values of decisionmakers play an important role. Over the years, a number of researchers have examined the influence of personal-value structures on behavior and on the selection of alternative courses of action in making decisions.23 The general consensus is that values are, or at least become, a part of one’s personality that affect an individual’s goal-oriented behavior and decisionmaking. The study The study reported in this article required a group of women, some of whom worked and some of whom did not. To provide a specific class with some degree of homogeneity, the wives of all male employees of a certain institution were chosen for the study. Two groups were expected to emerge from this popu lation: working women and nonworking women. To test the hypotheses related to the personal-value differences among the two groups of women, some measure of the relative promi nence of the six basic interests or motives constituting per sonal values was needed. The data were collected with the use of a questionnaire, the first part of which contained questions related to the by using the following techniques: respondent’s highest level of educational attainment, employ ment status, spouse’s income and any income other than the respondent’s wages, and, finally, number of children under 18 and 6 years old. Then the Allport, Vernon, and Lindzey questionnaire,24based on Spranger’s book, was administered, with a few changes to make it more applicable to women. The following null hypotheses were tested: (I) The mean scores of personal values do not differ from per son to person; that is, all values have the same degree of promi nence among all individuals. (II) The mean scores of corresponding personal values for the working and nonworking groups of women do not differ; that is, the personal-value structures of the two groups of women are the same. (III) For each personal value, the mean scores between indi viduals do not differ among the two groups of women. A word of explanation is in order regarding the difference be tween hypotheses (II) and (III). Hypothesis (II) considers all values at once and tests the overall difference between the per sonal-value structures of the two groups; hypothesis (III) looks at a personal value at a time. Usually, the first overall differ ence is tested, and if that is proven to obtain, then more de tailed tests are needed to see if each of the values is signifi cantly different or if only some of them are. If hypothesis (II) results in no overall differences between the two groups, then no more testing is done. The purpose in testing these null hypotheses was to see whether personal values have different degrees of relative prominence, whether working and nonworking women have different personal-value structures, and whether economic and political values are higher in the hierarchy of personal values than are social and religious values among working women (because economic and political values might appear more closely tied to work). Out of all the questionnaires mailed, 69 percent (145 of 211) were completed and returned; the few that were com pleted incorrectly were excluded from the study, leaving a to tal of 140 (66 percent) completed questionnaires that were used. The following tabulation shows the employment status of the respondents: Frequency Percent W orks................................ 91 65 D oes not w o r k ............... 49 35 Based on their responses to the different questions in the questionnaire, six scores ranking the personal values were cal culated for each of the participants. The scores, as well as the rest of the personal information gathered, were then analyzed https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 1. The software package s p s s x (Statistical Package for Social Science) was used to analyze the data statistically.25 2. Frequency distributions were utilized to observe the distri bution of the participants among different subgroupings with respect to their level of education, employment sta tus, husband’s income and other incomes, and number of children. 3. Mean scores of the six personal values were computed for all participants and also all subgroupings, in order to com pare the rankings of the personal values among the work ing-nonworking groups and subgroups. 4. Multivariate analysis of variance was employed to exam ine the overall differences in personal values among all participants and among working-nonworking groups. 5. Univariate analysis of variance was used to examine differ ences among working-nonworking groups and subgroups with respect to each of their personal values. Results The results of the study may be summarized as follows (see table 1 for the mean scores of personal values): 1. According to the frequency distributions and cross tabula tions of the participants, working wives and nonworking wives have a high degree of similarity with respect to fac tors such as other income besides the wife’s wages and sala ries, level of education, and number of children. 2. For the overall population of the study, a group of personal values with different degrees of relative importance was observed. These personal values are rank ordered and could be presented in a hierarchy of priorities based on the de gree of the relative importance (mean score) attached to each of them. Accordingly, null hypothesis (I) is rejected. 3. For the population as a whole, the ranking of personal val ues is, from highest to lowest, religious, aesthetic, social, theoretical, political, and economic. 4. Working and nonworking wives had similar rankings of personal values, except that the aesthetic and social values were inverted between the two groups. 5. The degrees of relative importance of the six personal val ues differ significantly for the two groups of women. Ac cordingly, null hypothesis (II) is rejected. Monthly Labor Review August 2000 29 Married Women, Work, and Values Table T. Personal-value hierarchies of the whole population, working women, and nonworking women, ranked by mean score Nonworking women Working women Whole population Rank 1 ....... 2 ....... 3 ....... 4 ....... 5 ....... 6 ....... Personal value Mean score Personal value Mean score Personal value Mean score Religious Aesthetic Social Theoretical Political Economic 34.93 32.63 31.91 30.35 25.81 24.38 Religious Aesthetic Social Theoretical Political Economic 33.66 32.64 31.48 30.75 26.58 24.90 Religious Social Aesthetic Theoretical Political Economic 37.28 32.70 32.60 29.61 24.40 23.41 6. Religious value is the dominant personal value for the whole population. But it has a higher degree of relative impor tance for nonworking women than for the working group. 7. Social value is more important to nonworking women than to working women. 8. Economic and political values are more important to work ing women than to non working women. 9. Theoretical value and, even more so, aesthetic value are similar in importance to both groups of women. 10. In accordance with items 6, 7, and 8, null hypothesis (III) is rejected for most of the personal values, except for the theoretical and aesthetic. I n t h i s a r t i c l e , t h e p e r s o n a l - v a l u e s t r u c t u r e s o f w o m e n have been examined to ascertain whether they have any effect on the women’s labor market-related decisions. Women’s personal values appear to have different degrees of relative importance and are ranked by each individual. The hierarchy of personal values of working women appears to be different from that of nonworking women. When the two groups of women are broken down further into subgroups, significant differences are still observed among some personal values. However, the hierarchies do not differ as strongly as in the more aggregated groups. This phenom enon could be explained by the fact that, as the groups are disaggregated, the personal-value hierarchies of the members of a subgroup become more similar. The mean scores for the personal values of working women and nonworking women, as well as the mean scores of other subgroupings, indicate that economic and political values have a greater relative importance for working women than do so cial and religious values, which are relatively more important for nonworking women. A followup study might be conducted with a larger group of women in a larger geographic area where the participants are not as homogeneous. In all likelihood, even more significant dissimilarities between the personal values of working and nonworking women will be found. □ Notes 1 Ralph E. Smith (ed.), The Subtle Revolution: Women at Work (Wash ington, DC, The Urban Institute, 1979). 2 Aaron Bernstein, “Workers May Get Scarce, But Nobody’s Scared,” Business Week, July 11, 1994, pp. 95-98; Howard V. Hayghe and Suzanne M. Bianchi, “Married mothers’ work patterns: the job-family compromise,” Monthly Labor Review, June 1994, pp. 24-30. 3 Howard N Fullerton, Jr., “Labor force projections to 2008: steady growth and changing composition,” Monthly Labor Review, November 1999, pp. 19-32; see also “Labor Force,” special issue of Occupational Outlook Quar terly, winter 1999-2000, p. 37. 4 Work and Family: Women in Their Forties (Bureau of Labor Statistics, April 1993). 5 Victor R. Fuchs, Flow We Live (Cambridge, Press, 1983). m a, August 2000 7 Jacob Mincer, “Labor Force Participation of Married Women: A Study of Labor Supply,” in Aspects of Labor Economics, Conference of the Uni versities, report of the National Bureau of Economic Research, New York (Princeton, nj, Princeton University Press, 1962), pp. 63-105. 8 Paul Ryscavage, “More wives in the labor force have husbands with ‘above-average’ incomes,” Monthly Labor Review, June 1979, pp. 40-42. 9Mincer, “Labor Force Participation of Married Women”; see also Cynthia B . Lloyd and Beth T. Niemi, The Economics o f Sex Differentials (New York, Columbia University Press, 1979). 10 Alfreda P. Iglehart, Married Women and Work (Lexington, ton Books, 1979). ma, Lexing Harvard University 6 Nathan Keyfitz, “Population Appearances and Demographic Realities,” 30 Monthly Labor Review https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Population and Development Review, March 1980, pp. 47-64. 11 F. L. Mott and D. Shapiro, “Complementarity of Work and Fertility Among Young American Mothers,” Journal of Population Studies, July 1983, pp. 239-52. 12 John F. Stinson, Jr., “New data on multiple jobholding available from Monthly Labor Review, March 1997, pp. 3-8. Scheibe, Beliefs and Values (New York, Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1970). 13 Ward Edwards, “Decision Making; Psychological Aspects,” Interna tional Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences, vol. 4, edited by David L. Sills (New York, Macmillan and Free Press, 1968), pp. 34-42. 17 Milton Rokeach, “The Role of Values in Public Opinion Research,” Public Opinion Quarterly, vol. 32, 1959, p. 124; and “Some Unresolved Issues in Theories of Beliefs, Attitudes, and Values,” 1979 Nebraska Sympo sium on Motivation, vol. 27 (Lincoln, ne, University of Nebraska Press, 1980), pp. 261-304; quote from p. 272. the cps ,” 14Edward Spranger. Types of Men (Halle, Germany, Max Niemeyer Verlag, 1928); translation by Paul J. W. Pigors (New York, Johnson Reprint Com pany, 1966). Note that economic personal values are different from the ex ternal economic factors, such as the unemployment rate and the inflation rate, that may influence a person’s decisionmaking. Spranger’s classifica tion and the questionnaire based on it, though dating from 1928, are still being used and cited in the literature. For example, references to Types of Men appear in Lawrence J. Axelrod, “Balancing Personal Needs with Envi ronmental Preservation: Identifying the Values That Guide Decisions in Eco logical Dilemmas,” Journal o f Social Issues, fall 1994, pp. 85-104; H. T. Hunt, “Triumph o f the Will: Heidegger’s Nazism as Spiritual Pathology,” Journal o f Mind and Behavior, fall 1998, pp. 379-414; and S. S. Bubnova, “Value Orientations of Personality as a Multivariate Non-linear System,” Psikologicheskii Zhurnal, Sep.-Oct, 1999, pp. 38-44. The questionnaire has many multiple-choice questions that are highly general and still relevant to day. Examples of such questions are “Which area of study do you think is more important?” and “What type of news do you read first?” 15 Clyde K. Kluckhohn, “Values and Value Orientations in the Theory of Action,” in Talcott Parsons and Edward A. Shils (eds.), Toward a General Theory o f Action (Cambridge, ma, Harvard University Press, 1951); quote from p. 395. 18George W. England, “Personal Value Systems of American Managers,” Academy of Management Journal, March 1967, pp. 53-68. 19 Rokeach, “Some Unresolved Issues.” 20 N. T. Feather, “Values, Valences, and Choice: The Influence of Values on the Perceived Attractiveness and Choice of Alternatives,” Journal o f Per sonality and Social Psychology, June 1995, pp. 1135-51. 21 Gordon W. Allport, Philip E. Vernon, and Gardner Lindzey, A Study of Values (Boston, Houghton Mifflin, 1960). 22 Robert C. Shirley, “Values in Decision Making: Their Origin and Ef fects,” Managerial Planning, January-February 1975, pp. 1-5. 23 See William D. Guth and Renato Tagiuri, “Personal Values and Corpo rate Strategy,” Harvard Business Review, September-October 1965, pp. 123— 32; England, “Personal Value Systems,” and “Organizational Goals and Ex pected Behavior of American Managers,” Academy of Management Journal, June 1967, pp. 107-17; and Shirley, “Values in Decision Making.” 24 Allport, Vernon, and Lindzey, A Study o f Values. 16 Anthony G. Athos and Robert E. Coffey, Behavior in Organizations: A Multidimensional View (Englewood Cliffs, nj, Prentice-Hall, 1968); Karl E. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 25 SPSS, Inc., spssx User’s Guide (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1983). Monthly Labor Review August 2000 31 Technical Note The impact of strikes on current employment statistics Karthik A. Rao mong the important economic indi cators released by the Government each month is the employment estimate from the Current Employment Statistics (CES) program.1 It is important for users of CES data to understand how strikes affect CES estimates so that they can ac curately interpret the economic meaning of the change in the number of employ ees over the month. Conceptually, the CES survey measures the number of per sons on payrolls—that is, those actu ally getting paid for work or for leave that occurred during the reference pay period. Thus, persons on strike for the entire period are not counted as em ployed, because they are not on the pay roll.2 The growth in employment over the month is affected by the net change in the number of strikers—the number of persons newly on strike minus the number who returned to work after a settlement. If the net is positive (more new strikers than returning workers), em ployment growth over the month is re duced; conversely, if the net is negative, employment growth is boosted. While the reflection of strikers as a reduction in employment may cloud any underlying trend analysis, it is exactly the measure needed for other uses of CES data. For example, CES data are a ma jor input for generating estimates of per sonal income, part of the Bureau of Eco nomic Analysis’ National Income and Product Accounts. Also, besides em ployment, the CES program produces es timates of average weekly hours and av erage hourly earnings. The product of employment, weekly hours, and hourly earnings yields aggregate earnings, which form the basis of the wage and salary component of the Commerce A Karthik A. Rao is an economist in the Divi sion of Monthly Industry Employment Statis tics, Bureau of Labor Statistics. 32 M onthly Labor Review https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Department’s preliminary estimates of personal income. If persons on strike were included in the CES estimates, the aggre gate earnings data would be inflated; es timates of the strikers’ earnings would have to be “backed out” of the data used to compute personal income. Another major indicator that utilizes CES data is la bor productivity, which divides output by the number of hours that went into pro ducing the output. CES data on aggregate hours (employment multiplied by average weekly hours) are used in this computa tion. If strikers’ hours were in the data, analysts would have to eliminate them before computing labor productivity. Thus, for a variety of reasons, it is important that strikes be identified and accurately reflected in the CES estimates. It also is important that persons using ces data to analyze economic trends be able to discount the effect of strikes in the data. This technical note provides an overview of how strikes can affect CES estimates and of where to find cur rent and historical information on the as sociated effects. Strikes and em ploym ent The largest strikes that have affected CES estimates in the past 25 years are listed in table 1. Three major factors determine how, where, and to what extent strikes affect the c e s estimates: the reference pay period, the industry code, and the striking company’s presence in or ab sence from the sample. Reference pay period. The most criti cal factor in determining whether a strike will be reflected in CES estimates is its timing. The CES reference pay period is the pay period that includes the 12th of the month. However, the length of pay periods varies among establishments. Because persons paid for any part of the reference period are counted as em ployed, workers must be on strike for their entire reference pay period in or der to be excluded from CES employment counts. In all of the examples in exhibit August 2000 1, we assume that the strikers’ January reference pay period is from Sunday the 11th to Saturday the 17th and their Feb ruary reference pay period is from Sun day the 8th to Saturday the 14th. When the strikes end, all workers are called back the next day. All plants involved in the strike are included in our sample. In addition, strikes may be rolling, which means that a given strike may start and end at different dates at vari ous establishments. For example, the 1983 strike of 640,000 workers against American Telephone and Telegraph (AT&T) officially started on August 7 and ended on August 28. On August 15, 20,000 w orkers from W estern Electric’s City Workers of Oklahoma joined the strike, thus bringing the total number of striking workers to 660,000. However, these additional strikers had worked for part of the reference pay pe riod, so they were counted as being employed. Industry code. The Standard Indus trial Classification (sic) system is used by the CES program to place all of the establishments in its sample in a spe cific industry.3 sic codes range from one to four digits. A four-digit sic is the most specific classification, a one-digit sic the most general. For instance, the two-digit SIC 37 stands for transportation equip ment, which includes everything from cars and automobiles to guided missiles and space vehicles. To further delineate this industry, it is classified under SIC code 372, “aircraft and parts,” which re fers to anything dealing with the aircraft industry, from air tubes to fuselage as semblies. The most precise sic code for aircraft production is the four-digit 3721, “aircraft manufacturing.” When a strike occurs, it is reflected in data at the four digit level and all the higher level aggre gates that include the affected four-digit industry. A company with numerous estab lishments or work sites can be classi fied into many four-digit Sic codes. For example, the subsidiary of an integrated Exhibit 1. Examples of effects of strikes on em ploym ent figures Effect on— v n sm ite enure— Strike begins Strike ends Number of workers involved January reference period February reference period January employment February employment March employment Example 1: Jan. 15 Feb. 5 2,000 No No None, because the workers were employed in some part of January’s reference week; therefore, they are counted as employed. None, because the strike did not continue through the end of February’s reference week. Workers were back on payrolls and counted as employed. Feb. 20 3,000 No Yes None. Strike began after the January reference pay period. Employment level and over-the-month change decrease by 3,000. Feb. 6 5,000 No No None. Strike began after the January reference pay period. None. Strike ended before the February reference pay period. Example 2: Jan. 20 Example 3: Jan. 18 automobile company that produces the steel for the body of a car may be classi fied into “blast furnaces” (SIC 3312). However, the subsidiary that turns the steel into auto parts may be classified into “automotive stamping plants” (SIC 3465). Finally, the part of the automobile company that actually assembles the car may be classified into “motor vehicles and passenger car bodies” (SIC 3711). As a result, strikes against a single company can sometimes be distributed across several industries, affecting employment levels in each. Presence in the sample. The CES pro gram is an establishment-based sample survey of approximately 390,000 estab lishments. Known strikes are always fully reflected in the estimates. However, analysts who prepare the estimates of ten will have to make adjustments based on the extent of the representation of https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis the striking company in the sample. Some companies are completely repre sented, while others are only partially represented or not represented at all. An example of complete representation is a company with 10 plants on strike, all of which are in the usable sample at the time the estimate is made. Partial repre sentation is signified by a company with 10 plants on strike, but only 5 in the us able sample. No representation is indi cated by a company with 10 plants on strike, none of which are present in the sample. CES industry analysts must assure that a strike is reflected in the CES esti mates, regardless of its presence in the sample. Strikes are most easily ac counted for if the striking establish ments are completely represented in the CES sample. When this is the case, the weight of the striking establishment is adjusted so that the establishment rep- Employment level and overthe-month change increase by 3,000. resents only itself in the CES estimates. If a particular strike is only partially or not at all represented in the sample, ana lysts will make adjustments to the final estimate in order to reflect all persons in the strike. In this case, the number of workers on strike usually is determined by contacting the public relations office of the strike-affected company or by using a published figure that is consist ent across a variety of public sources. Effect on hours and earnings estimates Besides having an effect on CES employ ment counts, strikes also affect estimates of workers’ average weekly hours and average hourly earnings. These are hours for which production workers ei ther are paid for work or are on paid leave (including paid vacation, holidays, sick leave, or other paid leave) for the refer- M onthly Labor Review A ugust 2000 33 Technical Note ence pay period. When strikers work part, but not all, of the reference pay period, the ces survey counts them as employed, but with re duced hours. The magnitude of the re duction on average weekly hours depends on the proportion of workers in the industry’s sample with reduced hours and the number of hours they worked. When workers are on strike for an en tire pay period, their hours and earnings can be affected in two ways: through within-industry effects and by sum-acrossindustries effects. Within-industry effects. For the spe cific industry involved in the strike, es timates are affected only if the hours or earnings of the persons on strike or lay off differ significantly from the in dustry’s average hours or earnings. The impact is phased in slowly over the months the strike continues. Because of confidentiality requirements, the Bu reau of Labor Statistics cannot provide Table 1. the precise impact of a particular strike and related shutdowns on average weekly hours or average hourly earnings for a particular industry. However, the change in the industry estimate will include the impact of the strike, as well as develop ments reported by other members of the sample. One example of the within-in dustry effect is the a t &t strike of 1983. In late July of that year, AT&T workers went on strike all across the country. They were on strike for the full pay pe riod that includes August 12. Table 2 shows the estimates of employment, average weekly hours, and average hourly earnings within the category of “telephone communications, except ra dio” (SIC 4813) during the affected months. The August over-the-month employ ment decline of nearly 635,0004 in the category of “telephone communica tions, except radio” and an average hourly earnings decline of $0.30 include the impact of the large strike of 640,000 workers against AT&T, as well as nor mal monthly fluctuations in other report ing establishments. The impact of the AT&T strike was reversed when the strik ers returned to work before the next sur vey reference period. Sum-across-industry effects. The ab sence of persons on strike or layoff from payrolls may affect average weekly hours or average hourly earnings at higher levels of industry aggregation. If workers in the specific industry involved in the strike work shorter hours or earn less than workers in other industries in the aggregation, the hours and earnings estimates for the aggregation will be higher. Conversely, if workers in the spe cific industry involved in the strike work longer hours or earn more than workers in other industries in the aggregation, the hours and earnings estimates for the aggregation will be lower. For example, a strike in aircraft manu facturing (SIC 3721), which has higher Strikes affecting ces employment by more than 50,000, 1975-2000 Year Month 1975 ............................ 1976............................. 1977............................. 1978............................. 1980............................. May May December January July February March April May June August June September August 1981............................. 1983............................. 1986............................. 1987............................. 1989............................. 1994............................. 1997............................. Industry SIC 15 301 12 12 15 291 291 12 12 15 481 481 82 481,5063, 7374 September October November April August General building contractors: residential buildings Tires and inner tubes Coal mining Coal mining General building contractors: residential buildings Petroleum refining Petroleum refining Coal mining Coal mining General building contractors: residential buildings Telephone communications (at&t ) Telephone communications (at&t ) Educational services 75,000 59,900 160,000 160,000 105,000 58,300 59,200 160,000 162,000 51,300 640,000 86,100 52,000 Telephone communications; electrical apparatus and equipment, wiring supplies, and construction materials; computer processing and data preparation and processing services 125,000 481 481 481 42 421 1 The amount by which ces employment levels are lowered due to workers on strike. The figure does not include related layoffs or other secondary effects of the strike. 34 M onthly Labor Review https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis August 2000 Impact on ces employment' Telephone communications (nynex) Telephone communications Telephone communications Motor freight transportation and warehousing Trucking and courier services, except air (United Parcel Service) 53,500 53,500 53,500 70,000 185,000 N ote : Table does not include strikes that occurred outside the ence period, ces refer- Table 2. To assess the effect of the strike on estimates of employment and of average hours and earnings of telephone communications (except radio) workers (sic 4813) during 1983 at&t strike ces Month and year All employment (not seasonally adjusted) Average weekly hours CES hours and earnings estimates, the Average hourly earnings Levels: July 1983 .......................... August 1983..................... September 1983............... 985.0 350.1 976.3 40.4 40.3 40.5 $11.36 11.06 11.51 -634.9 +626.2 -.1 +.2 -.30 +.45 Over-the-month changes: July-August..................... August-September........... Table 3. Effect of 1998 strike against General Motors on in manufacturing Category June July ces employment Total declines August returns Total................................. On strike ............................ On layoff............................ Total, on strike and on la yo ff.......................... -9,400 -3,400 -6,000 -140,600 -5,800 -127,800 -150,000 -9,200 -133,800 +150,000 +9,200 +133,800 -9,400 -133,600 -143,000 +143,000 Help supply industry (secondary effect).......... C) -7,000 -7,000 +7,000 1 No one on strike or on layoff in help supply industry. weekly hours and hourly earnings than the other two four-digit industries within the category of “aircraft and parts” (SIC 372), would lower average hours and hourly earnings estimates for the aircraft industry (sic 372). Estimates for trans portation equipment (SIC 37) and the en tire manufacturing sector would be simi larly affected if hours and earnings in aircraft were higher than in these aggre gate-level industries. The magnitude of this effect is directly related to the num ber of persons on strike. Secondary effects of a strike Among the potential secondary effects of a strike is that on establishments which are not on strike, but are depend ent on the striking establishment. A good example of this is the General Mo tors (G M ) strike of 1998. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis On June 5, 1998, 3,000 employees went on strike at a g m fabricated-metal stamping plant in Flint, Michigan. One week later, an additional 5,800 workers went on strike at a parts plant in Flint. Both strikes ended on July 29. The strike occurred at only those two plants. How ever, because the plants were critical to GM’s supply chain, the strike had a dis proportionate effect on production. Au tomobile assembly plants that relied on parts from the striking establishments were forced to shut down. All told, 150,000 employees were out of work, due to the primary and secondary effects of the strike. (See table 3.) Furthermore, many of these workers were not in the same industry as the original plants on strike. The affected industries included gray and ductile iron foundries (SIC 3321), motor vehicles and passenger car bodies (sic 3711), and even the help supply industry (SIC 7363). July estimates were recalculated using the manufacturing industry employ ment weights for June instead of July. The reason for the recalculation was to ignore any possible effects of the lower number of workers in the relatively highpaying auto-related industries because of the strikes and shutdowns. Table 4 shows the effect on the change in aver age hourly earnings over the June-July and July-August periods. Average weekly hours were unaf fected by the recalculation. While the exercise shows the effect of all shifts in the distribution of employment across manufacturing industries between June and July, the most important shift was the reduced weight of the high-paid auto industry. Thus, the results can be attributed primarily to the auto strike. Average hourly earnings would have been about 5 cents higher in manufac turing, but less than 1 cent higher at the total private-industry level if the work ers affected by the strike had remained on payrolls in July. Another secondary strike effect oc curs when competitors of a striking firm add employees to cover additional busi ness foregone by the striking company. This effect may even offset the magni tude of the strike’s primary effect on CES data. A case in point is the strike by 185,000 United Parcel Service (UPS) workers on August 5-20 of 1997 (includ ing the entire reference pay period). The temporary removal of UPS from the de livery services market led to increased business for its competitors. Table 5 shows the impact on air courier services (SIC 4513) owing to the strike against UPS. Despite the fact that 185,000 UPS workers were on strike, the total loss of employment in the industry was only 166,000. The 19,000-employee difference was determined, in part, to be the result of other air courier services hiring work ers to take advantage of their increased business. M onthly Labor Review A ugust 2000 35 Technical Note Replacem ent workers Sometimes the management of establish ments on strike hires workers to do the jobs of the workers on strike. The new workers are known as replacement work ers. The hiring of replacement workers can complicate the estimation of a strike’s im pact. If replacement workers are hired im mediately, then the strike will not be re flected at all in CES data. Furthermore, if replacement workers are hired later dur ing the course of an ongoing strike, thenpresence may falsely indicate that the strike is over even if it is not. To further complicate matters, replacement workers could permanently displace the strikers, or they could instead be just a temporary solution and be laid off when the strike ends. In dealing with the issue of replace ment workers, it usually is not possible to draw conclusions directly from CES data. Instead, one must rely on public reports, company news, and other sources for such information. The Bureau’s pledge of confidentiality to its respondents pre cludes revealing any company-specific information not generally available to the public. port to exclude movements caused by strikes. The strike report includes information on the number of workers on strike during the current and previous reference peri ods, new strikes, strikes settled, and the net change. Information is provided on specific strikes and the industries they af fect. There are two ways to use the report: Statistics makes every reasonable effort to ensure the accuracy and complete ness of the strike report; however, be cause the report is based on secondary sources, the Bureau cannot guarantee its accuracy or completeness. 1. Add the total number of people on strike the current month to the overall level of employment to see the level with the strike effect removed. Information on strikes that affect CES employment data is available starting with 1975 and is used as input for the seasonal adjustment process. For the study presented in this technical note, the information was used to compute the net effect of those strikes each month. The net strike effect was then added to the official over-the-month change in employment to compute a strike-ad justed series—that is, a series which re moves the effect of strikes. This series, presented in table 6, is a better indicator of underlying economic trends than the official series is. The strike-adjusted his torical series also is useful if an analyst Strike-adjusted em ploym ent d ata 2. Add the net change in the number of persons on strike to the current o v e r-th e-m o n th em ploym ent change to remove the effects of strikes. While the numbers in the strike report are useful to analysts, it is important to note that the figures should be used with caution, as they are preliminary and pos sibly incomplete. The Bureau of Labor Table 4. Effect of 1998 strike against General Motors on ces estimates of over-the-month changes in average hourly earnings Over-the-month change ces strike report Sector and months staff prepare a monthly summary of strike activity during the survey refer ence pay period. This CES strike report contains information about workers di rectly involved in large strikes (stop pages of 1,000 or more workers) who were idle during the entire reference pay period.5 The information comes from public sources, and the report itself is prepared and released before any sur vey data are compiled. The numbers in the report indicate the possible direct effect of strikes on c e s employment es timates for the current month. Thus, the strike report may be useful to persons who are trying to anticipate the upcom ing payroll survey data. Also, after the monthly CES estimates are released, ana lysts attempting to discern underlying economic trends can use the strike re- As published BLS 36 M onthly Labor Review https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Recalculated without strike effect Difference Manufacturing: June-July..................................... July-August................................. $-0.03 +.11 $+0.02 +.06 $0.05 -.04 Total private: June-July..................................... July-August................................. +.03 +.07 +.04 +.06 +.01 -.01 Table 5. estimates of employment, average weekly hours, and average hourly earnings of air courier services workers (sic 4513) during 1997 ups strike ces Levels and over-the-month changes All employment (seasonally adjusted) Average hourly earnings Average weekly hours Levels: July 1997........................................ August 1997 ................................... September 1997 ............................. 464,000 298,000 468,000 28.8 33 37.5 $14.78 15.48 14.50 -166,000 170,000 4.2 4.5 .70 -.98 Over-the-month changes: August 2000 July-August.................................... August-September........................ Table 6. Over-the-month change in employment, excluding the effect of strikes, seasonally adjusted, all employees on total nonagricultural payrolls, 1975-2000 [In thousands] Year 1975: Official series..... Net strike activity............ Series excluding strikes............. 1976: Official series..... Net strike activity............ Series excluding strikes............. 1977: Official series..... Net strike activity............ Series excluding strikes............. 1978: Official series..... Net strike activity............ Series excluding strikes............. 1979: Official series..... Net strike activity............ Series excluding strikes............. 1980: Official series..... Net strike activitiy........... Series excluding strikes............. 1981: Official series..... Net strike activity............ Series excluding strikes............. 1982: Official series..... Net strike activity............ Series excluding strikes............. 1983: Official series..... Net strike activity............ Series excluding strikes............. 1984:....................... Official series..... Net strike activity............ Series excluding strikes............. 1985: Official series..... Net strike activity............ Series excluding strikes............. 1986: Official series..... Net strike activity............ Series excluding strikes............. 1987: Official series..... Net strike activity............ Series excluding strikes............. January February -420 March April May —403 June July August September October November December -323 -121 161 -71 238 354 208 311 _ _ -5 3 33 20 -12 84 -79 15 -44 -9 14 -408 -320 -88 181 -83 322 275 223 267 111 310 411 280 213 315 58 66 227 96 261 0 299 197 -44 -4 11 32 93 -26 54 -55 -74 15 -25 -30 367 276 224 347 151 40 281 41 187 15 274 167 179 277 427 389 367 404 379 214 457 230 370 240 120 296 2 15 16 -26 39 -7 24 24 -34 60 -9 90 181 292 443 363 406 397 403 238 423 290 361 330 310 193 344 530 745 321 407 226 287 110 363 452 -12 0 -18 -144 5 3 25 11 5 -26 -19 -5 181 344 512 601 326 410 251 298 115 337 433 305 169 257 441 -63 318 274 64 140 -10 211 106 151 29 -48 2 10 55 -14 -14 -13 2 19 23 171 267 437 -8 304 260 51 142 9 234 135 103 112 147 119 -215 -464 -342 -298 288 82 288 216 224 -55 59 -3 -13 -19 -6 133 -49 -16 -47 -24 -8 57 206 116 -228 -483 -348 -165 239 66 241 192 216 229 92 111 13 -77 143 125 -90 -129 25 -202 -183 -11 -3 8 177 21 -129 -32 -23 15 -15 -21 1 218 89 119 190 -56 14 93 -113 -114 10 -223 -183 -383 26 -137 -306 -66 -262 -323 -203 -182 -208 -138 26 4 0 6 6 5 24 -34 21 3 -3 -5 -6 -379 26 -131 -300 -61 -238 -357 -182 -179 -211 -143 20 151 -68 188 265 286 389 427 -340 1,115 320 319 383 2 5 0 -1 -11 0 30 674 -678 9 -23 -5 153 -63 188 264 275 389 457 334 437 329 296 378 414 519 269 338 302 373 322 238 301 313 330 168 -16 -6 6 17 -8 13 -11 63 -77 9 5 26 398 513 275 355 294 386 311 301 224 322 335 194 252 148 337 162 267 117 185 231 182 220 188 214 -41 -1 28 -24 -6 12 -8 32 -5 -5 3 1 211 147 365 138 261 129 177 263 177 215 191 215 99 119 78 178 122 -123 303 159 312 233 165 249 -32 0 11 -2 -1 167 -145 42 -31 4 -2 0 67 119 89 176 121 44 158 201 281 237 163 249 149 229 233 362 197 149 334 219 164 550 220 344 0 -31 -6 -9 6 0 7 -1 55 -60 0 -5 149 198 227 353 203 149 341 218 219 490 220 339 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis M onthly Labor Review A ugust 2000 37 Technical Note Table 6. Continued—Over-the-month change in employment, excluding the effect of strikes, seasonally adjusted, all employees on total nonagricultural payrolls, 1975-2000 [In thousands] Year 1988: Official series..... Net strike activity............ Series excluding strikes............. 1989: Official series..... Net strike activity............ Series excluding strikes............. 1990: Official series..... Net strike activity............ Series excluding / strikes............. 1991: Official series..... Net strike activity............ Series excluding strikes............. 1992: Official series..... Net strike activity............ Series excluding strikes............. 1993: Official series..... Net strike activity............ Series excluding strikes............. 1994: Official series..... Net strike activity............ Series excluding strikes............. 1995: Official series..... Net strike activitiy........... Series excluding strikes............. 1996: Official series..... Net strike activity............ Series excluding strikes............. 1997: Official series..... Net strike activity............ Series excluding strikes............. 1998: Official series..... Net strike activity............ Series excluding strikes............. 1999: Official series..... Net strike activity............ Series excluding strikes............. 2000: Official series..... Net strike activity............ Series excluding strikes............. N ote : January February 79 423 March Aprii May 265 226 274 June July August 321 268 199 September October 215 November 277 277 December 323 0 4 11 -8 1 5 16 -4 -7 -6 -11 0 79 427 276 218 275 326 284 195 208 271 266 323 302 251 194 199 101 100 95 115 130 112 281 121 2 3 27 4 0 11 10 97 -68 4 -6 -72 304 254 221 203 101 111 105 212 62 116 275 49 254 317 198 38 291 79 -162 -164 -86 -183 -200 -109 0 2 -2 -1 4 1 -162 -88 -184 -196 -108 0 -3 16 -5 A3 -1 254 314 214 33 288 78 -162 -206 -259 -170 -185 -38 93 -69 84 8 -14 -94 6 -3 -6 -2 -2 5 -6 4 -2 2 -1 8 1 -209 -265 -172 -187 -33 87 -65 82 10 -15 -86 7 -37 -7 42 182 194 46 54 146 66 134 178 147 -3 0 1 -2 A3 —9 0 12 -8 -4 0 -40 -7 39 183 192 43 45 146 78 126 174 147 236 314 -67 306 343 141 205 213 247 321 255 254 -3 0 5 -5 4 9 -4 3 5 0 2 -4 -18 236 319 -72 310 352 137 208 218 247 323 251 236 268 230 450 368 347 283 353 340 307 255 406 277 0 0 0 74 -70 5 9 5 10 -1 -2 -15 268 230 450 442 277 288 362 345 317 254 404 262 317 288 156 185 -34 194 114 306 220 125 157 172 -1 0 0 -1 0 -2 0 3 7 23 1 -41 316 288 156 184 -34 192 114 309 227 148 158 131 -69 489 236 175 344 264 196 278 151 248 266 217 30 -27 1 -3 0 21 -9 0 -5 A3 0 0 -39 462 237 172 344 285 187 278 146 245 266 217 203 295 347 294 259 226 296 71 431 318 292 324 0 0 -3 4 7 -5 0 175 -183 -1 0 0 203 295 344 298 266 221 296 246 248 317 292 324 290 193 182 244 353 217 99 378 244 208 262 347 -1 3 0 0 0 10 0 -12 6 -2 2 -1 289 196 182 244 353 227 99 366 250 206 264 346 177 420 171 228 95 253 268 159 208 258 265 250 -1 -1 0 7 0 0 0 -7 0 -1 0 0 176 419 171 235 95 253 268 152 208 257 265 250 349 95 527 414 231 0 15 -15 5 A3 349 110 512 419 228 _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Dash indicates data not available. 38 M onthly Labor Review https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis August 2000 wishes to compare estimates of current em ploym ent growth with m onthly changes in earlier years, because strikes can significantly mask other economic activity and introduce volatility into the data. An u n d e r s t a n d in g o f th e t r e a t OF STRIKES in the CES employ ment data is necessary for a correct analysis of monthly movements. De pending on its timing compared with the survey reference period, a strike can have various impacts on employment, average weekly hours, and average hourly earnings. Further, if the company affected by the work stoppage has weekly hours or hourly earnings that differ significantly from the industry av erage, the strike can have a large impact on average weekly hours or hourly earn ings for the industry. Similarly, if the in dustry involved in the strike has hours and earnings that differ significantly from higher level aggregates, the strike can have an impact on the higher level estimates of average hours or hourly earnings. m ent https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Large strikes are widely reported in newspapers around the country. Infor mation from such public sources is used to compile a summary of strike activity each month. This report is made avail able on the Internet. The purpose of the summary is to provide an early indica tion of the direct impact that strikes in volving at least 1,000 workers will have on the employment estimates, which are released the following week. In addition to their direct impact, large strikes sometimes have secondary effects, as, for example, when they oblige other plants to close because parts are in short supply. When the magnitude of significant secondary strike effects is known, like the direct effects, these secondary effects are dis cussed in the monthly news release The Employment Situation, the periodical Employment and Earnings, and other b l s publications. □ on employment, hours, and earnings from a sample of about 380,000 nonfarm establish ments (including government). From these data, a large number of employment, hours, and earn ings series in considerable industry and geo graphic detail are prepared and published every month. The employment data include series on all employees, women workers, and production or nonsupervisory workers. Hours and earnings data include average weekly hours, average weekly overtime hours, and average hourly and weekly earnings. The ces is the source of the “payroll,” or “establishment,” data that appear in the Employment Situation news release, usu ally on the first Friday of each month, with data for the previous month. 2 This approach differs from that o f the Current Population Survey, which counts as employed all civilian workers who have a job during the survey reference period, including those “with a job, but not at work”— the cat egory that strikers are in. 3 The ces program will convert from the sic system to the North American Industrial Clas sification System (naics) in June 2003. 4 The fact that the decline was less than 640,000 indicates that without the strike, the four-digit sic industry would have gained 5,000 jobs. 5 The strike report, which is generally re leased the Friday before the Employment Situ a tio n is released, is available on h ttp :// 1 The Bureau of Labor Statistics cooperstats.bls.gov/ceshome.htm, or it may be ac ates with State employment security agencies cessed by calling (202) 691-6555, the general in the ces survey to collect data each month ces information number. Notes M onthly Labor Review August 2000 39 Precis Return on training investm ent Knowledge of the rate of return on an employer’s investment in employee train ing is beneficial for two main reasons: it guides firms in making training investment decisions and also helps policymakers decide on subsidies for private invest ments. In the article “Measuring the Employer’s Return on Investments in Training: Evidence from the Literature,” (Industrial Relations, July 2000) Ann R Bartel of the Columbia University Gradu ate School of Business and the National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER) maintains that if the expected return on investments is underestimated, employ ers will overinvest. Also, she believes a company’s return on investments in em ployee training may be higher than pre viously thought. Bartel analyzed three components of the literature. The first dealt with large samples of firm-level or establishment-level data collected through mail or phone sur veys. This component, however, provided little guidance on the rate of return. Train ing cost data were typically unavailable, diverse production processes may not have been modeled properly, and the bias from the endogeneity of the training deci sion may not have been entirely eliminated. In the second approach, the case study method, detailed data are gathered from one company to estimate the costs and returns from that company’s training pro gram. Here, the estimated rates of return rely on the assumption regarding the skill depreciation rate. “Assuming that skills depreciate 5 percent per year, the estimated rates of return range from 7 to 50 percent,” Bartel writes. The third component is com pany-sponsored case studies. Even though this approach has the potential to address the déficiences of the previous two components, the fact remains that few companies calculate the return on invest ments in employee training. And most of those that do, according to the author, use faulty methodologies that preclude 40 M onthly Labor Review https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis relying on their results. Two well-con ceived case studies reviewed by Bartel report return on investments in the range of 100 to 200 percent. Many companies do not undertake the huge effort needed to evaluate a training program. Therefore, the companies that maintain detailed records on employee performance and characteristics are best suited for analysis. Bartel concludes that “[I]f lack of information on the ROI [rate on investments] is one cause of possible underinvestment in employee training, helping firms to measure the returns on their training investments could help re solve the underinvestment problem.” Inflation uncertainty and labor contracts Recent labor contract renewals have pro duced longer contracts than in the past. In “Uncertainty and Labor Contract Du ration,” (n b er Working Paper 7731), Rob ert Rich and Joseph Tracy of the Federal Reserve Bank of New York list several such cases. For example, the Big Three auto makers and the United Auto Work ers signed national contracts that were 4 years in duration in their latest round of negotiations—this was a break from a long tradition of 3-year contracts. In their research on contracts and un certainty, Rich and Tracy studied Bureau of Labor Statistics data for 1970-95 on major union contracts. (A contract is ma jor if it covers at least 1,000 workers.) They observe that, while the median contract length has been fairly constant in the past few decades, the longest contracts have gotten longer. Contracts in the 90th per centile of duration have shown an up ward trend since the mid-1980s. Some of the theoretical literature on labor contracts and uncertainty sug gests that contract duration should be inversely related to uncertainty. Other literature indicates that certain sources of uncertainty may cause workers to seek more insurance against income fluctuations through longer contracts. August 2000 In their analysis, Rich and Tracy ex plore the relationship between contract duration and several measures of infla tion uncertainty. Using their preferred measure of inflation uncertainty, they find that decreases in inflation uncertainty are associated with longer contracts. They also find that this relationship extends to broader measures of uncertainty. Downsizing deconstructed Downsizing differs from traditional lay offs in that the job cuts do not appear to result from drops in demand, but instead seem to be driven by a desire for operat ing efficiencies. In “Examining the Inci dence of Downsizing and its Effect on Es tablishment Performance,” ( n b e r Work ing Paper 7742), Peter Cappelli of the Uni versity of Pennsylvania examines the causes and consequences of downsizing. Downsizing is a relatively recent phe nomenon—Cappelli notes that the con cept of downsizing appeared after the recession of the early 1980s. Surveys by the American Management Associa tion indicated that dow nsizing in creased in the early to mid-1990s, even as the economy was expanding. For his analysis, Cappelli used data from the Educational Quality of the Workforce National Employer Survey. This survey was conducted by the U.S. Bureau of the Census for the National Center on the Educational Quality of the Workforce in 1994 and 1997. Cappelli found that unionization and severance pay are associated with more downsizing. He also observed that es tablishments with a higher percentage of managers downsize more than those with a higher percentage of production workers; this is consistent with an at tempt to move toward a flatter structure in the organization. Regarding the con sequences of downsizing, Cappelli’s analysis shows that downsizing re duces labor cost per employee but it also reduces sales per employee. □ Book Reviews Union history M aritim e Solidarity, Pacific Coast Unionism: 1929-1938. By Ottilie Markholt. Tacoma, WA, Pacific Coast Maritime History Committee, 1999, 461pp. $19.95. From a lifetime of work in the labor movement as both a chronicler and an activist, Ottilie Markholt has assembled a massive and detailed historical log of Pacific Coast maritime unionism in its most explosive years. Almost all of the m en and wom en who lived and struggled in that era have since passed away, so swiftly does history move along. Thus, Markholt’s book is a valu able recapture of maritime history drawn from oral histories, union journals, daily newspapers, employers’ internal docu ments, and government records. From 1939 to 1942, Markholt worked on compiling a history of the Sailors’ Union of the Pacific. Realizing how incom plete the history of one union alone would be, for the next half century, she pursued the history of all West Coast maritime unions, their cycles of victory and defeat, their interunion conflicts, their battles with employers, as well as the role played by government, from the President of the United States to the lo cal sheriff. The author was in a unique position to observe and record this chronicle: first, she had worked as a Communist Party organizer; and second, later in life, she served as an office secretary to both a labor council and an office workers’ union. The early years of the 20th cen tury saw numerous struggles between labor and management, and Markholt came to share with the maritime workers their disillusionment with the ideals es poused by communists and their frus tration with the failure of unions. Hope for “One Big Union” died early. But the book is not a moralizing dis course of the author’s beliefs or ultimate disenchantment with the movement. It is a straightforward and mostly-objective https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis account of the unions’ leadership and the interaction among rank-and-file ships’ crews, longshoremen, and water front teamsters. In seaports extending northward from San Diego to Seattle, workers had struggled to build unions since well be fore 1929. The book documents the ef forts of seamen and longshoremen, who were working throughout the last de cades of the 19th century to gain con trol over their general working condi tions, such as the means by which work ers were hired, the size of the work crew, their hours of work, and their compen sation. The poorly-paid seamen suf fered greatly: they were ill-fed, they lived in crowded, verm in-infested spaces, they were ruled by tyrannical officers, and they were ignored by the law and the government. Those who protested were blacklisted. They first organized in March of 1885, and by 1919, longshoremen had successfully unionized all West Coast seaports. But by the end of the socalled Roaring 20s—after a series of bro ken strikes—only Tacoma remained a union port. For longshoremen and sea men it was back to fink halls, blacklists, corruption, and selling of jobs. The Great Depression only made conditions worse. During this time period, Markholt reports, neither cooperation with the employers, which was the route of the seamen’s union, nor the tactics of ei ther the IWW Wobblies or the commu nists could prevent erosion of wages and working conditions. The commu nists sought, primarily, to advance the party; the Wobblies refused to sign contracts, choosing instead the guer rilla warfare of job actions. Markholt weaves well the growing sense of outrage and anguish that brought about the historic 1934 strike, which ended the corrupt practices of the fink hall and its accompanying blacklisting fink book. Despite employer threats of retribution, seamen left their ships, longshoremen respected their lines, and teamsters refused to haul cargo. The employers responded with strikebreakers, resulting in the murder of unarmed pickets. Thousands of strik ers fought pitched battles against a po lice force armed with tear gas and riot guns. When the government finally called out the National Guard, the unions issued a general strike call. Workers in other industries, sympathetic to labor’s cause, closed down lumber and flour mills, logging camps, and scores of other types of workplaces. More than 100,000 work ers struck, and eventually maritime opera tions on the West Coast were shut down. Success brought creation of the Maritime Federation of the Pacific. The unions declared that unified action would be taken against em ployers whenever any member union was at tacked. But there would be no political action, no labor party. Federation soli darity was demonstrated in the 3-month long 1936-37 strike in which all of the maritime unions gained many of their demands. But where the employers failed, a series of expulsions and interunion conflicts shredded the fed eration and ended its effectiveness. Emergence of the Congress of Indus trial Organization (CIO) transformed the West Coast unions, as each one chose sides with either the American Federa tion of Labor (AFL) or the CIO, a situa tion Markholt reports in painstaking de tail. The end result was the dissolution of the Maritime Federation. Maritime Solidarity in many ways parallels another labor history project, Working Detroit, by Steve Babson. That inland city’s waterfront handled the lumber, the coal, and the iron ore that created the industrial era of the motor car. The Great Lakes’ maritime in dustry soon became captive to the in terests of the steel and auto companies, while ashore, the craft unions gradually dissolved into the rote assembly lines of auto production. There, too, the struggle for unionism was waged amid strikes and bloodshed. Both books take particular pains to include the extraor dinary problems of African-American M onthly Labor Review August 2000 41 Book Reviews unionists. Working Detroit also in cludes the struggles of the woman in dustrial worker. The end of World War I I brought grave, new challenges to West Coast maritime unions: the massive downsizing of the U.S. merchant fleet and cargo con tainerization, to name two. Hopefully, the post-1939 era will have as capable and dedicated a chronicler as Ottilie Markholt. Economic growth and development C itiz e n s h ip a n d Im m ig ra tio n C a n a d a , Canada.. .The Place to Be: Annual Immi gration Plan for the Year 2000. C itiz e n sh ip a n d Im m ig ra tio n C a n a d a , C o m m u n ic a tio n s B ra n c h , O tta w a , O n ta rio , 1999, 17 p p . from Project Star. C a m b rid g e , MA, N a tio n al B u re au o f E co n o m ic R e se arc h , In c., 2 0 0 0 , 42 pp . (W o rk in g P a p e r 7 6 5 6 .) $ 1 0 p e r c o p y , p lu s $ 1 0 fo r p o s ta g e a n d h a n d lin g o u ts id e th e U n ite d S ta te s. Industrial relations Manufactur ing Advantage: Why High-Performance Work Systems Pay Off. Ith aca, NY, C o rn e ll A p p e lb a u m , E ile e n a n d o th e rs , E d w a r d s , S e b a s t ia n a n d A l e ja n d r a C o x E d w a rd s , Economic Reforms and Labor Markets: Policy Issues and Lessons from Chile. C a m b rid g e , m a , N a tio n a l B u re a u o f E c o n o m ic R e se a rc h , In c ., 2 0 0 0 ,6 6 pp . (W o rk in g P a p e r 7 6 4 6 .) $ 10 p e r copy, p lu s $ 10 f o r p o s ta g e a n d h a n d lin g o u tsid e th e U n ite d S ta te s. — Ray Denison Formerly with the AFL-CIO Single Peaked vs. Di versified Capitalism: The Relation Be tween Economic Institutions and Out comes. C a m b rid g e , m a , N a tio n a l B u re a u U n iv e rs ity P re s s , 2 0 0 0 , 2 5 9 p p . $ 1 9 .9 5 , p a p e r. B lau , F ra n c in e D . a n d R o n a ld C . E h re n b e rg , e d s., Gender and Family Issues in the Workplace. N e w Y ork, R u ssell S a g e F o u n d a tio n , 2 0 0 0 , 301 p p . $ 1 4 .9 5 , p a p er. F re e m a n , R ic h a rd B ., Publications received o f E c o n o m ic R e se a rc h , In c ., 2 0 0 0 ,4 5 pp. (W o rk in g P a p e r 7 5 5 6 .) $ 10 p e r copy, p lu s $ 10 f o r p o s ta g e a n d h a n d lin g o u tsid e th e U n ite d S ta te s. Economic and social statistics F e rn a n d e z , R a q u e l a n d R ic h a rd R o g e rso n , Sorting and Long-Run Inequality. C a m b rid g e, m a , N a tio n a l B u re au o f E co n o m ic R e s e a rc h , In c ., 2 0 0 0 , 35 p p . (W o rk in g P a p e r 7 5 0 8 .) $ 1 0 p e r co p y , p lu s $ 1 0 fo r p o s ta g e a n d h a n d lin g o u tsid e th e U n ite d S ta te s. Is Addiction “Rational" ? Theory and Evi dence. C a m b rid g e , MA, N a tio n a l B u re a u The Simple Economics of Open Source. C a m b rid g e , L e rn e r, J o s h a n d J e a n T iro le , m a , N a tio n a l B u re a u o f E c o n o m ic R e s e a rc h , In c ., 2 0 0 0 ,3 8 p p . W o rk in g P a p e r 7 6 0 0 .) $ 1 0 p e r copy, p lu s $ 1 0 fo r p o s t a g e a n d h a n d lin g o u t s i d e th e U n ite d S ta te s. G ru b e r, J o n a th a n a n d B o to n d K o s z e g i, o f E c o n o m ic R e se a rc h , In c ., 2 0 0 0 ,5 2 p p . (W o rk in g P a p e r 7 5 0 7 .) $ 10 p e r copy, p lu s $ 10 fo r p o s ta g e a n d h a n d lin g o u ts id e th e U n ite d S ta te s. Education How Large Are the Social Returns to Educa tion? Evidencefrom Compulsory School ing Laws. C a m b rid g e , MA, N a tio n a l B u A c e m o g lu , D a ro n a n d J o s h u a A n g rist, Sources and Methods: Labour Statistics, Transition Countries Companion to the Yearbook of Labour Statistics, Vol. 9. 1999, 4 9 9 pp . r e a u o f E c o n o m ic R e s e a rc h , In c ., 1999, 4 2 pp . (W o rk in g P a p e r 7 4 4 4 .) $ 1 0 p e r c o p y , p lu s $ 1 0 fo r p o s ta g e a n d h a n d lin g o u ts id e th e U n ite d S ta te s. I n te r n a tio n a l L a b o u r O ffic e , A v a ila b le in th e U n ite d S ta te s fro m th e W a s h in g to n b ra n c h o f ilo , W ald o rf, m d . Dropout and Enrollment Trends in the Post-War Period: What Went Wrong in the 1970s? C a rd , D a v id a n d T h o m a s L e m ie u x , Is ra e l, C e n tra l B u re a u o f S ta tistic s , Monthly Bulletin of Statistics. F e b r u a r y 2 0 0 0 . C a m b rid g e , m a , N a tio n a l B u re a u o f E c o n o m ic R e se arc h , Inc., 2 0 0 0 ,5 9 p p. (W ork in g P a p e r 7 6 5 8 .) $ 1 0 p e r copy, p lu s $ 1 0 f o r p o s ta g e a n d h a n d lin g o u ts id e th e U n ite d S ta te s. J e ru s a le m , Is ra e l C e n tra l B u re a u o f S ta tis tic s, 156 p p . Economic Analysis of So cial Interactions. C a m b rid g e , MA, N a M a n s k i, C h a rle s , tio n al B u re a u o f E c o n o m ic R e se arc h , Inc., 2 0 0 0 ,4 1 p p . (W o rk in g P a p e r 7 5 8 0 .) $ 1 0 p e r co p y , p lu s $ 1 0 fo r p o s ta g e a n d h a n d lin g o u ts id e th e U n ite d S ta te s. S o c ia l S e c u rity A d m in is tra tio n , Annual Sta tistical Supplement to the Social Security Bulletin, 1999. W a s h in g to n , 2 0 0 0 , 393 p p . S to c k N o . 7 5 3 - 0 0 1 - 0 0 0 1 7 - 4 . $ 3 5 . F o r sa le b y th e S u p e rin te n d e n t o f D o c u m e n ts , s so p : W a s h in g to n , DC 2 0 4 0 2 9328 42 M onthly Labor Review https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis On the Front Line: Organization of Work in the Infor mation Economy. Ith aca, NY, C o rn e ll U n i F re n k e l, S te p h e n J. a n d o th e rs , v e rs ity P re ss , 1999, 3 1 8 p p . $ 1 9 .9 5 , p a per. The American Workplace: Skills, Compensa tion, and Employee Involvement. N e w I c h n io w s k i, C a s e y a n d o th e r s , e d s ., Y ork, C a m b rid g e U n iv e rsity P re ss , 2 0 0 0 , 2 8 7 p p . $ 5 4 .9 5 . Interest-Based Collec tive Bargaining: A Success Story. K e n n e d y , B re n d a L . K in g sto n , O n ta rio , Q u e e n ’s U n iv e rsity , I n d u s tr ia l R e la tio n s C e n te r, IRC P re s s , 1999, 2 0 p p . O z a k i, M u n e to , e d ., Negotiating Flexibility: The Role of the Social Partners and the State. G e n e v a , In te rn a tio n a l L a b o u r O r g a n iz a tio n , 1999, 157 p p . b ib lio g ra p h y . A v a ila b le in th e U n ite d S ta te s fro m th e W ald o rf, m d . O ffice . Labour Unions, Public Policy and Economic Growth. N e w Y ork, P a lo k a n g a s , T ap io , C a m b rid g e U n iv e rs ity P re s s , 2 0 0 0 , 2 3 7 p p . $ 6 4 .9 5 . Team Training: Does It Increase Satisfaction and Improve Per formance? K in g s to n , O n ta rio , Q u e e n ’s R o c h elle, C h a n ta l d e la, U n iv e rsity , In d u s tria l R e la tio n s C e n te r, IRC P re ss , 1999, 19 p p . Civilizing Capitalism: The National Consumers’ League, Women’s Activism, and Labor Standards in the New Deal Era. C h a p e l H ill, NC, H a ll, B ro n w y n , H ., A lb e rt N . L in k , a n d Jo h n T. S c o tt, Universities as Research Part ners. C a m b rid g e , m a , N a tio n a l B u re a u o f E c o n o m ic R e se a rc h , In c ., 2 0 0 0 , 46 pp . (W o rk in g P a p e r 7 6 4 3 .) $ 10 p e r copy, p lu s $ 10 f o r p o s ta g e a n d h a n d lin g o u tsid e th e U n ite d S ta te s. S to rrs, L a n d o n R . Y., K ru e g e r, A la n B . a n d D ia n e M . W h itm o re , W o n g , D a n ie l F., August 2000 The Effect of Attending a Small Class in the Early Grades on College-Test Taking and Middle School Test Results: Evidence U n iv e rsity o f N o rth C a ro lin a P re ss , 2 0 0 0 , 3 9 2 p p . b i b li o g r a p h y . $ 4 9 .9 5 , c lo th ; $ 1 9 .9 5 , p ap er. Attendance Management Programs: Doing It Right. K in g s to n , O n ta rio , Q u e e n ’s U n iv e rsity , In d u s tria l R e la tio n s C e n te r, irc P re ss , 1 9 9 9 ,2 5 p p . Industry and government organization L em er, Jo sh , 150 Years of Patent Office Prac tice. C a m b rid g e , m a , N a tio n a l B u re a u o f E c o n o m ic R e s e a rc h , In c ., 2 0 0 0 , 4 4 pp. (W o rk in g P a p e r 7 4 7 7 .) $ 10 p e r copy, p lu s $ 10 fo r p o s ta g e a n d h a n d lin g o u tsid e th e U n ite d S ta te s. Corporate Power, American De mocracy and the Automobile Industry. L u g er, S tan , N e w Y o rk , C a m b rid g e U n iv e rs ity P re ss, 2000, 208 pp. Labor and econom ic history Grand Master Workman: Terence Powderly and the Knights of La bor. W e s tp o r t, c t . G r e e n w o o d P r e s s , P h e la n , C r a ig , 2000, 29 4 pp. $65. Labor force Outsourcing at Will: Un just Dismissal Doctrine and the Growth of Temporary Help Employment. C a m A u to r, D a v id H ., b rid g e, m a , N a tio n a l B u re au o f E c o n o m ic R e s e a rc h , In c ., 2 0 0 0 , 49 pp . (W o rk in g P a p e r 7 5 5 7 .) $ 1 0 p e r copy, p lu s $ 1 0 fo r p o s ta g e a n d h a n d lin g o u tsid e th e U n ite d S ta te s. B ean , F ra n k D . a n d S tep h an ie B ell-R o se, eds., Immigration and Opportunity: Race, Ethnicity, and Employment in the United States. N e w Y ork, R u ss e ll S a g e F o u n d a tio n , 1 999, 4 2 5 p p . $ 3 9 .9 5 . B e r tr a n d , M a r ia n n e , D o u g la s M ille r , a n d S e n d h il M u lla in a th a n , Public Policy and Extended Families: Evidencefrom South Africa. C a m b rid g e , m a , N a tio n a l B u re a u o f E c o n o m ic R e se a rc h , In c ., 2 0 0 0 ,4 6 p p. (W o rk in g P a p e r 7 5 9 4 .) $ 10 p e r copy, p lu s $ 10 fo r p o s ta g e a n d h a n d lin g o u tsid e th e U n ite d S ta te s. Inventing Ourselves Out of Jobs: America’s Debate Over Technologi cal Unemployment 1929-1981. B a lti B ix , A m y S u e , m o re , m d , T h e Jo h n s H o p k in s U n iv e r sity P re s s , 2 0 0 0 , 3 7 8 pp . $ 4 5 . B la u , F ra n c in e D ., L a w re n c e M . K a h n , an d J a n e W a ld fo g e l, Understanding Young Women’s Marriage Decisions: The Role of Labor and Marriage Market Condi tions. C a m b rid g e , m a , N a tio n a l B u re a u o f E c o n o m ic R e se a rc h , In c ., 2 0 0 0 ,4 0 p p. (W o rk in g P a p e r 7 5 1 0 .) $ 10 p e r copy, p lu s $ 10 fo r p o s ta g e a n d h a n d lin g o u tsid e th e U n ite d S ta te s. Do Immi grant Inflows Lead to Native Outflows? C a rd , D a v id a n d Jo h n E. D iN a rd o , C a m b rid g e , m a , N a tio n a l https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis B u re a u o f E co - n o m ic R e se a rc h , In c ., 22 pp . (W o rk in g P a p e r 7 5 7 8 .) $ 1 0 p e r c o p y , p lu s $ 1 0 fo r p o sta g e a n d h a n d lin g o u tsid e th e U n ite d S ta te s. C a s s o n i, A d r ia n a , S te v e n G . A lle n , a n d G a sto n J. L a b a d ie , The Effects of Unions on Employment: Evidence from an Un natural Experiment in Uruguay. C a m b rid g e, m a , N a tio n a l B u re au o f E co n o m ic R e s e a r c h , In c ., 2 0 0 0 ,4 6 p p . (W o rk in g P a p e r 7 5 0 1 .) $ 1 0 p e r copy, p lu s $ 1 0 fo r p o s ta g e an d h a n d lin g o u tsid e th e U n ite d S ta te s. From Mill Town to Board Room: The Rise of Women’s Paid Labor. C o sta , D o ra L ., C a m b rid g e , m a , N a tio n a l B u re a u o f E c o n o m ic R esearch , Inc., 2 0 0 0 ,3 4 pp. (W ork ing P a p e r 7 6 0 8 .) $ 1 0 p e r copy, p lu s $ 1 0 f o r p o s ta g e a n d h a n d lin g o u ts id e th e U n ite d S ta te s. The Effect of Immigration on Native Self-em ployment. C a m b rid g e , m a , N a tio n a l B u F a irlie , R o b e rt W. a n d B ru c e D . M e y e r, re a u o f E c o n o m ic R e se a rc h , In c ., 2 0 0 0 , 42 pp . (W o rk in g P a p e r 7 5 6 1 .) $ 1 0 p e r c o p y , p lu s $ 1 0 fo r p o s ta g e an d h a n d lin g o u tsid e th e U n ite d S ta te s. Law Wage Services: Interpreting the U.S.— German Differences. C a m b rid g e , m a , N a F re e m a n , R ic h a rd a n d R o n a ld S ch ettk at, tional B u reau o f E co n o m ic R esearch , Inc., 2 0 0 0 , 25 pp . (W o rk in g P a p e r 7 6 1 1 .) $ 10 p e r copy, p lu s $ 1 0 fo r p o sta g e a n d h a n d lin g o u tsid e th e U n ite d S ta te s. ____ ,Skill Compression, Wage Differentials and Employment: Germany vs. the US. C a m b rid g e , m a , N a tio n a l B u re a u o f E c o n o m ic R e s e a r c h , I n c .., 2 0 0 0 , 2 8 p p . (W o rk in g P a p e r 7 6 1 0 .) $ 10 p e r copy, p lu s $ 10 fo r p o s ta g e a n d h a n d lin g o u tsid e th e U n ite d S ta te s. R o se n , S h w e rin a n d A lle n S a n d e rso n , Labor Markets in Professional Sports. C a m b rid g e, m a , N a tio n a l B u re au o f E co n o m ic R e s e a rc h , In c ., 2 0 0 0 , 35 pp . (W o rk in g P a p e r 7 5 7 3 .) $ 1 0 p e r copy, p lu s $ 1 0 fo r p o s ta g e a n d h a n d lin g o u tsid e th e U n ite d S ta te s. Com peting for Federal Jobs: Job Search Ex periences of New Hires. (A Report to the President and the Congress of the United States by the U.S. Merit Systems Protec tion Board.) W a sh in g to n , 2 0 0 0 , 2 4 pp. U .S . M e rit S y s te m s P ro te c tio n B o a rd , Labor organizations What’s Nextfor Orga nized Labor? The Report of the Century Foundation Task Force on the Future of L ic h te n s te in , N e lso n , Unions. N e w Y ork, T h e C e n tu ry F o u n d a tio n P re s s , 1999, 127 p p . Prices and living conditions Youth Smoking In The U.S.: Prices and Policies. C a m b rid g e , MA, G ru b e r, J o n a th a n , N a tio n a l B u re a u o f E c o n o m ic R e s e a rc h , In c ., 2 0 0 0 ,4 5 p p . (W o rk in g P a p e r 7 5 0 6 .) $ 1 0 p e r copy, p lu s $ 1 0 fo r p o s ta g e a n d h a n d lin g o u ts id e th e U n ite d S ta te s. P ro d u c tiv ity a n d te c h n o lo g ic a l change D ., Endogenous R&D Spillovers and Industrial Research Pro ductivity. C a m b rid g e , m a , N a tio n a l B u A d am s, Jam es re a u o f E c o n o m ic R e s e a rc h , In c ., 2 0 0 0 , 38 pp . (W o rk in g P a p e r 7 4 8 4 .) $ 1 0 p e r c o p y , p lu s $ 1 0 fo r p o s ta g e a n d h a n d lin g o u tsid e th e U n ite d S ta te s. ______ , E ric P. C h ia n g a n d Je ffre y L . Je n s e n , The Influence of Federal Laboratory R&D on Industrial Research. C a m b rid g e , m a , N a tio n a l B u re a u o f E c o n o m ic R e se a rc h , In c ., 2 0 0 0 ,4 1 p p . (W o rk in g P a p e r 7 6 1 2 .) $ 10 fo r p o s ta g e a n d h a n d lin g o u ts id e th e U n ite d S ta te s. C o h e n , W esle y M ., R ic h a rd R . N e ls o n , an d Jo h n P. W alsh , Protecting Their Intellec tual Assets: Appropriability Conditions and Why U.S. Manufacturing Firms Patent (Or Not). C a m b rid g e , m a , N atio n al B u re au o f E c o n o m ic R e se arc h , In c., 2 0 0 0 , 4 2 p p . (W o rk in g P a p e r 7 5 5 2 .) $ 1 0 p e r co p y , p lu s $ 1 0 fo r p o s ta g e a n d h a n d lin g o u tsid e th e U n ite d S ta te s. Heart of Darkness: Modeling Public-Private Funding Interactions Inside the R&D Black Box. C a m b rid g e , m a , N a tio n a l B u re a u o f D a v id , P a u l A . a n d B ro n w y n H . H a ll, E c o n o m ic R e s e a rc h , In c ., 2 0 0 0 , 2 7 p p . (W o rk in g P a p e r 7 5 3 8 .) $ 10 p e r copy, p lu s $ 10 fo r p o sta g e a n d h a n d lin g O u ts id e th e U n ite d S ta te s. Wage and Pro ductivity Dispersion In U.S. Manufactur ing: The Role of Computer Investment. D u n n e , T im o th y a n d o th e rs , C a m b rid g e , m a , N a tio n a l B u re a u o f E c o n o m ic R e se arc h , Inc., 2 0 0 0 ,6 1 p p . (W o rk in g P a p e r 7 4 6 5 .) $ 1 0 p e r co p y , p lu s $ 1 0 f o r p o s ta g e a n d h a n d li n g o u ts id e th e U n ite d S ta te s. Geographic Localization of International Technology Diffusion. K eller, W o lfg a n g , C a m b rid g e , m a , N a tio n a l B u re a u o f E c o n o m ic R e s e a rc h , In c ., 2 0 0 0 , (W o rk in g P a p e r 7 5 0 9 .) $ 1 0 p e r co p y , p lu s $ 1 0 fo r p o s ta g e a n d h a n d lin g o u ts id e th e U n ite d S ta te s. M onthly Labor Review August 2000 43 Wage-Setting Institutions as Industrial Policy. C a m b rid g e , MA, N a tio n a l B u re a u Do Patents Matter?: Empirical Evidence Af ter g a tt . C a m b rid g e , m a , N a tio n a l B u L a n jo u w , Je a n O . a n d Ia in C o c k b u rn , r e a u o f E c o n o m ic R e s e a rc h , In c ., 2 0 0 0 , 4 4 p p . (W o rk in g P a p e r 7 4 9 5 .) $ 1 0 p e r co p y , p lu s $ 1 0 fo r p o s ta g e a n d h a n d lin g o u ts id e th e U n ite d S ta te s. o f E c o n o m ic R e se a rc h , In c ., 2 0 0 0 ,5 7 pp. (W o rk in g P a p e r 7 5 0 2 .) $ 10 p e r copy, p lu s $ 10 fo r p o s ta g e a n d h a n d lin g o u tsid e th e U n ite d S ta te s. Optimal Exercise Prices for Executive Stock Op tions. C a m b rid g e , m a , N a tio n a l B u re a u H a ll, B ra in J. a n d K e v in J. M u rp h y , L e m e r, Jo s h , 150 Years of Patent Protection. C a m b rid g e , m a , N a tio n a l B u re a u o f E c o n o m ic R e se arc h , Inc., 2 0 0 0 ,5 6 pp. (W ork in g P a p e r 7 4 7 8 .) $ 1 0 p e r c o p y , p lu s $ 1 0 f o r p o s ta g e a n d h a n d lin g o u ts id e th e U n ite d S ta te s. Social institutions and social change B l a n c h f l o w e r , D a v id G . a n d A n d r e w J. O s w a ld , Well-being Over Time in Britain and the USA. C a m b rid g e , m a , N a tio n a l B u re au o f E c o n o m ic R e se arc h , Inc., 2 000, 35 p p . (W o rk in g P a p e r 7 4 8 7 .) $ 1 0 p e r co p y , p lu s $ 1 0 fo r p o s ta g e a n d h a n d lin g o u ts id e th e U n ite d S ta te s. o f E c o n o m ic R e se a rc h , In c ., 2 0 0 0 ,1 4 pp. (W o rk in g P a p e r 7 5 4 8 .) $ 10 p e r copy, p lus $ 10 fo r p o s ta g e a n d h a n d lin g o u tsid e th e U n ite d S ta te s. N e u m a rk , D a v id , M a rk S c h w e itz er, a n d W il lia m W asch e r, The Effects of Minimum Wages Throughout the Wage Distribution. C a m b rid g e , m a , N a tio n a l B u re a u o f E c o n o m ic R e se arc h , Inc., 2 0 0 0 ,3 7 p p. (W ork in g P a p e r 7 5 1 9 .) $ 1 0 p e r copy, p lu s $ 1 0 f o r p o s ta g e a n d h a n d lin g o u ts id e th e U n ite d S ta te s. R u h m , C h ris to p h e r J. a n d C a re y B o rk o sk i, M itc h e ll, O liv ia S ., P. B re tt H a m m o n d , a n d A n n a M . R a p p a p o rt, e d s., Forecasting Compensation in the Nonprofit Sector. C a m b rid g e , m a , N a tio n a l B u re a u o f E c o n o m ic R esearch , Inc., 2 0 0 0 ,4 3 pp. (W ork ing P a p e r 7 5 6 2 .) $ 1 0 p e r copy, p lu s $ 1 0 f o r p o s ta g e a n d h a n d lin g o u ts id e th e U n ite d S ta te s. Retirement Needs and Retirement Wealth. P h ila d e lp h ia , U n iv e rs ity o f P e n n s y lv a n ia P re ss , 2 0 0 0 , 3 73 p p . $ 4 9 .9 5 , p ap er. Choice, Chance, and Wealth Dispersion at Retire ment. C a m b rid g e , m a , N a tio n a l B u re a u V en ti, S te v e n F. a n d D a v id A . W ise, o f E c o n o m ic R e se a rc h , In c ., 2 0 0 0 ,6 9 pp. (W o rk in g P a p e r 7 5 2 1 .) $ 10 p e r copy, p lu s $ 10 fo r p o s ta g e a n d h a n d lin g o u ts id e th e U n ite d S ta te s. Wages and compensation B e rtra n d , M a ria n n e and M u lla in a th a n , Do CEOs Set S e n d h il Their Pay? The Ones Without Principles Do. C a m b rid g e, MA, N a tio n a l B u re a u o f E co n o m ic R e s e a rc h , In c ., 2 0 0 0 , 5 6 p p . (W o rk in g P a p e r 7 6 0 4 .) $ 1 0 p e r c o p y p lu s $ 1 0 fo r p o s ta g e a n d h a n d lin g o u ts id e th e U n ite d S ta te s . Welfare programs and social insurance G la e s e r, E d w a rd L ., M a tth e w E . K a h n , an d Jo rd a n R a p p ap o rt, Why Do The Poor Live in Cities? C a m b rid g e , m a , N a tio n a l B u re a u o f E c o n o m ic R e s e a rc h , In c ., 2 0 0 0 , 61 p p . (W o rk in g P a p e r 7 6 3 6 .) $ 1 0 p e r c o p y , p lu s $ 1 0 fo r p o s ta g e a n d h a n d lin g o u tsid e th e U n ite d S ta te s. G u s tm a n , A la n L . a n d T h o m a s L . S te in m e ie r , How Effective Is Redistri D a v is , S te v e n J. a n d M a g n u s H e n re k s o n , 44 M onthly Labor Review https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis August 2000 bution Under the Social Security Ben efit Formula? C a m b r id g e , MA, n a tio n a l B u r e a u o f E c o n o m ic R e s e a r c h , I n c ., 2 0 0 0 , 4 6 p p . ( W o rk in g P a p e r 7 5 9 7 ,) $ 10 p e r c o p y , p lu s $ 10 f o r p o s ta g e a n d h a n d lin g o u t s i d e th e U n i t e d S ta te s. ----Retirement Outcomes in the Health and Retirement Study. C a m b rid g e , m a , N a tional B u re au o f E co n o m ic R e se arc h , Inc., 2 0 0 0 ,4 2 p p . (W o rk in g P a p e r 7 5 8 8 .) $ 1 0 p e r copy, p lu s $ 1 0 fo r p o s ta g e a n d h a n d lin g o u tsid e th e U n ite d S ta te s. L e v in , P h illip B . a n d D a v id J. Z im m e rm a n , Children's Wefare Exposure and Subse quent Development. C a m b rid g e , m a , N a tio n al B u re au o f E c o n o m ic R e se arc h , Inc., 2 0 0 0 , 37 pp . (W o rk in g P a p e r 7 5 2 2 .) $ 1 0 p e r c o p y , p lu s $ 1 0 fo r p o s ta g e a n d h a n d lin g o u ts id e th e U n ite d S ta te s. N e u m a rk , D a v id a n d W illia m W asch e r, Us ing the ElTC to Help Poor Families: New Evidence and a Comparison with the Mini mum Wage. C a m b r id g e , m a , N a tio n a l B u re au o f E c o n o m ic R e se arc h , In c., 2 0 0 0 , 43 p p . (W o rk in g P a p e r 7 5 9 9 .) $ 1 0 p e r co p y , p lu s $ 1 0 fo r p o s ta g e a n d h a n d lin g o u tsid e th e U n ite d S ta te s. Do Living Wage Ordinances Reduce Urban Poverty? ______ ,a n d S c o tt A d a m s , C a m b rid g e , m a , N a tio n a l B u re a u o f E c o n o m ic R e se arc h , Inc., 2 0 0 0 ,4 4 p p. (W o rk ing P a p e r 7 6 0 6 .) $ 1 0 p e r co p y , p lu s $ 1 0 f o r p o s ta g e a n d h a n d lin g o u ts id e th e U n ite d S ta te s. S o cial S ecu rity A d m in istra tio n , Earnings and Employment Data for Workers Covered Under Social Security, by State and County, 1996. W ash in g to n , 2 0 0 0 ,2 7 9 p p. SSA P u b lic a tio n N o . 1 3 -1 1 7 8 4 . Worker training and developm ent Why Do Temporary Help Firms Provide Free General Skills Train ing? C a m b rid g e , m a , N a tio n a l B u re a u o f A u to r, D a v id H ., E c o n o m ic R e s e a rc h , In c ., 2 0 0 0 , 5 9 p p . (W o rk in g P a p e r 7 6 3 7 .) $ 10 p e r copy, p lu s $ 10 fo r p o s ta g e a n d h a n d lin g o u ts id e th e U n ite d S ta te s. □ Current Labor Statistics N otes on lab o r statistics .................... 46 1. L a b o r m a rk e t i n d i c a t o r s ................................................................ 2. A n n u a l a n d q u a rte rly p e rc e n t c h a n g e s in c o m p e n s a tio n , p ric e s, a n d p r o d u c t i v i t y ........................... 3. A lte rn a tiv e m e a s u re s o f w a g e s an d c o m p e n s a tio n c h a n g e s ............................................................... 56 C o m p a ra tiv e indicators Labor compensation and collective bargaining data—continued 26. P a rtic ip a n ts in b e n e fits p la n s , sm a ll firm s a n d g o v e r n m e n t............................................................................. 27 . W o rk sto p p a g e s in v o lv in g 1,000 w o rk e rs o r m o r e ............. 79 80 57 57 Price data 28 . C o n s u m e r P ric e In d e x : U .S . c ity a v e ra g e , by e x p e n d itu re Labor fo rc e d a ta 4. E m p lo y m e n t sta tu s o f th e p o p u la tio n , se a so n a lly a d j u s t e d .................................................................... 5. S e le c te d e m p lo y m e n t in d ic a to rs , se a so n a lly a d j u s t e d .................................................................... 6. S e le c te d u n e m p lo y m e n t in d ic a to rs, se a so n a lly a d j u s t e d .................................................................... 7. D u ra tio n o f u n e m p lo y m e n t, se a so n a lly a d j u s t e d .................................................................... 8. U n e m p lo y e d p e rs o n s b y re a s o n fo r u n e m p lo y m e n t, s e a s o n a lly a d j u s t e d .................................................................... 9. U n e m p lo y m e n t ra te s b y sex a n d ag e, se a so n a lly a d j u s t e d ..................................................................... 10. U n e m p lo y m e n t ra te s b y S ta te s, se a so n a lly a d j u s t e d ..................................................................... 11. E m p lo y m e n t o f w o rk e rs b y S ta te s, se a so n a lly a d j u s t e d ..................................................................... 12. E m p lo y m e n t o f w o rk e rs b y in d u stry , se a so n a lly a d j u s t e d ..................................................................... 13. A v e ra g e w e e k ly h o u rs b y in d u stry , se a so n a lly a d j u s t e d ..................................................................... 14. A v e ra g e h o u rly e a rn in g s b y in d u stry , se a so n a lly a d j u s t e d ..................................................................... 15. A v e ra g e h o u rly e a rn in g s b y i n d u s t r y ........................................ 16. A v e ra g e w e e k ly e a rn in g s by i n d u s t r y ...................................... 17. D iffu s io n in d e x e s o f e m p lo y m e n t c h a n g e , se a s o n a lly a d j u s t e d ..................................................................... 18. A n n u a l d ata: E m p lo y m e n t sta tu s o f th e p o p u l a t i o n ......... 19. A n n u a l d ata: E m p lo y m e n t le v e ls by in d u s t r y ...................... 2 0 . A n n u a l d ata: A v e ra g e h o u rs a n d e a rn in g s le v e ls b y i n d u s t r y .............................................. c a te g o ry a n d c o m m o d ity a n d s e rv ic e g r o u p s .................... 81 84 58 29 . C o n s u m e r P ric e In d e x : U .S . c ity a v e ra g e an d lo c a l d a ta , all i t e m s ....................................................................... 30. A n n u a l d ata: C o n s u m e r P ric e In d e x , a ll ite m s a n d m a jo r g r o u p s ........................................................................... 85 59 31. P ro d u c e r P ric e In d e x e s b y sta g e o f p r o c e s s i n g ................... 86 60 32. P ro d u c e r P ric e In d e x e s fo r th e n e t o u tp u t o f m a jo r in d u stry g r o u p s ............................................................................. 87 33. A n n u a l d ata: P ro d u c e r P ric e In d e x e s 61 b y sta g e o f p r o c e s s in g ................................................................ 88 61 3 4 . U .S . e x p o rt p ric e in d e x e s by S ta n d a rd In te rn a tio n a l T ra d e C l a s s i f ic a ti o n .................................................................... 89 62 35. U .S . im p o rt p ric e in d e x e s b y S ta n d a rd In te rn a tio n a l T ra d e C l a s s i f ic a ti o n .................................................................... 90 63 36. U .S . e x p o rt p ric e in d e x e s b y e n d -u s e c a t e g o r y ..................... 37 . U .S . im p o rt p ric e in d e x e s b y e n d -u s e c a t e g o r y .................... 91 92 63 c a te g o rie s o f s e r v i c e s ................................................................... https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 92 64 66 67 68 69 70 71 71 72 Labor c o m p e n s a tio n a n d c o lle c tiv e b a rg a in in g d a ta 2 1 . E m p lo y m e n t C o s t In d e x , c o m p e n sa tio n , b y o c c u p a tio n a n d in d u stry g r o u p ........................................ 2 2 . E m p lo y m e n t C o s t In d e x , w a g e s a n d sa laries, b y o c c u p a tio n a n d in d u stry g r o u p ........................................ 2 3 . E m p lo y m e n t C o s t In d e x , b e n e fits , p riv a te in d u stry w o rk e rs , b y o c c u p a tio n a n d in d u stry g r o u p ..................... 2 4 . E m p lo y m e n t C o s t In d e x , p riv a te n o n fa rm w o rk e rs, b y b a rg a in in g sta tu s , re g io n , a n d a re a s i z e ........................ 2 5 . P a rtic ip a n ts in b e n e fit p la n s , m e d iu m a n d larg e f i r m s ....... 38. U .S .in te rn a tio n a l p ric e in d e x e s f o r s e le c te d 73 75 Productivity data 3 9 . In d e x e s o f p ro d u c tiv ity , h o u rly c o m p e n s a tio n , a n d u n it c o sts, d a ta se a so n a lly a d j u s t e d ............................ 40. A n n u a l in d e x e s o f m u ltifa c to r p r o d u c ti v i ty ........................... 41. A n n u a l in d e x e s o f p ro d u c tiv ity , h o u rly c o m p e n sa tio n , u n it c o sts, a n d p r i c e s .................................................................. 42. A n n u a l in d e x e s o f o u tp u t p e r h o u r fo r s e le c te d in d u s t r ie s .......................................................................................... 93 94 95 96 International comparisons data 43 . U n e m p lo y m e n t ra te s in n in e c o u n trie s , d a ta se a so n a lly a d ju s te d ............................................................. 9 9 44 . A n n u a l d ata: E m p lo y m e n t sta tu s o f th e c iv ilia n w o rk in g -a g e p o p u la tio n , 10 c o u n tr i e s .................................. 100 45. A n n u a l in d e x e s o f p ro d u c tiv ity a n d re la te d m e a su re s, 12 c o u n t r i e s ..................................................................................... 101 Injury and illness data 76 46. A n n u a l d ata: O c c u p a tio n a l in ju ry a n d illn e ss in c id e n c e r a t e s ................................................................................ 102 77 78 47 . F a ta l o c c u p a tio n a l in ju rie s by e v e n t o r e x p o s u r e ........................................................................................... 104 M onthly Labor Review August 2000 45 Notes on Current Labor Statistics T h is se c tio n o f th e Review p re s e n ts th e p r in c ip a l s ta tis tic a l se rie s c o lle c te d a n d c a lc u l a t e d b y th e B u r e a u o f L a b o r S ta tis tic s : se rie s o n la b o r fo rc e ; e m p lo y m e n t; u n e m p lo y m e n t; la b o r c o m p e n s a tio n ; c o n su m e r, p ro d u c e r, a n d in te rn a tio n a l p ric e s; p ro d u c tiv ity ; in te rn a tio n a l c o m p a ris o n s; a n d in ju ry a n d illn e ss sta tistic s . In th e n o te s th a t fo llo w , th e d a ta in e a c h g ro u p o f ta b le s a re b rie fly d e sc rib e d ; k e y d e fin itio n s a re g iv e n ; n o te s o n th e d a ta a re se t fo rth ; a n d so u rc e s o f a d d i tio n a l in fo rm a tio n a re cite d . G e n e r a l notes T h e f o llo w in g n o te s a p p ly to se v e ra l ta b le s in th is sectio n : Seasonal adjustment. C e rta in m o n th ly a n d q u a rte rly d a ta a re a d ju s te d to e lim in a te th e e ffe c t o n th e d a ta o f s u c h fa c to rs as c li m a tic c o n d itio n s, in d u stry p ro d u c tio n s c h e d u le s , o p e n in g a n d c lo s in g o f sc h o o ls, h o li d a y b u y in g p e rio d s , a n d v a c a tio n p ra c tic e s, w h ic h m ig h t p re v e n t sh o rt-te rm e v a lu a tio n o f th e s ta tis tic a l s e rie s . T a b le s c o n ta in in g d a ta th a t h a v e b e e n a d ju s te d are id e n tifie d as “ se a so n a lly a d ju s te d .” (A ll o th e r d a ta a re n o t se a so n a lly a d ju s te d .) S e a so n a l e ffe c ts a re e s t im a te d o n th e b a s is o f p a s t e x p e r ie n c e . W h e n n e w s e a s o n a l fa c to rs a re c o m p u te d e a c h y e ar, re v is io n s m a y a ffe c t se a so n a lly a d ju s te d d a ta fo r se v e ra l p re c e d in g y e a rs. S e a s o n a lly a d ju s te d d a ta a p p e a r in ta b le s 1 - 1 4 ,1 6 - 1 7 , 3 9 , an d 43. S e a so n a lly a d ju s te d la b o r fo rc e d a ta in ta b le s 1 a n d 4 - 9 w e re r e v is e d in th e F e b ru a ry 2 0 0 0 issu e o f th e Re view. S e a so n a lly a d ju s te d e s ta b lis h m e n t s u r v e y d a ta s h o w n in ta b le s 1, 1 2 - 1 4 a n d l b 17 w e re r e v is e d in th e Ju ly 2 0 0 0 Review an d r e fle c t th e e x p e rie n c e th ro u g h M a rc h 2 0 0 0 . A b r ie f e x p la n a tio n o f th e se a so n a l a d ju s t m e n t m e th o d o lo g y a p p e a rs in “ N o te s o n th e d a ta .” R e v is io n s in th e p ro d u c tiv ity d a ta in tab le 45 a re u su a lly in tro d u c e d in th e S e p te m b e r issu e . S e a s o n a lly a d ju s te d in d e x e s a n d p e r c e n t c h a n g e s f r o m m o n th - t o - m o n th a n d q u a rte r-to -q u a rte r are p u b lis h e d fo r n u m e r o u s C o n s u m e r a n d P ro d u c e r P ric e In d e x se rie s . H o w e v e r, se a so n a lly a d ju s te d in d e x e s a re n o t p u b lis h e d fo r th e U .S . a v e ra g e A llIte m s CPI. O n ly se a so n a lly a d ju s te d p e rc e n t c h a n g e s a re a v a ila b le fo r th is se ries. Adjustments for price changes. S o m e d a ta — s u c h as th e “r e a l” e a rn in g s s h o w n in ta b le 14— a re a d ju s te d to e lim in a te th e e f f e c t o f c h a n g e s in p ric e . T h e s e a d ju s tm e n ts a re m a d e b y d iv id in g c u rre n t-d o lla r v a lu e s b y th e C o n s u m e r P ric e In d e x o r th e a p p ro p ria te c o m p o n e n t o f th e in d ex , th e n m u lti p ly in g b y 100. F o r e x a m p le , g iv e n a c u rre n t h o u rly w a g e r a te o f $3 a n d a c u rre n t p ric e 46 M onthly Labor Review https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis International Comparisons of Unemployment, BLS B u lle tio n a l c o m p a ris o n s d a ta , see in d e x n u m b e r o f 150, w h e re 1982 = 100, th e h o u rly r a te e x p re s s e d in 1982 d o lla rs is $2 ($ 3 /1 5 0 x 100 = $ 2 ). T h e $2 (o r an y o th e r r e s u ltin g v a lu e s ) a re d e s c rib e d as “ r e a l ,” “ c o n s ta n t,” o r “ 198 2 ” d o lla rs. tin 1979. D e ta ile d d a ta o n th e o c c u p a tio n a l in ju ry a n d illn e ss se ries are p u b lis h e d in Occupa Sources of inform ation tional Injuries and Illnesses in the United States, by Industry, a BLS a n n u a l b u lle tin . F in a lly , th e Monthly Labor Review c a r D a ta th a t s u p p le m e n t th e ta b le s in th is s e c tio n a re p u b lis h e d by th e B u re a u in a v a rie ty o f so u rc e s . D e fin itio n s o f e a c h se rie s a n d n o te s o n th e d a ta a re c o n ta in e d in la te r s e c tio n s o f th e s e N o te s d e sc rib in g e a c h se t o f d a ta . F o r d e ta ile d d e sc rip tio n s o f e a c h d a ta se ries, see b l s Handbook of Methods, B u l letin 2 4 9 0 . U s e rs also m ay w ish to c o n su lt Major Programs of the Bureau of Labor Sta tistics, R e p o rt 9 1 9 . N e w s re le a s e s p ro v id e th e la te st sta tistic a l in fo rm a tio n p u b lis h e d b y th e B u re a u ; th e m a jo r re c u rrin g re le a s e s are p u b lis h e d a c c o rd in g to th e sc h e d u le a p p e a r in g o n th e b a c k c o v e r o f th is issu e. M o re in fo rm a tio n a b o u t la b o r fo rce , e m p lo y m e n t, an d u n e m p lo y m e n t d a ta an d th e h o u s e h o ld a n d e s ta b lis h m e n t su rv e y s u n d e r ly in g th e d a ta are a v a ila b le in th e B u r e a u ’s m o n th ly p u b lic a tio n , Employment and Earn ings. H is to ric a l u n a d ju s te d a n d se a so n a lly a d ju s te d d a ta fro m th e h o u se h o ld su rv e y are a v a ila b le o n th e In tern e t: h ttp ://s ta ts .b ls .g o v /c p s h o m e .h tm H isto ric a lly c o m p a ra b le u n a d ju s te d a n d s e a so n a lly a d ju s te d d a ta fro m th e e sta b lis h m e n t su rv e y a ls o are a v a ila b le o n th e In tern et: h ttp ://s ta ts .b ls .g o v /c e s h o m e .h tm A d d itio n a l in fo rm a tio n o n la b o r fo rc e d a ta fo r a re a s b e lo w th e n a tio n a l lev e l are p ro v id e d in th e BLS a n n u a l re p o rt, Geographic Profile of Employment and Unemployment. F o r a c o m p re h e n s iv e d is c u s s io n o f th e E m p lo y m e n t C o s t In d e x , see Employment Cost Indexes and Levels, 1975-95, BLS B u l le tin 2 4 6 6 . T h e m o s t re c e n t d a ta fro m th e E m p lo y e e B e n e fits S u rv e y a p p e a r in th e fo l lo w in g B u re a u o f L a b o r S ta tistic s b u lle tin s: Employee Benefits in Medium and Large Firms; Employee Benefits in Small Private Establishments; a n d Employee Benefits in State and Local Governments. M o re d e ta ile d d a ta o n c o n s u m e r a n d p ro d u c e r p ric e s a re p u b lis h e d in th e m o n th ly p e r io d ic a ls , The CPI Detailed Report a n d Producer Price Indexes. F o r an o v e rv ie w o f th e 1998 r e v is io n o f th e C P I , see th e D e c e m b e r 1996 issu e o f th e Monthly Labor Review. A d d itio n a l d a ta o n in te rn a tio n a l p ric e s a p p e a r in m o n th ly n e w s re le ases. L is tin g s o f in d u strie s fo r w h ic h p ro d u c tiv ity in d e x e s a re a v a ila b le m ay b e fo u n d o n th e In tern e t: h ttp ://s ta ts .b ls .g o v /ip rh o m e .h tm F o r a d d itio n a l in fo rm a tio n o n in te r n a August 2000 rie s a n a ly tic a l a rtic le s o n a n n u a l a n d lo n g e r te rm d e v e lo p m e n ts in la b o r fo rc e , e m p lo y m e n t, a n d u n e m p lo y m e n t; e m p lo y e e c o m p e n s a tio n a n d c o lle c tiv e b a rg a in in g ; p ric e s; p ro d u c tiv ity ; in te rn a tio n a l c o m p a ris o n s; an d in ju ry a n d illn e ss d a ta . Symbols n .e.c. = n .e .s. = p = r = n o t e ls e w h e re c la ss ifie d , n o t e ls e w h e re sp e c ifie d . p re lim in a ry . T o in c re a s e th e tim e lin e ss o f so m e se ries, p re lim in a ry fig u re s a re issu e d b a se d o n r e p re se n ta tiv e b u t in c o m p le te re tu rn s , re v is e d . G e n e ra lly , th is r e v is io n r e f le c ts th e a v a ila b ility o f la te r d a ta , b u t a ls o m ay r e fle c t o th e r a d ju stm e n ts. C om parative Indicators (T ab les 1 -3 ) C o m p a r a tiv e in d ic a to r s ta b le s p r o v id e a n o v e rv ie w a n d c o m p a ris o n o f m a jo r b l s sta tis tic a l se ries. C o n se q u e n tly , a lth o u g h m a n y o f th e in c lu d e d se rie s a re a v a ila b le m o n th ly , all m e a su re s in th e s e c o m p a ra tiv e ta b le s a re p re s e n te d q u a rte rly a n d a n n u ally . Labor market indicators in c lu d e e m p lo y m e n t m e a su re s fro m tw o m a jo r su rv e y s a n d in fo rm a tio n o n ra te s o f c h a n g e in c o m p e n sa tio n p ro v id e d by th e E m p lo y m e n t C o st In d e x (ECl) p ro g ra m . T h e la b o r fo rc e p a r tic i p a tio n ra te , th e e m p lo y m e n t-to -p o p u la tio n ra tio , a n d u n e m p lo y m e n t ra te s fo r m a jo r d e m o g r a p h ic g r o u p s b a s e d o n th e C u r r e n t P o p u la tio n (“ h o u s e h o ld ” ) S u rv e y a re p r e se n te d , w h ile m e a su re s o f e m p lo y m e n t a n d a v e ra g e w e e k ly h o u rs b y m a jo r in d u stry se c to r are g iv e n u sin g n o n fa rm p a y ro ll d a ta . T h e E m p lo y m e n t C o s t In d e x (c o m p e n s a tio n ), by m a jo r se c to r an d b y b a rg a in in g sta tu s, is c h o sen fro m a v a rie ty o f b l s c o m p e n s a tio n an d w a g e m e a su re s b e c a u s e it p ro v id e s a c o m p re h e n s iv e m e a s u re o f e m p lo y e r c o s ts fo r h irin g lab o r, n o t j u s t o u tla y s fo r w a g e s , an d it is n o t a ffe c te d b y e m p lo y m e n t sh ifts a m o n g o c c u p a tio n s a n d in d u strie s. D a ta on changes in compensation, prices, and productivity are p re se n te d in t a b l e 2 . M e a s u r e s o f r a te s o f c h a n g e o f c o m p e n s a tio n a n d w a g e s f ro m th e E m p lo y m e n t C o s t I n d e x p r o g r a m a r e p r o v i d e d f o r a ll c i v i l ia n n o n f a r m w o r k e r s ( e x c l u d i n g F e d e r a l a n d h o u s e h o l d w o r k e r s ) a n d f o r a ll p r iv a te n o n f a r m w o r k e r s . M e a s u r e s o f c h a n g e s in c o n s u m e r p r i c e s f o r a ll u r b a n c o n s u m e r s ; p ro d u c e r p ric e s by s ta g e o f p ro c e s s in g ; o v e r a l l p r i c e s b y s ta g e o f p r o c e s s in g ; a n d o v e r a ll e x p o r t a n d im p o r t p r ic e in d e x e s a re g iv e n . M e a s u r e s o f p r o d u c tiv ity ( o u tp u t p e r h o u r o f a ll p e r s o n s ) a re p r o v i d e d f o r m a jo r s e c to r s . Alternative measures of wage and com pensation rates of change, w h ic h re fle c t th e o v e ra ll tre n d in la b o r c o sts, a re su m m a riz e d in ta b le 3. D iffe re n c e s in c o n c e p ts a n d sco p e, r e la te d to th e s p e c ific p u rp o s e s o f th e se ries, c o n trib u te to th e v a ria tio n in c h a n g e s am o n g th e in d iv id u a l m e a su re s. Notes on the data D e fin itio n s o f e a c h se rie s a n d n o te s o n th e d a ta are c o n ta in e d in la te r s e c tio n s o f th e s e n o te s d e s c rib in g e a c h se t o f d a ta . Employment and Unemploym ent Data (T ab les 1; 4 - 2 0 ) Household survey data Description of the series E mployment data in th is s e c tio n a re o b ta in e d fro m th e C u rre n t P o p u la tio n S u rv ey , a p ro g ra m o f p e rs o n a l in te rv ie w s c o n d u c te d m o n th ly b y th e B u re a u o f th e C e n s u s fo r th e B u re a u o f L a b o r S ta tistic s . T h e sa m p le c o n sists o f a b o u t 5 0 ,0 0 0 h o u s e h o ld s s e le c te d to re p re s e n t th e U .S . p o p u la tio n 16 y e a rs o f a g e a n d o ld er. H o u s e h o ld s a re in te rv ie w e d o n a r o ta tin g b a s is , so th a t th re e -fo u rth s o f th e s a m p le is th e sa m e fo r a n y 2 c o n s e c u tiv e m o n th s . c e d in g 4 w eeks. P e rso n s w h o d id n o t lo o k fo r w o rk b e c a u se th ey w e re o n la y o ff a re also c o u n te d a m o n g th e u n em p lo y ed . The unem ployment rate re p re se n ts th e n u m b e r u n e m p lo y ed as a p e rce n t o f th e c iv ilia n la b o r force. T h e civilian labor force c o n sists o f all e m p lo y e d o r u n e m p lo y e d p e r s o n s in th e c iv ilia n n o n in stitu tio n a l p o p u la tio n . P e rso n s not in the labor force are th o se n o t c la s s ifie d a s e m p lo y e d o r u n e m p lo y e d . T h is g r o u p in c lu d e s d is c o u r a g e d w o rk e rs , d e f in e d as p e rso n s w h o w a n t a n d a re a v a ila b le fo r a jo b a n d w h o h a v e lo o k e d fo r w o rk so m e tim e in th e p a s t 12 m o n th s (o r sin c e th e e n d o f th e ir last jo b if th ey h e ld o n e w ith in th e p a s t 12 m o n th s ) , b u t a r e n o t c u r r e n t ly lo o k in g , b e c a u s e t h e y b e li e v e t h e r e a r e n o j o b s a v a ila b le o r th e re are n o n e fo r w h ic h th ey w o u ld q u a lif y . T h e civilian noninstitu tional population c o m p rise s all p e rso n s 16 y e a rs o f ag e a n d o ld e r w h o a re n o t in m a tes o f p e n a l o r m e n ta l in stitu tio n s , sa n ita riu m s , o r h o m e s fo r th e a g ed , in firm , o r n eedy. T h e civilian labor force participation ra te is the p ro p o r tio n o f th e c iv ilia n n o n in s titu tio n a l p o p u la tio n th a t is in th e la b o r fo rc e . T h e employment-population ratio is e m p lo y m e n t a s a p e r c e n t o f th e c iv i l ia n n o n i n stitu tio n a l p o p u la tio n . Notes on the data F ro m tim e to tim e , a n d e s p e c ia lly a fte r a d e c e n n ia l c e n s u s , a d ju s tm e n ts a re m a d e in th e C u r r e n t P o p u la tio n S u rv e y fig u r e s to c o r r e c t f o r e s t im a ti n g e r r o r s d u r i n g th e in te rc e n s a l y e a rs. T h e s e a d ju s tm e n ts a ffe c t th e c o m p a ra b ility o f h is to ric a l d a ta . A d e s c rip tio n o f th e s e a d ju s tm e n ts a n d th e ir e f f e c t o n th e v a rio u s d a ta se rie s a p p e a rs in th e E x p l a n a t o r y N o t e s o f Employment and Earnings. D a ta b e g in n in g in 2 0 0 0 a re n o t strictly c o m p a ra b le w ith d a ta fo r 1999 a n d e a rlie r y e a rs b e c a u se o f th e in tro d u c tio n o f re v is e d p o p u la tio n c o n tro ls. A d d itio n a l in fo rm a tio n a p p e a rs in th e F e b ru a ry 2 0 0 0 issu e o f Em ployment and Earnings. Definitions Employed persons in c lu d e (1) all th o se w h o w o rk e d fo r p a y a n y tim e d u rin g th e w e e k w h ic h in c lu d e s th e 12th d a y o f th e m o n th o r w h o w o rk e d u n p a id fo r 15 h o u rs o r m o re in a fa m ily -o p e ra te d e n te rp ris e a n d (2 ) th o se w h o w e re te m p o ra rily a b se n t fro m th e ir re g u lar jo b s b e c a u s e o f illn e ss, v a c a tio n , in d u s tria l d is p u te , o r s im ila r re a s o n s . A p e rs o n w o rk in g a t m o re th a n o n e jo b is c o u n te d o n ly in th e j o b a t w h ic h h e o r sh e w o rk e d th e g re a te s t n u m b e r o f h o u rs. Unemployed persons a re th o s e w h o d id n o t w o rk d u rin g th e su rv e y w e ek , b u t w e re a v a ila b le fo r w o rk e x c e p t fo r te m p o ra ry ill n e ss a n d h a d lo o k e d fo r jo b s w ith in th e p re https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis L a b o r fo rc e d a ta in ta b le s 1 a n d 4 - 9 a re s e a s o n a lly a d ju s te d . S in c e J a n u a ry 19 8 0 , n a tio n a l la b o r fo rc e d a ta h a v e b e e n s e a s o n a lly a d ju s te d w ith a p ro c e d u re c a lle d X - l l arima w h ic h w a s d e v e lo p e d a t S ta tis tic s C a n a d a as an e x te n s io n o f th e s ta n d a rd X 11 m e th o d p re v io u s ly u s e d b y b l s . A d e ta ile d d e s c rip tio n o f th e p ro c e d u re a p p e a rs in th e X - l l a r i m a Seasonal Adjustment Method, b y E s te la B e e D a g u m (S ta tis tic s C a n a d a , C a ta lo g u e N o . 1 2 -5 6 4 E , J a n u a ry 1 9 8 3 ). A t th e b e g in n in g o f e a c h c a le n d a r year, h is to ric a l s e a s o n a lly a d ju s te d d a ta u su a lly a re re v is e d , a n d p ro je c te d s e a s o n a l a d ju s t m e n t fa c to rs a re c a lc u la te d f o r u se d u rin g th e J a n u a ry - J u n e p e rio d . T h e h is to ric a l s e a s o n a lly a d ju s te d d a ta u s u a lly a re r e v is e d fo r o n ly th e m o s t r e c e n t 5 y e a rs . In Ju ly , n e w se a s o n a l a d ju s tm e n t fa c to rs , w h ic h in c o rp o r a te th e e x p e rie n c e th r o u g h J u n e , a re p r o d u c e d fo r th e J u ly - D e c e m b e r p e rio d , b u t n o re v is io n s a re m a d e in th e h is to ric a l d a ta . F or a d d it io n a l inform ation o n n a tio n a l h o u s e h o ld s u rv e y d a ta , c o n ta c t th e D iv isio n o f L a b o r F o rc e S tatistics: (2 0 2 ) 6 9 1 — 6378. Establishment survey data Description of the series E mployment , h o ur s , a n d earnings data in th is s e c tio n a re c o m p ile d fro m p a y r o ll re c o rd s re p o rte d m o n th ly o n a v o lu n ta ry b a sis to th e B u re a u o f L a b o r S ta tis tic s a n d its c o o p e ra tin g S ta te a g e n c ie s b y a b o u t 3 0 0 ,0 0 0 e s ta b lis h m e n ts r e p re s e n tin g a ll i n d u s tr ie s e x c e p t a g ric u ltu re . I n d u s tr ie s a re c la s s if ie d in a c c o rd a n c e w ith th e 1987 Standard In dustrial Classification (SIC) Manual. In m o s t i n d u s tr ie s , th e s a m p lin g p r o b a b ilitie s a re b a s e d o n th e s iz e o f th e e s ta b lis h m e n t; m o s t la r g e e s ta b l i s h m e n t s a re t h e r e f o r e in th e sa m p le . (A n e s ta b lis h m e n t is n o t n e c e s s a r ily a firm ; it m a y b e a b ra n c h p la n t, f o r e x a m p le , o r w a r e h o u s e .) S e lf - e m p lo y e d p e r s o n s a n d o th e r s n o t o n a r e g u la r c iv i l ia n p a y r o ll a r e o u t s i d e th e s c o p e o f th e s u r v e y b e c a u s e th e y a re e x c lu d e d f r o m e s t a b lis h m e n t r e c o r d s . T h is la r g e ly a c c o u n ts f o r th e d i f f e r e n c e in e m p l o y m e n t f i g u r e s b e t w e e n th e h o u s e h o l d a n d e s t a b l i s h m e n t su rv e y s. Definitions A n establishment is an e c o n o m ic u n it w h ic h p ro d u c e s g o o d s o r s e rv ic e s (s u c h as a fa c to ry o r sto re ) a t a sin g le lo c a tio n a n d is e n g a g e d in o n e ty p e o f e c o n o m ic a ctiv ity . Employed persons a re a ll p e r s o n s w h o r e c e iv e d p a y ( i n c l u d i n g h o l id a y a n d s ic k p a y ) f o r a n y p a r t o f th e p a y r o ll p e r io d i n c lu d in g th e 1 2 th d a y o f th e m o n th . P e r s o n s h o ld in g m o r e t h a n o n e j o b ( a b o u t 5 p e r c e n t o f a ll p e r s o n s in t h e l a b o r f o r c e ) a re c o u n te d in e a c h e s t a b l i s h m e n t w h ic h r e p o r t s th e m . Production workers in m a n u f a c tu r in g in c lu d e w o rk in g s u p e rv is o rs a n d n o n s u p e rv is o ry w o rk e rs c lo s e ly a s s o c ia te d w ith p r o d u c tio n o p e r a tio n s . T h o s e w o r k e r s m e n tio n e d in ta b le s 1 1 - 1 6 in c lu d e p r o d u c tio n w o rk e rs in m a n u fa c tu rin g a n d m in in g ; c o n s t r u c t i o n w o r k e r s in c o n s t r u c t i o n ; a n d n o n su p e rv iso ry w o rk e rs in th e fo llo w in g in d u stries: tra n s p o rta tio n a n d p u b lic u tilitie s; w h o le sa le an d re ta il trade; fin an c e, in su ran ce, an d re al estate; an d serv ices. T h e s e g ro u p s a c c o u n t fo r a b o u t fo u r-fifth s o f th e to ta l e m - M onthly Labor Review A ugust 2000 47 Current Labor Statistics p lo y m e n t o n p riv ate n o n a g ric u ltu ra l p ay ro lls. Earnings a re th e p a y m e n ts p ro d u c tio n o r n o n s u p e rv is o ry w o rk e rs r e c e iv e d u rin g th e su rv e y p e rio d , in c lu d in g p re m iu m p a y fo r o v e rtim e o r la te -s h ift w o rk b u t e x c lu d in g i r r e g u l a r b o n u s e s a n d o t h e r s p e c ia l p a y m e n t s . Real earnings a r e e a r n i n g s a d ju ste d to r e fle c t th e e ffe c ts o f c h a n g e s in c o n s u m e r p ric e s . T h e d e f la to r f o r th is se rie s is d e riv e d fro m th e C o n s u m e r P ric e In d e x fo r U rb a n W ag e E a rn e rs an d C le ric a l W o rk e rs (CPI-W). Hours r e p r e s e n t th e a v e r a g e w e e k ly h o u rs o f p ro d u c tio n o r n o n s u p e rv iso ry w o rk e rs fo r w h ic h p a y w a s re c e iv e d , a n d a re d if f e r e n t f ro m s ta n d a r d o r s c h e d u le d h o u rs . Overtime hours r e p re s e n t th e p o rtio n o f a v e ra g e w e e k ly h o u rs w h ic h w a s in e x c e ss o f r e g u la r h o u rs a n d fo r w h ic h o v e rtim e p re m i u m s w e re p a id . T h e Diffusion Index re p re se n ts th e p e r c e n t o f in d u strie s in w h ic h e m p lo y m e n t w as risin g o v e r th e in d ic a te d p erio d , p lu s o n e -h a lf o f th e in d u stries w ith u n c h an g e d em p lo y m en t; 5 0 p e rc e n t in d icates an e q u al b a la n ce b e tw ee n in d u strie s w ith in cre asin g an d d e cre asin g e m p lo y m e n t. In lin e w ith B u re au p ra ctic e , d ata fo r th e 1-, 3-, an d 6 -m o n th sp an s are se a so n ally a d ju ste d , w h ile th o se fo r th e 1 2 -m o n th sp an are u n a d ju ste d . D a ta are c en tere d w ith in th e sp an . T ab le 17 p ro v id es an in d ex o n p ri v a te n o n fa rm e m p lo y m e n t b a se d o n 3 5 6 in d u stries, a n d a m an u fa c tu rin g in d ex b a se d on 139 in d u stries. T h e s e in d ex es are u se fu l fo r m e a su rin g th e d isp e rsio n o f e co n o m ic gain s o r lo sse s a n d are also e c o n o m ic in d icators. B e g in n in g in J u n e 1996, th e BLS u se s th e X -1 2 arima m e th o d o lo g y to s e a so n a lly a d j u s t e s ta b lis h m e n t su rv e y d a ta . T h is p ro c e d u re , d e v e lo p e d by th e B u re a u o f th e C e n su s, c o n tro ls fo r th e e ffe c t o f v a ry in g su rv e y in te rv als (also k n o w n as th e 4- v e rsu s 5 -w e ek e ffe c t), th e re b y p ro v id in g im p ro v e d m e a su re m e n t o f o v e r-th e -m o n th c h a n g e s a n d u n d e rly in g e c o n o m ic tren d s. R e v is io n s o f d ata, u su a lly fo r th e m o s t re c e n t 5 -y e a r p e rio d , are m a d e o n c e a y e a r c o in c id e n t w ith th e b e n c h m a rk re v isio n s. In th e e s ta b lis h m e n t su rvey, e stim a te s fo r th e m o s t re c e n t 2 m o n th s a re b a se d o n in c o m p le te re tu rn s a n d are p u b lis h e d as p re lim in a ry in th e ta b le s ( 1 2 - 1 7 in th e Review). W h e n all re tu rn s h a v e b e e n re c e iv e d , th e e s tim a te s are re v is e d a n d p u b lis h e d as “ fin a l” (p rio r to a n y b e n c h m a r k r e v is io n s ) in th e th ird m o n th o f th e ir a p p e a ra n c e . T h u s, D e c e m b e r d a ta a re p u b lis h e d as p re lim in a ry in Ja n u a ry a n d F e b ru a ry a n d as fin a l in M a rc h . F o r th e sa m e re a s o n s , q u a rte rly e s ta b lis h m e n t d a ta (ta b le 1) a re p re lim in a ry fo r th e firs t 2 m o n th s o f p u b lic a tio n a n d fin a l in th e th ird m o n th . T h u s , fo u rth -q u a rte r d a ta are p u b lis h e d a s p re lim in a ry in Ja n u a ry an d F e b ru a ry a n d a s fin a l in M a rch . F or additional information o n e s ta b lis h m e n t su rv e y d a ta , c o n ta c t th e D iv isio n o f M o n th ly In d u s tr y E m p lo y m e n t S ta tis tic s : (2 0 2 ) 6 9 1 - 6 5 5 5 . Unemployment data by State Description of the series Notes on the data E s ta b lis h m e n t su rv e y d a ta a re a n n u a lly a d ju s te d to c o m p re h e n s iv e c o u n ts o f e m p lo y m e n t (c a lle d “ b e n c h m a rk s ” ). T h e la te st a d ju s tm e n t, w h ic h in c o rp o ra te d M a rc h 1999 b e n c h m a rk s , w a s m a d e w ith th e re le a s e o f M a y 2 0 0 0 d a ta , p u b lis h e d in th e Ju ly 2 0 0 0 is s u e o f th e Review. C o in c id e n t w ith th e b e n c h m a rk a d ju s tm e n t, h isto ric a l se a so n a lly a d ju s te d d a ta w e re re v is e d to r e fle c t u p d a te d se a so n a l fa c to rs. U n a d ju s te d d a ta fro m A p ril 19 9 9 fo rw a rd a n d se a so n a lly a d ju s te d d a ta fro m J a n u a ry 1 9 9 6 fo rw a rd a re s u b je c t to r e v is io n in fu tu re b e n c h m a rk s . In ad d itio n to th e ro u tin e b e n c h m a rk re v i sio n s an d u p d a te d seaso n al fa cto rs in tro d u c ed w ith th e re le a s e o f th e M a y 2 0 0 0 d ata, all e sti m ate s fo r th e w h o le sa le trad e d iv isio n fro m A p ril 1998 fo rw a rd w e re re v is e d to in co rp o rate a n e w sa m p le d e sig n . T h is re p re se n ted th e first m a jo r in d u stry d iv isio n to c o n v e rt to a p ro b a b ility -b a s e d s a m p le u n d e r a 4 -y e a r p h a s e -in p la n fo r th e e s ta b lis h m e n t su rv e y sa m p le re d e sig n p ro jec t. F o r ad d itio n al in fo r m atio n , see th e th e Ju n e 2 0 0 0 issu e o f Employ ment and Earnings. R e v is io n s in S tate d a ta (table 11) o c cu rre d w ith th e p u b lic a tio n o f Ja n u a ry 2 0 0 0 data. 48 M onthly Labor Review https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis D a ta p re s e n te d in th is s e c tio n a re o b ta in e d fro m th e L o c a l A re a U n e m p lo y m e n t S ta tis tic s (LAUS) p ro g ra m , w h ic h is c o n d u c te d in c o o p e ra tio n w ith S ta te e m p lo y m e n t se c u rity a g e n c ie s. M o n th ly e s tim a te s o f th e la b o r fo rc e , e m p lo y m e n t, a n d u n e m p lo y m e n t fo r S ta te s a n d su b -S ta te a re a s a re a k e y in d ic a to r o f lo c a l e c o n o m ic c o n d itio n s, a n d fo rm th e b a sis fo r d e te rm in in g th e e lig ib ility o f an a re a fo r b e n e fits u n d e r F e d e ra l e c o n o m ic a ssista n c e p ro g ra m s su c h as th e J o b T ra in in g P a rtn e r sh ip A ct. S e a so n a lly a d ju ste d u n e m p lo y m e n t ra te s a re p re s e n te d in ta b le 10. In s o f a r as p o ss ib le , th e c o n c e p ts a n d d e fin itio n s u n d e r ly in g th e s e d a ta are th o se u se d in th e n a tio n a l e s tim a te s o b ta in e d fro m th e CPS. Notes on the data D a ta re fe r to S tate o f re sid en c e. M o n th ly d a ta fo r all S tates a n d th e D istrict o f C o lu m b ia are d e riv e d u s in g s ta n d a r d iz e d p ro c e d u re s e stab lish e d b y bl s . O n c e a year, e stim ates are re v is e d to n e w p o p u la tio n co n tro ls, u su a lly w ith p u b lic a tio n o f Ja n u a ry e s tim a te s , an d b e n ch m ark e d to a n n u al a v erag e CPS levels. August 2000 F or additional information on data in th is se rie s , c all (2 0 2 ) 6 9 1 - 6 3 9 2 (ta b le 10) o r (2 0 2 ) 6 9 1 - 6 5 5 9 (ta b le 11)._________________ Com pensation and W age Data (T ab les 1 -3 ; 2 1 - 2 7 ) C ompensation and wage data a re g a th e re d by th e B u re a u fro m b u s in e s s e s ta b lis h m e n ts , S ta te a n d lo c a l g o v e rn m e n ts , la b o r u n io n s, c o lle c tiv e b a rg a in in g a g re e m e n ts o n file w ith th e B u re a u , a n d s e c o n d a ry s o u rc e s . Employment Cost Index Description of the series T h e Employment Cost Index (ECl) is a q u a r terly m e a su re o f th e ra te o f c h a n g e in c o m p e n s a ti o n p e r h o u r w o r k e d a n d in c lu d e s w a g e s , sa la rie s , a n d e m p lo y e r c o s ts o f e m p lo y e e b e n e fits . It u s e s a fix e d m a rk e t b a s k e t o f la b o r— s im ila r in c o n c e p t to th e C o n s u m e r P ric e I n d e x ’s fix e d m a rk e t b a s k e t o f g o o d s a n d se rv ic e s— to m e a s u re c h a n g e o v e r tim e in e m p lo y e r c o sts o f e m p lo y in g labor. S ta tis tic a l se rie s o n to ta l c o m p e n s a tio n costs, on w a g es a n d salaries, a n d o n b e n efit co sts are a v ailab le fo r p riv ate n o n fa rm w o rk ers e x clu d in g p ro p rieto rs, th e se lf-em p lo y e d , an d h o u se h o ld w o rk ers. T h e to ta l c o m p e n sa tio n co sts an d w a g es an d salaries se ries are also a v ailab le fo r S tate an d lo cal g o v e rn m e n t w o rkers an d fo r the civ ilia n n o n farm eco n o m y , w h ic h c o n sists o f p riv a te in d u stry a n d S tate an d local g o v e rn m e n t w o rk ers co m b in ed . F e d eral w o rk e rs are e x clu d ed . T h e E m p lo y m e n t C o s t In d e x p ro b a b ility sa m p le c o n s is ts o f a b o u t 4 ,4 0 0 p riv a te n o n fa rm e s ta b lis h m e n ts p ro v id in g a b o u t 2 3 ,0 0 0 o c c u p a tio n a l o b s e rv a tio n s a n d 1 ,0 0 0 S ta te a n d lo ca l g o v e rn m e n t e s ta b lish m e n ts p ro v id ing 6 ,0 0 0 o c c u p a tio n a l o b s e rv a tio n s s e le c te d to r e p re s e n t to ta l e m p lo y m e n t in e a c h secto r. O n a v e ra g e , e a c h r e p o rtin g u n it p ro v id e s w a g e a n d c o m p e n s a tio n in fo rm a tio n o n fiv e w e ll- s p e c if ie d o c c u p a tio n s . D a ta a re c o l le c te d e a c h q u a rte r fo r th e p a y p e rio d in c lu d ing th e 12th d a y o f M a rc h , Ju n e , S e p te m b e r, a n d D e ce m b er. B e g in n in g w ith J u n e 1 9 8 6 d a ta , f ix e d e m p lo y m e n t w e ig h ts fro m th e 1 9 8 0 C e n s u s o f P o p u l a t i o n a r e u s e d e a c h q u a r t e r to c a lc u la te th e c iv ilia n a n d p r iv a te in d e x e s a n d th e in d e x fo r S ta te a n d lo c a l g o v e r n m e n ts . (P rio r to J u n e 198 6 , th e e m p lo y m e n t w e ig h ts a re fro m th e 1 9 7 0 C e n s u s o f P o p u la tio n .) T h e s e fix e d w e ig h ts , a ls o u s e d to d e r iv e a ll o f th e in d u s try a n d o c c u p a tio n se rie s in d e x e s , e n s u re th a t c h a n g e s in th e s e in d e x e s r e fle c t o n ly c h a n g e s in c o m p e n s a tio n , n o t e m p lo y m e n t s h ifts a m o n g in d u s- trie s o r o c c u p a tio n s w ith d if f e r e n t le v e ls o f w a g e s a n d c o m p e n s a tio n . F o r th e b a rg a in in g s ta tu s , r e g io n , a n d m e tro p o lita n /n o n -m e tro p o lita n a re a s e rie s , h o w e v e r, e m p lo y m e n t d a ta b y i n d u s tr y a n d o c c u p a ti o n a re n o t a v a ila b le fro m th e c e n s u s . In s te a d , th e 198 0 e m p lo y m e n t w e ig h ts a re r e a llo c a te d w ith in th e s e se rie s e a c h q u a r te r b a se d o n th e c u r r e n t s a m p le . T h e re fo re , th e s e in d e x e s a re n o t s tric tly c o m p a r a b le to th o s e f o r th e a g g r e g a te , in d u stry , a n d o c c u p a tio n se rie s . Definitions Total compensation c o s ts in c lu d e w a g e s , s a la rie s , a n d th e e m p l o y e r ’s c o s ts f o r e m p lo y e e b e n e fits . Wages and salaries c o n s is t o f e a rn in g s b e fo re p a y ro ll d e d u c tio n s , in c lu d in g p ro d u c tio n b o n u s e s , in c e n tiv e e a rn in g s , c o m m is sio n s, a n d c o s t-o f-liv in g a d ju s tm e n ts . Benefits in c lu d e th e c o s t to e m p lo y e rs f o r p a id le a v e , s u p p le m e n ta l p a y (in c lu d in g n o n p ro d u c tio n b o n u se s), in su ran ce, re tire m e n t a n d sa v in g s p lan s, an d leg ally re q u ire d b e n e fits (s u c h as S o c ia l S e c u rity , w o r k e r s ’ c o m p e n sa tio n , an d u n e m p lo y m e n t insurance). E x c lu d e d fro m w a g es an d salaries a n d e m p lo y e e b e n e fits are su c h item s as p a y m e n t-in k in d , free ro o m a n d b o ard , an d tips. Notes on the data T h e E m p lo y m e n t C o s t In d e x f o r c h a n g e s in w a g e s a n d s a la rie s in th e p riv a te n o n fa rm e c o n o m y w a s p u b lis h e d b e g in n in g in 1975. C h a n g e s in to ta l c o m p e n s a tio n c o st— w a g es a n d s a la rie s a n d b e n e fits c o m b in e d — w e re p u b lis h e d b e g in n in g in 1980. T h e se rie s o f c h a n g e s in w a g e s a n d s a la rie s a n d fo r to ta l c o m p e n s a tio n in th e S ta te a n d lo c a l g o v e rn m e n t s e c to r a n d in th e c i v i l ia n n o n f a rm e c o n o m y ( e x c l u d in g F e d e r a l e m p lo y e e s ) w e re p u b lis h e d b e g in n in g in 1981. H is to ri c al in d e x e s (Ju n e 1 9 8 1 = 1 0 0 ) a re a v a ila b le o n th e In te rn e t: h ttp ://sta ts .b is .g o v /e c th o m e .h tm F or a d d it io n a l inform atio n o n th e E m p lo y m e n t C o s t In d e x , c o n ta c t th e O ffic e o f C o m p e n s a tio n L e v e ls a n d T re n d s : (2 0 2 ) 6 9 1 -6 1 9 9 . Employee Benefits Survey Description of the series Employee benefits d a ta a re o b ta in e d fro m th e E m p lo y e e B e n e f its S u rv e y , an a n n u a l s u rv e y o f th e in c id e n c e a n d p ro v is io n s o f s e le c te d b e n e f its p r o v id e d b y e m p lo y e rs . T h e s u rv e y c o lle c ts d a ta fro m a s a m p le o f a p p r o x im a te ly 9 ,0 0 0 p riv a te s e c to r a n d S ta te a n d lo c a l g o v e r n m e n t e s ta b lis h m e n ts . T h e d a ta are p re se n te d as a p e rce n ta g e o f e m https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis p lo y ee s w h o p articip a te in a c ertain b e n efit, o r as an a v erag e b e n efit p ro v isio n (fo r ex am p le, th e a v era g e n u m b e r o f p a id h o lid a y s p ro v id ed to e m p lo y e es p e r y ear). S elected d ata fro m the su rv ey are p re sen te d in tab le 25 fo r m ed iu m an d larg e p riv ate e stab lish m en ts an d in tab le 26 fo r sm all p riv ate e stab lish m en ts an d S tate an d local g o v ern m en t. T h e s u rv e y c o v e rs p a id le a v e b e n e f its s u c h as h o lid a y s a n d v a c a tio n s, a n d p e rso n a l, fu n e ra l, j u r y d u ty , m ilita ry , fa m ily , a n d sic k le a v e ; s h o rt-te rm d is a b ility , lo n g -te rm d is a b ility , a n d life in s u ra n c e ; m e d ic a l, d e n ta l, a n d v is io n c a re p la n s ; d e fin e d b e n e fit a n d d e fin e d c o n tr ib u tio n p la n s ; fle x ib le b e n e fits p la n s ; r e im b u r s e m e n t a c c o u n ts ; a n d u n p a id fa m ily lea v e. A l s o , d a ta a r e t a b u l a t e d o n th e i n c i d e n c e o f s e v e r a l o t h e r b e n e f i ts , s u c h as s e v e ra n c e p a y , c h ild -c a re a s s is ta n c e , w e ll n e s s p r o g r a m s , a n d e m p lo y e e a s s i s t a n c e p ro g ra m s . Definitions Employer-provided benefits a re b e n e fits th a t a re fin a n c e d e ith e r w h o lly o r p a rtly by th e e m p lo y e r. T h e y m ay b e sp o n s o re d b y a u n io n o r o th e r th ird p arty , as lo n g as th e re is so m e e m p lo y e r fin a n c in g . H o w e v e r, so m e b e n e fits th a t are fu lly p a id fo r b y th e e m p lo y e e a ls o are in c lu d e d . F o r e x a m p le , lo n g te rm c a re in su ra n c e a n d p o s tre tire m e n t life in su ra n c e p a id e n tire ly b y th e e m p lo y e e are in c lu d e d b e c a u s e th e g u a ra n te e o f in s u ra b il ity a n d a v a ila b ility a t g ro u p p re m iu m ra te s a re c o n s id e re d a b e n efit. Participants are w orkers w h o are co v ered by a benefit, w hether o r n ot they use that b e n e fit I f th e b e n e f it p la n is fin a n c e d w h o lly b y em p lo y ers an d requires em p lo y ees to co m plete a m in im u m length o f service fo r eligibility, the w orkers are con sid ered participants w h eth er or n o t th ey h a v e m e t th e re q u ire m e n t. I f w o rk e rs a re re q u ire d to c o n trib u te to w a rd s th e c o s t o f a p la n , th ey are c o n sid e re d p a rtic ip a n ts o n ly if th e y e le c t th e p la n a n d a g re e to m a k e th e re q u ire d c o n trib u tio n s . Defined benefit pension plans u se p re d e te rm in e d fo rm u la s to c alc u la te a re tire m e n t b e n efit (if any), an d o b lig a te the e m p lo y e r to p ro v id e th o se b en efits. B en efits are g e n era lly b a se d on salary, y e ars o f serv ice, o r both. Defined contribution plans g e n e ra lly s p e c ify th e le v e l o f e m p lo y e r a n d e m p lo y e e c o n trib u tio n s to a p la n , b u t n o t th e fo rm u la f o r d e te rm in in g e v e n tu a l b e n e fits . In ste a d , in d iv id u a l a c c o u n ts a re s e t u p fo r p a r tic i p a n ts , a n d b e n e fits a re b a s e d o n a m o u n ts c r e d ite d to th e s e a c c o u n ts . Tax-deferred savings plans are a ty p e o f d e f in e d c o n tr ib u tio n p la n th a t a llo w p a r tic ip an ts to c o n trib u te a p o rtio n o f th eir sal ary to an e m p lo y e r-sp o n so re d p lan and d e fer in co m e taxes u n til w ith d raw al. Flexible benefit plans a llo w e m p lo y e e s to c h o o se am o n g sev eral b e n efits, su c h as life insurance, m ed ical care, and v acation days, and am ong several levels o f co verage w ithin a giv en benefit. Notes on the data S u rv e y s o f e m p lo y e e s in m e d iu m a n d la rg e e s ta b lis h m e n ts c o n d u c te d o v e r th e 1 9 7 9 - 8 6 p e rio d in c lu d e d e s ta b lis h m e n ts th a t e m p lo y e d a t le a s t 5 0 , 100, o r 2 5 0 w o rk e rs , d e p e n d in g o n th e in d u s tr y ( m o s t s e r v ic e in d u s trie s w e re e x c lu d e d ). T h e su rv e y c o n d u c te d in 198 7 c o v e r e d o n ly S ta te a n d lo c a l g o v e rn m e n ts w ith 5 0 o r m o re e m p lo y e e s . T h e su rv e y s c o n d u c te d in 1988 a n d 1 9 8 9 in c lu d e d m e d iu m a n d la rg e e s ta b lis h m e n ts w ith 100 w o rk e rs o r m o re in p riv a te in d u strie s. A ll surv ey s co n d u cted o v e r th e 1 9 7 9 -8 9 p e rio d e x c lu d e d e s ta b lis h m e n ts in A la s k a a n d H a w a ii, a s w e ll a s p a r t- tim e e m p lo y e e s. B e g in n in g in 1990, su rv e y s o f S ta te an d lo c a l g o v e rn m e n ts a n d s m a ll p r iv a te e s t a b l i s h m e n t s w e r e c o n d u c t e d in e v e n n u m b ere d y ears, a n d su rv e y s o f m e d iu m and larg e e stab lish m en ts w e re c o n d u c te d in o d d n u m b e r e d y e a rs . T h e s m a ll e s ta b lis h m e n t s u r v e y i n c l u d e s a ll p r i v a t e n o n f a r m e stab lish m en ts w ith fe w e r th an 100 w o rk ers, w h ile th e S ta te an d local g o v e rn m e n t su rv ey in clu d e s all g o v e rn m e n ts , re g a rd le s s o f th e n u m b e r o f w o rk ers. A ll th ree su rv ey s in clu d e full- a n d p a rt-tim e w o rk e rs, an d w o rk e rs in all 5 0 S tates an d th e D istric t o f C o lu m b ia . F or a d d it io n a l inform atio n o n th e E m p lo y e e B e n e fits S u rv e y , c o n ta c t th e O f fic e o f C o m p e n s a tio n L e v e ls a n d T re n d s o n th e In te rn e t: http://stats.bls.gov/ebshome.htm Work stoppages Description of the series D a ta o n w o rk s to p p a g e s m e a s u re th e n u m b e r a n d d u ra tio n o f m a jo r strik e s o r lo c k o u ts (in v o lv in g 1,0 0 0 w o rk e rs o r m o re ) o c c u rrin g d u rin g th e m o n th (o r y e a r), th e n u m b e r o f w o rk e rs in v o lv e d , a n d th e a m o u n t o f w o rk tim e lo st b e c a u s e o f s to p p a g e . T h e s e d a ta are p re s e n te d in ta b le 27. D a ta a re la rg e ly fro m a v a rie ty o f p u b l is h e d s o u r c e s a n d c o v e r o n ly e s t a b l i s h m e n ts d ire c tly in v o lv e d in a s to p p a g e . T h e y d o n o t m e a s u r e th e in d ir e c t o r se c o n d a ry e f fe c t o f s to p p a g e s o n o th e r e s ta b lis h m e n ts w h o s e e m p lo y e e s a re id le o w in g to m a te ria l s h o rta g e s o r la c k o f se rv ic e . Definitions Number of stoppages: T he num ber of s tr ik e s a n d lo c k o u ts in v o lv in g 1 ,0 0 0 w o r k e rs o r m o r e a n d la s tin g a fu ll s h if t o r lo n g e r. M onthly Labor Review A ugust 2000 49 Current Labor Statistics W orkers involved: T h e n u m b e r o f w o rk e rs d ire c tly in v o lv e d in th e sto p p a g e . Number of days idle: T h e a g g r e g a te n u m b e r o f w o r k d a y s l o s t b y w o r k e r s in v o lv e d in th e sto p p a g e s . Days of idleness as a percent of estimated working time: A g g re g a te w o rk d a y s lo st as a p e rc e n t o f th e a g g re g a te n u m b e r o f sta n d ard w o rk d a y s in th e p e r io d m u ltip lie d b y to ta l e m p lo y m e n t in th e p erio d . Notes on the data T h is se rie s is n o t c o m p a ra b le w ith th e o n e te rm in a te d in 1981 th a t c o v e re d strik e s in v o lv in g six w o rk e rs o r m o re. F or a dd itio na l information o n w o rk s to p p a g e s d a ta , c o n ta c t th e O ffic e o f C o m p e n s a tio n a n d W o rk in g C o n d itio n s : (2 0 2 ) 6 9 1 - 6 2 8 2 , o r th e In te rn e t: http ://sta ts.bls.gov/cbahome.htm force. T h e CPI is b a s e d o n p ric e s o f fo o d , c lo th in g , sh e lte r, fu e l, d ru g s, tra n s p o rta tio n fa re s, d o c to r s ’ a n d d e n tis ts ’ fe e s, a n d o th e r g o o d s a n d se rv ic e s th a t p e o p le b u y fo r d a y -to -d a y liv in g . T h e q u a n tity a n d q u a lity o f th e s e ite m s a re k e p t e s s e n tia lly u n c h a n g e d b e tw e e n m a jo r r e v is io n s so th a t o n ly p r ic e c h a n g e s w ill b e m e a su re d . A ll ta x e s d ire c tly a sso c ia te d w ith th e p u rc h a se a n d u se o f item s a re in c lu d e d in th e in d ex . D a ta c o lle c te d fro m m o re th a n 2 3 ,0 0 0 r e ta il e s ta b lis h m e n ts a n d 5 ,8 0 0 h o u s in g u n its in 87 u rb a n a re a s a c ro ss th e c o u n try are u se d to d e v e lo p th e “ U .S . c ity a v e ra g e .” S e p a ra te e s tim a te s fo r 14 m a jo r u rb a n c e n te rs a re p r e se n te d in ta b le 29 . T h e a re a s lis te d are as in d ic a te d in fo o tn o te 1 to th e tab le . T h e a re a in d e x e s m e a s u re o n ly th e a v e ra g e c h a n g e in p ric e s fo r e a c h a re a sin c e th e b a se p e rio d , an d d o n o t in d ic a te d iffe re n c e s in th e le v e l o f p ric e s a m o n g c ities. Price Data Notes on the data (T ab les 2; 2 8 - 3 8 ) In J a n u a ry 1983, th e B u re a u c h a n g e d th e w a y in w h ic h h o m e o w n e r s h i p c o s ts a re m e a u re d fo r th e CPI-U. A r e n ta l e q u iv a le n c e m e th o d r e p la c e d th e a s s e t-p ric e a p p ro a c h to h o m e o w n e r s h i p c o s ts f o r t h a t s e r ie s . In J a n u a ry 1985, th e sa m e c h a n g e w a s m a d e in th e cpi -w . T h e c e n tr a l p u r p o s e o f th e c h a n g e w a s to s e p a ra te s h e lte r c o s ts fro m th e in v e s tm e n t c o m p o n e n t o f h o m e - o w n e r sh ip so th a t th e in d e x w o u ld r e fle c t o n ly th e c o s t o f s h e lte r s e rv ic e s p r o v id e d by o w n e ro c c u p ie d h o m e s . A n u p d a te d cpi -u a n d CPiw w e re in tro d u c e d w ith r e le a s e o f th e J a n u a ry 1987 a n d J a n u a ry 1998 d a ta . F or a d d it io n a l inform ation o n c o n s u m e r p r ic e s , c o n ta c t th e D iv is io n o f C o n su m e r P ric e s a n d P ric e In d e x e s: (2 0 2 ) 6 9 1 -7 0 0 0 . P rice data a r e g a t h e r e d b y th e B u r e a u o f L a b o r S ta tis tic s fro m re ta il a n d p r i m a r y m a r k e ts in th e U n ite d S ta te s . P r ic e in d e x e s a r e g iv e n in r e la ti o n to a b a s e p e r i o d — 1 9 8 2 = 1 0 0 f o r m a n y P r o d u c e r P r ic e In d e x e s, 1 9 8 2 -8 4 = 100 fo r m an y C o n s u m e r P ric e In d e x e s (u n le s s o th e rw is e n o te d ) , a n d 1 9 9 0 = 1 0 0 f o r I n t e r n a ti o n a l P ric e In d e x e s. Consumer Price Indexes Description of the series T h e Consumer Price Index (CPI) is a m e a su re o f th e a v e ra g e c h a n g e in th e p ric e s p a id b y u rb a n c o n s u m e rs f o r a fix e d m a rk e t b a s k e t o f g o o d s a n d se rv ic e s. T h e CPI is c a lc u la te d m o n th ly f o r tw o p o p u la tio n g ro u p s, o n e c o n s is tin g o n ly o f u rb a n h o u s e h o ld s w h o s e p rim a ry s o u rc e o f in c o m e is d e riv e d fro m th e e m p lo y m e n t o f w a g e e a r n e r s a n d c le r ic a l w o rk e rs , a n d th e o th e r c o n s is tin g o f all u r b a n h o u s e h o ld s . T h e w a g e e a rn e r in d e x (CPIW) is a c o n tin u a tio n o f th e h is to ric in d e x th a t w a s in tro d u c e d w e ll o v e r a h a lf - c e n tu r y a g o f o r u s e in w a g e n e g o tia tio n s . A s n e w u se s w e re d e v e lo p e d fo r th e CPI in r e c e n t y e a rs, th e n e e d fo r a b r o a d e r a n d m o re re p re s e n ta tiv e in d e x b e c a m e a p p a re n t. T h e a ll-u rb a n c o n s u m e r in d e x (CPi-U), in tro d u c e d in 1978, is r e p re s e n ta tiv e o f th e 1 9 9 3 -9 5 b u y in g h a b its o f a b o u t 8 7 p e rc e n t o f th e n o n in s titu tio n a l p o p u la tio n o f th e U n ite d S ta te s a t th a t tim e , c o m p a r e d w ith 3 2 p e r c e n t r e p re s e n te d in th e CPi-w. In a d d itio n to w a g e e a rn e rs a n d c le r i c a l w o rk e rs , th e CPI-U c o v e rs p ro fe s s io n a l, m a n a g e ria l, a n d te c h n ic a l w o rk e rs , th e se lfe m p lo y e d , s h o r t- te r m w o r k e r s , th e u n e m p lo y e d , re tire e s , a n d o th e rs n o t in th e la b o r 50 M onthly Labor Review https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Producer Price Indexes Description of the series Producer Price Indexes (PPi) m e a s u re a v e ra g e c h a n g e s in p ric e s re c e iv e d b y d o m e s tic p r o d u c e rs o f c o m m o d itie s in a ll sta g e s o f p ro c e s s in g . T h e s a m p le u s e d f o r c a lc u la tin g th e s e in d e x e s c u rre n tly c o n ta in s a b o u t 3 ,2 0 0 c o m m o d itie s a n d a b o u t 8 0 ,0 0 0 q u o ta tio n s p e r m o n th , s e le c te d to r e p re s e n t th e m o v e m e n t o f p ric e s o f a ll c o m m o d h ie s p r o d u c e d in th e m a n u fa c tu rin g ; a g ric u ltu re , fo r e stry , a n d fis h in g ; m in in g ; a n d g a s a n d e le c tric ity a n d p u b lic u tilitie s se c to rs. T h e sta g eo f - p r o c e s s in g s t r u c tu r e o f ppi o r g a n iz e s p ro d u c ts b y c la s s o f b u y e r a n d d e g re e o f fa b ric a tio n (th a t is, fin is h e d g o o d s , in te rm e d ia te g o o d s, a n d c ru d e m a te ria ls ). T h e tr a d i tio n a l c o m m o d ity stru c tu re o f ppi o rg a n iz e s p ro d u c ts by s im ila rity o f e n d u se o r m a te ria l c o m p o s itio n . T h e in d u stry a n d p ro d u c t August 2000 s t r u c t u r e o f ppi o r g a n i z e s d a t a in a c c o r d a n c e w ith th e S t a n d a r d I n d u s t r i a l C la s s ific a tio n (SIC) a n d th e p ro d u c t c o d e e x te n s io n o f th e sic d e v e lo p e d b y th e U .S . B u re a u o f th e C e n su s. T o th e e x te n t p o s s ib l e , p r ic e s u s e d in c a l c u l a ti n g P r o d u c e r P r ic e I n d e x e s a p p ly to th e f i r s t s i g n i f ic a n t c o m m e r c i a l t r a n s a c tio n in th e U n i t e d S t a te s f r o m t h e p r o d u c ti o n o r c e n t r a l m a r k e ti n g p o in t. P r ic e d a ta a r e g e n e r a lly c o ll e c t e d m o n th ly , p r i m a r ily b y m a il q u e s t io n n a i r e . M o s t p r ic e s a re o b ta in e d d ire c tly fro m p ro d u c in g c o m p a n ie s o n a v o lu n ta ry a n d c o n f id e n tia l b a sis. P ric e s g e n e r a ll y a r e r e p o r t e d f o r th e T u e s d a y o f th e w e e k c o n ta i n in g t h e 1 3 th d a y o f th e m o n th . S in ce Ja n u a ry 1992, p rice c h an g e s fo r th e v a r io u s c o m m o d itie s h a v e b e e n a v e r a g e d t o g e t h e r w i t h i m p l i c i t q u a n t i t y w e i g h ts re p re se n tin g th eir im p o rta n ce in th e to ta l n e t sellin g v a lu e o f all c o m m o d itie s as o f 1987. T h e d e ta ile d d a ta a re a g g re g a te d to o b ta in in d e x e s fo r s ta g e -o f-p ro c e s s in g g ro u p in g s, c o m m o d ity g ro u p in g s, d u ra b ility -o f-p ro d u c t g ro u p in g s, and a n u m b e r o f sp ecial c o m p o site g ro u p s. A ll P ro d u c e r P r ic e In d e x d a ta a re s u b je c t to re v is io n 4 m o n th s a f te r o rig in a l p u b lic a tio n . F or a d d it io n a l inform atio n o n p r o d u c e r p r i c e s , c o n ta c t th e D i v i s i o n o f I n d u s t r i a l P r i c e s a n d P r ic e I n d e x e s : (2 0 2 ) 6 9 1 -7 7 0 5 . International Price Indexes Description of the series T h e International Price Program p ro d u c e s m o n th ly a n d q u a r te r ly e x p o r t a n d im p o rt p ric e in d e x e s fo r n o n m ilita ry g o o d s tra d e d b e tw e e n th e U n ite d S ta te s a n d th e r e s t o f th e w o rld . T h e e x p o r t p r ic e in d e x p ro v id e s a m e a su re o f p ric e c h a n g e f o r a ll p ro d u c ts so ld b y U .S . re s id e n ts to fo re ig n b u y e rs. (“R e s i d e n ts ” is d e fin e d as in th e n a tio n a l in c o m e a c c o u n ts ; it in c lu d e s c o r p o r a t io n s , b u s i n e sse s, a n d in d iv id u a ls , b u t d o e s n o t re q u ire th e o rg a n iz a tio n s to b e U .S . o w n e d n o r th e in d iv id u a ls to h a v e U .S . c itiz e n s h ip .) T h e im p o rt p ric e in d e x p ro v id e s a m e a s u r e o f p ric e c h a n g e fo r g o o d s p u rc h a s e d fro m o th e r c o u n trie s b y U .S . re s id e n ts . T h e p ro d u c t u n iv e rs e fo r b o th th e im p o rt a n d e x p o rt in d e x e s in c lu d e s ra w m a te ria ls , a g ric u ltu ra l p ro d u c ts , se m ifin ish e d m a n u fa c tu re s , an d fin is h e d m a n u fa c tu re s , in c lu d in g b o th c a p ita l a n d c o n s u m e r g o o d s. P ric e d a ta fo r th e s e ite m s a re c o lle c te d p rim a rily by m a il q u e s tio n n a ire . In n e a rly a ll c a s e s, th e d a ta a re c o lle c te d d ire c tly fro m th e e x p o rte r o r im p o rte r, a lth o u g h in a fe w c a s e s, p ric e s are o b ta in e d fro m o th e r so u rc es. T o th e e x te n t p o ssib le , th e d a ta g a th e red re fe r to p rice s a t th e U .S . b o rd e r fo r ex p o rts an d a t e ith e r th e fo reig n b o rd e r o r th e U .S . b o rd e r fo r im p o rts. F o r n e arly all p ro d u cts, th e p rice s re fe r to tran sac tio n s c o m p le te d d u r ing th e first w e e k o f th e m o n th . S u rv e y re sp o n d e n ts are a sk e d to in d ic a te all d isco u n ts, a llo w a n ce s, an d re b ates a p p lic ab le to th e re p o rte d p rice s, so th at th e p rice u se d in the c a l c u la tio n o f th e in d ex es is th e actu al p rice fo r w h ic h th e p ro d u c t w as b o u g h t o r sold. In a d d itio n to g e n e ra l in d e x e s o f p ric e s fo r U .S . e x p o rts a n d im p o rts, in d ex e s are also p u b lis h e d fo r d e ta ile d p ro d u c t c a te g o rie s o f e x p o rts a n d im p o rts . T h e s e c a te g o rie s are d e fin e d a c c o rd in g to th e f iv e -d ig it lev e l o f d e ta il fo r th e B u re a u o f E c o n o m ic A n a ly sis E n d -u s e C la s s ific a tio n (SiTC), a n d th e fo u r d i g i t le v e l o f d e ta i l f o r th e H a r m o n iz e d S y s te m . A g g re g a te im p o rt in d e x e s by c o u n try o r r e g io n o f o rig in are a ls o a v a ila b le . publishes indexes for selected catego ries o f internationally traded services, calcu lated on an international basis and on a balance-of-paym ents basis. bls Notes on the data tio n , w h ic h a ls o in c lu d e s th e o th e r c o sts a s s o c ia te d w ith b rin g in g th e p ro d u c t to th e U .S . b o rd e r. It d o e s n o t, h o w e v e r, in c lu d e d u ty c h a rg e s. F o r a g iv e n p ro d u c t, o n ly o n e p ric e b a sis se rie s is u se d in th e c o n stru c tio n o f an in d ex . F or additional information o n in te r n a tio n a l p ric e s, c o n ta c t th e D iv isio n o f Inte m a tio n a l P r ices: (2 0 2 ) 6 9 1 -7 1 5 5 . Productivity Data (T ab les 2; 3 9 - 4 2 ) Business sector and major sectors Description of the series T h e p ro d u c tiv ity m e a su re s re la te re al o u tp u t to re al in p u t. A s su ch , th ey e n c o m p a s s a fa m ily o f m e a su re s w h ic h in c lu d e s in g le -fa c to r in p u t m e a su re s, su c h as o u tp u t p e r h o u r, o u t p u t p e r u n it o f la b o r in p u t, o r o u tp u t p e r u n it o f c a p ita l in p u t, as w ell as m e a su re s o f m u l tifa c to r p ro d u c tiv ity (o u tp u t p e r u n it o f c o m b in e d la b o r an d c a p ita l in p u ts). T h e B u re a u in d e x e s sh o w th e c h a n g e in o u tp u t re la tiv e to c h a n g e s in th e v a rio u s in p u ts. T h e m e a su re s c o v e r th e b u sin e ss, n o n fa rm b u sin e ss, m a n u fa c tu rin g , a n d n o n fin a n c ia l c o rp o ra te se c to rs. T h e e x p o r t a n d i m p o r t p r ic e in d e x e s a re w e ig h te d in d ex es o f th e L a sp e y re s ty p e. P ric e r e l a t i v e s a r e a s s i g n e d e q u a l im p o r t a n c e w ith in e a c h h a rm o n iz e d g ro u p a n d a re th en a g g re g a te d to th e h ig h e r lev el. T h e v a lu e s a s s ig n e d to e a c h w e ig h t c a te g o ry a re b a se d on tra d e v a lu e fig u re s c o m p ile d by th e B u re a u o f th e C e n su s. T h e tra d e w e ig h ts c u rre n tly u se d to c o m p u te b o th in d e x e s re la te to 1990. B e ca u se a p rice in d ex d e p en d s o n th e sam e item s b e in g p ric e d fro m p e rio d to p e rio d , it is n e ce ssa ry to re co g n ize w h en a p ro d u c t’s speci fic a tio n s o r te rm s o f tra n s a c tio n h a v e b e en m o d ifie d . F o r th is re aso n , th e B u re a u ’s q u e s tio n n a ire re q u e sts d e ta ile d d e sc rip tio n s o f the p h y sic al a n d fu n c tio n a l c h a ra c te ris tic s o f the p ro d u c ts b e in g p rice d , as w ell as in fo rm a tio n o n th e n u m b e r o f u n its b o u g h t o r sold, d is c o u n ts, c re d it term s, p a ck a g in g , c la ss o f b u y e r o r seller, a n d so forth. W h e n th ere are ch an g e s in e ith e r th e sp e c ifica tio n s o r term s o f tra n s a ctio n o f a p ro d u c t, th e d o lla r v a lu e o f e ach c h a n g e is d e le te d fro m th e to ta l p ric e c h an g e to o b ta in th e “p u re ” c h an g e . O n c e th is v a lu e is d e te r m in e d , a lin k in g p ro c e d u re is e m p lo y e d w h ic h a llo w s fo r th e c o n tin u e d re p ric in g o f th e item . Output per hour of all persons (la b o r p r o d u c tiv ity ) is th e q u a n tity o f g o o d s a n d s e r v ic e s p ro d u c e d p e r h o u r o f la b o r in p u t. Out put per unit of capital services (c a p ita l p ro d u c tiv ity ) is th e q u a n tity o f g o o d s a n d s e r v ic e s p ro d u c e d p e r u n it o f c a p ita l s e rv ic e s in p u t. Multifactor productivity is th e q u a n tity o f g o o d s a n d se rv ic e s p ro d u c e d p e r c o m b in e d in p u ts . F o r p riv a te b u s in e s s a n d p r i v a te n o n fa rm b u s in e s s , in p u ts in c lu d e la b o r a n d c a p ita l u n its . F o r m a n u fa c tu rin g , in p u ts in c lu d e la b o r, c a p ita l, e n e rg y , n o n -e n e rg y m a te ria ls , a n d p u rc h a s e d b u s in e s s s e r v ic e s. F o r th e e x p o rt p ric e in d e x e s, th e p re fe rre d p ric in g is f.a .s. (fre e a lo n g s id e sh ip ) U .S . p o rt o f e x p o r ta tio n . W h e n f ir m s r e p o r t e x p o r t p ric e s f.o .b . (fre e o n b o a rd ), p ro d u c tio n p o in t in fo rm a tio n is c o lle c te d w h ic h e n a b le s th e B u re a u to c a lc u la te a s h ip m e n t c o st to th e p o rt o f e x p o rta tio n . A n a tte m p t is m a d e to c o lle c t tw o p ric e s fo r im p o rts. T h e first is th e im p o rt p ric e f.o .b . a t th e fo re ig n p o rt o f e x p o rta tio n , w h ic h is c o n s is te n t w ith th e b a sis fo r v a lu a tio n o f im p o rts in th e n a tio n a l a c c o u n ts . T h e se c o n d is th e im p o rt p ric e c .i.f.(c o s ts , in s u r a n c e , a n d fre ig h t) a t th e U .S . p o rt o f im p o rta Compensation per hour is to ta l c o m p e n s a tio n d iv id e d by h o u rs a t w o rk . T o ta l c o m p e n s a tio n e q u a ls th e w a g e s a n d s a la rie s o f e m p lo y e e s p lu s e m p lo y e rs ’ c o n trib u tio n s fo r so c ia l in s u ra n c e a n d p riv a te b e n e fit p la n s , p lu s an e s tim a te o f th e s e p a y m e n ts fo r th e s e lf-e m p lo y e d (e x c e p t f o r n o n fin a n c ia l c o r p o r a tio n s in w h ic h th e r e a re n o s e lf - e m p lo y e d ). Real compensation per hour is c o m p e n s a t i o n p e r h o u r d e f l a t e d b y th e c h a n g e in th e C o n s u m e r P ric e In d e x f o r A ll U rb a n C o n su m e rs. Unit labor costs a re th e la b o r c o m p e n https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis C o rre s p o n d in g in d e x e s o f h o u rly c o m p e n s a tio n , u n it la b o r c o s ts , u n it n o n la b o r p a y m e n ts, a n d p ric e s are a ls o p ro v id e d . Definitions s a tio n c o s ts e x p e n d e d in th e p r o d u c tio n o f a u n it o f o u tp u t a n d a re d e riv e d b y d iv id in g c o m p e n s a tio n b y o u tp u t. Unit nonlabor payments i n c l u d e p r o f i ts , d e p r e c ia t io n , in te re s t, a n d in d ire c t ta x e s p e r u n it o f o u t p u t. T h e y a re c o m p u te d b y su b tra c tin g c o m p e n s a tio n o f all p e r s o n s fro m c u r re n t- d o lla r v a lu e o f o u tp u t a n d d iv id in g b y o u tp u t. Unit nonlabor costs c o n ta in a ll th e c o m p o n e n ts o f u n it n o n la b o r p a y m e n ts e x c e p t u n it p ro fits . Unit profits in c lu d e c o r p o ra te p r o f its w ith- in v e n to ry v a lu a tio n a n d c a p ita l c o n su m p tio n a d ju s tm e n ts p e r u n it o f o u tp u t. Hours of all persons a re th e to ta l h o u rs a t w o rk o f p a y ro ll w o rk e rs , s e lf-e m p lo y e d p e rso n s, a n d u n p a id fa m ily w o rk e rs. Labor inputs a re h o u rs o f a ll p e rs o n s a d ju s te d f o r th e e ffe c ts o f c h a n g e s in th e e d u c a tio n a n d e x p e rie n c e o f th e la b o r fo rc e . Capital services a re th e flo w o f s e rv ic e s fro m th e c a p ita l s to c k u se d in p ro d u c tio n . It is d e v e lo p e d fro m m e a s u re s o f th e n e t sto c k o f p h y s ic a l a s s e ts — e q u ip m e n t, s tru c tu re s , lan d , a n d in v e n to rie s — w e ig h te d b y re n ta l p ric e s fo r e a c h ty p e o f a sse t. Combined units of labor and capital inputs are d e riv e d b y c o m b in in g c h an g e s in la b o r a n d c ap ita l in p u t w ith w e ig h ts w h ic h r e p re s e n t e a c h c o m p o n e n t’s s h a re o f to ta l cost. C o m b in e d u n its o f labor, c ap ital, energy, m aterials, a n d p u rc h a se d bu sin ess serv ices are sim ila rly d e riv e d by c o m b in in g c h a n g e s in e a c h in p u t w ith w e ig h ts th at re p re se n t e a c h in p u t’s sh are o f to tal co sts. T h e in d ex es fo r e a c h in p u t an d fo r c o m b in e d u n its are b a se d on ch an g in g w eig h ts w h ic h are av erag es o f th e sh ares in the c u rre n t a n d p re c e d in g y e a r (the T o m q u ist in d e x -n u m b e r fo rm u la). Notes on the data B usiness sector o u tp u t is a n an n u ally -w eig h ted in dex co n stru cted by ex clu d in g fro m real gro ss d o m estic p ro d u c t (gdp) th e fo llo w in g outp u ts: g e n e ra l g o v e rn m e n t, n o n p ro fit in stitu tio n s , p a id e m p lo y e es o f p riv ate h o u se h o ld s, an d th e re n ta l v a lu e o f o w n e r-o c c u p ie d d w e llin g s . N o n fa rm b u sin e ss also e x clu d es fa rm in g . P ri v ate b u sin e ss an d p riv a te n o n fa rm b u sin e ss fu rth e r e x clu d e g o v e rn m e n t en te rp rises. T h e m easu res are su p p lied b y th e U .S . D e p a rtm e n t o f C o m m e rc e ’s B u re au o f E co n o m ic A n a ly sis. A n nual estim ates o f m an ufacturing sectoral o u tp u t are p ro d u c e d by th e B u re au o f L a b o r S tatistics. Q u a rterly m a n u fa c tu rin g o u tp u t in d e x es fro m th e F e d e ral R e se rv e B o a rd are ad ju s te d to th ese a n n u al o u tp u t m e a su re s b y th e bls . C o m p e n sa tio n d a ta are d e v elo p ed fro m d a ta o f th e B u re au o f E c o n o m ic A n a ly sis a n d the B u re au o f L a b o r Statistics. H o u rs d a ta are d e v elo p ed fro m d a ta o f th e B u re au o f L a b o r S tatistics. T h e p ro d u c tiv ity a n d a sso c ia te d c o st m e a su re s in ta b le s 3 9 - 4 2 d e s c rib e th e re la tio n - M onthly Labor Review A ugust 2000 51 Current Labor Statistics sh ip b e tw e e n o u tp u t in re a l te rm s a n d th e la b o r a n d c a p ita l in p u ts in v o lv e d in its p ro d u c tio n . T h e y sh o w th e c h a n g e s fro m p e rio d to p e rio d in th e a m o u n t o f g o o d s a n d se r v ic e s p ro d u c e d p e r u n it o f in p u t. A lth o u g h th ese m ea su re s re la te o u tp u t to h o u rs an d c a p ital serv ices, th ey d o n o t m e a su re th e c o n trib u tio n s o f labor, c ap ital, o r any o th e r sp e c ific fa c to r o f p ro d u c tio n . R a th e r, th ey re fle c t th e jo in t e ffe c t o f m an y in fluences, in clu d in g c h a n g e s in tec h n o lo g y ; sh ifts in th e c o m p o s itio n o f th e lab o r force; c ap ital in v est m en t; lev el o f o u tp u t; c h an g e s in th e u tiliza tio n o f cap acity , e n erg y, m ate ria l, and re sea rc h a n d d e v elo p m en t; th e o rg a n iz atio n o f p ro d u c tio n ; m an a g e ria l sk ill; an d c h ara cte ristics and effo rts o f th e w o rk fo rce. FOR ADDITIONAL INFORMATION o n th is p r o d u c tiv ity se rie s , c o n ta c t th e D iv isio n o f P ro d u c tiv ity R e se a rc h : (2 0 2 ) 6 9 1 - 5 6 0 6 . Industry productivity measures Description of the series T h e BLS in d u stry p ro d u ctiv ity d a ta su p p lem en t th e m e a s u re s f o r th e b u s in e s s e c o n o m y a n d m a jo r s e c to rs w ith a n n u a l m e a s u re s o f la b o r p r o d u c tiv ity f o r s e le c te d in d u s tr ie s a t th e th re e - a n d f o u r - d ig it le v e ls o f th e S ta n d a rd I n d u s tr ia l C l a s s if ic a tio n s y s te m . T h e in d u s tr y m e a s u r e s d if f e r in m e th o d o lo g y a n d d a ta s o u rc e s fro m th e p ro d u c tiv ity m e a s u re s f o r th e m a jo r s e c to rs b e c a u s e th e in d u s try m e a s u re s a re d e v e lo p e d in d e p e n d e n tly o f th e N a tio n a l I n c o m e a n d P r o d u c t A c c o u n ts f r a m e w o r k u s e d f o r th e m a jo r s e c to r m e a s u re s . e m p lo y e e s . F o r so m e tra n s p o r ta tio n in d u s trie s , o n ly in d e x e s o f o u tp u t p e r e m p lo y e e a re p re p a re d . F o r s o m e tr a d e a n d s e rv ic e in d u s tr ie s , in d e x e s o f o u tp u t p e r h o u r o f a ll p e r s o n s ( in c lu d in g s e lf - e m p lo y e d ) a re c o n s tru c te d . FOR ADDITIONAL INFORMATION On th is s e ries, c o n ta c t th e D iv isio n o f In d u stry P ro d u c tiv ity S tu d ies: (2 0 2 ) 6 9 1 - 5 6 1 8 . International Comparisons (T ab les 4 3 - 4 5 ) Labor force and unemployment Description of the series T ab les 43 a n d 4 4 p re s e n t c o m p a ra tiv e m e a s u re s o f th e la b o r fo rc e , e m p lo y m e n t, a n d u n e m p l o y m e n t — a p p r o x i m a t i n g U .S . c o n c e p ts— fo r th e U n ite d S ta te s, C a n a d a , A u s tralia, Ja p a n , a n d se v e ra l E u ro p e a n co u n tries. T h e u n e m p lo y m e n t sta tistic s (a n d , to a le s se r e x te n t, e m p lo y m e n t s ta tistic s ) p u b lis h e d by o th e r in d u s tria l c o u n trie s a re n o t, in m o s t c a s e s , c o m p a r a b le to U .S . u n e m p lo y m e n t sta tistic s. T h e re fo re , th e B u re a u a d ju s ts th e fig u re s fo r s e le c te d c o u n trie s , w h e re n e c e s sary, fo r all k n o w n m a jo r d e fin itio n a l d iffe r e n c e s. A lth o u g h p re c is e c o m p a ra b ility m ay n o t b e a c h ie v e d , th e s e a d ju s te d fig u re s p ro v id e a b e tte r b a sis fo r in te rn a tio n a l c o m p a ri so n s th a n th e fig u re s re g u la rly p u b lis h e d by e a c h c o u n try . Definitions Definitions Output per hour is derived by dividing an in F o r th e p rin c ip a l U .S . d e fin itio n s o f th e la bor force, employment, and unemployment, se e th e N o te s s e c tio n o n E m p lo y m e n t an d U n e m p lo y m e n t D a ta : H o u s e h o l d s u r v e y d e x o f in d u stry o u tp u t by an in d ex o f lab o r in p u t. F o r m o st in d u stries, output in d ex es are d e riv e d fro m d a ta o n th e v a lu e o f in d ustry o u t p u t a d ju s te d fo r p ric e ch an g e . F o r th e re m a in ing in d u stries, o u tp u t in dexes are d e riv e d fro m d a ta o n th e p h y sic a l q u a n tity o f p ro d u ctio n . T h e labor input series co n sist o f the hours o f all em p lo y e es (p ro d u ctio n a n d n o n p ro d u c tio n w o rk ers), th e h o u rs o f all perso n s (paid e m p lo y e es, p artn ers, p ro p rieto rs, an d u n p aid fam ily w o rk ers), o r the n u m b er o f em p lo y ees, d e p en d in g u p o n th e industry. Notes on the data T h e in d u s try m e a s u re s a re c o m p ile d fro m d a ta p ro d u c e d b y th e B u re a u o f L a b o r S ta tis tic s, th e D e p a rtm e n ts o f C o m m e rc e , I n te rio r, a n d A g ric u ltu re , th e F e d e ra l R e s e rv e B o a rd , re g u la to ry a g e n c ie s , tra d e a s s o c ia tio n s , a n d o th e r so u rc es. F o r m o s t i n d u s t r ie s , th e p r o d u c ti v i ty in d e x e s r e fe r to th e o u tp u t p e r h o u r o f a ll 52 M onthly Labor Review https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis d ata. Notes on the data T h e a d ju s te d s ta tistic s h a v e b e e n a d a p te d to th e a g e a t w h ic h c o m p u ls o ry s c h o o lin g e n d s in e a c h c o u n try , ra th e r th a n to th e U .S . s ta n d a rd o f 16 y e a rs o f a g e a n d o ld er. T h e re fo re , th e a d ju s te d sta tistic s re la te to th e p o p u la tio n a g e d 16 a n d o ld e r in F ra n c e , S w ed e n , a n d th e U n ite d K in g d o m ; 15 a n d o ld e r in C a n a d a , A u s tr a lia , J a p a n , G e rm a n y , I ta ly fro m 1993 o n w a rd , a n d th e N e th e rla n d s ; a n d 14 a n d o ld e r in Ita ly p rio r to 1993. T h e in s ti tu tio n a l p o p u la tio n is in c lu d e d in th e d e n o m in a to r o f th e la b o r fo rc e p a rtic ip a tio n ra te s a n d e m p lo y m e n t-p o p u la tio n ra tio s fo r J a p a n a n d G e rm a n y ; it is e x c lu d e d fo r th e U n ite d S ta te s a n d th e o th e r c o u n trie s . In th e U .S . la b o r fo rc e su rv e y , p e rs o n s o n August 2000 la y o ff w h o are aw aitin g re c a ll to th e ir jo b s are c la s s if i e d a s u n e m p lo y e d . E u r o p e a n a n d Ja p a n e s e la y o ff p ra c tic e s a re q u ite d iffe re n t in n a tu re fro m th o s e in th e U n ite d S ta te s; th e re fo re , s tric t a p p lic a tio n o f th e U .S . d e f i n itio n h a s n o t b e e n m a d e o n th is p o in t. F o r fu rth e r in fo rm a tio n , se e Monthly Labor Re view, D e c e m b e r 1981, p p . 8 -1 1 . T h e fig u re s fo r o n e o r m o re re c e n t y e a rs fo r F ra n c e , G e rm an y , Italy , th e N e th e rla n d s , an d th e U n ite d K in g d o m a re c a lc u la te d u sin g a d ju s tm e n t fa c to rs b a se d o n la b o r fo rc e s u r v e y s fo r e a rlie r y e a rs a n d a re c o n s id e re d p r e lim in ary . T h e r e c e n t- y e a r m e a s u re s fo r th e s e c o u n trie s , th e re fo re , a re s u b je c t to re v is io n w h e n e v e r d a ta fro m m o re c u rre n t la b o r fo rc e su rv e y s b e c o m e a v a ila b le . T h e re are b re a k s in th e d a ta se rie s fo r th e U n ite d S ta te s ( 1 9 9 0 , 1 9 9 4 , 1 9 9 7 , 1 9 9 8 ), F ra n c e (1 9 9 2 ), Ita ly ( 1 9 9 1 ,1 9 9 3 ) , th e N e th e rla n d s (1 9 8 8 ), a n d S w e d e n (1 9 8 7 ). F o r th e U n ite d S ta te s, th e b r e a k in se rie s re fle c ts a m a jo r re d e s ig n o f th e la b o r fo rc e su rv e y q u e s tio n n a ire a n d c o lle c tio n m e th o d o lo g y in tro d u c e d in J a n u a ry 1994. R e v is e d p o p u la tio n e s tim a te s b a s e d o n th e 1 9 9 0 c e n su s, a d ju s te d fo r th e e s tim a te d u n d e rc o u n t, a ls o w e re in c o rp o ra te d . In 1996, p re v io u s ly p u b lis h e d d a ta fo r th e 1 9 9 0 -9 3 p e rio d w e re r e v is e d to r e f l e c t th e 1 9 9 0 c e n s u s - b a s e d p o p u la tio n c o n tr o ls , a d ju s te d f o r th e u n d e rc o u n t. In 1997, re v is e d p o p u la tio n c o n tro ls w e re in tro d u c e d in to th e h o u s e h o ld s u r v e y . T h e r e f o r e , t h e d a ta a r e n o t s t r i c t l y c o n p a ra b le w ith p rio r y e a rs. In 1998, n e w c o m p o s ite e s tim a tio n p ro c e d u re s a n d m in o r re v is io n s in p o p u la tio n c o n tro ls w e re in tro d u c e d in to th e h o u s e h o ld su rv e y . T h e re fo re , th e d a ta are n o t s tric tly c o m p a ra b le w ith d a ta fo r 1997 a n d e a rlie r y e a rs. S e e th e N o te s se c tio n o n E m p lo y m e n t a n d U n e m p lo y m e n t D a ta o f th is Review. F o r F ra n c e , th e 1992 b re a k re fle c ts th e s u b s titu tio n o f sta n d a rd iz e d E u ro p e a n U n io n S ta tistic a l O ffic e ( eurostat ) u n e m p lo y m e n t s ta tis tic s f o r th e u n e m p lo y m e n t d a ta e s t i m a te d a c c o rd in g to th e In te rn a tio n a l L a b o r O ffic e ( ilo) d e fin itio n a n d p u b lis h e d in th e O rg a n iz a tio n f o r E c o n o m ic C o o p e ra tio n a n d D e v e lo p m e n t ( oecd ) a n n u a l y e a rb o o k a n d q u a rte rly u p d a te . T h is c h a n g e w a s m a d e b e c a u s e th e EUROSTAT d a ta are m o re u p -to -d a te th a n th e OECD fig u re s . A lso , sin c e 1 9 9 2 , th e EUROSTAT d e fin itio n s a re c lo s e r to th e U .S . d e fin itio n s th a n th e y w e re in p rio r y e a rs. T h e im p a c t o f th is r e v is io n w a s to lo w e r th e u n e m p lo y m e n t r a te b y 0.1 p e rc e n ta g e p o in t in 1992 a n d 1993, b y 0 .4 p e rc e n ta g e p o in t in 1994, a n d 0.5 p e rc e n ta g e p o in t in 1 995. F o r Italy , th e 1991 b re a k r e fle c ts a r e v i sio n in th e m e th o d o f w e ig h tin g s a m p le d a ta . T h e im p a c t w a s to in c re a s e th e u n e m p lo y m e n t ra te b y a p p ro x im a te ly 0.3 p e rc e n ta g e p o in t, fro m 6 .6 to 6.9 p e rc e n t in 1991. In O c to b e r 1992, th e su rv e y m e th o d o l- o g y w a s re v is e d a n d th e d e fin itio n o f u n e m p lo y m e n t w a s c h a n g e d to in c lu d e o n ly th o se w h o w e re a c tiv e ly lo o k in g fo r a jo b w ith in th e 3 0 d a y s p re c e d in g th e su rv e y an d w h o w e re a v a ila b le f o r w o rk . In a d d itio n , th e lo w e r a g e lim it fo r th e la b o r fo rc e w a s ra is e d fro m 14 to 15 y e a rs. (P rio r to th e s e c h a n g e s, bls a d ju s te d I t a l y ’s p u b lis h e d u n e m p lo y m e n t ra te d o w n w a rd b y e x c lu d in g fro m th e u n e m p l o y e d th o s e p e r s o n s w h o h a d n o t a c tiv e ly s o u g h t w o rk in th e p a s t 3 0 d a y s.) T h e b re a k in th e se rie s a ls o re fle c ts th e in c o rp o ra tio n o f th e 1991 p o p u la tio n c e n s u s re s u lts . T h e im p a c t o f th e s e c h a n g e s w a s to ra is e I t a l y ’s a d ju s te d u n e m p lo y m e n t ra te by a p p ro x im a te ly 1.2 p e rc e n ta g e p o in ts , fro m 8 .3 to 9 .5 p e r c e n t in f o u r th - q u a r te r 1992. in 1994, w h e n u n e m p lo y m e n t w as h ig h er. In 1998, th e a d ju s te d u n e m p lo y m e n t ra te h a d ris e n fro m 6.5 to 8 .4 p e rc e n t d u e to th e a d ju s tm e n t to in c lu d e stu d e n ts. T h e n e t e f f e c t o f th e 1 9 8 7 a n d 1993 c h a n g e s a n d th e bls a d ju s tm e n t fo r stu d e n ts se e k in g w o rk lo w e re d S w e d e n ’s 1987 u n e m p lo y m e n t ra te fro m 2.3 to 2 .2 p e rce n t. FOR ADDITIONAL INFORMATION o n th is s e rie s, c o n ta c t th e D iv isio n o f F o re ig n L a b o r S ta tistic s: (2 0 2 ) 6 9 1 - 5 6 5 4 . T h e s e c h a n g e s d id n o t a ffe c t e m p lo y m e n t sig n ific a n tly , e x c e p t in 1993. E s tim a te s by th e I ta lia n S ta tistic a l O ffic e in d ic a te th a t e m p l o y m e n t d e c lin e d b y a b o u t 3 p e r c e n t in 1993, r a th e r th a n th e n e a rly 4 p e rc e n t in d i c a te d b y th e d a ta s h o w n in ta b le 44 . T h is d if fe re n c e is a ttrib u ta b le m a in ly to th e in c o rp o ra tio n o f th e 1991 p o p u la tio n b e n c h m a rk s in th e 1993 d a ta . D a ta fo r e a rlie r y e a rs h a v e n o t b e e n a d ju s te d to in c o rp o ra te th e 1991 c e n su s re su lts . F o r th e N e th e rla n d s , a n e w su rv e y q u e s tio n n a ir e w a s i n tr o d u c e d in 1992 th a t a l lo w e d fo r a c lo s e r a p p lic a tio n o f ilo g u id e lin e s. eurostat h a s re v is e d th e D u tc h se ries b a c k to 1988 b a se d o n th e 1992 c h a n g e s. T h e 1988 re v is e d u n e m p lo y m e n t ra te is 7 .6 p e r c en t; th e p re v io u s e stim a te fo r th e sa m e y e a r w a s 9 .3 p e rc e n t. T h e re h a v e b e e n tw o b re a k s in se rie s in th e S w e d is h la b o r fo rc e su rv ey , in 1987 a n d 1 9 9 3 . A d ju s tm e n ts h a v e b e e n m a d e fo r th e 199 3 b r e a k b a c k to 1 9 87. In 198 7 , a n e w q u e s tio n n a ire w a s in tro d u c e d . Q u e s tio n s r e g a rd in g c u rre n t a v a ila b ility w e re a d d e d a n d th e p e rio d o f a c tiv e w o rk s e e k in g w as re d u c e d fro m 6 0 d a y s to 4 w e e k s. T h e s e c h a n g e s lo w e re d S w e d e n ’s 1987 u n e m p lo y m e n t ra te by 0 .4 p e rc e n ta g e p o in t, fro m 2.3 to 1.9 p e rce n t. In 1 9 9 3 , th e m e a s u re m e n t p e rio d fo r th e la b o r fo rc e su rv e y w a s c h a n g e d to re p re s e n t a ll 5 2 w e e k s o f th e y e a r ra th e r th a n o n e w e e k e a c h m o n th a n d a n e w a d ju s tm e n t fo r p o p u la tio n to ta ls w a s in tro d u c e d . T h e im p a c t w as to ra is e th e u n e m p lo y m e n t r a te by a p p ro x i m a te ly 0 .5 p e rc e n ta g e p o in t, fro m 7 .6 to 8.1 p e rc e n t. S ta tis tic s S w e d e n re v is e d its la b o r fo rc e su rv e y d a ta fo r 1 9 8 7 -9 2 to ta k e in to a c c o u n t th e b re a k in 1993. T h e a d ju s tm e n t ra is e d th e S w e d ish u n e m p lo y m e n t ra te b y 0 .2 p e rc e n ta g e p o in t in 1987 a n d g ra d u a lly ro se to 0 .5 p e rc e n ta g e p o in t in 1992. B e g in n in g w ith 1 9 8 7, bls h a s a d ju s te d th e S w e d is h d a ta to c la s s ify s tu d e n ts w h o a ls o s o u g h t w o rk as u n e m p lo y e d . T h e im p a c t o f th is c h a n g e w a s to in c re a s e th e a d ju s te d u n e m p lo y m e n t ra te b y 0.1 p e rc e n ta g e p o in t in 1987 a n d b y 1.8 p e rc e n ta g e p o in ts T ab le 45 p re s e n ts c o m p a ra tiv e in d e x e s o f m a n u fa c tu rin g la b o r p ro d u c tiv ity (o u tp u t p e r h o u r), o u tp u t, to ta l h o u rs, c o m p e n s a tio n p e r h o u r, a n d u n it la b o r c o s ts f o r th e U n ite d S ta te s , C a n a d a , Ja p a n , a n d n in e E u ro p e a n c o u n tries. T h e s e m e a su re s are tren d c o m p a ri so n s— th a t is, se rie s th a t m e a su re c h a n g e s o v e r tim e — ra th e r th a n le v e l c o m p a ris o n s. T h e re are g re a te r te c h n ic a l p ro b le m s in c o m p a rin g th e le v e ls o f m a n u fa c tu rin g o u tp u t a m o n g c o u n trie s . bls c o n stru c ts th e c o m p a ra tiv e in d e x e s fro m th re e b a sic a g g re g a te m e a su re s— o u t p u t, to ta l la b o r h o u rs, a n d to ta l c o m p e n s a tio n . T h e h o u rs a n d c o m p e n s a tio n m e a su re s r e fe r to a ll e m p lo y e d p e rso n s (w a g e a n d sa l ary e a rn e rs p lu s se lf-e m p lo y e d p e rs o n s a n d u n p a id fa m ily w o rk e rs) in th e U n ite d S ta te s, C a n a d a , J a p a n , F ra n c e , G e rm a n y , N o rw ay , a n d S w e d e n , a n d to all e m p lo y e e s (w a g e a n d sa la ry e a rn e rs) in th e o th e r c o u n trie s . https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Manufacturing productivity and labor costs Description of the series Definitions Output, in g e n e ra l, re fe rs to v a lu e a d d e d in m a n u fa c tu rin g fro m th e n a tio n a l a c c o u n ts o f e a c h c o u n try . H o w ev e r, th e o u tp u t se rie s fo r J a p a n p rio r to 1970 is an in d e x o f in d u stria l p ro d u c tio n , a n d th e n a tio n a l a c c o u n ts m e a su re s fo r th e U n ite d K in g d o m are e sse n tia lly id e n tic a l to th e ir in d e x e s o f in d u stria l p ro d u ctio n . T h e 1 9 7 7 -9 7 o u tp u t d a ta fo r the U n ited S tates are the g ro ss p ro d u c t orig in atin g (value ad d ed ) m ea su re s p re p are d by th e B u re au o f E c o n o m ic A n a ly sis o f th e U .S . D e p artm en t o f C o m m e rc e . C o m p a ra b le m a n u fa c tu rin g o u tp u t d a ta c u rren tly are n o t av ailab le p rio r to 1977. U .S . g ro ss p ro d u c t o rig in a tin g is a c h a in ty p e a n n u a l-w e ig h te d se ries. (F o r m o re in fo rm a tio n o n th e U .S . m e a su re , se e R o b e rt E . Y usk av ag e, “ Im p ro v e d E stim a te s o f G ro ss P r o d u c t b y In d u stry , 1 9 5 9 - 9 4 ,” Survey of Current Business, A u g u s t 1996, p p . 133— 5 5 .) T h e Ja p a n e se v a lu e a d d e d series is b a se d u p o n o n e se t o f fix e d p ric e w e ig h ts fo r th e y e a rs 1970 th ro u g h 1997. O u tp u t se rie s fo r th e o th er fo reig n e co n o m ies also e m p lo y fix ed p ric e w e ig h ts , b u t th e w e ig h ts a re u p d a te d perio d ically (for ex am p le, e v ery 5 o r 10 years). T o p re s e rv e th e c o m p a ra b ility o f th e U .S . m e a su re s w ith th o se fo r o th e r e c o n o m ie s, bls u se s g ro ss p ro d u c t o r ig in a tin g in m a n u fa c tu rin g fo r th e U n ite d S ta te s fo r th e s e c o m p a ra tiv e m e a su re s. T h e g ro ss p ro d u c t o rig i n a tin g se rie s d iffe rs fro m th e m a n u fa c tu rin g o u tp u t se rie s th a t bls p u b lis h e s in its n e w s re le a s e s o n q u a rte rly m e a s u re s o f U .S . p r o d u c tiv ity a n d c o sts (a n d th a t u n d e rlie s th e m e a su re s th a t a p p e a r in ta b le s 39 a n d 41 in th is s e c tio n ). T h e q u a rte rly m e a s u re s a re o n a “ se c to ra l o u tp u t” b a sis, ra th e r th an a v a lu e a d d e d b a sis. S e c to ra l o u tp u t is g ro ss o u tp u t less in tra s e c to r tra n s a c tio n s. Total labor hours re fe rs to h o u rs w o rk e d in all c o u n trie s . T h e m e a su re s a re d e v e lo p e d fro m sta tistics o f m a n u fa c tu rin g e m p lo y m e n t a n d a v era g e h o u rs. T h e series u se d fo r F ra n c e (fro m 1970 fo rw a rd ), N o rw a y , a n d S w e d e n a re o ffic ia l se rie s p u b lis h e d w ith th e n a tio n a l a cc o u n ts. W h e re o fficial to ta l h o u rs se ries are n o t a v a ila b le , th e m e a su re s a re d e v e lo p e d b y bls u sin g e m p lo y m e n t fig u res p u b lis h e d w ith th e n a tio n a l a c c o u n ts , o r o th e r c o m p re h e n s iv e e m p lo y m e n t s e rie s , a n d e s tim a te s o f a n n u al h o u rs w o rk e d . F o r G erm an y , bls u se s e stim a te s o f a v era g e h o u rs w o rk e d d e v e lo p e d b y a re s e a rc h in stitu te c o n n e c te d to th e M in istry o f L a b o r f o r u se w ith th e n a tio n a l a c c o u n ts e m p lo y m e n t fig u re s . F o r th e o th e r c o u n trie s , bls c o n s tru c ts its o w n e s tim a te s o f a v e ra g e h o u rs. D e n m a rk h a s n o t p u b lis h e d e s tim a te s o f a v era g e h o u rs fo r 1 9 9 4 -9 7 ; th e re fo re , th e bls m e a s u re o f la b o r in p u t fo r D e n m a rk e n d s in 1993. Total compensation (labor cost) in clu d es all p a y m e n ts in c a s h o r in -k in d m a d e d irec tly to e m p lo y e es p lu s e m p lo y e r e x p en d itu re s fo r leg ally re q u ire d in su ra n ce p ro g ra m s an d c o n trac tu a l an d p riv ate b e n efit p lan s. T h e m e a sures are fro m th e n a tio n a l a c c o u n ts o f e ac h co untry, e x ce p t th o se fo r B e lg iu m , w h ic h are d e v e lo p e d by BLS u sin g sta tistics o n e m p lo y m en t, a v erag e h o u rs, a n d h o u rly c o m p e n sa tion. F o r C a n ad a , F ra n c e, an d S w ed e n , c o m p e n sa tio n is in cre ased to a cc o u n t fo r o th e r sig n ific an t tax e s o n p a y ro ll o r e m p lo y m en t. F o r th e U n ited K in g d o m , c o m p e n sa tio n is re d u ce d b e tw ee n 1967 and 1991 to a c c o u n t fo r e m p lo y m e n t-re la te d su b s id ie s . S e lf-e m p lo y e d w o rk e rs a re in clu d e d in th e a ll-em p lo y ed -p e rso n s m e a su re s by a ssu m in g th a t th e ir h o u rly c o m p e n sa tio n is e q u al to th e a v era g e fo r w a g e an d salary e m p lo y e e s. Notes on the data In g e n e ra l, th e m e a su re s re la te to to ta l m a n u fa ctu rin g as d e fin e d b y th e In tern a tio n a l S ta n d a rd In d u s tria l C la s s ific a tio n . H o w e v e r, th e m e a su re s fo r F ra n c e (fo r a ll y e a rs) a n d Ita ly M onthly Labor Review A ugust 2000 53 Current Labor Statistics (b e g in n in g 1 970) re fe r to m in in g a n d m a n u fa c tu rin g less e n e rg y -re la te d p ro d u c ts , a n d th e m e a su re s fo r D e n m a rk in c lu d e m in in g a n d e x c lu d e m a n u fa c tu rin g h a n d ic ra fts fro m 1 9 6 0 to 1966. T h e m e a s u re s f o r r e c e n t y e a rs m a y be b a se d o n c u rre n t in d ic a to rs o f m a n u fa c tu r in g o u tp u t (su c h as in d u s tria l p ro d u c tio n in d e x e s ) , e m p lo y m e n t, a v e r a g e h o u r s , a n d h o u rly c o m p e n s a tio n u n til n a tio n a l a c c o u n ts a n d o th e r s ta tis tic s u se d fo r th e lo n g -te rm m e a s u re s b e c o m e a v a ila b le . F or additional information o n th is s e rie s , c o n ta c t th e D iv isio n o f F o re ig n L a b o r S ta tistic s : (2 0 2 ) 6 9 1 - 5 6 5 4 . O ccupational Injury and Illness Data (T ab les 4 6 - 4 7 ) Survey of O c c u p a tio n a l Injuries a n d Illnesses an o c c u p a tio n a l injury, c a u s e d by e x p o su re to fa c to rs a s s o c ia te d w ith e m p lo y m e n t. It in c lu d e s acu te an d ch ro n ic illn esses o r d ise ase w h ic h m ay b e c a u s e d b y in h ala tio n , a b so rp tio n , in g estio n , o r d irec t c o n tact. Lost workday injuries and illnesses are c a s e s th a t in v o lv e d a y s a w a y fro m w o rk , o r d a y s o f re s tric te d w o rk a c tiv ity , o r b o th . Lost workdays in c lu d e th e n u m b e r o f w o r k d a y s ( c o n s e c u tiv e o r n o t) o n w h ic h th e e m p lo y e e w a s e ith e r a w a y f ro m w o rk o r a t w o r k in s o m e r e s tr ic te d c a p a c ity , o r b o th , b e c a u s e o f a n o c c u p a tio n a l in ju ry o r illn e s s , bls m e a s u r e s o f th e n u m b e r a n d in c id e n c e r a te o f l o s t w o r k d a y s w e re d i s c o n tin u e d b e g in n in g w ith th e 199 3 su rv e y . T h e n u m b e r o f d a y s a w a y fro m w o r k o r d a y s o f r e s t r ic te d w o r k a c tiv ity d o e s n o t in c lu d e th e d a y o f in ju ry o r o n s e t o f illn e s s o r a n y d a y s o n w h ic h th e e m p lo y e e w o u ld n o t h a v e w o rk e d , s u c h as a F e d e r a l h o lid a y , e v e n th o u g h a b le to w o rk . Incidence rates a r e c o m p u te d a s th e n u m b e r o f i n ju r ie s a n d /o r i ll n e s s e s o r lo st w o rk d a y s p e r 100 fu ll-tim e w o rk e rs. Notes on the data Description of the series T h e S u rv ey o f O c cu p atio n al In juries an d Ill n esses co llects d ata fro m em p lo y ers ab o u t their w o rk e rs’ jo b -relate d n o n fatal injuries an d ill nesses. T h e in fo rm atio n that em ployers provide is b a se d o n reco rd s th at they m ain tain u n d er th e O c c u p a tio n a l S a fe ty a n d H e a lth A c t o f 1970. S elf-em p lo y ed individuals, farm s w ith fe w e r th an 11 e m p lo y ees, e m p lo y e rs reg u lated b y o th er F e d e ral safety an d h ealth law s, and F ed eral, S tate, an d local g o v e rn m e n t agencies are e x clu d ed fro m th e survey. T h e s u rv e y is a F e d e r a l- S ta te c o o p e r a tiv e p ro g ra m w ith an in d e p e n d e n t s a m p le s e l e c t e d f o r e a c h p a r t i c i p a t i n g S t a te . A s tr a tif ie d r a n d o m s a m p le w ith a N e y m a n a l lo c a tio n is s e le c te d to r e p re s e n t a ll p riv a te in d u s tr ie s in th e S ta te . T h e s u rv e y is s tr a ti f ie d b y S ta n d a r d I n d u s tr ia l C la s s if ic a tio n a n d s iz e o f e m p lo y m e n t. Definitions U n d e r th e O c c u p a tio n a l S a fe ty a n d H e a lth A c t, e m p lo y e rs m a in ta in re c o rd s o f n o n fa ta l w o rk -re la te d in ju rie s a n d illn e sse s th a t in v o lv e o n e o r m o re o f th e fo llo w in g : lo ss o f c o n sc io u s n e s s, re s tric tio n o f w o rk o r m o tio n , tra n s fe r to a n o th e r jo b , o r m e d ic a l tre a tm e n t o th e r th a n firs t aid . Occupational injury is an y injury su ch as a cut, fractu re, sprain, o r am p u tatio n th at re sults fro m a w o rk -re la ted ev en t o r a single, in stan tan eo u s e x p o su re in the w o rk environm ent. Occupational illness is an ab n o rm a l c o n d itio n o r d iso rd er, o th er than on e resulting from 54 M onthly Labor Review https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis T h e d e fin itio n s o f o c c u p a tio n a l in ju rie s a n d illn e sse s a re fro m Recordkeeping Guidelines for Occupational Injuries and Illnesses (U .S . D e p a rtm e n t o f L ab o r, B u re a u o f L a b o r S ta tis tic s, S e p te m b e r 1986). E stim ates are m ad e fo r industries an d e m p lo y m e n t size classes fo r total recordable cases, lost w orkday cases, days aw ay from w ork cases, a n d n o n fa ta l c a s e s w ith o u t lo st w o rk d a y s. T h ese d ata also are sh o w n separately fo r in ju ries. Illn ess d a ta are available fo r seven c ateg o ries: o ccu p atio n al skin d iseases o r disorders, d u st d iseases o f the lungs, resp irato ry co n d i tio n s d u e to toxic agents, p o iso n in g (system ic effects o f toxic agents), d isorders d ue to p h y si cal ag en ts (o th er th an toxic m aterials), d iso r ders asso ciated w ith rep eated trau m a, and all o th er occu p atio n al illnesses. T h e su rv e y c o n tin u e s to m ea su re th e n u m b e r o f n e w w o rk -re la ted illn ess c ases w h ich are re co g n ize d , d iag n o sed , an d re p o rte d d u r ing th e year. S o m e co n d itio n s, fo r ex am p le, lo n g -te rm late n t illn esses c au sed by ex p o su re to c arc in o g e n s, o ften are d iffic u lt to re la te to the w o rk p la ce a n d are n o t a d eq u a te ly re c o g n ize d a n d rep o rted . T h e s e lo n g -term late n t ill n esses are b e lie v ed to b e u n d e rstated in the s u rv e y ’s illn ess m easu re. In c o n trast, th e o v e r w h e lm in g m a jo rity o f th e re p o rte d n e w ill n e sse s are th o se w h ic h are e asie r to directly re la te to w o rk p la ce activ ity (for ex am p le, c o n ta c t d e rm a titis and c arp a l tu n n el sy n d ro m e). M o s t o f th e e stim a te s are in th e fo rm o f in cid e n ce ra te s, d e fin e d as th e n u m b e r o f in ju rie s a n d illn esses p e r 100 e q u iv a le n t fu ll tim e w o rk e rs. F o r th is p u rp o se , 2 0 0 ,0 0 0 e m p lo y e e h o u rs re p re se n t 100 e m p lo y e e y ears August 2000 (2 ,0 0 0 h o u rs p e r em p lo y e e). F u ll d e ta il o n th e av ailab le m ea su re s is p re se n te d in th e an n u al b u lletin , Occupational Injuries and Illnesses: Counts, Rates, and Characteristics. C o m p a ra b le d a ta fo r m o re th a n 4 0 S ta te s a n d te rrito rie s a re a v a ila b le fro m th e BLS O f fic e o f S afety , H e a lth an d W o rk in g C o n d i tio n s . M a n y o f th e s e S ta te s p u b lis h d a ta o n S ta te a n d lo ca l g o v e rn m e n t e m p lo y e e s in a d d itio n to p riv a te in d u stry d a ta . M in in g a n d r a ilro a d d a ta are fu rn is h e d to bls b y th e M in e S a fe ty a n d H e a lth A d m in is tra tio n a n d th e F e d e ra l R a ilro a d A d m in is tra tio n . D a ta fro m th e s e o rg a n iz a tio n s a re in c lu d e d in b o th th e n a tio n a l a n d S ta te d a ta p u b lis h e d a n n u ally . W ith th e 1992 su rv ey , bls b e g a n p u b lis h in g d e ta ils o n s e rio u s, n o n fa ta l in c id e n ts r e su ltin g in d a y s a w a y fro m w o rk . In c lu d e d are so m e m a jo r c h a ra c te ris tic s o f th e in ju re d a n d ill w o rk e rs, s u c h as o c c u p a tio n , a g e, g e n d e r, ra c e , a n d le n g th o f s e rv ic e , as w e ll as th e c ir c u m s ta n c e s o f th e ir in ju rie s a n d illn e sse s (n a tu re o f th e d is a b lin g c o n d itio n , p a rt o f b o d y a ffe c te d , e v e n t a n d e x p o s u re , an d th e so u rc e d ire c tly p ro d u c in g th e c o n d itio n ). In g e n e ra l, th e s e d a ta a re a v a ila b le n a tio n w id e fo r d e ta ile d in d u strie s a n d fo r in d iv id u a l S ta te s a t m o re a g g re g a te d in d u stry lev e ls. F or additional information o n o c c u p a tio n a l in ju rie s a n d illn e s s e s , c o n ta c t th e O ffic e o f O c c u p a tio n a l S a fe ty , H e a lth a n d W o rk in g C o n d itio n s a t (2 0 2 ) 6 9 1 - 6 1 8 0 , o r a c c e s s th e In te rn e t at: http ://www.bls.gov/oshhome.htm Census of Fatal O c c u p a tio n a l Injuries T h e C e n su s o f F a ta l O c c u p a tio n a l In ju rie s c o m p ile s a c o m p le te ro s te r o f fa ta l j o b - r e late d in ju rie s, in c lu d in g d e ta ile d d a ta a b o u t th e f a ta ll y i n ju r e d w o r k e r s a n d th e f a ta l e v e n ts . T h e p ro g ra m c o lle c ts a n d c ro s s c h e c k s fa ta lity in f o r m a tio n fro m m u ltip le so u rc e s , in c lu d in g d e a th c e rtific a te s , S ta te a n d F e d e ra l w o r k e r s ’ c o m p e n s a tio n re p o rts , O c c u p a tio n a l S a fe ty a n d H e a lth A d m in is tra tio n a n d M in e S a fe ty a n d H e a lth A d m in is tra tio n re c o rd s , m e d ic a l e x a m in e r a n d a u to p sy re p o rts , m e d ia a c c o u n ts , S ta te m o to r v e h ic le fa ta lity re c o rd s , a n d fo llo w -u p q u e s tio n n a ire s to e m p lo y e rs . In a d d itio n to p r iv a te w a g e a n d s a la ry w o r k e r s , th e s e l f - e m p lo y e d , fa m ily m e m b e rs , a n d F e d e r a l, S ta te , a n d lo c a l g o v e r n m e n t w o r k e r s a re c o v e r e d b y th e p r o g r a m . T o b e in c lu d e d in th e f a ta lity c e n s u s , th e d e c e d e n t m u s t h a v e b e e n e m p lo y e d ( th a t is w o r k in g f o r p a y , c o m p e n s a tio n , o r p r o f it) a t th e tim e o f th e e v e n t, e n g a g e d in a le g a l w o rk a c tiv ity , o r p r e s e n t a t th e s ite o f th e i n c i d e n t a s a r e q u i r e m e n t o f h is o r h e r jo b . Definition r e l a t e d i ll n e s s e s , w h ic h c a n b e d i f f i c u l t to iden tify d u e to long laten cy perio d s. A fatal work injury is an y in te n tio n a l o r u n in te n tio n a l w o u n d o r d a m a g e to th e b o d y re su ltin g in d e ath fro m a cu te ex p o su re to energy, su c h as h e a t o r e lectricity , o r k in etic e n erg y fro m a c rash , o r fro m th e a b se n ce o f s u c h e s sen tials as h e a t o r o x y g e n c au sed by a sp ecific e v e n t o r in c id e n t o r series o f e v en ts w ith in a sin g le w o rk d a y o r sh ift. F a talitie s th at o c cu r d u rin g a p e rs o n ’s c o m m u te to o r fro m w o rk are e x c lu d e d fro m th e c en su s, as w ell as w ork- Notes on the data T w e n ty -e ig h t d a ta e le m e n ts a re c o lle c te d , c o d e d , a n d ta b u la te d in th e fa ta lity p ro g ra m , in c lu d in g in fo rm a tio n a b o u t th e fa ta lly in ju r e d w o rk e r, th e fa ta l in c id e n t, a n d th e m a c h in e ry o r e q u ip m e n t in v o lv e d . S u m m a ry w o rk e r d e m o g ra p h ic d a ta a n d e v e n t c h a r a c te ris tic s a re in c lu d e d in a n a tio n a l n e w s r e le a se th a t is a v a ila b le a b o u t 8 m o n th s a fte r th e e n d o f th e r e fe r e n c e y e ar. T h e C e n s u s o f F a ta l O c c u p a tio n a l In ju rie s w a s in itia te d in 1992 as a j o in t F e d e r a l- S ta te e ffo rt. M o s t S ta te s issu e s u m m a ry in fo rm a tio n a t th e tim e o f th e n a tio n a l n e w s re le a s e . F o r a d d i t i o n a l i n f o r m a t i o n o n th e C e n su s o f F a ta l O c c u p a tio n a l In ju rie s c o n ta c t th e b l s O f f ic e o f S a fe ty , H e a lth , a n d W o rk in g C o n d itio n s a t (2 0 2 ) 6 9 1 - 6 1 7 5 , o r th e In te rn e t at: http://www.bls.gov/oshhome.htm Bureau of Labor Statistics Internet The Bureau of Labor Statistics World Wide Web site on the Internet contains a range of data on consumer and producer prices, employment and unemployment, occupational com pensation, employee benefits, workplace injuries and illnesses, and productivity. The homepage can be accessed using any Web browser: http://stats.bls.gov Also, some data can be accessed through anonymous f t p or Gopher at stats.bls.gov https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis M onthly Labor Review A ugust 2000 55 Current Labor Statistics: C om parative Indicators 1. Labor market indicators III II I IV III II 2000 1999 1998 1999 Selected indicators II I IV Employment data Employment status of the civilian noninstitutionalized population (household survey):' 67.1 64.1 4.5 4.4 67.1 64.3 4.2 4.1 11.1 3.2 4.6 9.8 3.6 10.3 3.0 4.3 9.5 3.3 125,865 106,042 25,414 18,805 100,451 128,786 108,616 25,482 18,543 103,304 Labor force participation rate.................................................... Employment-population ratio.................................................... Unemployment rate................................................................. Men...................................................................................... 16 to 24 years...................................................................... 25 years and over................................................................ Women................................................................................. 16 to 24 years...................................................................... 25 years and over............................................................... 67.1 64.2 4.3 4.2 10.4 67.0 64.2 4.2 4.1 3.0 4.4 9.2 3.4 3.0 4.4 9.5 67.0 64.3 4.1 4.0 10.4 2.9 4.2 9.4 3.6 67.2 64.3 4.3 4.2 10.4 3.0 4.4 9.8 3.4 3.3 3.1 126,967 107,016 25,469 18,716 101,498 127,800 107,741 25,488 18,632 102,312 128,430 108,319 25,454 18,543 102,976 129,073 108,874 25,459 18,516 103,614 129,783 109,507 25,524 18,482 104,259 67.1 64.1 4.4 4.3 3.6 67.0 64.0 4.5 4.5 11.5 3.2 4.5 9.9 3.5 125,486 105,726 25,427 18,871 100,059 126,180 106,321 25,408 18,765 100,772 67.0 64.1 4.4 4.3 10.7 3.1 4.6 9.7 1 0 .6 3.1 4.6 9.4 1 0 .0 67.5 64.7 4.1 4.0 9.7 2.9 4.2 9.6 3.2 67.3 64.6 4.0 3.9 9.7 2 .8 4.1 9.0 3.2 Employment, nonfarm (payroll data), in thousands:1 Total........................................................................................ Goods-producing................................................................. Manufacturing.................................................................. Service-producing................................................................ 130,626 110,195 25,680 18,481 104,946 131,537 110,711 25,704 18,487 105,833 Average hours: 34.6 41.7 4.6 34.5 41.7 4.6 34.6 41.7 4.6 34.6 41.7 4.6 34.6 41.7 34.5 41.6 34.5 41.7 34.5 41.8 34.5 41.7 34.5 41.7 34.5 41.7 4.5 4 .5 4.6 4 .6 4 .7 4 .6 4 .7 3.4 3.5 3.4 3.4 .8 1.2 .6 1.1 1.1 .6 .4 .4 1 .0 .9 2 .8 3.4 .8 .7 .5 .8 3.4 3.4 .8 1.3 1.5 .6 State and local government workers...................................... 3.8 3.0 .3 .5 Workers by bargaining status (private industry): Union...................................................................................... Nonunion................................................................................ 3.0 3.5 2.7 3.6 1 .0 1.1 .5 1.1 .6 .4 .5 .7 .8 1 .2 Private sector........................................................................ Manufacturing..................................................................... Overtime.......................................................................... Employment Cost Index2 Percent change in the ECI, compensation: All workers (excluding farm, household and Federal workers).... Private industry workers........................................................ Goods-producing3 ............................................................. Service-producing3 ........................................................... 1 2 3 .3 .6 .9 .9 .9 1.3 1.5 “ .7 .9 1 .0 1 .6 - 1.3 .4 .9 1.5 .8 1.4 1 .0 .6 “ .9 .9 .7 1 .0 1.3 1.5 “ 1.1 Quarterly data seasonally adjusted. Annual changes are December-to-December changes. Quarterly changes are calculated using the last month of each quarter. Goods-producing industries include mining, construction, and manufacturing. Service-producing industries include all other private sector industries. Note: Dash indicates data not available. M onthly Labor Review 56 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis August 2000 2. Annual and quarterly percent changes in compensation, prices, and productivity Selected measures 1998 1998 1999 I 1999 II III IV I II 2000 III IV I Compensation data1’2 Employment Cost Index—compensation (wages, salaries, benefits): Civilian nonfarm.................................................................. 3.4 3.4 0 .8 0 .8 1 .2 0 .6 0.4 1 .0 Private nonfarm.............................................................. 3.5 3.4 .9 .9 1.1 .6 .4 1.1 1.1 0.9 1.3 .9 1.5 .9 Employment Cost Index—wages and salaries: Civilian nonfarm................................................................ 3.7 3.5 .7 1.3 .7 .5 1 .0 .8 1 .1 Private nonfarm.............................................................. 3.9 3.5 1.1 .9 1.3 .6 .5 1 .2 .9 .9 1 .2 1 .6 2.7 .6 .5 .4 .2 .7 .7 1 .0 .2 1.7 Finished goods.................................................................... .0 2.9 Finished consumer goods................................................ .0 3.8 .9 1.1 Price data1 Consumer Price Index (All Urban Consumers): All Items..... Producer Price Index: - - .8 .5 - .1 .4 .0 1 .2 1.5 .1 1 .6 1 .0 .8 .0 .2 .0 1 .8 2 .2 - .2 2 .0 Capital equipment............................................................ .0 .3 .0 -.5 -.4 Intermediate materials, supplies, and components............. Crude materials.................................................................... -3.3 3.7 -1.4 .2 -.5 -16.7 15.3 - 8 .8 1 .8 - .9 - .1 -.4 -.4 1 .2 .1 1 .6 - .2 1.9 1.9 .1 2 .0 -5.6 -2.5 - .1 9.4 1 0 .2 -3.5 9.5 - Productivity data3 Output per hour of all persons: Business sector.................................................................... 2.9 3.2 4.8 .7 3.5 4.3 2.9 .8 4.7 6 .6 1 .8 Nonfarm business sector...................................................... 2 .8 3.0 4.7 1 .0 3.2 4.1 2.7 .5 5.0 6.9 2.4 Nonfinancial corporations4 ................................................... 4.0 4.0 3.7 3.9 5.9 3.1 4.1 3.4 4.0 5.1 3.6 Annual changes are December-to-December changes. Quarterly changes are calculated using the last month of each quarter. Compensation and price data are not seasonally adjusted, and the price data are not compounded. 1 2 Excludes Federal and private household workers. 3 Annual rates of change are computed by comparing annual averages. Quarterly per- cent changes reflect annual rates of change in quarterly indexes. The data are seasonally adjusted. 4 Output per hour of all employees. 3. Alternative measures of wage and compensation changes Quarterly average Components 1998 IV Four quarters ending— 1999 I II III IV 2000 1998 I IV 1999 I II 2000 III IV I Average hourly compensation: 1 All persons, business sector......................................................... All persons, nonfarm business sector.......................................... 4.9 4.6 4.9 4.2 5.1 4.7 4.5 4.6 .6 .4 .4 .4 .5 .5 1 .0 1.1 1.1 .9 .9 .9 1.5 3.3 3.8 3.5 4.1 5.4 5.4 5.4 5.2 5.3 4.9 4.9 4.5 4.5 4.3 4.1 4.3 .9 .9 .7 1 .0 1.3 1.5 1.3 1.5 1 .0 .6 3.4 3.5 3.0 3.5 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 2.9 3.2 3.3 2.7 3.4 3.0 3.1 3.1 2.5 3.2 2.9 3.4 3.4 2.7 3.6 3.4 4.3 4.6 3.6 4.7 3.6 3.7 3.9 3.3 4.0 3.1 3.3 3.3 3.1 3.3 2.9 3.6 3.6 3.1 3.7 3.1 3.3 3.2 2.5 3.3 3.3 3.5 3.5 4.0 4.2 2.7 4.4 3.8 Employment Cost Index—compensation: Civilian nonfarm2 ............................................................... Private nonfarm......................................................................... Union........................................................................................ Nonunion.................................................................................. State and local governments..................................................... .6 .5 .6 .6 .7 1 .2 .4 Employment Cost Index—wages and salaries: Civilian nonfarm2 ........................................................................... .7 Private nonfarm.......................................................................... Union........................................................................................ Nonunion.................................................................................. State and local governments..................................................... .6 .5 .7 .7 .5 .5 .4 .5 .4 1 .0 1.1 .8 1.1 1 .2 .9 .7 .9 1.9 .9 1 .2 .6 .5 1.3 .8 1 .2 .4 1 Seasonally adjusted. "Quarterly average" is percent change from a quarter ago, at an annual rate. 2 Excludes Federal and household workers. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis .9 .9 .6 M onthly Labor Review 2 .6 3.6 3.6 August 2000 57 Current Labor Statistics: Labor Force Data 4. Employment status of the population, by sex, age, race, and Hispanic origin, monthly data seasonally adjusted [Numbers in thousands] Employment status 2000 1999 Annual average 1999 June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June 207,753 139,368 67.1 133,488 207,632 139,332 67.1 133,398 207,828 139,336 67.0 133,399 208,038 139,372 67.0 133,530 208,265 139,475 67.0 133,650 208,483 139,697 67.0 133,940 208,666 139,834 67.0 134,098 208,832 140,108 67.1 134,420 208,782 140,910 67.5 135,221 208,907 141,165 67.6 135,362 209,053 140,867 67.4 135,159 209,216 141,230 67.5 135,706 209,371 140,489 67.1 134,715 209,543 140,762 67.2 135,179 64.3 5,880 4.2 68,385 64.2 5,934 4.3 68,300 64.2 5,937 4.3 68,492 64.2 5,842 4.2 6 8 ,6 6 6 64.2 5,825 4.2 68,790 64.2 5,757 4.1 68,786 64.3 5,736 4.1 68,832 64.4 5,688 4.1 68,724 64.8 5,689 4.0 67,872 64.8 5,804 4.1 67,742 64.7 5,708 4.1 68,187 64.9 5,524 3.9 67,986 64.3 5,774 4.1 68,882 64.5 5,583 4.0 68,781 90,790 69,715 76.8 67,135 91,555 70,194 76.7 67,761 91,487 70,116 76.6 67,645 91,561 70,167 76.6 67,703 91,692 70,240 76.6 67,768 91,793 70,328 76.6 67,943 91,896 70,339 76.5 67,898 91,986 70,388 76.5 68,037 92,052 70,529 76.6 68,197 92,057 70,917 77.0 68,585 92,092 71,120 77.2 68,691 92,145 70,822 76.9 68,480 92,303 70,761 76.7 68,481 92,408 70,603 76.4 68,230 92,546 70,714 76.4 68,430 73.9 2,350 74.0 2,244 73.9 2,246 73.9 2,256 73.9 2,237 74.0 2,189 73.9 2,206 74.0 2,262 74.1 2,227 74.5 2,303 74.6 2,309 74.3 2,232 74.2 2,213 73.8 2,217 73.9 2,269 64,785 2,580 3.7 65,517 2,433 3.5 65,399 2,471 3.5 65,447 2,464 3.5 65,531 2,472 3.5 65,754 2,385 3.4 65,692 2,441 3.5 65,775 2,351 3.3 65,970 2,332 3.3 66,282 2,332 3.3 66,382 2,429 3.4 66,249 2,342 3.3 66,269 2,280 3.2 66,013 2,373 3.4 66,161 2,284 3.2 98,786 59,702 60.4 57,278 100,158 60,840 60.7 58,555 100,131 60,988 60.9 58,647 100,203 60,852 60.7 58,477 100,285 60,904 60.7 58,648 100,385 60,860 60.6 58,630 100,458 60,955 60.7 58,800 100,573 61,052 60.7 58,838 1 0 0 ,6 6 6 100,579 61,576 61.2 59,280 1 0 0 ,6 6 6 61,154 60.7 58,958 61,575 61.2 59,398 100,713 61,671 61.2 59,422 100,809 61,920 61.4 59,757 100,929 61,614 61.0 59,248 101,007 61,596 61.0 59,278 58.0 768 58.5 803 58.6 851 58.4 798 58.5 780 58.4 778 58.5 800 58.5 768 58.6 791 58.9 826 59.0 871 59.0 894 59.3 899 58.7 864 58.7 834 56,510 2,424 4.1 57,752 2,285 3.8 57,796 2,341 3.8 57,679 2,375 3.9 57,868 2,256 3.7 57,852 2,230 3.7 58,000 2,155 3.5 58,070 2,214 3.6 58,167 2,196 3.6 58,454 2,297 3.7 58,526 2,178 3.5 58,528 2,249 3.6 58,858 2,163 3.5 58,383 2,367 3.8 58,444 2,318 3.8 15,644 8,256 52.8 7,051 16,040 8,333 52.0 7,172 16,014 8,228 51.4 7,106 16,065 8,317 51.8 7,219 16,061 8,228 51.2 7,114 16,086 8,287 51.5 7,077 16,129 8,403 52.1 7,242 16,107 8,394 52.1 7,223 16,114 8,425 52.3 7,265 16,147 8,416 52.1 7,356 16,149 8,470 52.4 7,273 16,196 8,374 51.7 7,257 16,104 8,549 53.1 7,467 16,034 8,271 51.6 7,237 15,991 8,452 52.9 7,471 45.1 261 44.7 234 44.4 233 44.9 224 44.3 217 44.0 44.9 232 44.8 280 45.1 261 45.6 242 45.0 228 44.8 233 46.4 243 45.1 217 46.7 218 6,790 1,205 14.6 6,938 1,162 13.9 6,873 6,897 1,114 13.5 6,865 6,943 1,171 14.0 7,004 1,160 13.8 1 2 .6 7,046 1,197 14.1 7,024 1,117 13.3 7,224 1,082 12.7 7,020 1,034 12.5 7,253 981 14.6 7,010 1,161 13.8 7,114 1,060 13.6 6,995 1,098 13.2 171,478 115,415 67.3 Employed..................... 110,931 Employment-pop64.7 4,484 Unemployed................ Unemployment rate... 3.9 Black 173,085 116,509 67.3 112,235 172,999 116,518 67.4 112,115 173,133 116,492 67.3 112,193 173,275 116,619 67.3 112,308 173,432 116,495 67.2 112,303 173,585 116,654 67.2 112,548 173,709 116,703 67.2 112,611 173,821 117,008 67.3 112,951 173,812 117,716 67.7 113,704 173,886 117,821 67.8 113,634 173,983 117,832 67.7 113,630 174,092 117,988 67.8 113,915 174,197 117,097 67.2 112,988 174,316 117,451 67.4 113,484 64.8 4,273 3.7 64.8 4,403 3.8 64.8 4,299 3.7 64.8 4,311 3.7 64.8 4,192 3.6 64.8 4,106 3.5 64.8 4,092 3.5 65.0 4,057 3.5 65.4 4,011 3.4 65.3 4,187 3.6 65.3 4,202 3.6 65.4 4,073 3.5 64.9 4,108 3.5 65.1 3,967 3.4 24,373 15,982 65.6 14,556 24,855 16,365 65.8 15,056 24,833 16,308 65.7 15,069 24,867 16,366 65.8 14,962 24,904 16,321 65.5 15,047 24,946 16,474 24,985 16,489 25,019 16,508 25,161 16,596 6 6 .0 6 6 .0 6 6 .0 6 6 .2 6 6 .0 15,124 15,187 25,076 16,785 66.9 15,471 25,135 16,636 6 6 .0 25,047 16,622 66.4 15,254 25,105 16,572 15,114 25,051 16,513 65.9 15,204 15,356 15,444 15,261 25,191 16,557 65.8 15,275 59.7 1,426 8.9 60.6 1,309 60.7 1,239 7.6 60.2 1,404 60.4 1,274 7.8 60.6 1,360 8.3 60.5 1,365 8.3 60.7 1,321 60.7 1,309 7.9 60.9 1,368 61.7 1,314 7.8 61.2 1,216 7.3 61.4 1,191 7.2 60.7 1,335 1998 TOTAL Civilian noninstitutional population1....................... 205,220 Civilian labor force............ 137,673 67.1 Participation rate........ Employed..................... 131,463 Employment-pop64.1 ulation ratio2............ 6 ,2 1 0 Unemployed................. Unemployment rate.... 4.5 Not in the labor force....... 67,547 Men, 20 years and over Civilian noninstitutional population1....................... Civilian labor force............ Participation rate....... Employed..................... Employment-population ratio2........... Agriculture................. Nonagricultural industries................ Unemployed................. Unemployment rate.... Women, 20 years and over Civilian noninstitutional Civilian labor force........... Participation rate....... Employed..................... Employment-population ratio2........... Agriculture................. Nonagricultural industries................ Unemployed................. Unemployment rate.... Both sexes, 16 to 19 years Civilian noninstitutional Civilian labor force........... Participation rate....... Employed..................... Employment-population ratio2 ........... Agriculture................. Nonagricultural industries............... Unemployed................. Unemployment rate... White 1 ,1 2 2 212 1 ,2 1 0 1 1 .6 Civilian noninstitutional Civilian noninstitutional population1...................... Employed.................... Employment-population ratio2........... Unemployed................ Unemployment rate... 8 .0 8 .6 See footnotes at end of table. 58 M onthly Labor Review https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis August 2000 8 .0 8 .2 8 .0 60.6 1,302 7.9 4. Continued—Employment status of the population, by sex, age, race, and Hispanic origin, monthly data seasonally adjusted [Numbers in thousands] Employment status Annual average 1999 2000 1998 1999 June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June 21,070 14,317 67.9 13,291 21,650 14,665 67.7 13,720 21,618 14,624 67.6 13,655 21,684 14,617 67.4 13,696 21,752 14,710 67.6 13,759 21,820 14,766 67.7 13,795 21,881 14,809 67.7 13,879 21,947 14,887 67.8 13,979 22,008 14,984 22,108 15,249 69.0 14,382 22,166 15,313 69.1 14,355 22,231 15,355 69.1 14,524 22,292 15,322 68.7 14,432 22,355 15,325 14,095 22,047 15,251 69.2 14,395 63.1 1,026 7.2 63.4 945 6.4 63.2 969 63.2 921 6.3 63.3 951 6.5 63.2 971 63.4 930 6.3 63.7 908 64.0 889 5.9 65.3 856 5.6 65.1 64.8 958 6.3 65.3 831 5.4 64.7 890 5.8 64.7 864 5.6 Hispanic origin Civilian noninstitutional population1 ....................... Civilian labor force............. Participation rate........ Employed..................... Employment-population ratio2............ Unemployed................. Unemployment rate.... 6 .6 6 .6 The population figures are not seasonally adjusted. 2 Civilian employment as a percent of the civilian noninstitutional population. Note : Detail for the above race and Hispanic-origin groups will not sum to totals because 5. 6.1 6 8 .1 868 5.7 6 8 .6 14,461 data for the "other races" groups are not presented and Hispanics are included in both the white and black population groups. Selected employment indicators, monthly data seasonally adjusted [In thousands] Selected categories Annual average 1999 2000 1998 1999 June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June Characteristic Employed, 16 years and over.. Men................................... Women............................. 131,463 70,693 60,771 133,488 71,446 62,042 133,398 71,330 62,068 133,399 71,437 61,962 133,530 71,436 62,094 133,650 71,630 62,020 133,940 71,623 62,317 134,098 71,732 62,366 134,420 71,927 62,493 135,221 72,358 62,863 135,362 72,473 62,889 135,159 72,313 62,846 135,706 72,307 63,399 134,715 71,948 62,767 135,179 72,217 62,962 Married men, spouse present............................. 42,923 43,254 43,279 43,350 43,368 43,367 43,206 43,273 43,283 43,951 43,535 43,297 43,272 43,216 43,357 Married women, spouse present............................. 32,872 33,450 33,758 33,387 33,504 33,275 33,521 33,635 33,762 34,166 33,882 33,780 33,877 33,786 33,824 Women who maintain families............................. 7,904 8,229 8,028 8,272 8,335 8,312 8,398 8,526 8,375 8,362 8 ,2 2 0 8,082 8,307 8,301 8,280 Wage and salary workers.... 2 ,0 0 0 Self-employed workers....... 1,341 Unpaid family workers......... 38 Nonagricultural industries: Wage and salary workers.... 119,019 Government....................... 18,383 Private industries............... 100,637 Private households........ 962 Other............................ 99,674 Self-employed workers...... 8,962 Unpaid family workers........ 103 1,944 1,297 40 1,923 1,341 39 1,939 1,292 45 1,908 1,266 46 1,930 1,198 40 1,936 1,267 42 2,049 1,216 41 2,018 36 2,024 1,320 38 2,025 1,344 51 2,043 1,292 42 2,054 1,272 43 2,006 1,252 38 2,059 1,175 50 121,323 18,903 102,420 933 101,487 8,790 95 121,006 19,007 101,999 983 101,016 8,840 121,188 19,032 102,156 944 121,654 18,817 102,837 939 101,898 8,833 121,965 18,902 103,063 944 102,119 8,820 77 121,583 19,080 102,503 1,035 101,468 8,791 88 121,150 19,114 102,036 873 101,163 9,000 93 100 101 108 122,426 18,959 103,467 948 102,519 8,662 98 122,823 19,013 103,810 952 102,858 8,802 92 123,166 19,394 103,772 1,016 102,756 8,793 74 123,169 19,598 103,571 998 102,573 8,704 107 123,623 19,280 104,343 1,019 103,324 8,750 103 122,860 19,169 103,691 953 102,783 8,714 82 123,002 18,777 104,225 957 103,268 8,665 71 3,665 3,357 3,377 3,316 3,279 3,283 3,179 3,274 3,320 3,219 3,139 3,124 3,124 3,248 3,117 2,095 1,968 2,048 1,974 1,904 1,922 1,928 1,930 1,951 1,893 1,807 1,820 1,844 1,962 1,811 1,258 1,079 1,045 1,050 1,057 1,073 993 1,032 1,025 1 ,0 1 2 1,023 953 1,016 978 1 ,0 2 2 18,530 18,758 18,716 18,983 19,230 18,801 18,799 18,651 18,618 18,889 19,031 18,770 18,474 18,409 18,308 3,501 Class of worker Myricunure: 1 0 1 ,2 1 2 8 ,6 8 6 1 ,2 1 1 Persons at work part time1 All industries: Part time for economic reasons............................. Slack work or business conditions..................... Could only find part-time work.............................. Part time for noneconomic reasons............................ Nonagricultural industries: Part time for economic reasons............................. Slack work or business conditions..................... Could only find part-time work.............................. Part time for noneconomic reasons........................... 1 3,189 3,209 3,142 3,127 3,112 2,983 3,105 3,157 3,066 2,985 3,003 3,021 3,096 2,967 1,997 1,861 1,902 1,850 1,813 1,806 1,807 1,815 1,843 1,801 1,705 1,766 1,782 1,840 1,713 1,228 1,056 1,031 1,034 1,041 1,063 964 1,013 1,018 966 1,005 922 989 962 994 17,954 18,197 18,106 18,466 18,652 18,273 18,249 18,083 18,061 18,347 Excludes persons "with a job but not at work" during the survey period for such reasons as vacation, illness, or industrial disputes. 18,406 18,184 17,943 17,853 17,743 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis M onthly Labor Review A ugust 2000 59 Current Labor Statistics: 6. Labor Force Data Selected unemployment indicators, monthly data seasonally adjusted [Unemployment rates] 1998 1999 2000 1999 Annual average Selected categories June July Aug. Sept. 4.3 13.6 3.5 3.8 4.3 13.2 3.5 3.9 4.2 13.5 3.5 3.7 4.2 14.6 3.4 3.7 3.7 11.7 12.3 1 1 .0 Oct. Nov. Dec. 4.1 14.0 3.3 3.6 4.1 13.8 3.3 3.6 Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June Characteristic Total, 16 years and over........................... Both sexes, 16 to 19 years.................... Men, 20 years and over........................ Women, 20 years and over................... White, total............................................ Both sexes, 16 to 19 years............... Men, 16 to 19 years...................... Women, 16 to 19 years................. Men, 20 years and over....,.............. Women, 20 years and over.............. 4.5 14.6 3.7 4.1 4.2 13.9 3.5 3.8 1 0 .0 10.7 10.5 2 .8 2 .8 2 .8 3.1 3.3 3.2 7.2 8 .0 2 2 .2 2 2 .0 23.9 27.7 22.4 2 0 .2 6 .6 7.9 25.4 32.0 18.2 6.9 12.4 9.1 2 .8 2 .8 2 .8 3.1 3.0 3.1 8 .0 23.9 24.0 23.8 7.4 7.2 7.8 24.3 22.3 26.6 7.1 6.5 7.3 25.1 21.3 28.9 6.4 6 .1 5.8 7.2 7.0 5.6 5.7 6.3 5.4 5.8 1.9 2.9 6.5 3.9 5.3 6 .1 6 .6 7.6 24.8 28.8 13.0 1 2 .1 13.3 10.9 7.9 25.3 27.5 23.0 7.0 6.7 8 .0 3.5 1 0 .6 1 2 .8 8.3 30.8 35.3 26.1 7.7 1 1 .1 3.5 1 1 .6 1 1 .2 8.3 30.8 30.3 31.4 7.1 6.7 1 2 .0 3.6 11.7 11.3 3.4 1 0 .8 7.8 28.1 29.6 26.7 6.3 6.9 1 2 .0 11.3 3.0 3.3 3.6 12.5 14.4 10.4 2.9 3.1 3.5 1 2 .2 8 .6 1 2 .6 3.9 12.7 3.2 3.5 3.5 26.9 30.7 23.4 7.2 7.7 14.1 10.9 3.2 3.4 3.7 11.4 11.7 11.9 11.7 2.9 3.1 8 .2 2.9 3.2 8.9 27.6 30.1 25.3 7.4 7.9 27.9 30.9 25.1 6.7 6 .8 6.4 6.7 Hispanic origin, total.......................... 7.2 6.4 6 .6 6.3 6.5 6 .6 6.3 6 .1 5.9 Married men, spouse present............ Married women, spouse present....... 2.4 2.9 7.2 4.3 5.3 2 .2 2 .2 2.3 2 .2 2 .1 2 .2 2 .0 2 .1 2 .0 1 .8 2.7 6.5 4.0 5.3 2 .8 2.3 2.7 6.3 4.1 4.6 2 .2 2.7 6.4 4.1 5.0 2 .6 2.5 2.5 2.5 2 .6 2 .6 2.7 2 .6 6.4 4.0 5.0 6 .0 6 .0 6 .2 6 .2 6 .1 6 .8 4.0 4.7 3.9 4.9 3.9 4.9 3.9 4.6 3.9 4.9 3.8 5.1 6.3 3.8 4.6 4.6 3.2 7.5 3.9 3.4 4.7 3.4 5.5 2.5 4.5 2.3 8.3 4.3 5.7 7.0 3.6 3.5 3.9 3.0 5.2 2.3 4.1 4.4 4.8 7.3 3.7 3.5 4.0 2.9 5.3 2.4 4.2 2.3 9.3 4.4 4.3 6.7 6.9 3.9 4.0 3.9 4.2 4.6 5.7 3.7 3.7 3.7 3.3 5.3 2.3 3.9 4.2 2 .6 5.2 2.3 4.1 4.2 5.0 6.7 3.7 3.5 4.0 3.1 4.9 2.3 4.0 4.1 4.1 6.9 3.5 3.7 3.1 3.4 5.2 2.4 4.4 4.2 4.2 7.6 3.8 3.7 4.1 3.0 4.8 2.4 4.0 3.8 3.9 3.7 5.1 2.5 4.2 4.2 4.0 7.5 3.3 3.0 3.8 3.2 5.3 2.9 3.7 2 .2 2 .1 2 .0 2 .1 2 .0 2 .1 2 .1 2 .2 9.0 9.6 5.7 7.7 8.3 7.1 5.0 6.5 4.3 2.5 6.9 3.9 3.0 5.2 3.1 5.4 2.4 4.0 1.7 5.6 7.1 4.0 6.7 3.5 6 .8 6 .8 6 .6 6 .6 6 .0 3.3 3.5 3.5 3.5 6.9 3.4 6 .1 3.5 6.5 3.3 6 .0 3.6 7.0 3.5 6 .8 3.8 3.0 2 .8 2 .6 3.0 3.1 1 .8 1 .6 2.7 1.7 2.9 2 .0 2.7 1.7 2 .6 1 .8 2.7 1.7 2.5 1 .8 1 .8 1 .8 1 .6 Black, total............................................ Both sexes, 16 to 19 years.............. Men, 16 to 19 years...................... Women, 16 to 19 years................. Men, 20 years and over................... Women, 20 years and over.............. Part-time workers.............................. 2 1 .2 6.4 4.1 4.9 28.4 31.0 25.9 7.0 4.0 4.1 13.3 3.3 3.6 1 2 .0 3.2 3.2 3.8 1 2 .0 3.3 3.7 4.1 12.5 3.4 3.8 4.1 14.1 3.4 3.5 3.5 3.1 3.3 3.7 1 2 .0 4.0 1 2 .6 1 1 .8 3.6 12.3 12.7 11.9 2.9 3.2 3.9 1 2 .6 3.2 3.4 4.1 13.8 3.5 3.5 1 1 .6 3.2 3.8 3.4 9.4 1 1 .2 7.4 6 .6 5.6 1.9 2 .6 6 .1 3.8 4.8 Industry Nonagricultural wage and salary Manufacturing....................................... Nondurable goods............................ Transportation and public utilities........ Wholesale and retail trade................... Finance, insurance, and real estate.... Services............................................... Agricultural wage and salary workers..... 2 .2 8.9 6 .0 2 .8 6 .6 3.6 3.6 3.5 3.0 5.2 2 .1 6.4 3.2 2 .8 7.6 4.0 3.5 5.9 3.4 3.5 3.1 2.7 5.2 2.3 3.8 2.5 7.3 3.4 7.0 3.6 6.4 3.4 2.7 2 .6 2.5 1 .6 1.5 1 .6 2.9 1.5 4.0 2 .8 5.2 4.0 3.9 4.1 2.9 4.9 2 .6 3.7 1.7 8.4 4.2 4.2 5.8 3.7 3.6 3.7 3.2 5.1 2.4 4.1 2 .0 Educational attainment1 Less than a high school diploma.............. High school graduates, no college........... Some college, less than a bachelor's College graduates.................................... 1 Data refer to persons 25 years and over. M onthly Labor Review 60 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis August 2000 7. Duration of unemployment, monthly data seasonally adjusted [Numbers in thousands] 8. 1999 Annual average Weeks of unemployment 1998 1999 2000 June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov, Dec. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June 2,595 1,759 1,242 593 649 12.4 5.8 2,622 1,950 1,637 763 875 2,568 1,832 1,480 755 725 2,540 1,775 1,634 806 828 2,640 1,778 1,511 779 732 2,599 1,798 1,463 747 716 2,582 1,805 1,412 708 704 2,545 1,811 1,434 719 715 2,601 1,760 1,401 725 676 2,620 1,694 1,388 693 695 2,447 1,754 1,372 667 705 2,603 1,864 1,277 673 604 2,824 1,719 1,295 657 637 2,455 5 to 14 weeks................................. 15 weeks and over......................... 15 to 26 weeks............................ 27 weeks and over...................... 1,250 670 580 2,531 1,953 1,337 677 660 Mean duration, in weeks................ Median duration, in weeks............. 14.5 6.7 13.4 6.4 14.3 6.3 13.5 5.8 13.2 6.4 13.0 5.9 13.2 6.3 13.0 12.9 5.9 13.2 5.7 12.5 1 2 .8 12.4 1 2 .6 6 .0 6 .0 5.8 6 .2 6.1 1 ,8 6 8 Unemployed persons by reason for unemployment, monthly data seasonally adjusted [Numbers in thousands] Reason for unemployment Job losers1 ..................................... Annual average 1998 1999 2,822 866 1,957 734 2,132 520 2,622 848 1,774 783 2,005 469 1999 June July 2,670 876 1,794 831 2,038 359 2,670 847 1,823 768 2,003 459 Aug. 2,629 893 1,736 793 1,942 481 Sept. 2,573 869 1,704 758 1,967 504 2000 Oct. Nov. Dec. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June 2,518 802 1,716 778 1,958 511 2,493 851 1,642 821 1,935 485 2,401 795 1,606 825 2,036 453 2,477 739 1,739 776 2,043 393 2,616 838 1,778 759 1,975 387 2,541 781 1,759 824 1,979 434 2,306 703 1,602 883 1,961 408 2,483 894 1,589 774 2,093 500 2,450 959 1,491 671 2,076 343 Percent of unemployed 45.5 44.6 45.3 45.3 45.0 44.3 43.7 43.5 42.0 43.5 45.6 44.0 41.9 42.4 44.2 13.9 31.5 14.4 30.2 13.3 34.1 14.9 30.4 14.1 34.6 15.3 29.7 13.6 33.2 8 .2 13.9 29.8 13.5 34.0 8.9 14.8 28.6 14.3 33.7 8.5 13.9 28.1 14.4 35.6 7.9 13.0 30.6 13.6 35.9 6.9 14.6 31.0 13.2 34.4 6.7 13.5 30.5 14.3 34.3 7.5 29.1 15.1 35.6 7.4 15.3 27.2 13.2 35.8 8 5 17.3 26.9 6 .1 15.0 29.4 13.1 33.9 8.7 1 2 .8 8 .0 14.4 30.9 13.0 33.9 7.8 2 .1 1.9 1.9 1.9 1.9 1 .8 1 .8 1 .8 1.7 1 .8 1.9 1 .8 1 .6 1 .8 1.7 .5 1.5 .4 .6 .6 .6 .6 .6 .6 .6 .6 .6 .6 1.5 .3 1.4 .3 1.4 .3 1.4 .4 1.4 .3 1.5 .3 1.4 .3 .5 1.4 .3 .6 1.4 .3 .5 1.4 .4 1.4 .3 1.4 .3 1.5 .4 .5 1.5 1 1 .8 34.3 8.4 1 2 .1 37.5 6 2 Percent of civilian labor force New entrants................................... 1 .2 Includes persons who completed temporary jobs. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis M onthly Labor Review A ugust 2000 61 Current Labor Statistics: 9. Labor Force Data Unemployment rates by sex and age, monthly data seasonally adjusted [Civilian workers] Sex and age Annual average 1998 Total, 16 years and over................. 16 to 24 years.............................. 16 to 19 years.......................... 16 to 17 years....................... 4.5 10.4 14.6 17.2 1 2 .8 20 to 24 years.......................... 25 years and over....................... 25 to 54 years....................... 55 years and over................. Men, 16 years and over................ 16 to 24 years........................... 16 to 17 years..................... 18 to 19 years..................... 20 to 24 years........................ 25 years and over..................... 55 years and over............... Women, 16 years and over........... 16 to 24 years........................... 18 to 19 years..................... 25 years and over..................... 25 to 54 years..................... 55 years and over............... 7.9 3.4 3.5 2.7 4.4 1 1 .1 16.2 19.1 14.1 8 .1 3.2 3.3 1999 4.2 9.9 13.9 16.3 12.4 7.5 3.1 3.2 2 .8 4.1 10.3 14.7 17.0 13.1 7.7 3.0 3.0 2 .8 2 .8 4.6 9.8 12.9 15.1 11.5 7.8 3.6 3.8 4.3 9.5 13.2 15.5 2 .6 2 .8 62 M onthly Labor Review https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 1 1 .6 7.2 3.3 3.4 2000 1999 June 4.3 9.8 13.6 16.3 1 1 .8 7.6 3.2 3.3 3.0 4.1 10.5 14.3 16.8 12.7 8.3 3.0 3.0 2.7 4.4 9.1 13.0 15.7 10.9 6 .8 3.5 3.5 3.3 August 2000 July 4.3 9.7 13.2 15.4 11.7 7.6 3.2 3.3 2.9 Aug. 4.2 9.6 13.5 15.9 1 2 .1 7.3 3.2 3.2 2.7 13.8 16.1 4.1 9.9 13.9 16.2 1 2 .2 1 2 .6 8 .1 7.6 3.1 3.1 2.9 4.1 1 0 .2 3.0 3.0 3.0 4.4 9.1 14.7 4.3 9.3 13.2 15.6 1 1 .2 1 1 .6 7.1 3.5 3.6 2.9 7.0 3.3 3.4 2.4 1 2 .6 Sept. Oct. Nov. 4.2 4.1 4.1 1 0 .0 1 0 .0 1 0 .0 14.6 16.1 13.8 7.2 3.1 3.2 13.9 15.9 12.4 7.7 3.0 3.1 2.7 14.0 16.5 12.3 7.7 3.0 3.1 2 .6 2 .6 4.0 9.9 14.6 16.6 13.2 7.2 3.0 3.0 2.9 4.1 10.4 14.2 15.5 13.2 2 .8 2 .6 4.3 4.2 9.6 13.4 16.3 11.4 7.2 3.1 3.2 2.5 4.2 9.8 13.0 16.1 1 0 .0 14.7 15.6 14.5 7.2 3.2 3.4 2 .1 8 .2 2.9 3.0 Dec. 4.1 9.8 13.8 16.5 1 2 .1 7.4 3.0 3.0 2.7 Jan. 4.0 9.3 1 2 .6 14.0 11.4 7.4 3.0 3.1 2 .8 4.0 4.0 1 0 .2 1 0 .6 14.9 16.9 13.6 7.5 15.2 17.7 13.5 7.8 3.9 9.7 14.0 14.3 13.7 7.2 2 .8 2 .8 2 .8 2.9 2.9 2.5 2.9 2.5 4.1 8.9 4.2 8.9 1 0 .8 7.9 3.1 3.3 2 .6 Feb. 4.1 Mar. 14.1 15.9 4.1 9.7 13.3 15.3 1 2 .8 1 2 .1 1 0 .0 7.5 3.0 3.0 3.0 7.6 3.0 3.0 2.7 4.1 10.3 15.5 17.3 13.9 7.3 2.9 2.9 3.8 9.2 12.4 15.1 10.5 7.4 2 .8 2 .8 2 .8 2 .8 4.1 9.6 4.3 1 2 .2 1 1 .1 1 2 .6 15.1 10.5 7.0 3.2 3.2 2.9 13.7 8.9 7.6 3.2 3.3 3.1 14.3 1 1 .6 7.8 3.0 3.0 3.3 1 0 .2 14.4 15.4 13.7 7.7 3.2 3.3 2.7 Apr. 3.9 9.3 12.7 14.6 11.4 7.2 2.9 3.0 2.4 3.8 9.6 13.6 15.8 12.4 7.3 2.7 2.7 2.7 May 4.1 9.8 12.5 16.0 10.4 8 .2 3.0 3.1 2.4 3.9 1 0 .0 13.1 16.9 1 0 .8 8.3 June 4.0 9.0 1 1 .6 13.1 1 0 .6 7.5 3.0 3.1 2.3 3.9 9.5 14.1 15.6 13.3 6 .8 2 .8 2 .8 2 .8 2.9 2 .6 2 .2 4.0 8.9 4.3 9.5 1 1 .6 1 1 .8 13.3 10.4 7.2 3.0 3.2 15.0 9.9 4.1 8.5 8.9 10.4 7.8 2 .0 8 .2 8 .2 3.3 3.5 2.3 3.2 3.4 2.4 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 10. Unemployment rates by State, seasonally adjusted State May Apr. May 1999 2000 2000p Alabama... Alaska..... Arizona.... Arkansas.. California.. 4.9 4.1 4.3 6 .8 6 .6 6 .1 4.6 4.5 5.3 3.7 4.4 4.8 3.8 4.5 5.0 Colorado................. Connecticut............. Delaware................. District of Columbia.. Florida..................... 2.9 3.4 3.6 6.3 3.9 2 .8 2 .2 2.3 3.6 5.5 3.8 2.4 3.6 5.4 3.8 Georgia............ Hawaii.............. Idaho............... Illinois............... Indiana............. 4.1 5.7 5.5 4.4 3.1 3.6 4.3 4.4 4.3 3.5 3.6 4.3 4.3 4.3 3.2 Iowa................. Kansas............. Kentucky.......... Louisiana......... Maine............... 2 .6 2 .2 2.9 4.7 5.0 4.5 3.3 3.9 4.4 3.3 Maryland.......... Massachusetts.. Michigan........... Minnesota........ Mississippi........ 3.7 3.2 3.8 2.9 5.2 3.2 2 .8 3.0 2 .6 5.5 May 1999 State Apr. May 2000 2000p 37 5.3 3.0 4.6 Montana.................................................... Nebraska.................................................. Nevada..................................................... 2 8 New Jersey............................................... New Mexico............................................. 2.8 25 4.9 29 3.8 25 4.9 2.8 3.4 2.7 North Carolina.......................................... North Dakota............................................. 4.8 5.6 5.2 3.1 3.5 38 54 46 30 Ohio......................................................... Oklahoma................................................. Oregon...................................................... Pennsylvania............................................ Rhode Island............................................ 4.3 3.5 5.8 4.4 4.2 3.9 2.9 4.6 3.8 3.7 5.0 4.0 4.0 2.3 3.4 South Dakota............................................ 4.0 Tennessee................................................ 4.9 Texas........................................ 3.5 Utah......................................................... 46 3.0 4.1 47 4.0 3 .5 4.0 2.3 37 2.6 3.4 2.5 Virginia...................................................... 3.2 Washington.............................................. 3.0 5.8 Wisconsin................................................. Wyoming................................................... 3.8 5.5 4.6 3.3 2.4 2 .8 4.0 2.8 2.7 3.6 4.4 2.9 ?4 2.7 4.6 51 3.4 4.0 2.5 2.5 4.7 5.6 3.3 3.8 4 .5 30 2 .8 5.0 6 .8 3.1 5.1 p= preliminary 11. Employment of workers on nonfarm payrolls by State, seasonally adjusted [In thousands] State May 1999 Apr. May 2000 2000p State Missouri...................................... May Apr. May 1999 2000 2000p 2,716.5 379.6 888.3 979 0 603.6 2,749.0 389.8 895.1 1,015.2 613.2 2,748.4 390.6 894.2 1,022.9 612.4 3,923.3 742 4 8,599.6 3,921.4 325.3 3,933.3 743.4 8,633.4 3,932.5 324.2 Alabama................. Alaska.................... Arizona................... Arkansas................ California................ 1,914.2 276.3 2,148.2 1,137.0 13,924.8 1,949.2 282.9 2,246.0 1,167.3 14,330.7 1,958.9 282.4 2,256.7 1,169.3 14,390.1 Nebraska..................................... Colorado................ Connecticut............ Delaware................ District of Columbia. Florida.................... 2,123.8 1 ,6 6 8 . 8 410.1 613.6 6,832.5 2,196.5 1,692.0 422.8 620.0 7,112.9 2 ,2 0 1 . 0 New Jersey................................. 1,694.6 423.4 618.5 7,153.0 New York.................................... North Carolina............................ North Dakota.............................. 3,860.0 728.3 8,427.7 3,852.1 322.9 Georgia.................. Hawaii.................... Idaho...................... Illinois..................... Indiana................... 3,870.2 531.6 535.8 5,953.7 2,968.0 4,006.0 541.5 556.2 6,012.9 2,993.6 4,007.5 543.6 558.7 6,007.9 3,007.7 Ohio............................................ Oklahoma................................... Oregon........................................ Pennsylvania.............................. Rhode Island............................... 5,536.2 1,456.4 1,565.9 5,571.7 463.2 5,601.6 1,486.1 1,591.5 5,621.2 470.6 5,596.5 1,490.2 1,595.1 5,610.8 471.9 Iowa........................ Kansas................... Kentucky................. Louisiana................ Maine..................... 1,467.5 1,320.8 1,791.9 1,888.7 582.7 1,488.4 1,344.5 1,836.5 1,911.5 601.3 1,491.6 1,345.6 1,838.7 1,917.1 601.3 South Carolina............................ South Dakota.............................. Tennessee.................................. Texas.......................................... Utah............................................. 1,827.5 372.2 2 ,6 6 6 . 2 9,119.8 1,046.0 1 ,8 6 8 . 0 379.9 2,709.6 9,358.1 1,069.0 1,877.8 378.0 2,717.6 9,407.9 1,070.2 Maryland................. Massachusetts....... Michigan................. Minnesota............... Mississippi.............. 2,378.5 3,223.8 4,526.6 2,600.2 1,153.1 2,441.3 3,291.7 4,572.1 2,654.8 1,156.5 2,444.8 3,291.7 4,583.4 2,656.3 1,157.2 Vermont...................................... Virginia......................................... Washington................................. West Virginia............................... Wisconsin.................................... Wyoming..................................... 290.5 3,396.1 2,633.1 725.8 2,773.9 231.2 295.4 3,471.1 2,679.8 732.2 2,820.8 235.6 296.9 3,467.9 2,696.9 745.0 2,813.1 235.1 New Hampshire.......................... p= preliminary NOTE: Some data in this table may differ from data published elsewhere because of the continual updating of the data base. M onthly Labor Review August 2000 63 Current Labor Statistics: 12. Labor Force Data Employment of workers on nonfarm payrolls by industry, monthly data seasonally adjusted [In thousands] Industry 1998 TOTAL.............................. 125,865 PRIVATE SECTOR................. 106,042 GOODS-PRODUCING................. Mining ................................... Metal mining........................... Oil and gas extraction.............. Nonmetallic minerals, except fuels.......................... 25,414 590 49 339 2000 1999 Annual average 1999 June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. Mayp June11 128,786 108,616 128,630 108,507 128,898 108,735 129,057 108,846 129,265 109,042 129,523 109,275 129,788 109,517 130,038 109,730 130,387 110,036 130,482 110,088 131,009 110,462 131,419 110,752 131,590 110,587 131,601 110,793 25,482 535 45 293 25,432 529 45 287 25,488 528 45 286 25,430 526 44 286 25,460 527 45 287 25,483 529 45 289 25,527 527 45 288 25,561 530 45 291 25,677 25,624 530 45 293 533 45 296 25,738 536 45 300 25,725 539 45 303 25,687 537 44 304 25,700 539 45 305 110 112 112 112 112 112 112 112 110 110 Construction........................... General building contractors..... Heavy construction, except building................................ Special trades contractors....... 6 ,0 2 0 1,377 6,404 1,450 6,388 1,447 6,408 1,451 6,401 1,447 6,439 1,458 6,470 1,464 6,516 1,470 6,552 1,474 6,652 1,498 6,618 1,491 6,726 1,508 6,694 1,497 6,670 1,496 6,673 1,494 840 3,804 869 4,084 866 867 4,090 865 4,089 866 4,075 4,115 872 4,134 876 4,170 882 4,196 892 4,262 885 4,242 905 4,313 899 4,298 891 4,283 884 4,295 Manufacturing......................... Production workers............ 18,805 12,952 18,543 12,739 18,515 12,711 18,552 12,753 18,503 12,706 18,494 12,700 18,484 12,702 18,484 12,702 18,479 12,701 18,495 12,713 18,473 12,697 18,476 12,683 18,492 12,689 18,480 12,683 18,488 12,681 Durable goods....................... Production workers............ 11,205 7,666 11,103 7,590 11,083 7,572 11,125 7,620 11,097 7,590 11,090 7,580 11,083 7,581 11,085 7,579 11,087 7,579 11,099 7,592 11,088 7,592 11,094 7,580 11,104 7,584 11,107 7,586 1 1 ,1 2 1 Lumber and wood products.... Furniture and fixtures............. Stone, clay, and glass products............................. Primary metal industries........ Fabricated metal products...... Industrial machinery and equipment.......................... Computer and office equipment........................ Electronic and other electrical equipment.......................... Electronic components and accessories...................... Transportation equipment...... Motor vehicles and equipment......................... Aircraft and parts................. Instruments and related products............................ Miscellaneous manufacturing industries............................ 814 533 828 548 827 547 829 554 829 551 830 551 831 553 831 553 831 552 830 553 832 553 830 555 830 557 828 558 826 558 562 715 1,509 563 700 1,517 562 698 1,515 563 701 1,517 563 699 1,515 563 697 1,518 562 697 1,519 564 698 1,520 565 698 1,521 568 699 1,523 567 699 1,525 568 701 1,528 567 699 1,534 567 699 1,536 570 700 1,539 2,206 2,141 2,139 2,142 2,135 2,133 2,130 2,131 2,132 2,130 2,131 2,124 2,126 2,125 2,129 382 370 373 371 370 370 369 370 370 369 368 366 364 360 360 1,707 1,670 1,667 1,675 1,669 1,670 1,672 1,670 1,673 1,679 1,684 1,682 1,691 1,693 1,699 660 1,893 636 1,884 634 1,878 635 1,890 637 1,887 636 1,880 638 1,873 638 1,870 640 1,867 642 1,871 645 1,855 646 1,865 651 1,859 654 1,861 661 1,860 995 525 1,019 495 1,018 496 1,029 493 1,026 488 1,025 483 1 ,0 2 2 1 ,0 2 2 478 473 1,023 470 1,027 469 1,029 453 1,028 467 1,026 461 1,024 463 1,028 459 873 856 856 859 854 852 849 850 849 847 844 844 844 845 847 111 111 111 111 111 7,590 395 395 394 395 395 396 397 398 399 399 398 397 397 395 393 7,600 5,287 7,440 5,149 7,432 5,139 7,427 5,133 7,406 5,116 7,404 5,120 7,401 5,121 7,399 5,123 7,392 5,122 7,396 5,121 7,385 5,105 7,382 5,103 7,388 5,105 7,373 5,097 7,367 5,091 1,683 Food and kindred products..... 41 Tobacco products.................. 598 Textile mill products............... Apparel and other textile 766 products............................ 677 Paper and allied products...... Printing and publishing.......... 1,565 Chemicals and allied products 1,043 Petroleum and coal products... 139 Rubber and miscellaneous 1,005 plastics products................. 84 Leather and leather products.. SERVICE-PRODUCING.............. 100,451 Transportation and public utilities................................ 6,611 Transportation........................ 4,273 Railroad transportation.......... 231 Local and interurban 469 passenger transit................ 1,744 Trucking and warehousing..... Water transportation............. 181 Transportation by air............. 1,181 14 Pipelines, except natural gas.. 454 Transportation services........ Communications and public 2,338 1,477 Communications................... Electric, gas, and sanitary 861 1,677 39 560 1,674 39 560 1,674 38 557 1,667 36 556 1,673 38 552 1,673 38 550 1,675 38 552 1,674 38 549 1,681 38 548 1,672 37 549 1,671 35 549 1,678 37 548 1,676 37 545 1,681 38 543 692 693 688 668 1,553 1,034 134 1,551 1,033 133 1,552 1,032 134 1,551 1,031 133 674 665 1,551 1,032 133 672 665 1,549 1,031 132 669 665 1,548 1,030 132 666 668 681 667 1,552 1,030 132 678 668 664 1,549 1,031 132 665 663 1,550 1,031 132 665 662 1,551 1,031 132 665 662 1,554 1,030 132 660 661 1,552 1,027 132 651 660 1,558 1,025 131 1,006 78 1,003 78 1,008 76 1,008 77 1,005 77 1,008 77 1,009 76 1,011 1,011 103,304 103,198 103,410 103,627 103,805 104,040 6,826 4,409 230 6,817 4,408 232 6,834 4,420 229 6,848 4,426 227 6 ,8 6 6 4,436 226 485 1,805 187 1,227 13 463 485 1,803 187 1,224 13 464 486 1,808 188 1,230 13 466 488 1,810 188 1,234 13 466 2,416 1,552 2,409 1,544 2,414 1,551 2,422 1,558 Nondurable goods................. Production workers............ Retail trade............................. Building materials and garden General merchandise stores.... Department stores................ 666 1 ,0 1 0 1 ,0 1 0 76 76 76 1,007 75 1,008 75 1,006 74 104,261 76 104,477 104,710 104,858 105,271 105,694 105,903 105,901 6,875 4,441 226 6,898 4,453 226 6,911 4,459 226 6,925 4,470 225 6,937 4,479 225 6,953 4,492 6,970 4,509 222 221 6,961 4,498 219 6,979 4,507 217 488 1,816 189 1,238 13 466 489 1,818 190 1,241 13 464 490 1,823 190 1,246 13 465 491 1,818 192 1,253 13 466 493 1,827 192 1,256 13 464 494 1,828 196 1,259 494 1,833 197 1,268 498 1,839 498 1,832 496 1,834 12 12 12 12 12 465 466 469 468 471 2,430 1,565 2,434 1,572 2,445 1,581 2,452 1,588 2,455 1,591 2,458 1,598 2,461 1,602 2,461 1,604 2,463 1,607 2,472 1,615 200 200 1,270 1,269 201 1,276 865 865 863 864 865 862 864 864 864 860 859 857 856 857 6,800 6,924 6,905 6,927 6,962 6,973 6,989 7,002 7,005 7,011 7,033 7,055 7,047 7,031 22,295 22,788 22,810 22,833 6,946 22,841 22,844 22,863 22,893 22,936 22,973 22,987 23,027 23,197 23,081 23,130 994 2,757 2,414 1,004 2,752 2,408 1,008 2,752 2,406 1 ,0 1 2 1,016 2,765 2,419 1 ,0 2 0 1,034 2,756 2,409 1,032 2,791 2,443 1 ,0 2 2 1,013 2,757 2,401 948 2,730 2,415 989 2,771 2,431 985 2,777 2,439 989 2,774 2,433 See footnotes at end of table. 64 M onthly Labor Review https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis August 2000 992 2,768 2,426 2,766 2,416 2,762 2,417 2,762 2,406 12. Continued—Employment of workers on nonfarm payrolls by industry, monthly data seasonally adjusted [In thousands] Industry Annual average 1998 Food stores............................. Automotive dealers and service stations.................... New and used car dealers..... Apparel and accessory stores... Furniture and home furnishings stores.................................. Eating and drinking places....... Miscellaneous retail establishments.................... 1999 1999 June July Aug. Sept. 2000 Oct. Nov. Dec. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May.p Junep 3,484 3,495 3,494 3,495 3,498 3,495 3,496 3,498 3,501 3,501 3,503 3,502 3,522 3,515 3,515 2,332 1,047 1,141 2,369 1,079 1,174 2,365 1,078 1,172 2,368 1,081 1,184 2,369 1,084 1,181 2,372 1,087 1,183 2,377 1,089 1,186 2,380 1,092 1,190 2,386 1,094 1,182 2,399 1,097 1,176 2,394 2,407 1,105 1,188 2,410 1,106 1,195 2,408 1,107 1,194 2,413 1,025 7,768 1,082 7,940 1,085 7,965 1,086 7,958 1,090 7,958 1,092 7,956 1,093 7,950 1,091 7,966 1,098 7,986 1,099 7,998 1 ,1 0 2 1 ,1 1 1 7,992 8 ,0 0 0 1,113 8,097 1,114 8,031 8,066 2 ,8 6 8 2,969 2,967 2,979 2,985 2,995 3,005 3,008 3,005 3,019 3,021 3,029 3,037 3,035 3,048 7,389 3,588 2,046 1,472 256 658 7,569 3,691 2,061 1,476 252 710 7,573 3,693 2,060 1,476 251 718 7,583 3,700 2,060 1,475 251 718 7,590 3,704 2,063 1,476 251 716 7,589 3,702 2,063 1,476 250 711 7,599 3,704 2,063 1,475 250 706 7,604 3,707 2,061 1,473 250 704 7,613 3,710 2,059 1,471 248 704 7,612 3,709 2,058 1,470 247 699 7,624 3,717 2,057 1,469 245 699 7,621 3,713 2,054 1,466 243 692 7,610 3,709 2,052 1,464 243 686 7,599 3,702 2,044 1,457 243 683 7,593 3,707 2,045 1,457 242 679 1 ,1 0 0 1,184 1 ,1 1 0 1,198 1 ,1 2 0 Finance, insurance, and Finance................................... Depository institutions........... Commercial banks.............. Savings institutions.............. Nondepository institutions...... Security and commodity brokers............................... Holding and other investment offices................................. Insurance............................... Insurance carriers................. Insurance agents, brokers, and service.......................... Real estate............................. Services'................................ Agricultural services................ Hotels and other lodging places Personal services.................... Business services.................... Services to buildings............. Personnel supply services...... Help supply services........... Computer and data processing services............. Auto repair services and parking.......................... Miscellaneous repair services... Motion pictures........................ Amusement and recreation services............................... Health services........................ Offices and clinics of medical doctors................................ Nursing and personal care facilities............................... Hospitals............................... Home health care services..... Legal services......................... Educational services................ Social services......................... Child day care services.......... Residential care..................... Museums and botanical and zoological gardens................ Membership organizations....... Engineering and management services................................ Engineering and architectural services............................... Management and public relations............................. Government............................. Federal.................................... Federal, except Postal Service............................... State....................................... Education.............................. Other State government........ Local....................................... Education.............................. Other local government......... 1 647 688 684 691 695 697 703 709 713 716 723 728 732 736 743 238 2,335 1,591 231 2,371 1,611 231 2,373 1,613 231 2,374 1,611 230 2,375 1,611 231 2,376 1,610 232 2,378 1,612 233 2,375 1,608 234 2,378 1,610 236 2,372 1,606 238 2,373 1,606 239 2,373 1,605 239 2,365 1,597 239 2,361 1,594 240 2,360 1,593 744 1,465 761 1,507 760 1,507 763 1,509 764 1,511 766 1,511 766 1,517 767 1,522 768 1,525 766 1,531 767 1,534 768 1,535 768 1,536 767 1,536 767 1,526 37,533 708 1,789 38,970 761 1,845 1,228 9,242 982 3,585 3,216 39,070 765 1,851 1,233 9,303 988 3,618 3,244 39,191 764 1,857 1,237 9,339 992 3,626 3,251 39,321 770 1,863 1,243 9,404 994 3,678 3,298 39,482 774 1,863 1,247 9,465 997 3,712 3,327 39,606 782 39,707 782 39,844 806 39,914 796 1 ,8 6 8 1 ,8 6 8 1 ,8 6 6 1 ,8 6 8 8,618 950 3,278 2,956 39,027 766 1,848 1,233 9,267 985 3,601 3,228 1,252 9,502 998 3,734 3,343 1,257 9,538 997 3,748 3,358 1,263 9,571 997 3,753 3,361 1,265 9,615 40,195 801 1,902 1,272 9,735 3,885 3,485 40,212 798 1,905 1,261 9,715 998 3,855 3,440 40,360 798 1,920 1,270 9,769 3,773 3,382 40,090 812 1,885 1,265 9,681 1,004 3,817 3,418 1,615 1,831 1,831 1,846 1,857 1 ,8 6 6 1,874 1,880 1 ,8 8 8 1,896 1,906 1,915 1,927 1,930 1,938 1,145 376 576 1,184 377 610 1,185 375 614 1,185 375 617 1,185 376 618 1,186 377 619 1,191 379 624 1,191 379 625 1,192 382 624 1,194 382 626 1,195 384 623 1,192 384 630 1,195 383 634 1,192 382 633 1,191 384 643 1 ,2 0 1 1 ,0 0 0 1 ,0 0 1 1 ,0 0 2 3,878 3,450 1,594 1,660 1,649 1,650 1,664 1,672 1,691 1,701 1,703 1,721 1,723 1,729 1,752 9,853 9,989 9,983 9,994 10,008 10,015 10,027 10,041 10,053 10,066 10,078 10,091 10,093 1,806 1,877 1,875 1,880 1,885 1 ,8 8 8 1,893 1,898 1,903 1,910 1,914 1,920 1,925 1,929 1,930 1,772 3,930 1,785 3,983 635 997 2,278 2,799 693 772 1,784 3,983 635 996 2,285 2,790 697 776 1,786 3,987 636 999 2,292 2,808 701 780 1,785 3,989 635 971 2,178 2,646 621 744 1,785 3,982 636 997 2,276 2,800 695 775 2,294 2,823 701 785 1,785 3,992 636 1,003 2,299 2,845 708 790 1,785 3,992 637 1,005 2,305 721 795 1,787 3,997 637 1,007 2,309 2,884 729 800 1,788 4,001 638 1,008 2,308 2,905 737 803 1,790 4,002 639 1,007 2,309 2,912 740 807 1,791 4,004 639 1,007 2,329 2,929 749 810 1,789 3,999 641 1,004 2,329 2,940 753 812 1,787 4,004 639 1,005 2,353 2,944 757 815 1,786 4,009 640 1,009 2,351 2,938 757 819 94 2,372 98 2,425 98 2,427 98 2,419 98 2,426 98 2,430 99 2,431 99 2,434 99 2,438 100 100 102 100 102 2,439 2,439 2,440 2,439 2,438 2,441 3,139 3,254 3,246 3,265 3,276 3,283 3,300 3,310 3,327 3,344 3,354 3,369 3,368 3,385 3,410 908 953 951 956 957 956 964 969 974 982 984 985 987 994 1,007 666 1 ,0 0 0 1,036 1,032 1,037 19,823 20,123 2,662 20,163 2,656 2 0 ,2 1 1 2 ,6 8 6 20,170 2,669 1,819 4,612 1,922 2,690 12,525 7,085 5,440 1,796 4,695 1,968 2,727 12,806 7,272 5,534 1,788 4,673 1,950 2,723 12,788 7,257 5,531 1,782 4,691 1,967 2,724 12,816 7,273 5,543 1 ,0 0 0 2 ,8 6 8 101 1,754 1 0 ,1 0 1 1,773 10,116 1,044 1,054 1,058 1,068 1,074 1,077 1,085 1,088 1,094 1,105 2,655 20,223 2,655 20,248 2,647 20,271 2,646 20,308 2,646 20,351 2,663 20,394 2,700 20,547 2,816 20,667 2,885 21,003 3,235 20,808 3,038 1,783 4,698 1,972 2,726 12,858 7,305 5,553 1,785 4,714 1,978 2,736 12,854 7,299 5,555 1,779 4,722 1,979 2,743 12,879 7,308 5,571 1,780 4,723 1,980 2,743 12,902 7,323 5,579 1,780 4,727 1,983 2,744 12,935 7,343 5,592 1,797 4,725 1,981 2,744 12,963 7,356 5,607 1,835 4,728 1,981 2,747 12,966 7,355 5,611 1,951 4,733 1,982 2,751 12,998 7,373 5,625 2 ,0 2 2 4,744 1,990 2,754 13,038 7,408 5,630 2,371 4,737 1,984 2,753 13,031 7,393 5,638 2,175 4,726 1,972 2,754 13,044 7,411 5,633 1,045 Includes other industries not shown separately. p= preliminary. Note: See "Notes on the data" for a description of the most recent benchmark revision. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis M onthly Labor Review A ugust 2000 65 Current Labor Statistics: Labor Force Data 13. Average weekly hours of production or nonsupervisory workers on private nonfarm payrolls, by industry, monthly data seasonally adjusted 1998 1999 2000 1999 Annual average Industry June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. 34.5 34.5 34.5 34.5 34.5 34.5 34.5 34.6 34.5 34.6 34.4 34.5 Mayp Junep PRIVATE SECTOR................................. 34.6 34.5 34.5 GOODS-PRODUCING................................. 41.0 41.0 41.1 41.1 41.1 41.2 41.1 41.3 41.0 41.1 41.3 41.2 41.5 40.9 40.8 43.9 43.8 43.9 44.5 44.1 44.3 44.1 44.2 44.3 44.7 44.7 44.7 45.3 44.2 44.6 41.8 4.7 41.7 4.6 42.2 4.9 41.4 4.5 41.6 4.6 MINING....................................................... MANUFACTURING................................... Overtime hours................................... 41.7 4.6 41.7 4.6 41.8 4.7 41.8 4.6 41.8 4.6 41.8 4.7 41.8 4.7 41.7 4.7 41.7 4.7 41.7 4.6 Durable goods........................................ Overtime hours.................................. Lumber and wood products................. Furniture and fixtures.......................... Stone, clay, and glass products........... Primary metal industries...................... Blast furnaces and basic steel products........................................... Fabricated metal products................... 42.3 4.8 41.1 40.5 43.5 44.2 42.2 4.8 41.2 40.3 43.5 44.2 42.3 4.8 41.2 40.4 43.5 44.3 42.4 4.8 41.1 40.5 43.5 44.4 42.3 4.8 41.2 40.3 43.5 44.4 42.4 4.9 41.1 40.4 43.5 44.5 42.3 4.8 41.1 40.1 43.5 44.3 42.2 4.8 41.1 39.9 43.8 44.3 42.2 4.8 41.0 40.2 43.5 44.4 42.3 4.8 41.1 40.2 43.6 44.5 42.3 4.9 41.0 40.3 43.5 44.5 42.3 4.8 40.9 40.2 43.4 44.4 42.8 5.1 41.2 40.6 43.6 44.9 42.0 4.7 40.7 40.3 43.0 43.9 42.2 4.8 40.8 39.9 42.8 44.0 44.6 42.3 44.8 42.2 44.9 42.2 45.0 42.3 45.0 42.3 45.0 42.3 45.2 42.2 45.3 42.1 45.4 42.1 45.3 42.4 45.4 42.4 45.2 42.5 45.0 43.0 44.7 42.2 45.2 42.3 Industrial machinery and equipment.... Electronic and other electrical equipment......................................... Transportation equipment................... Motor vehicles and equipment.......... Instruments and related products....... Miscellaneous manufacturing............. 42.8 42.2 42.1 42.3 42.3 42.4 42.3 42.2 42.2 42.3 42.3 42.3 42.9 42.1 42.4 41.4 43.4 43.5 41.3 39.9 41.4 43.8 45.0 41.5 39.8 41.5 44.1 45.3 41.5 39.9 41.5 44.2 45.5 41.6 39.9 41.6 43.9 45.1 41.5 40.0 41.6 44.0 45.4 41.5 39.9 41.6 43.8 45.0 41.5 39.8 41.4 43.6 44.7 41.5 39.7 41.5 43.4 44.5 41.5 39.7 41.6 43.8 45.0 41.3 39.5 41.6 44.0 45.0 41.2 39.5 41.8 43.7 44.6 41.2 39.4 42.2 44.3 45.5 41.6 39.8 41.4 43.2 44.2 41.2 39.3 41.5 43.9 45.3 41.2 39.5 40.9 4.3 41.7 41.0 37.3 43.4 40.9 4.4 41.8 40.9 37.5 43.5 41.0 4.5 41.8 40.7 37.6 43.6 41.0 4.4 41.9 41.1 37.5 43.5 41.0 4.4 41.7 41.0 37.4 43.6 41.0 4.4 41.7 40.9 37.4 43.4 41.0 4.5 41.9 41.2 37.5 43.5 41.0 4.5 41.8 41.3 37.4 43.4 40.9 4.5 41.7 41.2 37.5 43.3 40.9 4.4 41.6 41.1 37.6 43.3 41.0 4.5 41.6 41.7 37.7 43.5 40.9 4.3 41.6 41.6 37.8 43.2 41.3 4.6 41.9 41.9 38.0 43.6 40.6 4.3 41.2 41.0 37.0 42.8 40.6 4.3 41.5 41.0 37.1 42.6 38.3 43.2 38.2 43.0 38.3 43.0 38.3 43.1 38.3 43.2 38.3 43.2 38.3 43.0 38.3 43.0 38.3 43.0 38.3 42.9 38.3 42.7 38.2 42.6 38.5 42.9 38.0 42.7 38.1 42.6 41.7 37.6 41.7 37.8 41.8 37.9 41.7 37.9 41.7 37.9 41.8 37.5 41.5 37.6 41.5 37.7 41.5 37.4 41.6 37.8 41.6 38.1 41.5 38.0 42.1 38.9 41.3 38.2 41.3 37.7 SERVICE-PRODUCING.............................. 32.9 32.8 32.8 32.9 32.8 32.8 32.9 32.8 32.9 32.9 32.8 32.8 32.8 32.8 32.9 TRANSPORTATION AND PUBLIC UTILITIES............................... 39.5 38.7 38.9 38.8 38.8 38.6 38.4 38.3 38.4 38.4 38.3 38.3 38.7 38.5 38.3 WHOLESALE TRADE.............................. 38.3 38.3 38.3 38.4 38.3 38.4 38.6 38.4 38.5 38.6 38.5 38.6 38.6 39.0 38.8 RETAIL TRADE........................................ 29.0 29.0 29.1 29.1 29.0 28.8 29.0 29.0 29.1 29.1 29.1 29.0 28.8 28.9 29.0 Overtime hours................................. Food and kindred products................. Apparel and other textile products...... Paper and allied products................... Chemicals and allied products............ Rubber and miscellaneous Leather and leather products............. p= preliminary. NOTE: See "Notes on the data" for a description of the most recent benchmark revision. M onthly Labor Review 66 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis August 2000 14. Average hourly earnings of production or nonsupervisory workers on private nonfarm payrolls, by industry, seasonally adjusted 2000 1999 Annual average Industry 1998 PRIVATE SECTOR (in current dollars).. $ 12.78 Goods-produclng................................. 1999 June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. $ 13.24 $13.23 $13.27 $13.30 $13.35 $13.38 $13.41 $13.44 $13.49 $13.54 $13.58 $13.64 Mayp Junep $13.66 $13.71 14.34 14.84 14.85 14.89 14.91 14.96 14.99 15.03 15.05 15.13 15.20 15.25 15.30 15.28 15.33 16.91 17.09 17.07 17.26 17.16 17.14 17.09 17.04 17.09 17.14 17.27 17.26 17.24 17.27 Construction........................................ 16.61 17.18 17.18 17.20 17.21 17.26 17.33 17.00 17.37 17.44 17.50 17.60 17.67 17.78 17.75 17.78 Manufacturing..................................... 13.49 13.91 13 93 13.98 14.01 14.04 14.06 14.07 14.10 14.15 14.21 14.23 14.28 14.26 14.34 Excluding overtime......................... 12.79 13.18 13.19 13.24 13.27 13.29 13.31 13.33 13.36 13.41 13.45 13.47 13.49 13.52 13.59 12.27 12.73 12.71 12.76 12.78 12.83 1 2 .8 6 12.89 12.93 12.97 13.01 13.05 13.11 13.15 13.20 Service-producing................................ Transportation and public utilities...... 15.31 15.69 15.67 15.72 15.73 15.79 15.79 15.84 15.94 15.92 16.00 16.04 16.12 16.20 16.29 Wholesale trade.................................. 14.07 14.58 14.56 14.61 14.65 14.70 14.75 14.76 14.83 14.90 14.89 14.90 15.03 15.04 15.11 Retail trade......................................... 8.74 9.10 9.13 9.16 9.18 9.21 9.25 9.26 9.32 9.35 9.39 9.39 9.43 14.07 9.08 14.62 9.07 Finance, insurance, and real estate.... 14.62 14.68 14.65 14.71 14.73 14.76 14.78 14.86 14.87 14.95 14.98 15.02 15.06 Services.............................................. 12.84 13.36 13.35 13.39 13.42 13.46 13.51 13.53 13.57 13.61 13.66 13.69 13.74 13.79 13.84 7.75 7.86 7.88 7.88 7.87 7.86 7.87 7.87 7.87 7.88 7.87 7.84 7.87 7.88 7.86 PRIVATE SECTOR (in constant (1982) dollars)................................................... p= preliminary. NOTE: See "Notes on the data" for a description of the most recent benchmark revision. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis M onthly Labor Review August 2000 67 Current Labor Statistics: Labor Force Data 15. Average hourly earnings of production or nonsupervisory workers on private nonfarm payrolls, by industry 2000 1999 Annual average Industry Nov. Dec. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. Mayp Junep 1998 1999 June July Aug. Sept. Oct. PRIVATE SECTOR.................................. $12.78 $13.24 $13.15 $13.16 $13.20 $13.38 $13.41 $13.43 $13.46 $13.58 $13.58 $13.59 $13.69 $13.64 $13.62 MINING..................................................... 16.91 17.09 16.98 17.17 17.05 17.13 17.05 17.01 17.19 17.30 17.20 17.28 17.29 17.18 17.12 CONSTRUCTION..................................... 16.61 17.18 17.13 17.27 17.31 17.46 17.54 17.42 17.47 17.39 17.42 17.54 17.66 17.71 17.75 MANUFACTURING.................................. 13.49 13.91 13.90 13.91 13.95 14.11 14.03 14.08 14.20 14.19 14.19 14.22 14.28 14.26 14.32 Durable goods....................................... Lumber and wood products................ Furniture and fixtures......................... Stone, clay, and glass products......... Primary metal industries..................... Blast furnaces and basic steel products.......................................... Fabricated metal products................. 13.98 10.90 13.59 15.48 14.40 11.47 11.23 13.87 15.83 14.40 11.46 11.16 13.91 15.90 14.38 11.53 11.25 13.97 16.02 14.47 11.54 11.28 13.94 15.98 14.62 11.56 11.33 14.10 16.18 14.55 11.60 11.33 14.00 16.01 14.58 11.60 11.36 14.04 16.12 14.73 11.64 11.47 13.97 16.17 14.72 11.67 11.47 13.94 16.20 14.73 11.63 11.51 13.96 16.28 14.76 11.62 11.59 14.03 16.34 14.82 11.73 11.64 14.23 16.51 14.80 11.74 11.69 14.26 16.39 14.87 11.83 11.70 14.32 16.54 18.42 13.07 18.81 13.48 18.99 13.49 19.06 13.47 18.93 13.52 18.99 13.64 18.90 13.52 19.11 13.59 19.09 13.72 19.16 13.71 19.32 13.67 19.49 13.69 19.72 13.75 19.44 13.75 19.61 13.82 Industrial machinery and equipment... Electronic and other electrical equipment........................................ Transportation equipment.................. Motor vehicles and equipment......... Instruments and related products...... Miscellaneous manufacturing............ 14.47 15.02 14.99 15.08 15.14 15.24 15.18 15.22 15.36 15.39 15.40 15.43 15.42 15.44 15.46 13.10 17.51 17.84 13.81 13.46 18.04 18.41 14.17 11.30 13.42 18.14 18.61 14.13 11.26 13.49 17.88 18.16 14.25 11.29 13.52 18.17 18.53 14.28 11.31 13.64 18.50 18.96 14.29 11.43 13.60 18.41 18.85 14.36 11.45 13.61 18.39 18.80 14.34 11.41 13.73 18.72 19.22 14.41 11.54 13.77 18.57 18.99 14.38 11.52 13.72 18.58 19.03 14.41 11.53 13.70 18.70 19.17 14.40 11.55 13.70 18.82 19.36 14.40 11.58 13.66 18.79 19.34 14.44 11.58 13.68 18.96 19.53 14.43 11.59 Nondurable goods................................ Food and kindred products................ 12.76 11.80 18.56 10.39 8.52 15.50 13.16 12.09 19.07 10.71 13.21 12.15 21.09 10.71 8.83 16.02 13.17 12.07 13.33 12.18 18.90 10.78 9.01 16.24 13.25 12.09 17.82 10.73 8.99 16.09 13.31 12.19 18.02 10.80 8.98 16.08 13.39 12.28 18.03 10.84 9.04 16.12 13.37 12.23 17.21 10.84 9.03 16.02 13.36 12.23 17.48 10.85 9.03 15.99 13.37 12.27 19.10 15.94 13.14 12.15 20.69 10.76 8.89 15.95 9.05 16.00 13.45 12.36 19.71 10.94 9.05 16.15 13.43 12.36 20.19 10.90 9.07 16.14 13.48 12.40 20.81 10.92 9.10 16.25 13.46 17.09 20.91 13.84 17.38 21.39 13.74 17.26 21.06 13.81 17.39 21.28 13.98 17.61 21.62 14.02 17.64 21.76 14.12 17.67 21.76 14.10 17.70 21.62 14.13 17.67 22.03 14.18 17.63 22.24 14.20 17.77 21.77 14.16 17.76 21.27 14.16 17.76 2 1 .2 1 13.98 17.67 21.55 2 1 .1 2 11.89 9.35 12.36 9.77 12.30 9.65 12.41 9.69 12.37 9.86 12.51 9.95 12.42 9.91 12.46 9.93 12.57 12.61 10.08 12.57 9.96 12.58 12.76 1 0 .0 1 12.67 10.13 1 2 .6 6 1 0 .0 1 10.06 1 0 .1 1 PUBLIC UTILITIES............................... 15.31 15.69 15.59 15.69 15.69 15.80 15.78 15.90 15.96 15.98 16.05 16.02 16.15 16.11 16.18 WHOLESALE TRADE............................. 14.07 14.58 14.45 14.57 14.65 14.68 14.74 17.76 14.85 14.99 14.91 14.83 15.14 15.01 14.99 RETAIL TRADE...................................... 8.74 9.08 9.02 9.03 9.05 9.19 9.21 9.22 9.26 9.33 9.35 9.37 9.42 9.39 9.38 AND REAL ESTATE............................ 14.07 14.62 14.51 14.54 14.62 14.64 14.69 14.74 14.76 14.99 14.93 14.97 15.12 15.03 14.94 SERVICES............................................... 12.84 13.36 13.21 13.18 13.23 13.45 13.51 13.57 13.65 13.78 13.77 13.77 13.83 13.76 13.70 Textile mill products............................ Apparel and other textile products..... Paper and allied products.................. Printing and publishing...................... Chemicals and allied products.......... Petroleum and coal products............. Rubber and miscellaneous plastics products............................... Leather and leather products............ 1 1 .1 0 1 0 .8 8 8 .8 6 2 0 .8 6 10.72 8 .8 8 15.95 13.83 17.41 1 0 .8 6 TRANSPORTATION AND FINANCE, INSURANCE, p = preliminary. NOTE: bee "Notes on tne data" tor a description ot tne most recent Dencnmark revision. M onthly Labor Review 68 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis August 2000 16. Average weekly earnings of production or nonsupervisory workers on private nonfarm payrolls, by industry A n n u a l a v e ra g e 1999 In d u s try 1998 2000 1999 June J u ly Aug. S e p t. O c t. Nov. D ec. Jan. Feb. M a r. A p r. M ayp Junep $456.78 271.25 $454.99 456.44 270.83 $456.65 457.82 271.01 $463.32 458.85 274.15 $458.93 460.58 269.96 $463.99 461.61 272.45 $463.34 462.65 271.91 $465.72 463.68 273.31 $467.15 465.41 273.51 $464.44 468.48 270.50 $464.78 468.51 268.35 $473.67 471.94 273.32 $467.85 469.90 269.65 $471.25 473.00 270.06 P R IV A T E S E C T O R Current dollars.......................... $442.19 Seasonally adjusted............. Constant (1982) dollars.......... 268.32 M IN IN G .................................................... 742.35 748.54 750.52 767.50 758.73 758.86 758.73 758.65 763.24 766.39 758.52 758.59 776.32 764.51 770.40 C O N S T R U C T IO N ................................. 646.13 671.74 681.77 689.07 692.40 673.96 701.60 688.09 677.84 664.04 674.15 680.55 692.27 701.32 702.90 Current dollars......................... Constant (1982) dollars........... 562.53 341.34 580.05 344.45 581.02 345.85 573.09 340.11 583.11 345.04 588.39 346.11 589.26 346.01 594.18 348.70 603.50 354.17 590.30 345.61 588.89 342.98 590.13 340.72 595.48 343.61 590.36 340.27 595.71 341.38 D u ra b le g o o d s .................................. 591.35 456.21 441.45 607.68 610.56 598.21 612.08 615.50 634.86 621.18 620.13 622.87 628.37 476.74 449.75 475.04 452.25 482.37 459.10 472.80 456.60 618.38 480.24 458.87 622.57 472.56 452.57 480.24 458.94 480.73 471.42 474.97 459.95 469.85 458.10 470.61 462.44 482.10 464.44 623.08 480.17 465.26 486.21 466.83 591.17 684.22 603.35 699.69 612.04 707.55 611.89 698.47 614.75 704.72 620.40 716.77 616.00 709.24 620.57 720.56 604.90 732.50 591.06 722.52 591.90 722.83 596.28 723.86 614.74 734.70 620.31 722.80 621.49 731.07 821.53 552.86 842.69 568.86 858.35 571.98 850.08 560.35 849.96 571.90 852.65 571.52 848.61 574.60 865.68 580.29 878.14 594.08 867.95 579.93 875.20 576.87 875.10 577.72 891.34 583.00 872.86 580.25 886.37 585.97 619.32 633.84 631.08 628.84 637.39 635.51 640.60 646.85 663.55 654.08 652.96 654.23 655.35 651.57 655.50 542.34 759.93 557.24 790.15 556.93 798.16 550.39 754.54 562.43 794.03 563.33 812.15 568.48 810.04 572.98 811.00 582.15 838.66 572.83 811.51 569.38 815.66 571.29 819.06 569.92 829.96 562.79 817.37 569.09 832.34 776.04 828.45 843.03 777.25 828.29 860.78 852.02 849.76 887.96 850.75 856.35 860.73 880.88 866.43 884.71 570.35 434.11 588.06 449.74 586.40 449.27 584.25 442.57 591.19 452.40 587.32 453.77 594.50 459.15 600.85 459.82 612.43 466.22 595.33 450.43 595.13 453.13 593.28 456.23 594.72 456.25 592.04 453.94 593.07 458.96 M A N U F A C T U R IN G Lumber and wood products..... Furniture and fixtures.............. Stone, clay, and glass products.............................. Primary metal industries......... Blast furnaces and basic steel products..................... Fabricated metal products....... Industrial machinery and equipment.......................... Electronic and other electrical equipment........................... Transportation equipment....... Motor vehicles and equipment......................... Instruments and related products.............................. Miscellaneous manufacturing.... 629.00 N o n d u ra b le g o o d s .......................... 521.88 538.24 538.74 537.65 539.97 546.53 547.23 551.03 557.02 544.16 542.42 542.82 548.76 543.92 548.64 Food and kindred products...... Tobacco products................... Textile mill products................ Apparel and other textile products.............................. Paper and allied products........ 492.06 710.85 425.99 505.36 762.80 438.04 506.66 829.67 442.24 507.87 849.93 434.83 506.94 836.49 440.59 512.62 754.11 438.75 512.62 753.79 445.30 518.08 774.86 449.28 520.67 793.32 453.11 505.10 672.91 443.36 500.21 685.22 448.11 501.84 741.08 450.69 506.76 782.49 456.20 506.76 803.56 446.90 513.36 826.16 451.00 317.80 672.70 332.25 693.39 338.71 693.83 326.71 6 8 8 .8 6 333.00 690.64 331.57 709.69 338.92 704.74 337.65 704.30 343.52 712.50 335.92 695.27 339.53 687.57 342.09 686.40 341.19 696.07 336.50 687.56 341.25 692.25 Printing and publishing............ Chemicals and allied products.. Petroleum and coal products... Rubber and miscellaneous plastics products................... Leather and leather products.... 515.52 738.29 911.68 528.69 747.34 921.91 520.75 742.18 905.58 526.16 742.55 923.55 531.07 750.37 903.55 539.63 765.11 930.96 539.63 758.99 933.98 543.98 765.58 935.68 550.68 772.18 937.86 534.39 757.56 933.98 536.94 750.98 956.10 540.26 749.28 969.66 542.44 757.00 966.59 533.83 754.80 916.74 533.83 756.58 927.17 495.81 351.56 515.41 369.31 516.60 371.53 510.05 363.38 512.12 381.58 520.42 372.13 516.67 374.60 523.32 378.33 532.97 375.75 523.32 372.96 520.40 375.49 520.81 379.38 528.34 388.99 524.12 385.30 529.54 387.21 P U B L IC U T IL IT IE S ........................... 604.75 607.20 608.01 610.34 618.19 608.30 605.95 608.97 612.86 612.03 611.51 608.76 626.62 617.01 621.31 W H O L E S A L E T R A D E ........................ 538.88 558.41 553.44 556.57 565.49 560.78 567.49 566.78 570.24 578.61 568.07 566.51 588.95 582.39 580.11 R E T A IL T R A D E ..................................... 253.46 263.32 265.19 270.00 270.60 264.67 266.17 264.61 271.32 265.91 266.48 267.98 272.24 271.37 274.83 512.15 529.24 522.36 527.80 540.94 528.50 530.31 530.64 534.31 551.63 538.97 537.42 554.90 539.58 540.83 418.58 435.54 430.65 432.30 439.24 434.44 441.78 443.74 444.99 450.61 448.90 447.53 453.62 445.82 447.99 T R A N S P O R T A T IO N A N D F IN A N C E , IN S U R A N C E , A N D R E A L E S T A T E ........................ S E R V IC E S .............................................. p= preliminary. note: bee "Notes on tne data” tor a description ot tne most recent DencnmarK revision, uasn indicates data not avanaoie. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis M onthly Labor Review A ugust 2000 69 Current Labor Statistics: 17. Labor Force Data Diffusion indexes of employment change, seasonally adjusted [In percent] Timespan and year Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Nov Oct. Sept. Dec. Private nonfarm payrolls, 356 industries Over 1-month span: 1997........................................................ 1998........................................................ 1999........................................................ 2 0 0 0 ........................................................ 57.3 63.2 54.1 60.8 Over 3-month span: 1997........................................................ 1998........................................................ 1999........................................................ 2 0 0 0 ........................................................ 62.6 64.3 58.3 61.0 57.3 62.6 Over 6 -month span: 1997........................................................ 1998........................................................ 1999........................................................ 2 0 0 0 ........................................................ 66.3 69.8 60.0 65.6 Over 12-month span: 1997........................................................ 1998........................................................ 1999........................................................ 69.0 69.7 60.3 59.7 56.6 58.8 54.1 62.8 60.5 64.0 57.7 59.7 57.9 54.1 61.2 53.9 58.8 60.1 58.1 53.8 61.5 56.2 57.3 65.3 53.8 60.7 62.1 59.0 60.8 61.2 57.4 59.0 - - - - - - 62.1 6 6 .2 58.8 61.5 57.4 58.1 57.9 60.7 67.4 59.7 59.6 69.4 58.1 63.5 69.0 58.6 64.3 69.1 59.4 63.1 - - - - - - - 53.9 63.2 58.7 59.6 60.7 56.5 57.7 58.3 52.8 45.9 66.3 63.2 58.4 61.9 66.7 66.3 54.4 57.0 63.2 63.6 57.3 54.5 67.0 67.4 58.0 60.8 6 6 .6 66.3 61.8 58.6 65.6 62.9 54.4 67.1 61.4 59.7 66.3 59.0 60.4 68.5 58.4 62.1 69.0 57.4 64.0 70.4 59.7 62.8 69.7 59.3 65.2 70.4 59.1 64.6 - - - - - - - - - 67.3 67.3 58.3 68.3 67.3 57.6 69.7 65.9 59.4 69.5 63.9 59.6 70.1 62.5 60.5 70.1 61.5 61.9 70.4 62.1 61.0 70.5 61.0 62.6 70.1 59.8 62.9 69.4 59.8 62.6 70.4 58.1 62.6 6 6 .6 65.2 57.6 59.7 58.0 Manufacturing payrolls, 139 industries Over 1-month span: 1997........................................................ 1998........................................................ 1999........................................................ 2 0 0 0 ........................................................ 49.6 57.9 45.0 52.2 52.5 50.7 41.0 47.8 56.1 53.6 42.8 51.1 54.0 50.7 46.4 51.1 51.4 47.1 40.3 45.7 54.3 50.0 46.4 48.9 50.7 37.8 54.7 53.6 50.0 38.1 56.5 45.7 46.4 61.9 39.9 51.8 60.4 41.7 51.4 55.4 43.9 50.4 - - - - - - Over 3-month span: 1997........................................................ 1998........................................................ 1999........................................................ 2 0 0 0 ........................................................ 50.7 56.8 36.7 47.8 53.2 56.8 37.1 52.5 55.8 52.2 37.1 49.3 56.1 52.2 34.5 48.9 53.2 48.6 37.8 47.5 52.5 41.4 43.5 52.5 39.2 39.9 55.8 40.3 45.0 59.7 43.2 42.1 66.5 37.1 50.4 64.7 36.7 51.1 64.0 40.6 50.7 - - - - - - - Over 6 -month span: 1997........................................................ 1998....................................................... 1999....................................................... 2 0 0 0 ....................................................... 53.2 60.1 35.6 51.4 53.2 54.3 33.5 46.8 52.5 50.4 33.5 48.2 52.9 39.9 37.1 51.8 43.5 32.7 53.2 42.1 38.8 54.7 38.8 41.0 61.2 36.7 45.7 61.2 36.0 48.2 64.4 39.9 43.2 64.7 34.5 48.6 63.7 32.7 51.1 - - - - - - - - - Over 12-month span: 1997....................................................... 1998....................................................... 1999....................................................... 54.7 55.0 37.4 52.5 51.8 32.4 54.0 51.8 31.7 54.0 46.8 35.3 55.4 40.6 36.0 56.8 39.9 37.1 57.2 37.8 38.8 57.9 38.1 39.6 58.3 37.1 42.4 56.8 36.0 42.4 56.8 34.2 43.5 57.2 33.5 46.0 - Data not available. NOTE: Figures are the percent of industries with employment increasing plus one-half of the industries with unchanged employment, where 50 percent indicates an equal balance between industries with increasing and M onthly Labor Review 70 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis August 2000 decreasing employment. Data for the 2 most recent months shown in each span are preliminary. See the "Definitions" in this section. See "Notes on the data" for a description of the most recent benchmark revision. 18. Annual data: Employment status of the population [Numbers in thousands] Employment status Civilian noninstitutional population.......... Civilian labor force................................ Labor force participation rate............. Employed......................................... Employment-population ratio......... Agriculture................................... Nonagricultural industries........... Unemployed.................................... Unemployment rate........................ Not in the labor force............................ 19. 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 190,925 126,346 66.2 192,805 128,105 66.4 194,838 129,200 66.3 196,814 131,056 66.6 198,584 132,304 66.6 200,591 133,943 66.8 203,133 136,297 67.1 205,220 137,673 67.1 207,753 139,368 67.1 117,718 61.7 3,269 114,499 118,492 61.5 3,247 115,245 120,259 61.7 3,115 117,144 123,060 62.5 3,409 119,651 124,900 62.9 3,440 121,460 126,708 63.2 3,443 123,264 129,558 63.8 3,399 126,159 131,463 64.1 3,378 128,085 133,488 64.3 3,281 130,207 8,628 6.8 64,578 9,613 7.5 64,700 8,940 6.9 65,638 7,996 6.1 65,758 7,404 5.6 66,280 7,236 5.4 66,647 6,739 4.9 66,837 6,210 4.5 67,547 5,880 4.2 68,385 Annual data: Employment levels by industry [In thousands] Industry 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 Total employment......................................... Private sector............................................ Goods-producing................................... Mining................................................. Construction....................................... Manufacturing..................................... 108,249 89,847 23,745 689 4,650 18,406 108,601 89,956 23,231 635 4,492 18,104 110,713 91,872 23,352 610 4,668 18,075 114,163 95,036 23,908 601 4,986 18,321 117,191 97,885 24,265 581 5,160 18,524 119,608 100,189 24,493 580 5,418 18,495 122,690 103,133 24,962 596 5,691 18,675 125,865 106,042 25,414 590 6,020 18,805 128,786 108,616 25,482 535 6,404 18,543 Service-producing................................. Transportation and public utilities....... Wholesale trade................................. Retail trade.......................................... Finance, insurance, and real estate.... Services.............................................. 84,504 5,755 6,081 19,284 6,646 28,336 85,370 5,718 5,997 19,356 6,602 29,052 87,361 5,811 5,981 19,773 6,757 30,197 90,256 5,984 6,162 20,507 6,896 31,579 92,925 6,132 6,378 21,187 6,806 33,117 95,115 6,253 6,482 21,597 6,911 34,454 97,727 6,408 6,648 21,966 7,109 36,040 100,451 6,611 6,800 22,295 7,389 37,533 103,304 6,826 6,924 22,788 7,569 39,027 Federal............................................ State................................................. Local................................................ 18,402 2,966 4,355 11,081 18 645 2,969 4,408 11,267 18 841 2,915 4,488 11,438 19 128 2,870 4,576 11,682 19 80S 2,822 4,635 11,849 1Q 419 2,757 4,606 12,056 2,699 4,582 12,276 2,686 4,612 12,525 2,669 4,695 12,806 NOTE: See "Notes on the data” for a description of the most recent benchmark revision. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis M onthly Labor Review A ugust 2000 71 Current Labor Statistics: 20. Labor Force Data Annual data: Average hours and earnings of production or nonsupervisory workers on nonfarm payrolls, by industry 1991 Industry 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 P r iv a t e s e c to r : Average weekly hours.............................................. Average hourly earnings (in dollars)........................ Average weekly earnings (in dollars)....................... 385.86 34.5 11.43 394.34 34.4 11.82 406.61 34.6 12.28 424.89 34.6 12.78 442.19 34.5 13.24 456.78 44.3 14.60 646.78 44.8 14.88 666.62 44.7 15.30 683.91 45.3 15.62 707.59 45.4 16.15 733.21 43.9 16.91 742.35 43.8 17.09 748.54 38.0 14.15 537.70 38.5 14.38 553.63 38.9 14.73 573.00 38.9 15.09 587.00 39.0 15.47 603.33 39.0 16.04 625.56 38.9 16.61 646.13 39.1 17.18 6/1 ./4 40.7 11.18 455.03 41.0 11.46 469.86 41.4 11.74 486.04 42.0 12.07 506.94 41.6 12.37 514.59 41.6 12.77 531.23 42.0 13.17 553.14 41.7 13.49 562.53 41.7 13.91 580.05 38.1 13.20 502.92 38.3 13.43 514.37 39.3 13.55 532.52 39.7 13.78 547.07 39.4 14.13 556.72 39.6 14.45 572.22 39.7 14.92 592.32 39.5 15.31 604.75 38.7 15.69 607.20 38.1 11.15 424.82 38.2 11.39 435.10 38.2 11.74 448.47 38.4 12.06 463.10 38.3 12.43 476.07 38.3 12.87 492.92 38.4 13.45 516.48 38.3 14.07 538.88 38.3 14.58 558.41 28.6 6.94 198.48 28.8 7.12 205.06 28.8 7.29 209.95 28.9 7.49 216.46 28.8 7.69 221.47 28.8 7.99 230.11 28.9 8.33 240.74 29.0 8.74 253.46 29.0 9.08 263.32 35.7 10.39 370.92 35.8 10.82 387.36 35.8 11.35 406.33 35.8 11.83 423.51 35.9 12.32 442.29 35.9 12.80 459.52 36.1 13.34 481.57 36.4 14.07 512.15 36.2 14.62 529.24 32.4 10.23 331.45 32.5 10.54 342.55 32.5 10.78 350.35 32.5 11.04 358.80 32.4 11.39 369.04 32.4 11.79 382.00 32.6 12.28 400.33 32.6 12.84 418.58 32.6 13.36 435.54 34.3 10.32 353.98 34.4 10.57 363.61 34.5 10.83 373.64 44.4 14.19 630.04 43.9 14.54 638.31 38.1 14.00 533.40 34.7 1 1 .1 2 M in in g : Average weekly hours............................................ Average hourly earnings (In dollars)...................... Average weekly earnings (in dollars)..................... C o n s t r u c t io n : Average weekly hours............................................ Average hourly earnings (in dollars)...................... Average weekly earnings (in dollars)..................... M a n u f a c t u r in g : Average weekly hours............................................ Average hourly earnings (in dollars)...................... Average weekly earnings (in dollars)..................... T r a n s p o r t a t io n a n d p u b l i c u tilitie s : Average weekly hours............................................ Average hourly earnings (in dollars)..................... Average weekly earnings (in dollars).................... W h o le s a l e tr a d e : Average weekly hours........................................... Average hourly earnings (In dollars)..................... Average weekly earnings (in dollars).................... R e ta il tr a d e : Average weekly hours........................................... Average weekly earnings (in dollars).................... F in a n c e , i n s u r a n c e , a n d re a l e s ta te : Average weekly hours........................................... S e r v ic e s : Average weekly hours........................................... Average weekly earnings (in dollars)................... M onthly Labor Review 72 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis August 2000 21. Employment Cost Index, compensation,1by occupation and industry group [June 1989 = 100] 1998 1999 2000 Percent change 3 12 months months ended ended Series Mar. June Sept. Dec. Mar. June Sept. Dec. Mar. Mar. 2000 C iv ilia n w o rk e rs 2.................................................................................. 136.3 137.4 139.0 139.8 140.4 141.8 143.3 144.6 146.5 1.3 4.3 137.7 137.5 139.1 138.0 133.2 136.9 138.7 138.3 139.7 139.3 134.3 137.9 140.6 140.0 141.7 140.4 135.3 139.4 141.4 141.0 141.8 141.3 136.1 140.0 141.9 141.3 143.5 142.5 137.1 141.3 143.3 142.2 145.4 143.4 138.3 142.4 145.0 143.9 147.3 144.7 139.5 143.1 146.3 145.3 148.6 146.1 140.6 144.8 148.4 146.7 150.5 148.6 142.7 146.0 1.4 4.6 3.8 4.9 4.3 4.1 3.3 135.1 136.4 136.8 138.3 138.0 137.1 137.5 136.4 136.2 136.3 137.2 137.7 139.0 138.5 138.2 137.7 137.4 137.3 137.2 138.2 139.6 140.8 139.1 139.4 140.2 138.9 139.0 137.9 138.9 140.4 141.7 139.1 140.2 141.0 139.9 139.9 139.0 139.9 140.9 142.3 140.5 141.3 141.3 140.8 140.5 140.0 140.9 142.4 143.2 141.4 142.2 141.7 141.5 141.9 141.2 142.1 144.0 145.1 142.7 143.4 144.6 142.4 143.4 142.5 143.6 145.3 146.5 144.3 145.0 145.8 144.4 144.7 144.9 146.0 147.1 148.0 145.9 146.3 146.5 145.7 146.6 Excluding sales occupations....................................... 136.3 136.4 137.5 137.5 139.0 138.8 139.8 139.4 140.4 140.5 142.0 141.9 143.3 143.2 144.6 144.5 Workers, by occupational group: White-collar workers..................................................... Excluding sales occupations..................................... Professional specialty and technical occupations......... Executive, adminitrative, and managerial occupations.. Sales occupations...................................................... Administrative support occupations, including clerical... Blue-collar workers...................................................... Precision production, craft, and repair occupations...... Machine operators, assemblers, and inspectors.......... Transportation and material moving occupations......... Handlers, equipment cleaners, helpers, and laborers.... 138.1 138.8 138.8 139.4 135.3 138.2 133.1 132.9 133.6 129.3 137.0 139.4 139.9 140.1 140.0 137.3 139.6 134.3 134.4 134.7 129.9 137.6 141.1 141.3 141.6 141.9 140.4 140.6 135.2 135.4 135.7 130.7 138.5 142.0 141.9 142.6 141.8 142.6 141.4 135.9 136.1 136.8 130.7 139.2 142.4 143.0 142.9 143.7 139.6 142.6 136.9 137.2 137.3 131.6 141.0 144.1 144.5 144.1 145.8 142.6 143.7 138.2 138.4 138.4 133.6 142.3 145.6 146.0 145.2 147.7 144.1 145.0 139.4 139.6 139.9 134.4 143.2 146.9 147.3 146.7 149.1 145.3 146.2 140.5 140.6 141.4 135.2 144.4 Service occupations..................................................... 135.3 136.0 137.3 138.0 139.5 140.6 141.0 142.6 143.9 .9 3.2 Production and nonsupervisory occupations4 ............... 135.3 136.6 138.0 139.0 139.3 140.8 141.9 143.1 145.3 1.5 4.3 135.1 134.5 137.7 136.3 133.5 130.6 136.4 138.2 136.5 135.0 136.5 135.9 136.2 135.6 138.8 137.4 134.6 132.7 137.2 139.1 137.3 135.9 137.4 136.7 137.1 136.5 139.7 138.3 135.5 133.4 138.2 140.1 138.3 136.8 138.5 137.6 137.8 137.2 140.2 138.8 136.3 134.3 138.9 140.5 138.7 137.7 139.2 138.2 138.9 138.3 141.7 140.4 137.1 135.6 139.9 141.8 140.1 138.5 139.9 139.6 139.9 139.3 142.7 141.3 138 3 136.9 140.9 143.0 141.3 139.4 141.0 140.4 141.1 140.5 143.9 142 5 139 4 137.9 142.1 144.3 142.5 140.5 142.3 141.5 142.5 141.8 145.5 143 9 140 7 138.7 143.6 145.8 143.8 142.1 144.0 142.8 144.8 144.2 148 1 146 5 142 8 140.8 146.0 148.2 146.2 144.4 146.5 144.9 1 .6 4.2 4.3 45 136.7 137.4 138.0 139.5 132.1 135.0 135.8 134.0 137.9 136.6 139.6 134.7 135.5 137.7 137.0 133.1 131.2 131.3 137.8 138.5 139.3 140.6 133.2 135.8 137.1 134.9 139.7 139.2 140.3 135.8 136.3 138.6 138.2 134.4 133.0 132.9 139.6 140.0 141.2 142.2 134.3 137.0 138.5 136.7 140.7 140.5 141.0 137.6 138.1 140.8 140.0 135.9 133.2 133.7 140.5 140.6 142.2 142.8 134.8 137.8 139.3 137.3 141.9 141.7 142.1 138.2 138.8 142.8 141.2 135.6 134.0 132.7 140.9 141.7 142.3 143.8 136.2 139.3 139.7 136.8 143.4 143.3 143.4 138.9 139.9 142.7 142.4 136.8 135.0 134.3 142.8 143.3 144.3 145.5 137.8 140.5 140.9 138.1 144.6 144.9 144.2 141.1 141.9 144.6 144.0 139.1 135.6 135.7 144.1 144.6 145.8 147.0 139.1 140.8 141.8 138.7 145.7 146.1 145.1 142.2 142.8 146.3 145.8 140.0 137.2 137.0 145.3 145.9 147.0 148.3 139.8 142.4 142.3 139.5 146.1 146.0 146.1 143.5 144.3 148.5 147.4 140.7 138.3 138.1 147.4 147.7 149.3 150.3 141.8 143.6 143.9 140.4 148.6 148.4 148.9 145.6 146.4 150.0 149.6 143.2 139.7 140.1 Workers, by occupational group: White-collar workers...................................................... Professional specialty and technical.............................. Executive, adminitrative, and managerial...................... Administrative support, including clerical....................... Blue-collar workers........................................................ Service occupations....................................................... 1 .0 1.3 1.7 1.5 .8 Workers, by industry division: Goods-producing........................................................... Manufacturing.............................................................. Service-producing......................................................... Services...................................................................... Health services.......................................................... Hospitals................................................................. Educational services.................................................. Public administration3 .................................................... Nonmanufacturing......................................................... P riv a te in d u s try w o r k e r s ................................................................ Workers, by industry division: Goods-producing......................................................... Excluding sales occupations.................................. Construction............................................................... Manufacturing............................................................ White-collar occupations.......................................... Excluding sales occupations.................................. Blue-collar occupations............................................ Durables................................................................... Nondurables.............................................................. Service-producing........................................................ Excluding sales occupations.................................. White-collar occupations.......................................... Excluding sales occupations.................................. Blue-collar occupations............................................ Transportation and public utilities............................... Transportation.......................................................... Public utilities........................................................... Communications.................................................... Electric, gas, and sanitary services......................... Wholesale and retail trade.......................................... Excluding sales occupations.................................. Wholesale trade....................................................... Excluding sales occupations.................................. Retail trade.............................................................. General merchandise stores................................... Food stores............................................................ 1.7 1.7 .9 .5 .9 1.3 4.2 4.4 4.4 4.0 3.8 3.5 3.7 3.5 4.3 146.8 146.5 1.5 1.4 4.6 4.3 149.3 149.4 148.4 151.1 148.9 149.0 142.6 142.3 144.0 137.5 146.4 1 .6 4.8 4.5 3.8 5.1 6.7 4.5 4.2 3.7 4.9 4.5 3.8 1 .2 1 .0 1.1 1.4 1 .2 1.3 2.5 1.9 1.5 1 .2 1 .8 1.7 1.4 1.7 1 8 1 8 1.5 1.7 1 .6 1.7 1 .6 1.7 1.5 1.4 1 .2 1 .6 1.3 1.4 .8 1.1 42 3.8 4.4 4.5 4.4 4.3 4.7 3.8 4.6 4.2 4.9 4.5 4.1 31 3.0 .6 2 .6 1.7 3.6 3.6 3.8 4.8 4.6 5.1 5.1 4.7 3.5 4.3 1 .6 1.9 1.5 1.5 1 .0 1.5 1 .8 1 .0 1.4 See footnotes at end of table. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis M onthly Labor Review A ugust 2000 73 Current Labor Statistics: 21. Compensation & Industrial Relations Continued—Employment Cost Index, compensation,1by occupation and industry group [June 1989 = 100] Series Mar. June Sept. Dec. Mar. June Percent change 2000 1999 1998 Sept. Dec. Mar. 3 12 months months ended ended Mar. 2000 Finance, insurance, and real estate............................... 136.7 138.4 141.0 142.5 141.5 145.8 147.6 148.3 152.0 2.5 7.4 Excluding sales occupations..................................... Banking, savings and loan, and other credit agencies. Insurance...................................................................... Services.......................................................................... Business services........................................................ Health services............................................................. Hospitals.................................................................... Educational services.................................................... Colleges and universities........................................... 140.2 143.3 137.4 139.3 139.5 138.2 136.7 143.4 144.3 141.3 145.3 138.9 140.3 140.7 138.7 138.2 143.9 144.8 143.2 148.4 141.9 141.8 143.5 139.0 139.1 147.0 147.8 143.3 146.7 141.7 142.7 145.9 139.0 139.9 147.7 148.5 145.6 148.8 141.7 143.5 147.5 140.5 141.2 148.3 149.2 148.8 155.4 144.0 144.6 148.7 141.4 142.1 148.7 149.6 151.0 159.3 144.5 146.1 150.7 142.6 143.0 152.2 152.6 151.6 159.8 145.8 147.6 151.9 144.2 144.6 153.0 153.3 154.2 162.7 149.9 149.4 154.2 145.8 145.8 154.0 154.6 1.7 5.9 9.3 5.8 4.1 4.5 3.8 3.3 3.8 3.6 Nonmanufacturing.......................................................... 136.0 137.2 138.9 139.7 140.3 142.0 143.4 144.5 146.7 1.5 4.6 White-collar workers..................................................... Excluding sales occupations.................................... Blue-collar occupations................................................ Service occupations..................................................... 137.9 139.3 131.0 134.9 139.2 140.5 132.4 135.7 141.1 142.0 133.4 136.9 142.0 142.7 134.0 137.7 142.3 143.7 135.2 139.2 144.1 145.3 136.8 140.4 145.6 146.8 138.0 140.7 146.9 148.1 138.7 142.3 149.2 150.2 140.6 143.5 1 .6 1.4 1.4 .8 4.8 4.5 4.0 3.1 S t a t e a n d lo c a l g o v e r n m e n t w o r k e r s .............................................. 136.5 136.9 139.0 139.8 140.5 141.0 143.1 144.6 145.5 .6 3.6 136.1 135.6 137.5 136.9 135.0 136.2 135.6 137.9 137.2 135.2 138.4 137.7 140.4 139.5 136.8 139.3 138.5 141.6 140.3 137.8 139.8 138.8 142.6 141.4 138.8 140.2 139.3 142.8 141.3 139.5 142.6 142.0 144.5 143.0 140.9 144.0 143.2 146.1 145.0 142.5 144.9 144.1 147.0 145.9 143.7 .6 3.6 3.8 3.1 3.2 3.5 1 .8 2 .8 1 .2 1.5 1.1 .8 .7 .8 Workers, by occupational group: White-collar workers........................................................... Professional specialty and technical................................ Executive, administrative, and managerial..................... .6 .6 .6 .8 Workers, by industry division: Services........................................................................... 136.5 136.6 140.0 140.5 143.2 144.5 145.2 .5 3.7 136.1 136.2 139.0 138.7 139.7 Services excluding schools5 .......................................... Health services............................................................ 138.8 139.6 140.3 142.6 143.8 145.2 1 .0 4.0 138.0 138.4 136.5 136.7 136.2 138.1 140.3 140.7 138.8 139.1 138.8 140.4 140.7 141.2 139.6 139.9 139.3 141.5 141.2 141.7 139.9 140.2 139.6 141.7 142.0 142.7 140.3 140.6 140.0 142.1 144.2 144.8 143.1 143.5 142.9 144.8 145.8 146.3 144.4 144.7 144.1 146.5 147.3 147.9 145.0 145.3 144.5 147.4 1 .0 Elementary and secondary..................................... Colleges and universities....................................... 137.9 138.4 136.3 136.6 136.1 137.9 .6 4.3 4.4 3.6 3.6 3.5 4.0 Public administration3 ....................................................... 136.4 137.4 138.9 139.9 140.8 141.5 142.4 144.4 145.7 .9 3.5 Educational services.................................................... Cost (cents per hour worked) measured in the Employment Cost Index consists of wages, salaries, and employer cost of employee benefits. 1 Consists of private Industry workers (excluding farm and household workers) and State and local government (excluding Federal Government) workers. 2 M onthly Labor Review 74 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis August 2000 3 1.1 .4 .4 .3 Consists of legislative, judicial, administrative, and regulatory activities. 4 This series has the same industry and occupational coverage as the Hourly Earnings index, which was discontinued in January 1989. 5 Includes, for example, library, social, and health services. 22. Employment Cost Index, wages and salaries, by occupation and industry group [June 1989= 100] 1998 1999 2000 Series Mar. C iv ilia n workers1..................................... June Sept. Dec. Mar. June 134.0 135.0 136.8 137.7 138.4 135.6 135.8 137.4 135.0 130.4 133.7 136.7 136.6 138.3 136.2 131 4 134.5 138 8 138 5 140.5 137.5 132 6 136.1 139 7 139 4 140 3 138 6 133 3 137.0 140 1 Manufacturing............................................................. Service-producing......................................................... Services..................................................................... Health services......................................................... Hospitals.................................................................. 132.0 133.7 134.8 136.9 136.2 134.2 136 3 133 3 134.6 135.7 137.6 136.5 135.1 136 5 134 4 136.0 137.8 139.6 137.6 136.4 139 1 Public administration2 .................................................. Nonmanufacturing......................................................... 132.7 134.0 133.2 135.1 133.7 133.7 White-collar workers................................................. Excluding sales occupations.................................... Professional specialty and technical occupations......... Executive, adminitrative, and managerial occupations.. Sales occupations...................................................... Administrative support occupations, including clerical... Blue-collar workers................................................. Precision production, craft, and repair occupations...... Machine operators, assemblers, and inspectors.......... Transportation and material moving occupations......... Handlers, equipment cleaners, helpers, and laborers.... Service occupations................................................... Sept. 139.8 141.3 141 6 140 0 140 R 1 in 9 14? 0 138.3 139.4 135 ? 136.8 138.7 140.5 137.6 137.1 13fi 3 137.9 139.2 141.5 138.8 138.1 134.8 137.0 135.9 137.8 134.9 134.8 136.6 136.3 135.7 136.3 135.9 137.8 133.1 135.3 130.2 129.8 131.6 125.9 133.2 137.0 137.5 137.1 138.7 135.2 136.7 131 3 131.2 132.7 126.4 133.7 132.1 Production and nonsupervisory occupations3 ............... Dec. Mar. Percent change 3 12 months months ended ended Mar. 2000 142.5 144.0 140.1 141.7 143.0 139.0 140.7 142.3 139.7 138.8 140.2 142.3 144.1 140.9 140.1 141.5 143.5 145.5 142.5 141.6 142.9 145.0 146.6 143.8 142.6 136.9 138.4 137.8 139.9 139.5 141.5 141.5 142.6 142.5 144.2 1.1 137.4 136.9 138.1 138.2 139.7 139.6 141.0 140.8 142.2 142.0 143.9 143.5 1.1 139.0 139.1 138.7 140.9 138.8 137.9 132 4 132.3 133.8 127.6 135.1 139.9 139.7 139.7 140.5 141.3 138.9 133 ? 133.0 134.9 127.8 135.8 140.3 141.0 140.7 141.9 137.3 140.4 142.1 142.5 141.8 144.3 140.5 141.4 143.5 143.9 142.6 146.4 142.1 142.7 144.8 145.2 144.1 147.6 143.3 143.8 146.6 146.7 145.1 149.2 146.7 146.0 134.3 135.7 129.1 137.3 135.6 136.7 131.0 138.3 136.7 138.3 131.9 139.4 137.5 139.5 132.7 140.4 138.9 140.7 134.1 141.8 1 .0 133.0 134.4 135.3 136.7 137.8 138.0 139.6 141.0 1 .0 3.1 132.3 133.6 135.2 136.4 136.8 138.2 139.3 140.4 142.1 1 .2 3.9 Workers, by industry division: Goods-producing.......................................................... Excluding sales occupations.................................. White-collar occupations.......................................... Excluding sales occupations................................... Blue-collar occupations............................................ Construction........................................................ Manufacturing............................................ White-collar occupations.......................................... Excluding sales occupations................................... Blue-collar occupations............................................ Durables................................................. Nondurables.................................................. 132.0 131.3 135.0 133.3 130.1 126.0 133.7 135.6 133.8 132.3 133.4 134.2 133.2 132.5 136.3 134.6 131.3 128.1 134.6 136.8 135.0 133.1 134.5 134.9 134.3 133.6 137.4 135.7 132.3 128.5 136.0 138.3 136.3 134.3 135.9 136.0 135.2 134.4 138.2 136.4 133.3 129.3 136.8 139.0 137.1 135.3 136.9 136.8 136.3 135.5 139.4 137.8 134.3 130.7 137.9 140.1 138.3 136.3 137.9 138.0 137.3 136.6 140.5 138.8 135.4 131.9 139.0 141.4 139.6 137.2 139.1 138.7 138.5 137.8 141.7 140.1 136.6 133.0 140.2 142.7 140.8 138.4 140.4 139.7 139.7 138.9 143.0 141.3 137.6 133.6 141.5 144.0 142.0 139.7 141.8 140.9 141.3 140.5 145.0 143.2 139.0 136.0 142.9 145.8 143.7 140.8 143.0 142.7 1.1 3.7 3.7 4.0 3.9 3.5 4.1 3.6 4.1 3.9 3.3 3.7 3.4 Service-producing.................................................. Excluding sales occupations................................... White-collar occupations.......................................... Excluding sales occupations................................... Blue-collar occupations............................................ Service occupations................................................. Transportation and public utilities................................ Transportation............................................... Public utilities...................................................... Communications.................................................... Electric, gas, and sanitary services......................... Wholesale and retail trade.......................................... Excluding sales occupations................................... Wholesale trade............................................. Excluding sales occupations................................... Retail trade................................................. General merchandise stores................................... Food stores............................................................ 134.4 135.2 135.7 137.3 130.2 132.1 132.1 130.1 134.5 134.4 134.7 133.3 134.7 136.2 136.5 131.9 129.4 129.0 135.6 136.2 137.0 138.4 131.1 133.0 132.8 130.4 135.7 135.8 135.6 134.6 135.6 137.1 137.8 133.3 131.5 130.5 137.6 137.9 139.2 140.2 132.4 134.2 134.3 132.4 136.5 136.7 136.3 136.6 137.6 139.3 139.6 135.2 132.2 131.7 138.4 138.5 140.1 140.7 132.9 135.2 135.1 132.9 137.8 138.0 137.4 137.0 138.2 141.3 140.8 134.8 133.0 130.5 138.9 139.8 140.3 142.0 134.4 136.7 135.4 132.3 139.2 139.4 138.9 137.7 139.5 140.7 141.9 136.2 133.7 131.8 140.8 141.4 142.3 143.7 135.9 137.8 136.8 133.7 140.6 141.1 140.0 139.6 141.1 142.3 143.0 138.3 134.3 132.8 142.1 142.6 143.8 145.1 137.0 138.0 137.5 134.4 141.5 141.9 140.9 140.7 141.8 144.3 144.8 138.9 135.6 133.9 143.3 143.8 145.0 146.4 137.8 139.6 137.9 134.9 141.8 142.2 141.3 142.0 143.3 146.5 146.4 139.6 136.7 134.9 145.0 145.3 146.9 147.8 139.1 141.1 138.5 134.9 143.2 143.4 143.0 143.8 145.2 147.4 147.9 142.1 137.8 136.7 4.0 1.1 Workers, by occupational group: White-collar workers...................................................... Executive, adminitrative, and managerial...................... Administrative support, including clerical....................... Service occupations....................................................... .9 3.4 1 .0 3.6 4.2 3.6 3.6 3.3 Workers, by industry division: P riv a te in d u s try w o r k e r s ......................... Excluding sales occupations...................................... 1 .0 .8 .9 .7 .7 4.1 4.2 4.2 3.8 1.2 Workers, by occupational group: 1.1 4.5 4.0 3.1 5.1 2.4 1.5 4.0 1 .2 1 .0 .7 6 .8 3.4 3.7 3.9 3.3 1 .0 .9 1.1 1 .2 1.4 1.3 1 .0 1 .8 1 .0 1.3 1 .2 .8 .8 1.3 1 .2 1 .0 1.3 1.0 .9 1.1 .4 4.4 3.9 4.7 4.1 3.5 3.2 2.3 .0 2 .0 1.0 2.9 2.9 3.0 4.4 4.1 4.8 4.2 4.3 3.1 3.7 .8 1.2 1.3 1.3 .6 1 .0 1 .8 .8 1.3 See footnotes at end of table. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis M onthly Labor Review A ugust 2000 75 Current Labor Statistics: 22. Compensation & Industrial Relations Continued—Employment Cost Index, wages and salaries, by occupation and industry group [June 1989 = 100] Series Mar. Sept. June Dec. Mar. June Percent change 2000 1999 1998 Sept. Dec. Mar. 3 12 months ended months ended Mar. 2000 Finance, insurance, and real estate............................... Excluding sales occupations..................................... Banking, savings and loan, and other credit agencies. Insurance...................................................................... Services.......................................................................... Business services........................................................ Health services............................................................. Hospitals.................................................................... Educational services.................................................... Colleges and universities........................................... 132.6 135.9 140.9 133.1 137.2 137.6 136.2 133.6 139.1 139.1 134.8 137.5 143.2 134.8 138.3 139.2 136.5 134.7 139.6 139.7 138.1 139.7 147.0 138.7 140.0 141.8 137.5 135.8 142.8 142.8 139.8 139.6 144.4 138.5 140.8 144.1 137.4 136.5 143.5 143.6 137.2 141.0 146.1 137.4 142.2 145.4 138.7 137.6 143.9 144.1 142.4 144.8 154.5 139.8 143.2 146.3 139.6 138.3 144.2 144.4 144.5 147.5 159.2 140.2 144.5 148.5 140.6 139.3 147.5 147.2 145.2 148.0 159.6 141.5 146.0 149.8 142.2 140.9 148.2 147.9 148.7 150.2 162.0 145.5 147.4 152.0 143.5 141.8 148.9 148.9 Nonmanufacturing.......................................................... White-collar workers..................................................... Excluding sales occupations.................................... Blue-collar occupations................................................ Service occupations..................................................... 133.4 135.5 136.9 128.2 132.0 134.7 136.8 138.1 129.5 132.9 136.5 138.9 139.8 130.5 134.1 137.4 139.8 140.3 131.1 135.1 137.9 140.1 141.6 132.4 136.5 139.7 142.0 143.2 134.0 137.7 141.0 143.5 144.6 135.1 137.9 142.1 144.7 145.9 135.8 139.5 143.9 146.5 147.4 137.4 140.9 State and local government workers............................... 135.1 135.4 137.6 138.5 139.0 139.6 142.2 143.5 135.0 135.5 135.1 133.0 133.1 135.2 135.6 135.6 133.3 133.5 137.6 137.9 138.0 135.4 135.1 138.5 138.7 139.3 136.5 136.0 138.9 138.9 140.1 137.4 136.9 139.3 139.4 140.5 137.5 137.6 142.1 142.5 142.7 139.6 139.4 135.7 135.9 138.4 139.2 139.5 139.9 138.2 139.2 139.1 139.3 139.5 139.3 139.6 139.0 139.7 139.7 139.5 139.6 139.5 139.6 139.6 140.4 140.6 139.8 140.0 139.9 139.8 135.9 136.9 137.8 8.4 6.5 10.9 5.9 3.7 4.5 3.5 3.1 3.5 3.3 2.4 1.5 1.5 2 .8 1 .0 1.5 .9 .6 .5 .7 1 .0 4.4 4.6 4.1 3.8 3.2 144.3 .6 3.8 143.4 143.6 144.3 141.7 140.7 144.1 144.3 144.9 142.4 141.5 .5 .5 .4 .5 .6 3.7 3.9 3.4 3.6 3.4 142.9 144.0 144.6 .4 3.7 142.1 142.8 142.8 142.9 143.1 143.1 142.6 143.2 144.2 144.1 144.0 144.2 144.1 144.4 144.3 145.3 145.3 144.5 144.7 144.5 144.9 .8 .3 .3 .3 .3 3.8 4.0 4.0 3.6 3.7 3.6 3.8 139.5 141.5 142.5 .7 4.1 1.3 1 .2 1 .0 1 .2 Workers, by occupational group: White-collar workers........................................................... Professional specialty and technical................................ Executive, administrative, and managerial..................... Administrative support, including clerical......................... Workers, by industry division: Services........................................................................... Services excluding schools4 .......................................... Elementary and secondary..................................... Colleges and universities....................................... 135.4 136.3 136.3 135.7 135.8 136.0 135.2 135.5 136.5 136.5 135.8 136.0 136.1 135.5 137.8 138.7 138.6 138.4 138.5 138.7 137.7 Public administration2 ....................................................... 132.7 133.2 134.8 Health services............................................................ Educational services.................................................... Consists of private industry workers (excluding farm and household workers) and State and local government (excluding Federal Government) workers. 1 2 Consists of legislative, judicial, administrative, and regulatory activities. 23. .8 .8 This series has the same industry and occupational coverage as the Hourly Earnings index, which was discontinued in January 1989. 3 4 Includes, for example, library, social, and health services. Employment Cost Index, benefits, private industry workers by occupation and industry group [June 1989 = 100] 2000 1999 1998 Series Mar. June Sept. Dec. Mar. June Sept. Dec. Mar. Percent change 3 months 12 months ended ended Mar. 2000 142.6 143.7 144.5 145.2 145.8 147.3 148.6 150.2 153.8 2.4 5.5 144.7 139.1 145.6 140.4 146.6 141.0 147.4 141.6 147.9 142.2 149.4 143.6 151.0 144.8 152.5 146.2 156.3 150.0 2.5 2 .6 5.7 5.5 141.5 142.7 141.7 142.7 142.5 143.8 142.4 143.9 143.0 144.9 142.6 145.0 143.2 145.7 142.7 145.8 144.3 146.1 143.6 146.3 145.2 147.9 144.5 148.0 146.3 149.4 145.7 149.4 148.2 150.7 147.8 150.7 152.3 154.0 152.3 154.0 Workers, by occupational group: Workers, by industry division: Nonmanufacturing............................................................. 76 M onthly Labor Review https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis August 2000 2 .2 5.6 5.4 3.0 6 .1 2 .2 5.3 2 .8 24. Employment Cost Index, private nonfarm workers by bargaining status, region, and area size [June 1989 = 100] 1998 1999 2000 Series Mar. June Sept. Dec. Mar. June Sept. Dec. Mar. Percent change 3 12 months months ended ended Mar. 2000 C O M P E N S A T IO N W o r k e r s , b y b a r g a in in g s ta t u s 1 Union....................................................................................... Goods-producing................................................................. Service-producing............................................................... Manufacturing...................................................................... 134.0 132.7 135.3 133.6 133.9 135.3 134.3 136.2 134.6 135.3 136.8 135.6 138.0 136.0 136.9 137.5 136.5 138.5 136.9 137.4 138.0 136.8 139.2 137.0 138.1 139.0 138.2 139.7 138.1 139.2 140.2 139.2 141.0 139.1 140.3 141.2 140.8 141.4 141.0 140.8 143.0 143.3 142.5 144.5 141.7 Nonunion................................................................................. Goods-producing................................................................. Service-producing............................................................... Manufacturing..................................................................... 136.7 135.9 136.7 137.2 136.3 137.8 136.9 138.0 138.0 137.5 139.3 137.7 139.7 138.9 139.1 140.1 138.3 140.6 139.4 140.0 140.8 139.7 141.1 140.7 140.6 142.5 140.5 143.0 141.7 142.4 143.8 141.8 144.4 143.0 143.8 145.2 143.1 145.7 144.4 145.1 147.4 145.4 148.0 146.5 147.4 136.0 135.5 138.3 135.2 137.0 136.4 139.6 136.6 138.7 137.6 140.9 138.5 139.5 138.1 141.4 140.0 140.5 139.1 141.7 140.3 141.5 140.7 143.6 142.1 143.2 141.8 145.0 143.3 144.3 143.0 146.3 144.7 146.3 145.0 148.9 147.0 1 .6 4.1 4.2 5.1 4.8 136.4 135.9 137.5 137.1 139.1 138.2 139.8 139.4 140.4 140.5 142.0 141.8 143.3 143.1 144.7 143.6 146.9 146.0 1.5 1.7 4.6 39 129.6 127.9 131.8 129.6 129.6 130.7 129.4 132.2 130.4 130.8 132.4 131.0 134.1 132.2 132.4 133.1 131.7 134.8 133.0 133.1 133.6 132.3 135.4 133.6 133.7 134.7 133.8 135.8 134.7 134.6 135.7 134.9 136.8 135.8 135.6 136.5 136.1 137.2 137.5 135.9 137.2 137.2 137.6 138.8 136.4 .5 2.7 3.7 134.5 133.6 134.6 135.1 134 0 135.7 134.7 135.9 136.2 135.3 137.4 135.7 137.9 137.3 137.1 138.3 136.5 138.8 138.2 138.0 139.0 137.8 139.3 139.4 138.6 140.7 138.8 141.3 140.5 140.5 142.0 140.0 142.6 141.7 141.8 143.3 141.1 143.9 142.9 143.0 145.1 142.9 145.8 144.4 145.0 132.6 134.0 134.7 132.9 133.8 134.9 136.0 134.5 135.4 136.5 137.5 136.7 136.4 136.7 138.0 138.4 137.1 137.9 138.9 138.2 138.2 139.4 141.0 140.2 139.9 140.2 142.4 141.3 140.9 141.5 143.6 142.6 142.3 143.0 145.3 144.7 133.8 132.5 135.1 133.4 136.9 134.7 137.7 136.0 138.3 137.1 139.9 138.4 141.2 139.8 142.5 140.2 144.1 142.2 1.3 2.5 3.6 4.8 2.4 5.5 .6 2 .6 1.5 4.7 4.1 4.9 4.1 4.8 1 .8 .8 1 .6 1 .6 1.5 1 .6 W o r k e r s , b y r e g io n 1 Northeast................................................................................ South...................................................................................... 1.4 1.4 1 .8 W o r k e r s , b y a r e a s iz e 1 Metropolitan areas.................................................................. W A G E S A N D S A L A R IE S W o r k e r s , b y b a r g a in in g s ta t u s 1 Union....................................................................................... Goods-producing................................................................. Service-producing............................................................... Manufacturing...................................................................... Nonunion................................................................................. Goods-producing................................................................. Service-producing............................................................... Manufacturing...................................................................... .8 .3 .9 .4 1.3 1.3 1.3 1 .0 14 1 .6 3.9 2 0 4.4 3.7 4.7 3.6 4.6 W o r k e r s , b y r e g io n 1 Northeast................................................................................ South...................................................................................... Midwest (formerly North Central)........................................... West....................................................................................... 1 .0 1.1 1 .2 1.5 3.8 3.7 4.6 4.7 W o r k e r s , b y a r e a s iz e 1 Metropolitan areas................................................................. Other areas............................................................................ 1.1 1.4 4.2 3.7 1 The indexes are calculated differently from those for the occupation and industry groups. For a detailed description of the index calculation, see the M onthly Labor Review Technical Note, "Estimation procedures for the Employment Cost Index," May 1982. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis M onthly Labor Review A ugust 2000 77 Current Labor Statistics: Compensation & Industrial Relations 25. Percent of full-time employees participating in employer-provided benefit plans, and in selected features within plans, medium and large private establishments, selected years, 1980-97 Ite m Scope of survey (in 000's)...................................... Number of employees (in 000's): With medical care................................................ With life insurance............................................... With defined benefit plan..................................... 1984 1982 1980 1988 1986 1991 1989 1997 1995 1993 33,374 38,409 21,352 21,043 21,013 21,303 31,059 32,428 31,163 28,728 20,711 20,498 17,936 20,412 2 0 ,2 0 1 17,676 20,383 20,172 17,231 20,238 20,451 16,190 27,953 28,574 19,567 29,834 30,482 20,430 25,865 29,293 18,386 23,519 26,175 16,015 25,546 29,078 17,417 29,340 33,495 19,202 9 26 73 26 10 11 10 8 27 72 26 - - 88 3.2 99 26 71 26 84 3.3 97 9.2 30 67 28 80 3.3 92 _ _ _ _ 80 3.3 89 9.1 _ _ - 29 72 26 85 3.2 96 9.4 24 3.3 98 9 29 - 9 25 76 25 T im e -o ff p la n s Participants with: Paid lunch time..................................................... Average minutes per day.................................... Paid rest time....................................................... Average minutes per day.................................... Paid funeral leave................................................ Average days per occurrence............................. Paid holidays........................................................ average uays per year....................................... Paid personal leave.............................................. Average days per year....................................... Paid vacations...................................................... 10 - 75 - - - 99 99 10.1 1 0 .0 20 100 24 3.8 99 99 9.8 23 3.6 99 62 67 67 70 - - - - - 1 0 .0 25 3.7 100 1 0 .2 68 26 83 3.0 91 9.4 _ _ 81 3.7 89 9.3 22 21 21 22 20 3.1 97 3.3 96 3.1 97 3.3 96 3.5 95 68 67 37 26 65 60 53 58 _ _ 84 56 93 - - - - 69 33 16 - - - - - - Participants in medical care plans........................... Percent of participants with coverage for: Home health care............................................... 97 97 97 95 90 92 83 82 77 76 - - 62 8 70 18 76 79 28 75 80 28 81 80 30 86 58 46 62 66 Extended care facilities....................................... Physical exam.................................................... 82 42 78 73 56 85 78 63 36 $11.93 58 $35.93 43 $12.80 63 $41.40 44 $19.29 64 $60.07 47 $25.31 $72.10 51 $26.60 69 $96.97 61 $31.55 76 $107.42 67 $33.92 78 $118.33 69 $39.14 80 $130.07 Paid sick leave1.................................................. Unpaid maternity leave........................................ Unpaid paternity leave.......................................... Unpaid family leave............................................. 37 18 In s u ra n c e p la n s Percent of participants with employee contribution required for: Self coverage.................................................... Average monthly contribution............................ Family coverage................................................ 26 27 - - 46 51 - - 96 96 96 96 92 94 94 91 87 87 69 72 78 8 “ 64 59 49 44 76 5 41 77 7 37 74 10 71 7 42 71 - 74 64 72 - 40 43 47 48 42 45 40 41 42 43 54 51 51 49 46 43 45 44 - - - - - - - - participants in denned benefit pension pians.......... 84 84 82 76 63 63 59 Percent of participants with: Normal retirement prior to age 65........................ Early retirement available................................... Ad hoc pension increase in last 5 years.............. Terminal earnings formula.................................. Benefit coordinated with Social Security............ 55 98 53 45 58 97 52 45 63 97 47 54 56 64 98 35 57 62 59 98 26 55 62 62 97 64 63 55 98 7 56 54 - - - 60 45 48 48 MVfcjfctyts m u m m y u u m riu u u u n ..................................... Participants in life insurance plans.......................... Percent of participants with: Accidental death and dismemberment insurance.......................................................... Survivor income benefits..................................... Retiree protection available.................................. Participants in long-term disability insurance plans................................................... Participants in sickness and accident insurance plans................................................... Participants in short-term disability plans ' ............... 66 6 6 33 - - 53 55 56 52 50 52 95 52 95 61 48 52 96 4 58 51 56 49 49 55 57 43 54 55 R e tire m e n t p la n s Participants in defined contribution plans................ Participants in plans with tax-deferred savings arrangements..................................................... 33 36 22 41 44 6 10 O th e r b e n e fits Employees eligible for: Flexible benefits plans.......................................... Reimbursement accounts2 ................................... Premium conversion plans................................... 1 The definitions for paid sick leave and short-term disability (previously sickness and accident insurance) were changed for the 1995 survey. Paid sick leave now includes only plans that specify either a maximum number of days per year or unlimited days. Shortterms disability now includes all insured, self-insured, and State-mandated plans available on a per-disability basis, as well as the unfunded per-disability plans previously reported as sick leave. Sickness and accident insurance, reported in years prior to this survey, included only insured, self-insured, and State-mandated plans providing per-disability bene M onthly Labor Review 78 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis August 2000 12 12 13 10 5 9 32 52 38 36 12 23 5 7 5 fits at less than full pay. 2 Prior to 1995, reimbursement accounts included premium conversion plans, which specifically allow medical plan participants to pay required plan premiums with pretax dollars. Also, reimbursement accounts that were part of flexible benefit plans were tabulated separately. 2 Note: Dash indicates data not available. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 26. Percent of full-time employees participating in employer-provided benefit plans, and in selected features within plans, small private establishments and State and local governments, 1987, 1990, 1992, 1994, and 1996 Small private establishments Item 1990 1992 1994 State and local governments 1996 1987 1990 1992 1994 Scope of survey (in 000's)..................................... 32,466 34,360 35,910 39,816 10,321 12,972 12,466 12,907 Number of employees (in 000's): With medical care.................................. With life insurance............................................ With defined benefit plan..................................... 22,402 20,778 6,493 24,396 21,990 7,559 23,536 21,955 5,480 25,599 24,635 5,883 9,599 8,773 9,599 12,064 11,415 11,675 11,219 11,095 10,845 11,192 11,194 11,708 Time-off plans Participants with: Paid lunch time.................................................. Average minutes per day................................... Paid rest time............................................. Average minutes per day................................... Paid funeral leave............................................... Average days per occurrence............................. Paid holidays......................................... 37 48 27 47 2.9 84 37 49 26 50 3.0 82 _ - _ 50 3.1 82 51 3.0 80 34 58 29 56 3.7 81 36 56 29 63 3.7 74 34 53 29 65 3.7 75 9.5 9.2 11 12 7.5 13 2 .8 2 .6 2 .6 7.6 14 3.0 88 88 86 13.6 39 2.9 67 14.2 38 2.9 67 11.5 38 3.0 88 10.9 38 2.7 72 Paid sick leave 2.......................................... 47 53 50 50 97 95 95 94 Unpaid leave......................................... Unpaid paternity leave......................................... Unpaid family leave......................................... 17 _ _ - - - 18 7 - 47 48 57 30 - 51 33 - 59 44 - 93 Average days per year1...................................... Paid personal leave............................................ Average days per year....................................... Paid vacations................................................... 8 8 - - _ 62 3.7 73 66 _ Insurance plans Participants in medical care plans........................... Percent of participants with coverage for: Home health care............................................. Extended care facilities...................................... Physical exam................................................... 69 71 66 64 93 93 90 87 79 83 26 80 84 28 - - - - 76 78 36 82 79 36 87 84 47 84 81 55 Percent of participants with employee contribution required for: Self coverage................................................. Average monthly contribution............................ Family coverage.......................................... 42 $25.13 67 47 $36.51 73 52 $40.97 76 52 $42.63 75 35 $15.74 71 38 $25.53 65 43 $28.97 72 47 $30.20 71 Average monthly contribution............................ $109.34 $150.54 $159.63 $181.53 $71.89 $117.59 $139.23 $149.70 Participants in life insurance plans......................... Percent of participants with: Accidental death and dismemberment insurance......................................................... Survivor income benefits..................................... Retiree protection available................................. Participants in long-term disability insurance plans................................................... Participants in sickness and accident insurance plans.............................................. 64 64 61 62 85 88 89 87 78 76 79 77 74 64 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 2 19 25 20 13 55 45 46 46 19 23 20 22 31 27 28 30 6 26 26 14 21 22 21 Participants in short-term disability plans2.............. _ _ _ 29 20 22 15 15 93 90 87 91 54 95 7 58 49 50 95 4 54 46 - 92 90 33 89 92 89 - 47 92 _ 16 10 100 100 100 - 53 44 18 8 10 92 87 13 99 49 31 33 34 38 9 9 9 9 17 24 23 28 28 45 45 24 3 19 4 5 12 5 5 31 5 50 5 64 7 _ _ _ Retirement plans Participants in defined benefit pension plans.......... Percent of participants with: Normal retirement prior to age 65.................... Early retirement available................................ Ad hoc pension increase In last 5 years............... Terminal earnings formula....................... Benefit coordinated with Social Security.............. Participants in defined contribution plans................. Participants in plans with tax-deferred savings arrangements.......................................... Other benefits Employees eligible for: Flexible benefits plans...................................... Reimbursement accounts 3 .................................. Premium conversion plans ................................. | 1 2 8 14 - - - - - 67 67 88 Methods used to calculate the average number of paid holidays were revised in 1994 to count partial days more precisely. Average holidays for 1994 are not comparable with those reported in 1990 and 1992. sick leave. Sickness and accident insurance, reported in years prior to this survey, included only insured, self-insured, and State-mandated plans providing per-disability benefits at less than full pay. The definitions for paid sick leave and short-term disability (previously sickness and accident insurance) were changed for the 1996 survey. Paid sick leave now includes only plans that specify either a maximum number of days per year or unlimited days. Short-term disability now includes all insured, selfinsured, and State-mandated plans available on a per-disability basis, as well as the unfunded per-disability plans previously reported as Prior to 1996, reimbursement accounts included premium conversion plans, which specifically allow medical plan participants to pay required plan premiums with pretax dollars. Also, reimbursement accounts that were part of flexible benefit plans were tabulated separately. 2 Note: Dash indicates data not available. M onthly Labor Review A ugust 2000 79 Current Labor Statistics: Compensation & Industrial Relations 27. Work stoppages involving 1,000 workers or more 1997 Number of stoppages: Beginning in period........................... 1998 2000 1999 Annual totals Measure Jan.p Feb.p Mar.p Apr.p 1 Mayp 29 34 34 1 In effect during period....................... 34 5 2 5 0 2 3 3 6 Workers Involved: Beginning in period (in thousands).... In effect during period (in thousands). 339 351 387 387 1.4 9.2 4.1 10.3 .0 4.4 8.0 12.4 9.6 22.0 4,497 5,116 129.0 104.1 101.2 256.8 314.8 .01 ft .01 .01 Junep July11 Aug.p Sept.p Oct.p Dec.p 1 0 1 0 1 2 1 1 2 6 6 3 5 0 2 2.2 1.7 16.3 11.0 15.4 19.1 34.5 .0 10.1 2.0 21.6 5.0 .0 3.0 .0 3.0 309.4 266.4 118.8 176.2 67.1 63.6 63.0 60.0 .01 .01 ft .01 Ô Ô ft 2 Days idle: Percent of estimated workina time1... .01 .02 Jan.p Nov.p 1 Agricultural and government employees are included In the total employed and total working time; private household, forestry, and fishery employees are excluded. An explanation of the measurement of idleness as a percentage of the total time worked is found in " Total economy' measures of strike idleness," Monthly Labor Review, October 1968, pp. 54-56. 2 Less than 0.005. p= preliminary. M onthly Labor Review 80 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis August 2000 28. Consumer Price Indexes for All Urban Consumers and for Urban Wage Earners and Clerical Workers: U.S. city average, by expenditure category and commodity or service group [1982-84 = 100, unless otherwise indicated] A n n u a l a v e ra g e 1999 2000 S e r ie s 1998 1999 June J u ly Aug. S e p t. O c t. Nov. Dec. Jan. Feb. M a r. A p r. M ay June CONSUMER PRICE INDEX FOR ALL URBAN CONSUMERS All items.......................................................... All items (1967- 100)...................................... 163.0 488.3 166.6 499.0 166.2 497.9 166.7 499.2 167.1 500.7 167.9 502.9 168.2 503.9 168.3 504.1 168.3 504.1 168.7 505.5 169.7 508.4 171.1 512.5 171.2 512.9 171.3 513.3 172.3 516.1 Food and beverages....................................... 161.1 160.7 161.1 181.1 147.3 164.6 164.1 164.2 185.0 147.9 164.1 163.6 163.7 185.7 147.2 164.2 163.8 163.7 186.3 147.3 164.7 164.2 164.1 184.9 148.5 165.1 164.6 164.5 185.2 149.2 165.5 165.1 165.1 185.2 149.2 165.7 165.2 165 1 184 8 150 5 165.9 165 4 166.6 166 1 166.8 167.1 167.2 167.8 167.9 185 9 149 8 185 6 150 ? 150.8 198.2 159.6 203.1 156.1 203.2 155.7 202.0 156.5 202.1 158.7 202.6 164.1 202.2 164.6 201.2 162.1 204.5 160.4 208.4 160 9 203.0 159 1 201.7 160 6 201.6 204.3 199.9 133.0 150.8 150.2 146.9 165.5 134.3 153.5 152.3 148.3 168.9 134.3 153.6 152.4 147.5 169.2 134.3 153.7 152.4 148.1 169.3 134.5 154.2 152.7 148.6 169.9 134.2 153.9 153.5 148.5 169.2 134.6 153.7 153.3 149.0 168.7 133.9 153.0 152.1 145.3 169 0 134.7 153 3 152.3 145.1 169 4 137.1 154 3 154.8 147.0 169 8 138.4 138.5 137.6 137.3 137.5 154.4 145.6 154.6 145.9 152.4 144.8 153.7 147.0 154.0 146.6 102.6 161.1 101.6 165.7 104.9 165.1 105.2 169.7 104.9 104.2 165.1 105.5 169.9 104.8 165.6 105.8 170.2 105.3 165.8 106.4 170.7 104.3 166.2 106.8 170.5 103.9 166.5 106.9 171.2 105.7 107 0 105 2 166.8 106.9 171 8 104.3 167.2 107.5 172 4 106.4 164.6 104.4 169.5 167.6 107.9 173 0 167.9 107.9 168.1 108.0 168.3 108.1 168.6 108.1 160.4 182.1 163.9 187.3 164.1 187.2 164.7 188.0 165.0 188.3 165.2 188.3 165.0 188.5 164.9 188.6 164.8 188.6 165.8 189.8 166.9 190.7 167.6 191.8 167.6 191.8 167.8 192.0 169.4 192.9 Owners' equivalent rent of primary residence3 172.1 109.0 187.8 177.5 112.3 192.9 177.1 113.8 192.6 177.5 117.1 193.0 177.9 117.1 193.4 178.4 113.8 193.9 178.8 113.1 194.2 179.8 108.5 194.9 180.3 105.8 195.2 180.8 111.3 195.7 181.2 115.1 196.1 181.7 120.9 196.4 181.9 119.4 196.8 182.3 117.5 197.2 182.8 120.5 197.7 Fuels and utilities....................................... Fuels....................................................... Fuel oil and other fuels............................. Gas (piped) and electricity........................ Household furnishings and operations.......... Apparel......................................................... Men's and boys' apparel............................... Women's and girls’ apparel.......................... 99.8 128.5 113.7 90.0 121.2 126.6 133.0 131.8 126.0 101.3 128.8 113.5 91.4 120.9 126.7 102.1 131.1 116.0 87.5 124.0 126.8 127.3 128.3 116.1 102.2 131.4 116.2 89.2 124.1 126.8 127.5 127.1 117.9 102.3 132.7 117.6 93.9 125.3 127.0 102.2 129.6 114.1 106.3 120.3 126.4 131.8 130.5 125.4 102.2 130.3 115.0 97.6 122.0 126.6 134.6 134.0 128.4 102.1 130.0 114.6 100.7 121.4 126.4 131.3 131.1 123.3 102.2 130.2 115.1 87.3 123.0 126.8 130.9 131.4 122.6 133.6 133.2 126.6 130.1 131.5 121.8 102.4 129.9 114.3 114.4 119.8 127.0 126.8 129.2 116.0 102.4 132.9 117.6 147.2 120.6 127.2 129.2 130.0 120.0 102.6 131.8 116.3 130.1 120.7 127.9 132.5 131.5 125.9 103 1 131.7 116.1 123.7 121.0 128.2 133.3 131.6 126.7 103 8 132.4 116.8 121.6 122.0 128.1 132.2 132.6 124.4 103 9 138.9 124.0 120.9 130.2 128.1 128.3 129.4 119.2 Infants' and toddlers' apparel1...................... Footwear.................................................... Transportation................................................. Private transportation.................................... 126.1 128.0 141.6 137.9 129.0 125.7 144.4 140.5 126.8 125.4 143.4 139.7 127.4 125.2 144.7 140.6 128.3 123.8 145.7 141.9 129.9 124.7 146.5 142.9 132.4 126.1 147.3 143.3 132.6 126.4 147.6 143.6 133.0 123.7 148.3 144.4 133.3 121.6 148.3 144.4 133.1 122.1 149.7 145.6 133.9 124.7 153.4 149.2 132.3 126.7 152.9 148.7 131.7 126 1 153.1 148.8 130.5 123.9 155.7 151.4 New and used motor vehicles2..................... New vehicles......................................... 100.1 143.4 150.6 92.2 91.6 101.1 167.1 190.3 100.1 142.9 152.0 100.7 100.1 100.5 171.9 197.7 99.7 142.5 150.9 99.2 98.6 100.1 171.7 192.6 99.8 142.0 152.3 102.5 101.9 100.0 172.1 200.8 99.7 141.4 153.8 107.8 107.2 100.1 172.1 197.1 100.1 141.6 155.7 110.3 109.7 100.6 172.8 194.7 100.5 142.3 156.4 110.0 109.4 100.5 173.2 201.5 100.9 143.1 156.1 109.3 108.7 101.2 173.6 202.2 101.1 143.6 155.0 112.2 111.5 100.8 173.8 201.2 100.8 143.3 153.9 112.6 111.9 100.8 174.6 199.5 100.3 143.0 153.0 118.1 117.3 100.9 175.2 204.2 100.4 143.3 153.0 131.7 130.9 101.4 175.7 209.8 100.8 143.5 154.0 128.7 127.9 101.0 175.9 209.2 101.0 143.3 155.4 128.3 127.6 101.1 176.3 210.4 100.8 142.9 155.7 139.0 138.3 101.2 176.8 212.6 242.1 221.8 246.8 222.2 287.5 101.1 101.1 250.6 230.7 255.1 229.2 299.5 102.1 100.7 250.2 230.5 254.6 229.3 297.6 102.2 100.7 251.1 231.7 255.5 229.8 299.3 102.2 100.6 251.9 232.5 256.2 230.1 301.3 102.2 100.9 252.3 233.1 256.6 230.4 302.1 101.7 100.1 252.8 233.2 257.1 230.9 302.9 101.8 100.1 253.3 233.7 257.7 231.4 303.9 101.9 100.1 254.2 234.6 258.5 231.7 306.3 102.0 100.1 255.5 235.2 260.1 233.1 308.4 257.0 235.5 262.0 234.9 310.5 102.5 100.8 258.1 236.3 263.2 236.1 311.5 102.9 100.9 258.8 237.0 263.9 236.6 312.7 260.5 238.2 265.6 237.9 315.6 103.4 101.5 Fruits and vegetables................................. Nonalcoholic beverages and beverage materials................................................. Sugar and sweets..................................... Fats and oils............................................. Other foods........................................... Food away from home1................................. Other food away from home1'2.................... Housing.......................................................... Shelter........................................................ Rent of primary residence............................ Lodging away from home............................. Used cars and trucks1................................ Motor fuel................................................... Gasoline (all types).................................... Motor vehicle parts and equipment............... Motor vehicle maintenance and repair.......... Public transportation...................................... Medical care.................................................... Medical care commodities.............................. Medical care services.................................... Professional services................................... Hospital and related services........................ 100.3 101.2 100.3 100.4 101.2 101.9 102.1 102.2 102.3 102.7 102.2 102.0 101.8 259.4 237.5 264.4 237.1 313.5 103.1 101.3 101.8 102.1 250.8 107.0 261.7 105.7 262.1 106.0 262.3 107.5 264.5 109.4 267.0 109.6 269.0 109.3 255.7 109.3 256.0 110.2 273.9 110.6 278.3 110.6 276.9 110.7 276.7 110.9 276.8 111.5 277.5 294.2 98.7 308.4 96.0 304.4 95.5 305.4 95.5 309.9 95.6 315.3 95.3 315.9 95.3 316.3 95.9 316.3 95.9 317.3 96.0 318.0 94.7 318.3 94.3 318.7 93.8 319.2 93.7 320.9 92.6 98.5 100.7 95.5 100.1 94.9 99.7 94.9 99.5 95.0 99.8 94.7 99.6 94.7 99.8 95.3 100.6 95.4 100.7 95.5 100.9 94.1 99.4 93.6 98.9 93.1 98.6 93.0 98.5 91.8 97.2 other than telephone services1,4............ Personal computers and peripheral 39.9 30.5 29.8 30.0 29.8 29.3 28.7 28.2 28.2 28.0 27.6 27.2 26.7 26.6 26.0 equipment1,2.................................... Other goods and services................................. Tobacco and smoking products...................... 78.2 237.7 274.8 53.5 258.3 355.8 54.5 255.9 343.2 52.9 258.3 356.0 50.9 257.6 350.1 49.7 262.6 373.8 48.2 263.2 373.3 47.0 263.0 369.8 47.2 263.0 369.1 46.4 264.7 375.1 45.1 266.7 383.0 44.2 268.0 387.3 42.7 271.9 404.4 42.4 270.2 393.5 41.2 269.6 388.5 Personal care1.............................................. 156.7 161.1 161.1 161.1 161.4 161.8 162.4 162.8 162.9 163.4 163.8 164.3 164.8 165.1 165.4 Personal care products1.............................. Personal care services1.............................. 148.3 166.0 151.8 171.4 152.6 170.9 152.0 171.4 152.3 171.9 153.0 172.1 153.4 172.9 153.3 173.9 152.5 174.3 152.8 174.9 152.6 175.6 153.5 176.2 153.4 176.2 153.0 177.3 153.6 177.9 Recreation2....................................... Video and audio1'2................................. Education and communication2....................... Education2................................................... Educational books and supplies.................. Tuition, other school fees, and child care..... Communication1,2............................... Information and information processing1,2.... Telephone services1,2............................. Information and information processing https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 102.3 100.5 M onthly Labor Review 102.9 100.3 101.5 A ugust 2000 81 Current Labor Statistics: Price Data 28. Continued—Consumer Price Indexes for All Urban Consumers and for Urban Wage Earners and Clerical Workers: U.S. city average, by expenditure category and commodity or service group [1982-84 = 100, unless otherwise indicated] 1998 1999 2000 1999 Annual average Series June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June 234.7 243.0 242.4 242.9 243.9 244.6 245.6 246.0 246.6 247.6 248.9 249.4 250.9 251.7 252.0 141.9 161.1 130.5 132.6 133.0 144.4 164.6 132.5 137.5 131.3 143.9 164.1 131.9 136.6 130.9 143.9 164.2 131.9 136.7 127.3 144.5 164.7 132.5 138.0 127.5 145.8 165.1 134.3 141.0 131.8 146.4 165.5 134.9 141.9 134.6 146.2 165.7 134.6 141.3 133.6 146.1 165.9 134.4 140.9 130.1 146.2 166.6 134.0 140.5 126.8 147.4 166.8 135.7 143.9 129.2 149.2 167.1 138.4 148.5 132.5 149.3 167.2 138.4 148.5 133.3 149.2 167.8 138.0 147.6 132.2 149.7 167.9 138.6 149.1 128.3 Nondurables less food, beverages, and apparel............................................. Durables..................................................... 137.4 127.6 146.0 126.0 144.8 125.7 146.8 125.6 148.8 125.4 151.2 125.7 151.2 125.9 150.7 126.0 152.1 125.9 153.1 125.7 157.2 125.3 162.7 125.6 162.3 125.6 161.5 125.8 165.8 125.4 Services.......................................................... 184.2 188.8 188.6 189.5 189.9 190.1 190.2 190.5 190.5 191.4 192.2 193.1 193.3 193.6 195.0 Rent of shelter3............................................ Transporatation services............................... Other services.............................................. Special indexes: 189.6 187.9 216.9 195.0 190.7 223.1 194.9 189.3 222.2 195.7 191.0 222.6 196.1 190.2 223.9 196.1 189.9 224.5 196.3 191.9 225.1 196.3 192.7 226.0 196.3 192.8 226.5 197.6 193.0 227.4 198.5 193.7 227.4 199.7 195.0 227.8 199.8 195.2 228.0 199.9 195.7 228.4 200.8 196.1 228.7 All items less food......................................... All items less shelter..................................... All Items less medical care............................ Commodities less food.................................. Nondurables less food.................................. Nondurables less food and apparel................ Nondurables................................................ 163.4 157.2 158.6 132.0 134.6 139.2 146.9 167.0 160.2 162.0 134.0 139.4 147.5 151.2 166.7 159.7 161.6 133.4 138.6 146.3 150.5 167.2 160.1 162.0 133.4 138.7 148.2 150.6 167.7 160.6 162.5 134.0 139.9 150.0 151.5 168.5 161.6 163.2 135.8 142.8 152.3 153.2 168.8 162.0 163.6 136.3 143.7 152.3 154.0 168.8 162.1 163.6 136.1 143.1 151.9 153.7 168.8 162.1 163.6 135.9 142.8 153.2 153.6 169.2 162.3 164.0 135.6 142.4 154.2 153.7 170.3 163.3 164.9 137.2 145.7 158.0 155.6 171.9 164.8 166.3 139.9 150.1 163.0 158.1 172.0 164.9 166.4 139.9 150.1 162.7 158.2 172.1 165.1 166.5 139.4 149.3 161.9 158.0 173.2 166.0 167.5 140.1 150.7 166.0 158.8 Services less rent of shelter3......................... Services less medical care services............... Energy......................................................... All items less energy.................................... All items less food and energy..................... Commodities less food and energy............ Energy commodities............................... Services less energy................................. 191.8 178.4 102.9 170.9 173.4 143.2 92.1 190.6 195.8 182.7 106.6 174.4 177.0 144.1 100.0 195.7 195.6 182.6 106.8 174.0 176.6 143.7 98.3 195.3 196.5 183.4 108.7 174.3 176.9 143.2 101.3 196.1 196.9 183.8 111.3 174.5 177.1 143.0 106.3 196.5 197.3 183.9 113.2 175.1 177.7 144.6 109.1 196.6 197.4 184.1 111.6 175.7 178.3 145.3 109.1 197.2 197.9 184.3 111.2 175.8 178.4 145.0 108.7 197.5 198.0 184.3 112.2 175.7 178.2 144.2 111.8 197.7 198.6 185.1 112.5 176.2 178.7 143.6 112.8 198.7 199.2 185.8 116.7 176.8 179.4 144.2 120.6 199.5 199.9 186.7 122.2 177.7 180.4 145.3 131.7 200.5 200.2 186.9 120.7 178.0 180.7 145.9 128.4 200.7 200.9 187.2 121.0 178.1 180.8 145.5 127.9 200.9 202.9 188.6 129.6 178.2 180.8 144.5 137.6 201.6 159.7 475.6 163.2 486.2 162.8 485.0 163.3 486.3 163.8 487.8 164.7 490.5 165.0 491.5 165.1 491.7 165.1 491.8 165.5 492.9 166.4 495.6 167.8 499.7 167.9 500.1 168.1 500.7 169.1 503.8 Food and beverages......................................... 160.4 160.0 160.0 180.9 147.0 163.8 163.4 163.0 184.7 147.6 163.3 162.8 162.5 185.5 146.9 163.4 163.0 162.5 186.1 146.8 163.9 163.5 162.9 184.8 148.2 164.3 163.9 163.5 185.0 148.9 164.7 164.4 164.0 185.0 148.8 164.9 164.5 164.0 184.5 150.1 165.2 164.7 164.2 185.7 149.4 165.9 165.4 165.1 185.5 149.8 166.1 165.6 165.1 185.8 150.8 166.4 165.9 165.3 185.9 152.0 166.5 166.0 165.4 186.9 152.5 167.2 166.7 166.4 188.4 153.5 167.3 166.8 166.3 187.3 154.6 Dairy and related products1.......................... Fruits and vegetables................................... Nonalcoholic beverages and beverage materials................................................. Other foods at home.................................... Sugar and sweets..................................... Fats and oils.............................................. Other foods............................................... 150.4 197.0 159.4 201.8 155.7 201.9 155.3 201.0 156.0 201.2 158.4 201.6 164.0 201.0 164.6 199.8 161.9 202.8 159.9 207.0 160.4 201.7 158.7 200.5 160.2 200.5 159.3 203.1 159.4 198.9 131.8 150.2 150.1 146.5 165.4 133.2 152.8 152.2 147.9 168.8 133.2 152.8 152.0 147.2 169.0 133.1 153.0 152.0 147.8 169.2 133.2 153.5 152.6 148.3 169.7 133.0 153.3 153.3 148.1 169.2 133.4 152.9 153.2 148.6 168.5 132.7 152.3 152.0 144.9 168.8 133.5 152.7 152.3 144.7 169.4 136.0 153.7 154.8 146.8 169.8 137.6 153.8 154.3 145.2 170.5 137.8 154.5 154.5 145.7 171.6 136.7 153.4 152.3 144.5 170.7 136.4 154.9 153.6 146.9 172.2 136.7 155.6 153.9 146.4 173.4 Other miscellaneous foods1'2.................. Food away from home1.................................. 102.6 161.1 101.6 164.6 104.6 165.0 105.1 168.8 104.4 164.4 103.9 164.9 104.4 166.8 106.9 171.0 106.2 167.6 107.8 172.2 104.7 166.5 106.8 170.4 103.9 167.1 107.4 171.6 106.7 105.3 169.1 103.8 166.1 106.6 169.5 105.2 104.5 168.7 105.1 165.8 106.2 169.8 103.4 165.5 105.8 169.2 167.9 107.8 172.8 168.1 108.3 172.9 106.1 168.3 108.5 172.9 108.0 168.6 108.4 173.6 156.7 176.6 160.0 181.6 160.2 181.5 160.7 182.0 161.0 182.4 161.3 182.6 161.0 182.8 161.1 183.1 161.1 183.3 161.8 184.1 162.7 184.8 163.2 185.6 163.3 185.8 163.6 186.1 165.2 186.8 171 7 177 1 122.2 175.7 176 8 113.8 175.4 177 1 116.7 175.7 177 5 116.8 176.1 178 0 113.8 176.5 178.4 109.0 171.1 113.1 176.8 179 3 108.4 177.4 179.9 105.7 177.8 180.3 110.8 178.2 180.7 114.5 178.6 181.2 119.9 178.8 181.4 118.7 179.1 181.8 117.8 179.5 182.3 120.9 180.0 100.0 128.4 113.3 90.3 120.8 125.0 131.6 131.4 123.9 101.6 128.7 113.0 91.7 120.4 124.7 130.1 131.2 121.3 102.3 130.2 114.7 87.8 122.6 124.8 129.6 131.6 120.6 102.2 131.1 115.7 87.6 123.6 124.9 126.4 128.6 114.4 102.3 131.4 115.9 89.3 123.7 124.7 126.4 127.2 116.0 102.5 132.6 117.2 93.9 124.9 124.8 130.5 130.3 123.3 102.4 130.1 114.4 97.7 121.5 124.5 133.1 134.0 126.0 102.3 129.8 114.0 100.7 120.9 124.2 132.3 133.3 124.4 102.4 129.2 113.5 106.0 119.8 124.2 129.0 131.6 119.8 102.6 129.5 113.6 114.0 119.4 124.5 125.9 129.3 114.2 102.6 132.0 116.3 144.5 120.1 124.6 127.9 129.9 118.0 102.8 131.2 115.4 129.6 120.2 125.3 131.0 131.5 123.5 103.3 131.1 115.2 123.0 120.5 125.6 131.8 131.5 124.3 104.0 131.9 116.0 120.9 121.6 125.5 130.9 132.7 122.1 104.1 138.7 123.3 120.2 129.9 125,3 127.3 129.5 117.4 Private transportation..................................... 126.7 128.7 140.5 138.0 130.3 126.2 143.4 140.7 128.0 125.8 142.4 139.9 128.4 125.8 143.7 140.9 129.6 124.4 145.0 142.4 134.8 124.2 147.6 145.0 134.9 122.3 147.7 145.1 134.7 122.6 149.1 146.4 135.7 124.7 152.9 150.1 134.1 127.1 152.2 149.5 133.4 126.6 152.5 149.7 100.3 100.4 100.0 100.1 100.2 134.1 126.6 146.6 143.9 101.2 134.3 126.9 146.9 144.2 New and used motor vehicles2..................... 131.4 125.1 146.0 143.6 100.7 101.5 101.5 101.2 100.7 100.8 101.2 101.5 132.0 124.6 155.5 152.8 101.4 Miscellaneous personal services.................. Commodity and service group: Commodities................................................... Food and beverages..................................... Commodities less food and beverages............ Nondurables less food and beverages........... Apparel.................................................... CONSUMER PRICE INDEX FOR URBAN WAGE EARNERS AND CLERICAL WORKERS All Items (1967 - 100)........................................ Other food away from home1,2.................... Alcoholic beverages....................................... Housing.......................................................... Shelter.......................................................... Owners' equivalent rent of primary residence3 Tenants' and household insurance1,2............ Fuels........................................................ Fuel oil and other fuels............................ Household furnishings and operations.......... Apparel.......................................................... 82 M onthly Labor Review https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis August 2000 28. Continued—Consumer Price Indexes for All Urban Consumers and for Urban Wage Earners and Clerical Workers: U.S. city average, by expenditure category and commodity or service group [1982-84 = 100, unless otherwise indicated] Series Annual average 1998 1999 1999 June July Aug. Sept. 2000 Oct. Nov. Dec. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June New vehicles............................................. 144.6 144.0 143.6 143.2 142.6 142.8 143.5 144.3 144.7 144.5 144.2 144.5 144.7 144.5 144.1 Used cars and trucks1................................ Motor fuel.................................................... 152.0 153.3 152.2 153.7 155.2 157.0 157.7 157.3 156.3 155.3 154.4 154.4 155.4 156.8 157.1 92.2 91.7 100.5 168.2 187.1 1 0 0 .8 1 0 2 .6 112.9 118.6 132.0 128.5 128.5 140.1 100.3 176.1 100.5 176.6 100.9 177.2 1 0 0 .6 177.4 100.5 177.8 100.5 178.3 241.4 218.6 246.6 223.7 283.6 249 7 226.8 254.9 230.8 295 5 249 4 226.6 254.5 231.0 293 6 227.8 255.3 231.4 295 3 107.8 107 3 99.6 173.5 192.5 251 0 228.4 256.0 231.7 297 3 112.3 173.3 193.1 99.2 98.7 99.6 173.1 189.0 232.9 264.4 233.7 265.6 100.9 101.3 1 0 1 .6 1 0 1 .6 102.5 101.1 100.5 100.5 100.4 Education and communication2 ........................ 100.4 101.5 100.7 1 0 0 .8 101.5 102.1 Educational books and supplies.................. 253.1 107.2 264.1 106.0 264.8 106.3 265.0 Tuition, other school fees, and child care..... 288.5 99.1 302.8 96.9 299.2 96.4 99.0 100.7 96.5 1 0 0 .2 other than telephone services1,4............. Personal computers and peripheral 41.2 equipment1,2 .................................... Other goods and services.................................. Tobacco and smoking products...................... 77.9 236.1 274.8 Motor vehicle parts and equipment............... Motor vehicle maintenance and repair........... Medical care commodities.............................. Medical care services.................. ................. Recreation2 ..................................................... Video and audio1,2........................................ Communication1,2 ......................................... Information and information processing1,2 .... Telephone services1,2.............................. Information and information processing 100 2 1 0 0 .0 102 1 99.5 173.5 195.7 250 3 1 1 0 .6 1 1 0 .0 109.5 1 1 0 ,0 109 4 1 0 ft 9 99.9 174.3 190 7 251 4 99.8 174.7 196 3 251 9 1 0 0 .6 1 0 0 .2 175.1 197 0 252 5 175.2 196 n 229.0 256.4 232.0 29ft 2 229.1 257.0 232 5 29ft 9 229.5 257.6 233 1 230.2 258.4 233 4 230.7 259.9 234 ft 231.0 261.9 23fi 7 231.8 263.1 232.4 263.8 101.5 1 0 1 .0 101.1 100.7 99.8 1 0 1 .0 1 0 1 .2 101.4 1 0 1 .6 1 0 2 .0 1 0 2 .0 102.3 99.9 99.9 99.8 1 0 0 .2 100.4 1 0 0 .6 1 0 0 .0 1 0 1 .0 1 0 1 .2 1 02.1 102.3 102.5 102.5 103.0 102.5 1 0 2 .2 1 02.1 1 02.1 101.7 107.7 267.2 109.5 269.9 109.7 271.8 109.4 256.5 109.4 256.9 110.5 276.6 110.9 281.3 1 1 1 .0 1 11.1 280.0 279.9 111.3 280.0 280.9 300.2 96.3 304.1 96.5 309.5 96.2 310.0 96.3 310.4 96.9 310.4 97.0 311.7 97.1 312.7 95.7 312.8 95.3 313.4 94.8 313.8 94.7 315.4 93.6 96.0 99.9 96.0 99.7 96.1 95.8 99.7 95.9 96.6 96.6 99.9 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .8 100.9 31.6 30.8 31.1 30.8 30.3 29.9 29.3 29.3 53.1 261.9 356.2 54.0 258.7 343.5 52.5 262.0 356.6 50.6 260.7 350.6 49.4 267.3 374.4 48.1 267.9 374.0 46.9 267.4 370.4 162.6 154.1 96.7 1 1 1 .8 95.3 94.8 94.4 99.6 99.1 98.8 94.3 98.7 97.4 28.9 28.6 28.2 27.6 27.5 27.0 46.9 267.3 369.7 45.7 269.3 375.7 44.5 271.7 383.6 43.6 273.3 387.8 42.0 278.0 404.9 41.8 275.4 393.7 40.7 274.5 388.7 163.0 163.1 163.9 153.2 164.3 154.1 164.9 153.1 163.5 153.4 164.6 154.0 153.9 153.4 165.3 154.0 176.1 1 01.1 93.0 Personal care1............................................... 156.8 161.3 161.3 161.9 149.3 152.5 153.3 161.3 152.7 161.6 Personal care products1.............................. 153.1 153.7 Personal care services1............................... Miscellaneous personal services.................. Commodity and service group: 166.3 234.0 171.7 171.2 242.6 171.8 243.2 172.2 172.4 173.2 174.4 243.1 243.8 244.5 245.5 245.9 174.7 246.7 175.3 247.6 248.9 176.6 249.4 176.6 250.4 251.2 178.3 251.4 Commodities................................................... 141.8 160.4 130.6 132.1 131.6 144.7 163.8 133.2 138.1 130.1 144.0 163 3 132 5 137.0 129.6 144.2 163 4 132 7 137.5 126.4 144.8 163 9 133 4 138.8 126.4 146.3 164 3 135 4 142.1 130.5 146.8 146.6 146.6 146.6 147.8 149.8 149.9 149.9 150.6 165 9 142.9 133.1 135 6 142.2 132.3 142.0 129.0 141.7 125.9 145.1 127.9 150.2 131.0 150.2 131.8 149.4 130.9 151.5 127.3 137.0 127.3 147.2 126.0 145.7 125.6 148.1 125.7 150.2 125.7 153.2 126.1 153.1 126.3 152.5 126.4 153.9 126.3 155.0 126.0 159.3 125.6 165.7 125.8 164.4 126.2 169.6 125.9 Nondurables less food and beverages........... Apparel..................................................... NonauraDies less tooo, Beverages, and apparel............................................. Durables...................................................... 1 2 3 177.7 Services.......................................................... 181.0 185.3 185.2 185.9 186.3 186.6 186.7 187.1 187.2 187.9 188.5 189.2 165.2 126.0 189.4 189.8 191.2 Rent of shelter3 ............................................. Transportation services............................... Other services.............................................. Special indexes: 170.1 185.4 213.7 174.9 187.9 219.6 174.7 186.7 218.8 175.3 188.0 219.2 175.6 187.4 220.3 175.8 187.3 220.9 176.1 189.0 2 2 1 .6 176.3 189.8 222.3 176.5 189.9 222.9 177.3 190.2 223.8 178.0 190.8 223.7 178.7 191.8 224.0 178.9 192.0 224.2 179.2 192.4 224.6 179.9 192.6 224.7 All items less food......................................... All items less shelter...................................... All items less medical care............................ Commodities less food.................................. Nondurables less food................................... Nondurables less food and apparel................ Nondurables................................................. 159.5 155.0 155.8 132.0 134.1 138.7 146.5 163.1 158.1 159.2 134.6 140.0 148.4 151.3 162.7 157.6 158.8 133.9 138.9 147.0 150.5 163.2 158.0 159.2 134.2 139.4 149.3 150.8 163.7 158.6 159.7 134.8 140.7 151.2 151.7 164.7 159.7 160.7 136.7 143.8 154.0 153.6 165.0 160.1 161.0 137.2 144.6 153.8 154.3 165.1 160.1 161.1 137.0 144.0 153.4 154.0 165.1 160.1 161.1 136.8 143.8 154.7 154.0 165.4 160.3 161.4 136.5 143.6 155.8 154.2 166.4 161.3 162.3 138.2 146.8 159.8 156.0 168.0 162.8 163.6 141.0 151.7 165.7 158.8 168.2 163.0 163.8 141.0 151.7 165.3 158.9 168.3 163.1 164.0 140.7 150.9 164.5 158.8 169.5 164.3 165.0 141.7 152.9 169.4 159.9 Services less rent of shelter3 .......................... Services less medical care services............... Energy.......................................................... All items less energy...................................... All Items less food and energy...................... Commodities less food and energy............. Energy commodities................................. Services less energy.................................. 170.7 175.4 174.1 179.5 106.1 171.1 173.1 144.3 100.3 192.6 174.0 179.4 106.2 170.6 172.7 143.8 98.6 192.2 174.7 180.1 108.4 170.9 172.9 143.5 175.0 180.4 175.5 180.7 113.1 171.8 173.9 145.0 109.7 193.4 175.4 180.8 111.4 172.4 174.5 145.7 109.4 194.0 175.8 181.1 175.9 181.2 1 1 1 .0 1 12.1 172.5 174.5 144.6 176.9 182.4 116.7 173.3 175.3 144.6 120.4 196.2 177.4 183.1 122.9 174.1 176.2 145.6 132.0 196.9 177.7 183.3 172.6 174.7 145.4 109.1 194.4 176.4 181.9 112.5 172.8 174.8 144.1 113.1 195.5 178.2 183.7 121.5 174.6 176.7 146.0 128.3 197.5 180.2 185.1 130.9 174.6 176.6 145.0 139.1 198.0 Not seasonally adjusted. Indexes on a December 1997 = 100 base. Indexes on a December 1982 = 1 00 base. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 1 02.1 167.6 169.6 142.7 92.3 187.7 1 0 1 .8 192.8 111.1 171.1 173.1 143.3 106.8 193.2 4 112.1 194.7 1 2 1 .0 174.5 176.7 146.4 128.3 197.1 Indexes on a December 1988 = 100 base. NoTE: lndex aPP|ies t0 a month as a whole, not to any specific date. M onthly Labor Review August 2000 83 Current Labor Statistics: Price Data 29. Consumer Price Index: U.S. city average and available local area data: all items [1982-84 = 100, unless otherwise indicated] All Urban Consumers Pricing sched- Area ule 1 U.S. city average....................................................... Region and area size2 Northeast urban.............................................................. Size A—More than 1,500,000....................................... Size B/C—50,000 to 1,500,000s................................... Midwest urban4. ............................................................. Size A—More than 1,500,000....................................... Size B/C—50,000 to 1,500,000s................................... Size D—Nonmetropolitan (less than 50,000)................ South urban.................................................................... 1999 May Urban Wage Earners 1999 2000 June M 166.2 166.2 M M 172.8 173.6 173.1 174.1 M 103.9 103.8 M 162.2 M M 163.6 162.5 164.1 103.7 103.7 M 156.5 156.9 M 161.6 160.5 104.1 161.7 160.9 104.1 Feb. Mar. Apr. May 169.7 171.1 171.2 177.4 June 171.3 172.3 May 2000 June 162.8 Mar. Feb. Apr. May June 162.8 166.4 167.8 167.9 168.1 169.1 178.3 179.2 178.4 178.2 178.8 169.7 170.0 175.8 179.0 179.6 169.4 169.9 175.1 174.9 175.3 179.1 174.3 174.1 175.3 178.3 106.7 175.0 175.0 175.5 107.2 107.4 107.6 103.5 103.4 106.3 166.9 169.5 158.3 158.5 162.1 107.0 163.2 107.2 167.0 106.8 163.4 106.9 165.8 107.3 167.4 163.8 166.1 167.2 168.2 169.0 171.2 163.6 108.3 106.1 106.9 106.9 164.5 107.0 166.8 159.8 161.5 161.3 106.9 161.4 159.3 103.4 163.8 106.8 158.9 103.4 162.7 106.0 168.3 106.8 163.1 154.4 154.9 158.3 160.0 159.9 160.0 161.7 164.7 164.1 166.4 166.6 167.4 159.7 165.7 167.1 158.1 103.7 103.6 164.6 163.4 106.7 164.9 163.7 107.6 163.0 161.8 105.7 164.9 166.1 107.1 159.7 158.4 106.9 163.7 107.0 164.9 107.4 162.6 164.7 162.3 164.2 165.8 167.4 167.6 167.6 169.4 167.9 168.0 169.6 169.9 163.5 167.1 168.7 104.3 105.9 106.8 169.0 107.1 169.3 107.1 169.6 107.4 108.6 105.9 165.9 106.9 166.6 166.1 107.1 165.1 171.9 166.8 173.4 166.7 167.0 166.9 168.3 173.7 173.9 169.8 104.8 169.3 104.5 173.3 106.2 174.9 107.1 175.1 107.2 175.4 174.3 175.7 107.3 107.6 164.0 104.7 M M M 150.5 104.1 161.9 150.7 104.0 162.0 154.0 106.1 164.9 155.2 106.9 166.7 155.2 107.1 166.7 155.4 107.1 166.8 156.3 107.7 167.4 149.0 103.8 160.8 149.2 103.6 160.9 152.5 105.9 164.1 153.6 106.8 165.9 153.7 106.9 166.0 154.0 107.0 166.1 155.0 107.6 166.8 Chicago-Gary-Kenosha, IL—IN—Wl.................................. Los Angeles-Riverside-Orange County, CA.................... M M 168.2 166.2 168.9 165.4 171.3 169.2 172.0 170.6 171.7 170.6 173.5 171.1 175.8 170.9 162.3 159.7 163.0 158.9 165.6 162.4 166.4 163.9 166.1 163.9 167.9 164.4 170.2 164.2 New York, NY-Northern NJ-Long Island, NY-NJ-CT-PA. M 176.1 176.8 180.4 181.4 181.2 181.3 181.9 171.5 172.1 175.8 176.6 176.6 176.9 177.4 Boston-Brockton-Nashua, MA-NH-ME-CT.................... Cleveland-Akron, OH...................................................... Dallas-Ft Worth, TX........................................................ 1 - - 182.7 166.8 - 181.6 166.4 - 172.6 153.7 - - - - - - 157.0 103.4 - - 163.2 106.7 - 103.6 163.1 107.0 - 1 - - 106.9 - 180.5 158.9 163.1 106.6 - - 181.1 159.2 162.9 - 1 174.2 161.5 157.2 164.8 163.8 148.3 167.4 - 169.8 168.1 152.7 - 171.1 - 161.9 164.9 167.2 158.3 147.1 162.0 150.5 - 166.9 175.7 178.6 177.7 - 158.9 171.9 168.3 168.0 163.5 174.5 172.5 - 171.5 - Size A—More than 1,500,000....................................... M Size B/C—50,000 to 1,500,000s................................... Size D—Nonmetropolitan (less than 50,000)................ M West urban..................................................................... M 162.1 168.7 Size A—More than 1,500,000....................................... M M Size B/C—50,000 to 1,500,000s................................... M 162.0 169.1 Size classes: A5 ............................................................................. B/C3 ............................................................................ D................................................................................ S e le c te d lo c a l a re a s 6 Washinqton-Baltimore, DC-MD-VA-WV7 ....................... Atlanta, GA..................................................................... 1 Detroit-Ann Arbor-Flint, Ml............................................. Houston-Galveston-Brazoria, TX.................................... 2 - 2 - Miami-Ft. Lauderdale, FL................................................ Philadelphia-Wilmington-Atlantic City, PA-NJ-DE-MD.... San Francisco-Oaktand-San Jose, CA............................ Seattle-Tacoma-Bremerton, WA.................................... 2 2 - 2 - 2 2 161.3 172.1 171.8 172.7 167.2 152.1 165.9 174.7 176.5 176.0 ' Foods, fuels, and several other items priced every month in all areas; most other goods and services priced as indicated: M—Every month. 1— January, March, May, July, September, and November. 2— February, April, June, August, October, and December. 2 Regions defined as the four Census regions. 3 Indexes on a December 1996 = 100 base. 4 The "North Central" region has been renamed the "Midwest" region by the Census Bureau. It is composed of the same geographic entities. 5 Indexes on a December 1986 = 100 base. In addition, the following metropolitan areas are published semiannually and appear in tables 34 and 39 of the January and July issues of the cpi Detailed Report: Anchorage, AK; Cincinnnti-Hamilton, OH-KY-IN; Denver-Boulder-Greeley, CO; Honolulu, HI; Kansas City, 6 84 M onthly Labor Review https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis August 2000 - - - - 170.8 154.0 168.0 176.4 179.0 179.1 - - 162.8 151.3 164.5 175.7 174.8 173.2 - 168.7 165.6 153.0 165.7 176.0 175.2 174.4 MO-KS; Milwaukee-Racine, Wl; Minneapolis-St. Paul, MN-WI; Pittsburgh, PA; Portland-Salem, OR-WA; St Louis, MO-IL; San Diego, CA; Tampa-St. Petersburg-Clearwater, FL. 7 Indexes on a November 1996 = 100 base. - Data not available. NOTE: Local area CPI indexes are byproducts of the national CPI program. Each local index has a smaller sample size and is, therefore, subject to substantially more sampling and other measurement error. As a result, local area indexes show greater volatility than the national index, although their long-term trends are similar. Therefore, the Bureau of Labor Statistics strongly urges users to consider adopting the national average CPI for use in their escalator clauses. Index applies to a month as a whole, not to any specific date. 30. Annual data: Consumer Price Index, U.S. city average, all items and major groups [1982-84 = 100] ___________ Series Consumer Price Index for All Urban Consumers: All items: Index....................................................................... Percent change....................................................... Food and beverages: Index....................................................................... Percent change....................................................... Housing: Percent change....................................................... Apparel: Index........................................................................ Percent change....................................................... Transportation: Index........................................................................ Percent change....................................................... Medical care: Index....................................................................... Percent change....................................................... Other goods and services: Index....................................................................... Percent change....................................................... Consumer Price Index for Urban Wage Earners and Clerical Workers: All items: Index........................................................................ Percent change....................................................... https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 136.2 4.2 140.3 3.0 144.5 3.0 148.2 152.4 2 .6 2 .8 136.8 3.6 138.7 1.4 141.6 144.9 2.3 148.9 133.6 4.0 137.5 2.9 141.2 2.7 144.8 2.5 148 5 128.7 3.7 131.9 2.5 133.7 1.4 133.4 123.8 2.7 126.5 2 .2 130.4 3.1 177.0 8.7 190.1 7.4 171.6 7.9 183.3 134.3 4.1 138.2 2.9 6 .8 1996 1997 1998 1999 156.9 3.0 160.5 2.3 163.0 153.7 3.2 157.7 161.1 164.6 2 .6 2 .2 2 .2 152.8 2.9 156.8 160.4 2.3 163.9 132.0 - 1 .0 131.7 132.9 .9 133.0 131.3 -1.3 134.3 3.0 139.1 3.6 143.0 144.3 0.9 141.6 -1.9 144.4 201.4 5.9 2 1 1 .0 220.5 4.5 228.2 3.5 234.6 4.8 2 .8 242.1 3.2 250.6 3.5 192.9 5.2 198.5 2.9 206.9 4.2 215.4 4.1 224.8 4.4 237.7 5.7 258.3 8.7 142.1 145.6 2.5 149.8 2.9 154.1 2.9 157.6 2.3 159.7 1.3 163.2 2 .1 2 .8 - .2 2 .8 2 .6 - .2 2 .8 M onthly Labor Review 2 .6 1 .6 .1 A ugust 2000 166.6 2 .2 2 .2 2 .0 2 .2 85 Current Labor Statistics: 31. Price Data Producer Price Indexes, by stage of processing [1982 = 100] Grouping Annual average 1998 Finished goods..................................... Finished consumer goods...................... Finished consumer foods..................... 1999 1999 June July Aug. Sept. 2000 Oct. Nov. Dec. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June 130.7 128.9 134.3 133.0 132.0 135.1 132.7 131.7 135.1 132.9 132.1 134.6 133.7 133.2 135.9 134.7 134.6 136.7 135.1 134.5 135.8 134.9 134.3 135.4 134.9 134.3 135.6 134.7 133.9 135.0 136.0 135.7 136.0 136.8 136.7 136.0 137.0 136.9 137.1 137.5 137.6 138.0 138.4 138.8 137.3 126.4 130.0 127.5 132.3 137.2 130.8 128.9 131.7 137.0 131.9 130.4 131.6 136.9 133.5 132.8 131.2 136.7 133.7 131.5 134.9 138.5 133.6 131 6 134.6 138.3 133.6 131 7 134.4 138.3 133.3 131 4 134.1 138.4 135.4 134.3 133.9 138.5 136 8 136 4 133.8 138.5 136.6 136.0 133.9 138.7 137.2 136 9 134.0 138.7 139.2 139.9 133.6 138.5 123.0 123.9 124.6 125.3 125.0 125.2 125.4 125.9 126.9 127.8 128.0 128.3 129.7 125.0 125.4 125.9 1 2 2 .0 1 2 2 .2 125.5 126.2 125.6 126.5 126.2 125.7 127.7 126.5 125.7 125.9 120.9 127.8 126.7 125.7 125.9 118.2 128.2 127.2 125.8 126.4 117.6 128.6 128.6 125.9 127.0 117.5 129.7 129.6 125.9 127.6 118.1 131.3 129.7 126.0 128.0 119.6 132.1 129.8 125.9 128.4 1 2 1 .1 133.2 129.6 126.0 128.6 120.7 133.9 129.3 126.1 Finshed consumer goods Durable goods.................................... Capital equipment................................ 132.9 137.6 130.5 127.9 133.0 137.6 Intermediate materials, supplies, and components.................. 123.0 123.2 1 2 2 .2 Materials and components for manufacturing................................... Materials for food manufacturing............ Materials for nondurable manufacturing.. 126.1 123.2 126.7 128.0 125.9 124.6 124.1 1 2 0 .8 1 2 0 .0 124.9 125.1 125.7 123.8 124.8 125.7 124.6 119.0 124.8 126.1 125.6 146.8 81.1 140.8 134.8 148.9 84.6 142.5 134.2 149.5 84.9 142.2 133.9 150.5 87.6 142.1 133.9 150.4 90.0 143.6 134.2 149.6 92.5 145.7 134.4 149.1 89 3 146.3 134.8 149.4 90 2 146.5 135.0 149.8 90 6 146.5 135.1 150.4 91 5 147.2 135.2 150.8 94 8 147.2 135.6 151.3 97 4 148.1 136 0 151.6 96 3 151.8 136.2 151.1 96.7 152.8 136.6 150.9 103.2 153.3 137.1 96.8 103.9 88.4 98.2 98.7 94.3 97.4 99.5 92.5 97.9 96.2 95.5 103.1 107.3 101.5 108.3 109.2 99.5 111.9 103.5 96.9 104.3 105.8 96.5 108.3 110.3 97.6 115.1 112.9 101.4 116.7 103.5 111.5 115.4 104.6 118.6 121.9 1 0 0 .1 104.0 98.8 103.8 1 1 0 .6 1 0 0 .1 Finished consumer goods less energy..... Finished goods less food and energy....... 129.5 75.1 141.1 142.5 143.7 132.3 78.8 143.0 145.2 146.1 131.8 78.6 142.6 144.8 145.5 132.3 80.7 142.3 144.5 145.3 133.0 83.5 142.5 144.9 145.2 134.0 85.8 143.1 145.8 145.7 134.7 83.5 144.2 146.6 147.5 134.7 83.6 144.0 146.3 147.4 134.6 83.6 144.0 146.4 147.4 134.5 83.8 143.6 145.8 147.0 135.9 87.5 144.3 146.7 147.5 136.9 90.9 144.3 146.7 147.5 136.8 90.1 144.7 147.2 147.7 137.2 91.5 145.0 147.6 147.8 138.6 97.0 144.6 147.1 147.5 Finished consumer goods less food and energy............................................ 147.7 151.7 151.0 150.9 150.7 151.7 153.6 153.4 153.4 152.8 153.6 153.6 153.7 153.8 153.4 Consumer nondurable goods less food and enerqy........................................... 159.1 166.3 165.7 165.9 165.7 167.9 168.1 168.2 168.2 167.3 169.0 169.1 169.2 169.4 169.0 125.4 110.9 89.6 132.3 126.0 126.0 92.1 132.5 125.7 112.4 89.0 132.9 89.9 133.0 126.2 109.7 90.3 133.0 126.8 109.3 91.2 133.5 130.7 113.5 102.9 135.5 Components for manufacturing............... 1 2 0 .6 Materials and components Containers................................................ Crude materials for further processing......................................... Foodstuffs and feedstuffs......................... Crude nonfood materials.......................... 1 0 1 .8 131.4 Special groupings: Finished goods, excluding foods............... Finished energy goods............................. Intermediate materials less foods 123.9 123.7 1 1 1 .1 1 1 0 .2 84.6 131.7 84.6 131.5 124.7 109.1 87.2 131.9 Intermediate goods less energy................ 123.4 116.2 80.8 132.4 Intermediate materials less foods and energy............................................ 133.5 133.1 132.9 133.4 133.7 133.9 134.2 134.4 134.6 135.1 135.5 136.1 136.5 136.7 136.9 Crude energy materials............................ Crude materials less energy.................... Crude nonfood materials less energy....... 6 8 .6 78.5 107.9 135.2 77.1 107.7 132.2 80.4 105.8 134.2 87.3 109.4 136.8 95.4 98.9 110.5 142.6 87.9 109.5 146.0 1 0 0 .2 1 1 0 .0 88.7 109.8 141.7 92.0 113.6 142.1 1 1 0 .2 111.5 151.3 102.5 114.1 150.9 96.3 115.2 149.0 105.8 115.8 148.5 122.9 113.3 146.8 M onthly Labor Review 86 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis August 2000 1 1 1 .8 139.1 1 1 1 .6 149.8 127.8 128.8 128.9 1 1 0 .0 1 1 1 .0 1 1 1 .8 94.5 133.9 97.1 134.5 96.0 134.9 129.2 113.2 96.5 135.2 32. Producer Price Indexes for the net output of major industry groups [December 1984 = 100, unless otherwise indicated] Industry SIC Annual average 1998 10 12 13 14 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 T o ta l m in in g in d u s trie s .......................................... Metal mining............................................... Coal mining (12/85 = 100)........................... Oil and gas extraction (12/85 = 100)............ Mining and quarrying of nonmetallic minerals, except fuels............................... T o ta l m a n u fa c tu rin g in d u s trie s .......................... Food and kindred products......................... Tobacco manufactures................................ Textile mill products.................................... Apparel and other finished products made from fabrics and similar materials...... Lumber and wood products, except furniture......................................... Furniture and fixtures................................. Paper and allied products............................ 1999 1999 June July Aug. Sept. 2000 Oct. Nov. Dec. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June 70.8 78.0 76.3 78.7 84.7 91.5 87.7 95.1 86.7 89.5 95.8 98.9 94.9 1 0 0 .0 113.8 73.2 89.5 68.3 70.3 87.3 78.5 67.3 6 8 .8 73.4 8 6 .0 86.1 1 0 2 .6 73.3 84.8 107.0 73.4 84.4 1 0 1 .6 73.9 85.3 94.2 75.3 84.7 91.2 72.6 85.4 90.4 71.7 86.9 79.6 70.4 85.9 96.9 76.3 8 8 .2 69.3 86.9 87.6 1 0 1 .8 108.3 73.7 85.0 127.1 132.2 134.0 134.2 134.2 134.2 134.3 134.4 134.4 134.4 135.0 135.3 135.7 136.0 137.5 136.8 126.2 126.3 243.1 118.6 128.3 126.3 325.7 116.3 127.8 126.0 316.2 116.3 128.3 125.9 316.1 115.9 129.0 126.8 316.5 116.0 129.7 127.5 344.5 115.9 130.2 127.5 344.4 116.1 130.3 127.1 344.5 115.9 130.5 126.7 345.0 116.1 130.8 126.7 329.4 116.2 132.2 127.2 348.6 116.4 132.9 127.4 347.3 116.5 132.8 128.2 347.2 116.1 133.4 129.1 347.1 116.3 134.0 129.1 342.2 116.2 124.8 125.3 125.1 125.1 125.5 125.6 125.6 125.4 125.3 125.2 125.2 125.6 125.6 125.6 125.5 157.0 139.7 136.2 161.8 141.3 136.4 165.2 141.1 135.8 168.5 141.3 136.3 166.9 141.6 137.3 163.1 141.8 138.7 160.0 142.0 139.9 159.6 142.0 140.2 160.6 142.1 140.4 161.4 142.4 141.0 161.6 142.5 141.5 162.1 143.0 143.2 161.8 143.0 145.8 159.0 143.3 146.9 158.4 143.5 147.2 76.2 8 6 .0 27 Printing, publishing, and allied industries....... 174.0 177.6 177.2 177.4 177.7 178.1 178.6 179.1 179.2 180.4 180.8 181.1 181.3 181.7 182.9 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 Chemicals and allied products..................... Petroleum refining and related products....... Rubber and miscellaneous plastics products.. Leather and leather products....................... Stone, clay, glass, and concrete products..... Primary metal industries.............................. Fabricated metal products, except machinery and transportation transportation equipment.......................... 148.7 66.3 149.7 76.8 149.9 79.6 137.1 129.3 120.9 136.5 132.6 115.8 152.8 87.0 122.9 137.0 133.6 117.1 153.0 89.5 123.3 137.0 133.7 117.1 152.9 91.8 123.4 137.0 133.5 117.4 153.6 94.0 123.5 137.5 134.4 118.6 154.5 104.1 123.5 137.5 134.6 119.5 155.2 1 2 2 .2 150.0 85.3 122.5 136.7 133.1 115.7 151.0 90.2 1 22.1 149.0 74.2 121.9 136.5 132.7 115.0 155.5 107.8 124.1 137.4 134.7 120.5 156.9 111.4 123.3 137.5 134.8 120.5 157.1 118.0 123.9 137.4 134.9 128.7 129.1 129.1 129.1 129.1 129.2 129.4 129.6 129.7 129.9 130.0 130.3 130.4 130.3 130.3 35 Machinery, except electrical......................... 117.7 117.3 117.5 117.3 117.2 117.1 117.1 117.1 117.0 117.1 117.3 117.4 117.4 117.5 117.5 36 Electrical and electronic machinery, equipment, and supplies............................ Transportation............................................. Measuring and controlling instruments; photographic, medical, and optical goods; watches and clocks........................ Miscellaneous manufacturing industries industries (12/85 = 100)............................. 110.4 133.6 109.5 134.5 109.5 133.6 109.5 133.0 109.5 132.9 109.2 132.6 109.1 136.7 109.1 136.2 108.9 136.2 108.7 136.3 108.6 136.5 108.6 136.4 108.7 136.3 108.6 136.1 108.6 136.0 126.0 125.7 125.3 125.1 125.0 124.9 125.2 125.3 125.6 126.0 126.2 126.0 126.1 126.3 126.5 129.7 130.3 130.5 130.5 130.1 130.0 130.4 130.2 130.5 130.7 131.1 130.8 131.1 131.3 131.3 1 1 1 .6 114.8 135.3 113.0 130.8 98.3 114.6 135.2 116.8 130.9 98.6 114.8 135.2 117.4 131.4 98.2 115.1 135.2 117.2 131.7 98.2 115.8 135.2 117.3 131.8 98.3 115.5 135.2 116.7 133.1 98.3 115.5 135.2 116.7 133.4 98.2 115.8 135.2 116.1 134.2 98.2 116.5 135.2 116.4 141.0 117.0 135.2 117.0 141.6 101.9 118.1 135.2 117.8 144.3 101.9 118.2 135.2 118.5 142.5 101.9 118.8 135.2 119.8 149.6 101.9 119.4 135.2 123.2 147.5 37 38 39 122.1 136.7 132.7 115.4 1 2 2 .8 136.9 133.2 116.4 1 1 1 .0 123.5 137.4 134.7 1 2 0 .0 1 2 0 .1 S e rv ic e in d u s trie s : 42 43 44 45 46 Motor freight transportation and warehousing (06/93 - 100).................. U.S. Postal Service (06/89 = 100).................. Water transportation (12/92 - 100)................ Transportation by air (12/92 = 100)............... Pipelines, except natural qas (12/92 = 100)... https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 132.3 105.6 124.5 99.2 1 02.1 M onthly Labor Review A ugust 2000 1 0 2 .0 87 Current Labor Statistics: 33. Price Data Annual data: Producer Price Indexes, by stage of processing [1982 = 100] 1991 Index 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 Finished goods 121.7 124.1 78.1 131.1 123.2 123.3 77.8 134.2 124.7 125.7 78.0 135.8 125.5 126.8 77.0 137.1 127.9 129.0 78.1 140.0 131.3 133.6 83.2 142.0 131.8 134.5 83.4 142.4 130.7 134.3 75.1 143.7 133.0 135.1 78.8 146.1 114.4 115.3 85.1 121.4 114.7 113.9 84.3 118.5 118.5 83.0 127.1 124.9 119.5 84.1 135.2 125.7 125.3 89.8 134.0 125.6 123.2 89.0 134.2 123.0 123.2 80.8 133.5 123.2 1 2 2 .0 116.2 115.6 84.6 123.8 1 0 1 .2 100.4 105.1 78.8 94.2 102.4 108.4 76.7 94.1 1 0 1 .8 102.7 105.8 69.4 105.8 113.8 121.5 85.0 105.7 1 1 1 .1 106.5 72.1 97.0 96.8 103.9 98.2 98.7 78.5 91.1 Intermediate materials, supplies, and uumpufieiHS 1 2 0 .8 84.3 133.1 Crude materials for further processing Other........................................................................... M onthly Labor Review 88 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 105.5 80.4 97.5 August 2000 1 1 2 .2 87.3 103.5 6 8 .6 84.5 34. U.S. export price indexes by Standard International Trade Classification [1995 = 100, unless otherwise indicated] S IT C 0 June F o o d a n d liv e a n im a ls ............................................................. 04 05 Meat and meat preparations..................................... Cereals and cereal preparations........................... Vegetables, fruit, and nuts, prepared fresh or dry........ 2 C ru d e m a te ria ls , in e d ib le , e x c e p t fu e ls ............................... 01 21 22 24 25 26 27 28 3 32 33 1999 In d u s tr y R ev. 3 Hides, skins, and furskins, raw....................... Oilseeds and oleaginous fruits.................................. Cork and wood.................................. Pulp and waste paper........................ Textile fibers and their waste......................... Crude fertilizers and crude minerals........................... Metalliferous ores and metal scrap..................... J u ly 87.4 94.2 70.9 99.8 87.6 97.3 73.3 97.8 97.5 72.7 94.3 74.9 79.0 79.2 82.0 74.7 80.3 72.8 82.9 71.5 65.2 93.6 72.3 76.5 83.4 80.1 83.0 73.5 65.1 93.0 73.0 77.7 86.5 85.0 82.8 75.2 64.4 93.3 73.5 6 6 .0 6 8 .6 93.5 70.7 D ec. 86.4 97.4 69.5 96.6 86.3 97.7 70.1 94.3 85.6 100.9 68.5 91.2 78.1 82.3 83.5 77.1 64.5 93.1 75.1 77.8 87.8 78.1 83.8 78.7 63.4 93.8 77.3 8 8 .6 Jan. 86.3 Feb. M a r. A p r. 71.0 90.9 86.9 98.0 74.1 89.0 78.9 90.5 79.6 85.0 80.9 62.5 94.1 78.4 80.0 91.1 80.5 86.4 84.3 61.2 94.3 80.0 82.2 89.5 84.8 86.5 88.3 65.7 94.0 80.7 93.5 80.9 84.2 85.5 88.3 87.4 93.8 68.9 93.0 80.4 1 0 0 .1 8 6 .8 87.5 99.4 74.4 1 0 2 .2 8 8 .6 83.2 87.7 8 6 .0 87.2 90.0 6 8 .6 M ay June 74.0 90.6 88.3 105.1 75.0 90.1 87.4 109.5 71.6 87.8 85.2 86.5 89.1 86.7 99.0 69.0 93.0 79.6 84.4 86.7 86.3 86.7 97.6 69.6 93.3 78.2 1 0 2 .0 98.3 107.6 109.0 98.2 119.8 113.8 98.3 126.4 115.3 97.6 128.6 119.5 97.6 131.3 121.4 97.6 133.4 126.6 97.5 140.1 129.5 96.1 143.6 138.5 96.1 159.6 152.1 96.1 179.2 137.2 94.7 152.0 142.3 94.5 163.1 145.0 93.8 168.3 77.1 78.8 81.9 79.0 78.0 75.8 74.3 70.8 71.6 70.1 67.1 92.3 99.8 93.3 99.8 103.5 94.9 97.8 98.8 93.6 100.3 103.4 95.0 98.0 99.1 93.8 94.4 103.0 95.5 95.8 99.9 103.2 97.7 96.0 103.4 94.8 97.8 99.2 94.2 100.4 103.3 94.8 98.6 99.9 1 0 0 .1 1 0 0 .2 95.7 99.7 102.9 98.1 99.3 99.1 A n im a l a n d v e g e ta b le o ils, fa ts , a n d w a x e s ....................... 76.6 76.8 91.2 Medicinal and pharmaceutical products............... Essential oils; polishing and cleaning preparations....... Plastics in primary forms (12/92 = 100)........... Plastics in nonprimary forms (12/92 = 100)................. Chemical materials and products, n.e.s......... 101.9 88.4 97.2 99.6 91.6 100.3 101.9 89.7 97.4 99.4 6 M a n u fa c tu re d g o o d s c la s s ifie d c h ie fly by m a te ria ls ..... 96.8 62 64 68 Rubber manufactures, n.e.s................... Paper, paperboard, and articles of paper, pulp, and paperboard................................... Nonmetallic mineral manufactures, n.e.s...................... Nonferrous metals................................. 7 71 72 74 87 Nov. Coal, coke, and briquettes................... Petroleum, petroleum products, and related materials... C h e m ic a ls a n d r e la te d p ro d u c ts , n .e .s ................................ 77 78 8 6 .6 2000 O c t. M in e ra l fu e ls , lu b ric a n ts , a n d re la te d p ro d u c ts ............... 4 75 76 S e p t. 89.2 91.5 75.9 98.5 5 54 55 57 58 59 66 Aug. 91.8 99.9 90.6 97.4 99.3 92.1 97.6 99.2 93.3 99.8 102.3 94.4 97.9 98.9 97.1 97.3 97.5 97.8 98.0 98.3 98.3 105.5 105.6 105.8 106.9 108.2 108.2 108.5 83.4 106.3 85.0 84.4 106.3 85.3 85.4 106.3 87.0 86.3 106.1 8 8 .0 87.2 106.0 90.2 87.6 106.0 90.7 M a c h in e r y a n d tra n s p o rt e q u ip m e n t..................................... 97.6 97.3 97.3 97.2 97.4 Power generating machinery and equipment............. Machinery specialized for particular industries............ General industrial machines and parts, n.e.s., and machine parts......................... Computer equipment and office machines.................... Telecommunications and sound recording and reproducing apparatus and equipment..................... Electrical machinery and equipment.............. Road vehicles................................. 109.6 106.1 1 1 0 .1 1 10.1 1 10.1 1 1 0 .2 105.8 105.8 105.9 106.0 107.3 71.6 107.5 71.0 107.5 71.0 107.6 70.2 107.7 70.5 96.9 102.5 97.0 87.7 102.4 96.9 87.5 102.3 96.9 87.6 102.4 96.6 87.4 103.1 105.2 105.4 105.4 105.4 105.5 1 0 0 .6 8 8 .6 1 0 1 .8 1 0 2 .1 1 0 0 .2 1 0 0 .2 1 0 0 .0 103.1 98.4 99.8 99.3 99.6 99.4 99.0 99.7 99.9 1 0 0 .0 100.3 104.7 103.7 103.6 103.7 103.9 104.3 87.2 105.8 92.3 87.6 105.8 93.4 87.8 106.0 98.8 88.4 106.2 101.9 89.1 106.4 100.3 90.5 106.4 98.1 89.7 106.5 97.5 97.2 97.4 97.3 97.3 97.3 97.4 97.3 1 1 1 .0 1 1 1 .0 1 1 1 .8 1 1 1 .8 1 1 1 .8 1 1 2 .0 1 1 2 .0 106.1 104.7 106.2 106.3 106.1 111.9 106.2 106.2 106.5 107.7 70.4 107.9 70.2 107.5 70.1 107.6 68.7 108.0 68.7 108.2 68.5 108.2 68.5 108.3 68.3 96.6 87.3 103.1 96.7 86.7 103.1 96.4 86.4 103.5 97.0 8 6 .6 103.6 96.6 86.3 104.0 96.4 86.4 103.9 97.0 86.3 103.9 96.9 85.7 103.9 105.6 105.3 105.2 105.4 105.7 105.7 105.7 105.7 1 0 0 .1 P ro fe s s io n a l, s c ie n tific , a n d c o n tro llin g in s tru m e n ts a n d a p p a ra tu s .................................. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis M onthly Labor Review A ugust 2000 89 Current Labor Statistics: 35. Price Data U.S. import price indexes by Standard International Trade Classification [1995 = 100, unless otherwise indicated] 2000 1999 S IT C Industry June R ev. 3 July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June 0 F o o d a n d liv e a n im a ls ................................................................... 93.3 92.6 92.0 93.7 94.0 92.3 91.6 94.3 96.7 97.7 98.4 97.8 93.6 98.2 93.1 94.5 91.0 98.4 94.7 Meat and meat preparations........................................ Fish and crustaceans, mollusks, and other aquatic invertebrates................................................. Vegetables, fruit, and nuts, prepared fresh or dry......... Coffee, tea, cocoa, spices, and manufactures thereof...................................................................... 91.5 99.4 92.4 99.1 1 0 0 .2 1 0 0 .2 01 99.1 104.3 103.2 104.2 103.5 103.8 103.1 107.5 97.2 106.8 103.6 107.9 108.0 1 1 1 .0 1 0 1 .6 105.0 96.5 106.8 1 0 2 .6 1 0 2 .0 1 0 2 .1 1 0 1 .2 100.7 109.6 96.8 109.3 96.6 69.4 64.3 63.2 61.4 62.0 6 6 .0 70.6 67.2 64.7 61.0 61.1 59.8 59.5 111.4 111.7 111.9 112.4 112.9 1 1 0 .0 03 05 07 1 B e v e ra g e s a n d to b a c c o ................................................................ 110.4 1 1 0 .6 1 1 1 .2 1 1 2 .2 111.5 111.5 1 1 2 .0 1 1 1 .2 11 Beverages.................................................................. 107.2 107.6 107.7 109.1 108.5 108.5 108.7 107.9 108.2 108.5 108.7 109.4 C ru d e m a te ria ls , in e d ib le , e x c e p t fu e ls ................................. 90.3 93.1 92.7 91.7 90.8 90.3 92.2 93.6 94.7 94.3 93.8 91.9 Cork and wood............................................................ Pulp and waste paper.................................................. Metalliferous ores and metal scrap.............................. Crude animal and vegetable materials, n.e.s................ 122.3 60.6 91.9 101.7 131.9 61.4 91.9 128.9 61.1 93.8 105.0 121.7 116.7 63.9 98.4 114.9 118.7 6 8 .2 98.0 106.5 99.0 111.9 118.6 72.4 104.0 111.9 117.6 75.1 101.7 121.1 117.0 72.0 105.7 124.3 1 1 0 .1 112.9 77.0 99.6 106.7 1 1 0 .1 6 6 .8 117.7 70.5 101.4 145.2 146.1 147.8 165.7 167.9 161.4 165.4 166.6 170.5 148.5 147.1 171.5 154.1 154.1 167.5 170.9 169.8 l9b.5 92.2 88.3 88.9 98.2 89.6 93.7 79.3 92.7 89.0 89.3 98.2 89.6 93.0 79.0 92.8 8 8 .8 93.4 89.8 94.3 91.5 88.4 97.3 89.7 93.9 80.4 97.3 89.4 93.9 80.3 1 0 0 .0 1 0 1 .6 1 0 0 .6 1 0 0 .0 94.3 90.7 87.4 97.3 89.9 94.0 80.8 100.9 2 24 25 28 29 3 33 34 M in e ra l fu e ls , lu b ric a n ts , a n d re la te d p ro d u c ts ............... 5 52 53 54 55 57 58 59 C h e m ic a ls a n d re la te d p ro d u c ts , n .e .s .................................. 6 64 Petroleum, petroleum products, and related materials.... Gas, natural and manufactured.................................... Inorganic chemicals.................................................... Dying, tanning, and coloring materials......................... Medicinal and pharmaceutical products........................ Essential oils; polishing and cleaning preparations....... Plastics In primary forms (12/92 = 100)........................ Plastics in nonprimary forms (12/92 = 100).................. Chemical materials and products, n.e.s........................ M a n u fa c tu re d g o o d s c la s s ifie d c h ie fly b y m a te ria ls .... Paper, paperboard, and articles of paper, pulp, and paperboard........................................................ Nonmetalllc mineral manufactures, n.e.s..................... 1 0 2 .8 6 6 .0 94.3 1 1 1 .1 1 1 2 .1 90.5 80.1 1 0 0 .6 92.7 92.7 91.3 106.5 105.3 103.8 123.1 117.1 115.9 134.1 126.5 125.7 142.2 128.0 127.4 141.1 134.7 132.6 161.5 141.2 141.4 150.2 90.6 86.7 91.9 96.2 92.4 93.6 75.6 97.4 90.6 86.4 90.6 96.2 91.7 93.7 75.8 98.0 90.4 91.3 8 6 .6 90.5 96.3 91.8 93.1 76.1 98.1 90.2 97.0 92.3 93.8 77.9 98.1 91.8 87.2 90.6 97.4 91.8 93.8 78.9 98.6 92.1 87.7 91.4 97.8 92.3 93.9 79.4 98.4 92.0 8 6 .2 92.0 91.9 92.4 92.6 93.9 94.5 95.5 98.0 97.5 97.1 97.6 94.4 94.5 95.0 93.3 94.9 93.9 94.3 94.4 94.4 92.7 92.8 92.3 92.4 92.5 92.2 83.6 87.6 95.8 83.5 100.9 89.9 95.6 8 8 .0 89.7 97.3 90.2 94.0 79.7 99.5 8 8 .0 8 6 .1 96.8 89.8 94.3 80.8 99.7 84.4 87.4 8 6 .2 8 6 .6 86.9 87.1 8 8 .8 1 0 1 .2 1 0 1 .6 1 0 1 .2 1 0 0 .8 1 0 1 .2 1 0 0 .8 91.1 95.8 94.8 95.6 95.4 95.9 95.6 95.9 98.9 95.7 104.4 96.1 115.1 96.1 100.9 110.3 95.9 89.7 100.7 106.9 95.9 89.2 100.5 110.7 95.7 83.7 69 Manufactures of metals, n.e.s..................................... 83.7 100.9 87.7 96.1 7 M a c h in e ry a n d tra n s p o rt e q u ip m e n t..................................... 90.3 89.9 89.9 89.9 89.9 89.8 89.7 89.8 89.8 89.6 89.7 89.7 89.6 72 74 Machinery specialized for particular industries............. General Industrial machines and parts, n.e.s., and machine parts................................................... Computer equipment and office machines.................. Telecommunications and sound recording and reproducing apparatus and equipment...................... 97.6 97.3 97.2 97.6 97.8 98.2 97.8 97.7 97.9 97.3 97.1 97.0 95.9 97.6 63.1 97.3 62.0 97.3 61.8 97.4 61.6 97.3 61.4 97.3 61.4 97.0 61.7 97.0 61.5 96.7 61.4 97.0 61.0 96.9 60.5 96.7 60.2 96.2 60.0 87.6 82.7 102.3 87.3 81.9 102.4 87.0 82.1 102.4 87.1 82.5 8 6 .0 85.9 82.2 102.4 85.6 82.1 102.3 85.2 82.4 102.4 85.2 82.2 84.9 82.2 1 0 2 .6 1 0 2 .6 84.5 83.0 102.7 84.5 83.4 102.7 84.4 83.2 1 0 2 .2 82.6 102.4 1 0 2 .8 100.7 100.7 1 0 0 .6 1 0 0 .8 1 0 0 .8 1 0 0 .8 1 0 0 .8 1 0 0 .8 100.9 100.7 100.5 100.7 100.3 91.3 91.2 91.1 91.4 92.2 92.5 92.5 92.2 91.7 91.8 91.8 91.9 91.6 66 68 75 76 . 8£ 88 Photographic apparatus, equipment, and supplies, and optical qoods, n.e.s........................................... M onthly Labor Review 90 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis August 2000 1 0 0 .8 1 0 1 .1 36. U.S. export price indexes by end-use category [1995 = 100] 1999 Category June July Aug. Sept. 2000 Oct. Nov. Dec. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June A L L C O M M O D IT I E S ...................................................................... 94.5 94.4 94.7 94.8 95.1 95.3 95.2 95.4 95.8 96.3 96.2 96.5 96.3 Foods, feeds, and beverages.................................... Agricultural foods, feeds, and beverages................ Nonagricultural (fish, beverages) food products..... 88.9 87.9 86.9 99.5 87.6 86.7 98.2 87.4 86.4 99.7 86.7 85.6 99.2 8 6 .0 87.1 8 6 .0 8 6 .2 97.8 88.3 87.7 96.6 8 6 .2 100.9 87.8 87.1 97.0 87.0 84.9 99.5 86.3 85.4 98.3 87.2 113.1 86.7 85.0 106.8 Industrial supplies and materials................................ 87.5 88.3 89.0 89.5 90.4 91.1 91.7 92.1 93.6 95.2 94.6 95.3 95.3 Agricultural industrial supplies and materials.......... 78.4 76.2 76.3 76.6 77.5 76.6 76.7 75.2 . 76.9 77.7 78.2 78.2 78.2 Fuels and lubricants................................................ Nonagricultural supplies and materials, excluding fuel and building materials.................... Selected building materials..................................... 99.8 106.1 110.5 1 1 1 .8 114.4 115.9 120.4 122.7 131.3 143.6 127.8 133.0 135.6 8 6 .0 8 6 .6 8 8 .0 87.0 88.4 87.5 87.4 88.3 87.8 89.1 87.7 89.3 87.8 8 8 .6 89.7 89.2 90.4 89.5 91.0 90.1 91.9 90.4 92.3 90.0 92.0 89.9 Capital goods............................................................. Electric and electrical generating equipment.......... Nonelectrical machinery.......................................... 96.5 99.0 92.9 96.2 98.2 92.6 96.2 98.0 92.6 96.1 98.3 92.4 96.2 98.3 92.4 96.3 98.4 92.5 96.0 98.5 92.1 96.1 98.3 92.1 96.0 98.8 91.9 96.0 98.8 91.8 96.1 98.7 91.9 96.1 98.9 91.9 96.0 99.0 91.7 Automotive vehicles, parts, and engines................... 103.2 103.2 103.2 103.3 104.0 103.9 103.8 103.9 103.8 104.2 104.2 104.2 104.1 Consumer goods, excluding automotive.................... Nondurables, manufactured.................................... Durables, manufactured.......................................... 1 0 2 .0 101.9 1 0 2 .0 101.9 1 0 2 .2 1 0 2 .2 102.4 102.5 1 0 2 .0 1 0 2 .0 1 0 2 .1 102.4 1 0 2 .8 1 0 2 .6 100.5 1 0 0 .6 1 0 0 .8 100.7 1 0 0 .8 102.5 100.9 102.3 102.4 1 0 0 .8 1 0 1 .0 101.4 1 0 1 .0 102.4 102.3 101.3 102.4 102.4 101.3 1 0 2 .2 1 0 2 .1 102.4 102.9 101.3 85.0 95.6 83.1 95.7 84.7 95.8 84.6 95.9 84.5 96.3 83.7 96.6 83.1 96.6 83.2 96.8 84.0 97.2 84.4 97.6 85.1 97.4 85.6 97.7 84.4 97.6 Agricultural commodities............................................ Nonagricultural commodities...................................... https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 8 6 .8 M onthly Labor Review A ugust 2000 97.1 1 0 2 .1 91 Current Labor Statistics: Price Data 37. U.S. import price indexes by end-use category 2000 1999 Category A L L C O M M O D IT I E S ...................................................................... 92.4 Foods, feeds, and beverages..................................... Agricultural foods, feeds, and beverages................ Nonagricultural (fish, beverages) food products..... 93.7 89.3 105.2 Industrial supplies and materials................................ 91.8 Fuels and lubricants................................................ Petroleum and petroleum products...................... Sept. Aug. July June 95.2 94.3 93.3 95.4 96.2 May June 96.8 97.2 99.2 99.3 97.9 98.3 99.5 94.8 89.8 107.7 93.6 88.4 107.2 93.3 87.6 108.1 92.5 86.6 108.3 93.3 86.7 110.8 91.9 85.2 109.8 91.3 84.4 109.8 105.4 106.3 96.1 99.9 103.1 104.3 106.9 109.4 111.0 118.6 119.8 114.3 115.9 121.5 140.7 140.9 144.2 145.8 164.7 167.5 163.7 166.2 147.7 147.4 153.1 153.8 169.5 169.2 81.2 82.1 82.8 83.1 85.6 86.9 87.2 94.8 87.4 89.2 110.5 97.4 87.2 92.1 109.1 102.0 88.3 91.8 105.0 105.0 87.5 8 6 .1 93.2 91.2 105.4 103.5 116.7 115.6 126.0 125.2 128.1 127.3 77.0 77.0 76.9 78.4 78.5 81.8 87.0 87.7 86.7 86.9 118.9 89.0 86.7 87.7 113.4 89.7 87.3 Capital goods............................................................. Electric and electrical generating equipment.......... Nonelectrical machinery......................................... 82.6 91.5 79.5 81.9 91.1 78.7 81.9 91.2 78.7 Automotive vehicles, parts, and engines................... 101.7 1 0 1 .8 1 2 0 .6 88.3 8 8 .8 89.1 1 1 0 .0 1 1 1 .1 93.0 87.5 108.3 94.4 87.5 82.0 91.6 78.8 81.9 91.7 78.6 81.8 91.8 78.5 81.7 91.1 78.4 101.9 101.9 1 0 2 .0 1 0 2 .0 1 0 2 .0 97.4 100.3 94.1 99.1 97.7 97.5 100.5 94.1 97.6 100.7 94.2 98.8 97.4 1 0 0 .2 94.3 98.3 1 0 0 .8 94.2 99.9 1 0 0 .0 97.5 1 0 0 .6 94.1 99.8 89.7 90.4 110.1 112.1 100.3 88.0 107.1 87.6 91.2 111.9 104.3 87.8 81.7 91.8 78.3 81.6 91.8 78.2 81.3 92.1 77.9 81.4 93.9 77.7 81.2 94.2 77.5 80.9 94.3 77.1 102.1 102.2 102.2 102.3 102.6 102.7 97.5 100.4 94.1 101.5 97.4 100.4 93.8 102.0 97.1 100.3 93.5 97.1 100.3 93.4 100.3 96.9 96.4 99.5 93.0 98.0 100.1 38. U.S. international price Indexes for selected categories of services [1990 = 100, unless otherwise indicated] Sept. Dec. Mar. June Sept. Dec. Mar. June 8 8 .0 8 6 .2 92.7 92.8 87.9 92.7 90.7 91.7 88.9 91.7 88.4 92.8 104.5 98.9 107.3 1 0 2 .6 1 0 2 .6 114.2 108.6 148.0 1 0 2 .2 104.2 112.3 106.3 133.7 106.8 1 0 1 .1 139.4 136.3 113.4 107.9 142.1 Airfreight (inbound) (9/90 = 100).................................. Air freight (outbound) (9/92 = 100)................................ 81.8 95.8 87.4 95.2 Air passenger fares (U.S. carriers)............................... Air passenger fares (foreign carriers)........................... Ocean liner freight (inbound)........................................ 107.3 104.0 105.0 103.1 August 2000 2000 1999 1998 Category M onthly Labor Review 92 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Apr. 93.0 87.2 108.2 91.6 134.3 132.5 97.5 100.4 94.4 98.0 Feb. Jan. Dec. 92.3 87.6 104.9 8 8 .0 87.4 114.2 88.3 87.0 Durables, manufactured......................................... Nonmanufactured consumer goods...................... Nov. 92.5 87.7 105.0 92.8 Materials associated with nondurable supplies and materials.......................................... Selected building materials..................................... Unfinished metals associated with durable goods.. Nonmetals associated with durable goods............. Consumer goods, excluding automotive................... Oct. Mar. 100.1 93.3 99.7 39. Indexes of productivity, hourly compensation, and unit costs, quarterly data seasonally adjusted [1992 = 100] Quarterly indexes Ite m 1997 II III 1998 IV I II 1999 III IV I II 2000 III IV 1 II B u sin ess Output per hour of all persons....................................... Compensation per hour................................................ Real compensation per hour......................................... Unit labor costs.............................................................. Unit nonlabor payments................................................ Implicit price deflator..................................................... 107.3 112.3 99.8 104.7 118.0 109.6 108.3 113.5 100.4 104.8 118.5 109.9 1 1 0 .2 107.1 108.0 113.0 108.1 114.7 108.5 115.3 101.5 106.3 116.8 109.7 117.1 102.9 106.7 116.4 110.3 1 1 0 .0 1 1 0 .6 1 1 1 .6 1 1 2 .6 1 1 2 .8 118.5 103.8 107.7 115.1 110.5 1 2 0 .0 121.4 105.5 108.8 114.6 110.9 123.0 106.4 109.3 115.1 111.4 124.5 106.9 110.4 114.1 109.3 116.4 102.3 106.5 117.4 110.5 109.8 117.9 103.2 107.5 116.3 110.7 110.3 119.4 104.2 108.3 115.8 1 1 1 .2 1 1 2 .0 1 1 2 .1 1 2 0 .8 1 2 2 .1 104.9 108.5 115.8 105.7 109.0 116.7 123.6 106.1 1 1 0 .2 1 1 1 .0 1 1 1 .2 1 1 1 .8 1 1 2 .2 112.3 115.2 113.4 116.6 114.9 118.0 103.0 115.8 119.3 103.7 118.2 122.4 105.1 103.0 103.5 101.4 147.5 113.2 106.7 130.4 122.4 105.1 93.8 104.7 108.5 114.6 110.7 1 1 1 .8 114.2 126.1 107.6 110.5 114.3 111.9 116.3 127.3 107.8 109.5 116.8 113.6 125.2 106.8 110.3 116.1 112.4 115.8 126.5 107.2 109.3 118.6 112.7 1 2 0 .1 1 2 1 .8 113.6 114.2 119.7 124.0 105.8 103.2 103.6 106.6 121.5 125.3 106.1 103.0 103.1 102.5 145.7 113.5 106.6 122.3 126.1 105.8 103.1 103.1 103.3 150.9 115.4 107.2 131.9 124.1 105.9 94.1 135.1 125.5 106.4 92.9 137.7 127.0 106.5 92.2 1 1 2 .2 116.7 128.4 107.7 118.5 130.4 108.4 1 1 0 .0 1 1 0 .0 118.2 113.0 1 2 0 .0 116.3 127.8 107.2 109.8 117.9 129.4 107.6 109.8 113.7 N o n fa rm b u s in es s Output per hour of all persons....................................... Compensation per hour................................................ Real compensation per hour......................................... Unit labor costs.............................................................. Unit nonlabor payments................................................ Implicit price deflator..................................................... 1 1 2 .0 99.5 104.5 118.8 109.7 1 0 0 .0 1 0 1 .0 104.7 119.5 1 1 0 .1 106.1 117.8 110.4 109.3 1 1 0 .8 1 1 1 .6 1 1 1 .1 1 1 2 .1 113.7 115.7 N o n fin a n c ia l c o rp o ra tio n s Output per hour of all employees.................................. Compensation per hour................................................ Real compensation per hour......................................... Total unit costs............................................................. Unit labor costs............................................................ Unit nonlabor costs...................................................... Unit profits..................................................................... Unit nonlabor payments................................................ Implicit price deflator..................................................... 98.7 99.2 1 0 1 .6 1 0 1 .1 1 0 1 .6 1 0 1 .2 101.4 155.3 115.1 106.1 160.3 116.0 106.1 116.3 110.5 98.1 95.0 118.7 111.5 98.6 93.9 1 0 0 .8 1 0 0 .1 1 0 1 .2 1 0 2 .1 101.5 101.9 100.4 156.5 114.7 106.1 1 0 2 .0 102.3 1 0 2 .1 1 0 2 .6 1 0 2 .6 1 0 2 .8 102.7 103.0 100.5 150.4 113.2 106.1 100.9 147.2 112.7 106.1 1 0 0 .2 1 0 1 .6 151.4 113.3 106.2 144.5 112.5 106.2 117.1 120.9 104.6 102.5 103.2 100.7 149.7 113.2 106.5 121.3 115.2 122.7 116.6 1 0 1 .2 1 0 2 .1 95.0 95.1 125.1 118.1 103.0 94.4 126.8 119.4 103.7 94.1 128.9 120.7 104.4 93.6 1 0 2 .1 143.3 1 1 2 .6 _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ - M a n u fa c tu rin g Output per hour of all persons....................................... Compensation per hour................................................. Real compensation per hour......................................... Unit labor costs.............................................................. 1 2 0 .1 113.3 99.8 94.4 139.4 128.3 106.8 92.0 - Data not available. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis M onthly Labor Review A ugust 2000 93 Current Labor Statistics: 40. Productivity Data Annual indexes of multifactor productivity and related measures, selected years [1992 = 100] Item 1960 1970 1980 1989 1990 1991 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 P rivate b u s in es s Productivity: 95.5 103.8 99.6 98.6 96.7 98.6 98.1 96.9 1 0 2 .6 1 0 0 .2 102.7 96.5 99.0 94.1 98.3 98.7 98.1 1 0 2 .0 96.3 96.9 98.8 98.4 97.0 96.1 50.8 117.3 70.7 34.0 70.1 117.1 86.5 51.6 83.8 107.3 95.3 72.6 66.9 29.0 48.1 43.3 73.7 44.1 59.7 59.9 67.7 76.2 78.1 102.4 94.2 97.8 92.0 54.3 126.1 74.9 33.7 72.2 124.1 89.4 51.8 85.6 111.4 97.6 73.1 95.9 104.6 100.5 98.1 62.1 26.7 45.0 43.0 71.7 41.8 58.0 58.2 85.4 65.6 74.9 76.8 102.4 93.9 97.7 91.7 1 0 2 .6 96.3 99.0 93.8 98.2 98.6 98.1 42.1 125.6 72.9 38.7 54.5 116.3 84.2 56.8 70.4 101.5 87.3 75.7 90.7 103.5 100.4 97.1 93.0 101.3 99.8 97.5 95.1 97.3 98.6 95.5 92.0 30.9 51.5 39.1 27.3 53.1 104.2 48.8 85.4 46.0 47.4 67.4 107.5 74.6 92.5 74.5 71.9 86.7 107.1 93.8 96.8 88.3 88.9 96.7 104.8 96.3 99.9 91.3 91.8 97.7 100.4 98.2 1 0 0 .0 97.8 1 0 2 .1 103.7 102.3 102.4 114.7 105.2 1 1 0 .6 1 1 2 .1 114.1 117.1 116.5 101.4 1 0 2 .6 1 0 0 .1 1 0 0 .6 1 0 1 .0 100.7 102.3 1 0 0 .1 1 0 0 .6 101.9 100.7 102.7 107.0 1 1 0 .0 106.4 104.6 106.3 98.3 108.9 108.0 109.3 99.2 1 0 0 .1 1 0 0 .6 1 0 1 .2 103.7 104.9 1 0 0 .8 1 0 2 .1 1 0 1 .8 1 0 2 .1 1 0 2 .1 1 0 0 .1 100.5 107.1 1 0 0 .8 102.7 110.4 102.3 115.0 106.5 104.8 106.5 98.5 109.0 108.4 109.5 99.4 110.9 112.4 114.6 117.7 117.0 1 0 1 .6 1 0 2 .8 103.6 105.3 105.2 104.4 109.1 109.4 106.8 108.4 113.8 113.8 107.0 110.7 118.0 101.4 101.7 103.7 103.0 104.3 102.3 103.6 103.6 107.3 104.4 107.8 104.5 104.0 106.6 109.5 101.4 103.7 110.3 107.0 105.4 - 1 1 1 .0 1 1 1 .6 - 105.0 106.6 - 1 0 2 .6 103.1 1 2 0 .1 Inputs: 8 6 .6 1 0 2 .6 99.4 1 1 2 .2 P rivate n o n fa rm b u s in es s Productivity: 1 0 2 .6 99.8 98.8 103.0 1 2 0 .2 Inputs: 1 0 0 .1 102.9 1 0 2 .2 102.9 99.3 1 1 2 .6 M an u fa c tu rin g Productivity: 1 0 2 .2 1 0 1 .8 1 0 1 .2 _ _ - Inputs: Combined units of all factor inputs............................. - Data not available. M onthly Labor Review 94 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis August 2000 1 0 0 .1 93.1 91.9 96.9 - 41. Annual indexes of productivity, hourly compensation, unit costs, and prices, selected years [1992 = 100] Ite m 1960 1970 1980 1989 1990 1991 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 B u s in e s s Output per hour of all persons....................................... Compensation per hour................................................ Real compensation per hour......................................... Unit labor costs.............................................................. Unit nonlabor payments................................................ Implicit price deflator..................................................... 48.8 13.7 60.0 28.0 25.2 27.0 67.0 23.5 78.9 35.1 31.6 33.9 80.4 54.2 89.5 67.4 61.5 65.2 93.9 85.8 95.9 91.3 91.8 91.5 95.2 90.7 96.5 95.3 93.9 94.8 96.3 95.0 97.5 98.7 97.0 98.1 100.5 102.5 99.9 101.9 102.5 51.9 14.3 62.8 27.5 24.6 26.5 68.9 23.7 79.5 34.4 31.3 33.3 82.0 54.6 90.0 66.5 60.5 64.3 94.2 85.8 95.9 91.1 91.3 91.2 95.3 90.5 96.3 95.0 93.6 94.5 96.4 95.0 97.5 98.5 97.1 98.0 55.4 15.6 68.3 26.8 28.1 23.3 50.2 30.2 28.8 70.4 25.3 84.7 34.8 35.9 31.9 44.4 35.1 35.6 81 1 56.4 93.1 68.4 69.6 65.1 94 95 4 90.8 96.6 95.9 95.2 98.0 94.3 97.1 95.8 97 fi 95.2 97.8 98.8 97.5 41.9 14.9 65.2 35.5 26.8 30.2 54.3 23.7 79.5 43.7 29.4 34.9 1 0 2 .6 105.4 1 1 0 .1 106.4 104.0 106.7 99.3 104.1 109.4 106.0 100.5 1 0 1 .8 1 0 2 .8 1 0 2 .2 . 104.3 99.5 102.5 106.9 104.1 106.6 99.2 103.7 110.4 106.1 1 0 2 .2 101.9 104.5 99.7 1 0 2 .6 99.7 104.5 113.3 107.7 107.6 113.3 100.4 105.3 117.1 109.7 110.5 119.3 104.3 107.9 115.2 114.0 125.2 107.3 109.9 115.1 1 1 0 .6 1 1 1 .8 1 1 0 .2 113.4 124.4 106.5 109.7 116.8 112.3 N o n fa rm b u s in es s Output per hour of all persons...................................... Compensation per hour................................................ Real compensation per hour......................................... Unit labor costs.............................................................. Unit nonlabor payments................................................ Implicit price deflator..................................................... 99.6 101.7 103.0 1 0 2 .2 105.4 109.8 99.5 104.2 113.5 107.6 107.3 112.9 1 0 0 .0 105.1 118.0 109.8 118.6 103.8 107.7 116.3 1 1 0 .8 N o n fin a n c ia l c o rp o ra tio n s Output per hour of all employees................................. Compensation per hour................................................ Real compensation per hour......................................... Total unit costs.............................................................. Unit labor costs............................................................ Unit nonlabor costs...................................................... Unit profits..................................................................... Unit nonlabor payments................................................ Implicit price deflator..................................................... 6 8 .8 6 6 .0 68.4 6 8 6 .2 96.3 92.0 91.1 94.6 97.3 95.3 92.5 1 0 2 .1 mn s 1 fifi ? 104 3 1 0 2 .1 104.3 99.5 106.2 98.9 99.6 109.1 98.8 1 1 2 .0 1 0 1 .0 1 0 1 .1 1 0 2 .0 1 0 1 .2 99.3 101.4 101.3 1 0 1 .0 101.9 101.4 1 0 1 .6 1 0 0 .2 101.3 131.7 109.0 103.7 93.0 99.7 98.3 113.2 103.5 95.0 95.6 98.1 1 0 2 .0 1 0 0 .2 1 0 0 .8 1 0 0 .6 100.7 98.9 99.6 1 0 1 .0 100.4 102.9 101.9 1 0 2 .1 117.4 102.7 1 0 2 .2 1 0 2 .8 1 0 2 .2 1 0 0 .6 1 0 0 .8 1 0 0 .8 139.0 152.2 113.8 105.5 156.7 115.0 106.1 148.3 112.9 106.1 113.1 109.3 99.0 96.6 117.6 111.4 98.8 94.8 109.7 103.9 123.9 117.3 1 1 1 .6 105.1 123.2 105.5 102.9 103.4 101.7 146.5 113.1 106.6 M a n u fa c tu rin g Output per hour of all persons...................................... Compensation per hour................................................ Real compensation per hour......................................... Unit labor costs.............................................................. Unit nonlabor payments................................................ Implicit price deflator..................................................... 70.3 55.6 91.7 79.1 80.2 79.8 90.5 8 6 .6 96.8 95.8 95.4 95.5 92.9 90.8 96.6 97.7 99.6 98.9 102.7 100.9 105.2 105.6 109.3 107.9 100.4 98.7 107.2 103.9 1 1 0 .1 104.9 1 0 2 .6 94.6 104.6 100.7 131.6 123.2 105.5 93.6 _ - - Data not available. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis M onthly Labor Review A ugust 2000 95 Current Labor Statistics: 42. Productivity Data Annual indexes of output per hour for selected 3-digit sic industries [1987= 100] In d u s tr y S IC 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 M in in g 102 104 122 131 142 109.2 101.5 111.7 101.0 101.3 106.6 113.3 117.3 98.0 98.7 102.7 122.3 118.7 97.0 102.2 100.5 127.4 122.4 97.9 99.8 115.2 141.6 133.0 102.1 105.0 118.1 159.8 141.2 105.9 103.6 126.0 160.8 148.1 112.4 108.7 117.2 144.2 155.9 119.4 105.4 116.5 138.3 168.0 123.9 107.2 118.9 159.0 176.6 125.2 114.0 117.5 186.3 187.3 128.7 111.9 Meat products..................................................... Dairy products..................................................... Preserved fruits and vegetables........................... Grain mill products.............................................. Bakery products.................................................. 201 202 203 204 205 100.1 108.4 97.0 101.3 96.8 99.2 107.7 97.8 107.6 96.1 97.1 107.3 95.6 105.4 92.7 99.6 108.3 99.2 104.9 90.6 104.6 111.4 100.5 107.8 93.8 104.3 109.6 106.8 109.2 94.4 101.2 111.8 107.6 108.4 96.4 102.3 116.4 109.1 115.4 97.3 97.4 116.0 109.2 108.0 95.6 103.2 119.5 111.8 118.7 99.3 “ Sugar and confectionery products........................ Fats and oils....................................................... Beverages........................................................... Miscellaneous food and kindred products............. Cigarettes............................................................ 206 207 208 209 211 99.5 108.9 106.0 107.0 101.2 101.8 116.4 112.7 99.3 109.0 103.2 118.1 117.7 99.3 113.2 102.0 120.1 120.5 101.6 107.6 99.8 114.1 127.6 101.6 111.6 104.5 112.6 127.0 105.3 106.5 106.2 111.8 130.8 101.0 126.6 108.3 120.3 134.3 103.1 142.9 113.8 110.1 135.7 109.2 147.2 117.1 120.0 136.3 103.9 147.2 - Broadwoven fabric mills, cotton............................ Broadwoven fabric mills, manmade..................... Narrow fabric mills............................................... Knitting mills....................................................... Textile finishing, except wool............................... 221 222 224 225 226 99.6 99.2 108.4 96.3 90.3 99.8 106.3 92.7 108.0 88.7 103.1 111.3 96.5 107.5 83.4 111.2 116.2 99.6 114.1 79.9 110.3 126.2 112.9 119.5 78.6 117.8 131.7 111.4 128.1 79.3 122.1 142.5 120.1 134.3 81.2 134.0 145.3 118.9 138.6 78.5 137.3 147.6 126.3 150.5 79.2 130.9 161.9 107.7 150.2 94.0 " Carpets and rugs................................................ Yarn and thread mills........................................... Miscellaneous textile goods................................. Men's and boys' suits and coats........................... Men's and boys' furnishings................................. 227 228 229 231 232 98.6 102.1 101.6 105.1 100.1 97.8 104.2 109.1 97.7 100.1 93.2 110.2 109.2 93.9 102.1 89.2 111.4 104.6 90.2 108.4 96.1 119.6 106.5 89.0 109.1 97.1 126.6 110.4 97.4 108.4 93.3 130.7 118.5 97.7 111.7 95.8 137.4 123.7 92.5 123.4 100.2 147.4 123.1 97.4 134.7 100.3 155.5 117.9 130.3 152.4 - Women's and misses' outerwear.......................... Women's and children’s undergarments............... Hats, caps, and millinery..................................... Miscellaneous apparel and accessories............... Miscellaneous fabricated textile products............. 233 234 235 238 239 101.4 105.4 99.0 101.3 96.6 96.8 94.6 96.4 88.4 95.7 104.1 102.1 89.2 90.6 99.9 104.3 113.6 91.1 91.8 100.7 109.4 117.4 93.6 91.3 107.5 121.8 124.5 87.2 94.0 108.5 127.4 138.0 77.7 105.5 107.8 135.5 161.3 84.3 116.8 109.2 141.6 174.5 82.2 120.1 105.6 151.5 196.3 83.5 105.2 117.0 " Logging.............................................................. Sawmills and planing mills................................... Millwork, plywood, and structural members.......... Wood containers................................................ Wood buildings and mobile homes...................... 241 242 243 244 245 93.7 100.7 98.8 103.1 97.8 89.4 99.6 97.1 108.8 98.8 86.3 99.8 98.0 111.2 103.1 86.0 102.6 98.0 113.1 103.0 96.2 108.1 99.9 109.4 103.1 88.6 101.9 97.0 100.1 103.8 87.8 103.3 94.5 100.9 98.3 86.0 110.2 92.7 106.1 97.0 85.4 115.6 92.4 106.7 96.7 71.9 117.5 89.9 106.6 101.1 - Miscellaneous wood products............................. Household furniture............................................ 249 251 252 253 254 95.9 99.4 94.3 109.6 95.7 102.4 102.0 97.5 113.7 92.4 107.7 104.5 95.0 119.8 95.6 110.5 107.1 94.1 120.2 93.0 114.2 110.5 102.5 140.6 102.7 115.3 110.6 103.2 161.0 107.4 111.8 112.5 100.5 157.4 98.9 115.4 116.9 101.1 173.3 101.2 114.4 121.6 106.4 181.5 97.5 123.1 121.8 117.9 186.5 121.4 - 259 261 262 263 265 103.6 99.6 103.9 105.5 99.7 101.9 107.4 103.6 101.9 101.5 103.5 116.7 102.3 100.6 101.3 102.1 128.3 99.2 101.4 103.4 99.5 137.3 103.3 104.4 105.2 103.6 122.5 102.4 108.4 107.9 104.7 128.9 110.2 114.9 108.4 110.0 131.£ 118.6 119.5 105.1 113.2 132.6 111.6 118.0 106.3 102.2 104.4 107.0 124.2 110.1 • 101.1 96.9 97.9 99.1 96.7 101.6 95.2 98.3 94.1 89.0 101.4 90.6 93.9 96.6 92.2 105.3 85.8 89.5 100.8 95.9 105.5 81.5 92.9 97.7 105.8 107.9 79.4 89.5 103.5 104.5 110.6 79.9 81.9 103.0 97.5 113.3 79.0 87.8 101.6 94.8 113.6 77.4 89.1 99.3 93.6 121.7 79.0 100.1 102.2 114.5 - Miscellaneous publishing.................................... 267 271 272 273 274 Greeting cards.................................................... Blankbooks and bookbinding.............................. Printing trade services........................................ 275 276 277 278 279 100.0 98.7 100.1 95.6 99.9 101.1 89.7 109.1 94.2 94.3 102.5 93.0 100.6 99.4 99.3 102.0 89.1 92.7 96.1 100.6 108.0 94.5 96.7 103.6 112.0 106.9 91.1 91.4 98.7 115.3 106.5 82.0 89.0 105.4 111.0 107.2 76.9 92.5 108.7 116.7 108.3 75.2 90.8 114.5 126.2 109.2 78.9 92.2 115.3 124.2 281 282 283 284 285 105.7 98.8 101.0 102.0 101.4 104.3 99.7 102.8 100.6 103.3 106.8 100.9 103.8 103.8 106.3 109.7 100.0 104.5 105.3 104.3 109.7 107.5 99.5 104.4 102.9 105.6 112.0 99.9 108.7 108.8 102.3 125.3 104.S 111.2 116.7 109.3 128.3 108.7 118.6 118.C 110.1 125.C 112.120.9 125.6 116.1 133.8 112.6 130.4 127.2 Copper ores........................................................ Gold and silver ores............................................. Bituminous coal and lignite mining........................ Crude petroleum and natural gas......................... Crushed and broken stone................................... M a n u fa c tu r in g Public building and related furniture..................... Partitions and fixtures.......................................... Miscellaneous furniture and fixtures.................... Paper mills......................................................... Paperboard mills................................................ Paperboard containers and boxes...................... Miscellaneous converted paper products............ Newspapers....................................................... Periodicals......................................................... Industrial Inorganic chemicals............................. Plastics materials and synthetics......................... Soaps, cleaners, and toilet goods....................... Paints and allied products................................... See footnotes at end of table. 96 M onthly Labor Review https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis August 2000 " “ - - - - _ - “ - 42. Continued-Annual indexes of output per hour for selected 3-digit sic industries [1987 = 100] Industry SIC 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 Industrial organic chemicals............................... Agricultural chemicals........................................ Miscellaneous chemical products........................ Petroleum refining.............................................. Asphalt paving and roofing materials................... 286 287 289 291 295 109.9 103.7 95.4 105.3 98.3 110.4 104.3 95.2 109.6 95.3 101.4 104.7 97.3 109.2 98.0 95.8 99.5 96.1 106.6 94.1 111.3 100.4 1 2 0 .1 Miscellaneous petroleum and coal products........ Tires and inner tubes......................................... Hose and belting and gaskets and packing.......... Fabricated rubber products, n.e.c........................ Miscellaneous plastics products, n.e.c................. 299 301 305 306 308 98.4 102.9 103.7 104.2 100.5 101.9 103.8 96.3 105.5 1 0 1 .8 94.8 103.0 96.1 109.0 105.7 90.6 102.4 92.4 109.9 108.2 Footwear, except rubber.............................. Luggage............................................................. Handbags and personal leather goods................ Flat glass...................................................... Glass and glassware, pressed or blown............... 314 316 317 321 322 101.3 93.7 98.5 91.9 1 0 1 .1 1 0 1 .1 104.8 93.1 90.7 1 0 0 .6 1 0 0 .2 106.2 96.5 84.5 104.8 94.4 100.3 98.7 83.6 102.3 Products of purchased glass............................... Cement, hydraulic.................................... Structural day produds...................................... Pottery and related produds............................... Concrete, gypsum, and plaster produds............. 323 324 325 326 327 Miscellaneous nonmetallic mineral produds........ Blast furnace and basic steel produds................. Iron and steel foundries............................... Primary nonferrous metals.................................. Nonferrous rolling and drawing............................ 329 331 332 333 335 Nonferrous foundries (castings)........................... Miscellaneous primary metal produds................. Metal cans and shipping containers..................... Cutlery, handtools, and hardware......................... Plumbing and heating, except eledric.................. 336 339 341 342 343 Fabricated strudural metal produds.................... Screw machine produds, bolts, etc..................... Metal forgings and stampings.............................. Metal services, n.e.c............................................ Ordnance and accessories, n.e.c......................... 95.9 103.2 98.8 99.6 90.1 92.2 103.8 107.1 108.0 101.5 107.8 97.8 115.2 114.4 104.2 116.5 99.7 123.1 116.7 96.3 124.1 102.7 119.1 120.7 87.4 131.1 104.6 121.5 120.9 104.2 90.7 113.0 92.3 92.7 108.9 105.2 89.5 97.8 97.7 108.7 97.6 112.9 117.1 90.5 81.8 99.6 115.7 106.2 119.9 106.8 100.3 104.6 105.9 125.6 114.0 108.4 101.5 104.5 133.5 1 1 2 .1 106.3 142.4 113.0 105.3 1 0 1 .8 1 1 1 .2 103.1 97.1 102.4 1 0 1 .2 95.5 108.0 105.4 106.1 93.6 95.4 109.6 106.1 102.3 92.7 94.0 107.8 104.5 110.7 91.0 104.3 117.1 107.2 101.9 96.0 106.6 106.5 97.8 103.7 105.1 105.0 108.5 101.7 101.5 104.0 113.7 117.6 97.3 103.6 109.1 122.9 96.8 103.6 114.5 127.8 1 0 2 .6 1 0 2 .0 98.4 1 0 2 .0 344 345 346 347 348 100.4 98.5 101.5 108.3 97.7 96.9 96.1 99.8 102.4 89.8 98.8 96.1 95.6 104.7 82.1 1 0 0 .0 103.9 102.3 103.7 104.8 104.4 108.7 1 1 1 .6 1 2 0 .6 8 8 .6 84.6 Miscellaneous fabricated metal produds............. Engines and turbines..................................... Farm and garden machinery........................... Construdion and related machinery.................... Metalworking machinery..................................... 349 351 352 353 354 101.4 106.8 106.3 106.5 95.9 110.7 110.7 108.3 103.5 97.5 106.5 116.5 107.0 97.4 105.8 112.9 99.1 96.4 Special Industry machinery.................................. General industrial machinery............................... Refrigeration and service machinery.................... Industrial machinery, n.e.c................................... Eledric distribution equipment.......................... 355 356 358 359 361 108.3 101.5 106.0 107.1 105.0 107.5 101.5 103.6 107.3 106.3 1 0 1 .6 1 0 1 .6 100.7 109.0 106.5 104.9 117.0 119.6 Eledrical industrial apparatus.............................. Household appliances......................................... Eledric lighting and wiring equipment.................. Communications equipment................................. Miscellaneous eledrical equipment & supplies...... 362 363 364 366 369 104.6 103.0 101.9 110.5 107.4 104.7 107.7 105.8 99.9 121.4 90.6 107.1 106.5 97.5 124.5 98.6 117.1 115.0 105.7 146.7 101.3 Motor vehicles and equipment............................. Aircraft and parts................................................ Ship and boat building and repairing.................... Railroad equipment............................................ Motorcycles, bicycles, and parts........................ Guided missiles, space vehicles, parts................. 371 372 373 374 375 376 103.2 102.4 98.9 103.7 141.1 93.8 116.5 96.6 108.2 96.3 146.9 99.8 110.5 104.2 112.4 102.7 147.9 108.4 110.5 Search and navigation equipment....................... Measuring and controlling devices....................... Medical instruments and supplies......................... Ophthalmic goods............................................. Photographic equipment & supplies..................... 381 382 384 385 386 112.7 107.0 116.9 122.1 1 2 1 .2 118.9 113.9 118.7 125.1 107.8 1 1 0 .2 103.0 1 1 2 .6 104.0 107.8 95.5 1 0 2 .6 1 0 1 .0 104.6 105.9 1 0 2 .1 106.5 105.4 1 0 2 .8 1 0 0 .6 99.4 113.5 92.6 104.1 104.8 103.9 105.2 1 1 2 .6 105.6 1 0 0 .2 107.2 99.6 103.3 98.2 97.6 135.3 94.6 1 1 0 .6 105.8 1 02.1 107.9 123.3 113.0 1 0 1 .1 97.9 92.9 99.4 81.5 108.3 1996 98.6 108.5 107.8 132.3 101.5 115.1 111.4 99.5 102.5 1 0 0 .8 1995 99.9 105.0 105.7 123.8 104.9 92.6 112.4 109.6 98.6 102.3 1 1 0 .2 97.7 108.3 109.8 95.8 94.6 99.5 1994 1 0 0 .1 1 2 1 .0 1 2 0 .2 . 142.0 113.1 149.2 _ 1 2 0 .8 - 87.1 138.8 107.4 97.2 148.5 112.5 125.4 130.1 1 2 1 .0 124.7 126.1 1 1 0 .6 83.2 101.5 121.4 1 2 2 .0 109.3 104.5 128.7 119.6 119.3 107.3 107.8 142.7 112.7 110.4 155.1 116.2 1 1 2 .6 104.0 1 1 2 .1 134.5 140.9 109.2 109.1 117.8 152.2 144.2 111.3 109.2 122.3 149.6 155.2 118.2 118.6 126.4 140.9 160.8 113.1 127.2 107.7 107.2 108.5 123.0 83.6 105.8 109.7 109.3 127.7 87.6 106.5 1 1 0 .0 1 1 0 .2 151.3 113.6 128.4 87.5 1 2 0 .2 123.5 100.5 103.2 122.3 125.0 117.7 109.9 106.6 122.7 134.7 114.8 108.3 136.6 137.2 123.3 114.9 106.2 134.2 141.0 131.8 118.6 1 2 1 .2 1 2 2 .2 134.0 109.4 114.7 141.4 143.9 130.1 106.7 110.7 127.4 131.8 132.3 109.0 112.7 138.8 143.0 132.9 123.4 107.8 150.3 108.2 134.9 131.4 113.4 166.0 110.5 150.8 127.3 113.7 170.9 114.1 154.3 127.4 116.9 190.3 123.1 106.2 115.2 106.2 151.0 130.9 106.7 107.8 98.0 150.0 120.3 1 2 2 .1 108.8 109.6 103.8 152.5 125.1 118.9 1 2 1 .0 107.2 113.0 99.2 148.3 125.5 129.4 116.5 114.0 104.3 183.2 120.5 126.6 129.1 125.2 127.3 157.8 126.9 132.1 135.0 126.7 160.6 132.7 149.5 147.8 131.5 167.2 129.5 142.2 151.9 139.8 188.2 128.7 148.9 144.3 146.3 113.6 104.8 108.6 118.5 1 2 2 .1 _ . - _ _ . - 125.3 133.1 116.1 116.1 109.2 1 1 0 .8 108.5 111.3 132.3 104.0 _ 129.5 136.4 109.7 107.6 128.2 99.2 1 0 2 .0 123.5 144.5 116.4 1 1 0 .1 1 1 1 .0 109.2 118.6 108.2 107.4 106.0 112.9 120.4 1 0 1 .2 107.9 98.3 103.3 113.9 104.3 106.1 124.3 1998 1 1 0 .0 112.7 160.9 121.7 116.0 112.3 1 0 1 .1 1 0 2 .0 8 6 .8 1 1 1 .2 99.0 1997 _ - _ _ _ - _ _ _ - _ _ _ - _ - 1 1 0 .1 114.8 129.7 143.9 - 163.9 138.1 121.4 2 2 1 .0 124.6 - _ _ . _ - _ _ 2 0 2 .6 _ 1 2 1 .6 - See footnotes at end ot table. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis M onthly Labor Review A ugust 2000 97 Current Labor Statistics: 42. Productivity Data C o n tin u e d -A n n u a l indexes of output per hour for selected 3-digit SIC industries [1987 = 100] Industry SIC Jewelry, silverware, and plated ware...................... Musical instruments................................................. Toys and sporting goods........................................ Pens, pencils, office, and art supplies.................... Costume jewelry and notions.................................. Miscellaneous manufactures.................................. 391 393 394 395 396 399 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 78.8 119.9 144.1 142.2 1 1 2 .8 117.2 83.9 139.6 127.7 119.1 109.3 129.5 106.6 105.7 125.4 106.5 108.6 130.9 104.7 132.4 108.3 1 1 1 .6 1 1 1 .1 130.1 109.5 108.5 142.2 1 2 1 .8 85.6 126.8 125.6 148.1 109.6 86.7 135.0 137.1 159.5 105.8 84.4 150.5 158.6 1 0 2 .1 4213 431 4512,13,22 (pts.) 105.2 99.9 99.5 109.3 99.7 95.8 1 1 1 .1 104.0 92.9 116.9 103.7 92.5 123.4 104.5 96.9 481 483 484 491,3 (pt.) 492,3 (pt.) 106.2 103.1 1 1 1 .6 127.7 108.3 88.3 115.2 135.5 106.7 86.7 1 1 1 .1 Lumber and other building materials dealers......... Paint, glass, and wallpaper stores......................... Hardware stores..................................................... Retail nurseries, lawn and garden supply stores.... Department stores................................................... 521 523 525 526 531 1 0 1 .0 Variety stores.......................................................... Miscellaneous general merchandise stores........... 533 539 541 542 546 101.9 New and used car dealers...................................... Auto and home supply stores................................. Gasoline service stations....................................... Men's and boys' wear stores.................................. Women's clothing stores........................................ 551 553 554 561 562 103.4 103.2 103.0 106.0 97.8 Family clothing stores............................................. Shoe stores............................................................. Miscellaneous apparel and accessory stores....... Furniture and homefurnishings stores................... Household appliance stores.................................. 565 566 569 571 572 1 0 2 .0 Radio, television, computer, and music stores...... 109.5 1998 1 0 2 .6 96.7 96.0 104.9 111.3 1 1 0 .8 1997 86.9 113.6 135.2 143.7 108.1 95.8 96.9 109.7 116.8 106.7 109.2 1 0 2 .0 1996 1 0 0 .2 99.3 97.1 108.1 118.2 105.3 106.5 104.8 108.3 1995 99.5 88.7 109.7 129.9 129.0 106.1 96.7 95.6 114.2 102.9 96.1 106.0 112.9 93.8 100.9 1 0 0 .1 1 0 1 .8 1994 1 1 1 .6 115.8 107.7 - " Transportation i rucwng, excepx local .......................................... u.o. posxai service ............................................... M ir iransporiaxion .................................................. 126.6 107.1 1 0 0 .2 utilities Telephone communications.................................... Radio and television broadcasting......................... Cable and other pay TV services............................ Electric utilities........................................................ Gas utilities.............................................................. 1 0 2 .0 104.9 108.3 160.9 171.2 1 0 1 .1 1 0 0 .8 87.6 146.5 145.9 157.2 153.4 1 1 1 .2 105.8 119.8 106.1 87.5 113.4 109.6 99.1 101.7 115.2 103.4 97.0 103.6 106.0 110.5 83.9 94.2 101.3 99.4 102.5 88.5 98.2 105.4 106.5 107.2 100.4 100.9 110.5 114.7 105.8 106.6 105.7 118.3 130.2 112.7 116.6 108.6 117.6 135.3 108.5 117.2 110.9 121.7 140.2 1 2 2 .2 1 1 2 .1 1 1 1 .2 136.6 118.4 128.1 123.5 133.0 166.0 125.3 136.1 129.4 124.4 109.8 95.4 97.6 83.3 151.2 116.4 94.6 96.8 89.7 154.2 167.7 136.1 93.3 95.8 94.0 184.7 159.7 92.8 93.7 86.5 190.1 160.9 92.5 91.1 87.2 203.2 163.9 91.2 89.1 8 6 .8 229.2 164.9 89.4 81.1 81.7 247.6 168.2 89.2 84.7 75.4 262.5 189.9 90.2 89.9 65.0 102.5 106.1 102.7 106.5 108.7 1 1 2 .2 107.6 98.7 115.2 115.5 118.4 107.1 105.7 126.3 117.5 128.5 108.2 104.6 125.1 125.7 142.3 107.8 104.2 125.0 132.2 145.8 108.0 107.0 130.6 145.5 154.8 111.7 111.5 89.1 108.4 113.9 114.5 113.2 92.9 107.6 117.0 120.4 126.3 100.4 108.8 133.8 134.5 138.7 142.1 143.5 118.1 119.4 155.5 145.6 136.4 131.0 1 2 1 .2 138.8 146.9 127.1 118.6 141.8 204.6 99.5 109.6 215.1 100.5 115.4 108.9 138.0 258.9 165.5 115.8 139.5 123.7 177.2 113.4 147.3 131.5 193.5 105.5 129.3 103.5 129.7 109.7 108.7 126.6 106.3 133.0 107.9 108.0 133.7 107.5 133.0 108.8 113.5 153.4 108.4 114.6 99.7 119.5 101.4 127.6 97.1 114.1 100.5 149.C 101.3 115.2 99.5 153.0 107.0 106.2 99.7 107.7 113.3 104.9 92.5 1 1 0 .1 1 2 0 .6 1 1 0 .1 8 8 .0 i raae Meat and fish (seafood) markets............................ Drug and proprietary stores................................... Miscellaneous shopping goods stores.................. Fuel dealers............................................................ 1 0 2 .8 108.6 106.7 99.2 1 0 0 .8 98.9 99.0 89.8 1 0 1 .6 1 2 1 .8 93.7 88.4 94.7 104.1 99.0 104.3 119.2 103.0 1 0 0 .0 109.7 118.2 1 0 2 .6 120.4 117.9 119.3 105.2 109.6 99.5 1 0 2 .6 102.7 96.3 98.6 98.5 104.9 107.2 95.2 100.9 103.5 104.5 106.1 1 0 2 .8 106.4 105.1 78.8 101.5 105.2 573 581 591 592 593 118.6 114.6 1 0 1 .1 102.5 137.8 102.5 103.6 108.4 110.4 1 0 2 .8 101.9 98.2 105.3 128.3 103.1 104.7 105.9 98.6 177.0 1 0 2 .2 119.6 104.0 103.6 105.2 100.3 152.7 1 0 2 .8 105.4 100.7 1 1 2 .1 105.7 99.1 115.4 196.7 100.9 106.9 103.7 117.3 594 596 598 599 100.7 105.6 95.6 105.9 104.2 108.8 84.4 113.7 105.0 109.3 85.3 103.2 102.7 106.5 127.5 92.7 117.3 111.9 143.3 100.7 125.0 117.8 146.1 114.2 126.2 602 701 721 722 723 1 0 2 .8 104.8 95.0 99.7 94.9 99.6 107.7 96.1 1 1 0 .1 724 726 753 783 108.8 102.5 105.7 107.1 1 1 1 .6 1 0 0 .2 97.9 108.1 114.3 90.9 106.9 115.8 1 0 1 .1 104.9 104.2 1 1 0 .8 92.0 103.1 113.7 101.5 8 8 .6 1 0 1 .8 1 2 2 .1 84.4 1 1 1 .6 1 2 2 .1 1 1 2 .0 1 1 2 .8 129.8 1 2 0 .0 143.8 1 2 1 .6 184.5 1 0 1 .1 117.7 113.9 158.4 1 1 2 .0 157.6 Finance ana services Laundry, cleaning, and garment services............. Photographic studios, portrait............................... Funeral services and crematories........................ Automotive repair shops....................................... Motion picture theaters......................................... Refers to output per employee. “ Refers to ouput per full-time equivalent employee year on fiscal basis. M onthly Labor Review 98 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis August 2000 97.6 97.2 1 0 0 .1 95.1 1 0 1 .8 96.6 96.8 99.1 99.2 92.8 94.8 107.8 98.3 97.7 99.6 118.5 106.2 98.9 105.9 95.7 121.7 109.6 104.0 117.4 99.8 94.1 89.5 98.7 116.C 1 1 2 .1 1 2 0 .8 103.2 103.C 98.2 104.C 109.8 117.7 103.8 112.3 106.8 1 1 1 .0 1 1 0 .8 n.e.c. = not elsewhere classified - Data not available. 126.4 1 1 0 .1 1 2 1 .2 101.3 43. Unemployment rates, approximating U.S. concepts, in nine countries, quarterly data seasonally adjusted C o u n try A n n u a l a v e ra g e 1998 1999 1998 I II 1999 III IV I II III IV United States...................................... 4.5 4.2 4.7 4.4 4.5 4.4 4.3 4.3 4.2 4.1 Canada............................................... Australia............................................. Japan................................................ 8.3 8 .6 8.3 8 .2 8 .1 8 .0 7.6 7.2 4.7 7.8 7.4 4.8 7.6 7.1 4.8 7.0 7.0 4.7 1 0 .6 4.1 8 .1 8 .0 8 .1 3.7 4.2 4.3 7.7 4.5 7.9 7.5 4.7 France................................................ 1 1 .8 1 2 .0 11.7 11.7 11.5 11.3 1 1 .2 1 1 .0 Germany............................................ 9.4 9.0 9.9 9.5 9.1 9.1 9.0 9.0 9.1 Italy1 ................................................... Sweden.............................................. United Kinqdom................................. 1 2 .0 11.5 1 1 .8 1 2 .0 1 2 .0 1 2 .0 11.9 1 1 .6 1 1 .6 8.4 6.3 7.1 8 .8 6.4 8.7 6.3 8.5 6.3 7.6 6.3 7.2 6.3 7.0 6 .1 7.0 5.9 1 1 1 .1 Quarterly rates are for the first month of the quarter. NOTE: Quarterly figures for France, Germany, and the United Kingdom are calculated by applying annual adjustment factors to current published https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis ' 6 .1 9.0 1 1 .1 7.1 5.9 data, and therefore should be viewed as less precise indicators of unemployment under U.S. concepts than the annual figures. See "Notes on the data" for information on breaks in series. For further qualifications and historical data, see Comparative Civilian Labor Force Statistics, Ten Countries,1959-1998 (Bureau of Labor Statistics, Oct. 22,1999). M onthly Labor Review A ugust 2000 99 Current Labor Statistics: International Comparison 44. Annual data: Employment status of the working-age population, approximating U.S. concepts, 10 countries [Numbers in thousands] 1999 1998 1997 1996 1995 1994 1993 1992 1991 1990 E m p lo y m e n t s ta tu s a n d c o u n tr y C i v i l i a n la b o r f o r c e United States'........................................................... Canada..................................................................... Australia.................................................................... Japan........................................................................ France....................................................................... Germany".................................................................. Netherlands............................................................... Sweden..................................................................... United Kingdom......................................................... 125,840 14,241 8,444 63,050 24,300 126,346 14,330 8,490 64,280 24,490 128,105 14,362 8,562 65,040 24,550 129,200 14,505 8,619 65,470 24,650 131,056 14,627 8,776 65,780 24,760 132,304 14,750 9,001 65,990 24,820 133,943 14,900 9,127 66,450 25,090 136,297 15,153 9,221 67,200 25,180 137,673 15,418 9,347 67,240 25,360 139,368 15,721 9,470 67,100 25,590 29,410 22,670 6,640 4,597 28,730 39,130 22,940 6,750 4,591 28,610 39,040 22,910 6,950 4,520 28,410 39,140 22,570 7,090 4,443 28,310 39,210 22,450 7,190 4,418 28,280 39,100 22,460 7,270 4,460 28,480 39,180 22,570 7,370 4,459 28,620 39,450 22,680 7,530 4,418 28,760 39,430 22,960 7,720 4,402 28,870 23,130 4,430 29,090 P a r tic ip a tio n ra te 3 United States'........................................................... Canada..................................................................... Australia.................................................................... Japan........................................................................ France....................................................................... Germany".................................................................. Italy........................................................................... Sweden..................................................................... United Kingdom......................................................... 66.5 67.1 64.6 62.6 56.0 66.4 65.7 63.9 63.4 55.8 66.3 65.4 63.6 63.3 55.6 6 6 .6 6 6 .6 6 6 .8 66.5 64.1 63.2 56.0 65.2 63.9 63.1 55.5 64.9 64.6 62.9 55.2 64.7 64.6 63.0 55.5 67.1 64.9 64.3 63.2 55.3 67.1 65.1 64.4 62.8 55.4 67.1 65.6 64.2 62.4 55.7 55.3 47.2 56.1 67.4 64.1 58.9 47.7 56.5 67.0 63.7 58.3 47.5 57.8 65.7 63.1 58.0 47.9 58.5 64.5 62.8 57.6 47.3 59.0 63.7 62.5 57.3 47.1 59.3 64.1 62.7 57.4 47.1 59.8 64.0 62.7 57.6 47.2 60.7 63.3 62.8 57.6 47.6 62.0 62.8 62.7 47.8 63.2 62.9 118,793 13,084 7,859 61,710 117,718 12,851 7,676 62,920 22,140 118,492 12,760 7,637 63,620 21,990 120,259 12,858 7,680 63,810 21,740 123,060 13,112 7,921 63,860 21,710 124,900 13,357 8,235 63,890 21,890 126,708 13,463 8,344 64,200 21,960 129,558 13,774 8,429 64,900 22,060 131,463 14,140 8,597 64,450 22,390 133,488 14,531 8,785 63,930 22,760 36,920 21,360 6,350 4,447 26,090 36,420 21,230 6,560 4,265 25,530 36,030 20,270 6,620 4,028 25,340 35,890 19,940 6,670 3,992 25,550 35,900 19,820 6,760 4,056 26,000 35,680 19,920 6,900 4,019 26,280 35,540 19,990 7,130 3,973 26,740 35,720 20,460 4,117 27,330 6 6 .2 E m p lo y e d United States'........................................................... Canada..................................................................... Australia................................................................... Japan........................................................................ France...................................................................... Germany".................................................................. Italy........................................................................... Netherlands.............................................................. Sweden.................................................................... United Kingdom......................................................... 2 2 ,1 0 0 27,950 21,080 6,230 4,513 26,740 2 0 ,2 1 0 7,410 4,034 27,050 E m p lo y m e n t-p o p u la tio n ra tio 4 United States'........................................................... Canada.................................................................... Australia................................................................... Japan....................................................................... Germany"................................................................. Italy.......................................................................... 62.8 61.7 60.1 61.3 50.9 61.7 59.7 57.9 61.8 50.6 61.5 58.4 57.0 62.0 49.9 52.6 43.9 52.6 55.5 44.5 53.2 64.9 58.0 54.4 44.0 54.5 62.0 56.7 2 ,2 1 0 8,628 1,480 814 1,360 2,350 1,590 410 84 1,990 1,580 400 144 2,520 9,613 1,602 925 1,420 2,560 ? R?n 1,680 390 255 2,880 6 6 .1 United Kingdom........................................................ 59.6 61.7 58.0 56.6 61.7 49.0 53.4 43.0 54.7 58.5 56.2 62.5 58.4 57.7 61.3 48.7 62.9 58.8 59.1 60.9 48.7 63.2 58.5 59.1 60.9 48.5 63.8 59.0 58.8 61.0 48.4 64.1 59.7 59.2 60.2 48.9 64.3 60.6 59.6 59.4 49.6 52.8 42.0 54.7 57.6 56.5 52.6 41.5 55.1 58.3 57.2 52.2 41.6 55.9 57.7 57.6 51.9 41.6 57.5 56.9 58.3 52.2 41.9 59.5 57.6 58.7 42.3 58.7 59.1 8,940 1,647 939 1,660 2,910 7,996 1,515 856 1,920 3,050 7,404 1,393 766 6,739 1,379 791 2,300 3,120 6 ,2 1 0 6 ,2 1 0 2,920 7,236 1,437 783 2,250 3,130 1,277 750 2,790 2,980 1,190 685 3,170 2,830 3 110 2,300 470 415 2,970 3 320 2,510 520 426 2,730 3,200 2,640 510 404 2,480 3,500 2,650 470 440 2,340 3,910 2,690 400 445 3,710 2,750 310 368 1,820 2,670 313 1,760 U n e m p lo y e d United States'.......................................................... Australia................................................................... France..................................................................... Netherlands............................................................. 7,047 1,157 585 1,340 2 ,1 0 0 2 ,0 2 0 _ U n e m p lo y m e n t r a te 6.9 10.3 9.6 2.1 2.1 2.2 9.1 9.6 10.4 8.1 1 1 .2 1 0.8 fi 1.8 6.9 5.9 3.1 6.9 8.8 7.0 6 .2 United Kingdom....................................................... 7.C 5.e 5.e 10.1 6 9 11.4 10.9 2.5 1 1 .8 79 6 1 1 1 .8 5 82 8 1 0.2 1 1 .2 6.8 7.2 9.8 9.7 9.C 10.8 5.6 9.4 8.5 3.2 10.4 9.7 2.9 12.3 1 1.8 7.C 9.1 8.7 5.4 9.6 4.9 9.1 4.5 8.3 4.2 7.6 7.2 4.7 8 .6 8 .6 8 .0 3.4 12.5 3.4 12.4 1 1 .8 11.1 8.9 11.7 6.4 9.9 9.9 11.9 5.3 9.4 1 2 .C 4.C 10.1 &.A 9.0 11.5 7.1 6 .C 6.1 8.2 7.CI 4.1 ' Data for 1994 are not directly comparable with data for 1993 and earlier years. For 3 Labor force as a percent of the working-age population, additional Information, see the box note under "Employment and Unemployment Data" 4 Employment as a percent of the working-age population. in the notes to this section. 2 Data from 1991 onward refer to unified Germany. See Comparative Civilian Labor Note: See "Notes on the data" for information on breaks in series for the United States, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, and Sweden. Dash indicates Force Statistics, Ten Countries, 1959-1998, October 22, 1999, on the Internet at data not available. h t t p : //s t a t s .b ls .g o v /f ls d a t a .h t m . 100 M onthly Labor Review https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis August 2000 45. Annual indexes of manufacturing productivity and related measures, 12 countries [1992 = 100]_______________ Item a n d c o u n try 196 0 197 0 198 0 1 98 7 1 98 8 198 9 199 0 1991 199 3 1994 199 5 1 99 6 1 99 7 1998 O u tp u t p e r h o u r United States.................................................. Canada.......................................................... Japan............................................................. Denmark........................................................ 40.7 14.0 18.0 29.9 2 1 .8 Italy................................................................ Netherlands..................................................... Norway........................................................... Sweden.......................................................... United Kingdom............................................... 29.2 19.6 18.6 36.7 27.6 31.2 59.2 38.0 32.9 52.7 43.1 52.0 36.8 38.1 57.8 52.8 44.7 71.9 75.3 63.9 65.4 90.3 66.7 77.2 64.1 69.2 76.7 74.0 56.1 94.4 91.3 81.2 88 9 90.6 81.8 88.1 85.1 91.6 93.3 90.1 79.4 98.0 91.1 84.8 92 0 94.1 87.4 91.5 86.7 93.7 92.1 90.8 82.3 .97.1 92.4 89.5 96 9 99.6 91.9 94 6 89.4 97.1 94.6 93.8 8 6 .2 97.8 95.3 95.4 96 8 99.1 93.5 99 0 92.5 98.6 96.6 95.0 88.3 98.3 95.1 99.4 102.1 99.6 96.9 101 9 95.2 99.6 97.5 95.0 92.2 104.5 102.5 100.5 1 0 0 .6 100 6 102.9 101.4 1 0 0 .6 106.7 104.0 108.3 106.2 1 0 1 .8 108 5 107 9 105.6 112.7 101.4 116.1 106.8 114.9 108.9 109.3 117.3 107.3 115.8 121.4 127.9 111.7 120.4 113.4 125.7 101.9 133.6 104.0 113.6 127.8 104.1 136.5 105.1 128.8 128.0 135.0 133.0 103.6 122.1 1 1 1 .0 109.3 117.7 110.3 119.7 1 0 2 .0 1 0 2 .0 122.4 104.8 125.4 103.2 119.6 118.8 1 2 1 .6 1 0 0 .6 106.7 104 2 117.8 104.5 92.5 106.7 108.4 95.8 110.4 114.1 132.9 108.2 140.3 109.6 146.4 103.7 105.5 115.4 91.5 89.5 105.6 119.0 O u tp u t United States.................................................. Canada........................................................... Japan............................................................. Denmark......................................................... France............................................................ Germany......................................................... Italy................................................................. Netherlands..................................................... Sweden.......................................................... United Kingdom............................................... - 34.2 10.7 30.7 40.8 31.0 41.5 21.4 31.7 56.5 46.5 67.7 - 60.5 38.8 57.6 6 8 .0 64.1 70.9 44.7 59.5 89.1 81.7 90.3 77.3 85.4 59.9 78.2 91.3 88.7 85.3 78.4 77.4 103.6 91.8 87.2 97.9 103.2 78.4 8 8 .8 99.3 87.2 8 8 .0 8 8 .2 89.5 110.7 107.7 94.4 104.5 109.3 84.6 93.3 104.0 1 1 0 .8 92.2 90.9 94.5 92.8 105 3 90.2 99.1 104.3 97.2 94.0 98.1 96.9 101 3 1 1 0 .2 101.4 106.6 1 0 0 .8 102.5 106.6 96.3 1 0 1 .0 102.7 99.1 99.1 99.6 98.7 98.8 101.4 100 7 101.7 99.8 1 0 2 .8 99.2 103.5 105.1 96.0 97 0 99.0 95.7 91.8 96.4 98.2 104.2 104 2 114.7 104.8 93.7 107.2 107.8 1 1 2 .2 113.2 95.4 101 4 109.3 100.3 93.5 1 0 2 .2 1 2 0 .2 100.1 1 0 0 .6 1 1 1 .6 1 1 0 .6 103.6 105.4 105.3 1 0 0 .0 101.3 101.4 115.7 106.1 130.1 107.8 107.1 119.9 104.8 111.9 100.9 104.3 103.7 105 9 100.4 103.8 101.4 1 0 2 .6 103.6 106.6 93.7 93.6 - 104.0 109.1 92.0 92.0 84.3 98.0 91.6 106.9 106.3 102.9 80.4 96.7 90.5 107.9 106.0 104.8 109.3 111.1 120.3 1 1 0 .2 126.5 114.6 100.7 112.5 116.6 1 1 0 .0 T o ta l h o u rs United States................................................... Canada........................................................... Japan............................................................. Belgium.......................................................... Denmark......................................................... Germany.......................................................... Italy................................................................. Netherlands..................................................... Norway........................................................... Sweden.......................................................... United Kingdom............................................... 92.1 84.1 76.3 170.7 136.5 142.1 142.3 109.0 170.6 154.0 168.3 217.3 104.4 102.1 102.3 174.7 129.0 148.7 136.3 1 2 1 .2 156.2 154.3 154.7 2 0 2 .1 107.5 113.5 93.8 119.7 103.8 113.0 96.6 1 2 0 .0 135.0 124.0 155.3 109.6 106.6 99.9 103.6 97.7 118.6 119.5 118.9 99.8 101.5 107.2 105.5 99.3 108.9 99.0 114.3 121.4 123.2 102.3 104.7 105 8 99.3 109.7 99.8 107.1 119.0 122.3 55.6 47.7 58.6 52.5 49.6 80.7 75.3 77.9 79.7 80.1 84.0 77.8 79.2 81.1 82.9 76.0 66.7 87.8 78.5 67.3 64.8 101.1 133.1 110.5 122.4 1 1 1 .8 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .8 1 0 2 .0 101.5 102.1 103 0 100.9 104.2 95.6 94.7 94.8 107.7 101.5 103.7 116.4 119.2 109.0 108.5 94.9 97.5 86.7 96.7 92.4 105.2 99.6 99.4 82.5 84.2 85.9 87.7 90.8 89.5 90.7 90.1 92.7 95.6 94.7 95.9 97.3 95.9 102.7 99.6 104.6 104.8 104.6 105.6 100.4 106.7 106.1 - 107.9 103.6 109.5 109.2 - 79.1 69.3 87.7 83.3 71.7 67.7 83.2 75.9 88.5 87.2 79.4 72.9 89.4 84.4 90.8 92 3 87.6 80.9 95.1 93.6 95.2 97 5 95.4 90.5 105.9 107.5 103.7 101 5 98.0 104.3 111.7 107.8 108.2 1 1 2 .8 85.7 85.5 93.4 8 8 .2 88.1 93.4 86.5 79.9 93.6 90.4 79.0 82.2 93.6 87.9 84.9 91.1 92.2 84.7 84.6 92.8 93.9 95.0 93.0 93.6 96.8 90.3 91.3 92.1 95.6 92.3 91.6 97.2 99.6 96.5 98.1 96.3 99.3 93.3 98.4 95.5 1 0 0 .6 88.1 89.2 89.2 94.0 88.7 97.6 94.5 104.9 97.9 93.0 96.8 103.6 100.4 98.2 85.7 83.9 92.4 77.0 79.0 82.9 76.9 75.6 83.2 89.2 91.0 86.3 72.3 72.6 77.7 73.0 76.2 75.5 82.9 76.4 78.5 92.8 97.2 83.1 89.5 91.3 94.1 87.3 93.8 88.9 95.0 90.8 92.5 97.2 105.0 90.9 92.3 90.8 93.1 87.8 97.6 89.8 95.7 96.6 98.2 100.1 1 0 1 .0 1 0 0 .8 91.3 93.6 96.9 - 102.1 1 1 2 .0 92.2 90.8 - - 78.6 97.4 90.8 111.1 105.0 105.4 8 6.1 91.2 - 79.3 99.0 91.2 111.9 107.3 104.7 C o m p e n s a t io n p e r h o u r United States................................................... Canada........................................................... Japan.............................................................. Belgium.......................................................... Denmark......................................................... 14.9 10.4 4.3 5.4 4.6 4.3 Germany......................................................... Italy................................................................. Netherlands..................................................... 8.1 Sweden........................................................... United Kingdom............................................... U n it la b o r c o s t s : 23.7 17.8 16.5 13.7 13.3 10.3 20.7 4.7 6.4 4.7 4.1 3.1 2 0 .2 6.3 53.6 28.2 64.4 39.0 37.4 33.2 25.5 30.9 30.1 15.4 19.5 27.8 30.0 43.3 41.7 25.2 24.0 39.8 12.7 52.9 20.4 20.5 14.1 77.2 63.3 91.7 80.3 55.0 61.2 69.4 44.0 93.0 50.8 50.6 59.1 85.5 82.5 96.0 89.7 88.4 96.2 86.3 78.3 95.9 84.1 74.7 81.6 34.7 15.3 27.0 20.3 23.0 17.1 24.9 25.7 17.8 23.0 19.2 77.2 65.4 51.3 88.3 58.9 76.7 59.6 63.3 82.3 63.9 69.6 77.8 85.5 75.2 84.2 77.2 77.9 84.7 74.9 74.4 83.2 77.5 68.5 75.7 1.6 1 1 .8 1 0 .8 8 6 .6 101.1 106.5 - 113.4 106.7 113.9 115.2 - 115.8 116.0 - 1 1 0 .6 123.7 120.9 113.2 126.6 125.9 115.8 127.6 124.8 118.3 109 2 106.2 107.4 113.4 108.2 118.3 111.4 121.5 117.8 93.2 95.8 95.8 97.6 92.7 95.3 107.5 109.6 94.6 111.4 90.4 104.8 92.9 96.2 93.8 94.6 95.9 91.2 103.9 93.4 99.2 96.2 94.7 94.0 89.4 100.4 109.8 92.5 121.4 89.0 117.7 1 0 2 .8 110.9 1 1 2 .0 119.4 1 1 0 .8 National currency basis United States................................................... Canada........................................................... Japan.............................................................. Belgium........................................................... Denmark......................................................... France............................................................ Germany.......................................................... Italy................................................................. Netherlands..................................................... Norway........................................................... Sweden........................................................... United Kingdom............................................... U.S. dollar basis United States................................................... Canada........................................................... Japan.............................................................. Belgium........................................................... Denmark......................................................... France............................................................ Germany......................................................... Italy................................................................. Netherlands..................................................... Norway........................................................... Sweden........................................................... United Kingdom............................................... 8 .0 34.4 12.9 14.9 9.8 1 0 0 .0 97.2 104.1 102.3 100.1 1 0 2 .2 105.3 104.4 102.3 100.9 91.8 100.3 102.1 96.0 102.9 87.0 99.7 93.9 95.2 100.1 96.4 93.8 94.1 105.9 103.2 94.0 107.1 8 6 .8 102.5 111.1 92.2 116.9 88.5 107.1 1 1 2.1 92.9 83.9 98.3 84.9 87.6 82.6 93.5 80.3 83.0 102.5 67.5 99.3 93.4 80.8 93.1 83.8 84.7 80.2 89.1 77.9 82.0 99.9 65.2 105.2 U n it la b o r c o s t s : - 31.8 10.9 19.4 13.5 2 1.1 10.4 16.0 16.0 11.3 16.8 15.6 86.1 75.0 82.9 1 0 0 .6 91.1 118.8 95.1 93.2 95.5 99.4 81.8 96.8 88.3 6 8 .6 85.3 97.6 83.6 130.1 94.2 88.3 92.4 99.8 78.1 92.8 90.7 65.7 86.5 93.9 83.8 135.1 105.2 101.1 99.9 115.5 78.0 103.0 105.0 70.8 91.6 93.2 84.9 111.7 101.4 96.5 98.6 1 1 1 .6 87.5 98.6 107.1 78.5 95.6 - Data not available. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis M onthly Labor Review August 2000 101 Current Labor Statistics: 46. Injury and Illness Occupational injury and illness rates by industry,' United States In c id e n c e ra te s p er 1 0 0 fu ll-tim e w o rk e rs 3 Industry and type of case 1987 1988 1989 1 1990 1991 1992 1993 4 1994 4 1995 4 1996 4 1997 4 19984 P R IV A T E S E C T O R 5 Total cases.......................................................................... Lost workday cases................................................................ Lost workdays........................................................................ 8.3 3.8 69.9 3.6 - 7.4 3.4 - 7.1 3.3 - 6.7 3.1 - 4.7 - 9.7 4.3 - 8.7 3.9 - 8.4 4.1 - 7.9 3.9 - 6 .2 5.4 3.2 - 5.9 3.7 - 4.9 2.9 - 8 .6 8 .6 8 .8 4.0 76.1 4.0 78.7 4.1 84.0 8.4 3.9 86.5 8.9 3.9 93.8 8.5 3.8 " 8.4 3.8 - 10.9 5.6 10.9 5.7 100.9 1 1 .6 1 0 .8 1 1 .6 11.2 1 0 .0 5.9 1 1 2 .2 5.4 108.3 5.4 126.9 5.0 - 8.1 A g r ic u lt u r e , f o r e s t r y , a n d f i s h in g 5 Total cases.......................................................................... Lost workday cases................................................................ Lost workdays........................................................................ 1 1 .2 5.7 94.1 1 0 1 .8 8.5 4.9 144.0 8.5 4.8 137.2 8.3 5.0 119.5 7.4 4.5 129.6 7.3 4.1 204.7 6 .8 5.1 152.1 3.9 - 6.3 3.9 - 3.9 - 14.7 14.6 14.3 1 1 .8 1 0 .6 6 .8 135.8 142.2 143.3 148.1 13.1 5.8 161.9 1 2.2 6 .8 14.2 6.7 147.9 13.0 6 .8 5.5 - 5.5 - 4.9 - 9.9 4.5 - 9.5 4.4 - 4.0 - 14.2 6.5 134.0 14.0 6.4 132.2 13.9 6.5 137.3 13.4 6.4 137.6 1 2.0 1 2 .2 5.5 132.0 5.4 142.7 11.5 5.1 - 10.9 5.1 - 9.8 4.4 - 9.0 4.0 - 8.5 3.7 - 8.4 3.9 - 14.5 6.4 139.1 15.1 7.0 162.3 13.8 6.5 147.1 13.8 6.3 144.6 1 2 .8 12.1 11.1 1 0 .2 6 .0 5.1 5.0 9.9 4.8 9.0 4.3 8.7 4.3 4.1 160.1 5.4 165.8 15.0 7.1 135.7 14.7 7.0 141.1 14.6 6.9 144.9 14.7 6.9 153.1 13.5 6.3 151.3 13.8 1 2 .8 12.5 5.8 11.1 9.1 5.0 10.4 4.8 1 0 .0 5.8 168.3 11.9 5.3 95.5 13.1 5.7 107.4 13.1 5.8 113.0 13.2 5.8 120.7 12.7 5.6 121.5 12.5 5.4 124.6 12.1 1 2 .2 1 1 .6 1 0 .6 5.3 5.5 5.3 4.9 10.3 4.8 9.7 47 12.5 5.4 96.8 14.2 5.9 14.1 14.2 13.1 5.4 13.5 5.7 5.6 5.1 11.3 5.1 10.7 50 116.5 123.3 13.4 5.5 126.7 1 1 .6 6 .0 13.6 5.7 122.9 1 2 .8 6 .0 18.4 9.4 177.5 18.1 16.3 7.6 165.8 15.9 7.6 15.7 7.7 14.9 7.0 14.2 13.5 6.5 13.2 6 .8 172.5 16.8 8.3 172.0 16.9 7.8 15.9 7.2 14.8 14.6 6.5 15.0 7.0 13.9 6.4 1 2 .2 1 2 .0 11.4 5.4 5.8 13.8 6.3 13.2 6.5 12.3 5.7 12.4 1 1 .8 6 .0 5.7 15.0 7.2 14.0 14.2 6.4 13.9 6 .2 9.5 M in in g Total cases.......................................................................... Lost workday cases................................................................ Lost workdays........................................................................ 8 .8 C o n s t r u c t io n Total cases.......................................................................... Lost workday cases................................................................ Lost workdays........................................................................ General building contractors: Total cases.......................................................................... Lost workday cases................................................................ Lost workdays........................................................................ Heavy construction, except building: Total cases.......................................................................... Special trades contractors: Total cases.......................................................................... 6.1 6.1 8 .8 8 .2 4.7 M a n u f a c t u r in g Total cases.......................................................................... Durable goods: Total cases.......................................................................... Lost workdays....................................................................... Lumber and wood products: Total cases........................................................................ Furniture and fixtures: Total cases....................................................................... Stone, clay, and glass products: Total cases....................................................................... Primary metal industries: Total cases....................................................................... Fabricated metal products: Total cases....................................................................... Industrial machinery and equipment: Total cases....................................................................... 111.1 18.9 9.6 176.5 19.5 189.1 15.4 6.7 103.6 16.6 7.3 115.7 16.1 7.2 14.9 7.1 135.8 16.0 7.5 141.0 15.5 7.4 149.8 15.4 7.3 160.5 17.0 7.4 145.8 19.4 18.7 19.0 8 .2 8.1 8.1 1 0 .0 8 .8 6 .6 128.4 14.8 13.6 6 .8 6.1 156.0 152.2 17.5 7.1 175.5 17.0 7.3 16.8 7.2 16.5 7.2 15.0 16.8 16.2 6.7 16.4 6.7 15.8 6.9 1 4 .4 ii .i 4.2 1 1 .6 1 1 .2 9 .9 1 0 .0 4 .4 4 .4 4.0 4.1 161.3 168.3 180.2 17.7 7.4 169.1 18.8 138.8 18.5 7.9 147.6 18.7 7.9 155.7 17.4 7.1 146.6 144.0 11.3 12.1 12.1 1 2 .0 1 1 .2 11.1 4 .4 4.7 82.8 4 .4 8 6 .8 4.7 88.9 8 6 .6 4.2 87.7 9.1 3.9 77.5 9.1 3.8 79.4 8 .6 8A 8.2 8 .2 6 .6 3.7 83.0 3.6 81.2 3.5 3.6 7.6 3.3 6 .8 3.3 64.6 3.1 3.1 17.7 17.7 6 .8 18.7 7.1 186.6 19.6 7.8 18.6 7.9 16.3 7.0 138.6 18.3 7.0 166.1 18.5 7.1 134.2 17.6 6.9 153.7 15.4 6 .6 5.6 2.5 55.4 5.£ 2.7 57.8 6 .C 2.7 64.4 5.S 2.7 65.3 5.6 2.5 5.£ 2.7 5.2 2.4 5.1 2.3 4.E 2.3 11.1 11.3 5.1 113.1 11.3 5.1 104.0 10.7 5.0 108.2 1 0 .0 9 .9 9.1 4.6 4.5 4.3 9.5 4.4 8.9 4.2 17.0 7.2 121.9 72.7 8 .0 4.8 6 .6 6 .8 1 1.8 Electronic and other electrical equipment: 7.2 3.1 8 .0 Transportation equipment: 13.5 5.7 105.7 6 .6 Instruments and related products: Lost workdays.................................................................... Miscellaneous manufacturing industries: Total cases....................................................................... Lost workdays.................................................................... 5.E 2.4 43.9 51.5 10.7 4.6 81.5 11.3 5.1 91.0 See footnotes at end of table. 102 M onthly Labor Review https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis August 2000 6.1 2 .6 5.1 97.6 8.1 46. Continued— Occupational injury and illness rates by industry,' United States I n c id e n c e r a t e s p e r 1 0 0 f u l l - t im e w o r k e r s 3 industry ana type ot case Nondurable goods: Total cases.......................................................................... Lost workday cases............................................................... Lost workdays....................................................................... Food and kindred products: Total cases....................................................................... Lost workday cases............................................................ Lost workdays.................................................................... Tobacco products: Total cases....................................................................... Lost workday cases............................................................ Lost workdays.................................................................... Textile mill products: Total cases........................................................................ Lost workday cases............................................................ Lost workdays.................................................................... Apparel and other textile products: Total cases........................................................................ Lost workday cases............................................................ Lost workdays.................................................................... Paper and allied products: Total cases........................................................................ Lost workday cases............................................................. Lost workdays.................................................................... Printing and publishing: Total cases........................................................................ Lost workday cases............................................................. Lost workdays.................................................................... 1987 1988 1989 1 1990 1991 1992 11.4 5.4 101.7 5.5 107.8 11.7 5.6 116.9 11.5 5.5 119.7 1 2 1 .8 18.5 9.2 169.7 18.5 9.3 174.7 2 0 .0 2 0 2 .6 19.5 9.9 207.2 2.5 46.4 9.3 2.9 53.0 8.7 3.4 64.2 7.7 3.2 62.3 9.0 3.6 65.9 9.6 4.0 78.8 10.3 4.2 81.4 9.6 4.0 85.1 7.4 3.1 59.5 8.1 8 .6 8 .8 3.5 6 8 .2 3.8 80.5 13.1 5.9 124.3 12.7 5.8 132.9 6 .6 11.1 5.1 93.5 17.7 8 .6 153.7 8 .6 1 2 .8 5.8 122.3 1 1 .6 4 1994 4 1995 4 1996 4 4 1998 4 10.5 5.1 - 9.9 4.9 - 9.2 4.6 - 4.4 - 18.8 9.5 211.9 17.6 8.9 17.1 9.2 16.3 8.7 - 15.0 14.5 8 .0 8 .0 6.4 6 .0 5.3 2.4 6.7 2.4 42.9 5.8 2.3 - 5.6 2 .8 2 .6 2 .8 5.9 2.7 6.4 3.1 - 4.4 88.3 9.9 4.2 87.1 9.7 4.1 - 8.7 4.0 4.1 7.8 3.6 6.7 3.1 6.7 3.4 - 3.9 92.1 9.2 4.2 99.9 9.5 4.0 104.6 9.0 3.8 - 8.9 3.9 - 3.6 - 7.4 3.3 - 7.0 3.1 12.1 1 1.2 1 1 .0 5.5 124.8 5.0 122.7 5.0 125.9 9.9 4.6 - 9.6 4.5 8.5 4.2 - 7.9 3.8 - 7.3 3.7 6.9 3.3 69.8 6.7 3.2 74.5 7.3 3.2 74.8 6.9 3.1 - 6.7 3.0 - 6.4 3.0 - 6 .0 2 .8 5.7 2.7 - - 6 .0 5.9 2.7 - 5.7 2 .8 2 .8 5.5 2.7 - 4.8 2.4 - 4.8 2.3 - 5.2 2.5 - 4.7 2.3 - 4.8 2.4 - 4.6 2.5 - 4.3 - 3.5 1.5 - 13.9 6.5 - 14.0 6.7 12.9 6.5 - 12.3 6.3 - 11.9 5.8 - 11.5 5.5 - 1 0 .6 9.5 4.5 - 52.0 10.1 8 .2 8 .2 3.2 59.8 6.9 3.3 63.8 Chemicals and allied products: Total cases........................................................................ Lost workday cases............................................................. Lost workdays.................................................................... 7.0 3.1 58.8 7.0 3.3 59.0 7.0 3.2 63.4 6.5 3.1 61.6 6.4 3.1 62.4 64.2 Petroleum and coal products: Total cases........................................................................ Lost workday cases............................................................ Lost workdays.................................................................... 7.3 3.1 65.9 7.0 3.2 68.4 6 .6 6 .6 6 .2 5.9 3.3 3.1 77.3 2.9 2 .8 68.1 6 8 .2 71.2 15.9 7.6 130.8 16.3 16.2 8 .0 142.9 147.2 16.2 7.8 151.3 15.1 7.2 150.9 14.5 8.1 12.4 5.8 114.5 11.4 5.6 128.2 13.6 6.5 130.4 12.1 12.1 12.1 1 2 .0 5.9 152.3 12.5 5.9 140.8 5.4 128.5 .5.5 - 5.3 - 11.4 4.8 - 10.7 4.5 - 8.4 4.9 108.1 8.9 5.1 118.6 9.2 5.3 121.5 9.6 5.5 134.1 9.3 5.4 140.0 9.1 5.1 144.0 9.5 5.4 - 9.3 5.5 - 9.1 5.2 - 8.7 5.1 - 7.7 3.4 56.1 7.8 3.5 60.9 8 .0 7.9 3.5 65.6 7.6 3.4 72.0 8.4 3.5 80.1 8.1 3.6 63.5 3.4 - 7.9 3.4 - 7.5 3.2 - 2.9 - 7.4 3.7 64.0 7.6 3.8 69.2 7.7 4.0 71.9 7.4 3.7 71.5 7.2 3.7 79.2 7.6 3.6 82.4 7.8 3.7 - 7.7 3.8 7.5 3.6 - - 7.8 3.3 52.9 7.9 3.4 57.6 8.1 8.1 3.4 63.2 7.7 3.3 69.1 8.7 3.4 79.2 8 .2 3.4 60.0 3.3 - 7.9 3.3 - 7.5 3.0 - 2.4 1.1 24.1 2.9 2.9 1.2 - 2.7 1.1 - 2 .6 1.2 32.9 6 .8 153.3 8 .8 - 6.7 3.1 55.1 Rubber and miscellaneous plastics products: Total cases........................................................................ Lost workday cases............................................................. Lost workdays..................................................................... Leather and leather products: Total cases........................................................................ Lost workday cases............................................................. Lost workdays..................................................................... 1997 10.7 5.0 - 9.9 11.3 5.3 1993 - 2 .2 4.3 - 8.5 4.5 i3.e 7.5 - 6.5 2 .£ 7.1 3.7 5.4 2.E 4.5 2.1 - T r a n s p o r t a t io n a n d p u b lic u t ilit ie s Total cases.......................................................................... Lost workday cases................................................................ Lost workdays........................................................................ 4.8 - 7.5 4.5 - 6.7 3.0 - 6.5 2.5 - 3.4 6.5 3.2 6.5 3.5 - - - 8 .2 W h o le s a le a n d r e ta il t r a d e Total cases.......................................................................... Lost workday cases................................................................ Lost workdays........................................................................ Wholesale trade: Total cases.......................................................................... Lost workday cases................................................................ Lost workdays........................................................................ Retail trade: Total cases.......................................................................... Lost workday cases................................................................ Lost workdays........................................................................ 6 .8 6 .6 6.9 6 .8 2 .8 2.9 - - 6.5 2.7 - F in a n c e , i n s u r a n c e , a n d r e a l e s t a t e Total cases.......................................................................... Lost workday cases................................................................ Lost workdays........................................................................ 2 .0 2 .0 2 .0 .9 14.3 .9 17.2 .9 17.6 2.4 1.1 27.3 5.5 2.7 45.8 5.4 5.5 2.7 51.2 6 .0 6 .2 6.5 6.4 6 .0 2 .8 7.1 3.0 6.7 2 .8 2 .8 2 .8 2 .8 2 .6 47.7 56.4 60.0 6 8 .6 - - - - 1.0 - 2.4 .9 - 2 .2 0.9 - 1.£ 0.7 - S e r v ic e s Total cases.......................................................................... Lost workday cases................................................................ Lost workdays........................................................................ 2 .6 Data for 1989 and subsequent years are based on the Standard Industrial Class ification Manual, 1987 Edition. For this reason, they are not strictly comparable with data for the years 1985-88, which were based on the Standard Industrial Classification Manual, 1972 Edition, 1977 Supplement. 2 Beginning with the 1992 survey, the annual survey measures only nonfatal injuries and illnesses, while past surveys covered both fatal and nonfatal incidents. To better address fatalities, a basic element of workplace safety, BLS implemented the Census of Fatal Occupational Injuries. 3 The incidence rates represent the number of injuries and illnesses or lost workdays per 100 full-time workers and were calculated as (N/EH) X 200,000, where: 1 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 5.6 2.5 - 5.5 2.4 - N = number of injuries and illnesses or lost workdays; EH = total hours worked by all employees during the calendar year; and 200,000 = base for 100 full-time equivalent workers (working 40 hours per week, 50 weeks per year). 4 Beginning with the 1993 survey, lost workday estimates will not be generated. As of 1992, BLS began generating percent distributions and the median number of days away from work by industry and for groups of workers sustaining similar work disabilities. 5 Excludes farms with fewer than 11 employees since 1976. - Data not available. M onthly Labor Review August 2000 103 Current Labor Statistics: 47. Injury and Illness Fatal occupational injuries by event or exposure, 1993-98 Fatalities E ven t o r e x p o s u re 1 1998 1 9 9 3 -9 7 19972 A v e ra g e Num ber Num ber Total....................................................................................... 6,335 6,238 T r a n s p o r t a t io n in c i d e n t s .................................................................................... 2,611 1,334 652 109 234 132 249 360 267 388 214 315 373 106 83 2,605 1,393 640 103 230 142 282 387 298 377 216 261 367 109 93 1,241 995 810 75 1 ,1 1 1 Highway incident........................................................................... Collision between vehicles, mobile equipment........................... Moving in same direction......................................................... Moving in opposite directions, oncoming................................ Moving in intersection.............................................................. Vehicle struck stationary object or equipment............................ Noncollision incident................................................................... Jackknifed or overturned—no collision................................... Nonhighway (farm, industrial premises) incident.......................... Overturned.................................................................................. Aircraft........................................................................................... . Worker struck by a vehicle............................................................ Water vehicle incident.................................................................... Railway.......................................................................................... A s s a u lt s a n d v io le n t a c t s .................................................................................. Shooting..................................................................................... Stabbing..................................................................................... Other, including bombing.......................................................... Self-inflicted injuries....................................................................... Struck by object............................................................................. Struck by falling object............................................................... Struck by flying object................................................................ Caught in or compressed by equipment or objects...................... Caught in running equipment or machinery............................... Caught in or crushed in collapsing materials................................ F a lls ............................................................................................................................... 5 6 4 4 7 215 1,035 579 384 54 320 189 118 941 517 317 58 266 129 140 16 9 5 668 716 653 116 154 87 44 702 623 80 554 298 138 40 123 59 90 72 572 334 153 46 104 48 87 75 199 196 205 101 70 26 3 5 6 1,005 573 369 65 290 153 124 Oxygen deficiency........................................................................ Drowning, submersion............................................................... Based on the 1992 BLS Occupational Injury and Illness 2 860 708 73 79 216 120 1 2 2 4 1 Exposure to caustic, noxious, or allergenic substances............... O t h e r e v e n t s o r e x p o s u r e s 3............................................................................ 112 12 16 586 320 128 43 E x p o s u r e to h a r m f u l s u b s t a n c e s o r e n v ir o n m e n t s ......................... 44 24 960 709 569 61 79 223 591 94 139 83 52 Fall from ladder........................................................................... 100 2,630 1,431 701 118 271 142 306 373 300 384 216 223 413 60 110 C o n t a c t w ith o b je c t s a n d e q u ip m e n t ......................................................... P e rc e n t 6,026 21 12 9 1 1 4 1 4 2 2 12 10 111 2 156 97 51 2 3 1 9 6 3 1 2 1 1 1 3 16 Includes the category "Bodily reaction and exertion." Classification Structures. 2 The BLS news release issued August 12, 1998, reported a total of 6,218 fatal work injuries for calendar year 1997. Since then, an additional 2 0 job-related fatalities were identified, bringing the total job-related fatality count for 1997 to 6,238. M onthly Labor Review 104 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis NOTE: Totals for major categories may include sub categories not shown separately. Percentages may not add to totals because of rounding. Dash indicates less than 0.5 percent. August 2000 Where are you publishing your research ? The M o n th ly L a b o r R eview w elco m es articles on the labor force, labor-m anagem ent relations, business cond ition s, industry productivity, com pensation, o ccup ational safety and health, dem o graph ic and o ther econo m ic developm ents. Papers s factual, and analytical, not polem ical in tone. Potential articles, as w ell as co m m en ts on m aterial published in the R eview , should be su bm itted to: E ditor-in-C hief M onthly Labor Review Bureau of Labor Statistics W ashington, DC 20212 Telephone: (202) 606-5900 E-mail: mir@bis.aov Need moze research, facts, and analysis? Subscribe to Monthly L abor Rtoday 1 United States Government INFORMATION cred it card orders are welcome! Order Processing Code: Fax your orders (202) 512-2250 *5338 Phone your orders (202) 512-1800 I I YES, please send_______ subscriptions to: Monthly Labor Review (MLR) at $31 each ($38.75 foreign) per year. The total cost of my order is $ ___________ . For privacy protection, check the box below: Price includes regular shipping & handling and is subject to change. □ Do not make my name available to other m ailers Check method of payment: Name or title (Please type or print ) Company name Room, floor, suite □ Check payable to: Superintendent of Documents YD □ GPO Deposit Account Street address City State Zip Daytime phone including area code Purchase order number (optional) Mail to: □ VISA □ MasterCard □ Discover (expiration date) ------------------— Thank you for your order! — S u p e rin te n d e n t of D ocum ents, P.O. Box 371954, Pittsburgh, PA 15250-7954 Important: Please include this completed order form with your remittance. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Authorizing signature 1 2 /9 9 * U.S. DEPARTMENT OF LABOR Bureau of Labor Statistics Postal Square Building, Rm.2850 2 Massachusetts Ave., NE Washington, DC 20212-0001 Periodicals Postage and Fees Paid U.S. Department of Labor USPS 987-800 Official Business Penalty for Private Use, $300 Address Service Requested FEDER442F Is s d u e o 11R r e s e r v e b a n k OF STI p, A R o° L THAXT0N LIBRARY u n i t SAINT LOUIS 6 316 6 ederal Schedule of release dates for BLS statistical series MLR table number Series Release date Period covered Release date Period covered Release date Period covered Employment situation August 4 July September 1 August October 6 September Productivity and costs August 8 2nd quarter September 6 U.S. Import and Export Price Indexes August 10 July September 13 August October 12 September 34-38 Producer Price Indexes August 11 July September 14 August October 13 September 2; 31-33 Consumer Price indexes August 16 July September 15 August October 18 September 2; 28-30 Real earnings August 16 July September 15 August October 18 September 14, 16 October 26 3rd quarter 1-3; 21-24 Employment Cost Indexes https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 1; 4-20 2; 39-42 2nd quarter